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ROWE: You might have seen
a boxing match on TV.
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00:00:06,448 --> 00:00:08,965
Maybe you've even
seen one live.
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00:00:09,068 --> 00:00:12,965
But you have never seen
a contest like this.
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00:00:13,068 --> 00:00:18,551
Take your ringside seat to
the fight of the cosmos.
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This is gonna be a wonderful
fight to witness.
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00:00:21,068 --> 00:00:23,413
But you'll want to be a few
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00:00:23,517 --> 00:00:25,137
million billion
light-years away.
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It's like being punched by
the ghost of Muhammad Ali.
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You don't even see it coming.
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ROWE: Our fighters don't float
like a butterfly or sting like
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a bee, but they can deliver
the ultimate knockout blow.
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It is a soul-chilling,
mind-crushing amount of energy.
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It's just unbelievable.
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00:00:47,344 --> 00:00:50,793
ROWE: It's a fight between
two supermassive black holes.
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00:00:50,896 --> 00:00:53,551
Forget about the world
heavyweight championships.
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00:00:53,655 --> 00:00:56,586
This is the universe's
heavyweight championships.
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00:00:57,724 --> 00:00:59,827
ROWE: Get ready
for the heavyweight
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00:00:59,931 --> 00:01:01,758
championship of the universe.
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2021,
scientists detect
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a gigantic rumble
deep in space,
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a tsunami of
gravitational waves,
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giant ripples racing
across the universe.
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MINGARELLI: Gravitational waves
that big have to
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come from a giant,
cataclysmic event.
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The universe is immense
and full of very
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violent events that are
happening every single day.
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The universe
is a scary place.
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There is violence
everywhere we look.
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ROWE: The growls and roars
are clues about
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the ultimate cosmic brawl,
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the most violent event in
the universe.
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00:02:04,275 --> 00:02:07,965
But we don't know
where they're coming from.
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SUTTER: Imagine
a storm is coming
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in the middle of the night.
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You can't see the storm,
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you can't see the lightning,
but you can hear that rumble of
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the distant thunder,
and you know that it's coming.
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ROWE: This distant rumble
of gravitational waves
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is like the footwork
of heavyweights
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pounding the canvas
of the boxing ring.
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00:02:29,965 --> 00:02:32,689
The waves are caused
by something massive
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throwing its weight around.
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It's not the first time we've
detected gravitational waves.
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Our experiments
have picked up
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the signal of
two small stellar mass
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black holes colliding.
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These waves are high-pitched
and ring like a boxing bell.
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The deep space growl
is a much lower frequency,
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like the roar of a crowd.
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[crowd chanting]
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MINGARELLI:
The difference in frequencies
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would be even more exaggerated
than the difference
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between a sparrow chirping
and the sound coming from
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a blue whale underwater.
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It would be orders of magnitude
more different than that.
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ROWE: The low frequency
of the deep space rumble
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tells us that
the waves are colossal.
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MINGARELLI: Imagine throwing
a stone in the water
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and watching the little
ripples come out.
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00:03:30,482 --> 00:03:33,586
Now imagine throwing
in a boulder a billion times
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00:03:33,689 --> 00:03:34,758
more massive
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and watching the huge waves
that come from that.
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Those are the waves
that we're looking at.
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00:03:41,517 --> 00:03:43,172
These are more
difficult to detect,
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because the waves are
so big.
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One of their wavelengths is
about 15 light-years.
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You could wait for 15 years
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00:03:51,965 --> 00:03:54,827
and only have one wavelength
go by the Earth.
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ROWE: The waves are too big
for an earthbound detector
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to pick up.
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So, to search for the source
of these giant waves,
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Chiara Mingarelli
and her team
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00:04:06,379 --> 00:04:10,379
use a detector
already in space,
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something large enough
to pick up
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00:04:12,206 --> 00:04:14,931
these galactic heavyweights,
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00:04:15,034 --> 00:04:18,896
spinning dead stars
called pulsars.
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MINGARELLI: Our galaxy
is awash with pulsars.
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Now, they're called pulsars
because they pulsate
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very regularly-- they're
like cosmic lighthouses.
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00:04:29,344 --> 00:04:31,724
ROWE: The lighthouse beams
are so regular,
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00:04:31,827 --> 00:04:33,344
you can set your watch
by them.
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But when a huge gravitational
wave hits them,
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the timing gets knocked out
of whack.
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PLAIT: That pulsar is going to
basically rock back and forth
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and that's going
to change the timing
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of the pulses that
we measure from that object.
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ROWE: To identify the source
of the gravitational waves,
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Chiara and her team measure
the wobbles of 100 pulsars,
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spread across light-years
of space.
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00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,241
MINGARELLI: It's like a tsunami,
and the pulsars are
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00:05:06,344 --> 00:05:08,655
like the buoys on the surface
of the ocean.
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And as the tsunami passes by,
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we can watch
all of them moving
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00:05:12,689 --> 00:05:14,275
and shifting up and down.
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So our pulsar timing array
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00:05:16,241 --> 00:05:18,689
is a gravitational wave
warning system.
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ROWE: The pulsar array
has identified
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the source of the tsunami
of gravitational waves.
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00:05:27,379 --> 00:05:29,448
The only thing we know
of that can make these
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very long wavelength,
[deep voice] very low pitch
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[normally] gravitational waves
would be the collisions
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of supermassive black holes.
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MINGARELLI: They're massive,
they're huge,
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and they know how
to throw their weight around.
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Supermassive black hole
binaries produce the loudest
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00:05:44,517 --> 00:05:46,551
gravitational waves in
the universe.
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ROWE: The gravitational wave
signal revealed
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something extraordinary.
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MINGARELLI: It's not just
gravitational waves coming
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from one black hole
binary pair.
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It's actually from the cosmic
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population of supermassive
black hole binaries.
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ROWE: Chiara and her team
think there may be
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00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:11,344
tens of thousands of
heavyweight bouts going on.
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Now, the scientists want to
pick out the sound of one
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00:06:15,068 --> 00:06:19,965
single collision between two
supermassive black holes from
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the background roar.
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MINGARELLI:
If we were to hear
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a supermassive
black hole merger,
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it would sound like a very
low frequency growl.
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This "ooooooh"
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that would last
about 25 million years.
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ROWE: To date, we haven't
witnessed two supermassive
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black holes trading blows
in real time.
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But we have seen events
leading up
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to the championship bout.
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We've watched galaxies merge.
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We've seen stars explode.
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We've seen so many violent
events in the universe.
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But we haven't seen
this one.
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It's odd if you think
about it.
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We haven't seen
the biggest one.
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We haven't seen mergers between
supermassive black holes.
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00:07:04,103 --> 00:07:06,586
ROWE: But that may be
about to change.
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Chiara predicts there are
112 fighters who are
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00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:15,586
pumped up and ready
to enter the ring.
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00:07:18,379 --> 00:07:19,689
MINGARELLI: In the next
five years,
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we should be able to detect
at least one
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supermassive
black hole merger.
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ROWE: It'll be the most violent
event in the cosmos.
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Let's put that in context.
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We talk about how supernova
are some of the most explosive,
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energetic things in
our universe.
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Well, colliding supermassive
black holes
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are a billion,
billion, billion,
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billion times more energetic
than a supernova.
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Think about all of the light
being emitted by everything in
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the universe,
every star, every galaxy.
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In one instant,
two supermassive black holes
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colliding could release
100 million times that energy.
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Imagine being
punched in the face by
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the biggest, baddest
heavyweight of all time.
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Ouch.
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This is way bigger than that.
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ROWE: Where does
all this energy come from?
