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00:00:01,335 --> 00:00:06,004
Narrator:
MIST RISES OFF THESE WATERS
AS IT HAS FOR CENTURIES.
2
00:00:07,441 --> 00:00:10,409
HOT SPRINGS BUBBLE
INTO A LEAD-LINED POOL.
3
00:00:12,913 --> 00:00:14,780
AGAINST THIS ANCIENT BACKDROP
4
00:00:14,882 --> 00:00:18,650
AN UNUSUAL GATHERING
IS TAKING PLACE.
5
00:00:18,752 --> 00:00:21,519
ALTHOUGH MOST OF THESE PEOPLE
HAVE NEVER MET
6
00:00:21,622 --> 00:00:25,524
TOGETHER THEY WILL TAKE
A JOURNEY INTO HISTORY...
7
00:00:27,361 --> 00:00:28,893
WHEN THE PUBLIC BATH
8
00:00:28,996 --> 00:00:33,131
WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
BUILDINGS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
9
00:00:38,038 --> 00:00:39,737
2,000 YEARS AGO
10
00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:43,074
THE BATH WAS NOT JUST
A PLACE FOR THE HIGHBORN.
11
00:00:43,176 --> 00:00:45,143
IT WAS A COMMUNITY CENTER
12
00:00:45,245 --> 00:00:49,448
AND A DAILY RITUAL THAT DEFINED
WHAT IT MEANT TO BE ROMAN.
13
00:00:51,251 --> 00:00:52,829
Man:
IT MUST HAVE BEEN A SIGHT
14
00:00:52,853 --> 00:00:56,087
THE LIKE OF WHICH THE MODERN
MIND FINDS DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE.
15
00:00:56,189 --> 00:00:58,590
NOT ONLY IS THERE SPLENDOR
OF THE ENVIRONMENT
16
00:00:58,692 --> 00:01:00,525
BUT CROWDS OF PEOPLE.
17
00:01:00,627 --> 00:01:03,361
THERE IS FIRM EVIDENCE
THAT MEN AND WOMEN
18
00:01:03,463 --> 00:01:05,964
DID BATHE
COMPLETELY NAKED TOGETHER.
19
00:01:08,636 --> 00:01:10,535
AND ALL THE TIME, NOISE.
20
00:01:10,638 --> 00:01:13,638
ROMANS LOVED TO CONVERSE
AND ARGUE AND DISCUSS.
21
00:01:13,741 --> 00:01:16,174
PEOPLE WOULD BE
SHOUTING AND LAUGHING.
22
00:01:16,277 --> 00:01:17,509
PEOPLE WOULD BE DRINKING.
23
00:01:17,611 --> 00:01:19,222
SOME PEOPLE
WOULD HAVE DRUNK TOO MUCH.
24
00:01:19,246 --> 00:01:21,246
PEOPLE WOULD BE
SINGING IN THE BATH.
25
00:01:25,686 --> 00:01:30,722
Narrator:
UNDERLYING ALL THE LUXURY
WERE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES...
26
00:01:30,824 --> 00:01:36,628
COPIOUS SUPPLIES OF HOT AND COLD
WATER PIPED IN FROM MILES AWAY
27
00:01:36,730 --> 00:01:39,364
ROOMS OF INTOXICATING WARMTH
28
00:01:39,466 --> 00:01:43,401
MADE POSSIBLE BY
SOPHISTICATED HEATING SYSTEMS.
29
00:01:46,606 --> 00:01:49,207
BUT WHEN THE ROMAN
EMPIRE COLLAPSED
30
00:01:49,310 --> 00:01:51,710
THE WORLD FELL INTO DARKNESS
31
00:01:51,812 --> 00:01:55,347
AND THE ART AND SCIENCE
OF THE BATHS WAS LOST...
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00:01:55,448 --> 00:01:57,416
UNTIL NOW.
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00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:04,089
AFTER 2,000 YEARS,
NOVA WILL BUILD A ROMAN BATH
34
00:02:04,191 --> 00:02:07,058
AND STRIVE TO UNCOVER
THE SECRETS
35
00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:09,761
OF THE MOST TECHNOLOGICALLY
ADVANCED BUILDING
36
00:02:09,863 --> 00:02:11,997
OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
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[Captioning sponsored
by PARK FOUNDATION, CNET
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NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE
39
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THE CORPORATION
FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING
40
00:02:42,829 --> 00:02:46,798
Keach:
THE ROMAN BATH WAS ONCE
A TECHNOLOGICAL MARVEL.
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00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:50,068
TODAY IT'S
A TECHNOLOGICAL MYSTERY.
42
00:02:53,172 --> 00:02:55,973
A MYSTERY THAT
THIS GROUP OF ENGINEERS
43
00:02:56,076 --> 00:02:59,711
ARCHEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS
ARE HOPING TO SOLVE
44
00:02:59,813 --> 00:03:03,915
AS THEY JOURNEY INTO THE MIND
OF THE ANCIENT BUILDERS.
45
00:03:04,017 --> 00:03:05,662
Man:
I DON'T THINK
THE ROMANS
46
00:03:05,686 --> 00:03:08,486
WOULD HABITUALLY HAVE BUILT
SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T WORK.
47
00:03:08,588 --> 00:03:10,232
THEY MIGHT HAVE MADE
MISTAKES OCCASIONALLY.
48
00:03:10,256 --> 00:03:14,859
Keach:
FIKRET YEGUL IS AN ARCHITECT
AND EXPERT ON ANCIENT BATHS.
49
00:03:14,961 --> 00:03:17,195
IS NOT A DESIGN
THAT WE CREATED.
50
00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:18,897
WE DON'T EVEN TAKE...
51
00:03:18,999 --> 00:03:21,399
Keach:
AFTER A LIFETIME OF STUDY
52
00:03:21,501 --> 00:03:23,935
HE IS DESIGNING
HIS FIRST ROMAN BATH
53
00:03:24,037 --> 00:03:26,237
WITH HELP FROM
TEOMAN YALCINKAYA
54
00:03:26,339 --> 00:03:28,773
AN ENGINEER WHO WILL BUILD IT.
55
00:03:28,875 --> 00:03:31,576
BUT THE ROMANS LEFT
NO BLUEPRINTS
56
00:03:31,678 --> 00:03:36,180
NO TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.
57
00:03:36,917 --> 00:03:38,048
ALL THEY HAVE TO GO ON
58
00:03:38,151 --> 00:03:40,752
ARE THE RUINS THAT REMAIN
AFTER 2,000 YEARS...
59
00:03:40,854 --> 00:03:43,487
CRUMBLING EVIDENCE
OF HEATING SYSTEMS
60
00:03:43,589 --> 00:03:46,357
THAT REVEAL LITTLE
OF HOW THEY WORKED;
61
00:03:46,460 --> 00:03:51,395
REMNANTS OF PIPE
THAT SUGGEST COMPLEX PLUMBING.
62
00:03:51,497 --> 00:03:56,067
EVEN THE POOLS WHERE THE ROMANS
BATHED HAVE FALLEN INTO RUIN.
63
00:03:56,169 --> 00:03:58,114
Yegul:
THIS IS REALLY AN IMITATION
64
00:03:58,138 --> 00:04:00,838
OF A TYPE OF ROMAN BATH
65
00:04:00,940 --> 00:04:06,978
THAT I HAVE SEEN AND WORKED
AGAIN AND AGAIN AND AGAIN.
66
00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:08,560
THAT'S INTERESTING,
BECAUSE I HAVEN'T.
67
00:04:08,648 --> 00:04:12,584
Keach:
AMONG HIS COLLEAGUES HERE,
FIKRET'S DESIGN IS PROBLEMATIC.
68
00:04:12,686 --> 00:04:14,919
MOST OF THEM THINK
IT WON'T WORK.
69
00:04:15,022 --> 00:04:18,590
I THINK WE'RE RATHER A LONG WAY
AWAY FROM THE ROMANS HERE.
70
00:04:21,928 --> 00:04:24,929
Keach:
WHO WERE THESE ROMAN BUILDERS?
71
00:04:25,031 --> 00:04:27,398
EMANATING FROM THE CITY OF ROME
72
00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:30,668
THEIR EMPIRE SPANNED
MORE THAN 3,000 MILES
73
00:04:30,770 --> 00:04:33,171
FROM SYRIA TO SCOTLAND
74
00:04:33,273 --> 00:04:37,008
AND REIGNED SUPREME
FOR A THOUSAND YEARS.
75
00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:40,311
FEW CIVILIZATIONS
BEFORE OR SINCE
76
00:04:40,413 --> 00:04:42,647
HAVE BUILT WITH SUCH INTENSITY...
77
00:04:42,749 --> 00:04:48,053
SPECTACULAR FEATS OF ENGINEERING
AND MAGNIFICENT MONUMENTS.
78
00:04:48,155 --> 00:04:52,257
BUILDING WAS INGRAINED
IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER.
79
00:04:52,359 --> 00:04:54,592
Yegul:
UNLIKE THE GREEKS
80
00:04:54,694 --> 00:04:56,928
WHO WERE PROBABLY
MORE INTERESTED
81
00:04:57,030 --> 00:04:59,464
IN THE PRISTINE BEAUTY OF THINGS
82
00:04:59,566 --> 00:05:01,999
ROMANS WERE MORE
FUNCTIONAL PEOPLE.
83
00:05:02,101 --> 00:05:07,005
THEY WERE PROUD TO BRING WATER
TO THEIR CITIES.
84
00:05:07,107 --> 00:05:09,273
THEY WERE PROUD
TO OPEN COMFORTABLE
85
00:05:09,375 --> 00:05:12,344
AND SAFE HIGHWAYS TO TRAVEL ON
86
00:05:12,446 --> 00:05:15,780
AND BRIDGES TO CROSS VALLEYS
AND RIVERBEDS.
87
00:05:17,651 --> 00:05:20,531
Keach:
BUT THE REAL GENIUS
OF THE ROMAN ENGINEERS
88
00:05:20,587 --> 00:05:23,555
WAS EXPLOITING WHAT THEY LEARNED
FROM OTHER CULTURES.
89
00:05:23,657 --> 00:05:26,135
Man:
AS THEY SPREAD ACROSS
THE MEDITERRANEAN
90
00:05:26,159 --> 00:05:27,625
COMING INTO CONTACT
91
00:05:27,727 --> 00:05:30,862
AND ACTUALLY CONQUERING
ONE LAND AFTER ANOTHER
92
00:05:30,964 --> 00:05:33,397
THEY WOULD ABSORB
A LOT OF THE IDEAS
93
00:05:33,499 --> 00:05:37,068
AND DEVELOP
SOME OF THE TECHNOLOGIES
94
00:05:37,170 --> 00:05:39,210
THAT HAD BEEN STARTED
IN OTHER LANDS.
95
00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,009
Keach:
WITH IDEAS, MONEY
AND SLAVE LABOR
96
00:05:44,111 --> 00:05:46,611
APPROPRIATED FROM
CONQUERED NATIONS
97
00:05:46,713 --> 00:05:50,781
THE EMPERORS OF ROME BUILT
INCREASINGLY COMPLEX STRUCTURES.
98
00:05:52,084 --> 00:05:54,585
AMONG THEM, THE BATHS.
99
00:05:58,091 --> 00:06:00,592
THE ROMANS BUILT SO MANY OF THEM
100
00:06:00,694 --> 00:06:03,594
THE BATHS BECAME
AN EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY
101
00:06:03,696 --> 00:06:07,198
TO TEST OUT NEW CONCEPTS.
102
00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:10,020
Yegul:
THE BATHS OCCUPY
A SPECIAL POSITION
103
00:06:10,103 --> 00:06:13,771
IN THE COURSE OF ROMAN
ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE.
104
00:06:13,874 --> 00:06:16,041
IT'S A BUILDING TYPE
105
00:06:16,142 --> 00:06:20,244
EXTREMELY ADVANCED
IN ITS VAULTING TECHNIQUES
106
00:06:20,346 --> 00:06:23,481
WATER SUPPLY
AND HEATING TECHNIQUES
107
00:06:23,583 --> 00:06:26,851
AND SOME OF
THE EARLIEST EXPERIMENTS
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00:06:26,953 --> 00:06:29,887
IN ROMAN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY.
109
00:06:31,190 --> 00:06:33,558
Keach:
IN MODERN-DAY TURKEY
110
00:06:33,660 --> 00:06:38,062
LIES AN ANCIENT ROMAN CITY
CALLED SARDIS.
111
00:06:38,165 --> 00:06:41,566
IT'S HERE, IN THE SHADOW
OF THE BATH AT SARDIS
112
00:06:41,668 --> 00:06:43,868
THAT NOVA WILL TRY TO UNCOVER
113
00:06:43,970 --> 00:06:46,971
THE SECRETS THAT HAVE BEEN LOST
FOR CENTURIES.
114
00:06:47,073 --> 00:06:49,174
BUILDING A ROMAN BATH
115
00:06:49,276 --> 00:06:52,877
BEGINS THE SAME WAY IT DID
2,000 YEARS AGO...
116
00:06:52,979 --> 00:06:55,680
WITH A GOOD PIECE OF LAND.
117
00:06:55,782 --> 00:06:59,550
FIKRET YEGUL HAS ARRIVED
WITH TEOMAN YALCINKAYA
118
00:06:59,652 --> 00:07:02,987
AN ENGINEER WITH
AN INTERESTING SIDELINE.
119
00:07:03,089 --> 00:07:04,189
I THINK THIS SITE
120
00:07:04,290 --> 00:07:06,824
MAY BE
THE IDEAL PLACE
121
00:07:06,926 --> 00:07:08,259
FOR THE PLACEMENT
OF THE BATH.
122
00:07:08,361 --> 00:07:10,606
Keach:
FOR 30 YEARS,
TEOMAN HAS ALSO BEEN A MEMBER
123
00:07:10,630 --> 00:07:12,329
OF THE SARDIS EXCAVATION TEAM.
124
00:07:12,432 --> 00:07:14,866
NOW, THE SUN
IS RISING HERE...
125
00:07:14,968 --> 00:07:17,346
FROM THE EAST,
FROM OVER THERE
126
00:07:17,370 --> 00:07:20,004
AND GOING TO
THE WEST OVER THERE.
