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[ Man Narrating ]
The strange circle at Stonehenge.
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A towering Mayan pyramid.
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The obelisks of ancient Egypt.
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Massive stone monuments...
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the conceal a mysterious ancient code...
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linked by the big history...
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of the sun.
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We think of history as a timeline...
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a series of events stretching
a few thousand years into the past.
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It's time to think bigger.
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Instead of a line,
imagine a web of infinite connections...
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interacting over billions of years...
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linked together to create
everything we've ever known-
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our universe, our planet...
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and us.
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History as we know it
is about to get big.
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[ Narrator]
Across the ancient world...
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massive monuments rise
in perfect alignment...
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so that in the right place,
at the right moment...
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the people can behold a god-
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the sun.
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Traditional history tells us that sun
worship is an ancient superstition...
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but big history reveals
there's truth behind the myths...
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that the sun is a creator...
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a master of reality and time.
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[ Clock Ticking ]
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[ Man ]
The way we view time is shaped...
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by the fact that we grew up
on this planet...
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with this sun...
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with this cycle.
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And it dictates so much
about our bodies and our brains...
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and our social organization.
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You can't even imagine
what life would be like without the sun.
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[ Narrator]
Night always becomes day...
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and days become years.
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The sun sets the rules of time on Earth-..
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Rules we must follow to survive.
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[ Markley] if your calendar
is not in sync with the sun...
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it's disaster for your farmers.
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They don't know properly when to plant.
They don't know when to harvest.
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If you don't get it right,
you could starve.
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[ Narrator] Our early monuments
aren't just temples...
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they're the first calendars.
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Big history connects...
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to southern England.
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On the first day of summer...
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the sun rises over Stonehenge...
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until I! seems to balance
on one of the main stones...
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marking the longest day of the year.
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And to Mexico...
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when the sunset over the Mayan ruins
at Chichén Itzé...
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creates a serpent of shadows
on the central pyramid...
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to mark the first day
of spring and fall.
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And to Egypt...
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where massive obelisks
are giant sundials...
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that mark the hours of the day
and the passage of seasons.
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[ Man ]
it's pretty clear that ancient peoples...
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tracked the motions of the sun
over the course of the year...
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and built their structures
to some degree...
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to agree with those directions.
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[ Narrator]
From monuments to calendars...
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we create tools to help us
make sense of the sun.
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But big history reveals
we've always had the key...
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to crack the solar code...
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hidden within us.
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You are not in control
of your own body.
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The sun is your master.
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Inside nearly every one of your cells...
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tiny proteins run on a 24-hour cycle-
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a clock set to the sun...
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that tells your body what to do
and when to do it.
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These clocks control every animal on earth.
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They first evolve
in single-celled organisms...
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that sync themselves up with the sun...
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for the same reason ancient humans do.
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[ Man ] When you have big changes
in the environment...
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and they're very predictable...
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this encourages the evolution
of a timing system to follow them.
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[ Man ] When you think about
this cycle of day to night...
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which occurs so regularly
here on our planet...
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it's the most dramatic
regular change, if you like...
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that organisms at all levels
had to cope with, had to deal with...
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had to adjust to in different ways.
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So we see that during the evolution
of the earliest cells...
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this change was recognized
as being so significant...
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for all the activities
that cells needed to undertake...
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that it was encoded even from
the very beginning of cellular activity...
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into the very D.N.A. of cells.
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[ Narrator]
The human body has trillions of cells...
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so there are trillions
of individual clocks...
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and one master clock
that rules them all.
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[Ticking ]
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A small structure in the brain...
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that controls the body's
coordinated timing system...
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the circadian rhythm.
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It works independently of our thoughts...
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and can even run outside of our bodies.
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It's possible to take the central clock
out of an animal, put it in a dish...
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and these cells will keep track of time,
keep running for years.
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[ Narrator] The big history perspective
reveals a profound pattern.
