All language subtitles for timedtext

[Music]

[Music]
thank<00:00:12.780> you

Network fundamentals basic Network

Network fundamentals basic Network
Theory<00:00:28.380> and<00:00:28.800> terminology

Theory and terminology

Theory and terminology
Network<00:00:30.539> fundamentals<00:00:31.380> is<00:00:31.679> our<00:00:31.859> first<00:00:32.040> lesson

Network fundamentals is our first lesson

Network fundamentals is our first lesson
since<00:00:32.880> before<00:00:33.120> we<00:00:33.420> can<00:00:33.540> get<00:00:33.780> into<00:00:34.040> discussing

since before we can get into discussing

since before we can get into discussing
networking<00:00:35.899> and<00:00:36.899> its<00:00:37.200> complexity

networking and its complexity

networking and its complexity
we<00:00:38.880> need<00:00:39.059> first<00:00:39.239> need<00:00:39.480> to<00:00:39.660> Define<00:00:40.020> some<00:00:40.500> of<00:00:40.620> the

we need first need to Define some of the

we need first need to Define some of the
terms<00:00:41.219> some<00:00:41.700> of<00:00:41.820> the<00:00:41.879> theory<00:00:42.239> and<00:00:42.719> get<00:00:42.840> a<00:00:43.020> nice

terms some of the theory and get a nice

terms some of the theory and get a nice
framework<00:00:43.620> for<00:00:43.860> where<00:00:44.040> we're<00:00:44.160> going<00:00:44.280> to<00:00:44.399> be

framework for where we're going to be

framework for where we're going to be
going

going

going
one<00:00:45.840> note<00:00:46.020> about<00:00:46.200> the<00:00:46.379> network<00:00:46.500> plus<00:00:46.860> exam<00:00:47.280> is

one note about the network plus exam is

one note about the network plus exam is
that<00:00:48.360> they<00:00:48.780> assume<00:00:49.200> you<00:00:49.440> have<00:00:49.680> around<00:00:50.039> 18

that they assume you have around 18

that they assume you have around 18
months<00:00:51.480> experience<00:00:51.960> in<00:00:52.260> the<00:00:52.379> industry<00:00:52.739> if<00:00:53.399> you

months experience in the industry if you

months experience in the industry if you
don't<00:00:53.700> that's<00:00:54.000> okay<00:00:54.300> but<00:00:54.960> I<00:00:55.140> am<00:00:55.260> assuming<00:00:55.620> that

don't that's okay but I am assuming that

don't that's okay but I am assuming that
you<00:00:55.920> do<00:00:56.100> have<00:00:56.280> some<00:00:56.579> basic<00:00:57.000> knowledge<00:00:57.420> of

you do have some basic knowledge of

you do have some basic knowledge of
computers<00:00:58.640> and<00:00:59.640> perhaps<00:01:00.120> some<00:01:00.300> working

computers and perhaps some working

computers and perhaps some working
knowledge<00:01:00.899> of<00:01:01.079> networks<00:01:01.559> so<00:01:02.039> in<00:01:02.219> some<00:01:02.340> cases

knowledge of networks so in some cases

knowledge of networks so in some cases
this<00:01:03.059> might<00:01:03.359> be<00:01:04.100> redundant<00:01:05.100> for<00:01:05.400> you<00:01:05.519> and<00:01:06.360> in

this might be redundant for you and in

this might be redundant for you and in
other<00:01:06.659> cases<00:01:06.900> you<00:01:07.080> might<00:01:07.260> be<00:01:07.380> learning<00:01:07.680> some

other cases you might be learning some

other cases you might be learning some
new<00:01:08.040> stuff<00:01:08.280> either<00:01:08.939> way<00:01:09.240> I'm<00:01:09.540> going<00:01:09.720> to<00:01:09.840> focus

new stuff either way I'm going to focus

new stuff either way I'm going to focus
on<00:01:10.320> exactly<00:01:10.740> what<00:01:11.100> the<00:01:11.280> network<00:01:11.460> plus<00:01:11.760> exam

on exactly what the network plus exam

on exactly what the network plus exam
wants<00:01:13.560> to<00:01:13.680> see<00:01:13.920> and

wants to see and

wants to see and
what<00:01:16.020> you<00:01:16.200> need<00:01:16.320> to<00:01:16.439> know<00:01:16.560> to<00:01:16.920> pass

what you need to know to pass

what you need to know to pass
so<00:01:19.020> in<00:01:19.320> this<00:01:19.439> module<00:01:19.860> we're<00:01:20.400> going<00:01:20.580> to<00:01:20.700> be

so in this module we're going to be

so in this module we're going to be
introduced<00:01:21.299> to<00:01:21.659> networks<00:01:22.259> and<00:01:22.740> what<00:01:22.979> makes<00:01:23.159> up

introduced to networks and what makes up

introduced to networks and what makes up
a<00:01:23.580> network

a network

a network
the<00:01:24.900> terminology<00:01:25.380> that's<00:01:25.860> used<00:01:26.159> to<00:01:26.400> describe

the terminology that's used to describe

the terminology that's used to describe
those<00:01:27.180> objects<00:01:27.659> it<00:01:28.080> becomes<00:01:28.560> flexible<00:01:29.040> after

those objects it becomes flexible after

those objects it becomes flexible after
a<00:01:30.180> little<00:01:30.299> bit<00:01:30.420> of<00:01:30.659> time<00:01:30.960> and<00:01:31.259> experience

a little bit of time and experience

a little bit of time and experience
spent<00:01:32.159> on<00:01:32.340> the<00:01:32.520> field<00:01:32.640> but<00:01:33.479> to<00:01:33.720> understand

spent on the field but to understand

spent on the field but to understand
what<00:01:34.500> each<00:01:34.619> object<00:01:34.920> does<00:01:35.220> and<00:01:35.460> what<00:01:35.640> its

what each object does and what its

what each object does and what its
functions<00:01:36.180> are<00:01:36.479> in<00:01:36.780> a<00:01:36.960> network<00:01:37.079> I<00:01:37.799> want<00:01:37.920> to

functions are in a network I want to

functions are in a network I want to
break<00:01:38.220> down<00:01:38.460> some<00:01:38.759> of<00:01:38.880> the<00:01:39.000> jargon<00:01:39.360> or<00:01:39.540> the

break down some of the jargon or the

break down some of the jargon or the
technical<00:01:39.960> speak<00:01:40.259> and<00:01:41.159> talk<00:01:41.400> about<00:01:41.640> what

technical speak and talk about what

technical speak and talk about what
exactly<00:01:42.600> is<00:01:42.840> networking

exactly is networking

exactly is networking
so<00:01:44.640> some<00:01:44.880> of<00:01:45.060> the<00:01:45.180> module<00:01:45.600> objectives<00:01:46.140> that

so some of the module objectives that

so some of the module objectives that
we're<00:01:46.560> going<00:01:46.680> to<00:01:46.799> cover<00:01:46.939> are<00:01:47.939> first<00:01:48.119> to<00:01:48.420> Define

we're going to cover are first to Define

we're going to cover are first to Define
and<00:01:48.960> describe<00:01:49.500> a<00:01:50.100> network<00:01:50.280> and<00:01:51.180> a<00:01:51.420> computer

and describe a network and a computer

and describe a network and a computer
network<00:01:51.899> you've<00:01:52.619> heard<00:01:52.740> the<00:01:52.979> term<00:01:53.159> Network

network you've heard the term Network

network you've heard the term Network
before<00:01:54.240> and<00:01:55.020> so<00:01:55.200> I<00:01:55.320> want<00:01:55.439> to<00:01:55.560> Define<00:01:55.740> what<00:01:56.040> that

before and so I want to Define what that

before and so I want to Define what that
is<00:01:56.340> and<00:01:56.579> how<00:01:56.759> that<00:01:56.880> relates<00:01:57.240> to<00:01:57.479> a<00:01:57.600> computer

is and how that relates to a computer

is and how that relates to a computer
network

network

network
next<00:01:59.460> I<00:01:59.759> want<00:01:59.880> to<00:02:00.000> describe<00:02:00.299> the<00:02:00.600> components

next I want to describe the components

next I want to describe the components
of<00:02:01.380> a<00:02:01.500> network<00:02:01.680> what<00:02:02.399> makes<00:02:02.700> a<00:02:02.939> computer

of a network what makes a computer

of a network what makes a computer
network

network

network
I<00:02:04.920> want<00:02:04.979> to<00:02:05.159> define<00:02:05.280> the<00:02:05.640> terms<00:02:06.119> node<00:02:06.780> and

I want to define the terms node and

I want to define the terms node and
server<00:02:07.680> which<00:02:08.099> will<00:02:08.280> be<00:02:08.399> helpful<00:02:08.640> going

server which will be helpful going

server which will be helpful going
forward<00:02:09.179> when<00:02:09.539> we<00:02:09.660> use<00:02:09.840> those<00:02:10.080> terms

forward when we use those terms

forward when we use those terms
Define<00:02:12.720> and<00:02:13.080> describe<00:02:13.680> the<00:02:14.099> network<00:02:14.280> backbone

Define and describe the network backbone

Define and describe the network backbone
and<00:02:15.599> the<00:02:15.780> various<00:02:16.220> variations<00:02:17.220> of<00:02:17.760> a<00:02:17.879> network

and the various variations of a network

and the various variations of a network
backbone<00:02:18.660> and<00:02:19.560> finally

backbone and finally

backbone and finally
I<00:02:20.879> want<00:02:20.940> to<00:02:21.120> define<00:02:21.239> the<00:02:21.660> difference<00:02:21.840> between

I want to define the difference between

I want to define the difference between
a<00:02:22.560> terminal

a terminal

a terminal
a<00:02:23.760> client<00:02:24.120> and<00:02:25.020> a<00:02:25.200> peer

a client and a peer

a client and a peer
all<00:02:26.940> right<00:02:27.060> so<00:02:27.360> let's<00:02:27.540> get<00:02:27.780> started

all right so let's get started

all right so let's get started
now<00:02:29.340> because<00:02:29.819> networking<00:02:30.720> is<00:02:31.319> ubiquitous<00:02:32.160> we

now because networking is ubiquitous we

now because networking is ubiquitous we
need<00:02:33.180> to<00:02:33.300> define<00:02:33.480> a<00:02:33.900> few<00:02:34.080> specific<00:02:34.500> things<00:02:34.860> in

need to define a few specific things in

need to define a few specific things in
order<00:02:35.340> to<00:02:35.520> keep<00:02:35.640> things<00:02:35.819> in<00:02:36.000> order

order to keep things in order

order to keep things in order
so<00:02:37.319> first<00:02:37.620> Network

so first Network

so first Network
this<00:02:40.140> is<00:02:40.260> an<00:02:40.560> interconnected<00:02:41.280> or

this is an interconnected or

this is an interconnected or
interrelated<00:02:42.660> chain<00:02:43.260> group<00:02:43.860> or<00:02:44.640> system

interrelated chain group or system

interrelated chain group or system
generally<00:02:46.200> based<00:02:46.739> on<00:02:47.040> a<00:02:47.280> purpose<00:02:47.640> so<00:02:48.360> for

generally based on a purpose so for

generally based on a purpose so for
instance<00:02:48.840> if<00:02:49.140> we<00:02:49.260> say<00:02:49.500> that<00:02:49.680> you're<00:02:49.860> going<00:02:50.160> to

instance if we say that you're going to

instance if we say that you're going to
Facebook<00:02:51.660> or<00:02:52.140> LinkedIn<00:02:52.620> are<00:02:53.280> social

networks because the purpose is to be

networks because the purpose is to be
social

social

social
and<00:03:00.300> to<00:03:00.540> connect<00:03:00.660> with<00:03:00.840> other<00:03:01.080> people<00:03:01.319> who

and to connect with other people who

and to connect with other people who
have<00:03:02.099> similar<00:03:02.580> interests<00:03:03.180> likes<00:03:04.019> Etc

have similar interests likes Etc

have similar interests likes Etc
in<00:03:05.340> the<00:03:05.459> same<00:03:05.640> way<00:03:05.819> you<00:03:06.239> are<00:03:06.420> interrelated<00:03:07.500> and

in the same way you are interrelated and

in the same way you are interrelated and
you<00:03:08.220> form<00:03:08.400> a<00:03:08.700> group

now based on that a computer network is

now based on that a computer network is
the<00:03:14.280> interconnecting<00:03:15.000> of<00:03:15.900> two<00:03:16.319> or<00:03:16.500> more

the interconnecting of two or more

the interconnecting of two or more
computers<00:03:17.400> that<00:03:17.879> have<00:03:18.180> a<00:03:18.599> basic<00:03:18.900> core<00:03:19.140> purpose

computers that have a basic core purpose

computers that have a basic core purpose
of<00:03:20.220> communicating<00:03:20.879> electronically

of communicating electronically

of communicating electronically
so<00:03:23.760> the<00:03:24.420> network<00:03:24.599> of<00:03:24.959> social<00:03:25.140> network<00:03:25.500> is<00:03:25.860> to

so the network of social network is to

so the network of social network is to
communicate<00:03:26.700> with<00:03:27.120> individuals<00:03:27.780> about<00:03:28.080> a

communicate with individuals about a

communicate with individuals about a
specific<00:03:28.739> topic<00:03:29.280> on<00:03:29.879> a<00:03:30.060> computer<00:03:30.120> network<00:03:30.480> we

specific topic on a computer network we

specific topic on a computer network we
need<00:03:31.080> to<00:03:31.319> communicate<00:03:31.800> data<00:03:32.519> electronically

need to communicate data electronically

need to communicate data electronically
and<00:03:34.140> that's<00:03:34.319> the<00:03:34.500> thing<00:03:34.620> that<00:03:34.800> joins<00:03:35.040> us

and that's the thing that joins us

and that's the thing that joins us
together

together

together
the<00:03:36.599> internet<00:03:36.720> is<00:03:37.620> one<00:03:38.159> really<00:03:38.459> large

the internet is one really large

the internet is one really large
computer<00:03:39.360> network<00:03:40.099> and<00:03:41.099> we<00:03:41.400> will<00:03:41.519> see<00:03:41.760> how

computer network and we will see how

computer network and we will see how
that<00:03:42.180> comes<00:03:42.480> to<00:03:42.599> play<00:03:42.780> later<00:03:43.440> on<00:03:43.620> in<00:03:43.799> this

that comes to play later on in this

that comes to play later on in this
course

now whether your network is comprised of

now whether your network is comprised of
two<00:03:49.440> computers<00:03:49.980> or<00:03:50.340> two<00:03:50.519> thousand<00:03:50.940> computers

two computers or two thousand computers

two computers or two thousand computers
or<00:03:51.780> like<00:03:52.080> the<00:03:52.200> internet<00:03:52.319> two<00:03:52.680> million

or like the internet two million

or like the internet two million
computers<00:03:53.519> there<00:03:54.420> are<00:03:54.599> uh<00:03:55.080> some

computers there are uh some

computers there are uh some
commonalities<00:03:56.159> in<00:03:56.879> networks<00:03:57.420> and

commonalities in networks and

commonalities in networks and
requirements<00:03:58.319> for<00:03:58.560> what<00:03:58.680> makes<00:03:58.860> them<00:03:59.159> the

requirements for what makes them the

requirements for what makes them the
first<00:04:00.000> thing<00:04:00.120> that<00:04:00.299> are<00:04:00.420> needed<00:04:00.720> obviously

first thing that are needed obviously

first thing that are needed obviously
are<00:04:01.739> devices<00:04:02.299> these<00:04:03.299> are<00:04:03.480> the<00:04:03.780> actual

are devices these are the actual

are devices these are the actual
computers<00:04:04.799> the<00:04:05.220> printers<00:04:05.760> the<00:04:06.659> switches<00:04:07.080> the

computers the printers the switches the

computers the printers the switches the
routers<00:04:07.860> all<00:04:08.340> of<00:04:08.519> the<00:04:08.760> devices<00:04:09.180> that<00:04:09.780> are

routers all of the devices that are

routers all of the devices that are
going<00:04:10.080> to<00:04:10.319> be<00:04:10.439> connected<00:04:10.920> together<00:04:11.280> by

going to be connected together by

going to be connected together by
media<00:04:14.280> now<00:04:14.640> media<00:04:15.060> can<00:04:15.239> either<00:04:15.360> be<00:04:15.599> a<00:04:15.780> physical

media now media can either be a physical

media now media can either be a physical
connection<00:04:16.260> such<00:04:16.979> as<00:04:17.299> copper<00:04:18.299> or<00:04:19.199> newer<00:04:20.040> forms

connection such as copper or newer forms

connection such as copper or newer forms
such<00:04:20.820> as<00:04:21.139> fiber<00:04:22.139> optics

such as fiber optics

such as fiber optics
or<00:04:23.759> it<00:04:23.880> can<00:04:24.000> be<00:04:24.120> something<00:04:24.300> Wireless<00:04:24.660> like

or it can be something Wireless like

or it can be something Wireless like
Wi-Fi<00:04:25.979> or<00:04:26.580> a<00:04:26.699> radio<00:04:26.880> frequency<00:04:27.419> or<00:04:28.139> even

Wi-Fi or a radio frequency or even

Wi-Fi or a radio frequency or even
cellular<00:04:28.860> Wi-Fi

cellular Wi-Fi

cellular Wi-Fi
each<00:04:31.199> device<00:04:31.440> however<00:04:32.040> has<00:04:32.759> its<00:04:33.240> own<00:04:33.360> language

each device however has its own language

each device however has its own language
when<00:04:34.380> networking<00:04:34.919> and<00:04:35.639> not<00:04:35.820> every<00:04:36.120> device

when networking and not every device

when networking and not every device
knows<00:04:37.139> how<00:04:37.500> to<00:04:37.620> communicate<00:04:38.100> with<00:04:38.340> the

knows how to communicate with the

knows how to communicate with the
language<00:04:38.580> of<00:04:38.940> these<00:04:39.240> other<00:04:39.419> devices<00:04:39.960> right

language of these other devices right

language of these other devices right
because<00:04:41.040> obviously<00:04:41.699> a<00:04:42.000> computer

because obviously a computer

because obviously a computer
communicates<00:04:42.960> slightly<00:04:43.320> differently<00:04:43.680> than<00:04:44.460> a

communicates slightly differently than a

communicates slightly differently than a
printer<00:04:45.000> slightly<00:04:45.600> differently<00:04:45.900> than<00:04:46.199> a

printer slightly differently than a

printer slightly differently than a
router<00:04:47.040> Etc<00:04:47.160> so<00:04:48.000> in<00:04:48.120> order<00:04:48.300> to<00:04:48.540> allow<00:04:48.840> all

router Etc so in order to allow all

router Etc so in order to allow all
these<00:04:49.199> devices<00:04:49.440> to<00:04:49.740> communicate<00:04:50.160> with<00:04:50.400> the

these devices to communicate with the

these devices to communicate with the
rest<00:04:50.639> of<00:04:50.820> the<00:04:50.940> network<00:04:51.060> we<00:04:51.479> have<00:04:51.660> something

rest of the network we have something

rest of the network we have something
called<00:04:52.259> a<00:04:52.919> network<00:04:53.160> adapter<00:04:53.820> sometimes

called a network adapter sometimes

called a network adapter sometimes
referred<00:04:54.840> to<00:04:54.900> as<00:04:55.080> a<00:04:55.259> network<00:04:55.380> interface

referred to as a network interface

referred to as a network interface
controller<00:04:56.520> or<00:04:56.880> a<00:04:57.060> NIC

controller or a NIC

controller or a NIC
specifically<00:04:58.860> in<00:04:59.100> the<00:04:59.220> term<00:04:59.340> of<00:04:59.759> computers

specifically in the term of computers

specifically in the term of computers
and<00:05:02.100> it<00:05:02.400> serves<00:05:02.820> this<00:05:03.300> network<00:05:03.419> adapter<00:05:03.960> as<00:05:04.320> a

and it serves this network adapter as a

and it serves this network adapter as a
translator<00:05:05.160> between<00:05:05.880> the<00:05:06.300> components<00:05:06.840> the

translator between the components the

translator between the components the
devices<00:05:07.380> over<00:05:08.280> the<00:05:08.580> media<00:05:08.880> by<00:05:09.419> which<00:05:09.600> the<00:05:09.840> data

devices over the media by which the data

devices over the media by which the data
is<00:05:10.199> sent

is sent

is sent
so<00:05:11.639> finally<00:05:12.199> to<00:05:13.199> manage<00:05:13.500> and<00:05:13.740> govern<00:05:13.919> how

so finally to manage and govern how

so finally to manage and govern how
everything<00:05:14.639> talks<00:05:15.180> with<00:05:15.300> everything<00:05:15.479> else

everything talks with everything else

everything talks with everything else
the<00:05:16.080> network<00:05:16.259> needs<00:05:16.800> an<00:05:17.160> operating<00:05:17.580> system

the network needs an operating system

the network needs an operating system
which<00:05:18.720> is<00:05:18.900> similar<00:05:19.199> to<00:05:19.380> like<00:05:19.560> the<00:05:19.860> ring<00:05:20.040> leader

which is similar to like the ring leader

which is similar to like the ring leader
in<00:05:20.580> a<00:05:20.699> circus<00:05:21.000> if<00:05:21.300> we<00:05:21.479> can<00:05:21.600> use<00:05:21.840> a<00:05:22.199> a<00:05:22.740> metaphor

in a circus if we can use a a metaphor

in a circus if we can use a a metaphor
there

there

there
it<00:05:24.960> tells<00:05:25.139> the<00:05:25.259> network<00:05:25.380> how<00:05:25.740> to<00:05:25.860> work

it tells the network how to work

it tells the network how to work
together<00:05:26.280> in<00:05:26.940> order<00:05:27.060> to<00:05:27.360> perform<00:05:27.600> as

together in order to perform as

together in order to perform as
efficiently<00:05:28.680> as<00:05:28.919> possible<00:05:29.280> over<00:05:29.699> the<00:05:29.940> adapter

efficiently as possible over the adapter

efficiently as possible over the adapter
over<00:05:30.660> the<00:05:30.900> media<00:05:31.259> and<00:05:31.680> with<00:05:31.919> each<00:05:32.160> of<00:05:32.280> the

over the media and with each of the

over the media and with each of the
devices<00:05:32.759> without<00:05:33.600> the<00:05:33.960> operating<00:05:34.259> system

devices without the operating system

devices without the operating system
there<00:05:34.979> wouldn't<00:05:35.160> be<00:05:35.340> any<00:05:35.639> order<00:05:36.000> or<00:05:36.660> Direction

there wouldn't be any order or Direction

there wouldn't be any order or Direction
in<00:05:37.259> the<00:05:37.380> network<00:05:37.620> and<00:05:37.979> no<00:05:38.160> one<00:05:38.340> would<00:05:38.520> really

in the network and no one would really

in the network and no one would really
know<00:05:38.940> what<00:05:39.180> they<00:05:39.300> were<00:05:39.479> doing<00:05:39.660> so<00:05:40.440> the<00:05:40.740> network

know what they were doing so the network

know what they were doing so the network
operating<00:05:41.400> system<00:05:41.699> is<00:05:42.479> responsible<00:05:43.080> really

operating system is responsible really

operating system is responsible really
for<00:05:44.060> allocating<00:05:45.060> resources

for allocating resources

for allocating resources
monitoring<00:05:47.759> the<00:05:48.120> activities<00:05:48.479> of<00:05:48.780> devices<00:05:49.020> on

monitoring the activities of devices on

monitoring the activities of devices on
the<00:05:49.380> network<00:05:49.500> over<00:05:49.979> the<00:05:50.280> media

the network over the media

the network over the media
and<00:05:52.620> managing<00:05:53.160> files<00:05:53.759> and<00:05:54.060> data<00:05:54.539> Etc

and managing files and data Etc

and managing files and data Etc
now<00:05:57.300> we<00:05:58.259> have<00:05:58.440> two<00:05:58.740> devices<00:05:59.160> that<00:05:59.580> I<00:05:59.759> want<00:05:59.880> to

now we have two devices that I want to

now we have two devices that I want to
Define<00:06:00.800> one<00:06:01.800> is<00:06:01.979> a<00:06:02.280> node<00:06:02.460> and<00:06:03.000> a<00:06:03.120> node<00:06:03.360> is<00:06:03.539> any

Define one is a node and a node is any

Define one is a node and a node is any
device<00:06:04.199> that<00:06:04.979> is<00:06:05.100> connected<00:06:05.460> to<00:06:05.639> a

device that is connected to a

device that is connected to a
Communications<00:06:06.240> Network

Communications Network

Communications Network
and<00:06:07.560> this<00:06:07.740> can<00:06:07.919> be<00:06:08.220> just<00:06:08.759> about<00:06:08.880> anything<00:06:09.120> so

and this can be just about anything so

and this can be just about anything so
we<00:06:09.840> have<00:06:10.039> uh<00:06:11.039> clients<00:06:11.759> and<00:06:11.940> servers<00:06:12.539> our<00:06:13.020> nodes

we have uh clients and servers our nodes

we have uh clients and servers our nodes
and<00:06:14.699> so<00:06:15.060> are<00:06:15.300> printers<00:06:16.259> and<00:06:16.800> network<00:06:16.979> attached

and so are printers and network attached

and so are printers and network attached
storage<00:06:17.940> devices<00:06:18.800> and<00:06:19.800> these<00:06:20.100> are<00:06:20.220> all<00:06:20.460> what

storage devices and these are all what

storage devices and these are all what
we<00:06:20.880> call

we call

we call
endpoint<00:06:22.979> nodes<00:06:23.460> I'm<00:06:24.360> going<00:06:24.479> to<00:06:24.539> write<00:06:24.720> that

endpoint nodes I'm going to write that

endpoint nodes I'm going to write that
up<00:06:25.020> here

up here

up here
because<00:06:27.000> that's<00:06:27.780> where<00:06:28.020> the<00:06:28.199> data<00:06:28.620> ends

because that's where the data ends

because that's where the data ends
whereas<00:06:31.560> something<00:06:32.039> like<00:06:32.460> a<00:06:32.819> router

whereas something like a router

whereas something like a router
or<00:06:34.919> switch<00:06:35.600> or<00:06:36.600> previously<00:06:37.380> we<00:06:37.860> used<00:06:38.160> to<00:06:38.220> see<00:06:38.400> a

or switch or previously we used to see a

or switch or previously we used to see a
lot<00:06:38.639> of<00:06:38.759> hubs<00:06:39.479> do<00:06:40.440> what's<00:06:40.680> called

redistribute

redistribute
so<00:06:46.139> those<00:06:46.259> are<00:06:46.440> what<00:06:46.620> we<00:06:46.740> call<00:06:47.000> redistribution

so those are what we call redistribution

so those are what we call redistribution
nodes<00:06:48.900> okay<00:06:49.560> so<00:06:50.460> it's<00:06:50.580> important<00:06:50.940> to

nodes okay so it's important to

nodes okay so it's important to
understand<00:06:51.300> that<00:06:51.660> these<00:06:51.900> are<00:06:52.020> both<00:06:52.199> nodes

understand that these are both nodes

understand that these are both nodes
anything<00:06:53.520> on<00:06:53.880> the<00:06:54.000> network<00:06:54.120> really<00:06:54.660> any<00:06:54.960> sort

anything on the network really any sort

anything on the network really any sort
of<00:06:55.259> device<00:06:55.560> that's<00:06:56.520> communicating<00:06:57.180> is<00:06:57.780> a<00:06:57.960> node

of device that's communicating is a node

of device that's communicating is a node
or<00:06:58.680> being<00:06:58.919> communicated<00:06:59.400> with

or being communicated with

or being communicated with
the<00:07:00.720> endpoint<00:07:00.960> nodes<00:07:01.319> where<00:07:02.220> or<00:07:02.580> where<00:07:02.759> the

the endpoint nodes where or where the

the endpoint nodes where or where the
information<00:07:03.060> sort<00:07:03.539> of<00:07:03.660> ends<00:07:04.020> up<00:07:04.139> or<00:07:04.440> is<00:07:04.560> going

information sort of ends up or is going

information sort of ends up or is going
to<00:07:04.979> a<00:07:05.460> redistribution<00:07:06.180> node<00:07:06.660> its

to a redistribution node its

to a redistribution node its
responsibilities<00:07:08.100> to<00:07:08.580> pass<00:07:08.880> the<00:07:09.720> data<00:07:10.080> on<00:07:10.740> to

responsibilities to pass the data on to

responsibilities to pass the data on to
another<00:07:11.460> either<00:07:12.080> redistribution<00:07:13.080> node<00:07:13.440> or

another either redistribution node or

another either redistribution node or
onto<00:07:14.340> the<00:07:14.520> endpoint<00:07:14.819> node

now a server

now a server
is<00:07:20.280> a<00:07:20.580> network<00:07:20.699> device<00:07:21.120> that's<00:07:22.020> responsible

is a network device that's responsible

is a network device that's responsible
for<00:07:24.060> sharing<00:07:24.740> resources<00:07:26.000> and<00:07:27.000> managing

for sharing resources and managing

for sharing resources and managing
certain<00:07:27.960> services

certain services

certain services
like<00:07:30.000> addressing<00:07:30.720> and<00:07:31.080> we'll<00:07:31.259> talk<00:07:31.500> about

like addressing and we'll talk about

like addressing and we'll talk about
this<00:07:31.979> which<00:07:32.220> is<00:07:32.340> called<00:07:32.520> an<00:07:32.759> IP<00:07:33.060> address<00:07:33.240> a

this which is called an IP address a

this which is called an IP address a
little<00:07:34.199> later

it's also uh manages devices on the

it's also uh manages devices on the
network<00:07:40.199> and<00:07:40.560> controls<00:07:41.220> the<00:07:41.520> network-wide

network and controls the network-wide

network and controls the network-wide
functions<00:07:42.780> like<00:07:43.080> permissions<00:07:43.680> so<00:07:44.160> not<00:07:44.340> only

functions like permissions so not only

functions like permissions so not only
is<00:07:44.759> it<00:07:45.000> going<00:07:45.180> to<00:07:45.360> give<00:07:45.919> uh<00:07:46.919> all<00:07:47.699> our<00:07:47.940> clients

is it going to give uh all our clients

is it going to give uh all our clients
all<00:07:48.419> the<00:07:48.539> other<00:07:48.660> nodes<00:07:49.020> addresses<00:07:49.800> that<00:07:49.979> allow

all the other nodes addresses that allow

all the other nodes addresses that allow
it<00:07:50.400> to<00:07:50.580> communicate<00:07:51.000> it's<00:07:51.479> also<00:07:51.780> going<00:07:51.900> to

it to communicate it's also going to

it to communicate it's also going to
manage<00:07:52.620> how<00:07:53.220> those<00:07:53.460> devices<00:07:53.819> communicate<00:07:54.599> and

manage how those devices communicate and

manage how those devices communicate and
what<00:07:55.440> they're<00:07:55.620> allowed<00:07:55.979> to<00:07:56.099> do<00:07:56.340> which<00:07:56.819> is<00:07:56.940> what

what they're allowed to do which is what

what they're allowed to do which is what
we<00:07:57.240> call<00:07:57.360> permissions

we call permissions

we call permissions
all<00:07:59.099> right<00:07:59.280> now<00:07:59.940> this<00:08:00.599> is

all right now this is

all right now this is
um<00:08:02.280> so<00:08:03.120> you<00:08:03.419> can<00:08:03.479> see<00:08:03.660> that<00:08:03.900> the<00:08:04.080> server<00:08:04.380> is<00:08:04.620> a

um so you can see that the server is a

um so you can see that the server is a
type<00:08:04.919> of<00:08:05.099> node<00:08:05.400> but<00:08:05.819> I<00:08:05.940> just<00:08:06.060> want<00:08:06.180> to<00:08:06.300> describe

type of node but I just want to describe

type of node but I just want to describe
server<00:08:06.840> we're<00:08:07.020> going<00:08:07.139> to<00:08:07.259> talk<00:08:07.380> about<00:08:07.560> some<00:08:08.220> of

server we're going to talk about some of

server we're going to talk about some of
the<00:08:08.460> other

the other

the other
um<00:08:09.500> devices<00:08:10.500> in<00:08:10.979> just<00:08:11.099> a<00:08:11.220> moment<00:08:11.460> before<00:08:12.000> we<00:08:12.240> do

um devices in just a moment before we do

um devices in just a moment before we do
that

that

that
let's<00:08:14.099> talk<00:08:14.280> about<00:08:14.460> the<00:08:15.000> network<00:08:15.120> backbone

let's talk about the network backbone

let's talk about the network backbone
okay<00:08:16.560> the<00:08:17.460> network<00:08:17.580> backbone<00:08:18.300> is<00:08:18.660> responsible

okay the network backbone is responsible

okay the network backbone is responsible
for<00:08:19.620> carrying<00:08:20.099> the<00:08:20.699> majority<00:08:21.180> of<00:08:21.539> network

for carrying the majority of network

for carrying the majority of network
traffic<00:08:22.460> and<00:08:23.460> it<00:08:23.819> works<00:08:24.360> very<00:08:24.599> quickly<00:08:24.960> at<00:08:25.319> a

traffic and it works very quickly at a

traffic and it works very quickly at a
very<00:08:25.740> very<00:08:25.979> very<00:08:26.160> high<00:08:26.759> speed

very very very high speed

very very very high speed
now<00:08:28.199> it<00:08:28.500> might<00:08:28.680> use<00:08:28.860> different<00:08:29.160> technology

now it might use different technology

now it might use different technology
throughout<00:08:30.539> this<00:08:31.680> um<00:08:31.880> on<00:08:32.880> the<00:08:33.120> backbone

throughout this um on the backbone

throughout this um on the backbone
that's<00:08:34.140> different<00:08:34.380> from<00:08:34.680> the<00:08:34.800> rest<00:08:34.919> of<00:08:35.099> the

that's different from the rest of the

that's different from the rest of the
network<00:08:35.339> because<00:08:36.000> it<00:08:36.659> basically<00:08:37.020> connects

network because it basically connects

network because it basically connects
all<00:08:39.000> the<00:08:39.180> smaller<00:08:39.479> networks<00:08:39.899> together

all the smaller networks together

all the smaller networks together
that's<00:08:41.459> why<00:08:41.640> it's<00:08:41.760> called<00:08:41.940> the<00:08:42.180> backbone<00:08:42.719> and

that's why it's called the backbone and

that's why it's called the backbone and
it<00:08:43.500> needs<00:08:43.800> to<00:08:44.039> be<00:08:44.279> large<00:08:45.120> fast<00:08:45.899> and

it needs to be large fast and

it needs to be large fast and
um

um

um
capable<00:08:49.019> of<00:08:49.500> communicating<00:08:50.100> at<00:08:50.640> very<00:08:50.880> high

capable of communicating at very high

capable of communicating at very high
speeds<00:08:51.480> because<00:08:51.899> all<00:08:52.140> of<00:08:52.260> these<00:08:52.500> computers

speeds because all of these computers

speeds because all of these computers
all<00:08:53.339> these<00:08:53.640> smaller<00:08:53.940> networks<00:08:54.360> are

all these smaller networks are

all these smaller networks are
communicating<00:08:55.200> we'll<00:08:55.500> talk<00:08:55.680> about<00:08:55.860> how<00:08:56.399> that

communicating we'll talk about how that

communicating we'll talk about how that
all<00:08:56.760> works<00:08:57.060> in<00:08:57.180> a<00:08:57.300> bit<00:08:57.420> now<00:08:58.260> there<00:08:58.500> are<00:08:58.620> four

all works in a bit now there are four

all works in a bit now there are four
different<00:08:59.160> types<00:08:59.760> of<00:09:00.000> network<00:09:00.180> backbones<00:09:00.899> and

different types of network backbones and

different types of network backbones and
we're<00:09:01.440> gonna<00:09:01.560> I'm<00:09:01.800> just<00:09:01.980> gonna<00:09:02.100> give<00:09:02.279> you<00:09:02.399> a

we're gonna I'm just gonna give you a

we're gonna I'm just gonna give you a
brief<00:09:02.820> definition<00:09:03.000> of<00:09:03.480> these<00:09:03.660> now<00:09:03.839> and<00:09:04.200> we

brief definition of these now and we

brief definition of these now and we
will<00:09:04.440> come<00:09:04.680> back<00:09:04.920> and<00:09:05.160> talk<00:09:05.339> about<00:09:05.519> these<00:09:05.820> more

will come back and talk about these more

will come back and talk about these more
in<00:09:06.180> depth<00:09:06.480> a<00:09:06.540> little<00:09:06.660> later<00:09:06.839> okay<00:09:07.380> the<00:09:07.860> first

in depth a little later okay the first

in depth a little later okay the first
one<00:09:08.160> is<00:09:08.339> called<00:09:08.580> serial<00:09:09.120> that's<00:09:09.660> where<00:09:09.899> one

one is called serial that's where one

one is called serial that's where one
backbone<00:09:10.620> cable

backbone cable

backbone cable
connects

connects

connects
to<00:09:14.459> another<00:09:14.779> one<00:09:15.779> after<00:09:16.019> the<00:09:16.320> other

like so

like so
all<00:09:20.459> right<00:09:20.640> so<00:09:21.000> there's<00:09:21.180> one<00:09:21.540> backbone<00:09:21.959> cable

all right so there's one backbone cable

all right so there's one backbone cable
and<00:09:23.100> multiple<00:09:23.519> switches<00:09:23.940> are<00:09:24.180> connected<00:09:24.540> to

and multiple switches are connected to

and multiple switches are connected to
that<00:09:24.959> cable

that cable

that cable
which<00:09:27.000> allow<00:09:27.420> devices<00:09:28.080> to<00:09:28.680> connect<00:09:28.860> to<00:09:29.160> it

which allow devices to connect to it

which allow devices to connect to it
there's<00:09:30.899> also<00:09:31.080> something<00:09:31.260> called<00:09:31.500> a

there's also something called a

there's also something called a
hierarchical<00:09:32.220> or<00:09:32.580> distributed<00:09:33.360> uh

hierarchical or distributed uh

hierarchical or distributed uh
um<00:09:35.640> backbone<00:09:36.420> which<00:09:36.839> like<00:09:37.080> a<00:09:37.320> family<00:09:37.500> tree<00:09:37.860> it

um backbone which like a family tree it

um backbone which like a family tree it
has<00:09:38.519> more<00:09:38.700> of<00:09:38.820> a<00:09:38.940> family<00:09:39.120> tree<00:09:39.480> layout<00:09:39.899> if<00:09:40.140> you

has more of a family tree layout if you

has more of a family tree layout if you
can<00:09:40.440> imagine<00:09:40.560> right

okay and this backbone is in this case

okay and this backbone is in this case
it's<00:09:50.820> much<00:09:51.060> easier<00:09:51.420> to<00:09:51.660> manage<00:09:51.959> typical<00:09:52.500> for

it's much easier to manage typical for

it's much easier to manage typical for
what<00:09:52.920> we'll<00:09:53.100> call<00:09:53.339> local<00:09:54.240> area<00:09:54.540> networks<00:09:55.019> or

what we'll call local area networks or

what we'll call local area networks or
lands<00:09:56.279> it's<00:09:56.760> much<00:09:57.060> more<00:09:57.300> easily<00:09:57.720> scalable<00:09:58.200> as

lands it's much more easily scalable as

lands it's much more easily scalable as
you<00:09:58.680> can<00:09:58.800> see<00:09:58.920> because<00:09:59.160> I<00:09:59.399> can<00:09:59.519> update<00:09:59.880> one

you can see because I can update one

you can see because I can update one
part<00:10:00.540> a<00:10:00.899> lot<00:10:00.959> faster<00:10:01.320> and<00:10:02.220> in<00:10:02.459> this<00:10:02.580> case<00:10:02.820> the

part a lot faster and in this case the

part a lot faster and in this case the
backbone<00:10:03.779> is<00:10:03.959> responsible<00:10:04.560> for<00:10:04.860> the<00:10:05.100> traffic

backbone is responsible for the traffic

backbone is responsible for the traffic
of<00:10:05.700> the<00:10:05.880> nodes<00:10:06.060> on<00:10:06.420> each<00:10:06.720> branch<00:10:07.380> so<00:10:07.860> we<00:10:07.980> have

of the nodes on each branch so we have

of the nodes on each branch so we have
different<00:10:08.279> branches<00:10:08.940> and<00:10:09.240> on<00:10:09.480> each<00:10:09.779> branch

different branches and on each branch

different branches and on each branch
the<00:10:10.560> backbone<00:10:10.920> is<00:10:11.100> responsible<00:10:11.519> for<00:10:11.820> that<00:10:11.940> and

the backbone is responsible for that and

the backbone is responsible for that and
that's<00:10:12.660> how<00:10:12.839> it<00:10:12.959> gets<00:10:13.200> a<00:10:13.260> little<00:10:13.320> easier<00:10:13.680> now<00:10:14.459> A

that's how it gets a little easier now A

that's how it gets a little easier now A
collapsed<00:10:15.360> uh<00:10:16.320> backbone<00:10:16.920> uses<00:10:17.399> a<00:10:17.700> router<00:10:18.000> as

collapsed uh backbone uses a router as

collapsed uh backbone uses a router as
the<00:10:18.300> Connecting<00:10:18.720> Point<00:10:18.959> all<00:10:19.680> right<00:10:19.860> and<00:10:20.160> we'll

the Connecting Point all right and we'll

the Connecting Point all right and we'll
talk<00:10:20.519> more<00:10:20.760> about<00:10:20.940> how<00:10:21.240> that<00:10:21.420> works<00:10:21.779> a<00:10:21.899> little

talk more about how that works a little

talk more about how that works a little
bit<00:10:22.200> later<00:10:22.380> and<00:10:22.980> what<00:10:23.160> exactly<00:10:23.519> a<00:10:23.700> router<00:10:24.120> does

bit later and what exactly a router does

bit later and what exactly a router does
and<00:10:24.600> how<00:10:24.839> that's<00:10:25.019> different<00:10:25.339> from<00:10:26.339> a<00:10:26.700> switch

and how that's different from a switch

and how that's different from a switch
and<00:10:27.480> that's<00:10:27.660> a<00:10:27.899> pretty<00:10:28.019> major<00:10:28.320> point

and that's a pretty major point

and that's a pretty major point
finally<00:10:30.420> we<00:10:30.720> see<00:10:30.839> something<00:10:31.080> called<00:10:31.380> parallel

finally we see something called parallel

finally we see something called parallel
which<00:10:32.519> is<00:10:32.640> just<00:10:32.880> like<00:10:33.060> a<00:10:33.360> collapsed<00:10:33.920> uh

which is just like a collapsed uh

which is just like a collapsed uh
backbone<00:10:35.519> except<00:10:35.940> it<00:10:36.060> has<00:10:36.300> multiple<00:10:36.720> cable

backbone except it has multiple cable

backbone except it has multiple cable
connections<00:10:37.920> and<00:10:38.399> that's<00:10:38.519> because<00:10:38.820> that

connections and that's because that

connections and that's because that
allows<00:10:39.660> for<00:10:39.959> more<00:10:40.200> redundancy<00:10:40.860> remember<00:10:41.160> if

allows for more redundancy remember if

allows for more redundancy remember if
you<00:10:41.640> took<00:10:41.820> the<00:10:41.940> A<00:10:42.060> Plus<00:10:42.240> Class<00:10:42.540> we<00:10:42.839> talked

you took the A Plus Class we talked

you took the A Plus Class we talked
about<00:10:43.399> redundancy<00:10:44.399> and<00:10:44.640> how<00:10:44.820> we<00:10:45.060> want<00:10:45.240> to<00:10:45.360> make

about redundancy and how we want to make

about redundancy and how we want to make
sure<00:10:45.779> uh<00:10:46.380> that<00:10:46.560> we<00:10:46.740> don't<00:10:46.800> have<00:10:46.920> what<00:10:47.220> are

sure uh that we don't have what are

sure uh that we don't have what are
called<00:10:47.459> single<00:10:47.940> points<00:10:48.360> of<00:10:48.420> failures<00:10:48.839> so

called single points of failures so

called single points of failures so
there's<00:10:49.980> more<00:10:50.279> than<00:10:50.399> one<00:10:50.640> cable<00:10:50.880> connection

there's more than one cable connection

there's more than one cable connection
which<00:10:51.540> not<00:10:51.779> only<00:10:51.899> is<00:10:52.079> great<00:10:52.260> for<00:10:52.380> redundancy

which not only is great for redundancy

which not only is great for redundancy
it<00:10:53.100> also<00:10:53.339> allows<00:10:53.700> for<00:10:54.240> what's<00:10:54.480> what<00:10:54.660> we<00:10:54.779> call

it also allows for what's what we call

it also allows for what's what we call
load<00:10:55.500> balancing<00:10:55.980> and<00:10:56.880> also<00:10:57.180> a<00:10:57.360> faster

load balancing and also a faster

load balancing and also a faster
throughput<00:10:58.079> because<00:10:58.500> the<00:10:59.100> computer<00:10:59.399> can

throughput because the computer can

throughput because the computer can
decide<00:11:00.120> which<00:11:00.720> of<00:11:01.500> the<00:11:01.680> cable<00:11:01.860> connections<00:11:02.519> to

decide which of the cable connections to

decide which of the cable connections to
use<00:11:02.880> all<00:11:03.480> right<00:11:03.660> so<00:11:04.019> these<00:11:04.260> are<00:11:04.320> again<00:11:04.440> we<00:11:04.740> have

use all right so these are again we have

use all right so these are again we have
serial<00:11:05.279> hierarchical<00:11:05.940> or<00:11:06.180> distributed

serial hierarchical or distributed

serial hierarchical or distributed
collapsed<00:11:07.500> in<00:11:07.620> parallel<00:11:08.300> as<00:11:09.300> we<00:11:09.600> talk<00:11:09.839> more

collapsed in parallel as we talk more

collapsed in parallel as we talk more
about<00:11:10.440> networks<00:11:11.160> these<00:11:11.820> differences<00:11:12.300> will

about networks these differences will

about networks these differences will
become<00:11:12.839> clearer<00:11:13.380> but<00:11:13.680> I<00:11:13.860> just<00:11:13.920> wanted<00:11:14.100> to

become clearer but I just wanted to

become clearer but I just wanted to
cover<00:11:14.459> them<00:11:14.760> now<00:11:15.000> and<00:11:15.600> you<00:11:15.720> won't<00:11:15.839> probably

cover them now and you won't probably

cover them now and you won't probably
see<00:11:16.440> these<00:11:16.800> specifically<00:11:17.399> on<00:11:17.880> the<00:11:18.240> exam<00:11:18.740> in

see these specifically on the exam in

see these specifically on the exam in
this<00:11:19.920> format<00:11:20.220> you'll<00:11:20.459> see<00:11:20.579> them<00:11:20.700> in<00:11:20.820> other

this format you'll see them in other

this format you'll see them in other
formats<00:11:21.540> and<00:11:21.839> but<00:11:22.200> I<00:11:22.320> want<00:11:22.440> to<00:11:22.560> lay<00:11:22.680> the

formats and but I want to lay the

formats and but I want to lay the
framework<00:11:23.279> for<00:11:23.519> what<00:11:23.700> we're<00:11:23.820> going<00:11:23.940> to<00:11:24.060> be

framework for what we're going to be

framework for what we're going to be
talking<00:11:24.360> about

all right now a terminal

all right now a terminal
terminal<00:11:30.300> is<00:11:30.720> a<00:11:31.140> network<00:11:31.440> Hardware<00:11:31.980> device

terminal is a network Hardware device

terminal is a network Hardware device
that's<00:11:33.540> used<00:11:33.899> for<00:11:34.260> entering<00:11:34.680> date<00:11:35.040> data<00:11:35.700> into

that's used for entering date data into

that's used for entering date data into
it<00:11:36.420> and<00:11:37.200> displaying<00:11:37.680> data<00:11:38.100> from<00:11:38.339> another

it and displaying data from another

it and displaying data from another
computer<00:11:39.300> Computing<00:11:40.079> system

computer Computing system

computer Computing system
it's<00:11:41.459> commonly<00:11:41.820> called<00:11:42.120> a<00:11:42.540> dummy<00:11:42.899> computer

it's commonly called a dummy computer

it's commonly called a dummy computer
because<00:11:43.380> it<00:11:43.500> doesn't<00:11:43.680> have<00:11:43.920> any<00:11:44.220> processing

because it doesn't have any processing

because it doesn't have any processing
capabilities<00:11:45.420> of<00:11:45.839> its<00:11:46.140> own<00:11:46.220> it<00:11:47.220> also<00:11:47.399> doesn't

capabilities of its own it also doesn't

capabilities of its own it also doesn't
have<00:11:47.760> much<00:11:47.940> memory<00:11:48.480> or<00:11:49.200> anything<00:11:49.440> else<00:11:49.800> okay

have much memory or anything else okay

have much memory or anything else okay
so<00:11:50.399> it<00:11:50.579> is<00:11:50.760> literally

so it is literally

so it is literally
this<00:11:52.440> is<00:11:52.560> a<00:11:52.680> dummy<00:11:53.040> it's<00:11:53.640> basically<00:11:54.120> a<00:11:54.839> screen

this is a dummy it's basically a screen

this is a dummy it's basically a screen
with<00:11:56.459> a<00:11:56.880> keyboard<00:11:57.660> a<00:11:58.260> mouse<00:11:58.380> some<00:11:58.680> sort<00:11:58.920> of

with a keyboard a mouse some sort of

with a keyboard a mouse some sort of
input<00:11:59.399> tool<00:11:59.820> right<00:11:59.940> and<00:12:00.480> what<00:12:00.660> it's<00:12:00.779> doing<00:12:01.019> is

input tool right and what it's doing is

input tool right and what it's doing is
simply<00:12:01.680> displaying<00:12:02.459> information<00:12:03.680> on<00:12:04.680> a

simply displaying information on a

simply displaying information on a
bigger<00:12:05.100> better

bigger better

bigger better
server<00:12:07.200> computer<00:12:07.440> someplace<00:12:08.220> else

server computer someplace else

server computer someplace else
all<00:12:10.260> right

we also need something called a terminal

we also need something called a terminal
emulator<00:12:16.700> placed<00:12:17.700> onto<00:12:18.060> this<00:12:18.240> computer<00:12:18.480> so

emulator placed onto this computer so

emulator placed onto this computer so
that<00:12:19.380> it<00:12:19.560> can<00:12:19.740> emulate<00:12:20.279> what's<00:12:20.579> going<00:12:20.820> on<00:12:20.940> on

that it can emulate what's going on on

that it can emulate what's going on on
the<00:12:21.300> server<00:12:21.600> and<00:12:21.779> communicate<00:12:22.200> with<00:12:22.380> it<00:12:22.560> since

the server and communicate with it since

the server and communicate with it since
it<00:12:22.980> doesn't<00:12:23.160> have<00:12:23.399> processing<00:12:24.060> capabilities

it doesn't have processing capabilities

it doesn't have processing capabilities
or<00:12:24.959> memory<00:12:25.260> of<00:12:25.380> its<00:12:25.620> own<00:12:26.220> now<00:12:26.640> this<00:12:26.760> is

or memory of its own now this is

or memory of its own now this is
different<00:12:27.120> from<00:12:27.540> what's<00:12:27.779> called<00:12:28.079> a<00:12:28.680> client

different from what's called a client

different from what's called a client
a<00:12:30.600> client<00:12:30.839> has<00:12:31.200> its<00:12:31.560> own<00:12:31.620> processor<00:12:32.339> and

a client has its own processor and

a client has its own processor and
memory<00:12:33.420> of<00:12:33.600> its<00:12:33.899> own<00:12:34.160> but<00:12:35.160> it<00:12:35.640> accesses

memory of its own but it accesses

memory of its own but it accesses
network<00:12:36.660> resources<00:12:37.620> on<00:12:38.399> other<00:12:38.640> nodes<00:12:39.000> other

network resources on other nodes other

network resources on other nodes other
servers<00:12:39.959> and<00:12:40.140> other<00:12:40.320> clients

servers and other clients

servers and other clients
all<00:12:41.820> right<00:12:41.940> so<00:12:42.600> it<00:12:43.019> is<00:12:43.680> um<00:12:43.740> rather<00:12:44.040> than<00:12:44.220> a

all right so it is um rather than a

all right so it is um rather than a
server<00:12:45.060> which<00:12:45.540> serves<00:12:46.019> up<00:12:46.320> information<00:12:46.820> the

server which serves up information the

server which serves up information the
client<00:12:48.120> takes<00:12:48.660> the<00:12:48.899> information<00:12:49.079> and<00:12:49.560> uses<00:12:49.860> it

client takes the information and uses it

client takes the information and uses it
now<00:12:52.139> appear

now appear

now appear
is<00:12:54.120> a<00:12:54.300> network<00:12:54.420> computer<00:12:54.779> that<00:12:55.260> provides<00:12:55.740> its

is a network computer that provides its

is a network computer that provides its
own<00:12:56.279> resources<00:12:57.000> and<00:12:57.480> services<00:12:57.720> and<00:12:58.680> computes

own resources and services and computes

own resources and services and computes
on<00:12:59.399> its<00:12:59.639> own<00:12:59.700> the<00:13:00.660> best<00:13:00.779> thing<00:13:00.959> about<00:13:01.200> appear

on its own the best thing about appear

on its own the best thing about appear
is<00:13:02.040> that<00:13:02.220> it<00:13:02.339> can<00:13:02.519> act<00:13:02.839> it<00:13:03.839> is<00:13:04.019> self-managed

is that it can act it is self-managed

is that it can act it is self-managed
self-contained<00:13:05.519> and<00:13:06.240> it<00:13:06.720> is<00:13:06.839> both<00:13:07.079> a<00:13:07.440> server

self-contained and it is both a server

self-contained and it is both a server
and<00:13:09.540> a<00:13:09.720> client

and a client

and a client
okay

so you can see how this works this

so you can see how this works this
cloth<00:13:18.720> this<00:13:18.959> peer<00:13:19.260> computer<00:13:19.880> serves

cloth this peer computer serves

cloth this peer computer serves
information<00:13:21.120> to<00:13:21.839> this<00:13:22.139> peer<00:13:22.740> computer<00:13:22.920> as<00:13:23.220> a

information to this peer computer as a

information to this peer computer as a
client<00:13:23.660> this<00:13:24.660> computer<00:13:25.260> can<00:13:26.040> serve

client this computer can serve

client this computer can serve
information<00:13:26.579> to<00:13:26.940> this<00:13:27.120> one<00:13:27.240> as<00:13:27.420> a<00:13:27.540> client<00:13:27.720> so

information to this one as a client so

information to this one as a client so
this<00:13:28.680> is<00:13:28.800> what<00:13:28.920> we<00:13:29.040> call<00:13:29.240> peer-to-peer

this is what we call peer-to-peer

this is what we call peer-to-peer
networking<00:13:31.079> it<00:13:31.860> manages<00:13:32.160> its<00:13:32.579> own<00:13:32.639> set<00:13:32.880> of

networking it manages its own set of

networking it manages its own set of
local<00:13:33.240> policies<00:13:33.839> it<00:13:34.139> has<00:13:34.260> its<00:13:34.560> own<00:13:34.620> set<00:13:34.860> of

local policies it has its own set of

local policies it has its own set of
users<00:13:35.459> it<00:13:36.360> is<00:13:36.480> completely<00:13:36.839> self-contained

users it is completely self-contained

users it is completely self-contained
and<00:13:37.800> does<00:13:38.100> not<00:13:38.339> need<00:13:38.760> a<00:13:39.240> server<00:13:39.540> to<00:13:39.720> operate

and does not need a server to operate

and does not need a server to operate
unlike<00:13:40.500> a<00:13:40.680> client<00:13:41.040> which<00:13:41.519> does

all right

all right
so

so

so
just<00:13:47.700> to<00:13:47.880> recap<00:13:48.180> what<00:13:48.360> we've<00:13:48.540> talked<00:13:48.839> about<00:13:48.899> we

just to recap what we've talked about we

just to recap what we've talked about we
were<00:13:49.980> we<00:13:50.279> we<00:13:50.399> defined<00:13:51.120> what<00:13:51.480> a<00:13:51.660> network<00:13:51.779> is<00:13:52.139> and

were we we defined what a network is and

were we we defined what a network is and
how<00:13:52.800> that's<00:13:52.920> different<00:13:53.160> slightly<00:13:53.700> from<00:13:54.000> a

how that's different slightly from a

how that's different slightly from a
computer<00:13:54.959> network<00:13:55.380> which<00:13:55.800> is<00:13:55.920> really<00:13:56.160> what

computer network which is really what

computer network which is really what
the<00:13:56.639> network<00:13:56.700> plus<00:13:57.000> exam<00:13:57.420> covers

the network plus exam covers

the network plus exam covers
we<00:13:59.040> describe<00:13:59.399> the<00:13:59.519> components<00:14:00.240> of<00:14:00.660> the

we describe the components of the

we describe the components of the
network

network

network
uh<00:14:03.540> the<00:14:03.839> adapter

uh the adapter

uh the adapter
the<00:14:05.579> network<00:14:05.760> operating<00:14:06.240> system<00:14:06.660> the<00:14:07.620> devices

the network operating system the devices

the network operating system the devices
the<00:14:08.880> media<00:14:09.240> let's<00:14:09.600> go<00:14:09.779> ahead<00:14:09.839> and<00:14:10.019> write<00:14:10.200> those

the media let's go ahead and write those

the media let's go ahead and write those
we<00:14:10.680> had<00:14:10.800> media

we had media

we had media
right<00:14:12.540> which<00:14:12.959> allowed<00:14:13.320> the<00:14:13.500> devices<00:14:13.740> to

right which allowed the devices to

right which allowed the devices to
communicate

communicated and managed by an operating

communicated and managed by an operating
system<00:14:29.519> we<00:14:30.480> also<00:14:30.720> defined<00:14:31.079> a<00:14:31.260> node<00:14:31.500> and<00:14:31.680> server

system we also defined a node and server

system we also defined a node and server
right<00:14:32.760> the<00:14:33.120> node<00:14:33.420> is<00:14:34.019> really<00:14:34.260> any

right the node is really any

right the node is really any
um

um

um
sort<00:14:37.320> of<00:14:37.440> device<00:14:37.800> that's<00:14:38.100> on<00:14:38.279> we<00:14:38.700> have<00:14:38.820> the<00:14:39.180> end

sort of device that's on we have the end

sort of device that's on we have the end
point

and we also

and we also
have<00:14:45.240> a<00:14:45.420> redistribution

we Define and describe the network

we Define and describe the network
backbone<00:14:54.000> remember<00:14:54.540> which<00:14:54.959> is<00:14:55.199> really<00:14:55.920> fast

and the different variations of it which

and the different variations of it which
if<00:15:04.139> you<00:15:04.260> recall<00:15:04.680> included<00:15:05.519> cereal<00:15:06.180> which<00:15:06.360> is

if you recall included cereal which is

if you recall included cereal which is
one<00:15:06.660> after<00:15:06.839> the<00:15:07.139> other

one after the other

one after the other
hierarchical

then we looked at collapsed

then we looked at collapsed
and<00:15:24.000> a<00:15:24.180> more<00:15:24.300> redundant<00:15:24.660> form

and a more redundant form

and a more redundant form
parallel

parallel

parallel
finally<00:15:28.380> we<00:15:28.560> defined<00:15:29.040> terminal<00:15:29.699> client<00:15:30.120> and

finally we defined terminal client and

finally we defined terminal client and
appear<00:15:30.779> remember<00:15:31.260> the<00:15:31.620> terminal<00:15:31.980> is<00:15:32.459> a<00:15:32.760> dummy

appear remember the terminal is a dummy

appear remember the terminal is a dummy
client<00:15:34.560> accesses<00:15:35.279> resources

on other computers

on other computers
and<00:15:41.100> appear<00:15:41.459> both<00:15:42.240> serves

all right so now that we've covered some

all right so now that we've covered some
of<00:15:50.579> this<00:15:50.699> basic<00:15:51.060> terminology<00:15:51.540> let's<00:15:52.260> continue

of this basic terminology let's continue

of this basic terminology let's continue
on<00:15:52.980> talking<00:15:53.279> about<00:15:53.579> the<00:15:54.000> fundamentals<00:15:54.540> of<00:15:54.660> a

on talking about the fundamentals of a

on talking about the fundamentals of a
network<00:15:54.959> And<00:15:55.800> discussing<00:15:56.399> more<00:15:56.760> of<00:15:57.180> what<00:15:57.779> we

network And discussing more of what we

network And discussing more of what we
need<00:15:58.079> to<00:15:58.199> know<00:15:58.320> in<00:15:58.620> order<00:15:58.740> to<00:15:58.920> get<00:15:59.040> into<00:15:59.220> the

need to know in order to get into the

need to know in order to get into the
majority<00:15:59.880> of<00:16:00.180> this<00:16:00.540> uh<00:16:00.959> information<00:16:01.380> on<00:16:01.800> the

majority of this uh information on the

majority of this uh information on the
network<00:16:01.980> plus<00:16:02.279> exam

[Music]

[Music]
thank<00:16:16.139> you

Network fundamentals Network categories

Network fundamentals Network categories
and<00:16:30.600> models

and models

and models
having<00:16:32.339> discussed<00:16:33.000> some<00:16:33.240> of<00:16:33.360> the<00:16:33.540> basic

having discussed some of the basic

having discussed some of the basic
components<00:16:34.260> of<00:16:34.380> a<00:16:34.500> network<00:16:34.680> and<00:16:35.519> having

components of a network and having

components of a network and having
established<00:16:36.540> sort<00:16:36.779> of<00:16:36.899> a<00:16:37.019> baseline<00:16:37.500> of<00:16:37.680> some

established sort of a baseline of some

established sort of a baseline of some
terminology<00:16:38.399> that<00:16:38.699> we<00:16:38.880> all<00:16:38.940> need<00:16:39.120> to<00:16:39.180> be

terminology that we all need to be

terminology that we all need to be
familiar<00:16:39.600> with<00:16:39.839> I<00:16:40.500> now<00:16:40.620> want<00:16:40.920> to<00:16:41.100> talk<00:16:41.220> about

familiar with I now want to talk about

familiar with I now want to talk about
the<00:16:41.699> different<00:16:41.880> categories<00:16:42.839> of<00:16:43.259> networks<00:16:43.860> and

the different categories of networks and

the different categories of networks and
as<00:16:44.699> we<00:16:44.880> begin<00:16:45.000> to<00:16:45.300> understand<00:16:45.480> the

as we begin to understand the

as we begin to understand the
differences<00:16:46.440> between<00:16:46.860> these<00:16:47.279> categories

differences between these categories

differences between these categories
we're<00:16:48.300> also<00:16:48.540> going<00:16:48.600> to<00:16:48.660> look<00:16:48.779> at<00:16:49.019> some<00:16:49.199> of<00:16:49.320> the

we're also going to look at some of the

we're also going to look at some of the
basic<00:16:49.860> models<00:16:50.579> that<00:16:51.240> networks<00:16:51.660> are<00:16:51.779> placed

basic models that networks are placed

basic models that networks are placed
into<00:16:52.380> depending<00:16:53.220> on<00:16:53.399> different

into depending on different

into depending on different
configurations<00:16:54.420> and<00:16:54.839> layouts

configurations and layouts

configurations and layouts
so<00:16:56.639> our<00:16:57.000> objectives<00:16:57.420> in<00:16:57.720> this<00:16:57.959> module<00:16:58.440> are

so our objectives in this module are

so our objectives in this module are
first<00:16:59.639> to<00:17:00.000> describe<00:17:00.480> the<00:17:00.959> characteristics<00:17:01.680> of

first to describe the characteristics of

first to describe the characteristics of
a<00:17:02.160> lan<00:17:02.519> or<00:17:03.180> what's<00:17:03.480> called<00:17:03.779> a<00:17:04.439> local

a lan or what's called a local

a lan or what's called a local
area<00:17:07.199> network<00:17:08.120> now<00:17:09.120> this<00:17:09.299> is<00:17:09.419> different<00:17:09.660> from

area network now this is different from

area network now this is different from
a<00:17:10.559> Wan<00:17:10.919> or<00:17:11.339> a<00:17:11.600> wide<00:17:12.600> area<00:17:12.900> network<00:17:13.319> you're

a Wan or a wide area network you're

a Wan or a wide area network you're
going<00:17:13.919> to<00:17:13.980> need<00:17:14.100> to<00:17:14.160> be<00:17:14.220> familiar<00:17:14.520> with<00:17:14.640> both

going to need to be familiar with both

going to need to be familiar with both
of<00:17:15.059> these<00:17:15.240> terms<00:17:15.540> and<00:17:15.720> actually<00:17:15.839> we're<00:17:16.140> going

of these terms and actually we're going

of these terms and actually we're going
to<00:17:16.380> see<00:17:16.620> a<00:17:17.160> few<00:17:17.339> different<00:17:17.579> types<00:17:18.240> of<00:17:18.419> lands

to see a few different types of lands

to see a few different types of lands
including<00:17:20.220> uh<00:17:21.000> man's

including uh man's

including uh man's
pans

cans

cans
and<00:17:29.700> uh<00:17:30.000> none<00:17:30.360> of<00:17:30.480> these<00:17:30.720> are<00:17:31.020> what<00:17:31.440> you<00:17:31.559> think

and uh none of these are what you think

and uh none of these are what you think
these<00:17:31.980> are<00:17:32.100> all<00:17:32.220> acronyms<00:17:33.000> so<00:17:33.299> a<00:17:33.480> man<00:17:33.660> is<00:17:33.900> a

these are all acronyms so a man is a

these are all acronyms so a man is a
metropolitan<00:17:34.799> or<00:17:35.280> a<00:17:35.400> municipal<00:17:35.820> area<00:17:36.059> network

metropolitan or a municipal area network

metropolitan or a municipal area network
uh<00:17:37.380> pan<00:17:37.740> is<00:17:37.980> a<00:17:38.160> personal<00:17:38.280> area<00:17:38.580> network<00:17:38.880> can

uh pan is a personal area network can

uh pan is a personal area network can
campus<00:17:39.840> area<00:17:40.020> network<00:17:40.620> etc<00:17:40.980> etc<00:17:41.160> and<00:17:41.700> as<00:17:41.820> you

campus area network etc etc and as you

campus area network etc etc and as you
can<00:17:42.059> see<00:17:42.179> from<00:17:42.539> the<00:17:42.720> name<00:17:42.900> these<00:17:43.440> these<00:17:43.799> terms

can see from the name these these terms

can see from the name these these terms
are<00:17:44.400> really

are really

are really
um<00:17:45.780> amorphous<00:17:46.620> so<00:17:47.160> it<00:17:47.820> really<00:17:48.000> depends<00:17:48.360> on

um amorphous so it really depends on

um amorphous so it really depends on
some<00:17:48.780> subjective<00:17:49.500> uh<00:17:50.400> opinions<00:17:50.820> as<00:17:51.059> to<00:17:51.240> what

some subjective uh opinions as to what

some subjective uh opinions as to what
these

these

these
types<00:17:53.220> of<00:17:53.700> networks<00:17:54.240> really<00:17:54.480> described<00:17:54.900> but

types of networks really described but

types of networks really described but
anyway<00:17:55.260> we're<00:17:55.500> going<00:17:55.679> to<00:17:55.740> cover<00:17:55.919> all<00:17:56.340> of<00:17:56.460> those

anyway we're going to cover all of those

anyway we're going to cover all of those
so<00:17:56.880> you'll<00:17:57.059> be<00:17:57.179> prepared<00:17:57.480> for<00:17:57.660> them<00:17:57.780> if<00:17:57.960> if<00:17:58.140> and

so you'll be prepared for them if if and

so you'll be prepared for them if if and
when<00:17:58.500> you<00:17:58.620> see<00:17:58.799> them<00:17:58.980> out<00:17:59.160> in<00:17:59.280> the<00:17:59.340> field<00:17:59.460> or<00:17:59.640> on

when you see them out in the field or on

when you see them out in the field or on
the<00:18:00.000> test<00:18:00.179> we're<00:18:00.900> also<00:18:01.140> going<00:18:01.200> to<00:18:01.260> define<00:18:01.440> the

the test we're also going to define the

the test we're also going to define the
difference<00:18:01.799> between<00:18:01.980> the<00:18:02.340> internet

difference between the internet

difference between the internet
something<00:18:03.179> that<00:18:03.360> I'm<00:18:03.480> sure<00:18:03.600> you<00:18:03.780> all<00:18:04.020> have

something that I'm sure you all have

something that I'm sure you all have
heard<00:18:04.440> of<00:18:04.620> and<00:18:05.160> then<00:18:05.280> two<00:18:05.520> other<00:18:05.700> terms<00:18:06.120> the

heard of and then two other terms the

heard of and then two other terms the
intranet<00:18:07.320> and<00:18:07.919> the<00:18:08.160> extranat<00:18:08.940> which<00:18:09.780> are<00:18:10.080> more

intranet and the extranat which are more

intranet and the extranat which are more
uh<00:18:10.860> specific<00:18:11.280> towards<00:18:12.260> organizations<00:18:13.260> and

uh specific towards organizations and

uh specific towards organizations and
sort<00:18:14.340> of<00:18:14.520> uh<00:18:14.880> uh<00:18:15.539> using<00:18:16.380> internet

sort of uh uh using internet

sort of uh uh using internet
Technologies<00:18:17.760> uh<00:18:18.539> for<00:18:18.840> a<00:18:19.020> specific

Technologies uh for a specific

Technologies uh for a specific
organization<00:18:19.919> we're<00:18:20.640> then<00:18:20.820> going<00:18:21.059> to<00:18:21.120> look<00:18:21.299> at

organization we're then going to look at

organization we're then going to look at
uh<00:18:22.380> the<00:18:22.740> way<00:18:22.860> networks<00:18:23.520> basically<00:18:24.419> are

uh the way networks basically are

uh the way networks basically are
organized<00:18:25.260> we're<00:18:25.620> going<00:18:25.740> to<00:18:25.860> look<00:18:25.919> at

organized we're going to look at

organized we're going to look at
something<00:18:26.280> called<00:18:26.640> a<00:18:27.059> centralized<00:18:27.720> Network

something called a centralized Network

something called a centralized Network
which<00:18:28.860> if<00:18:29.100> you<00:18:29.220> recall<00:18:29.580> from<00:18:29.820> the<00:18:30.059> previous<00:18:30.260> uh

which if you recall from the previous uh

which if you recall from the previous uh
video<00:18:31.500> is<00:18:31.799> going<00:18:32.039> to<00:18:32.160> involve<00:18:32.640> a<00:18:33.059> terminal<00:18:33.419> and

video is going to involve a terminal and

video is going to involve a terminal and
a<00:18:36.000> Mainframe<00:18:36.600> and<00:18:37.080> then<00:18:37.200> we're<00:18:37.380> going<00:18:37.500> to<00:18:37.620> look

a Mainframe and then we're going to look

a Mainframe and then we're going to look
at<00:18:37.980> a<00:18:38.220> client<00:18:38.520> server<00:18:39.120> Network<00:18:39.299> which<00:18:39.960> sort<00:18:40.260> of

at a client server Network which sort of

at a client server Network which sort of
takes<00:18:40.620> the<00:18:40.860> pressure<00:18:41.100> off<00:18:41.520> of<00:18:41.700> that<00:18:41.940> Central

takes the pressure off of that Central

takes the pressure off of that Central
Mainframe<00:18:43.500> and<00:18:43.919> puts<00:18:44.160> it<00:18:44.220> onto<00:18:44.580> a<00:18:44.820> server<00:18:45.600> with

Mainframe and puts it onto a server with

Mainframe and puts it onto a server with
a<00:18:46.380> client<00:18:46.740> and<00:18:47.400> then<00:18:47.520> finally<00:18:47.760> we're<00:18:47.940> going<00:18:48.059> to

a client and then finally we're going to

a client and then finally we're going to
look<00:18:48.299> at<00:18:48.419> what<00:18:48.720> a<00:18:48.900> peer-to-peer<00:18:49.500> network<00:18:49.620> is

look at what a peer-to-peer network is

look at what a peer-to-peer network is
and<00:18:50.580> again<00:18:50.760> that<00:18:51.240> is<00:18:51.360> like<00:18:51.600> where<00:18:51.840> we<00:18:52.020> have<00:18:52.200> all

and again that is like where we have all

and again that is like where we have all
clients<00:18:53.039> no<00:18:53.340> servers<00:18:53.880> so<00:18:54.299> we're<00:18:54.419> really

clients no servers so we're really

clients no servers so we're really
looking<00:18:54.840> at<00:18:55.140> a<00:18:55.320> descending<00:18:55.799> order<00:18:56.100> of

looking at a descending order of

looking at a descending order of
centralization<00:18:57.539> but<00:18:58.140> at<00:18:58.320> the<00:18:58.440> same<00:18:58.620> time

centralization but at the same time

centralization but at the same time
we're<00:18:59.160> putting<00:18:59.520> more<00:18:59.940> power<00:19:00.480> and<00:19:00.720> resources

we're putting more power and resources

we're putting more power and resources
into<00:19:01.500> the<00:19:01.799> individual<00:19:02.220> computer<00:19:02.840> finally

into the individual computer finally

into the individual computer finally
because<00:19:04.559> nothing<00:19:04.980> is<00:19:05.220> as<00:19:05.400> simple<00:19:05.580> as<00:19:05.760> it<00:19:05.940> seems

because nothing is as simple as it seems

because nothing is as simple as it seems
we're<00:19:06.419> going<00:19:06.539> to<00:19:06.780> look<00:19:07.140> at<00:19:07.320> what's<00:19:07.620> called<00:19:07.919> a

we're going to look at what's called a

we're going to look at what's called a
mixed<00:19:08.580> mode<00:19:08.760> Network<00:19:09.120> which<00:19:09.720> is<00:19:09.840> a

mixed mode Network which is a

mixed mode Network which is a
combination<00:19:10.500> of<00:19:10.799> sort<00:19:11.039> of<00:19:11.160> all<00:19:11.700> of<00:19:11.820> these<00:19:12.179> and

combination of sort of all of these and

combination of sort of all of these and
that'll<00:19:13.260> help<00:19:13.559> us<00:19:13.860> as<00:19:14.760> we<00:19:14.940> go<00:19:15.120> forward

that'll help us as we go forward

that'll help us as we go forward
understand<00:19:16.220> how<00:19:17.220> an<00:19:17.520> administrator<00:19:18.059> of<00:19:18.360> a

understand how an administrator of a

understand how an administrator of a
network<00:19:18.600> something<00:19:18.900> we'll<00:19:19.260> also<00:19:19.559> talk<00:19:19.740> about

network something we'll also talk about

network something we'll also talk about
uh<00:19:21.840> deals<00:19:22.500> with<00:19:22.740> these<00:19:22.980> different<00:19:23.220> types<00:19:23.760> of

uh deals with these different types of

uh deals with these different types of
needs<00:19:24.360> on<00:19:25.140> their<00:19:25.620> entire<00:19:25.919> network

needs on their entire network

needs on their entire network
so<00:19:28.140> let's<00:19:28.500> first<00:19:28.679> start<00:19:28.980> talking<00:19:29.340> about<00:19:29.700> a

so let's first start talking about a

so let's first start talking about a
local<00:19:30.299> area<00:19:30.660> network<00:19:31.200> a<00:19:32.160> lan<00:19:32.580> or<00:19:32.760> a<00:19:32.880> local<00:19:33.059> area

local area network a lan or a local area

local area network a lan or a local area
network<00:19:33.660> is<00:19:34.140> a<00:19:34.320> network<00:19:34.620> that<00:19:35.160> spans<00:19:35.760> a<00:19:36.299> small

network is a network that spans a small

network is a network that spans a small
area<00:19:37.160> typically<00:19:38.160> either<00:19:38.700> a<00:19:39.059> building<00:19:39.360> like

area typically either a building like

area typically either a building like
your<00:19:40.200> home<00:19:40.440> or<00:19:40.860> office<00:19:41.299> or<00:19:42.299> a<00:19:42.419> floor<00:19:42.600> of<00:19:42.840> a<00:19:43.020> much

your home or office or a floor of a much

your home or office or a floor of a much
larger<00:19:43.620> building<00:19:44.000> you<00:19:45.000> might<00:19:45.240> find<00:19:45.720> this<00:19:46.020> in

larger building you might find this in

larger building you might find this in
like<00:19:46.440> a<00:19:47.039> skyscraper<00:19:47.940> so<00:19:48.480> take<00:19:48.720> the<00:19:48.900> Empire

like a skyscraper so take the Empire

like a skyscraper so take the Empire
State<00:19:49.740> Building<00:19:50.100> for<00:19:50.640> instance<00:19:50.940> which<00:19:51.299> is<00:19:51.419> one

State Building for instance which is one

State Building for instance which is one
of<00:19:51.780> the<00:19:51.900> largest<00:19:52.320> or<00:19:52.559> tallest<00:19:53.240> buildings<00:19:54.240> in

of the largest or tallest buildings in

of the largest or tallest buildings in
New<00:19:54.600> York<00:19:54.780> or<00:19:55.080> it<00:19:55.260> used<00:19:55.440> to<00:19:55.559> be

New York or it used to be

New York or it used to be
um

um

um
every<00:19:58.260> floor<00:19:58.559> of<00:19:58.860> the<00:19:59.100> building<00:19:59.400> might<00:20:00.299> have<00:20:00.720> a

every floor of the building might have a

every floor of the building might have a
different<00:20:01.500> company<00:20:01.980> using<00:20:02.520> it<00:20:02.700> so<00:20:03.299> each<00:20:03.720> one

different company using it so each one

different company using it so each one
of<00:20:04.140> those<00:20:04.380> has<00:20:05.160> their<00:20:05.580> own<00:20:05.820> land<00:20:06.419> or<00:20:06.780> local

of those has their own land or local

of those has their own land or local
area<00:20:07.320> network<00:20:07.740> to<00:20:08.400> keep<00:20:08.520> them<00:20:08.760> separated<00:20:09.299> from

area network to keep them separated from

area network to keep them separated from
one<00:20:09.780> another<00:20:09.960> even<00:20:10.799> though<00:20:10.980> they<00:20:11.340> might<00:20:11.460> even

one another even though they might even

one another even though they might even
be<00:20:11.940> using<00:20:12.299> some<00:20:12.539> of<00:20:12.660> the<00:20:12.900> same<00:20:13.080> infrastructure

be using some of the same infrastructure

be using some of the same infrastructure
running<00:20:14.400> into<00:20:14.700> that<00:20:15.000> building<00:20:15.740> now<00:20:16.740> in<00:20:17.039> a<00:20:17.160> land

running into that building now in a land

running into that building now in a land
the<00:20:17.580> most<00:20:17.760> commonly<00:20:18.299> implemented<00:20:19.080> technology

the most commonly implemented technology

the most commonly implemented technology
and<00:20:19.799> something<00:20:19.980> you've<00:20:20.280> probably<00:20:20.400> heard<00:20:20.580> of

and something you've probably heard of

and something you've probably heard of
is<00:20:20.940> something<00:20:21.179> called<00:20:21.539> ethernet<00:20:22.500> and<00:20:23.100> this

is something called ethernet and this

is something called ethernet and this
means<00:20:23.640> that<00:20:23.880> the<00:20:24.059> communication<00:20:24.480> path<00:20:24.840> taken

means that the communication path taken

means that the communication path taken
utilizes<00:20:25.919> uh<00:20:26.820> cabling<00:20:27.299> or<00:20:27.780> short<00:20:28.020> range

utilizes uh cabling or short range

utilizes uh cabling or short range
Wireless<00:20:29.000> Technologies<00:20:30.000> we're<00:20:30.600> going<00:20:30.780> to

Wireless Technologies we're going to

Wireless Technologies we're going to
talk<00:20:30.960> about<00:20:31.140> ethernet<00:20:31.860> and<00:20:32.160> and<00:20:32.400> really<00:20:32.700> what

talk about ethernet and and really what

talk about ethernet and and really what
it<00:20:33.059> means<00:20:33.240> because<00:20:33.419> it's<00:20:33.660> it's<00:20:34.080> also<00:20:34.440> not<00:20:34.620> just

it means because it's it's also not just

it means because it's it's also not just
the<00:20:35.100> hardware<00:20:35.280> it<00:20:35.580> really<00:20:35.760> has<00:20:35.880> to<00:20:36.059> do<00:20:36.120> with

the hardware it really has to do with

the hardware it really has to do with
how<00:20:36.539> the<00:20:36.720> data<00:20:37.200> is<00:20:37.320> being<00:20:37.500> communicated<00:20:38.220> in

how the data is being communicated in

how the data is being communicated in
Greater<00:20:39.120> detail<00:20:39.480> in<00:20:39.660> an<00:20:39.840> upcoming<00:20:40.320> module<00:20:40.799> now

Greater detail in an upcoming module now

Greater detail in an upcoming module now
in<00:20:41.640> a<00:20:41.820> local<00:20:41.880> area<00:20:42.120> network<00:20:42.419> a<00:20:43.020> connection<00:20:43.820> uh

in a local area network a connection uh

in a local area network a connection uh
is<00:20:45.360> leased<00:20:45.900> by<00:20:46.080> a<00:20:46.260> service<00:20:46.440> provider<00:20:47.220> but<00:20:47.580> it

is leased by a service provider but it

is leased by a service provider but it
isn't<00:20:48.000> necessarily<00:20:48.480> for<00:20:48.840> the<00:20:48.960> land<00:20:49.140> to

isn't necessarily for the land to

isn't necessarily for the land to
function<00:20:49.679> properly<00:20:50.160> so<00:20:50.640> this<00:20:50.820> means<00:20:51.120> I<00:20:51.360> don't

function properly so this means I don't

function properly so this means I don't
need<00:20:52.400> an<00:20:53.400> outside<00:20:53.640> sort<00:20:54.179> of<00:20:54.240> connection<00:20:54.539> in

need an outside sort of connection in

need an outside sort of connection in
order<00:20:55.080> for<00:20:55.320> my<00:20:55.500> land<00:20:55.740> to<00:20:56.100> work<00:20:56.280> the<00:20:56.940> reason<00:20:57.059> I

order for my land to work the reason I

order for my land to work the reason I
might<00:20:57.360> need<00:20:58.080> a<00:20:58.919> connection<00:20:59.460> to<00:20:59.940> the<00:21:00.059> outside

might need a connection to the outside

might need a connection to the outside
from<00:21:00.840> an<00:21:01.020> internet<00:21:01.200> service<00:21:01.679> provider<00:21:02.460> is

from an internet service provider is

from an internet service provider is
going<00:21:03.240> to<00:21:03.360> be<00:21:03.419> thanks<00:21:03.660> to<00:21:04.080> a<00:21:04.799> Wan<00:21:05.160> or<00:21:05.820> a<00:21:06.059> wide

going to be thanks to a Wan or a wide

going to be thanks to a Wan or a wide
area<00:21:06.600> network<00:21:06.900> but<00:21:07.559> let's<00:21:07.679> talk<00:21:07.860> really

area network but let's talk really

area network but let's talk really
quickly<00:21:08.340> about<00:21:08.580> land<00:21:09.000> administrators<00:21:09.840> the

quickly about land administrators the

quickly about land administrators the
people<00:21:10.799> who<00:21:11.100> are<00:21:11.160> running<00:21:11.340> these<00:21:11.640> lands<00:21:11.940> that

people who are running these lands that

people who are running these lands that
might<00:21:12.240> help<00:21:12.480> us<00:21:12.660> understand<00:21:13.080> them<00:21:13.500> a<00:21:13.679> little

might help us understand them a little

might help us understand them a little
clearer

clearer

clearer
now<00:21:15.960> land<00:21:16.340> administrators<00:21:17.340> are<00:21:17.880> like

now land administrators are like

now land administrators are like
jugglers<00:21:18.600> they<00:21:18.840> have<00:21:18.960> to<00:21:19.080> keep<00:21:19.260> their<00:21:19.559> eyes<00:21:19.799> on

jugglers they have to keep their eyes on

jugglers they have to keep their eyes on
all<00:21:20.700> of<00:21:20.820> the<00:21:20.880> components<00:21:21.480> of<00:21:21.600> their<00:21:21.780> Network

all of the components of their Network

all of the components of their Network
at<00:21:22.320> the<00:21:22.500> same<00:21:22.679> time<00:21:22.980> hence<00:21:23.760> the<00:21:24.000> little<00:21:24.419> GIF

at the same time hence the little GIF

at the same time hence the little GIF
over<00:21:25.320> here<00:21:25.700> they<00:21:26.700> have<00:21:26.880> to<00:21:27.000> have<00:21:27.179> there<00:21:27.419> for<00:21:27.660> a

over here they have to have there for a

over here they have to have there for a
broad<00:21:28.380> range<00:21:28.919> of<00:21:29.100> versatile<00:21:29.520> skills<00:21:30.120> that

broad range of versatile skills that

broad range of versatile skills that
allow<00:21:31.080> them<00:21:31.260> to<00:21:31.559> manage<00:21:31.860> and<00:21:32.100> maintain<00:21:32.520> all

allow them to manage and maintain all

allow them to manage and maintain all
the<00:21:33.120> different<00:21:33.299> parts<00:21:33.600> of<00:21:34.080> their<00:21:34.380> Network<00:21:34.940> now

the different parts of their Network now

the different parts of their Network now
that's<00:21:36.360> only<00:21:36.840> within<00:21:37.440> their<00:21:37.860> domain<00:21:38.280> and<00:21:38.880> the

that's only within their domain and the

that's only within their domain and the
juggler<00:21:39.360> also<00:21:39.780> has<00:21:39.960> to<00:21:40.140> be<00:21:40.320> mindful<00:21:40.919> of<00:21:41.340> each

juggler also has to be mindful of each

juggler also has to be mindful of each
of<00:21:41.700> the<00:21:41.820> objects<00:21:42.240> in<00:21:42.360> the<00:21:42.480> air<00:21:42.600> at<00:21:42.780> the<00:21:42.900> same

of the objects in the air at the same

of the objects in the air at the same
time<00:21:43.320> or<00:21:43.860> else<00:21:43.980> they<00:21:44.220> might<00:21:44.400> lose<00:21:44.700> track<00:21:45.179> of

time or else they might lose track of

time or else they might lose track of
one<00:21:45.780> or<00:21:46.260> all<00:21:46.500> of<00:21:46.620> them<00:21:46.880> like<00:21:47.880> the<00:21:48.120> juggler<00:21:48.480> if

one or all of them like the juggler if

one or all of them like the juggler if
the<00:21:49.140> land<00:21:49.320> administrator<00:21:49.919> loses<00:21:50.520> track<00:21:50.880> of

the land administrator loses track of

the land administrator loses track of
one<00:21:51.720> part<00:21:51.960> of<00:21:52.200> their<00:21:52.440> job<00:21:52.740> it's<00:21:53.400> likely<00:21:53.760> the

one part of their job it's likely the

one part of their job it's likely the
entire<00:21:54.600> network<00:21:54.960> of<00:21:55.380> moving<00:21:55.740> components

entire network of moving components

entire network of moving components
could<00:21:56.700> come<00:21:57.000> quote<00:21:57.419> unquote<00:21:57.780> crashing<00:21:58.620> to<00:21:58.860> a

could come quote unquote crashing to a

could come quote unquote crashing to a
halt<00:21:59.400> the<00:22:00.179> land<00:22:00.360> administrator<00:22:00.960> therefore

halt the land administrator therefore

halt the land administrator therefore
has<00:22:01.980> to<00:22:02.159> have<00:22:02.400> a<00:22:02.820> strong<00:22:03.120> working<00:22:03.480> knowledge

has to have a strong working knowledge

has to have a strong working knowledge
of<00:22:04.380> all<00:22:04.740> the<00:22:04.860> aspects<00:22:05.340> of<00:22:05.520> their<00:22:05.700> Network<00:22:05.940> now

of all the aspects of their Network now

of all the aspects of their Network now
the<00:22:06.900> land<00:22:07.080> administrator<00:22:07.620> should<00:22:07.919> be<00:22:08.100> able<00:22:08.220> to

the land administrator should be able to

the land administrator should be able to
handle<00:22:08.820> tasks<00:22:09.360> such<00:22:09.780> as<00:22:10.020> installation<00:22:10.980> of

handle tasks such as installation of

handle tasks such as installation of
software<00:22:11.760> and<00:22:12.120> hardware

software and hardware

software and hardware
troubleshooting<00:22:14.280> all<00:22:14.820> components<00:22:15.240> of<00:22:15.360> the

troubleshooting all components of the

troubleshooting all components of the
network<00:22:15.960> including<00:22:16.559> the<00:22:16.799> servers<00:22:17.220> which

network including the servers which

network including the servers which
we'll<00:22:17.640> talk<00:22:17.820> about<00:22:18.440> connectivity<00:22:19.440> devices

we'll talk about connectivity devices

we'll talk about connectivity devices
and<00:22:20.880> media<00:22:21.240> and<00:22:21.419> so<00:22:21.600> on<00:22:21.720> and<00:22:21.900> so<00:22:22.080> forth<00:22:22.380> and<00:22:23.039> not

and media and so on and so forth and not

and media and so on and so forth and not
to<00:22:23.460> mention<00:22:23.700> security<00:22:24.360> for<00:22:24.780> the<00:22:24.960> network<00:22:25.080> so

to mention security for the network so

to mention security for the network so
if<00:22:27.120> that<00:22:27.299> isn't<00:22:27.659> enough<00:22:27.960> one<00:22:28.860> of<00:22:28.919> their<00:22:29.100> most

if that isn't enough one of their most

if that isn't enough one of their most
difficult<00:22:29.900> tasking<00:22:30.900> duties<00:22:31.260> of<00:22:31.440> the<00:22:31.620> land

difficult tasking duties of the land

difficult tasking duties of the land
administrator<00:22:32.220> is<00:22:32.460> being<00:22:32.700> responsible<00:22:33.299> for

administrator is being responsible for

administrator is being responsible for
users<00:22:34.260> and<00:22:34.740> attending<00:22:35.159> to<00:22:35.400> their<00:22:35.760> requests

users and attending to their requests

users and attending to their requests
and<00:22:36.720> their<00:22:36.960> requirements<00:22:37.620> so

and their requirements so

and their requirements so
you<00:22:39.539> can<00:22:39.600> tell<00:22:39.780> that<00:22:40.140> the<00:22:40.440> land<00:22:40.620> administrator

you can tell that the land administrator

you can tell that the land administrator
really<00:22:41.700> has<00:22:42.120> to<00:22:42.299> be<00:22:42.720> able<00:22:42.900> to<00:22:43.020> do<00:22:43.320> a<00:22:43.620> lot<00:22:43.740> and

really has to be able to do a lot and

really has to be able to do a lot and
we're<00:22:44.159> gonna<00:22:44.340> as<00:22:44.940> we<00:22:45.120> go<00:22:45.240> through<00:22:45.419> this<00:22:45.659> course

we're gonna as we go through this course

we're gonna as we go through this course
you'll<00:22:46.200> see<00:22:46.380> more<00:22:46.620> and<00:22:46.740> more<00:22:46.980> specifically<00:22:47.580> of

you'll see more and more specifically of

you'll see more and more specifically of
what<00:22:48.360> they<00:22:48.539> have<00:22:48.720> to<00:22:48.840> do<00:22:49.020> but<00:22:49.559> let's<00:22:49.740> talk

what they have to do but let's talk

what they have to do but let's talk
about<00:22:50.100> a<00:22:50.580> Wan<00:22:50.940> a<00:22:51.840> Wan<00:22:52.140> or<00:22:52.559> a<00:22:52.740> wide<00:22:53.100> area<00:22:53.280> network

about a Wan a Wan or a wide area network

about a Wan a Wan or a wide area network
uh<00:22:54.960> is<00:22:55.140> a<00:22:55.380> network<00:22:55.500> that<00:22:55.919> spans<00:22:56.340> a<00:22:56.820> larger

uh is a network that spans a larger

uh is a network that spans a larger
geographical<00:22:57.659> area<00:22:58.020> than<00:22:58.380> a<00:22:58.620> lan<00:22:59.000> in<00:23:00.000> most

geographical area than a lan in most

geographical area than a lan in most
cases<00:23:00.980> uh<00:23:01.980> the<00:23:02.520> WAN<00:23:02.760> is<00:23:03.000> going<00:23:03.179> to<00:23:03.360> connect<00:23:03.600> as

cases uh the WAN is going to connect as

cases uh the WAN is going to connect as
this<00:23:04.440> picture<00:23:04.679> demonstrates<00:23:05.600> multiple<00:23:06.600> lands

this picture demonstrates multiple lands

this picture demonstrates multiple lands
together<00:23:07.260> and<00:23:08.039> it<00:23:08.220> might<00:23:08.400> even<00:23:08.580> utilize

together and it might even utilize

together and it might even utilize
long-range<00:23:10.380> communication<00:23:11.039> such<00:23:11.520> as

long-range communication such as

long-range communication such as
satellite<00:23:12.480> or<00:23:13.140> radio<00:23:13.620> frequency<00:23:14.220> otherwise

satellite or radio frequency otherwise

satellite or radio frequency otherwise
known<00:23:15.000> as<00:23:15.299> RF

now one main factor that differentiates

now one main factor that differentiates
a<00:23:24.059> win<00:23:24.299> or<00:23:24.600> wide<00:23:24.840> area<00:23:25.020> network<00:23:25.320> from<00:23:25.799> a<00:23:25.980> lan<00:23:26.340> is

a win or wide area network from a lan is

a win or wide area network from a lan is
that<00:23:26.940> it<00:23:27.059> can<00:23:27.240> enable<00:23:27.480> users<00:23:27.840> to<00:23:28.020> connect<00:23:28.200> to

that it can enable users to connect to

that it can enable users to connect to
one<00:23:28.740> another<00:23:28.919> from<00:23:29.460> different<00:23:29.820> physical

one another from different physical

one another from different physical
locations<00:23:31.200> so<00:23:31.740> whereas<00:23:32.159> these<00:23:32.640> are<00:23:32.760> each

locations so whereas these are each

locations so whereas these are each
physically<00:23:33.539> sort<00:23:33.960> of<00:23:34.140> uh<00:23:34.919> isolated<00:23:35.460> in<00:23:35.880> some

physically sort of uh isolated in some

physically sort of uh isolated in some
ways<00:23:36.240> you<00:23:36.419> can<00:23:36.539> tell<00:23:36.659> the<00:23:37.080> WAN<00:23:37.580> connects<00:23:38.580> all

ways you can tell the WAN connects all

ways you can tell the WAN connects all
of<00:23:39.240> these<00:23:39.539> lands<00:23:40.020> together

okay now a Wan can be private where an

okay now a Wan can be private where an
organization<00:23:47.280> has<00:23:47.700> complete<00:23:48.480> control<00:23:48.840> of

organization has complete control of

organization has complete control of
access<00:23:49.919> to<00:23:50.460> it<00:23:50.640> resources<00:23:51.539> and<00:23:52.260> it's<00:23:52.440> solely

access to it resources and it's solely

access to it resources and it's solely
responsible<00:23:53.400> for<00:23:53.760> everything<00:23:54.000> that<00:23:54.299> occurs

responsible for everything that occurs

responsible for everything that occurs
on<00:23:54.900> that<00:23:55.140> Network<00:23:55.700> or<00:23:56.700> a<00:23:56.940> win<00:23:57.120> can<00:23:57.419> be<00:23:57.539> public

on that Network or a win can be public

on that Network or a win can be public
and<00:23:58.559> of<00:23:58.740> course<00:23:58.860> the<00:23:59.340> world's<00:23:59.700> largest<00:24:00.419> Wan

and of course the world's largest Wan

and of course the world's largest Wan
is<00:24:02.580> the<00:24:02.760> internet

is the internet

is the internet
now<00:24:04.620> we're<00:24:04.740> going<00:24:04.860> to<00:24:04.919> talk<00:24:05.039> more<00:24:05.220> about<00:24:05.340> the

now we're going to talk more about the

now we're going to talk more about the
internet<00:24:05.760> in<00:24:06.179> detail<00:24:06.480> shortly<00:24:06.840> but<00:24:07.020> I<00:24:07.140> just

internet in detail shortly but I just

internet in detail shortly but I just
want<00:24:07.380> to<00:24:07.500> point<00:24:07.620> out<00:24:07.799> that<00:24:08.220> the<00:24:08.700> biggest<00:24:08.820> wide

want to point out that the biggest wide

want to point out that the biggest wide
area<00:24:09.480> network<00:24:09.780> we<00:24:10.140> have<00:24:10.380> is<00:24:11.340> the<00:24:11.820> WAN<00:24:12.120> and

area network we have is the WAN and

area network we have is the WAN and
unlike<00:24:13.260> the<00:24:13.919> land<00:24:14.100> which<00:24:14.520> is<00:24:14.700> geographically

unlike the land which is geographically

unlike the land which is geographically
isolated<00:24:16.500> and<00:24:17.460> can<00:24:17.760> be<00:24:17.940> controlled<00:24:18.480> by<00:24:18.840> a

isolated and can be controlled by a

isolated and can be controlled by a
relatively<00:24:19.500> few<00:24:19.679> number<00:24:19.860> of<00:24:20.039> people<00:24:20.280> the<00:24:21.120> WAN

relatively few number of people the WAN

relatively few number of people the WAN
has<00:24:21.780> very<00:24:22.020> different<00:24:22.380> needs

has very different needs

has very different needs
now<00:24:24.299> there<00:24:24.480> are<00:24:24.600> also<00:24:24.780> different<00:24:25.020> types<00:24:25.799> of

now there are also different types of

now there are also different types of
lands<00:24:26.460> that<00:24:26.640> are<00:24:26.700> out<00:24:26.820> there<00:24:26.940> now<00:24:27.179> some<00:24:27.419> of

lands that are out there now some of

lands that are out there now some of
these<00:24:27.659> classifications

these classifications

these classifications
um<00:24:29.940> we<00:24:30.900> might<00:24:31.020> get<00:24:31.140> argument<00:24:31.500> from<00:24:31.860> certain

um we might get argument from certain

um we might get argument from certain
individuals<00:24:32.760> just<00:24:33.120> because<00:24:33.919> this<00:24:34.919> is<00:24:35.039> sort<00:24:35.220> of

individuals just because this is sort of

individuals just because this is sort of
open<00:24:35.460> to<00:24:35.700> some<00:24:35.880> subjectivity<00:24:36.539> but<00:24:36.960> these<00:24:37.140> are

open to some subjectivity but these are

open to some subjectivity but these are
covered<00:24:37.559> on<00:24:37.799> the<00:24:38.039> examine<00:24:38.700> which<00:24:38.940> is<00:24:39.059> the

covered on the examine which is the

covered on the examine which is the
reason<00:24:39.360> I<00:24:39.600> want<00:24:39.780> to<00:24:39.960> make<00:24:40.260> sure<00:24:40.380> we<00:24:40.559> cover<00:24:40.740> them

reason I want to make sure we cover them

reason I want to make sure we cover them
the<00:24:41.580> first<00:24:41.700> one<00:24:41.940> that<00:24:42.120> we've<00:24:42.299> seen<00:24:42.539> a<00:24:42.840> few

the first one that we've seen a few

the first one that we've seen a few
times<00:24:43.380> when<00:24:43.679> we<00:24:43.860> talked<00:24:44.159> if<00:24:44.400> you<00:24:44.580> were<00:24:44.700> here

times when we talked if you were here

times when we talked if you were here
for<00:24:45.179> a<00:24:45.299> plus<00:24:45.539> is<00:24:45.960> called<00:24:46.200> a<00:24:46.440> pan<00:24:46.679> or<00:24:47.100> a<00:24:47.280> personal

for a plus is called a pan or a personal

for a plus is called a pan or a personal
area<00:24:47.880> network<00:24:48.299> a<00:24:49.260> pan<00:24:49.559> is<00:24:50.159> two<00:24:50.460> to<00:24:50.640> three

area network a pan is two to three

area network a pan is two to three
computers<00:24:51.299> connected<00:24:51.780> together<00:24:52.020> by<00:24:52.919> cables

computers connected together by cables

computers connected together by cables
and<00:24:54.360> a<00:24:54.840> wireless<00:24:54.960> pan<00:24:55.440> or<00:24:55.740> wpn<00:24:56.640> is<00:24:57.480> going<00:24:57.720> to<00:24:57.960> be

and a wireless pan or wpn is going to be

and a wireless pan or wpn is going to be
using<00:24:58.740> Bluetooth<00:24:59.159> or<00:24:59.580> infrared<00:25:00.120> Technologies

using Bluetooth or infrared Technologies

using Bluetooth or infrared Technologies
generally<00:25:01.559> speaking<00:25:02.280> when<00:25:02.760> we<00:25:02.940> are<00:25:03.059> talking

generally speaking when we are talking

generally speaking when we are talking
about<00:25:03.539> pans<00:25:04.080> uh<00:25:05.039> for<00:25:05.280> purposes<00:25:05.700> of<00:25:05.940> the<00:25:06.059> exam

about pans uh for purposes of the exam

about pans uh for purposes of the exam
we're<00:25:06.960> really<00:25:07.260> talking<00:25:07.740> about<00:25:08.520> Bluetooth<00:25:09.059> now

we're really talking about Bluetooth now

we're really talking about Bluetooth now
I<00:25:10.020> might<00:25:10.140> consider<00:25:10.620> pan<00:25:11.100> a<00:25:11.520> sort<00:25:11.640> of<00:25:11.820> local

I might consider pan a sort of local

I might consider pan a sort of local
area<00:25:12.539> network<00:25:12.960> but

area network but

area network but
for<00:25:15.179> our<00:25:15.419> sake<00:25:15.600> we're<00:25:15.900> just<00:25:16.080> gonna<00:25:16.200> group<00:25:16.679> this

for our sake we're just gonna group this

for our sake we're just gonna group this
into<00:25:17.100> wands<00:25:17.640> right<00:25:17.820> now<00:25:17.940> but<00:25:18.179> this<00:25:18.419> could<00:25:18.539> be

into wands right now but this could be

into wands right now but this could be
considered<00:25:19.260> something<00:25:19.919> a<00:25:20.159> little<00:25:20.280> different

considered something a little different

considered something a little different
okay<00:25:20.940> so<00:25:21.299> I'm<00:25:21.419> just<00:25:21.600> gonna<00:25:21.780> sort<00:25:22.020> of<00:25:22.140> put

okay so I'm just gonna sort of put

okay so I'm just gonna sort of put
brackets<00:25:22.860> around<00:25:23.100> that<00:25:23.460> and<00:25:24.120> a<00:25:24.240> w<00:25:24.480> pan<00:25:24.900> or<00:25:25.380> a

brackets around that and a w pan or a

brackets around that and a w pan or a
wireless<00:25:25.799> pan<00:25:26.340> if<00:25:26.880> we<00:25:26.940> put<00:25:27.179> that<00:25:27.360> W<00:25:27.659> in<00:25:28.140> front

wireless pan if we put that W in front

wireless pan if we put that W in front
of<00:25:28.380> it<00:25:28.559> uh<00:25:29.400> occurs<00:25:29.880> when<00:25:30.059> the<00:25:30.240> computers<00:25:30.600> are

of it uh occurs when the computers are

of it uh occurs when the computers are
connected<00:25:31.200> together<00:25:31.440> wirelessly<00:25:32.400> but<00:25:33.360> not

connected together wirelessly but not

connected together wirelessly but not
through<00:25:33.960> an<00:25:34.260> access<00:25:34.440> point<00:25:34.919> right<00:25:35.279> so<00:25:36.059> they're

through an access point right so they're

through an access point right so they're
connected<00:25:37.320> literally<00:25:38.120> uh<00:25:39.120> to<00:25:39.360> one<00:25:39.659> another

connected literally uh to one another

connected literally uh to one another
thanks<00:25:40.860> to<00:25:41.159> the<00:25:41.520> wireless<00:25:41.700> technology<00:25:42.600> but

thanks to the wireless technology but

thanks to the wireless technology but
there<00:25:43.679> is<00:25:43.860> no<00:25:44.220> sort<00:25:44.460> of<00:25:44.580> Central<00:25:45.000> Access<00:25:45.480> Point

there is no sort of Central Access Point

there is no sort of Central Access Point
that<00:25:46.080> they<00:25:46.200> all<00:25:46.380> connect<00:25:46.620> to

that they all connect to

that they all connect to
now<00:25:48.299> the<00:25:48.539> next<00:25:48.720> type<00:25:48.960> is<00:25:49.200> a<00:25:49.440> can<00:25:49.620> or<00:25:50.100> a<00:25:50.279> campus

now the next type is a can or a campus

now the next type is a can or a campus
area<00:25:50.940> network<00:25:51.360> and<00:25:51.960> I'm<00:25:52.080> assuming<00:25:52.500> from<00:25:52.860> the

area network and I'm assuming from the

area network and I'm assuming from the
name<00:25:54.360> you<00:25:54.720> can<00:25:54.840> guess<00:25:55.020> that<00:25:55.380> this<00:25:55.799> is<00:25:55.980> a<00:25:56.279> Wan

name you can guess that this is a Wan

name you can guess that this is a Wan
that<00:25:56.820> spans<00:25:57.120> the<00:25:57.360> geographical<00:25:58.020> area

that spans the geographical area

that spans the geographical area
comparable<00:25:59.340> to<00:25:59.580> like<00:25:59.820> a<00:26:00.360> school<00:26:00.799> or<00:26:01.799> a<00:26:02.220> campus

comparable to like a school or a campus

comparable to like a school or a campus
or<00:26:03.360> a<00:26:03.480> business<00:26:03.720> park<00:26:04.140> such<00:26:04.559> as<00:26:04.679> Yahoo<00:26:04.980> now

or a business park such as Yahoo now

or a business park such as Yahoo now
again<00:26:06.120> some<00:26:06.720> people<00:26:06.840> might<00:26:07.140> consider<00:26:07.559> this<00:26:07.740> a

again some people might consider this a

again some people might consider this a
land<00:26:08.100> some<00:26:08.400> might<00:26:08.580> consider<00:26:08.940> this<00:26:09.120> a<00:26:09.360> win<00:26:09.559> but

land some might consider this a win but

land some might consider this a win but
for<00:26:11.039> our<00:26:11.279> sake<00:26:11.580> we're<00:26:11.880> just<00:26:12.059> going<00:26:12.240> to<00:26:12.419> assume

for our sake we're just going to assume

for our sake we're just going to assume
that<00:26:13.380> this<00:26:13.620> is<00:26:13.860> dealing<00:26:14.400> with<00:26:14.580> some<00:26:14.820> sort<00:26:15.000> of

that this is dealing with some sort of

that this is dealing with some sort of
Campus<00:26:15.539> some<00:26:15.900> sort<00:26:16.140> of<00:26:16.320> school<00:26:16.980> some<00:26:17.460> sort<00:26:17.700> of

Campus some sort of school some sort of

Campus some sort of school some sort of
area<00:26:18.500> that<00:26:19.500> is<00:26:19.620> contained<00:26:20.039> all<00:26:20.340> by<00:26:20.580> one

area that is contained all by one

area that is contained all by one
organization<00:26:21.720> so<00:26:22.080> for<00:26:22.380> instance<00:26:22.620> if<00:26:22.980> I<00:26:23.159> had<00:26:23.460> uh

organization so for instance if I had uh

organization so for instance if I had uh
four<00:26:24.480> buildings<00:26:25.020> all<00:26:25.980> connected

uh and each of them has let's say four

uh and each of them has let's say four
floors

floors

floors
right<00:26:34.740> there<00:26:35.039> might<00:26:35.220> be<00:26:35.340> a<00:26:35.700> lan<00:26:36.000> on<00:26:36.480> each<00:26:36.720> floor

right there might be a lan on each floor

right there might be a lan on each floor
or<00:26:37.380> in<00:26:37.500> each<00:26:37.679> building<00:26:38.039> and<00:26:38.820> then<00:26:38.940> connecting

or in each building and then connecting

or in each building and then connecting
each<00:26:39.960> land<00:26:40.260> together<00:26:40.559> is<00:26:40.980> going<00:26:41.100> to<00:26:41.220> be<00:26:41.340> this

each land together is going to be this

each land together is going to be this
can<00:26:41.820> which<00:26:42.240> is<00:26:42.419> a<00:26:42.600> sort<00:26:42.720> of<00:26:42.840> wide<00:26:43.080> area<00:26:43.260> network

can which is a sort of wide area network

can which is a sort of wide area network
but<00:26:44.159> because<00:26:44.340> the<00:26:44.700> wide<00:26:44.880> area<00:26:45.059> network<00:26:45.419> could

but because the wide area network could

but because the wide area network could
denote<00:26:46.340> uh<00:26:47.340> the<00:26:47.640> internet<00:26:47.820> and<00:26:48.419> the<00:26:48.600> cloud<00:26:49.260> is

denote uh the internet and the cloud is

denote uh the internet and the cloud is
sort<00:26:49.799> of<00:26:49.919> the<00:26:50.159> best<00:26:50.659> descriptor<00:26:51.659> of<00:26:51.840> that<00:26:52.020> we

sort of the best descriptor of that we

sort of the best descriptor of that we
want<00:26:52.740> to<00:26:52.860> call<00:26:52.980> it<00:26:53.159> something<00:26:53.400> slightly

want to call it something slightly

want to call it something slightly
different<00:26:54.140> now<00:26:55.140> a<00:26:55.620> man<00:26:55.740> is<00:26:56.100> a<00:26:56.340> metropolitan<00:26:57.179> or

different now a man is a metropolitan or

different now a man is a metropolitan or
it<00:26:58.020> could<00:26:58.140> also<00:26:58.440> be<00:26:58.679> a<00:26:59.039> municipal

it could also be a municipal

it could also be a municipal
area<00:27:02.159> network

area network

area network
and<00:27:03.779> as<00:27:03.960> the<00:27:04.200> name<00:27:04.380> implies<00:27:05.039> It's<00:27:05.820> relatively

and as the name implies It's relatively

and as the name implies It's relatively
the<00:27:06.600> size<00:27:06.779> of<00:27:07.080> a<00:27:07.320> city<00:27:07.559> or<00:27:08.400> a<00:27:08.580> town<00:27:08.820> or<00:27:09.360> a

the size of a city or a town or a

the size of a city or a town or a
metropolitan<00:27:10.260> area<00:27:10.440> so<00:27:10.799> if<00:27:10.980> I<00:27:11.159> have<00:27:11.400> a

metropolitan area so if I have a

metropolitan area so if I have a
business<00:27:11.820> that<00:27:12.539> like<00:27:12.720> the<00:27:12.960> cam<00:27:13.279> uh<00:27:14.279> has

business that like the cam uh has

business that like the cam uh has
several<00:27:14.880> buildings<00:27:15.240> but<00:27:15.480> the<00:27:15.600> buildings<00:27:15.900> are

several buildings but the buildings are

several buildings but the buildings are
now<00:27:16.520> separated<00:27:17.520> over<00:27:17.940> the<00:27:18.179> course<00:27:18.360> of<00:27:18.539> the

now separated over the course of the

now separated over the course of the
city<00:27:18.840> as<00:27:19.080> opposed<00:27:19.440> to<00:27:19.440> some<00:27:19.740> in<00:27:20.100> my<00:27:20.279> own<00:27:20.400> campus

city as opposed to some in my own campus

city as opposed to some in my own campus
then<00:27:21.179> I'm<00:27:21.360> probably<00:27:21.659> going<00:27:21.840> to<00:27:21.900> use<00:27:22.080> this

then I'm probably going to use this

then I'm probably going to use this
terminology<00:27:23.120> again<00:27:24.120> or<00:27:24.600> a<00:27:24.840> global<00:27:25.320> area

terminology again or a global area

terminology again or a global area
network<00:27:25.860> I<00:27:26.279> think<00:27:26.460> it's<00:27:26.580> sort<00:27:26.820> of<00:27:26.940> redundant

network I think it's sort of redundant

network I think it's sort of redundant
but<00:27:28.260> these<00:27:28.980> are<00:27:29.039> networks<00:27:29.580> that<00:27:29.880> go<00:27:30.240> from

but these are networks that go from

but these are networks that go from
country<00:27:30.900> to<00:27:31.260> country<00:27:31.559> or<00:27:32.039> around<00:27:32.400> uh

these are networks that go all the way

these are networks that go all the way
from<00:27:40.200> country<00:27:40.440> to<00:27:40.679> country<00:27:40.919> all<00:27:41.159> the<00:27:41.340> way

from country to country all the way

from country to country all the way
around<00:27:41.520> the<00:27:41.820> world<00:27:42.000> they<00:27:42.960> span<00:27:43.320> the<00:27:43.559> globe<00:27:43.919> and

around the world they span the globe and

around the world they span the globe and
they're<00:27:44.220> going<00:27:44.340> to<00:27:44.520> utilize<00:27:44.940> Technologies<00:27:45.919> uh

they're going to utilize Technologies uh

they're going to utilize Technologies uh
like<00:27:47.220> satellite<00:27:47.940> probably<00:27:48.500> and<00:27:49.500> the<00:27:49.679> reason

like satellite probably and the reason

like satellite probably and the reason
we're<00:27:50.039> going<00:27:50.220> to<00:27:50.279> call<00:27:50.460> this<00:27:50.760> uh<00:27:51.299> again<00:27:51.600> is

we're going to call this uh again is

we're going to call this uh again is
because<00:27:52.740> generally<00:27:53.340> speaking<00:27:53.820> the<00:27:54.059> global

because generally speaking the global

because generally speaking the global
area<00:27:54.659> network<00:27:55.020> again<00:27:55.440> is<00:27:56.340> all<00:27:56.580> controlled<00:27:57.120> by

area network again is all controlled by

area network again is all controlled by
one<00:27:58.020> sort<00:27:58.380> of<00:27:58.500> company

as opposed to a Wan which as we just

as opposed to a Wan which as we just
discussed<00:28:09.960> could<00:28:10.320> include<00:28:10.760> either<00:28:11.760> all<00:28:12.120> being

discussed could include either all being

discussed could include either all being
controlled<00:28:12.659> by<00:28:12.779> one<00:28:12.960> company<00:28:13.200> or

controlled by one company or

controlled by one company or
all<00:28:15.000> being<00:28:15.240> controlled<00:28:15.900> by<00:28:16.799> uh<00:28:17.159> you<00:28:17.340> know

all being controlled by uh you know

all being controlled by uh you know
disparate<00:28:17.880> companies<00:28:18.240> such<00:28:18.480> as<00:28:18.600> the<00:28:18.840> internet

disparate companies such as the internet

disparate companies such as the internet
finally<00:28:20.159> an<00:28:21.000> En<00:28:21.360> which<00:28:22.140> is<00:28:22.380> the<00:28:22.620> only<00:28:22.740> one<00:28:22.919> that

finally an En which is the only one that

finally an En which is the only one that
breaks<00:28:23.580> from<00:28:23.760> this<00:28:24.000> convention<00:28:24.480> is<00:28:25.260> called<00:28:25.500> an

breaks from this convention is called an

breaks from this convention is called an
Enterprise<00:28:26.159> Network<00:28:26.940> it's<00:28:27.360> a<00:28:27.600> network<00:28:27.720> that

