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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,335 --> 00:00:06,004 Narrator: MIST RISES OFF THESE WATERS AS IT HAS FOR CENTURIES. 2 00:00:07,441 --> 00:00:10,409 HOT SPRINGS BUBBLE INTO A LEAD-LINED POOL. 3 00:00:12,913 --> 00:00:14,780 AGAINST THIS ANCIENT BACKDROP 4 00:00:14,882 --> 00:00:18,650 AN UNUSUAL GATHERING IS TAKING PLACE. 5 00:00:18,752 --> 00:00:21,519 ALTHOUGH MOST OF THESE PEOPLE HAVE NEVER MET 6 00:00:21,622 --> 00:00:25,524 TOGETHER THEY WILL TAKE A JOURNEY INTO HISTORY... 7 00:00:27,361 --> 00:00:28,893 WHEN THE PUBLIC BATH 8 00:00:28,996 --> 00:00:33,131 WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BUILDINGS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 9 00:00:38,038 --> 00:00:39,737 2,000 YEARS AGO 10 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:43,074 THE BATH WAS NOT JUST A PLACE FOR THE HIGHBORN. 11 00:00:43,176 --> 00:00:45,143 IT WAS A COMMUNITY CENTER 12 00:00:45,245 --> 00:00:49,448 AND A DAILY RITUAL THAT DEFINED WHAT IT MEANT TO BE ROMAN. 13 00:00:51,251 --> 00:00:52,829 Man: IT MUST HAVE BEEN A SIGHT 14 00:00:52,853 --> 00:00:56,087 THE LIKE OF WHICH THE MODERN MIND FINDS DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE. 15 00:00:56,189 --> 00:00:58,590 NOT ONLY IS THERE SPLENDOR OF THE ENVIRONMENT 16 00:00:58,692 --> 00:01:00,525 BUT CROWDS OF PEOPLE. 17 00:01:00,627 --> 00:01:03,361 THERE IS FIRM EVIDENCE THAT MEN AND WOMEN 18 00:01:03,463 --> 00:01:05,964 DID BATHE COMPLETELY NAKED TOGETHER. 19 00:01:08,636 --> 00:01:10,535 AND ALL THE TIME, NOISE. 20 00:01:10,638 --> 00:01:13,638 ROMANS LOVED TO CONVERSE AND ARGUE AND DISCUSS. 21 00:01:13,741 --> 00:01:16,174 PEOPLE WOULD BE SHOUTING AND LAUGHING. 22 00:01:16,277 --> 00:01:17,509 PEOPLE WOULD BE DRINKING. 23 00:01:17,611 --> 00:01:19,222 SOME PEOPLE WOULD HAVE DRUNK TOO MUCH. 24 00:01:19,246 --> 00:01:21,246 PEOPLE WOULD BE SINGING IN THE BATH. 25 00:01:25,686 --> 00:01:30,722 Narrator: UNDERLYING ALL THE LUXURY WERE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES... 26 00:01:30,824 --> 00:01:36,628 COPIOUS SUPPLIES OF HOT AND COLD WATER PIPED IN FROM MILES AWAY 27 00:01:36,730 --> 00:01:39,364 ROOMS OF INTOXICATING WARMTH 28 00:01:39,466 --> 00:01:43,401 MADE POSSIBLE BY SOPHISTICATED HEATING SYSTEMS. 29 00:01:46,606 --> 00:01:49,207 BUT WHEN THE ROMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSED 30 00:01:49,310 --> 00:01:51,710 THE WORLD FELL INTO DARKNESS 31 00:01:51,812 --> 00:01:55,347 AND THE ART AND SCIENCE OF THE BATHS WAS LOST... 32 00:01:55,448 --> 00:01:57,416 UNTIL NOW. 33 00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:04,089 AFTER 2,000 YEARS, NOVA WILL BUILD A ROMAN BATH 34 00:02:04,191 --> 00:02:07,058 AND STRIVE TO UNCOVER THE SECRETS 35 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:09,761 OF THE MOST TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED BUILDING 36 00:02:09,863 --> 00:02:11,997 OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. 37 00:02:22,576 --> 00:02:25,543 [Captioning sponsored by PARK FOUNDATION, CNET 38 00:02:25,645 --> 00:02:27,145 NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE 39 00:02:27,247 --> 00:02:29,648 THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING 40 00:02:42,829 --> 00:02:46,798 Keach: THE ROMAN BATH WAS ONCE A TECHNOLOGICAL MARVEL. 41 00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:50,068 TODAY IT'S A TECHNOLOGICAL MYSTERY. 42 00:02:53,172 --> 00:02:55,973 A MYSTERY THAT THIS GROUP OF ENGINEERS 43 00:02:56,076 --> 00:02:59,711 ARCHEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS ARE HOPING TO SOLVE 44 00:02:59,813 --> 00:03:03,915 AS THEY JOURNEY INTO THE MIND OF THE ANCIENT BUILDERS. 45 00:03:04,017 --> 00:03:05,662 Man: I DON'T THINK THE ROMANS 46 00:03:05,686 --> 00:03:08,486 WOULD HABITUALLY HAVE BUILT SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T WORK. 47 00:03:08,588 --> 00:03:10,232 THEY MIGHT HAVE MADE MISTAKES OCCASIONALLY. 48 00:03:10,256 --> 00:03:14,859 Keach: FIKRET YEGUL IS AN ARCHITECT AND EXPERT ON ANCIENT BATHS. 49 00:03:14,961 --> 00:03:17,195 IS NOT A DESIGN THAT WE CREATED. 50 00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:18,897 WE DON'T EVEN TAKE... 51 00:03:18,999 --> 00:03:21,399 Keach: AFTER A LIFETIME OF STUDY 52 00:03:21,501 --> 00:03:23,935 HE IS DESIGNING HIS FIRST ROMAN BATH 53 00:03:24,037 --> 00:03:26,237 WITH HELP FROM TEOMAN YALCINKAYA 54 00:03:26,339 --> 00:03:28,773 AN ENGINEER WHO WILL BUILD IT. 55 00:03:28,875 --> 00:03:31,576 BUT THE ROMANS LEFT NO BLUEPRINTS 56 00:03:31,678 --> 00:03:36,180 NO TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. 57 00:03:36,917 --> 00:03:38,048 ALL THEY HAVE TO GO ON 58 00:03:38,151 --> 00:03:40,752 ARE THE RUINS THAT REMAIN AFTER 2,000 YEARS... 59 00:03:40,854 --> 00:03:43,487 CRUMBLING EVIDENCE OF HEATING SYSTEMS 60 00:03:43,589 --> 00:03:46,357 THAT REVEAL LITTLE OF HOW THEY WORKED; 61 00:03:46,460 --> 00:03:51,395 REMNANTS OF PIPE THAT SUGGEST COMPLEX PLUMBING. 62 00:03:51,497 --> 00:03:56,067 EVEN THE POOLS WHERE THE ROMANS BATHED HAVE FALLEN INTO RUIN. 63 00:03:56,169 --> 00:03:58,114 Yegul: THIS IS REALLY AN IMITATION 64 00:03:58,138 --> 00:04:00,838 OF A TYPE OF ROMAN BATH 65 00:04:00,940 --> 00:04:06,978 THAT I HAVE SEEN AND WORKED AGAIN AND AGAIN AND AGAIN. 66 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:08,560 THAT'S INTERESTING, BECAUSE I HAVEN'T. 67 00:04:08,648 --> 00:04:12,584 Keach: AMONG HIS COLLEAGUES HERE, FIKRET'S DESIGN IS PROBLEMATIC. 68 00:04:12,686 --> 00:04:14,919 MOST OF THEM THINK IT WON'T WORK. 69 00:04:15,022 --> 00:04:18,590 I THINK WE'RE RATHER A LONG WAY AWAY FROM THE ROMANS HERE. 70 00:04:21,928 --> 00:04:24,929 Keach: WHO WERE THESE ROMAN BUILDERS? 71 00:04:25,031 --> 00:04:27,398 EMANATING FROM THE CITY OF ROME 72 00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:30,668 THEIR EMPIRE SPANNED MORE THAN 3,000 MILES 73 00:04:30,770 --> 00:04:33,171 FROM SYRIA TO SCOTLAND 74 00:04:33,273 --> 00:04:37,008 AND REIGNED SUPREME FOR A THOUSAND YEARS. 75 00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:40,311 FEW CIVILIZATIONS BEFORE OR SINCE 76 00:04:40,413 --> 00:04:42,647 HAVE BUILT WITH SUCH INTENSITY... 77 00:04:42,749 --> 00:04:48,053 SPECTACULAR FEATS OF ENGINEERING AND MAGNIFICENT MONUMENTS. 78 00:04:48,155 --> 00:04:52,257 BUILDING WAS INGRAINED IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER. 79 00:04:52,359 --> 00:04:54,592 Yegul: UNLIKE THE GREEKS 80 00:04:54,694 --> 00:04:56,928 WHO WERE PROBABLY MORE INTERESTED 81 00:04:57,030 --> 00:04:59,464 IN THE PRISTINE BEAUTY OF THINGS 82 00:04:59,566 --> 00:05:01,999 ROMANS WERE MORE FUNCTIONAL PEOPLE. 83 00:05:02,101 --> 00:05:07,005 THEY WERE PROUD TO BRING WATER TO THEIR CITIES. 84 00:05:07,107 --> 00:05:09,273 THEY WERE PROUD TO OPEN COMFORTABLE 85 00:05:09,375 --> 00:05:12,344 AND SAFE HIGHWAYS TO TRAVEL ON 86 00:05:12,446 --> 00:05:15,780 AND BRIDGES TO CROSS VALLEYS AND RIVERBEDS. 87 00:05:17,651 --> 00:05:20,531 Keach: BUT THE REAL GENIUS OF THE ROMAN ENGINEERS 88 00:05:20,587 --> 00:05:23,555 WAS EXPLOITING WHAT THEY LEARNED FROM OTHER CULTURES. 89 00:05:23,657 --> 00:05:26,135 Man: AS THEY SPREAD ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN 90 00:05:26,159 --> 00:05:27,625 COMING INTO CONTACT 91 00:05:27,727 --> 00:05:30,862 AND ACTUALLY CONQUERING ONE LAND AFTER ANOTHER 92 00:05:30,964 --> 00:05:33,397 THEY WOULD ABSORB A LOT OF THE IDEAS 93 00:05:33,499 --> 00:05:37,068 AND DEVELOP SOME OF THE TECHNOLOGIES 94 00:05:37,170 --> 00:05:39,210 THAT HAD BEEN STARTED IN OTHER LANDS. 95 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,009 Keach: WITH IDEAS, MONEY AND SLAVE LABOR 96 00:05:44,111 --> 00:05:46,611 APPROPRIATED FROM CONQUERED NATIONS 97 00:05:46,713 --> 00:05:50,781 THE EMPERORS OF ROME BUILT INCREASINGLY COMPLEX STRUCTURES. 98 00:05:52,084 --> 00:05:54,585 AMONG THEM, THE BATHS. 99 00:05:58,091 --> 00:06:00,592 THE ROMANS BUILT SO MANY OF THEM 100 00:06:00,694 --> 00:06:03,594 THE BATHS BECAME AN EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY 101 00:06:03,696 --> 00:06:07,198 TO TEST OUT NEW CONCEPTS. 102 00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:10,020 Yegul: THE BATHS OCCUPY A SPECIAL POSITION 103 00:06:10,103 --> 00:06:13,771 IN THE COURSE OF ROMAN ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE. 104 00:06:13,874 --> 00:06:16,041 IT'S A BUILDING TYPE 105 00:06:16,142 --> 00:06:20,244 EXTREMELY ADVANCED IN ITS VAULTING TECHNIQUES 106 00:06:20,346 --> 00:06:23,481 WATER SUPPLY AND HEATING TECHNIQUES 107 00:06:23,583 --> 00:06:26,851 AND SOME OF THE EARLIEST EXPERIMENTS 108 00:06:26,953 --> 00:06:29,887 IN ROMAN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY. 109 00:06:31,190 --> 00:06:33,558 Keach: IN MODERN-DAY TURKEY 110 00:06:33,660 --> 00:06:38,062 LIES AN ANCIENT ROMAN CITY CALLED SARDIS. 111 00:06:38,165 --> 00:06:41,566 IT'S HERE, IN THE SHADOW OF THE BATH AT SARDIS 112 00:06:41,668 --> 00:06:43,868 THAT NOVA WILL TRY TO UNCOVER 113 00:06:43,970 --> 00:06:46,971 THE SECRETS THAT HAVE BEEN LOST FOR CENTURIES. 