127
00:07:20,106 --> 00:07:22,867
Keach:
THE ROMANS UNDERSTOOD
SOLAR HEATING
128
00:07:22,909 --> 00:07:27,077
AND MADE BEST USE OF THE SUN'S
WARMTH BY ORIENTING THE WINDOWS
129
00:07:27,180 --> 00:07:29,547
OF THE HOTTEST ROOM
TOWARD THE SOUTH.
130
00:07:29,649 --> 00:07:30,948
WITH AN EXPOSURE
131
00:07:31,050 --> 00:07:32,494
TO THE SOUTH
AND THE WEST
132
00:07:32,518 --> 00:07:36,454
WE HAVE THE IDEAL
ROMAN WAY OF DOING THINGS.
133
00:07:38,224 --> 00:07:40,391
Keach:
THE NEXT STEP IS TO MARK
134
00:07:40,493 --> 00:07:43,494
THE FOOTPRINT OF THE BUILDING
IN THE GROUND.
135
00:07:43,596 --> 00:07:46,831
THIS BATH WILL BE SMALL,
LIKE THE PRIVATE BATHS
136
00:07:46,933 --> 00:07:50,134
ATTACHED TO THE HOMES
OF VERY RICH ROMANS.
137
00:07:53,573 --> 00:07:55,473
THE SHEEP ARE ABOUT TO LOSE
138
00:07:55,575 --> 00:07:59,043
THEIR FAVORITE GRAZING AREA
TO AN EXPERIMENT IN HISTORY.
139
00:08:00,780 --> 00:08:06,150
IT WILL TAKE ALL DAY JUST TO
MARK AND PREPARE THE FOUNDATION.
140
00:08:08,221 --> 00:08:13,958
IN THE MEANTIME, GARRETT FAGAN
HAS ALSO ARRIVED IN TURKEY.
141
00:08:14,060 --> 00:08:16,194
AN EXPERT IN ROMAN CULTURE
142
00:08:16,296 --> 00:08:19,129
HE IS HERE TO EXPERIENCE
A TURKISH HAMAM
143
00:08:19,232 --> 00:08:22,033
A DIRECT DESCENDANT OF
THE ROMAN BATH.
144
00:08:24,971 --> 00:08:26,682
Fagan:
THIS IS A HOT ROOM.
145
00:08:26,706 --> 00:08:28,339
IT'S OVER 100 DEGREES IN HERE
146
00:08:28,441 --> 00:08:30,207
AND I HAVE TO PERSPIRE IN HERE.
147
00:08:30,309 --> 00:08:32,288
WHAT I DO IS
I LIE DOWN ON THIS SLAB
148
00:08:32,312 --> 00:08:34,946
AND FOR ABOUT TEN MINUTES,
AND RELAX AND SWEAT.
149
00:08:35,048 --> 00:08:37,882
IN THE ROMAN BATH,
THE SYSTEM WAS QUITE DIFFERENT.
150
00:08:43,022 --> 00:08:45,489
THEY WOULD COME INTO
A MEDIUM HEATED ROOM
151
00:08:45,591 --> 00:08:48,359
WHERE THEY WOULD BE OILED DOWN
BY A SLAVE.
152
00:08:50,362 --> 00:08:53,264
THEY MIGHT HAVE DIRT
THROWN ON THEM AT THAT STAGE
153
00:08:53,366 --> 00:08:54,844
IF THEY WANTED
TO WRESTLE OUTSIDE.
154
00:08:54,868 --> 00:08:56,411
THE NEXT PROCESS
WAS TO GO OUTSIDE
155
00:08:56,435 --> 00:08:59,036
INTO THE EXERCISE YARD,
THE PALAESTRA.
156
00:09:00,707 --> 00:09:03,407
Keach:
THE EXERCISE WASN'T STRENUOUS.
157
00:09:03,509 --> 00:09:06,210
IT WAS JUST MEANT
TO WORK UP A SWEAT.
158
00:09:09,849 --> 00:09:12,517
THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE COME IN
FROM THE EXERCISE GROUND
159
00:09:12,619 --> 00:09:14,539
COVERED IN THEIR OIL
AND SWEAT...
160
00:09:16,889 --> 00:09:19,257
AND THERE THEY
WOULD HAVE BEEN STRIGILED
161
00:09:19,359 --> 00:09:21,125
IN THIS RATHER UNUSUAL PROCESS
162
00:09:21,227 --> 00:09:23,594
INVOLVING THESE IMPLEMENTS
CALLED STRIGILS.
163
00:09:23,696 --> 00:09:25,663
Keach:
ROMANS DID NOT HAVE SOAP.
164
00:09:25,765 --> 00:09:28,266
THEY JUST SCRAPED OFF
THE DIRT AND OIL.
165
00:09:28,368 --> 00:09:30,847
Fagan:
THEN THEY WOULD FLICK IT
ONTO THE GROUND
166
00:09:30,871 --> 00:09:34,272
AND ONTO THE WALLS OF THE BATH.
167
00:09:34,374 --> 00:09:37,107
IMAGINE THE GERMS AND BACTERIA
168
00:09:37,209 --> 00:09:37,909
THAT ACCUMULATED
IN THIS SUBSTANCE
169
00:09:38,011 --> 00:09:39,610
THAT THE GREEKS CALLED "GLOIOS."
170
00:09:39,712 --> 00:09:41,679
Keach:
UNAWARE OF GERMS
171
00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:44,882
ROMAN DOCTORS COLLECTED
THE GLOIOS FROM THE FLOOR
172
00:09:44,984 --> 00:09:47,452
AND MIXED IT
INTO MEDICINAL OINTMENTS.
173
00:09:51,057 --> 00:09:52,757
AFTER SPONGING DOWN
174
00:09:52,859 --> 00:09:56,193
THE NEXT STEP WAS
DECIDEDLY LESS PLEASANT.
175
00:09:56,295 --> 00:09:59,897
BODY HAIR WAS NOT FASHIONABLE
IN ANCIENT ROME
176
00:09:59,999 --> 00:10:04,402
SO THE BATHER COULD HIRE
A DEPILATOR... A HAIR PLUCKER.
177
00:10:04,504 --> 00:10:06,982
Fagan:
AND THEY WOULD
PLUCK OUT THE HAIRS
178
00:10:07,006 --> 00:10:08,405
EVEN THEIR UNDERARM HAIRS.
179
00:10:08,507 --> 00:10:10,341
AND, IN FACT, SENECA THE YOUNGER
180
00:10:10,443 --> 00:10:13,177
HE DESCRIBES THE HOWLS
OF THE DEPILATORS
181
00:10:13,279 --> 00:10:15,313
WHO ARE LOOKING FOR CUSTOMERS
182
00:10:15,415 --> 00:10:17,048
WHICH ARE ONLY EXCEEDED
183
00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:20,184
BY THE HOWLS OF THE CUSTOMERS
WHO ARE BEING PLUCKED.
184
00:10:22,188 --> 00:10:25,789
Keach:
AFTER A GENTLE SOAPING,
GARRETT'S HAMAM WILL BE OVER.
185
00:10:25,892 --> 00:10:29,093
BUT A ROMAN BATH
LASTED SEVERAL HOURS
186
00:10:29,195 --> 00:10:30,961
CULMINATING IN THE CALDARIUM
187
00:10:31,063 --> 00:10:33,097
WHERE THE FLOOR WAS SO HOT
188
00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:36,234
WOODEN SANDALS
WERE AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY.
189
00:10:37,704 --> 00:10:40,571
THE REST OF THE AFTERNOON
WAS SPENT SOCIALIZING
190
00:10:40,673 --> 00:10:43,107
AND ARRANGING
THE EVENING'S ACTIVITY.
191
00:10:48,448 --> 00:10:52,350
GARRETT ALSO HOPES
TO EXPERIENCE A ROMAN BATH...
192
00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:57,822
BUT HE'LL HAVE TO WAIT
UNTIL IT'S BUILT.
193
00:11:02,462 --> 00:11:04,228
AS GROUNDBREAKING BEGINS
194
00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:07,065
TEOMAN HAS A TOUGH JOB
AHEAD OF HIM.
195
00:11:07,166 --> 00:11:09,233
LIMITED TO THE TOOLS
AND TECHNIQUES
196
00:11:09,335 --> 00:11:11,135
KNOWN IN ANCIENT TIMES
197
00:11:11,237 --> 00:11:14,738
HE HAS AGREED TO BUILD
THE BATH IN SEVEN WEEKS.
198
00:11:18,078 --> 00:11:21,646
FOR THE ROMANS,
IT MIGHT HAVE TAKEN MONTHS.
199
00:11:23,782 --> 00:11:26,116
NOVA SET UP A TIME-LAPSE CAMERA
200
00:11:26,219 --> 00:11:28,719
TO CAPTURE EVERY MINUTE
OF THE ACTION.
201
00:11:32,024 --> 00:11:34,659
THE STONES HAVE BEEN DELIVERED
202
00:11:34,761 --> 00:11:37,929
AND THE FOUNDATION
BEGINS TO TAKE SHAPE.
203
00:11:38,031 --> 00:11:40,264
THERE WILL BE THREE ROOMS...
204
00:11:40,366 --> 00:11:43,134
THE BARE NECESSITY
FOR A PROPER ROMAN BATH.
205
00:11:45,305 --> 00:11:47,772
THE FRIGIDARIUM, OR COLD ROOM
206
00:11:47,874 --> 00:11:50,975
WILL HAVE A ROUND
COLD POOL IN THE APSE.
207
00:11:51,077 --> 00:11:53,244
THE TEPIDARIUM, OR WARM ROOM
208
00:11:53,346 --> 00:11:56,981
IS WHERE THE BATHERS
WILL CHANGE THEIR CLOTHES
209
00:11:57,083 --> 00:11:58,916
AND HAVE A MASSAGE.
210
00:11:59,018 --> 00:12:01,585
AND IN THE CALDARIUM,
OR HOT ROOM
211
00:12:01,687 --> 00:12:06,157
THERE IS A HEATED POOL
TOWARD THE BACK.
212
00:12:07,326 --> 00:12:09,393
FROM COLD TO WARM TO HOT...
213
00:12:09,495 --> 00:12:12,396
IT'S ALL A PRODUCT
OF THE HEATING SYSTEM.
214
00:12:12,498 --> 00:12:14,064
BELOW THE HOT POOL
215
00:12:14,166 --> 00:12:17,034
A FIREPLACE OR FURNACE
WILL HEAT THE FLOOR
216
00:12:17,136 --> 00:12:21,471
THREE WALLS OF THE CALDARIUM,
AND ONE WALL OF THE TEPIDARIUM.
217
00:12:25,344 --> 00:12:28,246
WHETHER THE HEATING SYSTEM
WILL WORK OR NOT
218
00:12:28,348 --> 00:12:29,914
REMAINS TO BE SEEN.
219
00:12:30,016 --> 00:12:33,451
THE WALLS MUST GO UP.
220
00:12:37,423 --> 00:12:40,123
TWO WEEKS OF WORK
IS COLLAPSED INTO 20 SECONDS.
221
00:12:46,666 --> 00:12:51,035
HERE, ONE OF ROME'S GREATEST
ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENTS
222
00:12:51,137 --> 00:12:53,370
IS BEGINNING TO TAKE SHAPE.
223
00:12:53,472 --> 00:12:55,506
THE VAULTED OR DOMED ROOF
224
00:12:55,608 --> 00:12:59,743
WAS A TECHNOLOGICAL
LEAP FORWARD IN ARCHITECTURE.
225
00:13:03,182 --> 00:13:07,685
BEFORE THE ROMANS, THE GREEKS
ALSO BUILT LARGE BUILDINGS.
226
00:13:07,786 --> 00:13:10,721
THE INTERIORS
WERE FILLED WITH COLUMNS
227
00:13:10,823 --> 00:13:13,690
TO SUPPORT THE HEAVY
FLAT ROOF ABOVE.
228
00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:16,961
BUT THE ROMANS PERFECTED
A BETTER IDEA.
229
00:13:17,063 --> 00:13:20,964
THEY BUILT THE ROOF
IN SECTIONS FORMING A CURVE.
230
00:13:21,066 --> 00:13:24,569
AT THE TOP,
A KEYSTONE IS DROPPED IN.
231
00:13:24,670 --> 00:13:27,371
THE DOWNWARD THRUST
OF THE KEYSTONE
232
00:13:27,473 --> 00:13:29,874
PUSHES THE SECTIONS OUTWARD
233
00:13:29,976 --> 00:13:34,444
CREATING A PRESSURE THAT HOLDS
THE ENTIRE ROOF TOGETHER.
234
00:13:34,547 --> 00:13:38,482
WITH THE CURVED ROOF,
THE COLUMNS ARE UNNECESSARY.
235
00:13:38,584 --> 00:13:40,484
THE ROOF SUPPORTS ITSELF
236
00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:44,255
FREEING AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT
OF INTERIOR SPACE.
237
00:13:49,428 --> 00:13:51,529
BY THE SECOND CENTURY A.D.
238
00:13:51,631 --> 00:13:55,299
THE ROMANS HAD ENGINEERED
THE ULTIMATE DOME...
239
00:13:55,401 --> 00:13:59,870
THE PANTHEON,
A TEMPLE TO ALL THE GODS.
240
00:13:59,972 --> 00:14:02,740
FOR 1,500 YEARS IT STOOD
241
00:14:02,842 --> 00:14:07,078
AS THE LARGEST OPEN
INTERIOR SPACE IN THE WORLD.
242
00:14:07,180 --> 00:14:10,181
THIS REMARKABLE BUILDING
OWES ITS EXISTENCE
243
00:14:10,283 --> 00:14:13,217
TO THE THOUSANDS OF BATHS
BUILT BEFORE IT.
244
00:14:13,319 --> 00:14:15,185
WITH EACH ONE
245
00:14:15,287 --> 00:14:19,223
THE ROMANS PERFECTED
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF THE DOME.
246
00:14:19,325 --> 00:14:24,161
Yegul:
THE GREAT DOME OF THE PANTHEON
HAD ALREADY BEEN EXPERIMENTED
247
00:14:24,263 --> 00:14:26,664
BY DOMES REACHING
HALF THAT SIZE...