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Surprisingly,
it originates in
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the smallest atoms in
the cosmos,
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in a story that dates back
billions of years,
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all the way to the birth of
the universe.
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ROWE:
We're taking our seats for
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the most violent event
in the universe,
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the collision of two
supermassive black holes.
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We've never witnessed
this cosmic
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heavyweight championship,
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but we can build up a picture
of this epic fight by studying
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other weight classes
with lighter fighters.
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2020-- the earthbound
gravitational wave detector,
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LIGO, picks up
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00:09:09,379 --> 00:09:12,275
the distinctive signal of
a stellar mass
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black hole merger.
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What we saw was a black hole
of 85 times the mass of our sun,
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and another black hole of
66 times the mass of our sun,
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smashing together to create
a combined black hole.
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MINGARELLI: As someone who
studies black hole mergers,
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this was a really
exciting event.
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We're talking about
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the largest, the heaviest,
the most massive
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black holes we have seen
collide to date.
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ROWE: It may be
the largest detection,
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but on a universal scale,
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it's still a small fry--
like lightweight boxers,
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the two black holes
circle each other
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and emit low energy
gravitational waves.
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This energy loss causes
the black holes
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to spiral in together.
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Finally, they collide in
a cosmos-shattering event,
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forming a single black hole
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and releasing a huge blast
of gravitational waves.
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But when astronomers examine
the single merged black hole,
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something doesn't add up.
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PONTZEN: If you take
the combined mass of
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the two black holes,
you get to 150 times
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00:10:26,034 --> 00:10:27,379
the mass of our sun.
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But actually, the black hole
that's left only has
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a mass of 142 times
the mass of our sun.
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So the mass you have
before the event does
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00:10:38,413 --> 00:10:41,551
not equal the mass you have
after the event.
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What happened to that missing
eight solar masses?
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The way these black hole mergers
work is very roughly 5 percent
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00:10:50,034 --> 00:10:52,758
of the total mass of
the system gets converted
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into energy.
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ROWE: It all comes down to
E equals MC squared.
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This is that beautiful
equation that Einstein
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told us--
E equals MC squared.
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00:11:04,931 --> 00:11:07,896
E is the energy,
and M is the mass.
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00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:11,241
Einstein taught us that mass
and energy are related.
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00:11:11,344 --> 00:11:15,379
In fact, much of what we call
mass is actually energy.
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00:11:15,482 --> 00:11:18,448
ROWE: In this case,
the violence of the collision
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00:11:18,551 --> 00:11:23,172
transforms 18,000 trillion
trillion tons
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00:11:23,275 --> 00:11:27,275
of matter into an explosion
of gravitational waves.
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00:11:27,379 --> 00:11:30,068
SUTTER: In just
a fraction of a second,
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00:11:30,172 --> 00:11:35,758
eight suns worth of matter is
converted into pure
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00:11:35,862 --> 00:11:37,793
unadulterated energy.
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00:11:37,896 --> 00:11:40,862
The amount of energy released
was so great, that if you add
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00:11:40,965 --> 00:11:43,793
up all the energy of all
the stars burning in
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00:11:43,896 --> 00:11:45,517
the universe,
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00:11:45,620 --> 00:11:47,551
it was bigger than that.
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00:11:47,655 --> 00:11:52,620
ROWE: This event was a collision
between relative lightweights,
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00:11:52,724 --> 00:11:55,862
two stellar mass black holes.
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00:11:57,965 --> 00:12:00,241
To understand
heavyweight bouts,
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00:12:00,344 --> 00:12:05,413
we need to scale up to
supermassive black holes.
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00:12:08,034 --> 00:12:09,827
In the universe of sports,
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00:12:09,931 --> 00:12:13,413
supermassive black holes are
the heavyweight contenders.
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00:12:13,517 --> 00:12:16,655
With these big black holes,
size matters.
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00:12:16,758 --> 00:12:18,206
The bigger the better.
226
00:12:18,310 --> 00:12:20,344
More mass means
more energy,
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00:12:20,448 --> 00:12:23,172
which means more
destructive power.
228
00:12:23,275 --> 00:12:25,827
ROWE: We don't need to look
too far to find
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00:12:25,931 --> 00:12:27,862
this devastating muscle.
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00:12:27,965 --> 00:12:30,862
This is M87 star,
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00:12:30,965 --> 00:12:34,206
one of the largest
supermassive black holes
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00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:35,551
in our cosmic zip code.
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00:12:36,862 --> 00:12:39,344
M87 star is huge.
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00:12:39,448 --> 00:12:42,379
It weighs about six billion
solar masses,
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00:12:42,482 --> 00:12:43,862
about six billion suns,
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00:12:43,965 --> 00:12:46,379
and it's the size
of our solar system.
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00:12:46,482 --> 00:12:50,034
ROWE: A collision between two
6-billion solar mass
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00:12:50,137 --> 00:12:53,206
supermassive black holes would
release around five
239
00:12:53,310 --> 00:12:57,241
times 10 to the power of
56 joules.
240
00:12:57,344 --> 00:13:01,206
So what's that mean
in real world terms?
241
00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:04,655
It's hard to use words to
express how much energy this is,
242
00:13:04,758 --> 00:13:07,413
and the numbers are so huge,
they are almost meaningless.
243
00:13:07,517 --> 00:13:09,827
The only way I can really
explain this is...
244
00:13:09,931 --> 00:13:11,586
[exaggerated scream]
245
00:13:13,724 --> 00:13:16,344
In physics,
we have these comparisons
246
00:13:16,448 --> 00:13:17,620
so we can get a mental picture,
247
00:13:17,724 --> 00:13:20,413
but for something like this,
there is no mental picture.
248
00:13:20,517 --> 00:13:23,000
That is so freaking big.
249
00:13:26,068 --> 00:13:28,137
ROWE: So where does
this destructive
250
00:13:28,241 --> 00:13:31,000
mass and energy come from?
251
00:13:34,275 --> 00:13:37,344
It starts with
the simplest ingredient--
252
00:13:37,448 --> 00:13:38,896
hydrogen.
253
00:13:41,586 --> 00:13:46,068
Hydrogen is the basic
building block of the universe.
254
00:13:46,172 --> 00:13:51,586
Each atom is tiny, but it
contains a lot of energy.
255
00:13:51,689 --> 00:13:54,551
Hydrogen atoms contain a huge
amount of energy,
256
00:13:54,655 --> 00:13:56,172
just like all matter does.
257
00:13:56,275 --> 00:13:57,827
And if it's unlocked in
258
00:13:57,931 --> 00:14:00,724
a certain way,
there can be huge explosions.
259
00:14:03,724 --> 00:14:06,689
I mean, you take the mass
contained simply in my hand,
260
00:14:06,793 --> 00:14:08,896
and you could blow up
pretty much the entire Earth.
261
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:13,068
ROWE: Matter has energy
because it formed from
262
00:14:13,172 --> 00:14:15,551
energy in the early moments
of the universe.
263
00:14:16,724 --> 00:14:19,379
In many ways,
atoms are reservoirs
264
00:14:19,482 --> 00:14:22,620
of stored energy
from the Big Bang.
265
00:14:22,724 --> 00:14:26,103
ROWE:
13.8 billion years ago,
266
00:14:26,206 --> 00:14:28,586
the universe ignites
267
00:14:28,689 --> 00:14:32,275
in a super hot ball of
intense energy.
268
00:14:32,379 --> 00:14:35,137
Right after the Big Bang,
there's a tremendous
269
00:14:35,241 --> 00:14:36,620
amount of energy--
so much energy,
270
00:14:36,724 --> 00:14:38,793
in fact, that normal atoms
can't exist.