114 00:06:47,073 --> 00:06:49,174 BUILDING A ROMAN BATH 115 00:06:49,276 --> 00:06:52,877 BEGINS THE SAME WAY IT DID 2,000 YEARS AGO... 116 00:06:52,979 --> 00:06:55,680 WITH A GOOD PIECE OF LAND. 117 00:06:55,782 --> 00:06:59,550 FIKRET YEGUL HAS ARRIVED WITH TEOMAN YALCINKAYA 118 00:06:59,652 --> 00:07:02,987 AN ENGINEER WITH AN INTERESTING SIDELINE. 119 00:07:03,089 --> 00:07:04,189 I THINK THIS SITE 120 00:07:04,290 --> 00:07:06,824 MAY BE THE IDEAL PLACE 121 00:07:06,926 --> 00:07:08,259 FOR THE PLACEMENT OF THE BATH. 122 00:07:08,361 --> 00:07:10,606 Keach: FOR 30 YEARS, TEOMAN HAS ALSO BEEN A MEMBER 123 00:07:10,630 --> 00:07:12,329 OF THE SARDIS EXCAVATION TEAM. 124 00:07:12,432 --> 00:07:14,866 NOW, THE SUN IS RISING HERE... 125 00:07:14,968 --> 00:07:17,346 FROM THE EAST, FROM OVER THERE 126 00:07:17,370 --> 00:07:20,004 AND GOING TO THE WEST OVER THERE. 127 00:07:20,106 --> 00:07:22,867 Keach: THE ROMANS UNDERSTOOD SOLAR HEATING 128 00:07:22,909 --> 00:07:27,077 AND MADE BEST USE OF THE SUN'S WARMTH BY ORIENTING THE WINDOWS 129 00:07:27,180 --> 00:07:29,547 OF THE HOTTEST ROOM TOWARD THE SOUTH. 130 00:07:29,649 --> 00:07:30,948 WITH AN EXPOSURE 131 00:07:31,050 --> 00:07:32,494 TO THE SOUTH AND THE WEST 132 00:07:32,518 --> 00:07:36,454 WE HAVE THE IDEAL ROMAN WAY OF DOING THINGS. 133 00:07:38,224 --> 00:07:40,391 Keach: THE NEXT STEP IS TO MARK 134 00:07:40,493 --> 00:07:43,494 THE FOOTPRINT OF THE BUILDING IN THE GROUND. 135 00:07:43,596 --> 00:07:46,831 THIS BATH WILL BE SMALL, LIKE THE PRIVATE BATHS 136 00:07:46,933 --> 00:07:50,134 ATTACHED TO THE HOMES OF VERY RICH ROMANS. 137 00:07:53,573 --> 00:07:55,473 THE SHEEP ARE ABOUT TO LOSE 138 00:07:55,575 --> 00:07:59,043 THEIR FAVORITE GRAZING AREA TO AN EXPERIMENT IN HISTORY. 139 00:08:00,780 --> 00:08:06,150 IT WILL TAKE ALL DAY JUST TO MARK AND PREPARE THE FOUNDATION. 140 00:08:08,221 --> 00:08:13,958 IN THE MEANTIME, GARRETT FAGAN HAS ALSO ARRIVED IN TURKEY. 141 00:08:14,060 --> 00:08:16,194 AN EXPERT IN ROMAN CULTURE 142 00:08:16,296 --> 00:08:19,129 HE IS HERE TO EXPERIENCE A TURKISH HAMAM 143 00:08:19,232 --> 00:08:22,033 A DIRECT DESCENDANT OF THE ROMAN BATH. 144 00:08:24,971 --> 00:08:26,682 Fagan: THIS IS A HOT ROOM. 145 00:08:26,706 --> 00:08:28,339 IT'S OVER 100 DEGREES IN HERE 146 00:08:28,441 --> 00:08:30,207 AND I HAVE TO PERSPIRE IN HERE. 147 00:08:30,309 --> 00:08:32,288 WHAT I DO IS I LIE DOWN ON THIS SLAB 148 00:08:32,312 --> 00:08:34,946 AND FOR ABOUT TEN MINUTES, AND RELAX AND SWEAT. 149 00:08:35,048 --> 00:08:37,882 IN THE ROMAN BATH, THE SYSTEM WAS QUITE DIFFERENT. 150 00:08:43,022 --> 00:08:45,489 THEY WOULD COME INTO A MEDIUM HEATED ROOM 151 00:08:45,591 --> 00:08:48,359 WHERE THEY WOULD BE OILED DOWN BY A SLAVE. 152 00:08:50,362 --> 00:08:53,264 THEY MIGHT HAVE DIRT THROWN ON THEM AT THAT STAGE 153 00:08:53,366 --> 00:08:54,844 IF THEY WANTED TO WRESTLE OUTSIDE. 154 00:08:54,868 --> 00:08:56,411 THE NEXT PROCESS WAS TO GO OUTSIDE 155 00:08:56,435 --> 00:08:59,036 INTO THE EXERCISE YARD, THE PALAESTRA. 156 00:09:00,707 --> 00:09:03,407 Keach: THE EXERCISE WASN'T STRENUOUS. 157 00:09:03,509 --> 00:09:06,210 IT WAS JUST MEANT TO WORK UP A SWEAT. 158 00:09:09,849 --> 00:09:12,517 THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE COME IN FROM THE EXERCISE GROUND 159 00:09:12,619 --> 00:09:14,539 COVERED IN THEIR OIL AND SWEAT... 160 00:09:16,889 --> 00:09:19,257 AND THERE THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN STRIGILED 161 00:09:19,359 --> 00:09:21,125 IN THIS RATHER UNUSUAL PROCESS 162 00:09:21,227 --> 00:09:23,594 INVOLVING THESE IMPLEMENTS CALLED STRIGILS. 163 00:09:23,696 --> 00:09:25,663 Keach: ROMANS DID NOT HAVE SOAP. 164 00:09:25,765 --> 00:09:28,266 THEY JUST SCRAPED OFF THE DIRT AND OIL. 165 00:09:28,368 --> 00:09:30,847 Fagan: THEN THEY WOULD FLICK IT ONTO THE GROUND 166 00:09:30,871 --> 00:09:34,272 AND ONTO THE WALLS OF THE BATH. 167 00:09:34,374 --> 00:09:37,107 IMAGINE THE GERMS AND BACTERIA 168 00:09:37,209 --> 00:09:37,909 THAT ACCUMULATED IN THIS SUBSTANCE 169 00:09:38,011 --> 00:09:39,610 THAT THE GREEKS CALLED "GLOIOS." 170 00:09:39,712 --> 00:09:41,679 Keach: UNAWARE OF GERMS 171 00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:44,882 ROMAN DOCTORS COLLECTED THE GLOIOS FROM THE FLOOR 172 00:09:44,984 --> 00:09:47,452 AND MIXED IT INTO MEDICINAL OINTMENTS. 173 00:09:51,057 --> 00:09:52,757 AFTER SPONGING DOWN 174 00:09:52,859 --> 00:09:56,193 THE NEXT STEP WAS DECIDEDLY LESS PLEASANT. 175 00:09:56,295 --> 00:09:59,897 BODY HAIR WAS NOT FASHIONABLE IN ANCIENT ROME 176 00:09:59,999 --> 00:10:04,402 SO THE BATHER COULD HIRE A DEPILATOR... A HAIR PLUCKER. 177 00:10:04,504 --> 00:10:06,982 Fagan: AND THEY WOULD PLUCK OUT THE HAIRS 178 00:10:07,006 --> 00:10:08,405 EVEN THEIR UNDERARM HAIRS. 179 00:10:08,507 --> 00:10:10,341 AND, IN FACT, SENECA THE YOUNGER 180 00:10:10,443 --> 00:10:13,177 HE DESCRIBES THE HOWLS OF THE DEPILATORS 181 00:10:13,279 --> 00:10:15,313 WHO ARE LOOKING FOR CUSTOMERS 182 00:10:15,415 --> 00:10:17,048 WHICH ARE ONLY EXCEEDED 183 00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:20,184 BY THE HOWLS OF THE CUSTOMERS WHO ARE BEING PLUCKED. 184 00:10:22,188 --> 00:10:25,789 Keach: AFTER A GENTLE SOAPING, GARRETT'S HAMAM WILL BE OVER. 185 00:10:25,892 --> 00:10:29,093 BUT A ROMAN BATH LASTED SEVERAL HOURS 186 00:10:29,195 --> 00:10:30,961 CULMINATING IN THE CALDARIUM 187 00:10:31,063 --> 00:10:33,097 WHERE THE FLOOR WAS SO HOT 188 00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:36,234 WOODEN SANDALS WERE AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY. 189 00:10:37,704 --> 00:10:40,571 THE REST OF THE AFTERNOON WAS SPENT SOCIALIZING 190 00:10:40,673 --> 00:10:43,107 AND ARRANGING THE EVENING'S ACTIVITY. 191 00:10:48,448 --> 00:10:52,350 GARRETT ALSO HOPES TO EXPERIENCE A ROMAN BATH... 192 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:57,822 BUT HE'LL HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL IT'S BUILT. 193 00:11:02,462 --> 00:11:04,228 AS GROUNDBREAKING BEGINS 194 00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:07,065 TEOMAN HAS A TOUGH JOB AHEAD OF HIM. 195 00:11:07,166 --> 00:11:09,233 LIMITED TO THE TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 196 00:11:09,335 --> 00:11:11,135 KNOWN IN ANCIENT TIMES 197 00:11:11,237 --> 00:11:14,738 HE HAS AGREED TO BUILD THE BATH IN SEVEN WEEKS. 198 00:11:18,078 --> 00:11:21,646 FOR THE ROMANS, IT MIGHT HAVE TAKEN MONTHS. 199 00:11:23,782 --> 00:11:26,116 NOVA SET UP A TIME-LAPSE CAMERA 200 00:11:26,219 --> 00:11:28,719 TO CAPTURE EVERY MINUTE OF THE ACTION. 201 00:11:32,024 --> 00:11:34,659 THE STONES HAVE BEEN DELIVERED 202 00:11:34,761 --> 00:11:37,929 AND THE FOUNDATION BEGINS TO TAKE SHAPE. 203 00:11:38,031 --> 00:11:40,264 THERE WILL BE THREE ROOMS... 204 00:11:40,366 --> 00:11:43,134 THE BARE NECESSITY FOR A PROPER ROMAN BATH. 205 00:11:45,305 --> 00:11:47,772 THE FRIGIDARIUM, OR COLD ROOM 206 00:11:47,874 --> 00:11:50,975 WILL HAVE A ROUND COLD POOL IN THE APSE. 207 00:11:51,077 --> 00:11:53,244 THE TEPIDARIUM, OR WARM ROOM 208 00:11:53,346 --> 00:11:56,981 IS WHERE THE BATHERS WILL CHANGE THEIR CLOTHES 209 00:11:57,083 --> 00:11:58,916 AND HAVE A MASSAGE. 210 00:11:59,018 --> 00:12:01,585 AND IN THE CALDARIUM, OR HOT ROOM 211 00:12:01,687 --> 00:12:06,157 THERE IS A HEATED POOL TOWARD THE BACK. 212 00:12:07,326 --> 00:12:09,393 FROM COLD TO WARM TO HOT... 213 00:12:09,495 --> 00:12:12,396 IT'S ALL A PRODUCT OF THE HEATING SYSTEM. 214 00:12:12,498 --> 00:12:14,064 BELOW THE HOT POOL 215 00:12:14,166 --> 00:12:17,034 A FIREPLACE OR FURNACE WILL HEAT THE FLOOR 216 00:12:17,136 --> 00:12:21,471 THREE WALLS OF THE CALDARIUM, AND ONE WALL OF THE TEPIDARIUM. 217 00:12:25,344 --> 00:12:28,246 WHETHER THE HEATING SYSTEM WILL WORK OR NOT 218 00:12:28,348 --> 00:12:29,914 REMAINS TO BE SEEN. 219 00:12:30,016 --> 00:12:33,451 THE WALLS MUST GO UP. 220 00:12:37,423 --> 00:12:40,123 TWO WEEKS OF WORK IS COLLAPSED INTO 20 SECONDS. 221 00:12:46,666 --> 00:12:51,035 HERE, ONE OF ROME'S GREATEST ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENTS 222 00:12:51,137 --> 00:12:53,370 IS BEGINNING TO TAKE SHAPE. 223 00:12:53,472 --> 00:12:55,506 THE VAULTED OR DOMED ROOF 224 00:12:55,608 --> 00:12:59,743 WAS A TECHNOLOGICAL LEAP FORWARD IN ARCHITECTURE. 225 00:13:03,182 --> 00:13:07,685 BEFORE THE ROMANS, THE GREEKS ALSO BUILT LARGE BUILDINGS. 226 00:13:07,786 --> 00:13:10,721 THE INTERIORS WERE FILLED WITH COLUMNS 227 00:13:10,823 --> 00:13:13,690 TO SUPPORT THE HEAVY FLAT ROOF ABOVE. 228 00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:16,961 BUT THE ROMANS PERFECTED A BETTER IDEA. 229 00:13:17,063 --> 00:13:20,964 THEY BUILT THE ROOF IN SECTIONS FORMING A CURVE. 230 00:13:21,066 --> 00:13:24,569 AT THE TOP, A KEYSTONE IS DROPPED IN. 231 00:13:24,670 --> 00:13:27,371 THE DOWNWARD THRUST OF THE KEYSTONE 232 00:13:27,473 --> 00:13:29,874 PUSHES THE SECTIONS OUTWARD 233 00:13:29,976 --> 00:13:34,444 CREATING A PRESSURE THAT HOLDS THE ENTIRE ROOF TOGETHER. 234 00:13:34,547 --> 00:13:38,482 WITH THE CURVED ROOF, THE COLUMNS ARE UNNECESSARY. 235 00:13:38,584 --> 00:13:40,484 THE ROOF SUPPORTS ITSELF 236 00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:44,255 FREEING AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF INTERIOR SPACE. 