248
00:14:26,766 --> 00:14:28,766
WHICH IS STILL RESPECTABLE...
249
00:14:28,868 --> 00:14:31,202
IN BATH BUILDINGS
THAT WERE BUILT
250
00:14:31,304 --> 00:14:34,538
A GOOD 60, 70 YEARS
BEFORE THE PANTHEON.
251
00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:39,309
THEY WERE REALLY THE FORERUNNERS
IN ROMAN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
252
00:14:39,411 --> 00:14:44,048
AND VERITABLE LABORATORIES
OF WORKING WITH VAULTING.
253
00:14:47,353 --> 00:14:50,073
Keach:
OUR VAULTED ROOF
IS MADE OF BRICK.
254
00:14:52,258 --> 00:14:54,625
THE WOOD FORMS MAINTAIN
THE DOMED SHAPE
255
00:14:54,727 --> 00:14:58,228
AND HOLD THE BRICKS IN PLACE
UNTIL THE ROOF IS FINISHED.
256
00:14:58,331 --> 00:15:00,564
A THIN PIECE OF WOOD
257
00:15:00,666 --> 00:15:05,168
ENSURES THE CORRECT DISTANCE
AND ANGLE BETWEEN BRICKS.
258
00:15:05,271 --> 00:15:08,972
IT WILL TAKE SEVERAL DAYS
TO COMPLETE THE ROOF.
259
00:15:19,719 --> 00:15:24,087
MEANWHILE, TONY ROOK AND
HIS COLLEAGUE, BRYAN SCOTT,
HAVE ARRIVED.
260
00:15:24,189 --> 00:15:25,834
HELLO, LOVELY
TO SEE YOU, LOVELY.
261
00:15:25,858 --> 00:15:26,757
GOOD TO SEE YOU.
262
00:15:26,859 --> 00:15:27,859
MY PLEASURE, FIKRET.
263
00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:29,204
FIRST TIME
IN TURKEY, EH?
264
00:15:29,228 --> 00:15:30,260
YES.
265
00:15:30,363 --> 00:15:31,807
Keach:
AT THEIR FIRST MEETING
266
00:15:31,831 --> 00:15:34,432
TONY WAS SKEPTICAL
OF FIKRET'S DESIGN...
267
00:15:34,534 --> 00:15:37,634
ESPECIALLY THE HEATING SYSTEM.
268
00:15:37,737 --> 00:15:39,681
NOW, I THINK WHAT WE'VE GOT...
WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO HERE...
269
00:15:39,705 --> 00:15:42,405
IS CONSTRUCT SOMETHING THAT
THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE BUILT.
270
00:15:42,508 --> 00:15:44,886
Keach:
TONY THOUGHT IT WOULD NEVER
HEAT UP PROPERLY
271
00:15:44,910 --> 00:15:48,946
AND SOON ENOUGH HE WILL FIND OUT
IF HE WAS RIGHT.
272
00:15:49,048 --> 00:15:51,549
Rook:
THE CALDARIUM ON THE NORTH SIDE.
273
00:15:51,651 --> 00:15:54,017
Keach:
BEFORE HE STUDIED ARCHEOLOGY
274
00:15:54,119 --> 00:15:55,998
TONY WAS
A BUILDING MATERIALS SPECIALIST.
275
00:15:56,022 --> 00:15:57,421
OUR RUBBLE IS
A LOT MORE RUBBLELY
276
00:15:57,523 --> 00:15:58,689
BECAUSE WE USE FLINT.
277
00:15:58,791 --> 00:16:00,935
Yegul:
YEAH, I KNOW WHAT
YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT.
278
00:16:00,959 --> 00:16:04,828
Keach:
AND ONE MATERIAL IN PARTICULAR
NOW GOING ON THE VAULTED ROOF
279
00:16:04,930 --> 00:16:07,932
IS CONSIDERED BY MANY
280
00:16:08,034 --> 00:16:10,044
TO BE ROME'S GREATEST
CONTRIBUTION TO ENGINEERING...
281
00:16:10,068 --> 00:16:14,805
CHEAP, DURABLE,
VERSATILE CONCRETE.
282
00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:22,513
CONCRETE ENABLED THE ROMANS
TO BECOME SPECTACULAR BUILDERS.
283
00:16:22,615 --> 00:16:25,682
WITHOUT IT, THE COLISEUM
WOULD NOT EXIST
284
00:16:25,784 --> 00:16:28,018
NOR WOULD THE PANTHEON.
285
00:16:29,722 --> 00:16:33,524
Rook:
CONCRETE HAS GREAT ADVANTAGE
OF BEING CAST.
286
00:16:33,626 --> 00:16:37,728
IN OTHER WORDS, YOU CAN MAKE IT
ANY SHAPE YOU LIKE.
287
00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:40,330
IT HAS THE GREAT ADVANTAGE
OF BEING STRONG
288
00:16:40,432 --> 00:16:43,267
SO YOU CAN MAKE SHAPES
WHICH BRIDGE LARGE SPACES
289
00:16:43,369 --> 00:16:47,270
AND THEREFORE YOU CAN MAKE
THINGS LIKE GREAT, BIG
PUBLIC BATHS.
290
00:16:48,674 --> 00:16:51,775
Keach:
THE RECIPE FOR CONCRETE
WAS WRITTEN DOWN
291
00:16:51,877 --> 00:16:56,013
BY THE ROMAN
ARCHITECT, VITRUVIUS,
IN THE FIRST CENTURY B.C.
292
00:16:56,115 --> 00:17:03,454
THE MAIN INGREDIENT COMES FROM
ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MATERIALS
IN THE WORLD, LIMESTONE.
293
00:17:03,556 --> 00:17:06,990
BUT IF YOU TAKE
ORDINARY LIMESTONE...
294
00:17:07,093 --> 00:17:07,691
WHICH IS A PRETTY HEAVY
SORT OF STUFF...
295
00:17:07,793 --> 00:17:08,871
AND HEAT IT TO RED HOT
296
00:17:08,895 --> 00:17:10,706
AND LEAVE IT LONG ENOUGH
AT RED HOT
297
00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:13,363
WHEN IT'S FINISH, YOU GET
STUFF WHICH IS LIKE THIS.
298
00:17:13,465 --> 00:17:15,410
WHICH IS A VERY,
VERY LIGHT MATERIAL
299
00:17:15,434 --> 00:17:17,034
AND THAT'S CALLED QUICKLIME.
300
00:17:17,136 --> 00:17:21,004
Keach:
QUICKLIME IS CHEMICALLY
VERY DIFFERENT FROM LIMESTONE;
301
00:17:21,106 --> 00:17:23,907
ALL THE CARBON DIOXIDE
HAS BEEN BURNED OFF.
302
00:17:24,010 --> 00:17:26,777
THEN, WHEN WATER IS ADDED
303
00:17:26,879 --> 00:17:30,714
SOMETHING STRANGE
STARTS TO HAPPEN.
304
00:17:33,152 --> 00:17:36,687
Rook:
YOU CAN HEAR IT'S STARTING
TO DO SOMETHING...
305
00:17:36,789 --> 00:17:37,829
IT STARTS CRACKLING.
306
00:17:37,923 --> 00:17:39,763
ALL THE HISSING
IS JUST STEAM COMING OUT OF IT.
307
00:17:41,193 --> 00:17:44,395
EACH INDIVIDUAL BIT IS SWELLING
AND TURNING INTO A NEW MATERIAL
308
00:17:44,497 --> 00:17:46,208
BECAUSE IT IS
VERY, VERY HOT NOW.
309
00:17:46,232 --> 00:17:50,334
IN FACT, YOU WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO
PUT YOUR HAND CLOSE TO IT NOW.
310
00:17:50,436 --> 00:17:51,902
IT'S SLOWLY TURNING ITSELF
311
00:17:52,004 --> 00:17:54,438
INTO ONE OF THE FINEST POWDERS
YOU CAN MAKE
312
00:17:54,540 --> 00:17:57,107
WHICH IS CALLED HYDRATED LIME,
OR JUST LIME.
313
00:18:00,947 --> 00:18:04,448
Keach:
AS MORE WATER IS ADDED,
THE POWDER TURNS INTO A PUTTY
314
00:18:04,550 --> 00:18:07,150
ADHESIVE ENOUGH TO BOND
THE COURSE MATERIALS
315
00:18:07,252 --> 00:18:09,186
THAT MAKE UP CONCRETE
316
00:18:10,890 --> 00:18:14,392
Rook:
LOOK, IT'S ACTUALLY BOILING
IN FRONT OF ME NOW
317
00:18:14,494 --> 00:18:16,994
AND BLOWING UP
NICE BUBBLES OF STEAM.
318
00:18:17,096 --> 00:18:22,066
Keach:
ADDED TO THE LIME,
SAND AND AN AGGREGATE OF ROCK.
319
00:18:24,102 --> 00:18:26,069
TO MAKE THE CONCRETE WATERPROOF
320
00:18:26,171 --> 00:18:28,639
THE ROMANS ALSO MIXED
IN CRUSHED TILE.
321
00:18:28,741 --> 00:18:31,308
THEY PREFERRED VOLCANIC ASH
322
00:18:31,410 --> 00:18:33,421
BUT IT WASN'T AVAILABLE
IN MOST PLACES.
323
00:18:33,445 --> 00:18:37,080
YOU FINISH UP WITH
A BEAUTIFUL PINK CONCRETE
324
00:18:37,182 --> 00:18:38,427
ABSOLUTELY
CHARACTERISTICALLY ROMAN.
325
00:18:38,451 --> 00:18:40,818
YOU FIND IT IN HYPOCAUSTS...
YOU FIND IT IN BATHS...
326
00:18:40,919 --> 00:18:42,964
PLACES WHERE
IT'S GOING TO BE UNDERWATER
327
00:18:42,988 --> 00:18:44,988
WHERE YOU WANT
A WATERPROOF MATERIAL.
328
00:18:47,426 --> 00:18:51,928
Keach:
ALMOST FOUR WEEKS... MORE THAN
HALF THE TIME HAS PASSED...
329
00:18:52,030 --> 00:18:54,398
AND TEOMAN
IS ANXIOUS TO MOVE ON.
330
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,067
WITH THE EXTERIOR WORK
MOSTLY DONE
331
00:18:57,169 --> 00:19:00,070
IT IS TIME TO TACKLE
THE HARDEST PART...
332
00:19:00,172 --> 00:19:02,239
THE HEATING SYSTEM INSIDE.
333
00:19:04,176 --> 00:19:07,077
THE ROOF FORMS
OVER THE FRIGIDARIUM
334
00:19:07,179 --> 00:19:09,139
WILL STAY UP
A LITTLE WHILE LONGER.
335
00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:14,951
BUT THE HEATING SYSTEM GOES
IN THE TEPIDARIUM AND CALDARIUM
336
00:19:15,054 --> 00:19:18,355
SO THERE
THE SCAFFOLDING MUST COME DOWN.
337
00:19:28,134 --> 00:19:32,336
TEARING DOWN THE VAULT PLANKING
IS A NERVE-WRACKING PROCESS.
338
00:19:37,576 --> 00:19:41,311
IF THE ROOF WASN'T BUILT RIGHT,
IT MIGHT NOT HOLD TOGETHER.
339
00:19:48,521 --> 00:19:52,389
EVERYONE IS RELIEVED
WHEN THE ROOF STAYS UP.
340
00:20:00,299 --> 00:20:03,500
THE HEART OF THE HEATING SYSTEM
IS THE FIREPLACE
341
00:20:03,602 --> 00:20:05,335
OR FURNACE AS THEY CALL IT.
342
00:20:05,438 --> 00:20:08,038
FIKRET IS PUTTING ON
THE FINAL TOUCHES.
343
00:20:08,140 --> 00:20:09,440
OH, MAX!
344
00:20:09,542 --> 00:20:10,974
Max:
HELLO.
345
00:20:11,077 --> 00:20:13,244
WELCOME, GOOD TO SEE
YOU HERE, HI!
346
00:20:13,346 --> 00:20:16,380
Keach:
MAX FORDHAM AND HIS COLLEAGUE,
TRISTAN COUCH
347
00:20:16,482 --> 00:20:18,315
ARE HEATING ENGINEERS.
348
00:20:18,417 --> 00:20:20,284
MAX HAS DESIGNED
349
00:20:20,386 --> 00:20:24,088
SOME OF THE MOST COMPLEX CLIMATE
CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD
350
00:20:24,190 --> 00:20:27,558
INCLUDING BRITAIN'S TATE GALLERY
AND THE SAVOY THEATRE.
351
00:20:27,660 --> 00:20:29,727
IT'S LONG...
352
00:20:29,829 --> 00:20:32,662
YEAH, AND IT'S OUR,
UH, HEATING CANAL.
353
00:20:32,765 --> 00:20:34,798
Keach:
THESE RUINS FROM BATH, ENGLAND
354
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:39,002
SHOW THAT THE HEATING SYSTEM
WAS A TOUR DE FORCE
OF ROMAN ENGINEERING.
355
00:20:39,104 --> 00:20:41,238
THEY EVEN HAD
A NAME FOR IT, HYPOCAUST
356
00:20:41,340 --> 00:20:43,773
WHICH MEANS "FIRE UNDERNEATH".
357
00:20:43,875 --> 00:20:48,345
A ROMAN WRITER CREDITED
THE INVENTION OF THE HYPOCAUST
358
00:20:48,447 --> 00:20:53,850
TO AN ENTREPRENEUR NAMED SERGIUS
ORATA AND HIS LOVE FOR OYSTERS.
359
00:20:56,688 --> 00:20:59,489
ORATA WANTED TO CULTIVATE
AND SELL OYSTERS
360
00:20:59,592 --> 00:21:03,761
BUT HE NEEDED A CONSTANT SUPPLY
OF WARM WATER TO BREED THEM.
361
00:21:05,331 --> 00:21:07,831
SO HE MOUNTED OYSTER PANS
ON PILLARS
362
00:21:07,933 --> 00:21:09,866
AND LIT A FIRE UNDERNEATH.
363
00:21:12,471 --> 00:21:15,806
THE HOT AIR CIRCULATED
BENEATH THE OYSTER BEDS
364
00:21:15,908 --> 00:21:17,707
HEATING THE WATER INSIDE.