271
00:14:41,275 --> 00:14:44,275
As that early energy
starts to cool,
272
00:14:44,379 --> 00:14:47,137
it can start to form
primitive matter.
273
00:14:49,793 --> 00:14:52,931
ROWE: The universe takes
that first matter and energy
274
00:14:53,034 --> 00:14:55,275
in the form of hydrogen atoms
275
00:14:55,379 --> 00:14:57,655
and starts
the process of creating
276
00:14:57,758 --> 00:15:00,068
a supermassive black hole.
277
00:15:00,172 --> 00:15:03,517
Step one--
build giant stars.
278
00:15:03,620 --> 00:15:08,275
So gravity brings
together gas, dust, hydrogen,
279
00:15:08,379 --> 00:15:09,379
all of that stuff,
280
00:15:09,482 --> 00:15:11,620
and as the clouds
become more dense,
281
00:15:11,724 --> 00:15:14,413
they attract
even more material.
282
00:15:14,517 --> 00:15:18,344
NANCE: As they spin, they get
hotter and hotter, and as that
283
00:15:18,448 --> 00:15:20,310
temperature
and pressure increase,
284
00:15:20,413 --> 00:15:23,724
finally, it ignites
nuclear fusion within the core
285
00:15:23,827 --> 00:15:25,586
and creates an actual star.
286
00:15:28,137 --> 00:15:31,827
ROWE: These huge stars
are like cosmic rock stars.
287
00:15:31,931 --> 00:15:34,068
They live fast and die young.
288
00:15:35,689 --> 00:15:40,448
When they die, they flame out
in a huge explosion,
289
00:15:40,551 --> 00:15:42,379
a supernova.
290
00:15:42,482 --> 00:15:46,758
SUTTER: The entire star
turns itself inside out
291
00:15:46,862 --> 00:15:50,068
and releases a shockwave
going a good
292
00:15:50,172 --> 00:15:53,965
fraction of the speed of light
and releases enough energy to
293
00:15:54,068 --> 00:15:55,965
just obliterate you.
294
00:15:56,068 --> 00:15:59,172
ROWE:
If the dying star is more
295
00:15:59,275 --> 00:16:01,482
than 15 stellar masses,
296
00:16:01,586 --> 00:16:04,758
its core collapses
into a black hole.
297
00:16:04,862 --> 00:16:08,000
It's kind of astounding
what the universe is doing.
298
00:16:08,103 --> 00:16:11,034
It's taking incredibly simple
things, like hydrogen atoms,
299
00:16:11,137 --> 00:16:13,551
and using gravity
to ultimately
300
00:16:13,655 --> 00:16:15,310
bring all this stuff together
and make things
301
00:16:15,413 --> 00:16:17,482
like black holes.
302
00:16:17,586 --> 00:16:20,724
I find it quite beautiful
how our whole
303
00:16:20,827 --> 00:16:23,310
cosmic history is
the story of
304
00:16:23,413 --> 00:16:26,517
little things coming together
into bigger things.
305
00:16:26,620 --> 00:16:29,379
ROWE: But these stellar mass
black holes are tiny
306
00:16:29,482 --> 00:16:32,965
flyweights-- to step up to
the heavyweight division,
307
00:16:33,068 --> 00:16:36,862
they have to grow billions of
times more massive.
308
00:16:36,965 --> 00:16:38,827
But how?
309
00:16:38,931 --> 00:16:41,586
How do black holes
become supermassive?
310
00:16:42,758 --> 00:16:44,965
This is the age-old question.
311
00:16:45,068 --> 00:16:46,724
We're not really sure.
312
00:16:46,827 --> 00:16:49,620
TEGMARK: The current state
of our understanding
313
00:16:49,724 --> 00:16:52,620
of how black holes become
supermassive is like,
314
00:16:52,724 --> 00:16:54,344
uhhh, we're confused.
315
00:16:54,448 --> 00:16:55,793
We really don't know.
316
00:16:55,896 --> 00:16:59,241
We still don't know exactly
how they become so big.
317
00:17:01,344 --> 00:17:02,586
ROWE:
But we do know that
318
00:17:02,689 --> 00:17:05,413
the process involves ultraviolence,
319
00:17:05,517 --> 00:17:07,206
death, and destruction.
320
00:17:17,965 --> 00:17:22,068
ROWE: How do supermassive
black holes grow so big?
321
00:17:22,172 --> 00:17:25,931
That's a question that
continues to baffle scientists.
322
00:17:26,034 --> 00:17:30,034
In June of 2018,
we spotted a clue,
323
00:17:30,137 --> 00:17:32,310
an enormous flash of light.
324
00:17:32,413 --> 00:17:35,758
AT2018cow,
325
00:17:35,862 --> 00:17:37,103
nicknamed "the cow,"
326
00:17:37,206 --> 00:17:40,655
was the brightest explosion
ever recorded.
327
00:17:40,758 --> 00:17:42,862
A huge amount of energy
was released,
328
00:17:42,965 --> 00:17:44,724
and then all of a sudden,
everything was gone.
329
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:48,862
This explosion
was incredibly violent.
330
00:17:48,965 --> 00:17:49,862
At first, it was thought
331
00:17:49,965 --> 00:17:52,137
to just be a supernova,
a flash of light.
332
00:17:52,241 --> 00:17:53,724
But over time,
it became clear
333
00:17:53,827 --> 00:17:56,103
that this was something much
more powerful.
334
00:17:56,206 --> 00:17:59,413
It was too bright, basically,
to be a supernova.
335
00:17:59,517 --> 00:18:02,862
It was extremely bright,
and it didn't fit into
336
00:18:02,965 --> 00:18:05,034
any of our theoretical understandings
337
00:18:05,137 --> 00:18:07,275
of how bright
supernova should be.
338
00:18:08,379 --> 00:18:11,275
ROWE: One explanation is that
the light may have come from
339
00:18:11,379 --> 00:18:13,068
a black hole feeding
340
00:18:13,172 --> 00:18:17,482
on a small white dwarf star
weighing less than the sun.
341
00:18:17,586 --> 00:18:21,793
What really seemed to fit that
model was a star getting
342
00:18:21,896 --> 00:18:23,068
too close to a black hole
343
00:18:23,172 --> 00:18:24,448
and getting ripped apart,
and then
344
00:18:24,551 --> 00:18:26,241
everything going right down
the black hole.
345
00:18:27,965 --> 00:18:31,103
PLAIT: A black hole gains mass
every time it eats something.
346
00:18:31,206 --> 00:18:32,379
That's how they grow.
347
00:18:32,482 --> 00:18:35,275
Whether it's a gas cloud
or a star or another black hole,
348
00:18:35,379 --> 00:18:38,517
once it gains that mass,
it's gained that mass.
349
00:18:41,137 --> 00:18:42,965
OLUSEYI: People often ask me,
what happens to
350
00:18:43,068 --> 00:18:44,793
the mass that falls
into a black hole?
351
00:18:44,896 --> 00:18:46,413
Does it go to
another dimension?
352
00:18:46,517 --> 00:18:48,965
And the answer is no,
it's still there.
353
00:18:49,068 --> 00:18:53,724
It's inside the black hole--
they get bigger, they grow.
354
00:18:53,827 --> 00:18:57,344
ROWE: Could this be how weak
flyweight black holes
355
00:18:57,448 --> 00:18:59,379
turn into mean and powerful
356
00:18:59,482 --> 00:19:01,344
supermassive heavyweights?