Enterprise Network it's a network that

Enterprise Network it's a network that
includes<00:28:28.380> usually<00:28:28.740> aspects<00:28:29.340> of<00:28:29.520> both<00:28:29.820> a<00:28:30.480> Wan

includes usually aspects of both a Wan

includes usually aspects of both a Wan
and<00:28:31.620> a<00:28:31.799> lan<00:28:32.100> and<00:28:32.640> it's<00:28:32.760> typically<00:28:33.120> owned<00:28:33.539> and

and a lan and it's typically owned and

and a lan and it's typically owned and
operated<00:28:34.020> by<00:28:34.440> a<00:28:34.740> single<00:28:35.039> entity<00:28:35.460> or

operated by a single entity or

operated by a single entity or
organization<00:28:36.419> just<00:28:37.140> like<00:28:37.380> a<00:28:37.740> gan<00:28:38.039> might<00:28:38.279> be

organization just like a gan might be

organization just like a gan might be
now<00:28:39.000> again<00:28:39.240> these<00:28:39.720> terms<00:28:40.200> are<00:28:40.679> very<00:28:40.860> fluid<00:28:41.340> and

now again these terms are very fluid and

now again these terms are very fluid and
flexible<00:28:42.000> and<00:28:42.720> depending<00:28:43.020> on<00:28:43.140> who<00:28:43.320> you<00:28:43.500> talk

flexible and depending on who you talk

flexible and depending on who you talk
to<00:28:43.740> they'll<00:28:44.159> call<00:28:44.279> it<00:28:44.460> different<00:28:44.640> things<00:28:44.940> so

to they'll call it different things so

to they'll call it different things so
you<00:28:45.419> might<00:28:45.539> I<00:28:46.140> worked<00:28:46.440> for<00:28:46.620> a<00:28:46.860> an<00:28:47.279> organization

you might I worked for a an organization

you might I worked for a an organization
we<00:28:48.480> never<00:28:48.659> used<00:28:49.140> the<00:28:49.740> word<00:28:49.860> man<00:28:50.220> we<00:28:50.580> always<00:28:50.760> use

we never used the word man we always use

we never used the word man we always use
the<00:28:51.240> word<00:28:51.419> when<00:28:51.919> talking<00:28:52.919> about<00:28:53.100> the<00:28:53.400> network

the word when talking about the network

the word when talking about the network
that<00:28:53.880> was<00:28:54.059> deployed<00:28:54.480> over<00:28:54.779> the<00:28:55.080> entire<00:28:55.440> city

that was deployed over the entire city

that was deployed over the entire city
however<00:28:56.520> certain<00:28:56.940> individuals<00:28:57.600> certain

however certain individuals certain

however certain individuals certain
organizations<00:28:58.440> will<00:28:58.799> call<00:28:58.980> these<00:28:59.340> different

organizations will call these different

organizations will call these different
things<00:28:59.760> and<00:29:00.059> the<00:29:00.179> names<00:29:00.299> might<00:29:00.659> change<00:29:00.840> as

things and the names might change as

things and the names might change as
well<00:29:01.260> but<00:29:01.740> it's<00:29:01.980> important<00:29:02.520> to<00:29:03.179> have<00:29:03.419> a<00:29:03.659> firm

well but it's important to have a firm

well but it's important to have a firm
understanding<00:29:04.500> of<00:29:04.799> this<00:29:05.039> just<00:29:05.760> from<00:29:06.000> a<00:29:06.179> basic

understanding of this just from a basic

understanding of this just from a basic
you<00:29:08.279> know<00:29:08.400> definition<00:29:08.940> standpoint<00:29:09.840> but<00:29:10.020> also

you know definition standpoint but also

you know definition standpoint but also
so<00:29:10.380> that<00:29:10.559> if<00:29:10.679> you<00:29:10.799> go<00:29:10.860> out<00:29:10.980> in<00:29:11.100> the<00:29:11.159> fields<00:29:11.400> and

so that if you go out in the fields and

so that if you go out in the fields and
you<00:29:11.640> hear<00:29:11.760> people<00:29:12.000> talking<00:29:12.240> these<00:29:12.539> different

you hear people talking these different

you hear people talking these different
terms<00:29:13.020> you<00:29:13.500> can<00:29:13.559> talk<00:29:13.740> the<00:29:13.980> talk<00:29:14.159> as<00:29:14.400> well

now unlike land administrators whose

now unlike land administrators whose
Duties<00:29:20.520> are<00:29:20.700> quite<00:29:21.059> varied<00:29:21.600> when

Duties are quite varied when

Duties are quite varied when
administrators<00:29:23.159> are<00:29:23.520> typically<00:29:23.880> specialists

administrators are typically specialists

administrators are typically specialists
in<00:29:25.200> their<00:29:25.380> respective<00:29:25.860> Fields<00:29:26.340> so<00:29:26.880> they're

in their respective Fields so they're

in their respective Fields so they're
responsible<00:29:27.480> for<00:29:27.779> more<00:29:28.080> complex

responsible for more complex

responsible for more complex
infrastructures<00:29:29.340> and<00:29:29.700> as<00:29:29.880> a<00:29:30.059> result<00:29:30.380> uh<00:29:31.380> they

infrastructures and as a result uh they

infrastructures and as a result uh they
need<00:29:31.740> to<00:29:31.860> be<00:29:31.980> more<00:29:32.159> fluent<00:29:32.520> in<00:29:32.760> say<00:29:33.059> routing

need to be more fluent in say routing

need to be more fluent in say routing
structures<00:29:34.020> and<00:29:34.320> troubleshooting<00:29:34.919> different

structures and troubleshooting different

structures and troubleshooting different
difficult<00:29:36.000> or<00:29:36.299> different<00:29:36.539> network<00:29:36.960> issues

difficult or different network issues

difficult or different network issues
they're<00:29:38.220> also<00:29:38.520> responsible<00:29:39.000> for<00:29:39.539> say<00:29:40.020> data

they're also responsible for say data

they're also responsible for say data
versus<00:29:40.860> voice<00:29:41.520> systems<00:29:42.179> and<00:29:42.960> when

versus voice systems and when

versus voice systems and when
administrators<00:29:44.220> concentrate<00:29:45.059> generally<00:29:45.480> on

administrators concentrate generally on

administrators concentrate generally on
network<00:29:46.080> oriented<00:29:46.679> problems<00:29:47.100> and<00:29:47.820> not<00:29:48.120> user

network oriented problems and not user

network oriented problems and not user
related<00:29:48.840> issues<00:29:49.380> like<00:29:49.679> a<00:29:49.919> land<00:29:50.100> administrator

related issues like a land administrator

related issues like a land administrator
so<00:29:51.600> with<00:29:52.020> a<00:29:52.260> a<00:29:52.500> lan<00:29:53.159> we're<00:29:53.700> really<00:29:53.880> going<00:29:54.120> to

so with a a lan we're really going to

so with a a lan we're really going to
get<00:29:54.299> these<00:29:54.860> user-oriented<00:29:55.860> tasks<00:29:56.340> right

get these user-oriented tasks right

get these user-oriented tasks right
because<00:29:56.880> they're<00:29:57.240> dealing<00:29:57.539> with<00:29:57.659> the<00:29:57.779> user<00:29:58.020> on

because they're dealing with the user on

because they're dealing with the user on
a<00:29:58.320> day-to-day<00:29:58.679> basic<00:29:59.100> a<00:29:59.820> Wan<00:30:00.120> administrator

a day-to-day basic a Wan administrator

a day-to-day basic a Wan administrator
is<00:30:00.720> really<00:30:00.960> not<00:30:01.140> dealing<00:30:01.380> with<00:30:01.500> these<00:30:01.740> or

is really not dealing with these or

is really not dealing with these or
they're<00:30:02.100> dealing<00:30:02.279> with<00:30:02.399> sometimes<00:30:02.700> what<00:30:02.880> we

they're dealing with sometimes what we

they're dealing with sometimes what we
would<00:30:03.120> refer<00:30:03.419> to<00:30:03.600> as<00:30:04.039> the<00:30:05.039> back<00:30:05.279> end<00:30:05.580> and<00:30:06.179> in

would refer to as the back end and in

would refer to as the back end and in
some<00:30:06.539> cases<00:30:06.899> as<00:30:07.260> well<00:30:07.440> they're<00:30:08.100> also<00:30:08.460> going<00:30:08.520> to

some cases as well they're also going to

some cases as well they're also going to
be<00:30:08.820> a<00:30:09.000> little<00:30:09.120> more<00:30:09.419> specialized<00:30:10.380> in<00:30:11.039> what

be a little more specialized in what

be a little more specialized in what
they<00:30:11.520> do<00:30:11.700> since<00:30:12.240> what<00:30:12.659> they're<00:30:12.779> dealing<00:30:13.020> with

they do since what they're dealing with

they do since what they're dealing with
is<00:30:13.320> a<00:30:13.500> lot<00:30:13.559> more<00:30:13.679> complex<00:30:14.039> a<00:30:14.640> lan

is a lot more complex a lan

is a lot more complex a lan
administrator<00:30:15.659> can<00:30:16.020> sort<00:30:16.260> of<00:30:16.320> be<00:30:16.500> a<00:30:16.679> jack<00:30:16.799> of

administrator can sort of be a jack of

administrator can sort of be a jack of
all<00:30:17.100> trades<00:30:17.760> a<00:30:18.240> wand<00:30:18.539> administrator<00:30:19.020> we<00:30:19.320> want

all trades a wand administrator we want

all trades a wand administrator we want
to<00:30:19.620> be<00:30:19.740> a<00:30:19.980> master<00:30:20.100> of<00:30:20.460> exactly<00:30:20.820> what<00:30:21.059> it<00:30:21.179> is<00:30:21.299> he

to be a master of exactly what it is he

to be a master of exactly what it is he
or<00:30:21.779> she<00:30:21.960> is<00:30:22.080> dealing<00:30:22.440> with

or she is dealing with

or she is dealing with
uh<00:30:23.940> one<00:30:24.120> of<00:30:24.240> the<00:30:24.360> other<00:30:24.539> main<00:30:24.960> duties<00:30:25.380> of<00:30:25.740> a<00:30:25.860> Wan

uh one of the other main duties of a Wan

uh one of the other main duties of a Wan
administrator<00:30:26.820> is<00:30:27.179> the<00:30:27.480> development<00:30:28.020> and

administrator is the development and

administrator is the development and
implementation<00:30:28.919> of<00:30:29.520> certain<00:30:29.760> scripts<00:30:30.360> that

implementation of certain scripts that

implementation of certain scripts that
are<00:30:31.020> going<00:30:31.140> to<00:30:31.380> automate<00:30:31.919> certain<00:30:32.340> Network

are going to automate certain Network

are going to automate certain Network
processes<00:30:33.480> and<00:30:34.440> they're<00:30:34.679> also<00:30:34.980> going<00:30:35.100> to<00:30:35.279> plan

processes and they're also going to plan

processes and they're also going to plan
for<00:30:35.940> and<00:30:36.240> test<00:30:36.539> and<00:30:36.840> push<00:30:37.140> out<00:30:37.320> upgrades<00:30:37.919> and

for and test and push out upgrades and

for and test and push out upgrades and
updates<00:30:38.580> to<00:30:39.179> the<00:30:39.539> infrastructure<00:30:40.320> of<00:30:40.500> the

updates to the infrastructure of the

updates to the infrastructure of the
network<00:30:40.740> network<00:30:41.100> wide<00:30:41.640> whereas<00:30:42.179> a<00:30:42.360> land

network network wide whereas a land

network network wide whereas a land
administrator<00:30:43.080> is<00:30:43.559> going<00:30:43.740> to<00:30:43.919> do<00:30:44.100> this<00:30:44.340> on<00:30:44.700> a

administrator is going to do this on a

administrator is going to do this on a
sort<00:30:45.000> of<00:30:45.179> local<00:30:45.419> basis<00:30:46.020> perhaps<00:30:46.440> to<00:30:46.679> the

sort of local basis perhaps to the

sort of local basis perhaps to the
computers<00:30:47.340> in<00:30:47.700> their<00:30:47.880> Network<00:30:48.059> so<00:30:48.779> we<00:30:48.960> can<00:30:49.140> see

computers in their Network so we can see

computers in their Network so we can see
sort<00:30:49.679> of<00:30:49.799> how<00:30:50.220> these<00:30:50.700> are<00:30:50.760> getting

sort of how these are getting

sort of how these are getting
differentiated<00:30:51.960> here<00:30:52.440> a<00:30:53.039> Wan<00:30:53.279> administrators

differentiated here a Wan administrators

differentiated here a Wan administrators
a<00:30:54.299> lot<00:30:54.419> more<00:30:54.919> specialized<00:30:55.919> and<00:30:56.700> they're<00:30:57.539> not

a lot more specialized and they're not

a lot more specialized and they're not
focused<00:30:58.260> on<00:30:58.620> user<00:30:59.159> oriented

focused on user oriented

focused on user oriented
tasks<00:31:01.320> they're<00:31:01.559> looking<00:31:01.740> at<00:31:02.039> Network<00:31:02.460> stuff

tasks they're looking at Network stuff

tasks they're looking at Network stuff
so<00:31:03.480> you<00:31:03.659> can<00:31:03.720> see<00:31:03.840> a<00:31:04.020> Wan<00:31:04.260> administrator<00:31:04.740> again

so you can see a Wan administrator again

so you can see a Wan administrator again
dealing<00:31:05.700> with<00:31:05.820> the<00:31:06.000> back<00:31:06.179> end<00:31:06.360> much<00:31:06.899> more

dealing with the back end much more

dealing with the back end much more
specifically<00:31:07.740> generally<00:31:08.220> more<00:31:08.580> Technical

specifically generally more Technical

specifically generally more Technical
and<00:31:09.539> generally<00:31:09.840> also<00:31:10.260> a<00:31:10.440> little<00:31:10.559> bit<00:31:10.679> more

and generally also a little bit more

and generally also a little bit more
training<00:31:11.399> than<00:31:11.940> a<00:31:12.179> land<00:31:12.299> administrator

training than a land administrator

training than a land administrator
now<00:31:14.880> let's<00:31:15.059> talk<00:31:15.240> about<00:31:15.360> the<00:31:15.659> internet<00:31:15.840> or<00:31:16.440> the

now let's talk about the internet or the

now let's talk about the internet or the
World<00:31:16.860> Wide<00:31:17.279> Web<00:31:17.520> which<00:31:18.120> is<00:31:18.480> a<00:31:18.960> public<00:31:19.200> wide

World Wide Web which is a public wide

World Wide Web which is a public wide
area<00:31:20.340> network<00:31:20.880> right<00:31:21.659> it<00:31:21.960> is<00:31:22.260> the<00:31:23.100> largest<00:31:23.580> Wan

area network right it is the largest Wan

area network right it is the largest Wan
that<00:31:24.779> we<00:31:25.020> have<00:31:25.260> and<00:31:25.860> it<00:31:26.039> essentially<00:31:26.399> connects

that we have and it essentially connects

that we have and it essentially connects
every<00:31:27.419> country<00:31:27.720> on<00:31:28.080> the<00:31:28.260> planet<00:31:28.380> in<00:31:28.799> some<00:31:29.039> ways

every country on the planet in some ways

every country on the planet in some ways
every<00:31:29.580> computer<00:31:29.820> on<00:31:30.240> the<00:31:30.360> planet<00:31:30.500> it's<00:31:31.500> used

every computer on the planet it's used

every computer on the planet it's used
for<00:31:32.100> many<00:31:32.279> different<00:31:32.580> things<00:31:32.880> including<00:31:33.480> but

for many different things including but

for many different things including but
certainly<00:31:34.080> not<00:31:34.320> limited<00:31:34.740> to<00:31:34.980> sending<00:31:35.700> and

certainly not limited to sending and

certainly not limited to sending and
receiving<00:31:36.179> email<00:31:37.039> initiating<00:31:38.039> and

receiving email initiating and

receiving email initiating and
completing<00:31:38.880> commercial<00:31:39.360> and<00:31:39.899> private

completing commercial and private

completing commercial and private
transactions<00:31:41.460> uh<00:31:42.419> commute<00:31:43.039> communicating

transactions uh commute communicating

transactions uh commute communicating
and<00:31:44.460> allowing<00:31:45.000> people<00:31:45.419> to<00:31:45.779> connect<00:31:45.960> to<00:31:46.380> one

and allowing people to connect to one

and allowing people to connect to one
another<00:31:46.679> that<00:31:47.159> are<00:31:47.279> sitting<00:31:47.820> in<00:31:47.940> the<00:31:48.120> same

another that are sitting in the same

another that are sitting in the same
room<00:31:48.720> or<00:31:49.200> perhaps<00:31:49.500> even<00:31:49.740> on<00:31:49.980> the<00:31:50.100> other<00:31:50.159> side

room or perhaps even on the other side

room or perhaps even on the other side
of<00:31:50.580> the<00:31:50.700> world<00:31:50.880> the<00:31:51.539> internet<00:31:51.659> is<00:31:52.020> really<00:31:52.200> the

of the world the internet is really the

of the world the internet is really the
method<00:31:52.620> by<00:31:52.799> which<00:31:53.039> everyone<00:31:53.340> in<00:31:53.580> the<00:31:53.700> world

method by which everyone in the world

method by which everyone in the world
can<00:31:54.720> communicate<00:31:55.380> in<00:31:55.799> one<00:31:55.980> way<00:31:56.100> or<00:31:56.279> the<00:31:56.460> other

can communicate in one way or the other

can communicate in one way or the other
and<00:31:56.880> in<00:31:57.120> some<00:31:57.299> ways<00:31:57.659> we<00:31:58.140> can<00:31:58.320> actually<00:31:58.559> use<00:31:59.100> it

and in some ways we can actually use it

and in some ways we can actually use it
to<00:31:59.580> create<00:31:59.760> our<00:32:00.120> own<00:32:00.360> virtual<00:32:01.200> lands<00:32:01.799> that<00:32:02.039> are

to create our own virtual lands that are

to create our own virtual lands that are
private<00:32:02.580> and<00:32:02.760> we'll<00:32:02.940> talk<00:32:03.179> more<00:32:03.419> about<00:32:03.659> that

private and we'll talk more about that

private and we'll talk more about that
the<00:32:04.500> other<00:32:04.620> thing<00:32:04.799> that's<00:32:04.980> important<00:32:05.520> to<00:32:05.700> know

the other thing that's important to know

the other thing that's important to know
is<00:32:06.179> every<00:32:06.659> bit<00:32:06.899> of<00:32:07.140> data<00:32:07.500> is<00:32:07.740> stored<00:32:08.240> somewhere

is every bit of data is stored somewhere

is every bit of data is stored somewhere
on<00:32:10.080> a<00:32:10.260> server<00:32:10.500> typically<00:32:10.980> in<00:32:11.159> the<00:32:11.279> form<00:32:11.460> of<00:32:11.640> a

on a server typically in the form of a

on a server typically in the form of a
web<00:32:12.000> page<00:32:12.360> and<00:32:13.020> in<00:32:13.200> order<00:32:13.380> to<00:32:13.620> access<00:32:13.799> the<00:32:14.100> data

web page and in order to access the data

web page and in order to access the data
data<00:32:14.820> on<00:32:15.000> the<00:32:15.179> internet<00:32:15.299> you're<00:32:15.840> going<00:32:16.140> to

data on the internet you're going to

data on the internet you're going to
have<00:32:17.460> several<00:32:17.880> different<00:32:18.059> considerations

have several different considerations

have several different considerations
that<00:32:19.440> are<00:32:19.559> going<00:32:19.620> to<00:32:19.740> be<00:32:19.860> made<00:32:20.159> first<00:32:20.940> of<00:32:21.059> all

that are going to be made first of all

that are going to be made first of all
you<00:32:21.779> need<00:32:21.899> to<00:32:22.140> have<00:32:22.380> a<00:32:22.860> web<00:32:23.279> browser<00:32:23.760> of<00:32:24.000> some

you need to have a web browser of some

you need to have a web browser of some
sort

sort

sort
or<00:32:26.520> you're<00:32:26.700> gonna<00:32:26.820> need<00:32:26.940> to<00:32:27.059> utilize<00:32:27.480> a

or you're gonna need to utilize a

or you're gonna need to utilize a
certain<00:32:27.840> generic<00:32:28.380> protocol<00:32:28.799> and<00:32:29.340> have

certain generic protocol and have

certain generic protocol and have
something<00:32:29.820> like<00:32:30.299> uh<00:32:31.020> so<00:32:31.200> if<00:32:31.320> we're<00:32:31.440> talking<00:32:31.559> a

something like uh so if we're talking a

something like uh so if we're talking a
web<00:32:31.919> browser<00:32:32.279> we're<00:32:32.399> gonna<00:32:32.580> need<00:32:32.640> to<00:32:32.760> use<00:32:32.880> a

web browser we're gonna need to use a

web browser we're gonna need to use a
safari<00:32:33.419> Internet<00:32:33.539> Explorer<00:32:34.140> Google<00:32:34.320> Chrome

safari Internet Explorer Google Chrome

safari Internet Explorer Google Chrome
Firefox

Firefox

Firefox
Etc<00:32:36.600> but<00:32:37.140> they're<00:32:37.440> all<00:32:37.740> using<00:32:38.600> HTTP<00:32:39.600> which<00:32:40.080> is

Etc but they're all using HTTP which is

Etc but they're all using HTTP which is
a<00:32:40.500> specific<00:32:40.799> protocol<00:32:41.700> and<00:32:42.360> it<00:32:42.480> has<00:32:42.600> a<00:32:42.779> certain

a specific protocol and it has a certain

a specific protocol and it has a certain
port

port

port
which<00:32:45.000> by<00:32:45.179> the<00:32:45.299> way<00:32:45.360> is<00:32:45.480> 80.<00:32:46.080> we'll<00:32:46.260> talk<00:32:46.440> more

which by the way is 80. we'll talk more

which by the way is 80. we'll talk more
about<00:32:46.740> those<00:32:47.039> later<00:32:47.279> in<00:32:47.880> order<00:32:48.059> to<00:32:48.480> allow

about those later in order to allow

about those later in order to allow
communication<00:32:49.380> to<00:32:49.679> occur<00:32:50.039> and<00:32:50.580> this<00:32:50.760> might<00:32:51.000> be

communication to occur and this might be

communication to occur and this might be
different<00:32:51.240> from<00:32:51.539> say<00:32:51.840> another<00:32:52.320> form<00:32:52.679> of

different from say another form of

different from say another form of
communication<00:32:53.399> such<00:32:53.760> as<00:32:53.880> FTP<00:32:54.600> or<00:32:55.200> remoting<00:32:55.740> in

communication such as FTP or remoting in

communication such as FTP or remoting in
and<00:32:56.100> so<00:32:56.340> on<00:32:56.520> and<00:32:57.120> secondly<00:32:57.480> all<00:32:57.779> devices<00:32:58.020> that

and so on and secondly all devices that

and so on and secondly all devices that
want<00:32:58.679> to<00:32:58.860> connect<00:32:59.039> to<00:32:59.279> the<00:32:59.520> internet<00:32:59.720> must<00:33:00.720> be

want to connect to the internet must be

want to connect to the internet must be
assigned<00:33:01.380> we<00:33:01.740> would<00:33:01.919> call<00:33:02.159> an<00:33:02.520> IP<00:33:02.820> address<00:33:03.440> all

assigned we would call an IP address all

assigned we would call an IP address all
things<00:33:04.620> on<00:33:04.980> the<00:33:05.100> internet<00:33:05.279> due<00:33:06.059> to<00:33:06.179> the<00:33:06.299> way<00:33:06.419> it

things on the internet due to the way it

things on the internet due to the way it
works<00:33:06.899> are<00:33:07.200> governed<00:33:07.679> by<00:33:07.980> this<00:33:08.279> IP<00:33:08.760> or<00:33:09.179> the

works are governed by this IP or the

works are governed by this IP or the
Internet<00:33:09.659> Protocol<00:33:10.440> we're<00:33:11.100> going<00:33:11.279> to<00:33:11.340> revisit

Internet Protocol we're going to revisit

Internet Protocol we're going to revisit
this<00:33:11.880> in<00:33:12.000> a<00:33:12.179> future<00:33:12.299> module<00:33:12.840> but<00:33:13.380> IP

this in a future module but IP

this in a future module but IP
allows<00:33:17.220> all<00:33:17.580> of<00:33:17.700> this<00:33:18.059> to<00:33:18.360> happen<00:33:18.600> if<00:33:19.260> it

allows all of this to happen if it

allows all of this to happen if it
wasn't<00:33:19.559> 4ip<00:33:20.100> we<00:33:20.580> wouldn't<00:33:20.760> have<00:33:21.059> an<00:33:21.299> internet

wasn't 4ip we wouldn't have an internet

wasn't 4ip we wouldn't have an internet
at<00:33:21.779> least<00:33:21.899> in<00:33:22.080> the<00:33:22.200> way<00:33:22.320> we<00:33:22.500> know<00:33:22.620> it<00:33:22.860> so<00:33:23.519> again

at least in the way we know it so again

at least in the way we know it so again
the<00:33:24.480> internet<00:33:24.659> is<00:33:25.260> this<00:33:25.679> largest<00:33:26.399> global<00:33:27.240> wide

the internet is this largest global wide

the internet is this largest global wide
area<00:33:27.960> network<00:33:28.380> that<00:33:28.980> we<00:33:29.100> have<00:33:29.279> in<00:33:29.700> the<00:33:29.820> world

area network that we have in the world

area network that we have in the world
and<00:33:30.600> it's<00:33:30.720> for<00:33:31.019> use<00:33:31.200> it's<00:33:31.500> public<00:33:31.860> and

and it's for use it's public and

and it's for use it's public and
everyone<00:33:33.000> can<00:33:33.299> use<00:33:33.539> it<00:33:33.720> if<00:33:34.019> they<00:33:34.200> you<00:33:34.440> know

everyone can use it if they you know

everyone can use it if they you know
have<00:33:34.860> a<00:33:35.039> provider<00:33:35.580> that<00:33:35.760> gives<00:33:35.940> them<00:33:36.120> access

have a provider that gives them access

have a provider that gives them access
now<00:33:37.080> this<00:33:37.260> is<00:33:37.320> different<00:33:37.500> from<00:33:37.860> an<00:33:38.100> intranet

now this is different from an intranet

now this is different from an intranet
an<00:33:39.720> intranet<00:33:40.500> is<00:33:40.919> a<00:33:41.100> company's<00:33:41.519> private

an intranet is a company's private

an intranet is a company's private
version<00:33:42.720> of<00:33:43.320> the<00:33:43.500> Internet<00:33:43.640> it's<00:33:44.640> commonly

version of the Internet it's commonly

version of the Internet it's commonly
connected<00:33:45.600> to<00:33:45.899> the<00:33:46.080> internet<00:33:46.200> so<00:33:46.799> that<00:33:46.980> people

connected to the internet so that people

connected to the internet so that people
can<00:33:47.700> uh<00:33:48.240> connect<00:33:48.539> even<00:33:49.019> if<00:33:49.260> they're<00:33:49.440> not

can uh connect even if they're not

can uh connect even if they're not
locally<00:33:50.340> at<00:33:50.640> the<00:33:51.059> same<00:33:51.240> place<00:33:51.419> physically<00:33:51.899> but

locally at the same place physically but

locally at the same place physically but
the<00:33:52.679> purpose<00:33:53.039> of<00:33:53.399> an<00:33:53.519> intranet<00:33:53.940> is<00:33:54.059> to<00:33:54.240> keep

the purpose of an intranet is to keep

the purpose of an intranet is to keep
your<00:33:54.720> network<00:33:54.960> or<00:33:55.620> portions<00:33:56.039> of<00:33:56.220> your<00:33:56.399> network

your network or portions of your network

your network or portions of your network
segregated<00:33:57.360> from<00:33:58.140> the<00:33:58.320> unsecure<00:33:58.919> and

segregated from the unsecure and

segregated from the unsecure and
possibly<00:34:00.000> even<00:34:00.299> dangerous<00:34:00.960> internet<00:34:01.260> so<00:34:01.919> a

possibly even dangerous internet so a

possibly even dangerous internet so a
company<00:34:02.220> might<00:34:02.640> use<00:34:03.000> an<00:34:03.299> intranet<00:34:03.779> for

company might use an intranet for

company might use an intranet for
security<00:34:04.380> purposes<00:34:05.240> or<00:34:06.240> for<00:34:06.899> confidentiality

security purposes or for confidentiality

security purposes or for confidentiality
if<00:34:08.159> they<00:34:08.339> have<00:34:08.520> certain<00:34:08.760> files<00:34:09.240> and<00:34:09.359> folders

if they have certain files and folders

if they have certain files and folders
they<00:34:09.899> want<00:34:10.020> to<00:34:10.139> post<00:34:10.320> up<00:34:10.500> and<00:34:11.040> the<00:34:11.159> intranet

they want to post up and the intranet

they want to post up and the intranet
uses<00:34:12.119> the<00:34:12.480> same<00:34:12.720> services<00:34:13.020> and<00:34:13.679> protocols<00:34:14.280> as

uses the same services and protocols as

uses the same services and protocols as
the<00:34:14.760> internet<00:34:14.940> so<00:34:15.419> the<00:34:15.480> reason<00:34:15.599> it<00:34:15.780> shares

the internet so the reason it shares

the internet so the reason it shares
this<00:34:16.679> name<00:34:16.919> is<00:34:17.580> intra<00:34:18.359> enter<00:34:19.080> to<00:34:19.740> the

this name is intra enter to the

this name is intra enter to the
organization<00:34:20.520> but<00:34:21.179> it<00:34:21.359> shares<00:34:21.659> the<00:34:21.780> same<00:34:21.899> name

organization but it shares the same name

organization but it shares the same name
because<00:34:22.320> it's<00:34:22.560> using<00:34:22.980> all<00:34:23.339> of<00:34:23.460> the<00:34:23.760> same

because it's using all of the same

because it's using all of the same
services<00:34:24.540> in<00:34:25.020> other<00:34:25.139> words<00:34:25.260> IP<00:34:26.060> HTTP<00:34:27.060> you

services in other words IP HTTP you

services in other words IP HTTP you
still<00:34:27.480> use<00:34:27.659> a<00:34:27.899> browser<00:34:28.320> so<00:34:28.619> on<00:34:28.859> and<00:34:29.040> so<00:34:29.220> forth

still use a browser so on and so forth

still use a browser so on and so forth
so<00:34:30.119> it's<00:34:30.359> still<00:34:30.599> accessed<00:34:31.260> the<00:34:31.740> same<00:34:31.919> way<00:34:32.159> you

so it's still accessed the same way you

so it's still accessed the same way you
would<00:34:32.580> the<00:34:32.940> internet<00:34:33.119> through<00:34:33.659> a<00:34:33.899> browser<00:34:34.260> and

would the internet through a browser and

would the internet through a browser and
a<00:34:34.619> web<00:34:34.740> page<00:34:34.980> on<00:34:35.399> the<00:34:35.520> world<00:34:35.580> wide<00:34:35.940> web<00:34:36.200> now<00:34:37.200> all

a web page on the world wide web now all

a web page on the world wide web now all
of<00:34:37.679> this<00:34:37.859> is<00:34:38.040> different<00:34:38.220> from<00:34:38.639> an<00:34:39.000> Extranet<00:34:39.659> as

of this is different from an Extranet as

of this is different from an Extranet as
the<00:34:40.320> name<00:34:40.500> implies

the name implies

the name implies
with<00:34:42.839> an<00:34:42.960> intranet<00:34:43.500> your<00:34:43.919> network<00:34:44.099> is

with an intranet your network is

with an intranet your network is
completely<00:34:44.820> secure<00:34:45.240> from<00:34:45.720> the<00:34:46.139> internet

completely secure from the internet

completely secure from the internet
right<00:34:46.679> you<00:34:46.980> control<00:34:47.339> who<00:34:47.820> has<00:34:48.000> access<00:34:48.300> to<00:34:48.659> your

right you control who has access to your

right you control who has access to your
network<00:34:48.960> in<00:34:49.379> every<00:34:49.560> facet

network in every facet

network in every facet
but<00:34:51.540> what<00:34:52.080> if<00:34:52.379> your<00:34:52.980> company<00:34:53.480> organization

but what if your company organization

but what if your company organization
needs<00:34:55.379> to<00:34:55.500> allow<00:34:55.800> certain<00:34:56.099> individuals<00:34:56.760> to

needs to allow certain individuals to

needs to allow certain individuals to
have<00:34:57.180> access<00:34:57.480> to<00:34:57.839> your<00:34:58.020> network<00:34:58.200> but<00:34:58.859> you

have access to your network but you

have access to your network but you
don't<00:34:59.099> want<00:34:59.220> them<00:34:59.339> to<00:34:59.520> have<00:34:59.700> access<00:34:59.940> to<00:35:00.420> all<00:35:01.080> of

don't want them to have access to all of

don't want them to have access to all of
your<00:35:01.380> network<00:35:02.040> in<00:35:02.640> this<00:35:02.700> case<00:35:02.880> we're<00:35:03.180> going<00:35:03.359> to

your network in this case we're going to

your network in this case we're going to
use<00:35:03.540> something<00:35:03.780> called<00:35:04.080> an<00:35:04.380> Extranet<00:35:05.040> it

use something called an Extranet it

use something called an Extranet it
gives<00:35:05.700> you<00:35:05.940> the<00:35:06.180> ability<00:35:06.420> to<00:35:06.900> Grant<00:35:07.500> uh<00:35:08.460> access

gives you the ability to Grant uh access

gives you the ability to Grant uh access
to<00:35:09.180> specific<00:35:09.599> portions<00:35:10.320> of<00:35:10.740> your<00:35:10.920> network<00:35:11.160> and

to specific portions of your network and

to specific portions of your network and
your<00:35:12.060> Extranet<00:35:12.720> so<00:35:13.260> you<00:35:13.440> can<00:35:13.560> give<00:35:13.800> access<00:35:14.460> to

your Extranet so you can give access to

your Extranet so you can give access to
specific<00:35:15.180> people<00:35:15.540> typically<00:35:16.380> vendors

specific people typically vendors

specific people typically vendors
suppliers<00:35:18.140> individuals<00:35:19.140> that<00:35:19.680> might<00:35:20.160> need

suppliers individuals that might need

suppliers individuals that might need
minimal<00:35:20.880> or<00:35:21.119> temporary<00:35:21.660> access<00:35:22.020> at<00:35:22.859> the<00:35:23.040> same

minimal or temporary access at the same

minimal or temporary access at the same
time<00:35:23.460> your<00:35:23.880> Extranet<00:35:24.480> is<00:35:24.780> restricting<00:35:25.380> them

time your Extranet is restricting them

time your Extranet is restricting them
from<00:35:25.980> having<00:35:26.220> full<00:35:26.460> access<00:35:26.700> to<00:35:27.000> the<00:35:27.180> rest<00:35:27.300> of

from having full access to the rest of

from having full access to the rest of
your<00:35:27.660> network<00:35:27.839> or<00:35:28.619> your<00:35:28.980> intranet<00:35:29.880> so<00:35:30.720> it's

your network or your intranet so it's

your network or your intranet so it's
really<00:35:31.740> an<00:35:32.160> extension<00:35:32.820> of<00:35:33.359> your<00:35:33.599> intranet<00:35:34.339> but

really an extension of your intranet but

really an extension of your intranet but
it's<00:35:35.520> the<00:35:35.760> part<00:35:35.940> that<00:35:36.300> is<00:35:36.480> exterior<00:35:37.260> look<00:35:37.680> at

it's the part that is exterior look at

it's the part that is exterior look at
that<00:35:38.099> extra

that extra

that extra
to<00:35:40.140> your<00:35:40.320> organization<00:35:40.800> so<00:35:41.040> again<00:35:41.220> the

to your organization so again the

to your organization so again the
internet

internet

internet
is<00:35:43.079> is<00:35:43.079> a<00:35:43.619> you<00:35:43.800> know<00:35:43.940> using<00:35:44.940> a<00:35:45.180> certain<00:35:45.359> degree

is is a you know using a certain degree

is is a you know using a certain degree
of<00:35:45.900> protocols<00:35:46.619> and<00:35:47.579> uh<00:35:48.359> technologies<00:35:49.140> that

of protocols and uh technologies that

of protocols and uh technologies that
allows<00:35:49.800> anyone<00:35:50.160> in<00:35:50.339> the<00:35:50.400> world<00:35:50.520> to<00:35:50.760> access

allows anyone in the world to access

allows anyone in the world to access
information<00:35:51.320> the<00:35:52.320> intranet<00:35:53.220> is<00:35:53.700> sort<00:35:53.880> of<00:35:54.000> a

information the intranet is sort of a

information the intranet is sort of a
private<00:35:54.780> internet<00:35:55.160> for<00:35:56.160> your<00:35:56.280> organization

private internet for your organization

private internet for your organization
and<00:35:57.240> the<00:35:57.480> Extranet<00:35:58.020> is<00:35:58.500> the<00:35:58.680> part<00:35:58.859> of<00:35:59.040> that

and the Extranet is the part of that

and the Extranet is the part of that
intranet<00:36:00.119> that<00:36:00.599> you're<00:36:00.720> going<00:36:00.900> to<00:36:01.079> let<00:36:01.380> other

intranet that you're going to let other

intranet that you're going to let other
people<00:36:01.980> from<00:36:02.579> outside<00:36:02.880> of<00:36:03.180> your<00:36:03.300> organization

people from outside of your organization

people from outside of your organization
have<00:36:04.380> access<00:36:04.680> to

now I just want to Define what a segment

now I just want to Define what a segment
is<00:36:11.820> since<00:36:12.599> we<00:36:12.839> might<00:36:12.960> see<00:36:13.140> this<00:36:13.440> term<00:36:13.560> come<00:36:13.920> up

is since we might see this term come up

is since we might see this term come up
a<00:36:14.579> bit<00:36:14.880> in<00:36:15.119> the<00:36:15.240> future<00:36:15.359> a<00:36:16.079> segment<00:36:16.380> is<00:36:16.680> a

a bit in the future a segment is a

a bit in the future a segment is a
portion<00:36:17.460> of<00:36:17.700> a<00:36:17.880> Network<00:36:18.060> that<00:36:18.900> has<00:36:19.020> linked

portion of a Network that has linked

portion of a Network that has linked
devices<00:36:19.920> and<00:36:20.640> that<00:36:20.880> are<00:36:21.000> separated<00:36:21.480> by<00:36:21.839> a

devices and that are separated by a

devices and that are separated by a
connectivity<00:36:22.619> device<00:36:22.859> such<00:36:23.220> as<00:36:23.339> a<00:36:23.579> switch<00:36:23.839> or

connectivity device such as a switch or

connectivity device such as a switch or
a<00:36:24.960> router

a router

a router
all<00:36:26.640> right<00:36:26.820> so<00:36:27.060> we<00:36:27.300> haven't<00:36:27.420> talked<00:36:27.780> about

all right so we haven't talked about

all right so we haven't talked about
switches<00:36:28.320> and<00:36:28.500> routers<00:36:28.859> yet<00:36:29.040> but<00:36:29.520> we're<00:36:29.640> going

switches and routers yet but we're going

switches and routers yet but we're going
to<00:36:30.060> and<00:36:30.300> so<00:36:30.480> what<00:36:30.599> I<00:36:30.720> mean<00:36:30.839> is<00:36:31.020> I<00:36:31.260> might<00:36:31.380> have<00:36:31.740> a

to and so what I mean is I might have a

to and so what I mean is I might have a
lan

okay and

okay and
let's<00:36:38.820> say<00:36:39.060> that<00:36:39.480> for<00:36:39.900> simplicity's<00:36:40.680> sake<00:36:40.800> My

let's say that for simplicity's sake My

let's say that for simplicity's sake My
Lan<00:36:41.400> is<00:36:41.640> consisting<00:36:42.180> of<00:36:42.420> four<00:36:42.660> computers<00:36:43.260> all

Lan is consisting of four computers all

Lan is consisting of four computers all
connected<00:36:44.460> through<00:36:44.760> a<00:36:45.180> central<00:36:45.359> device

now remember if they weren't connecting

now remember if they weren't connecting
through<00:36:54.359> that<00:36:54.540> Central<00:36:54.780> device<00:36:55.079> this<00:36:55.440> would

through that Central device this would

through that Central device this would
be<00:36:55.680> called<00:36:55.859> a<00:36:56.220> pan<00:36:56.820> a<00:36:57.180> personal<00:36:57.300> area<00:36:57.660> network

be called a pan a personal area network

be called a pan a personal area network
but<00:36:58.079> this<00:36:58.260> is<00:36:58.320> a<00:36:58.440> lan<00:36:58.680> has<00:36:58.859> a<00:36:59.040> central<00:36:59.160> device

but this is a lan has a central device

but this is a lan has a central device
and<00:37:00.240> let's<00:37:00.359> say<00:37:00.599> this<00:37:00.960> Central<00:37:01.200> device

and let's say this Central device

and let's say this Central device
and<00:37:03.180> this<00:37:03.540> I'm<00:37:03.780> really<00:37:04.020> simplifying<00:37:04.680> it<00:37:04.859> but

and this I'm really simplifying it but

and this I'm really simplifying it but
let's<00:37:05.460> say<00:37:05.640> it<00:37:06.000> connects<00:37:06.900> to<00:37:07.440> another<00:37:07.680> switch

let's say it connects to another switch

let's say it connects to another switch
and<00:37:09.839> that<00:37:10.020> other<00:37:10.260> switch

and that other switch

and that other switch
has<00:37:12.480> four<00:37:12.900> computers<00:37:13.380> connected<00:37:13.800> to<00:37:13.980> it<00:37:14.099> now<00:37:14.820> I

has four computers connected to it now I

has four computers connected to it now I
have<00:37:15.359> different<00:37:15.960> segments<00:37:16.920> of<00:37:17.400> my<00:37:17.640> network

have different segments of my network

have different segments of my network
that<00:37:19.200> uh<00:37:19.500> I<00:37:19.800> can<00:37:19.920> join<00:37:20.280> together<00:37:20.400> in<00:37:20.760> certain

that uh I can join together in certain

that uh I can join together in certain
information<00:37:21.180> but<00:37:21.599> I<00:37:21.720> can<00:37:21.839> also<00:37:22.140> exclude<00:37:22.619> them

information but I can also exclude them

information but I can also exclude them
from<00:37:23.339> certain<00:37:23.520> information<00:37:23.900> in<00:37:24.900> order<00:37:25.079> to

from certain information in order to

from certain information in order to
allow<00:37:25.619> for<00:37:25.920> performance<00:37:26.540> by<00:37:27.540> segmenting<00:37:28.260> we

allow for performance by segmenting we

allow for performance by segmenting we
allow<00:37:28.800> communication<00:37:29.400> between<00:37:29.880> the<00:37:30.180> nodes<00:37:30.420> on

allow communication between the nodes on

allow communication between the nodes on
each<00:37:30.900> segment<00:37:31.320> to<00:37:32.040> be<00:37:32.160> uninhibited<00:37:33.060> by<00:37:33.599> the

each segment to be uninhibited by the

each segment to be uninhibited by the
traffic<00:37:33.960> on<00:37:34.320> other<00:37:34.560> segments<00:37:35.460> so<00:37:36.000> I'm<00:37:36.300> not

traffic on other segments so I'm not

traffic on other segments so I'm not
worried<00:37:36.900> about<00:37:37.140> uh<00:37:37.920> if<00:37:38.160> if<00:37:38.300> computer<00:37:39.300> a<00:37:39.720> wants

worried about uh if if computer a wants

worried about uh if if computer a wants
to<00:37:40.320> talk<00:37:40.440> to<00:37:40.680> computer<00:37:40.859> C<00:37:41.400> I<00:37:42.060> don't<00:37:42.180> need<00:37:42.359> to

to talk to computer C I don't need to

to talk to computer C I don't need to
involve<00:37:43.200> all<00:37:43.619> of<00:37:43.740> these<00:37:44.040> guys<00:37:44.220> I<00:37:45.000> can<00:37:45.119> just

involve all of these guys I can just

involve all of these guys I can just
allow<00:37:45.540> them<00:37:45.780> to<00:37:46.020> talk<00:37:46.200> directly<00:37:46.740> and<00:37:47.280> so<00:37:47.400> what

allow them to talk directly and so what

allow them to talk directly and so what
it's<00:37:47.700> doing<00:37:47.940> is<00:37:48.119> it's<00:37:48.359> it's<00:37:48.540> basically

it's doing is it's it's basically

it's doing is it's it's basically
keeping<00:37:49.260> a<00:37:49.380> lot<00:37:49.500> of<00:37:49.680> traffic<00:37:49.859> from<00:37:50.280> going<00:37:50.520> over

keeping a lot of traffic from going over

keeping a lot of traffic from going over
this<00:37:51.119> line

this line

this line
and<00:37:52.500> therefore<00:37:52.859> we're<00:37:53.339> increasing<00:37:53.880> speed

and therefore we're increasing speed

and therefore we're increasing speed
we're<00:37:54.780> increasing<00:37:55.260> throughput

and we're decreasing the amount of sort

and we're decreasing the amount of sort
of<00:38:00.540> errors<00:38:01.020> that<00:38:01.260> can<00:38:01.380> occur<00:38:01.619> and<00:38:01.800> we're

of errors that can occur and we're

of errors that can occur and we're
segmenting<00:38:02.520> everything<00:38:02.700> out<00:38:03.000> to<00:38:03.180> make<00:38:03.300> it

segmenting everything out to make it

segmenting everything out to make it
easier<00:38:03.660> to<00:38:03.839> fix<00:38:03.960> in<00:38:04.140> the<00:38:04.320> future<00:38:04.380> as<00:38:04.680> well

easier to fix in the future as well

easier to fix in the future as well
now<00:38:06.480> let's<00:38:06.599> talk<00:38:06.780> about<00:38:06.900> a<00:38:07.320> network<00:38:07.440> model

now let's talk about a network model

now let's talk about a network model
we've<00:38:09.000> just<00:38:09.119> talked<00:38:09.359> about<00:38:09.420> some<00:38:09.900> Network

we've just talked about some Network

we've just talked about some Network
categories<00:38:11.460> so<00:38:11.700> now<00:38:11.880> let's<00:38:12.000> talk<00:38:12.180> about<00:38:12.240> the

categories so now let's talk about the

categories so now let's talk about the
different<00:38:12.599> models<00:38:13.020> that<00:38:13.140> these<00:38:13.380> are<00:38:13.500> going<00:38:13.619> to

different models that these are going to

different models that these are going to
fit<00:38:13.859> into<00:38:14.040> a<00:38:14.760> network<00:38:14.880> model

fit into a network model

fit into a network model
is<00:38:16.619> a<00:38:16.859> design<00:38:17.180> uh<00:38:18.180> specification<00:38:18.900> if<00:38:19.260> you<00:38:19.440> will

is a design uh specification if you will

is a design uh specification if you will
that<00:38:20.420> identifies<00:38:21.420> the<00:38:21.900> transmission<00:38:22.320> path

that identifies the transmission path

that identifies the transmission path
that<00:38:24.480> nodes<00:38:24.780> on<00:38:25.079> the<00:38:25.200> network<00:38:25.320> are<00:38:25.619> going<00:38:25.800> to

that nodes on the network are going to

that nodes on the network are going to
use<00:38:26.040> in<00:38:26.339> order<00:38:26.520> to<00:38:26.820> communicate<00:38:27.359> it<00:38:27.599> basically

use in order to communicate it basically

use in order to communicate it basically
determines<00:38:29.160> whether<00:38:29.940> the<00:38:30.240> communication<00:38:30.839> and

determines whether the communication and

determines whether the communication and
the<00:38:31.680> processing

the processing

the processing
is<00:38:33.900> centralized<00:38:34.740> or<00:38:35.640> distributed

is centralized or distributed

is centralized or distributed
so<00:38:37.500> in<00:38:37.800> a<00:38:38.359> centralized<00:38:39.359> Network<00:38:39.839> this<00:38:40.560> is

so in a centralized Network this is

so in a centralized Network this is
where<00:38:40.920> we<00:38:41.160> have<00:38:41.400> our<00:38:42.180> Mainframe

the host computer

the host computer
this<00:38:56.820> guy<00:38:56.940> the<00:38:57.180> Mainframe<00:38:58.200> provides<00:38:58.980> all<00:38:59.280> of

this guy the Mainframe provides all of

this guy the Mainframe provides all of
the<00:38:59.579> processing<00:39:00.180> and<00:39:00.960> all<00:39:01.140> of<00:39:01.260> the<00:39:01.440> network

the processing and all of the network

the processing and all of the network
communication<00:39:02.359> and<00:39:03.359> the<00:39:03.540> users<00:39:03.900> that

communication and the users that

communication and the users that
interface<00:39:04.680> with<00:39:05.040> the<00:39:05.280> host<00:39:05.520> computer<00:39:05.880> do<00:39:06.420> so

interface with the host computer do so

interface with the host computer do so
through<00:39:06.839> these<00:39:07.400> Terminals<00:39:08.400> and<00:39:08.880> by<00:39:09.119> using<00:39:09.540> a

through these Terminals and by using a

through these Terminals and by using a
terminal<00:39:10.320> emulator<00:39:10.859> that's<00:39:11.339> on<00:39:11.820> the<00:39:12.000> screen

terminal emulator that's on the screen

terminal emulator that's on the screen
centralized<00:39:14.640> networks<00:39:15.180> are<00:39:15.420> highly

centralized networks are highly

centralized networks are highly
effective<00:39:16.339> but<00:39:17.339> the<00:39:17.640> problem<00:39:17.820> is<00:39:18.060> they<00:39:18.300> can<00:39:18.420> be

effective but the problem is they can be

effective but the problem is they can be
a<00:39:18.720> little<00:39:18.839> costly<00:39:19.320> to<00:39:19.619> maintain<00:39:20.099> because<00:39:20.520> this

a little costly to maintain because this

a little costly to maintain because this
sucker<00:39:21.300> right<00:39:21.480> here<00:39:21.660> needs<00:39:21.960> to<00:39:22.020> be<00:39:22.140> so

sucker right here needs to be so

sucker right here needs to be so
powerful<00:39:22.920> that<00:39:23.400> what<00:39:23.579> if<00:39:23.760> I<00:39:23.940> have<00:39:24.119> instead<00:39:25.020> of

powerful that what if I have instead of

powerful that what if I have instead of
just<00:39:25.200> three<00:39:25.380> computers<00:39:25.740> what<00:39:25.920> if<00:39:26.040> I<00:39:26.160> had<00:39:26.220> a

just three computers what if I had a

just three computers what if I had a
thousand<00:39:26.760> computers<00:39:27.240> and<00:39:27.780> what<00:39:28.020> if<00:39:28.260> this<00:39:28.619> goes

thousand computers and what if this goes

thousand computers and what if this goes
out<00:39:29.160> well<00:39:29.400> now<00:39:29.700> I'm<00:39:29.940> in<00:39:30.240> major<00:39:30.540> issue<00:39:31.079> I<00:39:31.500> have<00:39:31.740> a

out well now I'm in major issue I have a

out well now I'm in major issue I have a
major<00:39:32.040> problem<00:39:32.460> so<00:39:33.119> this<00:39:33.180> is<00:39:33.300> why<00:39:33.480> a<00:39:33.660> lot<00:39:33.780> of

major problem so this is why a lot of

major problem so this is why a lot of
times<00:39:33.960> we<00:39:34.200> use<00:39:34.320> what's<00:39:34.500> called<00:39:34.740> a<00:39:35.099> client

times we use what's called a client

times we use what's called a client
server<00:39:36.300> model

server model

server model
the<00:39:39.420> client<00:39:39.780> server<00:39:40.260> model<00:39:40.560> it

the client server model it

the client server model it
in<00:39:42.540> the<00:39:42.660> client<00:39:42.900> server<00:39:43.320> model<00:39:43.440> the<00:39:43.859> server<00:39:44.099> is

in the client server model the server is

in the client server model the server is
responsible

responsible

responsible
the<00:39:46.680> server<00:39:46.980> right<00:39:47.160> here<00:39:47.339> is<00:39:47.460> responsible<00:39:48.000> for

the server right here is responsible for

the server right here is responsible for
providing<00:39:49.560> services<00:39:49.920> like<00:39:50.520> file<00:39:51.060> sharing<00:39:51.780> and

providing services like file sharing and

providing services like file sharing and
printer<00:39:52.859> sharing<00:39:53.280> and<00:39:53.520> authentication

printer sharing and authentication

printer sharing and authentication
services<00:39:54.839> and<00:39:55.440> data<00:39:55.920> storage<00:39:56.099> and<00:39:56.700> management

services and data storage and management

services and data storage and management
to<00:39:58.020> these<00:39:58.500> clients<00:39:59.220> the<00:39:59.940> main<00:40:00.060> difference

to these clients the main difference

to these clients the main difference
between<00:40:01.020> the<00:40:01.859> centralized<00:40:02.460> and<00:40:02.700> the<00:40:02.880> client

between the centralized and the client

between the centralized and the client
server<00:40:03.660> model<00:40:03.900> is<00:40:04.680> that<00:40:04.859> in<00:40:05.099> this<00:40:05.280> client

server model is that in this client

server model is that in this client
server<00:40:06.240> Network<00:40:06.560> the<00:40:07.560> processing<00:40:08.220> and<00:40:08.640> the

server Network the processing and the

server Network the processing and the
resources<00:40:09.359> can<00:40:09.960> be<00:40:10.140> allocated<00:40:10.619> wherever<00:40:11.280> they

resources can be allocated wherever they

resources can be allocated wherever they
are<00:40:11.760> needed<00:40:12.200> including<00:40:13.200> on<00:40:13.560> the<00:40:13.740> client<00:40:14.040> and

are needed including on the client and

are needed including on the client and
they<00:40:14.760> can<00:40:14.940> also<00:40:15.119> be<00:40:15.300> distributed<00:40:15.780> whenever

they can also be distributed whenever

they can also be distributed whenever
necessary

necessary

necessary
and<00:40:18.480> the<00:40:19.380> end

and the end

and the end
nodes<00:40:21.480> These<00:40:22.079> Guys<00:40:22.200> these<00:40:23.099> clients<00:40:23.640> can<00:40:24.119> still

nodes These Guys these clients can still

nodes These Guys these clients can still
perform<00:40:24.780> their<00:40:25.380> own<00:40:25.560> processing<00:40:26.160> and<00:40:26.880> end

perform their own processing and end

perform their own processing and end
user<00:40:27.420> tasks<00:40:27.720> without<00:40:27.960> having<00:40:28.320> to<00:40:28.619> constantly

user tasks without having to constantly

user tasks without having to constantly
talk<00:40:29.460> over<00:40:30.000> to<00:40:30.180> the<00:40:30.359> server<00:40:30.660> so<00:40:31.200> if<00:40:31.380> I<00:40:31.560> need<00:40:31.680> a

talk over to the server so if I need a

talk over to the server so if I need a
file<00:40:32.280> for<00:40:32.700> instance<00:40:32.940> I<00:40:33.240> can<00:40:33.359> get<00:40:33.540> that<00:40:33.780> file<00:40:34.140> do

file for instance I can get that file do

file for instance I can get that file do
the<00:40:34.980> work<00:40:35.160> on<00:40:35.400> my<00:40:35.640> computer<00:40:35.880> and<00:40:36.420> then<00:40:36.540> I<00:40:36.780> can

the work on my computer and then I can

the work on my computer and then I can
save<00:40:37.140> it<00:40:37.320> back<00:40:37.500> to<00:40:37.680> the<00:40:37.859> server<00:40:38.099> whereas<00:40:38.940> here

save it back to the server whereas here

save it back to the server whereas here
on<00:40:39.480> the<00:40:39.660> centralized<00:40:40.320> Mainframe<00:40:41.040> terminal

on the centralized Mainframe terminal

on the centralized Mainframe terminal
setup<00:40:41.760> all<00:40:42.660> the<00:40:42.839> work<00:40:42.960> is<00:40:43.440> actually<00:40:43.680> done<00:40:43.980> on

setup all the work is actually done on

setup all the work is actually done on
this<00:40:44.880> major<00:40:45.420> huge<00:40:45.900> computer<00:40:46.140> and<00:40:47.099> here<00:40:47.280> in<00:40:47.460> the

this major huge computer and here in the

this major huge computer and here in the
terminal<00:40:48.000> we're<00:40:48.480> just<00:40:48.660> sort<00:40:48.780> of<00:40:48.900> having<00:40:49.079> a

terminal we're just sort of having a

terminal we're just sort of having a
portal<00:40:49.740> to<00:40:50.040> see<00:40:50.339> what's<00:40:50.579> going<00:40:50.880> on<00:40:51.480> now<00:40:52.079> both

portal to see what's going on now both

portal to see what's going on now both
of<00:40:52.619> these<00:40:53.000> are<00:40:54.000> different<00:40:54.359> from<00:40:54.720> what<00:40:54.839> we<00:40:54.960> call

of these are different from what we call

of these are different from what we call
a<00:40:55.440> peer-to-peer<00:40:56.339> Network<00:40:56.640> we<00:40:57.240> talked<00:40:57.540> about

a peer-to-peer Network we talked about

a peer-to-peer Network we talked about
appear<00:40:58.260> in<00:40:58.740> the<00:40:58.859> previous<00:40:58.980> module<00:40:59.640> but<00:40:59.940> a

appear in the previous module but a

appear in the previous module but a
peer-to-peer<00:41:00.599> Network<00:41:00.720> which<00:41:01.020> you<00:41:01.200> might

peer-to-peer Network which you might

peer-to-peer Network which you might
also<00:41:01.740> see<00:41:02.040> as<00:41:02.940> P2P<00:41:03.859> or<00:41:04.859> PTP

also see as P2P or PTP

also see as P2P or PTP
uh<00:41:08.460> is<00:41:09.240> a<00:41:09.839> network<00:41:09.960> in<00:41:10.320> which<00:41:10.560> each<00:41:11.160> node<00:41:11.579> on

uh is a network in which each node on

uh is a network in which each node on
the<00:41:12.119> network<00:41:12.300> is<00:41:13.079> responsible<00:41:13.619> for<00:41:13.980> its<00:41:14.400> own

the network is responsible for its own

the network is responsible for its own
Computing<00:41:14.940> its<00:41:15.300> own<00:41:15.359> management<00:41:15.660> its<00:41:16.380> own

Computing its own management its own

Computing its own management its own
security<00:41:16.740> its<00:41:17.400> own<00:41:17.520> storage<00:41:18.079> its<00:41:19.079> own

security its own storage its own

security its own storage its own
resource<00:41:19.920> sharing<00:41:20.220> like<00:41:20.400> printers<00:41:21.020> it's

resource sharing like printers it's

resource sharing like printers it's
completely<00:41:22.940> decentralized<00:41:23.940> and<00:41:24.240> it's

completely decentralized and it's

completely decentralized and it's
commonly<00:41:24.720> referred<00:41:25.140> to<00:41:25.260> as<00:41:25.560> a<00:41:26.220> work<00:41:26.339> group

commonly referred to as a work group

commonly referred to as a work group
now<00:41:28.079> this<00:41:28.380> is<00:41:28.500> sort<00:41:28.740> of<00:41:28.800> like<00:41:28.980> if<00:41:29.160> we<00:41:29.280> were

now this is sort of like if we were

now this is sort of like if we were
going<00:41:29.520> to<00:41:29.579> make<00:41:29.760> a<00:41:30.000> reference<00:41:30.420> to<00:41:31.020> a<00:41:31.440> political

going to make a reference to a political

going to make a reference to a political
metaphor<00:41:32.820> this<00:41:33.599> would<00:41:33.780> be<00:41:33.960> like<00:41:34.320> communism

metaphor this would be like communism

metaphor this would be like communism
everyone<00:41:35.579> works<00:41:36.240> together<00:41:36.619> equally<00:41:37.619> and

everyone works together equally and

everyone works together equally and
everyone<00:41:38.820> is<00:41:39.060> responsible<00:41:39.660> for<00:41:40.380> their<00:41:40.920> own

everyone is responsible for their own

everyone is responsible for their own
thing<00:41:41.400> and<00:41:42.119> then<00:41:42.240> they<00:41:42.420> can<00:41:42.599> share<00:41:42.839> that<00:41:43.020> with

thing and then they can share that with

thing and then they can share that with
everyone<00:41:43.560> else<00:41:43.859> whereas<00:41:44.460> in<00:41:44.880> a<00:41:45.119> client<00:41:45.839> server

everyone else whereas in a client server

everyone else whereas in a client server
sort<00:41:47.099> of<00:41:47.220> uh

sort of uh

sort of uh
model<00:41:50.220> we're<00:41:50.820> dealing<00:41:51.180> with<00:41:51.420> say<00:41:52.020> a<00:41:52.740> democracy

model we're dealing with say a democracy

model we're dealing with say a democracy
in<00:41:53.760> which<00:41:53.940> you<00:41:54.060> have<00:41:54.240> a<00:41:54.420> president<00:41:54.599> or<00:41:55.020> prime

in which you have a president or prime

in which you have a president or prime
minister<00:41:55.680> someone<00:41:56.460> who's<00:41:56.700> going<00:41:56.940> to<00:41:57.000> make<00:41:57.119> a

minister someone who's going to make a

minister someone who's going to make a
lot<00:41:57.359> of<00:41:57.540> the<00:41:57.660> decisions<00:41:58.020> but<00:41:58.500> you<00:41:58.740> are<00:41:58.920> still

lot of the decisions but you are still

lot of the decisions but you are still
at<00:41:59.280> Liberty<00:41:59.640> to<00:41:59.820> exercise<00:42:00.359> a<00:42:00.780> lot<00:42:00.900> of<00:42:01.020> your<00:42:01.079> own

at Liberty to exercise a lot of your own

at Liberty to exercise a lot of your own
stuff<00:42:01.440> and<00:42:01.920> that's<00:42:02.099> very<00:42:02.339> different<00:42:02.520> from

stuff and that's very different from

stuff and that's very different from
say<00:42:04.380> a<00:42:04.740> terminal<00:42:05.599> Mainframe<00:42:06.599> which<00:42:07.079> is<00:42:07.260> would

say a terminal Mainframe which is would

say a terminal Mainframe which is would
be<00:42:07.740> equivalent<00:42:08.040> to<00:42:08.160> like<00:42:08.280> a<00:42:08.460> monarchy<00:42:09.000> a

be equivalent to like a monarchy a

be equivalent to like a monarchy a
really<00:42:09.540> strict<00:42:09.839> here<00:42:10.079> I<00:42:10.440> should<00:42:10.560> say

really strict here I should say

really strict here I should say
tyrannical<00:42:11.940> monarchy<00:42:12.599> in<00:42:13.020> which<00:42:13.260> everything

tyrannical monarchy in which everything

tyrannical monarchy in which everything
is<00:42:13.920> decided<00:42:14.400> for<00:42:14.579> you<00:42:14.760> and<00:42:15.240> you<00:42:15.420> make<00:42:15.599> no

is decided for you and you make no

is decided for you and you make no
decisions<00:42:16.320> on<00:42:16.680> your<00:42:16.920> own<00:42:17.520> so<00:42:18.240> one<00:42:18.780> of<00:42:18.900> the

decisions on your own so one of the

decisions on your own so one of the
problem<00:42:19.440> with<00:42:19.859> work<00:42:20.160> groups<00:42:20.640> is<00:42:21.420> that<00:42:22.079> user

problem with work groups is that user

problem with work groups is that user
accounts<00:42:22.920> need<00:42:23.099> to<00:42:23.220> be<00:42:23.339> replicated<00:42:23.880> onto<00:42:24.359> each

accounts need to be replicated onto each

accounts need to be replicated onto each
node<00:42:25.020> so<00:42:25.320> that<00:42:25.500> if<00:42:25.680> I<00:42:25.859> want<00:42:25.980> to<00:42:26.099> get<00:42:26.160> access<00:42:26.339> to

node so that if I want to get access to

node so that if I want to get access to
this<00:42:27.300> computer<00:42:27.480> and<00:42:27.900> I<00:42:28.079> usually<00:42:28.380> work<00:42:28.680> on

this computer and I usually work on

this computer and I usually work on
computer<00:42:29.280> y<00:42:30.020> all<00:42:31.020> of<00:42:31.140> my<00:42:31.320> username<00:42:31.740> password

computer y all of my username password

computer y all of my username password
everything<00:42:32.400> is<00:42:32.700> going<00:42:32.820> to<00:42:32.940> be<00:42:33.000> on<00:42:33.240> there<00:42:33.420> and

everything is going to be on there and

everything is going to be on there and
if<00:42:34.020> it's<00:42:34.200> not<00:42:34.500> done<00:42:34.920> if<00:42:35.220> I<00:42:35.400> don't<00:42:35.460> sort<00:42:35.700> of<00:42:35.820> copy

if it's not done if I don't sort of copy

if it's not done if I don't sort of copy
everything<00:42:36.300> over<00:42:36.599> there's<00:42:36.839> no<00:42:36.960> way<00:42:37.079> I<00:42:37.200> can

everything over there's no way I can

everything over there's no way I can
gain<00:42:37.440> access<00:42:37.680> so<00:42:38.099> this<00:42:38.220> is<00:42:38.339> the<00:42:38.640> problem<00:42:38.880> with

gain access so this is the problem with

gain access so this is the problem with
this<00:42:39.839> model<00:42:39.960> is<00:42:40.260> each<00:42:40.500> person's<00:42:40.920> their<00:42:41.099> own

this model is each person's their own

this model is each person's their own
but<00:42:41.880> if<00:42:42.119> x<00:42:42.359> has<00:42:42.720> wheat<00:42:43.380> and<00:42:43.619> I<00:42:43.800> have<00:42:43.980> corn

but if x has wheat and I have corn

but if x has wheat and I have corn
there's<00:42:45.599> sort<00:42:45.900> of<00:42:46.020> no<00:42:46.260> sharing<00:42:46.680> that's

there's sort of no sharing that's

there's sort of no sharing that's
automatically<00:42:47.700> set<00:42:47.940> up<00:42:48.060> we<00:42:48.359> have<00:42:48.540> to<00:42:48.780> create

automatically set up we have to create

automatically set up we have to create
our<00:42:49.500> own<00:42:49.680> sort<00:42:49.920> of<00:42:50.099> share<00:42:50.280> and<00:42:50.400> then<00:42:50.520> if

our own sort of share and then if

our own sort of share and then if
someone<00:42:50.820> else<00:42:51.060> says<00:42:51.359> something<00:42:51.480> I<00:42:51.720> have<00:42:51.839> to

someone else says something I have to

someone else says something I have to
share<00:42:52.079> with<00:42:52.200> them<00:42:52.380> and<00:42:52.619> so<00:42:52.740> on<00:42:52.859> and<00:42:53.040> so<00:42:53.220> forth

share with them and so on and so forth

share with them and so on and so forth
now<00:42:54.300> we<00:42:54.599> might<00:42:54.780> sometimes<00:42:55.140> mix<00:42:55.500> these

now we might sometimes mix these

now we might sometimes mix these
together<00:42:55.980> into<00:42:56.280> what's<00:42:56.460> called<00:42:56.640> a<00:42:56.880> mixed<00:42:57.300> mode

together into what's called a mixed mode

together into what's called a mixed mode
Network<00:42:58.140> and<00:42:58.920> that's<00:42:59.040> just<00:42:59.280> like<00:42:59.460> it<00:42:59.700> sounds

Network and that's just like it sounds

Network and that's just like it sounds
it<00:43:00.300> mixes<00:43:00.720> aspects<00:43:01.319> of<00:43:01.500> two<00:43:01.740> or<00:43:01.920> more<00:43:02.040> of<00:43:02.160> the

it mixes aspects of two or more of the

it mixes aspects of two or more of the
different<00:43:02.460> network<00:43:02.819> models<00:43:03.480> an<00:43:04.440> example

different network models an example

different network models an example
might<00:43:05.640> be<00:43:05.880> a<00:43:06.180> work<00:43:06.420> group<00:43:06.660> of<00:43:06.900> computers

might be a work group of computers

might be a work group of computers
connected<00:43:08.339> together<00:43:08.579> via<00:43:09.119> some<00:43:09.359> sort<00:43:09.540> of

connected together via some sort of

connected together via some sort of
short<00:43:09.900> range<00:43:10.319> Wireless<00:43:11.119> while<00:43:12.119> allowing

short range Wireless while allowing

short range Wireless while allowing
those<00:43:13.020> computers<00:43:13.500> to<00:43:13.800> connect<00:43:13.980> to<00:43:14.400> a

those computers to connect to a

those computers to connect to a
Mainframe<00:43:15.180> computer<00:43:15.359> and<00:43:16.079> using<00:43:16.440> terminal

Mainframe computer and using terminal

Mainframe computer and using terminal
emulation

emulation

emulation
so<00:43:18.720> alternative<00:43:19.680> we<00:43:19.859> might<00:43:20.040> have<00:43:20.220> a<00:43:20.400> work

so alternative we might have a work

so alternative we might have a work
group<00:43:20.760> and<00:43:21.119> then<00:43:21.240> a<00:43:21.420> centralized<00:43:21.839> server<00:43:22.260> Etc

group and then a centralized server Etc

group and then a centralized server Etc
so<00:43:22.740> we<00:43:23.040> see<00:43:23.220> we<00:43:23.520> can<00:43:23.640> see<00:43:23.880> mixed<00:43:24.300> mode<00:43:24.420> networks

so we see we can see mixed mode networks

so we see we can see mixed mode networks
they're<00:43:25.079> usually<00:43:25.520> uh<00:43:26.520> not<00:43:26.880> as<00:43:27.060> popular<00:43:27.300> in

they're usually uh not as popular in

they're usually uh not as popular in
huge<00:43:27.960> Enterprises<00:43:28.500> because<00:43:28.740> of<00:43:28.920> the<00:43:29.099> lack<00:43:29.339> of

huge Enterprises because of the lack of

huge Enterprises because of the lack of
control

control

control
um except<00:43:31.740> in<00:43:31.920> certain<00:43:32.220> specific<00:43:32.579> instances

um except in certain specific instances

um except in certain specific instances
uh<00:43:33.900> but<00:43:34.200> we<00:43:34.500> do<00:43:34.619> see<00:43:34.800> them<00:43:34.980> and<00:43:35.220> it's<00:43:35.339> important

uh but we do see them and it's important

uh but we do see them and it's important
to<00:43:35.880> know<00:43:36.000> that<00:43:36.240> just<00:43:36.599> like<00:43:36.780> in<00:43:36.960> anything<00:43:37.140> we

to know that just like in anything we

to know that just like in anything we
can<00:43:37.800> mix<00:43:38.099> and<00:43:38.280> match

can mix and match

can mix and match
to<00:43:40.020> however<00:43:40.260> we<00:43:40.500> want<00:43:40.680> the<00:43:40.859> the<00:43:41.040> network<00:43:41.280> to

to however we want the the network to

to however we want the the network to
work<00:43:41.819> all<00:43:42.540> right<00:43:42.720> so<00:43:42.900> now<00:43:43.079> just<00:43:43.380> to<00:43:43.560> recap<00:43:43.859> what

work all right so now just to recap what

work all right so now just to recap what
we've<00:43:44.280> talked<00:43:44.520> about<00:43:44.579> we<00:43:45.420> can<00:43:45.599> now<00:43:45.839> describe

we've talked about we can now describe

we've talked about we can now describe
and<00:43:46.920> Define<00:43:47.220> the<00:43:47.940> characteristics<00:43:48.480> of<00:43:48.720> a<00:43:48.900> lan

and Define the characteristics of a lan

and Define the characteristics of a lan
or<00:43:49.619> a<00:43:49.800> local<00:43:49.920> area<00:43:50.220> network<00:43:50.579> as<00:43:51.480> well<00:43:51.660> as<00:43:51.960> a<00:43:52.380> Wan

or a local area network as well as a Wan

or a local area network as well as a Wan
or<00:43:52.920> a<00:43:53.099> wide<00:43:53.280> area<00:43:53.460> network<00:43:53.760> and<00:43:54.359> we<00:43:54.480> also

or a wide area network and we also

or a wide area network and we also
talked<00:43:55.140> about<00:43:55.440> several<00:43:56.339> of<00:43:56.520> the<00:43:56.880> uh<00:43:57.300> different

talked about several of the uh different

talked about several of the uh different
types<00:43:58.500> of<00:43:58.619> lands<00:43:59.160> or<00:43:59.280> in<00:43:59.579> some<00:43:59.760> cases<00:44:00.380> lands

types of lands or in some cases lands

types of lands or in some cases lands
including<00:44:02.540> a<00:44:03.540> can<00:44:03.900> or<00:44:04.200> campus<00:44:04.680> area<00:44:04.980> network<00:44:05.540> a

including a can or campus area network a

including a can or campus area network a
man<00:44:06.800> or<00:44:07.800> municipal<00:44:08.460> or<00:44:08.640> metropolitan<00:44:09.420> area

man or municipal or metropolitan area

man or municipal or metropolitan area
network<00:44:09.980> a<00:44:10.980> pan<00:44:11.220> or<00:44:11.700> personal<00:44:12.000> area<00:44:12.359> network

network a pan or personal area network

network a pan or personal area network
which<00:44:13.140> is<00:44:13.200> where<00:44:13.440> the<00:44:13.560> computers<00:44:13.920> connect

which is where the computers connect

which is where the computers connect
directly<00:44:14.700> to<00:44:14.880> one<00:44:15.060> another<00:44:15.240> and<00:44:16.020> then<00:44:16.140> we

directly to one another and then we

directly to one another and then we
looked<00:44:16.560> at<00:44:16.619> a<00:44:16.859> gan<00:44:17.160> or<00:44:17.520> a<00:44:17.700> global<00:44:18.300> area<00:44:18.540> network

looked at a gan or a global area network

looked at a gan or a global area network
and<00:44:19.560> then<00:44:19.680> we<00:44:19.920> also<00:44:20.220> talked<00:44:20.640> about<00:44:20.760> en<00:44:21.359> or<00:44:21.780> an

and then we also talked about en or an

and then we also talked about en or an
Enterprise<00:44:22.319> Network<00:44:23.099> okay<00:44:23.819> so<00:44:24.300> these<00:44:24.599> are<00:44:24.720> all

Enterprise Network okay so these are all

Enterprise Network okay so these are all
uh<00:44:25.560> different

uh different

uh different
acronyms<00:44:28.859> that<00:44:28.980> you<00:44:29.160> need<00:44:29.280> to<00:44:29.460> learn<00:44:29.640> for<00:44:30.000> the

acronyms that you need to learn for the

acronyms that you need to learn for the
exam<00:44:30.480> we<00:44:31.260> also<00:44:31.500> talked<00:44:31.800> about<00:44:32.000> uh<00:44:33.000> an<00:44:33.480> internet

exam we also talked about uh an internet

exam we also talked about uh an internet
intranet<00:44:34.800> an<00:44:35.099> Extranet<00:44:35.640> remember<00:44:35.819> the

intranet an Extranet remember the

intranet an Extranet remember the
internet<00:44:36.300> is<00:44:37.140> that<00:44:37.440> World<00:44:37.800> Wide<00:44:38.220> Web<00:44:38.400> right

internet is that World Wide Web right

internet is that World Wide Web right
the<00:44:39.420> cloud<00:44:39.720> the<00:44:40.560> intranet<00:44:41.280> is<00:44:41.640> sort<00:44:41.880> of<00:44:41.940> using

the cloud the intranet is sort of using

the cloud the intranet is sort of using
this<00:44:43.020> Cloud<00:44:43.319> but<00:44:44.099> in<00:44:44.400> your<00:44:44.640> company

this Cloud but in your company

this Cloud but in your company
and<00:44:46.140> keeping<00:44:46.440> it<00:44:46.619> private<00:44:47.040> that's<00:44:47.339> my<00:44:47.579> little

and keeping it private that's my little

and keeping it private that's my little
building<00:44:47.940> and<00:44:48.780> the<00:44:49.079> Extranet<00:44:49.920> is<00:44:50.579> allowing

building and the Extranet is allowing

building and the Extranet is allowing
access

access

access
of<00:44:53.760> your<00:44:54.060> company<00:44:54.300> private<00:44:55.020> intranet<00:44:55.619> to

of your company private intranet to

of your company private intranet to
perhaps

perhaps

perhaps
certain<00:44:58.380> individuals<00:44:59.160> from<00:44:59.880> outside<00:45:00.240> so<00:45:00.720> it's

certain individuals from outside so it's

certain individuals from outside so it's
just<00:45:01.079> a<00:45:01.260> little<00:45:01.380> bit<00:45:01.619> of<00:45:01.800> that

just a little bit of that

just a little bit of that
we<00:45:02.880> also<00:45:03.119> talked<00:45:03.359> about<00:45:03.359> a<00:45:03.780> centralized

we also talked about a centralized

we also talked about a centralized
Network<00:45:04.619> which<00:45:05.460> is<00:45:05.700> mostly

Network which is mostly

Network which is mostly
what<00:45:08.220> we<00:45:08.339> talk<00:45:08.520> about<00:45:08.700> when<00:45:09.060> we<00:45:09.240> deal<00:45:09.480> with

what we talk about when we deal with

what we talk about when we deal with
terminals

terminals

terminals
and<00:45:11.819> mainframes

and mainframes

and mainframes
and<00:45:14.520> we'll<00:45:14.819> sort<00:45:15.060> of<00:45:15.180> deal<00:45:15.480> with<00:45:15.660> this<00:45:15.900> a

and we'll sort of deal with this a

and we'll sort of deal with this a
little<00:45:16.140> bit<00:45:16.260> too<00:45:16.500> when<00:45:16.740> we<00:45:16.920> get<00:45:17.040> into<00:45:17.720> uh

little bit too when we get into uh

little bit too when we get into uh
virtualization<00:45:19.500> when<00:45:19.859> we<00:45:20.040> talked<00:45:20.280> about<00:45:20.339> Thin

virtualization when we talked about Thin

virtualization when we talked about Thin
and<00:45:20.819> Thick<00:45:21.060> clients<00:45:21.480> this<00:45:21.720> is<00:45:21.839> the<00:45:21.960> idea<00:45:22.200> of<00:45:22.319> a

and Thick clients this is the idea of a

and Thick clients this is the idea of a
thin<00:45:22.859> client<00:45:23.160> on<00:45:24.119> a<00:45:24.300> network<00:45:24.480> with<00:45:24.900> a

thin client on a network with a

thin client on a network with a
a<00:45:26.460> server<00:45:26.940> of<00:45:27.119> some<00:45:27.359> sort<00:45:27.540> or<00:45:27.720> a

a server of some sort or a

a server of some sort or a
Mainframe<00:45:29.579> I<00:45:29.760> should<00:45:29.940> say<00:45:30.119> that<00:45:30.720> is<00:45:30.839> going<00:45:30.960> to

Mainframe I should say that is going to

Mainframe I should say that is going to
do<00:45:31.140> all<00:45:31.380> the<00:45:31.500> processing<00:45:31.980> for<00:45:32.280> it<00:45:32.460> we<00:45:32.940> also

do all the processing for it we also

do all the processing for it we also
looked<00:45:33.480> at<00:45:33.599> a<00:45:33.900> client<00:45:34.619> server<00:45:35.160> Network<00:45:35.339> which

looked at a client server Network which

looked at a client server Network which
is<00:45:36.180> the<00:45:36.420> majority<00:45:36.839> of<00:45:36.960> the<00:45:37.140> types<00:45:37.380> of<00:45:37.500> networks

is the majority of the types of networks

is the majority of the types of networks
we<00:45:37.980> see<00:45:38.160> in<00:45:38.400> Enterprise<00:45:38.640> settings<00:45:39.060> and<00:45:39.900> a

we see in Enterprise settings and a

we see in Enterprise settings and a
peer-to-peer<00:45:40.680> Network<00:45:40.920> which<00:45:41.760> we<00:45:42.119> also<00:45:42.420> call

peer-to-peer Network which we also call

peer-to-peer Network which we also call
a<00:45:42.960> work<00:45:43.380> group<00:45:43.740> network<00:45:44.280> in<00:45:44.760> which<00:45:45.000> every<00:45:45.780> peer

a work group network in which every peer

a work group network in which every peer
is<00:45:47.160> both<00:45:47.400> a<00:45:47.760> client<00:45:48.119> and<00:45:48.599> a<00:45:48.720> server

is both a client and a server

is both a client and a server
responsible<00:45:49.980> for<00:45:50.339> its<00:45:50.819> own

responsible for its own

responsible for its own
um

um

um
its<00:45:53.220> own<00:45:53.339> resources<00:45:53.880> and<00:45:54.119> so<00:45:54.300> on<00:45:54.420> I<00:45:54.839> think<00:45:54.960> we

its own resources and so on I think we

its own resources and so on I think we
use<00:45:55.319> the<00:45:55.500> metaphor<00:45:55.920> that<00:45:56.220> this<00:45:56.520> might<00:45:56.760> be<00:45:56.940> like

use the metaphor that this might be like

use the metaphor that this might be like
uh

uh

uh
communism<00:46:00.200> this<00:46:01.200> might<00:46:01.619> be<00:46:01.920> like<00:46:02.339> a<00:46:02.640> client

communism this might be like a client

communism this might be like a client
server<00:46:03.240> might<00:46:03.540> be<00:46:03.720> like<00:46:04.079> sort<00:46:04.920> of<00:46:05.099> uh

server might be like sort of uh

server might be like sort of uh
democracy<00:46:06.960> of<00:46:07.260> some<00:46:07.500> sort<00:46:07.740> or<00:46:08.520> a<00:46:08.700> republic<00:46:08.880> of

democracy of some sort or a republic of

democracy of some sort or a republic of
some<00:46:09.660> sort<00:46:10.040> and<00:46:11.040> a<00:46:11.579> centralized<00:46:12.240> Network

some sort and a centralized Network

some sort and a centralized Network
would<00:46:13.500> be<00:46:13.740> more<00:46:14.220> like<00:46:14.520> I<00:46:15.180> guess<00:46:15.599> I<00:46:15.780> should<00:46:15.960> say

would be more like I guess I should say

would be more like I guess I should say
a<00:46:16.800> democracy<00:46:17.339> that<00:46:17.640> is<00:46:17.760> also<00:46:18.060> republic<00:46:18.300> since

a democracy that is also republic since

a democracy that is also republic since
um<00:46:20.040> we<00:46:20.880> do<00:46:21.000> have<00:46:21.119> officials<00:46:21.839> and<00:46:22.020> there's

um we do have officials and there's

um we do have officials and there's
someone<00:46:22.380> above<00:46:22.800> us<00:46:22.920> right<00:46:23.220> but<00:46:23.640> a<00:46:24.119> prime

someone above us right but a prime

someone above us right but a prime
minister<00:46:24.839> a<00:46:25.319> president<00:46:25.560> sort<00:46:26.040> of<00:46:26.099> system<00:46:26.280> and

minister a president sort of system and

minister a president sort of system and
then<00:46:26.760> a<00:46:26.880> centralized<00:46:27.359> Network<00:46:27.540> would<00:46:27.900> be<00:46:28.020> like

then a centralized Network would be like

then a centralized Network would be like
a<00:46:28.440> tyranny

a tyranny

a tyranny
or<00:46:30.480> a<00:46:30.720> tyrannical<00:46:31.380> Monarch<00:46:31.980> I<00:46:32.099> should<00:46:32.280> say<00:46:32.460> and

or a tyrannical Monarch I should say and

or a tyrannical Monarch I should say and
then<00:46:33.119> we<00:46:33.300> have<00:46:33.480> a<00:46:33.720> mixed<00:46:33.960> mode<00:46:34.079> Network<00:46:34.440> which

then we have a mixed mode Network which

then we have a mixed mode Network which
is<00:46:34.920> sort<00:46:35.160> of<00:46:35.280> a<00:46:35.579> combination<00:46:36.119> of<00:46:37.079> uh<00:46:37.380> the<00:46:37.619> above

is sort of a combination of uh the above

is sort of a combination of uh the above
great

great

great
so<00:46:40.680> we've<00:46:41.099> talked<00:46:41.400> now<00:46:41.579> about<00:46:41.880> uh<00:46:42.720> some<00:46:43.079> of<00:46:43.200> the

so we've talked now about uh some of the

so we've talked now about uh some of the
basic<00:46:43.859> terminology<00:46:44.339> we've<00:46:45.060> talked<00:46:45.359> about<00:46:45.420> the

basic terminology we've talked about the

basic terminology we've talked about the
models<00:46:46.140> we've<00:46:46.740> also<00:46:47.099> talked<00:46:47.400> about<00:46:47.640> the

models we've also talked about the

models we've also talked about the
different<00:46:48.380> categories<00:46:49.380> so<00:46:50.280> let's<00:46:50.579> finish<00:46:50.760> up

different categories so let's finish up

different categories so let's finish up
this<00:46:51.540> basic<00:46:51.960> Network<00:46:52.140> fundamentals<00:46:52.859> area<00:46:53.040> by

this basic Network fundamentals area by

this basic Network fundamentals area by
talking<00:46:53.520> about<00:46:53.700> what<00:46:54.060> are<00:46:54.180> what<00:46:54.420> are<00:46:54.540> called

talking about what are what are called

talking about what are what are called
topologies<00:46:55.619> how<00:46:56.099> the<00:46:56.220> networks<00:46:56.579> are

topologies how the networks are

topologies how the networks are
physically<00:46:57.060> set<00:46:57.240> up<00:46:57.420> and<00:46:57.660> how<00:46:57.839> they<00:46:58.079> logically

physically set up and how they logically

physically set up and how they logically
communicate<00:46:59.220> with<00:46:59.339> one<00:46:59.520> another

[Music]

[Music]
thank<00:47:12.960> you

Network fundamentals Network topologies

Network fundamentals Network topologies
so<00:47:33.720> now<00:47:33.839> we're<00:47:34.020> going<00:47:34.200> to<00:47:34.260> explain<00:47:34.500> Network

so now we're going to explain Network

so now we're going to explain Network
topologies<00:47:36.240> or<00:47:36.900> uh<00:47:37.740> the<00:47:38.099> network<00:47:38.280> layout<00:47:39.000> both

topologies or uh the network layout both

topologies or uh the network layout both
physical<00:47:39.720> and<00:47:40.560> logical<00:47:40.980> physical<00:47:41.400> being<00:47:41.700> how

physical and logical physical being how

physical and logical physical being how
it's<00:47:42.180> physically<00:47:42.540> connected<00:47:42.960> and<00:47:43.800> logical

it's physically connected and logical

it's physically connected and logical
being<00:47:44.579> how<00:47:44.819> the<00:47:45.000> information<00:47:45.180> is

being how the information is

being how the information is
communicated<00:47:46.440> over<00:47:46.800> that<00:47:47.040> physical<00:47:47.220> Network

communicated over that physical Network

communicated over that physical Network
and<00:47:48.180> we're<00:47:48.300> going<00:47:48.420> to<00:47:48.480> define<00:47:48.599> the<00:47:48.960> different

and we're going to define the different

and we're going to define the different
standard<00:47:49.800> topologies<00:47:50.460> that<00:47:50.700> are<00:47:50.819> in<00:47:51.000> use<00:47:51.119> for

standard topologies that are in use for

standard topologies that are in use for
today

today

today
so<00:47:53.099> uh<00:47:53.700> we're<00:47:54.000> first<00:47:54.180> going<00:47:54.359> to<00:47:54.480> Define

so uh we're first going to Define

so uh we're first going to Define
topology<00:47:55.380> in<00:47:55.800> general

topology in general

topology in general
then<00:47:57.000> we're<00:47:57.119> going<00:47:57.300> to<00:47:57.359> talk<00:47:57.540> about<00:47:57.720> physical

then we're going to talk about physical

then we're going to talk about physical
topology<00:47:58.920> followed<00:47:59.880> by<00:48:00.060> logical<00:48:00.780> topology

topology followed by logical topology

topology followed by logical topology
we're<00:48:02.579> then<00:48:02.760> going<00:48:02.940> to<00:48:03.060> explain<00:48:03.180> a<00:48:03.480> few<00:48:03.599> of<00:48:03.780> the

we're then going to explain a few of the

we're then going to explain a few of the
different<00:48:04.200> types<00:48:04.619> of<00:48:04.740> topologies<00:48:05.280> you<00:48:05.400> need

different types of topologies you need

different types of topologies you need
to<00:48:05.640> be<00:48:05.760> familiar<00:48:06.060> with<00:48:06.180> for<00:48:06.480> the<00:48:06.599> exam

to be familiar with for the exam

to be familiar with for the exam
including<00:48:07.680> a<00:48:07.859> bus<00:48:08.099> topology

including a bus topology

including a bus topology
star<00:48:10.500> topology

star topology

star topology
a<00:48:12.480> ring<00:48:12.720> topology

a ring topology

a ring topology
a<00:48:14.880> tree<00:48:15.000> topology

a tree topology

a tree topology
and<00:48:17.040> a<00:48:17.160> mesh<00:48:17.460> topology<00:48:17.819> we're<00:48:18.660> also<00:48:18.960> going<00:48:19.020> to

and a mesh topology we're also going to

and a mesh topology we're also going to
talk<00:48:19.319> about<00:48:19.619> a<00:48:20.099> mixture<00:48:20.460> of<00:48:20.700> all<00:48:20.940> of<00:48:21.000> these

talk about a mixture of all of these

talk about a mixture of all of these
topologies<00:48:21.859> that<00:48:22.859> is<00:48:22.980> called

topologies that is called

topologies that is called
a<00:48:24.540> hybrid<00:48:24.839> topology

a hybrid topology

a hybrid topology
these<00:48:26.819> are<00:48:26.880> the<00:48:27.060> things<00:48:27.180> you<00:48:27.359> really<00:48:27.480> want<00:48:27.660> to

these are the things you really want to

these are the things you really want to
pay<00:48:27.900> attention<00:48:28.140> to<00:48:28.380> these<00:48:28.800> different<00:48:28.920> names

pay attention to these different names

pay attention to these different names
and<00:48:29.819> the<00:48:30.000> names<00:48:30.180> correspond<00:48:30.839> directly<00:48:31.319> to<00:48:32.040> how

and the names correspond directly to how

and the names correspond directly to how
everything<00:48:32.520> is<00:48:32.760> set<00:48:32.940> up<00:48:33.060> so<00:48:33.300> I<00:48:33.480> don't<00:48:33.540> think

everything is set up so I don't think

everything is set up so I don't think
it'll<00:48:33.900> be<00:48:34.020> too<00:48:34.140> hard<00:48:34.380> for<00:48:34.619> you<00:48:34.800> to<00:48:35.220> remember<00:48:36.180> or

it'll be too hard for you to remember or

it'll be too hard for you to remember or
to<00:48:36.960> memorize

so as administrators regardless of the

so as administrators regardless of the
specific<00:48:43.680> role<00:48:44.099> we're<00:48:44.220> in<00:48:44.400> we<00:48:44.880> have<00:48:45.000> to<00:48:45.119> have<00:48:45.240> a

specific role we're in we have to have a

specific role we're in we have to have a
complete<00:48:45.720> understanding<00:48:46.200> of<00:48:46.500> the<00:48:46.859> layout<00:48:47.220> or

complete understanding of the layout or

complete understanding of the layout or
the<00:48:47.819> arrangement<00:48:48.480> of<00:48:48.900> the<00:48:49.079> network<00:48:49.260> this

the arrangement of the network this

the arrangement of the network this
allows<00:48:50.460> us<00:48:50.579> to<00:48:51.000> effectively<00:48:51.660> design<00:48:52.079> manage

allows us to effectively design manage

allows us to effectively design manage
and<00:48:53.640> troubleshoot<00:48:54.240> the<00:48:54.420> networks<00:48:54.839> for

and troubleshoot the networks for

and troubleshoot the networks for
performance<00:48:56.460> and<00:48:57.000> scalability<00:48:57.599> a

performance and scalability a

performance and scalability a
scalability<00:48:58.920> by<00:48:59.280> the<00:48:59.460> way<00:48:59.579> I'm<00:49:00.300> just<00:49:00.480> going<00:49:00.599> to

scalability by the way I'm just going to

scalability by the way I'm just going to
write<00:49:00.780> that<00:49:01.020> out<00:49:01.200> here

write that out here

write that out here
because<00:49:03.000> it<00:49:03.240> is<00:49:03.359> a<00:49:03.480> term<00:49:03.599> we'll<00:49:03.780> see<00:49:03.960> come<00:49:04.200> up

because it is a term we'll see come up

because it is a term we'll see come up
over<00:49:04.619> and<00:49:04.800> over<00:49:04.980> again<00:49:05.160> is

over and over again is

over and over again is
um

um

um
how<00:49:08.940> you<00:49:09.180> can<00:49:09.359> either<00:49:09.960> make<00:49:10.200> the<00:49:10.380> network

how you can either make the network

how you can either make the network
larger<00:49:11.220> or<00:49:11.579> smaller<00:49:11.880> depending<00:49:12.300> on<00:49:12.480> needs

larger or smaller depending on needs

larger or smaller depending on needs
certain<00:49:14.520> topologies<00:49:15.420> have<00:49:16.099> characteristics

certain topologies have characteristics

certain topologies have characteristics
that<00:49:17.940> allow<00:49:18.240> us<00:49:18.359> to<00:49:18.599> have<00:49:18.780> more<00:49:19.079> efficient

that allow us to have more efficient

that allow us to have more efficient
communication<00:49:20.160> while<00:49:20.760> other<00:49:20.940> topologies

communication while other topologies

communication while other topologies
focus<00:49:22.200> more<00:49:22.380> on<00:49:22.619> immediate<00:49:23.339> or<00:49:23.700> faster

focus more on immediate or faster

focus more on immediate or faster
communication<00:49:24.660> between<00:49:25.260> certain<00:49:25.680> devices<00:49:26.119> so

communication between certain devices so

communication between certain devices so
understanding<00:49:27.839> the<00:49:28.079> topology<00:49:28.619> of<00:49:29.579> the

understanding the topology of the

understanding the topology of the
network<00:49:29.940> allows<00:49:30.839> us<00:49:31.200> administrators<00:49:32.040> to

network allows us administrators to

network allows us administrators to
troubleshoot<00:49:33.119> the<00:49:33.480> problems<00:49:33.839> we're<00:49:34.079> having

troubleshoot the problems we're having

troubleshoot the problems we're having
and<00:49:35.099> then<00:49:35.220> Implement<00:49:35.700> Solutions<00:49:36.500> easier<00:49:37.500> and

and then Implement Solutions easier and

and then Implement Solutions easier and
more<00:49:38.460> efficiently

more efficiently

more efficiently
so<00:49:40.319> there<00:49:40.619> are<00:49:40.800> two<00:49:41.160> types<00:49:41.640> of<00:49:41.819> topologies<00:49:42.660> in

so there are two types of topologies in

so there are two types of topologies in
general<00:49:43.319> and<00:49:43.920> then<00:49:44.099> there<00:49:44.280> are<00:49:44.460> specific

general and then there are specific

general and then there are specific
names<00:49:45.060> for<00:49:45.300> each<00:49:45.420> of<00:49:45.540> those<00:49:45.599> topologies<00:49:46.200> but

names for each of those topologies but

names for each of those topologies but
the<00:49:46.680> two<00:49:46.800> types<00:49:47.160> are<00:49:47.460> physical<00:49:47.700> and<00:49:48.480> logical

the two types are physical and logical

the two types are physical and logical
so<00:49:49.560> uh<00:49:49.740> let's<00:49:49.980> take<00:49:50.160> a<00:49:50.339> look<00:49:50.460> at<00:49:50.819> the

so uh let's take a look at the

so uh let's take a look at the
characteristics<00:49:51.599> that<00:49:52.020> define<00:49:52.200> a<00:49:52.680> physical

characteristics that define a physical

characteristics that define a physical
topology<00:49:53.339> and<00:49:53.880> a<00:49:54.000> logical<00:49:54.300> topology