365
00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:20,144
THE BEST TEMPERATURE
FOR BREEDING
366
00:21:20,246 --> 00:21:23,747
WAS ACHIEVED BY ADJUSTING
THE SIZE OF THE FIRE.
367
00:21:25,918 --> 00:21:30,220
IT'S A GOOD STORY, BUT MOST
HISTORIANS DON'T BUY IT.
368
00:21:31,657 --> 00:21:33,924
WE HAVE A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES...
369
00:21:34,026 --> 00:21:37,194
ARCHEOLOGICALLY
BACKED EXAMPLES...
370
00:21:37,296 --> 00:21:39,462
THAT SHOW US THAT
THE HYPOCAUST SYSTEMS
371
00:21:39,565 --> 00:21:41,932
OR QUASI-HYPOCAUST SYSTEMS...
372
00:21:42,034 --> 00:21:46,536
THINGS THAT LOOKED LIKE
HYPOCAUSTS... WERE BEING USED
373
00:21:46,638 --> 00:21:51,174
EVEN DURING A GENERATION OR TWO
BEFORE ORATA'S TIME.
374
00:21:52,778 --> 00:21:54,911
Keach:
THERE'S NOTHING IN THE RECORD
375
00:21:55,013 --> 00:21:57,548
ABOUT HOW WELL
ORATA'S OYSTER BUSINESS DID
376
00:21:57,650 --> 00:21:59,816
BUT THERE'S
A GREAT DEAL OF EVIDENCE
377
00:21:59,918 --> 00:22:03,520
THAT HYPOCAUSTS EVENTUALLY
HEATED EVERY ROMAN BATH BUILT.
378
00:22:07,158 --> 00:22:08,470
THE HYPOCAUST STARTS
IN THE FURNACE
379
00:22:08,494 --> 00:22:11,828
WHICH CONNECTS TO THE CALDARIUM,
THE HOTTEST ROOM.
380
00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:15,398
THERE IS AN OPENING ON THE RIGHT
TO THE TEPIDARIUM...
381
00:22:15,501 --> 00:22:17,234
THE WARM ROOM.
382
00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:19,570
PILLARS, CALLED PILAE
383
00:22:19,672 --> 00:22:22,539
WILL RAISE THE FLOOR
ABOUT THREE FEET.
384
00:22:22,641 --> 00:22:24,174
ON TOP OF THE PILAE
385
00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:28,445
LARGE FLOOR TILES, CALLED
BIPEDALIS, WILL BE INSTALLED.
386
00:22:28,547 --> 00:22:31,181
A LAYER OF CONCRETE GOES ON TOP
387
00:22:31,283 --> 00:22:34,117
AND THEN ANOTHER LAYER
OF MARBLE.
388
00:22:36,855 --> 00:22:38,155
FOR THE SYSTEM TO WORK
389
00:22:38,257 --> 00:22:41,324
THE HOT GASES ARE DRAWN FROM
THE FURNACE THROUGH THE ROOMS
390
00:22:41,426 --> 00:22:45,262
WHERE THEY RISE AND SPREAD OUT
HEATING THE FLOOR AS THEY GO.
391
00:22:45,364 --> 00:22:47,698
THERE ARE FOUR FLUES,
OR CHIMNEYS
392
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,166
TO DRAW THE HOT GASES
TOWARD THEM
393
00:22:50,269 --> 00:22:52,936
PROMOTING THE CIRCULATION
OF THE HEAT
394
00:22:53,038 --> 00:22:55,872
AND PROVIDING A WAY OUT
FOR THE SMOKE.
395
00:23:03,114 --> 00:23:05,315
PART OF MAX'S ROLE
396
00:23:05,417 --> 00:23:08,919
IS TO ASSESS WHETHER
THE GASES WILL FLOW PROPERLY.
397
00:23:09,021 --> 00:23:11,388
IF THE SYSTEM
ISN'T PULLING A DRAFT
398
00:23:11,490 --> 00:23:13,724
IT WILL NEVER HEAT UP THE BATH.
399
00:23:13,826 --> 00:23:15,359
DON'T BREATHE IT.
400
00:23:15,461 --> 00:23:18,562
YOU SEE, THE WIND'S
DRIFTING ABOUT
401
00:23:18,664 --> 00:23:21,865
AND THEN WE'LL SEE...
WHERE IT'S...
402
00:23:21,967 --> 00:23:24,935
IT'S GOING QUITE
NICELY IN, LOOK.
403
00:23:25,036 --> 00:23:26,336
THERE WE GO.
404
00:23:26,438 --> 00:23:28,305
Keach:
THIS IS A GOOD SIGN
405
00:23:28,407 --> 00:23:30,807
THAT THE SYSTEM
MIGHT BE WORKING PROPERLY...
406
00:23:30,909 --> 00:23:33,543
TAKING AIR FROM THE OUTSIDE
AND DRAWING IT IN.
407
00:23:37,282 --> 00:23:40,650
BUT WILL THE CHIMNEYS
DRAW AIR AS WELL?
408
00:23:40,752 --> 00:23:44,754
MAX STEPS INSIDE
THE CALDARIUM TO CHECK.
409
00:23:44,857 --> 00:23:46,156
THE FLAME'S DRAWING.
410
00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:48,525
YOU SEE THEY'RE NOT
GOING IN YET.
411
00:23:48,627 --> 00:23:51,305
Keach:
HIS METHOD
IS DECIDEDLY LOW TECH
412
00:23:51,329 --> 00:23:55,231
BUT IT MAY WELL HAVE BEEN
HOW THE ROMANS TESTED IT, TOO.
413
00:23:55,334 --> 00:23:56,766
Rook:
OH, DEAR,
YES, YOU'RE RIGHT.
414
00:23:56,868 --> 00:23:57,734
LIKE ANYTHING.
415
00:23:57,836 --> 00:23:58,735
GOOD GRIEF.
416
00:23:58,837 --> 00:23:59,948
AND THEN, YOU SEE
417
00:23:59,972 --> 00:24:01,750
EVEN BEING
DRAWN DOWN THERE.
418
00:24:01,774 --> 00:24:05,014
Keach:
NEXT, MAX GOES TO THE FURNACE
TO SEE IF THE HEAT OF THE FIRE
419
00:24:05,043 --> 00:24:07,811
WILL BE DRAWN INTO THE ROOM
AS IT SHOULD.
420
00:24:08,814 --> 00:24:09,974
OH, LOOK AT THAT!
421
00:24:10,048 --> 00:24:11,281
Rook:
LOOK AT THAT.
422
00:24:11,383 --> 00:24:13,095
Yegul:
IT'S COMING...
IT'S BEAUTIFUL.
423
00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:14,562
IT'S PLAYING
LIKE ANYTHING IN.
424
00:24:14,586 --> 00:24:16,364
RIGHT, AND THAT'S
WHAT WE NEED.
425
00:24:16,388 --> 00:24:19,500
Keach:
THIS MIGHT LOOK LIKE A GOOD
SIGN, BUT THE ROOM IS WIDE OPEN.
426
00:24:19,524 --> 00:24:22,192
IF THE RAISED FLOOR ISN'T
DESIGNED AND INSTALLED PROPERLY
427
00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:25,929
THE GAS FLOW COULD BE BLOCKED
AND THE ROOM WON'T HEAT.
428
00:24:26,031 --> 00:24:28,431
Fordham:
ABOUT AS FAST AS THAT
429
00:24:33,739 --> 00:24:37,107
Keach:
THE MEN START BUILDING
THE PILAE.
430
00:24:58,430 --> 00:25:00,463
Fordham:
TRISTAN, HERE I COME!
431
00:25:00,565 --> 00:25:04,501
Keach:
AFTER THE MORTAR SETS,
MAX TRIES TO CRAWL THROUGH.
432
00:25:04,603 --> 00:25:07,704
THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE BUILT
THE HEATING SYSTEM
433
00:25:07,806 --> 00:25:11,675
LARGE ENOUGH FOR A SLAVE TO FIT
UNDER FOR CLEANING OR REPAIR.
434
00:25:11,777 --> 00:25:14,344
IT'S JUST AS WELL
I HAVEN'T GOT MY SMART SHOES ON.
435
00:25:15,681 --> 00:25:19,015
WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO
IS IMAGINE THAT, UM...
436
00:25:19,117 --> 00:25:22,085
I'M SEVEN YEARS OLD
AND RATHER SMALL.
437
00:25:22,187 --> 00:25:24,188
Keach:
THE PILAE IN THIS BATH
438
00:25:24,289 --> 00:25:26,423
ARE SEVERAL CENTIMETERS
CLOSER TOGETHER
439
00:25:26,525 --> 00:25:28,469
THAN THE ROMANS
USUALLY BUILT THEM.
440
00:25:28,493 --> 00:25:33,330
MAX WORRIES IT WILL IMPEDE
THE FLOW OF HOT GASES.
441
00:25:33,431 --> 00:25:36,633
Couch:
DO YOU THINK YOU CAN DO
A LEFT HAND TURN THERE.
442
00:25:36,735 --> 00:25:37,735
I'M JUST WONDERING.
443
00:25:37,836 --> 00:25:39,647
Keach:
BUT THE SPACING OF THE PILAE
444
00:25:39,671 --> 00:25:42,872
WAS LIMITED BY THE SIZE OF
THE TILES THAT WILL GO ON TOP.
445
00:25:42,974 --> 00:25:44,352
I SUPPOSE YOU
HAVE TO REMEMBER
446
00:25:44,376 --> 00:25:45,921
THAT YOU'VE GOT
TO GET OUT AGAIN.
447
00:25:45,945 --> 00:25:47,010
YEAH.
448
00:25:47,112 --> 00:25:49,012
Keach:
MAKING THOSE TILES
449
00:25:49,114 --> 00:25:51,748
WAS A FRUSTRATING AND
EXPENSIVE LESSON FOR TEOMAN.
450
00:25:54,620 --> 00:25:57,720
AND NOW HE HAS TO FACE
THE CRITICISM OF TONY ROOK.
451
00:25:57,822 --> 00:25:59,400
THESE DON'T
LOOK VERY MUCH
452
00:25:59,424 --> 00:26:02,236
LIKE THE TILES WE
WERE TALKING ABOUT,
DO THEY?
453
00:26:02,260 --> 00:26:03,993
WHAT HAPPENED?
454
00:26:04,096 --> 00:26:06,796
YEAH, WE HAD PROBLEMS
455
00:26:06,898 --> 00:26:07,697
WITH THE MANUFACTURE
OF TILES
456
00:26:07,799 --> 00:26:10,434
BECAUSE WE DIDN'T
HAVE ENOUGH TIME
457
00:26:10,536 --> 00:26:12,836
TO DRY THEM OUT.
458
00:26:12,938 --> 00:26:15,439
Keach:
THE CLAY TILES KEPT CRACKING.
459
00:26:15,541 --> 00:26:18,074
SOME EVEN EXPLODED
INSIDE THE KILN.
460
00:26:18,176 --> 00:26:22,379
THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE LET THEM
DRY FOR MONTHS, EVEN YEARS.
461
00:26:22,481 --> 00:26:25,481
BUT TEOMAN ONLY HAD A FEW WEEKS.
462
00:26:25,583 --> 00:26:29,319
THE FINAL SOLUTION
WAS DECIDEDLY UNROMAN.
463
00:26:29,421 --> 00:26:32,723
Yalcinkaya:
AT THE END,
WE COME TO A SOLUTION
464
00:26:32,824 --> 00:26:35,158
OF HAVING A FRAME
MADE OF STEEL
465
00:26:35,260 --> 00:26:38,061
TO SUPPORT THE TILES,
WHICH ARE CRACKED.
466
00:26:38,163 --> 00:26:40,041
INSTEAD OF PUTTING
A ONE-PIECE TILE LIKE THIS...
467
00:26:40,065 --> 00:26:41,598
OH, DEAR.
468
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:44,133
WE ARE GOING TO PUT
THE TILES IN THE FRAMES.
469
00:26:44,235 --> 00:26:45,635
SO IT'S GOING
TO SUPPORT IT.
470
00:26:45,738 --> 00:26:47,837
WE DON'T HAVE TIME...
WE HAVE A SCHEDULE.
471
00:26:47,939 --> 00:26:50,073
THEY HAVE TO CATCH UP
WITH THE SCHEDULE.
472
00:26:50,175 --> 00:26:52,242
SO, THEREFORE,
WE FOUND THIS SOLUTION.
473
00:26:52,344 --> 00:26:53,242
I LIKE THIS, ANYWAY.
474
00:26:53,344 --> 00:26:54,544
THEREFORE, WE...
475
00:26:54,646 --> 00:26:56,257
WE'RE LEARNING
A LOT HERE, YOU KNOW.
476
00:26:56,281 --> 00:26:57,658
WE'RE LEARNING
THE ROMANS
477
00:26:57,682 --> 00:26:59,560
KNEW HOW TO DO IT,
AND WE DON'T.
478
00:26:59,584 --> 00:27:02,552
Keach:
THE FLOOR TILES,
EACH IN A STEEL FRAME
479
00:27:02,655 --> 00:27:06,956
ARE CAREFULLY PLACED A FEW
INCHES AWAY FROM THE WALL.
480
00:27:07,059 --> 00:27:08,979
THE REASON
WILL SOON BE APPARENT.
481
00:27:16,168 --> 00:27:20,837
FOR CENTURIES, THE ROMANS
ONLY USED UNDER-FLOOR HEATING.
482
00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:23,640
THEN, AROUND
THE FIRST CENTURY A.D.
483
00:27:23,742 --> 00:27:27,010
ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
REVEALED SOMETHING NEW.
484
00:27:29,948 --> 00:27:31,548
THIS IS EPHESUS, TURKEY
485
00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:36,152
A NEARBY ROMAN CITY
WITH SEVERAL BATHS...
486
00:27:37,456 --> 00:27:40,924
AND EACH ONE REVEALS
A SURPRISING NEW ADDITION...
487
00:27:41,026 --> 00:27:43,927
HOLLOW CLAY BOXES, CALLED TUBULI
488
00:27:44,029 --> 00:27:47,397
LINING THE WALLS
OF THE HEATED ROOMS.