357
00:19:01,448 --> 00:19:03,344
The star is like protein,
358
00:19:03,448 --> 00:19:07,896
and the black hole
is like a boxer.
359
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:10,724
And so the more protein
they get, the more stars
360
00:19:10,827 --> 00:19:12,310
they consume,
the stronger they get,
361
00:19:12,413 --> 00:19:13,965
the more destructive
they can be.
362
00:19:17,482 --> 00:19:18,931
ROWE:
But there's a problem with
363
00:19:19,034 --> 00:19:20,586
the training program explanation.
364
00:19:22,172 --> 00:19:24,206
Eating small stars
365
00:19:24,310 --> 00:19:27,896
one at a time just doesn't
add enough mass fast enough
366
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:29,965
to grow
the supermassive black holes
367
00:19:30,068 --> 00:19:31,344
that we see today.
368
00:19:31,448 --> 00:19:36,241
That's like boxers eating just
one egg per day.
369
00:19:36,344 --> 00:19:41,344
Like them, black holes
need much bigger meals,
370
00:19:41,448 --> 00:19:45,344
and in 2020, we detected one,
371
00:19:45,448 --> 00:19:48,482
a sudden burst of
gravitational waves from
372
00:19:48,586 --> 00:19:50,448
a black hole gorging on
373
00:19:50,551 --> 00:19:52,862
the remains of a dead star
374
00:19:52,965 --> 00:19:56,862
called a neutron star.
375
00:19:57,965 --> 00:20:02,137
For scientists, January 2020
was exciting, because it was
376
00:20:02,241 --> 00:20:06,137
the first time LIGO observed
the very first black hole
377
00:20:06,241 --> 00:20:07,965
neutron star merger.
378
00:20:08,068 --> 00:20:10,827
ROWE: Neutron
stars may be small,
379
00:20:10,931 --> 00:20:14,206
but they are
inconceivably dense.
380
00:20:14,310 --> 00:20:16,000
Now, you want to talk about
an enormous amount of mass,
381
00:20:16,103 --> 00:20:17,206
let's talk about
a neutron star.
382
00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:18,896
That's-- that's one heck of
a snack.
383
00:20:20,034 --> 00:20:24,000
ROWE: The black hole swallowed
the neutron star in one gulp.
384
00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:29,137
So this black hole
ate a whole neutron star,
385
00:20:29,241 --> 00:20:32,586
which means it gained just
over 10 percent of its entire
386
00:20:32,689 --> 00:20:35,103
body weight in one shot.
387
00:20:35,206 --> 00:20:37,793
ROWE: 10 percent doesn't
sound like a lot,
388
00:20:37,896 --> 00:20:39,862
but then we detected another
389
00:20:39,965 --> 00:20:43,896
black hole swallowing a neutron
star just 10 days later,
390
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,827
suggesting that there are lots
of black holes bulking up
391
00:20:47,931 --> 00:20:49,000
across the universe.
392
00:20:49,103 --> 00:20:52,172
But even with this extreme
weight gain,
393
00:20:52,275 --> 00:20:56,068
it's probably not enough to
get supermassive.
394
00:20:56,172 --> 00:20:58,000
They need to eat even more.
395
00:20:59,275 --> 00:21:01,448
If you're a black hole,
and you want to get bigger,
396
00:21:01,551 --> 00:21:05,000
your best bet is to merge
with another black hole.
397
00:21:05,103 --> 00:21:07,206
ROWE:
But there's a catch.
398
00:21:07,310 --> 00:21:13,241
So if you're a flyweight black
hole, and you try to eat all of
399
00:21:13,344 --> 00:21:15,310
the other flyweight black holes,
400
00:21:15,413 --> 00:21:18,793
there's just not enough time
in the history of the universe
401
00:21:18,896 --> 00:21:21,551
for you to become
a supermassive black hole.
402
00:21:21,655 --> 00:21:24,000
But you can make it
to middleweight.
403
00:21:24,103 --> 00:21:28,137
ROWE: So exactly how
supermassive black holes
404
00:21:28,241 --> 00:21:31,620
grow so large remains
an open question.
405
00:21:31,724 --> 00:21:35,103
We do know that the process
started in the very early
406
00:21:35,206 --> 00:21:36,827
universe with a journey
407
00:21:36,931 --> 00:21:38,896
from the lightest
element to the most
408
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,103
intimidating object
in the cosmos.
409
00:21:42,206 --> 00:21:44,896
It's so interesting how
the cosmos can take something as
410
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,586
simple as a hydrogen atom
and build stellar mass
411
00:21:48,689 --> 00:21:52,448
black holes and intermediate
mass black holes
412
00:21:52,551 --> 00:21:54,862
and even supermassive
black holes out of
413
00:21:54,965 --> 00:21:59,137
these really densely compressed
hydrogen atoms.
414
00:21:59,241 --> 00:22:01,896
It's really a wonder.
415
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,896
ROWE: Now,
13.8 billion years
416
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:08,068
after the Big Bang,
supermassive black holes
417
00:22:08,172 --> 00:22:10,551
feed and flex their muscles,
418
00:22:10,655 --> 00:22:12,482
ready to fight
for the heavyweight
419
00:22:12,586 --> 00:22:14,379
championship of the universe.
420
00:22:14,482 --> 00:22:17,655
These supermassive black holes
have been bulking up
421
00:22:17,758 --> 00:22:19,517
since the age of
the universe.
422
00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:21,551
SUTTER:
These black holes have been
423
00:22:21,655 --> 00:22:23,413
getting ready for the fight.
424
00:22:23,517 --> 00:22:24,931
They have been bulking up.
425
00:22:25,034 --> 00:22:28,655
They have been eating
entire stars as snacks
426
00:22:28,758 --> 00:22:30,793
to get the masks they need.
427
00:22:30,896 --> 00:22:32,689
So they are ready to rumble.
428
00:22:33,793 --> 00:22:36,000
ROWE: It's not the rumble
in the jungle.
429
00:22:36,103 --> 00:22:40,000
This is the battle to be
the boss of the cosmos.
430
00:22:40,103 --> 00:22:44,137
Supermassive black hole
versus supermassive
431
00:22:44,241 --> 00:22:48,275
black hole, fought in
the grandest arena.
432
00:22:48,379 --> 00:22:52,310
The fighter's entourage,
their host galaxies,
433
00:22:52,413 --> 00:22:54,275
escort them to
the ring.
434
00:22:54,379 --> 00:22:56,551
But even this journey
is violent,
435
00:22:56,655 --> 00:23:00,551
triggering starbursts, jets,
and carnage.
436
00:23:11,379 --> 00:23:14,034
ROWE: It's the build up before
the heavyweight fight
437
00:23:14,137 --> 00:23:15,758
of the cosmos.
438
00:23:15,862 --> 00:23:19,517
The fighters' entourages,
their galaxies, carry
439
00:23:19,620 --> 00:23:22,034
their supermassive black holes
to the ring.
440
00:23:23,344 --> 00:23:25,241
Things are about to get nasty.
441
00:23:26,448 --> 00:23:28,862
Galaxies can look calm
and serene,
442
00:23:28,965 --> 00:23:31,310
but they can get into
pretty big scraps.
443
00:23:33,862 --> 00:23:35,724
There's a lot of them
that are totally
444
00:23:35,827 --> 00:23:39,448
messed up and are clearly
merging with each other.
445
00:23:42,655 --> 00:23:46,275
ROWE: When galaxies fight,
their gravity pulls on each
446
00:23:46,379 --> 00:23:49,310
other, twisting and distorting
their structures.