Google topology is the actual physical

Google topology is the actual physical
layout<00:50:01.500> of<00:50:02.160> the<00:50:02.280> devices<00:50:02.599> so<00:50:03.599> this<00:50:03.839> is<00:50:04.140> like

layout of the devices so this is like

layout of the devices so this is like
looking<00:50:04.800> at<00:50:05.099> the<00:50:05.400> blueprint<00:50:05.940> of<00:50:06.540> our<00:50:06.660> Network

looking at the blueprint of our Network

looking at the blueprint of our Network
this<00:50:07.619> tells<00:50:07.920> us<00:50:07.980> how<00:50:08.220> the<00:50:08.400> devices<00:50:08.760> are

this tells us how the devices are

this tells us how the devices are
actually<00:50:09.599> physically<00:50:10.579> connected<00:50:11.579> to<00:50:11.760> one

actually physically connected to one

actually physically connected to one
another<00:50:12.119> it's<00:50:12.900> also<00:50:13.200> the<00:50:13.440> shape<00:50:13.740> of<00:50:13.920> the

another it's also the shape of the

another it's also the shape of the
network<00:50:14.220> and<00:50:14.579> it<00:50:14.700> gives<00:50:14.819> us<00:50:14.940> a<00:50:15.180> sort<00:50:15.359> of

network and it gives us a sort of

network and it gives us a sort of
picture<00:50:16.319> to<00:50:16.740> represent<00:50:17.099> the<00:50:17.460> layout<00:50:17.819> or<00:50:18.599> the

picture to represent the layout or the

picture to represent the layout or the
blueprint<00:50:19.819> the<00:50:20.819> physical<00:50:21.000> topology<00:50:21.920> ensures

blueprint the physical topology ensures

blueprint the physical topology ensures
that<00:50:23.280> we<00:50:23.460> administrators<00:50:24.300> know<00:50:24.900> and

that we administrators know and

that we administrators know and
understand<00:50:25.380> how<00:50:26.040> the<00:50:26.220> physical<00:50:26.400> media<00:50:27.180> like

understand how the physical media like

understand how the physical media like
cables<00:50:28.380> connect<00:50:28.980> the<00:50:29.339> devices<00:50:29.640> to<00:50:30.000> one

cables connect the devices to one

cables connect the devices to one
another

another

another
so<00:50:32.099> a<00:50:32.880> logical<00:50:33.359> topology<00:50:33.839> on<00:50:34.260> the<00:50:34.380> other<00:50:34.500> hand

so a logical topology on the other hand

so a logical topology on the other hand
describes<00:50:35.520> the<00:50:36.300> how<00:50:36.480> in<00:50:37.079> other<00:50:37.140> words<00:50:37.319> it's

describes the how in other words it's

describes the how in other words it's
the<00:50:38.099> pathway<00:50:38.579> that<00:50:39.359> data<00:50:39.839> takes<00:50:40.079> regardless

the pathway that data takes regardless

the pathway that data takes regardless
of<00:50:41.099> how<00:50:41.339> the<00:50:41.579> network<00:50:41.940> is<00:50:42.480> physically<00:50:42.960> laid

of how the network is physically laid

of how the network is physically laid
out<00:50:43.440> this<00:50:44.040> is<00:50:44.099> how<00:50:44.400> the<00:50:44.880> data<00:50:45.599> is<00:50:45.900> actually

out this is how the data is actually

out this is how the data is actually
communicated<00:50:47.099> over<00:50:47.700> the<00:50:48.059> physical

communicated over the physical

communicated over the physical
so<00:50:49.559> the<00:50:49.859> logical<00:50:50.220> topology<00:50:50.700> allows

so the logical topology allows

so the logical topology allows
administrators<00:50:51.839> to<00:50:52.260> troubleshoot<00:50:53.040> and

administrators to troubleshoot and

administrators to troubleshoot and
fix<00:50:55.200> the<00:50:55.680> problems<00:50:56.160> we're<00:50:56.339> having<00:50:56.579> with

fix the problems we're having with

fix the problems we're having with
communication<00:50:57.780> between<00:50:58.319> devices<00:50:59.180> by

communication between devices by

communication between devices by
understanding<00:51:01.020> the<00:51:01.920> path<00:51:02.160> that<00:51:02.579> the<00:51:02.760> data<00:51:03.059> is

understanding the path that the data is

understanding the path that the data is
actually<00:51:03.660> taking<00:51:04.079> and<00:51:04.619> we'll<00:51:04.980> see<00:51:05.280> some

actually taking and we'll see some

actually taking and we'll see some
pictures<00:51:05.579> of<00:51:05.880> this<00:51:06.000> in<00:51:06.240> just<00:51:06.359> a<00:51:06.480> second<00:51:06.660> so

pictures of this in just a second so

pictures of this in just a second so
that<00:51:07.260> will<00:51:07.440> make<00:51:08.339> this<00:51:08.520> all<00:51:08.760> a<00:51:08.880> lot<00:51:09.000> more<00:51:09.180> clear

that will make this all a lot more clear

that will make this all a lot more clear
in<00:51:10.440> a<00:51:10.559> lot<00:51:10.619> of<00:51:10.800> cases<00:51:11.160> the<00:51:11.760> logical<00:51:12.300> topology

in a lot of cases the logical topology

in a lot of cases the logical topology
could<00:51:14.460> be<00:51:14.640> very<00:51:14.880> different<00:51:15.180> from<00:51:15.540> the

could be very different from the

could be very different from the
physical<00:51:15.839> topology

physical topology

physical topology
so<00:51:17.700> only<00:51:18.000> because<00:51:18.240> one<00:51:18.599> logical<00:51:18.900> topology<00:51:19.260> is

so only because one logical topology is

so only because one logical topology is
for<00:51:19.740> instance<00:51:19.920> the<00:51:20.160> star<00:51:20.400> doesn't<00:51:20.700> mean<00:51:20.940> the

for instance the star doesn't mean the

for instance the star doesn't mean the
physical<00:51:21.300> topology<00:51:21.839> is<00:51:22.020> also<00:51:22.319> going<00:51:22.380> to<00:51:22.440> be<00:51:22.559> a

physical topology is also going to be a

physical topology is also going to be a
star<00:51:22.800> you<00:51:23.339> can<00:51:23.520> have<00:51:23.640> a<00:51:23.819> physical<00:51:24.000> star<00:51:24.540> and<00:51:25.440> a

star you can have a physical star and a

star you can have a physical star and a
logical<00:51:26.099> bus<00:51:26.460> so<00:51:27.000> that's<00:51:27.119> why<00:51:27.359> it's<00:51:27.480> important

logical bus so that's why it's important

logical bus so that's why it's important
we<00:51:27.900> understand<00:51:28.140> but<00:51:28.559> the<00:51:28.800> difference<00:51:28.980> between

we understand but the difference between

we understand but the difference between
logical<00:51:29.760> and<00:51:30.000> physical

logical and physical

logical and physical
so<00:51:31.200> now<00:51:31.380> that<00:51:31.559> we've<00:51:31.740> defined<00:51:32.099> the<00:51:32.280> difference

so now that we've defined the difference

so now that we've defined the difference
in<00:51:32.640> a<00:51:32.880> physical<00:51:33.000> and<00:51:33.359> a<00:51:33.540> logical<00:51:33.839> topology<00:51:34.319> I

in a physical and a logical topology I

in a physical and a logical topology I
want<00:51:34.980> to<00:51:35.099> look<00:51:35.160> at<00:51:35.280> some<00:51:35.520> of<00:51:35.640> the<00:51:35.880> different

want to look at some of the different

want to look at some of the different
connection<00:51:36.480> methods<00:51:37.200> that<00:51:37.680> we<00:51:37.859> use<00:51:38.040> in<00:51:38.339> these

connection methods that we use in these

connection methods that we use in these
topologies<00:51:39.119> in<00:51:39.300> the<00:51:39.480> specific<00:51:39.720> layouts<00:51:40.380> both

topologies in the specific layouts both

topologies in the specific layouts both
for<00:51:41.040> physical<00:51:41.220> and<00:51:41.640> logical<00:51:42.200> uh<00:51:43.200> but<00:51:43.440> first

for physical and logical uh but first

for physical and logical uh but first
let's<00:51:43.800> talk<00:51:44.040> about<00:51:44.220> how<00:51:44.700> these<00:51:45.059> things

let's talk about how these things

let's talk about how these things
connect<00:51:45.420> because<00:51:46.020> that's<00:51:46.260> going<00:51:46.440> to<00:51:46.619> keep

connect because that's going to keep

connect because that's going to keep
coming<00:51:46.980> back<00:51:47.280> up

coming back up

coming back up
so<00:51:49.319> the<00:51:49.740> first<00:51:49.920> type<00:51:50.280> we<00:51:50.520> have<00:51:50.640> is<00:51:50.819> called<00:51:51.000> a

so the first type we have is called a

so the first type we have is called a
point-to-point<00:51:51.960> connection<00:51:52.640> this<00:51:53.640> is<00:51:53.940> a

point-to-point connection this is a

point-to-point connection this is a
direct<00:51:54.599> connection<00:51:55.079> between<00:51:56.040> two<00:51:56.700> nodes<00:51:57.059> on

direct connection between two nodes on

direct connection between two nodes on
the<00:51:57.480> network<00:51:57.599> and<00:51:58.200> remember<00:51:58.319> when<00:51:58.680> we're

the network and remember when we're

the network and remember when we're
talking<00:51:59.099> nodes<00:52:00.059> that<00:52:00.359> could<00:52:00.599> be<00:52:00.839> two

talking nodes that could be two

talking nodes that could be two
computers

computers

computers
uh<00:52:03.960> printers

Etc and remember we had endpoint nodes

Etc and remember we had endpoint nodes
and<00:52:11.640> then<00:52:11.700> we<00:52:12.000> had<00:52:12.260> redistribution<00:52:13.260> nodes

and then we had redistribution nodes

and then we had redistribution nodes
so<00:52:14.940> this<00:52:15.300> these<00:52:15.780> can<00:52:15.900> either<00:52:16.079> by<00:52:16.380> the<00:52:16.559> way<00:52:16.619> be

so this these can either by the way be

so this these can either by the way be
wired<00:52:17.520> or<00:52:17.760> Wireless<00:52:18.020> so<00:52:19.020> an<00:52:19.140> example<00:52:19.500> of<00:52:19.800> a

wired or Wireless so an example of a

wired or Wireless so an example of a
wireless<00:52:20.280> point-to-point<00:52:21.000> connection<00:52:21.300> would

wireless point-to-point connection would

wireless point-to-point connection would
be<00:52:21.839> for<00:52:22.200> instance<00:52:22.500> two<00:52:23.460> nodes<00:52:23.760> using<00:52:24.119> an

be for instance two nodes using an

be for instance two nodes using an
infrared<00:52:24.920> connection<00:52:25.920> to<00:52:26.280> communicate<00:52:26.640> with

infrared connection to communicate with

infrared connection to communicate with
one<00:52:27.000> another<00:52:27.119> like<00:52:27.540> your<00:52:27.780> TV<00:52:28.140> and<00:52:28.440> your<00:52:28.619> remote

one another like your TV and your remote

one another like your TV and your remote
control<00:52:29.300> a<00:52:30.300> wired<00:52:30.720> point-to-point

control a wired point-to-point

control a wired point-to-point
connection<00:52:31.680> on<00:52:32.099> the<00:52:32.160> other<00:52:32.220> hand<00:52:32.460> would<00:52:33.180> be

connection on the other hand would be

connection on the other hand would be
two<00:52:33.839> computers<00:52:34.500> with<00:52:35.400> network<00:52:35.700> interface

two computers with network interface

two computers with network interface
cards<00:52:36.720> or<00:52:37.079> nics<00:52:37.920> remember<00:52:38.280> that<00:52:38.700> term

cards or nics remember that term

cards or nics remember that term
okay<00:52:40.079> connected<00:52:40.859> directly<00:52:41.280> together<00:52:41.460> with

okay connected directly together with

okay connected directly together with
what's<00:52:42.540> called<00:52:42.839> a<00:52:43.380> crossover<00:52:43.980> cable<00:52:44.460> so

what's called a crossover cable so

what's called a crossover cable so
there's<00:52:45.420> nothing<00:52:45.660> in<00:52:45.960> between<00:52:46.079> them<00:52:46.380> right

there's nothing in between them right

there's nothing in between them right
they're<00:52:46.859> connected<00:52:47.280> directly<00:52:47.579> to<00:52:47.760> one

they're connected directly to one

they're connected directly to one
another<00:52:48.059> using<00:52:48.839> cables<00:52:49.740> this<00:52:49.980> might<00:52:50.160> also<00:52:50.339> be

another using cables this might also be

another using cables this might also be
the<00:52:50.640> same<00:52:50.760> thing<00:52:50.880> we<00:52:51.059> do<00:52:51.119> if<00:52:51.300> we<00:52:51.420> connected<00:52:51.780> two

the same thing we do if we connected two

the same thing we do if we connected two
computers<00:52:52.319> together<00:52:52.500> somehow<00:52:53.099> using<00:52:53.700> USB<00:52:54.740> uh

computers together somehow using USB uh

computers together somehow using USB uh
cables<00:52:56.280> although<00:52:56.700> that's<00:52:56.880> not<00:52:57.180> really<00:52:57.359> going

cables although that's not really going

cables although that's not really going
to<00:52:57.660> happen<00:52:57.780> very<00:52:58.140> often<00:52:58.440> in<00:52:58.680> a<00:52:58.920> network

to happen very often in a network

to happen very often in a network
setting<00:52:59.579> the<00:53:00.180> next<00:53:00.300> type<00:53:00.480> we<00:53:00.660> have<00:53:00.780> is<00:53:00.900> called

setting the next type we have is called

setting the next type we have is called
a<00:53:01.680> multi-point<00:53:02.220> connection<00:53:02.520> now<00:53:02.940> as<00:53:03.119> the<00:53:03.300> name

a multi-point connection now as the name

a multi-point connection now as the name
implies<00:53:03.960> we<00:53:04.260> had<00:53:04.440> point<00:53:04.920> to<00:53:05.160> point<00:53:05.339> that's

implies we had point to point that's

implies we had point to point that's
like<00:53:06.119> one<00:53:06.359> to<00:53:06.599> one

like one to one

like one to one
and<00:53:09.000> then<00:53:09.119> we<00:53:09.359> have<00:53:09.680> multi-point<00:53:10.680> connections

and then we have multi-point connections

and then we have multi-point connections
which<00:53:13.200> means<00:53:13.500> that<00:53:13.680> there<00:53:13.920> are<00:53:14.040> connections

which means that there are connections

which means that there are connections
between<00:53:14.880> multiple<00:53:15.540> nodes<00:53:15.960> so<00:53:16.740> there<00:53:17.099> are<00:53:17.220> two

between multiple nodes so there are two

between multiple nodes so there are two
or<00:53:17.640> more<00:53:17.819> endpoints<00:53:18.680> connected<00:53:19.680> together<00:53:20.040> by

or more endpoints connected together by

or more endpoints connected together by
each<00:53:21.300> multi-point<00:53:21.960> Connection<00:53:22.260> in<00:53:22.920> other

each multi-point Connection in other

each multi-point Connection in other
words<00:53:23.160> all<00:53:23.460> transmissions<00:53:24.000> are<00:53:24.240> not<00:53:24.420> private

words all transmissions are not private

words all transmissions are not private
because<00:53:25.260> every<00:53:25.980> node<00:53:26.280> on<00:53:26.460> the<00:53:26.640> network<00:53:26.760> can

because every node on the network can

because every node on the network can
detect<00:53:27.540> the<00:53:27.780> signal<00:53:28.020> being<00:53:28.260> transmitted

detect the signal being transmitted

detect the signal being transmitted
now<00:53:29.880> there's<00:53:30.119> also<00:53:30.420> something<00:53:30.599> called<00:53:31.020> a

now there's also something called a

now there's also something called a
radiated<00:53:31.859> connection<00:53:32.220> and<00:53:33.119> as<00:53:33.359> the<00:53:33.540> name

radiated connection and as the name

radiated connection and as the name
implies<00:53:34.200> radiated<00:53:35.099> this<00:53:35.760> is<00:53:35.940> specifically<00:53:36.420> a

implies radiated this is specifically a

implies radiated this is specifically a
wireless<00:53:37.460> connection<00:53:38.660> so<00:53:39.660> data<00:53:40.079> is

wireless connection so data is

wireless connection so data is
transmitted<00:53:40.740> wirelessly<00:53:41.460> between<00:53:41.819> devices

transmitted wirelessly between devices

transmitted wirelessly between devices
it's<00:53:43.200> also<00:53:43.440> by<00:53:43.619> the<00:53:43.740> way<00:53:43.859> called<00:53:44.339> a<00:53:45.059> broadcast

connection uh although broadcast also

connection uh although broadcast also
means<00:53:51.599> something<00:53:51.780> different<00:53:52.079> as<00:53:52.380> we<00:53:52.559> will<00:53:52.740> see

means something different as we will see

means something different as we will see
in<00:53:52.980> just<00:53:53.160> a<00:53:53.339> minute

in just a minute

in just a minute
so<00:53:54.599> some<00:53:55.020> radiated<00:53:55.440> connections<00:53:56.040> would<00:53:56.460> be

so some radiated connections would be

so some radiated connections would be
like<00:53:56.819> Wi-Fi<00:53:57.380> or<00:53:58.380> wireless<00:53:58.740> LAN<00:53:59.339> and<00:53:59.700> in<00:53:59.880> some

like Wi-Fi or wireless LAN and in some

like Wi-Fi or wireless LAN and in some
cases<00:54:00.420> even<00:54:00.839> an<00:54:01.200> infrared<00:54:01.740> like<00:54:02.280> your<00:54:02.819> um<00:54:02.880> a

cases even an infrared like your um a

cases even an infrared like your um a
remote<00:54:03.420> control<00:54:03.720> but<00:54:04.079> the<00:54:04.200> reason<00:54:04.319> that

remote control but the reason that

remote control but the reason that
that's<00:54:04.740> a<00:54:04.920> point<00:54:05.040> to<00:54:05.220> point<00:54:05.460> is<00:54:06.000> it<00:54:06.180> uh

that's a point to point is it uh

that's a point to point is it uh
infrared<00:54:07.020> requires<00:54:07.859> direct<00:54:08.700> line<00:54:09.059> of<00:54:09.300> sight

whereas radiated connections that can be

whereas radiated connections that can be
either<00:54:17.040> point<00:54:17.760> to<00:54:17.940> point<00:54:18.180> or<00:54:19.020> multi-point<00:54:19.740> so

either point to point or multi-point so

either point to point or multi-point so
it<00:54:20.579> sort<00:54:20.760> of<00:54:20.880> is<00:54:21.059> uh<00:54:21.900> it<00:54:22.440> sort<00:54:22.619> of<00:54:22.740> involves<00:54:23.099> all

it sort of is uh it sort of involves all

it sort of is uh it sort of involves all
of<00:54:23.579> these<00:54:23.760> different<00:54:23.940> ones

all right now let's talk some about some

all right now let's talk some about some
of<00:54:28.079> the<00:54:28.200> specific<00:54:28.619> uh<00:54:29.520> topologies<00:54:30.059> the<00:54:30.240> first

of the specific uh topologies the first

of the specific uh topologies the first
one<00:54:30.480> I<00:54:30.599> want<00:54:30.720> to<00:54:30.780> talk<00:54:30.839> about<00:54:30.960> is<00:54:31.200> a<00:54:31.440> physical

one I want to talk about is a physical

one I want to talk about is a physical
bus<00:54:32.220> topology<00:54:32.760> not<00:54:33.660> a<00:54:34.079> logical<00:54:34.440> bust<00:54:34.740> apology

bus topology not a logical bust apology

bus topology not a logical bust apology
okay<00:54:35.520> so<00:54:35.819> again<00:54:35.940> this<00:54:36.240> is<00:54:36.359> the<00:54:36.540> physical<00:54:36.720> how

okay so again this is the physical how

okay so again this is the physical how
things<00:54:37.319> are<00:54:37.740> physically<00:54:38.339> connected<00:54:38.940> and<00:54:39.420> what

things are physically connected and what

things are physically connected and what
this<00:54:39.720> means<00:54:40.020> is<00:54:40.200> each<00:54:40.559> node<00:54:40.920> is<00:54:41.220> arranged<00:54:41.760> as

this means is each node is arranged as

this means is each node is arranged as
you<00:54:42.180> can<00:54:42.300> tell<00:54:42.480> in<00:54:43.319> a<00:54:43.500> line<00:54:43.680> so<00:54:44.460> this<00:54:44.579> is<00:54:44.700> like

you can tell in a line so this is like

you can tell in a line so this is like
seats<00:54:45.420> on<00:54:45.599> a<00:54:45.720> school<00:54:45.839> bus<00:54:46.079> everyone<00:54:47.040> on<00:54:47.400> the

seats on a school bus everyone on the

seats on a school bus everyone on the
bus<00:54:47.700> can<00:54:48.420> hear<00:54:48.660> the<00:54:49.020> transmission<00:54:49.260> but<00:54:50.099> the

bus can hear the transmission but the

bus can hear the transmission but the
message<00:54:50.460> is<00:54:50.819> only<00:54:51.000> received<00:54:51.780> by<00:54:52.559> one<00:54:52.980> specific

message is only received by one specific

message is only received by one specific
recipient<00:54:54.140> so<00:54:55.140> a<00:54:55.559> bust<00:54:55.740> topology<00:54:56.280> is<00:54:56.579> an

recipient so a bust topology is an

recipient so a bust topology is an
example<00:54:56.940> of<00:54:57.359> a<00:54:57.660> multi-point<00:54:58.260> connection

example of a multi-point connection

example of a multi-point connection
right<00:54:59.040> because<00:54:59.760> we<00:55:00.119> have

it goes to all these different points

it goes to all these different points
there<00:55:05.160> are<00:55:05.280> many<00:55:05.400> points<00:55:05.760> connected<00:55:06.119> to<00:55:06.300> it<00:55:06.480> if

there are many points connected to it if

there are many points connected to it if
the<00:55:07.260> message<00:55:07.440> is<00:55:07.740> for<00:55:08.040> everyone<00:55:08.280> on<00:55:08.700> the<00:55:08.819> bus

the message is for everyone on the bus

the message is for everyone on the bus
so<00:55:10.020> I'm<00:55:10.140> meaning<00:55:10.319> I<00:55:10.619> want<00:55:10.800> to<00:55:10.920> send<00:55:11.220> this

so I'm meaning I want to send this

so I'm meaning I want to send this
message<00:55:11.819> out<00:55:12.240> to<00:55:12.420> everyone<00:55:12.599> that<00:55:13.260> would<00:55:13.440> be

message out to everyone that would be

message out to everyone that would be
called<00:55:13.800> a<00:55:14.339> broadcast<00:55:14.640> connection<00:55:15.359> broadcast

called a broadcast connection broadcast

called a broadcast connection broadcast
meaning<00:55:16.740> it<00:55:17.339> is<00:55:17.520> intended<00:55:18.059> and<00:55:18.720> sent<00:55:19.319> to<00:55:19.740> every

meaning it is intended and sent to every

meaning it is intended and sent to every
single<00:55:20.400> person<00:55:20.640> on<00:55:21.480> the<00:55:21.540> bus<00:55:21.720> or<00:55:22.079> every<00:55:22.319> node

single person on the bus or every node

single person on the bus or every node
uh<00:55:23.520> on<00:55:23.700> the<00:55:23.819> network

uh on the network

uh on the network
If<00:55:25.140> the<00:55:25.260> message<00:55:25.440> on<00:55:25.680> the<00:55:25.800> other<00:55:25.859> hand<00:55:25.980> is

If the message on the other hand is

If the message on the other hand is
meant<00:55:26.520> to<00:55:26.640> just<00:55:26.760> go<00:55:27.000> to<00:55:27.359> one<00:55:28.020> person<00:55:28.200> or<00:55:28.740> one

meant to just go to one person or one

meant to just go to one person or one
node<00:55:29.339> we're<00:55:30.059> going<00:55:30.180> to<00:55:30.240> call<00:55:30.420> that<00:55:30.720> unicast

node we're going to call that unicast

node we're going to call that unicast
uh<00:55:33.720> finally<00:55:34.380> if<00:55:34.859> it's<00:55:34.980> intended<00:55:35.400> to<00:55:35.460> go<00:55:35.640> to

uh finally if it's intended to go to

uh finally if it's intended to go to
more<00:55:35.940> than<00:55:36.119> one<00:55:36.240> recipient<00:55:36.780> but<00:55:37.020> not<00:55:37.140> all<00:55:37.319> of

more than one recipient but not all of

more than one recipient but not all of
them<00:55:37.559> then<00:55:37.800> we're<00:55:38.040> looking<00:55:38.220> at<00:55:38.460> a<00:55:38.760> multicast

them then we're looking at a multicast

them then we're looking at a multicast
Okay<00:55:39.900> so<00:55:40.380> unicast

Okay so unicast

Okay so unicast
as<00:55:43.559> the<00:55:43.740> name<00:55:43.859> implies

as the name implies

as the name implies
means

recipients

recipients
and<00:56:06.660> then<00:56:06.839> I'm<00:56:07.319> just<00:56:07.500> going<00:56:07.619> to<00:56:07.619> write<00:56:07.800> this<00:56:07.920> up

and then I'm just going to write this up

and then I'm just going to write this up
here<00:56:08.280> broadcast<00:56:09.319> as<00:56:10.319> the<00:56:10.500> name<00:56:10.559> implies<00:56:10.980> like

here broadcast as the name implies like

here broadcast as the name implies like
a<00:56:11.460> television<00:56:11.819> broadcast<00:56:12.180> it<00:56:13.140> goes<00:56:13.500> to<00:56:13.680> all

a television broadcast it goes to all

a television broadcast it goes to all
recipients<00:56:15.240> on<00:56:15.480> the<00:56:15.599> network

recipients on the network

recipients on the network
it's<00:56:17.160> important<00:56:17.579> to<00:56:17.819> understand<00:56:17.940> the

it's important to understand the

it's important to understand the
difference<00:56:18.420> in<00:56:18.720> these<00:56:18.960> types<00:56:19.200> of<00:56:19.319> messages<00:56:19.559> we

difference in these types of messages we

difference in these types of messages we
have<00:56:20.460> broadcast<00:56:20.640> messages<00:56:21.119> go<00:56:21.420> out<00:56:21.540> to

have broadcast messages go out to

have broadcast messages go out to
everyone<00:56:22.040> unicast<00:56:23.040> messages<00:56:23.280> go<00:56:23.640> out<00:56:23.760> to<00:56:23.880> one

everyone unicast messages go out to one

everyone unicast messages go out to one
recipient<00:56:24.480> multicast<00:56:25.319> to<00:56:25.559> two<00:56:25.740> or<00:56:25.920> more<00:56:26.099> but

recipient multicast to two or more but

recipient multicast to two or more but
different<00:56:27.000> from<00:56:27.300> broadcast<00:56:27.480> because<00:56:27.900> it's

different from broadcast because it's

different from broadcast because it's
not<00:56:28.319> going<00:56:28.619> to<00:56:29.280> everyone<00:56:29.579> or<00:56:30.300> all<00:56:30.660> of<00:56:30.839> them<00:56:31.079> the

not going to everyone or all of them the

not going to everyone or all of them the
way<00:56:31.920> multicast<00:56:32.640> works<00:56:33.240> is<00:56:33.660> that<00:56:34.099> only<00:56:35.099> uh<00:56:35.940> the

way multicast works is that only uh the

way multicast works is that only uh the
stations<00:56:36.540> or<00:56:36.660> the<00:56:36.839> nodes<00:56:37.079> that<00:56:37.440> have

stations or the nodes that have

stations or the nodes that have
subscribed<00:56:38.579> to<00:56:38.880> a<00:56:39.000> message<00:56:39.119> will<00:56:39.480> receive<00:56:39.839> it

subscribed to a message will receive it

subscribed to a message will receive it
so<00:56:40.559> we<00:56:40.859> could<00:56:41.040> if<00:56:41.280> we're<00:56:41.400> using<00:56:41.640> a<00:56:41.819> TV<00:56:42.059> sort<00:56:42.300> of

so we could if we're using a TV sort of

so we could if we're using a TV sort of
example<00:56:42.720> unicast<00:56:43.500> would<00:56:43.740> be<00:56:43.859> like<00:56:43.980> if<00:56:44.160> you

example unicast would be like if you

example unicast would be like if you
have<00:56:44.460> a<00:56:44.760> direct<00:56:44.880> line<00:56:45.780> to<00:56:46.140> your<00:56:46.680> sort<00:56:46.859> of

have a direct line to your sort of

have a direct line to your sort of
television<00:56:47.339> provider<00:56:47.819> multicast<00:56:48.540> would<00:56:48.839> be

television provider multicast would be

television provider multicast would be
like<00:56:49.079> HP<00:56:49.440> only<00:56:49.680> those<00:56:49.859> subscribing<00:56:50.640> to<00:56:51.480> the

like HP only those subscribing to the

like HP only those subscribing to the
specific<00:56:52.079> uh<00:56:52.980> cable<00:56:53.700> network<00:56:54.180> get<00:56:54.540> access<00:56:54.780> to

specific uh cable network get access to

specific uh cable network get access to
it<00:56:55.260> broadcast<00:56:55.800> is<00:56:56.280> sort<00:56:56.520> of<00:56:56.579> any<00:56:56.760> it's<00:56:57.000> in<00:56:57.180> the

it broadcast is sort of any it's in the

it broadcast is sort of any it's in the
air<00:56:57.420> anyone<00:56:57.900> can<00:56:58.079> get<00:56:58.260> it<00:56:58.380> right<00:56:58.619> so<00:56:59.400> on<00:56:59.760> a<00:57:00.000> bust

air anyone can get it right so on a bust

air anyone can get it right so on a bust
apology<00:57:00.720> like<00:57:01.200> we're<00:57:01.380> looking<00:57:01.559> at<00:57:01.680> right<00:57:01.980> now

apology like we're looking at right now

apology like we're looking at right now
when<00:57:02.700> the<00:57:02.880> data<00:57:03.180> is<00:57:03.359> transmitted<00:57:04.079> the<00:57:04.980> signal

when the data is transmitted the signal

when the data is transmitted the signal
will<00:57:05.760> bounce<00:57:06.119> or<00:57:06.420> reflect<00:57:06.839> off<00:57:07.260> of

will bounce or reflect off of

will bounce or reflect off of
the<00:57:08.760> ends<00:57:09.119> and<00:57:09.900> so<00:57:10.020> it's<00:57:10.200> important

the ends and so it's important

the ends and so it's important
uh<00:57:11.940> that<00:57:12.180> when<00:57:12.480> the<00:57:12.720> signal<00:57:12.960> bounces<00:57:13.500> it's

uh that when the signal bounces it's

uh that when the signal bounces it's
gonna<00:57:14.400> interrupt<00:57:15.059> the<00:57:15.240> transmission<00:57:15.540> if

gonna interrupt the transmission if

gonna interrupt the transmission if
there's<00:57:16.380> nothing<00:57:16.619> there<00:57:16.859> to<00:57:17.099> stop<00:57:17.280> that

there's nothing there to stop that

there's nothing there to stop that
bounce<00:57:17.819> from<00:57:18.059> occurring<00:57:18.480> so<00:57:19.079> to<00:57:19.260> keep<00:57:19.380> this

bounce from occurring so to keep this

bounce from occurring so to keep this
from<00:57:19.740> happening<00:57:20.099> we<00:57:20.400> generally<00:57:20.640> have

from happening we generally have

from happening we generally have
something<00:57:21.180> called<00:57:21.480> a<00:57:21.780> terminator<00:57:22.260> and<00:57:22.920> it's

something called a terminator and it's

something called a terminator and it's
generally<00:57:23.520> around<00:57:23.760> 50<00:57:24.180> ohms<00:57:24.720> I<00:57:24.900> would

generally around 50 ohms I would

generally around 50 ohms I would
remember<00:57:25.200> that<00:57:25.559> for<00:57:25.800> the<00:57:25.980> exam<00:57:26.280> because<00:57:26.520> I<00:57:26.700> do

remember that for the exam because I do

remember that for the exam because I do
see<00:57:27.000> that<00:57:27.180> pop<00:57:27.359> up<00:57:27.599> and<00:57:28.380> what<00:57:28.500> this<00:57:28.680> does<00:57:28.800> is<00:57:28.980> it

see that pop up and what this does is it

see that pop up and what this does is it
really<00:57:29.400> grounds<00:57:30.240> the<00:57:30.780> bus<00:57:31.200> transmission<00:57:31.559> or

really grounds the bus transmission or

really grounds the bus transmission or
the<00:57:32.220> bus<00:57:32.400> connections<00:57:33.240> to<00:57:33.599> reduce<00:57:33.980> uh<00:57:34.980> and<00:57:35.220> it

the bus connections to reduce uh and it

the bus connections to reduce uh and it
reduces<00:57:35.760> static<00:57:36.180> electricity<00:57:36.599> to<00:57:37.140> keep<00:57:37.619> this

reduces static electricity to keep this

reduces static electricity to keep this
Bounce<00:57:38.040> from<00:57:38.400> occurring<00:57:38.819> that<00:57:39.240> bounce<00:57:39.540> occurs

Bounce from occurring that bounce occurs

Bounce from occurring that bounce occurs
then<00:57:40.140> we're<00:57:40.380> having<00:57:40.619> all<00:57:41.339> sorts<00:57:41.640> of<00:57:41.640> problems

then we're having all sorts of problems

then we're having all sorts of problems
start<00:57:42.119> to<00:57:42.300> occur<00:57:42.540> in<00:57:42.599> our<00:57:42.780> Network<00:57:43.040> now<00:57:44.040> uh<00:57:44.700> if

start to occur in our Network now uh if

start to occur in our Network now uh if
the<00:57:45.839> way<00:57:45.960> that<00:57:46.140> these<00:57:46.319> nodes<00:57:46.500> are<00:57:46.740> connected

the way that these nodes are connected

the way that these nodes are connected
as<00:57:47.460> you<00:57:47.640> can<00:57:47.760> see<00:57:48.059> are<00:57:48.359> by<00:57:48.599> these<00:57:48.960> T<00:57:49.500> connectors

as you can see are by these T connectors

as you can see are by these T connectors
and<00:57:50.099> the<00:57:50.220> reason<00:57:50.339> they're<00:57:50.520> called<00:57:50.700> T

and the reason they're called T

and the reason they're called T
connectors<00:57:51.359> is<00:57:51.480> because<00:57:51.660> they<00:57:51.900> look<00:57:52.020> like<00:57:52.200> an

connectors is because they look like an

connectors is because they look like an
upside<00:57:52.619> down<00:57:52.859> t

upside down t

upside down t
now<00:57:54.780> the<00:57:55.380> downside<00:57:55.800> to<00:57:56.099> using<00:57:56.339> a<00:57:56.460> bus

now the downside to using a bus

now the downside to using a bus
connection<00:57:56.819> are<00:57:57.180> obviously<00:57:57.480> these

connection are obviously these

connection are obviously these
terminators

terminators

terminators
and<00:57:59.819> uh<00:58:00.480> it's<00:58:00.780> a<00:58:01.079> little<00:58:01.200> frustrating<00:58:01.980> to<00:58:02.339> sort

and uh it's a little frustrating to sort

and uh it's a little frustrating to sort
of<00:58:02.520> connect<00:58:02.700> these<00:58:03.059> up<00:58:03.240> but<00:58:03.660> the<00:58:03.900> upside<00:58:04.319> to

of connect these up but the upside to

of connect these up but the upside to
using<00:58:05.040> a<00:58:05.160> bus<00:58:05.280> technology<00:58:05.880> uh<00:58:06.540> topology

using a bus technology uh topology

using a bus technology uh topology
rather<00:58:07.680> is<00:58:08.220> that<00:58:08.339> it's<00:58:08.579> inexpensive<00:58:09.180> and<00:58:09.420> it's

rather is that it's inexpensive and it's

rather is that it's inexpensive and it's
relatively<00:58:10.440> easy<00:58:10.740> to<00:58:11.160> implement

relatively easy to implement

relatively easy to implement
now<00:58:13.980> this<00:58:14.160> is<00:58:14.220> different<00:58:14.400> from<00:58:14.700> a<00:58:14.880> physical

now this is different from a physical

now this is different from a physical
star<00:58:15.720> topology<00:58:16.260> as<00:58:16.500> you<00:58:16.619> can<00:58:16.740> see<00:58:16.859> now<00:58:17.160> instead

star topology as you can see now instead

star topology as you can see now instead
of<00:58:17.579> a<00:58:17.760> line<00:58:17.940> everything<00:58:18.599> is<00:58:18.900> connected<00:58:19.260> to

of a line everything is connected to

of a line everything is connected to
every<00:58:19.680> other<00:58:19.859> device<00:58:20.160> using<00:58:20.760> a<00:58:21.180> central

every other device using a central

every other device using a central
connection<00:58:21.960> device<00:58:22.500> such<00:58:23.160> as<00:58:23.339> a<00:58:23.819> switch

connection device such as a switch

connection device such as a switch
or<00:58:26.880> a<00:58:27.059> hub

or a hub

or a hub
in<00:58:28.920> a<00:58:29.099> physical<00:58:29.220> start<00:58:29.640> topology<00:58:30.240> where<00:58:30.599> a

in a physical start topology where a

in a physical start topology where a
switch<00:58:31.500> is<00:58:31.800> used<00:58:32.040> what<00:58:32.819> happens

switch is used what happens

switch is used what happens
is<00:58:34.440> the<00:58:34.619> node<00:58:34.800> that's<00:58:35.099> transmitting<00:58:35.819> the<00:58:35.940> data

is the node that's transmitting the data

is the node that's transmitting the data
to<00:58:36.359> another<00:58:36.599> node<00:58:37.160> uh<00:58:38.160> the<00:58:38.339> switch<00:58:38.520> actually

to another node uh the switch actually

to another node uh the switch actually
will

will

will
determine<00:58:41.280> where<00:58:41.819> that<00:58:42.059> information<00:58:42.240> needs

determine where that information needs

determine where that information needs
to go<00:58:42.900> and<00:58:43.079> send<00:58:43.260> it<00:58:43.500> only<00:58:43.859> to<00:58:44.819> the

to go and send it only to the

to go and send it only to the
node<00:58:46.920> that<00:58:47.339> is<00:58:47.460> the<00:58:47.640> intended<00:58:48.000> recipient<00:58:48.540> like

node that is the intended recipient like

node that is the intended recipient like
a<00:58:49.440> unicast<00:58:49.980> right

a unicast right

a unicast right
on<00:58:52.680> the<00:58:52.799> other<00:58:52.859> hand<00:58:53.040> a<00:58:53.640> hub

on the other hand a hub

on the other hand a hub
is<00:58:55.500> going<00:58:55.680> to<00:58:55.859> send<00:58:56.099> the<00:58:56.280> data<00:58:56.520> out

is going to send the data out

is going to send the data out
to<00:58:58.440> everyone<00:58:58.619> and<00:58:59.400> what's<00:58:59.579> more<00:58:59.819> like<00:59:00.119> a

to everyone and what's more like a

to everyone and what's more like a
broadcast<00:59:00.900> connection

broadcast connection

broadcast connection
now<00:59:02.819> the<00:59:03.180> uh<00:59:03.540> and<00:59:04.319> we'll<00:59:04.500> talk<00:59:04.680> more<00:59:04.920> about

now the uh and we'll talk more about

now the uh and we'll talk more about
hubs<00:59:06.059> and<00:59:06.119> switches<00:59:06.480> a<00:59:06.660> little<00:59:06.720> bit<00:59:06.839> later

hubs and switches a little bit later

hubs and switches a little bit later
when<00:59:07.200> we<00:59:07.380> get<00:59:07.440> to<00:59:07.619> devices

when we get to devices

when we get to devices
the<00:59:10.260> physical<00:59:10.440> start<00:59:10.859> topology<00:59:11.400> it's<00:59:11.819> very

the physical start topology it's very

the physical start topology it's very
common<00:59:12.599> today<00:59:13.040> and<00:59:14.040> it's<00:59:14.819> uh<00:59:15.180> easy<00:59:15.420> to

common today and it's uh easy to

common today and it's uh easy to
implement<00:59:16.020> and<00:59:16.380> maintain<00:59:16.859> and<00:59:17.280> it's<00:59:17.640> much

implement and maintain and it's much

implement and maintain and it's much
more<00:59:18.059> reliable<00:59:18.420> than<00:59:18.660> bust<00:59:18.900> apologies

more reliable than bust apologies

more reliable than bust apologies
because<00:59:20.099> if<00:59:20.760> one<00:59:21.000> node<00:59:21.299> fails<00:59:21.839> or<00:59:22.799> one

because if one node fails or one

because if one node fails or one
connection<00:59:23.400> to<00:59:23.760> a<00:59:23.940> node<00:59:24.119> fails<00:59:24.599> uh<00:59:25.260> for

connection to a node fails uh for

connection to a node fails uh for
instance<00:59:25.680> this<00:59:26.099> one

instance this one

instance this one
then<00:59:27.240> the<00:59:27.480> rest<00:59:27.540> of<00:59:27.660> the<00:59:27.720> network<00:59:27.900> isn't

then the rest of the network isn't

then the rest of the network isn't
affected<00:59:28.740> and<00:59:29.579> a<00:59:29.760> sort<00:59:29.940> of<00:59:30.059> client<00:59:30.420> server

affected and a sort of client server

affected and a sort of client server
Arrangement<00:59:31.640> each<00:59:32.640> node<00:59:33.059> is<00:59:33.720> inherently<00:59:34.440> not

Arrangement each node is inherently not

Arrangement each node is inherently not
aware<00:59:35.339> of<00:59:35.760> all<00:59:35.880> the<00:59:36.059> other<00:59:36.180> nodes<00:59:36.480> on<00:59:36.660> the

aware of all the other nodes on the

aware of all the other nodes on the
network<00:59:36.960> because<00:59:37.760> the<00:59:38.760> node<00:59:39.000> only<00:59:39.299> has<00:59:39.540> a

network because the node only has a

network because the node only has a
connection

to this Central sort of host now the

to this Central sort of host now the
negative<00:59:45.059> aspect<00:59:45.480> of<00:59:45.660> this<00:59:45.839> physical<00:59:46.020> start

negative aspect of this physical start

negative aspect of this physical start
topology<00:59:46.859> is<00:59:47.460> we<00:59:47.640> have<00:59:47.760> what's<00:59:48.059> called<00:59:48.359> a

topology is we have what's called a

topology is we have what's called a
single<00:59:49.440> point<00:59:49.619> of<00:59:49.859> failure<00:59:50.280> here<00:59:50.520> in<00:59:50.880> this

single point of failure here in this

single point of failure here in this
connectivity<00:59:51.540> device<00:59:51.839> and<00:59:52.319> if<00:59:52.500> that<00:59:52.740> fails

connectivity device and if that fails

connectivity device and if that fails
all<00:59:53.579> of<00:59:53.760> the<00:59:53.940> other<00:59:54.119> devices<00:59:54.599> won't<00:59:54.900> be<00:59:55.079> able

all of the other devices won't be able

all of the other devices won't be able
to<00:59:55.319> communicate<00:59:55.859> so<00:59:56.400> the<00:59:56.579> benefit<00:59:56.700> is<00:59:57.059> now<00:59:57.359> not

to communicate so the benefit is now not

to communicate so the benefit is now not
everyone<00:59:57.780> has<00:59:58.079> to<00:59:58.260> get<00:59:58.380> the<00:59:58.559> message<00:59:58.740> and<00:59:59.460> it's

everyone has to get the message and it's

everyone has to get the message and it's
easier<01:00:00.000> to<01:00:00.420> uh<01:00:00.900> it's<01:00:01.079> sort<01:00:01.260> of<01:00:01.319> really<01:00:01.500> cheap

easier to uh it's sort of really cheap

easier to uh it's sort of really cheap
and<01:00:01.859> easy<01:00:02.040> to<01:00:02.220> implement<01:00:02.460> it's<01:00:02.640> also<01:00:02.940> the<01:00:03.059> most

and easy to implement it's also the most

and easy to implement it's also the most
popular<01:00:03.480> because<01:00:04.140> of<01:00:04.380> any<01:00:04.619> of<01:00:04.799> these

popular because of any of these

popular because of any of these
connections<01:00:05.460> go<01:00:05.640> down<01:00:05.819> I<01:00:06.000> don't<01:00:06.119> lose

connections go down I don't lose

connections go down I don't lose
connection<01:00:06.480> to<01:00:06.720> the<01:00:06.900> whole<01:00:07.020> thing<01:00:07.260> unlike<01:00:08.040> the

connection to the whole thing unlike the

connection to the whole thing unlike the
bus<01:00:08.339> where<01:00:08.640> if<01:00:08.819> one<01:00:08.940> of<01:00:09.059> those<01:00:09.119> connections

bus where if one of those connections

bus where if one of those connections
goes<01:00:09.780> down<01:00:09.960> obviously<01:00:10.740> the<01:00:10.980> connection<01:00:11.160> can't

goes down obviously the connection can't

goes down obviously the connection can't
continue<01:00:11.940> but<01:00:12.780> the<01:00:13.079> downside<01:00:13.380> is<01:00:13.619> that<01:00:13.859> I<01:00:14.040> now

continue but the downside is that I now

continue but the downside is that I now
have<01:00:14.339> a<01:00:14.460> single<01:00:14.700> point<01:00:14.760> of<01:00:14.940> failure<01:00:15.240> in<01:00:15.359> this

have a single point of failure in this

have a single point of failure in this
Central<01:00:15.780> device

now in a physical ring topology each

now in a physical ring topology each
node<01:00:23.099> is<01:00:23.280> connected<01:00:23.640> directly<01:00:24.059> to<01:00:24.299> its

node is connected directly to its

node is connected directly to its
upstream<01:00:25.319> and<01:00:25.619> its<01:00:26.099> Downstream<01:00:26.819> neighbors<01:00:27.660> so

upstream and its Downstream neighbors so

upstream and its Downstream neighbors so
if<01:00:28.500> we're<01:00:28.619> looking<01:00:28.799> at<01:00:29.040> this<01:00:29.280> device<01:00:29.460> we'll

if we're looking at this device we'll

if we're looking at this device we'll
call<01:00:29.940> it<01:00:30.119> a<01:00:30.359> those<01:00:30.839> are<01:00:31.020> the<01:00:31.140> upstream<01:00:31.680> and

call it a those are the upstream and

call it a those are the upstream and
downstream<01:00:32.460> neighbors<01:00:32.819> it's<01:00:33.119> much<01:00:33.359> like

downstream neighbors it's much like

downstream neighbors it's much like
water<01:00:33.900> in<01:00:34.260> an<01:00:34.500> actual<01:00:34.859> uh<01:00:35.280> like<01:00:35.520> River<01:00:35.760> or

water in an actual uh like River or

water in an actual uh like River or
stream<01:00:36.299> the<01:00:37.140> flow<01:00:37.500> of<01:00:37.859> data<01:00:38.280> in<01:00:38.579> the<01:00:38.760> physical

stream the flow of data in the physical

stream the flow of data in the physical
ring<01:00:39.299> topology<01:00:39.780> is<01:00:40.380> unidirectional<01:00:41.280> meaning

ring topology is unidirectional meaning

ring topology is unidirectional meaning
it<01:00:42.480> only<01:00:42.660> goes<01:00:43.079> in<01:00:43.500> One<01:00:43.859> Direction

it only goes in One Direction

it only goes in One Direction
so<01:00:46.079> the<01:00:46.380> terms<01:00:46.799> upstream<01:00:47.520> and<01:00:47.640> downstream<01:00:48.359> are

so the terms upstream and downstream are

so the terms upstream and downstream are
only<01:00:49.500> used<01:00:49.920> in<01:00:50.460> the<01:00:50.819> ring<01:00:51.059> topology

only used in the ring topology

only used in the ring topology
now<01:00:53.040> here's<01:00:53.400> the<01:00:53.520> positive<01:00:53.819> in<01:00:54.000> using<01:00:54.240> the

now here's the positive in using the

now here's the positive in using the
ring<01:00:54.480> topology<01:00:54.900> because<01:00:55.680> data<01:00:56.339> is<01:00:56.579> received

ring topology because data is received

ring topology because data is received
and<01:00:57.359> then<01:00:57.540> re-transmitted

from node to node the transmission is

from node to node the transmission is
guaranteed<01:01:04.380> to<01:01:04.559> be<01:01:04.680> strong<01:01:04.920> and<01:01:05.099> clear

guaranteed to be strong and clear

guaranteed to be strong and clear
because<01:01:05.640> each<01:01:06.119> node<01:01:06.480> is<01:01:06.900> acting<01:01:07.200> as<01:01:07.319> a<01:01:07.500> sort<01:01:07.619> of

because each node is acting as a sort of

because each node is acting as a sort of
like<01:01:07.859> booster<01:01:08.400> for<01:01:08.819> the<01:01:08.940> signal<01:01:09.319> uh<01:01:10.319> also

like booster for the signal uh also

like booster for the signal uh also
because<01:01:10.980> the<01:01:11.339> data<01:01:11.640> can<01:01:11.940> only<01:01:12.119> be<01:01:12.420> transmitted

because the data can only be transmitted

because the data can only be transmitted
unidirectionally<01:01:14.280> in<01:01:14.700> One<01:01:15.000> Direction

unidirectionally in One Direction

unidirectionally in One Direction
there's<01:01:15.960> no<01:01:16.200> collisions<01:01:16.740> that<01:01:16.920> are<01:01:17.040> going<01:01:17.160> to

there's no collisions that are going to

there's no collisions that are going to
happen<01:01:17.400> on<01:01:17.700> the<01:01:17.760> network<01:01:17.880> in<01:01:18.540> other<01:01:18.660> words<01:01:18.900> uh

happen on the network in other words uh

happen on the network in other words uh
if<01:01:20.099> this<01:01:20.579> guy<01:01:20.760> can't<01:01:21.000> send<01:01:21.359> data<01:01:22.079> that<01:01:22.260> way<01:01:22.440> and

if this guy can't send data that way and

if this guy can't send data that way and
then<01:01:22.740> this<01:01:22.920> guy's<01:01:23.099> sending<01:01:23.400> this<01:01:23.520> data<01:01:23.760> that

then this guy's sending this data that

then this guy's sending this data that
way<01:01:24.000> and<01:01:24.180> then<01:01:24.299> they<01:01:24.540> sort<01:01:24.660> of<01:01:24.780> cancel<01:01:24.900> each

way and then they sort of cancel each

way and then they sort of cancel each
other<01:01:25.380> out

other out

other out
so<01:01:27.720> we're<01:01:27.839> going<01:01:28.020> to<01:01:28.079> eliminate<01:01:29.240> uh<01:01:30.240> you<01:01:30.960> know

so we're going to eliminate uh you know

so we're going to eliminate uh you know
where<01:01:31.920> problems<01:01:32.460> can<01:01:32.640> occur<01:01:32.940> and<01:01:33.119> that's

where problems can occur and that's

where problems can occur and that's
going<01:01:33.420> to<01:01:33.480> help<01:01:33.799> administrators<01:01:34.799> determine

going to help administrators determine

going to help administrators determine
where<01:01:35.760> an<01:01:36.000> issue<01:01:36.299> is<01:01:36.480> occurring<01:01:36.839> if<01:01:37.079> they're

where an issue is occurring if they're

where an issue is occurring if they're
having<01:01:37.380> an<01:01:37.559> issue<01:01:37.799> with<01:01:37.920> the<01:01:38.040> network<01:01:38.220> now

having an issue with the network now

having an issue with the network now
negatively<01:01:39.660> if<01:01:40.319> one<01:01:40.559> of<01:01:40.680> these<01:01:40.920> nodes<01:01:41.280> goes

negatively if one of these nodes goes

negatively if one of these nodes goes
down<01:01:42.180> on<01:01:42.599> the<01:01:42.720> network<01:01:42.839> the<01:01:43.500> entire<01:01:43.740> network

down on the network the entire network

down on the network the entire network
potentially<01:01:44.579> goes<01:01:44.880> down<01:01:45.000> as<01:01:45.299> well<01:01:45.480> and<01:01:46.260> also

potentially goes down as well and also

potentially goes down as well and also
because<01:01:46.680> data<01:01:47.220> can<01:01:47.339> only<01:01:47.460> transmit<01:01:48.119> in<01:01:48.480> One

because data can only transmit in One

because data can only transmit in One
Direction<01:01:48.900> there's<01:01:49.799> a<01:01:50.099> high<01:01:50.280> potential<01:01:50.700> for

Direction there's a high potential for

Direction there's a high potential for
data<01:01:51.299> to<01:01:51.480> take<01:01:51.660> a<01:01:52.020> longer<01:01:52.319> time<01:01:52.559> to<01:01:52.980> reach<01:01:53.280> its

data to take a longer time to reach its

data to take a longer time to reach its
destination<01:01:54.000> because<01:01:54.660> obviously<01:01:55.200> if<01:01:55.500> I<01:01:55.680> want

destination because obviously if I want

destination because obviously if I want
to<01:01:55.980> send<01:01:56.220> data

to send data

to send data
to<01:01:58.980> this<01:01:59.160> guy<01:01:59.339> but<01:01:59.700> I'm<01:01:59.819> unidirectional<01:02:00.540> I

to this guy but I'm unidirectional I

to this guy but I'm unidirectional I
actually<01:02:00.960> have<01:02:01.140> to<01:02:01.319> go<01:02:01.500> here<01:02:01.799> then<01:02:02.700> here<01:02:03.059> then

actually have to go here then here then

actually have to go here then here then
here<01:02:04.140> whereas<01:02:04.799> if<01:02:04.980> I<01:02:05.099> was<01:02:05.220> using<01:02:05.520> a<01:02:05.700> star

here whereas if I was using a star

here whereas if I was using a star
topology<01:02:06.359> I<01:02:06.900> could<01:02:07.020> reduce<01:02:07.319> that<01:02:07.740> by<01:02:08.040> one<01:02:08.760> A

topology I could reduce that by one A

topology I could reduce that by one A
variation<01:02:09.720> by<01:02:10.079> the<01:02:10.200> way<01:02:10.319> of<01:02:10.500> this<01:02:10.680> physical

variation by the way of this physical

variation by the way of this physical
ring<01:02:11.339> topology<01:02:11.700> that<01:02:12.420> attempts<01:02:12.900> to<01:02:13.020> correct

ring topology that attempts to correct

ring topology that attempts to correct
some<01:02:13.740> of<01:02:13.859> the<01:02:14.040> limitations<01:02:14.460> is<01:02:15.059> what's<01:02:15.299> called

some of the limitations is what's called

some of the limitations is what's called
a<01:02:16.079> dual<01:02:16.260> ring<01:02:16.559> topology

a dual ring topology

a dual ring topology
I'm<01:02:18.359> just<01:02:18.540> drawing<01:02:18.900> that<01:02:19.079> out

and a dual ranked apology gives a sort

and a dual ranked apology gives a sort
of<01:02:24.119> redundancy<01:02:24.839> uh<01:02:25.740> to<01:02:25.920> the<01:02:26.099> network<01:02:26.280> by

of redundancy uh to the network by

of redundancy uh to the network by
having<01:02:27.000> a<01:02:27.299> second<01:02:27.420> ring<01:02:27.839> either<01:02:28.020> on<01:02:28.319> the

having a second ring either on the

having a second ring either on the
inside<01:02:28.559> or<01:02:29.040> the<01:02:29.220> outside<01:02:29.400> of<01:02:29.760> the<01:02:29.880> first<01:02:30.000> ring

inside or the outside of the first ring

inside or the outside of the first ring
and<01:02:30.900> it<01:02:31.020> allows<01:02:31.380> data<01:02:31.799> to<01:02:32.579> flow<01:02:33.000> in<01:02:33.540> the

and it allows data to flow in the

and it allows data to flow in the
opposite<01:02:34.140> direction

so this can double the speed of the

so this can double the speed of the
network<01:02:41.760> by<01:02:42.240> sending<01:02:42.660> data<01:02:42.960> through<01:02:43.140> the<01:02:43.319> path

network by sending data through the path

network by sending data through the path
that's<01:02:43.799> going<01:02:43.980> to<01:02:44.040> be<01:02:44.099> the<01:02:44.280> shortest<01:02:44.579> between

that's going to be the shortest between

that's going to be the shortest between
nodes<01:02:45.180> so<01:02:46.079> if<01:02:46.740> a<01:02:46.920> wants<01:02:47.400> to<01:02:47.460> talk<01:02:47.700> to<01:02:48.119> C

nodes so if a wants to talk to C

nodes so if a wants to talk to C
or<01:02:49.859> actually<01:02:50.099> we'll<01:02:50.280> call<01:02:50.400> that<01:02:50.579> b<01:02:50.760> just

or actually we'll call that b just

or actually we'll call that b just
because<01:02:51.240> of<01:02:51.480> where<01:02:51.599> it<01:02:51.780> is<01:02:51.900> and<01:02:52.020> we'll<01:02:52.200> call

because of where it is and we'll call

because of where it is and we'll call
this<01:02:52.500> one<01:02:52.619> c

this one c

this one c
um<01:02:53.579> if<01:02:53.760> a<01:02:53.940> wants<01:02:54.299> to<01:02:54.420> talk<01:02:54.599> to<01:02:54.780> B<01:02:55.020> it<01:02:55.859> knows<01:02:56.160> to

um if a wants to talk to B it knows to

um if a wants to talk to B it knows to
take<01:02:56.460> the<01:02:56.700> blue<01:02:57.000> line<01:02:57.299> as<01:02:57.720> opposed<01:02:58.079> to<01:02:58.140> the<01:02:58.799> red

take the blue line as opposed to the red

take the blue line as opposed to the red
line<01:02:59.280> because<01:02:59.940> the<01:03:00.240> blue<01:03:00.299> line<01:03:00.540> is<01:03:00.720> going<01:03:00.839> to

line because the blue line is going to

line because the blue line is going to
get<01:03:01.020> it<01:03:01.140> there<01:03:01.260> faster

get it there faster

get it there faster
so<01:03:02.940> dual<01:03:03.240> Rings<01:03:03.599> also<01:03:04.200> allow<01:03:04.500> the<01:03:04.680> network<01:03:04.859> to

so dual Rings also allow the network to

so dual Rings also allow the network to
continue<01:03:05.520> to<01:03:05.880> operate<01:03:06.240> if<01:03:06.900> one<01:03:07.140> of<01:03:07.200> these<01:03:07.380> goes

continue to operate if one of these goes

continue to operate if one of these goes
down<01:03:07.920> which<01:03:08.520> I<01:03:08.760> think<01:03:08.940> you<01:03:09.180> could<01:03:09.299> probably

down which I think you could probably

down which I think you could probably
see<01:03:09.720> from<01:03:10.020> this<01:03:10.200> so<01:03:10.680> if<01:03:10.859> the<01:03:11.040> outside<01:03:11.280> ring

see from this so if the outside ring

see from this so if the outside ring
fails<01:03:12.299> and<01:03:12.480> the<01:03:12.660> inside<01:03:12.720> ring<01:03:13.200> can<01:03:13.500> actually

fails and the inside ring can actually

fails and the inside ring can actually
pick<01:03:14.280> up<01:03:14.460> the<01:03:14.700> slack<01:03:15.000> for<01:03:15.180> the<01:03:15.299> outside<01:03:15.420> ring

pick up the slack for the outside ring

pick up the slack for the outside ring
a<01:03:18.180> physical<01:03:18.359> tree<01:03:18.900> topology<01:03:19.500> it's<01:03:20.099> much<01:03:20.280> like

a physical tree topology it's much like

a physical tree topology it's much like
its<01:03:20.700> namesake<01:03:21.059> as<01:03:21.299> as<01:03:21.480> you<01:03:21.660> can<01:03:21.720> see<01:03:21.839> it's<01:03:22.020> a

its namesake as as you can see it's a

its namesake as as you can see it's a
tree<01:03:22.319> each<01:03:22.980> branch<01:03:23.400> of<01:03:23.700> the<01:03:23.940> tree

can only receive its signal for from its

can only receive its signal for from its
parent<01:03:32.819> node<01:03:33.299> or<01:03:33.780> its<01:03:34.079> linked<01:03:34.380> branch

parent node or its linked branch

parent node or its linked branch
right<01:03:35.940> so<01:03:36.359> all<01:03:36.720> of<01:03:36.839> these<01:03:37.260> can<01:03:37.740> only<01:03:38.040> receive<01:03:38.760> a

right so all of these can only receive a

right so all of these can only receive a
signal<01:03:39.599> from

signal from

signal from
this<01:03:41.819> guy<01:03:42.079> the<01:03:43.079> root<01:03:43.200> node<01:03:43.680> is<01:03:43.920> what<01:03:44.040> we<01:03:44.220> call

this guy the root node is what we call

this guy the root node is what we call
the<01:03:44.700> top<01:03:44.880> portion<01:03:45.540> of<01:03:46.440> the<01:03:46.619> network<01:03:46.740> and<01:03:47.280> it

the top portion of the network and it

the top portion of the network and it
does<01:03:47.640> not<01:03:47.819> have<01:03:48.119> a<01:03:48.299> parent<01:03:48.480> so<01:03:48.780> it<01:03:48.960> is<01:03:49.140> the<01:03:49.440> root

does not have a parent so it is the root

does not have a parent so it is the root
just<01:03:50.220> like<01:03:50.400> a<01:03:50.579> tree<01:03:50.760> it's<01:03:51.119> the<01:03:51.299> roots<01:03:51.599> it's

just like a tree it's the roots it's

just like a tree it's the roots it's
directly<01:03:52.740> connected<01:03:53.220> to<01:03:53.520> each<01:03:53.700> of<01:03:53.880> the<01:03:54.059> child

directly connected to each of the child

directly connected to each of the child
nodes<01:03:54.960> that's<01:03:55.200> what<01:03:55.380> these<01:03:55.619> would<01:03:55.740> be<01:03:55.859> called

by a point-to-point connection

by a point-to-point connection
now<01:04:01.380> depending<01:04:01.680> on<01:04:01.799> how<01:04:01.980> many<01:04:02.099> levels<01:04:02.579> you

now depending on how many levels you

now depending on how many levels you
have<01:04:02.940> here<01:04:03.180> and<01:04:03.420> we<01:04:03.540> can<01:04:03.660> see<01:04:03.780> we<01:04:04.020> have<01:04:04.200> three

have here and we can see we have three

have here and we can see we have three
levels<01:04:05.280> here<01:04:05.900> uh<01:04:06.900> your<01:04:07.200> tree<01:04:07.380> topology<01:04:07.859> is

levels here uh your tree topology is

levels here uh your tree topology is
gonna<01:04:08.280> have<01:04:08.520> is<01:04:08.760> gonna<01:04:09.260> dictate<01:04:10.260> what<01:04:10.859> the

gonna have is gonna dictate what the

gonna have is gonna dictate what the
what<01:04:11.280> we<01:04:11.400> call<01:04:11.579> the<01:04:11.819> branching<01:04:12.480> factor<01:04:13.200> is<01:04:13.380> and

what we call the branching factor is and

what we call the branching factor is and
this<01:04:13.799> might<01:04:13.980> be<01:04:14.160> a<01:04:14.460> little<01:04:14.579> beyond<01:04:15.059> the<01:04:15.299> scope

this might be a little beyond the scope

this might be a little beyond the scope
of<01:04:15.720> the<01:04:15.900> exam<01:04:16.200> but<01:04:16.380> I'm<01:04:16.500> going<01:04:16.619> to<01:04:16.740> cover<01:04:16.859> it

of the exam but I'm going to cover it

of the exam but I'm going to cover it
here<01:04:17.280> anyway<01:04:17.520> the<01:04:18.480> higher<01:04:18.839> the<01:04:18.960> branching

here anyway the higher the branching

here anyway the higher the branching
Factor<01:04:19.920> the<01:04:20.760> longer<01:04:21.000> it's<01:04:21.180> going<01:04:21.359> to<01:04:21.480> take

Factor the longer it's going to take

Factor the longer it's going to take
from<01:04:21.839> data<01:04:22.200> to<01:04:22.260> go<01:04:22.440> from<01:04:22.619> one<01:04:22.859> node<01:04:23.099> through

from data to go from one node through

from data to go from one node through
the<01:04:23.460> network<01:04:23.520> to<01:04:23.819> the<01:04:24.000> other<01:04:24.059> because

the network to the other because

the network to the other because
obviously<01:04:25.079> if<01:04:25.319> this<01:04:25.559> needs<01:04:25.859> to<01:04:25.980> talk<01:04:26.160> to<01:04:26.400> this

obviously if this needs to talk to this

obviously if this needs to talk to this
then<01:04:27.420> right<01:04:28.140> we're<01:04:28.440> going<01:04:28.559> to<01:04:28.680> have

then right we're going to have

then right we're going to have
quite<01:04:30.960> a<01:04:31.079> bit<01:04:31.200> of<01:04:31.319> data<01:04:31.619> that<01:04:31.799> it<01:04:31.920> has<01:04:32.099> to<01:04:32.220> go

quite a bit of data that it has to go

quite a bit of data that it has to go
through

through

through
a<01:04:35.040> positive<01:04:35.400> aspect<01:04:35.760> of<01:04:36.000> this<01:04:36.240> entire

a positive aspect of this entire

a positive aspect of this entire
topology<01:04:36.960> by<01:04:37.260> the<01:04:37.380> way<01:04:37.440> is<01:04:37.980> that<01:04:38.099> because<01:04:38.280> each

topology by the way is that because each

topology by the way is that because each
level<01:04:38.940> is<01:04:39.359> connected<01:04:39.839> only<01:04:40.380> to<01:04:41.040> its<01:04:41.400> parent

level is connected only to its parent

level is connected only to its parent
and<01:04:41.940> its<01:04:42.240> child<01:04:42.420> nodes

and its child nodes

and its child nodes
it's<01:04:44.940> very<01:04:45.180> easy<01:04:45.420> to<01:04:45.720> troubleshoot<01:04:46.260> where<01:04:46.500> the

it's very easy to troubleshoot where the

it's very easy to troubleshoot where the
problems<01:04:47.099> in<01:04:47.520> the<01:04:47.700> network<01:04:47.760> occur<01:04:48.359> because

problems in the network occur because

problems in the network occur because
obviously<01:04:50.099> if<01:04:50.460> you're<01:04:50.579> having<01:04:50.819> a<01:04:51.119> problem

obviously if you're having a problem

obviously if you're having a problem
with<01:04:52.440> you<01:04:52.859> know<01:04:52.980> this<01:04:53.579> connection<01:04:53.760> over<01:04:54.059> here

with you know this connection over here

with you know this connection over here
you<01:04:54.660> know<01:04:54.839> that<01:04:55.079> none<01:04:55.380> of<01:04:55.500> these<01:04:55.740> have

you know that none of these have

you know that none of these have
anything<01:04:56.160> to<01:04:56.460> do<01:04:56.579> with<01:04:56.819> it

it's also the other benefit is it's

it's also the other benefit is it's
really<01:05:03.299> scalable

really scalable

really scalable
remember<01:05:04.740> that<01:05:05.099> word<01:05:05.339> because<01:05:05.880> obviously<01:05:06.540> if

remember that word because obviously if

remember that word because obviously if
I<01:05:06.960> want<01:05:07.079> to<01:05:07.200> add<01:05:07.500> another<01:05:08.040> Network<01:05:08.339> I<01:05:08.819> can<01:05:09.000> just

I want to add another Network I can just

I want to add another Network I can just
add<01:05:09.420> it<01:05:09.599> either<01:05:09.839> here<01:05:10.619> or<01:05:10.920> I<01:05:11.099> can<01:05:11.160> add<01:05:11.339> another

add it either here or I can add another

add it either here or I can add another
child<01:05:11.940> here<01:05:12.420> and<01:05:12.900> then<01:05:13.020> just<01:05:13.200> sort<01:05:13.380> of<01:05:13.500> Branch

child here and then just sort of Branch

child here and then just sort of Branch
off<01:05:14.099> there<01:05:14.940> now<01:05:15.240> negatively<01:05:15.960> if<01:05:16.799> the

off there now negatively if the

off there now negatively if the
connection<01:05:17.160> should<01:05:17.579> be<01:05:17.700> interrupted<01:05:18.240> or<01:05:18.420> if<01:05:18.780> a

connection should be interrupted or if a

connection should be interrupted or if a
node<01:05:19.380> that's<01:05:19.920> sort<01:05:20.099> of<01:05:20.280> a<01:05:20.460> higher<01:05:20.819> level<01:05:21.000> and

node that's sort of a higher level and

node that's sort of a higher level and
the<01:05:21.480> change<01:05:21.599> should<01:05:21.960> go<01:05:22.140> down<01:05:22.380> then<01:05:22.920> all<01:05:23.160> these

the change should go down then all these

the change should go down then all these
subordinate<01:05:24.000> nodes<01:05:24.240> would<01:05:24.480> suffer<01:05:24.839> so<01:05:25.020> if<01:05:25.200> the

subordinate nodes would suffer so if the

subordinate nodes would suffer so if the
connection<01:05:25.500> between<01:05:25.799> the<01:05:26.040> root<01:05:26.339> and<01:05:26.460> their

connection between the root and their

connection between the root and their
children<01:05:27.180> goes<01:05:27.960> down<01:05:28.079> we're<01:05:28.319> going<01:05:28.440> to<01:05:28.619> be<01:05:28.680> in

children goes down we're going to be in

children goes down we're going to be in
major<01:05:29.040> issue<01:05:29.400> because<01:05:29.579> now<01:05:29.819> none<01:05:30.180> of<01:05:30.299> these

major issue because now none of these

major issue because now none of these
can<01:05:30.660> talk<01:05:30.859> obviously<01:05:31.859> if<01:05:32.099> this<01:05:32.339> computer<01:05:32.520> goes

can talk obviously if this computer goes

can talk obviously if this computer goes
down

down

down
then<01:05:34.619> none<01:05:34.920> of<01:05:34.980> these<01:05:35.220> will<01:05:35.339> be<01:05:35.520> able<01:05:35.640> to<01:05:35.760> talk

then none of these will be able to talk

then none of these will be able to talk
to<01:05:36.119> the<01:05:36.299> rest<01:05:36.359> of<01:05:36.540> the<01:05:36.599> network<01:05:36.780> either<01:05:37.200> so

to the rest of the network either so

to the rest of the network either so
this<01:05:38.099> is<01:05:38.280> a<01:05:38.640> a<01:05:39.000> problem<01:05:39.960> with<01:05:40.319> it<01:05:40.500> it<01:05:40.920> is<01:05:41.160> a

this is a a problem with it it is a

this is a a problem with it it is a
variation<01:05:41.819> by<01:05:42.240> the<01:05:42.359> way<01:05:42.480> of<01:05:43.319> the<01:05:43.680> bus<01:05:43.980> topology

variation by the way of the bus topology

variation by the way of the bus topology
so<01:05:45.119> again<01:05:45.420> if<01:05:46.200> the<01:05:46.440> backbone<01:05:46.980> fails<01:05:47.520> then

so again if the backbone fails then

so again if the backbone fails then
nothing<01:05:48.180> else<01:05:48.420> is<01:05:48.599> going<01:05:48.780> to<01:05:48.960> work

nothing else is going to work

nothing else is going to work
now<01:05:50.220> with<01:05:50.460> a<01:05:50.700> physical<01:05:50.880> mesh<01:05:51.480> topology<01:05:51.900> each

now with a physical mesh topology each

now with a physical mesh topology each
node<01:05:53.040> in<01:05:53.220> the<01:05:53.400> network<01:05:53.579> is<01:05:54.240> directly

node in the network is directly

node in the network is directly
connected<01:05:55.140> to<01:05:55.380> every<01:05:55.619> other<01:05:55.740> node<01:05:56.160> on<01:05:56.460> the

connected to every other node on the

connected to every other node on the
network<01:05:56.839> so<01:05:57.839> if<01:05:58.140> we<01:05:58.319> call<01:05:58.500> this<01:05:58.740> computer<01:05:58.980> a

network so if we call this computer a

network so if we call this computer a
you<01:06:00.359> can<01:06:00.540> see<01:06:00.799> it's<01:06:01.799> connected<01:06:02.220> to

you can see it's connected to

you can see it's connected to
B<01:06:03.839> it's<01:06:04.500> connected<01:06:04.980> directly<01:06:05.400> to

B it's connected directly to

B it's connected directly to
C<01:06:06.960> and<01:06:07.859> it's<01:06:08.040> also<01:06:08.339> connected<01:06:08.700> directly<01:06:09.059> to<01:06:09.299> D

C and it's also connected directly to D

C and it's also connected directly to D
so<01:06:10.319> for<01:06:10.740> every<01:06:10.980> computer<01:06:11.339> on<01:06:11.700> the<01:06:11.819> network

so for every computer on the network

so for every computer on the network
it's<01:06:12.359> for<01:06:12.540> every<01:06:12.720> node<01:06:12.960> on<01:06:13.079> the<01:06:13.200> network

it's for every node on the network

it's for every node on the network
rather<01:06:13.559> it's<01:06:13.740> connected<01:06:14.160> to<01:06:14.400> every<01:06:14.640> other

rather it's connected to every other

rather it's connected to every other
node

node

node
as<01:06:17.520> a<01:06:17.760> result<01:06:17.940> because<01:06:18.480> each<01:06:19.020> connection<01:06:19.760> is

as a result because each connection is

as a result because each connection is
similar<01:06:21.180> to<01:06:21.420> like<01:06:21.599> a<01:06:21.780> point-to-point<01:06:22.260> network

similar to like a point-to-point network

similar to like a point-to-point network
uh<01:06:23.819> communication<01:06:24.599> between<01:06:25.020> multiple<01:06:25.619> nodes

uh communication between multiple nodes

uh communication between multiple nodes
can<01:06:26.220> happen<01:06:26.400> at<01:06:26.700> the<01:06:26.819> same<01:06:27.000> time<01:06:27.299> and<01:06:27.960> so<01:06:28.140> it's

can happen at the same time and so it's

can happen at the same time and so it's
very<01:06:29.099> efficient<01:06:29.880> highly<01:06:30.720> reliable<01:06:31.140> and<01:06:31.380> has

very efficient highly reliable and has

very efficient highly reliable and has
minimal<01:06:31.980> data<01:06:32.400> congestion<01:06:32.880> because<01:06:33.359> B<01:06:33.720> and<01:06:33.900> D

minimal data congestion because B and D

minimal data congestion because B and D
can<01:06:34.260> talk<01:06:34.440> at<01:06:34.619> the<01:06:34.799> same<01:06:34.920> time<01:06:35.099> as<01:06:35.339> a<01:06:35.579> and<01:06:35.760> C<01:06:36.000> now

can talk at the same time as a and C now

can talk at the same time as a and C now
for<01:06:36.839> the<01:06:36.960> same<01:06:37.140> reason<01:06:37.440> these<01:06:38.280> types<01:06:38.460> of

for the same reason these types of

for the same reason these types of
topologies<01:06:39.119> the<01:06:39.299> mesh<01:06:39.539> topologies<01:06:40.079> are<01:06:40.319> very

topologies the mesh topologies are very

topologies the mesh topologies are very
difficult<01:06:40.799> to<01:06:41.160> manage<01:06:41.460> and<01:06:42.119> to<01:06:42.359> maintain

difficult to manage and to maintain

difficult to manage and to maintain
because<01:06:43.140> each<01:06:43.740> additional<01:06:44.220> node<01:06:44.640> that's

because each additional node that's

because each additional node that's
added<01:06:45.859> uh<01:06:47.000> requires<01:06:48.000> you<01:06:48.240> to<01:06:48.720> connect<01:06:49.280> other

added uh requires you to connect other

added uh requires you to connect other
you<01:06:50.760> know<01:06:50.819> every<01:06:51.059> single<01:06:51.359> other<01:06:51.539> node<01:06:51.900> to<01:06:52.140> it

you know every single other node to it

you know every single other node to it
so<01:06:52.559> if<01:06:52.740> I<01:06:52.859> wanted<01:06:53.039> to<01:06:53.280> add<01:06:53.579> an<01:06:54.000> e<01:06:54.240> for<01:06:54.539> instance

so if I wanted to add an e for instance

so if I wanted to add an e for instance
look<01:06:55.500> at<01:06:55.619> all<01:06:55.859> of<01:06:55.980> the<01:06:56.220> connections<01:06:56.760> I<01:06:57.299> now

look at all of the connections I now

look at all of the connections I now
have<01:06:59.700> to<01:06:59.940> add<01:07:00.359> to<01:07:00.900> this<01:07:01.200> already<01:07:01.380> existing

have to add to this already existing

have to add to this already existing
Network<01:07:02.220> so<01:07:03.180> to<01:07:03.299> alleviate<01:07:03.780> some<01:07:03.900> of<01:07:04.020> the

Network so to alleviate some of the

Network so to alleviate some of the
negatives<01:07:04.559> of<01:07:04.799> this<01:07:05.039> type<01:07:05.160> of<01:07:05.339> network

negatives of this type of network

negatives of this type of network
um<01:07:06.900> it's<01:07:07.319> uh

um it's uh

um it's uh
we<01:07:08.819> sometimes<01:07:09.059> have<01:07:09.299> what's<01:07:09.420> called<01:07:09.660> a

we sometimes have what's called a

we sometimes have what's called a
partial<01:07:10.319> mesh<01:07:10.740> the<01:07:11.220> partial<01:07:11.579> mesh<01:07:12.000> basically

partial mesh the partial mesh basically

partial mesh the partial mesh basically
means<01:07:12.960> only<01:07:13.319> specific<01:07:13.920> nodes<01:07:14.280> on<01:07:14.460> the<01:07:14.579> network

means only specific nodes on the network

means only specific nodes on the network
have<01:07:15.180> to<01:07:15.299> have<01:07:15.480> direct<01:07:15.720> links<01:07:16.200> and<01:07:16.920> this<01:07:17.220> is

have to have direct links and this is

have to have direct links and this is
sort<01:07:17.460> of<01:07:17.579> where<01:07:17.700> we're<01:07:17.819> going<01:07:17.940> to<01:07:18.000> go<01:07:18.059> when<01:07:18.180> we

sort of where we're going to go when we

sort of where we're going to go when we
get<01:07:18.420> into<01:07:18.480> hybrid<01:07:18.960> topologies

get into hybrid topologies

get into hybrid topologies
it's<01:07:20.460> going<01:07:20.700> to<01:07:20.700> limit<01:07:20.880> the<01:07:21.240> number<01:07:21.420> of

it's going to limit the number of

it's going to limit the number of
connections<01:07:22.920> that<01:07:23.520> are<01:07:23.640> necessary

connections that are necessary

connections that are necessary
throughout<01:07:24.599> the<01:07:24.780> network<01:07:24.960> so<01:07:25.740> a<01:07:25.980> partial<01:07:26.280> mesh

throughout the network so a partial mesh

throughout the network so a partial mesh
topology<01:07:27.119> would<01:07:27.420> be<01:07:27.539> useful<01:07:27.780> if<01:07:27.960> your<01:07:28.140> network

topology would be useful if your network

topology would be useful if your network
is<01:07:28.980> comprised<01:07:29.640> of<01:07:29.819> say<01:07:30.059> like<01:07:30.299> end<01:07:30.660> nodes<01:07:31.020> that

is comprised of say like end nodes that

is comprised of say like end nodes that
don't<01:07:31.859> need<01:07:32.280> a<01:07:32.700> connection<01:07:32.880> to<01:07:33.240> all<01:07:33.420> the<01:07:33.480> other

don't need a connection to all the other

don't need a connection to all the other
nodes<01:07:33.839> on<01:07:34.020> the<01:07:34.140> network<01:07:34.319> but<01:07:35.160> it<01:07:35.400> still<01:07:35.579> allows

nodes on the network but it still allows

nodes on the network but it still allows
high<01:07:36.599> end<01:07:37.079> devices<01:07:37.740> to<01:07:38.160> maintain<01:07:38.520> the<01:07:38.880> maximum

high end devices to maintain the maximum

high end devices to maintain the maximum
transfer<01:07:39.720> rates<01:07:39.960> and<01:07:40.260> the<01:07:40.380> maximum<01:07:40.619> amount<01:07:40.740> of

transfer rates and the maximum amount of

transfer rates and the maximum amount of
efficiency<01:07:41.339> and<01:07:41.520> reliability<01:07:42.059> the

efficiency and reliability the

efficiency and reliability the
internet's<01:07:43.440> major<01:07:43.619> divisions<01:07:44.220> are<01:07:44.640> connected

internet's major divisions are connected

internet's major divisions are connected
to<01:07:45.119> one<01:07:45.240> another<01:07:45.359> by<01:07:45.660> a<01:07:45.839> mesh<01:07:46.020> topology<01:07:46.380> so

to one another by a mesh topology so

to one another by a mesh topology so
we're<01:07:47.880> really<01:07:48.059> going<01:07:48.180> to<01:07:48.299> see<01:07:48.420> this<01:07:48.660> in<01:07:48.900> sort

we're really going to see this in sort

we're really going to see this in sort
of<01:07:49.339> large<01:07:50.339> scale

of large scale

of large scale
implementations<01:07:53.059> that<01:07:54.059> need

implementations that need

implementations that need
High<01:07:56.579> redundancy

and efficiency I should add

and efficiency I should add
now<01:08:04.200> a<01:08:04.559> hybrid<01:08:04.799> topology<01:08:05.220> as<01:08:05.520> we<01:08:05.700> have<01:08:06.000> we<01:08:06.180> as

now a hybrid topology as we have we as

now a hybrid topology as we have we as
we've<01:08:06.599> discussed<01:08:06.900> utilizes<01:08:07.799> uh<01:08:08.220> aspects<01:08:08.700> of

we've discussed utilizes uh aspects of

we've discussed utilizes uh aspects of
more<01:08:10.380> than<01:08:10.500> one<01:08:10.859> type<01:08:11.099> of<01:08:11.339> individual

more than one type of individual

more than one type of individual
topology<01:08:12.599> so<01:08:13.140> hybrid<01:08:13.500> topologies<01:08:14.160> are

topology so hybrid topologies are

topology so hybrid topologies are
usually<01:08:15.299> not<01:08:15.599> created<01:08:15.960> on<01:08:16.259> purpose<01:08:16.620> they're

usually not created on purpose they're

usually not created on purpose they're
usually<01:08:17.400> actually<01:08:17.580> created<01:08:17.940> out<01:08:18.179> of

usually actually created out of

usually actually created out of
necessity<01:08:18.900> so<01:08:19.560> topologies<01:08:20.219> like<01:08:20.460> this<01:08:20.640> can

necessity so topologies like this can

necessity so topologies like this can
maintain<01:08:21.359> uh<01:08:22.319> are<01:08:22.620> difficult<01:08:23.040> rather<01:08:23.460> to

maintain uh are difficult rather to

maintain uh are difficult rather to
maintain<01:08:24.120> and<01:08:24.480> to<01:08:24.660> manage<01:08:24.960> because<01:08:25.380> each

maintain and to manage because each

maintain and to manage because each
segment<01:08:26.040> in<01:08:26.279> the<01:08:26.400> hybrid<01:08:26.640> topology<01:08:27.480> might

segment in the hybrid topology might

segment in the hybrid topology might
have<01:08:28.020> its<01:08:28.380> own<01:08:28.440> set<01:08:28.679> of<01:08:28.799> rules<01:08:29.040> it<01:08:29.219> needs<01:08:29.460> to

have its own set of rules it needs to

have its own set of rules it needs to
Follows<01:08:30.060> the<01:08:30.660> technology<01:08:30.960> is<01:08:31.140> on<01:08:31.319> the

Follows the technology is on the

Follows the technology is on the
different<01:08:31.560> segments<01:08:32.339> might<01:08:32.640> not<01:08:32.759> be<01:08:33.000> the<01:08:33.239> same

different segments might not be the same

different segments might not be the same
either<01:08:33.719> so<01:08:34.140> I<01:08:34.259> might<01:08:34.440> have<01:08:34.560> a<01:08:34.739> different<01:08:34.859> type

either so I might have a different type

either so I might have a different type
type<01:08:35.940> of<01:08:36.239> Technology<01:08:36.660> on<01:08:36.960> this<01:08:37.140> segment<01:08:37.500> than

type of Technology on this segment than

type of Technology on this segment than
I<01:08:38.219> do<01:08:38.339> on<01:08:38.580> this<01:08:38.759> segment<01:08:39.120> and<01:08:39.420> I<01:08:39.540> might<01:08:39.660> and

I do on this segment and I might and

I do on this segment and I might and
then<01:08:40.140> I<01:08:40.440> have<01:08:40.500> a<01:08:40.739> different<01:08:40.799> type<01:08:41.100> of

then I have a different type of

then I have a different type of
Technology<01:08:41.640> on<01:08:42.420> this<01:08:42.600> segment<01:08:42.900> right<01:08:43.140> here<01:08:43.319> so

Technology on this segment right here so

Technology on this segment right here so
there<01:08:44.100> are<01:08:44.279> a<01:08:44.460> few<01:08:45.000> common<01:08:45.420> types<01:08:46.020> of<01:08:46.440> star<01:08:46.679> of

there are a few common types of star of

there are a few common types of star of
topologies<01:08:47.759> that<01:08:48.239> are<01:08:48.299> in<01:08:48.420> a<01:08:48.600> hybrid<01:08:48.839> sort<01:08:49.259> of

topologies that are in a hybrid sort of

topologies that are in a hybrid sort of
breed<01:08:49.980> that<01:08:50.160> we<01:08:50.279> come<01:08:50.460> across<01:08:50.819> this<01:08:51.239> one's

breed that we come across this one's

breed that we come across this one's
called<01:08:51.600> a<01:08:51.839> star<01:08:52.020> bus<01:08:52.319> obviously<01:08:52.920> because<01:08:53.160> we

called a star bus obviously because we

called a star bus obviously because we
have<01:08:53.640> stars<01:08:54.540> here<01:08:54.839> and<01:08:55.380> then<01:08:55.500> the<01:08:55.679> stars<01:08:55.980> are

have stars here and then the stars are

have stars here and then the stars are
connected<01:08:56.779> by<01:08:57.779> a<01:08:58.140> bus<01:08:58.380> connection<01:08:58.679> notice

connected by a bus connection notice

connected by a bus connection notice
again<01:08:59.580> the<01:09:00.239> Terminators<01:09:00.839> on<01:09:01.380> either<01:09:01.620> side

again the Terminators on either side

again the Terminators on either side
we<01:09:03.299> also<01:09:03.540> have<01:09:03.719> what's<01:09:04.020> called<01:09:04.259> a<01:09:05.040> a<01:09:05.339> star<01:09:05.640> of

we also have what's called a a star of

we also have what's called a a star of
stars<01:09:06.540> hybrid<01:09:06.960> you<01:09:07.440> can<01:09:07.560> see<01:09:07.679> that<01:09:07.920> each<01:09:08.219> star

stars hybrid you can see that each star

stars hybrid you can see that each star
is<01:09:08.819> connected<01:09:09.239> by<01:09:09.960> another<01:09:10.259> star<01:09:10.620> so<01:09:11.100> it's<01:09:11.460> not

is connected by another star so it's not

is connected by another star so it's not
only<01:09:12.060> different<01:09:12.719> topologies<01:09:13.380> but<01:09:13.560> when<01:09:13.739> we

only different topologies but when we

only different topologies but when we
connect<01:09:14.040> the<01:09:14.279> topologies<01:09:14.819> together<01:09:15.120> uh<01:09:15.960> sort

connect the topologies together uh sort

connect the topologies together uh sort
of<01:09:16.319> in<01:09:16.560> different<01:09:16.739> ways<01:09:17.160> that<01:09:17.520> can<01:09:17.699> be<01:09:17.880> a

of in different ways that can be a

of in different ways that can be a
different<01:09:18.359> hyper<01:09:18.900> topology<01:09:19.380> as<01:09:19.679> well<01:09:19.799> and

different hyper topology as well and

different hyper topology as well and
then<01:09:20.699> another<01:09:21.000> popular<01:09:21.299> one<01:09:21.660> is<01:09:21.839> the<01:09:22.140> star

then another popular one is the star

then another popular one is the star
ring<01:09:22.920> topology<01:09:23.339> so<01:09:24.060> similar<01:09:24.719> to<01:09:24.900> bus<01:09:25.080> except

ring topology so similar to bus except

ring topology so similar to bus except
there's<01:09:25.620> no<01:09:25.859> Terminators<01:09:26.339> on<01:09:26.520> the<01:09:26.580> end

there's no Terminators on the end

there's no Terminators on the end
because<01:09:26.880> everything<01:09:27.299> connects<01:09:27.839> together<01:09:28.020> you

because everything connects together you

because everything connects together you
might<01:09:28.679> also<01:09:28.920> have<01:09:28.980> a<01:09:29.100> star<01:09:29.219> dual<01:09:29.580> ring

might also have a star dual ring

might also have a star dual ring
topology<01:09:30.239> which<01:09:30.600> I<01:09:30.719> have<01:09:30.839> seen<01:09:31.140> uh<01:09:31.980> all<01:09:32.279> the

topology which I have seen uh all the

topology which I have seen uh all the
very<01:09:33.120> infrequently<01:09:33.960> by<01:09:34.380> the<01:09:34.560> way<01:09:34.620> this<01:09:34.920> one<01:09:35.040> is

very infrequently by the way this one is

very infrequently by the way this one is
also<01:09:35.460> called<01:09:35.699> although<01:09:36.120> I<01:09:36.239> doubt<01:09:36.480> you'll<01:09:36.600> see

also called although I doubt you'll see

also called although I doubt you'll see
this

this

this
snowflake<01:09:38.940> topology

snowflake topology

snowflake topology
now<01:09:41.339> Network

now Network

now Network
Protocols<01:09:43.620> are<01:09:44.339> the<01:09:44.580> controlling<01:09:45.239> factor<01:09:45.660> and

Protocols are the controlling factor and

Protocols are the controlling factor and
how<01:09:46.080> all<01:09:46.259> these<01:09:46.500> topologies<01:09:46.920> are<01:09:47.100> going<01:09:47.279> to

how all these topologies are going to

how all these topologies are going to
transmit<01:09:48.420> data<01:09:49.460> and<01:09:50.460> depending<01:09:51.060> on<01:09:51.239> the

transmit data and depending on the

transmit data and depending on the
protocol<01:09:51.719> data<01:09:52.199> it<01:09:52.259> might<01:09:52.440> need<01:09:52.620> to<01:09:52.739> be

protocol data it might need to be

protocol data it might need to be
transmitted<01:09:53.400> to<01:09:53.580> all<01:09:53.759> the<01:09:53.880> nodes<01:09:54.060> on<01:09:54.299> the

transmitted to all the nodes on the

transmitted to all the nodes on the
network<01:09:54.540> regardless<01:09:55.440> of<01:09:55.679> the<01:09:55.800> physical

network regardless of the physical

network regardless of the physical
connection<01:09:56.400> so<01:09:57.239> this<01:09:57.420> is<01:09:57.480> why<01:09:57.719> having<01:09:58.020> a

connection so this is why having a

connection so this is why having a
logical<01:09:58.860> topology<01:09:59.520> is<01:09:59.820> different<01:10:00.000> from<01:10:00.360> a

logical topology is different from a

logical topology is different from a
physical<01:10:00.780> topology<01:10:01.320> in<01:10:01.980> other<01:10:02.100> words<01:10:02.340> the<01:10:03.300> way

physical topology in other words the way

physical topology in other words the way
the<01:10:03.600> data<01:10:03.960> is<01:10:04.199> transferred<01:10:04.920> over<01:10:05.280> the<01:10:05.520> network

the data is transferred over the network

the data is transferred over the network
might<01:10:06.239> be<01:10:06.420> different<01:10:06.660> than<01:10:07.020> the<01:10:07.260> way<01:10:07.440> the

might be different than the way the

might be different than the way the
physical<01:10:08.460> network<01:10:08.820> is<01:10:09.239> actually

physical network is actually

physical network is actually
connected<01:10:10.860> so<01:10:11.040> let<01:10:11.160> me<01:10:11.280> give<01:10:11.400> an<01:10:11.460> example<01:10:11.760> with

connected so let me give an example with

connected so let me give an example with
this<01:10:12.540> logical<01:10:12.900> bus<01:10:13.260> topology

this logical bus topology

this logical bus topology
okay<01:10:15.840> data<01:10:16.679> is<01:10:16.860> received<01:10:17.400> by<01:10:17.699> all<01:10:18.060> nodes

okay data is received by all nodes

okay data is received by all nodes
simultaneously<01:10:19.620> even<01:10:20.400> when<01:10:20.699> the<01:10:20.880> physical

simultaneously even when the physical

simultaneously even when the physical
setup<01:10:22.679> is<01:10:22.860> different<01:10:23.100> so<01:10:23.820> for<01:10:24.000> example<01:10:24.300> we're

setup is different so for example we're

setup is different so for example we're
using<01:10:24.840> a<01:10:25.080> logical<01:10:25.440> bus<01:10:25.739> topology<01:10:26.280> with<01:10:27.060> this

using a logical bus topology with this

using a logical bus topology with this
physical<01:10:27.780> star<01:10:28.620> so<01:10:29.340> the<01:10:29.640> central<01:10:29.880> device<01:10:30.300> is

physical star so the central device is

physical star so the central device is
receiving<01:10:31.500> the<01:10:31.800> transmission<01:10:32.239> from<01:10:33.239> let's

receiving the transmission from let's

receiving the transmission from let's
say<01:10:33.659> the<01:10:34.260> sending<01:10:34.620> node<01:10:34.920> which<01:10:35.460> is<01:10:35.580> this<01:10:35.820> one

say the sending node which is this one

say the sending node which is this one
so<01:10:36.239> let's<01:10:36.360> say<01:10:36.540> a<01:10:36.719> is<01:10:36.900> sending<01:10:37.260> it<01:10:37.320> out

so let's say a is sending it out

so let's say a is sending it out
and<01:10:38.940> then<01:10:39.120> it's<01:10:39.300> passing<01:10:39.780> it<01:10:39.900> to<01:10:40.080> each<01:10:40.260> node<01:10:40.560> in

and then it's passing it to each node in

and then it's passing it to each node in
succession<01:10:41.159> in<01:10:41.520> a<01:10:41.699> continuous<01:10:42.060> stream<01:10:42.300> in

succession in a continuous stream in

succession in a continuous stream in
other<01:10:43.020> words<01:10:43.140> it's<01:10:43.500> doing<01:10:43.739> this

other words it's doing this

other words it's doing this
it's<01:10:45.360> going<01:10:45.540> down<01:10:45.780> there<01:10:46.080> and<01:10:46.800> then<01:10:46.980> it's

it's going down there and then it's

it's going down there and then it's
sending<01:10:47.580> it<01:10:47.699> here<01:10:47.940> and<01:10:48.659> then<01:10:48.780> it's<01:10:48.960> sending<01:10:49.320> it

sending it here and then it's sending it

sending it here and then it's sending it
there<01:10:49.679> and<01:10:50.280> then<01:10:50.400> it's<01:10:50.580> sending<01:10:50.940> it<01:10:51.060> there<01:10:51.300> and

there and then it's sending it there and

there and then it's sending it there and
then<01:10:51.900> it's<01:10:52.080> sending<01:10:52.440> it<01:10:52.560> there<01:10:52.739> so<01:10:53.460> you<01:10:53.580> can

then it's sending it there so you can

then it's sending it there so you can
see<01:10:53.820> what<01:10:54.000> it's<01:10:54.120> doing<01:10:54.360> is<01:10:54.600> although<01:10:54.840> it's

see what it's doing is although it's

see what it's doing is although it's
connected<01:10:55.440> in<01:10:55.679> a<01:10:55.860> star<01:10:56.100> physically<01:10:56.820> the<01:10:57.480> nodes

connected in a star physically the nodes

connected in a star physically the nodes
are<01:10:57.900> talking<01:10:58.080> to<01:10:58.320> one<01:10:58.440> another<01:10:58.560> as<01:10:58.860> though

are talking to one another as though

are talking to one another as though
they<01:10:59.219> are<01:10:59.340> logical

they are logical

they are logical
now<01:11:00.960> with<01:11:01.140> a<01:11:01.320> logical<01:11:01.760> ring<01:11:02.760> topology<01:11:03.380> uh<01:11:04.380> just

now with a logical ring topology uh just

now with a logical ring topology uh just
like<01:11:04.679> with<01:11:04.920> a<01:11:05.040> physical<01:11:05.219> ring<01:11:05.760> the<01:11:06.239> data<01:11:06.480> is

like with a physical ring the data is

like with a physical ring the data is
only<01:11:06.780> transmitted<01:11:07.500> between<01:11:07.679> its<01:11:08.100> upstream

only transmitted between its upstream

only transmitted between its upstream
and<01:11:08.640> its<01:11:08.880> Downstream<01:11:09.360> neighbors<01:11:09.719> so<01:11:10.380> even

and its Downstream neighbors so even

and its Downstream neighbors so even
though<01:11:10.980> the<01:11:11.280> star<01:11:11.460> layout<01:11:12.000> is<01:11:12.600> physically

though the star layout is physically

though the star layout is physically
laid<01:11:13.320> out<01:11:13.440> in<01:11:13.620> a<01:11:13.739> certain<01:11:13.860> way<01:11:14.300> the<01:11:15.300> data<01:11:15.780> from

laid out in a certain way the data from

laid out in a certain way the data from
the<01:11:16.260> transmitting<01:11:16.920> devices<01:11:17.219> is<01:11:17.580> sent

the transmitting devices is sent

the transmitting devices is sent
in<01:11:20.219> specific<01:11:20.520> order

in specific order

in specific order
one<01:11:22.620> to<01:11:22.800> the<01:11:22.920> next

networks are physical Stars

networks are physical Stars
right<01:11:34.320> so<01:11:34.679> every<01:11:34.920> time<01:11:35.100> the<01:11:35.340> data<01:11:35.580> is<01:11:35.760> sent<01:11:36.000> it

right so every time the data is sent it

right so every time the data is sent it
has<01:11:36.840> to<01:11:37.020> be<01:11:37.140> sent<01:11:37.320> to<01:11:37.500> its<01:11:37.800> up<01:11:37.980> Downstream

has to be sent to its up Downstream

has to be sent to its up Downstream
neighbor

in succession like so

in succession like so
so<01:11:43.260> it<01:11:43.500> just<01:11:43.620> goes<01:11:43.860> in<01:11:43.980> a<01:11:44.159> circular<01:11:44.580> route

we also have of course The Logical star

we also have of course The Logical star
topology<01:11:50.640> which<01:11:51.239> can<01:11:51.420> utilize<01:11:51.840> a<01:11:52.080> central

topology which can utilize a central

topology which can utilize a central
device

device

device
and<01:11:54.659> it's<01:11:54.780> going<01:11:55.020> to<01:11:55.140> pull<01:11:55.380> each<01:11:55.739> node<01:11:55.980> to<01:11:56.219> see

and it's going to pull each node to see

and it's going to pull each node to see
if<01:11:56.520> it<01:11:56.699> has<01:11:56.940> the<01:11:57.540> data<01:11:57.900> to<01:11:58.080> be<01:11:58.260> transmitted<01:11:58.920> so

if it has the data to be transmitted so

if it has the data to be transmitted so
basically<01:11:59.520> it<01:11:59.640> says<01:11:59.940> hey<01:12:00.140> uh<01:12:01.140> do<01:12:01.440> you<01:12:01.620> have<01:12:01.739> any

basically it says hey uh do you have any

basically it says hey uh do you have any
data<01:12:02.219> you<01:12:02.280> want<01:12:02.460> to<01:12:02.580> transmit<01:12:02.940> okay<01:12:03.300> do<01:12:03.659> you

data you want to transmit okay do you

data you want to transmit okay do you
have<01:12:03.900> any<01:12:04.020> data<01:12:04.260> you<01:12:04.380> want<01:12:04.500> to<01:12:04.620> transmit<01:12:04.980> all

have any data you want to transmit all

have any data you want to transmit all
right<01:12:05.340> do<01:12:05.520> you<01:12:05.640> have<01:12:05.699> any<01:12:05.820> data<01:12:06.120> oh<01:12:06.179> you<01:12:06.420> do

right do you have any data oh you do

right do you have any data oh you do
great<01:12:06.900> then<01:12:07.320> it'll<01:12:07.620> transmit<01:12:08.159> that<01:12:08.400> data<01:12:08.699> and

great then it'll transmit that data and

great then it'll transmit that data and
then<01:12:09.000> come<01:12:09.300> back<01:12:09.540> around<01:12:09.840> so<01:12:10.739> the<01:12:10.980> device

then come back around so the device

then come back around so the device
ensures<01:12:12.000> that<01:12:12.360> each<01:12:12.600> node<01:12:12.900> has<01:12:13.140> an

ensures that each node has an

ensures that each node has an
opportunity<01:12:13.800> to<01:12:14.280> transmit<01:12:14.760> but<01:12:15.179> it<01:12:15.300> also

opportunity to transmit but it also

opportunity to transmit but it also
governs<01:12:15.840> how<01:12:16.020> long<01:12:16.140> that's<01:12:16.320> going<01:12:16.560> to<01:12:16.620> happen

governs how long that's going to happen

governs how long that's going to happen
for<01:12:17.100> and<01:12:17.640> it's<01:12:17.760> going<01:12:17.940> to<01:12:18.060> make<01:12:18.239> sure<01:12:18.480> that

for and it's going to make sure that

for and it's going to make sure that
there's<01:12:19.140> not<01:12:19.380> any

there's not any

there's not any
sort<01:12:21.360> of<01:12:21.480> problems<01:12:22.080> or<01:12:22.560> uh

sort of problems or uh

sort of problems or uh
collisions<01:12:24.960> with<01:12:25.320> the<01:12:25.440> data

collisions with the data

collisions with the data
so<01:12:27.239> just<01:12:27.480> to<01:12:27.659> recap<01:12:28.020> what<01:12:28.320> we<01:12:28.500> just<01:12:28.620> talked

so just to recap what we just talked

so just to recap what we just talked
about<01:12:29.159> albeit<01:12:30.120> a<01:12:30.719> a<01:12:30.900> 5<01:12:31.860> 000<01:12:31.980> foot<01:12:32.219> overview<01:12:32.880> of

about albeit a a 5 000 foot overview of

about albeit a a 5 000 foot overview of
it<01:12:33.239> we<01:12:33.659> talked<01:12:33.900> about<01:12:34.020> topology<01:12:34.679> which<01:12:35.400> again

it we talked about topology which again

it we talked about topology which again
is<01:12:36.420> like<01:12:36.780> how<01:12:37.260> the<01:12:37.500> network<01:12:37.620> is<01:12:37.980> arranged<01:12:38.520> that

is like how the network is arranged that

is like how the network is arranged that
Arrangement<01:12:39.540> can<01:12:39.780> either<01:12:39.960> be<01:12:40.320> physical

Arrangement can either be physical

Arrangement can either be physical
meaning<01:12:41.520> how<01:12:41.820> it<01:12:41.940> is<01:12:42.060> physically<01:12:42.360> connected

meaning how it is physically connected

meaning how it is physically connected
or<01:12:43.679> logical

or logical

or logical
we<01:12:45.900> then<01:12:46.020> talked<01:12:46.320> about<01:12:46.380> a<01:12:46.800> bus<01:12:46.980> topology<01:12:47.580> the

we then talked about a bus topology the

we then talked about a bus topology the
bus<01:12:48.480> topology<01:12:49.020> meaning<01:12:49.800> that<01:12:50.159> it<01:12:50.340> is

connected to each device one in sequence

connected to each device one in sequence
we<01:12:56.040> also<01:12:56.280> need<01:12:56.400> to<01:12:56.520> terminate<01:12:56.940> these<01:12:57.239> with<01:12:57.600> a

we also need to terminate these with a

we also need to terminate these with a
50<01:12:57.900> ohm

50 ohm

50 ohm
Terminator<01:12:59.760> on<01:13:00.060> either<01:13:00.239> side<01:13:00.480> and<01:13:01.080> remember

Terminator on either side and remember

Terminator on either side and remember
we<01:13:01.500> have<01:13:01.679> a<01:13:01.920> t<01:13:01.980> connector<01:13:02.460> that's<01:13:02.640> connecting

we have a t connector that's connecting

we have a t connector that's connecting
them

them

them
we<01:13:04.080> looked<01:13:04.320> at<01:13:04.380> a<01:13:04.679> star<01:13:04.980> topology

which means that these are all connected

which means that these are all connected
through<01:13:09.719> a<01:13:10.020> central<01:13:10.199> device<01:13:10.880> a<01:13:11.880> ring

topology

topology
tree<01:13:18.540> topology

tree topology

tree topology
which<01:13:20.880> has<01:13:21.060> branches

which has branches

which has branches
this<01:13:23.100> might<01:13:23.219> also<01:13:23.460> be<01:13:23.580> called<01:13:23.699> by<01:13:23.940> the<01:13:24.060> way<01:13:24.060> a

this might also be called by the way a

this might also be called by the way a
hierarchical

hierarchical

hierarchical
hierarchical

topology and so on and then a mesh

topology and so on and then a mesh
topology

topology

topology
which<01:13:34.380> would<01:13:34.620> be<01:13:34.739> every<01:13:35.040> device<01:13:35.280> connected<01:13:35.940> to

which would be every device connected to

which would be every device connected to
every<01:13:37.020> other<01:13:37.199> device

most commonly we're going to see a

most commonly we're going to see a
physical<01:13:52.500> star

physical star

physical star
with<01:13:54.120> a<01:13:54.239> logical<01:13:54.600> ring

with a logical ring

with a logical ring
so<01:13:57.239> it's<01:13:57.659> important<01:13:58.199> that<01:13:59.159> as<01:13:59.820> administrators

so it's important that as administrators

so it's important that as administrators
we<01:14:00.840> have<01:14:01.020> an<01:14:01.320> understanding<01:14:01.980> of<01:14:02.219> how<01:14:02.400> the

we have an understanding of how the

we have an understanding of how the
network<01:14:02.699> is<01:14:03.000> designed<01:14:03.360> both<01:14:03.659> physically<01:14:04.260> and

network is designed both physically and

network is designed both physically and
logically<01:14:05.340> in<01:14:05.520> other<01:14:05.699> words<01:14:05.820> how<01:14:06.060> the<01:14:06.239> data

logically in other words how the data

logically in other words how the data
transmits<01:14:06.960> over<01:14:07.140> that<01:14:07.380> physical<01:14:07.560> stuff

[Music]

[Music]
thank<01:14:21.239> you

Network hardware and media bounded

Network hardware and media bounded
Network<01:14:35.219> media

Network media

Network media
having<01:14:37.920> discussed<01:14:38.580> some<01:14:38.940> of<01:14:39.120> the<01:14:39.679> basic

having discussed some of the basic

having discussed some of the basic
terminology<01:14:41.480> and<01:14:42.480> some<01:14:42.719> of<01:14:42.780> the<01:14:42.900> basic

terminology and some of the basic

terminology and some of the basic
Network<01:14:43.320> setups<01:14:43.980> I<01:14:44.460> want<01:14:44.580> to<01:14:44.699> get<01:14:44.820> into<01:14:45.000> now

Network setups I want to get into now

Network setups I want to get into now
the<01:14:45.780> hardware<01:14:46.080> the<01:14:46.560> media<01:14:47.040> how<01:14:48.000> this<01:14:48.239> stuff

the hardware the media how this stuff

the hardware the media how this stuff
actually<01:14:48.960> physically<01:14:49.679> connects<01:14:50.340> to<01:14:50.640> one

actually physically connects to one

actually physically connects to one
another

another

another
so<01:14:52.140> we're<01:14:52.320> going<01:14:52.500> to<01:14:52.620> discuss<01:14:52.860> the<01:14:53.159> different

so we're going to discuss the different

so we're going to discuss the different
network<01:14:53.580> hardware<01:14:53.940> and<01:14:54.420> media<01:14:54.780> types<01:14:55.199> in<01:14:55.679> this

network hardware and media types in this

network hardware and media types in this
module

module

module
so<01:14:57.600> the<01:14:57.719> objectives<01:14:58.080> that<01:14:58.260> we're<01:14:58.380> going<01:14:58.500> to

so the objectives that we're going to

so the objectives that we're going to
cover<01:14:58.739> are<01:14:59.699> first<01:14:59.940> defining<01:15:00.719> Network<01:15:01.020> media

cover are first defining Network media

cover are first defining Network media
and<01:15:02.400> specifically<01:15:03.000> bounded<01:15:03.960> Network<01:15:04.260> media

and specifically bounded Network media

and specifically bounded Network media
bounded<01:15:05.640> Network<01:15:05.820> media<01:15:06.300> meaning<01:15:06.480> the<01:15:06.719> stuff

bounded Network media meaning the stuff

bounded Network media meaning the stuff
that<01:15:07.140> you<01:15:07.380> can<01:15:07.560> hold<01:15:07.920> bounded<01:15:08.900> contained<01:15:09.900> in

that you can hold bounded contained in

that you can hold bounded contained in
chords<01:15:10.560> and<01:15:10.739> wires<01:15:11.219> unlike<01:15:11.820> unbounded<01:15:12.600> which

chords and wires unlike unbounded which

chords and wires unlike unbounded which
is<01:15:13.380> Wireless<01:15:13.739> we're<01:15:14.699> then<01:15:14.880> going<01:15:15.060> to<01:15:15.179> describe

is Wireless we're then going to describe

is Wireless we're then going to describe
the<01:15:15.840> different<01:15:15.960> types<01:15:16.500> of<01:15:16.739> copper<01:15:17.159> media<01:15:17.580> and

the different types of copper media and

the different types of copper media and
also<01:15:18.540> explain<01:15:18.840> the<01:15:19.199> different<01:15:19.380> types<01:15:19.920> of<01:15:20.219> STP

also explain the different types of STP

also explain the different types of STP
that's<01:15:21.920> shielded<01:15:22.920> twisted<01:15:23.460> pair<01:15:23.719> and<01:15:24.719> UTP

that's shielded twisted pair and UTP

that's shielded twisted pair and UTP
unshielded<01:15:28.140> twisted<01:15:28.560> pair

unshielded twisted pair

unshielded twisted pair
then<01:15:29.880> we'll<01:15:30.060> describe<01:15:30.420> the<01:15:30.540> different<01:15:30.719> types

then we'll describe the different types

then we'll describe the different types
of<01:15:31.140> coaxial<01:15:31.860> cable<01:15:32.219> types<01:15:32.640> and<01:15:32.820> connectors

of coaxial cable types and connectors

of coaxial cable types and connectors
and<01:15:34.080> finally<01:15:34.380> describe<01:15:35.280> fiber<01:15:35.880> optic<01:15:36.179> median

and finally describe fiber optic median

and finally describe fiber optic median
connectors<01:15:37.020> fiber<01:15:37.679> optics<01:15:37.980> being<01:15:38.219> that<01:15:38.699> type

connectors fiber optics being that type

connectors fiber optics being that type
of

of

of
media<01:15:40.800> that<01:15:41.580> is<01:15:41.880> that<01:15:42.600> transmits<01:15:43.320> data<01:15:43.739> via

media that is that transmits data via

media that is that transmits data via
light<01:15:45.060> and<01:15:45.600> photons<01:15:46.080> rather<01:15:46.860> than

light and photons rather than

light and photons rather than
electricity<01:15:47.760> over<01:15:48.540> copper

electricity over copper

electricity over copper
after<01:15:49.860> that<01:15:50.159> I<01:15:50.340> want<01:15:50.400> to<01:15:50.580> explain<01:15:50.760> the<01:15:51.540> 568<01:15:52.500> a<01:15:52.980> b

after that I want to explain the 568 a b

after that I want to explain the 568 a b
and<01:15:53.400> c<01:15:53.699> standards<01:15:54.300> which<01:15:54.480> is<01:15:54.659> how<01:15:55.080> uh<01:15:55.860> standard

and c standards which is how uh standard

and c standards which is how uh standard
UTP<01:15:57.000> and<01:15:57.120> STP<01:15:57.659> is<01:15:58.140> cabled<01:15:58.679> on<01:15:59.640> one<01:15:59.880> end<01:16:00.000> and<01:16:00.239> on

UTP and STP is cabled on one end and on

UTP and STP is cabled on one end and on
the<01:16:00.540> other<01:16:00.659> so<01:16:00.960> we<01:16:01.260> can<01:16:01.320> plug<01:16:01.500> it<01:16:01.679> in<01:16:01.860> and

the other so we can plug it in and

the other so we can plug it in and
finally<01:16:02.820> explain<01:16:03.060> something<01:16:03.420> called<01:16:03.719> premise

finally explain something called premise

finally explain something called premise
wiring<01:16:04.620> and<01:16:05.280> structured<01:16:05.699> cabling

wiring and structured cabling

wiring and structured cabling
so<01:16:07.380> Network<01:16:07.800> media<01:16:08.460> is<01:16:08.880> simply<01:16:09.179> the<01:16:09.600> method<01:16:10.080> or

so Network media is simply the method or

so Network media is simply the method or
medium<01:16:11.040> by<01:16:11.699> which<01:16:12.000> data<01:16:12.540> will<01:16:12.780> be<01:16:13.140> transmitted

medium by which data will be transmitted

medium by which data will be transmitted
it's<01:16:15.179> further<01:16:15.600> classified<01:16:16.199> based<01:16:16.980> on<01:16:17.100> the

it's further classified based on the

it's further classified based on the
hardware<01:16:17.659> and<01:16:18.659> Associated<01:16:19.320> technology<01:16:19.860> of

hardware and Associated technology of

hardware and Associated technology of
the<01:16:20.460> media<01:16:20.760> itself<01:16:21.239> now<01:16:22.080> there<01:16:22.260> are<01:16:22.440> both

the media itself now there are both

the media itself now there are both
wired<01:16:23.280> and<01:16:23.640> wireless<01:16:24.020> Technologies

wired and wireless Technologies

wired and wireless Technologies
associated<01:16:26.400> with<01:16:26.760> network<01:16:27.000> media<01:16:27.600> so<01:16:28.199> in<01:16:28.440> this

associated with network media so in this

associated with network media so in this
one<01:16:28.679> we're<01:16:28.860> going<01:16:28.980> to<01:16:29.040> take<01:16:29.159> a<01:16:29.280> look<01:16:29.400> at<01:16:29.520> the

one we're going to take a look at the

one we're going to take a look at the
first<01:16:29.880> one<01:16:30.199> wired<01:16:31.199> Network<01:16:31.440> media<01:16:31.980> which<01:16:32.340> is

first one wired Network media which is

first one wired Network media which is
also<01:16:32.760> characterized<01:16:33.300> as<01:16:33.480> bounded<01:16:34.260> because<01:16:34.679> it

also characterized as bounded because it

also characterized as bounded because it
is<01:16:35.040> bounded<01:16:35.460> by<01:16:35.699> a<01:16:35.880> chord

is bounded by a chord

is bounded by a chord
so<01:16:37.380> bounded<01:16:37.920> media<01:16:38.460> is<01:16:39.060> media<01:16:39.420> that<01:16:39.600> can<01:16:39.780> be

so bounded media is media that can be

so bounded media is media that can be
physically<01:16:40.380> held<01:16:40.920> there<01:16:41.580> are<01:16:41.699> a<01:16:41.760> few<01:16:41.880> types<01:16:42.179> of

physically held there are a few types of

physically held there are a few types of
bound<01:16:42.480> media<01:16:42.960> that<01:16:43.140> we<01:16:43.260> need<01:16:43.380> to<01:16:43.500> be<01:16:43.620> familiar

bound media that we need to be familiar

bound media that we need to be familiar
with<01:16:44.159> we're<01:16:44.760> going<01:16:44.880> to<01:16:45.000> look<01:16:45.060> at<01:16:45.239> either

with we're going to look at either

with we're going to look at either
copper<01:16:46.260> or<01:16:46.860> Fiber<01:16:47.699> now<01:16:48.120> bounded<01:16:48.659> Network

copper or Fiber now bounded Network

copper or Fiber now bounded Network
media<01:16:49.320> is<01:16:49.560> the<01:16:49.800> basic<01:16:50.280> and<01:16:50.640> original<01:16:51.120> form<01:16:51.600> of

media is the basic and original form of

media is the basic and original form of
media<01:16:52.260> and<01:16:52.679> as<01:16:52.980> administrators<01:16:53.840> you're<01:16:54.840> very

media and as administrators you're very

media and as administrators you're very
likely<01:16:55.620> if<01:16:55.800> not<01:16:56.040> guaranteed<01:16:57.000> at<01:16:57.480> some<01:16:57.659> point

likely if not guaranteed at some point

likely if not guaranteed at some point
to<01:16:58.140> have<01:16:58.320> to<01:16:58.440> work<01:16:58.620> with<01:16:58.860> it<01:16:58.980> in<01:16:59.159> one<01:16:59.340> form<01:16:59.520> or

to have to work with it in one form or

to have to work with it in one form or
another

another

another
so<01:17:00.780> having<01:17:00.960> a<01:17:01.320> solid<01:17:01.620> understanding<01:17:02.159> of<01:17:02.460> the

so having a solid understanding of the

so having a solid understanding of the
different<01:17:02.760> types<01:17:03.420> of<01:17:03.659> bounded<01:17:04.140> media<01:17:04.500> will

different types of bounded media will

different types of bounded media will
help<01:17:05.340> you<01:17:05.460> succeed<01:17:05.940> in<01:17:06.239> managing<01:17:06.719> any<01:17:07.380> type<01:17:07.620> of

help you succeed in managing any type of

help you succeed in managing any type of
network<01:17:07.920> whether<01:17:08.460> it's<01:17:08.640> at<01:17:08.880> your<01:17:09.120> home<01:17:09.360> a

network whether it's at your home a

network whether it's at your home a
small<01:17:10.140> office<01:17:10.440> or<01:17:10.920> even<01:17:11.040> a<01:17:11.460> very<01:17:11.640> large

small office or even a very large

small office or even a very large
corporate<01:17:12.600> win<01:17:12.960> or<01:17:13.260> wide<01:17:13.500> area<01:17:13.679> network<01:17:14.520> so

corporate win or wide area network so

corporate win or wide area network so
the<01:17:15.179> first<01:17:15.300> type<01:17:15.600> of<01:17:15.780> bound<01:17:15.960> Network<01:17:16.380> media<01:17:16.860> I

the first type of bound Network media I

the first type of bound Network media I
want<01:17:17.100> to<01:17:17.219> go<01:17:17.280> over<01:17:17.400> is<01:17:18.120> copper<01:17:18.659> media

want to go over is copper media

want to go over is copper media
copper<01:17:20.640> media<01:17:21.000> is<01:17:21.540> the<01:17:21.780> term<01:17:21.960> used<01:17:22.380> to

copper media is the term used to

copper media is the term used to
describe<01:17:23.340> any<01:17:23.880> media<01:17:24.300> that<01:17:24.600> uses<01:17:24.900> copper

describe any media that uses copper

describe any media that uses copper
conductors<01:17:26.219> as<01:17:26.820> the<01:17:27.120> method<01:17:27.420> to<01:17:27.719> transmit

conductors as the method to transmit

conductors as the method to transmit
data<01:17:28.739> in<01:17:29.340> the<01:17:29.460> form<01:17:29.580> of

data in the form of

data in the form of
electromagnetic<01:17:31.440> energy<01:17:31.620> so<01:17:32.520> copper<01:17:33.120> media

electromagnetic energy so copper media

electromagnetic energy so copper media
can<01:17:33.840> come<01:17:34.080> in<01:17:34.260> many<01:17:34.500> different<01:17:34.860> forms<01:17:35.460> there

can come in many different forms there

can come in many different forms there
are<01:17:36.420> also<01:17:36.780> many<01:17:37.020> considerations<01:17:37.679> that<01:17:38.100> need

are also many considerations that need

are also many considerations that need
to<01:17:38.340> be<01:17:38.460> taken<01:17:38.760> into<01:17:38.940> account<01:17:39.239> when<01:17:39.960> choosing

to be taken into account when choosing

to be taken into account when choosing
between<01:17:40.620> these<01:17:40.980> different<01:17:41.219> types<01:17:41.820> of<01:17:41.940> forms

between these different types of forms

between these different types of forms
such<01:17:42.960> as<01:17:43.199> a<01:17:43.560> distance<01:17:44.060> the<01:17:45.060> speed

such as a distance the speed

such as a distance the speed
requirements<01:17:46.020> of<01:17:46.199> the<01:17:46.380> network<01:17:46.500> and<01:17:47.340> of

requirements of the network and of

requirements of the network and of
course<01:17:47.640> the<01:17:48.000> cost

course the cost

course the cost
a<01:17:49.440> lot<01:17:49.560> of<01:17:49.679> the<01:17:49.800> time<01:17:50.040> uh<01:17:50.760> copper<01:17:51.179> media<01:17:51.540> was

a lot of the time uh copper media was

a lot of the time uh copper media was
going<01:17:52.199> to<01:17:52.260> be<01:17:52.380> fitted<01:17:52.739> with<01:17:53.040> some<01:17:53.280> sort<01:17:53.460> of

going to be fitted with some sort of

going to be fitted with some sort of
shielding<01:17:54.179> which<01:17:54.719> also<01:17:55.020> looks<01:17:55.260> like<01:17:55.380> braided

shielding which also looks like braided

shielding which also looks like braided
metal<01:17:56.280> wires<01:17:56.820> or<01:17:57.060> sometimes<01:17:57.360> it<01:17:57.540> looks<01:17:57.719> like<01:17:57.780> a

metal wires or sometimes it looks like a

metal wires or sometimes it looks like a
metallic<01:17:58.380> foil<01:17:58.800> like<01:17:59.159> you<01:17:59.280> buy<01:17:59.460> at<01:17:59.580> the

metallic foil like you buy at the

metallic foil like you buy at the
grocery<01:17:59.820> store<01:18:00.179> but<01:18:00.420> it<01:18:00.600> is<01:18:00.900> a<01:18:01.080> little

grocery store but it is a little

grocery store but it is a little
different<01:18:01.440> the<01:18:02.280> shielding<01:18:02.699> on<01:18:02.880> the<01:18:03.000> outside

different the shielding on the outside

different the shielding on the outside
helps<01:18:03.980> the<01:18:04.980> cable<01:18:05.280> prevent<01:18:06.000> or<01:18:06.360> helps<01:18:06.780> prevent

helps the cable prevent or helps prevent

helps the cable prevent or helps prevent
the<01:18:08.100> cable<01:18:08.340> from<01:18:08.940> being<01:18:09.540> uh<01:18:10.440> subjected<01:18:10.980> to

the cable from being uh subjected to

the cable from being uh subjected to
what's<01:18:11.340> called<01:18:11.719> electromagnetic

what's called electromagnetic

what's called electromagnetic
interference<01:18:13.440> or<01:18:14.340> Emi<01:18:15.620> and<01:18:16.620> of<01:18:16.860> course<01:18:16.980> if<01:18:17.340> I

interference or Emi and of course if I

interference or Emi and of course if I
allow<01:18:17.940> Emi<01:18:18.420> or<01:18:18.540> electromagnetic

allow Emi or electromagnetic

allow Emi or electromagnetic
interference<01:18:19.920> to<01:18:20.159> get<01:18:20.340> into<01:18:20.699> the<01:18:21.060> copper

interference to get into the copper

interference to get into the copper
within<01:18:21.840> the<01:18:21.960> cable<01:18:22.199> then<01:18:22.679> that's<01:18:22.920> going<01:18:23.100> to

within the cable then that's going to

within the cable then that's going to
disrupt<01:18:23.699> the<01:18:23.880> sort<01:18:24.060> of<01:18:24.179> data<01:18:24.480> that's<01:18:24.659> going<01:18:24.840> on

disrupt the sort of data that's going on

disrupt the sort of data that's going on
inside<01:18:25.260> of<01:18:25.500> it<01:18:26.040> now<01:18:26.520> there<01:18:26.880> are<01:18:27.000> two<01:18:27.600> uh

inside of it now there are two uh

inside of it now there are two uh
different<01:18:28.739> types<01:18:29.340> of<01:18:29.520> very<01:18:29.760> common<01:18:30.060> copper

different types of very common copper

different types of very common copper
media<01:18:30.900> that<01:18:31.080> I<01:18:31.140> want<01:18:31.199> to<01:18:31.320> go<01:18:31.440> off<01:18:31.820> uh<01:18:32.820> uh

media that I want to go off uh uh

media that I want to go off uh uh
specifically<01:18:33.719> of<01:18:33.960> coaxial<01:18:34.739> or<01:18:35.460> coax<01:18:35.840> as<01:18:36.840> shown

specifically of coaxial or coax as shown

specifically of coaxial or coax as shown
here<01:18:37.380> and<01:18:38.159> twisted<01:18:38.580> pair

here and twisted pair

here and twisted pair
now<01:18:40.020> twisted<01:18:40.440> pair<01:18:40.679> table<01:18:41.340> is<01:18:41.940> one<01:18:42.600> of<01:18:42.659> the

now twisted pair table is one of the

now twisted pair table is one of the
most<01:18:42.960> common<01:18:43.320> cable<01:18:43.679> types<01:18:44.100> that<01:18:44.219> you<01:18:44.460> need<01:18:44.580> to

most common cable types that you need to

most common cable types that you need to
be<01:18:44.820> familiar<01:18:45.179> with<01:18:45.380> depending<01:18:46.380> on<01:18:46.620> the

be familiar with depending on the

be familiar with depending on the
specification<01:18:47.460> of<01:18:47.820> the<01:18:47.940> cable<01:18:48.120> and<01:18:48.360> the<01:18:48.600> type

specification of the cable and the type

specification of the cable and the type
of<01:18:48.960> twisted<01:18:49.380> pair<01:18:49.560> cable<01:18:50.100> being<01:18:50.400> used<01:18:50.699> there's

of twisted pair cable being used there's

of twisted pair cable being used there's
going<01:18:51.420> to<01:18:51.480> be<01:18:51.540> anywhere<01:18:51.840> from<01:18:52.199> two<01:18:52.679> to<01:18:53.159> a

going to be anywhere from two to a

going to be anywhere from two to a
hundred<01:18:53.699> pairs<01:18:54.300> or<01:18:54.719> more

hundred pairs or more

hundred pairs or more
now<01:18:56.280> the<01:18:56.520> pairs<01:18:56.940> are<01:18:57.239> color<01:18:57.420> coded<01:18:57.900> so<01:18:58.440> the

now the pairs are color coded so the

now the pairs are color coded so the
technicians<01:18:59.280> know<01:18:59.580> how<01:18:59.940> to<01:19:00.060> recable<01:19:00.540> the

technicians know how to recable the

technicians know how to recable the
cables<01:19:01.679> on<01:19:01.800> either<01:19:01.980> end<01:19:02.219> and<01:19:02.940> it<01:19:03.120> ensures<01:19:03.420> that

cables on either end and it ensures that

cables on either end and it ensures that
certain<01:19:03.900> wiring<01:19:04.560> standards<01:19:05.219> and<01:19:05.400> schemes<01:19:05.820> are

certain wiring standards and schemes are

certain wiring standards and schemes are
maintained<01:19:06.300> in<01:19:06.540> case<01:19:06.719> another<01:19:07.020> technician

maintained in case another technician

maintained in case another technician
was<01:19:07.739> to<01:19:07.920> come<01:19:08.100> in<01:19:08.219> and<01:19:08.400> start<01:19:08.699> or<01:19:08.880> end<01:19:09.060> the<01:19:09.179> work

was to come in and start or end the work

was to come in and start or end the work
that<01:19:09.540> you've<01:19:09.719> already<01:19:09.840> begun

that you've already begun

that you've already begun
now<01:19:11.460> all<01:19:11.760> twisted<01:19:12.179> pair<01:19:12.360> cables<01:19:12.900> are

now all twisted pair cables are

now all twisted pair cables are
basically<01:19:13.739> the<01:19:14.040> same<01:19:14.219> however<01:19:14.760> it's<01:19:15.540> how<01:19:15.780> they

basically the same however it's how they

basically the same however it's how they
are<01:19:16.260> terminated<01:19:16.679> that<01:19:17.040> makes<01:19:17.219> the<01:19:17.460> biggest

are terminated that makes the biggest

are terminated that makes the biggest
difference<01:19:18.120> meaning<01:19:18.960> how<01:19:19.440> the<01:19:19.860> end<01:19:20.040> points<01:19:20.520> so

difference meaning how the end points so

difference meaning how the end points so
what<01:19:20.940> happens<01:19:21.000> at<01:19:21.300> the<01:19:21.420> end<01:19:21.480> points<01:19:21.960> now<01:19:22.500> there

what happens at the end points now there

what happens at the end points now there
are<01:19:22.980> two<01:19:23.460> typical<01:19:24.000> types<01:19:24.480> of<01:19:24.540> standards<01:19:24.960> that

are two typical types of standards that

are two typical types of standards that
we<01:19:25.199> need<01:19:25.320> to<01:19:25.440> be<01:19:25.500> aware<01:19:25.800> of<01:19:25.980> these<01:19:26.820> are<01:19:26.940> uh

we need to be aware of these are uh

we need to be aware of these are uh
t568<01:19:29.159> a<01:19:29.880> and<01:19:30.679> t568b<01:19:31.940> so<01:19:32.940> we're<01:19:33.239> going<01:19:33.360> to<01:19:33.420> take

t568 a and t568b so we're going to take

t568 a and t568b so we're going to take
a<01:19:33.659> look<01:19:33.780> at<01:19:33.960> these<01:19:34.199> right<01:19:34.500> now

a look at these right now

a look at these right now
now<01:19:36.140> 568a<01:19:37.280> it's<01:19:38.280> less<01:19:38.580> common<01:19:38.880> than<01:19:39.239> 568b

now 568a it's less common than 568b

now 568a it's less common than 568b
today<01:19:40.440> in<01:19:40.739> today's<01:19:40.920> networks<01:19:41.520> but<01:19:41.940> it's<01:19:42.120> still

today in today's networks but it's still

today in today's networks but it's still
necessary<01:19:42.780> for<01:19:43.080> you<01:19:43.199> to<01:19:43.380> know<01:19:43.500> and<01:19:43.739> you<01:19:43.860> need

necessary for you to know and you need

necessary for you to know and you need
to<01:19:44.100> understand<01:19:44.280> the<01:19:44.699> difference<01:19:44.820> between<01:19:45.179> the

to understand the difference between the

to understand the difference between the
two<01:19:45.600> of<01:19:45.780> these<01:19:46.020> uh<01:19:46.860> and<01:19:47.360> it'll<01:19:48.360> also<01:19:48.600> help<01:19:48.719> you

two of these uh and it'll also help you

two of these uh and it'll also help you
in<01:19:48.900> case<01:19:49.080> you<01:19:49.199> ever<01:19:49.320> wanted<01:19:49.500> to<01:19:49.620> make<01:19:49.739> a<01:19:49.860> cable

in case you ever wanted to make a cable

in case you ever wanted to make a cable
at<01:19:50.280> home

at home

at home
568<01:19:52.320> a<01:19:52.800> is<01:19:53.460> wired<01:19:53.880> in<01:19:54.060> this<01:19:54.239> way<01:19:54.360> green<01:19:55.020> white