237 00:13:49,428 --> 00:13:51,529 BY THE SECOND CENTURY A.D. 238 00:13:51,631 --> 00:13:55,299 THE ROMANS HAD ENGINEERED THE ULTIMATE DOME... 239 00:13:55,401 --> 00:13:59,870 THE PANTHEON, A TEMPLE TO ALL THE GODS. 240 00:13:59,972 --> 00:14:02,740 FOR 1,500 YEARS IT STOOD 241 00:14:02,842 --> 00:14:07,078 AS THE LARGEST OPEN INTERIOR SPACE IN THE WORLD. 242 00:14:07,180 --> 00:14:10,181 THIS REMARKABLE BUILDING OWES ITS EXISTENCE 243 00:14:10,283 --> 00:14:13,217 TO THE THOUSANDS OF BATHS BUILT BEFORE IT. 244 00:14:13,319 --> 00:14:15,185 WITH EACH ONE 245 00:14:15,287 --> 00:14:19,223 THE ROMANS PERFECTED THE ART AND SCIENCE OF THE DOME. 246 00:14:19,325 --> 00:14:24,161 Yegul: THE GREAT DOME OF THE PANTHEON HAD ALREADY BEEN EXPERIMENTED 247 00:14:24,263 --> 00:14:26,664 BY DOMES REACHING HALF THAT SIZE... 248 00:14:26,766 --> 00:14:28,766 WHICH IS STILL RESPECTABLE... 249 00:14:28,868 --> 00:14:31,202 IN BATH BUILDINGS THAT WERE BUILT 250 00:14:31,304 --> 00:14:34,538 A GOOD 60, 70 YEARS BEFORE THE PANTHEON. 251 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:39,309 THEY WERE REALLY THE FORERUNNERS IN ROMAN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 252 00:14:39,411 --> 00:14:44,048 AND VERITABLE LABORATORIES OF WORKING WITH VAULTING. 253 00:14:47,353 --> 00:14:50,073 Keach: OUR VAULTED ROOF IS MADE OF BRICK. 254 00:14:52,258 --> 00:14:54,625 THE WOOD FORMS MAINTAIN THE DOMED SHAPE 255 00:14:54,727 --> 00:14:58,228 AND HOLD THE BRICKS IN PLACE UNTIL THE ROOF IS FINISHED. 256 00:14:58,331 --> 00:15:00,564 A THIN PIECE OF WOOD 257 00:15:00,666 --> 00:15:05,168 ENSURES THE CORRECT DISTANCE AND ANGLE BETWEEN BRICKS. 258 00:15:05,271 --> 00:15:08,972 IT WILL TAKE SEVERAL DAYS TO COMPLETE THE ROOF. 259 00:15:19,719 --> 00:15:24,087 MEANWHILE, TONY ROOK AND HIS COLLEAGUE, BRYAN SCOTT, HAVE ARRIVED. 260 00:15:24,189 --> 00:15:25,834 HELLO, LOVELY TO SEE YOU, LOVELY. 261 00:15:25,858 --> 00:15:26,757 GOOD TO SEE YOU. 262 00:15:26,859 --> 00:15:27,859 MY PLEASURE, FIKRET. 263 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:29,204 FIRST TIME IN TURKEY, EH? 264 00:15:29,228 --> 00:15:30,260 YES. 265 00:15:30,363 --> 00:15:31,807 Keach: AT THEIR FIRST MEETING 266 00:15:31,831 --> 00:15:34,432 TONY WAS SKEPTICAL OF FIKRET'S DESIGN... 267 00:15:34,534 --> 00:15:37,634 ESPECIALLY THE HEATING SYSTEM. 268 00:15:37,737 --> 00:15:39,681 NOW, I THINK WHAT WE'VE GOT... WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO HERE... 269 00:15:39,705 --> 00:15:42,405 IS CONSTRUCT SOMETHING THAT THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE BUILT. 270 00:15:42,508 --> 00:15:44,886 Keach: TONY THOUGHT IT WOULD NEVER HEAT UP PROPERLY 271 00:15:44,910 --> 00:15:48,946 AND SOON ENOUGH HE WILL FIND OUT IF HE WAS RIGHT. 272 00:15:49,048 --> 00:15:51,549 Rook: THE CALDARIUM ON THE NORTH SIDE. 273 00:15:51,651 --> 00:15:54,017 Keach: BEFORE HE STUDIED ARCHEOLOGY 274 00:15:54,119 --> 00:15:55,998 TONY WAS A BUILDING MATERIALS SPECIALIST. 275 00:15:56,022 --> 00:15:57,421 OUR RUBBLE IS A LOT MORE RUBBLELY 276 00:15:57,523 --> 00:15:58,689 BECAUSE WE USE FLINT. 277 00:15:58,791 --> 00:16:00,935 Yegul: YEAH, I KNOW WHAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT. 278 00:16:00,959 --> 00:16:04,828 Keach: AND ONE MATERIAL IN PARTICULAR NOW GOING ON THE VAULTED ROOF 279 00:16:04,930 --> 00:16:07,932 IS CONSIDERED BY MANY 280 00:16:08,034 --> 00:16:10,044 TO BE ROME'S GREATEST CONTRIBUTION TO ENGINEERING... 281 00:16:10,068 --> 00:16:14,805 CHEAP, DURABLE, VERSATILE CONCRETE. 282 00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:22,513 CONCRETE ENABLED THE ROMANS TO BECOME SPECTACULAR BUILDERS. 283 00:16:22,615 --> 00:16:25,682 WITHOUT IT, THE COLISEUM WOULD NOT EXIST 284 00:16:25,784 --> 00:16:28,018 NOR WOULD THE PANTHEON. 285 00:16:29,722 --> 00:16:33,524 Rook: CONCRETE HAS GREAT ADVANTAGE OF BEING CAST. 286 00:16:33,626 --> 00:16:37,728 IN OTHER WORDS, YOU CAN MAKE IT ANY SHAPE YOU LIKE. 287 00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:40,330 IT HAS THE GREAT ADVANTAGE OF BEING STRONG 288 00:16:40,432 --> 00:16:43,267 SO YOU CAN MAKE SHAPES WHICH BRIDGE LARGE SPACES 289 00:16:43,369 --> 00:16:47,270 AND THEREFORE YOU CAN MAKE THINGS LIKE GREAT, BIG PUBLIC BATHS. 290 00:16:48,674 --> 00:16:51,775 Keach: THE RECIPE FOR CONCRETE WAS WRITTEN DOWN 291 00:16:51,877 --> 00:16:56,013 BY THE ROMAN ARCHITECT, VITRUVIUS, IN THE FIRST CENTURY B.C. 292 00:16:56,115 --> 00:17:03,454 THE MAIN INGREDIENT COMES FROM ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MATERIALS IN THE WORLD, LIMESTONE. 293 00:17:03,556 --> 00:17:06,990 BUT IF YOU TAKE ORDINARY LIMESTONE... 294 00:17:07,093 --> 00:17:07,691 WHICH IS A PRETTY HEAVY SORT OF STUFF... 295 00:17:07,793 --> 00:17:08,871 AND HEAT IT TO RED HOT 296 00:17:08,895 --> 00:17:10,706 AND LEAVE IT LONG ENOUGH AT RED HOT 297 00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:13,363 WHEN IT'S FINISH, YOU GET STUFF WHICH IS LIKE THIS. 298 00:17:13,465 --> 00:17:15,410 WHICH IS A VERY, VERY LIGHT MATERIAL 299 00:17:15,434 --> 00:17:17,034 AND THAT'S CALLED QUICKLIME. 300 00:17:17,136 --> 00:17:21,004 Keach: QUICKLIME IS CHEMICALLY VERY DIFFERENT FROM LIMESTONE; 301 00:17:21,106 --> 00:17:23,907 ALL THE CARBON DIOXIDE HAS BEEN BURNED OFF. 302 00:17:24,010 --> 00:17:26,777 THEN, WHEN WATER IS ADDED 303 00:17:26,879 --> 00:17:30,714 SOMETHING STRANGE STARTS TO HAPPEN. 304 00:17:33,152 --> 00:17:36,687 Rook: YOU CAN HEAR IT'S STARTING TO DO SOMETHING... 305 00:17:36,789 --> 00:17:37,829 IT STARTS CRACKLING. 306 00:17:37,923 --> 00:17:39,763 ALL THE HISSING IS JUST STEAM COMING OUT OF IT. 307 00:17:41,193 --> 00:17:44,395 EACH INDIVIDUAL BIT IS SWELLING AND TURNING INTO A NEW MATERIAL 308 00:17:44,497 --> 00:17:46,208 BECAUSE IT IS VERY, VERY HOT NOW. 309 00:17:46,232 --> 00:17:50,334 IN FACT, YOU WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO PUT YOUR HAND CLOSE TO IT NOW. 310 00:17:50,436 --> 00:17:51,902 IT'S SLOWLY TURNING ITSELF 311 00:17:52,004 --> 00:17:54,438 INTO ONE OF THE FINEST POWDERS YOU CAN MAKE 312 00:17:54,540 --> 00:17:57,107 WHICH IS CALLED HYDRATED LIME, OR JUST LIME. 313 00:18:00,947 --> 00:18:04,448 Keach: AS MORE WATER IS ADDED, THE POWDER TURNS INTO A PUTTY 314 00:18:04,550 --> 00:18:07,150 ADHESIVE ENOUGH TO BOND THE COURSE MATERIALS 315 00:18:07,252 --> 00:18:09,186 THAT MAKE UP CONCRETE 316 00:18:10,890 --> 00:18:14,392 Rook: LOOK, IT'S ACTUALLY BOILING IN FRONT OF ME NOW 317 00:18:14,494 --> 00:18:16,994 AND BLOWING UP NICE BUBBLES OF STEAM. 318 00:18:17,096 --> 00:18:22,066 Keach: ADDED TO THE LIME, SAND AND AN AGGREGATE OF ROCK. 319 00:18:24,102 --> 00:18:26,069 TO MAKE THE CONCRETE WATERPROOF 320 00:18:26,171 --> 00:18:28,639 THE ROMANS ALSO MIXED IN CRUSHED TILE. 321 00:18:28,741 --> 00:18:31,308 THEY PREFERRED VOLCANIC ASH 322 00:18:31,410 --> 00:18:33,421 BUT IT WASN'T AVAILABLE IN MOST PLACES. 323 00:18:33,445 --> 00:18:37,080 YOU FINISH UP WITH A BEAUTIFUL PINK CONCRETE 324 00:18:37,182 --> 00:18:38,427 ABSOLUTELY CHARACTERISTICALLY ROMAN. 325 00:18:38,451 --> 00:18:40,818 YOU FIND IT IN HYPOCAUSTS... YOU FIND IT IN BATHS... 326 00:18:40,919 --> 00:18:42,964 PLACES WHERE IT'S GOING TO BE UNDERWATER 327 00:18:42,988 --> 00:18:44,988 WHERE YOU WANT A WATERPROOF MATERIAL. 328 00:18:47,426 --> 00:18:51,928 Keach: ALMOST FOUR WEEKS... MORE THAN HALF THE TIME HAS PASSED... 329 00:18:52,030 --> 00:18:54,398 AND TEOMAN IS ANXIOUS TO MOVE ON. 330 00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,067 WITH THE EXTERIOR WORK MOSTLY DONE 331 00:18:57,169 --> 00:19:00,070 IT IS TIME TO TACKLE THE HARDEST PART... 332 00:19:00,172 --> 00:19:02,239 THE HEATING SYSTEM INSIDE. 333 00:19:04,176 --> 00:19:07,077 THE ROOF FORMS OVER THE FRIGIDARIUM 334 00:19:07,179 --> 00:19:09,139 WILL STAY UP A LITTLE WHILE LONGER. 335 00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:14,951 BUT THE HEATING SYSTEM GOES IN THE TEPIDARIUM AND CALDARIUM 336 00:19:15,054 --> 00:19:18,355 SO THERE THE SCAFFOLDING MUST COME DOWN. 337 00:19:28,134 --> 00:19:32,336 TEARING DOWN THE VAULT PLANKING IS A NERVE-WRACKING PROCESS. 338 00:19:37,576 --> 00:19:41,311 IF THE ROOF WASN'T BUILT RIGHT, IT MIGHT NOT HOLD TOGETHER. 339 00:19:48,521 --> 00:19:52,389 EVERYONE IS RELIEVED WHEN THE ROOF STAYS UP. 340 00:20:00,299 --> 00:20:03,500 THE HEART OF THE HEATING SYSTEM IS THE FIREPLACE 341 00:20:03,602 --> 00:20:05,335 OR FURNACE AS THEY CALL IT. 342 00:20:05,438 --> 00:20:08,038 FIKRET IS PUTTING ON THE FINAL TOUCHES. 343 00:20:08,140 --> 00:20:09,440 OH, MAX! 344 00:20:09,542 --> 00:20:10,974 Max: HELLO. 345 00:20:11,077 --> 00:20:13,244 WELCOME, GOOD TO SEE YOU HERE, HI! 346 00:20:13,346 --> 00:20:16,380 Keach: MAX FORDHAM AND HIS COLLEAGUE, TRISTAN COUCH 347 00:20:16,482 --> 00:20:18,315 ARE HEATING ENGINEERS. 348 00:20:18,417 --> 00:20:20,284 MAX HAS DESIGNED 349 00:20:20,386 --> 00:20:24,088 SOME OF THE MOST COMPLEX CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD 350 00:20:24,190 --> 00:20:27,558 INCLUDING BRITAIN'S TATE GALLERY AND THE SAVOY THEATRE. 351 00:20:27,660 --> 00:20:29,727 IT'S LONG... 352 00:20:29,829 --> 00:20:32,662 YEAH, AND IT'S OUR, UH, HEATING CANAL. 353 00:20:32,765 --> 00:20:34,798 Keach: THESE RUINS FROM BATH, ENGLAND 354 00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:39,002 SHOW THAT THE HEATING SYSTEM WAS A TOUR DE FORCE OF ROMAN ENGINEERING. 