489
00:27:48,934 --> 00:27:52,269
THE ROMANS HAD INTRODUCED
RADIANT WALL HEATING
490
00:27:52,371 --> 00:27:55,371
WHICH MADE THE SYSTEM
MUCH MORE COMPLEX.
491
00:27:58,509 --> 00:28:01,077
THE TUBULI ARE PLACED
OVER THE HOLE
492
00:28:01,179 --> 00:28:03,946
BETWEEN THE LEDGE
AND THE FLOOR TILE.
493
00:28:04,048 --> 00:28:07,284
WHEN STACKED ON TOP
OF EACH OTHER
494
00:28:07,386 --> 00:28:10,520
A VERTICAL CHANNEL IS FORMED
FOR HOT GASES TO RISE.
495
00:28:12,324 --> 00:28:17,126
THE ROUND HOLES, PLACED SIDE BY
SIDE, CREATE A HORIZONTAL PATH
496
00:28:17,228 --> 00:28:20,897
SO THE GASES CAN ALSO CIRCULATE
ACROSS THE WALL.
497
00:28:20,999 --> 00:28:25,235
BUT WHAT TO DO WHEN THEY GET
TO THE TOP IS A MYSTERY.
498
00:28:29,207 --> 00:28:32,943
THIS ANCIENT BATH AT EPHESUS
HAS NO ROOF.
499
00:28:33,045 --> 00:28:37,880
THE GRAND IMPERIAL BATHS OF
CARACALLA IN ROME HAVE NO ROOF
500
00:28:37,982 --> 00:28:41,384
AND NEITHER DOES
THE BATH AT SARDIS.
501
00:28:41,486 --> 00:28:45,154
THERE ARE SO FEW
ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS
502
00:28:45,256 --> 00:28:47,490
THAT OUR TEAM DIFFERED WIDELY
503
00:28:47,592 --> 00:28:51,695
ABOUT HOW THE HOT GASES
MIGHT FLOW THROUGH THE TUBULI
504
00:28:51,797 --> 00:28:53,296
AND VENT OUT.
505
00:28:53,398 --> 00:28:55,632
Yegul:
WE KNOW HOW CONCRETE WORKS.
506
00:28:55,734 --> 00:28:59,202
WE KNOW HOW CROSS VAULTS
AND BARREL VAULTS WORK.
507
00:28:59,304 --> 00:29:01,138
THERE'S NO PROBLEM THERE.
508
00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:06,710
THE PROBLEM IS THOSE SORT
OF SMALL DETAILS OF HEATING
509
00:29:06,812 --> 00:29:08,111
AND HOW THE TUBULI WORK
510
00:29:08,213 --> 00:29:11,848
HOW THE TUBULI ACTUALLY PULL THE
HOT AIR, HOW THE CHIMNEYS WORK.
511
00:29:11,950 --> 00:29:14,251
AND TO THIS DAY, WE DO NOT KNOW
512
00:29:14,353 --> 00:29:16,419
JUST HOW HOT WAS A ROMAN BATH?
513
00:29:16,521 --> 00:29:17,654
WE HAVE NO IDEA.
514
00:29:19,124 --> 00:29:22,826
Keach:
THE SYSTEM THEY SETTLED ON
WORKS LIKE THIS.
515
00:29:22,928 --> 00:29:25,328
ALONG THE OPEN EDGES
OF THE FLOOR
516
00:29:25,431 --> 00:29:28,631
THE HOT GASES RISE
UP THE VERTICAL CHANNELS
517
00:29:28,733 --> 00:29:31,701
AND FLOW HORIZONTALLY
THROUGH THE HOLES.
518
00:29:31,803 --> 00:29:34,571
WHEN THEY GET TO THE TOP,
THEY MEET UP
519
00:29:34,673 --> 00:29:38,941
WITH A HORIZONTAL CHANNEL
CONNECTED TO THE CHIMNEY FLUE.
520
00:29:39,043 --> 00:29:42,478
THE DRAFT FROM THE CHIMNEY
DRAWS THE HOT GASES
521
00:29:42,580 --> 00:29:44,914
AND KEEPS THE CIRCULATION GOING
522
00:29:45,016 --> 00:29:49,452
SO THAT A CONTINUOUS STREAM
OF HEATED AIR CYCLES THROUGH.
523
00:29:52,290 --> 00:29:55,925
IBRAHIM AKYAR IS BUILDING
THE HORIZONTAL CHANNEL.
524
00:29:56,027 --> 00:29:58,929
FIRST, HE CUTS THE HOLE
IN THE CHIMNEY.
525
00:29:59,031 --> 00:30:02,898
THEN HE CAREFULLY
MATCHES THE OPENINGS.
526
00:30:07,338 --> 00:30:09,806
THE TUBULI ARE BONDED
TO THE WALL BY MORTAR.
527
00:30:09,908 --> 00:30:13,977
IT'S SIMILAR TO CONCRETE, BUT
WITHOUT THE COARSE INGREDIENTS.
528
00:30:17,215 --> 00:30:20,717
TONS OF MORTAR HAVE BEEN USED
IN THIS SMALL BATH
529
00:30:20,819 --> 00:30:25,321
AND GIVING IT ALL TIME TO DRY
WILL BECOME A SERIOUS PROBLEM.
530
00:30:25,423 --> 00:30:29,759
THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE
ALLOWED WEEKS, EVEN MONTHS
531
00:30:29,861 --> 00:30:32,061
FOR THE BUILDING TO DRY
532
00:30:32,164 --> 00:30:37,100
BUT TEOMAN HAS ONLY TEN DAYS
TO COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION
533
00:30:37,202 --> 00:30:40,236
AND THREE DAYS
TO HEAT UP THE BUILDING.
534
00:30:40,338 --> 00:30:44,874
SUCH A TIGHT SCHEDULE COULD
BE A RECIPE FOR DISASTER
535
00:30:44,976 --> 00:30:47,322
Rook:
IF YOU'VE GOT A LOT
OF MOISTURE IN A STRUCTURE
536
00:30:47,346 --> 00:30:49,045
AND YOU DRY IT FAST, IT SHRINKS.
537
00:30:49,148 --> 00:30:52,382
NOW, IF IT DRIES SLOWLY, THE
SHRINKAGE IS SORT OF SPREAD OUT
538
00:30:52,484 --> 00:30:54,850
OVER THE WHOLE THING,
AND IT SORT OF RELAXES.
539
00:30:54,952 --> 00:30:56,386
BUT IF YOU DRY IT FAST
540
00:30:56,488 --> 00:30:59,422
THEN THE SHRINKAGE IS LIABLE
TO BE CONCENTRATED IN PLACES
541
00:30:59,524 --> 00:31:02,425
SO IT WILL CRACK FOR THAT
REASON, AND THE OTHER THING IS
542
00:31:02,528 --> 00:31:03,728
IF YOU HEAT IT, IT EXPANDS.
543
00:31:03,829 --> 00:31:07,196
SO YOU'VE GOT THESE
TWO EFFECTS GOING ON.
544
00:31:07,299 --> 00:31:08,475
YOU COULD HAVE...
SOMEWHERE IN THE STRUCTURE
545
00:31:08,499 --> 00:31:09,911
YOU CAN HAVE ONE BIT
OF IT GETTING VERY HOT
546
00:31:09,935 --> 00:31:12,455
AND ONE BIT OF IT DRYING, AND
IT'S GOING TO PULL ITSELF APART.
547
00:31:14,673 --> 00:31:17,774
Keach:
TEOMAN IS WELL AWARE
OF THE PROBLEM
548
00:31:17,876 --> 00:31:20,310
BUT THERE'S STILL SO MUCH TO DO.
549
00:31:20,412 --> 00:31:23,245
THE HYPOCAUST FLOORS NEED
A LAYER OF CONCRETE.
550
00:31:23,348 --> 00:31:27,450
FOUR TO FIVE INCHES THICK, IT
WILL TAKE SEVERAL DAYS TO DRY.
551
00:31:30,922 --> 00:31:33,089
ONLY TEOMAN WILL WAIT IT OUT.
552
00:31:33,191 --> 00:31:37,327
EVERYONE ELSE HAS JOBS AND
THINGS TO DO BACK HOME.
553
00:31:37,429 --> 00:31:41,331
THEY'LL RETURN IN TEN DAYS
TO LIGHT THE FURNACE.
554
00:31:41,433 --> 00:31:43,966
AS PLASTERING BEGINS
ON THE CEILING
555
00:31:44,069 --> 00:31:46,902
THEIR PROBLEMS
ARE ABOUT TO MULTIPLY.
556
00:31:53,912 --> 00:31:57,247
RAIN NOT ONLY SLOWS DOWN
TEOMAN'S SCHEDULE;
557
00:31:57,349 --> 00:32:00,783
IT ALSO SOAKS
AN ALREADY WET BUILDING.
558
00:32:05,556 --> 00:32:09,392
EVEN THE STRAY PUPPY THAT
ADOPTED THE BATH AS HER NEW HOME
559
00:32:09,494 --> 00:32:10,827
GETS DRENCHED.
560
00:32:20,438 --> 00:32:23,039
OF ALL THE ENGINEERING
ACHIEVEMENTS
561
00:32:23,141 --> 00:32:26,876
OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE,
ONE STANDS ABOVE ALL OTHERS.
562
00:32:26,978 --> 00:32:30,246
WITHOUT IT, THERE WOULD HAVE
BEEN NO BATHS.
563
00:32:30,348 --> 00:32:33,616
WITHOUT IT, THERE WOULD
HAVE BEEN NO ROME.
564
00:32:37,388 --> 00:32:40,256
THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT,
THE SINGLE GREATEST SYSTEM
565
00:32:40,358 --> 00:32:45,595
FOR THE TRANSPORT OF WATER KNOWN
TO THE WORLD UNTIL THIS CENTURY.
566
00:32:50,068 --> 00:32:54,203
EVEN TODAY, THE WATER
OF ROME'S TREVI FOUNTAIN COMES
567
00:32:54,305 --> 00:32:56,305
FROM AN ANCIENT AQUEDUCT.
568
00:32:56,407 --> 00:32:58,341
Man:
ROMANS WOULD NOT TAKE "NO"
569
00:32:58,443 --> 00:32:59,976
FOR AN ANSWER.
570
00:33:00,078 --> 00:33:01,956
JUST LIKE THEY'D
CONQUERED OTHER PEOPLE
571
00:33:01,980 --> 00:33:04,280
THEY WOULD CONQUER NATURE
WITH THEIR ENGINEERING.
572
00:33:04,383 --> 00:33:07,350
IN THE END, FOR THEIR CITY
OF A MILLION PEOPLE
573
00:33:07,452 --> 00:33:12,888
THEY HAD 11 AQUEDUCTS,
11 CHANNELS OF OVER 300 MILES
574
00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:16,692
DELIVERING PERHAPS 150 TO 200
GALLONS PER PERSON PER DAY
575
00:33:16,794 --> 00:33:19,496
AN AMAZING AMOUNT
FOR THE ANCIENT WORLD.
576
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:25,534
Keach:
THE SOURCE OF ROME'S WATER
LAY 50 MILES OUTSIDE THE CITY
577
00:33:25,637 --> 00:33:27,837
IN THE FOOTHILLS
OF THE APENNINES
578
00:33:27,939 --> 00:33:31,474
WHERE THE ANIO RIVER FLOWS.
579
00:33:31,576 --> 00:33:34,777
BUT THE BEST DRINKING WATER
IN ALL OF ROME CAME
580
00:33:34,879 --> 00:33:37,747
FROM NEARBY MOUNTAIN SPRINGS.
581
00:33:37,849 --> 00:33:40,383
THIS IS WHERE THE AQUA CLAUDIA
AQUEDUCT WAS BUILT
582
00:33:40,485 --> 00:33:41,951
STARTING IN 38 A.D.
583
00:33:42,054 --> 00:33:46,022
BUT THERE'S NOTHING TO SEE,
BECAUSE IT'S ALL UNDERGROUND.
584
00:33:48,793 --> 00:33:52,061
THE AQUA CLAUDIA BEGAN
WITH A LARGE, DEEP BASIN
585
00:33:52,163 --> 00:33:54,430
THAT COLLECTED
COLD SPRING WATER.
586
00:33:54,532 --> 00:33:57,500
AN UNDERGROUND AQUEDUCT
DIRECTED IT TOWARD ROME
587
00:33:57,602 --> 00:33:59,769
FOLLOWING THE CONTOURS
OF THE LAND
588
00:33:59,871 --> 00:34:02,538
SOMETIMES BORING DEEP
UNDER THE MOUNTAINS.
589
00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:07,076
THERE WERE NO PUMPS
TO MOVE THE WATER ALONG.
590
00:34:07,178 --> 00:34:08,355
THE SYSTEM WORKED
SOLELY ON GRAVITY...
591
00:34:08,379 --> 00:34:10,613
A SMALL, GENTLE SLOPE
FOR ABOUT 50 MILES.
592
00:34:10,715 --> 00:34:13,916
MUCH OF THE AQUA CLAUDIA
IS STILL THERE
593
00:34:14,018 --> 00:34:17,187
BURIED BENEATH THE SURFACE.
594
00:34:17,288 --> 00:34:20,757
PETER AICHER IS ABOUT
TO SHOW GARRETT FAGAN
595
00:34:20,859 --> 00:34:23,793
SOMETHING FEW PEOPLE
HAVE EVER SEEN.
596
00:34:23,895 --> 00:34:26,696
BOY, YOU CAN FEEL THAT
COOL AIR COMING OUT.
597
00:34:26,798 --> 00:34:30,633
Keach:
THE FRONT FACE OF THIS MOUNTAIN
CLIFF HAS BROKEN OFF
598
00:34:30,735 --> 00:34:33,903
REVEALING THE AQUA CLAUDIA
TUNNEL HIDDEN INSIDE.
599
00:34:34,005 --> 00:34:36,773
THERE'S A GOOD
CHANNEL TO FOLLOW.
600
00:34:36,875 --> 00:34:37,574
SURE... LET'S GO.
601
00:34:37,675 --> 00:34:38,719
WATCH THE COBWEBS,
THE BATS.