568 a is wired in this way green white

568 a is wired in this way green white
green

green

green
orange<01:19:57.659> white

orange white

orange white
blue

blue

blue
White

White

White
Orange

Orange

Orange
brown<01:20:03.420> white<01:20:03.659> brown

brown white brown

brown white brown
now<01:20:05.760> the<01:20:06.000> only<01:20:06.120> difference<01:20:06.540> between<01:20:07.500> the<01:20:07.920> 568

now the only difference between the 568

now the only difference between the 568
a<01:20:09.179> cabling<01:20:09.780> standard<01:20:10.679> and<01:20:11.040> 568b<01:20:11.940> is<01:20:12.540> that<01:20:12.719> the

a cabling standard and 568b is that the

a cabling standard and 568b is that the
first<01:20:13.260> two<01:20:13.620> pins<01:20:13.980> one<01:20:14.340> and<01:20:14.580> two<01:20:14.760> are<01:20:15.540> swapped

first two pins one and two are swapped

first two pins one and two are swapped
with<01:20:16.560> pins<01:20:16.920> three<01:20:17.400> and<01:20:17.699> six<01:20:17.960> that<01:20:18.960> means<01:20:19.260> that

with pins three and six that means that

with pins three and six that means that
the<01:20:19.980> orange<01:20:20.460> colored<01:20:21.120> wires<01:20:21.540> are<01:20:21.840> swapped

the orange colored wires are swapped

the orange colored wires are swapped
with<01:20:22.320> the<01:20:22.560> green<01:20:22.739> colored<01:20:23.219> wires<01:20:23.580> so<01:20:24.300> then<01:20:24.540> in

with the green colored wires so then in

with the green colored wires so then in
568b<01:20:25.800> we<01:20:26.460> see<01:20:26.640> a<01:20:26.820> wiring<01:20:27.120> of<01:20:27.300> orange<01:20:27.600> white

568b we see a wiring of orange white

568b we see a wiring of orange white
orange<01:20:29.239> green<01:20:30.239> white<01:20:30.600> blue

orange green white blue

orange green white blue
blue<01:20:33.179> white<01:20:33.480> green

blue white green

blue white green
brown<01:20:35.760> white<01:20:36.000> and<01:20:36.900> brown

brown white and brown

brown white and brown
now

now

now
the<01:20:40.860> reason<01:20:40.920> you<01:20:41.219> need<01:20:41.340> to<01:20:41.460> know<01:20:41.580> both<01:20:41.760> of

the reason you need to know both of

the reason you need to know both of
those<01:20:42.060> is<01:20:42.360> because<01:20:42.480> of<01:20:42.719> something<01:20:43.020> called

those is because of something called

those is because of something called
crossover<01:20:43.920> cables<01:20:44.400> which<01:20:44.640> we'll<01:20:44.760> talk<01:20:45.000> about

crossover cables which we'll talk about

crossover cables which we'll talk about
by<01:20:45.840> switching<01:20:46.320> those<01:20:46.739> uh<01:20:47.159> pins<01:20:47.520> around<01:20:48.000> it

by switching those uh pins around it

by switching those uh pins around it
switches<01:20:48.960> the<01:20:49.140> data<01:20:49.440> and<01:20:49.560> how<01:20:49.739> it's<01:20:49.920> sent<01:20:50.159> and

switches the data and how it's sent and

switches the data and how it's sent and
we'll<01:20:50.640> talk<01:20:50.880> about<01:20:51.000> the<01:20:51.600> purpose<01:20:51.900> of<01:20:52.080> that<01:20:52.260> a

we'll talk about the purpose of that a

we'll talk about the purpose of that a
little<01:20:52.800> bit<01:20:52.920> later<01:20:53.100> on

little bit later on

little bit later on
but<01:20:54.540> for<01:20:54.840> now<01:20:54.960> let's<01:20:55.080> talk<01:20:55.320> about<01:20:55.440> something

but for now let's talk about something

but for now let's talk about something
called<01:20:56.000> STP<01:20:57.000> or<01:20:57.960> shielded<01:20:58.620> twisted<01:20:59.040> pair

called STP or shielded twisted pair

called STP or shielded twisted pair
cabling<01:20:59.699> which<01:21:00.300> is<01:21:00.540> a<01:21:00.719> cable<01:21:00.900> type<01:21:01.199> that

cabling which is a cable type that

cabling which is a cable type that
contains<01:21:02.460> pairs<01:21:02.940> of<01:21:03.060> copper<01:21:03.480> strands<01:21:03.960> like<01:21:04.320> we

contains pairs of copper strands like we

contains pairs of copper strands like we
just<01:21:04.620> looked<01:21:04.800> at<01:21:04.920> orange<01:21:05.280> white<01:21:05.580> and<01:21:05.940> orange

just looked at orange white and orange

just looked at orange white and orange
for<01:21:06.480> instance<01:21:06.659> being<01:21:06.960> a<01:21:07.199> pair<01:21:07.340> that<01:21:08.340> are

for instance being a pair that are

for instance being a pair that are
twisted<01:21:09.000> together<01:21:09.239> and<01:21:10.080> wrapped<01:21:10.500> with<01:21:10.739> a

twisted together and wrapped with a

twisted together and wrapped with a
metal<01:21:11.219> sheath<01:21:11.880> or<01:21:12.600> a<01:21:12.840> kind<01:21:13.140> of<01:21:13.320> foil<01:21:13.860> that

metal sheath or a kind of foil that

metal sheath or a kind of foil that
decreases<01:21:14.880> the<01:21:15.120> cable<01:21:15.300> susceptibility<01:21:16.080> as

decreases the cable susceptibility as

decreases the cable susceptibility as
we've<01:21:16.560> already<01:21:16.679> mentioned<01:21:17.100> to<01:21:17.340> Emi<01:21:17.880> now

we've already mentioned to Emi now

we've already mentioned to Emi now
because<01:21:19.020> it's<01:21:19.320> wrapped<01:21:19.679> in<01:21:19.800> its<01:21:20.100> metal<01:21:20.219> it

because it's wrapped in its metal it

because it's wrapped in its metal it
makes<01:21:21.060> the<01:21:21.300> cable<01:21:21.480> much<01:21:22.380> more<01:21:22.620> expensive<01:21:23.219> than

makes the cable much more expensive than

makes the cable much more expensive than
its<01:21:24.000> counterpart<01:21:24.739> UTP<01:21:25.739> or<01:21:26.460> unshielded

its counterpart UTP or unshielded

its counterpart UTP or unshielded
twisted<01:21:27.480> pair<01:21:27.659> and<01:21:28.260> it<01:21:28.440> can<01:21:28.560> make<01:21:28.679> it<01:21:28.860> more

twisted pair and it can make it more

twisted pair and it can make it more
difficult<01:21:29.400> therefore<01:21:30.000> to<01:21:30.239> manage<01:21:30.540> or<01:21:30.659> work

difficult therefore to manage or work

difficult therefore to manage or work
with<01:21:31.080> now<01:21:31.920> although<01:21:32.219> it<01:21:32.460> has<01:21:32.640> the<01:21:32.880> shielding

with now although it has the shielding

with now although it has the shielding
to<01:21:33.480> prevent<01:21:33.780> it<01:21:33.900> from<01:21:34.140> Emi<01:21:34.620> it<01:21:35.280> doesn't<01:21:35.400> mean

to prevent it from Emi it doesn't mean

to prevent it from Emi it doesn't mean
the<01:21:35.940> cable<01:21:36.179> is<01:21:36.480> prevented<01:21:37.020> completely<01:21:37.980> from

the cable is prevented completely from

the cable is prevented completely from
any<01:21:39.000> sort<01:21:39.179> of<01:21:39.300> susceptibility<01:21:39.900> it<01:21:40.500> just

any sort of susceptibility it just

any sort of susceptibility it just
reduces<01:21:41.159> it<01:21:41.340> I<01:21:41.880> also<01:21:42.120> want<01:21:42.239> to<01:21:42.360> mention<01:21:42.480> the

reduces it I also want to mention the

reduces it I also want to mention the
reason<01:21:42.960> that<01:21:43.260> we<01:21:43.500> have<01:21:43.679> that<01:21:44.040> twisted<01:21:44.580> pair

reason that we have that twisted pair

reason that we have that twisted pair
each<01:21:46.440> pair<01:21:46.739> of<01:21:47.040> cables<01:21:47.580> for<01:21:47.699> instance<01:21:47.880> orange

each pair of cables for instance orange

each pair of cables for instance orange
and<01:21:49.140> white<01:21:50.100> orange<01:21:50.340> are<01:21:50.640> twisted<01:21:51.000> together<01:21:51.120> is

and white orange are twisted together is

and white orange are twisted together is
to<01:21:51.540> reduce<01:21:51.719> what<01:21:51.960> we<01:21:52.080> call<01:21:52.340> crosstalk<01:21:53.340> meaning

to reduce what we call crosstalk meaning

to reduce what we call crosstalk meaning
that<01:21:54.840> so<01:21:55.500> that<01:21:55.679> the<01:21:55.860> data<01:21:56.219> doesn't<01:21:56.340> sort<01:21:56.580> of

that so that the data doesn't sort of

that so that the data doesn't sort of
jump<01:21:56.880> between<01:21:57.179> the<01:21:57.480> two<01:21:57.600> cables<01:21:58.080> this<01:21:58.440> was

jump between the two cables this was

jump between the two cables this was
something<01:21:58.739> that<01:21:58.920> was<01:21:59.040> actually<01:21:59.219> discovered

something that was actually discovered

something that was actually discovered
way<01:22:00.300> back<01:22:00.480> when<01:22:00.659> when<01:22:00.900> Edison<01:22:01.320> was<01:22:01.560> dealing

way back when when Edison was dealing

way back when when Edison was dealing
with<01:22:01.920> electricity<01:22:02.460> now<01:22:03.300> UTP<01:22:04.020> or<01:22:04.260> unshielded

with electricity now UTP or unshielded

with electricity now UTP or unshielded
twisted<01:22:05.219> pair<01:22:05.400> cabling<01:22:05.880> does<01:22:06.300> not<01:22:06.480> have<01:22:06.600> that

twisted pair cabling does not have that

twisted pair cabling does not have that
metal<01:22:07.020> shielding<01:22:07.500> around<01:22:07.679> the<01:22:07.920> Twisted<01:22:08.280> pairs

metal shielding around the Twisted pairs

metal shielding around the Twisted pairs
this<01:22:08.760> is<01:22:08.880> the<01:22:09.060> only<01:22:09.300> difference<01:22:09.600> now<01:22:10.380> this

this is the only difference now this

this is the only difference now this
makes<01:22:10.860> the<01:22:11.040> cable<01:22:11.280> much<01:22:11.580> more<01:22:11.760> susceptible<01:22:12.239> to

makes the cable much more susceptible to

makes the cable much more susceptible to
Emi<01:22:12.900> than<01:22:13.080> sdp<01:22:13.620> however<01:22:14.219> it's<01:22:14.400> so<01:22:14.640> inexpensive

Emi than sdp however it's so inexpensive

Emi than sdp however it's so inexpensive
and<01:22:15.659> so<01:22:15.840> much<01:22:16.020> easier<01:22:16.500> to<01:22:17.340> install<01:22:17.699> and

and so much easier to install and

and so much easier to install and
maneuver<01:22:18.600> with<01:22:18.840> and<01:22:19.440> in<01:22:19.739> most<01:22:19.860> instances<01:22:20.460> a

maneuver with and in most instances a

maneuver with and in most instances a
lot<01:22:21.179> of<01:22:21.300> folks<01:22:21.540> don't<01:22:21.840> need<01:22:22.080> the<01:22:22.320> extra<01:22:22.440> Emi

lot of folks don't need the extra Emi

lot of folks don't need the extra Emi
protection<01:22:23.340> so<01:22:23.640> it's<01:22:23.880> why<01:22:24.120> it's<01:22:24.300> one<01:22:24.540> of<01:22:24.659> the

protection so it's why it's one of the

protection so it's why it's one of the
most<01:22:24.840> common

most common

most common
now<01:22:26.400> there<01:22:26.640> are<01:22:26.760> several<01:22:27.179> specific

now there are several specific

now there are several specific
implementations<01:22:28.679> of<01:22:29.040> sdp<01:22:29.580> and<01:22:29.820> UDP<01:22:30.179> and<01:22:30.840> each

implementations of sdp and UDP and each

implementations of sdp and UDP and each
one<01:22:31.140> has<01:22:31.320> different<01:22:31.560> standards<01:22:32.340> uh<01:22:32.880> and

one has different standards uh and

one has different standards uh and
characteristics<01:22:33.780> and<01:22:34.260> speeds<01:22:34.679> and<01:22:34.860> so<01:22:34.980> on<01:22:35.100> so

characteristics and speeds and so on so

characteristics and speeds and so on so
let's<01:22:35.820> take<01:22:36.060> a<01:22:36.179> look<01:22:36.360> at<01:22:36.540> those<01:22:36.719> in<01:22:37.080> a<01:22:37.140> little

let's take a look at those in a little

let's take a look at those in a little
more<01:22:37.380> depth<01:22:37.679> right<01:22:37.860> now

more depth right now

more depth right now
you<01:22:39.960> may<01:22:40.080> have<01:22:40.199> heard<01:22:40.560> of<01:22:40.980> the<01:22:41.159> or<01:22:41.460> seen<01:22:42.239> the

you may have heard of the or seen the

you may have heard of the or seen the
terms<01:22:42.840> CAT5<01:22:43.620> or<01:22:44.400> category<01:22:44.880> five<01:22:45.120> or<01:22:45.600> Cat6<01:22:46.080> or

terms CAT5 or category five or Cat6 or

terms CAT5 or category five or Cat6 or
something<01:22:46.620> similar<01:22:47.100> to<01:22:47.280> this<01:22:47.460> before<01:22:47.640> let's

something similar to this before let's

something similar to this before let's
take<01:22:48.780> a<01:22:48.900> look<01:22:48.960> at<01:22:49.080> what<01:22:49.320> these<01:22:49.560> terms<01:22:49.920> mean<01:22:50.100> and

take a look at what these terms mean and

take a look at what these terms mean and
what<01:22:50.820> the<01:22:51.000> specifications<01:22:51.659> are<01:22:52.020> regarding

what the specifications are regarding

what the specifications are regarding
them<01:22:52.620> because<01:22:52.920> you'll<01:22:53.159> need<01:22:53.280> to<01:22:53.400> know<01:22:53.520> that

them because you'll need to know that

them because you'll need to know that
for<01:22:53.880> the<01:22:54.000> exam

for the exam

for the exam
cat<01:22:55.920> simply<01:22:56.699> stands<01:22:57.179> for<01:22:57.480> category<01:22:58.679> there<01:22:59.400> are

cat simply stands for category there are

cat simply stands for category there are
both<01:22:59.820> STP<01:23:00.600> and<01:23:00.900> UTP<01:23:01.560> versions<01:23:01.980> of<01:23:02.340> these

both STP and UTP versions of these

both STP and UTP versions of these
category<01:23:03.300> cables<01:23:03.840> that<01:23:04.440> stand<01:23:04.679> if<01:23:05.219> you<01:23:05.340> recall

category cables that stand if you recall

category cables that stand if you recall
that's<01:23:05.820> shielded<01:23:06.360> and<01:23:06.659> unshielded<01:23:07.380> and<01:23:08.040> the

that's shielded and unshielded and the

that's shielded and unshielded and the
first<01:23:08.520> category<01:23:09.179> of<01:23:09.420> cable<01:23:09.719> is<01:23:10.080> as<01:23:10.380> you'd

first category of cable is as you'd

first category of cable is as you'd
imagine<01:23:10.739> category<01:23:11.460> one<01:23:11.699> cable<01:23:12.060> now<01:23:12.960> we<01:23:13.380> don't

imagine category one cable now we don't

imagine category one cable now we don't
really<01:23:13.679> see<01:23:13.980> this<01:23:14.159> in<01:23:14.340> the<01:23:14.460> field<01:23:14.580> anymore

really see this in the field anymore

really see this in the field anymore
it's<01:23:15.179> been<01:23:15.560> superseded<01:23:16.560> by<01:23:17.100> the<01:23:17.580> following

it's been superseded by the following

it's been superseded by the following
categories<01:23:18.600> cabling<01:23:19.080> and<01:23:19.320> but<01:23:19.560> its<01:23:19.860> original

categories cabling and but its original

categories cabling and but its original
purpose<01:23:20.520> was<01:23:20.699> for<01:23:20.940> voice<01:23:21.179> I<01:23:22.020> wouldn't<01:23:22.140> worry

purpose was for voice I wouldn't worry

purpose was for voice I wouldn't worry
about<01:23:22.560> memorizing<01:23:23.280> that<01:23:23.460> one

about memorizing that one

about memorizing that one
type<01:23:25.020> 2<01:23:25.440> or<01:23:25.739> Category<01:23:26.219> 2<01:23:26.400> is<01:23:27.179> rarely<01:23:27.540> used

type 2 or Category 2 is rarely used

type 2 or Category 2 is rarely used
today<01:23:28.100> uh<01:23:29.100> only<01:23:29.699> in<01:23:30.600> something<01:23:30.840> called<01:23:31.199> token

today uh only in something called token

today uh only in something called token
based<01:23:32.219> networks<01:23:32.520> which<01:23:32.699> we'll<01:23:32.940> talk<01:23:33.120> more

based networks which we'll talk more

based networks which we'll talk more
about<01:23:33.480> in<01:23:33.780> the<01:23:33.900> future<01:23:34.020> but<01:23:34.620> again<01:23:34.739> it's<01:23:34.980> not

about in the future but again it's not

about in the future but again it's not
very<01:23:35.400> common<01:23:35.640> you're<01:23:35.940> not<01:23:36.179> really<01:23:36.300> going<01:23:36.540> to

very common you're not really going to

very common you're not really going to
see<01:23:36.840> it<01:23:37.080> uh<01:23:37.620> very<01:23:38.159> much<01:23:38.280> at<01:23:38.460> all

see it uh very much at all

see it uh very much at all
now<01:23:39.600> Category<01:23:40.080> 3<01:23:40.380> or<01:23:40.920> ethernet<01:23:41.640> which<01:23:42.360> is

now Category 3 or ethernet which is

now Category 3 or ethernet which is
different<01:23:42.780> from<01:23:43.080> the<01:23:43.260> current<01:23:43.320> ethernet<01:23:43.800> but

different from the current ethernet but

different from the current ethernet but
this<01:23:44.159> was<01:23:44.340> the<01:23:44.640> first<01:23:44.820> category<01:23:45.420> established

this was the first category established

this was the first category established
by<01:23:46.860> an<01:23:47.159> organization<01:23:47.760> called<01:23:48.360> Tia<01:23:49.260> eia<01:23:49.860> this

by an organization called Tia eia this

by an organization called Tia eia this
is<01:23:50.580> the<01:23:50.820> Telecommunications<01:23:51.659> industry

is the Telecommunications industry

is the Telecommunications industry
Association<01:23:52.860> Electronics<01:23:53.699> Industries

Association Electronics Industries

Association Electronics Industries
Alliance<01:23:54.840> don't<01:23:55.260> worry<01:23:55.440> about<01:23:55.560> memorizing

Alliance don't worry about memorizing

Alliance don't worry about memorizing
that<01:23:56.340> but<01:23:57.060> in<01:23:57.420> today's<01:23:57.600> networks<01:23:58.440> category

that but in today's networks category

that but in today's networks category
three<01:23:59.159> or<01:23:59.460> cat<01:23:59.699> 3<01:24:00.000> is<01:24:00.719> used<01:24:00.960> almost<01:24:01.260> completely

three or cat 3 is used almost completely

three or cat 3 is used almost completely
for<01:24:02.100> voice<01:24:02.400> Transmissions<01:24:03.179> because<01:24:03.780> it<01:24:04.080> has<01:24:04.260> a

for voice Transmissions because it has a

for voice Transmissions because it has a
limited<01:24:04.800> transfer<01:24:05.280> speed<01:24:05.520> of<01:24:05.940> 10<01:24:06.239> megabits

limited transfer speed of 10 megabits

limited transfer speed of 10 megabits
per<01:24:07.260> second<01:24:07.500> and<01:24:08.219> a<01:24:08.340> 16<01:24:08.580> megahertz<01:24:09.120> bandwidth

per second and a 16 megahertz bandwidth

per second and a 16 megahertz bandwidth
so<01:24:10.440> a<01:24:10.800> lot<01:24:10.920> of

so a lot of

so a lot of
telephone<01:24:12.420> K<01:24:13.020> old<01:24:13.440> telephone<01:24:14.219> cableing<01:24:14.880> is

telephone K old telephone cableing is

telephone K old telephone cableing is
cat<01:24:15.179> 3.<01:24:16.080> cat4<01:24:16.800> uh<01:24:17.900> just<01:24:18.900> like<01:24:19.080> cat<01:24:19.260> 2<01:24:19.500> it's<01:24:19.800> not

cat 3. cat4 uh just like cat 2 it's not

cat 3. cat4 uh just like cat 2 it's not
used<01:24:20.159> anymore<01:24:20.400> not<01:24:21.000> even<01:24:21.179> worth<01:24:21.540> really

used anymore not even worth really

used anymore not even worth really
spending<01:24:22.620> time<01:24:22.739> in<01:24:22.980> now<01:24:23.760> when<01:24:23.940> we<01:24:24.060> get<01:24:24.179> to<01:24:24.300> CAT5

spending time in now when we get to CAT5

spending time in now when we get to CAT5
this<01:24:25.199> is<01:24:25.380> sort<01:24:25.560> of<01:24:25.620> where<01:24:26.100> we<01:24:26.219> start<01:24:26.400> really

this is sort of where we start really

this is sort of where we start really
getting<01:24:26.880> to<01:24:27.300> Modern<01:24:27.600> Day<01:24:27.900> stuff<01:24:28.260> Cat<01:24:28.920> 5

getting to Modern Day stuff Cat 5

getting to Modern Day stuff Cat 5
cabling<01:24:29.699> which<01:24:30.000> is<01:24:30.120> also<01:24:30.300> called<01:24:30.480> Fast

cabling which is also called Fast

cabling which is also called Fast
ethernet<01:24:31.560> provides<01:24:32.400> performance<01:24:32.880> of<01:24:33.120> signals

ethernet provides performance of signals

ethernet provides performance of signals
up<01:24:34.080> to<01:24:34.260> around<01:24:34.560> 100<01:24:35.219> megabits<01:24:36.060> per<01:24:36.239> second

up to around 100 megabits per second

up to around 100 megabits per second
important<01:24:38.159> that<01:24:38.340> you<01:24:38.520> know<01:24:38.640> this<01:24:38.820> the<01:24:39.300> maximum

important that you know this the maximum

important that you know this the maximum
distance<01:24:39.960> for<01:24:40.320> CAT5<01:24:40.739> cabling<01:24:41.280> is<01:24:42.060> 100<01:24:42.480> meters

distance for CAT5 cabling is 100 meters

distance for CAT5 cabling is 100 meters
or<01:24:43.739> 328<01:24:44.640> feet

or 328 feet

or 328 feet
now<01:24:46.260> CAT5<01:24:46.800> e<01:24:47.580> is<01:24:48.239> the<01:24:48.480> specification<01:24:49.080> that

now CAT5 e is the specification that

now CAT5 e is the specification that
superseded<01:24:50.040> CAT5<01:24:50.699> and<01:24:51.360> it<01:24:51.480> addressed<01:24:51.900> some<01:24:52.020> of

superseded CAT5 and it addressed some of

superseded CAT5 and it addressed some of
the<01:24:52.260> weaknesses<01:24:52.800> including<01:24:53.520> uh<01:24:54.420> crosstalk

the weaknesses including uh crosstalk

the weaknesses including uh crosstalk
prevent<01:24:55.620> prevention<01:24:56.540> uh<01:24:57.540> and<01:24:57.780> other

prevent prevention uh and other

prevent prevention uh and other
specifications<01:24:58.560> in<01:24:59.040> the<01:24:59.219> like<01:24:59.360> like<01:25:00.360> CAT5<01:25:01.080> the

specifications in the like like CAT5 the

specifications in the like like CAT5 the
maximum<01:25:02.100> cable<01:25:02.400> length<01:25:02.820> of<01:25:03.060> Cat5e<01:25:03.900> is<01:25:04.380> also

maximum cable length of Cat5e is also

maximum cable length of Cat5e is also
100<01:25:04.980> meters<01:25:05.640> the<01:25:06.360> bandwidth<01:25:06.960> is<01:25:07.199> also<01:25:07.440> the

100 meters the bandwidth is also the

100 meters the bandwidth is also the
same<01:25:07.800> at<01:25:08.040> 100<01:25:08.340> megahertz<01:25:09.060> but<01:25:09.960> it's<01:25:10.320> said<01:25:10.560> that

same at 100 megahertz but it's said that

same at 100 megahertz but it's said that
data<01:25:11.460> data<01:25:12.060> rates<01:25:12.239> can<01:25:12.480> get<01:25:12.659> up<01:25:12.840> to<01:25:13.020> about<01:25:13.260> 350

data data rates can get up to about 350

data data rates can get up to about 350
megabits<01:25:14.820> per<01:25:15.060> second<01:25:15.560> uh<01:25:16.560> although

megabits per second uh although

megabits per second uh although
sometimes<01:25:17.280> an<01:25:17.520> application<01:25:17.940> that's<01:25:18.360> not

sometimes an application that's not

sometimes an application that's not
exactly<01:25:19.020> what<01:25:19.260> we<01:25:19.440> see

exactly what we see

exactly what we see
Cat6<01:25:21.719> is<01:25:22.440> a<01:25:22.800> standard<01:25:23.159> uh<01:25:24.000> that<01:25:24.420> increased<01:25:25.140> the

Cat6 is a standard uh that increased the

Cat6 is a standard uh that increased the
transmission<01:25:25.679> speeds<01:25:26.580> quite<01:25:27.120> a<01:25:27.239> bit<01:25:27.440> it's

transmission speeds quite a bit it's

transmission speeds quite a bit it's
what's<01:25:28.739> called<01:25:29.040> gigabit<01:25:29.699> Ethernet<01:25:30.300> because

what's called gigabit Ethernet because

what's called gigabit Ethernet because
it's<01:25:30.840> rated<01:25:31.199> for<01:25:31.440> data<01:25:31.800> rates<01:25:32.040> of<01:25:32.159> about<01:25:32.340> one

it's rated for data rates of about one

it's rated for data rates of about one
gigabit<01:25:33.360> per<01:25:33.900> second<01:25:34.140> so<01:25:34.739> we're<01:25:34.920> going<01:25:35.100> from

gigabit per second so we're going from

gigabit per second so we're going from
again<01:25:35.820> with<01:25:36.120> 10<01:25:36.440> cat<01:25:37.440> 3<01:25:37.739> from<01:25:38.159> 10<01:25:38.400> Cat<01:25:39.300> 5<01:25:39.540> 100

again with 10 cat 3 from 10 Cat 5 100

again with 10 cat 3 from 10 Cat 5 100
Cat5e<01:25:41.640> 350<01:25:42.300> theoretical<01:25:43.020> and<01:25:43.380> now<01:25:43.560> we're<01:25:43.739> at

Cat5e 350 theoretical and now we're at

Cat5e 350 theoretical and now we're at
1000<01:25:44.520> megabits<01:25:45.000> per<01:25:45.120> second<01:25:45.239> or<01:25:45.480> one<01:25:45.719> gigabit

1000 megabits per second or one gigabit

1000 megabits per second or one gigabit
per<01:25:46.260> second

per second

per second
the<01:25:47.580> signal<01:25:47.880> limb<01:25:48.179> rate<01:25:48.300> also<01:25:48.719> of<01:25:48.960> CAT5<01:25:49.440> Cat6

the signal limb rate also of CAT5 Cat6

the signal limb rate also of CAT5 Cat6
rather<01:25:50.520> is<01:25:50.820> tested<01:25:51.360> at<01:25:51.840> 250<01:25:52.500> megahertz<01:25:53.100> uh<01:25:53.760> but

rather is tested at 250 megahertz uh but

rather is tested at 250 megahertz uh but
it's<01:25:54.120> guaranteed<01:25:54.719> at<01:25:54.960> a<01:25:55.380> 200.

it's guaranteed at a 200.

it's guaranteed at a 200.
there<01:25:57.480> was<01:25:57.600> also<01:25:57.780> another<01:25:58.020> one<01:25:58.260> after<01:25:58.500> this

there was also another one after this

there was also another one after this
called<01:25:59.300> cat6a<01:26:00.320> which<01:26:01.320> was<01:26:01.440> also<01:26:01.679> known<01:26:01.860> as

called cat6a which was also known as

called cat6a which was also known as
augmented<01:26:02.880> category<01:26:03.360> six<01:26:03.600> and<01:26:04.139> it<01:26:04.500> had<01:26:04.920> a

augmented category six and it had a

augmented category six and it had a
rating<01:26:05.340> of<01:26:05.520> a<01:26:05.639> little<01:26:05.760> bit<01:26:05.880> more<01:26:06.060> than<01:26:06.239> a<01:26:06.480> one

rating of a little bit more than a one

rating of a little bit more than a one
gigabit<01:26:07.440> but<01:26:08.280> uh<01:26:08.880> many<01:26:09.179> people<01:26:09.480> said<01:26:09.719> that

gigabit but uh many people said that

gigabit but uh many people said that
they<01:26:09.960> can<01:26:10.080> actually<01:26:10.260> get<01:26:10.440> to<01:26:10.560> 10<01:26:10.800> gigabits<01:26:11.400> and

they can actually get to 10 gigabits and

they can actually get to 10 gigabits and
uh<01:26:12.480> uh<01:26:12.840> it's<01:26:13.260> megahertz<01:26:13.800> or<01:26:13.980> frequency<01:26:14.280> was

uh uh it's megahertz or frequency was

uh uh it's megahertz or frequency was
also<01:26:14.940> Higher<01:26:15.360> by<01:26:15.659> the<01:26:15.780> way<01:26:15.840> I<01:26:16.139> wouldn't<01:26:16.199> worry

also Higher by the way I wouldn't worry

also Higher by the way I wouldn't worry
about<01:26:16.620> any<01:26:16.800> of<01:26:16.980> the<01:26:17.040> frequencies<01:26:17.400> I'm<01:26:17.639> just

about any of the frequencies I'm just

about any of the frequencies I'm just
throwing<01:26:18.060> those<01:26:18.239> in<01:26:18.420> there<01:26:18.600> so<01:26:18.780> that<01:26:19.020> you<01:26:19.260> know

throwing those in there so that you know

throwing those in there so that you know
them<01:26:19.620> what<01:26:20.040> you<01:26:20.159> really<01:26:20.280> want<01:26:20.400> to<01:26:20.520> worry<01:26:20.639> about

them what you really want to worry about

them what you really want to worry about
is<01:26:20.940> the<01:26:21.120> data<01:26:21.480> transfer<01:26:21.960> speed

is the data transfer speed

is the data transfer speed
a<01:26:23.340> cat<01:26:23.580> 7<01:26:23.880> which<01:26:24.600> is<01:26:24.719> one<01:26:24.960> of<01:26:25.080> the<01:26:25.139> newest

a cat 7 which is one of the newest

a cat 7 which is one of the newest
implementations<01:26:26.100> uh<01:26:26.820> it's<01:26:27.239> not<01:26:27.420> even<01:26:27.600> fully

implementations uh it's not even fully

implementations uh it's not even fully
recognized<01:26:28.620> yet<01:26:28.800> by<01:26:29.100> Tia<01:26:29.520> eia<01:26:30.179> it's

recognized yet by Tia eia it's

recognized yet by Tia eia it's
um<01:26:31.800> also<01:26:32.460> gigabit<01:26:33.000> Ethernet<01:26:33.540> and<01:26:33.900> it

um also gigabit Ethernet and it

um also gigabit Ethernet and it
supposedly<01:26:34.560> supports<01:26:35.040> a<01:26:35.219> signaling<01:26:35.580> rate<01:26:35.760> of

supposedly supports a signaling rate of

supposedly supports a signaling rate of
one<01:26:36.239> gigahertz<01:26:36.840> and<01:26:37.500> has<01:26:37.679> a<01:26:37.860> potential<01:26:38.280> for

one gigahertz and has a potential for

one gigahertz and has a potential for
over<01:26:38.940> 10<01:26:39.360> gigabits<01:26:39.900> per<01:26:40.080> second<01:26:40.320> so<01:26:40.800> you<01:26:40.920> can

over 10 gigabits per second so you can

over 10 gigabits per second so you can
see<01:26:41.159> where<01:26:41.460> we're<01:26:41.699> we<01:26:42.420> want<01:26:42.600> to<01:26:42.719> go<01:26:42.840> there<01:26:43.020> but

see where we're we want to go there but

see where we're we want to go there but
at<01:26:43.440> the<01:26:43.560> same<01:26:43.739> time<01:26:43.980> Wireless<01:26:44.340> technology<01:26:44.940> or

at the same time Wireless technology or

at the same time Wireless technology or
unbounded<01:26:45.840> technology<01:26:46.199> has<01:26:46.860> taken<01:26:47.219> us<01:26:47.280> to<01:26:47.460> a

unbounded technology has taken us to a

unbounded technology has taken us to a
point<01:26:47.699> where<01:26:47.940> we<01:26:48.120> might<01:26:48.300> not<01:26:48.480> need<01:26:48.719> to<01:26:48.960> spend

point where we might not need to spend

point where we might not need to spend
as<01:26:49.320> much<01:26:49.500> time<01:26:49.800> on<01:26:50.699> some<01:26:51.060> of<01:26:51.179> the<01:26:51.239> bounded

as much time on some of the bounded

as much time on some of the bounded
media

media

media
so

so

so
now<01:26:55.500> that<01:26:55.620> we've<01:26:55.800> seen<01:26:55.980> all<01:26:56.159> of<01:26:56.280> these

now that we've seen all of these

now that we've seen all of these
individually

individually

individually
let's<01:26:58.320> take<01:26:58.500> a<01:26:58.679> look<01:26:59.159> at<01:26:59.520> an<01:26:59.699> easier<01:27:00.000> breakdown

let's take a look at an easier breakdown

let's take a look at an easier breakdown
of<01:27:00.719> the<01:27:00.900> specifics<01:27:01.440> of<01:27:01.560> all<01:27:01.800> of<01:27:01.860> these

of the specifics of all of these

of the specifics of all of these
so<01:27:03.840> as<01:27:04.260> we<01:27:04.440> can<01:27:04.620> see<01:27:04.739> here<01:27:05.100> each<01:27:05.580> of<01:27:05.699> these<01:27:05.820> cat

so as we can see here each of these cat

so as we can see here each of these cat
standards<01:27:06.540> has<01:27:06.780> a<01:27:07.080> maximum<01:27:07.500> cable<01:27:07.800> length<01:27:08.219> of

standards has a maximum cable length of

standards has a maximum cable length of
100<01:27:08.820> meters<01:27:09.420> for<01:27:09.719> standard<01:27:10.080> use<01:27:10.320> and<01:27:11.100> the

100 meters for standard use and the

100 meters for standard use and the
frequencies<01:27:11.760> and<01:27:12.060> maximum<01:27:12.420> data<01:27:12.780> ranges<01:27:13.139> go

frequencies and maximum data ranges go

frequencies and maximum data ranges go
up<01:27:13.560> with<01:27:14.100> each<01:27:14.280> of<01:27:14.400> the<01:27:14.520> standards<01:27:14.940> as<01:27:15.060> well<01:27:15.239> in

up with each of the standards as well in

up with each of the standards as well in
most<01:27:16.260> cases<01:27:16.620> when<01:27:16.860> you're<01:27:16.980> looking<01:27:17.159> at<01:27:17.460> the

most cases when you're looking at the

most cases when you're looking at the
physical<01:27:17.880> cable<01:27:18.620> the<01:27:19.620> exact<01:27:20.100> specification

physical cable the exact specification

physical cable the exact specification
is<01:27:21.540> typically<01:27:22.020> printed<01:27:22.560> on<01:27:22.800> the<01:27:22.920> cable<01:27:23.159> itself

is typically printed on the cable itself

is typically printed on the cable itself
helping<01:27:24.719> technicians<01:27:25.320> ensure<01:27:25.739> that<01:27:25.980> the<01:27:26.159> same

helping technicians ensure that the same

helping technicians ensure that the same
standard<01:27:27.000> is<01:27:27.480> going<01:27:27.659> to<01:27:27.780> be<01:27:27.840> used<01:27:28.020> throughout

standard is going to be used throughout

standard is going to be used throughout
the<01:27:28.560> organization

the organization

the organization
now<01:27:30.239> while<01:27:30.540> Cat<01:27:30.900> 5<01:27:31.260> through<01:27:31.980> 7<01:27:32.460> cables<01:27:33.120> are

now while Cat 5 through 7 cables are

now while Cat 5 through 7 cables are
very<01:27:33.780> similar<01:27:34.199> because<01:27:35.040> they<01:27:35.340> all<01:27:35.520> use<01:27:35.760> the

very similar because they all use the

very similar because they all use the
RJ45<01:27:36.960> connector<01:27:37.560> which<01:27:37.739> is<01:27:37.800> the<01:27:38.040> connector<01:27:38.400> at

RJ45 connector which is the connector at

RJ45 connector which is the connector at
the<01:27:38.699> end<01:27:38.760> that<01:27:39.060> plugs<01:27:39.300> into<01:27:39.420> your<01:27:39.659> network

the end that plugs into your network

the end that plugs into your network
card<01:27:40.199> or<01:27:40.739> into<01:27:40.920> a<01:27:41.219> port<01:27:41.480> uh<01:27:42.480> should<01:27:42.840> a

card or into a port uh should a

card or into a port uh should a
technician<01:27:44.040> install<01:27:44.280> a<01:27:44.580> Cat5e<01:27:45.360> cable<01:27:45.780> and<01:27:46.440> a

technician install a Cat5e cable and a

technician install a Cat5e cable and a
cat<01:27:46.800> 6<01:27:47.219> or<01:27:47.580> higher<01:27:48.000> Network<01:27:48.179> the<01:27:48.840> Network's

cat 6 or higher Network the Network's

cat 6 or higher Network the Network's
still<01:27:49.920> probably<01:27:50.400> going<01:27:50.699> to<01:27:50.880> function

still probably going to function

still probably going to function
correctly<01:27:51.719> but<01:27:52.320> the<01:27:52.560> Network's<01:27:52.920> only<01:27:53.100> going

correctly but the Network's only going

correctly but the Network's only going
to<01:27:53.580> operate

to operate

to operate
at<01:27:55.800> the<01:27:56.040> uh<01:27:56.480> maximum<01:27:57.480> speed<01:27:57.719> of<01:27:58.139> the<01:27:58.320> lowest

at the uh maximum speed of the lowest

at the uh maximum speed of the lowest
standard<01:27:58.980> so<01:27:59.340> if<01:27:59.760> everyone<01:28:00.000> else<01:28:00.239> in<01:28:00.420> the

standard so if everyone else in the

standard so if everyone else in the
network<01:28:00.719> has<01:28:01.139> Cat6<01:28:01.739> and<01:28:02.340> you<01:28:02.520> install<01:28:02.699> a<01:28:02.940> Cat5e

network has Cat6 and you install a Cat5e

network has Cat6 and you install a Cat5e
cable<01:28:04.020> then<01:28:04.320> you're<01:28:04.500> limited<01:28:04.860> now<01:28:04.980> to<01:28:05.219> the

cable then you're limited now to the

cable then you're limited now to the
Cat5e

Cat5e

Cat5e
um<01:28:07.199> specifications

um specifications

um specifications
now<01:28:09.360> here's<01:28:09.659> a<01:28:09.780> picture<01:28:09.960> of<01:28:10.260> an<01:28:10.500> RJ45

now here's a picture of an RJ45

now here's a picture of an RJ45
connector<01:28:11.880> I<01:28:12.300> want<01:28:12.420> you<01:28:12.540> to<01:28:12.659> note<01:28:12.780> there<01:28:13.199> are

connector I want you to note there are

connector I want you to note there are
eight<01:28:13.560> pins<01:28:13.920> which<01:28:14.280> means<01:28:14.580> there<01:28:15.000> are<01:28:15.300> uh<01:28:16.139> four

eight pins which means there are uh four

eight pins which means there are uh four
Twisted<01:28:17.159> Pairs<01:28:17.580> and<01:28:18.360> next<01:28:18.540> here's<01:28:18.900> a<01:28:19.020> picture

Twisted Pairs and next here's a picture

Twisted Pairs and next here's a picture
of<01:28:19.320> an<01:28:19.440> rj11<01:28:20.100> which<01:28:20.460> is<01:28:20.580> used<01:28:20.760> for<01:28:21.000> phone<01:28:21.540> lines

of an rj11 which is used for phone lines

of an rj11 which is used for phone lines
and<01:28:22.440> notice<01:28:22.679> that<01:28:22.860> this<01:28:23.040> one<01:28:23.219> has<01:28:23.639> four<01:28:24.060> pins

and notice that this one has four pins

and notice that this one has four pins
so<01:28:25.020> that's<01:28:25.139> two<01:28:25.440> Twisted<01:28:25.920> Pairs<01:28:26.340> and<01:28:26.760> it's

so that's two Twisted Pairs and it's

so that's two Twisted Pairs and it's
also<01:28:27.360> much<01:28:27.659> smaller<01:28:28.080> than<01:28:28.260> RJ45<01:28:28.980> this<01:28:29.280> is

also much smaller than RJ45 this is

also much smaller than RJ45 this is
what's<01:28:29.520> used<01:28:29.760> in<01:28:29.940> what's<01:28:30.120> called<01:28:30.420> pots<01:28:31.679> plain

what's used in what's called pots plain

what's used in what's called pots plain
old<01:28:32.580> telephone<01:28:33.199> system<01:28:34.199> or<01:28:34.980> pstn<01:28:35.699> the<01:28:36.300> public

old telephone system or pstn the public

old telephone system or pstn the public
switched<01:28:37.080> telephone<01:28:37.440> Network

switched telephone Network

switched telephone Network
all<01:28:39.960> right<01:28:40.139> now<01:28:40.560> moving<01:28:40.920> on<01:28:41.040> uh<01:28:41.460> past<01:28:41.760> cats<01:28:42.360> uh

all right now moving on uh past cats uh

all right now moving on uh past cats uh
and<01:28:43.139> and<01:28:43.380> twisted<01:28:44.100> pair<01:28:44.280> let's<01:28:44.760> talk<01:28:44.940> about

and and twisted pair let's talk about

and and twisted pair let's talk about
coaxial<01:28:45.840> cabling<01:28:46.280> uh<01:28:47.280> it<01:28:47.880> gets<01:28:48.120> its<01:28:48.420> name<01:28:48.540> by

coaxial cabling uh it gets its name by

coaxial cabling uh it gets its name by
the<01:28:48.900> way<01:28:49.020> from<01:28:49.560> uh<01:28:50.100> this<01:28:50.400> is<01:28:50.520> sort<01:28:50.699> of<01:28:50.820> a<01:28:50.940> fun

the way from uh this is sort of a fun

the way from uh this is sort of a fun
fact<01:28:51.360> common<01:28:52.260> geometric<01:28:53.159> access<01:28:53.580> or<01:28:54.300> common

fact common geometric access or common

fact common geometric access or common
core<01:28:55.139> because<01:28:55.860> the<01:28:56.280> shielding<01:28:56.699> and<01:28:56.940> the

core because the shielding and the

core because the shielding and the
conductor<01:28:57.480> share<01:28:58.320> the<01:28:58.560> same<01:28:58.739> Center

conductor share the same Center

conductor share the same Center
or<01:29:00.719> axis<01:29:01.260> as<01:29:01.679> the<01:29:01.920> name<01:29:02.100> implies<01:29:02.820> in<01:29:03.179> common

or axis as the name implies in common

or axis as the name implies in common
geometric<01:29:04.199> access<01:29:04.520> or<01:29:05.520> axis

geometric access or axis

geometric access or axis
surrounding<01:29:07.560> the<01:29:07.860> single<01:29:08.159> copper<01:29:08.639> core<01:29:08.820> is<01:29:09.480> a

surrounding the single copper core is a

surrounding the single copper core is a
non-conducive<01:29:10.560> meaning<01:29:11.460> that<01:29:11.699> it's<01:29:11.880> not

non-conducive meaning that it's not

non-conducive meaning that it's not
going<01:29:12.480> to<01:29:12.900> conduct<01:29:13.199> electricity<01:29:14.000> insulated

going to conduct electricity insulated

going to conduct electricity insulated
coating<01:29:15.540> which<01:29:16.260> is<01:29:16.440> typically<01:29:17.000> uh<01:29:18.000> some<01:29:18.300> sort

coating which is typically uh some sort

coating which is typically uh some sort
of<01:29:18.600> dielectric<01:29:19.500> insulator<01:29:20.300> separating<01:29:21.300> the

of dielectric insulator separating the

of dielectric insulator separating the
core<01:29:22.440> from<01:29:23.159> the<01:29:23.340> shielding

core from the shielding

core from the shielding
the<01:29:24.840> next<01:29:24.960> layer<01:29:25.260> after<01:29:25.380> that<01:29:25.620> is<01:29:25.860> braided

the next layer after that is braided

the next layer after that is braided
metal<01:29:26.639> shielding<01:29:27.300> and<01:29:27.960> this<01:29:28.139> could<01:29:28.320> be<01:29:28.500> either

metal shielding and this could be either

metal shielding and this could be either
copper<01:29:29.460> or<01:29:29.940> steel<01:29:30.239> sometimes<01:29:30.840> it's<01:29:31.020> a<01:29:31.199> mesh<01:29:31.440> of

copper or steel sometimes it's a mesh of

copper or steel sometimes it's a mesh of
multiple<01:29:31.920> Metals<01:29:32.340> depends<01:29:32.880> on<01:29:33.000> the

multiple Metals depends on the

multiple Metals depends on the
manufacturer<01:29:33.780> the<01:29:34.739> purpose<01:29:34.980> of<01:29:35.159> this

manufacturer the purpose of this

manufacturer the purpose of this
shielding<01:29:35.639> just<01:29:35.820> as<01:29:35.940> it<01:29:36.120> was<01:29:36.239> with<01:29:36.540> the

shielding just as it was with the

shielding just as it was with the
twisted<01:29:37.020> pair<01:29:37.199> is<01:29:37.620> to<01:29:37.920> protect<01:29:38.340> the<01:29:38.520> cable

twisted pair is to protect the cable

twisted pair is to protect the cable
from<01:29:38.940> Emi<01:29:39.420> or<01:29:39.600> electromagnetic<01:29:40.500> interference

from Emi or electromagnetic interference

from Emi or electromagnetic interference
it<01:29:41.820> also<01:29:42.179> allows<01:29:43.080> the<01:29:43.260> cable<01:29:43.440> to<01:29:43.679> be<01:29:43.800> grounded

it also allows the cable to be grounded

it also allows the cable to be grounded
and<01:29:45.239> acts<01:29:45.600> as<01:29:45.719> sort<01:29:45.900> of<01:29:46.020> a<01:29:46.199> drain<01:29:46.560> when<01:29:47.159> there

and acts as sort of a drain when there

and acts as sort of a drain when there
is<01:29:47.460> noise<01:29:47.699> on<01:29:48.060> the<01:29:48.239> line<01:29:48.360> we'll<01:29:49.080> talk<01:29:49.260> about

is noise on the line we'll talk about

is noise on the line we'll talk about
noise<01:29:49.739> in<01:29:50.280> just<01:29:50.580> a<01:29:50.880> few<01:29:51.060> minutes<01:29:51.300> and<01:29:52.020> also

noise in just a few minutes and also

noise in just a few minutes and also
ways<01:29:52.620> to<01:29:52.679> prevent<01:29:52.980> it

ways to prevent it

ways to prevent it
the<01:29:54.480> final<01:29:54.659> layer<01:29:55.020> on<01:29:55.139> the<01:29:55.260> coaxial<01:29:55.679> cable<01:29:55.860> as

the final layer on the coaxial cable as

the final layer on the coaxial cable as
you<01:29:56.219> can<01:29:56.280> see<01:29:56.340> is<01:29:56.520> this<01:29:56.760> outer<01:29:57.120> sheathing<01:29:57.540> or<01:29:58.080> a

you can see is this outer sheathing or a

you can see is this outer sheathing or a
plastic<01:29:58.620> insulating<01:29:59.340> jacket

plastic insulating jacket

plastic insulating jacket
which<01:30:00.840> just<01:30:01.139> sort<01:30:01.260> of<01:30:01.380> keeps<01:30:01.679> everything

which just sort of keeps everything

which just sort of keeps everything
protected<01:30:03.120> from<01:30:03.300> the<01:30:03.420> elements

protected from the elements

protected from the elements
now<01:30:04.980> there<01:30:05.159> have<01:30:05.340> been<01:30:05.520> several<01:30:06.000> types<01:30:06.480> of

now there have been several types of

now there have been several types of
coaxial<01:30:07.500> cables<01:30:07.980> used<01:30:08.340> in<01:30:08.580> networks<01:30:09.000> over<01:30:09.120> the

coaxial cables used in networks over the

coaxial cables used in networks over the
past<01:30:09.480> few<01:30:09.719> years<01:30:09.900> uh<01:30:10.620> here's<01:30:10.860> a<01:30:10.980> breakdown<01:30:11.280> of

past few years uh here's a breakdown of

past few years uh here's a breakdown of
what<01:30:11.940> you<01:30:12.179> should<01:30:12.360> be<01:30:12.480> familiar<01:30:12.840> with<01:30:13.020> the

what you should be familiar with the

what you should be familiar with the
first<01:30:14.040> is<01:30:14.400> what's<01:30:14.580> called<01:30:14.820> an

first is what's called an

first is what's called an
rg58u<01:30:16.739> it<01:30:17.460> was<01:30:17.580> used<01:30:17.760> for<01:30:18.060> ethernet

rg58u it was used for ethernet

rg58u it was used for ethernet
networking<01:30:19.199> actually<01:30:19.320> if<01:30:19.560> you<01:30:19.739> see<01:30:19.920> old

networking actually if you see old

networking actually if you see old
network<01:30:20.639> cards<01:30:21.120> you'll<01:30:21.300> actually<01:30:21.480> see<01:30:21.840> a<01:30:22.199> a

network cards you'll actually see a a

network cards you'll actually see a a
coaxial<01:30:23.520> cable<01:30:23.880> on<01:30:24.179> them<01:30:24.360> and<01:30:24.780> it<01:30:24.960> has<01:30:25.139> a<01:30:25.560> solid

coaxial cable on them and it has a solid

coaxial cable on them and it has a solid
core<01:30:26.280> and<01:30:26.699> requires<01:30:27.179> a<01:30:27.540> 50<01:30:27.659> Ohm<01:30:28.199> resistor<01:30:29.100> it's

core and requires a 50 Ohm resistor it's

core and requires a 50 Ohm resistor it's
about<01:30:29.820> five<01:30:30.120> millimeters<01:30:30.659> thick<01:30:30.900> this<01:30:31.139> is

about five millimeters thick this is

about five millimeters thick this is
different<01:30:31.440> from<01:30:31.739> the<01:30:31.860> stuff<01:30:32.040> that<01:30:32.280> brings

different from the stuff that brings

different from the stuff that brings
cable<01:30:33.239> into<01:30:33.480> your<01:30:33.780> home<01:30:34.440> and<01:30:35.219> if<01:30:35.400> you<01:30:35.520> remember

cable into your home and if you remember

cable into your home and if you remember
50<01:30:36.420> ohm<01:30:36.900> resistor<01:30:37.320> that<01:30:37.800> is<01:30:37.920> what<01:30:38.159> was<01:30:38.280> used<01:30:38.580> on

50 ohm resistor that is what was used on

50 ohm resistor that is what was used on
a<01:30:40.080> bust<01:30:40.980> apology<01:30:41.400> and<01:30:42.239> that's<01:30:42.420> why<01:30:42.719> where<01:30:43.560> we

a bust apology and that's why where we

a bust apology and that's why where we
actually<01:30:43.920> used<01:30:44.280> most<01:30:44.760> of<01:30:44.940> these<01:30:45.179> was<01:30:45.420> on<01:30:45.659> a<01:30:45.780> bus

actually used most of these was on a bus

actually used most of these was on a bus
topology<01:30:46.440> now<01:30:47.340> the

topology now the

topology now the
rg58au<01:30:49.380> is<01:30:50.040> slightly<01:30:50.340> different<01:30:50.580> in<01:30:51.239> that

rg58au is slightly different in that

rg58au is slightly different in that
instead<01:30:51.719> of<01:30:51.780> having<01:30:51.960> a<01:30:52.260> solid<01:30:52.560> cord<01:30:52.800> it<01:30:53.040> has

instead of having a solid cord it has

instead of having a solid cord it has
what's<01:30:53.400> called<01:30:53.639> a<01:30:53.880> stranded<01:30:54.300> core<01:30:54.540> which

what's called a stranded core which

what's called a stranded core which
means<01:30:55.320> there<01:30:55.620> are<01:30:55.800> multiple<01:30:56.219> strands<01:30:56.880> or

means there are multiple strands or

means there are multiple strands or
cores<01:30:58.080> at<01:30:58.380> its<01:30:58.679> Center<01:30:58.800> as<01:30:59.159> opposed<01:30:59.400> to<01:30:59.460> one

cores at its Center as opposed to one

cores at its Center as opposed to one
solid<01:31:00.120> one

solid one

solid one
next<01:31:01.800> and<01:31:01.980> this<01:31:02.159> one<01:31:02.219> might<01:31:02.400> be<01:31:02.520> a<01:31:02.699> little<01:31:02.940> more

next and this one might be a little more

next and this one might be a little more
we're<01:31:04.139> going<01:31:04.320> to<01:31:04.380> get<01:31:04.500> a<01:31:04.620> little<01:31:04.739> more<01:31:04.920> into

we're going to get a little more into

we're going to get a little more into
sums<01:31:05.460> that<01:31:05.580> you've<01:31:05.760> probably<01:31:05.880> seen<01:31:06.239> is<01:31:06.659> What's

sums that you've probably seen is What's

sums that you've probably seen is What's
called<01:31:07.080> the<01:31:07.380> rg8<01:31:08.219> standard<01:31:08.880> it<01:31:09.420> was<01:31:09.540> also<01:31:09.780> used

called the rg8 standard it was also used

called the rg8 standard it was also used
for<01:31:10.199> ethernet<01:31:10.679> networking<01:31:11.219> but<01:31:11.460> it's<01:31:11.580> not

for ethernet networking but it's not

for ethernet networking but it's not
seen<01:31:12.060> very<01:31:12.360> frequently<01:31:12.719> today

seen very frequently today

seen very frequently today
um<01:31:14.520> because<01:31:15.000> it's<01:31:15.300> typically<01:31:15.719> was<01:31:15.960> used<01:31:16.199> for

um because it's typically was used for

um because it's typically was used for
backbone<01:31:17.219> wiring<01:31:17.699> and<01:31:18.659> it's<01:31:18.900> been<01:31:19.020> which<01:31:19.440> has

backbone wiring and it's been which has

backbone wiring and it's been which has
largely<01:31:20.040> been<01:31:20.340> sort<01:31:20.760> of<01:31:20.900> superseded<01:31:21.900> by<01:31:22.260> fiber

largely been sort of superseded by fiber

largely been sort of superseded by fiber
optics

optics

optics
finally<01:31:24.300> we<01:31:24.480> have<01:31:24.679> rg9<01:31:25.679> uh<01:31:26.520> coaxial<01:31:27.060> cables

finally we have rg9 uh coaxial cables

finally we have rg9 uh coaxial cables
which<01:31:27.600> are<01:31:27.780> used<01:31:27.960> with<01:31:28.320> cable<01:31:28.739> TV<01:31:29.159> cable<01:31:29.639> modem

which are used with cable TV cable modem

which are used with cable TV cable modem
installations<01:31:30.540> and<01:31:30.960> so<01:31:31.139> on<01:31:31.320> it's<01:31:32.219> about<01:31:32.460> 10

installations and so on it's about 10

installations and so on it's about 10
millimeters<01:31:33.480> thick<01:31:33.780> which<01:31:34.080> is<01:31:34.260> twice<01:31:34.860> the

millimeters thick which is twice the

millimeters thick which is twice the
thickness<01:31:35.400> of<01:31:35.820> the<01:31:36.000> original<01:31:36.120> RG58

thickness of the original RG58

thickness of the original RG58
now<01:31:38.460> we're<01:31:38.639> getting<01:31:38.760> into<01:31:38.880> some<01:31:39.120> others<01:31:39.420> here

now we're getting into some others here

now we're getting into some others here
that<01:31:39.719> I<01:31:39.960> wouldn't<01:31:40.080> worry<01:31:40.440> too<01:31:40.739> much<01:31:40.860> about<01:31:41.100> for

that I wouldn't worry too much about for

that I wouldn't worry too much about for
um<01:31:42.780> the<01:31:43.199> test<01:31:43.380> but<01:31:43.620> I<01:31:43.800> just<01:31:43.860> want<01:31:43.980> to<01:31:44.100> go<01:31:44.219> over

um the test but I just want to go over

um the test but I just want to go over
them<01:31:44.580> since<01:31:44.760> we're<01:31:45.000> covering<01:31:45.300> these<01:31:45.480> anyway

them since we're covering these anyway

them since we're covering these anyway
we<01:31:46.320> have<01:31:46.440> something<01:31:46.560> called<01:31:46.940> rg62<01:31:47.940> cabling

we have something called rg62 cabling

we have something called rg62 cabling
which<01:31:49.020> is<01:31:49.139> utilized<01:31:49.620> for<01:31:49.920> uh<01:31:50.159> something

which is utilized for uh something

which is utilized for uh something
called<01:31:50.580> an<01:31:50.820> arcnet<01:31:51.420> protocol<01:31:51.960> uh<01:31:52.560> networking

called an arcnet protocol uh networking

called an arcnet protocol uh networking
it<01:31:53.520> was<01:31:53.639> a<01:31:53.820> lan<01:31:54.120> protocol<01:31:54.620> uh<01:31:55.620> commonly<01:31:55.980> used

it was a lan protocol uh commonly used

it was a lan protocol uh commonly used
in<01:31:56.400> what<01:31:56.580> was<01:31:56.699> called<01:31:57.080> microprocessing<01:31:58.219> and

in what was called microprocessing and

in what was called microprocessing and
then<01:31:59.280> we<01:31:59.460> have<01:31:59.580> an<01:31:59.780> rg59<01:32:00.780> cable<01:32:01.260> which<01:32:01.860> was

then we have an rg59 cable which was

then we have an rg59 cable which was
used<01:32:02.219> with<01:32:02.520> low<01:32:02.880> power<01:32:03.120> which<01:32:03.600> is<01:32:03.719> used<01:32:03.900> rather

used with low power which is used rather

used with low power which is used rather
with<01:32:04.500> low<01:32:04.679> power<01:32:04.920> video<01:32:05.280> and<01:32:05.520> receivers<01:32:06.120> uh

with low power video and receivers uh

with low power video and receivers uh
and<01:32:07.080> it<01:32:07.199> had<01:32:07.380> also<01:32:07.679> resistors<01:32:08.340> and<01:32:08.639> it<01:32:08.760> was

and it had also resistors and it was

and it had also resistors and it was
about<01:32:09.120> six<01:32:09.480> millimeters<01:32:10.080> thick<01:32:10.440> the<01:32:11.400> RG6

about six millimeters thick the RG6

about six millimeters thick the RG6
cabling<01:32:12.960> which<01:32:13.620> is<01:32:13.739> greatly<01:32:14.040> preferred<01:32:14.400> by

cabling which is greatly preferred by

cabling which is greatly preferred by
the<01:32:14.639> way<01:32:14.699> over<01:32:14.880> rg59

the way over rg59

the way over rg59
uh<01:32:17.639> because<01:32:17.820> it's<01:32:18.239> more<01:32:18.600> common<01:32:18.860> is<01:32:19.860> utilized

uh because it's more common is utilized

uh because it's more common is utilized
for<01:32:20.940> cable<01:32:21.300> television<01:32:21.780> signal<01:32:22.260> routing<01:32:22.620> and

for cable television signal routing and

for cable television signal routing and
also<01:32:23.219> requires

also requires

also requires
uh<01:32:24.719> 75<01:32:25.500> ohm<01:32:25.980> resistors

uh 75 ohm resistors

uh 75 ohm resistors
the<01:32:28.980> term<01:32:29.159> by<01:32:29.340> the<01:32:29.520> way<01:32:29.580> thin<01:32:30.000> net<01:32:30.320> is<01:32:31.320> in

the term by the way thin net is in

the term by the way thin net is in
reference<01:32:32.040> to<01:32:32.460> ethernet<01:32:33.060> networking<01:32:33.719> that

reference to ethernet networking that

reference to ethernet networking that
uses<01:32:34.920> the<01:32:35.239> rg58u<01:32:36.239> or<01:32:36.480> Au<01:32:36.960> cabling<01:32:37.580> these<01:32:38.580> thin

uses the rg58u or Au cabling these thin

uses the rg58u or Au cabling these thin
net<01:32:38.940> cables<01:32:39.540> coaxial<01:32:40.320> and<01:32:40.739> the<01:32:40.860> reason

net cables coaxial and the reason

net cables coaxial and the reason
they're<01:32:41.159> called<01:32:41.280> thin<01:32:41.520> is<01:32:41.699> because<01:32:41.880> that<01:32:42.179> thin

they're called thin is because that thin

they're called thin is because that thin
five<01:32:42.900> millimeter

five millimeter

five millimeter
uh<01:32:44.880> coaxial<01:32:45.360> cable<01:32:45.600> can<01:32:46.560> be<01:32:46.679> up<01:32:46.860> to<01:32:47.120> 185<01:32:48.120> meters

uh coaxial cable can be up to 185 meters

uh coaxial cable can be up to 185 meters
in<01:32:48.719> length<01:32:49.020> which<01:32:49.260> is<01:32:49.380> quite<01:32:49.560> different<01:32:49.739> from

in length which is quite different from

in length which is quite different from
the<01:32:50.219> 100<01:32:50.400> meters<01:32:50.820> we<01:32:51.000> got<01:32:51.120> with<01:32:51.300> ethernet<01:32:51.840> uh

the 100 meters we got with ethernet uh

the 100 meters we got with ethernet uh
Twisted<01:32:52.980> fare

Twisted fare

Twisted fare
Network<01:32:54.840> segments<01:32:55.620> that<01:32:55.800> utilized<01:32:56.340> coaxial

Network segments that utilized coaxial

Network segments that utilized coaxial
cabling<01:32:57.300> have<01:32:57.900> to<01:32:58.080> be<01:32:58.199> terminated<01:32:58.739> at<01:32:59.040> the

cabling have to be terminated at the

cabling have to be terminated at the
ends<01:32:59.400> like<01:32:59.639> we've<01:32:59.880> talked<01:33:00.179> about<01:33:00.239> to<01:33:00.840> provide

ends like we've talked about to provide

ends like we've talked about to provide
that<01:33:01.320> signal<01:33:01.679> Bounce<01:33:01.980> from<01:33:02.159> occurring

that signal Bounce from occurring

that signal Bounce from occurring
they're<01:33:03.239> terminated<01:33:03.659> by<01:33:03.960> installing<01:33:04.320> that

they're terminated by installing that

they're terminated by installing that
resistor<01:33:05.040> that<01:33:05.340> matches<01:33:05.760> impedance<01:33:06.420> uh<01:33:07.199> that

resistor that matches impedance uh that

resistor that matches impedance uh that
matches<01:33:07.920> the<01:33:08.100> impedance<01:33:08.460> of<01:33:08.639> the<01:33:08.760> cable<01:33:08.940> on

matches the impedance of the cable on

matches the impedance of the cable on
the<01:33:09.360> ends<01:33:09.600> so<01:33:10.139> as<01:33:10.380> we've<01:33:10.620> mentioned<01:33:10.920> some<01:33:11.100> of

the ends so as we've mentioned some of

the ends so as we've mentioned some of
these<01:33:11.340> are<01:33:11.460> 50<01:33:11.639> ohms<01:33:12.120> 60<01:33:12.239> Ohms<01:33:12.659> on<01:33:13.139> a

these are 50 ohms 60 Ohms on a

these are 50 ohms 60 Ohms on a
a<01:33:14.520> typical<01:33:15.500> bus<01:33:16.500> topology<01:33:17.100> Network<01:33:17.460> we're

a typical bus topology Network we're

a typical bus topology Network we're
looking<01:33:18.060> at<01:33:18.540> 50<01:33:19.080> ohms

now here's a visual of what the most

now here's a visual of what the most
common<01:33:24.360> coaxial<01:33:25.199> connectors<01:33:25.860> are<01:33:26.100> first<01:33:26.760> we

common coaxial connectors are first we

common coaxial connectors are first we
have<01:33:27.060> a<01:33:27.239> picture<01:33:27.360> of<01:33:27.780> a<01:33:28.020> BNC<01:33:28.739> connector<01:33:29.340> with

have a picture of a BNC connector with

have a picture of a BNC connector with
different<01:33:29.940> types<01:33:30.300> of<01:33:30.420> resistors<01:33:30.900> attached<01:33:31.380> if

different types of resistors attached if

different types of resistors attached if
we<01:33:31.980> look<01:33:32.100> closely<01:33:32.520> at<01:33:32.699> the<01:33:32.880> top<01:33:33.060> connector<01:33:33.600> you

we look closely at the top connector you

we look closely at the top connector you
can<01:33:34.260> see<01:33:34.440> the<01:33:34.800> small<01:33:35.159> needle<01:33:35.520> at<01:33:35.699> the<01:33:35.880> center

can see the small needle at the center

can see the small needle at the center
is<01:33:37.139> just<01:33:37.739> slightly<01:33:38.159> bigger<01:33:38.520> than<01:33:38.699> the<01:33:38.940> 50<01:33:39.120> ohm

is just slightly bigger than the 50 ohm

is just slightly bigger than the 50 ohm
on<01:33:39.719> the<01:33:39.840> bottom<01:33:40.080> this<01:33:40.860> is<01:33:40.980> important<01:33:41.340> uh<01:33:42.060> in

on the bottom this is important uh in

on the bottom this is important uh in
case<01:33:42.420> you<01:33:42.659> have<01:33:42.780> a<01:33:43.080> 75<01:33:43.560> ohm<01:33:44.040> which<01:33:44.219> is<01:33:44.280> plugged

case you have a 75 ohm which is plugged

case you have a 75 ohm which is plugged
into<01:33:44.639> a<01:33:44.880> 50<01:33:45.000> ohm<01:33:45.360> because<01:33:45.540> there's<01:33:45.719> going<01:33:45.840> to

into a 50 ohm because there's going to

into a 50 ohm because there's going to
be<01:33:46.020> a<01:33:46.620> potential<01:33:47.460> of<01:33:48.060> damaging<01:33:48.600> the<01:33:49.080> connector

be a potential of damaging the connector

be a potential of damaging the connector
that's<01:33:49.920> being<01:33:50.159> received

that's being received

that's being received
now<01:33:51.840> this<01:33:52.020> next<01:33:52.199> picture<01:33:52.380> is<01:33:52.620> a<01:33:52.739> shot<01:33:52.860> of<01:33:53.040> a<01:33:53.159> t

now this next picture is a shot of a t

now this next picture is a shot of a t
connector<01:33:53.820> and<01:33:54.239> a<01:33:54.420> Terminator<01:33:54.780> remember<01:33:54.960> we

connector and a Terminator remember we

connector and a Terminator remember we
talked<01:33:55.500> about<01:33:55.560> these<01:33:55.800> when<01:33:56.040> we<01:33:56.159> were<01:33:56.280> talking

talked about these when we were talking

talked about these when we were talking
about<01:33:56.580> bust<01:33:56.880> apologies<01:33:57.600> and<01:33:58.080> when<01:33:58.260> purchasing

about bust apologies and when purchasing

about bust apologies and when purchasing
these<01:33:58.860> you<01:33:59.040> want<01:33:59.159> to<01:33:59.280> make<01:33:59.400> sure<01:33:59.639> you<01:33:59.940> check

these you want to make sure you check

these you want to make sure you check
that<01:34:00.360> they're<01:34:00.600> properly<01:34:00.900> rated

that they're properly rated

that they're properly rated
because<01:34:02.580> uh<01:34:03.480> you<01:34:03.719> know<01:34:03.840> every<01:34:04.440> manufacturer

because uh you know every manufacturer

because uh you know every manufacturer
has<01:34:05.280> different<01:34:05.580> color<01:34:06.300> schemes<01:34:06.900> and

has different color schemes and

has different color schemes and
different<01:34:07.800> types<01:34:08.280> of<01:34:08.460> uh<01:34:09.000> ways<01:34:09.960> of

different types of uh ways of

different types of uh ways of
categorizing<01:34:10.679> their<01:34:10.860> terminators

categorizing their terminators

categorizing their terminators
now<01:34:13.440> moving<01:34:13.800> away<01:34:13.980> from

now moving away from

now moving away from
copper<01:34:15.900> cabling<01:34:16.320> which<01:34:16.860> is<01:34:16.980> what<01:34:17.219> twisted

copper cabling which is what twisted

copper cabling which is what twisted
pair<01:34:17.820> and<01:34:18.360> coaxial<01:34:18.960> is<01:34:19.199> let's<01:34:19.860> look<01:34:20.040> at<01:34:20.159> fiber

pair and coaxial is let's look at fiber

pair and coaxial is let's look at fiber
optic<01:34:21.060> cabling<01:34:21.480> which<01:34:21.960> is<01:34:22.080> cable<01:34:22.620> that<01:34:22.860> uses

optic cabling which is cable that uses

optic cabling which is cable that uses
pulses<01:34:24.540> of<01:34:24.780> light<01:34:25.080> sent<01:34:25.860> down<01:34:26.100> glass<01:34:26.460> or

pulses of light sent down glass or

pulses of light sent down glass or
plastic<01:34:27.239> core

plastic core

plastic core
the<01:34:28.860> components<01:34:29.460> in<01:34:29.580> fiber<01:34:29.880> optic<01:34:30.120> cables

the components in fiber optic cables

the components in fiber optic cables
start<01:34:30.780> out<01:34:31.020> from<01:34:31.739> the<01:34:32.159> center<01:34:32.340> working<01:34:32.760> their

start out from the center working their

start out from the center working their
way<01:34:33.179> out<01:34:33.420> so<01:34:34.199> the<01:34:34.800> inner<01:34:35.100> strengthening<01:34:35.580> Rod

way out so the inner strengthening Rod

way out so the inner strengthening Rod
gives<01:34:36.300> the<01:34:36.540> cable<01:34:36.719> its<01:34:37.440> most<01:34:37.620> most<01:34:38.460> of<01:34:38.699> its

gives the cable its most most of its

gives the cable its most most of its
rigidity<01:34:39.360> otherwise<01:34:40.080> we<01:34:40.260> would<01:34:40.380> just<01:34:40.560> sort<01:34:40.679> of

rigidity otherwise we would just sort of

rigidity otherwise we would just sort of
crack<01:34:40.980> this<01:34:41.280> stuff<01:34:41.460> because<01:34:41.639> it's<01:34:41.820> very<01:34:42.060> thin

crack this stuff because it's very thin

crack this stuff because it's very thin
so<01:34:42.780> we<01:34:42.900> have<01:34:43.080> something<01:34:43.260> that's<01:34:43.500> going<01:34:43.739> to

so we have something that's going to

so we have something that's going to
strengthen<01:34:44.520> the<01:34:44.699> rod<01:34:44.880> and<01:34:45.719> then<01:34:45.840> the<01:34:46.199> outside

strengthen the rod and then the outside

strengthen the rod and then the outside
of<01:34:46.920> the<01:34:47.040> inner<01:34:47.280> strengthening<01:34:47.639> Rod<01:34:47.760> there<01:34:48.060> is

of the inner strengthening Rod there is

of the inner strengthening Rod there is
filler<01:34:48.719> compound<01:34:49.320> in<01:34:50.159> between<01:34:50.280> the<01:34:50.699> strands

filler compound in between the strands

filler compound in between the strands
of<01:34:51.179> cable

of cable

of cable
at<01:34:52.620> the<01:34:52.739> center<01:34:52.920> of<01:34:53.219> these<01:34:53.400> individual

at the center of these individual

at the center of these individual
strands<01:34:54.300> is<01:34:54.540> the<01:34:54.780> fiber<01:34:55.260> core<01:34:55.500> which<01:34:56.219> is

strands is the fiber core which is

strands is the fiber core which is
between<01:34:56.880> 5<01:34:57.360> and<01:34:57.540> 100<01:34:57.920> microns<01:34:58.920> in<01:34:59.219> a<01:34:59.580> diameter

between 5 and 100 microns in a diameter

between 5 and 100 microns in a diameter
and<01:35:00.120> I<01:35:00.300> don't<01:35:00.360> know<01:35:00.480> if<01:35:00.659> you<01:35:00.840> are<01:35:01.199> familiar

and I don't know if you are familiar

and I don't know if you are familiar
with<01:35:01.679> that<01:35:01.860> term<01:35:02.040> Micron<01:35:02.400> but<01:35:02.699> that<01:35:02.880> is<01:35:03.179> very

with that term Micron but that is very

with that term Micron but that is very
small<01:35:04.139> that's<01:35:04.920> roughly

small that's roughly

small that's roughly
um<01:35:06.600> slightly<01:35:07.320> larger<01:35:07.679> than<01:35:07.920> like<01:35:08.100> I<01:35:08.219> think<01:35:08.340> a

um slightly larger than like I think a

um slightly larger than like I think a
human<01:35:08.760> hair<01:35:09.179> so<01:35:10.020> just<01:35:10.380> to<01:35:10.500> give<01:35:10.620> you<01:35:10.739> a<01:35:10.980> context

human hair so just to give you a context

human hair so just to give you a context
there

there

there
surrounding<01:35:13.800> the<01:35:14.340> glass<01:35:14.580> or<01:35:15.000> the<01:35:15.120> core<01:35:15.380> which

surrounding the glass or the core which

surrounding the glass or the core which
might<01:35:16.500> be<01:35:16.620> made<01:35:16.739> of<01:35:16.920> plastic<01:35:17.159> as<01:35:17.460> well<01:35:17.639> is<01:35:18.360> what

might be made of plastic as well is what

might be made of plastic as well is what
we<01:35:18.900> call<01:35:19.080> Core<01:35:19.380> cladding<01:35:19.980> which<01:35:20.219> is

we call Core cladding which is

we call Core cladding which is
responsible<01:35:20.880> for<01:35:21.239> trapping<01:35:21.719> the<01:35:21.960> light<01:35:22.139> in

responsible for trapping the light in

responsible for trapping the light in
the<01:35:22.620> core<01:35:22.800> and<01:35:23.400> reflecting<01:35:23.880> it<01:35:24.060> in<01:35:24.239> a

the core and reflecting it in a

the core and reflecting it in a
particular<01:35:24.719> way<01:35:24.960> depending<01:35:25.800> on<01:35:25.980> the<01:35:26.159> cable

particular way depending on the cable

particular way depending on the cable
mode<01:35:26.820> and<01:35:27.600> on<01:35:27.780> the<01:35:27.900> outside<01:35:28.080> of<01:35:28.380> the<01:35:28.500> course

mode and on the outside of the course

mode and on the outside of the course
cladding<01:35:29.219> there's<01:35:29.400> a<01:35:29.639> buffer<01:35:30.000> that<01:35:30.719> is<01:35:30.840> color

cladding there's a buffer that is color

cladding there's a buffer that is color
coded<01:35:31.679> so<01:35:31.920> a<01:35:32.100> technician<01:35:32.580> knows<01:35:33.060> which<01:35:33.480> strand

coded so a technician knows which strand

coded so a technician knows which strand
they're<01:35:34.199> working<01:35:34.380> on

they're working on

they're working on
next<01:35:36.179> we<01:35:36.420> have<01:35:36.600> strengthening<01:35:37.320> fibers<01:35:37.739> that

next we have strengthening fibers that

next we have strengthening fibers that
are<01:35:38.100> typically<01:35:38.340> made<01:35:38.639> from<01:35:39.120> very<01:35:39.540> strong

are typically made from very strong

are typically made from very strong
material<01:35:40.440> and<01:35:41.280> finally<01:35:41.580> on<01:35:41.820> the<01:35:41.940> outside<01:35:42.120> is

material and finally on the outside is

material and finally on the outside is
an<01:35:42.780> outer<01:35:43.080> protective<01:35:43.560> layer<01:35:43.920> called<01:35:44.280> the

an outer protective layer called the

an outer protective layer called the
jacket<01:35:45.060> the<01:35:46.020> transmission<01:35:46.320> method<01:35:47.159> again

jacket the transmission method again

jacket the transmission method again
utilizes<01:35:49.320> pulses<01:35:49.860> of<01:35:50.100> light

utilizes pulses of light

utilizes pulses of light
these<01:35:51.780> lights<01:35:51.960> can<01:35:52.560> come<01:35:52.800> from<01:35:53.219> LEDs<01:35:54.060> or<01:35:54.239> light

these lights can come from LEDs or light

these lights can come from LEDs or light
emitting<01:35:54.960> diodes<01:35:55.320> in<01:35:55.920> cases<01:35:56.280> where<01:35:56.580> there<01:35:56.820> is

emitting diodes in cases where there is

emitting diodes in cases where there is
a<01:35:57.179> slower<01:35:57.420> Network<01:35:57.860> or<01:35:58.860> in<01:35:59.100> network<01:35:59.280> with<01:35:59.580> a

a slower Network or in network with a

a slower Network or in network with a
much<01:35:59.940> faster<01:36:00.420> connection<01:36:00.659> we<01:36:01.020> might<01:36:01.199> even

much faster connection we might even

much faster connection we might even
have<01:36:01.620> a<01:36:01.980> laser

have a laser

have a laser
now<01:36:03.659> there<01:36:03.960> are<01:36:04.080> different<01:36:04.320> types<01:36:04.920> of<01:36:05.040> fiber

now there are different types of fiber

now there are different types of fiber
modes<01:36:05.880> and<01:36:06.120> as<01:36:06.300> an<01:36:06.480> as<01:36:06.960> a<01:36:07.199> network<01:36:07.440> plus

modes and as an as a network plus

modes and as an as a network plus
administrator<01:36:08.639> you<01:36:09.060> need<01:36:09.179> to<01:36:09.300> be<01:36:09.420> familiar

administrator you need to be familiar

administrator you need to be familiar
with<01:36:10.139> the<01:36:10.500> different<01:36:10.800> methods<01:36:11.460> of

with the different methods of

with the different methods of
transmission<01:36:12.239> for<01:36:12.780> each

transmission for each

transmission for each
in<01:36:14.400> single<01:36:14.760> mode<01:36:14.880> fiber<01:36:15.480> only<01:36:16.440> one<01:36:16.860> single

in single mode fiber only one single

in single mode fiber only one single
beam<01:36:17.520> of<01:36:17.639> light<01:36:17.820> passes<01:36:18.540> through<01:36:18.719> the<01:36:18.960> core

beam of light passes through the core

beam of light passes through the core
now<01:36:20.040> a<01:36:20.159> bandwidth<01:36:20.639> of<01:36:20.760> up<01:36:20.940> to<01:36:21.060> about<01:36:21.239> 30

now a bandwidth of up to about 30

now a bandwidth of up to about 30
megahertz<01:36:22.080> megahertz<01:36:22.860> can<01:36:23.400> be<01:36:23.639> reached<01:36:24.060> and

megahertz megahertz can be reached and

megahertz megahertz can be reached and
the<01:36:24.480> signal<01:36:24.840> is<01:36:25.500> modulated<01:36:26.280> by<01:36:27.239> intensity<01:36:27.780> to

the signal is modulated by intensity to

the signal is modulated by intensity to
transmit<01:36:28.980> data<01:36:29.340> so<01:36:29.699> the<01:36:29.880> intensity

transmit data so the intensity

transmit data so the intensity
determines<01:36:30.840> the<01:36:31.080> data

determines the data

determines the data
with<01:36:32.760> the<01:36:33.179> next<01:36:33.239> thing<01:36:33.360> we<01:36:33.540> look<01:36:33.719> at<01:36:33.840> is<01:36:34.139> Step

with the next thing we look at is Step

with the next thing we look at is Step
index<01:36:35.219> multi-mode<01:36:36.120> fiber<01:36:36.659> the<01:36:37.320> core<01:36:37.440> of<01:36:37.679> the

index multi-mode fiber the core of the

index multi-mode fiber the core of the
fiber<01:36:38.159> and<01:36:38.460> the<01:36:38.580> clouding<01:36:38.940> surrounded<01:36:39.600> it

fiber and the clouding surrounded it

fiber and the clouding surrounded it
surrounding<01:36:40.500> it<01:36:40.679> rather<01:36:40.920> have<01:36:41.460> different

surrounding it rather have different

surrounding it rather have different
indices<01:36:42.540> by<01:36:43.199> the<01:36:43.320> way<01:36:43.380> if<01:36:43.500> you're<01:36:43.620> not

indices by the way if you're not

indices by the way if you're not
familiar<01:36:43.920> with<01:36:44.040> that<01:36:44.219> word<01:36:44.340> that's<01:36:44.520> the

familiar with that word that's the

familiar with that word that's the
plural<01:36:45.120> for<01:36:45.360> index<01:36:46.020> of<01:36:46.620> refraction<01:36:47.100> if<01:36:48.060> that's

plural for index of refraction if that's

plural for index of refraction if that's
a<01:36:48.480> little<01:36:48.540> confusing<01:36:49.020> that<01:36:49.380> means<01:36:49.860> that<01:36:50.340> they

a little confusing that means that they

a little confusing that means that they
have<01:36:50.699> different<01:36:50.940> densities<01:36:51.679> which<01:36:52.679> changes

have different densities which changes

have different densities which changes
the<01:36:53.639> speed<01:36:53.820> and<01:36:54.060> velocity<01:36:54.540> of<01:36:54.840> the<01:36:55.020> light<01:36:55.139> that

the speed and velocity of the light that

the speed and velocity of the light that
travels<01:36:55.800> through<01:36:55.980> the<01:36:56.159> medium<01:36:56.460> so<01:36:57.120> when<01:36:57.300> the

travels through the medium so when the

travels through the medium so when the
velocity<01:36:57.840> changes<01:36:58.440> it's<01:36:58.800> called<01:36:59.159> the<01:36:59.760> step

velocity changes it's called the step

velocity changes it's called the step
down<01:37:00.360> this<01:37:00.960> is<01:37:01.080> why<01:37:01.260> we<01:37:01.440> have<01:37:01.679> step<01:37:02.280> index

down this is why we have step index

down this is why we have step index
finally<01:37:04.440> we<01:37:04.739> have<01:37:04.920> something<01:37:05.040> called<01:37:05.340> graded

finally we have something called graded

finally we have something called graded
index<01:37:06.480> multi-mode<01:37:07.080> fiber<01:37:07.500> this<01:37:08.340> has<01:37:08.580> a<01:37:08.820> core

index multi-mode fiber this has a core

index multi-mode fiber this has a core
glass<01:37:09.360> a<01:37:10.020> glass<01:37:10.440> core<01:37:10.679> rather<01:37:11.040> that<01:37:11.699> itself

glass a glass core rather that itself

glass a glass core rather that itself
has<01:37:12.659> differences<01:37:13.080> in<01:37:13.320> variations<01:37:13.739> in<01:37:14.159> the

has differences in variations in the

has differences in variations in the
form<01:37:14.460> and<01:37:15.120> that<01:37:15.239> allows<01:37:15.600> for<01:37:15.840> a<01:37:16.020> large<01:37:16.199> amount

form and that allows for a large amount

form and that allows for a large amount
of<01:37:16.620> bandwidth<01:37:17.219> that<01:37:17.580> reaches<01:37:17.940> up<01:37:18.060> to<01:37:18.179> about

of bandwidth that reaches up to about

of bandwidth that reaches up to about
two<01:37:18.719> gigahertz

two gigahertz

two gigahertz
now<01:37:20.880> the<01:37:21.060> thing<01:37:21.179> I<01:37:21.300> want<01:37:21.420> you<01:37:21.540> to<01:37:21.659> remember

now the thing I want you to remember

now the thing I want you to remember
most<01:37:22.260> about<01:37:22.560> single<01:37:23.040> mode<01:37:23.159> versus<01:37:23.400> multi-mode

most about single mode versus multi-mode

most about single mode versus multi-mode
I<01:37:24.840> wouldn't<01:37:24.960> worry<01:37:25.199> so<01:37:25.440> much<01:37:25.560> about<01:37:25.739> the

I wouldn't worry so much about the

I wouldn't worry so much about the
graded<01:37:26.400> index<01:37:26.639> and<01:37:26.880> step<01:37:27.060> index<01:37:27.420> but<01:37:27.600> what<01:37:27.719> you

graded index and step index but what you

graded index and step index but what you
do<01:37:28.020> want<01:37:28.139> to<01:37:28.320> remember<01:37:28.440> is<01:37:29.100> that<01:37:29.280> single<01:37:29.699> mode

do want to remember is that single mode

do want to remember is that single mode
is<01:37:30.659> good<01:37:30.960> for<01:37:31.440> longer<01:37:32.100> distances<01:37:32.639> but<01:37:33.300> not<01:37:33.480> as

is good for longer distances but not as

is good for longer distances but not as
high<01:37:33.840> transfer<01:37:34.320> speeds<01:37:34.739> multi-mode<01:37:35.580> is<01:37:35.760> good

high transfer speeds multi-mode is good

high transfer speeds multi-mode is good
for<01:37:36.060> short<01:37:36.300> distances<01:37:36.980> and<01:37:37.980> uh<01:37:38.760> higher

for short distances and uh higher

for short distances and uh higher
transfer<01:37:39.719> speeds<01:37:40.020> think<01:37:40.199> about<01:37:40.380> it<01:37:40.560> this<01:37:40.739> way

transfer speeds think about it this way

transfer speeds think about it this way
if<01:37:41.520> I<01:37:41.699> have<01:37:41.940> a<01:37:42.360> very<01:37:42.420> large<01:37:42.719> bus<01:37:43.460> I'm<01:37:44.460> going<01:37:44.580> to

if I have a very large bus I'm going to

if I have a very large bus I'm going to
be<01:37:44.760> able<01:37:44.880> to<01:37:45.000> carry<01:37:45.360> more<01:37:45.719> people<01:37:46.280> uh<01:37:47.280> in<01:37:47.520> a<01:37:47.760> in

be able to carry more people uh in a in

be able to carry more people uh in a in
a<01:37:48.540> shorter<01:37:48.840> distance<01:37:49.080> if<01:37:49.860> I<01:37:50.040> have<01:37:50.280> a<01:37:50.820> sports

a shorter distance if I have a sports

a shorter distance if I have a sports
car<01:37:51.360> I<01:37:51.840> might<01:37:51.960> be<01:37:52.080> able<01:37:52.199> to<01:37:52.260> carry<01:37:52.560> one<01:37:52.920> person

car I might be able to carry one person

car I might be able to carry one person
or<01:37:53.460> two<01:37:53.580> people<01:37:53.940> but<01:37:54.179> we'll<01:37:54.360> go<01:37:54.540> a<01:37:54.719> lot<01:37:54.840> faster

or two people but we'll go a lot faster

or two people but we'll go a lot faster
so<01:37:56.219> you<01:37:56.580> can<01:37:56.699> think<01:37:56.820> about<01:37:56.940> it<01:37:57.179> that<01:37:57.360> way

so you can think about it that way

so you can think about it that way
now<01:37:59.460> St<01:37:59.940> connectors<01:38:00.659> or<01:38:01.139> straight<01:38:01.560> tip

now St connectors or straight tip

now St connectors or straight tip
connectors<01:38:02.460> are<01:38:02.940> one<01:38:03.120> of<01:38:03.239> the<01:38:03.360> most<01:38:03.480> common

connectors are one of the most common

connectors are one of the most common
you're<01:38:04.139> going<01:38:04.320> to<01:38:04.380> see<01:38:04.500> today<01:38:04.739> they<01:38:05.520> look<01:38:05.699> very

you're going to see today they look very

you're going to see today they look very
similar<01:38:06.540> to<01:38:06.840> the<01:38:07.020> coaxial<01:38:07.560> BNC<01:38:08.219> connector<01:38:08.760> and

similar to the coaxial BNC connector and

similar to the coaxial BNC connector and
uh<01:38:10.080> one<01:38:10.620> way<01:38:10.739> you<01:38:10.860> can<01:38:10.980> remember<01:38:11.100> it<01:38:11.340> is<01:38:11.460> you

uh one way you can remember it is you

uh one way you can remember it is you
have<01:38:11.760> to<01:38:11.880> twist<01:38:12.420> them<01:38:12.719> on<01:38:12.900> and<01:38:13.139> I<01:38:13.260> think<01:38:13.380> about

have to twist them on and I think about

have to twist them on and I think about
that<01:38:13.860> t<01:38:14.159> for<01:38:14.460> Twist<01:38:14.940> the<01:38:15.900> SC<01:38:16.139> or<01:38:16.620> otherwise

that t for Twist the SC or otherwise

that t for Twist the SC or otherwise
known<01:38:17.219> as<01:38:17.340> a<01:38:17.520> subscriber<01:38:18.120> connector<01:38:18.600> is<01:38:19.080> also

known as a subscriber connector is also

known as a subscriber connector is also
one<01:38:19.560> of<01:38:19.620> the<01:38:19.739> most<01:38:19.860> common<01:38:20.100> connectors<01:38:20.699> so<01:38:20.940> you

one of the most common connectors so you

one of the most common connectors so you
want<01:38:21.300> to<01:38:21.480> recognize<01:38:21.840> that<01:38:22.139> one<01:38:22.260> as<01:38:22.440> well

want to recognize that one as well

want to recognize that one as well
we<01:38:23.699> also<01:38:23.880> have<01:38:24.000> something<01:38:24.120> called<01:38:24.420> the<01:38:24.659> LC

we also have something called the LC

we also have something called the LC
connector<01:38:25.560> which<01:38:26.280> looks<01:38:26.880> almost<01:38:27.000> like<01:38:27.239> an

connector which looks almost like an

connector which looks almost like an
RJ45<01:38:28.199> type<01:38:28.500> connector<01:38:28.980> and<01:38:29.280> it<01:38:29.460> snaps<01:38:30.000> in

RJ45 type connector and it snaps in

RJ45 type connector and it snaps in
place<01:38:30.420> it's<01:38:30.960> also<01:38:31.260> about<01:38:31.380> half<01:38:31.739> the<01:38:31.980> size<01:38:32.159> of

place it's also about half the size of

place it's also about half the size of
an<01:38:32.520> st<01:38:32.699> and<01:38:33.060> SC<01:38:33.239> connector

an st and SC connector

an st and SC connector
I<01:38:35.100> also<01:38:35.460> want<01:38:35.580> to<01:38:35.699> show<01:38:35.760> you<01:38:35.820> some<01:38:36.000> of<01:38:36.120> the

I also want to show you some of the

I also want to show you some of the
other<01:38:36.300> connectors<01:38:36.719> that<01:38:36.900> are<01:38:37.020> listed<01:38:37.260> on<01:38:37.380> the

other connectors that are listed on the

other connectors that are listed on the
outline<01:38:37.739> although<01:38:38.040> I<01:38:38.159> don't<01:38:38.280> see<01:38:38.460> them<01:38:38.639> much

outline although I don't see them much

outline although I don't see them much
on<01:38:39.000> the<01:38:39.120> exam<01:38:39.420> uh<01:38:40.320> an<01:38:40.560> mtrj<01:38:41.219> or<01:38:41.520> mechanical

on the exam uh an mtrj or mechanical

on the exam uh an mtrj or mechanical
transfer<01:38:42.900> register<01:38:43.320> Jack<01:38:43.679> which<01:38:44.520> is<01:38:44.639> also

transfer register Jack which is also

transfer register Jack which is also
called<01:38:45.120> a<01:38:45.480> fiber<01:38:45.840> Jack<01:38:45.960> it's<01:38:46.620> it's<01:38:46.920> again<01:38:47.639> just

called a fiber Jack it's it's again just

called a fiber Jack it's it's again just
like<01:38:48.120> the<01:38:48.360> same<01:38:48.480> size<01:38:48.719> as<01:38:48.900> an<01:38:49.020> RJ45<01:38:49.739> and<01:38:50.340> it's

like the same size as an RJ45 and it's

like the same size as an RJ45 and it's
usually<01:38:50.940> used<01:38:51.179> to<01:38:51.480> connect<01:38:51.659> two<01:38:52.080> strands<01:38:52.500> of

usually used to connect two strands of

usually used to connect two strands of
fiber<01:38:53.100> together

fiber together

fiber together
there's<01:38:54.659> also<01:38:54.960> a<01:38:55.080> few<01:38:55.199> other<01:38:55.380> connectors<01:38:56.120> uh

there's also a few other connectors uh

there's also a few other connectors uh
FC<01:38:57.900> which<01:38:58.260> is<01:38:58.380> face<01:38:58.620> contact<01:38:59.060> uh<01:39:00.060> it's<01:39:00.239> used<01:39:00.480> in

FC which is face contact uh it's used in

FC which is face contact uh it's used in
industrial<01:39:01.199> environments<01:39:01.980> uh<01:39:02.820> it<01:39:03.120> has<01:39:03.360> a

industrial environments uh it has a

industrial environments uh it has a
different<01:39:04.560> Center<01:39:04.980> that<01:39:05.460> sort<01:39:05.639> of<01:39:05.699> gives<01:39:05.880> it

different Center that sort of gives it

different Center that sort of gives it
more<01:39:06.300> strength<01:39:06.780> there's<01:39:07.320> also<01:39:07.560> something<01:39:07.800> in

more strength there's also something in

more strength there's also something in
this<01:39:08.219> this<01:39:08.400> you<01:39:08.639> will<01:39:08.820> see<01:39:09.000> is<01:39:09.239> called<01:39:09.480> fuddy

this this you will see is called fuddy

this this you will see is called fuddy
or<01:39:10.620> Fiber<01:39:11.100> distributed<01:39:11.639> data<01:39:12.120> interface

or Fiber distributed data interface

or Fiber distributed data interface
which<01:39:13.199> can<01:39:13.320> also<01:39:13.560> be<01:39:13.679> called<01:39:13.920> uh<01:39:14.400> mic<01:39:15.179> or<01:39:15.480> SMA

which can also be called uh mic or SMA

which can also be called uh mic or SMA
or<01:39:16.620> sub<01:39:16.920> miniature<01:39:17.520> assembly<01:39:17.880> all<01:39:18.239> these

or sub miniature assembly all these

or sub miniature assembly all these
different<01:39:18.540> names<01:39:18.840> it's<01:39:19.560> an<01:39:19.739> older<01:39:20.100> connector

different names it's an older connector

different names it's an older connector
and<01:39:21.239> it's<01:39:21.480> uh<01:39:21.719> one<01:39:22.080> of<01:39:22.199> the<01:39:22.560> original

and it's uh one of the original

and it's uh one of the original
connectors<01:39:24.000> that<01:39:24.659> was<01:39:24.840> used

connectors that was used

connectors that was used
now<01:39:27.179> because<01:39:27.420> of<01:39:27.659> the<01:39:27.840> different

now because of the different

now because of the different
technologies<01:39:28.679> that<01:39:28.980> are<01:39:29.100> available<01:39:29.159> for

technologies that are available for

technologies that are available for
networks<01:39:30.000> today<01:39:30.500> it<01:39:31.500> may<01:39:31.739> become<01:39:32.159> necessary

networks today it may become necessary

networks today it may become necessary
to<01:39:32.820> go<01:39:32.940> from<01:39:33.120> one<01:39:33.360> type<01:39:33.480> of<01:39:33.600> medium<01:39:33.900> to<01:39:34.139> the

to go from one type of medium to the

to go from one type of medium to the
other<01:39:34.380> in<01:39:35.159> some<01:39:35.280> of<01:39:35.400> these<01:39:35.580> cases<01:39:35.880> we<01:39:36.179> have<01:39:36.300> to

other in some of these cases we have to

other in some of these cases we have to
utilize<01:39:36.960> what's<01:39:37.440> called<01:39:37.679> a<01:39:37.860> media<01:39:38.219> converter

utilize what's called a media converter

utilize what's called a media converter
here<01:39:39.420> are<01:39:39.600> a<01:39:39.659> couple<01:39:39.780> common<01:39:40.080> media

here are a couple common media

here are a couple common media
converters<01:39:40.860> you<01:39:41.040> may<01:39:41.159> have<01:39:41.280> come<01:39:41.460> across<01:39:41.820> in

converters you may have come across in

converters you may have come across in
certain<01:39:42.239> networking<01:39:42.719> environments

certain networking environments

certain networking environments
now<01:39:44.340> there<01:39:44.580> are<01:39:44.699> media<01:39:45.120> converters<01:39:45.600> that

now there are media converters that

now there are media converters that
convert<01:39:46.260> signals<01:39:46.800> on<01:39:47.100> fiber<01:39:47.520> to<01:39:47.760> coaxial

convert signals on fiber to coaxial

convert signals on fiber to coaxial
cable<01:39:48.719> when<01:39:49.139> you're<01:39:49.320> converting

cable when you're converting

cable when you're converting
um

um

um
multi-mode<01:39:53.280> fiber<01:39:53.820> into<01:39:54.239> ethernet<01:39:55.080> in<01:39:55.440> order

multi-mode fiber into ethernet in order

multi-mode fiber into ethernet in order
to<01:39:55.739> extend<01:39:56.100> the<01:39:56.280> ethernet<01:39:56.760> network<01:39:57.000> over<01:39:57.480> a

to extend the ethernet network over a

to extend the ethernet network over a
fiber<01:39:58.260> backbone<01:39:58.800> we<01:39:59.699> also<01:39:59.940> have<01:40:00.120> similar<01:40:00.900> to

fiber backbone we also have similar to

fiber backbone we also have similar to
multi-mode<01:40:01.679> fiber<01:40:02.280> there<01:40:03.060> are<01:40:03.179> also

multi-mode fiber there are also

multi-mode fiber there are also
converters<01:40:03.840> that<01:40:04.139> go<01:40:04.380> from<01:40:04.620> single<01:40:04.920> mode

converters that go from single mode

converters that go from single mode
fiber<01:40:05.400> to<01:40:05.520> ethernet<01:40:06.000> as<01:40:06.600> well<01:40:06.780> which<01:40:07.080> is<01:40:07.260> for

fiber to ethernet as well which is for

fiber to ethernet as well which is for
the<01:40:07.620> same<01:40:07.739> purpose<01:40:08.159> generally<01:40:08.880> speaking

the same purpose generally speaking

the same purpose generally speaking
we're<01:40:09.300> going<01:40:09.420> to<01:40:09.480> see<01:40:09.600> more<01:40:09.780> multi-mode<01:40:10.380> in

we're going to see more multi-mode in

we're going to see more multi-mode in
the<01:40:10.800> backbone<01:40:11.100> environment<01:40:11.520> because<01:40:11.699> it's<01:40:11.880> a

the backbone environment because it's a

the backbone environment because it's a
shorter<01:40:12.300> distance<01:40:12.540> high<01:40:13.699> high<01:40:14.699> throughput

shorter distance high high throughput

shorter distance high high throughput
lastly<01:40:16.260> there's<01:40:16.500> also<01:40:16.739> something<01:40:16.980> a<01:40:17.280> single

lastly there's also something a single

lastly there's also something a single
mode<01:40:17.820> which<01:40:18.540> converts<01:40:18.900> to<01:40:19.139> multi-mode<01:40:19.679> fiber

mode which converts to multi-mode fiber

mode which converts to multi-mode fiber
these<01:40:20.820> connectors<01:40:21.179> are<01:40:21.659> generally<01:40:22.139> used<01:40:22.440> to

these connectors are generally used to

these connectors are generally used to
extend<01:40:23.820> the<01:40:24.060> range<01:40:24.360> of<01:40:24.600> multi-mode<01:40:25.139> signals

extend the range of multi-mode signals

extend the range of multi-mode signals
now<01:40:27.360> the<01:40:27.600> Tia<01:40:27.960> eia<01:40:28.500> which<01:40:29.040> we've<01:40:29.280> already

now the Tia eia which we've already

now the Tia eia which we've already
mentioned<01:40:29.880> the<01:40:30.179> organization

mentioned the organization

mentioned the organization
telecommunications<01:40:32.040> industry<01:40:32.520> Association

telecommunications industry Association

telecommunications industry Association
electronic<01:40:33.960> Industries<01:40:34.380> Association<01:40:34.920> uh

electronic Industries Association uh

electronic Industries Association uh
created<01:40:36.239> standards<01:40:36.960> for<01:40:37.380> all<01:40:37.880> this<01:40:38.880> cabling

created standards for all this cabling

created standards for all this cabling
that<01:40:40.320> covers<01:40:40.739> the<01:40:41.100> proper<01:40:41.520> implementation

that covers the proper implementation

that covers the proper implementation
design<01:40:43.199> and<01:40:43.739> maintenance<01:40:44.159> to<01:40:44.760> ensure<01:40:45.060> that

design and maintenance to ensure that

design and maintenance to ensure that
there's<01:40:45.420> a<01:40:45.540> certain<01:40:45.719> level<01:40:45.960> of<01:40:46.260> performance

there's a certain level of performance

there's a certain level of performance
that's<01:40:46.920> met<01:40:47.219> and<01:40:48.120> that's<01:40:48.420> also<01:40:48.840> going<01:40:49.080> to

that's met and that's also going to

that's met and that's also going to
ensure<01:40:49.620> that<01:40:49.860> if<01:40:50.040> someone<01:40:50.219> else<01:40:50.460> comes<01:40:50.820> into

ensure that if someone else comes into

ensure that if someone else comes into
your<01:40:51.239> environment<01:40:51.600> they<01:40:51.900> know<01:40:52.080> what<01:40:52.320> they're

your environment they know what they're

your environment they know what they're
getting<01:40:52.620> themselves<01:40:52.980> into<01:40:53.239> now<01:40:54.239> there's<01:40:54.600> six

getting themselves into now there's six

getting themselves into now there's six
uh<01:40:55.920> the<01:40:56.639> standard<01:40:56.880> is<01:40:57.000> comprised<01:40:57.420> into<01:40:57.540> six

uh the standard is comprised into six

uh the standard is comprised into six
different<01:40:58.080> categories<01:40:58.860> and<01:40:59.400> it's<01:40:59.520> important

different categories and it's important

different categories and it's important
that<01:41:00.120> you<01:41:00.300> actually<01:41:00.420> know<01:41:00.659> these<01:41:00.960> for<01:41:01.199> the

that you actually know these for the

that you actually know these for the
exam<01:41:01.679> this<01:41:02.400> by<01:41:02.580> the<01:41:02.699> way<01:41:02.760> is<01:41:02.940> called

exam this by the way is called

exam this by the way is called
structured<01:41:04.199> cabling

structured cabling

structured cabling
so<01:41:06.000> first<01:41:06.179> we<01:41:06.360> have<01:41:06.480> something<01:41:06.600> called

so first we have something called

so first we have something called
entrance<01:41:07.320> facilities<01:41:07.800> and<01:41:08.280> this<01:41:08.400> covers<01:41:08.820> the

entrance facilities and this covers the

entrance facilities and this covers the
entrance<01:41:09.540> of<01:41:09.840> the<01:41:10.080> Communication<01:41:10.560> Service

entrance of the Communication Service

entrance of the Communication Service
into<01:41:11.880> the<01:41:12.179> building<01:41:12.420> and<01:41:13.320> this<01:41:13.440> includes

into the building and this includes

into the building and this includes
What's<01:41:13.980> called<01:41:14.159> the<01:41:14.460> demarcation<01:41:15.120> point