355 00:20:39,104 --> 00:20:41,238 THEY EVEN HAD A NAME FOR IT, HYPOCAUST 356 00:20:41,340 --> 00:20:43,773 WHICH MEANS "FIRE UNDERNEATH". 357 00:20:43,875 --> 00:20:48,345 A ROMAN WRITER CREDITED THE INVENTION OF THE HYPOCAUST 358 00:20:48,447 --> 00:20:53,850 TO AN ENTREPRENEUR NAMED SERGIUS ORATA AND HIS LOVE FOR OYSTERS. 359 00:20:56,688 --> 00:20:59,489 ORATA WANTED TO CULTIVATE AND SELL OYSTERS 360 00:20:59,592 --> 00:21:03,761 BUT HE NEEDED A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF WARM WATER TO BREED THEM. 361 00:21:05,331 --> 00:21:07,831 SO HE MOUNTED OYSTER PANS ON PILLARS 362 00:21:07,933 --> 00:21:09,866 AND LIT A FIRE UNDERNEATH. 363 00:21:12,471 --> 00:21:15,806 THE HOT AIR CIRCULATED BENEATH THE OYSTER BEDS 364 00:21:15,908 --> 00:21:17,707 HEATING THE WATER INSIDE. 365 00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:20,144 THE BEST TEMPERATURE FOR BREEDING 366 00:21:20,246 --> 00:21:23,747 WAS ACHIEVED BY ADJUSTING THE SIZE OF THE FIRE. 367 00:21:25,918 --> 00:21:30,220 IT'S A GOOD STORY, BUT MOST HISTORIANS DON'T BUY IT. 368 00:21:31,657 --> 00:21:33,924 WE HAVE A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES... 369 00:21:34,026 --> 00:21:37,194 ARCHEOLOGICALLY BACKED EXAMPLES... 370 00:21:37,296 --> 00:21:39,462 THAT SHOW US THAT THE HYPOCAUST SYSTEMS 371 00:21:39,565 --> 00:21:41,932 OR QUASI-HYPOCAUST SYSTEMS... 372 00:21:42,034 --> 00:21:46,536 THINGS THAT LOOKED LIKE HYPOCAUSTS... WERE BEING USED 373 00:21:46,638 --> 00:21:51,174 EVEN DURING A GENERATION OR TWO BEFORE ORATA'S TIME. 374 00:21:52,778 --> 00:21:54,911 Keach: THERE'S NOTHING IN THE RECORD 375 00:21:55,013 --> 00:21:57,548 ABOUT HOW WELL ORATA'S OYSTER BUSINESS DID 376 00:21:57,650 --> 00:21:59,816 BUT THERE'S A GREAT DEAL OF EVIDENCE 377 00:21:59,918 --> 00:22:03,520 THAT HYPOCAUSTS EVENTUALLY HEATED EVERY ROMAN BATH BUILT. 378 00:22:07,158 --> 00:22:08,470 THE HYPOCAUST STARTS IN THE FURNACE 379 00:22:08,494 --> 00:22:11,828 WHICH CONNECTS TO THE CALDARIUM, THE HOTTEST ROOM. 380 00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:15,398 THERE IS AN OPENING ON THE RIGHT TO THE TEPIDARIUM... 381 00:22:15,501 --> 00:22:17,234 THE WARM ROOM. 382 00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:19,570 PILLARS, CALLED PILAE 383 00:22:19,672 --> 00:22:22,539 WILL RAISE THE FLOOR ABOUT THREE FEET. 384 00:22:22,641 --> 00:22:24,174 ON TOP OF THE PILAE 385 00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:28,445 LARGE FLOOR TILES, CALLED BIPEDALIS, WILL BE INSTALLED. 386 00:22:28,547 --> 00:22:31,181 A LAYER OF CONCRETE GOES ON TOP 387 00:22:31,283 --> 00:22:34,117 AND THEN ANOTHER LAYER OF MARBLE. 388 00:22:36,855 --> 00:22:38,155 FOR THE SYSTEM TO WORK 389 00:22:38,257 --> 00:22:41,324 THE HOT GASES ARE DRAWN FROM THE FURNACE THROUGH THE ROOMS 390 00:22:41,426 --> 00:22:45,262 WHERE THEY RISE AND SPREAD OUT HEATING THE FLOOR AS THEY GO. 391 00:22:45,364 --> 00:22:47,698 THERE ARE FOUR FLUES, OR CHIMNEYS 392 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,166 TO DRAW THE HOT GASES TOWARD THEM 393 00:22:50,269 --> 00:22:52,936 PROMOTING THE CIRCULATION OF THE HEAT 394 00:22:53,038 --> 00:22:55,872 AND PROVIDING A WAY OUT FOR THE SMOKE. 395 00:23:03,114 --> 00:23:05,315 PART OF MAX'S ROLE 396 00:23:05,417 --> 00:23:08,919 IS TO ASSESS WHETHER THE GASES WILL FLOW PROPERLY. 397 00:23:09,021 --> 00:23:11,388 IF THE SYSTEM ISN'T PULLING A DRAFT 398 00:23:11,490 --> 00:23:13,724 IT WILL NEVER HEAT UP THE BATH. 399 00:23:13,826 --> 00:23:15,359 DON'T BREATHE IT. 400 00:23:15,461 --> 00:23:18,562 YOU SEE, THE WIND'S DRIFTING ABOUT 401 00:23:18,664 --> 00:23:21,865 AND THEN WE'LL SEE... WHERE IT'S... 402 00:23:21,967 --> 00:23:24,935 IT'S GOING QUITE NICELY IN, LOOK. 403 00:23:25,036 --> 00:23:26,336 THERE WE GO. 404 00:23:26,438 --> 00:23:28,305 Keach: THIS IS A GOOD SIGN 405 00:23:28,407 --> 00:23:30,807 THAT THE SYSTEM MIGHT BE WORKING PROPERLY... 406 00:23:30,909 --> 00:23:33,543 TAKING AIR FROM THE OUTSIDE AND DRAWING IT IN. 407 00:23:37,282 --> 00:23:40,650 BUT WILL THE CHIMNEYS DRAW AIR AS WELL? 408 00:23:40,752 --> 00:23:44,754 MAX STEPS INSIDE THE CALDARIUM TO CHECK. 409 00:23:44,857 --> 00:23:46,156 THE FLAME'S DRAWING. 410 00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:48,525 YOU SEE THEY'RE NOT GOING IN YET. 411 00:23:48,627 --> 00:23:51,305 Keach: HIS METHOD IS DECIDEDLY LOW TECH 412 00:23:51,329 --> 00:23:55,231 BUT IT MAY WELL HAVE BEEN HOW THE ROMANS TESTED IT, TOO. 413 00:23:55,334 --> 00:23:56,766 Rook: OH, DEAR, YES, YOU'RE RIGHT. 414 00:23:56,868 --> 00:23:57,734 LIKE ANYTHING. 415 00:23:57,836 --> 00:23:58,735 GOOD GRIEF. 416 00:23:58,837 --> 00:23:59,948 AND THEN, YOU SEE 417 00:23:59,972 --> 00:24:01,750 EVEN BEING DRAWN DOWN THERE. 418 00:24:01,774 --> 00:24:05,014 Keach: NEXT, MAX GOES TO THE FURNACE TO SEE IF THE HEAT OF THE FIRE 419 00:24:05,043 --> 00:24:07,811 WILL BE DRAWN INTO THE ROOM AS IT SHOULD. 420 00:24:08,814 --> 00:24:09,974 OH, LOOK AT THAT! 421 00:24:10,048 --> 00:24:11,281 Rook: LOOK AT THAT. 422 00:24:11,383 --> 00:24:13,095 Yegul: IT'S COMING... IT'S BEAUTIFUL. 423 00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:14,562 IT'S PLAYING LIKE ANYTHING IN. 424 00:24:14,586 --> 00:24:16,364 RIGHT, AND THAT'S WHAT WE NEED. 425 00:24:16,388 --> 00:24:19,500 Keach: THIS MIGHT LOOK LIKE A GOOD SIGN, BUT THE ROOM IS WIDE OPEN. 426 00:24:19,524 --> 00:24:22,192 IF THE RAISED FLOOR ISN'T DESIGNED AND INSTALLED PROPERLY 427 00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:25,929 THE GAS FLOW COULD BE BLOCKED AND THE ROOM WON'T HEAT. 428 00:24:26,031 --> 00:24:28,431 Fordham: ABOUT AS FAST AS THAT 429 00:24:33,739 --> 00:24:37,107 Keach: THE MEN START BUILDING THE PILAE. 430 00:24:58,430 --> 00:25:00,463 Fordham: TRISTAN, HERE I COME! 431 00:25:00,565 --> 00:25:04,501 Keach: AFTER THE MORTAR SETS, MAX TRIES TO CRAWL THROUGH. 432 00:25:04,603 --> 00:25:07,704 THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE BUILT THE HEATING SYSTEM 433 00:25:07,806 --> 00:25:11,675 LARGE ENOUGH FOR A SLAVE TO FIT UNDER FOR CLEANING OR REPAIR. 434 00:25:11,777 --> 00:25:14,344 IT'S JUST AS WELL I HAVEN'T GOT MY SMART SHOES ON. 435 00:25:15,681 --> 00:25:19,015 WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO IS IMAGINE THAT, UM... 436 00:25:19,117 --> 00:25:22,085 I'M SEVEN YEARS OLD AND RATHER SMALL. 437 00:25:22,187 --> 00:25:24,188 Keach: THE PILAE IN THIS BATH 438 00:25:24,289 --> 00:25:26,423 ARE SEVERAL CENTIMETERS CLOSER TOGETHER 439 00:25:26,525 --> 00:25:28,469 THAN THE ROMANS USUALLY BUILT THEM. 440 00:25:28,493 --> 00:25:33,330 MAX WORRIES IT WILL IMPEDE THE FLOW OF HOT GASES. 441 00:25:33,431 --> 00:25:36,633 Couch: DO YOU THINK YOU CAN DO A LEFT HAND TURN THERE. 442 00:25:36,735 --> 00:25:37,735 I'M JUST WONDERING. 443 00:25:37,836 --> 00:25:39,647 Keach: BUT THE SPACING OF THE PILAE 444 00:25:39,671 --> 00:25:42,872 WAS LIMITED BY THE SIZE OF THE TILES THAT WILL GO ON TOP. 445 00:25:42,974 --> 00:25:44,352 I SUPPOSE YOU HAVE TO REMEMBER 446 00:25:44,376 --> 00:25:45,921 THAT YOU'VE GOT TO GET OUT AGAIN. 447 00:25:45,945 --> 00:25:47,010 YEAH. 448 00:25:47,112 --> 00:25:49,012 Keach: MAKING THOSE TILES 449 00:25:49,114 --> 00:25:51,748 WAS A FRUSTRATING AND EXPENSIVE LESSON FOR TEOMAN. 450 00:25:54,620 --> 00:25:57,720 AND NOW HE HAS TO FACE THE CRITICISM OF TONY ROOK. 451 00:25:57,822 --> 00:25:59,400 THESE DON'T LOOK VERY MUCH 452 00:25:59,424 --> 00:26:02,236 LIKE THE TILES WE WERE TALKING ABOUT, DO THEY? 453 00:26:02,260 --> 00:26:03,993 WHAT HAPPENED? 454 00:26:04,096 --> 00:26:06,796 YEAH, WE HAD PROBLEMS 455 00:26:06,898 --> 00:26:07,697 WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF TILES 456 00:26:07,799 --> 00:26:10,434 BECAUSE WE DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH TIME 457 00:26:10,536 --> 00:26:12,836 TO DRY THEM OUT. 458 00:26:12,938 --> 00:26:15,439 Keach: THE CLAY TILES KEPT CRACKING. 459 00:26:15,541 --> 00:26:18,074 SOME EVEN EXPLODED INSIDE THE KILN. 460 00:26:18,176 --> 00:26:22,379 THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE LET THEM DRY FOR MONTHS, EVEN YEARS. 461 00:26:22,481 --> 00:26:25,481 BUT TEOMAN ONLY HAD A FEW WEEKS. 462 00:26:25,583 --> 00:26:29,319 THE FINAL SOLUTION WAS DECIDEDLY UNROMAN. 463 00:26:29,421 --> 00:26:32,723 Yalcinkaya: AT THE END, WE COME TO A SOLUTION 464 00:26:32,824 --> 00:26:35,158 OF HAVING A FRAME MADE OF STEEL 465 00:26:35,260 --> 00:26:38,061 TO SUPPORT THE TILES, WHICH ARE CRACKED. 466 00:26:38,163 --> 00:26:40,041 INSTEAD OF PUTTING A ONE-PIECE TILE LIKE THIS... 467 00:26:40,065 --> 00:26:41,598 OH, DEAR. 468 00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:44,133 WE ARE GOING TO PUT THE TILES IN THE FRAMES. 469 00:26:44,235 --> 00:26:45,635 SO IT'S GOING TO SUPPORT IT. 470 00:26:45,738 --> 00:26:47,837 WE DON'T HAVE TIME... WE HAVE A SCHEDULE. 471 00:26:47,939 --> 00:26:50,073 THEY HAVE TO CATCH UP WITH THE SCHEDULE. 472 00:26:50,175 --> 00:26:52,242 SO, THEREFORE, WE FOUND THIS SOLUTION. 473 00:26:52,344 --> 00:26:53,242 I LIKE THIS, ANYWAY. 