602
00:34:38,743 --> 00:34:40,376
YOU CAN...
RIGHT HERE
603
00:34:40,478 --> 00:34:42,244
I THINK YOU CAN
SENSE THE INCLINE.
604
00:34:42,347 --> 00:34:44,147
OH, YEAH.
605
00:34:44,249 --> 00:34:48,151
Keach:
THEY'RE WALKING IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION THE WATER FLOWED.
606
00:34:48,253 --> 00:34:50,353
AS THEY MOVE DEEPER
INTO THE CHANNEL
607
00:34:50,455 --> 00:34:51,921
THEY FIND, ALONG THE WALL
608
00:34:52,023 --> 00:34:54,290
REMNANTS OF ROMAN
WATERPROOF CONCRETE.
609
00:34:54,392 --> 00:34:55,992
AND YOU CAN ALSO SEE...
610
00:34:56,094 --> 00:35:00,163
Keach:
THEY ALSO FIND A BUILDUP OF
HARD-WATER MINERAL DEPOSITS.
611
00:35:00,264 --> 00:35:02,643
Aicher:
ONLY CEMENTED UP HERE
MAYBE FOUR FEET HIGH
612
00:35:02,667 --> 00:35:04,734
AND THIS IS ABOUT
SIX FEET HIGH.
613
00:35:04,836 --> 00:35:07,370
THIS CHANNEL WAS NOT
MEANT TO RUN FULL...
614
00:35:07,472 --> 00:35:08,371
YEAH.
615
00:35:08,473 --> 00:35:09,672
BE EXPOSED TO THE AIR
616
00:35:09,774 --> 00:35:12,254
WHICH WAS BETTER
FOR THE WATER.
617
00:35:16,681 --> 00:35:19,593
Aicher:
THIS EVENTUALLY WOULD ENCRUST
THE WHOLE CHANNEL.
618
00:35:19,617 --> 00:35:20,983
SOME WERE WORSE THAN THIS.
619
00:35:21,085 --> 00:35:23,886
AND THAT WOULD BE ONE OF
THE REGULAR MAINTENANCE TASKS
620
00:35:23,989 --> 00:35:26,033
IS TO COME THROUGH
AND CHOP THIS AWAY
621
00:35:26,057 --> 00:35:29,325
AND THEN PERHAPS TO RECOAT
IT AGAIN WITH THE CEMENT.
622
00:35:29,427 --> 00:35:32,439
Keach:
THERE WAS A SURPRISING BENEFIT
TO THESE MINERAL DEPOSITS.
623
00:35:32,463 --> 00:35:34,430
Aicher:
BECAUSE THIS IS HARD WATER
624
00:35:34,532 --> 00:35:37,700
IS THAT THEY USED
A LOT OF LEAD PIPES.
625
00:35:37,802 --> 00:35:40,548
Keach:
THEY WOULD COAT THE LEAD PIPES
USED THROUGHOUT THE CITY
626
00:35:40,572 --> 00:35:44,140
PREVENTING LEAD POISONS FROM
LEACHING INTO THE WATER SUPPLY.
627
00:35:44,242 --> 00:35:45,242
I SEE.
628
00:35:45,343 --> 00:35:47,721
SO THEY HAD A USEFUL
FUNCTION, AS WELL.
629
00:35:47,745 --> 00:35:50,947
Keach:
THE AQUA CLAUDIA
TUNNELS UNDERGROUND
630
00:35:51,049 --> 00:35:52,715
FOR MORE THAN 40 MILES
631
00:35:52,817 --> 00:35:55,984
BUT EVENTUALLY,
MOUNTAINS COME TO AN END.
632
00:35:56,087 --> 00:35:58,321
THAT'S WHEN AQUEDUCTS EMERGE
633
00:35:58,423 --> 00:36:02,358
IN A SPECTACULAR DISPLAY
OF ROMAN ENGINEERING...
634
00:36:03,828 --> 00:36:07,430
GRACEFUL ARCADES
OF ARCHES 60 FEET HIGH
635
00:36:07,532 --> 00:36:11,768
CARRYING WATER IN CHANNELS
ALONG THE TOP.
636
00:36:11,870 --> 00:36:14,337
THIS BRIDGE CARRIED
TWO AQUEDUCTS
637
00:36:14,438 --> 00:36:19,208
THE AQUA CLAUDIA ON THE BOTTOM,
AND THE MOSTLY MISSING CHANNEL
638
00:36:19,310 --> 00:36:21,977
OF THE ANIO NOVIS AQUEDUCT
ON TOP.
639
00:36:24,883 --> 00:36:28,584
AT PORTA MAGGIORE, ONE OF
THE HIGHEST SPOTS IN THE CITY
640
00:36:28,687 --> 00:36:32,054
THE AQUA CLAUDIA, ALONG
WITH SEVEN OTHER AQUEDUCTS
641
00:36:32,157 --> 00:36:34,056
FINALLY REACHES ROME.
642
00:36:37,161 --> 00:36:37,894
AT THIS POINT,
THE SYSTEM SWITCHED
643
00:36:37,996 --> 00:36:39,896
TO CLOSED, PRESSURIZED PIPES
644
00:36:39,998 --> 00:36:43,566
WHICH DELIVERED THE WATER
ALL OVER TOWN.
645
00:36:43,668 --> 00:36:48,103
Aicher:
IT CAN GO TO ALL QUARTERS OF THE
CITY, AND BACK UP INTO FOUNTAINS
646
00:36:48,206 --> 00:36:50,606
FOR THE HOMES,
THE BATHS, THE INDUSTRIES
647
00:36:50,708 --> 00:36:54,076
AND CLEANING THE DRAINS,
AND IN GENERAL PROVIDING WATER
648
00:36:54,178 --> 00:36:56,379
FOR THIS WHOLE CITY OF A MILLION
649
00:36:56,481 --> 00:36:58,447
THAT ONCE THE SYSTEM
FELL INTO RUIN
650
00:36:58,550 --> 00:37:00,650
WAS NOT EQUALED AGAIN
INTO THE 1800S.
651
00:37:00,752 --> 00:37:02,032
WOW!
652
00:37:04,022 --> 00:37:07,957
Keach:
AQUEDUCTS WERE BUILT
THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
653
00:37:08,059 --> 00:37:09,859
ALMOST 2,000 YEARS AGO
654
00:37:09,961 --> 00:37:13,529
AN AQUEDUCT SLOPED
DOWN THE TMOLOS MOUNTAINS
655
00:37:13,631 --> 00:37:16,065
TO SUPPLY THE BATH AT SARDIS.
656
00:37:18,636 --> 00:37:22,505
IT USED THOUSANDS OF GALLONS
OF WATER EVERY DAY
657
00:37:22,607 --> 00:37:24,941
BUT IT NEVER WENT TO WASTE.
658
00:37:25,043 --> 00:37:27,443
AFTER THE WATER WAS DRAINED
FROM THE BATHS
659
00:37:27,545 --> 00:37:31,380
IT WAS CHANNELED THROUGH
THIS MULTI-SEAT LATRINE
660
00:37:31,482 --> 00:37:33,215
AS A FLUSHING SYSTEM.
661
00:37:33,318 --> 00:37:37,220
WITH SEATS LINING ALL THE WALLS
662
00:37:37,322 --> 00:37:39,199
THIS LATRINE ACCOMMODATED
TWO DOZEN PEOPLE.
663
00:37:39,223 --> 00:37:42,157
IT OFFERS A REVEALING LOOK
AT ROMAN CULTURE
664
00:37:42,259 --> 00:37:45,928
WHERE PERSONAL HABITS
WERE SURPRISINGLY PUBLIC.
665
00:37:46,030 --> 00:37:47,563
IF YOU LOOK AT ME
666
00:37:47,665 --> 00:37:50,266
I'M SITTING REALLY
VERY CLOSE TO MY NEIGHBORS.
667
00:37:50,368 --> 00:37:53,502
IF THIS IS A BUSY TIME,
THEN I'M SORT OF SITTING HERE.
668
00:37:53,604 --> 00:37:55,972
AND WOULD I HAVE WOMEN
BESIDE ME, PERHAPS?
669
00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:57,807
AND I THINK THE ANSWER IS YES.
670
00:37:57,909 --> 00:38:00,676
AND SOME CONSIDERATION
OF ROMAN CLOTHING, PERHAPS
671
00:38:00,778 --> 00:38:04,279
HELPS TO PRESERVE THE MODESTY
OF THE INDIVIDUAL TOILET USERS
672
00:38:04,381 --> 00:38:07,116
BECAUSE THEY WOULD JUST
SIMPLY SORT OF PULL UP
673
00:38:07,218 --> 00:38:09,885
THEIR TOGAS AND TUNICS,
THEN THEY COULD SIT HERE
674
00:38:09,987 --> 00:38:11,947
AND EVERYTHING
WASN'T HANGING OUT.
675
00:38:11,989 --> 00:38:14,356
BUT THAT DOESN'T ACCOUNT
FOR NOISES, ODORS
676
00:38:14,459 --> 00:38:16,292
WHICH YOU WOULD UNDOUBTEDLY HEAR
677
00:38:16,394 --> 00:38:19,895
WHICH WOULD BE REMARKABLE, TO
THE MODERN WESTERN TOILET USER
678
00:38:19,997 --> 00:38:21,730
TO THINK OF THAT POSSIBILITY.
679
00:38:27,138 --> 00:38:31,240
Keach:
WITH THE RAIN, THE MARBLING
INSIDE THE BATHHOUSE
680
00:38:31,342 --> 00:38:33,176
IS GOING VERY SLOWLY.
681
00:38:33,278 --> 00:38:37,080
AS THEY PUT MORTAR ON ONE SIDE
OF THE FRIGIDARIUM WALL
682
00:38:37,182 --> 00:38:39,182
THE MARBLE
ON THE OTHER SIDE BUCKLES.
683
00:38:40,718 --> 00:38:43,586
THE MORTAR IS SO WET,
IT SETTLED TO THE BOTTOM
684
00:38:43,688 --> 00:38:45,387
AND PUSHED THE MARBLE OUT.
685
00:38:45,489 --> 00:38:48,458
SECTIONS OF THIS WALL
WILL HAVE TO BE REDONE.
686
00:38:51,863 --> 00:38:55,631
FOR TEOMAN, THIS
IS THE LAST STRAW.
687
00:38:55,734 --> 00:38:58,467
EVEN THOUGH THE SKY
IS BEGINNING TO CLEAR
688
00:38:58,569 --> 00:39:02,304
HE'S WORRIED THE BUILDING
WON'T DRY OR HEAT UP PROPERLY.
689
00:39:02,406 --> 00:39:03,872
HE NEEDS SOME ADVICE.
690
00:39:06,945 --> 00:39:08,444
BUT WITHOUT MAX OR TONY AT HAND
691
00:39:08,546 --> 00:39:11,347
TEOMAN DRIVES DOWN
TO THE VILLAGE FOR HELP.
692
00:39:16,454 --> 00:39:20,689
THERE'S NO HEATING ENGINEER
HERE, BUT THERE IS A BAKER...
693
00:39:20,791 --> 00:39:23,225
WHO FIRES HIS OVEN EVERY DAY...
694
00:39:28,165 --> 00:39:30,499
HE AGREES TO COME UP
TO THE SITE.
695
00:39:32,436 --> 00:39:37,773
IN THE MEANTIME, THE WOOD FUEL
THAT TEOMAN ORDERED HAS ARRIVED
696
00:39:37,875 --> 00:39:40,476
AT LEAST A WEEK'S WORTH OF IT.
697
00:39:46,784 --> 00:39:54,623
Yalcinkaya:
I WAS A LITTLE WORRIED
ABOUT THE FIRING OF THE FURNACE.
698
00:39:54,726 --> 00:39:59,828
AND SAID THAT WE WANT TO FIRE IT
IN THREE DAYS, BUT HE OBJECTED.
699
00:39:59,931 --> 00:40:02,164
HE SAID WE WILL HAVE CRACKS
700
00:40:02,266 --> 00:40:05,234
YOU KNOW, IF WE FIRE IT
IN THREE DAYS.
701
00:40:05,336 --> 00:40:09,772
BUT IF WE LET IT LAID OVER EIGHT
DAYS INSTEAD OF THREE DAYS
702
00:40:09,874 --> 00:40:12,108
THEN THERE WILL BE A SLOWER...
703
00:40:12,210 --> 00:40:16,044
I MEAN, LESS HEAT, SLOW HEAT,
BUT A PERMANENT HEAT.
704
00:40:18,983 --> 00:40:23,518
Keach:
THE WHOLE TEAM WAS LOOKING
FORWARD TO LIGHTING THE FIRE.
705
00:40:23,620 --> 00:40:27,690
BUT TEOMAN HAS MADE A RISKY
DECISION: TO LIGHT IT EARLY
706
00:40:27,792 --> 00:40:30,493
IN THE HOPES
OF DRYING THE BUILDING.
707
00:40:34,299 --> 00:40:36,332
IT'S A TENSE TIME.
708
00:40:39,637 --> 00:40:42,237
WILL THE FURNACE DRAW PROPERLY?
709
00:40:46,344 --> 00:40:48,410
WILL THE CHIMNEYS VENT?
710
00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:54,784
WILL THE ROOMS HEAT UP?
711
00:40:56,454 --> 00:41:00,722
AND MOST IMPORTANT,
WILL THE BUILDING CRACK?
712
00:41:10,601 --> 00:41:13,835
AFTER A HALF HOUR,
THINGS AREN'T LOOKING SO GOOD.
713
00:41:13,937 --> 00:41:16,572
MOST OF THE HEAT IS HEADING
THE WRONG DIRECTION...
714
00:41:16,674 --> 00:41:18,073
OUT OF THE FURNACE.
715
00:41:20,545 --> 00:41:24,246
THE BAKER WILL PUSH THE FIRE
DEEP UNDER THE CALDARIUM
716
00:41:24,348 --> 00:41:26,782
CLOSER TO THE CHIMNEYS.
717
00:41:28,619 --> 00:41:32,354
AND A COUPLE OF HOURS LATER,
IT'S A SIGHT TO BEHOLD.