447
00:23:49,413 --> 00:23:54,586
The galaxy will be warped
and morphed into different ways
448
00:23:54,689 --> 00:23:58,206
that we can only imagine
how twisted it would be.
449
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,034
ROWE: This violent
cosmic tango brings
450
00:24:02,137 --> 00:24:04,965
the two supermassive
black holes together.
451
00:24:05,068 --> 00:24:07,655
TREMBLAY: It's elegant,
it's beautiful.
452
00:24:07,758 --> 00:24:12,206
It's this billion-year
choreographed dance
453
00:24:12,310 --> 00:24:14,862
that is entirely conducted
by gravity.
454
00:24:18,448 --> 00:24:21,482
ROWE: The two heavyweight
fighters approach each other.
455
00:24:21,586 --> 00:24:23,620
Their feet beat out a rhythm
on the canvas,
456
00:24:23,724 --> 00:24:27,965
just like circling black holes
release low energy
457
00:24:28,068 --> 00:24:29,517
gravitational waves.
458
00:24:30,689 --> 00:24:34,758
You have these giant beasts
that are stalking
459
00:24:34,862 --> 00:24:36,827
around each other,
and as they do,
460
00:24:36,931 --> 00:24:39,655
they create these
gravitational waves.
461
00:24:41,965 --> 00:24:44,655
ROWE: June 2021.
462
00:24:44,758 --> 00:24:47,620
Astronomers photograph
a galactic collision
463
00:24:47,724 --> 00:24:51,931
and witness a spectacular
pre-fight fireworks show.
464
00:24:52,034 --> 00:24:54,862
One of the amazing things
that can happen
465
00:24:54,965 --> 00:24:56,724
when galaxies collide
is they can create
466
00:24:56,827 --> 00:24:58,896
tremendous starbursts.
467
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,689
There is a big inrush as all of
468
00:25:01,793 --> 00:25:05,586
the gas follows that gravity--
as the gas gets hotter
469
00:25:05,689 --> 00:25:08,758
and denser,
it creates shockwaves,
470
00:25:08,862 --> 00:25:11,448
and each shockwave actually
creates a new generation of
471
00:25:11,551 --> 00:25:14,793
stars going out around
the core of the galaxy.
472
00:25:14,896 --> 00:25:18,620
ROWE: The sudden starburst
lights up the merging galaxies.
473
00:25:18,724 --> 00:25:22,000
The inrushing gas also fuels
the prize fighters,
474
00:25:23,068 --> 00:25:25,689
the supermassive
black holes spiraling
475
00:25:25,793 --> 00:25:29,965
towards the merging
galactic center.
476
00:25:30,068 --> 00:25:33,551
PONTZEN: If there's a big
supermassive black hole,
477
00:25:33,655 --> 00:25:37,000
it suddenly finds it
surrounded by loads of gas
478
00:25:37,103 --> 00:25:39,827
and other material it can eat.
479
00:25:39,931 --> 00:25:42,620
It goes on a kind of
feeding frenzy.
480
00:25:42,724 --> 00:25:45,034
If you're a hungry
supermassive black hole,
481
00:25:45,137 --> 00:25:48,241
then this is
your lunchtime buffet.
482
00:25:48,344 --> 00:25:52,241
ROWE: Not all the gas falls into
the supermassive black hole.
483
00:25:52,344 --> 00:25:56,448
Other parts of the matter
actually gets caught up
484
00:25:56,551 --> 00:25:58,379
in what we call
an accretion disk
485
00:25:58,482 --> 00:26:01,965
rotating around the outside
of the black hole.
486
00:26:02,068 --> 00:26:05,068
ROWE: This bright vortex spins
around the supermassive
487
00:26:05,172 --> 00:26:09,068
black hole at over
two million miles an hour.
488
00:26:09,172 --> 00:26:12,413
The material in the disk
rubs against itself,
489
00:26:12,517 --> 00:26:14,551
creating friction.
490
00:26:14,655 --> 00:26:18,413
Friction generates heat--
if I rub my hands together,
491
00:26:18,517 --> 00:26:20,000
they get a little
bit warm.
492
00:26:20,103 --> 00:26:24,068
If I rub my hands together at
hundreds of thousands of
493
00:26:24,172 --> 00:26:27,241
miles per hour, it's gonna get
very, very, very warm.
494
00:26:29,655 --> 00:26:31,551
ROWE:
The accretion disk heats up,
495
00:26:31,655 --> 00:26:34,000
blasting out intense light.
496
00:26:35,931 --> 00:26:36,965
In 2020,
497
00:26:37,068 --> 00:26:40,689
NASA's Hubble space
telescope saw two fueled-up
498
00:26:40,793 --> 00:26:44,034
supermassive black holes
lighting up for the fight.
499
00:26:45,827 --> 00:26:47,620
We call them quasars.
500
00:26:49,344 --> 00:26:54,551
Quasars are a subclass
of very bright black holes
501
00:26:54,655 --> 00:26:56,827
that are emitting huge
amounts of power.
502
00:26:56,931 --> 00:26:59,931
So these can be seen at
the far reaches of the universe.
503
00:27:02,724 --> 00:27:05,241
TREMBLAY: Black holes,
these so-called dark things,
504
00:27:05,344 --> 00:27:07,482
when they're growing
at a very high rate
505
00:27:07,586 --> 00:27:10,379
are some of the brightest
lights in the universe.
506
00:27:11,482 --> 00:27:14,655
ROWE: To date,
we've detected over 100 pairs
507
00:27:14,758 --> 00:27:18,689
of quasars in the cores of
merging galaxies.
508
00:27:18,793 --> 00:27:22,896
We think they will all
eventually collide,
509
00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,931
but before they do,
they'll put on a spectacular
510
00:27:27,034 --> 00:27:29,793
and lethal light show.
511
00:27:29,896 --> 00:27:33,241
A common theme
in science fiction
512
00:27:33,344 --> 00:27:35,689
are different kind of jets
of energy or beams
513
00:27:35,793 --> 00:27:38,068
that people shoot out of
their eyes or their hands.
514
00:27:38,172 --> 00:27:41,482
Well, supermassive black holes
do that, too.
515
00:27:41,586 --> 00:27:44,103
ROWE:
Firing out relativistic jets.
516
00:27:45,482 --> 00:27:49,034
When those jets fire up,
517
00:27:49,137 --> 00:27:52,172
that's when you're talking
about superstar, really,
518
00:27:52,275 --> 00:27:55,275
really bright lights, and at
this point, the galaxy is lit up
519
00:27:55,379 --> 00:27:56,413
and ready to go.
520
00:27:58,344 --> 00:28:02,586
These are the spotlight's
on Madison Square Garden.
521
00:28:02,689 --> 00:28:05,724
This is telling you that
the event is going down.
522
00:28:05,827 --> 00:28:07,517
[crowd cheering]
523
00:28:07,620 --> 00:28:10,034
A single supermassive
black hole jet
524
00:28:10,137 --> 00:28:13,000
will produce more energy
in a second
525
00:28:13,103 --> 00:28:14,655
than the sun will produce in
526
00:28:14,758 --> 00:28:17,137
its entire
10-billion-year lifetime.
527
00:28:22,137 --> 00:28:25,586
Imagine a laser of
radiation that
528
00:28:25,689 --> 00:28:27,827
is light-years
in length and across.
529
00:28:27,931 --> 00:28:29,241
That's what
we're talking about.
530
00:28:29,344 --> 00:28:31,827
This thing would
fry a planet.
531
00:28:32,965 --> 00:28:35,689
ROWE:
This is no pre-fight hype.
532
00:28:35,793 --> 00:28:40,344
In February 2020,
we saw the impact of a jet.