474 00:26:53,344 --> 00:26:54,544 THEREFORE, WE... 475 00:26:54,646 --> 00:26:56,257 WE'RE LEARNING A LOT HERE, YOU KNOW. 476 00:26:56,281 --> 00:26:57,658 WE'RE LEARNING THE ROMANS 477 00:26:57,682 --> 00:26:59,560 KNEW HOW TO DO IT, AND WE DON'T. 478 00:26:59,584 --> 00:27:02,552 Keach: THE FLOOR TILES, EACH IN A STEEL FRAME 479 00:27:02,655 --> 00:27:06,956 ARE CAREFULLY PLACED A FEW INCHES AWAY FROM THE WALL. 480 00:27:07,059 --> 00:27:08,979 THE REASON WILL SOON BE APPARENT. 481 00:27:16,168 --> 00:27:20,837 FOR CENTURIES, THE ROMANS ONLY USED UNDER-FLOOR HEATING. 482 00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:23,640 THEN, AROUND THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. 483 00:27:23,742 --> 00:27:27,010 ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE REVEALED SOMETHING NEW. 484 00:27:29,948 --> 00:27:31,548 THIS IS EPHESUS, TURKEY 485 00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:36,152 A NEARBY ROMAN CITY WITH SEVERAL BATHS... 486 00:27:37,456 --> 00:27:40,924 AND EACH ONE REVEALS A SURPRISING NEW ADDITION... 487 00:27:41,026 --> 00:27:43,927 HOLLOW CLAY BOXES, CALLED TUBULI 488 00:27:44,029 --> 00:27:47,397 LINING THE WALLS OF THE HEATED ROOMS. 489 00:27:48,934 --> 00:27:52,269 THE ROMANS HAD INTRODUCED RADIANT WALL HEATING 490 00:27:52,371 --> 00:27:55,371 WHICH MADE THE SYSTEM MUCH MORE COMPLEX. 491 00:27:58,509 --> 00:28:01,077 THE TUBULI ARE PLACED OVER THE HOLE 492 00:28:01,179 --> 00:28:03,946 BETWEEN THE LEDGE AND THE FLOOR TILE. 493 00:28:04,048 --> 00:28:07,284 WHEN STACKED ON TOP OF EACH OTHER 494 00:28:07,386 --> 00:28:10,520 A VERTICAL CHANNEL IS FORMED FOR HOT GASES TO RISE. 495 00:28:12,324 --> 00:28:17,126 THE ROUND HOLES, PLACED SIDE BY SIDE, CREATE A HORIZONTAL PATH 496 00:28:17,228 --> 00:28:20,897 SO THE GASES CAN ALSO CIRCULATE ACROSS THE WALL. 497 00:28:20,999 --> 00:28:25,235 BUT WHAT TO DO WHEN THEY GET TO THE TOP IS A MYSTERY. 498 00:28:29,207 --> 00:28:32,943 THIS ANCIENT BATH AT EPHESUS HAS NO ROOF. 499 00:28:33,045 --> 00:28:37,880 THE GRAND IMPERIAL BATHS OF CARACALLA IN ROME HAVE NO ROOF 500 00:28:37,982 --> 00:28:41,384 AND NEITHER DOES THE BATH AT SARDIS. 501 00:28:41,486 --> 00:28:45,154 THERE ARE SO FEW ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS 502 00:28:45,256 --> 00:28:47,490 THAT OUR TEAM DIFFERED WIDELY 503 00:28:47,592 --> 00:28:51,695 ABOUT HOW THE HOT GASES MIGHT FLOW THROUGH THE TUBULI 504 00:28:51,797 --> 00:28:53,296 AND VENT OUT. 505 00:28:53,398 --> 00:28:55,632 Yegul: WE KNOW HOW CONCRETE WORKS. 506 00:28:55,734 --> 00:28:59,202 WE KNOW HOW CROSS VAULTS AND BARREL VAULTS WORK. 507 00:28:59,304 --> 00:29:01,138 THERE'S NO PROBLEM THERE. 508 00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:06,710 THE PROBLEM IS THOSE SORT OF SMALL DETAILS OF HEATING 509 00:29:06,812 --> 00:29:08,111 AND HOW THE TUBULI WORK 510 00:29:08,213 --> 00:29:11,848 HOW THE TUBULI ACTUALLY PULL THE HOT AIR, HOW THE CHIMNEYS WORK. 511 00:29:11,950 --> 00:29:14,251 AND TO THIS DAY, WE DO NOT KNOW 512 00:29:14,353 --> 00:29:16,419 JUST HOW HOT WAS A ROMAN BATH? 513 00:29:16,521 --> 00:29:17,654 WE HAVE NO IDEA. 514 00:29:19,124 --> 00:29:22,826 Keach: THE SYSTEM THEY SETTLED ON WORKS LIKE THIS. 515 00:29:22,928 --> 00:29:25,328 ALONG THE OPEN EDGES OF THE FLOOR 516 00:29:25,431 --> 00:29:28,631 THE HOT GASES RISE UP THE VERTICAL CHANNELS 517 00:29:28,733 --> 00:29:31,701 AND FLOW HORIZONTALLY THROUGH THE HOLES. 518 00:29:31,803 --> 00:29:34,571 WHEN THEY GET TO THE TOP, THEY MEET UP 519 00:29:34,673 --> 00:29:38,941 WITH A HORIZONTAL CHANNEL CONNECTED TO THE CHIMNEY FLUE. 520 00:29:39,043 --> 00:29:42,478 THE DRAFT FROM THE CHIMNEY DRAWS THE HOT GASES 521 00:29:42,580 --> 00:29:44,914 AND KEEPS THE CIRCULATION GOING 522 00:29:45,016 --> 00:29:49,452 SO THAT A CONTINUOUS STREAM OF HEATED AIR CYCLES THROUGH. 523 00:29:52,290 --> 00:29:55,925 IBRAHIM AKYAR IS BUILDING THE HORIZONTAL CHANNEL. 524 00:29:56,027 --> 00:29:58,929 FIRST, HE CUTS THE HOLE IN THE CHIMNEY. 525 00:29:59,031 --> 00:30:02,898 THEN HE CAREFULLY MATCHES THE OPENINGS. 526 00:30:07,338 --> 00:30:09,806 THE TUBULI ARE BONDED TO THE WALL BY MORTAR. 527 00:30:09,908 --> 00:30:13,977 IT'S SIMILAR TO CONCRETE, BUT WITHOUT THE COARSE INGREDIENTS. 528 00:30:17,215 --> 00:30:20,717 TONS OF MORTAR HAVE BEEN USED IN THIS SMALL BATH 529 00:30:20,819 --> 00:30:25,321 AND GIVING IT ALL TIME TO DRY WILL BECOME A SERIOUS PROBLEM. 530 00:30:25,423 --> 00:30:29,759 THE ROMANS WOULD HAVE ALLOWED WEEKS, EVEN MONTHS 531 00:30:29,861 --> 00:30:32,061 FOR THE BUILDING TO DRY 532 00:30:32,164 --> 00:30:37,100 BUT TEOMAN HAS ONLY TEN DAYS TO COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION 533 00:30:37,202 --> 00:30:40,236 AND THREE DAYS TO HEAT UP THE BUILDING. 534 00:30:40,338 --> 00:30:44,874 SUCH A TIGHT SCHEDULE COULD BE A RECIPE FOR DISASTER 535 00:30:44,976 --> 00:30:47,322 Rook: IF YOU'VE GOT A LOT OF MOISTURE IN A STRUCTURE 536 00:30:47,346 --> 00:30:49,045 AND YOU DRY IT FAST, IT SHRINKS. 537 00:30:49,148 --> 00:30:52,382 NOW, IF IT DRIES SLOWLY, THE SHRINKAGE IS SORT OF SPREAD OUT 538 00:30:52,484 --> 00:30:54,850 OVER THE WHOLE THING, AND IT SORT OF RELAXES. 539 00:30:54,952 --> 00:30:56,386 BUT IF YOU DRY IT FAST 540 00:30:56,488 --> 00:30:59,422 THEN THE SHRINKAGE IS LIABLE TO BE CONCENTRATED IN PLACES 541 00:30:59,524 --> 00:31:02,425 SO IT WILL CRACK FOR THAT REASON, AND THE OTHER THING IS 542 00:31:02,528 --> 00:31:03,728 IF YOU HEAT IT, IT EXPANDS. 543 00:31:03,829 --> 00:31:07,196 SO YOU'VE GOT THESE TWO EFFECTS GOING ON. 544 00:31:07,299 --> 00:31:08,475 YOU COULD HAVE... SOMEWHERE IN THE STRUCTURE 545 00:31:08,499 --> 00:31:09,911 YOU CAN HAVE ONE BIT OF IT GETTING VERY HOT 546 00:31:09,935 --> 00:31:12,455 AND ONE BIT OF IT DRYING, AND IT'S GOING TO PULL ITSELF APART. 547 00:31:14,673 --> 00:31:17,774 Keach: TEOMAN IS WELL AWARE OF THE PROBLEM 548 00:31:17,876 --> 00:31:20,310 BUT THERE'S STILL SO MUCH TO DO. 549 00:31:20,412 --> 00:31:23,245 THE HYPOCAUST FLOORS NEED A LAYER OF CONCRETE. 550 00:31:23,348 --> 00:31:27,450 FOUR TO FIVE INCHES THICK, IT WILL TAKE SEVERAL DAYS TO DRY. 551 00:31:30,922 --> 00:31:33,089 ONLY TEOMAN WILL WAIT IT OUT. 552 00:31:33,191 --> 00:31:37,327 EVERYONE ELSE HAS JOBS AND THINGS TO DO BACK HOME. 553 00:31:37,429 --> 00:31:41,331 THEY'LL RETURN IN TEN DAYS TO LIGHT THE FURNACE. 554 00:31:41,433 --> 00:31:43,966 AS PLASTERING BEGINS ON THE CEILING 555 00:31:44,069 --> 00:31:46,902 THEIR PROBLEMS ARE ABOUT TO MULTIPLY. 556 00:31:53,912 --> 00:31:57,247 RAIN NOT ONLY SLOWS DOWN TEOMAN'S SCHEDULE; 557 00:31:57,349 --> 00:32:00,783 IT ALSO SOAKS AN ALREADY WET BUILDING. 558 00:32:05,556 --> 00:32:09,392 EVEN THE STRAY PUPPY THAT ADOPTED THE BATH AS HER NEW HOME 559 00:32:09,494 --> 00:32:10,827 GETS DRENCHED. 560 00:32:20,438 --> 00:32:23,039 OF ALL THE ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENTS 561 00:32:23,141 --> 00:32:26,876 OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, ONE STANDS ABOVE ALL OTHERS. 562 00:32:26,978 --> 00:32:30,246 WITHOUT IT, THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN NO BATHS. 563 00:32:30,348 --> 00:32:33,616 WITHOUT IT, THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN NO ROME. 564 00:32:37,388 --> 00:32:40,256 THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT, THE SINGLE GREATEST SYSTEM 565 00:32:40,358 --> 00:32:45,595 FOR THE TRANSPORT OF WATER KNOWN TO THE WORLD UNTIL THIS CENTURY. 566 00:32:50,068 --> 00:32:54,203 EVEN TODAY, THE WATER OF ROME'S TREVI FOUNTAIN COMES 567 00:32:54,305 --> 00:32:56,305 FROM AN ANCIENT AQUEDUCT. 568 00:32:56,407 --> 00:32:58,341 Man: ROMANS WOULD NOT TAKE "NO" 569 00:32:58,443 --> 00:32:59,976 FOR AN ANSWER. 570 00:33:00,078 --> 00:33:01,956 JUST LIKE THEY'D CONQUERED OTHER PEOPLE 571 00:33:01,980 --> 00:33:04,280 THEY WOULD CONQUER NATURE WITH THEIR ENGINEERING. 572 00:33:04,383 --> 00:33:07,350 IN THE END, FOR THEIR CITY OF A MILLION PEOPLE 573 00:33:07,452 --> 00:33:12,888 THEY HAD 11 AQUEDUCTS, 11 CHANNELS OF OVER 300 MILES 574 00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:16,692 DELIVERING PERHAPS 150 TO 200 GALLONS PER PERSON PER DAY 575 00:33:16,794 --> 00:33:19,496 AN AMAZING AMOUNT FOR THE ANCIENT WORLD. 576 00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:25,534 Keach: THE SOURCE OF ROME'S WATER LAY 50 MILES OUTSIDE THE CITY 577 00:33:25,637 --> 00:33:27,837 IN THE FOOTHILLS OF THE APENNINES 578 00:33:27,939 --> 00:33:31,474 WHERE THE ANIO RIVER FLOWS. 579 00:33:31,576 --> 00:33:34,777 BUT THE BEST DRINKING WATER IN ALL OF ROME CAME 580 00:33:34,879 --> 00:33:37,747 FROM NEARBY MOUNTAIN SPRINGS. 581 00:33:37,849 --> 00:33:40,383 THIS IS WHERE THE AQUA CLAUDIA AQUEDUCT WAS BUILT 582 00:33:40,485 --> 00:33:41,951 STARTING IN 38 A.D. 583 00:33:42,054 --> 00:33:46,022 BUT THERE'S NOTHING TO SEE, BECAUSE IT'S ALL UNDERGROUND. 584 00:33:48,793 --> 00:33:52,061 THE AQUA CLAUDIA BEGAN WITH A LARGE, DEEP BASIN 585 00:33:52,163 --> 00:33:54,430 THAT COLLECTED COLD SPRING WATER. 586 00:33:54,532 --> 00:33:57,500 AN UNDERGROUND AQUEDUCT DIRECTED IT TOWARD ROME 587 00:33:57,602 --> 00:33:59,769 FOLLOWING THE CONTOURS OF THE LAND 588 00:33:59,871 --> 00:34:02,538 SOMETIMES BORING DEEP UNDER THE MOUNTAINS. 589 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:07,076 THERE WERE NO PUMPS TO MOVE THE WATER ALONG. 590 00:34:07,178 --> 00:34:08,355 THE SYSTEM WORKED SOLELY ON GRAVITY... 591 00:34:08,379 --> 00:34:10,613 A SMALL, GENTLE SLOPE FOR ABOUT 50 MILES. 