What's called the demarcation point

What's called the demarcation point
the<01:41:16.679> demarcation<01:41:17.340> point<01:41:17.639> is<01:41:17.940> that<01:41:18.179> point<01:41:18.480> at

the demarcation point is that point at

the demarcation point is that point at
which<01:41:19.560> the<01:41:19.920> responsibility<01:41:20.460> of<01:41:20.699> the<01:41:20.880> network

which the responsibility of the network

which the responsibility of the network
changes<01:41:22.260> from<01:41:22.679> you<01:41:23.100> to<01:41:23.280> your<01:41:23.460> ISP<01:41:24.000> or<01:41:24.600> from

changes from you to your ISP or from

changes from you to your ISP or from
your<01:41:24.900> isptu<01:41:25.739> or<01:41:25.860> your<01:41:26.040> company<01:41:26.219> it<01:41:27.060> also

your isptu or your company it also

your isptu or your company it also
contains<01:41:27.659> the<01:41:27.900> backbone<01:41:28.380> connections<01:41:28.860> as

contains the backbone connections as

contains the backbone connections as
well

well

well
next<01:41:31.139> we<01:41:31.500> have<01:41:31.679> the<01:41:32.040> backbone<01:41:32.580> wiring<01:41:33.360> which

next we have the backbone wiring which

next we have the backbone wiring which
is<01:41:34.080> the<01:41:34.380> wiring<01:41:34.739> connection<01:41:34.980> that<01:41:35.340> goes<01:41:35.580> from

is the wiring connection that goes from

is the wiring connection that goes from
the<01:41:35.880> communications<01:41:36.300> closet<01:41:36.960> to<01:41:37.199> the

the communications closet to the

the communications closet to the
equipment<01:41:37.619> rooms<01:41:38.219> so<01:41:39.119> the<01:41:39.420> characteristic<01:41:40.139> of

equipment rooms so the characteristic of

equipment rooms so the characteristic of
this<01:41:40.619> wiring<01:41:41.280> is<01:41:41.580> going<01:41:41.699> to<01:41:41.880> depend<01:41:42.239> on<01:41:42.420> the

this wiring is going to depend on the

this wiring is going to depend on the
type<01:41:42.719> of<01:41:42.960> media<01:41:43.320> chosen<01:41:43.800> such<01:41:44.460> as<01:41:44.699> copper<01:41:45.239> or

type of media chosen such as copper or

type of media chosen such as copper or
Fiber<01:41:45.840> but<01:41:46.199> nonetheless<01:41:46.560> we<01:41:46.800> need<01:41:46.920> to<01:41:47.040> make

Fiber but nonetheless we need to make

Fiber but nonetheless we need to make
sure<01:41:47.340> it's<01:41:47.580> it's<01:41:47.960> very<01:41:48.960> sturdy<01:41:49.500> and<01:41:50.100> also<01:41:50.340> very

sure it's it's very sturdy and also very

sure it's it's very sturdy and also very
fast

fast

fast
the<01:41:52.320> equipment<01:41:52.619> room<01:41:52.920> now<01:41:53.820> uh<01:41:54.360> so<01:41:54.480> we've<01:41:54.659> gone

the equipment room now uh so we've gone

the equipment room now uh so we've gone
from<01:41:55.199> uh<01:41:55.560> dmarc<01:41:56.219> to<01:41:56.639> Backbone<01:41:57.300> or<01:41:57.780> uh<01:41:58.199> we've

from uh dmarc to Backbone or uh we've

from uh dmarc to Backbone or uh we've
gone<01:41:58.679> from<01:41:58.920> entrance<01:41:59.340> facility<01:41:59.639> or<01:41:59.940> dmarc<01:42:00.540> to

gone from entrance facility or dmarc to

gone from entrance facility or dmarc to
Backbone<01:42:01.500> to<01:42:01.800> equipment<01:42:02.159> the<01:42:02.880> equipment<01:42:03.179> room

Backbone to equipment the equipment room

Backbone to equipment the equipment room
is<01:42:03.840> the<01:42:04.020> point<01:42:04.199> of<01:42:04.380> termination<01:42:04.920> for<01:42:05.280> the

is the point of termination for the

is the point of termination for the
backbone<01:42:05.820> wiring<01:42:06.179> it's<01:42:06.659> also<01:42:06.900> called<01:42:07.080> the<01:42:07.320> MCC

backbone wiring it's also called the MCC

backbone wiring it's also called the MCC
or<01:42:08.040> the<01:42:08.280> main<01:42:08.520> cross<01:42:08.940> contact<01:42:09.300> and<01:42:10.199> this<01:42:10.380> can

or the main cross contact and this can

or the main cross contact and this can
also<01:42:10.739> be<01:42:10.920> considered<01:42:11.520> what<01:42:12.060> I've<01:42:12.239> seen<01:42:12.480> it

also be considered what I've seen it

also be considered what I've seen it
more<01:42:12.840> considered<01:42:13.320> on<01:42:13.440> the<01:42:13.500> network<01:42:13.619> plus<01:42:13.860> exam

more considered on the network plus exam

more considered on the network plus exam
the<01:42:14.940> MDF<01:42:15.480> or<01:42:16.080> the<01:42:16.380> main<01:42:16.619> distribution<01:42:17.219> frame

the MDF or the main distribution frame

the MDF or the main distribution frame
we're<01:42:18.239> going<01:42:18.420> to<01:42:18.480> talk<01:42:18.600> more<01:42:18.780> about<01:42:19.020> this

we're going to talk more about this

we're going to talk more about this
shortly

shortly

shortly
the<01:42:21.960> next<01:42:22.139> portion<01:42:22.500> of<01:42:22.619> structured<01:42:23.040> cabling

the next portion of structured cabling

the next portion of structured cabling
are<01:42:23.639> the<01:42:23.820> Telecommunications<01:42:24.540> closets<01:42:25.199> so

are the Telecommunications closets so

are the Telecommunications closets so
these<01:42:25.800> are<01:42:26.100> contain<01:42:26.520> the<01:42:26.699> connection

these are contain the connection

these are contain the connection
equipment<01:42:27.600> for<01:42:27.960> any<01:42:28.139> of<01:42:28.320> the<01:42:28.500> nearby

equipment for any of the nearby

equipment for any of the nearby
workstations<01:42:29.400> as<01:42:30.119> well<01:42:30.300> as<01:42:30.480> the<01:42:30.719> connections

workstations as well as the connections

workstations as well as the connections
between<01:42:31.739> any<01:42:32.280> Communications<01:42:32.820> that

between any Communications that

between any Communications that
cross-connect

cross-connect

cross-connect
we<01:42:35.100> also<01:42:35.280> have<01:42:35.340> something<01:42:35.460> called<01:42:35.699> horizontal

we also have something called horizontal

we also have something called horizontal
wiring<01:42:36.900> which<01:42:37.380> is<01:42:37.500> the<01:42:37.679> cable<01:42:37.800> and<01:42:38.100> that<01:42:38.280> goes

wiring which is the cable and that goes

wiring which is the cable and that goes
between<01:42:38.699> workstations<01:42:39.480> and<01:42:39.780> the

between workstations and the

between workstations and the
Telecommunications<01:42:40.560> closet<01:42:41.159> and<01:42:41.639> this<01:42:41.820> is

Telecommunications closet and this is

Telecommunications closet and this is
typically<01:42:42.300> in<01:42:43.080> the<01:42:43.619> wall<01:42:43.739> in<01:42:43.980> the<01:42:44.100> ceiling

typically in the wall in the ceiling

typically in the wall in the ceiling
finally

finally

finally
we<01:42:46.920> have<01:42:47.100> the<01:42:47.219> work<01:42:47.340> area<01:42:47.639> which<01:42:48.179> is

we have the work area which is

we have the work area which is
everything<01:42:48.659> coming<01:42:49.020> from<01:42:49.380> the<01:42:49.560> wall<01:42:49.739> outlet

everything coming from the wall outlet

everything coming from the wall outlet
to<01:42:50.460> the<01:42:50.580> workstation<01:42:51.119> so<01:42:51.719> this<01:42:51.900> is<01:42:51.960> the<01:42:52.139> face

to the workstation so this is the face

to the workstation so this is the face
plate<01:42:52.739> connectors<01:42:53.460> wiring<01:42:54.119> and<01:42:54.360> so<01:42:54.540> on<01:42:54.719> so<01:42:55.199> you

plate connectors wiring and so on so you

plate connectors wiring and so on so you
can<01:42:55.440> see<01:42:55.560> that<01:42:55.739> we're<01:42:56.040> going<01:42:56.280> from<01:42:57.260> the<01:42:58.260> sort

can see that we're going from the sort

can see that we're going from the sort
of<01:42:58.560> main<01:42:58.800> point<01:42:58.980> in<01:42:59.159> our<01:42:59.280> building<01:42:59.400> that

of main point in our building that

of main point in our building that
entrance<01:43:00.119> where<01:43:00.480> the<01:43:00.659> D<01:43:00.780> mark<01:43:01.020> happens<01:43:01.320> where

entrance where the D mark happens where

entrance where the D mark happens where
the<01:43:02.040> ISP<01:43:02.639> the<01:43:02.820> internet<01:43:03.000> comes<01:43:03.360> into<01:43:03.420> our

the ISP the internet comes into our

the ISP the internet comes into our
building<01:43:03.900> all<01:43:04.619> the<01:43:04.739> way<01:43:04.800> down<01:43:05.159> to<01:43:05.400> the

building all the way down to the

building all the way down to the
workstation<01:43:06.000> or<01:43:06.239> the<01:43:06.360> user

workstation or the user

workstation or the user
the<01:43:08.340> Tia<01:43:08.699> eia<01:43:09.300> has<01:43:09.719> also<01:43:09.960> set<01:43:10.139> out<01:43:10.320> a

the Tia eia has also set out a

the Tia eia has also set out a
specification<01:43:11.040> of<01:43:11.280> standards<01:43:11.760> that<01:43:12.360> line<01:43:12.540> out

specification of standards that line out

specification of standards that line out
minimum<01:43:13.380> performance<01:43:13.980> levels<01:43:14.400> for<01:43:14.760> Network

minimum performance levels for Network

minimum performance levels for Network
media<01:43:15.480> in<01:43:16.320> uh<01:43:16.619> commercial<01:43:16.860> environments<01:43:17.699> now

media in uh commercial environments now

media in uh commercial environments now
these<01:43:18.600> standards<01:43:19.139> are<01:43:19.560> 568<01:43:20.219> a<01:43:20.520> b<01:43:20.760> and<01:43:20.940> c<01:43:21.119> we<01:43:21.780> saw

these standards are 568 a b and c we saw

these standards are 568 a b and c we saw
earlier<01:43:22.320> the<01:43:22.739> t568<01:43:23.699> A<01:43:24.000> and<01:43:24.179> B<01:43:24.360> which<01:43:24.659> were<01:43:24.780> the

earlier the t568 A and B which were the

earlier the t568 A and B which were the
standards<01:43:25.320> for<01:43:25.619> uh<01:43:26.460> cabling<01:43:27.619> colored<01:43:28.619> Twisted

standards for uh cabling colored Twisted

standards for uh cabling colored Twisted
Pairs<01:43:29.520> and<01:43:29.639> how<01:43:29.820> they<01:43:30.000> should<01:43:30.119> be<01:43:30.300> arranged

Pairs and how they should be arranged

Pairs and how they should be arranged
and<01:43:30.960> terminated<01:43:31.440> but<01:43:31.980> there<01:43:32.219> are<01:43:32.340> also<01:43:32.580> some

and terminated but there are also some

and terminated but there are also some
other<01:43:33.600> specific<01:43:34.139> attributes<01:43:34.860> that<01:43:35.400> you<01:43:35.520> need

other specific attributes that you need

other specific attributes that you need
to<01:43:35.760> be<01:43:35.880> aware<01:43:36.119> of

to be aware of

to be aware of
the<01:43:37.260> 568a<01:43:38.159> specification<01:43:38.820> is<01:43:39.119> an<01:43:39.360> older

the 568a specification is an older

the 568a specification is an older
standard<01:43:40.020> it's<01:43:40.380> governed<01:43:40.920> uh<01:43:41.760> it<01:43:41.880> governed

standard it's governed uh it governed

standard it's governed uh it governed
data<01:43:42.659> voice<01:43:43.080> video<01:43:43.739> and<01:43:44.159> commercial

data voice video and commercial

data voice video and commercial
buildings<01:43:45.300> and<01:43:45.900> it's<01:43:46.139> basically<01:43:46.500> been

buildings and it's basically been

buildings and it's basically been
outdated<01:43:47.219> and<01:43:47.520> superseded<01:43:48.119> nowadays<01:43:48.659> by<01:43:48.960> 568a

outdated and superseded nowadays by 568a

outdated and superseded nowadays by 568a
sorry<01:43:50.400> B<01:43:50.699> and<01:43:50.880> C<01:43:51.119> standards<01:43:51.800> the<01:43:52.800> B

sorry B and C standards the B

sorry B and C standards the B
specification<01:43:53.760> now<01:43:54.060> is<01:43:54.300> an<01:43:54.480> earlier<01:43:54.840> standard

specification now is an earlier standard

specification now is an earlier standard
still<01:43:56.100> in<01:43:56.280> use<01:43:56.460> quite<01:43:56.880> frequently<01:43:57.300> that

still in use quite frequently that

still in use quite frequently that
defines<01:43:58.260> minimum<01:43:58.980> performance<01:43:59.460> levels<01:43:59.880> for

defines minimum performance levels for

defines minimum performance levels for
cabling<01:44:00.600> including<01:44:01.560> twisted<01:44:02.040> pair

cabling including twisted pair

cabling including twisted pair
performance<01:44:02.820> minimums<01:44:03.540> uh<01:44:04.199> shielded<01:44:04.739> Twisted

performance minimums uh shielded Twisted

performance minimums uh shielded Twisted
paramums<01:44:06.360> fiber<01:44:06.960> optic<01:44:07.320> standards<01:44:07.800> and<01:44:08.639> Etc

paramums fiber optic standards and Etc

paramums fiber optic standards and Etc
portions<01:44:10.199> of<01:44:10.380> this<01:44:10.560> are<01:44:10.800> now<01:44:11.040> Obsolete<01:44:11.699> and

portions of this are now Obsolete and

portions of this are now Obsolete and
have<01:44:12.000> been<01:44:12.179> replaced<01:44:12.719> by<01:44:13.219> 568c<01:44:14.239> the<01:44:15.239> 568c

have been replaced by 568c the 568c

have been replaced by 568c the 568c
standard

standard

standard
which<01:44:17.880> is<01:44:18.000> the<01:44:18.239> current<01:44:18.360> specification

which is the current specification

which is the current specification
that's<01:44:19.380> set<01:44:19.560> out<01:44:19.739> designates<01:44:20.639> minimums<01:44:21.480> for

that's set out designates minimums for

that's set out designates minimums for
optimizing<01:44:22.199> Network<01:44:22.380> media<01:44:22.920> performance<01:44:23.460> in

optimizing Network media performance in

optimizing Network media performance in
commercial<01:44:24.540> buildings<01:44:25.280> currently<01:44:26.280> it

commercial buildings currently it

commercial buildings currently it
specifies<01:44:27.060> cat<01:44:27.540> 6A<01:44:28.260> as<01:44:28.679> the<01:44:28.860> media<01:44:29.219> type<01:44:29.400> that

specifies cat 6A as the media type that

specifies cat 6A as the media type that
is<01:44:29.940> recommended<01:44:30.600> so<01:44:31.380> again<01:44:31.860> the<01:44:32.159> 568<01:44:32.639> A<01:44:32.880> and<01:44:33.060> B

is recommended so again the 568 A and B

is recommended so again the 568 A and B
the<01:44:33.480> T5<01:44:33.840> to<01:44:34.080> 68<01:44:34.380> A<01:44:34.560> and<01:44:34.679> B<01:44:34.800> that<01:44:34.920> we<01:44:35.040> saw<01:44:35.100> earlier

the T5 to 68 A and B that we saw earlier

the T5 to 68 A and B that we saw earlier
those<01:44:35.580> are<01:44:35.760> how<01:44:36.000> everything<01:44:36.540> is<01:44:36.780> cabled<01:44:37.320> those

those are how everything is cabled those

those are how everything is cabled those
fall<01:44:37.980> under<01:44:38.280> the<01:44:38.699> umbrella<01:44:39.060> of<01:44:39.540> the<01:44:39.719> more

fall under the umbrella of the more

fall under the umbrella of the more
General<01:44:40.139> 568<01:44:40.980> a<01:44:41.280> b<01:44:41.460> and<01:44:41.639> c<01:44:41.820> standards<01:44:42.780> which

General 568 a b and c standards which

General 568 a b and c standards which
speak<01:44:43.920> more<01:44:44.100> to<01:44:44.340> Performance

speak more to Performance

speak more to Performance
now<01:44:46.139> while<01:44:46.380> the<01:44:46.560> Tia<01:44:46.800> and<01:44:47.100> the<01:44:47.219> eia<01:44:47.400> have

now while the Tia and the eia have

now while the Tia and the eia have
established<01:44:48.540> uh<01:44:48.960> standards<01:44:49.500> for<01:44:49.980> structured

established uh standards for structured

established uh standards for structured
cabling

cabling

cabling
premise<01:44:52.320> wiring<01:44:52.920> uh

premise wiring uh

premise wiring uh
the<01:44:55.320> terms<01:44:55.560> that<01:44:55.739> we're<01:44:55.800> going<01:44:55.980> to<01:44:56.100> use<01:44:56.219> are

the terms that we're going to use are

the terms that we're going to use are
industry-wide<01:44:57.560> so<01:44:58.760> although<01:44:59.760> there<01:45:00.000> might<01:45:00.179> be

industry-wide so although there might be

industry-wide so although there might be
these<01:45:00.600> standards<01:45:01.260> the<01:45:02.219> terms<01:45:02.580> you're<01:45:02.880> going

these standards the terms you're going

these standards the terms you're going
to<01:45:03.119> see<01:45:03.179> over<01:45:03.360> and<01:45:03.480> over<01:45:03.659> again

to see over and over again

to see over and over again
hierarchical<01:45:06.239> cabling<01:45:06.780> is<01:45:07.500> recognized<01:45:08.340> and

hierarchical cabling is recognized and

hierarchical cabling is recognized and
used<01:45:09.080> which<01:45:10.080> is<01:45:10.260> what<01:45:10.440> we're<01:45:10.560> talking<01:45:10.739> about

used which is what we're talking about

used which is what we're talking about
when<01:45:11.040> we<01:45:11.159> talk<01:45:11.280> about<01:45:11.400> premise<01:45:11.940> wiring

when we talk about premise wiring

when we talk about premise wiring
everywhere

everywhere

everywhere
it's<01:45:15.960> a<01:45:16.500> telecommunications<01:45:17.280> design

it's a telecommunications design

it's a telecommunications design
tradition<01:45:18.480> that<01:45:19.440> basically<01:45:19.860> allows<01:45:20.280> for<01:45:20.580> main

tradition that basically allows for main

tradition that basically allows for main
cross<01:45:21.300> connects<01:45:21.840> or<01:45:21.960> MCCS<01:45:22.679> to<01:45:23.280> be<01:45:23.400> connected

cross connects or MCCS to be connected

cross connects or MCCS to be connected
to<01:45:23.880> what<01:45:24.119> are<01:45:24.239> called<01:45:24.560> iccs<01:45:25.560> or<01:45:25.739> intermediate

to what are called iccs or intermediate

to what are called iccs or intermediate
cross<01:45:26.580> connects<01:45:27.179> in<01:45:28.080> a<01:45:28.320> star<01:45:28.560> topology<01:45:29.100> with

cross connects in a star topology with

cross connects in a star topology with
horizontal<01:45:30.600> cross<01:45:30.840> connects<01:45:31.980> in<01:45:32.580> most<01:45:32.699> cases

horizontal cross connects in most cases

horizontal cross connects in most cases
you're<01:45:33.360> probably<01:45:33.540> going<01:45:33.719> to<01:45:33.840> see<01:45:33.960> the<01:45:34.260> terms

you're probably going to see the terms

you're probably going to see the terms
wiring<01:45:35.520> closet<01:45:36.320> MDF<01:45:37.320> or<01:45:37.739> main<01:45:37.980> distribution

wiring closet MDF or main distribution

wiring closet MDF or main distribution
frame<01:45:39.000> and<01:45:39.659> IDF<01:45:40.199> or<01:45:40.920> intermediate

frame and IDF or intermediate

frame and IDF or intermediate
distribution<01:45:42.060> frame<01:45:42.540> instead<01:45:43.320> of<01:45:43.440> MCC<01:45:43.739> and

distribution frame instead of MCC and

distribution frame instead of MCC and
ICC<01:45:44.639> however<01:45:45.540> they're<01:45:46.080> both<01:45:46.440> used

ICC however they're both used

ICC however they're both used
interchangeably<01:45:47.580> so<01:45:48.239> I<01:45:48.360> just<01:45:48.480> want<01:45:48.600> to<01:45:48.719> take<01:45:48.840> a

interchangeably so I just want to take a

interchangeably so I just want to take a
look<01:45:49.020> at<01:45:49.260> some<01:45:49.380> of<01:45:49.500> the<01:45:49.619> components<01:45:50.219> that<01:45:50.460> make

look at some of the components that make

look at some of the components that make
up<01:45:50.820> this<01:45:51.119> premise<01:45:51.480> wiring<01:45:51.960> right<01:45:52.619> now

up this premise wiring right now

up this premise wiring right now
the<01:45:54.480> patch<01:45:54.840> panel<01:45:55.199> is<01:45:55.440> the<01:45:55.739> connection<01:45:55.860> point

the patch panel is the connection point

the patch panel is the connection point
for<01:45:56.940> drop<01:45:57.239> cables<01:45:57.840> and<01:45:58.260> patch<01:45:58.619> cables<01:45:58.980> they're

for drop cables and patch cables they're

for drop cables and patch cables they're
connected<01:46:00.000> to<01:46:00.179> the<01:46:00.360> patch<01:46:00.780> panel<01:46:01.199> via<01:46:01.920> the

connected to the patch panel via the

connected to the patch panel via the
RJ45<01:46:02.880> connectors<01:46:03.420> that<01:46:03.600> we<01:46:03.780> saw<01:46:03.900> with<01:46:04.080> twisted

RJ45 connectors that we saw with twisted

RJ45 connectors that we saw with twisted
pair<01:46:04.619> now<01:46:05.280> you<01:46:05.460> might<01:46:05.580> find<01:46:05.880> a<01:46:06.239> patch<01:46:06.540> cable

pair now you might find a patch cable

pair now you might find a patch cable
with<01:46:07.199> a<01:46:07.500> single<01:46:07.800> row<01:46:08.100> of<01:46:08.219> connections<01:46:08.820> or<01:46:09.480> one

with a single row of connections or one

with a single row of connections or one
with<01:46:09.960> a<01:46:10.080> dozen<01:46:10.440> or<01:46:10.560> more<01:46:10.739> rows<01:46:11.100> now<01:46:11.880> a<01:46:12.119> drop

with a dozen or more rows now a drop

with a dozen or more rows now a drop
cable<01:46:12.600> what<01:46:12.840> I<01:46:13.020> just<01:46:13.139> mentioned<01:46:13.500> is<01:46:13.800> the<01:46:14.040> cable

cable what I just mentioned is the cable

cable what I just mentioned is the cable
that<01:46:14.460> goes<01:46:14.820> from<01:46:15.000> the<01:46:15.119> workstation<01:46:15.659> and<01:46:16.260> the

that goes from the workstation and the

that goes from the workstation and the
network<01:46:16.619> devices<01:46:17.159> to<01:46:17.699> the<01:46:17.880> wall

network devices to the wall

network devices to the wall
a<01:46:19.619> patch<01:46:19.980> cable<01:46:20.280> is<01:46:20.880> a<01:46:21.000> cable<01:46:21.239> that<01:46:21.480> is

a patch cable is a cable that is

a patch cable is a cable that is
connected<01:46:22.080> to<01:46:22.500> the<01:46:22.739> patch<01:46:23.100> panel<01:46:23.400> and

connected to the patch panel and

connected to the patch panel and
connects<01:46:24.179> two<01:46:24.600> drop<01:46:24.960> cables<01:46:25.560> this<01:46:26.340> cable

connects two drop cables this cable

connects two drop cables this cable
might<01:46:27.000> be<01:46:27.179> either<01:46:27.480> a<01:46:27.960> normal<01:46:28.199> straight

might be either a normal straight

might be either a normal straight
through<01:46:28.860> cable<01:46:29.219> or<01:46:29.940> a<01:46:30.179> crossover<01:46:30.540> cable<01:46:31.020> which

through cable or a crossover cable which

through cable or a crossover cable which
is<01:46:31.440> something<01:46:31.619> I<01:46:31.800> mentioned<01:46:32.100> earlier<01:46:32.460> that

is something I mentioned earlier that

is something I mentioned earlier that
crossover<01:46:33.360> cable<01:46:33.780> has<01:46:34.320> one<01:46:34.560> end<01:46:34.739> that<01:46:35.040> has<01:46:35.159> the

crossover cable has one end that has the

crossover cable has one end that has the
568a<01:46:36.420> wiring<01:46:36.840> and<01:46:37.080> the<01:46:37.199> other<01:46:37.260> end<01:46:37.440> that<01:46:37.619> has

568a wiring and the other end that has

568a wiring and the other end that has
568<01:46:38.340> B<01:46:38.880> wiring<01:46:39.420> this<01:46:40.139> is<01:46:40.260> in<01:46:40.440> order<01:46:40.619> to<01:46:40.920> connect

568 B wiring this is in order to connect

568 B wiring this is in order to connect
two<01:46:41.760> like<01:46:42.060> devices<01:46:42.540> such<01:46:42.960> as<01:46:43.400> computers<01:46:44.400> or

two like devices such as computers or

two like devices such as computers or
switches<01:46:45.060> directly<01:46:45.600> to<01:46:45.840> each<01:46:46.080> other<01:46:46.199> remember

switches directly to each other remember

switches directly to each other remember
the<01:46:47.400> pin<01:46:47.580> out<01:46:47.699> on<01:46:47.940> these<01:46:48.179> is<01:46:48.360> different

the pin out on these is different

the pin out on these is different
because<01:46:49.139> the<01:46:49.619> one<01:46:49.800> and<01:46:49.980> two<01:46:50.159> pins<01:46:50.400> are

because the one and two pins are

because the one and two pins are
switched<01:46:51.060> on<01:46:51.239> one<01:46:51.420> end<01:46:51.540> with<01:46:52.320> the<01:46:52.440> three<01:46:52.560> and

switched on one end with the three and

switched on one end with the three and
six<01:46:52.920> pins<01:46:53.219> so<01:46:53.639> this<01:46:53.760> allows<01:46:54.119> data<01:46:54.480> to<01:46:54.600> go

six pins so this allows data to go

six pins so this allows data to go
directly<01:46:55.139> between<01:46:55.440> two<01:46:55.739> devices<01:46:56.300> a<01:46:57.300> lot<01:46:57.360> of

directly between two devices a lot of

directly between two devices a lot of
devices<01:46:58.020> nowadays<01:46:58.619> however<01:46:58.920> don't<01:46:59.219> require

devices nowadays however don't require

devices nowadays however don't require
the<01:46:59.940> crossover<01:47:00.239> cable<01:47:01.139> uh<01:47:01.619> because<01:47:01.860> they<01:47:02.040> have

the crossover cable uh because they have

the crossover cable uh because they have
an<01:47:02.340> auto<01:47:02.460> sort<01:47:02.760> of<01:47:02.940> sensing<01:47:03.300> feature<01:47:03.659> within

an auto sort of sensing feature within

an auto sort of sensing feature within
them<01:47:04.560> now<01:47:05.040> a<01:47:05.280> patch<01:47:05.580> panel<01:47:05.880> and<01:47:06.060> patch<01:47:06.420> cables

them now a patch panel and patch cables

them now a patch panel and patch cables
are<01:47:07.199> located<01:47:07.440> in<01:47:08.100> wiring<01:47:08.520> closets

are located in wiring closets

are located in wiring closets
the<01:47:11.100> IDF<01:47:11.639> is<01:47:12.300> the<01:47:12.480> communications<01:47:13.080> connection

the IDF is the communications connection

the IDF is the communications connection
point<01:47:14.040> or<01:47:14.460> cable<01:47:14.820> rack<01:47:15.239> that<01:47:15.659> connects<01:47:16.020> all

point or cable rack that connects all

point or cable rack that connects all
the<01:47:16.440> workstations<01:47:17.179> to<01:47:18.179> the<01:47:18.540> MDF<01:47:19.139> or<01:47:19.440> the<01:47:19.739> main

the workstations to the MDF or the main

the workstations to the MDF or the main
distribution<01:47:20.580> frame<01:47:21.080> the<01:47:22.080> main<01:47:22.260> distribution

distribution frame the main distribution

distribution frame the main distribution
frame<01:47:23.280> MDF<01:47:23.940> is<01:47:24.540> the<01:47:24.840> main<01:47:25.020> connection<01:47:25.320> point

frame MDF is the main connection point

frame MDF is the main connection point
or<01:47:26.100> cable<01:47:26.460> rack<01:47:26.820> that<01:47:27.300> distributes<01:47:27.840> cables

or cable rack that distributes cables

or cable rack that distributes cables
from<01:47:28.560> itself<01:47:28.980> to<01:47:29.639> all<01:47:29.940> the<01:47:30.060> other<01:47:30.179> idfs<01:47:30.960> now

from itself to all the other idfs now

from itself to all the other idfs now
there's<01:47:31.800> only<01:47:31.980> going<01:47:32.100> to<01:47:32.280> be<01:47:32.340> one<01:47:32.699> MDF<01:47:33.300> but

there's only going to be one MDF but

there's only going to be one MDF but
there<01:47:33.960> can<01:47:34.080> be<01:47:34.260> many<01:47:34.500> idfs<01:47:35.639> the<01:47:36.239> wiring<01:47:36.540> closet

there can be many idfs the wiring closet

there can be many idfs the wiring closet
is<01:47:37.440> a<01:47:37.679> room<01:47:37.860> where<01:47:38.280> the<01:47:38.460> patch<01:47:38.760> panels<01:47:39.119> are

is a room where the patch panels are

is a room where the patch panels are
installed<01:47:39.840> and<01:47:40.080> the<01:47:40.199> wiring<01:47:40.500> runs<01:47:40.920> through<01:47:41.280> it

installed and the wiring runs through it

installed and the wiring runs through it
too

too

too
so<01:47:42.719> here<01:47:42.960> we<01:47:43.080> have<01:47:43.199> a<01:47:43.320> building<01:47:43.440> where<01:47:43.739> we<01:47:43.860> have

so here we have a building where we have

so here we have a building where we have
an<01:47:44.159> MDF<01:47:44.639> on<01:47:44.820> the<01:47:44.940> bottom<01:47:45.119> floor<01:47:45.300> and<01:47:45.840> an<01:47:46.020> IDF<01:47:46.500> on

an MDF on the bottom floor and an IDF on

an MDF on the bottom floor and an IDF on
each<01:47:47.040> of<01:47:47.159> the<01:47:47.280> floors<01:47:47.520> above<01:47:47.880> the<01:47:48.600> connections

each of the floors above the connections

each of the floors above the connections
going<01:47:49.440> from<01:47:49.739> the<01:47:49.980> idfs<01:47:50.699> through<01:47:51.000> the<01:47:51.300> walls<01:47:51.659> go

going from the idfs through the walls go

going from the idfs through the walls go
to<01:47:52.020> the<01:47:52.139> workstations<01:47:52.760> then<01:47:53.760> there<01:47:54.239> is<01:47:54.360> a

to the workstations then there is a

to the workstations then there is a
connection<01:47:54.659> that's<01:47:55.020> typically<01:47:55.380> much<01:47:55.860> faster

connection that's typically much faster

connection that's typically much faster
than<01:47:56.340> the<01:47:56.520> rest<01:47:56.639> of<01:47:56.820> the<01:47:56.820> network<01:47:57.000> that<01:47:57.420> goes

than the rest of the network that goes

than the rest of the network that goes
between<01:47:57.840> the<01:47:58.199> idfs<01:47:58.860> and<01:47:59.100> the<01:47:59.219> MDF

between the idfs and the MDF

between the idfs and the MDF
when<01:48:01.020> installing<01:48:01.679> Cable<01:48:02.040> in<01:48:02.340> a<01:48:02.520> building

when installing Cable in a building

when installing Cable in a building
there<01:48:03.480> are<01:48:03.600> fire<01:48:03.900> code<01:48:04.199> requirements<01:48:04.920> that

there are fire code requirements that

there are fire code requirements that
have<01:48:05.280> to<01:48:05.400> be<01:48:05.520> met

have to be met

have to be met
specifically<01:48:07.080> when<01:48:07.679> you're<01:48:07.860> running<01:48:08.040> cable

specifically when you're running cable

specifically when you're running cable
and<01:48:08.820> air<01:48:09.060> handling<01:48:09.540> spaces<01:48:10.080> which<01:48:10.380> are<01:48:10.500> like

and air handling spaces which are like

and air handling spaces which are like
under<01:48:11.100> floors<01:48:11.940> and<01:48:12.480> in<01:48:12.780> walls<01:48:13.320> most<01:48:13.920> of<01:48:14.100> the

under floors and in walls most of the

under floors and in walls most of the
fire<01:48:14.460> codes<01:48:14.760> require<01:48:15.239> a<01:48:15.780> specific<01:48:16.080> cable

fire codes require a specific cable

fire codes require a specific cable
PVC<01:48:17.940> cabling<01:48:18.420> which<01:48:18.719> is<01:48:18.840> the<01:48:19.080> typically

PVC cabling which is the typically

PVC cabling which is the typically
standard<01:48:20.040> network<01:48:20.520> cable<01:48:20.880> that's<01:48:21.600> fairly

standard network cable that's fairly

standard network cable that's fairly
inexpensive<01:48:22.440> and<01:48:22.619> easy<01:48:22.860> to<01:48:23.100> work<01:48:23.219> with<01:48:23.540> allows

inexpensive and easy to work with allows

inexpensive and easy to work with allows
allows<01:48:25.619> fire<01:48:25.860> to<01:48:26.159> travel<01:48:26.340> through<01:48:26.639> the<01:48:26.820> cable

allows fire to travel through the cable

allows fire to travel through the cable
if<01:48:27.239> it<01:48:27.420> berms<01:48:27.900> and<01:48:28.500> then<01:48:28.619> it<01:48:28.860> releases<01:48:29.400> these

if it berms and then it releases these

if it berms and then it releases these
poisonous<01:48:31.020> and<01:48:31.320> noxious<01:48:31.739> fumes<01:48:32.400> so<01:48:33.119> as<01:48:33.480> a

poisonous and noxious fumes so as a

poisonous and noxious fumes so as a
result<01:48:33.860> plenum<01:48:34.860> grade<01:48:35.100> cabling<01:48:35.580> which<01:48:36.540> is

result plenum grade cabling which is

result plenum grade cabling which is
part<01:48:37.619> of<01:48:37.800> the<01:48:38.219> uh<01:48:38.639> plenum<01:48:39.239> or<01:48:39.840> a<01:48:40.020> plenum<01:48:40.440> space

part of the uh plenum or a plenum space

part of the uh plenum or a plenum space
is<01:48:41.219> part<01:48:41.460> of<01:48:41.580> a<01:48:41.820> building<01:48:42.060> that<01:48:42.600> is<01:48:42.719> used<01:48:42.900> for

is part of a building that is used for

is part of a building that is used for
air<01:48:43.320> circulation<01:48:43.920> and<01:48:44.460> HVAC<01:48:45.000> systems<01:48:45.480> and<01:48:45.659> so

air circulation and HVAC systems and so

air circulation and HVAC systems and so
on<01:48:45.900> by<01:48:46.440> providing<01:48:46.860> Pathways<01:48:47.639> either<01:48:47.880> that<01:48:48.179> are

on by providing Pathways either that are

on by providing Pathways either that are
heated<01:48:48.739> conditioned<01:48:49.739> or<01:48:50.280> have<01:48:50.760> return

heated conditioned or have return

heated conditioned or have return
airflows

airflows

airflows
space<01:48:52.920> between<01:48:53.219> the<01:48:53.639> structural<01:48:53.940> floor<01:48:54.179> and

space between the structural floor and

space between the structural floor and
the<01:48:54.480> dropped<01:48:54.780> ceiling<01:48:55.139> or<01:48:55.440> under<01:48:55.679> a<01:48:55.980> raised

the dropped ceiling or under a raised

the dropped ceiling or under a raised
floor<01:48:56.580> is<01:48:56.820> what's<01:48:57.119> called<01:48:57.300> plenum<01:48:58.199> so<01:48:58.800> we<01:48:59.219> have

floor is what's called plenum so we have

floor is what's called plenum so we have
some<01:48:59.699> special<01:48:59.940> cabling<01:49:00.480> called<01:49:00.719> plenum

some special cabling called plenum

some special cabling called plenum
cabling<01:49:01.739> this<01:49:02.219> is<01:49:02.400> jacketing<01:49:02.940> that's<01:49:03.060> wrapped

cabling this is jacketing that's wrapped

cabling this is jacketing that's wrapped
around<01:49:03.659> the<01:49:03.960> wires<01:49:04.320> very<01:49:04.560> tightly<01:49:04.920> and<01:49:05.400> it

around the wires very tightly and it

around the wires very tightly and it
prevents<01:49:05.940> fire<01:49:06.119> from<01:49:06.420> moving<01:49:06.659> through<01:49:06.900> it

prevents fire from moving through it

prevents fire from moving through it
therefore<01:49:07.920> it's<01:49:08.340> not<01:49:08.580> going<01:49:08.820> to<01:49:09.000> put<01:49:09.239> off

therefore it's not going to put off

therefore it's not going to put off
those<01:49:09.900> noxious<01:49:10.320> and<01:49:10.500> poisonous<01:49:10.980> fumes<01:49:11.400> it

those noxious and poisonous fumes it

those noxious and poisonous fumes it
also<01:49:12.300> makes<01:49:12.420> the<01:49:12.659> cable<01:49:12.840> a<01:49:13.020> lot<01:49:13.139> more

also makes the cable a lot more

also makes the cable a lot more
expensive<01:49:13.860> and<01:49:14.580> it<01:49:14.760> can<01:49:14.880> be<01:49:14.940> a<01:49:15.060> lot<01:49:15.179> difficult

expensive and it can be a lot difficult

expensive and it can be a lot difficult
a<01:49:16.020> lot<01:49:16.139> more<01:49:16.380> difficult<01:49:16.679> to<01:49:16.860> work<01:49:16.980> with<01:49:17.159> at

a lot more difficult to work with at

a lot more difficult to work with at
times<01:49:17.580> however<01:49:18.060> it<01:49:18.360> is<01:49:18.540> required<01:49:19.139> by<01:49:19.320> fire

times however it is required by fire

times however it is required by fire
code<01:49:19.800> that<01:49:20.040> if<01:49:20.219> you're<01:49:20.280> running<01:49:20.460> cabling<01:49:20.880> in

code that if you're running cabling in

code that if you're running cabling in
between<01:49:21.239> these<01:49:21.600> spaces<01:49:21.960> where<01:49:22.260> there<01:49:22.500> is<01:49:22.679> no

between these spaces where there is no

between these spaces where there is no
sort<01:49:24.179> of

sort of

sort of
sprinkler<01:49:26.100> system<01:49:26.340> to<01:49:26.699> put<01:49:26.820> out<01:49:26.940> the<01:49:27.119> fire

sprinkler system to put out the fire

sprinkler system to put out the fire
that<01:49:27.780> you<01:49:27.900> use<01:49:28.080> plenum<01:49:28.619> grade<01:49:28.800> cabling<01:49:29.280> that's

that you use plenum grade cabling that's

that you use plenum grade cabling that's
important<01:49:29.940> all<01:49:30.659> right<01:49:30.840> so<01:49:30.960> now<01:49:31.080> let's<01:49:31.260> go<01:49:31.380> over

important all right so now let's go over

important all right so now let's go over
what<01:49:31.739> we<01:49:31.860> learned<01:49:32.159> first<01:49:33.000> we<01:49:33.179> defined<01:49:33.600> Network

what we learned first we defined Network

what we learned first we defined Network
media<01:49:34.619> as<01:49:35.400> well<01:49:35.580> as<01:49:35.760> what<01:49:36.300> bounded<01:49:36.900> media<01:49:37.320> is

media as well as what bounded media is

media as well as what bounded media is
we're<01:49:37.800> going<01:49:37.920> to<01:49:37.980> talk<01:49:38.100> about<01:49:38.219> unbounded

we're going to talk about unbounded

we're going to talk about unbounded
media<01:49:39.179> a<01:49:39.300> little<01:49:39.360> bit<01:49:39.480> later<01:49:39.659> we<01:49:40.440> also

media a little bit later we also

media a little bit later we also
describe<01:49:41.100> the<01:49:41.219> different<01:49:41.400> types<01:49:41.820> of<01:49:41.940> copper

describe the different types of copper

describe the different types of copper
media<01:49:42.659> including<01:49:43.440> the<01:49:43.619> different<01:49:43.739> types<01:49:44.219> of

media including the different types of

media including the different types of
Stan<01:49:45.540> shielded<01:49:46.199> twisted<01:49:46.679> pair<01:49:46.860> and

Stan shielded twisted pair and

Stan shielded twisted pair and
unshielded<01:49:48.000> twisted<01:49:48.360> pair<01:49:48.540> and<01:49:49.139> the

unshielded twisted pair and the

unshielded twisted pair and the
difference<01:49:49.440> between<01:49:49.739> those<01:49:50.040> remember

difference between those remember

difference between those remember
shielded<01:49:51.060> it<01:49:51.600> protects<01:49:51.960> from<01:49:52.139> Emi<01:49:52.679> unshielded

shielded it protects from Emi unshielded

shielded it protects from Emi unshielded
does<01:49:53.699> not<01:49:53.880> and<01:49:54.360> we<01:49:54.480> discussed<01:49:54.840> a<01:49:54.960> few<01:49:55.080> of<01:49:55.199> the

does not and we discussed a few of the

does not and we discussed a few of the
standards<01:49:55.739> that<01:49:55.920> are<01:49:56.040> set<01:49:56.219> by<01:49:56.400> the<01:49:56.580> Tia<01:49:56.880> eia

standards that are set by the Tia eia

standards that are set by the Tia eia
including<01:49:58.500> 568<01:49:59.100> a<01:49:59.520> b<01:49:59.940> and<01:50:00.179> c<01:50:00.420> and<01:50:01.020> remember

including 568 a b and c and remember

including 568 a b and c and remember
that's<01:50:01.619> we<01:50:01.920> also<01:50:02.159> have<01:50:02.280> the<01:50:02.699> 568<01:50:03.300> A<01:50:03.540> and<01:50:03.780> B

that's we also have the 568 A and B

that's we also have the 568 A and B
wiring<01:50:05.159> requirements<01:50:05.699> which<01:50:05.880> fall<01:50:06.119> under

wiring requirements which fall under

wiring requirements which fall under
these<01:50:07.139> we<01:50:07.619> also<01:50:07.800> looked<01:50:07.980> at<01:50:07.980> the<01:50:08.100> different

these we also looked at the different

these we also looked at the different
connector<01:50:08.760> types<01:50:09.119> not<01:50:09.600> only<01:50:09.719> for<01:50:10.080> the<01:50:10.380> twisted

connector types not only for the twisted

connector types not only for the twisted
pair<01:50:10.920> which<01:50:11.159> is<01:50:11.280> that<01:50:11.340> RJ45<01:50:12.119> but<01:50:12.780> for<01:50:12.960> coaxial

pair which is that RJ45 but for coaxial

pair which is that RJ45 but for coaxial
like<01:50:13.980> the<01:50:14.100> BNC<01:50:14.580> and<01:50:15.179> fiber<01:50:15.659> such<01:50:16.020> as<01:50:16.199> St<01:50:16.440> or<01:50:16.800> SC

like the BNC and fiber such as St or SC

like the BNC and fiber such as St or SC
and<01:50:17.699> we<01:50:17.820> looked<01:50:18.179> at<01:50:18.500> structured<01:50:19.500> cabling<01:50:19.860> and

and we looked at structured cabling and

and we looked at structured cabling and
premise<01:50:20.820> wiring<01:50:21.300> where<01:50:21.719> we<01:50:21.900> also<01:50:22.139> talked

premise wiring where we also talked

premise wiring where we also talked
about<01:50:22.500> the<01:50:22.800> differences<01:50:23.159> and<01:50:23.520> this<01:50:23.699> is

about the differences and this is

about the differences and this is
important<01:50:24.179> between<01:50:24.540> PVC<01:50:25.260> cabling

important between PVC cabling

important between PVC cabling
and<01:50:26.580> plenum<01:50:27.000> grade<01:50:27.179> cabling

welcome to module 2 lesson 1A straight

welcome to module 2 lesson 1A straight
through<01:50:50.940> crossover<01:50:51.540> and<01:50:51.900> rollover<01:50:52.440> cables

through crossover and rollover cables

through crossover and rollover cables
we've<01:50:53.760> actually<01:50:53.940> covered<01:50:54.719> some<01:50:54.960> of<01:50:55.080> this

we've actually covered some of this

we've actually covered some of this
already<01:50:55.679> in<01:50:56.280> earlier<01:50:56.639> lessons<01:50:57.060> but<01:50:57.420> what<01:50:57.900> I've

already in earlier lessons but what I've

already in earlier lessons but what I've
done<01:50:58.440> is<01:50:58.739> added<01:50:59.219> upgrades<01:50:59.760> for<01:51:00.060> the<01:51:00.360> new<01:51:00.960> exam

done is added upgrades for the new exam

done is added upgrades for the new exam
syllabus<01:51:01.739> so<01:51:02.460> consider<01:51:02.940> some<01:51:03.300> of<01:51:03.420> it<01:51:03.540> a

syllabus so consider some of it a

syllabus so consider some of it a
refresher<01:51:04.199> and<01:51:05.639> um<01:51:05.639> some<01:51:05.940> of<01:51:06.060> the<01:51:06.179> new

refresher and um some of the new

refresher and um some of the new
material

material

material
so<01:51:07.860> we're<01:51:08.100> still<01:51:08.280> under<01:51:08.460> Network<01:51:08.880> Hardware

so we're still under Network Hardware

so we're still under Network Hardware
media<01:51:09.960> bounded<01:51:10.619> Network<01:51:11.040> media

media bounded Network media

media bounded Network media
a<01:51:13.139> few<01:51:13.260> of<01:51:13.440> the<01:51:13.500> objectives

a few of the objectives

a few of the objectives
looking<01:51:15.360> at<01:51:15.540> modular<01:51:15.900> connectors<01:51:16.500> the

looking at modular connectors the

looking at modular connectors the
t568a<01:51:19.500> and<01:51:19.800> B<01:51:20.040> wiring<01:51:20.580> schemes<01:51:21.440> MDI<01:51:22.440> and<01:51:22.739> mdix

t568a and B wiring schemes MDI and mdix

t568a and B wiring schemes MDI and mdix
straight<01:51:24.480> through<01:51:24.719> cables

straight through cables

straight through cables
crossover<01:51:26.639> cable<01:51:27.119> and<01:51:28.020> then<01:51:28.199> Auto

crossover cable and then Auto

crossover cable and then Auto
mdix<01:51:30.360> which<01:51:31.320> is<01:51:31.440> a<01:51:31.560> bit<01:51:31.679> of<01:51:31.860> a<01:51:31.920> mouthful

mdix which is a bit of a mouthful

mdix which is a bit of a mouthful
and<01:51:33.960> uh<01:51:34.260> another<01:51:34.800> cable<01:51:35.280> you'll<01:51:35.580> be<01:51:35.699> using

and uh another cable you'll be using

and uh another cable you'll be using
regularly<01:51:36.360> as<01:51:36.600> a<01:51:36.719> network<01:51:36.840> engineer<01:51:37.440> which<01:51:37.739> is

regularly as a network engineer which is

regularly as a network engineer which is
a<01:51:38.159> rollover<01:51:38.760> cable

a rollover cable

a rollover cable
they've<01:51:40.380> got<01:51:40.500> different<01:51:40.679> names<01:51:40.920> actually

they've got different names actually

they've got different names actually
they<01:51:41.580> can<01:51:41.760> be<01:51:41.880> called<01:51:42.119> console<01:51:42.780> cables<01:51:43.320> if

they can be called console cables if

they can be called console cables if
you're<01:51:43.800> working<01:51:44.520> in<01:51:44.760> the<01:51:44.880> Cisco<01:51:45.560> side<01:51:46.560> of

you're working in the Cisco side of

you're working in the Cisco side of
things<01:51:46.920> we<01:51:47.460> tend<01:51:47.699> to<01:51:47.760> call<01:51:47.880> them<01:51:48.060> rollover

things we tend to call them rollover

things we tend to call them rollover
cables<01:51:49.080> or<01:51:49.199> flat<01:51:49.560> cables

cables or flat cables

cables or flat cables
but<01:51:51.719> I'm<01:51:51.900> sure<01:51:52.080> you'll<01:51:52.199> find<01:51:52.380> out<01:51:52.560> wherever

but I'm sure you'll find out wherever

but I'm sure you'll find out wherever
you<01:51:53.159> end<01:51:53.520> up<01:51:53.639> working<01:51:53.880> what<01:51:54.480> uh

you end up working what uh

you end up working what uh
what<01:51:57.060> they're<01:51:57.179> called<01:51:57.360> so<01:51:58.139> modular

what they're called so modular

what they're called so modular
connectors

connectors

connectors
a<01:52:00.239> type<01:52:00.540> of<01:52:00.659> electrical<01:52:01.139> Electric<01:52:01.739> electrical

a type of electrical Electric electrical

a type of electrical Electric electrical
connector<01:52:02.460> that's<01:52:02.699> commonly<01:52:03.119> used<01:52:03.600> in<01:52:03.960> the

connector that's commonly used in the

connector that's commonly used in the
following<01:52:04.860> systems<01:52:05.400> we'll<01:52:06.360> see<01:52:06.659> these<01:52:06.960> in<01:52:07.320> a

following systems we'll see these in a

following systems we'll see these in a
telephone<01:52:07.699> systems<01:52:08.699> data<01:52:09.480> networks<01:52:09.840> which<01:52:10.080> is

telephone systems data networks which is

telephone systems data networks which is
what<01:52:10.440> we're<01:52:10.560> more<01:52:10.800> interested<01:52:11.159> in<01:52:11.280> as<01:52:11.460> Network

what we're more interested in as Network

what we're more interested in as Network
engineers

engineers

engineers
low<01:52:13.560> speed<01:52:13.800> serial<01:52:14.219> connections<01:52:14.820> can<01:52:15.119> also

low speed serial connections can also

low speed serial connections can also
use<01:52:15.659> them

use them

use them
and<01:52:17.219> now<01:52:17.460> by<01:52:17.639> the<01:52:17.820> following<01:52:18.060> names<01:52:18.360> RJ<01:52:19.080> which

and now by the following names RJ which

and now by the following names RJ which
is<01:52:19.679> short<01:52:19.920> for<01:52:20.100> registered<01:52:20.820> Jack

is short for registered Jack

is short for registered Jack
modular<01:52:23.400> phone<01:52:23.760> jack<01:52:24.480> stroke<01:52:24.960> plug

modular phone jack stroke plug

modular phone jack stroke plug
uh<01:52:26.580> Western<01:52:26.880> Jack<01:52:27.300> stroke<01:52:27.780> plug

uh Western Jack stroke plug

uh Western Jack stroke plug
just<01:52:30.239> go<01:52:30.480> back<01:52:30.659> there<01:52:30.840> you<01:52:31.020> can<01:52:31.139> see<01:52:31.320> the<01:52:31.619> port

just go back there you can see the port

just go back there you can see the port
which<01:52:33.179> is<01:52:33.360> the<01:52:33.780> interface<01:52:34.440> that<01:52:34.739> the<01:52:34.980> module

which is the interface that the module

which is the interface that the module
modular<01:52:36.000> connector<01:52:36.480> goes<01:52:36.840> into<01:52:36.960> and<01:52:37.920> then<01:52:38.100> the

modular connector goes into and then the

modular connector goes into and then the
physical<01:52:38.460> layer<01:52:39.000> which<01:52:39.179> will<01:52:39.360> specify<01:52:40.320> um<01:52:40.320> a

physical layer which will specify um a

physical layer which will specify um a
whole<01:52:40.679> bunch<01:52:40.860> of<01:52:40.980> things<01:52:41.159> like<01:52:41.400> the<01:52:41.699> voltage

whole bunch of things like the voltage

whole bunch of things like the voltage
on<01:52:42.719> the<01:52:42.840> wire<01:52:42.960> and<01:52:43.199> how<01:52:43.980> many<01:52:44.100> wires<01:52:44.520> and<01:52:44.639> or

on the wire and how many wires and or

on the wire and how many wires and or
teach<01:52:45.420> wire<01:52:45.719> is<01:52:46.380> used<01:52:46.619> for<01:52:46.860> some<01:52:47.400> of<01:52:47.520> them<01:52:47.639> are

teach wire is used for some of them are

teach wire is used for some of them are
unused<01:52:48.420> and<01:52:49.080> um<01:52:49.080> as<01:52:49.619> the<01:52:49.800> connections<01:52:50.219> get<01:52:50.460> uh

unused and um as the connections get uh

unused and um as the connections get uh
quicker

quicker

quicker
and<01:52:52.500> the<01:52:52.619> engine<01:52:52.739> is<01:52:52.980> worked<01:52:53.340> out<01:52:53.400> how<01:52:53.639> to<01:52:53.760> use

and the engine is worked out how to use

and the engine is worked out how to use
spare<01:52:54.659> air<01:52:55.260> wires<01:52:55.679> to<01:52:55.800> increase<01:52:55.980> speed<01:52:56.400> which

spare air wires to increase speed which

spare air wires to increase speed which
you'll<01:52:57.300> see<01:52:57.420> in<01:52:57.540> a<01:52:57.659> bit<01:52:57.840> the<01:52:58.739> male<01:52:58.980> modular

you'll see in a bit the male modular

you'll see in a bit the male modular
connector<01:52:59.880> is<01:53:00.239> known<01:53:00.420> as<01:53:00.659> a<01:53:00.900> plug

connector is known as a plug

connector is known as a plug
uh<01:53:03.000> basically<01:53:03.420> the<01:53:03.719> cable

uh basically the cable

uh basically the cable
um<01:53:04.920> is<01:53:05.219> terminated<01:53:05.699> inside<01:53:06.060> here<01:53:06.540> normally

um is terminated inside here normally

um is terminated inside here normally
you<01:53:07.679> do<01:53:07.800> buy<01:53:08.159> these<01:53:08.520> however

you do buy these however

you do buy these however
um if<01:53:09.960> you<01:53:10.080> become<01:53:10.380> a<01:53:10.739> cabling<01:53:11.219> engineer

um if you become a cabling engineer

um if you become a cabling engineer
you<01:53:13.440> can<01:53:13.560> have<01:53:13.800> your<01:53:14.040> own<01:53:14.159> tools<01:53:14.520> to<01:53:14.760> make<01:53:14.940> your

you can have your own tools to make your

you can have your own tools to make your
own<01:53:15.360> network<01:53:15.600> cables<01:53:16.199> I<01:53:16.500> did<01:53:16.679> it<01:53:16.800> for<01:53:16.920> a<01:53:16.980> while

own network cables I did it for a while

own network cables I did it for a while
I<01:53:17.280> can't<01:53:17.400> say<01:53:17.639> it<01:53:17.760> was<01:53:17.940> particularly

I can't say it was particularly

I can't say it was particularly
um a<01:53:19.800> lot<01:53:19.920> of<01:53:20.040> fun

um a lot of fun

um a lot of fun
but<01:53:21.540> it<01:53:21.659> did<01:53:21.780> pay<01:53:21.960> pretty<01:53:22.199> well

but it did pay pretty well

but it did pay pretty well
a<01:53:23.400> female<01:53:23.699> modular<01:53:24.239> connector<01:53:24.960> is<01:53:25.199> known<01:53:25.440> as<01:53:25.679> a

a female modular connector is known as a

a female modular connector is known as a
Jack<01:53:26.159> or<01:53:26.580> socket

Jack or socket

Jack or socket
used<01:53:28.860> on<01:53:29.159> fixed<01:53:29.520> locations

used on fixed locations

used on fixed locations
um<01:53:31.380> such<01:53:31.679> as<01:53:31.860> on<01:53:32.100> equipment

um such as on equipment

um such as on equipment
uh<01:53:35.460> example<01:53:35.940> of<01:53:36.060> the<01:53:36.239> module<01:53:36.540> modular

uh example of the module modular

uh example of the module modular
connector<01:53:37.440> is<01:53:37.560> the<01:53:37.800> 8<01:53:38.280> p8c<01:53:39.119> connector<01:53:39.719> uh<01:53:40.560> I

connector is the 8 p8c connector uh I

connector is the 8 p8c connector uh I
think<01:53:40.860> Josh<01:53:41.280> may<01:53:41.460> have<01:53:41.639> referred<01:53:42.000> to<01:53:42.060> that

think Josh may have referred to that

think Josh may have referred to that
elsewhere

elsewhere

elsewhere
but<01:53:45.179> here<01:53:45.360> we<01:53:45.540> go<01:53:45.659> here's<01:53:46.260> a<01:53:46.380> an<01:53:46.619> image<01:53:46.920> of<01:53:47.100> one

but here we go here's a an image of one

but here we go here's a an image of one
uh<01:53:48.360> using<01:53:48.659> ethernet<01:53:48.900> computer<01:53:49.320> network<01:53:49.679> that

uh using ethernet computer network that

uh using ethernet computer network that
uses<01:53:50.940> the<01:53:51.239> twisted<01:53:51.719> pair<01:53:52.400> cables<01:53:53.400> for

uses the twisted pair cables for

uses the twisted pair cables for
connection<01:53:53.760> which<01:53:54.300> is<01:53:54.420> pretty<01:53:54.600> much<01:53:54.719> every

connection which is pretty much every

connection which is pretty much every
Network<01:53:55.260> now<01:53:55.619> unless<01:53:55.920> you<01:53:56.219> went<01:53:56.880> into<01:53:57.060> some

Network now unless you went into some

Network now unless you went into some
old<01:53:57.540> basement

old basement

old basement
um<01:53:58.920> or<01:53:59.159> some<01:53:59.340> odd<01:53:59.639> unit<01:53:59.820> somewhere

um or some odd unit somewhere

um or some odd unit somewhere
commonly<01:54:02.760> referred<01:54:03.000> to<01:54:03.119> as<01:54:03.239> RJ45<01:54:04.139> it

commonly referred to as RJ45 it

commonly referred to as RJ45 it
resembles<01:54:05.460> the<01:54:06.060> connectors<01:54:06.719> you'd<01:54:07.020> have<01:54:07.199> on

resembles the connectors you'd have on

resembles the connectors you'd have on
many<01:54:07.860> phones<01:54:08.639> we<01:54:08.760> have<01:54:08.940> at<01:54:09.119> home<01:54:09.239> which<01:54:09.600> uses

many phones we have at home which uses

many phones we have at home which uses
an<01:54:10.139> RJ<01:54:10.500> 11

an RJ 11

an RJ 11
telephone<01:54:12.840> cables<01:54:13.679> But<01:54:14.159> as<01:54:14.340> time<01:54:14.580> goes<01:54:14.940> on

telephone cables But as time goes on

telephone cables But as time goes on
these<01:54:15.300> will<01:54:15.420> all<01:54:15.600> be<01:54:15.719> changing<01:54:16.080> and<01:54:16.199> I<01:54:16.380> think<01:54:16.500> a

these will all be changing and I think a

these will all be changing and I think a
lot<01:54:16.679> of<01:54:16.800> people<01:54:16.860> don't<01:54:17.100> really<01:54:17.400> even<01:54:18.300> use

lot of people don't really even use

lot of people don't really even use
their<01:54:18.780> home<01:54:19.020> phones<01:54:19.440> much<01:54:19.980> anymore

their home phones much anymore

their home phones much anymore
uh<01:54:22.260> has<01:54:22.500> nothing<01:54:22.679> to<01:54:22.980> do<01:54:23.100> with<01:54:23.219> the<01:54:23.340> actual

uh has nothing to do with the actual

uh has nothing to do with the actual
RJ45<01:54:24.480> standard

RJ45 standard

RJ45 standard
looking<01:54:27.179> at<01:54:27.480> the<01:54:28.260> um<01:54:28.639> t568<01:54:29.639> A<01:54:29.940> and<01:54:30.179> B<01:54:30.300> wiring

looking at the um t568 A and B wiring

looking at the um t568 A and B wiring
schemes

schemes

schemes
these<01:54:33.000> are<01:54:33.119> the<01:54:33.600> specifications<01:54:34.139> in<01:54:34.560> more

these are the specifications in more

these are the specifications in more
detail<01:54:35.100> it's<01:54:35.460> a<01:54:35.639> four<01:54:35.820> pair<01:54:36.179> 100<01:54:36.840> ohm<01:54:37.440> and

detail it's a four pair 100 ohm and

detail it's a four pair 100 ohm and
shielded<01:54:38.400> twisted<01:54:38.760> their<01:54:39.000> cable

shielded twisted their cable

shielded twisted their cable
and

and

and
usually<01:54:42.060> terminated<01:54:42.659> into<01:54:43.080> an<01:54:43.440> a<01:54:43.560> position

usually terminated into an a position

usually terminated into an a position
modular<01:54:44.460> Jack

modular Jack

modular Jack
now<01:54:46.320> there's<01:54:46.500> two<01:54:46.679> wiring<01:54:47.040> schemes<01:54:47.520> five<01:54:48.239> six

now there's two wiring schemes five six

now there's two wiring schemes five six
eight<01:54:48.659> a<01:54:48.960> five<01:54:49.320> six<01:54:49.560> eight<01:54:49.739> B

eight a five six eight B

eight a five six eight B
this<01:54:51.300> defines<01:54:51.719> the<01:54:51.840> pin<01:54:52.080> out<01:54:52.260> and<01:54:52.500> the<01:54:52.679> Order

this defines the pin out and the Order

this defines the pin out and the Order
of<01:54:52.980> the<01:54:53.100> connections<01:54:53.699> and<01:54:54.239> this<01:54:54.420> is<01:54:54.480> very

of the connections and this is very

of the connections and this is very
important<01:54:55.080> we<01:54:55.320> can't<01:54:55.500> just<01:54:55.739> connect<01:54:55.920> any

important we can't just connect any

important we can't just connect any
color<01:54:56.820> cable

color cable

color cable
um<01:54:58.980> inside<01:54:59.280> and<01:54:59.820> attach<01:55:00.060> them<01:55:00.179> to<01:55:00.420> any<01:55:00.600> of<01:55:00.960> the

um inside and attach them to any of the

um inside and attach them to any of the
pins<01:55:01.520> on<01:55:02.520> them<01:55:02.699> on<01:55:03.000> the<01:55:03.179> end<01:55:03.300> there<01:55:03.659> has<01:55:03.840> to<01:55:03.900> be

pins on them on the end there has to be

pins on them on the end there has to be
a<01:55:04.260> specific<01:55:04.820> order<01:55:05.820> depending<01:55:06.480> on<01:55:06.600> what<01:55:06.719> we're

a specific order depending on what we're

a specific order depending on what we're
trying<01:55:06.960> to<01:55:07.139> achieve

trying to achieve

trying to achieve
you<01:55:08.699> can<01:55:08.880> obviously<01:55:09.360> buy<01:55:09.600> the<01:55:09.840> cable<01:55:10.139> it<01:55:10.560> comes

you can obviously buy the cable it comes

you can obviously buy the cable it comes
off<01:55:11.520> um<01:55:11.520> big<01:55:12.020> rolls<01:55:13.020> it<01:55:13.920> could<01:55:14.100> be<01:55:14.219> a<01:55:14.280> few

off um big rolls it could be a few

off um big rolls it could be a few
hundred<01:55:14.580> meters<01:55:14.940> long<01:55:15.239> and<01:55:16.199> it's<01:55:16.380> twisted

hundred meters long and it's twisted

hundred meters long and it's twisted
into<01:55:17.400> one<01:55:18.119> two<01:55:18.360> three<01:55:18.780> four<01:55:19.260> pairs<01:55:19.679> there

into one two three four pairs there

into one two three four pairs there
and<01:55:21.239> they<01:55:21.780> can<01:55:21.900> be<01:55:22.020> just<01:55:22.199> untwisted<01:55:22.739> slightly

and they can be just untwisted slightly

and they can be just untwisted slightly
at<01:55:23.280> the<01:55:23.400> end<01:55:23.520> and<01:55:24.060> then<01:55:24.179> the<01:55:24.420> you<01:55:24.659> can<01:55:24.719> see<01:55:24.840> the

at the end and then the you can see the

at the end and then the you can see the
blue<01:55:25.260> shielding<01:55:25.860> there<01:55:26.100> is<01:55:26.820> normally

blue shielding there is normally

blue shielding there is normally
inserted<01:55:27.780> just<01:55:28.560> enough<01:55:28.800> so<01:55:29.219> it<01:55:29.940> um<01:55:29.940> catches

inserted just enough so it um catches

inserted just enough so it um catches
inside<01:55:30.900> the<01:55:31.199> Jack<01:55:31.380> and<01:55:31.619> then<01:55:31.739> you've<01:55:31.920> got<01:55:31.980> a

inside the Jack and then you've got a

inside the Jack and then you've got a
crimping<01:55:32.580> tool<01:55:33.000> which<01:55:33.719> squeezes<01:55:34.260> it<01:55:34.440> onto<01:55:34.679> the

crimping tool which squeezes it onto the

crimping tool which squeezes it onto the
plastic<01:55:35.580> connector<01:55:36.540> on<01:55:36.659> the<01:55:36.780> end

plastic connector on the end

plastic connector on the end
now<01:55:39.179> we<01:55:39.420> as<01:55:39.840> I<01:55:40.020> said<01:55:40.139> we<01:55:40.320> need<01:55:40.440> to<01:55:40.500> know<01:55:40.679> which

now we as I said we need to know which

now we as I said we need to know which
wire<01:55:41.280> of<01:55:41.520> the<01:55:41.639> cable<01:55:41.820> connects<01:55:42.300> to<01:55:42.360> which<01:55:42.540> pin

wire of the cable connects to which pin

wire of the cable connects to which pin
and<01:55:43.380> which<01:55:43.619> wiring<01:55:44.040> standards<01:55:44.580> we<01:55:44.880> use<01:55:45.119> the<01:55:46.440> um

and which wiring standards we use the um

and which wiring standards we use the um
t568<01:55:47.460> A<01:55:47.699> and<01:55:47.820> B<01:55:48.000> standards<01:55:48.600> govern<01:55:49.320> the

t568 A and B standards govern the

t568 A and B standards govern the
assignments<01:55:50.159> of<01:55:50.219> the<01:55:50.400> wires<01:55:50.699> so<01:55:50.880> it<01:55:51.000> says

assignments of the wires so it says

assignments of the wires so it says
which<01:55:51.360> wires<01:55:51.780> go<01:55:52.020> where

which wires go where

which wires go where
now<01:55:54.060> here's<01:55:54.600> a<01:55:54.780> graphic<01:55:55.500> you<01:55:55.920> can<01:55:56.040> see<01:55:56.400> and<01:55:56.880> the

now here's a graphic you can see and the

now here's a graphic you can see and the
pairs<01:55:57.540> are<01:55:57.780> put<01:55:57.960> together<01:55:58.280> with<01:55:59.280> similar

pairs are put together with similar

pairs are put together with similar
colors<01:56:00.060> and<01:56:00.840> then<01:56:01.020> the<01:56:01.260> specific<01:56:01.679> colors

colors and then the specific colors

colors and then the specific colors
allocated<01:56:02.940> for<01:56:03.300> each<01:56:03.540> pin<01:56:03.900> going<01:56:04.619> from<01:56:04.860> one<01:56:05.100> to

allocated for each pin going from one to

allocated for each pin going from one to
eight<01:56:05.520> so

eight so

eight so
um<01:56:07.080> white<01:56:07.380> and<01:56:07.560> green<01:56:07.739> green<01:56:08.100> white<01:56:08.520> and

um white and green green white and

um white and green green white and
orange

orange

orange
and<01:56:11.040> blue<01:56:11.659> white<01:56:12.659> and<01:56:12.900> blue<01:56:13.139> orange

and blue white and blue orange

and blue white and blue orange
white<01:56:15.000> and<01:56:15.179> brown<01:56:15.360> and<01:56:15.659> then<01:56:15.780> Brown

white and brown and then Brown

white and brown and then Brown
you<01:56:18.239> can<01:56:18.360> see<01:56:18.480> different<01:56:18.659> pins<01:56:18.960> on<01:56:19.260> the<01:56:19.380> right

you can see different pins on the right

you can see different pins on the right
because<01:56:19.980> we've<01:56:20.219> got<01:56:20.400> a<01:56:20.639> different<01:56:20.880> standard

because we've got a different standard

because we've got a different standard
yes<01:56:21.780> and<01:56:22.020> I've<01:56:22.260> put<01:56:22.800> on<01:56:23.040> here<01:56:23.219> which<01:56:23.460> one's

yes and I've put on here which one's

yes and I've put on here which one's
which

which

which
so<01:56:25.260> there's<01:56:25.440> an<01:56:25.619> interchange<01:56:26.040> of<01:56:26.340> green<01:56:26.639> and

so there's an interchange of green and

so there's an interchange of green and
orange<01:56:27.119> wire<01:56:27.600> pairs<01:56:28.199> between<01:56:28.560> the<01:56:28.800> two

orange wire pairs between the two

orange wire pairs between the two
different<01:56:29.159> standards

now I'll come to horizontal cables in a

now I'll come to horizontal cables in a
minute<01:56:35.460> because

minute because

minute because
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
um

um

um
you<01:56:38.100> don't<01:56:38.219> actually<01:56:38.600> hear<01:56:39.600> this

you don't actually hear this

you don't actually hear this
um<01:56:40.920> term<01:56:41.340> very<01:56:41.639> often<01:56:42.000> in<01:56:42.900> Internet<01:56:43.199> working

um term very often in Internet working

um term very often in Internet working
and<01:56:43.920> I<01:56:44.100> hadn't<01:56:44.400> heard<01:56:44.580> of<01:56:44.760> it<01:56:44.880> for<01:56:45.840> um<01:56:45.840> until<01:56:46.500> I

and I hadn't heard of it for um until I

and I hadn't heard of it for um until I
come<01:56:46.860> to<01:56:46.980> put<01:56:47.159> all<01:56:47.280> the<01:56:47.400> information<01:56:47.580> together

come to put all the information together

come to put all the information together
for<01:56:49.199> the<01:56:49.380> presentation<01:56:50.100> but<01:56:51.000> it's<01:56:51.179> a

for the presentation but it's a

for the presentation but it's a
recognized<01:56:52.020> name<01:56:52.199> even<01:56:52.440> though<01:56:52.619> it<01:56:52.739> isn't

recognized name even though it isn't

recognized name even though it isn't
used<01:56:53.280> very<01:56:53.639> often

used very often

used very often
so<01:56:55.920> the<01:56:56.880> um<01:56:56.880> 568b<01:56:57.780> pin<01:56:58.080> app<01:56:58.199> became<01:56:58.500> model<01:56:58.679> used

so the um 568b pin app became model used

so the um 568b pin app became model used
because<01:56:59.280> it<01:56:59.520> matched<01:56:59.880> the<01:57:00.000> older<01:57:00.360> at<01:57:00.659> T<01:57:01.139> their

because it matched the older at T their

because it matched the older at T their
pin<01:57:02.040> outs<01:57:02.280> and<01:57:02.400> you<01:57:02.520> can<01:57:02.580> see<01:57:02.699> the<01:57:02.880> standard

pin outs and you can see the standard

pin outs and you can see the standard
there<01:57:04.020> widely<01:57:04.800> used<01:57:04.920> a<01:57:05.100> new<01:57:05.219> TP<01:57:05.580> Cable<01:57:05.940> in<01:57:06.179> at

there widely used a new TP Cable in at

there widely used a new TP Cable in at
the<01:57:06.659> time<01:57:06.900> and<01:57:07.380> the<01:57:08.119> infrastructure

the time and the infrastructure

the time and the infrastructure
regulations<01:57:10.320> and<01:57:10.860> numbers<01:57:11.040> were<01:57:11.460> published

regulations and numbers were published

regulations and numbers were published
just<01:57:13.800> for<01:57:13.980> your<01:57:14.159> information<01:57:14.280> you<01:57:14.940> can

just for your information you can

just for your information you can
research<01:57:15.540> in<01:57:15.719> your<01:57:15.900> own<01:57:16.020> time<01:57:16.139> if<01:57:16.440> you<01:57:16.560> want

research in your own time if you want

research in your own time if you want
but<01:57:17.280> you<01:57:17.400> can<01:57:17.520> see<01:57:17.639> a<01:57:17.820> horizontal<01:57:18.300> cabling<01:57:18.780> in

but you can see a horizontal cabling in

but you can see a horizontal cabling in
action<01:57:19.260> here<01:57:19.560> generally<01:57:20.400> it's<01:57:20.699> the<01:57:21.000> cabling

action here generally it's the cabling

action here generally it's the cabling
that<01:57:21.719> runs<01:57:22.020> between<01:57:22.320> all<01:57:22.679> the<01:57:22.860> user<01:57:23.159> devices

that runs between all the user devices

that runs between all the user devices
the<01:57:23.820> patch<01:57:24.179> panels<01:57:24.480> and<01:57:25.139> the<01:57:25.320> network

the patch panels and the network

the patch panels and the network
switches<01:57:26.159> now<01:57:27.060> however<01:57:27.360> you've<01:57:27.540> got<01:57:27.659> your

switches now however you've got your

switches now however you've got your
network<01:57:27.960> designs<01:57:28.560> you'll<01:57:28.800> normally<01:57:28.980> group

network designs you'll normally group

network designs you'll normally group
the<01:57:29.460> switches<01:57:29.820> together<01:57:30.060> with<01:57:30.480> what's<01:57:30.719> known

the switches together with what's known

the switches together with what's known
as<01:57:31.139> backbone<01:57:31.560> cabling

as backbone cabling

as backbone cabling
so<01:57:34.080> that's<01:57:34.560> it<01:57:34.800> in<01:57:35.400> um<01:57:35.420> image<01:57:36.420> format<01:57:36.960> there's

so that's it in um image format there's

so that's it in um image format there's
a<01:57:37.739> definition<01:57:37.920> which<01:57:38.520> I<01:57:38.760> got<01:57:39.179> from<01:57:39.420> Wikipedia

a definition which I got from Wikipedia

a definition which I got from Wikipedia
it<01:57:41.219> can<01:57:41.400> be<01:57:41.520> the<01:57:41.820> inside<01:57:42.119> wiring<01:57:42.780> or<01:57:43.020> plenum

it can be the inside wiring or plenum

it can be the inside wiring or plenum
Cable<01:57:43.739> in<01:57:44.040> connects<01:57:44.639> your<01:57:44.699> telecoms<01:57:45.239> rooms<01:57:45.540> to

Cable in connects your telecoms rooms to

Cable in connects your telecoms rooms to
individual<01:57:46.199> Outlets<01:57:46.679> or<01:57:46.800> work<01:57:47.040> areas<01:57:47.400> on<01:57:47.580> the

individual Outlets or work areas on the

individual Outlets or work areas on the
floor<01:57:47.820> usually<01:57:48.540> Through<01:57:48.719> the<01:57:48.900> Wire<01:57:49.080> ways<01:57:49.619> so

floor usually Through the Wire ways so

floor usually Through the Wire ways so
this<01:57:50.400> is<01:57:50.520> the<01:57:50.760> part<01:57:51.000> of<01:57:51.179> the<01:57:51.360> cabling<01:57:51.840> that<01:57:52.139> you

this is the part of the cabling that you

this is the part of the cabling that you
would<01:57:52.440> normally

would normally

would normally
um be<01:57:53.760> concerned<01:57:54.119> with<01:57:54.179> as<01:57:54.420> a<01:57:54.599> network

um be concerned with as a network

um be concerned with as a network
engineer<01:57:55.320> and<01:57:56.159> then<01:57:56.760> um<01:57:56.760> the<01:57:57.000> core<01:57:57.119> Cable<01:57:57.480> in

engineer and then um the core Cable in

engineer and then um the core Cable in
the<01:57:57.840> backbone<01:57:58.139> cabling<01:57:58.560> May<01:57:59.099> well<01:57:59.280> be<01:57:59.520> done<01:57:59.760> by

the backbone cabling May well be done by

the backbone cabling May well be done by
a<01:58:00.840> cabling<01:58:01.320> company<01:58:01.679> it's<01:58:02.280> not<01:58:02.520> something

a cabling company it's not something

a cabling company it's not something
that<01:58:03.179> you<01:58:03.420> would<01:58:03.719> normally<01:58:04.020> get<01:58:04.260> involved<01:58:04.619> in

that you would normally get involved in

that you would normally get involved in
again<01:58:05.159> it<01:58:05.460> depends<01:58:05.820> every<01:58:05.940> networks<01:58:06.540> a<01:58:07.199> bit

again it depends every networks a bit

again it depends every networks a bit
different

different

different
and<01:58:09.000> moving<01:58:09.360> on<01:58:09.540> to<01:58:09.719> MDI<01:58:10.380> and<01:58:10.560> MDI<01:58:11.400> X

and moving on to MDI and MDI X

and moving on to MDI and MDI X
and

and

and
devices<01:58:14.520> on<01:58:14.820> ethernet<01:58:15.119> networks<01:58:15.659> use<01:58:15.900> two

devices on ethernet networks use two

devices on ethernet networks use two
types<01:58:16.500> of<01:58:16.619> Hardware<01:58:16.860> interfaces<01:58:17.820> which<01:58:18.719> I've

types of Hardware interfaces which I've

types of Hardware interfaces which I've
already<01:58:19.020> mentioned<01:58:19.380> here<01:58:19.560> the<01:58:19.739> MDI<01:58:20.219> it<01:58:21.119> all

already mentioned here the MDI it all

already mentioned here the MDI it all
stands<01:58:21.780> for<01:58:21.900> media<01:58:22.320> and<01:58:22.500> medium<01:58:22.920> dependent

stands for media and medium dependent

stands for media and medium dependent
interface

interface

interface
so<01:58:24.900> Hardware<01:58:25.199> interface<01:58:25.679> that<01:58:25.920> establishes

so Hardware interface that establishes

so Hardware interface that establishes
the<01:58:27.000> direct<01:58:27.179> physical<01:58:27.599> and<01:58:28.199> electrical

the direct physical and electrical

the direct physical and electrical
connection<01:58:29.040> with<01:58:29.580> a<01:58:29.880> UTP<01:58:30.780> cable<01:58:31.159> this<01:58:32.159> is<01:58:32.280> the

connection with a UTP cable this is the

connection with a UTP cable this is the
traditional<01:58:32.820> port<01:58:33.000> on<01:58:33.300> the<01:58:33.420> back<01:58:33.480> of<01:58:33.659> a

traditional port on the back of a

traditional port on the back of a
computer's<01:58:35.000> network<01:58:36.380> interface<01:58:37.380> card

computer's network interface card

computer's network interface card
an<01:58:39.599> MDR<01:58:40.080> device<01:58:40.260> is<01:58:40.679> a<01:58:40.920> device<01:58:41.099> with<01:58:41.400> an<01:58:41.580> MDI

an MDR device is a device with an MDI

an MDR device is a device with an MDI
Port<01:58:42.179> which<01:58:42.599> kind<01:58:42.960> of<01:58:43.080> goes<01:58:43.560> without<01:58:43.679> saying<01:58:44.099> I

Port which kind of goes without saying I

Port which kind of goes without saying I
guess<01:58:44.400> a<01:58:45.300> computer<01:58:45.480> or<01:58:45.900> laptop

guess a computer or laptop

guess a computer or laptop
um and<01:58:47.940> this<01:58:48.179> is<01:58:48.300> a<01:58:48.480> reference<01:58:48.780> for

um and this is a reference for

um and this is a reference for
specifications<01:58:49.679> really<01:58:50.159> I<01:58:50.520> mean<01:58:50.639> in<01:58:50.880> all<01:58:51.060> the

specifications really I mean in all the

specifications really I mean in all the
years<01:58:51.360> of<01:58:51.599> networking<01:58:51.960> I've<01:58:52.199> never<01:58:52.440> referred

years of networking I've never referred

years of networking I've never referred
to<01:58:52.920> a<01:58:53.099> device<01:58:53.340> as<01:58:54.119> an<01:58:54.239> MDI<01:58:54.719> device

to a device as an MDI device

to a device as an MDI device
and<01:58:56.219> tend<01:58:56.520> to<01:58:56.639> discuss<01:58:57.060> it<01:58:57.300> more<01:58:57.540> when<01:58:57.840> we<01:58:58.080> were

and tend to discuss it more when we were

and tend to discuss it more when we were
using<01:58:58.619> Hobs

using Hobs

using Hobs
um<01:59:00.780> in<01:59:01.260> the<01:59:01.380> earlier<01:59:01.619> days<01:59:01.800> of<01:59:02.040> networking<01:59:02.639> the

um in the earlier days of networking the

um in the earlier days of networking the
mdix<01:59:03.900> stands<01:59:04.739> for<01:59:05.400> um<01:59:05.400> the<01:59:05.699> MDI<01:59:06.119> but<01:59:06.360> with<01:59:06.540> a

mdix stands for um the MDI but with a

mdix stands for um the MDI but with a
crossover

crossover

crossover
this<01:59:08.580> is<01:59:08.699> a<01:59:08.940> crossover<01:59:09.300> of<01:59:09.659> the

this is a crossover of the

this is a crossover of the
um medium<01:59:10.980> dependent<01:59:11.460> interface<01:59:12.000> I'll<01:59:12.480> show

um medium dependent interface I'll show

um medium dependent interface I'll show
it<01:59:12.900> up<01:59:13.020> an<01:59:13.500> image<01:59:13.800> actually<01:59:13.980> in<01:59:14.219> a<01:59:14.400> moment<01:59:14.580> the

it up an image actually in a moment the

it up an image actually in a moment the
thoughts<01:59:15.719> of<01:59:15.780> the<01:59:15.900> devices<01:59:16.199> that<01:59:16.560> provide

thoughts of the devices that provide

thoughts of the devices that provide
connectivity<01:59:17.580> such<01:59:18.060> as<01:59:18.179> a<01:59:18.300> switcher<01:59:18.659> hover

connectivity such as a switcher hover

connectivity such as a switcher hover
setup<01:59:19.380> as<01:59:20.280> a<01:59:20.520> MDI<01:59:21.119> with<01:59:21.480> the<01:59:21.659> crossover

foreign

foreign
so<01:59:26.820> examples<01:59:27.179> of<01:59:27.360> the<01:59:27.540> devices<01:59:27.780> are<01:59:28.739> switches

so examples of the devices are switches

so examples of the devices are switches
or<01:59:29.820> routers<01:59:30.360> and<01:59:31.139> I'll<01:59:31.739> put<01:59:31.920> in<01:59:32.040> an<01:59:32.219> image<01:59:32.520> here

or routers and I'll put in an image here

or routers and I'll put in an image here
to<01:59:33.119> give<01:59:33.420> you<01:59:33.540> more

to give you more

to give you more
um

um

um
a<01:59:37.320> frame<01:59:37.800> of<01:59:37.920> reference<01:59:38.219> you<01:59:38.520> can<01:59:38.639> see<01:59:38.880> here

a frame of reference you can see here

a frame of reference you can see here
it's<01:59:39.780> the<01:59:39.960> front<01:59:40.080> of<01:59:40.320> an<01:59:40.500> old<01:59:41.119> fashioned

it's the front of an old fashioned

it's the front of an old fashioned
Netgear<01:59:42.780> maybe<01:59:42.960> they<01:59:43.260> don't<01:59:43.440> even<01:59:43.560> sell<01:59:43.739> him

Netgear maybe they don't even sell him

Netgear maybe they don't even sell him
anymore

anymore

anymore
um<01:59:45.719> Hub<01:59:46.380> and<01:59:46.980> you<01:59:47.040> can<01:59:47.159> see<01:59:47.280> to<01:59:47.520> the<01:59:47.699> right

um Hub and you can see to the right

um Hub and you can see to the right
there's<01:59:48.000> a<01:59:48.179> little<01:59:48.300> black<01:59:48.540> switch<01:59:48.900> with<01:59:49.380> a

there's a little black switch with a

there's a little black switch with a
little<01:59:49.739> line<01:59:49.980> that<01:59:50.219> connects<01:59:50.520> to<01:59:50.699> the<01:59:50.940> number

little line that connects to the number

little line that connects to the number
four

four

four
now<01:59:52.860> however<01:59:53.400> you<01:59:53.580> press<01:59:53.760> that<01:59:54.000> button<01:59:54.360> it

now however you press that button it

now however you press that button it
will<01:59:54.840> act<01:59:55.199> as<01:59:55.440> an<01:59:55.619> MDI<01:59:56.520> or<01:59:57.239> an<01:59:57.360> mdix<01:59:57.960> interface

will act as an MDI or an mdix interface

will act as an MDI or an mdix interface
now<01:59:59.580> if<01:59:59.820> you<01:59:59.940> wanted<02:00:00.060> to<02:00:00.300> connect<02:00:00.540> that<02:00:01.139> number

now if you wanted to connect that number

now if you wanted to connect that number
four<02:00:02.099> port<02:00:02.400> to<02:00:02.699> a<02:00:02.940> PC

four port to a PC

four port to a PC
you<02:00:04.440> would<02:00:04.560> leave<02:00:04.739> it<02:00:05.000> running<02:00:06.000> in<02:00:06.360> normal

you would leave it running in normal

you would leave it running in normal
um mode<02:00:07.739> you<02:00:08.280> might<02:00:08.400> be<02:00:08.520> able<02:00:08.639> to<02:00:08.760> see<02:00:08.880> the

um mode you might be able to see the

um mode you might be able to see the
actual<02:00:09.300> word<02:00:09.480> normal<02:00:09.719> it's<02:00:10.020> a<02:00:10.139> bit<02:00:10.260> blurry

actual word normal it's a bit blurry

actual word normal it's a bit blurry
this<02:00:10.860> image<02:00:11.639> so<02:00:12.060> this<02:00:12.239> is<02:00:12.420> MDI<02:00:13.139> and<02:00:13.679> they're

this image so this is MDI and they're

this image so this is MDI and they're
put<02:00:14.099> normal<02:00:14.340> because<02:00:15.179> um<02:00:15.179> You<02:00:15.659> probably

put normal because um You probably

put normal because um You probably
wouldn't<02:00:15.900> be<02:00:16.080> a<02:00:16.199> network<02:00:16.320> engineer<02:00:16.800> using<02:00:17.219> it

wouldn't be a network engineer using it

wouldn't be a network engineer using it
at<02:00:17.580> home<02:00:17.760> or<02:00:18.000> small<02:00:18.300> office

at home or small office

at home or small office
um<02:00:20.580> the<02:00:20.880> mdix<02:00:21.420> they've<02:00:22.400> designated<02:00:23.400> as<02:00:23.699> an

um the mdix they've designated as an

um the mdix they've designated as an
Uplink<02:00:24.360> that<02:00:24.599> means<02:00:24.840> you<02:00:24.960> would<02:00:25.080> connect<02:00:25.320> it

Uplink that means you would connect it

Uplink that means you would connect it
to<02:00:25.739> another<02:00:25.920> hub

to another hub

to another hub
and<02:00:27.480> so<02:00:27.960> the<02:00:28.199> it<02:00:28.619> would<02:00:28.800> change<02:00:28.980> the<02:00:29.219> way<02:00:29.400> it

and so the it would change the way it

and so the it would change the way it
connect<02:00:29.699> and<02:00:30.239> communicates<02:00:30.960> using<02:00:31.500> the

connect and communicates using the

connect and communicates using the
different<02:00:31.800> pin<02:00:32.159> outs<02:00:32.580> and<02:00:33.360> it<02:00:33.540> would<02:00:33.719> act<02:00:33.960> as

different pin outs and it would act as

different pin outs and it would act as
if<02:00:34.679> um<02:00:34.679> you<02:00:34.980> you're<02:00:35.280> using<02:00:35.580> a<02:00:35.760> crossover<02:00:36.000> cable

if um you you're using a crossover cable

if um you you're using a crossover cable
which<02:00:36.840> we'll<02:00:37.020> come<02:00:37.260> to<02:00:37.440> later

so this is basically what I've said it's

so this is basically what I've said it's
going<02:00:45.000> to<02:00:45.480> um<02:00:45.480> using<02:00:46.020> the<02:00:46.199> button<02:00:46.619> you<02:00:47.280> would

going to um using the button you would

going to um using the button you would
um designate<02:00:48.540> whether<02:00:48.659> it's<02:00:48.840> going<02:00:48.960> to<02:00:49.020> act

um designate whether it's going to act

um designate whether it's going to act
as<02:00:49.380> an<02:00:49.500> MDI<02:00:49.980> or<02:00:50.400> an<02:00:50.580> MDI<02:00:51.119> X<02:00:51.599> interface

um this all basically changes how we use

um this all basically changes how we use
our<02:00:57.239> transmit<02:00:57.780> which<02:00:58.080> is<02:00:58.260> designated<02:00:58.739> as<02:00:58.980> TX

our transmit which is designated as TX

our transmit which is designated as TX
and<02:01:00.659> I'll<02:01:00.840> receive<02:01:01.260> which<02:01:01.500> is<02:01:01.679> designated<02:01:02.159> as

and I'll receive which is designated as

and I'll receive which is designated as
RX<02:01:02.940> on<02:01:03.659> the<02:01:03.780> different<02:01:03.960> wires<02:01:04.500> and<02:01:04.739> that's

RX on the different wires and that's

RX on the different wires and that's
saying<02:01:05.280> what<02:01:05.580> that<02:01:05.760> setting<02:01:06.179> would<02:01:06.360> do

saying what that setting would do

saying what that setting would do
straight<02:01:07.920> through<02:01:08.159> cable<02:01:08.520> the<02:01:08.940> easiest<02:01:09.179> way

straight through cable the easiest way

straight through cable the easiest way
to<02:01:09.540> think<02:01:09.659> about<02:01:09.780> straight<02:01:10.139> through<02:01:10.320> cable<02:01:10.800> is

to think about straight through cable is

to think about straight through cable is
um using<02:01:12.780> dissimilar<02:01:13.380> devices<02:01:13.679> for<02:01:14.099> example

um using dissimilar devices for example

um using dissimilar devices for example
a<02:01:15.780> um<02:01:15.840> computer<02:01:16.739> to<02:01:17.400> a<02:01:17.880> switch<02:01:18.119> port<02:01:18.420> a<02:01:18.900> router

a um computer to a switch port a router

a um computer to a switch port a router
to<02:01:19.560> a<02:01:19.860> switch

and here's some examples also known as a

and here's some examples also known as a
patch<02:01:25.800> cable<02:01:26.040> in<02:01:26.340> case<02:01:26.460> anyone<02:01:26.820> asks<02:01:27.179> you<02:01:27.239> to

patch cable in case anyone asks you to

patch cable in case anyone asks you to
check<02:01:28.080> a<02:01:28.260> patch<02:01:28.619> cable<02:01:28.860> or<02:01:29.159> get<02:01:29.340> get<02:01:29.820> them<02:01:30.060> a

check a patch cable or get get them a

check a patch cable or get get them a
patch<02:01:30.599> cable

patch cable

patch cable
I've<02:01:32.820> mentioned<02:01:33.179> UTP<02:01:33.840> UTP<02:01:34.560> cables<02:01:35.040> they're

I've mentioned UTP UTP cables they're

I've mentioned UTP UTP cables they're
used<02:01:35.400> in<02:01:35.520> the<02:01:35.639> modern<02:01:35.760> ethernet<02:01:36.179> Networks

used in the modern ethernet Networks

used in the modern ethernet Networks
and<02:01:38.340> you<02:01:38.639> can't<02:01:38.760> directly<02:01:39.239> connect<02:01:39.599> unless

and you can't directly connect unless

and you can't directly connect unless
you<02:01:40.500> stay<02:01:40.679> in<02:01:40.860> the<02:01:40.920> obvious<02:01:41.099> I<02:01:41.340> think<02:01:41.460> you

you stay in the obvious I think you

you stay in the obvious I think you
can't<02:01:41.880> directly<02:01:42.239> connect<02:01:42.420> these<02:01:42.719> wires<02:01:43.020> to<02:01:43.199> a

can't directly connect these wires to a

can't directly connect these wires to a
computer's<02:01:44.040> network<02:01:44.880> interface<02:01:45.420> card

computer's network interface card

computer's network interface card
um<02:01:47.040> if<02:01:47.340> you<02:01:47.460> want<02:01:47.580> to<02:01:47.699> be<02:01:47.760> picky<02:01:48.060> I<02:01:48.239> suppose<02:01:48.420> you

um if you want to be picky I suppose you

um if you want to be picky I suppose you
could<02:01:48.840> if<02:01:49.199> you<02:01:49.320> had<02:01:49.500> a<02:01:49.619> soldering<02:01:50.159> iron<02:01:50.340> and

could if you had a soldering iron and

could if you had a soldering iron and
individually<02:01:51.480> sold<02:01:51.780> at<02:01:52.080> each<02:01:52.199> wire<02:01:52.500> but<02:01:53.099> that

individually sold at each wire but that

individually sold at each wire but that
would<02:01:53.460> just<02:01:53.639> be<02:01:53.760> a<02:01:53.940> little<02:01:54.060> bit<02:01:54.179> of<02:01:54.360> a

would just be a little bit of a

would just be a little bit of a
desperation<02:01:56.040> not<02:01:56.580> somebody<02:01:56.820> that<02:01:57.179> doesn't

desperation not somebody that doesn't

desperation not somebody that doesn't
really<02:01:57.719> need<02:01:57.960> to<02:01:58.139> unplug

really need to unplug

really need to unplug
so<02:02:00.360> both<02:02:00.599> ends<02:02:00.960> are<02:02:00.960> terminated<02:02:01.440> with<02:02:01.679> the

so both ends are terminated with the

so both ends are terminated with the
8phc<02:02:02.639> connectors

8phc connectors

8phc connectors
and<02:02:04.860> you<02:02:04.920> can<02:02:05.040> see<02:02:05.159> the<02:02:05.340> two<02:02:05.460> wiring<02:02:05.880> types

and you can see the two wiring types

and you can see the two wiring types
here<02:02:06.420> using<02:02:06.840> that<02:02:07.020> AP<02:02:07.199> AC<02:02:07.560> connectors

here using that AP AC connectors

here using that AP AC connectors
now<02:02:09.360> the<02:02:09.540> pins<02:02:09.719> and<02:02:09.960> the<02:02:10.080> wire<02:02:10.139> assignments

now the pins and the wire assignments

now the pins and the wire assignments
are<02:02:10.980> the<02:02:11.219> same<02:02:11.460> on<02:02:12.239> both<02:02:12.420> ends<02:02:12.780> so<02:02:12.960> we<02:02:13.080> know

are the same on both ends so we know

are the same on both ends so we know
this<02:02:13.440> is<02:02:13.560> a<02:02:13.739> straight<02:02:13.920> through<02:02:14.159> cable<02:02:14.520> or<02:02:14.820> a

this is a straight through cable or a

this is a straight through cable or a
patch<02:02:15.300> cable<02:02:15.739> the<02:02:16.739> numbers<02:02:17.219> match

patch cable the numbers match

patch cable the numbers match
and<02:02:19.679> well<02:02:20.099> that's<02:02:20.340> just<02:02:20.520> a<02:02:20.639> number<02:02:20.940> into<02:02:21.179> the

and well that's just a number into the

and well that's just a number into the
pins<02:02:21.599> the<02:02:21.960> colors<02:02:22.860> of<02:02:23.040> the<02:02:23.219> different<02:02:23.880> wires

pins the colors of the different wires

pins the colors of the different wires
inside<02:02:24.480> match<02:02:25.380> and<02:02:25.860> that's<02:02:26.040> you<02:02:26.280> could<02:02:26.460> tell

inside match and that's you could tell

inside match and that's you could tell
you<02:02:26.760> would<02:02:26.880> hold<02:02:27.119> the<02:02:27.480> cable<02:02:28.199> together<02:02:28.440> if<02:02:28.860> you

you would hold the cable together if you

you would hold the cable together if you
didn't<02:02:29.159> know<02:02:29.460> if<02:02:29.940> you<02:02:30.000> wanted<02:02:30.119> to<02:02:30.360> see<02:02:30.480> if<02:02:30.540> it

didn't know if you wanted to see if it

didn't know if you wanted to see if it
was<02:02:30.780> the<02:02:30.840> right<02:02:30.960> kind<02:02:31.199> of<02:02:31.320> cable<02:02:31.500> hold<02:02:32.040> it<02:02:32.219> up

was the right kind of cable hold it up

was the right kind of cable hold it up
look<02:02:32.580> at<02:02:32.760> it<02:02:32.880> and<02:02:33.119> check<02:02:33.420> that<02:02:33.840> all<02:02:34.020> the<02:02:34.199> wire

look at it and check that all the wire

look at it and check that all the wire
colors<02:02:34.800> match

now the worrying standards for the RJ45

now the worrying standards for the RJ45
is<02:02:41.280> the<02:02:41.880> um<02:02:41.880> 568<02:02:42.719> amb<02:02:43.320> they<02:02:44.099> specify<02:02:44.520> how<02:02:44.760> to

is the um 568 amb they specify how to

is the um 568 amb they specify how to
wire<02:02:45.060> the<02:02:45.360> actual<02:02:45.599> connector<02:02:46.020> over<02:02:46.260> an

wire the actual connector over an

wire the actual connector over an
Ethernet<02:02:46.679> Network<02:02:47.300> technically<02:02:48.300> you<02:02:48.659> could

Ethernet Network technically you could

Ethernet Network technically you could
choose<02:02:49.139> any<02:02:49.500> order<02:02:49.860> of<02:02:50.639> colors<02:02:51.060> you<02:02:51.239> like<02:02:51.420> if

choose any order of colors you like if

choose any order of colors you like if
you<02:02:51.840> were<02:02:51.900> making<02:02:52.080> your<02:02:52.380> own<02:02:52.500> cables

you were making your own cables

you were making your own cables
and<02:02:54.540> as<02:02:55.020> long<02:02:55.199> as<02:02:55.260> it<02:02:55.440> matched<02:02:55.800> the<02:02:55.920> other<02:02:56.099> side

and as long as it matched the other side

and as long as it matched the other side
then<02:02:56.520> it<02:02:56.699> would<02:02:56.820> all<02:02:57.000> work<02:02:57.300> because<02:02:57.960> the

then it would all work because the

then it would all work because the
cables<02:02:58.739> inside<02:02:58.980> the<02:02:59.340> the<02:02:59.760> eight<02:03:00.000> little<02:03:00.179> wires

cables inside the the eight little wires

cables inside the the eight little wires
are<02:03:01.320> all<02:03:01.560> exactly<02:03:01.980> the<02:03:02.219> same

are all exactly the same

are all exactly the same
but<02:03:03.719> um<02:03:03.719> you<02:03:03.960> wouldn't<02:03:04.020> obviously<02:03:04.380> be

but um you wouldn't obviously be

but um you wouldn't obviously be
following<02:03:04.860> the<02:03:05.040> standards<02:03:05.580> so<02:03:06.179> maybe<02:03:06.360> you

following the standards so maybe you

following the standards so maybe you
could<02:03:06.659> do<02:03:06.780> it<02:03:06.900> for<02:03:07.020> your<02:03:07.139> home<02:03:07.320> network<02:03:07.500> if<02:03:07.800> you

could do it for your home network if you

could do it for your home network if you
wanted<02:03:08.040> to<02:03:08.219> make<02:03:08.400> your<02:03:08.520> own<02:03:08.639> cables<02:03:09.119> but

wanted to make your own cables but

wanted to make your own cables but
certainly<02:03:10.380> not<02:03:10.560> recommended<02:03:11.159> for<02:03:11.400> commercial

certainly not recommended for commercial

certainly not recommended for commercial
Networks

Networks

Networks
so<02:03:14.219> only<02:03:14.400> one<02:03:14.639> of<02:03:14.699> the<02:03:14.820> following<02:03:15.060> standards

so only one of the following standards

so only one of the following standards
used<02:03:15.719> for<02:03:15.900> terminating<02:03:16.320> ends<02:03:16.739> of<02:03:16.860> the<02:03:16.980> UTP<02:03:17.520> you

used for terminating ends of the UTP you

used for terminating ends of the UTP you
could<02:03:18.540> choose<02:03:18.900> either

and but I think I mentioned earlier the

and but I think I mentioned earlier the
recommendations<02:03:23.820> for<02:03:24.179> the<02:03:24.360> horizontal

recommendations for the horizontal

recommendations for the horizontal
cables

cables

cables
so<02:03:26.639> the<02:03:26.760> example<02:03:27.060> of<02:03:27.179> a<02:03:27.300> straight<02:03:27.420> through

so the example of a straight through

so the example of a straight through
cable<02:03:28.020> is<02:03:28.260> computer<02:03:28.679> or<02:03:29.639> a<02:03:29.940> server<02:03:30.599> connecting

cable is computer or a server connecting

cable is computer or a server connecting
into<02:03:31.320> a<02:03:31.619> switch<02:03:31.920> port

into a switch port

into a switch port
I've<02:03:34.080> already<02:03:34.260> mentioned<02:03:34.619> that<02:03:34.800> you<02:03:34.980> wouldn't

I've already mentioned that you wouldn't

I've already mentioned that you wouldn't
use<02:03:35.340> both<02:03:35.699> standards<02:03:36.480> on<02:03:37.199> them<02:03:37.440> on<02:03:37.739> your<02:03:37.980> cable

straight through cables are used when

straight through cables are used when
connecting<02:03:43.440> to<02:03:43.560> an<02:03:43.739> MDR<02:03:44.099> device<02:03:44.400> or<02:03:45.360> an<02:03:45.540> ndi

connecting to an MDR device or an ndi

connecting to an MDR device or an ndi
device<02:03:46.199> to<02:03:46.440> an<02:03:46.560> mdix<02:03:47.099> device

and again we've seen this this is just

and again we've seen this this is just
zoomed<02:03:52.320> in<02:03:52.440> and<02:03:52.619> giving<02:03:52.800> you<02:03:53.040> a<02:03:53.280> better<02:03:53.400> and

zoomed in and giving you a better and

zoomed in and giving you a better and
detailed<02:03:54.599> image<02:03:54.900> of<02:03:55.199> the<02:03:55.440> cable<02:03:55.800> type<02:03:56.159> here

detailed image of the cable type here

detailed image of the cable type here
if<02:03:57.540> it's<02:03:57.719> straight<02:03:57.840> through<02:03:58.020> UTB<02:03:58.440> cable<02:03:58.739> is

if it's straight through UTB cable is

if it's straight through UTB cable is
terminated<02:03:59.340> on<02:03:59.580> both<02:03:59.760> sides<02:04:00.060> using<02:04:00.420> the<02:04:00.659> type

terminated on both sides using the type

terminated on both sides using the type
a<02:04:01.139> wiring

a wiring

a wiring
then<02:04:02.699> the<02:04:03.060> a<02:04:03.360> color<02:04:03.780> scheme<02:04:04.320> and<02:04:04.800> should<02:04:05.340> be

then the a color scheme and should be

then the a color scheme and should be
so<02:04:07.260> I'll<02:04:07.500> say<02:04:07.619> that<02:04:07.739> again<02:04:07.860> then<02:04:08.280> the<02:04:08.460> color

so I'll say that again then the color

so I'll say that again then the color
scheme<02:04:09.060> and<02:04:09.119> the<02:04:09.239> pin<02:04:09.420> out<02:04:09.480> the<02:04:09.659> order<02:04:09.780> of<02:04:09.960> the

scheme and the pin out the order of the

scheme and the pin out the order of the
connections<02:04:10.560> will<02:04:11.040> be<02:04:11.159> shown<02:04:11.340> in<02:04:11.520> the<02:04:11.699> diagram

connections will be shown in the diagram

connections will be shown in the diagram
so<02:04:12.540> this<02:04:12.719> is<02:04:12.840> the<02:04:13.199> a<02:04:13.380> standard<02:04:13.860> and<02:04:14.639> you<02:04:15.000> do<02:04:15.179> it

so this is the a standard and you do it

so this is the a standard and you do it
a<02:04:15.480> few<02:04:15.599> times

a few times

a few times
um<02:04:18.000> for<02:04:18.239> a<02:04:18.360> few<02:04:18.480> days<02:04:18.659> and<02:04:18.960> then<02:04:19.080> you<02:04:19.380> probably

um for a few days and then you probably

um for a few days and then you probably
have<02:04:19.980> it<02:04:20.159> in<02:04:20.280> your<02:04:20.400> memory<02:04:20.699> of<02:04:20.940> what<02:04:21.239> all<02:04:21.540> data

have it in your memory of what all data

have it in your memory of what all data
put<02:04:22.020> the<02:04:22.199> wires<02:04:22.500> in<02:04:22.679> again<02:04:23.400> if<02:04:24.179> it<02:04:24.300> was<02:04:24.420> you

put the wires in again if it was you

put the wires in again if it was you
making<02:04:24.840> the<02:04:25.139> cables<02:04:25.619> which<02:04:26.760> um

making the cables which um

making the cables which um
wouldn't<02:04:28.139> only<02:04:28.380> really<02:04:28.679> happen<02:04:28.920> if<02:04:29.219> you<02:04:29.460> were

wouldn't only really happen if you were

wouldn't only really happen if you were
um

um

um
a<02:04:31.080> cabling<02:04:31.440> engineer<02:04:31.920> for<02:04:32.099> a<02:04:32.280> very<02:04:32.340> large

a cabling engineer for a very large

a cabling engineer for a very large
Network

Network

Network
and<02:04:34.440> there's<02:04:34.679> the<02:04:35.040> pin<02:04:35.400> outs<02:04:35.880> and<02:04:36.239> the<02:04:36.360> colors

and there's the pin outs and the colors

and there's the pin outs and the colors
in<02:04:37.020> more<02:04:37.199> detail<02:04:37.560> you<02:04:37.800> can<02:04:37.980> see<02:04:38.040> the<02:04:38.280> tip

in more detail you can see the tip

in more detail you can see the tip
transmit<02:04:39.080> and<02:04:40.080> the<02:04:40.560> um<02:04:40.560> receive<02:04:41.659> indications

transmit and the um receive indications

transmit and the um receive indications
on<02:04:43.020> either<02:04:43.139> end<02:04:43.440> there

on either end there

on either end there
so<02:04:45.780> when<02:04:45.960> a<02:04:46.199> computer<02:04:46.320> uses<02:04:46.860> pins<02:04:47.280> one<02:04:47.580> and<02:04:47.820> two

so when a computer uses pins one and two

so when a computer uses pins one and two
I<02:04:48.719> have<02:04:48.960> a<02:04:49.080> pair<02:04:49.199> of<02:04:49.380> wise<02:04:49.619> to<02:04:49.860> transmit<02:04:50.760> the