533
00:28:41,689 --> 00:28:43,551
TREMBLAY: So in the Ophiuchus
galaxy cluster,
534
00:28:43,655 --> 00:28:46,758
there's an enormous void
that is 15 times wider than
535
00:28:46,862 --> 00:28:47,862
the Milky Way galaxy.
536
00:28:47,965 --> 00:28:50,068
And this has all been
sculpted, carved,
537
00:28:50,172 --> 00:28:53,931
by jets from
a supermassive black hole.
538
00:28:54,034 --> 00:28:55,931
STRAUGHN: It's like this scar
on the universe.
539
00:28:56,034 --> 00:28:57,793
It's a million
light-years across.
540
00:28:57,896 --> 00:28:59,965
It's huge.
541
00:29:00,068 --> 00:29:03,034
ROWE: Scientists calculate
the impact of the jet hitting
542
00:29:03,137 --> 00:29:05,379
the cluster was equivalent to
543
00:29:05,482 --> 00:29:10,689
a 20-billion-billion megaton
TNT explosion every 1,000th of
544
00:29:10,793 --> 00:29:14,586
a second for 240 million years.
545
00:29:18,103 --> 00:29:20,896
The relativistic jets'
immense power may be
546
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:21,931
a showstopper.
547
00:29:22,034 --> 00:29:24,448
But when it's time to land
the killer punch,
548
00:29:24,551 --> 00:29:29,448
supermassive black holes draw
on an even more powerful force,
549
00:29:29,551 --> 00:29:31,068
gravity.
550
00:29:31,172 --> 00:29:33,241
STRAUGHN: Jets are very
powerful, but really
551
00:29:33,344 --> 00:29:35,310
only on a relatively
small scale.
552
00:29:35,413 --> 00:29:37,758
When you're talking about
cosmic scale,
553
00:29:37,862 --> 00:29:39,413
gravity always wins.
554
00:29:39,517 --> 00:29:42,275
Nothing is as powerful
as gravity.
555
00:29:42,379 --> 00:29:44,034
ROWE: The immense gravity
of the circling
556
00:29:44,137 --> 00:29:48,172
supermassive black holes
drags them ever closer,
557
00:29:48,275 --> 00:29:51,586
but will it ultimately
bring them together
558
00:29:51,689 --> 00:29:53,448
or blast them apart?
559
00:30:03,965 --> 00:30:05,965
ROWE: Across the universe,
560
00:30:06,068 --> 00:30:09,413
supermassive black holes
duke it out
561
00:30:09,517 --> 00:30:14,000
in the cosmos's version of
heavyweight super fights.
562
00:30:14,103 --> 00:30:18,827
Supermassive black holes are
merging around us all the time.
563
00:30:18,931 --> 00:30:21,310
It's only our ability
to detect them
564
00:30:21,413 --> 00:30:23,241
that's preventing us
from seeing them.
565
00:30:25,586 --> 00:30:28,103
ROWE: Scientists have
identified at least a dozen
566
00:30:28,206 --> 00:30:31,965
pairs of supermassive black
holes circling each other.
567
00:30:33,344 --> 00:30:35,655
We have some hints
of some galaxies
568
00:30:35,758 --> 00:30:37,068
where we think
it might happen,
569
00:30:37,172 --> 00:30:39,931
where we see two glowing black
holes that are getting
570
00:30:40,034 --> 00:30:40,965
very close.
571
00:30:42,344 --> 00:30:44,965
ROWE: But not all these matches
will end with a knockout.
572
00:30:46,241 --> 00:30:48,793
Black hole collisions
happen all the time.
573
00:30:48,896 --> 00:30:51,482
But they don't always
go according to plan.
574
00:30:51,586 --> 00:30:53,172
When black holes
come together,
575
00:30:53,275 --> 00:30:55,620
really strange things
can happen.
576
00:30:57,068 --> 00:31:01,344
ROWE: The Hubble space telescope
spots something strange in
577
00:31:01,448 --> 00:31:06,068
a distant galaxy
called 3C186.
578
00:31:06,172 --> 00:31:10,000
It's a quasar, an active
supermassive black hole.
579
00:31:12,482 --> 00:31:13,724
But it's in
the wrong place.
580
00:31:15,103 --> 00:31:18,413
In nearly every galaxy we see,
the supermassive black hole
581
00:31:18,517 --> 00:31:20,310
sits right at the center,
and that makes sense.
582
00:31:21,482 --> 00:31:22,586
SUTTER:
Because that's the only place
583
00:31:22,689 --> 00:31:25,551
with enough material to
power them.
584
00:31:25,655 --> 00:31:28,965
But in 3C186,
that's not what we see.
585
00:31:29,068 --> 00:31:31,379
The supermassive black hole is
displaced from
586
00:31:31,482 --> 00:31:33,034
the center,
and not a little bit.
587
00:31:33,137 --> 00:31:35,310
It's 35,000 light-years.
588
00:31:35,413 --> 00:31:38,275
So to see a quasar
35,000 light-years away from
589
00:31:38,379 --> 00:31:41,000
the core means something
really violent
590
00:31:41,103 --> 00:31:42,241
had to happen there.
591
00:31:42,344 --> 00:31:45,275
ROWE: The quasar is racing
away from the center
592
00:31:45,379 --> 00:31:49,172
of the galaxy at over
four million miles an hour.
593
00:31:49,275 --> 00:31:51,586
OLUSEYI:
That is insane.
594
00:31:51,689 --> 00:31:53,448
The magnitude of the energy
595
00:31:53,551 --> 00:31:57,655
and the forces required are
just something unimaginable.
596
00:31:57,758 --> 00:32:02,931
So what can kick a giant
black hole out of a galaxy?
597
00:32:03,034 --> 00:32:06,172
What has that kind of power?
598
00:32:06,275 --> 00:32:11,103
ROWE: The answer is a clash
that wasn't evenly matched.
599
00:32:11,206 --> 00:32:15,379
The two supermassive black
holes were different sizes--
600
00:32:15,482 --> 00:32:19,068
a middleweight boxer
taking on a heavyweight.
601
00:32:20,482 --> 00:32:23,172
When we humans set up a fight,
we like to make it fair,
602
00:32:23,275 --> 00:32:24,448
because it's sport.
603
00:32:24,551 --> 00:32:25,896
Nature doesn't care
about sport.
604
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:27,379
It's survival of the fittest.
605
00:32:27,482 --> 00:32:28,896
This is not a fair fight.
606
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,862
It's over before
it even begins.
607
00:32:31,965 --> 00:32:34,137
One punch,
and it's a K.O.
608
00:32:36,862 --> 00:32:39,034
As these two black holes
are merging,
609
00:32:39,137 --> 00:32:41,172
there's one
really small black hole
610
00:32:41,275 --> 00:32:42,620
and one much bigger
black hole.
611
00:32:42,724 --> 00:32:45,517
The whole system wobbles
around, and it can get more of
612
00:32:45,620 --> 00:32:47,379
a gravitational wave kick in one
613
00:32:47,482 --> 00:32:50,103
- direction than the other.
- And that's momentum.
614
00:32:50,206 --> 00:32:53,448
That's a push,
that's enough energy to kick
615
00:32:53,551 --> 00:32:54,862
the black hole out.
616
00:32:56,896 --> 00:32:59,103
ROWE: The lopsided
gravitational punch
617
00:32:59,206 --> 00:33:01,275
sends the merged supermassive
618
00:33:01,379 --> 00:33:04,068
black hole on a one-way trip
to oblivion.