592 00:34:10,715 --> 00:34:13,916 MUCH OF THE AQUA CLAUDIA IS STILL THERE 593 00:34:14,018 --> 00:34:17,187 BURIED BENEATH THE SURFACE. 594 00:34:17,288 --> 00:34:20,757 PETER AICHER IS ABOUT TO SHOW GARRETT FAGAN 595 00:34:20,859 --> 00:34:23,793 SOMETHING FEW PEOPLE HAVE EVER SEEN. 596 00:34:23,895 --> 00:34:26,696 BOY, YOU CAN FEEL THAT COOL AIR COMING OUT. 597 00:34:26,798 --> 00:34:30,633 Keach: THE FRONT FACE OF THIS MOUNTAIN CLIFF HAS BROKEN OFF 598 00:34:30,735 --> 00:34:33,903 REVEALING THE AQUA CLAUDIA TUNNEL HIDDEN INSIDE. 599 00:34:34,005 --> 00:34:36,773 THERE'S A GOOD CHANNEL TO FOLLOW. 600 00:34:36,875 --> 00:34:37,574 SURE... LET'S GO. 601 00:34:37,675 --> 00:34:38,719 WATCH THE COBWEBS, THE BATS. 602 00:34:38,743 --> 00:34:40,376 YOU CAN... RIGHT HERE 603 00:34:40,478 --> 00:34:42,244 I THINK YOU CAN SENSE THE INCLINE. 604 00:34:42,347 --> 00:34:44,147 OH, YEAH. 605 00:34:44,249 --> 00:34:48,151 Keach: THEY'RE WALKING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION THE WATER FLOWED. 606 00:34:48,253 --> 00:34:50,353 AS THEY MOVE DEEPER INTO THE CHANNEL 607 00:34:50,455 --> 00:34:51,921 THEY FIND, ALONG THE WALL 608 00:34:52,023 --> 00:34:54,290 REMNANTS OF ROMAN WATERPROOF CONCRETE. 609 00:34:54,392 --> 00:34:55,992 AND YOU CAN ALSO SEE... 610 00:34:56,094 --> 00:35:00,163 Keach: THEY ALSO FIND A BUILDUP OF HARD-WATER MINERAL DEPOSITS. 611 00:35:00,264 --> 00:35:02,643 Aicher: ONLY CEMENTED UP HERE MAYBE FOUR FEET HIGH 612 00:35:02,667 --> 00:35:04,734 AND THIS IS ABOUT SIX FEET HIGH. 613 00:35:04,836 --> 00:35:07,370 THIS CHANNEL WAS NOT MEANT TO RUN FULL... 614 00:35:07,472 --> 00:35:08,371 YEAH. 615 00:35:08,473 --> 00:35:09,672 BE EXPOSED TO THE AIR 616 00:35:09,774 --> 00:35:12,254 WHICH WAS BETTER FOR THE WATER. 617 00:35:16,681 --> 00:35:19,593 Aicher: THIS EVENTUALLY WOULD ENCRUST THE WHOLE CHANNEL. 618 00:35:19,617 --> 00:35:20,983 SOME WERE WORSE THAN THIS. 619 00:35:21,085 --> 00:35:23,886 AND THAT WOULD BE ONE OF THE REGULAR MAINTENANCE TASKS 620 00:35:23,989 --> 00:35:26,033 IS TO COME THROUGH AND CHOP THIS AWAY 621 00:35:26,057 --> 00:35:29,325 AND THEN PERHAPS TO RECOAT IT AGAIN WITH THE CEMENT. 622 00:35:29,427 --> 00:35:32,439 Keach: THERE WAS A SURPRISING BENEFIT TO THESE MINERAL DEPOSITS. 623 00:35:32,463 --> 00:35:34,430 Aicher: BECAUSE THIS IS HARD WATER 624 00:35:34,532 --> 00:35:37,700 IS THAT THEY USED A LOT OF LEAD PIPES. 625 00:35:37,802 --> 00:35:40,548 Keach: THEY WOULD COAT THE LEAD PIPES USED THROUGHOUT THE CITY 626 00:35:40,572 --> 00:35:44,140 PREVENTING LEAD POISONS FROM LEACHING INTO THE WATER SUPPLY. 627 00:35:44,242 --> 00:35:45,242 I SEE. 628 00:35:45,343 --> 00:35:47,721 SO THEY HAD A USEFUL FUNCTION, AS WELL. 629 00:35:47,745 --> 00:35:50,947 Keach: THE AQUA CLAUDIA TUNNELS UNDERGROUND 630 00:35:51,049 --> 00:35:52,715 FOR MORE THAN 40 MILES 631 00:35:52,817 --> 00:35:55,984 BUT EVENTUALLY, MOUNTAINS COME TO AN END. 632 00:35:56,087 --> 00:35:58,321 THAT'S WHEN AQUEDUCTS EMERGE 633 00:35:58,423 --> 00:36:02,358 IN A SPECTACULAR DISPLAY OF ROMAN ENGINEERING... 634 00:36:03,828 --> 00:36:07,430 GRACEFUL ARCADES OF ARCHES 60 FEET HIGH 635 00:36:07,532 --> 00:36:11,768 CARRYING WATER IN CHANNELS ALONG THE TOP. 636 00:36:11,870 --> 00:36:14,337 THIS BRIDGE CARRIED TWO AQUEDUCTS 637 00:36:14,438 --> 00:36:19,208 THE AQUA CLAUDIA ON THE BOTTOM, AND THE MOSTLY MISSING CHANNEL 638 00:36:19,310 --> 00:36:21,977 OF THE ANIO NOVIS AQUEDUCT ON TOP. 639 00:36:24,883 --> 00:36:28,584 AT PORTA MAGGIORE, ONE OF THE HIGHEST SPOTS IN THE CITY 640 00:36:28,687 --> 00:36:32,054 THE AQUA CLAUDIA, ALONG WITH SEVEN OTHER AQUEDUCTS 641 00:36:32,157 --> 00:36:34,056 FINALLY REACHES ROME. 642 00:36:37,161 --> 00:36:37,894 AT THIS POINT, THE SYSTEM SWITCHED 643 00:36:37,996 --> 00:36:39,896 TO CLOSED, PRESSURIZED PIPES 644 00:36:39,998 --> 00:36:43,566 WHICH DELIVERED THE WATER ALL OVER TOWN. 645 00:36:43,668 --> 00:36:48,103 Aicher: IT CAN GO TO ALL QUARTERS OF THE CITY, AND BACK UP INTO FOUNTAINS 646 00:36:48,206 --> 00:36:50,606 FOR THE HOMES, THE BATHS, THE INDUSTRIES 647 00:36:50,708 --> 00:36:54,076 AND CLEANING THE DRAINS, AND IN GENERAL PROVIDING WATER 648 00:36:54,178 --> 00:36:56,379 FOR THIS WHOLE CITY OF A MILLION 649 00:36:56,481 --> 00:36:58,447 THAT ONCE THE SYSTEM FELL INTO RUIN 650 00:36:58,550 --> 00:37:00,650 WAS NOT EQUALED AGAIN INTO THE 1800S. 651 00:37:00,752 --> 00:37:02,032 WOW! 652 00:37:04,022 --> 00:37:07,957 Keach: AQUEDUCTS WERE BUILT THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 653 00:37:08,059 --> 00:37:09,859 ALMOST 2,000 YEARS AGO 654 00:37:09,961 --> 00:37:13,529 AN AQUEDUCT SLOPED DOWN THE TMOLOS MOUNTAINS 655 00:37:13,631 --> 00:37:16,065 TO SUPPLY THE BATH AT SARDIS. 656 00:37:18,636 --> 00:37:22,505 IT USED THOUSANDS OF GALLONS OF WATER EVERY DAY 657 00:37:22,607 --> 00:37:24,941 BUT IT NEVER WENT TO WASTE. 658 00:37:25,043 --> 00:37:27,443 AFTER THE WATER WAS DRAINED FROM THE BATHS 659 00:37:27,545 --> 00:37:31,380 IT WAS CHANNELED THROUGH THIS MULTI-SEAT LATRINE 660 00:37:31,482 --> 00:37:33,215 AS A FLUSHING SYSTEM. 661 00:37:33,318 --> 00:37:37,220 WITH SEATS LINING ALL THE WALLS 662 00:37:37,322 --> 00:37:39,199 THIS LATRINE ACCOMMODATED TWO DOZEN PEOPLE. 663 00:37:39,223 --> 00:37:42,157 IT OFFERS A REVEALING LOOK AT ROMAN CULTURE 664 00:37:42,259 --> 00:37:45,928 WHERE PERSONAL HABITS WERE SURPRISINGLY PUBLIC. 665 00:37:46,030 --> 00:37:47,563 IF YOU LOOK AT ME 666 00:37:47,665 --> 00:37:50,266 I'M SITTING REALLY VERY CLOSE TO MY NEIGHBORS. 667 00:37:50,368 --> 00:37:53,502 IF THIS IS A BUSY TIME, THEN I'M SORT OF SITTING HERE. 668 00:37:53,604 --> 00:37:55,972 AND WOULD I HAVE WOMEN BESIDE ME, PERHAPS? 669 00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:57,807 AND I THINK THE ANSWER IS YES. 670 00:37:57,909 --> 00:38:00,676 AND SOME CONSIDERATION OF ROMAN CLOTHING, PERHAPS 671 00:38:00,778 --> 00:38:04,279 HELPS TO PRESERVE THE MODESTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL TOILET USERS 672 00:38:04,381 --> 00:38:07,116 BECAUSE THEY WOULD JUST SIMPLY SORT OF PULL UP 673 00:38:07,218 --> 00:38:09,885 THEIR TOGAS AND TUNICS, THEN THEY COULD SIT HERE 674 00:38:09,987 --> 00:38:11,947 AND EVERYTHING WASN'T HANGING OUT. 675 00:38:11,989 --> 00:38:14,356 BUT THAT DOESN'T ACCOUNT FOR NOISES, ODORS 676 00:38:14,459 --> 00:38:16,292 WHICH YOU WOULD UNDOUBTEDLY HEAR 677 00:38:16,394 --> 00:38:19,895 WHICH WOULD BE REMARKABLE, TO THE MODERN WESTERN TOILET USER 678 00:38:19,997 --> 00:38:21,730 TO THINK OF THAT POSSIBILITY. 679 00:38:27,138 --> 00:38:31,240 Keach: WITH THE RAIN, THE MARBLING INSIDE THE BATHHOUSE 680 00:38:31,342 --> 00:38:33,176 IS GOING VERY SLOWLY. 681 00:38:33,278 --> 00:38:37,080 AS THEY PUT MORTAR ON ONE SIDE OF THE FRIGIDARIUM WALL 682 00:38:37,182 --> 00:38:39,182 THE MARBLE ON THE OTHER SIDE BUCKLES. 683 00:38:40,718 --> 00:38:43,586 THE MORTAR IS SO WET, IT SETTLED TO THE BOTTOM 684 00:38:43,688 --> 00:38:45,387 AND PUSHED THE MARBLE OUT. 685 00:38:45,489 --> 00:38:48,458 SECTIONS OF THIS WALL WILL HAVE TO BE REDONE. 686 00:38:51,863 --> 00:38:55,631 FOR TEOMAN, THIS IS THE LAST STRAW. 687 00:38:55,734 --> 00:38:58,467 EVEN THOUGH THE SKY IS BEGINNING TO CLEAR 688 00:38:58,569 --> 00:39:02,304 HE'S WORRIED THE BUILDING WON'T DRY OR HEAT UP PROPERLY. 689 00:39:02,406 --> 00:39:03,872 HE NEEDS SOME ADVICE. 690 00:39:06,945 --> 00:39:08,444 BUT WITHOUT MAX OR TONY AT HAND 691 00:39:08,546 --> 00:39:11,347 TEOMAN DRIVES DOWN TO THE VILLAGE FOR HELP. 692 00:39:16,454 --> 00:39:20,689 THERE'S NO HEATING ENGINEER HERE, BUT THERE IS A BAKER... 693 00:39:20,791 --> 00:39:23,225 WHO FIRES HIS OVEN EVERY DAY... 694 00:39:28,165 --> 00:39:30,499 HE AGREES TO COME UP TO THE SITE. 695 00:39:32,436 --> 00:39:37,773 IN THE MEANTIME, THE WOOD FUEL THAT TEOMAN ORDERED HAS ARRIVED 696 00:39:37,875 --> 00:39:40,476 AT LEAST A WEEK'S WORTH OF IT. 697 00:39:46,784 --> 00:39:54,623 Yalcinkaya: I WAS A LITTLE WORRIED ABOUT THE FIRING OF THE FURNACE. 698 00:39:54,726 --> 00:39:59,828 AND SAID THAT WE WANT TO FIRE IT IN THREE DAYS, BUT HE OBJECTED. 699 00:39:59,931 --> 00:40:02,164 HE SAID WE WILL HAVE CRACKS 700 00:40:02,266 --> 00:40:05,234 YOU KNOW, IF WE FIRE IT IN THREE DAYS. 701 00:40:05,336 --> 00:40:09,772 BUT IF WE LET IT LAID OVER EIGHT DAYS INSTEAD OF THREE DAYS 702 00:40:09,874 --> 00:40:12,108 THEN THERE WILL BE A SLOWER... 703 00:40:12,210 --> 00:40:16,044 I MEAN, LESS HEAT, SLOW HEAT, BUT A PERMANENT HEAT. 704 00:40:18,983 --> 00:40:23,518 Keach: THE WHOLE TEAM WAS LOOKING FORWARD TO LIGHTING THE FIRE. 705 00:40:23,620 --> 00:40:27,690 BUT TEOMAN HAS MADE A RISKY DECISION: TO LIGHT IT EARLY 706 00:40:27,792 --> 00:40:30,493 IN THE HOPES OF DRYING THE BUILDING. 707 00:40:34,299 --> 00:40:36,332 IT'S A TENSE TIME. 708 00:40:39,637 --> 00:40:42,237 WILL THE FURNACE DRAW PROPERLY? 709 00:40:46,344 --> 00:40:48,410 WILL THE CHIMNEYS VENT? 710 00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:54,784 WILL THE ROOMS HEAT UP? 711 00:40:56,454 --> 00:41:00,722 AND MOST IMPORTANT, WILL THE BUILDING CRACK? 712 00:41:10,601 --> 00:41:13,835 AFTER A HALF HOUR, THINGS AREN'T LOOKING SO GOOD. 713 00:41:13,937 --> 00:41:16,572 MOST OF THE HEAT IS HEADING THE WRONG DIRECTION... 714 00:41:16,674 --> 00:41:18,073 OUT OF THE FURNACE. 