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Just as civilizations
build megastructures...
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to track the movement of the sun...
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to know the best times
to plant and harvest...
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the body's microstructures
do the same thing from the inside...
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telling us when to work,
to eat, to sleep.
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Circadian rhythms fine-tune our bodies
to the time of day...
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speeding up metabolism before sunrise
to give us energy...
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and preparing us for sleep at night...
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by lowering blood pressure
and slowing down the activity in our brain.
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The system has
such powerful control over us...
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it works even when we're not
exposed to sunlight.
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Miners trapped underground for weeks...
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still wake and sleep
on a 24-hour cycle.
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This is such a powerful regulator of our
body's physiology and cell biology...
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that the individual cells will continue
to follow a near 24-hour oscillation...
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even without any sunlight at all...
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because it's part of our biology,
part of our D.N.A...
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is to have this timing system...
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where everything in our body
is designed to follow the sun.
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[ Narrator] From our cells...
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to our bodies...
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to our civilizations...
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the sun shapes how we perceive time.
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But big history reveals...
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the sun also defines
what we believe is real...
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and what lies in the shadow world...
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just beyond the realm of our perception.
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- [Creature Growls]
- [ Man Groans]
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[ Narrator]
Big history is a new way to see the world.
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It reveals that civilization thrives...
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in the same way our cells do-
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by syncing up with the sun...
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the timekeeper at the center
of our solar system.
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When we sync up with the sun...
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we're tracking two different kinds of time:
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a year, the time it takes Earth
to orbit the sun...
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and a day, the time it takes to spin
in and out of the sun's light.
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But time, as we know it,
is unique to planet Earth...
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because every planet
journeys around the sun in its own way.
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Venus is so close to the sun
and rotates so slowly...
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that its day is longer than its year.
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Jupiter spins so fast...
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its day is less than 10 hours.
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Beyond our solar system,
there are worlds that don't rotate at all.
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One side remains in permanent daylight...
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while the other is stuck
in a constant fleeze of darkness.
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It's hard to imagine life on Earth...
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without the 24-hour pattern
of sunrise and sunset...
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sweeping across the globe.
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Big history reveals
that even from 93 million miles away...
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the sun has the power
to control our lives.
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It shapes our perception
of what is real..
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What we see...
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and what we can't.
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Our eyes are designed to do one thing-
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make sense of sunlight.
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The light we see is less than half
of what the sun beams to us.
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It's all part of a spectrum...
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made up of different
wavelengths of light.
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Humans can only see light
in the middle of the spectrum.
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Our eyes can't perceive light waves
that are too long or too short-
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the infrared and the ultraviolet.
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It's a world that's invisible to us...
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but not to every animal.
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- Some hawks can see ultra violet' light.
- [ Shrieks ]
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An adaptation that allows them
to track prey from above...
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as the light bounces off urine
that rodents use to mark their trails.
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Pit vipers evolved special organs
to sense heat...
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so they can track their prey
with infrared light...
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that we could never see.
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If we could see it all,
we'd be oven/vhetroed.
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So our eyes evolved to pick out the parts
of the sun's light we need the most.
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Most mammals see the world like this.
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Their eyes only have cells
to detect two colors-
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blues and greens.
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But humans have a third type of cell
for detecting reds.
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Soto us...
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the same scene looks like this.
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Why can we see colors
that other animals can't?
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Big history links back 20 million years.
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It starts with our early ancestors-
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primates who live in the trees...
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where the ability to see red
is an advantage.
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It allows them to spot
brightly colored fruit...
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against a background of green leaves.
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Humans inherit
this full-color daytime vision...
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which gives us an edge.
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[ Benjamin ] Humans are exquisitely
adapted for daytime activity...
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which meant that we were able
to hunt so successfully...
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and eventually regulate
all of our activity...
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to the sun, to this regular cycle
of day and light.
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[ Narrator] But there are
always trade-offs in evolution.