619
00:33:05,896 --> 00:33:07,413
This tells us
that gravitational
620
00:33:07,517 --> 00:33:10,068
waves can be
tremendously powerful.
621
00:33:10,172 --> 00:33:12,965
They can move a supermassive
black hole out from
622
00:33:13,068 --> 00:33:16,275
the center of a galaxy
and send it on its way.
623
00:33:16,379 --> 00:33:17,793
PONTZEN: But it just carries
on drifting.
624
00:33:17,896 --> 00:33:19,931
There's no way to stop it.
625
00:33:20,034 --> 00:33:21,862
And who knows, in a few
million years it could
626
00:33:21,965 --> 00:33:24,655
just drift entirely
out of its galaxy
627
00:33:24,758 --> 00:33:27,206
and go floating off
into deep space.
628
00:33:29,586 --> 00:33:31,482
ROWE: In some matches,
the fighters
629
00:33:31,586 --> 00:33:33,137
don't even land a punch.
630
00:33:35,172 --> 00:33:38,206
Scientists spot
a supermassive black hole
631
00:33:38,310 --> 00:33:42,965
named B3 1715+425.
632
00:33:44,275 --> 00:33:46,344
This black hole is strange.
633
00:33:47,931 --> 00:33:49,620
Stripped of all its stars,
634
00:33:49,724 --> 00:33:54,137
it hurtles through empty space
at 4.5 million miles an hour.
635
00:33:54,241 --> 00:33:56,275
The first thing
that draws our attention is
636
00:33:56,379 --> 00:34:00,448
this faint trail of debris
across the sky.
637
00:34:00,551 --> 00:34:02,689
PLAIT: There is actually
a trail leading
638
00:34:02,793 --> 00:34:04,482
back to the center of
the galaxy.
639
00:34:04,586 --> 00:34:07,103
It's kind of like a dump truck,
right, that's filled with
640
00:34:07,206 --> 00:34:09,482
dirt driving down the highway,
and the dirt's flying off
641
00:34:09,586 --> 00:34:12,620
behind it--
this is a naked black hole.
642
00:34:12,724 --> 00:34:14,896
ROWE: The exposed
super massive black hole
643
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,206
has lost its stars and galaxy,
644
00:34:17,310 --> 00:34:21,862
a champion stripped of
its fans and entourage.
645
00:34:21,965 --> 00:34:25,172
So what event is powerful
enough to strip
646
00:34:25,275 --> 00:34:29,862
a supermassive black hole of
its entire host galaxy?
647
00:34:29,965 --> 00:34:31,793
That has to be something
really big.
648
00:34:34,379 --> 00:34:36,413
PLAIT: B3 is
a smallish galaxy, and it
649
00:34:36,517 --> 00:34:38,620
got into a scrap with a much
bigger one.
650
00:34:38,724 --> 00:34:40,655
The stronger gravity of
the bigger galaxy
651
00:34:40,758 --> 00:34:43,689
stripped the stars away from
that black hole and shot it out.
652
00:34:45,965 --> 00:34:47,551
Typically in the universe,
when something
653
00:34:47,655 --> 00:34:49,448
is bigger and more massive,
it wins.
654
00:34:49,551 --> 00:34:51,206
So this is true for galaxies.
655
00:34:51,310 --> 00:34:54,000
A big galaxy versus
a little galaxy--
656
00:34:54,103 --> 00:34:55,310
put your money on the big one.
657
00:34:56,965 --> 00:34:59,586
ROWE: But when two
evenly matched heavyweights
658
00:34:59,689 --> 00:35:00,655
enter the ring,
659
00:35:02,206 --> 00:35:04,724
it's time for the main event.
660
00:35:04,827 --> 00:35:06,310
[crowd chanting]
661
00:35:06,413 --> 00:35:08,896
A clash of the titans.
662
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,482
I grew up watching boxing
with my dad.
663
00:35:11,586 --> 00:35:15,379
So I've always been a boxing
fan, and I love a great battle.
664
00:35:15,482 --> 00:35:17,586
And what's a bigger
battle than
665
00:35:17,689 --> 00:35:21,655
a head-on collision between
two supermassive black holes?
666
00:35:21,758 --> 00:35:25,034
If you're a boxing fan,
this is the big one.
667
00:35:25,137 --> 00:35:26,275
SUTTER:
We are ready.
668
00:35:26,379 --> 00:35:28,896
We are on the edge of
our seats.
669
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,551
MINGARELLI: We've got two
supermassive black holes,
670
00:35:31,655 --> 00:35:34,344
each one is in their corner,
and they're getting ready for
671
00:35:34,448 --> 00:35:35,689
the fight of the century.
672
00:35:38,103 --> 00:35:40,896
I mean, they're just gonna
go at it like goosh, goosh.
673
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,793
I would watch that.
I'd Pay-Per-View that.
674
00:35:43,896 --> 00:35:45,172
OLUSEYI: It doesn't get
any better than this.
675
00:35:45,275 --> 00:35:48,275
These are prize fighters
at the top of their game.
676
00:35:48,379 --> 00:35:49,862
They're trained to a T.
677
00:35:49,965 --> 00:35:51,241
They're beefed up.
678
00:35:51,344 --> 00:35:53,758
They are ready to rumble.
679
00:35:53,862 --> 00:35:58,275
ROWE: We are just seconds away
from the fight of the cosmos.
680
00:36:12,103 --> 00:36:14,344
ROWE: Welcome to
the heavyweight championship
681
00:36:14,448 --> 00:36:15,758
of the universe.
682
00:36:15,862 --> 00:36:19,068
Weighing in at eight billion
solar masses,
683
00:36:19,172 --> 00:36:24,517
We have the galactic
destroyer, M101 star.
684
00:36:24,620 --> 00:36:26,172
And in the other corner,
685
00:36:26,275 --> 00:36:29,793
at a punishing
7.8 billion suns,
686
00:36:29,896 --> 00:36:34,103
the star crusher,
NSC47 star.
687
00:36:34,206 --> 00:36:37,310
They are pumped
and ready to rumble.
688
00:36:37,413 --> 00:36:40,551
So here it is,
we're finally here.
689
00:36:40,655 --> 00:36:43,241
The crowd is roaring.
690
00:36:43,344 --> 00:36:44,793
The bell has rung,
691
00:36:44,896 --> 00:36:47,000
and the fighters are
approaching each other.
692
00:36:47,103 --> 00:36:49,068
They are ready to go at it.
693
00:36:51,206 --> 00:36:52,896
ROWE: Let's have
a clean fight, fellas.
694
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:55,482
Touch hands,
and go back to your corners.
695
00:36:57,241 --> 00:37:00,241
Round one.
The two heavyweights circle,
696
00:37:00,344 --> 00:37:02,689
testing the other's defenses.
697
00:37:02,793 --> 00:37:04,965
The black hole's gonna do what
the boxes are gonna do.
698
00:37:05,068 --> 00:37:06,724
They're gonna circle
each other,
699
00:37:06,827 --> 00:37:08,206
and they're gonna orbit
each other,
700
00:37:08,310 --> 00:37:10,000
and they're gonna
size each other up.
701
00:37:11,862 --> 00:37:13,965
PLAIT: Once these two
supermassive black holes
702
00:37:14,068 --> 00:37:15,827
are close enough,
their gravity,
703
00:37:15,931 --> 00:37:18,000
inexorably, is gonna
draw them together.
704
00:37:20,758 --> 00:37:23,689
ROWE: As the two supermassive
black holes get closer,
705
00:37:23,793 --> 00:37:26,344
they throw a few
exploratory jabs,
706
00:37:30,068 --> 00:37:32,862
triggering bursts of
gravitational waves
707
00:37:32,965 --> 00:37:34,827
that warp everything
in their path.