I have a pair of wise to transmit the

I have a pair of wise to transmit the
switch<02:04:51.239> will<02:04:51.540> receive<02:04:51.840> those<02:04:52.080> data<02:04:52.500> on<02:04:52.679> the

switch will receive those data on the

switch will receive those data on the
same<02:04:52.920> pins

same pins

same pins
when<02:04:54.960> I<02:04:55.199> sit<02:04:55.320> when<02:04:55.679> a<02:04:55.860> switch<02:04:56.040> transmits<02:04:56.820> the

when I sit when a switch transmits the

when I sit when a switch transmits the
data<02:04:57.300> using<02:04:57.599> pins<02:04:57.840> three<02:04:58.080> and<02:04:58.320> six<02:04:58.500> on<02:04:58.739> a

data using pins three and six on a

data using pins three and six on a
different<02:04:59.040> pair<02:04:59.280> of<02:04:59.520> wires<02:04:59.820> the<02:05:00.480> computer

different pair of wires the computer

different pair of wires the computer
will<02:05:01.080> receive<02:05:01.800> those<02:05:02.099> so<02:05:03.000> you<02:05:03.179> can<02:05:03.300> see<02:05:03.420> here

will receive those so you can see here

will receive those so you can see here
TX<02:05:03.960> is<02:05:04.139> going<02:05:04.320> to<02:05:04.500> an<02:05:04.679> RX<02:05:05.040> and<02:05:05.760> vice<02:05:06.000> versa

um in the internet Network such as a 10

um in the internet Network such as a 10
base<02:05:14.400> t<02:05:14.639> or<02:05:14.880> 100<02:05:15.000> Base<02:05:15.360> TX<02:05:15.780> pins<02:05:16.560> four<02:05:16.739> and<02:05:16.860> five

base t or 100 Base TX pins four and five

base t or 100 Base TX pins four and five
of<02:05:17.280> the<02:05:17.400> blue<02:05:17.639> pad<02:05:18.000> and<02:05:18.540> pin<02:05:18.780> seven<02:05:18.900> and<02:05:19.139> eight

of the blue pad and pin seven and eight

of the blue pad and pin seven and eight
of<02:05:19.440> the<02:05:19.500> brown<02:05:19.679> pair<02:05:19.920> are<02:05:20.280> not<02:05:20.520> used

of the brown pair are not used

of the brown pair are not used
so<02:05:22.199> technically<02:05:22.500> you<02:05:22.739> could<02:05:22.860> have<02:05:22.980> a<02:05:23.159> cable

so technically you could have a cable

so technically you could have a cable
that<02:05:24.300> um<02:05:24.300> doesn't

that um doesn't

that um doesn't
um<02:05:25.320> have<02:05:25.560> connections<02:05:26.040> on<02:05:26.219> those<02:05:26.400> pins<02:05:26.760> there

um have connections on those pins there

um have connections on those pins there
now<02:05:28.679> you're<02:05:29.400> more<02:05:29.639> likely<02:05:29.940> to<02:05:30.060> be<02:05:30.179> using<02:05:30.540> a

now you're more likely to be using a

now you're more likely to be using a
faster<02:05:31.020> and<02:05:31.619> connection<02:05:31.980> type<02:05:32.400> if<02:05:32.760> possible

faster and connection type if possible

faster and connection type if possible
so<02:05:33.900> on<02:05:34.199> the<02:05:34.320> thousand<02:05:34.619> base<02:05:34.920> T<02:05:35.219> ethernet<02:05:35.639> cable

so on the thousand base T ethernet cable

so on the thousand base T ethernet cable
such<02:05:36.840> as<02:05:37.020> cat5v<02:05:37.800> all<02:05:38.400> four<02:05:38.580> pairs<02:05:39.000> of<02:05:39.060> wires

such as cat5v all four pairs of wires

such as cat5v all four pairs of wires
will<02:05:39.599> be<02:05:39.780> used<02:05:39.960> and<02:05:40.139> that's<02:05:40.260> how<02:05:40.500> they<02:05:40.679> get<02:05:40.860> the

will be used and that's how they get the

will be used and that's how they get the
faster<02:05:41.760> speed<02:05:42.119> but<02:05:43.020> using<02:05:43.380> the<02:05:43.560> same<02:05:43.679> cable

faster speed but using the same cable

faster speed but using the same cable
types

types

types
now<02:05:46.320> the<02:05:46.440> crossover<02:05:46.800> cable<02:05:47.219> you<02:05:47.520> can<02:05:47.639> see<02:05:47.760> here

now the crossover cable you can see here

now the crossover cable you can see here
is<02:05:48.420> used<02:05:48.599> to<02:05:48.840> connect<02:05:49.020> like<02:05:49.920> to<02:05:50.219> like<02:05:50.460> so<02:05:51.000> if

is used to connect like to like so if

is used to connect like to like so if
you<02:05:51.300> have<02:05:51.420> two<02:05:51.659> switches<02:05:52.199> then<02:05:52.860> you<02:05:53.099> could

you have two switches then you could

you have two switches then you could
connect<02:05:53.340> them<02:05:53.580> using<02:05:53.820> a<02:05:53.940> crossover<02:05:54.179> cable<02:05:54.719> two

connect them using a crossover cable two

connect them using a crossover cable two
router<02:05:56.040> ethernet<02:05:56.580> ports<02:05:57.000> you<02:05:57.179> could<02:05:57.239> use<02:05:57.420> a

router ethernet ports you could use a

router ethernet ports you could use a
crossover<02:05:57.900> cable<02:05:58.380> or<02:05:59.040> if<02:05:59.159> you<02:05:59.280> had<02:05:59.400> two<02:05:59.639> PCS<02:06:00.179> at

crossover cable or if you had two PCS at

crossover cable or if you had two PCS at
home<02:06:00.619> and<02:06:01.619> you<02:06:01.679> didn't<02:06:01.860> want<02:06:02.040> to<02:06:02.159> pay<02:06:02.280> for<02:06:02.460> a

home and you didn't want to pay for a

home and you didn't want to pay for a
switch<02:06:02.699> you<02:06:03.179> could<02:06:03.239> also<02:06:03.480> use<02:06:03.599> a<02:06:03.780> crossover

switch you could also use a crossover

switch you could also use a crossover
cable

used to connect the following MDI device

used to connect the following MDI device
to<02:06:09.239> an<02:06:09.360> MDI<02:06:09.780> device

to an MDI device

to an MDI device
you<02:06:11.880> could<02:06:12.000> also<02:06:12.239> connect<02:06:12.480> to<02:06:13.619> um

you could also connect to um

you could also connect to um
switches<02:06:15.000> together<02:06:15.239> as<02:06:15.480> we<02:06:15.659> have<02:06:15.780> here<02:06:15.960> in<02:06:16.139> the

switches together as we have here in the

switches together as we have here in the
diagram<02:06:16.500> the<02:06:16.800> MDI<02:06:17.219> X<02:06:17.460> device

okay wiring for UTP crossover cable

okay wiring for UTP crossover cable
easiest<02:06:23.159> way<02:06:23.340> to<02:06:23.580> remember<02:06:23.699> is<02:06:24.000> one<02:06:24.239> goes<02:06:24.540> to

easiest way to remember is one goes to

easiest way to remember is one goes to
three<02:06:24.780> and<02:06:25.020> two<02:06:25.199> goes<02:06:25.500> to<02:06:25.560> six<02:06:25.800> everything

three and two goes to six everything

three and two goes to six everything
else<02:06:26.940> stays<02:06:27.360> the<02:06:27.480> same<02:06:27.719> you<02:06:28.380> can<02:06:28.560> see<02:06:28.679> that

else stays the same you can see that

else stays the same you can see that
rule<02:06:29.639> applies<02:06:29.940> for<02:06:30.119> both<02:06:30.360> sides<02:06:30.780> so<02:06:31.139> left<02:06:31.440> to

rule applies for both sides so left to

rule applies for both sides so left to
right<02:06:31.800> and<02:06:32.099> right<02:06:32.400> to<02:06:32.580> left

a crossover UTP cable has an eight pin

a crossover UTP cable has an eight pin
modular<02:06:37.860> connectors<02:06:38.400> each<02:06:39.060> end<02:06:39.599> is

modular connectors each end is

modular connectors each end is
terminated<02:06:40.260> in<02:06:40.739> the<02:06:40.920> below<02:06:41.340> manner

okay so these devices will be

okay so these devices will be
transmitted<02:06:48.480> on<02:06:48.599> the<02:06:48.840> same<02:06:49.020> pins<02:06:49.320> one<02:06:49.679> and<02:06:49.920> two

transmitted on the same pins one and two

transmitted on the same pins one and two
these<02:06:50.760> devices<02:06:50.940> will<02:06:51.239> also<02:06:51.480> be<02:06:51.599> receiving<02:06:51.900> on

these devices will also be receiving on

these devices will also be receiving on
the<02:06:52.260> same<02:06:52.380> pins<02:06:52.739> three<02:06:53.340> and<02:06:53.639> six<02:06:53.940> might<02:06:54.659> be

the same pins three and six might be

the same pins three and six might be
worth<02:06:55.020> remembering<02:06:55.440> that<02:06:55.739> case<02:06:55.980> that<02:06:56.280> pops<02:06:56.580> up

worth remembering that case that pops up

worth remembering that case that pops up
in<02:06:56.880> the<02:06:57.000> exam<02:06:57.239> which<02:06:57.420> ones<02:06:57.780> are<02:06:58.020> receiving<02:06:58.619> and

in the exam which ones are receiving and

in the exam which ones are receiving and
which<02:06:58.980> ones<02:06:59.280> are<02:06:59.460> transmitting

which ones are transmitting

which ones are transmitting
foreign

on one side is connected to pin three

on one side is connected to pin three
that's<02:07:07.920> what<02:07:08.159> I<02:07:08.280> said<02:07:08.460> and<02:07:09.000> two<02:07:09.179> to<02:07:09.420> six

that's what I said and two to six

that's what I said and two to six
terminating<02:07:11.520> the<02:07:11.820> crossover

terminating the crossover

terminating the crossover
you<02:07:13.619> would<02:07:13.800> terminate<02:07:14.219> by<02:07:14.580> using<02:07:14.940> the<02:07:15.599> um<02:07:15.599> 568

you would terminate by using the um 568

you would terminate by using the um 568
a<02:07:16.500> wiring<02:07:16.980> on<02:07:17.219> one<02:07:17.400> side<02:07:17.639> and<02:07:18.420> the<02:07:18.540> B<02:07:18.719> wiring<02:07:19.139> on

a wiring on one side and the B wiring on

a wiring on one side and the B wiring on
the<02:07:19.500> other<02:07:19.619> so<02:07:20.219> using<02:07:20.580> two<02:07:20.760> different

the other so using two different

the other so using two different
standards<02:07:21.599> for<02:07:22.020> either<02:07:22.380> end

um if we're on an end of the um cabling

um if we're on an end of the um cabling
uses<02:07:29.460> the<02:07:29.699> a<02:07:29.880> standard<02:07:30.360> the<02:07:30.659> other<02:07:30.780> has<02:07:31.139> to<02:07:31.320> use

uses the a standard the other has to use

uses the a standard the other has to use
the<02:07:31.739> B<02:07:31.980> that's<02:07:32.520> if<02:07:32.760> you're<02:07:32.880> making<02:07:33.000> the

the B that's if you're making the

the B that's if you're making the
crossover<02:07:33.599> cable

crossover cable

crossover cable
Auto<02:07:36.000> mdix

Auto mdix

Auto mdix
it's<02:07:38.639> Auto<02:07:38.880> sensing<02:07:39.480> so<02:07:39.659> do<02:07:39.840> you<02:07:39.960> remember

it's Auto sensing so do you remember

it's Auto sensing so do you remember
earlier<02:07:40.500> we<02:07:40.679> had<02:07:40.860> this<02:07:41.219> picture<02:07:41.460> of<02:07:41.820> a<02:07:42.000> hub<02:07:42.239> and

earlier we had this picture of a hub and

earlier we had this picture of a hub and
you<02:07:43.199> had<02:07:43.380> to<02:07:43.560> press<02:07:43.739> this<02:07:44.460> um<02:07:44.460> the<02:07:44.699> little

you had to press this um the little

you had to press this um the little
switch<02:07:45.000> on<02:07:45.300> there<02:07:45.540> while<02:07:46.320> modern<02:07:46.739> devices<02:07:47.639> can

switch on there while modern devices can

switch on there while modern devices can
actually<02:07:48.360> Auto<02:07:48.840> sense<02:07:49.320> what<02:07:49.860> type<02:07:50.040> of<02:07:50.159> cables

actually Auto sense what type of cables

actually Auto sense what type of cables
attached<02:07:51.239> and<02:07:51.780> then<02:07:51.960> change<02:07:52.260> the<02:07:52.679> designation

attached and then change the designation

attached and then change the designation
for<02:07:53.880> how<02:07:54.540> it<02:07:54.659> uses<02:07:54.960> which<02:07:55.260> wires<02:07:55.860> on<02:07:56.280> the<02:07:56.520> eight

for how it uses which wires on the eight

for how it uses which wires on the eight
pins<02:07:57.300> on<02:07:57.540> the<02:07:57.659> inside

and most modern ethernet devices for

and most modern ethernet devices for
example<02:08:03.360> switches<02:08:04.020> use<02:08:04.260> the<02:08:04.500> auto<02:08:04.739> MDI<02:08:05.400> XV

example switches use the auto MDI XV

example switches use the auto MDI XV
channel<02:08:06.239> so<02:08:06.480> it's<02:08:06.719> pretty<02:08:06.900> handy

channel so it's pretty handy

channel so it's pretty handy
this<02:08:08.580> is<02:08:08.699> why<02:08:08.880> sometimes<02:08:09.300> you<02:08:09.540> can<02:08:09.659> plug<02:08:09.840> the

this is why sometimes you can plug the

this is why sometimes you can plug the
wrong<02:08:10.199> cable<02:08:10.500> into<02:08:10.739> a<02:08:11.040> switch<02:08:11.420> and<02:08:12.420> it<02:08:12.599> all

wrong cable into a switch and it all

wrong cable into a switch and it all
still<02:08:12.960> works<02:08:13.320> because<02:08:13.619> it's<02:08:13.860> got<02:08:14.099> this

still works because it's got this

still works because it's got this
automatic<02:08:15.179> feature

automatic feature

automatic feature
rollover<02:08:16.800> cable<02:08:17.159> is<02:08:17.340> something<02:08:17.520> you<02:08:17.760> will

rollover cable is something you will

rollover cable is something you will
have<02:08:18.000> with<02:08:18.239> you<02:08:18.420> normally<02:08:18.719> at<02:08:18.900> all<02:08:19.020> times<02:08:19.199> as<02:08:19.440> a

have with you normally at all times as a

have with you normally at all times as a
network<02:08:19.739> engineer<02:08:20.400> in<02:08:20.699> your<02:08:20.880> briefcase

network engineer in your briefcase

network engineer in your briefcase
and<02:08:22.619> normally<02:08:23.040> used<02:08:23.460> to<02:08:24.000> connect<02:08:24.239> your<02:08:24.840> PC<02:08:25.440> or

and normally used to connect your PC or

and normally used to connect your PC or
laptop<02:08:26.239> to<02:08:27.239> the<02:08:27.599> console<02:08:27.960> port<02:08:28.219> on<02:08:29.219> a<02:08:29.460> router

laptop to the console port on a router

laptop to the console port on a router
or<02:08:30.119> switch<02:08:30.300> and<02:08:30.599> it<02:08:30.780> lets<02:08:31.139> you

or switch and it lets you

or switch and it lets you
configure<02:08:32.460> the<02:08:32.580> device<02:08:32.760> when<02:08:33.119> you<02:08:33.239> first<02:08:33.420> buy

configure the device when you first buy

configure the device when you first buy
it<02:08:33.960> and<02:08:34.260> it's<02:08:34.440> blank<02:08:34.860> or<02:08:35.159> do<02:08:35.400> emergency

it and it's blank or do emergency

it and it's blank or do emergency
recovery<02:08:37.080> for<02:08:37.679> example<02:08:37.860> if<02:08:38.099> you've<02:08:38.219> forgotten

recovery for example if you've forgotten

recovery for example if you've forgotten
a<02:08:38.760> password<02:08:38.940> to<02:08:39.719> configure<02:08:40.139> the<02:08:40.320> router<02:08:40.619> or

a password to configure the router or

a password to configure the router or
switch

so it has a 8p AC connector rs232 based

so it has a 8p AC connector rs232 based
connector<02:08:47.940> such<02:08:48.179> as<02:08:48.360> a<02:08:48.540> DB9

connector such as a DB9

connector such as a DB9
this<02:08:50.280> has<02:08:50.400> actually<02:08:50.639> changed<02:08:51.239> now<02:08:51.360> so<02:08:51.540> you<02:08:51.659> can

this has actually changed now so you can

this has actually changed now so you can
see<02:08:51.840> the<02:08:52.020> DB9<02:08:52.560> connector<02:08:53.159> your<02:08:53.760> laptops<02:08:54.360> don't

see the DB9 connector your laptops don't

see the DB9 connector your laptops don't
actually<02:08:54.780> come<02:08:55.020> with<02:08:55.199> DB9<02:08:55.739> connectors

actually come with DB9 connectors

actually come with DB9 connectors
anymore<02:08:56.460> it's<02:08:56.760> pretty<02:08:56.940> old-fashioned<02:08:57.599> so

anymore it's pretty old-fashioned so

anymore it's pretty old-fashioned so
what<02:08:58.380> you'll<02:08:58.560> do<02:08:58.739> is<02:08:58.800> you'll<02:08:59.040> have<02:08:59.159> a<02:08:59.280> db92<02:09:00.060> USB

what you'll do is you'll have a db92 USB

what you'll do is you'll have a db92 USB
connector

connector

connector
um<02:09:03.000> and<02:09:03.420> you'll<02:09:03.780> use<02:09:03.960> one<02:09:04.199> of<02:09:04.380> your<02:09:04.619> free

um and you'll use one of your free

um and you'll use one of your free
um common<02:09:06.900> connections<02:09:07.619> using<02:09:07.980> device

um common connections using device

um common connections using device
manager<02:09:08.880> to<02:09:09.659> see<02:09:10.020> which<02:09:10.199> port<02:09:10.440> to<02:09:10.739> connect<02:09:10.920> on

so I mentioned Cisco console cables and

so I mentioned Cisco console cables and
recovering<02:09:17.219> your<02:09:17.400> Cisco<02:09:17.760> router

recovering your Cisco router

recovering your Cisco router
in<02:09:19.619> order<02:09:19.739> to<02:09:19.920> you<02:09:20.280> can<02:09:20.880> make<02:09:21.060> your<02:09:21.300> own

in order to you can make your own

in order to you can make your own
rollover<02:09:21.960> cable<02:09:22.380> roll<02:09:22.860> over<02:09:23.099> flat<02:09:23.639> console

rollover cable roll over flat console

rollover cable roll over flat console
same<02:09:24.659> thing<02:09:24.900> cable

same thing cable

same thing cable
and<02:09:26.639> the<02:09:26.820> wires<02:09:27.179> are<02:09:27.300> basically<02:09:27.599> reversed<02:09:28.199> so

and the wires are basically reversed so

and the wires are basically reversed so
every<02:09:28.920> yr<02:09:29.400> goes<02:09:29.760> to<02:09:29.820> the<02:09:30.000> opposite<02:09:30.360> number<02:09:30.599> one

every yr goes to the opposite number one

every yr goes to the opposite number one
goes<02:09:31.920> to<02:09:31.980> a<02:09:32.159> two<02:09:32.460> goes<02:09:32.760> to<02:09:32.820> seven<02:09:33.000> three<02:09:33.300> goes

goes to a two goes to seven three goes

goes to a two goes to seven three goes
to<02:09:33.780> six<02:09:34.139> and<02:09:35.400> um<02:09:35.400> carry<02:09:36.000> on<02:09:36.119> with<02:09:36.599> that<02:09:36.780> number

to six and um carry on with that number

to six and um carry on with that number
in<02:09:37.320> so<02:09:37.860> basically<02:09:38.099> the<02:09:38.280> whole<02:09:38.400> thing's

in so basically the whole thing's

in so basically the whole thing's
Twisted<02:09:39.000> somewhere<02:09:39.420> in<02:09:39.599> the<02:09:39.719> middle

all right so we've covered modular

all right so we've covered modular
connectors<02:09:44.520> the<02:09:44.940> A<02:09:45.119> and<02:09:45.300> B<02:09:45.420> wiring<02:09:45.900> schemes

connectors the A and B wiring schemes

connectors the A and B wiring schemes
MDI<02:09:47.760> and<02:09:48.239> mdix<02:09:49.099> straight<02:09:50.099> through

MDI and mdix straight through

MDI and mdix straight through
and<02:09:52.320> crossover<02:09:52.920> cable

Auto mdix and brown leather cables so

Auto mdix and brown leather cables so
that's<02:09:58.980> all<02:09:59.280> we<02:09:59.460> need<02:09:59.639> to<02:09:59.760> look<02:09:59.880> at<02:10:00.060> for<02:10:00.300> now

that's all we need to look at for now

that's all we need to look at for now
thanks<02:10:01.260> for<02:10:01.440> watching

welcome to module 2 lesson 1B some more

welcome to module 2 lesson 1B some more
cables<02:10:30.480> connectors<02:10:30.960> and<02:10:31.199> transceivers<02:10:31.920> this

cables connectors and transceivers this

cables connectors and transceivers this
is<02:10:32.280> all<02:10:32.580> new<02:10:32.760> stuff<02:10:33.060> that's<02:10:33.239> landed<02:10:33.719> into<02:10:33.960> the

is all new stuff that's landed into the

is all new stuff that's landed into the
network<02:10:34.560> plus<02:10:34.860> syllabus

network plus syllabus

network plus syllabus
uh<02:10:36.719> some<02:10:36.840> of<02:10:37.020> it's<02:10:37.139> a<02:10:37.320> little<02:10:37.440> bit<02:10:37.619> strange<02:10:37.980> in

uh some of it's a little bit strange in

uh some of it's a little bit strange in
as<02:10:38.460> much<02:10:38.580> as<02:10:38.760> it's<02:10:39.060> almost<02:10:39.480> redundant<02:10:40.199> and<02:10:40.980> I'm

as much as it's almost redundant and I'm

as much as it's almost redundant and I'm
guessing<02:10:41.400> they<02:10:41.580> want<02:10:41.760> you<02:10:41.940> to<02:10:42.119> know<02:10:42.239> this

guessing they want you to know this

guessing they want you to know this
stuff<02:10:42.780> in<02:10:43.139> case<02:10:43.320> you<02:10:43.500> come<02:10:43.679> across<02:10:44.040> it<02:10:44.219> in<02:10:45.060> an

stuff in case you come across it in an

stuff in case you come across it in an
environment<02:10:45.599> for<02:10:45.780> whatever<02:10:45.960> reason

environment for whatever reason

environment for whatever reason
all<02:10:47.760> right<02:10:47.880> so<02:10:48.060> Network<02:10:48.360> Hardware<02:10:48.780> media<02:10:49.619> and

all right so Network Hardware media and

all right so Network Hardware media and
bound<02:10:50.460> in<02:10:50.639> network<02:10:50.880> media<02:10:51.480> a<02:10:51.900> few<02:10:52.080> things

bound in network media a few things

bound in network media a few things
we'll<02:10:52.500> be<02:10:52.679> looking<02:10:52.800> at

we'll be looking at

we'll be looking at
copper<02:10:54.840> connectors<02:10:55.380> uh<02:10:56.219> the<02:10:56.520> stuff<02:10:56.699> we

copper connectors uh the stuff we

copper connectors uh the stuff we
haven't<02:10:57.060> already<02:10:57.360> looked<02:10:58.199> at<02:10:58.260> earlier<02:10:58.619> by<02:10:58.800> the

haven't already looked at earlier by the

haven't already looked at earlier by the
way<02:10:59.040> uh<02:10:59.940> transceivers

way uh transceivers

way uh transceivers
some<02:11:02.400> termination<02:11:03.000> points<02:11:03.599> copper<02:11:04.139> cable

some termination points copper cable

some termination points copper cable
standards

standards

standards
and<02:11:06.119> network<02:11:06.420> storage<02:11:06.840> connection<02:11:07.260> types

and network storage connection types

and network storage connection types
so<02:11:10.080> this<02:11:10.380> is<02:11:10.500> a<02:11:10.739> used<02:11:10.980> to<02:11:11.159> be<02:11:11.219> called<02:11:11.520> uh<02:11:11.760> d<02:11:12.000> sub

so this is a used to be called uh d sub

so this is a used to be called uh d sub
actually<02:11:12.540> but<02:11:12.900> it<02:11:13.020> seems<02:11:13.380> to<02:11:13.440> have<02:11:13.500> been

actually but it seems to have been

actually but it seems to have been
hijacked<02:11:14.219> into<02:11:14.340> DB<02:11:14.820> connectors<02:11:15.420> but<02:11:16.320> you<02:11:16.500> can

hijacked into DB connectors but you can

hijacked into DB connectors but you can
see<02:11:16.800> the<02:11:17.460> um<02:11:17.460> the<02:11:17.940> shape<02:11:18.119> of<02:11:18.300> the<02:11:18.420> connector

see the um the shape of the connector

see the um the shape of the connector
here<02:11:19.080> is<02:11:19.860> like<02:11:20.099> the<02:11:20.280> letter<02:11:20.460> D<02:11:20.760> really<02:11:21.060> leave

here is like the letter D really leave

here is like the letter D really leave
it<02:11:21.480> on<02:11:21.599> its<02:11:21.960> side

it on its side

it on its side
I<02:11:24.060> like<02:11:24.540> that<02:11:24.840> so<02:11:25.080> the<02:11:25.320> theory<02:11:25.739> is<02:11:25.920> you<02:11:26.340> can't

I like that so the theory is you can't

I like that so the theory is you can't
uh<02:11:28.020> plug<02:11:28.199> it<02:11:28.380> in<02:11:28.560> the<02:11:29.219> wrong<02:11:29.340> way<02:11:29.580> I<02:11:30.239> say<02:11:30.420> in

uh plug it in the wrong way I say in

uh plug it in the wrong way I say in
theory<02:11:30.900> because<02:11:31.080> when<02:11:31.320> I've<02:11:31.500> run<02:11:31.679> computer

theory because when I've run computer

theory because when I've run computer
courses<02:11:32.639> it<02:11:33.179> might<02:11:33.360> just<02:11:33.480> be<02:11:33.659> a<02:11:33.780> Cisco<02:11:34.199> thing

courses it might just be a Cisco thing

courses it might just be a Cisco thing
because<02:11:34.800> this<02:11:35.400> looks<02:11:36.300> a<02:11:36.480> little<02:11:36.599> bit<02:11:36.780> thicker

because this looks a little bit thicker

because this looks a little bit thicker
but<02:11:37.920> the<02:11:38.159> uh<02:11:38.340> the<02:11:38.699> Cisco<02:11:39.480> um

but the uh the Cisco um

but the uh the Cisco um
housing<02:11:41.580> here<02:11:41.820> I<02:11:42.000> was<02:11:42.179> so<02:11:42.360> thin<02:11:42.659> that<02:11:42.840> the

housing here I was so thin that the

housing here I was so thin that the
students<02:11:43.500> would<02:11:43.800> come<02:11:44.040> and<02:11:44.340> somehow<02:11:44.699> managed

students would come and somehow managed

students would come and somehow managed
to<02:11:45.179> plug<02:11:45.360> in<02:11:45.599> the<02:11:46.320> d-connector

to plug in the d-connector

to plug in the d-connector
for<02:11:48.659> the<02:11:48.900> serial<02:11:49.260> cables<02:11:49.800> upside<02:11:50.400> down<02:11:50.639> now

for the serial cables upside down now

for the serial cables upside down now
this<02:11:51.659> did<02:11:51.840> a<02:11:52.020> couple<02:11:52.139> of<02:11:52.260> things<02:11:52.560> it<02:11:53.580> um<02:11:53.580> a

this did a couple of things it um a

this did a couple of things it um a
things<02:11:54.420> don't<02:11:54.659> work<02:11:54.900> when<02:11:55.139> they're<02:11:55.260> upside

things don't work when they're upside

things don't work when they're upside
down<02:11:55.739> obviously<02:11:56.219> with<02:11:56.880> these<02:11:57.179> tiny<02:11:57.480> little

down obviously with these tiny little

down obviously with these tiny little
pins<02:11:58.139> they're<02:11:59.099> much<02:11:59.520> smaller<02:11:59.820> than<02:11:59.880> the<02:12:00.060> ones

pins they're much smaller than the ones

pins they're much smaller than the ones
you<02:12:00.360> see<02:12:00.540> here<02:12:01.040> they<02:12:02.040> actually<02:12:02.340> got<02:12:03.000> forced<02:12:03.599> in

you see here they actually got forced in

you see here they actually got forced in
the<02:12:03.840> wrong<02:12:03.960> way<02:12:04.080> and<02:12:04.260> all<02:12:04.440> got<02:12:04.619> bent<02:12:05.040> like<02:12:05.340> that

the wrong way and all got bent like that

the wrong way and all got bent like that
so<02:12:05.699> that<02:12:05.880> actually<02:12:06.060> cost<02:12:06.420> me<02:12:06.599> a<02:12:06.719> lot<02:12:06.840> of<02:12:06.900> money

so that actually cost me a lot of money

so that actually cost me a lot of money
it<02:12:07.260> was<02:12:07.440> quite<02:12:07.619> a<02:12:07.920> distressing<02:12:08.760> when<02:12:09.060> I

it was quite a distressing when I

it was quite a distressing when I
started<02:12:09.719> up<02:12:09.840> my<02:12:10.020> business

started up my business

started up my business
so<02:12:12.000> this<02:12:12.540> is<02:12:12.599> the<02:12:12.780> theory<02:12:13.020> behind<02:12:13.380> the<02:12:13.500> shape

so this is the theory behind the shape

so this is the theory behind the shape
anyway<02:12:13.980> I<02:12:14.940> actually<02:12:15.239> I<02:12:15.480> don't<02:12:15.540> know<02:12:15.659> why<02:12:15.900> I<02:12:16.139> put

anyway I actually I don't know why I put

anyway I actually I don't know why I put
into<02:12:16.619> male<02:12:17.280> and<02:12:18.179> connectors<02:12:18.780> here<02:12:19.080> I<02:12:19.380> want<02:12:19.800> to

into male and connectors here I want to

into male and connectors here I want to
do<02:12:20.099> have<02:12:20.400> one<02:12:20.639> female<02:12:20.880> but<02:12:21.179> I<02:12:21.360> put<02:12:21.480> into<02:12:21.599> male

do have one female but I put into male

do have one female but I put into male
used<02:12:22.560> to<02:12:22.739> see<02:12:22.860> these<02:12:23.219> on<02:12:23.460> the<02:12:23.580> back<02:12:23.699> of<02:12:24.000> an<02:12:24.300> old

used to see these on the back of an old

used to see these on the back of an old
style<02:12:24.900> PCS<02:12:25.800> and<02:12:27.239> um<02:12:27.239> their<02:12:28.080> laptops<02:12:28.619> as<02:12:28.739> well

style PCS and um their laptops as well

style PCS and um their laptops as well
you<02:12:29.040> don't<02:12:29.219> really<02:12:29.340> see<02:12:29.520> them<02:12:29.699> anymore

you don't really see them anymore

you don't really see them anymore
because<02:12:30.300> USBS<02:12:31.139> have<02:12:31.920> replaced<02:12:32.340> all<02:12:32.460> of<02:12:32.580> it<02:12:32.699> so

because USBS have replaced all of it so

because USBS have replaced all of it so
you'd<02:12:33.000> have<02:12:33.119> to<02:12:33.239> be<02:12:33.420> looking<02:12:33.659> at<02:12:33.840> a<02:12:34.080> fairly<02:12:34.380> old

you'd have to be looking at a fairly old

you'd have to be looking at a fairly old
machine

machine

machine
they<02:12:36.900> were<02:12:37.020> created<02:12:37.320> a<02:12:37.619> long<02:12:37.800> long<02:12:37.980> time<02:12:38.400> ago

they were created a long long time ago

they were created a long long time ago
before<02:12:39.320> I<02:12:40.320> was<02:12:40.440> born<02:12:40.619> when<02:12:41.520> my<02:12:41.699> dad<02:12:41.820> was<02:12:42.000> a

before I was born when my dad was a

before I was born when my dad was a
young<02:12:42.239> man<02:12:42.420> as<02:12:42.599> he<02:12:42.780> used<02:12:42.900> to<02:12:43.020> say<02:12:43.520> 1952

young man as he used to say 1952

young man as he used to say 1952
exclusively<02:12:45.900> by<02:12:46.139> Canon<02:12:46.619> and<02:12:46.860> it<02:12:46.980> looks<02:12:47.280> like

exclusively by Canon and it looks like

exclusively by Canon and it looks like
they've<02:12:47.699> probably<02:12:47.880> released<02:12:48.480> a<02:12:48.599> license<02:12:48.780> so

they've probably released a license so

they've probably released a license so
that<02:12:49.320> people<02:12:49.500> could<02:12:49.739> use<02:12:49.920> them<02:12:50.579> they<02:12:51.060> were

that people could use them they were

that people could use them they were
used<02:12:51.360> in<02:12:51.480> toker<02:12:51.960> ring<02:12:52.199> networks<02:12:52.739> I<02:12:52.980> do

used in toker ring networks I do

used in toker ring networks I do
remember<02:12:53.400> those<02:12:54.000> support<02:12:54.540> I<02:12:54.960> actually

remember those support I actually

remember those support I actually
supported<02:12:55.619> those<02:12:55.860> for<02:12:56.400> a<02:12:56.520> while<02:12:56.579> at<02:12:56.820> Cisco

supported those for a while at Cisco

supported those for a while at Cisco
although<02:12:57.420> there<02:12:57.540> was<02:12:57.659> hardly<02:12:57.900> any<02:12:58.079> left

although there was hardly any left

although there was hardly any left
it<02:12:59.400> was<02:12:59.520> pretty<02:12:59.699> scary<02:13:00.119> when<02:13:00.420> somebody<02:13:00.599> called

it was pretty scary when somebody called

it was pretty scary when somebody called
in<02:13:01.079> with<02:13:01.260> a<02:13:01.380> token<02:13:01.739> ring<02:13:02.040> issue<02:13:02.880> external

in with a token ring issue external

in with a token ring issue external
floppy<02:13:04.320> drives<02:13:04.619> if<02:13:04.860> you<02:13:04.980> remember<02:13:05.159> those<02:13:05.579> and

floppy drives if you remember those and

floppy drives if you remember those and
you'd<02:13:06.480> buy<02:13:06.599> an<02:13:06.780> old<02:13:06.960> real<02:13:07.139> old<02:13:07.380> probably

you'd buy an old real old probably

you'd buy an old real old probably
wasn't<02:13:07.920> even<02:13:08.099> a<02:13:08.340> PC<02:13:08.579> then<02:13:08.880> it<02:13:09.119> was<02:13:09.300> a<02:13:09.599> an<02:13:10.020> Amiga

wasn't even a PC then it was a an Amiga

wasn't even a PC then it was a an Amiga
or<02:13:10.739> Commodore<02:13:11.280> 64<02:13:11.639> or<02:13:11.880> something<02:13:12.060> and<02:13:12.840> you

or Commodore 64 or something and you

or Commodore 64 or something and you
could<02:13:13.079> invest<02:13:13.560> extra<02:13:13.920> money<02:13:14.579> to<02:13:14.820> put<02:13:15.000> these

could invest extra money to put these

could invest extra money to put these
floppy<02:13:15.480> drives<02:13:15.840> in<02:13:16.020> and<02:13:16.679> if<02:13:16.860> you<02:13:16.980> wanted<02:13:17.099> to

floppy drives in and if you wanted to

floppy drives in and if you wanted to
load<02:13:17.460> a<02:13:17.639> game<02:13:17.760> you<02:13:18.000> probably<02:13:18.179> have<02:13:18.420> to

load a game you probably have to

load a game you probably have to
individually<02:13:19.139> insert<02:13:20.000> uh<02:13:21.000> I<02:13:21.179> think<02:13:21.300> it<02:13:21.360> was

individually insert uh I think it was

individually insert uh I think it was
around<02:13:21.659> 10<02:13:22.020> floppy<02:13:22.860> drives<02:13:23.159> to<02:13:23.400> upload<02:13:23.760> each

around 10 floppy drives to upload each

around 10 floppy drives to upload each
part<02:13:24.179> of<02:13:24.360> the<02:13:24.480> program<02:13:24.719> and<02:13:25.619> I<02:13:25.739> think<02:13:25.860> I<02:13:25.980> did

part of the program and I think I did

part of the program and I think I did
have<02:13:26.280> to<02:13:26.400> do<02:13:26.520> that<02:13:26.639> for<02:13:26.820> early<02:13:26.940> versions<02:13:27.420> of

have to do that for early versions of

have to do that for early versions of
Microsoft<02:13:28.500> Word<02:13:28.679> or<02:13:29.400> the<02:13:29.520> equivalent<02:13:30.000> I<02:13:30.719> used

Microsoft Word or the equivalent I used

Microsoft Word or the equivalent I used
in<02:13:31.079> Mouse<02:13:31.260> connectors<02:13:31.800> also

in Mouse connectors also

in Mouse connectors also
as<02:13:33.480> I<02:13:33.659> said<02:13:33.780> eventually<02:13:34.260> replaced<02:13:34.920> by<02:13:35.040> USB

as I said eventually replaced by USB

as I said eventually replaced by USB
thank<02:13:36.060> goodness

thank goodness

thank goodness
the<02:13:38.159> D<02:13:38.280> shape<02:13:38.699> so<02:13:39.420> I've<02:13:39.659> covered<02:13:39.960> this<02:13:40.079> already

the D shape so I've covered this already

the D shape so I've covered this already
the<02:13:40.739> theory<02:13:41.099> is<02:13:41.280> in<02:13:42.179> fact<02:13:42.360> I'm<02:13:42.540> sure<02:13:42.719> it<02:13:42.900> works

the theory is in fact I'm sure it works

the theory is in fact I'm sure it works
for<02:13:43.380> most<02:13:43.560> people<02:13:43.739> I'll<02:13:44.040> just<02:13:44.219> give<02:13:44.340> you<02:13:44.400> a

for most people I'll just give you a

for most people I'll just give you a
heads<02:13:44.820> up<02:13:44.880> there<02:13:45.119> when<02:13:45.599> I<02:13:45.719> run<02:13:45.900> Cisco<02:13:46.380> it

heads up there when I run Cisco it

heads up there when I run Cisco it
didn't<02:13:47.099> work<02:13:47.340> that<02:13:47.579> way

didn't work that way

didn't work that way
um<02:13:49.079> I<02:13:49.619> wanted<02:13:49.739> the<02:13:49.980> students<02:13:50.219> to<02:13:50.400> plug<02:13:50.520> their

um I wanted the students to plug their

um I wanted the students to plug their
own<02:13:50.880> cables<02:13:51.360> in<02:13:51.540> to<02:13:52.260> have<02:13:52.440> their<02:13:52.679> confidence

own cables in to have their confidence

own cables in to have their confidence
but<02:13:53.460> it<02:13:53.639> kind<02:13:53.820> of<02:13:53.880> backfired<02:13:54.360> a<02:13:54.480> bit

but it kind of backfired a bit

but it kind of backfired a bit
I<02:13:55.560> designed<02:13:55.980> to<02:13:56.040> work<02:13:56.219> with<02:13:56.400> the<02:13:56.639> eia<02:13:57.860> tia232

I designed to work with the eia tia232

I designed to work with the eia tia232
serial<02:13:59.280> interface<02:13:59.699> standard<02:14:00.179> I<02:14:00.900> guess<02:14:01.020> you

serial interface standard I guess you

serial interface standard I guess you
should<02:14:01.380> make<02:14:01.500> it<02:14:01.679> out<02:14:01.800> of<02:14:01.980> that<02:14:02.099> for<02:14:02.280> the<02:14:02.520> exam

should make it out of that for the exam

should make it out of that for the exam
sort<02:14:04.500> of<02:14:04.619> silly<02:14:04.920> question<02:14:05.040> would<02:14:05.400> be<02:14:05.579> asked

sort of silly question would be asked

sort of silly question would be asked
the<02:14:06.480> number<02:14:06.719> DB<02:14:07.380> whatever

the number DB whatever

the number DB whatever
so<02:14:09.239> uh<02:14:09.480> what<02:14:09.659> would<02:14:09.900> DB9<02:14:10.500> or<02:14:10.860> db25<02:14:11.639> this<02:14:12.239> is

so uh what would DB9 or db25 this is

so uh what would DB9 or db25 this is
supposed<02:14:12.480> to<02:14:12.719> refer<02:14:13.139> to<02:14:13.380> the<02:14:13.679> amount<02:14:13.980> of<02:14:14.099> pins

supposed to refer to the amount of pins

supposed to refer to the amount of pins
that<02:14:15.360> are<02:14:15.480> in<02:14:15.659> the<02:14:15.780> male<02:14:16.199> and<02:14:16.500> female<02:14:16.800> part<02:14:17.219> so

that are in the male and female part so

that are in the male and female part so
it could<02:14:19.020> be<02:14:19.199> pretty<02:14:19.320> hard<02:14:19.500> to<02:14:19.679> mix<02:14:19.800> them<02:14:19.980> up

it could be pretty hard to mix them up

it could be pretty hard to mix them up
actually<02:14:20.460> looking<02:14:21.119> at<02:14:21.420> them<02:14:21.599> you<02:14:22.079> more<02:14:22.320> like

actually looking at them you more like

actually looking at them you more like
to<02:14:22.679> see<02:14:22.800> the<02:14:23.360> db25<02:14:24.360> on<02:14:24.840> uh<02:14:25.139> like<02:14:25.440> a<02:14:25.619> printer

to see the db25 on uh like a printer

to see the db25 on uh like a printer
cable<02:14:26.159> or<02:14:26.340> something<02:14:26.520> like<02:14:26.820> that<02:14:27.000> again<02:14:27.840> if

cable or something like that again if

cable or something like that again if
you<02:14:28.199> see<02:14:28.320> it<02:14:28.500> at<02:14:28.679> all

you see it at all

you see it at all
now<02:14:30.179> the<02:14:30.420> F<02:14:30.719> connector<02:14:31.500> F-Type<02:14:32.159> has<02:14:32.280> been

now the F connector F-Type has been

now the F connector F-Type has been
added<02:14:32.699> to<02:14:32.880> the<02:14:33.060> syllabus<02:14:33.480> not<02:14:34.020> to<02:14:34.199> be<02:14:34.320> confused

added to the syllabus not to be confused

added to the syllabus not to be confused
with<02:14:34.980> fiber<02:14:35.520> cables<02:14:36.060> such<02:14:36.360> as<02:14:36.560> stlc<02:14:37.560> SC<02:14:38.300> which

with fiber cables such as stlc SC which

with fiber cables such as stlc SC which
are<02:14:39.420> covered<02:14:39.719> elsewhere<02:14:40.020> in<02:14:40.500> the<02:14:41.040> in<02:14:41.579> the

are covered elsewhere in the in the

are covered elsewhere in the in the
course<02:14:41.820> here

course here

course here
so<02:14:44.520> it's<02:14:44.699> a<02:14:44.880> coaxial<02:14:45.420> RF<02:14:45.900> connector<02:14:46.500> type

so it's a coaxial RF connector type

so it's a coaxial RF connector type
used<02:14:48.420> more<02:14:49.199> commonly<02:14:49.619> for<02:14:50.040> cable<02:14:50.639> satellite

used more commonly for cable satellite

used more commonly for cable satellite
TV<02:14:51.719> if<02:14:52.320> you've<02:14:52.440> got<02:14:52.560> the<02:14:52.679> back<02:14:52.860> of<02:14:53.040> a<02:14:53.219> box<02:14:53.400> you

TV if you've got the back of a box you

TV if you've got the back of a box you
can<02:14:54.480> see<02:14:54.659> here<02:14:54.960> there's<02:14:55.199> a<02:14:55.500> thread<02:14:55.920> on<02:14:56.579> the

can see here there's a thread on the

can see here there's a thread on the
inside<02:14:56.760> of<02:14:57.060> the<02:14:57.179> cable<02:14:57.420> here<02:14:57.659> and<02:14:57.840> you'd<02:14:58.079> have

inside of the cable here and you'd have

inside of the cable here and you'd have
to<02:14:58.380> turn<02:14:59.040> it<02:14:59.219> round<02:14:59.659> and<02:15:00.659> it'd<02:15:01.500> lock<02:15:01.679> in<02:15:01.860> with

to turn it round and it'd lock in with

to turn it round and it'd lock in with
the<02:15:02.340> TR<02:15:03.179> so<02:15:03.480> you'd<02:15:03.659> have<02:15:03.780> to<02:15:03.960> hopefully<02:15:04.679> with

the TR so you'd have to hopefully with

the TR so you'd have to hopefully with
enough<02:15:05.159> finger<02:15:05.639> pressure<02:15:05.760> be<02:15:06.420> able<02:15:06.599> to<02:15:06.719> secure

enough finger pressure be able to secure

enough finger pressure be able to secure
it<02:15:07.199> into<02:15:07.380> place<02:15:07.679> and<02:15:08.579> then<02:15:08.780> unscrew<02:15:09.780> it<02:15:09.900> those

it into place and then unscrew it those

it into place and then unscrew it those
are<02:15:10.380> when<02:15:10.500> you<02:15:10.619> need<02:15:10.739> to

are when you need to

are when you need to
TV<02:15:12.300> antennas<02:15:12.900> for<02:15:13.440> those<02:15:13.560> user<02:15:13.980> on<02:15:14.159> on<02:15:14.400> using

TV antennas for those user on on using

TV antennas for those user on on using
them<02:15:15.119> your<02:15:16.020> Broadband<02:15:16.860> or<02:15:17.099> Ethernet<02:15:17.340> or

them your Broadband or Ethernet or

them your Broadband or Ethernet or
whatever

whatever

whatever
bandwidth<02:15:19.619> could<02:15:19.739> go<02:15:19.860> up<02:15:19.980> to<02:15:20.099> several

bandwidth could go up to several

bandwidth could go up to several
gigahertz

gigahertz

gigahertz
uh<02:15:22.920> punch<02:15:23.219> down<02:15:23.460> blocks<02:15:24.000> this<02:15:24.840> is<02:15:24.960> a<02:15:25.199> pretty

uh punch down blocks this is a pretty

uh punch down blocks this is a pretty
tricky<02:15:25.800> skill<02:15:26.159> really<02:15:26.340> and<02:15:26.699> one<02:15:26.820> that<02:15:26.940> takes<02:15:27.179> a

tricky skill really and one that takes a

tricky skill really and one that takes a
bit<02:15:27.480> of<02:15:27.599> time<02:15:27.780> but<02:15:28.440> you<02:15:28.619> can<02:15:28.739> see<02:15:28.920> here<02:15:29.360> the

bit of time but you can see here the

bit of time but you can see here the
cable<02:15:30.960> has<02:15:31.739> just<02:15:31.920> been<02:15:32.159> placed<02:15:32.639> in<02:15:32.760> between

cable has just been placed in between

cable has just been placed in between
the<02:15:33.360> runners<02:15:33.840> and<02:15:34.560> then<02:15:34.679> the<02:15:34.860> punch<02:15:35.099> down<02:15:35.340> tool

the runners and then the punch down tool

the runners and then the punch down tool
has<02:15:36.420> kind<02:15:36.659> of<02:15:36.719> got<02:15:36.840> this<02:15:37.139> shape<02:15:37.560> as<02:15:38.340> you<02:15:38.520> can

has kind of got this shape as you can

has kind of got this shape as you can
see<02:15:38.940> here

see here

see here
and<02:15:40.860> this<02:15:41.280> would<02:15:41.460> force<02:15:41.820> the<02:15:41.940> cable<02:15:42.179> in<02:15:42.420> and

and this would force the cable in and

and this would force the cable in and
the<02:15:43.079> theory<02:15:43.320> is<02:15:43.500> it<02:15:43.800> would<02:15:43.980> strip<02:15:44.400> back<02:15:45.360> some

the theory is it would strip back some

the theory is it would strip back some
of<02:15:45.780> this<02:15:46.020> uh<02:15:46.380> coating<02:15:46.739> for<02:15:46.980> the<02:15:47.219> wire<02:15:47.400> and

of this uh coating for the wire and

of this uh coating for the wire and
create<02:15:48.420> a<02:15:48.719> contact<02:15:48.960> inside<02:15:49.920> the<02:15:50.219> punch<02:15:50.340> down

create a contact inside the punch down

create a contact inside the punch down
block<02:15:50.940> takes<02:15:51.780> a<02:15:51.900> bit<02:15:52.020> of<02:15:52.199> skill<02:15:52.440> and<02:15:53.280> it's

block takes a bit of skill and it's

block takes a bit of skill and it's
quite<02:15:53.639> frustrating<02:15:54.060> if<02:15:54.300> you<02:15:54.420> don't<02:15:54.540> do<02:15:54.719> it

quite frustrating if you don't do it

quite frustrating if you don't do it
right<02:15:55.020> or<02:15:55.320> if<02:15:55.500> someone<02:15:55.619> hasn't<02:15:56.040> used<02:15:56.159> the

right or if someone hasn't used the

right or if someone hasn't used the
correct<02:15:56.520> tool<02:15:56.940> it<02:15:57.540> leads<02:15:57.780> to<02:15:57.840> this<02:15:58.079> nightmare

correct tool it leads to this nightmare

correct tool it leads to this nightmare
of<02:15:58.920> intermittent<02:15:59.639> connectivity<02:16:00.599> that<02:16:01.139> you'll

of intermittent connectivity that you'll

of intermittent connectivity that you'll
have<02:16:01.679> to<02:16:01.739> go<02:16:01.860> and<02:16:01.980> troubleshoot

have to go and troubleshoot

have to go and troubleshoot
you'll<02:16:04.380> typically<02:16:04.679> see<02:16:04.920> this<02:16:05.159> in<02:16:05.400> inside<02:16:05.820> a

you'll typically see this in inside a

you'll typically see this in inside a
telephone<02:16:07.020> switch

telephone switch

telephone switch
um

um

um
as<02:16:10.020> switch<02:16:10.460> mechanisms<02:16:11.460> a<02:16:12.179> couple<02:16:12.300> wires

as switch mechanisms a couple wires

as switch mechanisms a couple wires
punched<02:16:13.079> down<02:16:13.199> as<02:16:13.380> I<02:16:13.560> said

punched down as I said

punched down as I said
the<02:16:15.360> numbers<02:16:15.659> are<02:16:16.320> for<02:16:17.040> these<02:16:17.340> models<02:16:17.760> are

the numbers are for these models are

the numbers are for these models are
given<02:16:18.360> uh<02:16:18.960> 66<02:16:19.739> Block<02:16:20.159> it's<02:16:20.520> a<02:16:20.699> model<02:16:20.820> number<02:16:21.119> so

given uh 66 Block it's a model number so

given uh 66 Block it's a model number so
it<02:16:21.540> doesn't<02:16:21.659> mean<02:16:21.840> the<02:16:22.020> 66<02:16:22.500> connectors

it doesn't mean the 66 connectors

it doesn't mean the 66 connectors
that<02:16:24.420> particular<02:16:24.719> one<02:16:24.960> has<02:16:25.139> 55<02:16:25.800> rows<02:16:26.340> it<02:16:27.239> was

that particular one has 55 rows it was

that particular one has 55 rows it was
subject<02:16:27.719> to<02:16:27.900> crosstalk<02:16:28.320> which<02:16:28.739> is<02:16:28.860> known<02:16:29.099> uh

subject to crosstalk which is known uh

subject to crosstalk which is known uh
quite<02:16:30.000> known<02:16:30.360> quite<02:16:30.599> well<02:16:30.719> in<02:16:30.900> the<02:16:31.020> industry

quite known quite well in the industry

quite known quite well in the industry
had<02:16:32.880> a<02:16:33.059> reputation<02:16:33.719> for<02:16:33.960> that<02:16:34.139> not<02:16:34.620> suitable

had a reputation for that not suitable

had a reputation for that not suitable
for<02:16:35.280> high<02:16:35.519> speed<02:16:35.760> connections<02:16:36.359> of<02:16:36.660> 100<02:16:36.840> Meg<02:16:37.439> or

for high speed connections of 100 Meg or

for high speed connections of 100 Meg or
um<02:16:39.420> or<02:16:40.139> hayab

um or hayab

um or hayab
now<02:16:41.760> the<02:16:42.000> 100<02:16:42.240> block<02:16:42.719> replaced<02:16:43.559> the<02:16:43.679> 66<02:16:44.160> block

now the 100 block replaced the 66 block

now the 100 block replaced the 66 block
so<02:16:45.120> just<02:16:45.359> remember<02:16:45.599> the<02:16:46.019> numbers<02:16:46.679> here<02:16:47.519> the<02:16:47.760> 66

so just remember the numbers here the 66

so just remember the numbers here the 66
block<02:16:48.540> hopefully<02:16:49.500> they<02:16:49.620> won't<02:16:49.740> try<02:16:49.920> and<02:16:50.040> catch

block hopefully they won't try and catch

block hopefully they won't try and catch
you<02:16:50.399> out<02:16:50.580> with<02:16:50.700> the<02:16:51.179> um<02:16:51.179> question<02:16:51.599> saying<02:16:52.139> it's

you out with the um question saying it's

you out with the um question saying it's
got<02:16:52.800> 66<02:16:53.340> Connections<02:16:53.880> in<02:16:54.000> it's<02:16:54.240> a<02:16:54.359> model

got 66 Connections in it's a model

got 66 Connections in it's a model
number<02:16:54.840> just<02:16:55.500> to<02:16:55.679> confuse<02:16:56.040> you

number just to confuse you

number just to confuse you
often<02:16:57.599> used<02:16:57.780> the<02:16:58.200> 100<02:16:58.380> is<02:16:58.800> to<02:16:59.160> terminate<02:16:59.760> cable

often used the 100 is to terminate cable

often used the 100 is to terminate cable
runs

runs

runs
the<02:17:02.099> fiber<02:17:02.519> distribution<02:17:03.000> plan<02:17:03.359> and<02:17:03.719> panel

the fiber distribution plan and panel

the fiber distribution plan and panel
how<02:17:04.439> to<02:17:04.559> get<02:17:04.679> images<02:17:04.920> of<02:17:05.280> this<02:17:05.460> but<02:17:05.700> I've<02:17:05.939> I've

how to get images of this but I've I've

how to get images of this but I've I've
got<02:17:06.359> one<02:17:06.540> that<02:17:06.719> you<02:17:06.840> can<02:17:06.960> actually<02:17:07.200> uh<02:17:07.800> buy

got one that you can actually uh buy

got one that you can actually uh buy
from<02:17:08.460> the<02:17:08.580> manufacturer<02:17:09.359> this<02:17:09.960> one<02:17:10.080> obviously

from the manufacturer this one obviously

from the manufacturer this one obviously
hasn't<02:17:10.800> been<02:17:11.040> set<02:17:11.460> up<02:17:11.580> at<02:17:11.820> all<02:17:11.939> it's<02:17:12.179> a<02:17:12.359> bare

hasn't been set up at all it's a bare

hasn't been set up at all it's a bare
bone<02:17:12.899> system<02:17:13.139> that<02:17:13.859> you<02:17:14.099> would<02:17:14.219> run<02:17:14.460> all<02:17:15.000> of

bone system that you would run all of

bone system that you would run all of
the<02:17:15.240> cables<02:17:15.719> through<02:17:16.019> here<02:17:16.639> and<02:17:17.639> then

the cables through here and then

the cables through here and then
terminate

terminate

terminate
so<02:17:20.040> this<02:17:20.280> is<02:17:20.399> also<02:17:20.580> known<02:17:20.760> as<02:17:20.939> the<02:17:21.120> fiber

so this is also known as the fiber

so this is also known as the fiber
Distribution<02:17:22.080> Hub<02:17:22.620> if<02:17:22.979> you're<02:17:23.099> searching<02:17:23.580> for

Distribution Hub if you're searching for

Distribution Hub if you're searching for
one<02:17:23.880> to<02:17:24.059> buy<02:17:24.240> I<02:17:24.840> think<02:17:25.139> they<02:17:25.380> give<02:17:25.559> you

one to buy I think they give you

one to buy I think they give you
different<02:17:25.920> terms<02:17:26.340> depending<02:17:26.700> on<02:17:26.820> which<02:17:27.059> part

different terms depending on which part

different terms depending on which part
of<02:17:27.359> the<02:17:27.420> country<02:17:27.599> you're<02:17:27.840> in<02:17:28.080> or<02:17:28.800> which

of the country you're in or which

of the country you're in or which
country<02:17:29.280> and<02:17:30.000> at<02:17:30.120> the<02:17:30.300> bottom<02:17:30.479> here<02:17:30.719> I've<02:17:30.899> got

country and at the bottom here I've got

country and at the bottom here I've got
a<02:17:31.439> URL<02:17:32.099> for<02:17:32.880> a<02:17:33.059> particular<02:17:33.540> company<02:17:33.840> that

a URL for a particular company that

a URL for a particular company that
sells<02:17:34.740> them

sells them

sells them
obviously<02:17:35.939> speak<02:17:36.120> to<02:17:36.300> the<02:17:36.479> sales<02:17:36.599> advisor<02:17:37.200> and

obviously speak to the sales advisor and

obviously speak to the sales advisor and
find<02:17:37.500> out<02:17:37.679> what<02:17:37.920> you<02:17:38.040> need

find out what you need

find out what you need
saves<02:17:39.780> you<02:17:40.260> um<02:17:40.260> making<02:17:40.679> expensive<02:17:41.280> mistakes

saves you um making expensive mistakes

saves you um making expensive mistakes
this<02:17:42.660> is<02:17:42.780> the<02:17:42.899> patch<02:17:43.260> panel<02:17:43.559> used<02:17:43.740> to

this is the patch panel used to

this is the patch panel used to
terminate<02:17:44.399> fiber<02:17:45.059> optic<02:17:45.359> cables

terminate fiber optic cables

terminate fiber optic cables
access<02:17:47.160> to<02:17:47.460> the<02:17:47.639> cables<02:17:48.320> individual<02:17:49.320> strands

access to the cables individual strands

access to the cables individual strands
the<02:17:50.099> so<02:17:50.280> the<02:17:50.519> strands<02:17:51.120> inside<02:17:51.300> the<02:17:51.780> cable<02:17:52.260> for

the so the strands inside the cable for

the so the strands inside the cable for
cross<02:17:53.340> connection

cross connection

cross connection
now<02:17:55.439> I<02:17:55.679> do<02:17:55.800> apologize<02:17:56.280> for<02:17:56.639> this<02:17:56.820> however

now I do apologize for this however

now I do apologize for this however
um

um

um
it's<02:17:59.939> in<02:18:00.120> the<02:18:00.240> syllabus<02:18:00.599> now<02:18:00.840> for<02:18:01.200> some<02:18:01.320> crazy

it's in the syllabus now for some crazy

it's in the syllabus now for some crazy
reason<02:18:02.120> previously<02:18:03.120> we<02:18:03.660> had<02:18:04.380> um<02:18:04.380> other<02:18:04.679> RG

reason previously we had um other RG

reason previously we had um other RG
standards<02:18:05.760> I<02:18:05.880> think<02:18:06.000> it<02:18:06.179> was

standards I think it was

standards I think it was
rg9<02:18:08.280> or<02:18:09.179> and<02:18:09.800> RG58<02:18:10.800> I'll<02:18:11.160> have<02:18:11.340> to<02:18:11.460> check<02:18:11.580> you

rg9 or and RG58 I'll have to check you

rg9 or and RG58 I'll have to check you
you<02:18:12.059> can<02:18:12.179> see<02:18:12.300> it<02:18:12.420> in<02:18:12.479> earlier<02:18:12.920> presentations

you can see it in earlier presentations

you can see it in earlier presentations
anyway<02:18:14.420> however<02:18:15.420> now<02:18:15.660> they've<02:18:15.960> asked<02:18:16.200> for<02:18:16.320> RG6

anyway however now they've asked for RG6

anyway however now they've asked for RG6
and

and

and
rg59<02:18:19.139> so<02:18:19.439> I've<02:18:19.920> highlighted<02:18:20.460> what<02:18:20.639> you<02:18:20.820> need

rg59 so I've highlighted what you need

rg59 so I've highlighted what you need
to<02:18:21.059> do<02:18:21.240> I<02:18:22.019> suggest<02:18:22.320> you<02:18:22.500> make<02:18:22.679> some<02:18:22.979> notes

to do I suggest you make some notes

to do I suggest you make some notes
as<02:18:24.840> to<02:18:25.439> um<02:18:25.439> impedance<02:18:26.099> which<02:18:26.399> is<02:18:26.519> all<02:18:26.700> the<02:18:26.880> same

as to um impedance which is all the same

as to um impedance which is all the same
actually<02:18:27.300> so<02:18:27.719> it<02:18:27.840> shouldn't<02:18:28.200> be<02:18:28.260> too<02:18:28.439> easy

actually so it shouldn't be too easy

actually so it shouldn't be too easy
um

um

um
shielding<02:18:31.979> here<02:18:32.399> and<02:18:33.000> then<02:18:33.179> just<02:18:33.420> make<02:18:33.899> a<02:18:34.080> note

shielding here and then just make a note

shielding here and then just make a note
of<02:18:34.559> what<02:18:34.859> they've<02:18:35.160> what<02:18:35.580> they've<02:18:35.760> said<02:18:35.939> here

of what they've what they've said here

of what they've what they've said here
so

so

so
um

um

um
RG6

RG6

RG6
uh<02:18:41.040> Slash<02:18:41.760> U<02:18:42.000> what<02:18:42.540> is<02:18:42.719> used<02:18:42.960> for<02:18:43.260> the<02:18:44.040> uq

uh Slash U what is used for the uq

uh Slash U what is used for the uq
again<02:18:45.780> this<02:18:46.139> is<02:18:46.260> just<02:18:46.439> such<02:18:46.679> a<02:18:46.859> pain<02:18:47.099> and<02:18:47.399> it's

again this is just such a pain and it's

again this is just such a pain and it's
silly<02:18:47.880> because<02:18:48.059> you'd<02:18:48.479> if<02:18:48.960> you're<02:18:49.139> having

silly because you'd if you're having

silly because you'd if you're having
anything<02:18:49.740> to<02:18:49.920> do<02:18:50.099> with<02:18:50.219> this<02:18:50.340> you<02:18:50.580> just<02:18:51.240> check

anything to do with this you just check

anything to do with this you just check
the<02:18:51.899> documentation<02:18:52.439> before<02:18:52.800> you<02:18:53.160> went<02:18:53.340> on

the documentation before you went on

the documentation before you went on
site<02:18:54.240> it's<02:18:54.840> very<02:18:55.080> unlikely<02:18:55.559> most<02:18:55.740> Engineers

site it's very unlikely most Engineers

site it's very unlikely most Engineers
if<02:18:56.700> you<02:18:56.820> asked<02:18:57.120> most<02:18:57.300> Network<02:18:57.540> engineers<02:18:58.200> and

if you asked most Network engineers and

if you asked most Network engineers and
what<02:18:59.280> can<02:18:59.399> you<02:18:59.519> tell<02:18:59.700> me<02:18:59.820> about<02:19:00.139> rg59<02:19:01.139> Slash<02:19:01.620> U

what can you tell me about rg59 Slash U

what can you tell me about rg59 Slash U
there's<02:19:02.639> probably<02:19:02.820> not<02:19:03.059> a<02:19:03.240> lot<02:19:03.300> they<02:19:03.479> could

there's probably not a lot they could

there's probably not a lot they could
say<02:19:03.840> however<02:19:04.559> I<02:19:05.280> don't<02:19:05.399> make<02:19:05.580> the<02:19:05.700> rules<02:19:05.880> it's

say however I don't make the rules it's

say however I don't make the rules it's
in<02:19:06.359> the<02:19:06.479> syllabus<02:19:06.840> so<02:19:07.080> just<02:19:07.439> take<02:19:07.620> notes<02:19:08.099> and

in the syllabus so just take notes and

in the syllabus so just take notes and
just<02:19:09.599> chop<02:19:10.200> that<02:19:10.320> up<02:19:10.500> to<02:19:10.620> something<02:19:10.859> you're

just chop that up to something you're

just chop that up to something you're
gonna<02:19:11.219> have<02:19:11.399> to<02:19:11.519> learn

gonna have to learn

gonna have to learn
uh<02:19:12.840> transceivers<02:19:13.620> I've<02:19:13.800> got<02:19:13.920> some<02:19:14.040> images

uh transceivers I've got some images

uh transceivers I've got some images
here<02:19:14.760> these<02:19:15.240> are<02:19:15.359> for<02:19:15.960> um<02:19:15.960> the<02:19:16.260> SPF<02:19:16.800> SPF<02:19:17.460> plus

here these are for um the SPF SPF plus

here these are for um the SPF SPF plus
and<02:19:18.359> gbic<02:19:19.019> which<02:19:19.859> are<02:19:20.099> connectors<02:19:20.880> for<02:19:21.240> Cisco

and gbic which are connectors for Cisco

and gbic which are connectors for Cisco
equipment<02:19:22.200> these

equipment these

equipment these
um

um

um
these<02:19:26.040> would<02:19:26.160> stand<02:19:26.340> proud<02:19:26.820> from<02:19:27.120> the<02:19:27.300> switch

these would stand proud from the switch

these would stand proud from the switch
chassis<02:19:28.080> and<02:19:28.679> then<02:19:28.740> this<02:19:28.979> would<02:19:29.099> be<02:19:29.280> inserted

chassis and then this would be inserted

chassis and then this would be inserted
in<02:19:30.120> and<02:19:30.599> make<02:19:30.780> contact<02:19:31.019> to<02:19:31.380> the<02:19:31.500> back<02:19:31.620> of<02:19:31.800> the

in and make contact to the back of the

in and make contact to the back of the
chassis<02:19:32.340> so<02:19:32.639> here's<02:19:33.179> the<02:19:33.300> front<02:19:33.479> of<02:19:33.660> the

chassis so here's the front of the

chassis so here's the front of the
chassis<02:19:34.559> here<02:19:34.859> here<02:19:35.399> and<02:19:35.939> you<02:19:36.059> wouldn't

chassis here here and you wouldn't

chassis here here and you wouldn't
actually<02:19:36.420> see<02:19:36.719> the<02:19:36.899> back<02:19:37.139> and<02:19:37.679> there's<02:19:37.859> this

actually see the back and there's this

actually see the back and there's this
has<02:19:38.219> got<02:19:38.399> a<02:19:38.580> nice<02:19:38.760> thin<02:19:39.179> slot<02:19:39.840> that<02:19:40.800> you<02:19:41.040> would

has got a nice thin slot that you would

has got a nice thin slot that you would
insert<02:19:41.760> to

insert to

insert to
yeah

yeah

yeah
do<02:19:45.479> the<02:19:45.660> 3D<02:19:45.960> version<02:19:46.460> so<02:19:47.460> transceiver<02:19:48.059> is

do the 3D version so transceiver is

do the 3D version so transceiver is
short<02:19:48.479> for<02:19:48.660> transmitter<02:19:49.020> receiver<02:19:49.560> as<02:19:49.920> we

short for transmitter receiver as we

short for transmitter receiver as we
mentioned<02:19:50.399> earlier<02:19:50.700> it<02:19:51.359> converts<02:19:51.720> the

mentioned earlier it converts the

mentioned earlier it converts the
electrical<02:19:52.260> signals<02:19:52.740> from<02:19:52.920> one<02:19:53.160> type<02:19:53.399> to

electrical signals from one type to

electrical signals from one type to
another<02:19:54.000> type<02:19:54.359> so<02:19:54.899> serial<02:19:55.439> to<02:19:55.620> Optical

another type so serial to Optical

another type so serial to Optical
signals<02:19:56.580> and<02:19:57.120> vice<02:19:57.359> versa

signals and vice versa

signals and vice versa
The<02:19:59.880> Cisco<02:20:00.540> gigabit<02:20:01.140> internet<02:20:01.560> interface

The Cisco gigabit internet interface

The Cisco gigabit internet interface
converter<02:20:02.700> we<02:20:03.000> call<02:20:03.180> them<02:20:03.300> gbx<02:20:03.840> it's<02:20:04.560> hot

converter we call them gbx it's hot

converter we call them gbx it's hot
swappable<02:20:05.280> so<02:20:05.760> you<02:20:05.939> pull<02:20:06.120> it<02:20:06.300> out<02:20:06.420> push<02:20:06.720> it

swappable so you pull it out push it

swappable so you pull it out push it
back<02:20:07.080> in<02:20:07.200> again<02:20:07.439> hot<02:20:07.979> swappable<02:20:08.520> here

back in again hot swappable here

back in again hot swappable here
is<02:20:10.560> very<02:20:10.859> handy<02:20:11.160> and<02:20:11.280> I<02:20:11.460> think<02:20:11.520> we'll<02:20:11.760> come<02:20:12.240> to

is very handy and I think we'll come to

is very handy and I think we'll come to
this<02:20:12.540> later<02:20:12.780> actually<02:20:13.140> to<02:20:13.560> find<02:20:13.979> my<02:20:14.359> cursor<02:20:15.359> it

this later actually to find my cursor it

this later actually to find my cursor it
means<02:20:15.960> you<02:20:16.020> don't<02:20:16.200> have<02:20:16.320> to<02:20:16.560> power<02:20:16.740> down<02:20:17.040> your

means you don't have to power down your

means you don't have to power down your
unit<02:20:17.640> which<02:20:18.120> is<02:20:18.240> just<02:20:18.600> absolute<02:20:19.320> gold<02:20:19.680> if

unit which is just absolute gold if

unit which is just absolute gold if
you're<02:20:20.460> working<02:20:20.640> in<02:20:20.939> a<02:20:21.060> production<02:20:21.300> Network

you're working in a production Network

you're working in a production Network
because<02:20:21.960> it's<02:20:22.260> just<02:20:22.500> horrible<02:20:22.880> especially<02:20:23.880> if

because it's just horrible especially if

because it's just horrible especially if
you've<02:20:24.479> got<02:20:24.600> paying<02:20:25.020> customers<02:20:25.560> that<02:20:26.460> are

you've got paying customers that are

you've got paying customers that are
paying<02:20:26.939> for

paying for

paying for
99.999<02:20:28.859> recurring<02:20:29.760> up<02:20:30.000> time<02:20:30.300> and<02:20:30.960> then<02:20:31.020> you

99.999 recurring up time and then you

99.999 recurring up time and then you
tell<02:20:31.320> them<02:20:31.439> you've<02:20:31.620> got<02:20:31.740> a<02:20:31.920> power<02:20:32.040> down<02:20:32.340> the

tell them you've got a power down the

tell them you've got a power down the
device<02:20:33.180> they're<02:20:33.479> connected<02:20:33.899> to<02:20:34.140> and<02:20:34.800> just<02:20:35.040> to

device they're connected to and just to

device they're connected to and just to
swap<02:20:35.399> out<02:20:35.580> something<02:20:35.820> so<02:20:36.240> very<02:20:36.479> handy<02:20:36.840> plugs

swap out something so very handy plugs

swap out something so very handy plugs
into<02:20:37.740> the<02:20:37.979> gigabit<02:20:38.340> Ethernet<02:20:38.819> port<02:20:39.120> or<02:20:39.420> slot

into the gigabit Ethernet port or slot

into the gigabit Ethernet port or slot
SPF<02:20:42.720> stands<02:20:43.439> for<02:20:43.680> small<02:20:44.340> form<02:20:44.819> factor

SPF stands for small form factor

SPF stands for small form factor
pluggable<02:20:45.780> I<02:20:46.380> guess<02:20:46.560> a<02:20:46.740> gigabit<02:20:47.100> interface

pluggable I guess a gigabit interface

pluggable I guess a gigabit interface
converter<02:20:48.420> that<02:20:48.720> too<02:20:48.840> is<02:20:49.020> hot<02:20:49.200> swappable<02:20:49.620> bear

converter that too is hot swappable bear

converter that too is hot swappable bear
in<02:20:50.700> mind<02:20:50.880> what<02:20:51.300> you've<02:20:51.479> got<02:20:51.600> to<02:20:51.720> do<02:20:51.840> is<02:20:52.200> check

in mind what you've got to do is check

in mind what you've got to do is check
for

bugs so if say for example you've got a

bugs so if say for example you've got a
Cisco<02:20:59.580> device<02:21:00.140> and<02:21:01.140> you've<02:21:01.439> read<02:21:01.560> the

Cisco device and you've read the

Cisco device and you've read the
documentation<02:21:02.220> and<02:21:02.460> it<02:21:02.700> says<02:21:02.880> hot<02:21:03.000> swappable

documentation and it says hot swappable

documentation and it says hot swappable
you<02:21:04.560> ask<02:21:04.800> them<02:21:05.040> to<02:21:05.399> do<02:21:05.520> if<02:21:05.819> you've<02:21:06.060> got<02:21:06.120> a

you ask them to do if you've got a

you ask them to do if you've got a
contract<02:21:07.100> a<02:21:08.100> bug

contract a bug

contract a bug
sweep<02:21:11.340> for<02:21:11.939> the

sweep for the

sweep for the
say<02:21:13.680> for<02:21:13.859> example<02:21:14.160> this<02:21:15.000> with<02:21:15.660> the<02:21:15.899> model<02:21:16.140> so

say for example this with the model so

say for example this with the model so
say<02:21:17.660> WC

say WC

say WC
36<02:21:20.640> whatever<02:21:21.120> the<02:21:21.720> model<02:21:21.899> is<02:21:22.200> you<02:21:22.979> say<02:21:23.100> I've

36 whatever the model is you say I've

36 whatever the model is you say I've
got<02:21:23.399> this<02:21:23.580> switch<02:21:23.819> this<02:21:24.300> model<02:21:24.479> uh<02:21:25.319> it<02:21:25.500> says

got this switch this model uh it says

got this switch this model uh it says
it's<02:21:25.800> hot<02:21:25.979> swappable<02:21:26.460> and<02:21:27.359> just<02:21:27.660> do<02:21:27.899> a<02:21:28.260> bug

it's hot swappable and just do a bug

it's hot swappable and just do a bug
sweep<02:21:28.920> this<02:21:29.640> is<02:21:29.760> I<02:21:30.180> only<02:21:30.359> tell<02:21:30.540> you<02:21:30.660> this

sweep this is I only tell you this

sweep this is I only tell you this
because<02:21:31.020> and<02:21:31.439> this<02:21:31.680> is<02:21:31.740> the<02:21:31.920> advantage<02:21:32.340> of

because and this is the advantage of

because and this is the advantage of
having<02:21:32.760> someone<02:21:33.660> like<02:21:33.960> myself<02:21:34.200> not<02:21:34.680> that<02:21:34.859> I'm

having someone like myself not that I'm

having someone like myself not that I'm
boasting<02:21:35.520> but<02:21:35.760> I<02:21:35.939> worked<02:21:36.240> at<02:21:36.359> Cisco

boasting but I worked at Cisco

boasting but I worked at Cisco
and<02:21:37.979> we<02:21:38.160> had<02:21:38.340> a<02:21:38.520> customer<02:21:38.720> who<02:21:39.800> asked<02:21:40.800> one<02:21:40.979> of

and we had a customer who asked one of

and we had a customer who asked one of
our<02:21:41.220> Engineers<02:21:41.760> if<02:21:42.540> something<02:21:42.720> was<02:21:42.960> hot

our Engineers if something was hot

our Engineers if something was hot
swappable<02:21:43.560> the<02:21:44.220> documentation<02:21:44.760> said<02:21:45.060> it<02:21:45.359> was

swappable the documentation said it was

swappable the documentation said it was
however

however

however
um<02:21:47.700> not<02:21:47.939> that<02:21:48.060> it<02:21:48.180> was<02:21:48.359> his<02:21:48.479> fault<02:21:48.720> there<02:21:48.960> was<02:21:49.080> a

um not that it was his fault there was a

um not that it was his fault there was a
bug<02:21:49.640> which<02:21:50.640> he<02:21:50.819> didn't<02:21:51.000> know<02:21:51.240> about<02:21:51.420> and<02:21:52.200> the

bug which he didn't know about and the

bug which he didn't know about and the
customer<02:21:52.740> hot<02:21:53.160> swapped<02:21:53.580> it<02:21:53.760> brought<02:21:54.359> down<02:21:54.660> a

customer hot swapped it brought down a

customer hot swapped it brought down a
core<02:21:55.319> switch<02:21:55.620> it<02:21:56.580> caused<02:21:56.939> a<02:21:57.000> massive<02:21:57.300> amount

core switch it caused a massive amount

core switch it caused a massive amount
of<02:21:57.660> problems<02:21:58.080> there<02:21:58.319> was<02:21:58.500> I<02:21:58.680> think<02:21:58.800> some<02:21:59.160> legal

of problems there was I think some legal

of problems there was I think some legal
claims<02:22:00.000> or<02:22:00.180> whatever<02:22:00.300> it's<02:22:01.080> just<02:22:01.260> headaches

claims or whatever it's just headaches

claims or whatever it's just headaches
you<02:22:01.979> don't<02:22:02.160> need<02:22:02.460> so<02:22:03.420> if<02:22:03.899> you've<02:22:04.020> got<02:22:04.140> the

you don't need so if you've got the

you don't need so if you've got the
contract

contract

contract
and<02:22:06.120> just<02:22:06.300> because<02:22:06.479> it<02:22:06.660> says<02:22:06.780> hot<02:22:06.960> swappable

and just because it says hot swappable

and just because it says hot swappable
don't<02:22:08.399> necessarily<02:22:09.300> take<02:22:09.479> that<02:22:09.660> on<02:22:09.840> face

don't necessarily take that on face

don't necessarily take that on face
value<02:22:10.260> and<02:22:10.500> if<02:22:10.680> you<02:22:10.859> if<02:22:11.100> you<02:22:11.340> can<02:22:11.460> log<02:22:11.880> a<02:22:12.180> ticket

value and if you if you can log a ticket

value and if you if you can log a ticket
or<02:22:12.899> do<02:22:13.080> a<02:22:13.200> search

or do a search

or do a search
SPF<02:22:15.840> plus<02:22:16.020> is<02:22:16.260> in<02:22:16.500> the<02:22:16.620> hearts<02:22:16.979> version<02:22:17.160> the

SPF plus is in the hearts version the

SPF plus is in the hearts version the
hint<02:22:17.760> is<02:22:17.880> in<02:22:18.060> the<02:22:18.180> plus<02:22:18.359> that<02:22:19.020> supports<02:22:19.439> higher

hint is in the plus that supports higher

hint is in the plus that supports higher
data<02:22:20.280> rates<02:22:20.819> and<02:22:21.420> this<02:22:21.720> time<02:22:21.840> up<02:22:22.080> to<02:22:22.319> 16

data rates and this time up to 16

data rates and this time up to 16
gigabits<02:22:23.399> per<02:22:23.520> second

gigabits per second

gigabits per second
and<02:22:25.800> then<02:22:25.920> finally<02:22:26.220> I<02:22:26.399> don't<02:22:26.520> have<02:22:26.640> a<02:22:26.760> picture

and then finally I don't have a picture

and then finally I don't have a picture
here<02:22:27.240> a<02:22:27.660> quad<02:22:28.020> small<02:22:28.319> form<02:22:28.620> factable<02:22:29.280> a<02:22:29.939> factor

here a quad small form factable a factor

here a quad small form factable a factor
plugable<02:22:30.840> and<02:22:31.740> you've<02:22:31.979> got<02:22:32.100> different<02:22:32.600> speeds

plugable and you've got different speeds

plugable and you've got different speeds
just<02:22:33.840> check<02:22:34.020> the<02:22:34.200> documentation<02:22:34.800> on<02:22:35.640> that<02:22:35.819> I

just check the documentation on that I

just check the documentation on that I
just<02:22:36.479> wanted<02:22:36.720> to<02:22:37.740> um<02:22:37.740> flag<02:22:38.460> it<02:22:38.700> up<02:22:38.819> I<02:22:39.120> think

just wanted to um flag it up I think

just wanted to um flag it up I think
it's<02:22:39.359> actually<02:22:39.540> in<02:22:39.780> the<02:22:39.899> syllabus<02:22:40.260> also

it's actually in the syllabus also

it's actually in the syllabus also
uh<02:22:42.479> so<02:22:43.140> we've<02:22:43.380> just<02:22:43.620> got<02:22:43.859> the<02:22:44.220> ghibit<02:22:44.819> module

uh so we've just got the ghibit module

uh so we've just got the ghibit module
here<02:22:45.359> and<02:22:45.540> you<02:22:45.780> can<02:22:45.899> see<02:22:46.140> the<02:22:46.979> uh<02:22:47.160> the<02:22:47.399> chassis

here and you can see the uh the chassis

here and you can see the uh the chassis
would<02:22:48.060> actually<02:22:48.180> be<02:22:48.479> here<02:22:48.720> so<02:22:48.960> you<02:22:49.140> wouldn't

would actually be here so you wouldn't

would actually be here so you wouldn't
see<02:22:49.680> all<02:22:49.920> this<02:22:50.040> typically<02:22:50.520> and<02:22:51.359> then<02:22:51.479> you'd

see all this typically and then you'd

see all this typically and then you'd
have<02:22:51.899> obviously<02:22:52.260> the<02:22:52.500> slot<02:22:52.859> here<02:22:53.100> and<02:22:53.520> I

have obviously the slot here and I

have obviously the slot here and I
mentioned<02:22:54.000> that<02:22:54.180> only<02:22:54.479> the<02:22:55.319> the<02:22:55.380> end<02:22:55.979> bit

mentioned that only the the end bit

mentioned that only the the end bit
would<02:22:56.460> be<02:22:56.580> proud<02:22:57.000> and<02:22:57.540> you've<02:22:57.720> got<02:22:57.899> two<02:22:58.500> fiber

would be proud and you've got two fiber

would be proud and you've got two fiber
cables<02:22:59.700> in<02:22:59.819> here<02:23:00.000> I'm<02:23:00.479> not<02:23:00.660> sure<02:23:00.780> what<02:23:00.960> this

cables in here I'm not sure what this

cables in here I'm not sure what this
model<02:23:01.380> of<02:23:01.620> the<02:23:01.920> model<02:23:02.580> is<02:23:02.819> that<02:23:02.939> it's<02:23:03.120> actually

model of the model is that it's actually

model of the model is that it's actually
plugging<02:23:03.720> into<02:23:03.899> we're<02:23:04.620> just<02:23:04.800> having<02:23:05.040> a<02:23:05.280> sneaky

plugging into we're just having a sneaky

plugging into we're just having a sneaky
look<02:23:05.939> here<02:23:06.720> at<02:23:07.380> the<02:23:08.040> um<02:23:08.040> circuit<02:23:08.580> board<02:23:08.700> is<02:23:09.359> SPF

look here at the um circuit board is SPF

look here at the um circuit board is SPF
plus<02:23:10.260> and

plus and

plus and
um<02:23:12.600> yeah<02:23:13.080> so<02:23:13.439> just<02:23:13.800> so<02:23:13.979> you<02:23:14.160> can<02:23:14.280> see<02:23:14.460> it

um yeah so just so you can see it

um yeah so just so you can see it
working<02:23:15.060> in<02:23:15.359> an<02:23:15.540> actual<02:23:15.840> device<02:23:16.280> and<02:23:17.280> however

working in an actual device and however

working in an actual device and however
you<02:23:17.880> would<02:23:18.000> set<02:23:18.120> this<02:23:18.359> up<02:23:18.479> I'm<02:23:18.780> not<02:23:18.899> sure<02:23:19.020> if

you would set this up I'm not sure if

you would set this up I'm not sure if
this<02:23:19.439> is<02:23:20.040> um<02:23:20.160> these<02:23:20.760> have<02:23:20.819> been<02:23:20.939> linked

this is um these have been linked

this is um these have been linked
together<02:23:21.420> all<02:23:22.080> the<02:23:22.260> ones<02:23:22.560> operating<02:23:22.920> as<02:23:23.160> a

together all the ones operating as a

together all the ones operating as a
backup<02:23:23.520> to<02:23:23.640> the<02:23:23.880> other<02:23:24.420> so<02:23:24.840> you<02:23:25.020> can<02:23:25.140> see<02:23:25.260> what

backup to the other so you can see what

backup to the other so you can see what
it<02:23:25.560> would<02:23:25.680> look<02:23:25.859> like<02:23:26.040> on<02:23:26.399> a<02:23:26.520> live<02:23:26.700> environment

it would look like on a live environment

it would look like on a live environment
and<02:23:28.920> network<02:23:29.220> storage<02:23:29.520> fiber<02:23:30.060> channel<02:23:30.300> fiber

and network storage fiber channel fiber

and network storage fiber channel fiber
channel<02:23:31.140> ever<02:23:31.380> ethernet<02:23:31.920> it<02:23:32.760> basically

channel ever ethernet it basically

channel ever ethernet it basically
encapsulates<02:23:33.600> fiber<02:23:34.319> channel<02:23:34.500> frames<02:23:34.920> over

encapsulates fiber channel frames over

encapsulates fiber channel frames over
ethernet<02:23:35.700> it's<02:23:36.180> a<02:23:36.359> protocol<02:23:36.660> in<02:23:37.140> its<02:23:37.380> own

ethernet it's a protocol in its own

ethernet it's a protocol in its own
right<02:23:37.680> and<02:23:38.340> it<02:23:38.460> was<02:23:38.640> developed<02:23:39.000> just

right and it was developed just

right and it was developed just
specifically<02:23:39.660> for<02:23:39.899> this<02:23:40.140> environment<02:23:40.680> and

specifically for this environment and

specifically for this environment and
you<02:23:41.700> can<02:23:41.819> see<02:23:42.060> the<02:23:42.720> um<02:23:42.720> fiber<02:23:43.260> channel<02:23:43.439> over

you can see the um fiber channel over

you can see the um fiber channel over
ethernet<02:23:44.340> is<02:23:44.880> working<02:23:45.180> in<02:23:46.080> this<02:23:46.260> part<02:23:46.500> of<02:23:46.740> the

ethernet is working in this part of the

ethernet is working in this part of the
connection<02:23:47.399> here

connection here

connection here
and<02:23:49.800> then<02:23:49.920> it<02:23:50.040> looks<02:23:50.340> like<02:23:50.399> we've<02:23:50.580> got<02:23:50.640> ether

and then it looks like we've got ether

and then it looks like we've got ether
channel<02:23:51.240> here<02:23:51.720> which<02:23:52.740> um<02:23:53.220> I<02:23:53.700> don't<02:23:53.819> think

channel here which um I don't think

channel here which um I don't think
ether<02:23:54.359> channel<02:23:54.600> is<02:23:54.899> specifically<02:23:55.380> covered

ether channel is specifically covered

ether channel is specifically covered
but<02:23:55.920> we<02:23:56.160> do

but we do

but we do
um<02:23:57.000> there's<02:23:57.840> a<02:23:58.020> part<02:23:58.200> of<02:23:58.319> the<02:23:58.439> syllabus<02:23:58.859> that

um there's a part of the syllabus that

um there's a part of the syllabus that
covers<02:24:00.300> um<02:24:00.380> increase<02:24:01.380> in<02:24:01.620> Europe<02:24:01.859> time<02:24:02.220> I

covers um increase in Europe time I

covers um increase in Europe time I
can't<02:24:02.520> remember<02:24:02.700> what<02:24:02.880> it's<02:24:03.060> called<02:24:03.240> now

can't remember what it's called now

can't remember what it's called now
let's<02:24:04.500> say<02:24:04.680> there's<02:24:04.859> redundancy<02:24:05.460> we<02:24:05.700> do<02:24:05.819> talk

let's say there's redundancy we do talk

let's say there's redundancy we do talk
about<02:24:06.240> later

about later

about later
so<02:24:07.920> uh<02:24:08.100> it's<02:24:08.340> a<02:24:08.520> non-routable<02:24:09.120> network

so uh it's a non-routable network

so uh it's a non-routable network
protocol<02:24:10.020> so<02:24:10.439> it<02:24:10.859> won't<02:24:11.040> go

protocol so it won't go

protocol so it won't go
whatever<02:24:12.899> your<02:24:13.260> connection<02:24:13.439> is<02:24:13.859> it<02:24:14.399> wouldn't

whatever your connection is it wouldn't

whatever your connection is it wouldn't
be

be

be
carried<02:24:16.319> out<02:24:16.439> here<02:24:16.800> to<02:24:17.580> um

carried out here to um

carried out here to um
to<02:24:18.780> the<02:24:18.899> internet

to the internet

to the internet
it<02:24:21.300> wouldn't<02:24:21.479> work<02:24:21.960> it'd<02:24:22.680> be<02:24:22.740> converted

it wouldn't work it'd be converted

it wouldn't work it'd be converted
something<02:24:24.000> would<02:24:24.300> be<02:24:24.479> converted<02:24:24.840> to<02:24:24.960> bgp<02:24:25.560> or

something would be converted to bgp or

something would be converted to bgp or
whatever<02:24:25.859> you're<02:24:26.100> using<02:24:26.460> out<02:24:26.580> here

whatever you're using out here

whatever you're using out here
differs<02:24:29.160> from<02:24:29.340> Isco<02:24:29.700> Z<02:24:29.939> which<02:24:30.180> runs<02:24:30.420> over

differs from Isco Z which runs over

differs from Isco Z which runs over
tcpip

tcpip

tcpip
okay<02:24:33.120> this<02:24:33.420> is<02:24:33.540> non-routable<02:24:34.080> so<02:24:34.319> that<02:24:34.500> very

okay this is non-routable so that very

okay this is non-routable so that very
much<02:24:34.859> whether<02:24:35.040> it<02:24:35.280> would<02:24:35.399> be<02:24:35.520> working<02:24:35.640> over

much whether it would be working over

much whether it would be working over
tcpip<02:24:36.800> and<02:24:37.800> then<02:24:37.920> just<02:24:38.280> to<02:24:38.460> tick<02:24:38.760> the<02:24:38.939> Box

tcpip and then just to tick the Box

tcpip and then just to tick the Box
Infinity<02:24:39.720> band<02:24:40.140> it's<02:24:40.439> added<02:24:40.740> in<02:24:40.859> the<02:24:40.979> syllabus

Infinity band it's added in the syllabus

Infinity band it's added in the syllabus
um there's<02:24:42.899> a<02:24:43.140> diagram<02:24:43.680> here<02:24:43.979> I<02:24:44.220> got<02:24:44.399> from

um there's a diagram here I got from

um there's a diagram here I got from
melanox<02:24:45.660> whoever<02:24:46.080> they<02:24:46.319> are<02:24:46.500> just<02:24:47.100> you<02:24:47.399> could

melanox whoever they are just you could

melanox whoever they are just you could
um<02:24:48.859> see<02:24:49.859> a<02:24:50.040> topology<02:24:50.520> of<02:24:50.760> it<02:24:50.939> working<02:24:51.120> used<02:24:52.080> in

um see a topology of it working used in

um see a topology of it working used in
high<02:24:52.500> performance<02:24:52.979> Computing<02:24:53.580> just<02:24:54.000> think<02:24:54.180> of

high performance Computing just think of

high performance Computing just think of
exam<02:24:54.660> questions<02:24:54.899> basically<02:24:55.620> why<02:24:56.280> is<02:24:56.460> it<02:24:56.580> used

exam questions basically why is it used

exam questions basically why is it used
it's<02:24:57.359> high<02:24:57.600> performance<02:24:58.020> low<02:24:58.319> latency<02:24:58.800> so<02:24:59.760> if

it's high performance low latency so if

it's high performance low latency so if
it<02:25:00.420> if<02:25:00.780> it<02:25:00.899> meets<02:25:01.200> your<02:25:01.260> requirements<02:25:01.800> you'd

it if it meets your requirements you'd

it if it meets your requirements you'd
consider<02:25:02.399> using<02:25:02.819> it

consider using it

consider using it
uh<02:25:04.439> direct<02:25:04.680> or<02:25:04.979> switched<02:25:05.340> internet

uh direct or switched internet

uh direct or switched internet
connection<02:25:05.939> between<02:25:06.479> servers<02:25:07.260> or<02:25:07.680> storage<02:25:08.040> so

connection between servers or storage so

connection between servers or storage so
it<02:25:08.640> can<02:25:08.760> be<02:25:08.880> server<02:25:09.180> to<02:25:09.359> serve<02:25:09.660> our<02:25:09.840> server<02:25:10.200> to

it can be server to serve our server to

it can be server to serve our server to
storage

storage

storage
all<02:25:12.479> right<02:25:12.600> so<02:25:12.780> we<02:25:12.960> covered<02:25:13.319> a<02:25:13.560> lot<02:25:13.740> of<02:25:13.920> ground

all right so we covered a lot of ground

all right so we covered a lot of ground
but<02:25:14.340> we're<02:25:14.520> just<02:25:14.760> topping<02:25:15.300> up<02:25:15.420> on<02:25:15.780> what<02:25:16.080> we<02:25:16.380> uh

but we're just topping up on what we uh

but we're just topping up on what we uh
already<02:25:16.979> learned<02:25:17.399> earlier<02:25:17.700> you<02:25:18.240> learn<02:25:18.479> about

already learned earlier you learn about

already learned earlier you learn about
some<02:25:18.840> copper<02:25:19.140> connector<02:25:19.560> types<02:25:19.920> transceivers

some copper connector types transceivers

some copper connector types transceivers
so<02:25:22.620> it'll<02:25:22.859> convert<02:25:23.460> one<02:25:24.060> type<02:25:24.420> of<02:25:24.660> another<02:25:24.840> one

so it'll convert one type of another one

so it'll convert one type of another one
type<02:25:25.859> of<02:25:26.040> connection<02:25:26.160> to<02:25:26.460> another<02:25:26.640> we<02:25:27.540> talked

type of connection to another we talked

type of connection to another we talked
about<02:25:27.960> the<02:25:28.380> the<02:25:28.680> DB<02:25:29.520> oops<02:25:30.180> the<02:25:30.359> DB<02:25:31.280> M9<02:25:32.600> uh<02:25:33.600> I

about the the DB oops the DB M9 uh I

about the the DB oops the DB M9 uh I
think<02:25:33.840> the<02:25:33.960> other<02:25:34.080> one<02:25:34.140> was<02:25:34.319> 25<02:25:34.740> the<02:25:35.220> D

think the other one was 25 the D

think the other one was 25 the D
connector<02:25:36.000> and<02:25:36.540> basically<02:25:36.899> the<02:25:37.080> shape<02:25:37.380> is

connector and basically the shape is

connector and basically the shape is
there

there

there
hopefully<02:25:39.540> so<02:25:39.899> nobody<02:25:40.260> plugs<02:25:40.620> things<02:25:40.740> in<02:25:40.920> the

hopefully so nobody plugs things in the

hopefully so nobody plugs things in the
wrong<02:25:41.220> way<02:25:41.340> that's<02:25:41.580> any<02:25:41.760> reason

wrong way that's any reason

wrong way that's any reason
uh<02:25:43.439> termination<02:25:43.979> points<02:25:44.640> copper<02:25:45.600> cable

uh termination points copper cable

uh termination points copper cable
standards<02:25:46.620> which<02:25:47.340> is<02:25:47.460> the<02:25:47.880> F<02:25:48.240> standard<02:25:48.660> I

standards which is the F standard I

standards which is the F standard I
think<02:25:48.960> we<02:25:49.200> talked<02:25:49.439> about<02:25:49.560> which<02:25:49.979> isn't<02:25:50.399> fiber

it could be fiber fibre depending on

it could be fiber fibre depending on
where<02:25:56.700> you<02:25:56.819> are

where you are

where you are
and<02:25:57.960> then<02:25:58.140> the<02:25:58.319> network<02:25:58.439> storage<02:25:58.800> connection

and then the network storage connection

and then the network storage connection
type

type

type
all<02:26:01.080> right<02:26:01.260> so<02:26:01.439> that's<02:26:01.620> all<02:26:01.859> for<02:26:02.100> now<02:26:02.280> I'll

all right so that's all for now I'll

all right so that's all for now I'll
look<02:26:02.939> forward<02:26:03.060> to<02:26:03.240> seeing<02:26:03.479> you<02:26:03.540> on<02:26:03.660> the<02:26:03.780> next

look forward to seeing you on the next

look forward to seeing you on the next
presentation

[Music]

[Music]
foreign

Network hardware and media unbounded

Network hardware and media unbounded
Network<02:26:32.880> media

Network media

Network media
as<02:26:34.439> we<02:26:34.620> just<02:26:34.740> discussed<02:26:35.100> bounded<02:26:35.939> media<02:26:36.300> is

as we just discussed bounded media is

as we just discussed bounded media is
that<02:26:36.899> media<02:26:37.380> error<02:26:37.620> cabling<02:26:37.979> that<02:26:38.280> is<02:26:38.460> bounded

that media error cabling that is bounded

that media error cabling that is bounded
in<02:26:39.479> the<02:26:40.080> limits<02:26:40.500> of<02:26:40.920> a<02:26:41.160> cable<02:26:41.399> something<02:26:42.120> you

in the limits of a cable something you

in the limits of a cable something you
can<02:26:42.479> hold<02:26:42.740> unbounded<02:26:43.740> media<02:26:44.160> as<02:26:44.760> the<02:26:45.240> image

can hold unbounded media as the image

can hold unbounded media as the image
here<02:26:45.660> describes<02:26:46.260> and<02:26:46.740> the<02:26:46.920> image<02:26:47.160> right<02:26:47.340> here

here describes and the image right here

here describes and the image right here
describes<02:26:47.939> is<02:26:48.500> uh<02:26:49.500> Wireless<02:26:49.979> in<02:26:50.399> nature

describes is uh Wireless in nature

describes is uh Wireless in nature
meaning<02:26:51.000> that<02:26:51.300> there<02:26:51.540> isn't<02:26:51.899> any<02:26:52.380> sort<02:26:52.620> of

meaning that there isn't any sort of

meaning that there isn't any sort of
chord<02:26:53.160> that<02:26:53.580> you<02:26:53.700> have<02:26:53.819> to<02:26:54.060> rely<02:26:54.359> on<02:26:54.540> and

chord that you have to rely on and

chord that you have to rely on and
therefore<02:26:55.560> it<02:26:56.220> allows<02:26:56.520> for<02:26:56.939> certain

therefore it allows for certain

therefore it allows for certain
advantages<02:26:57.960> and<02:26:58.500> also<02:26:58.680> certain

advantages and also certain

advantages and also certain
disadvantages<02:26:59.580> so<02:27:00.180> we're<02:27:00.300> going<02:27:00.420> to<02:27:00.540> look<02:27:00.660> at

disadvantages so we're going to look at

disadvantages so we're going to look at
the<02:27:01.080> hardware<02:27:01.260> and<02:27:01.680> unbounded<02:27:02.280> media<02:27:02.700> types

the hardware and unbounded media types

the hardware and unbounded media types
involved<02:27:04.319> in<02:27:04.439> these<02:27:04.680> sort<02:27:04.800> of<02:27:04.920> connections

involved in these sort of connections

involved in these sort of connections
so<02:27:07.140> are<02:27:07.380> the<02:27:07.500> objectives<02:27:07.979> for<02:27:08.520> this<02:27:09.060> module

so are the objectives for this module

so are the objectives for this module
are<02:27:10.380> to<02:27:10.680> Define<02:27:10.880> unbounded<02:27:11.880> as<02:27:12.060> opposed<02:27:12.359> to

are to Define unbounded as opposed to

are to Define unbounded as opposed to
bounded<02:27:12.960> Network<02:27:13.319> media<02:27:14.280> we're<02:27:14.700> also<02:27:14.939> going

bounded Network media we're also going

bounded Network media we're also going
to<02:27:15.180> define<02:27:15.300> the<02:27:15.780> difference<02:27:15.899> in<02:27:16.140> radio

to define the difference in radio

to define the difference in radio
networking<02:27:17.399> and<02:27:17.880> broadcast<02:27:18.300> radio

networking and broadcast radio

networking and broadcast radio
look<02:27:20.880> at<02:27:21.060> something<02:27:21.240> called<02:27:21.600> spread<02:27:22.439> Spectrum

look at something called spread Spectrum

look at something called spread Spectrum
which<02:27:23.819> was<02:27:24.180> created<02:27:24.899> in<02:27:25.200> order<02:27:25.380> to<02:27:26.240> help

which was created in order to help

which was created in order to help
Wireless<02:27:27.840> Technologies<02:27:28.620> work<02:27:29.040> more

Wireless Technologies work more

Wireless Technologies work more
efficiently<02:27:30.000> and<02:27:30.180> effectively<02:27:30.720> we're<02:27:31.500> also

efficiently and effectively we're also

efficiently and effectively we're also
going<02:27:31.800> to<02:27:31.859> look<02:27:31.979> at<02:27:32.100> IR<02:27:32.460> or<02:27:32.880> infrared<02:27:33.479> or

going to look at IR or infrared or

going to look at IR or infrared or
infrared<02:27:34.140> connections<02:27:34.859> Bluetooth

infrared connections Bluetooth

infrared connections Bluetooth
connections<02:27:36.420> and<02:27:37.080> microwave<02:27:37.740> connections

connections and microwave connections

connections and microwave connections
all<02:27:38.819> of<02:27:38.939> these<02:27:39.180> different<02:27:39.420> types<02:27:39.840> of

all of these different types of

all of these different types of
unbounded<02:27:40.740> media<02:27:41.160> and<02:27:41.460> devices

unbounded media and devices

unbounded media and devices
and<02:27:42.960> then<02:27:43.080> we're<02:27:43.200> going<02:27:43.319> to<02:27:43.319> look<02:27:43.439> at

and then we're going to look at

and then we're going to look at
something<02:27:43.740> that<02:27:44.040> most<02:27:44.280> of<02:27:44.399> you<02:27:44.520> are<02:27:44.700> probably

something that most of you are probably

something that most of you are probably
more<02:27:45.300> familiar<02:27:45.660> with<02:27:45.840> a<02:27:46.140> wireless<02:27:46.380> access

more familiar with a wireless access

more familiar with a wireless access
point<02:27:47.359> also<02:27:48.359> a<02:27:48.720> WAP

point also a WAP

point also a WAP
then<02:27:50.760> we're<02:27:50.880> going<02:27:51.000> to<02:27:51.060> describe<02:27:51.359> the

then we're going to describe the

then we're going to describe the
characteristics<02:27:52.200> of<02:27:52.620> an<02:27:52.859> SSID<02:27:53.399> which<02:27:54.359> many<02:27:54.600> of

characteristics of an SSID which many of

characteristics of an SSID which many of
you<02:27:55.020> uh<02:27:55.800> might<02:27:56.100> know<02:27:56.220> as<02:27:56.460> the<02:27:56.760> name<02:27:56.939> of<02:27:57.180> a

you uh might know as the name of a

you uh might know as the name of a
network<02:27:57.540> also<02:27:58.020> called<02:27:58.200> the<02:27:58.439> service<02:27:58.740> set

network also called the service set

network also called the service set
identifier

identifier

identifier
and<02:28:01.020> finally<02:28:01.200> we're<02:28:01.439> going<02:28:01.560> to<02:28:01.620> look<02:28:01.800> at<02:28:01.979> the

and finally we're going to look at the

and finally we're going to look at the
basic<02:28:03.540> uh

basic uh

basic uh
ways<02:28:05.460> of<02:28:05.640> properly<02:28:06.000> installing<02:28:06.540> an<02:28:06.720> access

ways of properly installing an access

ways of properly installing an access
point<02:28:07.260> and<02:28:07.979> by<02:28:08.280> properly<02:28:08.640> installing<02:28:09.060> an

point and by properly installing an

point and by properly installing an
access<02:28:09.420> point<02:28:09.840> of<02:28:10.740> course<02:28:10.859> we're<02:28:11.220> referring

access point of course we're referring

access point of course we're referring
to<02:28:11.939> the<02:28:12.240> network<02:28:12.540> plus<02:28:13.140> methodology<02:28:14.000> of

to the network plus methodology of

to the network plus methodology of
installing<02:28:15.420> an<02:28:15.600> access<02:28:15.720> point

installing an access point

installing an access point
all<02:28:17.160> right

all right

all right
so<02:28:19.800> unbounded<02:28:20.460> Network<02:28:20.700> media<02:28:21.300> is<02:28:21.960> any

so unbounded Network media is any

so unbounded Network media is any
network<02:28:22.439> media<02:28:22.979> that's<02:28:23.220> not<02:28:23.640> bound<02:28:24.180> by<02:28:24.720> a

network media that's not bound by a

network media that's not bound by a
physical<02:28:25.140> connection<02:28:25.560> such<02:28:26.160> as<02:28:26.340> copper<02:28:26.939> or

physical connection such as copper or

physical connection such as copper or
wire<02:28:27.359> a<02:28:28.080> fiber<02:28:28.560> that<02:28:28.800> we've<02:28:29.040> just<02:28:29.220> seen

wire a fiber that we've just seen

wire a fiber that we've just seen
the<02:28:31.140> unbounded<02:28:31.800> simply<02:28:32.220> means<02:28:32.640> it's<02:28:32.939> wireless

the unbounded simply means it's wireless

the unbounded simply means it's wireless
or<02:28:34.080> it's<02:28:34.260> using<02:28:34.740> a<02:28:35.040> sort<02:28:35.220> of<02:28:35.399> Wireless

or it's using a sort of Wireless

or it's using a sort of Wireless
technology<02:28:36.920> Now<02:28:37.920> using<02:28:38.399> unbounded<02:28:39.060> media<02:28:39.479> has

technology Now using unbounded media has

technology Now using unbounded media has
some<02:28:40.260> specific<02:28:40.979> advantages<02:28:41.580> such<02:28:42.060> as<02:28:42.180> it's

some specific advantages such as it's

some specific advantages such as it's
easier<02:28:43.020> to<02:28:43.260> install<02:28:43.500> and<02:28:43.979> manage<02:28:44.399> over<02:28:44.760> its

easier to install and manage over its

easier to install and manage over its
bounded<02:28:45.479> counterparts<02:28:46.080> because<02:28:46.260> you<02:28:46.560> don't

bounded counterparts because you don't

bounded counterparts because you don't
have<02:28:46.920> as<02:28:47.160> much<02:28:47.340> stuff<02:28:48.120> to<02:28:48.479> deal<02:28:48.660> with<02:28:48.840> in<02:28:49.439> the

have as much stuff to deal with in the

have as much stuff to deal with in the
same<02:28:49.680> regard<02:28:49.979> however<02:28:50.460> unbounded<02:28:51.300> Network

same regard however unbounded Network

same regard however unbounded Network
media<02:28:52.080> has<02:28:52.680> the<02:28:52.859> potential<02:28:53.100> to<02:28:53.280> be<02:28:53.399> less

media has the potential to be less

media has the potential to be less
secure<02:28:54.359> than<02:28:55.140> bounded<02:28:55.680> and<02:28:56.640> actually<02:28:56.819> a<02:28:57.420> lot

secure than bounded and actually a lot

secure than bounded and actually a lot
of<02:28:57.720> folks<02:28:58.020> will<02:28:58.200> say<02:28:58.439> that<02:28:58.680> there<02:28:58.920> is<02:28:59.100> no<02:28:59.340> way

of folks will say that there is no way

of folks will say that there is no way
to<02:28:59.760> have<02:28:59.939> a<02:29:00.300> secure<02:29:00.660> Wireless

to have a secure Wireless

to have a secure Wireless
or<02:29:02.340> unbounded<02:29:03.000> network<02:29:03.359> because

or unbounded network because

or unbounded network because
traffic<02:29:06.479> across<02:29:07.020> the<02:29:07.140> network<02:29:07.319> can<02:29:07.680> be

traffic across the network can be

traffic across the network can be
intercepted<02:29:08.520> a<02:29:08.700> lot<02:29:08.819> easier<02:29:09.240> when<02:29:10.140> it's

intercepted a lot easier when it's

intercepted a lot easier when it's
wireless<02:29:10.439> and<02:29:10.800> anyone<02:29:11.100> can<02:29:11.280> just<02:29:11.399> sort<02:29:11.580> of<02:29:11.700> tap

wireless and anyone can just sort of tap

wireless and anyone can just sort of tap
in<02:29:12.260> in<02:29:13.260> radio<02:29:13.620> networking<02:29:14.399> data<02:29:15.180> is

in in radio networking data is

in in radio networking data is
transmitted<02:29:16.020> as<02:29:16.740> RF<02:29:17.640> or<02:29:18.240> radio<02:29:18.600> frequency<02:29:19.380> so

transmitted as RF or radio frequency so

transmitted as RF or radio frequency so
one<02:29:20.220> of<02:29:20.340> the<02:29:20.460> first<02:29:20.640> forms<02:29:21.120> of<02:29:21.240> communications

one of the first forms of communications

one of the first forms of communications
this<02:29:23.520> these<02:29:23.939> signals<02:29:24.359> of<02:29:24.740> RF<02:29:25.740> waves<02:29:26.399> were

this these signals of RF waves were

this these signals of RF waves were
transmitted<02:29:27.600> in<02:29:27.780> the<02:29:28.020> 10<02:29:28.260> kilohertz<02:29:28.979> to

uh one gigahertz range

uh one gigahertz range
and<02:29:38.040> in<02:29:38.220> the<02:29:38.399> U.S<02:29:38.760> the<02:29:39.000> FCC<02:29:39.359> or<02:29:39.780> the<02:29:39.899> Federal

and in the U.S the FCC or the Federal

and in the U.S the FCC or the Federal
Communications<02:29:40.800> Commission<02:29:41.460> regulates