718
00:41:32,456 --> 00:41:37,460
NOT ONLY IS SMOKE POURING OUT
OF THE CHIMNEY, BUT INSIDE
719
00:41:37,562 --> 00:41:39,973
IT'S EVEN SEEPING OUT OF THE
UNFINISHED PARTS OF THE DOORWAY
720
00:41:39,997 --> 00:41:42,064
BETWEEN THE SEAMS OF THE TUBULI.
721
00:41:42,166 --> 00:41:45,901
YOU SEE, THE SMOKE IS COMING
BETWEEN THE SEAMS OF THE TUBULI.
722
00:41:46,003 --> 00:41:49,538
I MEAN, THAT MEANS... THAT SHOWS
THAT IT'S FUNCTIONING.
723
00:41:51,375 --> 00:41:53,142
YOU SEE, IT'S WARM.
724
00:41:53,244 --> 00:41:55,344
IT'S WARM AND IT'S GOING
TO GIVE ITS...
725
00:41:55,446 --> 00:41:57,486
EVEN THE PLASTER
IS WARMING UP SLOWLY.
726
00:41:57,582 --> 00:41:58,981
IT'S GOING TO BE ALL RIGHT.
727
00:41:59,083 --> 00:42:00,682
IT WILL BE HOT.
728
00:42:00,784 --> 00:42:06,155
Keach:
FOUR MORE NIGHTS AND THE OTHERS
WILL ARRIVE TO SEE IT.
729
00:42:09,260 --> 00:42:11,427
CONGRATULATIONS, TEOMAN,
IT'S SMOKING!
730
00:42:11,528 --> 00:42:13,729
IT IS SMOKING, YOU SEE?
731
00:42:13,831 --> 00:42:15,497
IT'S SMOKING.
732
00:42:15,599 --> 00:42:17,432
SO YOU CAN SEE
733
00:42:17,535 --> 00:42:19,168
FROM OVER HERE.
734
00:42:19,270 --> 00:42:20,636
REAL SMOKE,
NOT A CARD TRICK?
735
00:42:20,738 --> 00:42:21,815
NO, IT'S REAL SMOKE.
736
00:42:21,839 --> 00:42:22,882
IT'S REAL SMOKE.
737
00:42:22,906 --> 00:42:24,573
Fordham:
WE'VE GOT
A SMOKE BOMB.
738
00:42:24,675 --> 00:42:26,075
Yegul:
WHICH ONES ARE PULLING?
739
00:42:26,177 --> 00:42:27,042
ALL OF THEM.
740
00:42:27,144 --> 00:42:28,044
ALL OF THEM?
741
00:42:28,146 --> 00:42:29,223
YES, ALL OF THEM.
742
00:42:29,247 --> 00:42:30,657
Fordham:
GUARANTEED?
743
00:42:30,681 --> 00:42:32,081
GUARANTEED, YES.
744
00:42:32,183 --> 00:42:34,349
WELL, I CAN GIVE
A WARRANTY PAPER FOR THAT.
745
00:42:34,452 --> 00:42:37,086
ACTUALLY, IT'S NOT SURPRISING
AT ALL, IS IT?
746
00:42:37,188 --> 00:42:39,021
IT'S JUST GOOD DESIGN.
747
00:42:39,123 --> 00:42:42,191
Keach:
FIKRET COULDN'T RESIST
A LITTLE JAB
748
00:42:42,293 --> 00:42:45,027
AT THOSE WHO HAD DOUBTED
HIS DESIGN.
749
00:42:45,129 --> 00:42:48,130
Yalcinkaya:
BETTER WE CAN GO AROUND HERE.
750
00:42:48,232 --> 00:42:50,177
Keach:
INSIDE, THEY START FEELING
THE WALLS
751
00:42:50,201 --> 00:42:52,213
TO SEE IF THE TUBULI
ARE HEATING UP EVENLY.
752
00:42:52,237 --> 00:42:54,248
THE FLUE SOMEWHERE
AROUND HERE, YOU SEE.
753
00:42:54,272 --> 00:42:55,738
Couch:
YOU CAN REALLY
FEEL IT HERE
754
00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:57,139
YES.
755
00:42:57,241 --> 00:42:59,019
Keach:
BUT MAX HAS BROUGHT
SOME EQUIPMENT
756
00:42:59,043 --> 00:43:00,754
THAT CAN SEE RIGHT
THROUGH THE WALLS...
757
00:43:00,778 --> 00:43:04,880
AN INFRARED CAMERA
THAT SHOWS HEAT RANGES BY COLOR.
758
00:43:04,982 --> 00:43:09,685
WHITE IS OFF THE CHARTS, RED
IS ABOUT 250 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
759
00:43:09,787 --> 00:43:14,357
THEN THE TEMPERATURE DESCENDS
FROM YELLOW, TO GREEN, TO BLUE
AND SO ON.
760
00:43:14,459 --> 00:43:17,092
THE BLACK AREAS ARE
WHERE THE TUBULI STOP.
761
00:43:17,194 --> 00:43:19,361
Fordham:
HOTTER THAN THE FLUES.
762
00:43:19,463 --> 00:43:24,000
Keach:
IT'S TELLING EVERYONE WHERE
THE GASES ARE FLOWING INSIDE.
763
00:43:24,102 --> 00:43:26,334
Fordham:
WELL, I THINK
IT'S ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL
764
00:43:26,437 --> 00:43:28,069
THIS CHIMNEY, LOOK,
GOING UP THERE.
765
00:43:28,172 --> 00:43:31,106
Yegul:
THE CHIMNEY REALLY LOOKS
EXTREMELY CLEAR, DOESN'T IT?
766
00:43:31,209 --> 00:43:32,241
DOESN'T IT?
767
00:43:32,343 --> 00:43:33,842
IT'S LIKE A SHARP PEAK.
768
00:43:33,944 --> 00:43:36,879
THAT IS CONSISTENTLY
THE HOTTEST CHIMNEY
769
00:43:36,981 --> 00:43:38,180
WITH THE MOST
GAS FLOW IN IT.
770
00:43:43,053 --> 00:43:44,964
Keach:
WITH THE CONSTRUCTION
ALMOST DONE
771
00:43:44,988 --> 00:43:46,889
AND THE BUILDING HEATING UP
772
00:43:46,991 --> 00:43:48,557
IT'S TIME FOR THE FINAL ACT...
773
00:43:50,561 --> 00:43:52,728
HEATING UP THE BATH WATER.
774
00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:01,170
NO ONE KNOWS WHAT THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE WATER
ACTUALLY WAS
775
00:44:01,271 --> 00:44:04,907
BUT THERE ARE HINTS...
ANCIENT STORIES OF WATER SO HOT
776
00:44:05,009 --> 00:44:09,311
THAT HEAVY DRINKERS WOULD HAVE
TO BE CARRIED OUT UNCONSCIOUS.
777
00:44:09,413 --> 00:44:11,880
THE SYSTEM THEY USED
TO HEAT THE WATER
778
00:44:11,983 --> 00:44:16,085
WAS SURPRISINGLY SIMILAR TO
OURS TODAY... A HOT WATER BOILER.
779
00:44:18,656 --> 00:44:20,622
MODELED AFTER A BOILER
780
00:44:20,725 --> 00:44:23,492
FOUND IN THE RUINS
OF A ROMAN BATH IN ALGERIA
781
00:44:23,594 --> 00:44:26,161
THIS ONE WILL BE INSTALLED
IN THE MORNING.
782
00:44:26,263 --> 00:44:29,998
A SIMPLE TASK THAT WILL STIR UP
SOME SIMMERING TENSIONS.
783
00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:33,335
WE THINK THE HOT WATER
SHOULD COME OUT
OF THAT ONE.
784
00:44:33,437 --> 00:44:35,015
IS THAT
THE HOT WATER?
785
00:44:35,039 --> 00:44:38,540
Keach:
AS THE DAY BEGINS, TONY
AND BRYAN SUGGEST A CHANGE
786
00:44:38,642 --> 00:44:40,720
IN THE PLUMBING CONNECTIONS
TO THE BOILER.
787
00:44:40,744 --> 00:44:42,856
THE HOT WATER
WITH THE COLD
TO THAT ONE
788
00:44:42,880 --> 00:44:44,724
ALL THAT HOT WATER
STAYS IN IT...
789
00:44:44,748 --> 00:44:46,092
YOU CAN'T
GET THAT OUT.
790
00:44:46,116 --> 00:44:48,361
IF YOU TAKE IT
OUT OF THAT ONE
791
00:44:48,385 --> 00:44:50,263
YOU'LL GET
THE EXTRA BIT.
792
00:44:50,287 --> 00:44:53,855
YES, BUT, UH, THAT
WILL BE SUFFICIENT
FOR OUR PURPOSE.
793
00:44:53,957 --> 00:44:55,468
WE DON'T THINK
IT WILL.
794
00:44:55,492 --> 00:44:56,892
WELL, IF...
795
00:44:56,994 --> 00:44:58,839
WHY DON'T YOU THINK
IT WILL NOT BE?
796
00:44:58,863 --> 00:45:00,773
WELL, BECAUSE
WE'VE CALCULATED...
797
00:45:00,797 --> 00:45:04,133
Keach:
THE TANK IS DESIGNED TO HAVE
THE HOT WATER COME OUT
798
00:45:04,235 --> 00:45:07,369
OF ONE OF THESE
SIDE CONNECTIONS.
799
00:45:07,471 --> 00:45:08,982
BUT TONY AND BRYAN BELIEVE
THAT IF IT CAME OUT THE TOP
800
00:45:09,006 --> 00:45:11,106
THE BOILER WOULD BE
MORE EFFICIENT.
801
00:45:11,208 --> 00:45:13,108
THEY MIGHT BE RIGHT
802
00:45:13,211 --> 00:45:15,944
BUT IT IS, PERHAPS,
ONE CRITICISM TOO MANY...
803
00:45:16,046 --> 00:45:18,680
THE ATMOSPHERE BECOMES CHARGED.
804
00:45:18,783 --> 00:45:20,449
WHY SHOULD WE TAKE
THE RISK, YOU KNOW?
805
00:45:20,551 --> 00:45:22,696
DON'T YOU SEE
THE ADVANTAGE
THAT IF WE'RE RIGHT
806
00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:23,880
THEN IT WILL WORK
807
00:45:23,921 --> 00:45:25,432
AND WE'RE NOT
LOSING ANYTHING.
808
00:45:25,456 --> 00:45:28,357
THIS PART MIGHT HAVE BEEN
QUITE SUFFICIENT, TOO.
809
00:45:28,459 --> 00:45:30,070
I DON'T
THINK IT WILL.
810
00:45:30,094 --> 00:45:31,727
HOW CAN YOU
BE SO SURE?
811
00:45:31,829 --> 00:45:34,263
THE TROUBLE IS,
WE ALSO CALCULATE
812
00:45:34,365 --> 00:45:36,710
THAT IT'S GOING TO TAKE
A WHOLE DAY TO HEAT THIS UP.
813
00:45:36,734 --> 00:45:38,367
NO, WE'RE JUST...
814
00:45:38,469 --> 00:45:40,736
WELL, WE'VE GONE
THROUGH THIS THING BEFORE
815
00:45:40,838 --> 00:45:42,971
IF YOU KNOW ABOUT
THE HEATING SYSTEM.
816
00:45:43,074 --> 00:45:45,174
YOU SAID YOU HAD
THE SAME RESERVATIONS
817
00:45:45,276 --> 00:45:48,544
AND THE DIRE PREDICTIONS,
AND IT'S WORKING LIKE A CHARM.
818
00:45:48,646 --> 00:45:50,312
IT ISN'T WORKING YET
819
00:45:50,414 --> 00:45:52,659
BECAUSE WE HAVEN'T
YET GOT IT WORKING.
820
00:45:52,683 --> 00:45:54,723
WE HAVEN'T PUT
THE BOILER ON IT YET.
821
00:45:54,819 --> 00:45:57,019
WE HAVEN'T GOT IT
TO 50 CENTIGRADE YET.
822
00:45:57,121 --> 00:45:59,454
WHO SAYS WE HAVE
TO GET TO 50
CENTIGRADE?
823
00:45:59,557 --> 00:46:02,290
DO YOU KNOW ROMAN BATHS
HEATED TO 50 CENTIGRADE?
824
00:46:02,392 --> 00:46:05,093
WHERE DO YOU
TAKE THAT NUMBER,
OUT OF YOUR HAT?
825
00:46:05,196 --> 00:46:08,230
NO, I TAKE THAT NUMBER
OUT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY
826
00:46:08,332 --> 00:46:11,333
OF HEATING AND REFRIGERATION
AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS.
827
00:46:11,435 --> 00:46:13,668
AND HOW DOES
THAT RELATE?
828
00:46:13,770 --> 00:46:16,405
OH, WELL, BECAUSE THAT
IS QUITE WELL RESEARCHED.
829
00:46:16,507 --> 00:46:20,876
Keach:
MAX, THE ENGINEER, WANTS
TO TEST THE HEATING SYSTEM
830
00:46:20,978 --> 00:46:22,877
TO ITS ENGINEERING LIMIT.
831
00:46:22,980 --> 00:46:25,447
FIKRET, THE HISTORIAN,
WANTS ONLY TO HEAT IT
832
00:46:25,549 --> 00:46:27,282
TO THE LIMIT OF A TURKISH BATH.
833
00:46:27,385 --> 00:46:29,625
IT BECOMES A CLASH OF
PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINES.
834
00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:32,320
Fordham:
BUT IT DOESN'T MATTER
WHAT THE TEMPERATURE IS.
835
00:46:32,422 --> 00:46:36,625
Yegul:
TURKISH BATHS ARE ALL AROUND,
AND FUNCTIONING, TODAY...
836
00:46:36,727 --> 00:46:37,625
YOU'VE BEEN IN ONE!
837
00:46:37,728 --> 00:46:39,039
AT A SLIGHTLY LOWER
TEMPERATURE, I KNOW.
838
00:46:39,063 --> 00:46:41,363
I HAVE DONE RESEARCH
ABOUT TURKISH BATHS...
839
00:46:41,465 --> 00:46:43,198
IT HAS BEEN PUBLISHED.
840
00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:45,712
OKAY! BUT WHAT WE'RE
TRYING TO DO HERE...