715 00:41:20,545 --> 00:41:24,246 THE BAKER WILL PUSH THE FIRE DEEP UNDER THE CALDARIUM 716 00:41:24,348 --> 00:41:26,782 CLOSER TO THE CHIMNEYS. 717 00:41:28,619 --> 00:41:32,354 AND A COUPLE OF HOURS LATER, IT'S A SIGHT TO BEHOLD. 718 00:41:32,456 --> 00:41:37,460 NOT ONLY IS SMOKE POURING OUT OF THE CHIMNEY, BUT INSIDE 719 00:41:37,562 --> 00:41:39,973 IT'S EVEN SEEPING OUT OF THE UNFINISHED PARTS OF THE DOORWAY 720 00:41:39,997 --> 00:41:42,064 BETWEEN THE SEAMS OF THE TUBULI. 721 00:41:42,166 --> 00:41:45,901 YOU SEE, THE SMOKE IS COMING BETWEEN THE SEAMS OF THE TUBULI. 722 00:41:46,003 --> 00:41:49,538 I MEAN, THAT MEANS... THAT SHOWS THAT IT'S FUNCTIONING. 723 00:41:51,375 --> 00:41:53,142 YOU SEE, IT'S WARM. 724 00:41:53,244 --> 00:41:55,344 IT'S WARM AND IT'S GOING TO GIVE ITS... 725 00:41:55,446 --> 00:41:57,486 EVEN THE PLASTER IS WARMING UP SLOWLY. 726 00:41:57,582 --> 00:41:58,981 IT'S GOING TO BE ALL RIGHT. 727 00:41:59,083 --> 00:42:00,682 IT WILL BE HOT. 728 00:42:00,784 --> 00:42:06,155 Keach: FOUR MORE NIGHTS AND THE OTHERS WILL ARRIVE TO SEE IT. 729 00:42:09,260 --> 00:42:11,427 CONGRATULATIONS, TEOMAN, IT'S SMOKING! 730 00:42:11,528 --> 00:42:13,729 IT IS SMOKING, YOU SEE? 731 00:42:13,831 --> 00:42:15,497 IT'S SMOKING. 732 00:42:15,599 --> 00:42:17,432 SO YOU CAN SEE 733 00:42:17,535 --> 00:42:19,168 FROM OVER HERE. 734 00:42:19,270 --> 00:42:20,636 REAL SMOKE, NOT A CARD TRICK? 735 00:42:20,738 --> 00:42:21,815 NO, IT'S REAL SMOKE. 736 00:42:21,839 --> 00:42:22,882 IT'S REAL SMOKE. 737 00:42:22,906 --> 00:42:24,573 Fordham: WE'VE GOT A SMOKE BOMB. 738 00:42:24,675 --> 00:42:26,075 Yegul: WHICH ONES ARE PULLING? 739 00:42:26,177 --> 00:42:27,042 ALL OF THEM. 740 00:42:27,144 --> 00:42:28,044 ALL OF THEM? 741 00:42:28,146 --> 00:42:29,223 YES, ALL OF THEM. 742 00:42:29,247 --> 00:42:30,657 Fordham: GUARANTEED? 743 00:42:30,681 --> 00:42:32,081 GUARANTEED, YES. 744 00:42:32,183 --> 00:42:34,349 WELL, I CAN GIVE A WARRANTY PAPER FOR THAT. 745 00:42:34,452 --> 00:42:37,086 ACTUALLY, IT'S NOT SURPRISING AT ALL, IS IT? 746 00:42:37,188 --> 00:42:39,021 IT'S JUST GOOD DESIGN. 747 00:42:39,123 --> 00:42:42,191 Keach: FIKRET COULDN'T RESIST A LITTLE JAB 748 00:42:42,293 --> 00:42:45,027 AT THOSE WHO HAD DOUBTED HIS DESIGN. 749 00:42:45,129 --> 00:42:48,130 Yalcinkaya: BETTER WE CAN GO AROUND HERE. 750 00:42:48,232 --> 00:42:50,177 Keach: INSIDE, THEY START FEELING THE WALLS 751 00:42:50,201 --> 00:42:52,213 TO SEE IF THE TUBULI ARE HEATING UP EVENLY. 752 00:42:52,237 --> 00:42:54,248 THE FLUE SOMEWHERE AROUND HERE, YOU SEE. 753 00:42:54,272 --> 00:42:55,738 Couch: YOU CAN REALLY FEEL IT HERE 754 00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:57,139 YES. 755 00:42:57,241 --> 00:42:59,019 Keach: BUT MAX HAS BROUGHT SOME EQUIPMENT 756 00:42:59,043 --> 00:43:00,754 THAT CAN SEE RIGHT THROUGH THE WALLS... 757 00:43:00,778 --> 00:43:04,880 AN INFRARED CAMERA THAT SHOWS HEAT RANGES BY COLOR. 758 00:43:04,982 --> 00:43:09,685 WHITE IS OFF THE CHARTS, RED IS ABOUT 250 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 759 00:43:09,787 --> 00:43:14,357 THEN THE TEMPERATURE DESCENDS FROM YELLOW, TO GREEN, TO BLUE AND SO ON. 760 00:43:14,459 --> 00:43:17,092 THE BLACK AREAS ARE WHERE THE TUBULI STOP. 761 00:43:17,194 --> 00:43:19,361 Fordham: HOTTER THAN THE FLUES. 762 00:43:19,463 --> 00:43:24,000 Keach: IT'S TELLING EVERYONE WHERE THE GASES ARE FLOWING INSIDE. 763 00:43:24,102 --> 00:43:26,334 Fordham: WELL, I THINK IT'S ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL 764 00:43:26,437 --> 00:43:28,069 THIS CHIMNEY, LOOK, GOING UP THERE. 765 00:43:28,172 --> 00:43:31,106 Yegul: THE CHIMNEY REALLY LOOKS EXTREMELY CLEAR, DOESN'T IT? 766 00:43:31,209 --> 00:43:32,241 DOESN'T IT? 767 00:43:32,343 --> 00:43:33,842 IT'S LIKE A SHARP PEAK. 768 00:43:33,944 --> 00:43:36,879 THAT IS CONSISTENTLY THE HOTTEST CHIMNEY 769 00:43:36,981 --> 00:43:38,180 WITH THE MOST GAS FLOW IN IT. 770 00:43:43,053 --> 00:43:44,964 Keach: WITH THE CONSTRUCTION ALMOST DONE 771 00:43:44,988 --> 00:43:46,889 AND THE BUILDING HEATING UP 772 00:43:46,991 --> 00:43:48,557 IT'S TIME FOR THE FINAL ACT... 773 00:43:50,561 --> 00:43:52,728 HEATING UP THE BATH WATER. 774 00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:01,170 NO ONE KNOWS WHAT THE TEMPERATURE OF THE WATER ACTUALLY WAS 775 00:44:01,271 --> 00:44:04,907 BUT THERE ARE HINTS... ANCIENT STORIES OF WATER SO HOT 776 00:44:05,009 --> 00:44:09,311 THAT HEAVY DRINKERS WOULD HAVE TO BE CARRIED OUT UNCONSCIOUS. 777 00:44:09,413 --> 00:44:11,880 THE SYSTEM THEY USED TO HEAT THE WATER 778 00:44:11,983 --> 00:44:16,085 WAS SURPRISINGLY SIMILAR TO OURS TODAY... A HOT WATER BOILER. 779 00:44:18,656 --> 00:44:20,622 MODELED AFTER A BOILER 780 00:44:20,725 --> 00:44:23,492 FOUND IN THE RUINS OF A ROMAN BATH IN ALGERIA 781 00:44:23,594 --> 00:44:26,161 THIS ONE WILL BE INSTALLED IN THE MORNING. 782 00:44:26,263 --> 00:44:29,998 A SIMPLE TASK THAT WILL STIR UP SOME SIMMERING TENSIONS. 783 00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:33,335 WE THINK THE HOT WATER SHOULD COME OUT OF THAT ONE. 784 00:44:33,437 --> 00:44:35,015 IS THAT THE HOT WATER? 785 00:44:35,039 --> 00:44:38,540 Keach: AS THE DAY BEGINS, TONY AND BRYAN SUGGEST A CHANGE 786 00:44:38,642 --> 00:44:40,720 IN THE PLUMBING CONNECTIONS TO THE BOILER. 787 00:44:40,744 --> 00:44:42,856 THE HOT WATER WITH THE COLD TO THAT ONE 788 00:44:42,880 --> 00:44:44,724 ALL THAT HOT WATER STAYS IN IT... 789 00:44:44,748 --> 00:44:46,092 YOU CAN'T GET THAT OUT. 790 00:44:46,116 --> 00:44:48,361 IF YOU TAKE IT OUT OF THAT ONE 791 00:44:48,385 --> 00:44:50,263 YOU'LL GET THE EXTRA BIT. 792 00:44:50,287 --> 00:44:53,855 YES, BUT, UH, THAT WILL BE SUFFICIENT FOR OUR PURPOSE. 793 00:44:53,957 --> 00:44:55,468 WE DON'T THINK IT WILL. 794 00:44:55,492 --> 00:44:56,892 WELL, IF... 795 00:44:56,994 --> 00:44:58,839 WHY DON'T YOU THINK IT WILL NOT BE? 796 00:44:58,863 --> 00:45:00,773 WELL, BECAUSE WE'VE CALCULATED... 797 00:45:00,797 --> 00:45:04,133 Keach: THE TANK IS DESIGNED TO HAVE THE HOT WATER COME OUT 798 00:45:04,235 --> 00:45:07,369 OF ONE OF THESE SIDE CONNECTIONS. 799 00:45:07,471 --> 00:45:08,982 BUT TONY AND BRYAN BELIEVE THAT IF IT CAME OUT THE TOP 800 00:45:09,006 --> 00:45:11,106 THE BOILER WOULD BE MORE EFFICIENT. 801 00:45:11,208 --> 00:45:13,108 THEY MIGHT BE RIGHT 802 00:45:13,211 --> 00:45:15,944 BUT IT IS, PERHAPS, ONE CRITICISM TOO MANY... 803 00:45:16,046 --> 00:45:18,680 THE ATMOSPHERE BECOMES CHARGED. 804 00:45:18,783 --> 00:45:20,449 WHY SHOULD WE TAKE THE RISK, YOU KNOW? 805 00:45:20,551 --> 00:45:22,696 DON'T YOU SEE THE ADVANTAGE THAT IF WE'RE RIGHT 806 00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:23,880 THEN IT WILL WORK 807 00:45:23,921 --> 00:45:25,432 AND WE'RE NOT LOSING ANYTHING. 808 00:45:25,456 --> 00:45:28,357 THIS PART MIGHT HAVE BEEN QUITE SUFFICIENT, TOO. 809 00:45:28,459 --> 00:45:30,070 I DON'T THINK IT WILL. 810 00:45:30,094 --> 00:45:31,727 HOW CAN YOU BE SO SURE? 811 00:45:31,829 --> 00:45:34,263 THE TROUBLE IS, WE ALSO CALCULATE 812 00:45:34,365 --> 00:45:36,710 THAT IT'S GOING TO TAKE A WHOLE DAY TO HEAT THIS UP. 813 00:45:36,734 --> 00:45:38,367 NO, WE'RE JUST... 814 00:45:38,469 --> 00:45:40,736 WELL, WE'VE GONE THROUGH THIS THING BEFORE 815 00:45:40,838 --> 00:45:42,971 IF YOU KNOW ABOUT THE HEATING SYSTEM. 816 00:45:43,074 --> 00:45:45,174 YOU SAID YOU HAD THE SAME RESERVATIONS 817 00:45:45,276 --> 00:45:48,544 AND THE DIRE PREDICTIONS, AND IT'S WORKING LIKE A CHARM. 818 00:45:48,646 --> 00:45:50,312 IT ISN'T WORKING YET 819 00:45:50,414 --> 00:45:52,659 BECAUSE WE HAVEN'T YET GOT IT WORKING. 820 00:45:52,683 --> 00:45:54,723 WE HAVEN'T PUT THE BOILER ON IT YET. 821 00:45:54,819 --> 00:45:57,019 WE HAVEN'T GOT IT TO 50 CENTIGRADE YET. 822 00:45:57,121 --> 00:45:59,454 WHO SAYS WE HAVE TO GET TO 50 CENTIGRADE? 823 00:45:59,557 --> 00:46:02,290 DO YOU KNOW ROMAN BATHS HEATED TO 50 CENTIGRADE? 824 00:46:02,392 --> 00:46:05,093 WHERE DO YOU TAKE THAT NUMBER, OUT OF YOUR HAT? 825 00:46:05,196 --> 00:46:08,230 NO, I TAKE THAT NUMBER OUT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 826 00:46:08,332 --> 00:46:11,333 OF HEATING AND REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS. 827 00:46:11,435 --> 00:46:13,668 AND HOW DOES THAT RELATE? 828 00:46:13,770 --> 00:46:16,405 OH, WELL, BECAUSE THAT IS QUITE WELL RESEARCHED. 829 00:46:16,507 --> 00:46:20,876 Keach: MAX, THE ENGINEER, WANTS TO TEST THE HEATING SYSTEM 830 00:46:20,978 --> 00:46:22,877 TO ITS ENGINEERING LIMIT. 831 00:46:22,980 --> 00:46:25,447 FIKRET, THE HISTORIAN, WANTS ONLY TO HEAT IT 832 00:46:25,549 --> 00:46:27,282 TO THE LIMIT OF A TURKISH BATH. 833 00:46:27,385 --> 00:46:29,625 IT BECOMES A CLASH OF PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINES. 834 00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:32,320 Fordham: BUT IT DOESN'T MATTER WHAT THE TEMPERATURE IS. 835 00:46:32,422 --> 00:46:36,625 Yegul: TURKISH BATHS ARE ALL AROUND, AND FUNCTIONING, TODAY... 836 00:46:36,727 --> 00:46:37,625 YOU'VE BEEN IN ONE! 837 00:46:37,728 --> 00:46:39,039 AT A SLIGHTLY LOWER TEMPERATURE, I KNOW. 838 00:46:39,063 --> 00:46:41,363 I HAVE DONE RESEARCH ABOUT TURKISH BATHS... 839 00:46:41,465 --> 00:46:43,198 IT HAS BEEN PUBLISHED. 