Communications Commission regulates

Communications Commission regulates
these<02:29:42.899> radio<02:29:43.020> Transmissions<02:29:43.859> this<02:29:44.819> kind<02:29:45.000> of

these radio Transmissions this kind of

these radio Transmissions this kind of
networking<02:29:45.600> is<02:29:45.899> unfortunately<02:29:46.260> very

networking is unfortunately very

networking is unfortunately very
susceptible<02:29:47.160> to<02:29:47.760> uh<02:29:48.420> Emi

susceptible to uh Emi

susceptible to uh Emi
or<02:29:50.760> electromagnetic<02:29:51.660> interference<02:29:52.200> which

or electromagnetic interference which

or electromagnetic interference which
we've<02:29:52.620> seen<02:29:52.920> previously<02:29:53.880> especially<02:29:54.479> from

we've seen previously especially from

we've seen previously especially from
stuff<02:29:55.020> like<02:29:55.260> power<02:29:55.620> lines<02:29:56.359> metallic

stuff like power lines metallic

stuff like power lines metallic
obstacles<02:29:57.960> even<02:29:58.520> atmospheric<02:29:59.520> conditions

obstacles even atmospheric conditions

obstacles even atmospheric conditions
some<02:30:00.420> people<02:30:00.600> tell<02:30:00.840> me<02:30:00.960> that<02:30:01.260> they<02:30:01.560> lose

some people tell me that they lose

some people tell me that they lose
connectivity<02:30:02.780> when<02:30:03.780> a<02:30:04.140> plane<02:30:04.439> flies<02:30:04.800> overhead

connectivity when a plane flies overhead

connectivity when a plane flies overhead
a<02:30:06.000> radio<02:30:06.180> networking<02:30:06.780> can<02:30:07.020> also<02:30:07.319> be<02:30:07.680> very<02:30:08.100> long

a radio networking can also be very long

a radio networking can also be very long
range<02:30:09.120> depending<02:30:09.660> on<02:30:09.899> the<02:30:10.439> method<02:30:10.740> of

range depending on the method of

range depending on the method of
transmission<02:30:11.399> the<02:30:12.240> amount<02:30:12.479> of<02:30:12.660> power<02:30:12.840> behind

transmission the amount of power behind

transmission the amount of power behind
the<02:30:13.500> signal<02:30:13.859> the<02:30:14.819> kind<02:30:14.939> of<02:30:15.060> antenna<02:30:15.540> being

the signal the kind of antenna being

the signal the kind of antenna being
used<02:30:16.080> the<02:30:16.859> portion<02:30:17.280> of<02:30:17.580> the<02:30:17.819> frequency

used the portion of the frequency

used the portion of the frequency
spectrum<02:30:18.960> which<02:30:19.800> is<02:30:19.979> located<02:30:20.340> in<02:30:20.819> here<02:30:21.060> that's

spectrum which is located in here that's

spectrum which is located in here that's
being<02:30:22.080> used<02:30:22.319> now<02:30:23.040> with<02:30:23.280> broadcast<02:30:23.580> radio

being used now with broadcast radio

being used now with broadcast radio
which<02:30:25.560> is<02:30:25.800> also<02:30:26.040> considered<02:30:26.520> a<02:30:26.939> broadcast

which is also considered a broadcast

which is also considered a broadcast
network<02:30:27.780> the<02:30:28.560> signal<02:30:28.859> is<02:30:28.979> sent<02:30:29.160> out<02:30:29.280> in<02:30:29.460> all

network the signal is sent out in all

network the signal is sent out in all
directions<02:30:29.880> and<02:30:30.420> utilizes<02:30:31.080> a<02:30:31.560> single

directions and utilizes a single

directions and utilizes a single
frequency<02:30:32.220> for<02:30:32.640> transmission<02:30:32.939> so<02:30:33.840> there's

frequency for transmission so there's

frequency for transmission so there's
low<02:30:34.859> power<02:30:35.100> transmission<02:30:35.580> for<02:30:36.180> shorter

low power transmission for shorter

low power transmission for shorter
distances<02:30:37.020> is<02:30:37.319> more<02:30:37.560> common<02:30:37.740> and<02:30:38.640> is<02:30:38.880> easy<02:30:39.180> to

distances is more common and is easy to

distances is more common and is easy to
install<02:30:39.540> but<02:30:40.260> there's<02:30:40.439> also

install but there's also

install but there's also
high<02:30:42.000> power<02:30:42.180> Transmissions<02:30:42.960> which<02:30:43.560> are<02:30:43.859> used

high power Transmissions which are used

high power Transmissions which are used
for<02:30:44.520> further<02:30:44.819> distances<02:30:45.240> as<02:30:45.479> you<02:30:45.660> would

for further distances as you would

for further distances as you would
imagine<02:30:45.960> and<02:30:46.800> it's<02:30:46.979> difficult<02:30:47.460> typically<02:30:48.060> a

imagine and it's difficult typically a

imagine and it's difficult typically a
little<02:30:48.359> more<02:30:48.540> difficult<02:30:48.840> to<02:30:49.140> install<02:30:49.260> because

little more difficult to install because

little more difficult to install because
it<02:30:49.920> requires<02:30:50.399> really<02:30:51.300> specially<02:30:51.780> trained

it requires really specially trained

it requires really specially trained
technicians<02:30:52.800> proper<02:30:53.460> installation<02:30:53.880> and

technicians proper installation and

technicians proper installation and
maintenance<02:30:54.420> techniques<02:30:54.899> and<02:30:55.020> so<02:30:55.200> on<02:30:55.859> with

maintenance techniques and so on with

maintenance techniques and so on with
radio<02:30:56.819> networking<02:30:57.600> line<02:30:57.840> of<02:30:58.080> sight<02:30:58.380> is<02:30:59.220> not

radio networking line of sight is not

radio networking line of sight is not
necessary

necessary

necessary
which<02:31:00.960> means<02:31:01.260> that<02:31:01.560> the

which means that the

which means that the
uh<02:31:03.240> this<02:31:03.660> the<02:31:03.899> device<02:31:04.200> sending<02:31:04.740> the<02:31:04.800> signal<02:31:04.979> in

uh this the device sending the signal in

uh this the device sending the signal in
the<02:31:05.280> device<02:31:05.340> receiving<02:31:05.880> the<02:31:06.060> signal<02:31:06.300> don't

the device receiving the signal don't

the device receiving the signal don't
need<02:31:06.660> to<02:31:06.780> literally<02:31:07.260> be<02:31:07.800> able<02:31:07.979> to<02:31:08.100> see<02:31:08.399> one

need to literally be able to see one

need to literally be able to see one
another<02:31:08.819> now<02:31:09.479> because<02:31:10.020> radio<02:31:10.439> networking<02:31:11.100> is

another now because radio networking is

another now because radio networking is
sent<02:31:11.880> over<02:31:12.180> the<02:31:12.600> airwaves<02:31:13.260> uh<02:31:13.979> the<02:31:14.100> signal<02:31:14.399> can

sent over the airwaves uh the signal can

sent over the airwaves uh the signal can
be<02:31:14.700> intercepted<02:31:15.359> really<02:31:15.780> easily<02:31:16.200> and<02:31:16.560> so<02:31:16.740> in

be intercepted really easily and so in

be intercepted really easily and so in
order<02:31:17.040> to<02:31:17.399> utilize<02:31:18.240> the<02:31:18.540> technology<02:31:18.899> for

order to utilize the technology for

order to utilize the technology for
day-to-day<02:31:19.920> transmission<02:31:20.280> of<02:31:20.760> information

day-to-day transmission of information

day-to-day transmission of information
we<02:31:22.080> need<02:31:22.200> to<02:31:22.319> make<02:31:22.500> sure<02:31:22.620> that<02:31:22.859> it's<02:31:22.979> kept

we need to make sure that it's kept

we need to make sure that it's kept
confidential<02:31:23.939> and<02:31:24.600> so<02:31:24.780> a<02:31:25.200> new<02:31:25.380> form<02:31:25.620> of<02:31:25.859> radio

confidential and so a new form of radio

confidential and so a new form of radio
transmission<02:31:26.520> was<02:31:27.479> developed<02:31:28.020> this<02:31:28.500> is

transmission was developed this is

transmission was developed this is
called<02:31:28.859> spread<02:31:29.819> Spectrum

called spread Spectrum

called spread Spectrum
a<02:31:32.100> spread<02:31:32.460> Spectrum<02:31:32.939> was<02:31:33.180> introduced<02:31:33.600> to

a spread Spectrum was introduced to

a spread Spectrum was introduced to
address<02:31:34.080> some<02:31:34.560> of<02:31:34.680> the<02:31:34.979> concerns<02:31:35.819> that<02:31:36.000> I've

address some of the concerns that I've

address some of the concerns that I've
just<02:31:36.300> mentioned<02:31:36.660> uh<02:31:37.560> it<02:31:37.800> takes<02:31:37.920> the<02:31:38.340> radio

just mentioned uh it takes the radio

just mentioned uh it takes the radio
signal<02:31:39.240> to<02:31:39.780> be<02:31:39.899> transmitted<02:31:40.500> and<02:31:41.040> it<02:31:41.160> sends<02:31:41.520> it

signal to be transmitted and it sends it

signal to be transmitted and it sends it
over<02:31:41.760> more<02:31:42.180> than<02:31:42.420> one<02:31:42.899> frequency<02:31:43.439> so<02:31:44.100> this

over more than one frequency so this

over more than one frequency so this
makes<02:31:44.520> it<02:31:44.700> more<02:31:44.939> difficult<02:31:45.300> to<02:31:45.780> intercept<02:31:46.140> the

makes it more difficult to intercept the

makes it more difficult to intercept the
data<02:31:46.680> in<02:31:46.920> transit<02:31:47.399> now<02:31:47.819> there<02:31:48.000> are<02:31:48.180> two

data in transit now there are two

data in transit now there are two
different<02:31:48.420> types<02:31:48.960> of<02:31:49.080> spread<02:31:49.560> spectrums

different types of spread spectrums

different types of spread spectrums
first<02:31:51.000> is<02:31:51.240> DSS<02:31:51.780> or<02:31:52.140> direct<02:31:52.439> sequence<02:31:53.280> spread

first is DSS or direct sequence spread

first is DSS or direct sequence spread
Spectrum<02:31:54.479> the<02:31:55.260> direct<02:31:55.380> sequence

Spectrum the direct sequence

Spectrum the direct sequence
spread<02:31:58.200> Spectrum<02:31:58.800> that's<02:31:59.220> a<02:31:59.460> mouthful

spread Spectrum that's a mouthful

spread Spectrum that's a mouthful
utilizes<02:32:00.960> multiple<02:32:01.500> channels<02:32:02.040> to<02:32:02.760> transmit

utilizes multiple channels to transmit

utilizes multiple channels to transmit
the<02:32:03.780> message<02:32:04.020> simultaneously

the message simultaneously

the message simultaneously
so<02:32:06.960> it's<02:32:07.200> going<02:32:07.380> to<02:32:07.500> use<02:32:07.560> multiple<02:32:08.100> channels

so it's going to use multiple channels

so it's going to use multiple channels
and<02:32:10.439> it's<02:32:10.560> going<02:32:10.740> to<02:32:10.920> send<02:32:11.220> that<02:32:11.460> message

and it's going to send that message

and it's going to send that message
all<02:32:13.260> at<02:32:13.380> the<02:32:13.560> same<02:32:13.740> time

with DSS there's also a method of error

with DSS there's also a method of error
checking<02:32:19.080> and<02:32:19.200> it's<02:32:19.380> called<02:32:19.680> edac

checking and it's called edac

checking and it's called edac
which<02:32:22.080> I<02:32:22.200> don't<02:32:22.260> think<02:32:22.380> you'll<02:32:22.560> see<02:32:22.740> on<02:32:22.859> the

which I don't think you'll see on the

which I don't think you'll see on the
test<02:32:23.160> which<02:32:23.760> is<02:32:23.880> error<02:32:24.359> detection<02:32:24.660> and

test which is error detection and

test which is error detection and
correction<02:32:25.200> and<02:32:25.439> this<02:32:25.620> allows<02:32:25.979> for<02:32:26.280> a<02:32:26.460> certain

correction and this allows for a certain

correction and this allows for a certain
degree<02:32:27.780> of<02:32:28.260> signal<02:32:28.680> loss<02:32:28.979> while<02:32:29.399> still<02:32:29.700> being

degree of signal loss while still being

degree of signal loss while still being
able<02:32:30.060> to<02:32:30.180> put<02:32:30.359> the<02:32:30.540> original<02:32:30.720> signal<02:32:31.260> back

able to put the original signal back

able to put the original signal back
together<02:32:31.740> on<02:32:32.460> the<02:32:32.640> receiving<02:32:32.880> end

on the other hand we also have something

on the other hand we also have something
called<02:32:38.540> fhss<02:32:39.540> or<02:32:39.899> frequency<02:32:40.380> hopping<02:32:41.340> spread

called fhss or frequency hopping spread

called fhss or frequency hopping spread
Spectrum<02:32:42.420> in<02:32:43.200> this<02:32:43.319> method<02:32:43.680> uh<02:32:44.280> it<02:32:44.640> sends<02:32:44.939> the

Spectrum in this method uh it sends the

Spectrum in this method uh it sends the
signal<02:32:45.300> across<02:32:45.720> one<02:32:46.020> channel<02:32:46.260> at<02:32:46.740> a<02:32:46.859> time

and hops to the channel uh each Channel

and hops to the channel uh each Channel
just<02:32:53.580> just<02:32:53.760> sort<02:32:54.000> of<02:32:54.060> hops<02:32:54.420> to<02:32:54.540> another<02:32:54.720> one<02:32:54.960> at

just just sort of hops to another one at

just just sort of hops to another one at
a<02:32:55.620> predetermined<02:32:56.220> interval

this method can hop from frequency to

this method can hop from frequency to
frequency<02:33:01.560> anywhere<02:33:02.160> from<02:33:02.700> 50<02:33:03.420> to<02:33:03.720> a<02:33:03.899> several

frequency anywhere from 50 to a several

frequency anywhere from 50 to a several
hundred<02:33:05.040> uh<02:33:05.640> different<02:33:05.939> frequencies

per second

per second
the<02:33:15.120> sender<02:33:15.420> and<02:33:15.540> receiver<02:33:15.780> as<02:33:15.960> you<02:33:16.080> can

the sender and receiver as you can

the sender and receiver as you can
imagine<02:33:16.260> need<02:33:16.680> to<02:33:16.800> be<02:33:16.920> synchronized<02:33:17.399> with<02:33:17.580> one

imagine need to be synchronized with one

imagine need to be synchronized with one
another<02:33:17.880> and<02:33:18.240> they<02:33:18.300> also<02:33:18.540> have<02:33:18.600> to<02:33:18.720> have<02:33:18.899> the

another and they also have to have the

another and they also have to have the
same<02:33:19.760> uh<02:33:20.760> set<02:33:21.300> of<02:33:21.660> frequencies<02:33:22.140> to<02:33:22.439> hop<02:33:22.560> to

same uh set of frequencies to hop to

same uh set of frequencies to hop to
which<02:33:23.100> which<02:33:23.280> is<02:33:23.520> called<02:33:23.760> a<02:33:24.000> hop<02:33:24.420> set

which which is called a hop set

which which is called a hop set
this<02:33:27.660> method<02:33:27.899> of<02:33:28.140> radio<02:33:28.319> communication<02:33:28.920> by

this method of radio communication by

this method of radio communication by
the<02:33:29.280> way<02:33:29.340> is<02:33:29.520> it's<02:33:29.819> commonly<02:33:30.359> used<02:33:30.660> in<02:33:31.380> the

the way is it's commonly used in the

the way is it's commonly used in the
military<02:33:31.680> because<02:33:32.460> it<02:33:32.700> has<02:33:32.939> a<02:33:33.359> fairly

military because it has a fairly

military because it has a fairly
strong<02:33:36.600> sense<02:33:37.020> of<02:33:37.140> security<02:33:37.439> about<02:33:37.859> it

infrared or infrared which you might

infrared or infrared which you might
have<02:33:44.160> heard<02:33:44.340> of<02:33:44.520> uh

Transmissions

Transmissions
are<02:33:50.160> also<02:33:50.399> unbounded<02:33:50.880> forms<02:33:51.240> of

are also unbounded forms of

are also unbounded forms of
communication<02:33:52.020> and<02:33:52.800> the<02:33:52.920> and<02:33:53.340> the<02:33:53.460> data<02:33:53.760> is

communication and the and the data is

communication and the and the data is
sent<02:33:54.120> via<02:33:54.720> pulses<02:33:55.260> of<02:33:55.680> infrared<02:33:56.340> light

sent via pulses of infrared light

sent via pulses of infrared light
hence<02:33:58.140> the<02:33:58.500> name<02:33:58.800> infrared<02:33:59.460> this<02:34:00.420> light<02:34:00.600> is<02:34:00.840> ah

hence the name infrared this light is ah

hence the name infrared this light is ah
between<02:34:01.560> 300<02:34:02.340> gigahertz<02:34:02.939> and<02:34:03.780> 300<02:34:04.800> 000

between 300 gigahertz and 300 000

between 300 gigahertz and 300 000
gigahertz<02:34:05.460> range<02:34:06.000> and<02:34:06.840> in<02:34:07.140> the<02:34:07.260> in<02:34:07.439> the

gigahertz range and in the in the

gigahertz range and in the in the
electromagnetic<02:34:08.399> spectrum<02:34:08.819> of<02:34:09.359> ranges<02:34:09.840> and

electromagnetic spectrum of ranges and

electromagnetic spectrum of ranges and
frequencies<02:34:10.560> there<02:34:11.220> are<02:34:11.340> also<02:34:11.460> a<02:34:11.580> few<02:34:11.640> types

frequencies there are also a few types

frequencies there are also a few types
of<02:34:12.000> ir<02:34:12.180> that<02:34:12.660> can<02:34:12.840> be<02:34:13.020> used

of ir that can be used

of ir that can be used
um<02:34:14.160> all<02:34:14.340> of<02:34:14.520> which<02:34:14.640> need<02:34:15.000> an<02:34:15.300> absolutely

um all of which need an absolutely

um all of which need an absolutely
unobstructed<02:34:16.800> view<02:34:17.040> between<02:34:17.460> devices<02:34:18.000> this

unobstructed view between devices this

unobstructed view between devices this
means<02:34:19.020> that<02:34:19.319> they<02:34:19.740> are<02:34:19.859> what<02:34:20.040> we<02:34:20.220> call<02:34:20.460> line<02:34:21.060> of

means that they are what we call line of

means that they are what we call line of
sight

because of this it nearly guarantees

because of this it nearly guarantees
that<02:34:35.220> there's<02:34:35.399> a<02:34:35.520> secure<02:34:35.819> connection<02:34:36.060> between

that there's a secure connection between

that there's a secure connection between
the<02:34:36.780> devices<02:34:37.020> because<02:34:37.560> they<02:34:37.740> have<02:34:37.859> to<02:34:37.920> be<02:34:38.040> so

the devices because they have to be so

the devices because they have to be so
close<02:34:38.520> to<02:34:38.700> one<02:34:38.880> another

close to one another

close to one another
another<02:34:40.200> example<02:34:40.620> of<02:34:40.800> infrared<02:34:41.220> being<02:34:41.460> used

another example of infrared being used

another example of infrared being used
by<02:34:42.240> the<02:34:42.359> way<02:34:42.420> is<02:34:42.660> your<02:34:43.200> remote<02:34:43.920> control<02:34:44.460> which

by the way is your remote control which

by the way is your remote control which
is<02:34:45.180> the<02:34:45.300> reason<02:34:45.420> that<02:34:45.660> we<02:34:45.780> probably<02:34:45.899> found

is the reason that we probably found

is the reason that we probably found
them<02:34:46.380> on<02:34:46.500> a<02:34:46.680> lot<02:34:46.740> of<02:34:46.859> laptops<02:34:47.460> now<02:34:48.060> there<02:34:48.240> are

them on a lot of laptops now there are

them on a lot of laptops now there are
different<02:34:48.479> types<02:34:49.080> of<02:34:49.319> infrared<02:34:49.920> connections

different types of infrared connections

different types of infrared connections
uh<02:34:51.240> they're<02:34:51.600> serial<02:34:52.200> infrared<02:34:52.859> which<02:34:53.160> means

uh they're serial infrared which means

uh they're serial infrared which means
that<02:34:53.640> the<02:34:53.880> data<02:34:54.420> is<02:34:54.540> sent<02:34:54.780> in<02:34:55.080> a<02:34:55.200> Serial

that the data is sent in a Serial

that the data is sent in a Serial
fashion<02:34:56.040> uh<02:34:56.880> in<02:34:57.120> this<02:34:57.240> case<02:34:57.420> you're<02:34:57.840> looking

fashion uh in this case you're looking

fashion uh in this case you're looking
at<02:34:58.380> probably<02:34:58.740> around<02:34:58.979> 115

at probably around 115

at probably around 115
kilobits<02:35:02.580> per<02:35:02.760> second<02:35:03.000> then<02:35:03.720> we<02:35:03.960> also<02:35:04.260> have

kilobits per second then we also have

kilobits per second then we also have
fast<02:35:05.160> infrared<02:35:05.880> which<02:35:06.420> goes<02:35:06.720> up<02:35:06.840> to<02:35:07.020> four

fast infrared which goes up to four

fast infrared which goes up to four
megabits<02:35:08.160> per<02:35:08.520> second<02:35:08.760> and<02:35:09.660> finally<02:35:10.020> very

megabits per second and finally very

megabits per second and finally very
fast<02:35:11.040> infrared<02:35:11.819> which<02:35:12.780> gives<02:35:13.020> you<02:35:13.140> up<02:35:13.260> to

fast infrared which gives you up to

fast infrared which gives you up to
about<02:35:13.560> 16<02:35:13.979> megabits<02:35:14.760> per<02:35:14.939> second<02:35:15.180> so<02:35:15.899> you<02:35:16.020> can

about 16 megabits per second so you can

about 16 megabits per second so you can
see<02:35:16.260> that<02:35:16.500> there<02:35:16.680> is<02:35:16.920> a<02:35:17.220> uh<02:35:18.000> the<02:35:18.300> technology

see that there is a uh the technology

see that there is a uh the technology
has<02:35:19.080> changed<02:35:19.500> quite<02:35:19.740> a<02:35:19.920> bit<02:35:20.040> that<02:35:20.760> being<02:35:20.939> said

has changed quite a bit that being said

has changed quite a bit that being said
we<02:35:21.840> don't<02:35:21.960> see<02:35:22.140> this<02:35:22.380> a<02:35:22.560> lot<02:35:22.680> in<02:35:22.920> sort<02:35:23.160> of<02:35:23.700> um

we don't see this a lot in sort of um

we don't see this a lot in sort of um
consumer<02:35:24.540> markets<02:35:25.020> just<02:35:25.200> because<02:35:25.500> it<02:35:26.399> is<02:35:26.580> uh

consumer markets just because it is uh

consumer markets just because it is uh
because<02:35:28.140> of<02:35:28.380> the<02:35:28.500> line<02:35:28.620> of<02:35:28.800> sight<02:35:28.979> necessity

because of the line of sight necessity

because of the line of sight necessity
of<02:35:29.880> it

of it

of it
now<02:35:31.140> there's<02:35:31.439> also<02:35:31.800> Bluetooth<02:35:32.160> Transmissions

now there's also Bluetooth Transmissions

now there's also Bluetooth Transmissions
which<02:35:33.300> is<02:35:33.479> another<02:35:33.720> form<02:35:34.200> of<02:35:34.920> short<02:35:35.220> range

which is another form of short range

which is another form of short range
wireless<02:35:36.180> communication<02:35:36.960> it's<02:35:37.500> increasingly

wireless communication it's increasingly

wireless communication it's increasingly
popular<02:35:38.399> you've<02:35:39.240> probably<02:35:39.359> seen<02:35:39.600> it<02:35:39.780> with

popular you've probably seen it with

popular you've probably seen it with
these<02:35:40.380> sort<02:35:40.500> of<02:35:40.620> headsets<02:35:41.160> and<02:35:41.819> it<02:35:41.939> uses<02:35:42.240> a<02:35:42.600> 2.4

these sort of headsets and it uses a 2.4

these sort of headsets and it uses a 2.4
gigahertz<02:35:43.920> frequency<02:35:44.460> which<02:35:45.120> by<02:35:45.359> the<02:35:45.540> way<02:35:45.660> is

gigahertz frequency which by the way is

gigahertz frequency which by the way is
the<02:35:46.439> same<02:35:46.560> we're<02:35:46.740> going<02:35:46.920> to<02:35:47.040> see<02:35:47.220> with<02:35:47.880> Wi-Fi

the same we're going to see with Wi-Fi

the same we're going to see with Wi-Fi
and<02:35:49.020> so<02:35:49.200> that<02:35:49.439> this<02:35:49.680> can<02:35:49.859> actually<02:35:49.979> cause<02:35:50.460> uh

and so that this can actually cause uh

and so that this can actually cause uh
some<02:35:51.660> interference<02:35:52.620> with<02:35:52.979> your<02:35:53.220> at-home

some interference with your at-home

some interference with your at-home
Wi-Fi<02:35:54.300> network<02:35:54.600> now<02:35:55.319> today<02:35:55.560> Bluetooth<02:35:55.800> is

Wi-Fi network now today Bluetooth is

Wi-Fi network now today Bluetooth is
used<02:35:56.340> to<02:35:56.520> connect<02:35:56.640> devices<02:35:57.060> like<02:35:57.420> headsets

used to connect devices like headsets

used to connect devices like headsets
cell<02:35:58.560> phones<02:35:59.000> uh<02:36:00.000> laptops<02:36:00.660> mice<02:36:01.020> gaming

cell phones uh laptops mice gaming

cell phones uh laptops mice gaming
consoles

consoles

consoles
um so<02:36:03.600> on<02:36:03.720> and<02:36:03.899> so<02:36:04.080> forth

um so on and so forth

um so on and so forth
the<02:36:05.700> accepted<02:36:06.560> maximum<02:36:07.560> range<02:36:07.979> of<02:36:08.160> Bluetooth

the accepted maximum range of Bluetooth

the accepted maximum range of Bluetooth
communication<02:36:09.600> is<02:36:09.899> about<02:36:10.020> 30<02:36:10.500> feet<02:36:11.060> uh<02:36:12.060> which

communication is about 30 feet uh which

communication is about 30 feet uh which
is<02:36:12.840> equivalent<02:36:13.500> to<02:36:13.859> around<02:36:14.340> 10<02:36:15.060> meters

is equivalent to around 10 meters

is equivalent to around 10 meters
but<02:36:16.680> the<02:36:16.859> newest<02:36:17.160> implementation<02:36:17.700> Bluetooth

but the newest implementation Bluetooth

but the newest implementation Bluetooth
2.0<02:36:18.899> is<02:36:19.680> said<02:36:20.040> to<02:36:20.160> reach<02:36:20.340> up<02:36:20.520> to<02:36:20.700> 30<02:36:20.939> meters<02:36:21.359> or

2.0 is said to reach up to 30 meters or

2.0 is said to reach up to 30 meters or
a<02:36:21.780> hundred<02:36:22.020> feet<02:36:22.319> uh<02:36:23.160> but<02:36:23.399> it's<02:36:23.880> not

a hundred feet uh but it's not

a hundred feet uh but it's not
guaranteed<02:36:24.540> to<02:36:24.720> run<02:36:24.840> that<02:36:25.020> distance<02:36:25.260> and

guaranteed to run that distance and

guaranteed to run that distance and
um<02:36:26.760> in<02:36:27.120> application<02:36:27.600> it<02:36:27.899> might<02:36:28.080> not<02:36:28.200> actually

um in application it might not actually

um in application it might not actually
get<02:36:28.680> there<02:36:28.920> now<02:36:29.580> when<02:36:29.760> you're<02:36:29.939> connecting

get there now when you're connecting

get there now when you're connecting
devices<02:36:30.840> by<02:36:31.260> bluetooth<02:36:31.560> we<02:36:32.399> call<02:36:32.640> it<02:36:32.880> pairing

devices by bluetooth we call it pairing

devices by bluetooth we call it pairing
devices<02:36:33.800> uh<02:36:34.800> and<02:36:35.040> if<02:36:35.340> you've<02:36:35.520> never<02:36:35.700> done<02:36:35.939> this

devices uh and if you've never done this

devices uh and if you've never done this
before<02:36:36.300> generally<02:36:36.720> there's<02:36:37.020> a<02:36:37.319> pin<02:36:37.680> code

before generally there's a pin code

before generally there's a pin code
that's<02:36:38.819> used

that's used

that's used
to<02:36:40.740> pin<02:36:41.460> these<02:36:41.760> a<02:36:41.939> pair<02:36:42.120> these<02:36:42.420> devices

to pin these a pair these devices

to pin these a pair these devices
together<02:36:42.899> to<02:36:43.200> make<02:36:43.319> sure<02:36:43.439> that<02:36:43.620> they<02:36:43.800> are

together to make sure that they are

together to make sure that they are
secure<02:36:44.160> and<02:36:44.340> you're<02:36:44.460> not<02:36:44.580> connecting<02:36:44.939> to<02:36:45.060> a

secure and you're not connecting to a

secure and you're not connecting to a
different<02:36:45.300> device<02:36:45.600> the<02:36:46.439> next<02:36:46.560> type<02:36:46.859> of<02:36:47.040> uh

different device the next type of uh

different device the next type of uh
Wireless<02:36:48.240> transmission<02:36:48.780> I<02:36:49.260> want<02:36:49.380> to<02:36:49.500> talk

Wireless transmission I want to talk

Wireless transmission I want to talk
about<02:36:49.740> is<02:36:50.160> microwave<02:36:50.880> transmission<02:36:51.240> is<02:36:51.780> the

about is microwave transmission is the

about is microwave transmission is the
same

same

same
term<02:36:53.220> for<02:36:53.520> that<02:36:53.700> thing<02:36:53.880> in<02:36:54.120> your<02:36:54.300> house<02:36:54.540> the

term for that thing in your house the

term for that thing in your house the
microwave<02:36:55.800> operates<02:36:56.280> in<02:36:56.580> one<02:36:56.819> one<02:36:57.240> gigahertz

microwave operates in one one gigahertz

microwave operates in one one gigahertz
to<02:36:57.960> 300<02:36:58.560> gigahertz<02:36:59.100> frequency<02:36:59.640> range<02:37:00.260> and<02:37:01.260> for

to 300 gigahertz frequency range and for

to 300 gigahertz frequency range and for
the<02:37:02.280> microwave<02:37:02.760> transmission<02:37:03.420> to<02:37:03.899> be

the microwave transmission to be

the microwave transmission to be
received<02:37:04.859> successfully<02:37:05.220> there<02:37:05.460> has<02:37:05.640> to<02:37:05.819> be<02:37:05.939> an

received successfully there has to be an

received successfully there has to be an
unobstructed<02:37:07.080> view<02:37:07.380> or<02:37:08.340> point-to-point<02:37:09.180> line

unobstructed view or point-to-point line

unobstructed view or point-to-point line
of

of

of
communication<02:37:11.960> so<02:37:13.439> just<02:37:14.100> imagine<02:37:14.340> that<02:37:14.760> the

communication so just imagine that the

communication so just imagine that the
satellite<02:37:15.660> uh<02:37:16.260> for<02:37:16.620> your<02:37:16.800> television<02:37:17.160> for

satellite uh for your television for

satellite uh for your television for
instance<02:37:17.760> if<02:37:18.359> our<02:37:18.600> satellite<02:37:18.960> dish<02:37:19.200> at<02:37:19.439> home

instance if our satellite dish at home

instance if our satellite dish at home
doesn't<02:37:19.920> have<02:37:20.160> a<02:37:20.340> clear<02:37:20.399> line<02:37:20.700> to<02:37:21.000> the

doesn't have a clear line to the

doesn't have a clear line to the
satellite<02:37:21.479> in<02:37:21.780> the<02:37:21.899> sky<02:37:22.080> we<02:37:22.920> see<02:37:23.100> that<02:37:23.280> it's

satellite in the sky we see that it's

satellite in the sky we see that it's
signal<02:37:23.700> to<02:37:23.880> grade<02:37:24.180> or<02:37:25.020> drop<02:37:25.319> off<02:37:25.500> altogether

signal to grade or drop off altogether

signal to grade or drop off altogether
so<02:37:26.460> obstructions<02:37:27.120> such<02:37:27.300> as<02:37:27.540> buildings<02:37:28.439> uh

so obstructions such as buildings uh

so obstructions such as buildings uh
trees<02:37:29.399> even<02:37:30.060> atmospheric<02:37:30.899> conditions<02:37:31.380> like

trees even atmospheric conditions like

trees even atmospheric conditions like
rain<02:37:32.280> Etc<02:37:32.399> can<02:37:33.060> all<02:37:33.300> play<02:37:33.479> a<02:37:33.780> major<02:37:33.960> factor<02:37:34.380> in

rain Etc can all play a major factor in

rain Etc can all play a major factor in
microwave<02:37:34.979> Transmissions<02:37:35.640> one<02:37:36.479> of<02:37:36.600> the

microwave Transmissions one of the

microwave Transmissions one of the
greatest<02:37:36.840> benefits<02:37:37.680> of<02:37:38.160> microwave

greatest benefits of microwave

greatest benefits of microwave
Transmissions<02:37:39.120> is<02:37:39.300> it<02:37:39.540> has<02:37:39.720> a<02:37:40.260> really<02:37:40.439> long

Transmissions is it has a really long

Transmissions is it has a really long
range<02:37:41.220> of<02:37:41.340> communication<02:37:41.880> as<02:37:42.420> you<02:37:42.540> can

range of communication as you can

range of communication as you can
imagine

imagine

imagine
uh<02:37:44.520> uh<02:37:45.180> your<02:37:46.020> satellite<02:37:46.620> at<02:37:46.920> home<02:37:47.100> can<02:37:47.399> reach

uh uh your satellite at home can reach

uh uh your satellite at home can reach
all<02:37:47.819> the<02:37:47.939> way<02:37:48.000> up<02:37:48.120> to<02:37:48.300> the<02:37:48.420> sky<02:37:48.540> and<02:37:48.840> hit<02:37:49.080> that

all the way up to the sky and hit that

all the way up to the sky and hit that
uh<02:37:49.920> satellite<02:37:50.340> in<02:37:50.520> the<02:37:50.700> sky<02:37:50.819> or<02:37:51.120> rather<02:37:51.420> your

uh satellite in the sky or rather your

uh satellite in the sky or rather your
receiver<02:37:52.319> at<02:37:52.560> home<02:37:52.680> or<02:37:52.800> your<02:37:52.920> dish<02:37:53.100> at<02:37:53.280> home

receiver at home or your dish at home

receiver at home or your dish at home
can<02:37:53.640> reach<02:37:53.939> that<02:37:54.120> satellite<02:37:54.479> in<02:37:54.720> the<02:37:54.840> sky<02:37:55.020> and

can reach that satellite in the sky and

can reach that satellite in the sky and
so<02:37:55.740> there's<02:37:55.920> a<02:37:56.220> real<02:37:56.340> strong<02:37:56.580> benefit<02:37:56.880> to<02:37:57.359> the

so there's a real strong benefit to the

so there's a real strong benefit to the
satellite<02:37:58.020> microwave<02:37:58.620> Transmissions

satellite microwave Transmissions

satellite microwave Transmissions
now<02:38:00.960> the<02:38:01.319> one<02:38:01.439> you're<02:38:01.680> probably<02:38:01.859> most

now the one you're probably most

now the one you're probably most
familiar<02:38:02.460> with<02:38:02.580> here<02:38:02.819> is<02:38:03.000> a<02:38:03.180> wireless<02:38:03.359> access

familiar with here is a wireless access

familiar with here is a wireless access
point<02:38:04.260> which<02:38:04.560> is<02:38:04.680> a<02:38:05.100> radio<02:38:05.460> uh<02:38:06.359> a<02:38:06.660> type<02:38:07.080> of

point which is a radio uh a type of

point which is a radio uh a type of
radio<02:38:07.439> frequency<02:38:08.100> device<02:38:08.880> it<02:38:09.540> allows

radio frequency device it allows

radio frequency device it allows
wireless

wireless

wireless
devices<02:38:11.819> to<02:38:12.780> connect<02:38:13.080> to<02:38:13.620> a<02:38:13.979> network<02:38:14.160> it<02:38:15.060> has<02:38:15.240> a

devices to connect to a network it has a

devices to connect to a network it has a
network<02:38:15.780> interface<02:38:16.319> that<02:38:16.620> allows<02:38:16.859> it<02:38:16.979> to

network interface that allows it to

network interface that allows it to
connect<02:38:17.340> to<02:38:17.640> a<02:38:18.120> wired<02:38:18.540> Network<02:38:18.720> as<02:38:19.140> well<02:38:19.260> so

connect to a wired Network as well so

connect to a wired Network as well so
generally<02:38:20.280> speaking<02:38:20.819> this<02:38:21.600> would<02:38:21.899> go<02:38:22.080> off<02:38:22.319> to

generally speaking this would go off to

generally speaking this would go off to
say<02:38:23.399> a<02:38:23.520> switch<02:38:23.700> or<02:38:23.939> a<02:38:24.120> router<02:38:24.479> now<02:38:24.960> how<02:38:25.140> do<02:38:25.260> we

say a switch or a router now how do we

say a switch or a router now how do we
know<02:38:25.620> which<02:38:26.160> wireless<02:38:26.340> access<02:38:26.640> point<02:38:26.939> we<02:38:27.120> want

know which wireless access point we want

know which wireless access point we want
to<02:38:27.359> connect<02:38:27.479> to<02:38:27.780> this<02:38:28.380> is<02:38:28.500> something<02:38:28.740> this<02:38:29.399> is

to connect to this is something this is

to connect to this is something this is
where<02:38:29.700> we<02:38:29.819> get<02:38:29.939> into<02:38:30.060> something<02:38:30.300> called<02:38:30.600> an

where we get into something called an

where we get into something called an
SSID<02:38:32.060> and<02:38:33.060> there<02:38:33.240> are<02:38:33.359> also<02:38:33.540> other<02:38:33.660> settings

SSID and there are also other settings

SSID and there are also other settings
that<02:38:34.319> we<02:38:34.500> need<02:38:34.620> to<02:38:34.859> take<02:38:35.100> care<02:38:35.460> of<02:38:35.580> when<02:38:35.819> we're

that we need to take care of when we're

that we need to take care of when we're
setting<02:38:36.300> one<02:38:36.420> of<02:38:36.540> these<02:38:36.720> up<02:38:36.899> so<02:38:37.439> first<02:38:37.560> let's

setting one of these up so first let's

setting one of these up so first let's
talk<02:38:37.920> about<02:38:38.040> the<02:38:38.340> SSID<02:38:38.819> or<02:38:39.300> service<02:38:39.720> set

talk about the SSID or service set

talk about the SSID or service set
identifier<02:38:41.160> which<02:38:41.460> is<02:38:41.640> a<02:38:41.939> up<02:38:42.300> to<02:38:42.479> a<02:38:42.720> 32-bit

identifier which is a up to a 32-bit

identifier which is a up to a 32-bit
alphanumeric<02:38:44.640> string<02:38:45.140> and<02:38:46.140> it<02:38:46.680> identifies

alphanumeric string and it identifies

alphanumeric string and it identifies
the<02:38:48.120> name<02:38:48.420> of<02:38:48.899> your<02:38:49.200> wireless<02:38:49.439> access<02:38:50.040> point

the name of your wireless access point

the name of your wireless access point
so<02:38:51.420> in<02:38:51.720> some<02:38:51.840> ways<02:38:52.140> we<02:38:52.319> might<02:38:52.439> call<02:38:52.680> this<02:38:52.920> the

so in some ways we might call this the

so in some ways we might call this the
name<02:38:53.580> of<02:38:53.819> your<02:38:54.000> network<02:38:54.240> right<02:38:55.140> out<02:38:55.319> of<02:38:55.439> the

name of your network right out of the

name of your network right out of the
box

box

box
when<02:38:56.939> you<02:38:57.120> just<02:38:57.300> set<02:38:57.540> it<02:38:57.720> up<02:38:57.899> the<02:38:58.680> access<02:38:58.920> point

when you just set it up the access point

when you just set it up the access point
is<02:38:59.580> going<02:38:59.760> to<02:38:59.880> do<02:39:00.000> what<02:39:00.120> we<02:39:00.300> call<02:39:00.420> broadcast

is going to do what we call broadcast

is going to do what we call broadcast
your<02:39:02.040> SSID<02:39:02.640> this<02:39:03.540> means<02:39:03.780> that<02:39:03.899> it's

your SSID this means that it's

your SSID this means that it's
transmitting<02:39:04.800> the<02:39:05.040> name<02:39:05.160> of<02:39:05.340> the<02:39:05.520> network<02:39:05.660> uh

transmitting the name of the network uh

transmitting the name of the network uh
into<02:39:06.960> clear<02:39:07.380> text<02:39:07.680> so<02:39:08.040> that<02:39:08.160> anyone<02:39:08.580> who's

into clear text so that anyone who's

into clear text so that anyone who's
within<02:39:09.300> range<02:39:09.600> can<02:39:09.899> see<02:39:10.140> it<02:39:10.260> if<02:39:10.740> you<02:39:10.859> live<02:39:10.979> in<02:39:11.160> a

within range can see it if you live in a

within range can see it if you live in a
building<02:39:11.520> or<02:39:11.939> if<02:39:12.180> you're<02:39:12.359> in<02:39:12.479> an<02:39:12.600> office<02:39:12.720> space

building or if you're in an office space

building or if you're in an office space
you've<02:39:13.380> probably<02:39:13.500> seen<02:39:13.740> this<02:39:14.040> so<02:39:14.760> This

you've probably seen this so This

you've probably seen this so This
creates<02:39:15.300> a<02:39:15.540> vulnerability<02:39:16.200> on<02:39:16.500> the<02:39:16.620> network

creates a vulnerability on the network

creates a vulnerability on the network
especially<02:39:17.340> if<02:39:17.520> you<02:39:17.640> want<02:39:17.760> to<02:39:17.880> limit<02:39:18.060> the

especially if you want to limit the

especially if you want to limit the
number<02:39:18.479> of<02:39:18.660> users<02:39:19.200> that<02:39:19.979> are<02:39:20.160> trying<02:39:20.399> to

number of users that are trying to

number of users that are trying to
access<02:39:20.760> your<02:39:21.120> network<02:39:21.300> so<02:39:22.020> with<02:39:22.319> your

access your network so with your

access your network so with your
wireless<02:39:22.740> access<02:39:23.220> point<02:39:23.700> there<02:39:24.359> are<02:39:24.479> a<02:39:24.540> few

wireless access point there are a few

wireless access point there are a few
steps<02:39:25.080> to<02:39:25.260> make<02:39:25.500> to<02:39:25.979> ensure<02:39:26.580> that<02:39:27.359> we're<02:39:27.540> going

steps to make to ensure that we're going

steps to make to ensure that we're going
to<02:39:27.780> install<02:39:27.899> this<02:39:28.319> correctly<02:39:28.740> uh<02:39:29.340> safely<02:39:29.760> and

to install this correctly uh safely and

to install this correctly uh safely and
efficiently<02:39:30.540> so<02:39:31.200> the<02:39:31.439> first<02:39:31.560> thing<02:39:31.800> we<02:39:31.979> want

efficiently so the first thing we want

efficiently so the first thing we want
to<02:39:32.280> do<02:39:32.460> is<02:39:33.000> to<02:39:33.180> choose<02:39:33.420> the<02:39:33.720> proper<02:39:34.080> device<02:39:34.380> for

to do is to choose the proper device for

to do is to choose the proper device for
your<02:39:35.160> needs<02:39:35.460> obviously<02:39:36.180> there<02:39:36.840> are<02:39:37.020> different

your needs obviously there are different

your needs obviously there are different
types<02:39:37.740> of<02:39:37.800> access<02:39:38.040> points<02:39:38.640> if<02:39:38.880> you<02:39:39.000> were

types of access points if you were

types of access points if you were
around<02:39:39.240> for<02:39:39.479> a<02:39:39.660> plus<02:39:39.899> we<02:39:40.439> talked<02:39:40.740> about<02:39:40.800> what

around for a plus we talked about what

around for a plus we talked about what
are<02:39:41.220> called<02:39:41.399> Soho<02:39:42.359> routers<02:39:42.840> or<02:39:43.080> Soho<02:39:43.500> access

are called Soho routers or Soho access

are called Soho routers or Soho access
points<02:39:44.100> which<02:39:44.220> also<02:39:44.520> have<02:39:44.700> routers<02:39:45.240> in<02:39:45.479> them

points which also have routers in them

points which also have routers in them
but<02:39:46.140> an<02:39:46.260> access<02:39:46.439> point<02:39:46.740> simply<02:39:47.160> is<02:39:47.340> the<02:39:47.520> device

but an access point simply is the device

but an access point simply is the device
that's<02:39:48.000> connecting<02:39:48.479> you<02:39:48.720> wirelessly<02:39:49.380> to<02:39:50.100> your

that's connecting you wirelessly to your

that's connecting you wirelessly to your
network<02:39:50.520> now<02:39:51.000> if<02:39:51.060> you<02:39:51.180> have<02:39:51.300> a<02:39:51.479> corporate

network now if you have a corporate

network now if you have a corporate
environment<02:39:52.140> or<02:39:52.439> a<02:39:52.560> home<02:39:52.680> office<02:39:52.920> Network

environment or a home office Network

environment or a home office Network
you're<02:39:53.819> going<02:39:54.000> to<02:39:54.120> need<02:39:54.300> different<02:39:54.600> things<02:39:55.020> so

you're going to need different things so

you're going to need different things so
the<02:39:55.920> next<02:39:55.979> thing<02:39:56.160> one<02:39:56.340> once<02:39:56.819> you've<02:39:56.939> decided

the next thing one once you've decided

the next thing one once you've decided
which<02:39:57.540> device<02:39:57.840> you<02:39:58.200> want<02:39:58.319> we<02:39:58.560> then<02:39:58.740> have<02:39:58.920> to

which device you want we then have to

which device you want we then have to
talk<02:39:59.220> about<02:39:59.399> where<02:39:59.939> we<02:40:00.120> want<02:40:00.240> to<02:40:00.420> place<02:40:00.660> it<02:40:00.899> and

talk about where we want to place it and

talk about where we want to place it and
specifically<02:40:02.340> we<02:40:02.580> need<02:40:02.700> to<02:40:02.880> ensure<02:40:03.180> that<02:40:03.540> our

specifically we need to ensure that our

specifically we need to ensure that our
users<02:40:04.140> can<02:40:04.560> access<02:40:04.920> the<02:40:05.399> network<02:40:05.580> from<02:40:06.000> all

users can access the network from all

users can access the network from all
the<02:40:06.420> places<02:40:06.600> they<02:40:06.960> need<02:40:07.140> to<02:40:07.319> which<02:40:07.859> is<02:40:08.040> just<02:40:08.160> as

the places they need to which is just as

the places they need to which is just as
important<02:40:08.640> as<02:40:08.819> considering<02:40:09.180> which<02:40:09.420> users<02:40:09.960> we

important as considering which users we

important as considering which users we
don't<02:40:10.319> want<02:40:10.439> to<02:40:10.560> be<02:40:10.680> able<02:40:10.800> to<02:40:10.920> connect<02:40:11.040> so<02:40:11.580> we

don't want to be able to connect so we

don't want to be able to connect so we
want<02:40:11.880> to<02:40:12.000> be<02:40:12.060> able<02:40:12.180> to<02:40:12.300> place<02:40:12.420> it<02:40:12.660> in<02:40:12.780> a<02:40:12.899> place

want to be able to place it in a place

want to be able to place it in a place
that<02:40:13.319> is<02:40:13.500> of<02:40:13.979> course<02:40:14.100> Central<02:40:14.520> but<02:40:15.420> also<02:40:15.899> is

that is of course Central but also is

that is of course Central but also is
limiting<02:40:17.340> or<02:40:17.939> Limited<02:40:18.479> in<02:40:18.600> the<02:40:18.780> amount<02:40:18.960> of

limiting or Limited in the amount of

limiting or Limited in the amount of
people<02:40:19.140> who<02:40:19.380> are<02:40:19.439> going<02:40:19.560> to<02:40:19.680> connect<02:40:19.800> to<02:40:20.040> it<02:40:20.160> if

people who are going to connect to it if

people who are going to connect to it if
you<02:40:20.460> put<02:40:20.580> it<02:40:20.640> near<02:40:20.760> a<02:40:20.939> window<02:40:21.060> for<02:40:21.300> instance

you put it near a window for instance

you put it near a window for instance
our<02:40:21.660> next<02:40:21.840> door<02:40:21.960> neighbor<02:40:22.200> might<02:40:22.560> be<02:40:22.620> able<02:40:22.800> to

our next door neighbor might be able to

our next door neighbor might be able to
connect<02:40:23.399> now<02:40:23.819> almost<02:40:24.000> immediately<02:40:24.540> after

connect now almost immediately after

connect now almost immediately after
bringing<02:40:25.200> the<02:40:25.700> whapper<02:40:26.700> the<02:40:27.000> wireless<02:40:27.420> access

bringing the whapper the wireless access

bringing the whapper the wireless access
point<02:40:28.200> out<02:40:28.380> of<02:40:28.500> the<02:40:28.620> box<02:40:28.740> we<02:40:29.520> want<02:40:29.640> to<02:40:29.819> change

point out of the box we want to change

point out of the box we want to change
the<02:40:30.240> administrative<02:40:30.840> default<02:40:31.439> password

the administrative default password

the administrative default password
so<02:40:33.180> and<02:40:33.479> disable<02:40:33.840> any<02:40:34.080> guest<02:40:34.380> accounts<02:40:34.800> this

so and disable any guest accounts this

so and disable any guest accounts this
means<02:40:35.280> that<02:40:35.399> all<02:40:35.580> these<02:40:35.760> settings<02:40:35.939> that<02:40:36.359> we're

means that all these settings that we're

means that all these settings that we're
talking<02:40:36.720> about<02:40:37.100> uh<02:40:38.100> you<02:40:38.520> need<02:40:38.640> a<02:40:38.819> password<02:40:39.120> to

talking about uh you need a password to

talking about uh you need a password to
be<02:40:39.479> able<02:40:39.600> to<02:40:39.720> get<02:40:39.780> in<02:40:39.899> and<02:40:40.020> change<02:40:40.260> them<02:40:40.439> so<02:40:40.620> we

be able to get in and change them so we

be able to get in and change them so we
want<02:40:40.920> to<02:40:41.040> change<02:40:41.340> that<02:40:41.819> or<02:40:42.420> disable<02:40:42.899> the<02:40:43.380> guest

want to change that or disable the guest

want to change that or disable the guest
account<02:40:43.800> change<02:40:44.340> that<02:40:44.700> and<02:40:45.180> we<02:40:45.600> also<02:40:45.780> want<02:40:45.899> to

account change that and we also want to

account change that and we also want to
make<02:40:46.080> sure<02:40:46.200> there<02:40:46.380> are<02:40:46.560> no<02:40:46.620> other<02:40:46.800> backdoor

make sure there are no other backdoor

make sure there are no other backdoor
accounts

accounts

accounts
um<02:40:48.899> you<02:40:49.140> can<02:40:49.260> generally<02:40:49.500> check<02:40:49.740> in<02:40:49.979> your

um you can generally check in your

um you can generally check in your
administrative<02:40:50.880> sort<02:40:51.660> of<02:40:52.080> um<02:40:52.080> manual<02:40:52.680> to<02:40:52.920> see

administrative sort of um manual to see

administrative sort of um manual to see
if<02:40:53.160> there's<02:40:53.280> anything<02:40:53.460> like<02:40:53.939> that<02:40:54.180> so<02:40:54.660> that

if there's anything like that so that

if there's anything like that so that
way<02:40:54.960> we<02:40:55.080> don't<02:40:55.200> have<02:40:55.380> any<02:40:55.500> unauthorized

way we don't have any unauthorized

way we don't have any unauthorized
access<02:40:56.580> to<02:40:57.000> the<02:40:57.120> account

access to the account

access to the account
next<02:40:59.100> thing<02:40:59.220> we<02:40:59.399> want<02:40:59.520> to<02:40:59.640> do<02:40:59.700> is<02:40:59.880> configure

next thing we want to do is configure

next thing we want to do is configure
these<02:41:00.899> wireless<02:41:01.500> access<02:41:02.040> point<02:41:02.520> settings

these wireless access point settings

these wireless access point settings
including<02:41:03.600> the<02:41:03.780> SSID<02:41:04.319> what<02:41:04.859> encryption<02:41:05.220> we're

including the SSID what encryption we're

including the SSID what encryption we're
using<02:41:05.760> power<02:41:06.359> and<02:41:06.660> so<02:41:06.899> on

using power and so on

using power and so on
we'll<02:41:09.240> talk<02:41:09.420> about<02:41:09.600> encryption<02:41:10.319> and<02:41:10.800> in

we'll talk about encryption and in

we'll talk about encryption and in
further<02:41:11.640> detail<02:41:12.140> in<02:41:13.140> later<02:41:13.439> uh<02:41:13.920> lessons<02:41:14.460> so

further detail in later uh lessons so

further detail in later uh lessons so
don't<02:41:15.120> worry<02:41:15.420> about<02:41:15.660> that<02:41:15.899> so<02:41:16.080> much<02:41:16.260> right<02:41:16.439> now

figurations have been set we also want

figurations have been set we also want
to<02:41:21.960> disable<02:41:22.500> as<02:41:22.800> we've<02:41:22.979> mentioned<02:41:23.340> the<02:41:23.520> SSID

to disable as we've mentioned the SSID

to disable as we've mentioned the SSID
this<02:41:24.600> doesn't<02:41:24.720> mean<02:41:24.899> that<02:41:25.020> users<02:41:25.319> aren't

this doesn't mean that users aren't

this doesn't mean that users aren't
going<02:41:25.620> to<02:41:25.680> be<02:41:25.800> able<02:41:25.859> to<02:41:26.040> connect<02:41:26.340> to<02:41:26.760> the

going to be able to connect to the

going to be able to connect to the
network<02:41:27.000> by<02:41:27.359> the<02:41:27.479> way<02:41:27.540> it<02:41:27.840> just<02:41:28.140> means<02:41:28.439> that<02:41:28.620> if

network by the way it just means that if

network by the way it just means that if
you're<02:41:29.399> looking<02:41:29.700> for<02:41:30.660> available<02:41:31.080> wireless

you're looking for available wireless

you're looking for available wireless
networks<02:41:32.220> it's<02:41:32.520> not<02:41:32.819> going<02:41:33.060> to<02:41:33.359> be<02:41:33.780> uh

networks it's not going to be uh

networks it's not going to be uh
broadcast<02:41:34.800> out<02:41:35.460> there<02:41:35.580> so<02:41:36.000> in<02:41:36.060> other<02:41:36.180> words

broadcast out there so in other words

broadcast out there so in other words
you<02:41:36.660> need<02:41:36.780> to<02:41:36.960> know<02:41:37.080> the<02:41:37.380> name<02:41:37.500> in<02:41:37.680> order<02:41:37.800> to

you need to know the name in order to

you need to know the name in order to
find<02:41:38.160> it<02:41:38.280> it's<02:41:38.520> sort<02:41:38.760> of<02:41:38.880> like<02:41:39.060> a<02:41:39.359> door<02:41:39.479> that's

find it it's sort of like a door that's

find it it's sort of like a door that's
hidden<02:41:40.140> in<02:41:40.319> the<02:41:40.439> wall<02:41:40.620> if<02:41:41.280> you<02:41:41.340> know<02:41:41.460> where<02:41:41.640> the

hidden in the wall if you know where the

hidden in the wall if you know where the
door<02:41:41.939> is<02:41:42.180> you<02:41:42.420> can<02:41:42.540> find<02:41:42.780> it<02:41:42.960> if<02:41:43.200> not<02:41:43.380> it<02:41:43.560> Just

door is you can find it if not it Just

door is you can find it if not it Just
Blends<02:41:44.100> into<02:41:44.220> the<02:41:44.520> wall

Blends into the wall

Blends into the wall
finally<02:41:45.899> after<02:41:46.080> we've<02:41:46.380> set<02:41:46.500> everything<02:41:46.680> up

finally after we've set everything up

finally after we've set everything up
the<02:41:47.100> last<02:41:47.220> thing<02:41:47.340> we<02:41:47.460> want<02:41:47.580> to<02:41:47.700> do<02:41:47.760> is<02:41:47.880> test<02:41:48.120> for

the last thing we want to do is test for

the last thing we want to do is test for
functionality<02:41:49.020> make<02:41:49.560> sure<02:41:49.740> that<02:41:49.920> all<02:41:50.040> the

functionality make sure that all the

functionality make sure that all the
users<02:41:50.399> can<02:41:50.640> connect<02:41:51.140> make<02:41:52.140> sure<02:41:52.319> that<02:41:52.500> they

users can connect make sure that they

users can connect make sure that they
can<02:41:52.740> get<02:41:52.920> in<02:41:53.040> from<02:41:53.220> the<02:41:53.399> locations<02:41:53.819> they<02:41:54.060> need

can get in from the locations they need

can get in from the locations they need
to<02:41:54.359> and<02:41:55.020> also<02:41:55.260> make<02:41:55.439> sure<02:41:55.560> that<02:41:55.740> people<02:41:55.979> who

to and also make sure that people who

to and also make sure that people who
can't<02:41:56.399> who<02:41:56.640> shouldn't<02:41:56.939> be<02:41:57.060> able<02:41:57.180> to<02:41:57.300> connect

can't who shouldn't be able to connect

can't who shouldn't be able to connect
can't

can't

can't
all<02:41:59.399> right<02:41:59.580> so<02:42:00.060> now<02:42:00.180> we've<02:42:00.420> talked<02:42:00.720> about<02:42:00.840> a

all right so now we've talked about a

all right so now we've talked about a
couple<02:42:01.140> different<02:42:01.439> things<02:42:01.680> first<02:42:01.979> we<02:42:02.220> talked

couple different things first we talked

couple different things first we talked
about<02:42:02.840> unbounded<02:42:03.840> Network<02:42:04.260> media<02:42:04.859> which

about unbounded Network media which

about unbounded Network media which
again<02:42:05.880> is<02:42:06.180> sort<02:42:06.420> of<02:42:06.540> Wireless

again is sort of Wireless

again is sort of Wireless
in<02:42:09.120> scope<02:42:09.420> it<02:42:09.660> means<02:42:09.899> there's<02:42:10.140> no<02:42:10.560> chord<02:42:10.920> we

in scope it means there's no chord we

in scope it means there's no chord we
looked<02:42:11.880> at<02:42:12.000> Radio<02:42:12.359> networking<02:42:13.140> and<02:42:13.680> broadcast

looked at Radio networking and broadcast

looked at Radio networking and broadcast
radio<02:42:15.080> we<02:42:16.080> also<02:42:16.260> looked<02:42:16.560> at<02:42:16.620> the<02:42:16.979> sped<02:42:17.399> spread

radio we also looked at the sped spread

radio we also looked at the sped spread
spectrum<02:42:18.780> and<02:42:19.439> if<02:42:19.560> you<02:42:19.680> remember<02:42:19.859> that's<02:42:20.220> we

spectrum and if you remember that's we

spectrum and if you remember that's we
have<02:42:20.760> two<02:42:20.939> different<02:42:21.120> types<02:42:21.600> one<02:42:21.899> which<02:42:22.200> is

have two different types one which is

have two different types one which is
going<02:42:22.680> to<02:42:23.100> broadcast<02:42:23.880> on<02:42:24.479> several<02:42:24.840> different

going to broadcast on several different

going to broadcast on several different
channels<02:42:27.060> on<02:42:27.300> the<02:42:27.420> Spectrum<02:42:27.780> at<02:42:27.960> once<02:42:28.260> and<02:42:28.859> one

channels on the Spectrum at once and one

channels on the Spectrum at once and one
which<02:42:29.280> hops<02:42:29.939> around<02:42:30.840> at<02:42:31.439> certain<02:42:31.620> intervals

which hops around at certain intervals

which hops around at certain intervals
we<02:42:32.880> also<02:42:33.120> looked<02:42:33.359> at<02:42:33.479> infrared<02:42:34.080> Bluetooth<02:42:34.560> and

we also looked at infrared Bluetooth and

we also looked at infrared Bluetooth and
microwave<02:42:35.520> connections<02:42:36.180> these<02:42:37.140> two<02:42:37.260> much

microwave connections these two much

microwave connections these two much
more<02:42:38.040> uh<02:42:38.700> shorter<02:42:39.300> distances<02:42:39.920> microwave<02:42:40.920> a

more uh shorter distances microwave a

more uh shorter distances microwave a
much<02:42:41.280> longer<02:42:41.700> distance<02:42:41.960> this<02:42:42.960> requires<02:42:43.439> a

much longer distance this requires a

much longer distance this requires a
line<02:42:43.800> of<02:42:43.979> sight<02:42:44.220> so<02:42:44.640> does

line of sight so does

line of sight so does
IR<02:42:46.380> Bluetooth<02:42:47.100> does<02:42:47.580> not<02:42:47.819> but<02:42:48.180> does<02:42:48.420> have<02:42:48.600> a

IR Bluetooth does not but does have a

IR Bluetooth does not but does have a
very<02:42:49.020> limited<02:42:49.560> degree<02:42:50.460> of<02:42:51.120> um<02:42:51.180> distance<02:42:51.780> that

very limited degree of um distance that

very limited degree of um distance that
it'll<02:42:52.380> work<02:42:52.560> we<02:42:53.160> also<02:42:53.340> looked<02:42:53.640> at<02:42:53.700> a<02:42:54.000> wireless

it'll work we also looked at a wireless

it'll work we also looked at a wireless
access<02:42:54.720> point<02:42:55.140> or<02:42:55.680> a<02:42:56.479> WAP<02:42:57.680> by<02:42:58.680> the<02:42:58.800> way

access point or a WAP by the way

access point or a WAP by the way
wireless<02:42:59.220> access<02:42:59.580> point<02:43:00.000> is<02:43:00.359> also<02:43:00.600> going<02:43:00.780> to

wireless access point is also going to

wireless access point is also going to
be<02:43:01.020> built<02:43:01.319> into<02:43:01.380> what's<02:43:01.740> called<02:43:01.920> a<02:43:02.160> Soho

be built into what's called a Soho

be built into what's called a Soho
router<02:43:02.880> those<02:43:03.060> are<02:43:03.180> those<02:43:03.300> Linksys<02:43:03.720> or

router those are those Linksys or

router those are those Linksys or
Netgear<02:43:04.319> routers<02:43:04.620> that<02:43:04.740> you<02:43:04.859> buy<02:43:04.920> at<02:43:05.100> the

Netgear routers that you buy at the

Netgear routers that you buy at the
store<02:43:05.399> and<02:43:06.060> finally<02:43:06.300> we<02:43:06.479> described<02:43:06.840> the

store and finally we described the

store and finally we described the
characteristics<02:43:07.560> of<02:43:07.740> an<02:43:07.920> SSID<02:43:08.600> specifically

characteristics of an SSID specifically

characteristics of an SSID specifically
the<02:43:09.840> fact<02:43:10.020> that<02:43:10.260> we<02:43:10.439> want<02:43:10.560> to<02:43:10.740> disable<02:43:11.100> their

the fact that we want to disable their

the fact that we want to disable their
broadcasting

so we've talked about the bounded and

so we've talked about the bounded and
Unbound<02:43:19.380> media<02:43:19.740> let's<02:43:19.859> talk<02:43:20.040> about<02:43:20.160> some<02:43:20.399> of

Unbound media let's talk about some of

Unbound media let's talk about some of
the<02:43:20.640> devices<02:43:20.880> this<02:43:21.300> media<02:43:21.600> is<02:43:21.720> going<02:43:21.840> to

the devices this media is going to

the devices this media is going to
connect<02:43:22.080> to

Network hardware and media network

Network hardware and media network
connectivity<02:43:49.920> devices

connectivity devices

connectivity devices
so<02:43:52.979> having<02:43:53.160> discussed<02:43:53.939> the<02:43:54.540> way<02:43:54.660> that<02:43:54.960> devices

so having discussed the way that devices

so having discussed the way that devices
connect<02:43:55.800> either<02:43:56.340> using<02:43:56.760> unbounded<02:43:57.540> or

connect either using unbounded or

connect either using unbounded or
bounded<02:43:58.500> media<02:43:58.979> let's<02:43:59.520> now<02:43:59.760> talk<02:44:00.000> about<02:44:00.180> the

bounded media let's now talk about the

bounded media let's now talk about the
connectivity<02:44:01.140> devices<02:44:01.500> themselves

connectivity devices themselves

connectivity devices themselves
so<02:44:03.780> the<02:44:03.899> objectives<02:44:04.260> of<02:44:04.500> this<02:44:04.740> module<02:44:05.220> are

so the objectives of this module are

so the objectives of this module are
first<02:44:05.939> to<02:44:06.300> Define<02:44:06.600> and<02:44:07.080> describe<02:44:07.560> a<02:44:07.920> Nick

first to Define and describe a Nick

first to Define and describe a Nick
which<02:44:08.819> also<02:44:09.120> stands<02:44:09.479> for<02:44:09.720> a<02:44:10.319> network

which also stands for a network

which also stands for a network
interface<02:44:11.640> card

interface card

interface card
this<02:44:14.340> is<02:44:14.520> the<02:44:14.760> main<02:44:14.939> way<02:44:15.300> in<02:44:15.479> which<02:44:15.720> devices

this is the main way in which devices

this is the main way in which devices
connect<02:44:16.859> to<02:44:17.460> a<02:44:17.760> network

we're also going to talk about a

we're also going to talk about a
transceiver<02:44:27.060> a<02:44:27.660> chip<02:44:27.780> that<02:44:28.080> is<02:44:28.260> on<02:44:28.500> the<02:44:28.620> Nick

transceiver a chip that is on the Nick

transceiver a chip that is on the Nick
and<02:44:29.340> basically<02:44:29.760> allows<02:44:30.180> it<02:44:30.300> to<02:44:30.479> communicate

and basically allows it to communicate

and basically allows it to communicate
we're<02:44:32.399> also<02:44:32.700> going<02:44:32.880> to<02:44:33.200> identify<02:44:34.200> the

we're also going to identify the

we're also going to identify the
characteristics<02:44:35.220> that<02:44:35.520> make<02:44:35.760> a<02:44:36.300> switch<02:44:36.479> one

characteristics that make a switch one

characteristics that make a switch one
of<02:44:37.319> the<02:44:37.620> main<02:44:37.979> Central<02:44:38.340> devices<02:44:38.939> in<02:44:39.479> our<02:44:39.660> start

of the main Central devices in our start

of the main Central devices in our start
apology<02:44:40.439> that<02:44:41.040> allows<02:44:41.399> for<02:44:41.580> communication<02:44:42.120> on

apology that allows for communication on

apology that allows for communication on
a<02:44:43.380> local<02:44:43.620> area<02:44:43.979> network<02:44:44.340> and<02:44:45.120> then<02:44:45.240> we're

a local area network and then we're

a local area network and then we're
going<02:44:45.540> to<02:44:45.660> identify<02:44:46.260> some<02:44:46.979> of<02:44:47.100> the<02:44:47.460> qualities

going to identify some of the qualities

going to identify some of the qualities
and<02:44:49.080> some<02:44:49.319> of<02:44:49.439> the<02:44:49.740> characteristics<02:44:50.460> that<02:44:50.819> we

and some of the characteristics that we

and some of the characteristics that we
can<02:44:51.060> put<02:44:51.300> into<02:44:51.600> a<02:44:51.840> switch<02:44:52.020> including<02:44:52.560> trunking

can put into a switch including trunking

can put into a switch including trunking
Port<02:44:53.640> mirroring<02:44:54.180> and<02:44:54.780> channel<02:44:54.960> bonding<02:44:55.620> all

Port mirroring and channel bonding all

Port mirroring and channel bonding all
of<02:44:56.220> these<02:44:56.460> do<02:44:56.700> come<02:44:56.880> up<02:44:57.000> on<02:44:57.180> the<02:44:57.300> exam<02:44:57.600> and<02:44:57.720> so

of these do come up on the exam and so

of these do come up on the exam and so
they<02:44:58.140> are<02:44:58.319> pretty<02:44:58.620> important<02:44:58.979> to<02:44:59.220> cover

they are pretty important to cover

they are pretty important to cover
then<02:45:00.479> we're<02:45:00.660> going<02:45:00.780> to<02:45:00.840> talk<02:45:01.020> about<02:45:01.140> a<02:45:01.500> router

then we're going to talk about a router

then we're going to talk about a router
and<02:45:02.100> a<02:45:02.280> Gateway<02:45:02.640> these<02:45:03.420> two<02:45:03.540> devices<02:45:03.899> allow<02:45:04.439> us

and a Gateway these two devices allow us

and a Gateway these two devices allow us
to<02:45:05.040> communicate<02:45:05.399> outside<02:45:05.760> of<02:45:06.060> our<02:45:06.240> local

to communicate outside of our local

to communicate outside of our local
networks<02:45:07.020> onto<02:45:07.380> a<02:45:07.859> wide<02:45:07.979> area<02:45:08.160> network<02:45:08.460> or<02:45:08.819> a

networks onto a wide area network or a

networks onto a wide area network or a
Wan

Wan

Wan
now<02:45:10.500> as<02:45:10.680> with<02:45:10.859> anything<02:45:11.300> we<02:45:12.300> have<02:45:12.479> noise<02:45:12.899> that

now as with anything we have noise that

now as with anything we have noise that
interrupts<02:45:13.800> the<02:45:13.979> signal<02:45:14.340> and<02:45:14.760> so<02:45:14.880> we're<02:45:15.060> going

interrupts the signal and so we're going

interrupts the signal and so we're going
to<02:45:15.300> talk<02:45:15.479> about<02:45:15.720> what<02:45:16.380> that<02:45:16.560> noise<02:45:16.740> is<02:45:17.100> and<02:45:17.700> the

to talk about what that noise is and the

to talk about what that noise is and the
sources<02:45:18.240> of<02:45:18.420> that<02:45:18.600> noise<02:45:18.780> so<02:45:19.140> we<02:45:19.319> can<02:45:19.439> better

sources of that noise so we can better

sources of that noise so we can better
uh<02:45:20.880> alleviate<02:45:21.840> and<02:45:22.140> avoid<02:45:22.439> it

uh alleviate and avoid it

uh alleviate and avoid it
finally<02:45:24.060> we're<02:45:24.359> going<02:45:24.540> to<02:45:24.660> talk<02:45:24.780> about<02:45:25.020> that

finally we're going to talk about that

finally we're going to talk about that
alleviation<02:45:25.979> and<02:45:26.580> avoidance<02:45:27.180> by<02:45:27.540> talking

alleviation and avoidance by talking

alleviation and avoidance by talking
about<02:45:27.960> noise<02:45:28.439> control<02:45:28.800> and<02:45:29.580> reduction

about noise control and reduction

about noise control and reduction
techniques<02:45:30.660> sometimes<02:45:31.560> getting<02:45:31.859> into<02:45:32.479> these

techniques sometimes getting into these

techniques sometimes getting into these
specifics<02:45:33.960> of<02:45:34.140> how<02:45:34.380> this<02:45:34.560> works<02:45:34.979> now<02:45:35.460> some<02:45:35.760> of

specifics of how this works now some of

specifics of how this works now some of
this<02:45:36.000> might<02:45:36.180> be<02:45:36.359> a<02:45:36.540> little<02:45:36.660> too<02:45:36.960> complex<02:45:37.319> for

this might be a little too complex for

this might be a little too complex for
the<02:45:38.640> network<02:45:38.880> plus<02:45:39.240> exam<02:45:39.720> but<02:45:40.560> it's<02:45:40.740> good<02:45:40.920> to

the network plus exam but it's good to

the network plus exam but it's good to
go<02:45:41.160> over<02:45:41.280> anyway<02:45:41.520> so<02:45:41.760> you<02:45:41.939> have<02:45:42.060> a<02:45:42.240> firm<02:45:42.540> basis

go over anyway so you have a firm basis

go over anyway so you have a firm basis
in<02:45:43.020> the<02:45:43.200> theory<02:45:43.439> behind<02:45:43.800> it

in the theory behind it

in the theory behind it
so<02:45:45.300> the<02:45:45.899> Nick<02:45:46.080> or<02:45:46.800> the<02:45:47.160> network<02:45:47.460> interface

so the Nick or the network interface

so the Nick or the network interface
card<02:45:48.899> is<02:45:49.620> a<02:45:49.920> physical<02:45:50.100> connectivity<02:45:51.000> device

card is a physical connectivity device

card is a physical connectivity device
that<02:45:52.080> can<02:45:52.319> be<02:45:52.560> either<02:45:52.939> wired<02:45:53.939> or<02:45:54.780> Wireless<02:45:55.340> for

that can be either wired or Wireless for

that can be either wired or Wireless for
Wired<02:45:56.760> networks<02:45:57.359> the<02:45:57.720> Nix<02:45:57.960> gonna<02:45:58.319> have<02:45:58.560> an

Wired networks the Nix gonna have an

Wired networks the Nix gonna have an
ethernet<02:45:59.760> port<02:46:00.120> which<02:46:00.660> is<02:46:00.780> right<02:46:01.080> here<02:46:01.399> that

ethernet port which is right here that

ethernet port which is right here that
allows<02:46:02.819> you<02:46:02.939> to<02:46:03.300> connect<02:46:03.420> to<02:46:03.840> an<02:46:04.080> RJ45<02:46:04.979> cable

allows you to connect to an RJ45 cable

allows you to connect to an RJ45 cable
if<02:46:05.700> you<02:46:05.819> recall<02:46:06.180> the<02:46:06.420> RJ45<02:46:07.380> cable<02:46:07.920> is<02:46:08.520> the<02:46:08.819> ones

if you recall the RJ45 cable is the ones

if you recall the RJ45 cable is the ones
used<02:46:09.359> with<02:46:09.840> most<02:46:10.439> uh<02:46:10.979> twisted<02:46:11.460> pair

used with most uh twisted pair

used with most uh twisted pair
installations<02:46:13.080> you<02:46:13.979> can<02:46:14.040> either<02:46:14.220> connect<02:46:14.520> it

installations you can either connect it

installations you can either connect it
directly<02:46:15.479> to<02:46:16.200> the<02:46:16.380> motherboard<02:46:17.060> or<02:46:18.060> it<02:46:18.840> can<02:46:19.020> be

directly to the motherboard or it can be

directly to the motherboard or it can be
connected<02:46:19.560> through<02:46:19.800> another<02:46:20.100> card<02:46:20.520> or<02:46:20.819> a

connected through another card or a

connected through another card or a
riser<02:46:21.420> card<02:46:21.540> or<02:46:21.840> an<02:46:22.020> expansion<02:46:22.500> bus<02:46:22.680> as<02:46:22.979> this

riser card or an expansion bus as this

riser card or an expansion bus as this
one<02:46:23.399> would<02:46:23.640> be<02:46:24.240> now<02:46:24.780> there<02:46:24.960> are<02:46:25.140> typically

one would be now there are typically

one would be now there are typically
connectivity<02:46:26.340> lights<02:46:26.899> uh<02:46:27.899> on<02:46:28.200> the<02:46:28.380> outside<02:46:28.500> of

connectivity lights uh on the outside of

connectivity lights uh on the outside of
the<02:46:29.040> Nic<02:46:29.280> that<02:46:29.580> allow<02:46:29.880> administrators<02:46:30.600> to<02:46:30.960> get

the Nic that allow administrators to get

the Nic that allow administrators to get
a<02:46:31.500> a<02:46:31.979> quick<02:46:32.280> status<02:46:32.640> of<02:46:33.000> the<02:46:33.120> network

a a quick status of the network

a a quick status of the network
connection<02:46:33.740> the<02:46:34.740> connectivity<02:46:35.220> lights<02:46:35.460> can

connection the connectivity lights can

connection the connectivity lights can
mean<02:46:36.000> different<02:46:36.359> things<02:46:36.720> depending<02:46:37.319> on<02:46:37.560> the

mean different things depending on the

mean different things depending on the
manufacture<02:46:38.280> of<02:46:38.460> the<02:46:38.640> Nick<02:46:38.760> however<02:46:39.540> most

manufacture of the Nick however most

manufacture of the Nick however most
commonly<02:46:40.319> there<02:46:40.560> are<02:46:40.680> going<02:46:40.800> to<02:46:40.859> be<02:46:40.920> at<02:46:41.160> least

commonly there are going to be at least

commonly there are going to be at least
two<02:46:41.640> and<02:46:42.000> possibly<02:46:42.420> even<02:46:42.660> three<02:46:43.020> and<02:46:43.680> each<02:46:43.920> of

two and possibly even three and each of

two and possibly even three and each of
those<02:46:44.160> lights<02:46:44.340> are<02:46:44.580> going<02:46:44.640> to<02:46:44.760> be<02:46:44.880> different

those lights are going to be different

those lights are going to be different
colors<02:46:45.479> you<02:46:45.720> can<02:46:45.840> see<02:46:45.960> on<02:46:46.080> this<02:46:46.260> one<02:46:46.439> we<02:46:46.680> have

colors you can see on this one we have

colors you can see on this one we have
three<02:46:47.460> different<02:46:47.880> lights

three different lights

three different lights
there<02:46:49.500> should<02:46:49.680> be<02:46:49.859> one<02:46:50.100> light<02:46:50.280> that<02:46:50.700> is<02:46:50.819> on<02:46:51.120> to

there should be one light that is on to

there should be one light that is on to
dictate<02:46:52.380> that<02:46:52.800> there<02:46:53.100> is<02:46:53.280> a<02:46:53.520> connection

dictate that there is a connection

dictate that there is a connection
that<02:46:55.020> would<02:46:55.140> be<02:46:55.319> a<02:46:55.800> solid<02:46:56.160> green<02:46:56.520> light<02:46:56.819> most

that would be a solid green light most

that would be a solid green light most
of<02:46:57.359> the<02:46:57.479> time<02:46:57.600> and<02:46:58.140> it's<02:46:58.260> going<02:46:58.500> to<02:46:58.680> stay<02:46:58.920> lit

of the time and it's going to stay lit

of the time and it's going to stay lit
when<02:46:59.520> connection<02:46:59.819> and<02:47:00.600> there's<02:47:00.720> also<02:47:00.960> going

when connection and there's also going

when connection and there's also going
to<02:47:01.080> be<02:47:01.200> another<02:47:01.380> light<02:47:01.680> that's<02:47:02.040> sort<02:47:02.280> of<02:47:02.399> going

to be another light that's sort of going

to be another light that's sort of going
to<02:47:02.760> flicker<02:47:03.180> the<02:47:03.899> flicker<02:47:04.319> is<02:47:04.680> letting<02:47:04.979> you

to flicker the flicker is letting you

to flicker the flicker is letting you
know<02:47:05.220> that<02:47:05.399> there<02:47:05.580> is<02:47:05.700> activity<02:47:06.180> or<02:47:06.479> that

know that there is activity or that

know that there is activity or that
traffic<02:47:07.020> is<02:47:07.319> being<02:47:07.560> sent<02:47:07.859> across<02:47:08.580> the<02:47:08.760> neck

traffic is being sent across the neck

traffic is being sent across the neck
the<02:47:09.899> faster<02:47:10.200> the<02:47:10.439> flicker<02:47:10.920> uh<02:47:11.340> typically<02:47:11.700> this

the faster the flicker uh typically this

the faster the flicker uh typically this
means<02:47:12.359> that<02:47:12.720> the<02:47:13.200> higher<02:47:13.560> the<02:47:13.740> network<02:47:13.979> speed

means that the higher the network speed

means that the higher the network speed
or<02:47:14.700> the<02:47:14.880> more<02:47:15.000> data<02:47:15.359> that's<02:47:15.540> going<02:47:15.840> over

or the more data that's going over

or the more data that's going over
occasionally<02:47:17.220> you<02:47:17.399> might<02:47:17.580> see<02:47:17.819> one<02:47:18.060> with

occasionally you might see one with

occasionally you might see one with
different<02:47:18.540> colored<02:47:19.080> lights<02:47:19.260> the<02:47:20.160> different

different colored lights the different

different colored lights the different
colors<02:47:20.760> might<02:47:21.000> dictate<02:47:21.479> for<02:47:21.899> instance<02:47:22.080> the

colors might dictate for instance the

colors might dictate for instance the
speed<02:47:22.800> of<02:47:22.979> the<02:47:23.160> connection<02:47:23.340> for<02:47:24.180> instance<02:47:24.420> a

speed of the connection for instance a

speed of the connection for instance a
green<02:47:25.080> for<02:47:25.680> gigabit<02:47:26.160> speeds<02:47:26.700> which<02:47:27.540> would<02:47:27.720> be

green for gigabit speeds which would be

green for gigabit speeds which would be
a<02:47:27.960> thousand<02:47:28.200> megabits<02:47:28.740> per<02:47:28.859> second<02:47:29.100> and<02:47:30.060> Amber

a thousand megabits per second and Amber

a thousand megabits per second and Amber
for<02:47:30.899> instance<02:47:31.200> for<02:47:31.859> uh<02:47:32.399> 100<02:47:32.760> megabit<02:47:33.420> speed

for instance for uh 100 megabit speed

for instance for uh 100 megabit speed
across<02:47:34.200> the<02:47:34.319> network<02:47:34.500> okay<02:47:35.220> and<02:47:35.399> this<02:47:35.520> is

across the network okay and this is

across the network okay and this is
going<02:47:35.819> to<02:47:35.939> really<02:47:36.120> vary<02:47:36.720> depending<02:47:37.260> on<02:47:37.740> the

going to really vary depending on the

going to really vary depending on the
Nick<02:47:38.280> it's<02:47:39.060> also<02:47:39.359> important<02:47:39.600> to<02:47:39.780> know<02:47:39.899> that

Nick it's also important to know that

Nick it's also important to know that
the<02:47:40.500> MAC<02:47:40.979> address<02:47:41.280> which<02:47:42.060> might<02:47:42.300> be<02:47:42.540> written

the MAC address which might be written

the MAC address which might be written
out<02:47:43.140> here<02:47:43.500> is<02:47:44.040> actually<02:47:44.660> hardwired<02:47:45.660> or<02:47:46.080> hard

out here is actually hardwired or hard

out here is actually hardwired or hard
uh<02:47:47.280> coded<02:47:47.819> into<02:47:48.359> the<02:47:48.660> neck<02:47:48.780> so<02:47:49.319> it's<02:47:49.439> something

uh coded into the neck so it's something

uh coded into the neck so it's something
that<02:47:49.979> comes<02:47:50.280> with<02:47:50.460> the<02:47:50.640> Nick<02:47:50.819> itself<02:47:51.240> now<02:47:52.020> a

that comes with the Nick itself now a

that comes with the Nick itself now a
transceiver<02:47:53.040> is<02:47:53.880> a<02:47:54.000> Connect<02:47:54.479> every<02:47:54.899> device

transceiver is a Connect every device

transceiver is a Connect every device
that<02:47:55.979> has<02:47:56.220> the<02:47:56.580> ability<02:47:56.880> to<02:47:57.780> send<02:47:58.080> transmit<02:47:58.859> or

that has the ability to send transmit or

that has the ability to send transmit or
receive<02:47:59.700> traffic<02:48:00.560> simultaneously<02:48:01.580> the

receive traffic simultaneously the

receive traffic simultaneously the
ability<02:48:03.000> that<02:48:03.840> this<02:48:04.080> has<02:48:04.380> is<02:48:04.800> special<02:48:05.160> is<02:48:05.460> due

ability that this has is special is due

ability that this has is special is due
to<02:48:05.880> a<02:48:06.120> specialized<02:48:06.720> chip<02:48:07.020> that's<02:48:07.620> right<02:48:07.920> here

to a specialized chip that's right here

to a specialized chip that's right here
and<02:48:09.060> this<02:48:09.620> assists<02:48:10.620> the<02:48:10.800> Nick<02:48:10.979> in

and this assists the Nick in

and this assists the Nick in
transmitting<02:48:11.880> traffic<02:48:12.180> across<02:48:13.020> the<02:48:13.200> medium

transmitting traffic across the medium

transmitting traffic across the medium
almost<02:48:14.760> every<02:48:15.300> modern<02:48:15.600> Nic<02:48:16.140> has<02:48:16.740> a

almost every modern Nic has a

almost every modern Nic has a
transceiver<02:48:17.460> built<02:48:18.300> directly<02:48:18.899> on<02:48:19.319> to<02:48:19.680> the

transceiver built directly on to the

transceiver built directly on to the
device<02:48:20.160> now<02:48:20.939> a<02:48:21.120> great<02:48:21.240> example<02:48:21.660> of<02:48:21.899> a

device now a great example of a

device now a great example of a
transceiver<02:48:22.620> at<02:48:22.859> work<02:48:23.040> is<02:48:23.280> something<02:48:23.520> called

transceiver at work is something called

transceiver at work is something called
the<02:48:24.660> gbic<02:48:25.439> or<02:48:26.280> gigabit<02:48:26.819> interface<02:48:27.479> converter

the gbic or gigabit interface converter

the gbic or gigabit interface converter
this<02:48:29.700> is<02:48:30.000> something<02:48:30.240> that<02:48:30.600> allows<02:48:31.140> the

this is something that allows the

this is something that allows the
conversion<02:48:32.460> of<02:48:33.080> electrical<02:48:34.080> signals

the gbit can also be used to convert

the gbit can also be used to convert
different<02:48:52.200> Optical<02:48:52.620> Technologies<02:48:53.340> from<02:48:53.700> one

different Optical Technologies from one

different Optical Technologies from one
to<02:48:54.120> the<02:48:54.240> other<02:48:54.420> and<02:48:55.140> this<02:48:55.380> the<02:48:55.680> benefit<02:48:55.859> of

to the other and this the benefit of

to the other and this the benefit of
this<02:48:56.220> is<02:48:56.399> it<02:48:56.520> allows<02:48:56.819> a<02:48:56.939> network<02:48:57.060> to<02:48:57.359> be

this is it allows a network to be

this is it allows a network to be
upgraded<02:48:58.080> without<02:48:58.620> actually<02:48:58.920> having<02:48:59.100> to

upgraded without actually having to

upgraded without actually having to
upgrade<02:48:59.700> all<02:49:00.000> of<02:49:00.120> the<02:49:00.300> components<02:49:00.840> so<02:49:01.380> if

upgrade all of the components so if

upgrade all of the components so if
we're<02:49:01.680> going<02:49:01.859> to<02:49:02.040> be<02:49:02.100> using<02:49:02.580> for<02:49:03.240> instance

we're going to be using for instance

we're going to be using for instance
fiber<02:49:04.380> optics<02:49:04.740> and<02:49:05.399> copper<02:49:05.939> on<02:49:06.180> the<02:49:06.300> same

fiber optics and copper on the same

fiber optics and copper on the same
network<02:49:06.720> this<02:49:07.380> is<02:49:07.439> something<02:49:07.680> that<02:49:07.859> we're

network this is something that we're

network this is something that we're
really<02:49:08.100> going<02:49:08.280> to<02:49:08.460> want<02:49:08.580> I<02:49:09.240> wouldn't<02:49:09.359> worry

really going to want I wouldn't worry

really going to want I wouldn't worry
too<02:49:09.840> much<02:49:10.020> about<02:49:10.200> transceivers<02:49:11.100> for<02:49:11.280> the

too much about transceivers for the

too much about transceivers for the
network<02:49:11.640> plus<02:49:11.880> exam<02:49:12.240> but<02:49:12.479> I<02:49:12.600> did<02:49:12.720> want<02:49:12.840> to

network plus exam but I did want to

network plus exam but I did want to
cover<02:49:13.080> them<02:49:13.319> because<02:49:13.500> they<02:49:13.740> are<02:49:13.859> listed<02:49:14.220> on

cover them because they are listed on

cover them because they are listed on
the<02:49:15.780> um

the um

the um
uh<02:49:17.040> on<02:49:17.220> the<02:49:17.399> outline<02:49:17.700> and<02:49:18.420> as<02:49:18.660> I<02:49:18.899> mentioned

uh on the outline and as I mentioned

uh on the outline and as I mentioned
they're<02:49:19.500> really<02:49:19.680> built<02:49:20.160> onto<02:49:20.520> a<02:49:20.700> Nick<02:49:20.880> so<02:49:21.180> it's

they're really built onto a Nick so it's

they're really built onto a Nick so it's
sort<02:49:21.540> of<02:49:21.660> a<02:49:21.899> subset<02:49:22.380> of<02:49:22.680> a<02:49:22.800> Nick<02:49:22.979> something

sort of a subset of a Nick something

sort of a subset of a Nick something
that<02:49:23.580> is<02:49:23.700> on<02:49:24.060> the<02:49:24.180> Nick<02:49:24.300> that<02:49:24.600> allows<02:49:24.960> it<02:49:25.080> to

that is on the Nick that allows it to

that is on the Nick that allows it to
transmit<02:49:25.680> and<02:49:25.979> receive<02:49:26.280> that<02:49:26.580> data<02:49:26.880> and<02:49:27.479> also

transmit and receive that data and also

transmit and receive that data and also
allows<02:49:28.800> it<02:49:28.920> to<02:49:29.100> convert<02:49:29.460> sometimes<02:49:29.939> those

allows it to convert sometimes those

allows it to convert sometimes those
signals<02:49:30.600> from<02:49:30.720> one<02:49:30.899> into<02:49:31.080> the<02:49:31.319> other<02:49:31.439> so<02:49:31.979> this

signals from one into the other so this

signals from one into the other so this
is<02:49:32.220> how<02:49:32.399> a<02:49:32.580> computer<02:49:32.760> is<02:49:33.120> going<02:49:33.240> to<02:49:33.359> connect

is how a computer is going to connect

is how a computer is going to connect
let's<02:49:33.840> talk<02:49:34.080> about<02:49:34.260> switches<02:49:34.979> a<02:49:35.760> switch<02:49:36.000> is<02:49:36.359> a

let's talk about switches a switch is a

let's talk about switches a switch is a
connectivity<02:49:37.020> device<02:49:37.319> that<02:49:38.160> connects

connectivity device that connects

connectivity device that connects
multiple<02:49:39.240> nodes<02:49:39.600> together<02:49:40.100> acting<02:49:41.100> as<02:49:41.340> the

multiple nodes together acting as the

multiple nodes together acting as the
common<02:49:42.180> Connecting<02:49:42.899> Point<02:49:43.200> if<02:49:43.680> you<02:49:43.800> think

common Connecting Point if you think

common Connecting Point if you think
back<02:49:44.220> to<02:49:44.460> our<02:49:44.760> start<02:49:44.939> topology<02:49:45.479> we<02:49:46.020> have<02:49:46.200> all

back to our start topology we have all

back to our start topology we have all
the<02:49:46.740> nodes<02:49:47.040> connected<02:49:47.760> in<02:49:48.000> this<02:49:48.180> way<02:49:48.420> now<02:49:49.200> the

the nodes connected in this way now the

the nodes connected in this way now the
switch<02:49:49.680> looks<02:49:50.340> at<02:49:50.460> something<02:49:50.819> called<02:49:51.720> the<02:49:52.260> MAC

switch looks at something called the MAC

switch looks at something called the MAC
address<02:49:52.859> or<02:49:53.760> that<02:49:54.060> physical<02:49:54.359> address<02:49:54.780> that's

address or that physical address that's

address or that physical address that's
burned<02:49:55.740> onto<02:49:56.600> the<02:49:57.600> uh<02:49:58.140> uh<02:49:58.680> Nick<02:49:59.520> it's<02:50:00.240> a<02:50:00.479> 48

burned onto the uh uh Nick it's a 48

burned onto the uh uh Nick it's a 48
bit

bit

bit
hexadecimal<02:50:04.800> address<02:50:05.060> and<02:50:06.060> we<02:50:06.180> will<02:50:06.359> talk

hexadecimal address and we will talk

hexadecimal address and we will talk
more<02:50:06.840> about<02:50:07.080> it<02:50:07.319> later

more about it later

more about it later
and<02:50:09.479> what<02:50:09.840> it<02:50:09.960> does<02:50:10.080> is<02:50:10.260> it<02:50:10.380> looks<02:50:10.680> at<02:50:10.800> the<02:50:10.920> MAC

and what it does is it looks at the MAC

and what it does is it looks at the MAC
address<02:50:11.280> of<02:50:12.120> each<02:50:12.359> packet<02:50:12.780> of<02:50:12.960> data<02:50:13.319> to<02:50:13.560> ensure

address of each packet of data to ensure

address of each packet of data to ensure
the<02:50:14.160> data<02:50:14.520> goes<02:50:14.880> to<02:50:15.120> the<02:50:15.359> proper<02:50:15.840> destination

the data goes to the proper destination

the data goes to the proper destination
or<02:50:17.220> to<02:50:17.460> the<02:50:17.819> node<02:50:18.300> for<02:50:18.479> which<02:50:18.660> it<02:50:18.899> is<02:50:19.080> meant<02:50:19.439> now

or to the node for which it is meant now

or to the node for which it is meant now
because<02:50:20.700> of<02:50:21.180> this<02:50:21.359> because<02:50:21.780> the<02:50:22.260> switch<02:50:22.439> looks

because of this because the switch looks

because of this because the switch looks
at<02:50:23.460> the<02:50:23.640> MAC<02:50:23.760> address<02:50:24.000> of<02:50:24.420> each<02:50:24.660> packet<02:50:25.200> it

at the MAC address of each packet it

at the MAC address of each packet it
ensures<02:50:26.220> that<02:50:26.580> traffic<02:50:26.939> is<02:50:27.420> only<02:50:27.720> going<02:50:28.080> to

ensures that traffic is only going to

ensures that traffic is only going to
the<02:50:28.620> intended<02:50:29.100> recipient<02:50:29.960> a<02:50:30.960> managed<02:50:31.439> switch

the intended recipient a managed switch

the intended recipient a managed switch
just<02:50:33.359> going<02:50:33.540> to<02:50:33.660> write<02:50:33.780> that<02:50:34.020> in<02:50:34.200> here

just going to write that in here

just going to write that in here
is<02:50:36.000> a<02:50:36.240> switch<02:50:36.359> that<02:50:36.600> allows<02:50:36.960> an<02:50:37.200> administrator

is a switch that allows an administrator

is a switch that allows an administrator
access<02:50:38.819> to<02:50:39.420> its<02:50:39.780> configuration<02:50:40.380> and<02:50:41.340> is<02:50:41.460> able

access to its configuration and is able

access to its configuration and is able
to<02:50:41.939> be<02:50:42.180> monitored<02:50:42.660> now<02:50:43.319> the<02:50:43.500> way<02:50:43.680> that<02:50:43.859> this

to be monitored now the way that this

to be monitored now the way that this
works<02:50:44.580> is<02:50:44.760> that<02:50:45.000> there's<02:50:45.300> generally

works is that there's generally

works is that there's generally
something<02:50:46.200> called<02:50:46.680> a<02:50:47.520> console<02:50:48.000> port<02:50:48.300> on<02:50:48.899> the

something called a console port on the

something called a console port on the
back<02:50:49.140> of<02:50:49.380> the<02:50:49.560> device<02:50:49.740> and<02:50:50.340> you<02:50:50.520> use<02:50:50.700> something

back of the device and you use something

back of the device and you use something
called<02:50:51.420> a<02:50:52.200> console<02:50:52.620> cable<02:50:53.160> in<02:50:53.819> order<02:50:53.939> to

called a console cable in order to

called a console cable in order to
access<02:50:54.600> this<02:50:55.340> depending<02:50:56.340> on<02:50:56.520> the<02:50:56.640> manufacture

access this depending on the manufacture

access this depending on the manufacture
of<02:50:57.300> the<02:50:57.479> switch<02:50:57.660> this<02:50:58.080> might<02:50:58.319> be<02:50:58.620> light<02:50:59.220> blue

of the switch this might be light blue

of the switch this might be light blue
for<02:51:00.180> instance<02:51:00.359> in<02:51:00.660> Cisco<02:51:01.020> switches<02:51:01.500> which<02:51:01.920> is

for instance in Cisco switches which is

for instance in Cisco switches which is
generally<02:51:02.460> the<02:51:02.880> most<02:51:03.060> common<02:51:03.479> and<02:51:04.020> sometimes

generally the most common and sometimes

generally the most common and sometimes
you<02:51:04.439> might<02:51:04.560> have<02:51:04.680> light<02:51:04.979> yellow<02:51:05.280> or<02:51:05.640> orange

you might have light yellow or orange

you might have light yellow or orange
for<02:51:06.180> others<02:51:06.540> now<02:51:07.140> switch<02:51:07.439> is<02:51:07.740> forward<02:51:08.220> traffic

for others now switch is forward traffic

for others now switch is forward traffic
to<02:51:09.600> destination<02:51:10.260> nodes<02:51:10.920> via<02:51:11.819> these<02:51:12.180> ports<02:51:12.660> on

to destination nodes via these ports on

to destination nodes via these ports on
the<02:51:13.020> switch

and there might be as little as uh you

and there might be as little as uh you
know<02:51:18.420> a<02:51:18.540> few<02:51:18.660> ports<02:51:19.140> maybe<02:51:19.439> eight<02:51:19.920> four<02:51:20.280> or

know a few ports maybe eight four or

know a few ports maybe eight four or
even<02:51:21.240> up<02:51:21.540> to<02:51:21.859> 168<02:51:22.859> or<02:51:23.100> more<02:51:23.280> now

even up to 168 or more now

even up to 168 or more now
administrators<02:51:24.840> have<02:51:25.080> the<02:51:25.200> ability<02:51:25.380> to<02:51:25.680> do<02:51:25.800> a

administrators have the ability to do a

administrators have the ability to do a
couple<02:51:26.100> different<02:51:26.340> things<02:51:26.640> the<02:51:27.000> first<02:51:27.120> thing

couple different things the first thing

couple different things the first thing
they<02:51:27.420> can<02:51:27.540> do<02:51:27.660> is<02:51:27.780> do<02:51:27.960> something<02:51:28.140> called<02:51:28.439> Port

they can do is do something called Port

they can do is do something called Port
mirroring

mirroring

mirroring
Port<02:51:30.899> mirroring<02:51:31.680> effectively

Port mirroring effectively

Port mirroring effectively
as<02:51:34.020> the<02:51:34.200> name<02:51:34.319> implies

takes all the traffic on a specified

takes all the traffic on a specified
port<02:51:40.080> and<02:51:40.439> replicates<02:51:40.979> it<02:51:41.220> or<02:51:41.819> copies<02:51:42.300> it<02:51:42.479> to

port and replicates it or copies it to

port and replicates it or copies it to
another<02:51:43.260> port

now this is used for monitoring for

now this is used for monitoring for
instance<02:51:52.560> if<02:51:52.740> I<02:51:52.920> want<02:51:53.100> to<02:51:53.279> see<02:51:53.399> what's<02:51:53.640> going

instance if I want to see what's going

instance if I want to see what's going
on<02:51:54.000> in<02:51:54.180> a<02:51:54.300> port<02:51:54.420> but<02:51:54.660> I<02:51:54.779> don't<02:51:54.899> want<02:51:55.020> to<02:51:55.200> stop

on in a port but I don't want to stop

on in a port but I don't want to stop
the<02:51:55.620> traffic<02:51:55.800> I<02:51:56.279> can<02:51:56.460> monitor<02:51:57.120> this<02:51:57.359> traffic

the traffic I can monitor this traffic

the traffic I can monitor this traffic
for<02:51:58.080> analysis<02:51:58.680> and<02:51:58.920> diagnostic<02:51:59.520> purposes

for analysis and diagnostic purposes

for analysis and diagnostic purposes
it's<02:52:00.660> also<02:52:00.899> going<02:52:01.020> to<02:52:01.140> allow<02:52:01.380> administrators

it's also going to allow administrators

it's also going to allow administrators
to<02:52:02.460> diagnose<02:52:03.120> whether<02:52:03.479> traffic<02:52:03.840> across<02:52:04.439> the

to diagnose whether traffic across the

to diagnose whether traffic across the
port<02:52:04.740> is<02:52:05.040> being<02:52:05.220> interfered<02:52:05.819> with<02:52:05.939> by<02:52:06.300> a

port is being interfered with by a

port is being interfered with by a
nefarious<02:52:07.140> individual<02:52:07.859> or<02:52:08.100> someone<02:52:08.340> who's

nefarious individual or someone who's

nefarious individual or someone who's
has<02:52:09.060> a<02:52:09.300> malicious<02:52:09.600> intent<02:52:10.020> such<02:52:10.319> as<02:52:10.439> a<02:52:10.620> hacker

has a malicious intent such as a hacker

has a malicious intent such as a hacker
now<02:52:12.000> if<02:52:12.479> administrators<02:52:13.319> want<02:52:13.800> to<02:52:13.979> combine

now if administrators want to combine

now if administrators want to combine
two<02:52:15.359> or<02:52:15.540> more<02:52:15.720> network<02:52:16.020> connections

two or more network connections

two or more network connections
it's<02:52:19.740> called<02:52:20.040> link<02:52:20.520> aggregation

and there are other names as well what

and there are other names as well what
this<02:52:34.380> does<02:52:34.620> is<02:52:34.859> this<02:52:35.160> serves<02:52:35.520> to<02:52:35.819> increase<02:52:36.120> or

this does is this serves to increase or

this does is this serves to increase or
effectively<02:52:37.020> double<02:52:37.319> the<02:52:37.560> bandwidth<02:52:38.160> uh<02:52:39.120> as

effectively double the bandwidth uh as

effectively double the bandwidth uh as
well<02:52:39.420> as<02:52:39.600> allow<02:52:39.960> for<02:52:40.140> some<02:52:40.380> redundancy

well as allow for some redundancy

well as allow for some redundancy
obviously<02:52:41.580> or<02:52:42.479> a<02:52:42.720> backup<02:52:43.140> connection<02:52:43.399> or

obviously or a backup connection or

obviously or a backup connection or
something<02:52:44.640> else<02:52:44.880> another

something else another

something else another
name<02:52:46.560> you<02:52:46.800> might<02:52:46.979> see<02:52:47.160> this<02:52:47.399> as<02:52:47.760> by<02:52:48.060> the<02:52:48.180> way<02:52:48.300> is

name you might see this as by the way is

name you might see this as by the way is
trunking

trunking

trunking
so<02:52:50.580> that's<02:52:50.700> the<02:52:50.880> one<02:52:51.000> I<02:52:51.120> most<02:52:51.300> see<02:52:51.479> on<02:52:51.720> the<02:52:51.899> exam

so that's the one I most see on the exam

so that's the one I most see on the exam
so<02:52:54.479> that's<02:52:54.779> again<02:52:55.319> taking<02:52:55.680> two<02:52:56.040> and<02:52:56.340> sort<02:52:56.520> of

so that's again taking two and sort of

so that's again taking two and sort of
treating<02:52:56.880> them<02:52:57.000> as<02:52:57.180> one

treating them as one

treating them as one
finally<02:52:58.680> we<02:52:58.859> have<02:52:59.040> something<02:52:59.340> called<02:52:59.760> Channel

finally we have something called Channel

finally we have something called Channel
bonding

which is the process of adding multiple

which is the process of adding multiple
Nicks

Nicks

Nicks
to<02:53:11.880> one

this is also called Nick bonding and

this is also called Nick bonding and
we'll<02:53:22.740> discuss<02:53:23.040> it<02:53:23.220> in<02:53:23.340> Greater<02:53:23.640> detail<02:53:23.939> when

we'll discuss it in Greater detail when

we'll discuss it in Greater detail when
we're<02:53:24.300> talking<02:53:24.479> about<02:53:24.779> IP<02:53:25.560> addresses<02:53:26.100> and

we're talking about IP addresses and

we're talking about IP addresses and
some<02:53:26.580> of<02:53:26.640> the<02:53:26.760> other<02:53:26.880> protocols

some of the other protocols

some of the other protocols
as<02:53:30.120> opposed<02:53:30.479> to<02:53:30.540> a<02:53:30.779> switch<02:53:30.960> a<02:53:31.560> router<02:53:31.920> is<02:53:32.040> a

as opposed to a switch a router is a

as opposed to a switch a router is a
connectivity<02:53:32.640> device<02:53:32.880> that<02:53:33.720> typically

connectivity device that typically

connectivity device that typically
connects<02:53:35.040> multiple<02:53:35.640> networks<02:53:36.060> or<02:53:36.240> network

connects multiple networks or network

connects multiple networks or network
segments<02:53:37.080> and<02:53:37.800> unlike<02:53:38.160> the<02:53:38.399> switch<02:53:38.580> it<02:53:39.060> looks

segments and unlike the switch it looks

segments and unlike the switch it looks
at<02:53:39.420> the<02:53:39.660> IP<02:53:40.080> address<02:53:40.319> of<02:53:40.979> each<02:53:41.160> packet<02:53:41.580> of<02:53:41.760> data

at the IP address of each packet of data

at the IP address of each packet of data
to<02:53:42.779> forward<02:53:43.020> the<02:53:43.439> to<02:53:43.740> the<02:53:44.100> destination<02:53:44.760> node

to forward the to the destination node

to forward the to the destination node
so<02:53:45.479> instead<02:53:45.840> of<02:53:45.899> the<02:53:46.080> MAC<02:53:46.260> address<02:53:46.819> uh<02:53:47.819> we're

so instead of the MAC address uh we're

so instead of the MAC address uh we're
looking<02:53:48.300> at<02:53:48.720> the<02:53:49.080> IP<02:53:50.040> address<02:53:50.279> now<02:53:51.060> a<02:53:51.300> router

looking at the IP address now a router

looking at the IP address now a router
is<02:53:51.779> usually<02:53:51.960> used<02:53:52.140> to<02:53:52.319> connect<02:53:52.439> networks<02:53:53.040> that

is usually used to connect networks that

is usually used to connect networks that
use<02:53:53.460> the<02:53:53.939> same<02:53:54.180> routable<02:53:55.140> protocols<02:53:56.040> so<02:53:56.460> a

use the same routable protocols so a

use the same routable protocols so a
routable<02:53:56.939> protocol<02:53:57.380> is<02:53:58.380> any<02:53:58.740> protocol<02:53:59.040> that

routable protocol is any protocol that

routable protocol is any protocol that
identifies<02:54:00.380> the<02:54:01.380> node

versus

versus
the<02:54:07.500> network

using

using
addressing

addressing

addressing
I.E<02:54:17.160> the<02:54:17.520> IP<02:54:17.819> address<02:54:18.140> now<02:54:19.140> a<02:54:19.380> router<02:54:19.680> can<02:54:19.859> be

I.E the IP address now a router can be

I.E the IP address now a router can be
installed<02:54:20.520> as<02:54:20.640> a<02:54:20.880> hardware<02:54:21.000> device<02:54:21.560> as<02:54:22.560> a

installed as a hardware device as a

installed as a hardware device as a
function<02:54:22.979> of<02:54:23.220> a<02:54:23.399> multi-function<02:54:24.000> device<02:54:24.300> like

function of a multi-function device like

function of a multi-function device like
a<02:54:25.279> Soho<02:54:26.279> router

a Soho router

a Soho router
and<02:54:29.520> uh<02:54:30.120> it's<02:54:30.600> also<02:54:31.080> can<02:54:31.200> be<02:54:31.380> installed<02:54:31.859> as

and uh it's also can be installed as

and uh it's also can be installed as
software<02:54:32.580> in<02:54:32.760> another<02:54:32.939> device<02:54:33.240> in<02:54:33.600> a<02:54:33.720> virtual

software in another device in a virtual

software in another device in a virtual
environment<02:54:34.500> for<02:54:34.859> instance<02:54:35.040> on<02:54:35.340> a<02:54:35.460> server<02:54:35.760> in

environment for instance on a server in

environment for instance on a server in
the<02:54:36.600> case<02:54:36.720> of<02:54:36.899> a<02:54:37.140> router<02:54:37.500> being<02:54:37.680> installed<02:54:38.220> as

the case of a router being installed as

the case of a router being installed as
software<02:54:38.760> in<02:54:38.939> a<02:54:39.120> virtual<02:54:39.840> environment<02:54:40.319> the

software in a virtual environment the

software in a virtual environment the
device<02:54:41.340> or<02:54:41.760> node<02:54:42.060> has<02:54:42.420> to<02:54:42.600> have

device or node has to have

device or node has to have
two<02:54:44.279> Nicks<02:54:44.700> one<02:54:44.939> Nick<02:54:45.120> for<02:54:45.300> the<02:54:45.420> note<02:54:45.540> itself

two Nicks one Nick for the note itself

two Nicks one Nick for the note itself
and<02:54:46.500> then<02:54:46.560> one<02:54:46.800> Nick<02:54:46.920> for<02:54:47.220> the<02:54:47.340> routing

and then one Nick for the routing

and then one Nick for the routing
functions<02:54:48.060> sort<02:54:48.300> of<02:54:48.359> like<02:54:48.479> one<02:54:48.660> to<02:54:48.899> go<02:54:49.020> in<02:54:49.140> and

functions sort of like one to go in and

functions sort of like one to go in and
one<02:54:49.500> to<02:54:49.680> go<02:54:49.800> out<02:54:50.000> a<02:54:51.000> Gateway<02:54:51.420> is<02:54:52.080> a

one to go out a Gateway is a

one to go out a Gateway is a
connectivity<02:54:52.680> device<02:54:52.920> that's<02:54:53.340> very<02:54:53.819> much

connectivity device that's very much

connectivity device that's very much
like<02:54:54.300> a<02:54:54.540> router<02:54:54.779> in<02:54:54.899> the<02:54:55.020> way<02:54:55.140> it<02:54:55.260> functions

like a router in the way it functions

like a router in the way it functions
and<02:54:56.340> it<02:54:56.580> routes<02:54:56.939> traffic<02:54:57.180> in<02:54:57.540> much<02:54:57.720> the<02:54:57.899> same

and it routes traffic in much the same

and it routes traffic in much the same
way<02:54:58.260> but<02:54:59.040> the<02:54:59.160> difference<02:54:59.279> between<02:54:59.580> a<02:54:59.880> Gateway

way but the difference between a Gateway

way but the difference between a Gateway
and<02:55:00.359> a<02:55:00.479> router<02:55:00.779> is<02:55:01.020> that<02:55:01.140> a<02:55:01.319> Gateway<02:55:01.680> connects

and a router is that a Gateway connects

and a router is that a Gateway connects
networks<02:55:02.580> that<02:55:02.760> have<02:55:03.060> different<02:55:03.899> protocols

networks that have different protocols

networks that have different protocols
or<02:55:05.160> dissimilar<02:55:05.939> protocols<02:55:06.660> that<02:55:06.899> to

or dissimilar protocols that to

or dissimilar protocols that to
communicate<02:55:07.620> so<02:55:08.220> the<02:55:08.399> Gateway<02:55:08.700> performs<02:55:09.300> the

communicate so the Gateway performs the

communicate so the Gateway performs the
translation<02:55:10.080> between

translation between

translation between
incompatible<02:55:12.600> networks<02:55:13.260> uh<02:55:14.220> I'm<02:55:14.399> just<02:55:14.520> going

incompatible networks uh I'm just going

incompatible networks uh I'm just going
to<02:55:14.760> put<02:55:14.880> translation<02:55:15.540> here<02:55:15.899> since<02:55:16.140> I<02:55:16.319> think

to put translation here since I think

to put translation here since I think
that's<02:55:16.740> pretty<02:55:17.160> important

or

or
even<02:55:23.399> different<02:55:23.760> uh<02:55:24.359> email<02:55:24.720> systems<02:55:25.500> or

even different uh email systems or

even different uh email systems or
operating<02:55:26.580> systems<02:55:27.180> now<02:55:27.660> although<02:55:27.960> it<02:55:28.200> can<02:55:28.319> be

operating systems now although it can be

operating systems now although it can be
easy<02:55:28.859> to<02:55:29.279> confuse<02:55:29.760> a<02:55:30.180> Gateway<02:55:30.540> with<02:55:31.080> the

easy to confuse a Gateway with the

easy to confuse a Gateway with the
default<02:55:32.279> gateway<02:55:32.700> that<02:55:32.939> we<02:55:33.060> see<02:55:33.240> when<02:55:33.420> we<02:55:33.540> do

default gateway that we see when we do

default gateway that we see when we do
an<02:55:34.080> ipconfig<02:55:35.040> it's<02:55:35.640> not<02:55:36.000> the<02:55:36.420> same<02:55:36.600> thing

a Gateway is a device on the edge of the

a Gateway is a device on the edge of the
network<02:55:46.920> that's<02:55:47.819> used<02:55:48.300> to<02:55:48.540> convert<02:55:49.020> traffic

network that's used to convert traffic

network that's used to convert traffic
between<02:55:49.740> different<02:55:50.100> systems<02:55:50.580> while<02:55:50.819> as<02:55:51.060> this

between different systems while as this

between different systems while as this
default<02:55:52.200> gateway<02:55:52.680> is<02:55:53.640> simply<02:55:54.060> forwards<02:55:54.540> data

default gateway is simply forwards data

default gateway is simply forwards data
packets<02:55:55.260> in<02:55:55.680> TCP<02:55:56.220> so<02:55:56.760> we're<02:55:56.939> going<02:55:57.060> to<02:55:57.180> discuss

packets in TCP so we're going to discuss

packets in TCP so we're going to discuss
that<02:55:57.720> in<02:55:58.080> more<02:55:58.260> detail<02:55:58.560> later<02:55:58.800> but<02:55:59.040> I<02:55:59.160> just

that in more detail later but I just

that in more detail later but I just
want<02:55:59.340> to<02:55:59.460> point<02:55:59.580> out<02:55:59.700> this<02:55:59.939> is<02:56:00.060> not<02:56:00.240> the

want to point out this is not the

want to point out this is not the
default<02:56:01.260> gateway<02:56:01.800> and<02:56:02.520> just<02:56:02.939> like<02:56:03.300> a<02:56:03.600> router

default gateway and just like a router

default gateway and just like a router
by<02:56:04.200> the<02:56:04.319> way<02:56:04.439> it<02:56:04.740> can<02:56:04.920> be<02:56:05.100> a<02:56:05.340> hardware<02:56:05.460> device

by the way it can be a hardware device

by the way it can be a hardware device
or<02:56:06.899> software<02:56:07.380> within<02:56:07.800> a<02:56:07.979> router<02:56:08.279> or<02:56:08.460> on

or software within a router or on

or software within a router or on
another<02:56:08.760> virtual<02:56:09.240> device<02:56:09.560> and<02:56:10.560> it<02:56:10.800> uses

another virtual device and it uses

another virtual device and it uses
radical<02:56:11.580> protocols<02:56:12.060> that<02:56:12.240> are<02:56:12.420> similar<02:56:12.840> to<02:56:13.200> a

radical protocols that are similar to a

radical protocols that are similar to a
router<02:56:13.800> but<02:56:14.340> again<02:56:14.520> it<02:56:14.819> allows<02:56:15.180> the

router but again it allows the

router but again it allows the
translation<02:56:15.960> between<02:56:16.380> different<02:56:16.800> types<02:56:17.279> of

translation between different types of

translation between different types of
protocols

now let's look at virtualization a bit

now let's look at virtualization a bit
since<02:56:26.520> this<02:56:26.760> is<02:56:26.880> really<02:56:27.060> the<02:56:27.479> the<02:56:27.720> big<02:56:28.080> thing

since this is really the the big thing

since this is really the the big thing
in<02:56:28.560> Computing<02:56:28.979> nowadays<02:56:29.580> a<02:56:30.540> virtual<02:56:30.840> switch

in Computing nowadays a virtual switch

in Computing nowadays a virtual switch
for<02:56:31.979> instance<02:56:32.240> functions<02:56:33.240> just<02:56:33.660> like<02:56:33.899> a

for instance functions just like a

for instance functions just like a
physical<02:56:34.260> switch<02:56:34.680> you<02:56:35.340> cannot<02:56:35.700> however

physical switch you cannot however

physical switch you cannot however
directly<02:56:37.260> communicate<02:56:37.740> between<02:56:38.040> two<02:56:38.700> virtual

directly communicate between two virtual

directly communicate between two virtual
switches<02:56:39.660> if<02:56:40.200> you<02:56:40.319> want<02:56:40.439> to<02:56:40.560> do<02:56:40.680> that<02:56:40.800> you<02:56:41.040> need

switches if you want to do that you need

switches if you want to do that you need
a<02:56:41.460> virtual<02:56:41.760> router<02:56:42.180> or<02:56:42.359> a<02:56:42.420> router<02:56:42.840> now<02:56:43.380> a

a virtual router or a router now a

a virtual router or a router now a
Virtual<02:56:43.979> Router<02:56:44.520> is<02:56:45.300> the<02:56:45.600> software<02:56:45.960> that<02:56:46.200> can