841
00:46:45,736 --> 00:46:47,536
50 IS OUT
OF THE QUESTION, PERIOD.
842
00:46:47,638 --> 00:46:49,516
Rook:
I THINK IT'S HIGH.
843
00:46:49,540 --> 00:46:51,473
BUT THERE WERE NOT
PREDICTIONS MADE.
844
00:46:51,575 --> 00:46:53,342
Yegul:
50 IS OUT
OF THE QUESTION.
845
00:46:53,444 --> 00:46:55,144
YOU ARE TALKING
OUT OF YOUR HAT.
846
00:46:55,246 --> 00:46:56,879
YOU HAVE NO GROUND
TO STAND ON
847
00:46:56,981 --> 00:46:58,680
AND THIS BATH
HEATING SYSTEM...
848
00:46:58,782 --> 00:47:00,949
I DO HAVE GROUND
TO STAND ON BECAUSE...
849
00:47:01,051 --> 00:47:04,253
Keach:
THE ARGUMENT GOES ON
UNTIL THEY REACH A COMPROMISE...
850
00:47:04,355 --> 00:47:07,322
THE BATH WILL ONLY BE HEATED
TO 40 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
851
00:47:07,424 --> 00:47:09,791
BUT THE CHANGES WILL BE MADE
TO THE BOILER.
852
00:47:09,894 --> 00:47:11,838
AND THEN WE GET
THE THING GOING...
853
00:47:11,862 --> 00:47:16,031
Keach:
THE HOT WATER CONNECTIONS
ARE QUICKLY RECONFIGURED.
854
00:47:16,133 --> 00:47:19,067
THE BOILER IS MOVED
INTO PLACE AND ATTACHED.
855
00:47:23,607 --> 00:47:26,341
MAX RETURNS TO HIS TESTING
AND MEASURING.
856
00:47:26,443 --> 00:47:29,845
THIS TIME HE'S CHECKING
THE DEPTH OF THE RESERVOIR
857
00:47:29,947 --> 00:47:32,280
WHERE WATER FOR THE BATH
IS STORED.
858
00:47:32,383 --> 00:47:37,018
OF COURSE, THERE'S NO AQUEDUCT
TO FILL IT
859
00:47:37,120 --> 00:47:38,765
SO THEY'LL PUMP WATER IN
FROM A TANK.
860
00:47:38,789 --> 00:47:41,389
TO PUT EVERYONE IN
THE RIGHT FRAME OF MIND
861
00:47:41,492 --> 00:47:43,692
TONY ROOK AND BRYAN
DON THEIR TUNICS
862
00:47:43,794 --> 00:47:46,528
AND TAKE OVER THE OPERATION
OF THE FURNACE.
863
00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:49,276
Rook:
WHAT WE'VE GOT TO DO IS
GET THE FIRE UNDER THE BOILER.
864
00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:50,944
Keach:
WITH THE BUILDING HEATED
865
00:47:50,968 --> 00:47:54,169
THEY CAN PULL THE FIRE BACK
FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE CALDARIUM
866
00:47:54,271 --> 00:47:56,349
TO WHERE IT BELONGS...
UNDER THE BOILER.
867
00:47:56,373 --> 00:47:58,151
BECAUSE WHAT
WE WANT NOW
868
00:47:58,175 --> 00:48:00,709
IS TO GET THE FIRE
UNDER THE BOILER
869
00:48:00,811 --> 00:48:03,912
SO THAT THE BOILER WILL,
QUITE LITERALLY, BOIL.
870
00:48:04,014 --> 00:48:07,449
WE'VE GOT TO HAVE
ENOUGH BOILING WATER
IN THERE...
871
00:48:07,551 --> 00:48:09,930
Keach:
IT WILL TAKE ALL DAY
FOR THE WATER TO HEAT UP.
872
00:48:09,954 --> 00:48:13,756
IN THE MEANTIME, A FEW FINISHING
TOUCHES ARE LEFT INSIDE:
873
00:48:13,858 --> 00:48:19,428
A MARBLE MOSAIC FOR THE FLOOR
AND A FRESCO FOR THE WALL...
874
00:48:19,530 --> 00:48:22,998
COPIED FROM A ROMAN HOUSE
IN EPHESUS, TURKEY.
875
00:48:25,169 --> 00:48:29,103
AT THE END OF THE DAY, TONY
AND BRYAN TURN ON THE WATER.
876
00:48:31,341 --> 00:48:36,145
IT TAKES SEVERAL HOURS
TO FILL THE POOL.
877
00:48:37,681 --> 00:48:39,882
TOMORROW IS BATH TIME.
878
00:48:42,152 --> 00:48:44,619
THE TEAM HAS WAITED SEVEN WEEKS
AND A LIFETIME
879
00:48:44,721 --> 00:48:46,421
FOR THIS EXPERIENCE.
880
00:48:49,227 --> 00:48:54,029
BUT WHILE EVERYONE SLEEPS,
SOMETHING GOES TERRIBLY WRONG.
881
00:49:02,739 --> 00:49:04,406
WE'VE GOT PROBLEMS
882
00:49:04,508 --> 00:49:07,075
WELL, WHAT HAVE
WE GOT HERE TEOMAN?
883
00:49:07,177 --> 00:49:08,554
WE HAVE LEAKAGE HERE,
FROM THE POOL.
884
00:49:08,578 --> 00:49:10,991
Keach:
TEOMAN BELIEVES
THE PROBLEM STEMS
885
00:49:11,015 --> 00:49:12,648
FROM HEATING THE BATH EARLY
886
00:49:12,750 --> 00:49:15,384
BEFORE THE MARBLE WALLS
WERE COMPLETELY DRY.
887
00:49:15,486 --> 00:49:19,287
THE MORTAR AT THE JOINTS DIDN'T
HAVE THE PROPER SETTING TIME
888
00:49:19,389 --> 00:49:21,055
AND IT CRACKED.
889
00:49:21,157 --> 00:49:24,426
Yalcinkaya:
YES... SO, I MEAN,
IT'S LEAKING CONTINUOUSLY.
890
00:49:24,528 --> 00:49:26,895
WHATEVER YOU PUT INSIDE,
IT'S LEAKING.
891
00:49:26,997 --> 00:49:29,631
WE'VE LOST THE CONTENTS
OF THE WHOLE BATH.
892
00:49:29,733 --> 00:49:31,500
YES.
893
00:49:31,602 --> 00:49:35,036
Keach:
THERE IS A QUICK SOLUTION...
SILICON SEALANT.
894
00:49:35,139 --> 00:49:38,006
IT'S NOT ROMAN,
BUT TIME HAS RUN OUT
895
00:49:38,108 --> 00:49:40,843
AND EVERYONE IS ANXIOUS
TO TAKE THEIR BATH.
896
00:49:42,913 --> 00:49:44,758
WASN'T TODAY THE DAY
OF THE GREAT HOT BATH?
897
00:49:44,782 --> 00:49:45,782
Yalcinkaya:
YEAH, WELL...
898
00:49:45,849 --> 00:49:47,181
AND I SOUND AS THOUGH I NEED IT.
899
00:49:47,284 --> 00:49:48,517
YOU WILL PROBABLY
HAVE A BATH.
900
00:49:48,619 --> 00:49:49,619
BUT IF YOU
DON'T HAVE IT
901
00:49:49,653 --> 00:49:50,952
I'LL TAKE YOU
TO A TURKISH BATH.
902
00:49:51,054 --> 00:49:53,121
AH, THAT'LL DO.
903
00:49:55,726 --> 00:49:57,646
Keach:
WITH SOME LINGERING DOUBTS
904
00:49:57,695 --> 00:49:59,695
EVERYONE GATHERS
FOR A FINAL LUNCH...
905
00:49:59,797 --> 00:50:03,165
A VERY LENGTHY LUNCH
WHILE THE POOL SLOWLY FILLS.
906
00:50:09,673 --> 00:50:13,041
FEW PEOPLE HAVE WAITED SO LONG
TO TAKE A BATH.
907
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:21,216
BY LATE AFTERNOON, THEY HAVE
A DATE WITH HISTORY.
908
00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:31,704
Keach:
REAL ROMANS
WOULD BE BATHING NAKED
909
00:50:31,728 --> 00:50:37,432
BUT, REAL ROMANS WOULDN'T BE
BATHING ON NATIONAL TELEVISION.
910
00:50:37,534 --> 00:50:41,003
FOR THESE MEN, A WELL-PLACED
TOWEL CAN PROTECT THEIR MODESTY.
911
00:50:44,408 --> 00:50:47,709
THE WATER IS ABOUT
100 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
912
00:50:47,811 --> 00:50:50,345
THE ROOM IS EVEN HOTTER.
913
00:50:50,447 --> 00:50:54,549
Fagan:
TO STEP IN A BATH HOUSE WAS TO
STEP IN TO THE ARMS OF PLEASURE.
914
00:50:54,651 --> 00:51:00,856
TO EXPERIENCE THE RELAXING
EFFECTS OF THE WARM WATER
AND THE WARM AIR
915
00:51:00,958 --> 00:51:04,693
TO SOCIALIZE WITH FRIENDS
AND NEIGHBORS...
916
00:51:04,795 --> 00:51:07,862
AN ALTOGETHER
A JOYFUL EXPERIENCE.
917
00:51:26,684 --> 00:51:29,417
Keach:
AS THEY FILE OUT
OF THE HOT BATH
918
00:51:29,519 --> 00:51:33,254
GARRETT IS REMINDED WHERE
THE HEAT IS COMING FROM.
919
00:51:36,660 --> 00:51:37,660
WATCH THE FLOOR!
920
00:51:41,031 --> 00:51:44,566
Keach:
LIKE GOOD ROMANS,
THEY HEAD FOR THE COLD ROOM.
921
00:51:49,106 --> 00:51:51,740
THE FRIGIDARIUM POOL
HAS LEAKED AS WELL.
922
00:51:51,842 --> 00:51:55,110
IT MAKES THE ACT OF SUBMERGING
A BIT UNDIGNIFIED.
923
00:51:55,212 --> 00:51:58,513
BUT IT'S A REQUIRED PART
OF THE FULL EXPERIMENT.
924
00:52:00,250 --> 00:52:03,118
Yegul:
THIS THE ONLY
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE
925
00:52:03,220 --> 00:52:06,854
THAT I KNOW IN THE WORLD
WHICH HAS RECREATED
926
00:52:06,957 --> 00:52:09,191
A MODEL ROMAN BATH, TRUTHFULLY
927
00:52:09,293 --> 00:52:15,330
USING ANCIENT MATERIALS
AND ANCIENT METHODS...
AS MUCH AS WE COULD.
928
00:52:15,432 --> 00:52:20,435
AND I WOULD DEARLY LOVE
THIS MONUMENT TO BE PRESERVED
929
00:52:20,537 --> 00:52:23,304
AND TO BE KNOWN IN THE
SCIENTIFIC AND HUMANISTIC WORLD.
930
00:52:24,875 --> 00:52:27,976
Keach:
TODAY, THE LITTLE BATH
STILL STANDS
931
00:52:28,078 --> 00:52:30,646
IN AN OLIVE GROVE
IN SART, TURKEY.
932
00:52:30,748 --> 00:52:33,715
TEOMAN STILL LIVES
AND WORKS NEARBY;
933
00:52:33,817 --> 00:52:36,384
IT WILL BE SAFE IN HIS HANDS.
934
00:52:37,721 --> 00:52:39,655
Yalcinkaya:
WE'LL COME AND CHECK
935
00:52:39,757 --> 00:52:42,123
WHAT'S GOING ON WITH HERE.
936
00:52:42,225 --> 00:52:45,394
AND IT MIGHT TURN OUT
TO BE A PLACE
937
00:52:45,496 --> 00:52:48,964
FOR ACADEMIC PEOPLE
AND THE TOURISTS TO VISIT.
938
00:52:49,066 --> 00:52:53,802
SO, THERE WILL BE SOMETHING NICE
COMING OUT OF IT AT THE END,
IT LOOKS LIKE.
939
00:53:01,445 --> 00:53:04,679
NEXT WEEK ON
SEEKERS OF LOST EMPIRES
940
00:53:04,781 --> 00:53:07,616
STEEPED IN LEGEND,
LOST TO TIME
941
00:53:07,718 --> 00:53:10,285
A MARVEL OF DESIGN
AND CRAFTSMANSHIP.
942
00:53:10,387 --> 00:53:12,687
WHAT SECRETS
CAN THE STRUCTURE REVEAL
943
00:53:12,789 --> 00:53:14,589
ABOUT ITS ANCIENT BUILDERS?
944
00:53:16,627 --> 00:53:18,293
SPEND A DAY AT THE ROMAN BATHS
945
00:53:18,395 --> 00:53:19,928
SEE WHAT'S
ON THE MENU.
946
00:53:20,030 --> 00:53:21,462
ENJOY
THE ENTERTAINMENT.
947
00:53:21,565 --> 00:53:23,732
IMMERSE YOURSELF
IN NOVA'S WEB SITE.
948
00:53:34,211 --> 00:53:37,546
TO ORDER THE SECRETS OF
LOST EMPIRES FIVE-VIDEO SET
949
00:53:37,648 --> 00:53:39,848
WITH A FREE
FAMILY ACTIVITY BOOK
950
00:53:39,950 --> 00:53:46,588
PLEASE CALL WGBH BOSTON VIDEO
AT 1-800-255-9424.
951
00:53:46,690 --> 00:53:49,290
THE FAMILY ACTIVITY BOOK
IS ALSO AVAILABLE SEPARATELY
952
00:53:49,393 --> 00:53:51,526
FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING ONLY.
953
00:53:54,164 --> 00:53:56,431
THEY TELL INTRIGUING STORY...
954
00:53:56,533 --> 00:53:58,611
I BELIEVE THAT
I'M A BLACK JEW.
955
00:53:58,635 --> 00:54:01,369
BUT CAN CUTTING-EDGE GENETICS
TRACE THE LEMBA
956
00:54:01,472 --> 00:54:04,272
TO "THE LOST TRIBES OF ISRAEL?NEXT ON NOVA.
957
00:54:24,227 --> 00:54:27,028
NOVA IS A PRODUCTIONOF WGBH BOSTON.
76753
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