840 00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:45,712 OKAY! BUT WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO HERE... 841 00:46:45,736 --> 00:46:47,536 50 IS OUT OF THE QUESTION, PERIOD. 842 00:46:47,638 --> 00:46:49,516 Rook: I THINK IT'S HIGH. 843 00:46:49,540 --> 00:46:51,473 BUT THERE WERE NOT PREDICTIONS MADE. 844 00:46:51,575 --> 00:46:53,342 Yegul: 50 IS OUT OF THE QUESTION. 845 00:46:53,444 --> 00:46:55,144 YOU ARE TALKING OUT OF YOUR HAT. 846 00:46:55,246 --> 00:46:56,879 YOU HAVE NO GROUND TO STAND ON 847 00:46:56,981 --> 00:46:58,680 AND THIS BATH HEATING SYSTEM... 848 00:46:58,782 --> 00:47:00,949 I DO HAVE GROUND TO STAND ON BECAUSE... 849 00:47:01,051 --> 00:47:04,253 Keach: THE ARGUMENT GOES ON UNTIL THEY REACH A COMPROMISE... 850 00:47:04,355 --> 00:47:07,322 THE BATH WILL ONLY BE HEATED TO 40 DEGREES CENTIGRADE 851 00:47:07,424 --> 00:47:09,791 BUT THE CHANGES WILL BE MADE TO THE BOILER. 852 00:47:09,894 --> 00:47:11,838 AND THEN WE GET THE THING GOING... 853 00:47:11,862 --> 00:47:16,031 Keach: THE HOT WATER CONNECTIONS ARE QUICKLY RECONFIGURED. 854 00:47:16,133 --> 00:47:19,067 THE BOILER IS MOVED INTO PLACE AND ATTACHED. 855 00:47:23,607 --> 00:47:26,341 MAX RETURNS TO HIS TESTING AND MEASURING. 856 00:47:26,443 --> 00:47:29,845 THIS TIME HE'S CHECKING THE DEPTH OF THE RESERVOIR 857 00:47:29,947 --> 00:47:32,280 WHERE WATER FOR THE BATH IS STORED. 858 00:47:32,383 --> 00:47:37,018 OF COURSE, THERE'S NO AQUEDUCT TO FILL IT 859 00:47:37,120 --> 00:47:38,765 SO THEY'LL PUMP WATER IN FROM A TANK. 860 00:47:38,789 --> 00:47:41,389 TO PUT EVERYONE IN THE RIGHT FRAME OF MIND 861 00:47:41,492 --> 00:47:43,692 TONY ROOK AND BRYAN DON THEIR TUNICS 862 00:47:43,794 --> 00:47:46,528 AND TAKE OVER THE OPERATION OF THE FURNACE. 863 00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:49,276 Rook: WHAT WE'VE GOT TO DO IS GET THE FIRE UNDER THE BOILER. 864 00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:50,944 Keach: WITH THE BUILDING HEATED 865 00:47:50,968 --> 00:47:54,169 THEY CAN PULL THE FIRE BACK FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE CALDARIUM 866 00:47:54,271 --> 00:47:56,349 TO WHERE IT BELONGS... UNDER THE BOILER. 867 00:47:56,373 --> 00:47:58,151 BECAUSE WHAT WE WANT NOW 868 00:47:58,175 --> 00:48:00,709 IS TO GET THE FIRE UNDER THE BOILER 869 00:48:00,811 --> 00:48:03,912 SO THAT THE BOILER WILL, QUITE LITERALLY, BOIL. 870 00:48:04,014 --> 00:48:07,449 WE'VE GOT TO HAVE ENOUGH BOILING WATER IN THERE... 871 00:48:07,551 --> 00:48:09,930 Keach: IT WILL TAKE ALL DAY FOR THE WATER TO HEAT UP. 872 00:48:09,954 --> 00:48:13,756 IN THE MEANTIME, A FEW FINISHING TOUCHES ARE LEFT INSIDE: 873 00:48:13,858 --> 00:48:19,428 A MARBLE MOSAIC FOR THE FLOOR AND A FRESCO FOR THE WALL... 874 00:48:19,530 --> 00:48:22,998 COPIED FROM A ROMAN HOUSE IN EPHESUS, TURKEY. 875 00:48:25,169 --> 00:48:29,103 AT THE END OF THE DAY, TONY AND BRYAN TURN ON THE WATER. 876 00:48:31,341 --> 00:48:36,145 IT TAKES SEVERAL HOURS TO FILL THE POOL. 877 00:48:37,681 --> 00:48:39,882 TOMORROW IS BATH TIME. 878 00:48:42,152 --> 00:48:44,619 THE TEAM HAS WAITED SEVEN WEEKS AND A LIFETIME 879 00:48:44,721 --> 00:48:46,421 FOR THIS EXPERIENCE. 880 00:48:49,227 --> 00:48:54,029 BUT WHILE EVERYONE SLEEPS, SOMETHING GOES TERRIBLY WRONG. 881 00:49:02,739 --> 00:49:04,406 WE'VE GOT PROBLEMS 882 00:49:04,508 --> 00:49:07,075 WELL, WHAT HAVE WE GOT HERE TEOMAN? 883 00:49:07,177 --> 00:49:08,554 WE HAVE LEAKAGE HERE, FROM THE POOL. 884 00:49:08,578 --> 00:49:10,991 Keach: TEOMAN BELIEVES THE PROBLEM STEMS 885 00:49:11,015 --> 00:49:12,648 FROM HEATING THE BATH EARLY 886 00:49:12,750 --> 00:49:15,384 BEFORE THE MARBLE WALLS WERE COMPLETELY DRY. 887 00:49:15,486 --> 00:49:19,287 THE MORTAR AT THE JOINTS DIDN'T HAVE THE PROPER SETTING TIME 888 00:49:19,389 --> 00:49:21,055 AND IT CRACKED. 889 00:49:21,157 --> 00:49:24,426 Yalcinkaya: YES... SO, I MEAN, IT'S LEAKING CONTINUOUSLY. 890 00:49:24,528 --> 00:49:26,895 WHATEVER YOU PUT INSIDE, IT'S LEAKING. 891 00:49:26,997 --> 00:49:29,631 WE'VE LOST THE CONTENTS OF THE WHOLE BATH. 892 00:49:29,733 --> 00:49:31,500 YES. 893 00:49:31,602 --> 00:49:35,036 Keach: THERE IS A QUICK SOLUTION... SILICON SEALANT. 894 00:49:35,139 --> 00:49:38,006 IT'S NOT ROMAN, BUT TIME HAS RUN OUT 895 00:49:38,108 --> 00:49:40,843 AND EVERYONE IS ANXIOUS TO TAKE THEIR BATH. 896 00:49:42,913 --> 00:49:44,758 WASN'T TODAY THE DAY OF THE GREAT HOT BATH? 897 00:49:44,782 --> 00:49:45,782 Yalcinkaya: YEAH, WELL... 898 00:49:45,849 --> 00:49:47,181 AND I SOUND AS THOUGH I NEED IT. 899 00:49:47,284 --> 00:49:48,517 YOU WILL PROBABLY HAVE A BATH. 900 00:49:48,619 --> 00:49:49,619 BUT IF YOU DON'T HAVE IT 901 00:49:49,653 --> 00:49:50,952 I'LL TAKE YOU TO A TURKISH BATH. 902 00:49:51,054 --> 00:49:53,121 AH, THAT'LL DO. 903 00:49:55,726 --> 00:49:57,646 Keach: WITH SOME LINGERING DOUBTS 904 00:49:57,695 --> 00:49:59,695 EVERYONE GATHERS FOR A FINAL LUNCH... 905 00:49:59,797 --> 00:50:03,165 A VERY LENGTHY LUNCH WHILE THE POOL SLOWLY FILLS. 906 00:50:09,673 --> 00:50:13,041 FEW PEOPLE HAVE WAITED SO LONG TO TAKE A BATH. 907 00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:21,216 BY LATE AFTERNOON, THEY HAVE A DATE WITH HISTORY. 908 00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:31,704 Keach: REAL ROMANS WOULD BE BATHING NAKED 909 00:50:31,728 --> 00:50:37,432 BUT, REAL ROMANS WOULDN'T BE BATHING ON NATIONAL TELEVISION. 910 00:50:37,534 --> 00:50:41,003 FOR THESE MEN, A WELL-PLACED TOWEL CAN PROTECT THEIR MODESTY. 911 00:50:44,408 --> 00:50:47,709 THE WATER IS ABOUT 100 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 912 00:50:47,811 --> 00:50:50,345 THE ROOM IS EVEN HOTTER. 913 00:50:50,447 --> 00:50:54,549 Fagan: TO STEP IN A BATH HOUSE WAS TO STEP IN TO THE ARMS OF PLEASURE. 914 00:50:54,651 --> 00:51:00,856 TO EXPERIENCE THE RELAXING EFFECTS OF THE WARM WATER AND THE WARM AIR 915 00:51:00,958 --> 00:51:04,693 TO SOCIALIZE WITH FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS... 916 00:51:04,795 --> 00:51:07,862 AN ALTOGETHER A JOYFUL EXPERIENCE. 917 00:51:26,684 --> 00:51:29,417 Keach: AS THEY FILE OUT OF THE HOT BATH 918 00:51:29,519 --> 00:51:33,254 GARRETT IS REMINDED WHERE THE HEAT IS COMING FROM. 919 00:51:36,660 --> 00:51:37,660 WATCH THE FLOOR! 920 00:51:41,031 --> 00:51:44,566 Keach: LIKE GOOD ROMANS, THEY HEAD FOR THE COLD ROOM. 921 00:51:49,106 --> 00:51:51,740 THE FRIGIDARIUM POOL HAS LEAKED AS WELL. 922 00:51:51,842 --> 00:51:55,110 IT MAKES THE ACT OF SUBMERGING A BIT UNDIGNIFIED. 923 00:51:55,212 --> 00:51:58,513 BUT IT'S A REQUIRED PART OF THE FULL EXPERIMENT. 924 00:52:00,250 --> 00:52:03,118 Yegul: THIS THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE 925 00:52:03,220 --> 00:52:06,854 THAT I KNOW IN THE WORLD WHICH HAS RECREATED 926 00:52:06,957 --> 00:52:09,191 A MODEL ROMAN BATH, TRUTHFULLY 927 00:52:09,293 --> 00:52:15,330 USING ANCIENT MATERIALS AND ANCIENT METHODS... AS MUCH AS WE COULD. 928 00:52:15,432 --> 00:52:20,435 AND I WOULD DEARLY LOVE THIS MONUMENT TO BE PRESERVED 929 00:52:20,537 --> 00:52:23,304 AND TO BE KNOWN IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND HUMANISTIC WORLD. 930 00:52:24,875 --> 00:52:27,976 Keach: TODAY, THE LITTLE BATH STILL STANDS 931 00:52:28,078 --> 00:52:30,646 IN AN OLIVE GROVE IN SART, TURKEY. 932 00:52:30,748 --> 00:52:33,715 TEOMAN STILL LIVES AND WORKS NEARBY; 933 00:52:33,817 --> 00:52:36,384 IT WILL BE SAFE IN HIS HANDS. 934 00:52:37,721 --> 00:52:39,655 Yalcinkaya: WE'LL COME AND CHECK 935 00:52:39,757 --> 00:52:42,123 WHAT'S GOING ON WITH HERE. 936 00:52:42,225 --> 00:52:45,394 AND IT MIGHT TURN OUT TO BE A PLACE 937 00:52:45,496 --> 00:52:48,964 FOR ACADEMIC PEOPLE AND THE TOURISTS TO VISIT. 938 00:52:49,066 --> 00:52:53,802 SO, THERE WILL BE SOMETHING NICE COMING OUT OF IT AT THE END, IT LOOKS LIKE. 939 00:53:01,445 --> 00:53:04,679 NEXT WEEK ON SEEKERS OF LOST EMPIRES 940 00:53:04,781 --> 00:53:07,616 STEEPED IN LEGEND, LOST TO TIME 941 00:53:07,718 --> 00:53:10,285 A MARVEL OF DESIGN AND CRAFTSMANSHIP. 942 00:53:10,387 --> 00:53:12,687 WHAT SECRETS CAN THE STRUCTURE REVEAL 943 00:53:12,789 --> 00:53:14,589 ABOUT ITS ANCIENT BUILDERS? 944 00:53:16,627 --> 00:53:18,293 SPEND A DAY AT THE ROMAN BATHS 945 00:53:18,395 --> 00:53:19,928 SEE WHAT'S ON THE MENU. 946 00:53:20,030 --> 00:53:21,462 ENJOY THE ENTERTAINMENT. 947 00:53:21,565 --> 00:53:23,732 IMMERSE YOURSELF IN NOVA'S WEB SITE. 948 00:53:34,211 --> 00:53:37,546 TO ORDER THE SECRETS OF LOST EMPIRES FIVE-VIDEO SET 949 00:53:37,648 --> 00:53:39,848 WITH A FREE FAMILY ACTIVITY BOOK 950 00:53:39,950 --> 00:53:46,588 PLEASE CALL WGBH BOSTON VIDEO AT 1-800-255-9424. 951 00:53:46,690 --> 00:53:49,290 THE FAMILY ACTIVITY BOOK IS ALSO AVAILABLE SEPARATELY 952 00:53:49,393 --> 00:53:51,526 FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING ONLY. 953 00:53:54,164 --> 00:53:56,431 THEY TELL INTRIGUING STORY... 954 00:53:56,533 --> 00:53:58,611 I BELIEVE THAT I'M A BLACK JEW. 955 00:53:58,635 --> 00:54:01,369 BUT CAN CUTTING-EDGE GENETICS TRACE THE LEMBA 956 00:54:01,472 --> 00:54:04,272 TO "THE LOST TRIBES OF ISRAEL? NEXT ON NOVA. 957 00:54:24,227 --> 00:54:27,028 NOVA IS A PRODUCTION OF WGBH BOSTON. 76753

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