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Full-color vision is good
for finding food in daylight...
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but eyes that see color well...
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don't see well at night.
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The color-detecting cells
in our eyes turn off...
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and change our perception of reality...
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to muted shades of gray.
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Our night vision cells
are 100 times more light sensitive...
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but they're simpler than the cells
that perceive color.
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[ Benjamin ] The view we get
of the dark is much less clear.
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It's more mysterious.
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We don't see this great spectrum
of colors or anything with clarity.
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[ Narrator] This makes night
a world of mystery and danger...
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where a daytime predator
can suddenly fall prey...
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To a creature evolved to see
in the shadow world.
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- [ Growling ]
- [ Man Groans]
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[ Narrator] Big history reveals
how this adaptation to the sun...
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connects to our psychology.
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00:15:27,761 --> 00:15:30,723
For humans, light is good.
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Darkness is evil.
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In so many origin stories,
we have light piercing the dark.
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And we equate that light
with the divine itself.
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And we equate what we don't like
and what we don't want with dark.
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00:15:56,457 --> 00:15:59,043
And what we see there
is a rise of duality.
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Once you worship the sun,
you must fear the dark.
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00:16:06,550 --> 00:16:08,469
[ Narrator]
The fight between good and evil...
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00:16:08,552 --> 00:16:12,890
Connects mankind's religions
to the secrets of the sun.
219
00:16:14,391 --> 00:16:18,729
But there's an even bigger link
between the sun and our beliefs.
220
00:16:19,229 --> 00:16:22,775
And it's hidden in the very moment
of creation.
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00:16:27,488 --> 00:16:31,408
[ Narrator] Big history uses science
to see the world in a new way.
222
00:16:32,534 --> 00:16:35,537
It reveals that the sun
controls our minds...
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00:16:35,621 --> 00:16:37,831
from our perception of time...
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00:16:41,877 --> 00:16:44,088
to our view of reality.
225
00:16:48,884 --> 00:16:51,553
The sun has the power to shape us.
226
00:16:57,059 --> 00:17:00,854
And while traditional history tells us
that many ancient civilizations...
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00:17:00,938 --> 00:17:02,856
believed the sun is a god...
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00:17:02,940 --> 00:17:05,359
big history connects
these ancient religions-
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[ Screams ]
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To the birth of the solar system.
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00:17:20,958 --> 00:17:25,963
This is our cosmic neighborhood
nearly five billion years ago...
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00:17:26,046 --> 00:17:28,340
a time before the sun.
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00:17:28,424 --> 00:17:29,633
[ Thunderclaps]
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00:17:29,717 --> 00:17:32,886
[ Man ] if we go back
before the sun came into existence...
235
00:17:32,970 --> 00:17:36,306
what we would see
is sort of a vast cloud...
236
00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:38,350
of gas and dust...
237
00:17:38,434 --> 00:17:42,354
about a light-year across
and containing the entire mass of the sun.
238
00:17:45,983 --> 00:17:49,486
[ Narrator]
An ancient star explodes nearby.
239
00:17:50,404 --> 00:17:53,907
It unleashes a shock wave
that rips through the gas cloud...
240
00:17:56,827 --> 00:17:59,496
and sends it into a tailspin.
241
00:18:01,874 --> 00:18:05,502
[ Filippenko ] That started collapsing
due to its own weight.
242
00:18:05,586 --> 00:18:09,047
And it spun faster and faster
as it collapsed.
243
00:18:11,258 --> 00:18:15,012
[ Narrator] Gravity pulls together
a dense cluster of debris in the center.
244
00:18:16,764 --> 00:18:19,558
The remaining cloud
flattens out around it.
245
00:18:24,229 --> 00:18:26,440
[ Benjamin ]
So now we have a great spinning disk.
246
00:18:26,523 --> 00:18:31,612
And in this spinning disk, the sun
eventually coalesces under gravity...