708
00:37:36,310 --> 00:37:39,517
These enormous gravitational
waves are completely
709
00:37:39,620 --> 00:37:42,827
deforming the fabric of
spacetime around them.
710
00:37:42,931 --> 00:37:44,965
Not just a little bit,
but a lot.
711
00:37:45,068 --> 00:37:48,413
It's like feeling
the fighters approach in
712
00:37:48,517 --> 00:37:50,689
the boxing ring...
713
00:37:50,793 --> 00:37:53,482
from the next town over.
714
00:37:57,793 --> 00:38:01,517
ROWE: Next, the supermassive
black hole's gravity throws in
715
00:38:01,620 --> 00:38:03,172
a couple of right hooks
716
00:38:03,275 --> 00:38:05,517
straight into
the accretion disks.
717
00:38:09,068 --> 00:38:11,551
MINGARELLI: What could happen is
that they start to form
718
00:38:11,655 --> 00:38:12,827
like an angle grinder.
719
00:38:12,931 --> 00:38:16,275
You'll see sparks flying as
they try to merge and form
720
00:38:16,379 --> 00:38:18,172
a new single accretion disk.
721
00:38:18,275 --> 00:38:20,620
When those accretion
disks collide,
722
00:38:20,724 --> 00:38:25,310
the whole thing is gonna light
up like the Fourth of July.
723
00:38:25,413 --> 00:38:29,000
ROWE: Spiraling in at millions
of miles an hour,
724
00:38:29,103 --> 00:38:31,137
the heavyweight fighters
get close,
725
00:38:31,241 --> 00:38:33,413
delivering punishing
body blows.
726
00:38:37,896 --> 00:38:40,137
The event horizons,
the surface of
727
00:38:40,241 --> 00:38:43,379
the supermassive black holes,
are about to touch.
728
00:38:45,275 --> 00:38:46,586
In their final moments,
729
00:38:46,689 --> 00:38:49,482
these two supermassive black
holes are orbiting each other
730
00:38:49,586 --> 00:38:51,413
at a significant fraction
731
00:38:51,517 --> 00:38:53,827
of the speed of light,
and their event horizons
732
00:38:53,931 --> 00:38:54,896
will touch.
733
00:38:56,827 --> 00:38:59,103
And they'll eventually
merge into one new
734
00:38:59,206 --> 00:39:01,000
supermassive black hole.
735
00:39:01,103 --> 00:39:02,310
TEGMARK:
You might think,
736
00:39:02,413 --> 00:39:04,689
don't they bump into each
other like bowling balls?
737
00:39:04,793 --> 00:39:05,965
No, they don't.
738
00:39:06,068 --> 00:39:07,931
Because what we're calling
the edge of a black hole is
739
00:39:08,034 --> 00:39:10,827
actually not a thing--
that's just
740
00:39:10,931 --> 00:39:12,758
the surface around
the black hole.
741
00:39:12,862 --> 00:39:15,655
Gravity is so strong
that nothing can come out.
742
00:39:15,758 --> 00:39:19,586
ROWE: The two supermassive
black holes finally merge,
743
00:39:19,689 --> 00:39:23,551
releasing around 5 percent of
the mass they've gathered over
744
00:39:23,655 --> 00:39:25,620
billions of years in
745
00:39:25,724 --> 00:39:29,965
an enormous burst of
gravitational waves.
746
00:39:30,068 --> 00:39:31,931
The amount of energy
that we're talking about...
747
00:39:34,137 --> 00:39:36,931
there's nothing to compare it
to-- it's mind-crushing.
748
00:39:37,034 --> 00:39:40,172
There's really almost no point
in thinking about it.
749
00:39:40,275 --> 00:39:42,551
It's just not something
I think that I can
750
00:39:42,655 --> 00:39:43,827
wrap my head around.
751
00:39:43,931 --> 00:39:45,896
Coming from where
I come from,
752
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:47,758
you know, you don't
show weakness,
753
00:39:47,862 --> 00:39:50,620
so I'm not gonna say that
the collision of two black holes
754
00:39:50,724 --> 00:39:53,379
is more powerful than one of
my punches, but...
755
00:39:54,758 --> 00:39:56,000
it's close.
756
00:39:57,482 --> 00:40:01,379
ROWE: The gigantic and powerful
gravitational waves race out
757
00:40:01,482 --> 00:40:03,172
from the collision zone,
758
00:40:03,275 --> 00:40:07,034
leaving a single merged
black hole.
759
00:40:07,137 --> 00:40:11,344
The supermassive black hole,
after it merges, permanently
760
00:40:11,448 --> 00:40:14,965
deforms the fabric of spacetime
around it, and this deformation
761
00:40:15,068 --> 00:40:17,068
travels out at
the speed of light.
762
00:40:18,793 --> 00:40:22,586
ROWE: The surviving 95 percent
of mass from the two colliding
763
00:40:22,689 --> 00:40:24,655
supermassive black holes
764
00:40:24,758 --> 00:40:29,482
is now locked in a single
ultramassive black hole,
765
00:40:29,586 --> 00:40:33,137
the undisputed super
heavyweight champion of
766
00:40:33,241 --> 00:40:35,758
the universe--
at least for now.
767
00:40:37,137 --> 00:40:39,379
It seems the universe is
always upping the ante.
768
00:40:39,482 --> 00:40:41,275
Could there be something
even more
769
00:40:41,379 --> 00:40:42,827
violent we haven't even
discovered yet?
770
00:40:42,931 --> 00:40:45,482
The universe
keeps wanting to give us
771
00:40:45,586 --> 00:40:47,758
something more violent
all the time.
772
00:40:47,862 --> 00:40:52,413
ROWE: Energy locked in hydrogen
atoms formed at the birth of
773
00:40:52,517 --> 00:40:54,862
the universe is finally
774
00:40:54,965 --> 00:40:58,931
released in the violent
collision and builds
775
00:40:59,034 --> 00:41:01,068
an ultramassive black hole.
776
00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:06,827
SUTTER: This is one of the most
beautiful stories in
777
00:41:06,931 --> 00:41:09,827
our universe-- you have
the most energetic collision,
778
00:41:09,931 --> 00:41:11,620
the most amount of
energy released,
779
00:41:11,724 --> 00:41:14,241
the most violent event,
can trace
780
00:41:14,344 --> 00:41:17,448
its origins to the humble
hydrogen atom.
781
00:41:20,379 --> 00:41:23,724
ROWE: So we have our
champion-- matter compressed
782
00:41:23,827 --> 00:41:26,965
and then smashed together
by supermassive black holes
783
00:41:27,068 --> 00:41:30,586
creates the most violent event
in the universe.
784
00:41:31,862 --> 00:41:33,586
I don't think
there's a contest.
785
00:41:33,689 --> 00:41:35,758
The supermassive
black hole collisions
786
00:41:35,862 --> 00:41:37,448
are the most energetic,
787
00:41:37,551 --> 00:41:42,034
just, like, mind-numbingly
large amounts of energy in
788
00:41:42,137 --> 00:41:43,137
these collisions.
789
00:41:46,034 --> 00:41:48,896
A merger of two supermassive
black holes
790
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,206
is at the absolute top end
extreme of that
791
00:41:52,310 --> 00:41:56,034
for all possible events
in the entire universe,
792
00:41:56,137 --> 00:41:59,000
A supermassive black hole
merger is the most
793
00:41:59,103 --> 00:42:02,172
violent thing that we can
observe in the universe.
63033
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