247
00:18:31,695 --> 00:18:35,324
reaches this incredible temperature of 10
million degrees Celsius and lights up.
248
00:18:37,367 --> 00:18:39,369
The sun lights up.
249
00:18:42,372 --> 00:18:43,749
Let there be light.
250
00:18:47,085 --> 00:18:49,087
[ Narrator] The sun is born.
251
00:18:50,380 --> 00:18:53,801
And in its wake,
something else appears.
252
00:18:53,884 --> 00:18:58,639
[ Filippenko ] The sun gobbled up 99%
of the matter in the cloud of gas.
253
00:18:58,722 --> 00:19:03,060
But a little bit was left over
in this flat plain...
254
00:19:03,143 --> 00:19:05,729
and it coalesced
into the different planets.
255
00:19:15,739 --> 00:19:17,699
[ Narrator] Planets like Earth.
256
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:23,080
So just as the ancients believed,
the sun is the creator...
257
00:19:24,414 --> 00:19:26,416
the giver of life.
258
00:19:27,501 --> 00:19:31,338
And big history reveals
the way our planet is made...
259
00:19:31,421 --> 00:19:33,799
makes us who we are.
260
00:19:43,225 --> 00:19:46,186
The Earth is born in a spinning disk...
261
00:19:46,270 --> 00:19:48,730
and it never stops spinning...
262
00:19:48,814 --> 00:19:52,860
both on its axis
and its orbit around the sun.
263
00:19:52,943 --> 00:19:55,821
And it's these spins
that are encoded in everything-
264
00:19:56,822 --> 00:19:58,907
from our civilization...
265
00:19:59,408 --> 00:20:01,159
to ourselves.
266
00:20:03,287 --> 00:20:06,665
[ Benjamin ] These two principal spins
that really affect life here on Earth-
267
00:20:06,748 --> 00:20:10,711
the great orbiting of our planet
around the sun on an annual basis...
268
00:20:10,794 --> 00:20:14,214
and this 24-hour spinning cycle-
269
00:20:14,298 --> 00:20:17,593
are both embedded
in the way species evolved here...
270
00:20:18,385 --> 00:20:22,806
the way we perceive of time
on an annual basis, on a daily basis...
271
00:20:23,599 --> 00:20:25,679
the way we understand
forces of light and darkness...
272
00:20:25,726 --> 00:20:30,230
that's influenced our psychology,
our philosophy and our religion and so on.
273
00:20:31,148 --> 00:20:34,735
And these initial forces created
by this vast spinning disk...
274
00:20:34,818 --> 00:20:37,321
that coalesced into a sun...
275
00:20:37,404 --> 00:20:39,781
is therefore embedded
in our everyday reality.
276
00:20:44,995 --> 00:20:47,247
It's astounding
how much is influenced...
277
00:20:47,331 --> 00:20:50,667
by the early creation
of the solar system.
278
00:20:53,003 --> 00:20:55,380
[ Benjamin ] We are very much
creatures of this planet...
279
00:20:55,464 --> 00:20:57,215
and this sun.
280
00:21:00,177 --> 00:21:02,554
[ Narrator] But the story of the sun
is just the beginning.
281
00:21:02,638 --> 00:21:05,599
There's a much bigger puzzle
hidden in big history.
282
00:21:05,682 --> 00:21:08,226
Each episode unlocks a clue.
283
00:21:08,310 --> 00:21:10,687
Everyday things like we fer. -.
284
00:21:11,813 --> 00:21:13,231
Silver...
285
00:21:14,316 --> 00:21:16,276
and salt...
286
00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:17,444
hold the key.
287
00:21:17,527 --> 00:21:22,115
Watch them all, and you'll see
this grand mystery revealed.
288
00:21:22,199 --> 00:21:25,577
The big history of time, of space...
289
00:21:25,661 --> 00:21:28,538
the big history of us.
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