Virtual Router is the software that can

Virtual Router is the software that can
be<02:56:46.439> installed<02:56:46.859> on<02:56:46.979> a<02:56:47.160> device<02:56:47.279> with<02:56:47.819> two<02:56:48.060> nics

be installed on a device with two nics

be installed on a device with two nics
for<02:56:48.660> routing<02:56:49.080> traffic<02:56:49.380> a<02:56:50.340> virtual<02:56:50.700> server<02:56:51.180> is

for routing traffic a virtual server is

for routing traffic a virtual server is
a<02:56:51.840> server<02:56:52.140> that<02:56:52.319> operates<02:56:52.740> independently<02:56:53.640> of

a server that operates independently of

a server that operates independently of
its<02:56:54.180> host<02:56:54.359> machine<02:56:54.899> meaning<02:56:55.859> that<02:56:56.220> it's<02:56:56.760> all

its host machine meaning that it's all

its host machine meaning that it's all
software<02:56:57.600> based<02:56:58.080> CPU<02:56:58.620> Ram<02:56:59.100> Etc<02:56:59.279> can<02:56:59.880> be

software based CPU Ram Etc can be

software based CPU Ram Etc can be
independent<02:57:00.660> of<02:57:00.960> its<02:57:01.260> host<02:57:01.439> machine<02:57:02.220> whatever

independent of its host machine whatever

independent of its host machine whatever
that<02:57:03.120> might<02:57:03.300> be

that might be

that might be
now<02:57:05.580> virtual<02:57:06.060> machines<02:57:06.979> uh<02:57:07.979> are<02:57:08.279> similar<02:57:08.700> to<02:57:08.939> a

now virtual machines uh are similar to a

now virtual machines uh are similar to a
virtual<02:57:09.359> server<02:57:09.840> in<02:57:10.380> that<02:57:10.560> it<02:57:10.680> has<02:57:10.920> its<02:57:11.220> own

virtual server in that it has its own

virtual server in that it has its own
software<02:57:11.819> like<02:57:12.420> uh<02:57:12.899> CPA<02:57:13.439> based<02:57:13.979> sorry

software like uh CPA based sorry

software like uh CPA based sorry
software<02:57:14.640> based<02:57:15.060> CPU<02:57:15.420> Ram<02:57:15.660> Nic<02:57:16.200> hard<02:57:16.380> drive

software based CPU Ram Nic hard drive

software based CPU Ram Nic hard drive
Etc<02:57:16.979> but<02:57:17.700> it's<02:57:17.819> a<02:57:18.000> software<02:57:18.300> implementation

Etc but it's a software implementation

Etc but it's a software implementation
of<02:57:19.260> a<02:57:19.439> machine<02:57:19.560> that<02:57:20.100> performs<02:57:20.580> specific

of a machine that performs specific

of a machine that performs specific
tasks<02:57:21.600> and<02:57:22.080> executes<02:57:22.560> specific<02:57:22.979> commands<02:57:23.640> but

tasks and executes specific commands but

tasks and executes specific commands but
it's<02:57:24.300> not<02:57:24.660> a<02:57:25.140> server<02:57:25.740> per<02:57:26.100> se<02:57:26.279> all<02:57:26.760> right

it's not a server per se all right

it's not a server per se all right
remember<02:57:27.120> a<02:57:27.479> server<02:57:27.720> or<02:57:27.899> something<02:57:28.020> that's

remember a server or something that's

remember a server or something that's
serving<02:57:28.500> up<02:57:28.680> information<02:57:28.920> to<02:57:29.460> a<02:57:29.640> client

serving up information to a client

serving up information to a client
and<02:57:30.960> then<02:57:31.080> finally<02:57:31.319> we<02:57:31.500> have<02:57:31.620> a<02:57:31.740> virtual

and then finally we have a virtual

and then finally we have a virtual
desktop<02:57:32.640> which<02:57:33.359> in<02:57:33.600> Windows<02:57:34.279> systems<02:57:35.279> is<02:57:35.460> a

desktop which in Windows systems is a

desktop which in Windows systems is a
single<02:57:35.939> desktop

which in Windows systems a single

which in Windows systems a single
desktop

desktop

desktop
is<02:57:42.779> the<02:57:43.020> default<02:57:43.439> that<02:57:44.040> can<02:57:44.220> be<02:57:44.399> open<02:57:44.520> but<02:57:44.880> a

is the default that can be open but a

is the default that can be open but a
virtual<02:57:45.420> desktop<02:57:45.899> allows<02:57:46.439> you<02:57:46.740> to<02:57:46.920> open

virtual desktop allows you to open

virtual desktop allows you to open
multiple<02:57:47.640> different<02:57:47.939> desktops<02:57:48.720> at<02:57:48.840> the<02:57:48.960> same

multiple different desktops at the same

multiple different desktops at the same
time<02:57:49.580> Linux<02:57:50.580> also<02:57:50.880> supports<02:57:51.300> this<02:57:51.479> by<02:57:51.660> the<02:57:51.840> way

time Linux also supports this by the way

time Linux also supports this by the way
but<02:57:52.439> Microsoft<02:57:53.040> requires<02:57:53.880> extra<02:57:54.420> software

but Microsoft requires extra software

but Microsoft requires extra software
that<02:57:55.740> you<02:57:55.979> install<02:57:56.160> for<02:57:56.700> this<02:57:56.880> to<02:57:57.000> be<02:57:57.180> changed

that you install for this to be changed

that you install for this to be changed
for<02:57:57.840> instance<02:57:58.080> uh<02:57:58.560> virtual<02:57:59.100> PC

for instance uh virtual PC

for instance uh virtual PC
we've<02:58:00.840> seen<02:58:01.020> this<02:58:01.319> if<02:58:01.740> you<02:58:01.859> remember<02:58:02.040> with

we've seen this if you remember with

we've seen this if you remember with
um an<02:58:03.779> A<02:58:03.960> plus<02:58:04.140> with<02:58:04.680> XP<02:58:05.279> Mode<02:58:05.700> now<02:58:06.420> continuing

um an A plus with XP Mode now continuing

um an A plus with XP Mode now continuing
to<02:58:07.200> talk<02:58:07.380> about<02:58:07.740> virtualization<02:58:08.640> if<02:58:09.300> an

to talk about virtualization if an

to talk about virtualization if an
organization<02:58:10.080> or<02:58:10.680> a<02:58:10.859> company<02:58:11.040> builds<02:58:11.640> their

organization or a company builds their

organization or a company builds their
Network<02:58:12.240> infrastructure<02:58:13.200> and<02:58:13.920> chooses<02:58:14.399> not

Network infrastructure and chooses not

Network infrastructure and chooses not
to<02:58:14.880> use<02:58:15.060> it<02:58:15.240> they<02:58:15.960> can<02:58:16.080> lease<02:58:16.439> it<02:58:16.620> out<02:58:16.740> to

to use it they can lease it out to

to use it they can lease it out to
others<02:58:17.399> so<02:58:18.120> for<02:58:18.359> instance<02:58:18.600> Amazon<02:58:19.080> would<02:58:19.500> be<02:58:19.620> a

others so for instance Amazon would be a

others so for instance Amazon would be a
great<02:58:19.979> example<02:58:20.340> of<02:58:20.520> this<02:58:20.640> they<02:58:20.880> have<02:58:21.060> a<02:58:21.300> huge

great example of this they have a huge

great example of this they have a huge
infrastructure<02:58:22.319> but<02:58:22.560> they<02:58:22.680> don't<02:58:22.859> use<02:58:23.040> all<02:58:23.279> of

infrastructure but they don't use all of

infrastructure but they don't use all of
it<02:58:23.460> so<02:58:23.580> what<02:58:23.760> do<02:58:23.880> they<02:58:23.939> do<02:58:24.060> they<02:58:24.180> lease<02:58:24.420> it<02:58:24.540> out

it so what do they do they lease it out

it so what do they do they lease it out
to<02:58:24.840> others<02:58:25.140> this<02:58:25.620> is<02:58:25.740> a<02:58:25.920> very<02:58:26.100> common<02:58:26.340> practice

to others this is a very common practice

to others this is a very common practice
and<02:58:27.540> what<02:58:27.720> it's<02:58:27.840> labeled<02:58:28.260> as<02:58:29.220> is<02:58:29.700> networking

now an area of network as a service or

now an area of network as a service or
Naas<02:58:45.540> depending<02:58:46.200> on<02:58:46.319> what<02:58:46.560> is<02:58:46.680> being<02:58:46.859> leased

Naas depending on what is being leased

Naas depending on what is being leased
might<02:58:47.819> be<02:58:48.000> considered<02:58:48.479> one<02:58:48.840> of<02:58:48.960> several

might be considered one of several

might be considered one of several
different<02:58:49.439> things<02:58:49.800> it<02:58:50.460> might<02:58:50.580> be<02:58:50.700> considered

different things it might be considered

different things it might be considered
IAS<02:58:52.020> or<02:58:52.939> infrastructure<02:58:53.939> as<02:58:54.300> a<02:58:54.479> service

IAS or infrastructure as a service

IAS or infrastructure as a service
meaning<02:58:56.279> like<02:58:56.819> the<02:58:57.180> hardware

meaning like the hardware

meaning like the hardware
I<02:58:58.920> provide<02:58:59.220> you<02:58:59.340> the<02:58:59.520> hardware<02:58:59.700> provide<02:59:00.240> you

I provide you the hardware provide you

I provide you the hardware provide you
the<02:59:00.479> infrastructure<02:59:01.080> it<02:59:01.800> could<02:59:01.979> be<02:59:02.160> software

the infrastructure it could be software

the infrastructure it could be software
as<02:59:03.359> a<02:59:03.540> service<02:59:03.720> much<02:59:04.140> like<02:59:04.380> Gmail

which simply provides you certain

which simply provides you certain
software<02:59:10.680> and<02:59:10.859> just<02:59:11.040> like<02:59:11.160> infrastructure

software and just like infrastructure

software and just like infrastructure
would<02:59:12.000> be<02:59:12.120> like<02:59:12.300> Amazon's<02:59:13.020> uh

would be like Amazon's uh

would be like Amazon's uh
ec2<02:59:15.660> or<02:59:16.020> elastic<02:59:16.859> cloud<02:59:17.279> and<02:59:18.180> then<02:59:18.359> the<02:59:19.319> last

ec2 or elastic cloud and then the last

ec2 or elastic cloud and then the last
one<02:59:19.620> is<02:59:19.859> platform<02:59:20.460> as<02:59:20.760> a<02:59:21.000> service

one is platform as a service

one is platform as a service
which<02:59:22.380> would<02:59:22.560> be<02:59:22.680> like<02:59:22.979> a<02:59:23.340> an<02:59:23.880> application

which would be like a an application

which would be like a an application
sort<02:59:24.779> of<02:59:24.899> engine<02:59:25.220> or<02:59:26.220> uh<02:59:26.760> allowing<02:59:27.240> you<02:59:27.359> to

sort of engine or uh allowing you to

sort of engine or uh allowing you to
deploy<02:59:28.859> certain

deploy certain

deploy certain
development<02:59:30.840> tools<02:59:31.380> most<02:59:31.920> of<02:59:32.100> the<02:59:32.160> time

development tools most of the time

development tools most of the time
you're<02:59:32.640> gonna<02:59:32.819> see<02:59:33.120> most<02:59:33.420> of<02:59:33.660> these<02:59:33.960> in<02:59:34.319> the

you're gonna see most of these in the

you're gonna see most of these in the
field<02:59:34.680> this<02:59:35.580> one<02:59:35.700> is<02:59:35.939> really<02:59:36.240> more<02:59:36.600> for

field this one is really more for

field this one is really more for
Developers

so the term Legacy indicates that this

so the term Legacy indicates that this
is<02:59:46.979> a<02:59:47.279> an<02:59:47.819> older<02:59:48.240> device<02:59:48.420> one<02:59:49.020> that's<02:59:49.260> not

is a an older device one that's not

is a an older device one that's not
really<02:59:49.859> in<02:59:50.340> use<02:59:50.520> in<02:59:50.760> today's<02:59:51.000> networks<02:59:51.660> or

really in use in today's networks or

really in use in today's networks or
that<02:59:52.319> have<02:59:52.500> been<02:59:52.680> replaced<02:59:53.340> by<02:59:53.700> a<02:59:53.939> newer<02:59:54.420> or

that have been replaced by a newer or

that have been replaced by a newer or
higher<02:59:54.960> functioning<02:59:55.380> devices<02:59:55.740> so<02:59:56.520> some<02:59:56.760> of

higher functioning devices so some of

higher functioning devices so some of
the<02:59:56.939> things<02:59:57.120> we're<02:59:57.720> going<02:59:57.840> to<02:59:57.960> talk<02:59:58.080> about<02:59:58.260> in

the things we're going to talk about in

the things we're going to talk about in
this<02:59:58.740> one<02:59:58.859> might<02:59:59.279> appear<02:59:59.520> on<02:59:59.700> the<02:59:59.819> exam<03:00:00.120> and

this one might appear on the exam and

this one might appear on the exam and
the<03:00:00.540> reason<03:00:00.720> the<03:00:01.380> reason<03:00:01.560> for<03:00:01.859> that<03:00:02.040> is

the reason the reason for that is

the reason the reason for that is
because<03:00:02.520> they<03:00:03.240> might<03:00:03.420> appear<03:00:03.660> in<03:00:03.840> the<03:00:03.960> field

because they might appear in the field

because they might appear in the field
uh<03:00:05.160> just<03:00:05.340> because<03:00:05.520> they<03:00:05.640> haven't<03:00:05.760> been

uh just because they haven't been

uh just because they haven't been
replaced<03:00:06.420> yet<03:00:06.540> by<03:00:06.840> perhaps<03:00:07.260> due<03:00:07.620> to<03:00:07.740> expense

replaced yet by perhaps due to expense

replaced yet by perhaps due to expense
or<03:00:08.340> something<03:00:08.899> however<03:00:09.899> these<03:00:10.620> have<03:00:10.740> probably

or something however these have probably

or something however these have probably
been<03:00:11.160> replaced<03:00:11.760> by<03:00:12.060> switches<03:00:12.540> routers<03:00:13.020> and

been replaced by switches routers and

been replaced by switches routers and
gateways<03:00:13.800> but<03:00:14.100> it's<03:00:14.220> still<03:00:14.399> good<03:00:14.580> to<03:00:14.700> go<03:00:14.819> over

gateways but it's still good to go over

gateways but it's still good to go over
them<03:00:15.180> anyway<03:00:15.359> so<03:00:16.260> a<03:00:16.859> repeater<03:00:17.220> is<03:00:17.880> a<03:00:18.240> simple

them anyway so a repeater is a simple

them anyway so a repeater is a simple
device<03:00:18.779> that<03:00:19.380> does<03:00:19.800> not<03:00:19.979> look<03:00:20.279> at<03:00:20.580> the<03:00:20.819> traffic

device that does not look at the traffic

device that does not look at the traffic
at<03:00:21.300> all<03:00:21.420> all<03:00:21.660> it<03:00:21.840> does<03:00:22.080> is<03:00:22.439> it<03:00:22.620> simply<03:00:22.920> boosts

at all all it does is it simply boosts

at all all it does is it simply boosts
the<03:00:23.760> signal<03:00:24.060> after<03:00:24.300> it<03:00:24.479> receives<03:00:24.840> it<03:00:25.020> and

the signal after it receives it and

the signal after it receives it and
transmits<03:00:26.160> it<03:00:26.279> out<03:00:26.460> so<03:00:27.060> it<03:00:27.180> just<03:00:27.359> repeats<03:00:27.899> the

transmits it out so it just repeats the

transmits it out so it just repeats the
signal<03:00:28.439> as<03:00:29.220> the<03:00:29.399> name<03:00:29.580> implies<03:00:30.120> just<03:00:30.600> boosting

signal as the name implies just boosting

signal as the name implies just boosting
that<03:00:31.319> signal<03:00:31.620> we<03:00:32.160> also<03:00:32.399> have<03:00:32.460> something

that signal we also have something

that signal we also have something
called<03:00:32.819> a<03:00:33.060> hub<03:00:33.240> which<03:00:33.779> you<03:00:34.080> might<03:00:34.200> have<03:00:34.380> heard

called a hub which you might have heard

called a hub which you might have heard
of<03:00:34.680> and<03:00:34.859> this<03:00:35.040> is<03:00:35.160> similar<03:00:35.520> to<03:00:35.700> a<03:00:35.880> repeater<03:00:36.600> in

of and this is similar to a repeater in

of and this is similar to a repeater in
that<03:00:37.560> it<03:00:38.100> only<03:00:38.460> it<03:00:38.819> doesn't<03:00:39.000> look<03:00:39.300> at<03:00:39.479> the<03:00:39.720> data

that it only it doesn't look at the data

that it only it doesn't look at the data
it<03:00:40.319> just<03:00:40.620> retransmits<03:00:41.520> it<03:00:41.640> but<03:00:42.300> the<03:00:42.660> thing

it just retransmits it but the thing

it just retransmits it but the thing
that<03:00:42.960> a<03:00:43.380> Hub<03:00:43.740> does<03:00:44.040> is<03:00:44.160> it<03:00:44.279> receives<03:00:44.580> traffic

that a Hub does is it receives traffic

that a Hub does is it receives traffic
from<03:00:45.479> one<03:00:46.020> port<03:00:46.200> and<03:00:46.500> sends<03:00:46.800> it<03:00:46.859> out<03:00:46.979> to<03:00:47.279> all

from one port and sends it out to all

from one port and sends it out to all
the<03:00:47.700> ports<03:00:48.060> without<03:00:48.420> looking<03:00:48.779> at<03:00:49.020> the<03:00:49.200> data

the ports without looking at the data

the ports without looking at the data
traffic<03:00:49.680> now<03:00:50.340> it's<03:00:50.700> vastly<03:00:51.120> been<03:00:51.300> replaced<03:00:51.899> by

traffic now it's vastly been replaced by

traffic now it's vastly been replaced by
switches<03:00:54.420> because<03:00:54.899> as<03:00:55.260> you<03:00:55.380> can<03:00:55.500> imagine<03:00:55.740> if<03:00:56.399> I

switches because as you can imagine if I

switches because as you can imagine if I
wanted<03:00:56.819> to<03:00:57.120> send<03:00:57.359> data<03:00:57.779> to<03:00:58.020> only<03:00:58.500> one<03:00:58.859> node<03:00:59.160> The

wanted to send data to only one node The

wanted to send data to only one node The
Hub<03:01:00.120> doesn't<03:01:00.359> allow<03:01:00.660> me<03:01:00.720> to<03:01:00.840> do<03:01:00.960> that<03:01:01.020> it<03:01:01.200> makes

Hub doesn't allow me to do that it makes

Hub doesn't allow me to do that it makes
me<03:01:01.680> send<03:01:01.979> it<03:01:02.160> to<03:01:02.399> all<03:01:02.880> of<03:01:03.240> the<03:01:03.359> nodes<03:01:03.600> and<03:01:03.779> so

me send it to all of the nodes and so

me send it to all of the nodes and so
this<03:01:04.020> is<03:01:04.140> going<03:01:04.260> to<03:01:04.380> cause<03:01:04.500> quite<03:01:04.859> a<03:01:04.979> bit<03:01:05.100> of

this is going to cause quite a bit of

this is going to cause quite a bit of
extra<03:01:05.720> traffic<03:01:06.720> on<03:01:07.080> my<03:01:07.200> network<03:01:07.380> finally

extra traffic on my network finally

extra traffic on my network finally
there's<03:01:08.520> something<03:01:08.760> called<03:01:09.180> a<03:01:09.660> bridge<03:01:10.080> which

there's something called a bridge which

there's something called a bridge which
was<03:01:11.880> the<03:01:12.300> purpose<03:01:12.600> was<03:01:12.840> to<03:01:13.080> divide<03:01:13.500> logical

was the purpose was to divide logical

was the purpose was to divide logical
bus<03:01:14.460> networks<03:01:15.000> into<03:01:15.180> segments<03:01:15.779> and<03:01:16.140> it<03:01:16.260> did

bus networks into segments and it did

bus networks into segments and it did
this<03:01:16.560> by<03:01:16.800> looking<03:01:16.979> at<03:01:17.220> the<03:01:17.460> MAC<03:01:17.580> address<03:01:17.819> so<03:01:18.240> it

this by looking at the MAC address so it

this by looking at the MAC address so it
is<03:01:18.960> operating<03:01:19.380> it's<03:01:19.680> sort<03:01:19.920> of<03:01:19.979> the<03:01:20.160> same<03:01:20.340> level

is operating it's sort of the same level

is operating it's sort of the same level
as<03:01:21.000> a<03:01:21.240> as<03:01:21.660> a<03:01:21.899> switch<03:01:22.080> and<03:01:22.800> it<03:01:22.920> would<03:01:23.040> look<03:01:23.160> at

as a as a switch and it would look at

as a as a switch and it would look at
the<03:01:23.340> MAC<03:01:23.460> address<03:01:23.580> of<03:01:23.880> the<03:01:24.000> packet<03:01:24.300> and

the MAC address of the packet and

the MAC address of the packet and
transmitted<03:01:25.200> the<03:01:25.380> data<03:01:25.680> accordingly<03:01:26.220> now<03:01:26.819> if

transmitted the data accordingly now if

transmitted the data accordingly now if
the<03:01:27.060> MAC<03:01:27.180> address<03:01:27.420> was<03:01:27.840> on<03:01:28.140> another<03:01:28.380> segment

the MAC address was on another segment

the MAC address was on another segment
it<03:01:29.340> forwarded<03:01:29.819> it<03:01:30.000> out<03:01:30.180> and<03:01:30.660> if<03:01:30.840> the

it forwarded it out and if the

it forwarded it out and if the
destination<03:01:31.439> was<03:01:31.680> on<03:01:31.859> the<03:01:32.040> same<03:01:32.220> segment<03:01:32.580> then

destination was on the same segment then

destination was on the same segment then
it<03:01:33.060> didn't<03:01:33.180> forward<03:01:33.479> it<03:01:33.720> so<03:01:34.380> in<03:01:34.920> older

it didn't forward it so in older

it didn't forward it so in older
networks<03:01:35.760> this<03:01:36.359> implementation<03:01:37.140> was<03:01:37.500> logical

networks this implementation was logical

networks this implementation was logical
and<03:01:38.700> it<03:01:38.880> was<03:01:39.000> handy<03:01:39.359> because<03:01:39.479> it<03:01:39.779> reduced

and it was handy because it reduced

and it was handy because it reduced
traffic<03:01:40.680> congestion<03:01:41.399> and<03:01:42.000> improved

traffic congestion and improved

traffic congestion and improved
performance<03:01:42.840> obviously<03:01:43.319> because<03:01:43.620> it<03:01:43.920> wasn't

performance obviously because it wasn't

performance obviously because it wasn't
forwarding<03:01:44.640> data<03:01:45.000> that<03:01:45.479> didn't<03:01:45.660> need<03:01:45.899> to<03:01:46.080> be

forwarding data that didn't need to be

forwarding data that didn't need to be
forwarded<03:01:46.620> on

forwarded on

forwarded on
all<03:01:48.060> right<03:01:48.240> now<03:01:48.479> let's<03:01:48.600> talk<03:01:48.779> about<03:01:48.899> noise

all right now let's talk about noise

all right now let's talk about noise
noise<03:01:50.399> or<03:01:50.760> electrical<03:01:51.300> noise<03:01:51.479> and<03:01:51.779> networking

noise or electrical noise and networking

noise or electrical noise and networking
it's<03:01:52.920> the<03:01:53.160> term<03:01:53.460> that<03:01:54.200> interferes<03:01:55.200> with<03:01:56.000> uh

it's the term that interferes with uh

it's the term that interferes with uh
implies<03:01:57.899> rather<03:01:58.260> interfering<03:01:59.100> with<03:01:59.520> data<03:02:00.240> uh

implies rather interfering with data uh

implies rather interfering with data uh
and<03:02:01.020> normal<03:02:01.439> data<03:02:01.979> traffic<03:02:02.180> it<03:02:03.180> can<03:02:03.420> come<03:02:04.080> from

and normal data traffic it can come from

and normal data traffic it can come from
many<03:02:04.680> sources<03:02:05.220> and<03:02:05.460> as<03:02:05.640> Network

many sources and as Network

many sources and as Network
administrators<03:02:06.540> it's<03:02:06.779> really<03:02:06.960> important

administrators it's really important

administrators it's really important
that<03:02:07.979> we<03:02:08.279> know<03:02:09.060> where<03:02:09.300> all<03:02:09.479> this<03:02:09.600> noise<03:02:09.720> is

that we know where all this noise is

that we know where all this noise is
coming<03:02:10.260> from<03:02:10.500> and<03:02:10.800> how<03:02:11.100> to<03:02:11.220> prevent<03:02:11.520> it<03:02:11.700> as

coming from and how to prevent it as

coming from and how to prevent it as
well<03:02:12.180> so<03:02:12.779> not<03:02:12.960> only<03:02:13.080> can<03:02:13.319> noise<03:02:13.500> affect<03:02:13.920> our

well so not only can noise affect our

well so not only can noise affect our
network<03:02:14.540> uh<03:02:15.540> performance<03:02:16.020> but<03:02:16.380> it<03:02:16.500> can<03:02:16.620> also

network uh performance but it can also

network uh performance but it can also
affect<03:02:17.220> data<03:02:18.000> transmission<03:02:18.260> electrical

affect data transmission electrical

affect data transmission electrical
current<03:02:19.500> as<03:02:19.859> well<03:02:20.040> now<03:02:20.580> if<03:02:20.700> electrical

current as well now if electrical

current as well now if electrical
current<03:02:21.420> is<03:02:21.720> interrupted<03:02:22.260> or<03:02:22.560> interfered

current is interrupted or interfered

current is interrupted or interfered
with<03:02:23.279> then<03:02:24.240> that<03:02:24.840> can<03:02:25.020> affect<03:02:25.319> our<03:02:25.740> electrical

with then that can affect our electrical

with then that can affect our electrical
devices<03:02:26.580> so<03:02:27.060> for<03:02:27.300> instance<03:02:27.540> if<03:02:27.899> there<03:02:28.080> is<03:02:28.200> a

devices so for instance if there is a

devices so for instance if there is a
surge<03:02:29.220> in<03:02:29.340> the<03:02:29.580> current<03:02:29.700> that<03:02:30.300> means<03:02:30.540> a<03:02:30.660> lot<03:02:30.779> of

surge in the current that means a lot of

surge in the current that means a lot of
extraneous<03:02:31.380> noise<03:02:31.680> in<03:02:31.920> the<03:02:31.979> electrical<03:02:32.340> line

extraneous noise in the electrical line

extraneous noise in the electrical line
goes<03:02:33.000> to<03:02:33.120> our<03:02:33.300> devices<03:02:33.600> and<03:02:34.260> then<03:02:34.380> damages

goes to our devices and then damages

goes to our devices and then damages
them<03:02:35.100> so<03:02:35.640> sources<03:02:36.060> of<03:02:36.180> noise<03:02:36.359> are<03:02:36.660> found<03:02:36.899> in

them so sources of noise are found in

them so sources of noise are found in
many<03:02:37.439> places<03:02:37.800> as<03:02:38.399> you<03:02:38.580> see<03:02:38.700> here<03:02:38.880> is<03:02:39.060> a<03:02:39.300> power

many places as you see here is a power

many places as you see here is a power
line<03:02:39.720> electric<03:02:40.140> motors<03:02:40.920> used<03:02:41.700> in<03:02:41.939> HVAC

line electric motors used in HVAC

line electric motors used in HVAC
systems<03:02:43.640> elevators<03:02:44.640> refrigerators<03:02:45.540> just

systems elevators refrigerators just

systems elevators refrigerators just
about<03:02:46.020> anything<03:02:46.319> that<03:02:46.680> draws<03:02:46.979> power<03:02:47.220> to<03:02:47.460> run

about anything that draws power to run

about anything that draws power to run
fluorescent<03:02:48.840> lights<03:02:49.220> neon<03:02:50.220> or<03:02:50.640> height

fluorescent lights neon or height

fluorescent lights neon or height
intensity<03:02:51.540> discharge<03:02:52.260> lights<03:02:52.439> or<03:02:52.800> what<03:02:53.279> are

intensity discharge lights or what are

intensity discharge lights or what are
called<03:02:53.720> HID<03:02:54.720> lights<03:02:55.460> uh<03:02:56.460> also<03:02:56.760> cause

called HID lights uh also cause

called HID lights uh also cause
significant<03:02:57.660> amounts<03:02:58.080> of<03:02:58.439> noise<03:02:58.979> that

significant amounts of noise that

significant amounts of noise that
interfere<03:02:59.880> with<03:03:00.120> networking<03:03:00.840> over<03:03:01.260> both

interfere with networking over both

interfere with networking over both
bounded<03:03:02.040> and<03:03:02.279> unbounded<03:03:03.120> media<03:03:03.600> this<03:03:04.439> is

bounded and unbounded media this is

bounded and unbounded media this is
especially<03:03:05.160> important<03:03:05.520> to<03:03:05.640> be<03:03:05.760> mindful<03:03:06.060> of

especially important to be mindful of

especially important to be mindful of
when<03:03:06.420> you're<03:03:06.600> running<03:03:06.779> or<03:03:07.140> installing<03:03:07.680> your

when you're running or installing your

when you're running or installing your
cables<03:03:08.340> or<03:03:08.760> placing<03:03:09.300> your<03:03:09.479> wireless<03:03:09.600> access

cables or placing your wireless access

cables or placing your wireless access
points<03:03:10.500> you<03:03:10.920> want<03:03:10.979> to<03:03:11.160> really<03:03:11.340> avoid<03:03:11.760> running

points you want to really avoid running

points you want to really avoid running
data<03:03:12.660> cable<03:03:12.840> parallel<03:03:13.740> to<03:03:13.920> those<03:03:14.100> lights<03:03:14.340> as

data cable parallel to those lights as

data cable parallel to those lights as
well<03:03:15.359> as<03:03:15.479> any<03:03:16.140> cables<03:03:16.560> used<03:03:16.740> for<03:03:16.979> power<03:03:17.220> it<03:03:18.000> can

well as any cables used for power it can

well as any cables used for power it can
also<03:03:18.300> come<03:03:18.479> from<03:03:18.840> devices<03:03:19.319> that<03:03:19.560> give<03:03:19.740> off

also come from devices that give off

also come from devices that give off
heat<03:03:20.220> like<03:03:20.819> personal<03:03:21.060> heating<03:03:21.479> devices<03:03:21.840> and

heat like personal heating devices and

heat like personal heating devices and
while<03:03:22.620> that<03:03:22.859> might<03:03:23.040> sound<03:03:23.279> a<03:03:23.460> little<03:03:23.520> strange

while that might sound a little strange

while that might sound a little strange
it's<03:03:24.180> due<03:03:24.300> to<03:03:24.479> the<03:03:24.600> amount<03:03:24.779> of<03:03:24.899> power<03:03:25.080> that

it's due to the amount of power that

it's due to the amount of power that
those<03:03:25.560> devices<03:03:25.920> consume<03:03:26.640> when<03:03:26.819> in<03:03:27.060> use<03:03:27.240> the

those devices consume when in use the

those devices consume when in use the
power<03:03:28.140> or<03:03:28.439> the<03:03:28.560> electricity<03:03:29.040> it<03:03:29.399> has<03:03:29.580> the

power or the electricity it has the

power or the electricity it has the
potential<03:03:30.000> to<03:03:30.120> give<03:03:30.300> off<03:03:30.420> a<03:03:30.660> lot<03:03:30.720> of<03:03:30.899> noise

potential to give off a lot of noise

potential to give off a lot of noise
which<03:03:31.560> makes<03:03:31.740> sense<03:03:32.100> now<03:03:32.880> lastly<03:03:33.240> normal

which makes sense now lastly normal

which makes sense now lastly normal
ambient<03:03:34.319> noise<03:03:34.680> also<03:03:35.399> called<03:03:35.580> background

ambient noise also called background

ambient noise also called background
noise<03:03:36.720> or<03:03:37.560> the<03:03:37.740> noise<03:03:37.920> that's<03:03:38.340> present<03:03:38.760> due<03:03:39.000> to

noise or the noise that's present due to

noise or the noise that's present due to
atmospheric<03:03:39.779> conditions<03:03:40.319> like<03:03:40.680> solar

atmospheric conditions like solar

atmospheric conditions like solar
disturbances<03:03:41.819> radio<03:03:42.300> broadcasting<03:03:43.140> towers

disturbances radio broadcasting towers

disturbances radio broadcasting towers
that<03:03:43.859> are<03:03:43.979> nearby<03:03:44.640> Etc<03:03:44.840> the<03:03:45.840> main<03:03:45.899> thing<03:03:46.020> to

that are nearby Etc the main thing to

that are nearby Etc the main thing to
consider<03:03:46.439> with<03:03:46.620> ambient<03:03:46.979> noise<03:03:47.160> is<03:03:47.399> the

consider with ambient noise is the

consider with ambient noise is the
distance<03:03:47.640> or<03:03:47.880> the<03:03:47.939> the<03:03:48.479> length<03:03:48.779> of<03:03:48.899> your<03:03:49.080> media

distance or the the length of your media

distance or the the length of your media
the<03:03:50.160> longer<03:03:50.399> your<03:03:50.520> media<03:03:50.819> run<03:03:51.060> is<03:03:51.359> the<03:03:51.899> closer

the longer your media run is the closer

the longer your media run is the closer
to<03:03:52.439> its<03:03:52.859> maximum<03:03:53.220> rated<03:03:53.580> length<03:03:54.060> then<03:03:54.540> the

to its maximum rated length then the

to its maximum rated length then the
more<03:03:54.840> susceptible<03:03:55.819> your<03:03:56.819> signal<03:03:57.120> is<03:03:57.240> going<03:03:57.359> to

more susceptible your signal is going to

more susceptible your signal is going to
be<03:03:57.540> so<03:03:58.380> to<03:03:58.680> combat<03:03:59.040> this<03:03:59.279> we<03:03:59.760> one<03:04:00.060> thing<03:04:00.180> we<03:04:00.359> can

be so to combat this we one thing we can

be so to combat this we one thing we can
do<03:04:00.540> is<03:04:00.720> called<03:04:00.960> grounding<03:04:01.620> which<03:04:02.580> is<03:04:02.700> a<03:04:02.880> method

do is called grounding which is a method

do is called grounding which is a method
of<03:04:03.479> taking<03:04:03.779> the<03:04:04.200> shielding<03:04:04.740> or<03:04:05.580> a<03:04:05.880> conductor

of taking the shielding or a conductor

of taking the shielding or a conductor
and<03:04:06.899> connecting<03:04:07.500> it<03:04:07.620> to<03:04:07.800> an<03:04:08.100> electrical

and connecting it to an electrical

and connecting it to an electrical
ground<03:04:09.300> point<03:04:09.720> that<03:04:10.319> is<03:04:10.500> directly<03:04:10.859> in<03:04:10.979> content

ground point that is directly in content

ground point that is directly in content
with<03:04:11.460> literally<03:04:11.880> the<03:04:12.180> Earth's<03:04:12.540> ground<03:04:12.720> now

with literally the Earth's ground now

with literally the Earth's ground now
when<03:04:13.620> we<03:04:13.800> connect<03:04:13.979> a<03:04:14.279> network<03:04:14.520> segment<03:04:15.060> at<03:04:15.660> one

when we connect a network segment at one

when we connect a network segment at one
point<03:04:16.140> to<03:04:16.439> a<03:04:16.680> ground<03:04:16.859> this<03:04:17.819> basically<03:04:18.300> shunts

point to a ground this basically shunts

point to a ground this basically shunts
or<03:04:19.080> drains<03:04:19.620> the<03:04:19.979> extraneous<03:04:20.939> noise

or drains the extraneous noise

or drains the extraneous noise
only<03:04:23.160> leaving<03:04:23.580> the<03:04:24.300> data<03:04:24.660> signal<03:04:25.460> so<03:04:26.460> at<03:04:27.240> the

only leaving the data signal so at the

only leaving the data signal so at the
same<03:04:27.540> time<03:04:27.899> if<03:04:28.500> more<03:04:28.740> than<03:04:28.920> one<03:04:29.220> point<03:04:29.399> is

same time if more than one point is

same time if more than one point is
grounded<03:04:30.060> this<03:04:30.359> can<03:04:30.600> introduce<03:04:31.380> even<03:04:31.620> more

grounded this can introduce even more

grounded this can introduce even more
noise<03:04:32.220> which<03:04:32.880> is<03:04:32.939> going<03:04:33.120> to<03:04:33.240> greatly<03:04:33.540> reduce

noise which is going to greatly reduce

noise which is going to greatly reduce
the<03:04:34.200> quality<03:04:34.500> of<03:04:34.680> the<03:04:34.859> signal<03:04:35.100> if<03:04:35.640> not<03:04:35.819> even

the quality of the signal if not even

the quality of the signal if not even
completely<03:04:36.479> get<03:04:36.960> rid<03:04:37.140> of<03:04:37.260> it<03:04:37.439> so<03:04:37.859> we<03:04:38.160> can<03:04:38.279> only

completely get rid of it so we can only

completely get rid of it so we can only
we<03:04:38.700> only<03:04:38.880> want<03:04:39.060> to<03:04:39.300> uh<03:04:39.660> ground<03:04:40.080> the<03:04:40.500> point<03:04:40.880> uh

we only want to uh ground the point uh

we only want to uh ground the point uh
once<03:04:42.359> which<03:04:42.660> is<03:04:42.840> important<03:04:43.200> if<03:04:43.500> we<03:04:43.560> do<03:04:43.740> it<03:04:43.859> more

once which is important if we do it more

once which is important if we do it more
than<03:04:44.160> once<03:04:44.399> we're<03:04:44.580> going<03:04:44.760> to<03:04:44.819> be<03:04:44.880> in<03:04:45.060> major

than once we're going to be in major

than once we're going to be in major
trouble<03:04:45.540> not<03:04:46.140> only<03:04:46.260> do<03:04:46.380> we<03:04:46.560> ground<03:04:46.740> for

trouble not only do we ground for

trouble not only do we ground for
Network<03:04:47.160> for<03:04:47.460> a<03:04:47.640> performer<03:04:47.880> but<03:04:48.540> we<03:04:48.720> also<03:04:48.960> do

Network for a performer but we also do

Network for a performer but we also do
it<03:04:49.319> for<03:04:49.620> safety<03:04:50.580> because<03:04:51.060> most<03:04:51.359> electrical

it for safety because most electrical

it for safety because most electrical
devices<03:04:52.140> have<03:04:52.500> to<03:04:52.620> be<03:04:52.740> grounded<03:04:53.040> in<03:04:53.100> one<03:04:53.340> way

devices have to be grounded in one way

devices have to be grounded in one way
or<03:04:53.580> the<03:04:53.760> other<03:04:53.819> otherwise<03:04:54.300> you<03:04:54.840> know<03:04:55.020> we<03:04:55.740> just

or the other otherwise you know we just

or the other otherwise you know we just
like<03:04:56.340> we<03:04:56.460> saw<03:04:56.640> with<03:04:56.880> a<03:04:57.180> plus<03:04:57.359> and<03:04:57.899> touching

like we saw with a plus and touching

like we saw with a plus and touching
devices<03:04:58.740> if<03:04:59.340> we<03:04:59.460> don't<03:04:59.580> ground<03:04:59.819> something<03:05:00.180> we

devices if we don't ground something we

devices if we don't ground something we
could<03:05:00.840> possibly<03:05:01.439> damage<03:05:01.859> it<03:05:02.040> this<03:05:02.760> is<03:05:02.880> mostly

could possibly damage it this is mostly

could possibly damage it this is mostly
to<03:05:03.600> redirect<03:05:04.040> uh<03:05:05.040> High<03:05:05.279> voltages

to redirect uh High voltages

to redirect uh High voltages
into<03:05:07.979> the<03:05:08.220> ground<03:05:08.340> where<03:05:08.640> they're<03:05:08.819> not<03:05:08.939> going

into the ground where they're not going

into the ground where they're not going
to<03:05:09.359> harm<03:05:09.600> your<03:05:09.840> equipment<03:05:10.260> now<03:05:11.100> electricians

to harm your equipment now electricians

to harm your equipment now electricians
have<03:05:12.000> special<03:05:12.240> ground<03:05:12.600> points<03:05:13.200> or<03:05:13.500> dedicated

have special ground points or dedicated

have special ground points or dedicated
ground<03:05:14.399> points<03:05:14.880> that<03:05:15.060> are<03:05:15.180> designed

ground points that are designed

ground points that are designed
specifically<03:05:16.740> for<03:05:17.399> sensitive<03:05:17.819> electrical

specifically for sensitive electrical

specifically for sensitive electrical
equipment<03:05:18.720> these<03:05:19.620> isolated<03:05:19.979> grounds<03:05:20.580> they're

equipment these isolated grounds they're

equipment these isolated grounds they're
def<03:05:21.300> they're<03:05:21.840> usually<03:05:22.080> going<03:05:22.200> to<03:05:22.319> be<03:05:22.380> colored

def they're usually going to be colored

def they're usually going to be colored
orange<03:05:23.040> which<03:05:23.760> helps<03:05:24.060> differentiate<03:05:24.720> them

orange which helps differentiate them

orange which helps differentiate them
from<03:05:25.560> normal<03:05:25.800> plugs<03:05:26.399> so<03:05:26.880> if<03:05:27.000> you<03:05:27.120> see<03:05:27.300> an

from normal plugs so if you see an

from normal plugs so if you see an
orange<03:05:27.720> looking<03:05:28.140> plug<03:05:28.560> that<03:05:29.100> is<03:05:29.340> a<03:05:29.700> special<03:05:29.960> uh

orange looking plug that is a special uh

orange looking plug that is a special uh
isolated<03:05:31.620> ground

isolated ground

isolated ground
now<03:05:33.240> the<03:05:33.540> shielding<03:05:33.960> around<03:05:34.080> a<03:05:34.439> cable<03:05:34.680> as<03:05:34.920> you

now the shielding around a cable as you

now the shielding around a cable as you
can<03:05:35.160> see<03:05:35.279> here<03:05:35.580> on<03:05:35.760> this<03:05:35.939> coaxial<03:05:36.600> cable

can see here on this coaxial cable

can see here on this coaxial cable
um<03:05:37.859> is<03:05:38.100> a<03:05:38.399> noise<03:05:38.520> prevention<03:05:39.120> measure<03:05:39.840> that

um is a noise prevention measure that

um is a noise prevention measure that
takes<03:05:40.680> the<03:05:40.920> noise<03:05:41.040> and<03:05:41.520> drains<03:05:41.939> it<03:05:42.120> through

takes the noise and drains it through

takes the noise and drains it through
the<03:05:42.720> shielding<03:05:43.200> away<03:05:43.979> from<03:05:44.340> the<03:05:44.520> conductor<03:05:44.760> in

the shielding away from the conductor in

the shielding away from the conductor in
the<03:05:45.240> center<03:05:45.420> that<03:05:45.840> is<03:05:45.960> carrying<03:05:46.560> the<03:05:46.740> draining

the center that is carrying the draining

the center that is carrying the draining
the<03:05:47.580> the<03:05:47.700> data<03:05:48.060> traffic<03:05:48.319> now<03:05:49.319> the<03:05:49.500> shielding

the the data traffic now the shielding

the the data traffic now the shielding
is<03:05:50.100> then<03:05:50.279> connected<03:05:50.880> to<03:05:51.240> a<03:05:51.420> single<03:05:51.779> ground

is then connected to a single ground

is then connected to a single ground
Point<03:05:52.460> flushing<03:05:53.460> the<03:05:53.640> noise<03:05:53.760> away<03:05:54.180> the

Point flushing the noise away the

Point flushing the noise away the
connection<03:05:55.500> between<03:05:55.920> the<03:05:56.220> shield<03:05:56.340> and<03:05:56.640> the

connection between the shield and the

connection between the shield and the
ground<03:05:57.000> point<03:05:57.240> is<03:05:57.720> also<03:05:58.020> called<03:05:58.380> the<03:05:58.920> drain

ground point is also called the drain

ground point is also called the drain
which<03:05:59.880> is<03:06:00.000> why<03:06:00.180> we<03:06:00.359> say<03:06:00.540> it's<03:06:00.720> grain<03:06:01.140> drain<03:06:01.859> and

which is why we say it's grain drain and

which is why we say it's grain drain and
this<03:06:02.460> same<03:06:02.640> thing<03:06:02.819> doesn't<03:06:03.060> just<03:06:03.300> go<03:06:03.420> for

this same thing doesn't just go for

this same thing doesn't just go for
coaxial<03:06:04.200> it<03:06:04.380> also<03:06:04.680> goes<03:06:04.979> for<03:06:05.520> STP<03:06:06.120> or<03:06:06.359> shielded

coaxial it also goes for STP or shielded

coaxial it also goes for STP or shielded
twisted<03:06:07.200> pair<03:06:07.380> as<03:06:07.680> well<03:06:07.800> now<03:06:08.520> because<03:06:08.819> the

twisted pair as well now because the

twisted pair as well now because the
noise<03:06:09.359> is<03:06:09.720> often<03:06:10.319> going<03:06:10.800> to<03:06:11.040> be<03:06:11.279> constant<03:06:11.819> the

noise is often going to be constant the

noise is often going to be constant the
method<03:06:12.660> of<03:06:12.960> differential<03:06:13.680> signaling<03:06:14.460> takes

method of differential signaling takes

method of differential signaling takes
two<03:06:15.660> received<03:06:16.140> signals

two received signals

two received signals
and<03:06:18.060> subtracts<03:06:18.899> the<03:06:19.680> equal<03:06:19.920> signals

and subtracts the equal signals

and subtracts the equal signals
which<03:06:21.840> is<03:06:22.020> typically<03:06:22.260> going<03:06:22.439> to<03:06:22.560> be<03:06:22.620> the<03:06:22.740> noise

which is typically going to be the noise

which is typically going to be the noise
of<03:06:23.100> the<03:06:23.220> noise<03:06:23.399> floor<03:06:23.760> and<03:06:24.540> that's<03:06:24.660> going<03:06:24.899> to

of the noise floor and that's going to

of the noise floor and that's going to
give<03:06:25.500> us<03:06:25.620> an<03:06:25.920> end<03:06:26.100> result<03:06:26.399> of<03:06:27.120> Simply<03:06:27.540> the

give us an end result of Simply the

give us an end result of Simply the
noise<03:06:28.500> so<03:06:28.979> basically<03:06:29.279> it<03:06:29.580> takes<03:06:29.819> this<03:06:30.060> signal

noise so basically it takes this signal

noise so basically it takes this signal
input<03:06:30.720> which<03:06:30.960> is<03:06:31.140> a<03:06:31.319> digital<03:06:31.500> input<03:06:31.859> signal

input which is a digital input signal

input which is a digital input signal
and

and

and
it<03:06:34.200> takes<03:06:34.680> that<03:06:35.100> subtracts<03:06:35.939> this

it takes that subtracts this

it takes that subtracts this
and<03:06:38.100> then<03:06:38.220> we<03:06:38.520> can<03:06:38.640> get

and then we can get

and then we can get
a<03:06:40.740> a<03:06:40.979> signal<03:06:41.880> without<03:06:42.060> any<03:06:42.540> noise<03:06:42.779> in<03:06:43.140> it<03:06:43.260> as

a a signal without any noise in it as

a a signal without any noise in it as
you<03:06:43.620> can<03:06:43.740> see

now besides differential signaling there

now besides differential signaling there
are<03:06:49.140> also<03:06:49.260> a<03:06:49.380> few<03:06:49.439> other<03:06:49.560> noise<03:06:49.800> control

are also a few other noise control

are also a few other noise control
considerations<03:06:50.880> we<03:06:51.720> talked<03:06:52.020> about<03:06:52.080> earlier

considerations we talked about earlier

considerations we talked about earlier
something<03:06:52.859> called<03:06:53.220> termination<03:06:53.819> which<03:06:54.180> is

something called termination which is

something called termination which is
really<03:06:54.660> important<03:06:55.020> in<03:06:55.140> networking<03:06:55.640> some

really important in networking some

really important in networking some
cables<03:06:57.180> require<03:06:57.540> termination<03:06:58.380> to<03:06:58.979> be

cables require termination to be

cables require termination to be
installed<03:06:59.460> at<03:06:59.640> the<03:06:59.880> end<03:07:00.060> of<03:07:00.479> either<03:07:00.840> uh

installed at the end of either uh

installed at the end of either uh
the<03:07:03.660> end<03:07:03.779> of<03:07:03.960> either

the end of either

the end of either
connection<03:07:05.420> right<03:07:06.420> if<03:07:06.660> you<03:07:06.779> remember<03:07:06.960> that

connection right if you remember that

connection right if you remember that
from<03:07:07.500> our<03:07:07.680> bus<03:07:07.920> and<03:07:08.819> it<03:07:09.000> has<03:07:09.240> to<03:07:09.420> have<03:07:09.540> the

from our bus and it has to have the

from our bus and it has to have the
appropriate<03:07:10.500> ohm<03:07:11.100> rating

if you install the Terminator and it

if you install the Terminator and it
doesn't<03:07:16.500> have<03:07:16.800> that<03:07:17.100> proper<03:07:17.399> ohm<03:07:17.819> rating<03:07:18.060> then

doesn't have that proper ohm rating then

doesn't have that proper ohm rating then
it's<03:07:18.720> probably<03:07:18.960> going<03:07:19.260> to

it's probably going to

it's probably going to
um<03:07:20.340> uh<03:07:21.060> actually

um uh actually

um uh actually
it<03:07:22.979> won't<03:07:23.460> work<03:07:23.700> effectively<03:07:24.300> now<03:07:24.720> luckily

it won't work effectively now luckily

it won't work effectively now luckily
for<03:07:25.319> us<03:07:25.439> in<03:07:25.920> most<03:07:26.100> cases<03:07:26.399> the<03:07:26.640> Terminators<03:07:27.120> are

for us in most cases the Terminators are

for us in most cases the Terminators are
installed<03:07:27.660> in<03:07:27.899> these<03:07:28.080> network<03:07:28.260> devices<03:07:28.680> by

installed in these network devices by

installed in these network devices by
default<03:07:29.460> but<03:07:30.120> not<03:07:30.359> too<03:07:30.720> long<03:07:30.840> ago<03:07:31.020> you<03:07:31.260> had<03:07:31.439> to

default but not too long ago you had to

default but not too long ago you had to
install<03:07:31.680> them<03:07:32.040> manually<03:07:32.399> and<03:07:32.700> you<03:07:32.760> had<03:07:32.880> to

install them manually and you had to

install them manually and you had to
make<03:07:33.180> sure<03:07:33.300> the<03:07:33.540> impedance<03:07:34.020> or<03:07:34.200> the<03:07:34.380> amount<03:07:34.560> of

make sure the impedance or the amount of

make sure the impedance or the amount of
ohms<03:07:35.040> was<03:07:35.939> matched<03:07:36.420> it<03:07:36.779> was<03:07:36.899> a<03:07:37.080> fairly<03:07:37.319> simple

ohms was matched it was a fairly simple

ohms was matched it was a fairly simple
task<03:07:38.300> but<03:07:39.300> the<03:07:40.260> specific<03:07:40.500> impedance<03:07:41.160> could

task but the specific impedance could

task but the specific impedance could
have<03:07:41.880> been<03:07:42.000> marked<03:07:42.300> on<03:07:42.420> a<03:07:42.540> cable<03:07:42.779> jacket<03:07:43.399> or<03:07:44.399> if

have been marked on a cable jacket or if

have been marked on a cable jacket or if
a<03:07:44.939> large<03:07:45.120> amount<03:07:45.420> of<03:07:45.600> cable<03:07:45.779> was<03:07:46.020> installed<03:07:46.500> it

a large amount of cable was installed it

a large amount of cable was installed it
just<03:07:47.040> added<03:07:47.399> another<03:07:47.640> step<03:07:48.240> to<03:07:48.540> the<03:07:48.660> process

just added another step to the process

just added another step to the process
now<03:07:49.680> something<03:07:49.859> else<03:07:50.040> to<03:07:50.160> keep<03:07:50.340> in<03:07:50.460> mind<03:07:50.580> is

now something else to keep in mind is

now something else to keep in mind is
how<03:07:51.120> you<03:07:51.240> run<03:07:51.420> the<03:07:51.600> cable<03:07:51.840> your<03:07:52.140> cable<03:07:52.380> run<03:07:52.620> you

how you run the cable your cable run you

how you run the cable your cable run you
don't<03:07:53.220> want<03:07:53.340> to<03:07:53.460> run<03:07:53.640> data<03:07:54.060> cable<03:07:54.180> and

don't want to run data cable and

don't want to run data cable and
electrical<03:07:54.779> cable<03:07:54.960> in<03:07:55.200> the<03:07:55.319> same<03:07:55.439> tray<03:07:55.859> and

electrical cable in the same tray and

electrical cable in the same tray and
you<03:07:56.700> should<03:07:56.819> try<03:07:57.000> to<03:07:57.240> avoid<03:07:57.540> running<03:07:57.840> your

you should try to avoid running your

you should try to avoid running your
data<03:07:58.500> cable<03:07:58.680> parallel<03:07:59.279> to<03:07:59.520> any<03:07:59.700> electrical

data cable parallel to any electrical

data cable parallel to any electrical
cables<03:08:00.540> or<03:08:00.899> any<03:08:01.080> other<03:08:01.260> data<03:08:01.620> cables<03:08:01.979> in<03:08:02.220> order

cables or any other data cables in order

cables or any other data cables in order
to<03:08:02.640> reduce<03:08:02.819> what's<03:08:03.240> called<03:08:03.540> a<03:08:04.319> crosstalk

to reduce what's called a crosstalk

to reduce what's called a crosstalk
which<03:08:05.340> basically<03:08:05.760> means<03:08:06.120> the<03:08:06.359> signal<03:08:06.720> sort<03:08:06.899> of

which basically means the signal sort of

which basically means the signal sort of
jumps<03:08:07.260> from<03:08:07.500> one<03:08:07.680> to<03:08:07.859> the<03:08:08.040> other

jumps from one to the other

jumps from one to the other
now<03:08:09.180> if<03:08:09.359> you<03:08:09.479> keep<03:08:09.600> data<03:08:10.020> cables<03:08:10.319> away<03:08:10.500> from

now if you keep data cables away from

now if you keep data cables away from
Motors<03:08:11.279> fluorescent<03:08:12.180> lighting<03:08:12.600> high<03:08:12.960> power

Motors fluorescent lighting high power

Motors fluorescent lighting high power
devices<03:08:13.620> like<03:08:13.979> we<03:08:14.160> saw<03:08:14.399> you<03:08:15.120> owe<03:08:15.300> and<03:08:15.600> you

devices like we saw you owe and you

devices like we saw you owe and you
always<03:08:16.020> ground<03:08:16.380> your<03:08:16.680> electrical<03:08:17.160> equipment

always ground your electrical equipment

always ground your electrical equipment
and<03:08:17.700> electrical<03:08:18.120> circuits<03:08:18.479> according<03:08:18.899> to<03:08:19.140> the

and electrical circuits according to the

and electrical circuits according to the
manufacturer<03:08:20.520> and<03:08:21.060> you<03:08:21.420> allow<03:08:21.779> for<03:08:22.380> uh<03:08:22.800> all

manufacturer and you allow for uh all

manufacturer and you allow for uh all
the<03:08:23.100> recommended<03:08:23.580> installation

the recommended installation

the recommended installation
requirements<03:08:24.720> and<03:08:24.899> grounding<03:08:25.319> requirements

requirements and grounding requirements

requirements and grounding requirements
that<03:08:26.160> they<03:08:26.399> provide<03:08:26.760> then<03:08:27.180> you<03:08:27.420> should<03:08:27.540> be

that they provide then you should be

that they provide then you should be
good<03:08:27.899> to<03:08:28.080> go<03:08:28.200> when<03:08:28.439> you're<03:08:28.560> connecting<03:08:28.979> your

good to go when you're connecting your

good to go when you're connecting your
cables<03:08:29.520> together<03:08:30.180> and<03:08:30.720> when<03:08:30.960> you're<03:08:31.680> um

cables together and when you're um

cables together and when you're um
running<03:08:32.399> your<03:08:32.700> cables<03:08:33.060> as<03:08:33.180> well<03:08:33.359> so<03:08:34.200> just<03:08:34.500> to

running your cables as well so just to

running your cables as well so just to
recap<03:08:34.979> what<03:08:35.220> we've<03:08:35.460> talked<03:08:35.700> about<03:08:35.760> here<03:08:36.120> first

recap what we've talked about here first

recap what we've talked about here first
we<03:08:36.779> looked<03:08:37.080> at<03:08:37.140> a<03:08:37.439> Nick<03:08:37.680> and<03:08:38.399> a<03:08:38.700> network<03:08:38.819> or<03:08:39.359> a

we looked at a Nick and a network or a

we looked at a Nick and a network or a
network<03:08:39.840> interface<03:08:40.620> card

foreign

foreign
we<03:08:49.740> describe<03:08:50.100> the<03:08:50.160> transceiver<03:08:50.760> something

we describe the transceiver something

we describe the transceiver something
that<03:08:51.479> goes<03:08:51.840> on<03:08:52.500> the<03:08:52.620> card<03:08:52.800> and<03:08:53.040> how<03:08:53.220> it

that goes on the card and how it

that goes on the card and how it
functions<03:08:53.939> we<03:08:54.779> also<03:08:55.020> looked<03:08:55.319> at<03:08:55.380> identifying

functions we also looked at identifying

functions we also looked at identifying
the<03:08:56.340> characteristics<03:08:56.880> of<03:08:57.120> a<03:08:57.359> switch<03:08:57.540> which<03:08:58.260> if

the characteristics of a switch which if

the characteristics of a switch which if
you<03:08:58.620> remember<03:08:58.800> use<03:08:59.340> Mac<03:08:59.880> addressing<03:09:00.479> we

you remember use Mac addressing we

you remember use Mac addressing we
defined<03:09:01.500> trunking<03:09:02.160> Port<03:09:02.520> mirroring<03:09:03.060> and

defined trunking Port mirroring and

defined trunking Port mirroring and
channel<03:09:03.540> bonding<03:09:04.080> remember<03:09:04.319> trunking<03:09:05.100> was

channel bonding remember trunking was

channel bonding remember trunking was
using<03:09:05.939> two<03:09:06.180> or<03:09:06.359> more<03:09:06.479> ports<03:09:06.899> as<03:09:07.200> though<03:09:07.380> they

using two or more ports as though they

using two or more ports as though they
were<03:09:07.979> one<03:09:08.700> port<03:09:09.120> mirroring<03:09:09.660> usually<03:09:09.960> going<03:09:10.140> to

were one port mirroring usually going to

were one port mirroring usually going to
use<03:09:10.380> for<03:09:10.680> Diagnostic<03:09:11.520> purposes<03:09:12.060> and<03:09:13.020> then

use for Diagnostic purposes and then

use for Diagnostic purposes and then
Channel<03:09:13.439> bonding<03:09:14.160> which<03:09:14.640> is<03:09:14.819> uh<03:09:15.060> sort<03:09:15.300> of

Channel bonding which is uh sort of

Channel bonding which is uh sort of
bonding<03:09:15.720> those<03:09:15.840> Nicks<03:09:16.260> together<03:09:16.439> we<03:09:17.220> also

bonding those Nicks together we also

bonding those Nicks together we also
described<03:09:17.939> a<03:09:18.240> router<03:09:18.600> and<03:09:18.779> a<03:09:18.899> Gateway<03:09:19.260> which

described a router and a Gateway which

described a router and a Gateway which
again<03:09:19.800> operate<03:09:20.399> with<03:09:20.700> IP<03:09:21.120> addresses<03:09:21.600> instead

again operate with IP addresses instead

again operate with IP addresses instead
of<03:09:22.080> Max<03:09:22.319> and<03:09:22.620> they<03:09:22.800> allow<03:09:23.160> us<03:09:23.279> whereas

of Max and they allow us whereas

of Max and they allow us whereas
switches<03:09:24.840> allow<03:09:25.140> us<03:09:25.260> to<03:09:25.560> work<03:09:25.740> within<03:09:26.220> a<03:09:26.399> lan

switches allow us to work within a lan

switches allow us to work within a lan
IP<03:09:27.420> addresses<03:09:27.840> or<03:09:28.319> rather<03:09:28.500> routers<03:09:28.979> allow<03:09:29.279> us

IP addresses or rather routers allow us

IP addresses or rather routers allow us
and<03:09:29.640> gateways<03:09:30.180> to<03:09:30.420> operate<03:09:30.840> within<03:09:31.200> a<03:09:31.380> Wan<03:09:31.620> or

and gateways to operate within a Wan or

and gateways to operate within a Wan or
a<03:09:31.920> wide<03:09:32.100> area<03:09:32.279> network<03:09:32.580> finally<03:09:33.479> we<03:09:33.720> looked<03:09:33.960> at

a wide area network finally we looked at

a wide area network finally we looked at
some<03:09:34.140> Legacy<03:09:34.560> devices<03:09:35.240> and<03:09:36.240> we<03:09:36.420> defined<03:09:36.899> noise

some Legacy devices and we defined noise

some Legacy devices and we defined noise
and<03:09:37.680> the<03:09:37.859> sources<03:09:38.279> of<03:09:38.460> noise<03:09:38.700> including<03:09:39.600> any

and the sources of noise including any

and the sources of noise including any
of<03:09:39.960> those<03:09:40.080> high<03:09:40.319> power<03:09:40.500> devices<03:09:41.040> and<03:09:41.640> then<03:09:41.700> we

of those high power devices and then we

of those high power devices and then we
looked<03:09:42.060> at<03:09:42.180> some<03:09:42.359> noise<03:09:42.540> control<03:09:42.840> and

looked at some noise control and

looked at some noise control and
reduction<03:09:43.500> techniques<03:09:44.100> including<03:09:44.819> proper

reduction techniques including proper

reduction techniques including proper
grounding<03:09:45.840> and

grounding and

grounding and
shielding

so welcome to module 2 lesson 4 new

so welcome to module 2 lesson 4 new
topic<03:10:15.720> added<03:10:16.200> to<03:10:16.439> the<03:10:16.939> CompTIA<03:10:17.939> syllabus<03:10:18.479> the

topic added to the CompTIA syllabus the

topic added to the CompTIA syllabus the
um what<03:10:20.640> is<03:10:20.819> the<03:10:20.939> syllabus<03:10:21.300> number<03:10:21.540> the<03:10:22.080> below

um what is the syllabus number the below

um what is the syllabus number the below
seven

um Advanced networking devices so this

um Advanced networking devices so this
is<03:10:27.540> stuff<03:10:27.779> that<03:10:28.020> we<03:10:28.140> need<03:10:28.319> to<03:10:28.439> be<03:10:28.620> aware<03:10:29.100> of

is stuff that we need to be aware of

is stuff that we need to be aware of
because<03:10:29.640> it<03:10:30.180> becomes<03:10:30.779> a<03:10:30.899> prominence<03:10:31.319> may<03:10:31.620> have

because it becomes a prominence may have

because it becomes a prominence may have
been<03:10:31.859> in<03:10:32.760> the<03:10:32.939> industry<03:10:33.180> a<03:10:33.359> while<03:10:33.600> but

been in the industry a while but

been in the industry a while but
um now<03:10:35.880> in<03:10:36.180> regular<03:10:36.600> use<03:10:36.840> or<03:10:37.560> big<03:10:38.040> ubiquitous

um now in regular use or big ubiquitous

um now in regular use or big ubiquitous
as<03:10:39.180> they<03:10:39.359> say

as they say

as they say
so<03:10:40.859> Advanced<03:10:41.460> networking<03:10:41.880> devices<03:10:42.120> Network

so Advanced networking devices Network

so Advanced networking devices Network
Hardware<03:10:42.899> media<03:10:43.560> I'm<03:10:43.800> going<03:10:43.979> to<03:10:44.100> look<03:10:44.160> at

Hardware media I'm going to look at

Hardware media I'm going to look at
multi-layer<03:10:44.880> switches

multi-layer switches

multi-layer switches
wireless<03:10:46.620> controllers<03:10:47.399> a<03:10:47.939> load<03:10:48.240> balancer

wireless controllers a load balancer

wireless controllers a load balancer
IDs<03:10:50.399> and<03:10:50.520> IPS

we're going to look at AAA and radio

we're going to look at AAA and radio
server<03:10:55.740> I<03:10:55.920> think<03:10:56.040> that's<03:10:56.399> dotted<03:10:56.939> throughout

server I think that's dotted throughout

server I think that's dotted throughout
the<03:10:58.100> syllabus<03:10:59.100> so<03:10:59.279> we<03:10:59.399> pick<03:10:59.640> it<03:10:59.819> up<03:11:00.000> as<03:11:00.600> a

the syllabus so we pick it up as a

the syllabus so we pick it up as a
security<03:11:01.500> subject<03:11:02.100> and<03:11:02.340> also<03:11:02.580> an<03:11:02.760> advanced

security subject and also an advanced

security subject and also an advanced
networking<03:11:03.660> device

networking device

networking device
uh<03:11:05.880> UTM<03:11:06.620> Next<03:11:07.620> Generation<03:11:08.100> firewalls<03:11:09.420> Veep

uh UTM Next Generation firewalls Veep

uh UTM Next Generation firewalls Veep
Gateway<03:11:11.060> and<03:11:12.060> in<03:11:12.240> terms<03:11:12.479> of<03:11:12.540> PBX<03:11:13.020> that<03:11:13.260> is<03:11:13.439> uh

Gateway and in terms of PBX that is uh

Gateway and in terms of PBX that is uh
content<03:11:14.700> filter<03:11:15.140> so<03:11:16.140> this<03:11:16.500> is<03:11:16.979> one<03:11:17.220> of<03:11:17.399> the<03:11:17.460> I

content filter so this is one of the I

content filter so this is one of the I
think<03:11:17.819> it's<03:11:17.939> the<03:11:18.120> first<03:11:18.300> device<03:11:18.600> actually

think it's the first device actually

think it's the first device actually
that<03:11:19.260> Cisco<03:11:19.680> ever

that Cisco ever

that Cisco ever
um<03:11:20.939> brought<03:11:21.180> to<03:11:21.420> Market<03:11:21.800> is<03:11:22.800> known<03:11:22.979> as<03:11:23.220> the

um brought to Market is known as the

um brought to Market is known as the
um<03:11:24.359> the<03:11:24.779> Cisco<03:11:25.140> pretty<03:11:25.500> hard<03:11:25.800> to<03:11:26.040> see<03:11:26.160> there<03:11:26.399> it

um the Cisco pretty hard to see there it

um the Cisco pretty hard to see there it
was<03:11:27.000> the<03:11:27.240> AGS<03:11:28.040> uh<03:11:29.040> husband<03:11:29.220> and<03:11:29.520> wife<03:11:29.760> uh<03:11:30.359> first

was the AGS uh husband and wife uh first

was the AGS uh husband and wife uh first
artist<03:11:30.899> Cisco<03:11:31.319> and<03:11:31.439> I<03:11:31.560> think<03:11:31.680> they<03:11:31.740> had<03:11:31.920> a

artist Cisco and I think they had a

artist Cisco and I think they had a
colleague<03:11:32.340> that<03:11:33.000> they<03:11:33.180> used<03:11:33.300> to<03:11:33.479> work<03:11:33.660> with

colleague that they used to work with

colleague that they used to work with
and

and

and
um

um

um
they<03:11:37.439> actually<03:11:37.620> bought

they actually bought

they actually bought
um<03:11:39.000> the<03:11:39.240> first<03:11:39.359> Cisco<03:11:39.960> switch<03:11:40.439> was<03:11:40.740> actually

um the first Cisco switch was actually

um the first Cisco switch was actually
created<03:11:41.399> by<03:11:41.700> a<03:11:41.819> company<03:11:41.939> called<03:11:42.300> a<03:11:43.260> kaplana<03:11:43.979> or

created by a company called a kaplana or

created by a company called a kaplana or
kalpana<03:11:44.880> if<03:11:45.479> you<03:11:45.660> pronounce<03:11:46.020> it<03:11:46.260> this<03:11:46.920> was

kalpana if you pronounce it this was

kalpana if you pronounce it this was
their<03:11:47.279> very<03:11:47.520> first<03:11:47.700> ever<03:11:47.880> switch<03:11:48.300> and<03:11:49.319> um

their very first ever switch and um

their very first ever switch and um
switches<03:11:49.920> used<03:11:50.100> to<03:11:50.279> run<03:11:50.399> some<03:11:50.819> old<03:11:51.260> uh<03:11:52.260> code<03:11:52.500> I

switches used to run some old uh code I

switches used to run some old uh code I
think<03:11:53.160> something<03:11:53.399> like<03:11:54.120> um

think something like um

think something like um
I<03:11:55.140> think<03:11:55.200> we<03:11:55.380> used<03:11:55.500> to<03:11:55.620> call<03:11:55.800> it

I think we used to call it

I think we used to call it
katos<03:11:58.020> and<03:11:58.920> then<03:11:59.040> the<03:11:59.340> routers<03:11:59.960> well<03:12:00.960> there

katos and then the routers well there

katos and then the routers well there
was<03:12:01.260> no<03:12:01.439> code

was no code

was no code
um<03:12:02.460> that<03:12:02.760> they<03:12:03.000> because<03:12:03.180> they<03:12:03.479> created<03:12:03.779> it

um that they because they created it

um that they because they created it
they<03:12:04.140> created<03:12:04.439> their<03:12:04.680> own<03:12:04.800> code

they created their own code

they created their own code
and<03:12:06.899> that's<03:12:07.380> called<03:12:07.620> the<03:12:07.859> internet<03:12:07.979> work

and that's called the internet work

and that's called the internet work
operating<03:12:09.000> system<03:12:09.300> Cisco<03:12:10.140> brought<03:12:10.500> the<03:12:10.620> whole

operating system Cisco brought the whole

operating system Cisco brought the whole
thing<03:12:10.920> together<03:12:11.100> now<03:12:11.399> so<03:12:11.640> there's<03:12:11.819> this<03:12:12.000> you

thing together now so there's this you

thing together now so there's this you
don't<03:12:12.300> have<03:12:12.420> to<03:12:12.540> use<03:12:12.660> the<03:12:12.960> old<03:12:13.460> command<03:12:14.460> line

don't have to use the old command line

don't have to use the old command line
that<03:12:14.880> work<03:12:15.300> for<03:12:15.479> katos<03:12:15.840> but<03:12:16.080> they<03:12:16.260> they<03:12:16.380> just

that work for katos but they they just

that work for katos but they they just
weren't<03:12:16.920> compatible<03:12:17.460> at<03:12:17.760> all

weren't compatible at all

weren't compatible at all
so<03:12:19.140> you<03:12:19.319> had<03:12:19.439> to<03:12:19.560> kind<03:12:19.680> of<03:12:19.800> learn<03:12:19.920> how<03:12:20.100> to

so you had to kind of learn how to

so you had to kind of learn how to
program<03:12:20.399> two<03:12:20.880> different<03:12:21.060> type<03:12:21.359> of<03:12:21.540> devices

program two different type of devices

program two different type of devices
so<03:12:23.160> this<03:12:23.340> was<03:12:23.520> the<03:12:23.880> early<03:12:24.120> I<03:12:24.540> think<03:12:24.660> this<03:12:24.779> is

so this was the early I think this is

so this was the early I think this is
from<03:12:25.080> The<03:12:25.200> Cisco<03:12:25.560> Museum<03:12:25.859> actually<03:12:26.399> and

from The Cisco Museum actually and

from The Cisco Museum actually and
um you<03:12:28.319> can<03:12:28.500> see<03:12:28.800> the<03:12:29.340> Cabana<03:12:29.819> switch<03:12:30.120> up<03:12:30.359> here

um you can see the Cabana switch up here

um you can see the Cabana switch up here
so<03:12:31.319> a<03:12:31.500> real<03:12:31.680> old-fashioned<03:12:32.340> connectors<03:12:32.880> uh

so a real old-fashioned connectors uh

so a real old-fashioned connectors uh
maybe<03:12:35.399> the<03:12:35.660> db25s<03:12:36.660> you<03:12:36.899> can<03:12:37.080> see<03:12:37.200> there's<03:12:37.439> no

maybe the db25s you can see there's no

maybe the db25s you can see there's no
high<03:12:37.979> speed<03:12:38.220> connections<03:12:38.819> here<03:12:39.060> massive

high speed connections here massive

high speed connections here massive
switch<03:12:40.260> and<03:12:41.040> then<03:12:41.220> your<03:12:41.520> power<03:12:42.060> connector

switch and then your power connector

switch and then your power connector
yeah<03:12:43.040> so<03:12:44.040> I'm<03:12:44.340> sure<03:12:44.520> this<03:12:44.700> is<03:12:44.819> Cutting<03:12:45.240> Edge

yeah so I'm sure this is Cutting Edge

yeah so I'm sure this is Cutting Edge
when<03:12:45.660> it<03:12:45.840> first<03:12:46.020> came<03:12:46.260> out<03:12:46.500> huge<03:12:47.220> thing<03:12:47.460> in<03:12:48.120> the

when it first came out huge thing in the

when it first came out huge thing in the
1990s<03:12:49.080> but<03:12:49.920> when<03:12:50.160> you're<03:12:50.300> supporting

1990s but when you're supporting

1990s but when you're supporting
networks<03:12:51.840> back<03:12:52.140> then

networks back then

networks back then
really<03:12:54.779> um<03:12:54.779> there<03:12:55.020> wasn't<03:12:55.140> an<03:12:55.380> awful<03:12:55.620> lot<03:12:55.740> to

really um there wasn't an awful lot to

really um there wasn't an awful lot to
it<03:12:56.160> a<03:12:56.700> server<03:12:57.120> router<03:12:57.859> a<03:12:58.859> hub<03:12:59.160> there<03:12:59.460> wasn't

it a server router a hub there wasn't

it a server router a hub there wasn't
that<03:12:59.819> much<03:13:00.000> traffic<03:13:00.300> because<03:13:00.840> people

that much traffic because people

that much traffic because people
couldn't<03:13:01.260> afford<03:13:01.560> the<03:13:01.740> kit<03:13:01.920> anyway

couldn't afford the kit anyway

couldn't afford the kit anyway
um early<03:13:03.720> 90s<03:13:04.200> the<03:13:04.500> web<03:13:04.680> was<03:13:05.240> invented<03:13:06.240> I'm

um early 90s the web was invented I'm

um early 90s the web was invented I'm
sure<03:13:06.660> most<03:13:06.840> people<03:13:07.020> weren't<03:13:07.319> really<03:13:07.439> using<03:13:07.859> it

sure most people weren't really using it

sure most people weren't really using it
ethernet<03:13:08.939> was<03:13:09.300> running<03:13:09.420> at<03:13:09.720> 10<03:13:09.960> Meg<03:13:10.319> half

ethernet was running at 10 Meg half

ethernet was running at 10 Meg half
duplex

duplex

duplex
a<03:13:12.899> Cisco<03:13:13.439> the<03:13:14.279> early<03:13:14.460> 90s<03:13:15.060> had<03:13:15.420> 251<03:13:16.260> employees

a Cisco the early 90s had 251 employees

a Cisco the early 90s had 251 employees
obviously<03:13:17.340> there<03:13:17.580> were<03:13:17.700> just<03:13:17.880> I<03:13:18.300> think<03:13:18.359> three

obviously there were just I think three

obviously there were just I think three
people<03:13:18.899> to<03:13:19.200> start<03:13:19.500> and<03:13:20.220> they<03:13:20.460> grew<03:13:20.939> to<03:13:21.060> 251.

people to start and they grew to 251.

people to start and they grew to 251.
and<03:13:23.460> then<03:13:23.640> scroll<03:13:24.120> forwards<03:13:24.720> to<03:13:24.899> the<03:13:25.260> current

and then scroll forwards to the current

and then scroll forwards to the current
ERA<03:13:26.939> and<03:13:27.120> you<03:13:27.300> can<03:13:27.420> see<03:13:27.600> obviously<03:13:28.080> things<03:13:28.380> are

ERA and you can see obviously things are

ERA and you can see obviously things are
a<03:13:29.279> lot<03:13:29.399> more<03:13:29.580> complicated

a lot more complicated

a lot more complicated
we<03:13:31.920> have<03:13:32.220> a<03:13:32.460> multi-lay<03:13:33.180> devices<03:13:33.660> working<03:13:34.080> at

we have a multi-lay devices working at

we have a multi-lay devices working at
seven<03:13:34.920> different<03:13:35.220> layers<03:13:35.640> of<03:13:35.819> the<03:13:35.880> OSI<03:13:36.359> model

seven different layers of the OSI model

seven different layers of the OSI model
incorporate<03:13:38.160> Wireless<03:13:38.399> into<03:13:38.819> our<03:13:39.120> Networks

incorporate Wireless into our Networks

incorporate Wireless into our Networks
recover<03:13:41.340> Wireless<03:13:41.640> later

recover Wireless later

recover Wireless later
there<03:13:43.439> isn't<03:13:43.740> anywhere<03:13:44.100> you<03:13:44.220> go<03:13:44.399> now<03:13:44.520> really

there isn't anywhere you go now really

there isn't anywhere you go now really
where<03:13:44.939> there<03:13:45.060> isn't<03:13:45.300> somebody<03:13:45.420> offering<03:13:45.960> some

where there isn't somebody offering some

where there isn't somebody offering some
sort<03:13:46.319> of<03:13:46.380> wireless<03:13:46.500> connection

sort of wireless connection

sort of wireless connection
virtualization<03:13:49.260> is<03:13:49.560> a<03:13:49.740> Hot<03:13:49.920> Topic

virtualization is a Hot Topic

virtualization is a Hot Topic
and<03:13:51.359> it's<03:13:51.540> obviously<03:13:51.899> used<03:13:52.319> by<03:13:52.740> pretty<03:13:53.160> much

and it's obviously used by pretty much

and it's obviously used by pretty much
all<03:13:53.460> of<03:13:53.640> the<03:13:53.760> cloud<03:13:54.380> providers<03:13:55.380> Amazon<03:13:55.800> Google

all of the cloud providers Amazon Google

all of the cloud providers Amazon Google
and<03:13:57.660> Microsoft<03:13:58.439> to

and Microsoft to

and Microsoft to
um<03:14:00.240> cut<03:14:00.600> costs<03:14:01.020> and<03:14:01.140> improve<03:14:01.439> performance

um cut costs and improve performance

um cut costs and improve performance
cloud<03:14:03.840> computing<03:14:04.439> is<03:14:04.740> a<03:14:04.920> red<03:14:05.040> hot<03:14:05.220> topic<03:14:05.640> that

cloud computing is a red hot topic that

cloud computing is a red hot topic that
I<03:14:06.060> encourage<03:14:06.300> everyone<03:14:06.479> to<03:14:06.840> learn<03:14:07.100> video

I encourage everyone to learn video

I encourage everyone to learn video
voice<03:14:08.520> over<03:14:08.819> IP<03:14:09.359> and<03:14:09.720> quality<03:14:10.020> of<03:14:10.260> service<03:14:10.520> you

voice over IP and quality of service you

voice over IP and quality of service you
need<03:14:11.640> to<03:14:11.760> be<03:14:12.120> aware<03:14:12.420> of<03:14:12.540> advanced<03:14:13.020> security

need to be aware of advanced security

need to be aware of advanced security
threats<03:14:13.800> and<03:14:13.979> obviously<03:14:14.399> the<03:14:15.180> larger<03:14:15.479> the

threats and obviously the larger the

threats and obviously the larger the
network<03:14:15.779> now<03:14:16.080> they'll<03:14:16.380> have<03:14:16.560> their<03:14:16.740> own

network now they'll have their own

network now they'll have their own
dedicated<03:14:17.340> security<03:14:17.700> team<03:14:18.260> for<03:14:19.260> Hardware

dedicated security team for Hardware

dedicated security team for Hardware
software<03:14:20.279> and

software and

software and
um

um

um
protecting<03:14:23.760> from<03:14:24.000> employees<03:14:24.540> and<03:14:24.899> that<03:14:25.020> kind

protecting from employees and that kind

protecting from employees and that kind
of<03:14:25.319> thing<03:14:25.819> Cisco<03:14:26.819> currently<03:14:27.779> has<03:14:28.080> 72<03:14:28.979> 000

of thing Cisco currently has 72 000

of thing Cisco currently has 72 000
employees<03:14:29.640> I<03:14:30.540> know<03:14:30.720> when<03:14:30.899> I<03:14:31.080> worked<03:14:31.500> there

employees I know when I worked there

employees I know when I worked there
when<03:14:32.460> was<03:14:32.640> it<03:14:32.760> the<03:14:32.880> early<03:14:33.000> 90s<03:14:33.479> they<03:14:33.840> were

when was it the early 90s they were

when was it the early 90s they were
getting<03:14:34.920> rid<03:14:35.160> of<03:14:35.340> slaves<03:14:36.060> of<03:14:36.300> different

getting rid of slaves of different

getting rid of slaves of different
employees<03:14:37.080> from<03:14:37.439> the<03:14:37.560> legal<03:14:37.920> team<03:14:38.160> and

employees from the legal team and

employees from the legal team and
marketing<03:14:39.000> teams<03:14:39.359> and<03:14:39.540> some<03:14:39.720> Engineers<03:14:40.140> as

marketing teams and some Engineers as

marketing teams and some Engineers as
well<03:14:40.560> so<03:14:41.220> I'm<03:14:41.279> not<03:14:41.460> sure<03:14:41.580> if<03:14:41.640> it<03:14:41.819> was<03:14:41.880> ever

well so I'm not sure if it was ever

well so I'm not sure if it was ever
higher<03:14:42.420> than<03:14:42.600> that<03:14:42.779> but<03:14:43.740> as<03:14:44.220> stated<03:14:44.520> on<03:14:44.760> the

higher than that but as stated on the

higher than that but as stated on the
interweb<03:14:45.540> it's<03:14:45.779> 72<03:14:46.740> 000.<03:14:47.040> this<03:14:47.340> is<03:14:47.460> quite<03:14:47.700> a

interweb it's 72 000. this is quite a

interweb it's 72 000. this is quite a
lot

lot

lot
so<03:14:49.979> what<03:14:50.160> are<03:14:50.340> the<03:14:50.460> devices<03:14:51.140> that's<03:14:52.140> mentioned

so what are the devices that's mentioned

so what are the devices that's mentioned
now<03:14:52.740> brought<03:14:53.040> into<03:14:53.160> the<03:14:53.399> syllabus<03:14:53.819> is<03:14:54.000> the

now brought into the syllabus is the

now brought into the syllabus is the
multi-layer<03:14:54.660> switch

multi-layer switch

multi-layer switch
switch<03:14:56.460> is<03:14:56.819> generally<03:14:57.240> a<03:14:57.779> layer<03:14:58.080> two<03:14:58.200> switch

switch is generally a layer two switch

switch is generally a layer two switch
is<03:14:58.680> which<03:14:58.920> is<03:14:59.040> the<03:14:59.220> cheaper<03:14:59.520> models<03:14:59.939> will

is which is the cheaper models will

is which is the cheaper models will
switch<03:15:00.840> frames<03:15:01.380> at<03:15:02.040> Layer<03:15:02.460> Two<03:15:02.640> and<03:15:03.180> they'll

switch frames at Layer Two and they'll

switch frames at Layer Two and they'll
lay<03:15:03.600> they'll<03:15:03.960> use<03:15:04.080> hardware<03:15:04.319> for<03:15:04.800> this

lay they'll use hardware for this

lay they'll use hardware for this
multi-layer<03:15:06.359> switches<03:15:06.779> operate<03:15:07.340> layers<03:15:08.340> two

multi-layer switches operate layers two

multi-layer switches operate layers two
to<03:15:09.000> seven<03:15:09.180> you<03:15:09.359> can<03:15:09.479> buy<03:15:09.600> a<03:15:09.720> switch<03:15:09.899> operates

to seven you can buy a switch operates

to seven you can buy a switch operates
at<03:15:10.500> layers<03:15:10.800> two<03:15:10.979> three<03:15:11.220> four<03:15:11.460> or<03:15:12.060> another

at layers two three four or another

at layers two three four or another
switch<03:15:12.660> and<03:15:13.319> you<03:15:13.439> can<03:15:13.560> see<03:15:13.740> here

switch and you can see here

switch and you can see here
I<03:15:15.420> might<03:15:15.600> be<03:15:15.840> clear<03:15:16.080> but<03:15:16.439> the<03:15:16.740> this<03:15:17.160> is

I might be clear but the this is

I might be clear but the this is
actually<03:15:17.640> uh<03:15:18.540> a<03:15:18.899> connection<03:15:19.080> bracket<03:15:20.040> here

actually uh a connection bracket here

actually uh a connection bracket here
and<03:15:21.120> what<03:15:21.300> happens<03:15:21.479> is<03:15:21.779> this<03:15:22.140> is<03:15:22.260> a<03:15:22.500> switch<03:15:22.680> in

and what happens is this is a switch in

and what happens is this is a switch in
module

module

module
that<03:15:24.899> you<03:15:25.200> can<03:15:25.380> buy<03:15:26.040> and<03:15:26.460> Slot<03:15:26.760> into<03:15:27.000> the

that you can buy and Slot into the

that you can buy and Slot into the
chassis<03:15:27.660> so<03:15:28.500> what<03:15:28.680> you<03:15:28.800> could<03:15:28.979> have<03:15:29.160> there

chassis so what you could have there

chassis so what you could have there
instead<03:15:30.439> is<03:15:31.439> uh<03:15:31.979> there's<03:15:32.399> two

instead is uh there's two

instead is uh there's two
um modules<03:15:34.560> here<03:15:34.859> and<03:15:35.640> depending<03:15:36.000> on<03:15:36.060> what

um modules here and depending on what

um modules here and depending on what
you<03:15:36.420> buy<03:15:36.660> you<03:15:36.960> could<03:15:37.020> have<03:15:37.200> one<03:15:37.380> here<03:15:37.620> for

you buy you could have one here for

you buy you could have one here for
voice<03:15:38.100> one<03:15:38.460> here<03:15:38.640> for<03:15:38.819> remote<03:15:39.060> connections

voice one here for remote connections

voice one here for remote connections
you<03:15:40.500> could<03:15:40.560> have<03:15:40.740> a<03:15:40.920> mini<03:15:41.040> switching<03:15:41.580> module

you could have a mini switching module

you could have a mini switching module
here<03:15:42.359> or<03:15:43.020> one<03:15:43.200> that's<03:15:43.380> only<03:15:43.620> dedicated<03:15:44.160> for

here or one that's only dedicated for

here or one that's only dedicated for
voice<03:15:44.819> connections<03:15:45.540> you<03:15:46.439> can<03:15:46.560> see<03:15:46.740> actually

voice connections you can see actually

voice connections you can see actually
these<03:15:47.460> are<03:15:47.580> exactly<03:15:47.939> the<03:15:48.120> same<03:15:48.359> and<03:15:48.899> it<03:15:49.020> looks

these are exactly the same and it looks

these are exactly the same and it looks
like<03:15:49.319> there's<03:15:49.500> USB<03:15:49.979> there<03:15:50.220> if<03:15:50.399> you<03:15:51.000> um<03:15:51.000> connect

like there's USB there if you um connect

like there's USB there if you um connect
in<03:15:51.660> management<03:15:52.340> interfaces<03:15:53.340> a<03:15:54.000> console

in management interfaces a console

in management interfaces a console
connection

connection

connection
and<03:15:56.580> there's<03:15:56.819> what<03:15:57.060> there's<03:15:57.420> one<03:15:57.840> two<03:15:58.819> three

and there's what there's one two three

and there's what there's one two three
four<03:16:00.180> switching<03:16:00.720> modules<03:16:01.080> here<03:16:01.439> and<03:16:02.100> it<03:16:02.279> looks

four switching modules here and it looks

four switching modules here and it looks
like<03:16:02.640> it's<03:16:02.819> got<03:16:03.060> Quad<03:16:03.600> Power<03:16:04.260> as<03:16:04.800> well<03:16:04.979> so<03:16:05.640> if

like it's got Quad Power as well so if

like it's got Quad Power as well so if
anything<03:16:06.180> goes<03:16:06.720> wrong<03:16:07.080> with<03:16:07.859> the<03:16:08.100> power

anything goes wrong with the power

anything goes wrong with the power
supplies<03:16:08.819> you've<03:16:09.600> got

supplies you've got

supplies you've got
three

three

three
uh<03:16:13.140> possible<03:16:13.859> power<03:16:14.100> supplies<03:16:14.520> I'm<03:16:14.760> not<03:16:14.880> sure

uh possible power supplies I'm not sure

uh possible power supplies I'm not sure
they're<03:16:16.140> probably<03:16:16.260> going<03:16:16.439> to<03:16:16.560> be<03:16:16.680> hot

they're probably going to be hot

they're probably going to be hot
swappable<03:16:17.279> and<03:16:17.580> I'm<03:16:17.760> not<03:16:17.880> sure<03:16:18.060> if<03:16:18.240> they're

swappable and I'm not sure if they're

swappable and I'm not sure if they're
working

working

working
uh<03:16:20.279> there's<03:16:20.460> one's<03:16:20.880> a<03:16:21.000> backup<03:16:21.359> four<03:16:21.720> two<03:16:22.080> and

uh there's one's a backup four two and

uh there's one's a backup four two and
um fours<03:16:23.399> are<03:16:23.520> back<03:16:23.580> up<03:16:23.760> for<03:16:23.939> three<03:16:24.120> and<03:16:24.359> vice

um fours are back up for three and vice

um fours are back up for three and vice
versa<03:16:25.020> you<03:16:25.500> have<03:16:25.620> to<03:16:25.680> check<03:16:25.859> the

versa you have to check the

versa you have to check the
documentation<03:16:26.580> but<03:16:27.479> this<03:16:27.660> whole<03:16:27.840> chassis

documentation but this whole chassis

documentation but this whole chassis
would<03:16:28.680> obviously<03:16:28.920> be<03:16:29.040> connected<03:16:29.460> into<03:16:29.760> the

would obviously be connected into the

would obviously be connected into the
cabinet<03:16:31.979> here<03:16:32.160> and<03:16:32.399> you<03:16:32.520> can<03:16:32.640> probably<03:16:32.880> have

cabinet here and you can probably have

cabinet here and you can probably have
um one<03:16:34.319> major<03:16:34.560> switch<03:16:34.920> here<03:16:35.220> and<03:16:35.460> then<03:16:35.640> a

um one major switch here and then a

um one major switch here and then a
second<03:16:36.600> one<03:16:36.840> to<03:16:37.020> take<03:16:37.200> up<03:16:37.620> um<03:16:37.620> the<03:16:38.040> whole<03:16:38.160> rack

second one to take up um the whole rack

second one to take up um the whole rack
so<03:16:39.779> multi-layer<03:16:40.620> switches<03:16:41.040> operate

so multi-layer switches operate

so multi-layer switches operate
multiple<03:16:43.380> layers<03:16:43.680> from<03:16:43.979> two<03:16:44.160> to<03:16:44.399> seven

multiple layers from two to seven

multiple layers from two to seven
bandwidth<03:16:45.899> can<03:16:46.080> be<03:16:46.200> up<03:16:46.319> to<03:16:46.439> several<03:16:46.740> gigahertz

bandwidth can be up to several gigahertz

bandwidth can be up to several gigahertz
and<03:16:48.779> you<03:16:48.899> can<03:16:49.020> stack<03:16:49.260> Cisco<03:16:49.740> switches<03:16:50.220> so<03:16:50.460> they

and you can stack Cisco switches so they

and you can stack Cisco switches so they
all<03:16:50.760> become<03:16:51.060> one<03:16:51.300> you<03:16:51.660> could<03:16:51.779> have<03:16:51.899> two<03:16:52.080> or

all become one you could have two or

all become one you could have two or
three<03:16:52.380> switches<03:16:52.800> or<03:16:53.100> becoming<03:16:53.580> one<03:16:54.060> logical

three switches or becoming one logical

three switches or becoming one logical
switch

switch

switch
and<03:16:56.279> ports<03:16:56.760> can<03:16:56.939> be<03:16:57.060> switched<03:16:57.600> which<03:16:57.840> is<03:16:57.960> Mac

and ports can be switched which is Mac

and ports can be switched which is Mac
address<03:16:58.439> a<03:16:59.160> MAC<03:16:59.399> address<03:16:59.520> in<03:16:59.939> or<03:17:00.479> you<03:17:00.600> can

address a MAC address in or you can

address a MAC address in or you can
configure<03:17:01.200> them<03:17:01.439> to<03:17:01.920> be<03:17:02.340> a<03:17:02.580> layer<03:17:02.880> 3<03:17:03.060> port<03:17:03.479> and

configure them to be a layer 3 port and

configure them to be a layer 3 port and
Route<03:17:04.680> IP<03:17:05.460> addresses

Route IP addresses

Route IP addresses
and<03:17:07.260> I<03:17:07.500> think<03:17:07.620> that's<03:17:07.740> outside<03:17:07.920> the<03:17:08.220> syllabus

and I think that's outside the syllabus

and I think that's outside the syllabus
how<03:17:08.760> to<03:17:08.880> actually<03:17:09.060> configure<03:17:09.540> it

um so this would be your typical layer 2

um so this would be your typical layer 2
switch<03:17:14.040> now<03:17:14.340> if<03:17:14.580> you<03:17:14.760> wanted<03:17:15.060> to<03:17:15.660> uh<03:17:16.500> route<03:17:16.740> so

switch now if you wanted to uh route so

switch now if you wanted to uh route so
if<03:17:17.279> these<03:17:17.520> devices<03:17:18.140> down<03:17:19.140> here<03:17:19.319> on<03:17:19.500> VLAN<03:17:19.920> 20

if these devices down here on VLAN 20

if these devices down here on VLAN 20
you<03:17:20.340> can<03:17:20.460> see<03:17:20.520> they're<03:17:20.700> on

you can see they're on

you can see they're on
192.168.20<03:17:23.100> well<03:17:24.060> that's<03:17:24.240> not<03:17:24.420> a<03:17:24.660> different

192.168.20 well that's not a different

192.168.20 well that's not a different
subnet<03:17:26.220> to<03:17:26.939> one<03:17:27.420> on<03:17:27.600> two<03:17:27.720> one<03:17:27.840> six<03:17:28.080> eight<03:17:28.260> ten

subnet to one on two one six eight ten

subnet to one on two one six eight ten
so<03:17:29.279> this<03:17:29.520> would<03:17:29.640> be<03:17:29.819> host<03:17:30.120> uh<03:17:30.720> one<03:17:31.140> and<03:17:31.859> two<03:17:32.100> for

so this would be host uh one and two for

so this would be host uh one and two for
example<03:17:32.640> on<03:17:33.060> that<03:17:33.180> subnet<03:17:33.660> and<03:17:34.200> this<03:17:34.380> would<03:17:34.500> be

example on that subnet and this would be

example on that subnet and this would be
host<03:17:35.120> one<03:17:36.200> and<03:17:37.200> two<03:17:37.500> on<03:17:37.800> that<03:17:38.040> subnet<03:17:38.460> well<03:17:38.939> the

host one and two on that subnet well the

host one and two on that subnet well the
only<03:17:39.300> way<03:17:39.540> because<03:17:39.840> this<03:17:40.140> is<03:17:40.260> working<03:17:40.500> at

only way because this is working at

only way because this is working at
Layer<03:17:41.279> Two<03:17:41.520> the<03:17:42.479> only<03:17:42.600> way<03:17:42.960> to<03:17:43.260> Route<03:17:43.500> because

Layer Two the only way to Route because

Layer Two the only way to Route because
we're<03:17:44.640> we're<03:17:44.939> dealing<03:17:45.660> with<03:17:45.840> layer<03:17:46.140> two<03:17:46.380> layer

we're we're dealing with layer two layer

we're we're dealing with layer two layer
3<03:17:47.460> here<03:17:47.840> and<03:17:48.840> so<03:17:49.140> all<03:17:49.380> layer<03:17:49.680> 2<03:17:49.859> traffic<03:17:50.160> this

3 here and so all layer 2 traffic this

3 here and so all layer 2 traffic this
switch<03:17:51.240> would<03:17:51.540> take<03:17:51.720> care<03:17:51.960> of<03:17:52.080> in<03:17:52.439> its<03:17:52.859> Mac

switch would take care of in its Mac

switch would take care of in its Mac
table<03:17:53.580> which<03:17:54.000> we've<03:17:54.240> covered<03:17:54.479> earlier<03:17:54.840> now<03:17:55.560> if

table which we've covered earlier now if

table which we've covered earlier now if
you<03:17:55.920> wanted<03:17:56.100> a<03:17:56.460> route<03:17:56.640> then

you wanted a route then

you wanted a route then
um<03:17:58.399> traditionally<03:17:59.399> you<03:18:00.060> would<03:18:00.180> have<03:18:00.359> to<03:18:00.479> send

um traditionally you would have to send

um traditionally you would have to send
out<03:18:01.020> the<03:18:01.460> packet<03:18:02.460> to<03:18:03.120> the<03:18:03.359> router<03:18:03.779> the<03:18:04.319> router

out the packet to the router the router

out the packet to the router the router
has<03:18:04.800> a<03:18:04.979> directory<03:18:05.460> of<03:18:05.640> all<03:18:05.760> the<03:18:05.939> networks<03:18:06.560> 10

has a directory of all the networks 10

has a directory of all the networks 10
20.<03:18:08.340> this<03:18:08.819> network<03:18:09.180> 30<03:18:09.600> will<03:18:10.080> probably<03:18:10.319> be<03:18:10.500> for

20. this network 30 will probably be for

20. this network 30 will probably be for
foreign

management traffic or it could be

management traffic or it could be
whatever<03:18:16.500> you<03:18:16.800> want

whatever you want

whatever you want
and<03:18:18.120> then<03:18:18.300> it<03:18:19.020> would<03:18:19.140> route<03:18:19.319> and<03:18:19.740> then<03:18:19.859> it

and then it would route and then it

and then it would route and then it
would<03:18:20.220> decide<03:18:20.520> that<03:18:20.760> it<03:18:20.939> needs<03:18:21.240> to<03:18:21.300> send<03:18:21.899> that

would decide that it needs to send that

would decide that it needs to send that
traffic<03:18:22.319> out<03:18:22.740> it<03:18:23.160> could<03:18:23.279> be<03:18:23.399> an<03:18:23.520> interface<03:18:23.880> or

traffic out it could be an interface or

traffic out it could be an interface or
a<03:18:24.240> sub<03:18:24.359> interface

a sub interface

a sub interface
this<03:18:26.279> is<03:18:26.399> uh<03:18:26.640> what's<03:18:26.939> known<03:18:27.240> as<03:18:27.540> a

this is uh what's known as a

this is uh what's known as a
router<03:18:29.960> on<03:18:30.960> a

stick one armed router or router on a

stick one armed router or router on a
stick<03:18:37.920> and<03:18:38.399> unfortunately<03:18:38.819> they<03:18:39.060> have<03:18:39.180> the

stick and unfortunately they have the

stick and unfortunately they have the
physical<03:18:39.420> cable

physical cable

physical cable
uh<03:18:42.000> will<03:18:42.240> carry<03:18:42.540> all<03:18:42.660> the<03:18:42.779> traffic<03:18:42.960> coming<03:18:43.380> in

uh will carry all the traffic coming in

uh will carry all the traffic coming in
and<03:18:43.859> out<03:18:44.040> not<03:18:44.700> a<03:18:44.880> great<03:18:45.000> way<03:18:45.359> to<03:18:45.600> run<03:18:45.779> your

and out not a great way to run your

and out not a great way to run your
network<03:18:46.260> I<03:18:46.680> mean<03:18:46.800> it's<03:18:46.920> okay<03:18:47.279> if<03:18:47.520> you're<03:18:47.640> in<03:18:47.819> a

network I mean it's okay if you're in a

network I mean it's okay if you're in a
small<03:18:48.240> business<03:18:48.420> and<03:18:48.779> nobody<03:18:49.080> would<03:18:49.319> notice

small business and nobody would notice

small business and nobody would notice
but<03:18:50.520> this<03:18:50.760> is<03:18:50.819> carrying<03:18:51.240> all<03:18:51.359> your<03:18:51.540> bandwidth

but this is carrying all your bandwidth

but this is carrying all your bandwidth
and<03:18:52.080> obviously<03:18:52.439> this<03:18:53.340> is<03:18:53.580> a<03:18:54.300> um<03:18:54.300> single<03:18:55.080> point

and obviously this is a um single point

and obviously this is a um single point
of<03:18:56.040> failure<03:18:56.880> here<03:18:57.060> this<03:18:57.540> cable<03:18:57.840> breaks<03:18:58.319> all

of failure here this cable breaks all

of failure here this cable breaks all
this<03:18:58.979> interface

this interface

this interface
or<03:19:01.080> this<03:19:01.500> interface<03:19:01.979> then<03:19:02.640> you<03:19:03.000> can't<03:19:03.120> Route

or this interface then you can't Route

or this interface then you can't Route
traffic<03:19:03.779> the<03:19:04.680> only<03:19:04.800> traffic<03:19:05.040> that<03:19:05.340> would<03:19:05.520> then

traffic the only traffic that would then

traffic the only traffic that would then
pass<03:19:06.720> would<03:19:07.080> be

pass would be

pass would be
um<03:19:08.399> with<03:19:09.000> it<03:19:09.180> within<03:19:09.540> the<03:19:10.020> um<03:19:10.020> VLAN<03:19:10.680> sorry

um with it within the um VLAN sorry

um with it within the um VLAN sorry
uh<03:19:12.120> he<03:19:12.300> couldn't<03:19:12.420> be<03:19:12.600> couldn't<03:19:12.840> pass<03:19:13.020> this

uh he couldn't be couldn't pass this

uh he couldn't be couldn't pass this
traffic

traffic

traffic
so<03:19:14.760> this<03:19:15.120> is<03:19:15.420> a<03:19:15.859> multi-layer<03:19:16.859> switch

so this is a multi-layer switch

so this is a multi-layer switch
so<03:19:18.600> call<03:19:18.899> it

so call it

so call it
um<03:19:19.920> say<03:19:20.340> layer<03:19:20.700> 3<03:19:20.880> switch

um say layer 3 switch

um say layer 3 switch
and<03:19:22.920> what<03:19:23.220> happens<03:19:23.399> is<03:19:23.760> as<03:19:24.359> you've<03:19:24.600> seen

and what happens is as you've seen

and what happens is as you've seen
you've<03:19:25.080> got<03:19:25.200> the<03:19:25.500> modules<03:19:25.920> that<03:19:26.160> are<03:19:26.279> slotted

you've got the modules that are slotted

you've got the modules that are slotted
in<03:19:26.819> here<03:19:27.120> the<03:19:27.899> more<03:19:28.080> you<03:19:28.319> pay<03:19:28.500> the<03:19:28.740> more

in here the more you pay the more

in here the more you pay the more
options<03:19:29.279> you<03:19:29.460> have<03:19:29.640> obviously<03:19:30.060> and<03:19:30.899> this

options you have obviously and this

options you have obviously and this
module

module

module
here<03:19:34.500> is<03:19:35.040> for<03:19:35.399> switching<03:19:36.120> so<03:19:36.359> you've<03:19:36.540> got<03:19:36.660> all

here is for switching so you've got all

here is for switching so you've got all
your<03:19:37.020> ethernet<03:19:37.560> connections<03:19:38.220> and<03:19:38.819> this<03:19:39.000> could

your ethernet connections and this could

your ethernet connections and this could
be<03:19:39.300> your<03:19:39.600> routing<03:19:40.080> module<03:19:40.859> and<03:19:41.640> so<03:19:41.819> all

be your routing module and so all

be your routing module and so all
contained<03:19:42.600> within<03:19:42.840> the<03:19:42.899> same<03:19:43.140> chassis<03:19:43.680> and

contained within the same chassis and

contained within the same chassis and
the<03:19:44.640> technology<03:19:45.000> isn't<03:19:45.660> really<03:19:45.779> covered<03:19:46.080> in

the technology isn't really covered in

the technology isn't really covered in
the<03:19:46.319> syllabus<03:19:46.740> but<03:19:47.340> it<03:19:47.520> would<03:19:47.700> switch<03:19:47.880> the<03:19:48.420> uh

the syllabus but it would switch the uh

the syllabus but it would switch the uh
traffic<03:19:49.080> depending<03:19:49.740> if<03:19:49.859> it's<03:19:50.040> Layer<03:19:50.399> Two<03:19:50.720> or

traffic depending if it's Layer Two or

traffic depending if it's Layer Two or
layer<03:19:52.200> 3<03:19:52.319> within<03:19:52.979> the<03:19:53.160> same<03:19:53.340> unit<03:19:53.700> so

layer 3 within the same unit so

layer 3 within the same unit so
basically<03:19:54.840> what<03:19:55.140> you<03:19:55.380> don't<03:19:55.859> have<03:19:56.040> to<03:19:56.220> have<03:19:56.460> is

basically what you don't have to have is

basically what you don't have to have is
this<03:19:58.020> device<03:19:58.200> here<03:19:58.680> and<03:19:59.160> this<03:19:59.340> device<03:19:59.520> here

this device here and this device here

this device here and this device here
it's<03:20:00.000> all<03:20:00.240> within<03:20:01.200> the<03:20:01.260> same<03:20:01.380> unit<03:20:01.680> and

it's all within the same unit and

it's all within the same unit and
depending<03:20:02.520> on<03:20:02.580> what<03:20:02.760> you<03:20:02.880> spend<03:20:03.180> this<03:20:03.600> could

depending on what you spend this could

depending on what you spend this could
be

be

be
um doing<03:20:05.100> access<03:20:05.340> lists<03:20:06.000> on<03:20:06.479> also<03:20:06.840> your

um doing access lists on also your

um doing access lists on also your
connection<03:20:07.380> out<03:20:07.800> to<03:20:08.040> the<03:20:08.220> internet<03:20:08.600> depending

connection out to the internet depending

connection out to the internet depending
on<03:20:09.720> how<03:20:10.080> how<03:20:10.620> much<03:20:10.800> money<03:20:10.979> you<03:20:11.160> have<03:20:11.340> and<03:20:11.460> what

on how how much money you have and what

on how how much money you have and what
your<03:20:11.760> requirements<03:20:12.359> are

your requirements are

your requirements are
uh<03:20:15.120> next<03:20:15.359> device<03:20:15.660> is<03:20:15.960> a<03:20:16.200> wireless<03:20:16.380> controller

uh next device is a wireless controller

uh next device is a wireless controller
this<03:20:17.580> is<03:20:17.700> a<03:20:17.880> Cisco<03:20:18.240> 2500<03:20:19.020> Cisco<03:20:19.620> wireless

this is a Cisco 2500 Cisco wireless

this is a Cisco 2500 Cisco wireless
controller

controller

controller
has<03:20:22.020> the<03:20:22.380> cheaper<03:20:22.800> devices<03:20:23.160> you've<03:20:23.880> probably

has the cheaper devices you've probably

has the cheaper devices you've probably
seen<03:20:24.420> you<03:20:24.600> probably<03:20:24.779> got<03:20:25.500> one<03:20:25.680> at<03:20:25.859> home<03:20:25.979> here

seen you probably got one at home here

seen you probably got one at home here
is<03:20:27.240> your<03:20:27.540> wireless<03:20:27.960> access<03:20:28.319> points<03:20:29.520> and<03:20:29.819> what

is your wireless access points and what

is your wireless access points and what
happens<03:20:30.180> is<03:20:30.479> you've<03:20:30.840> got<03:20:30.960> a<03:20:31.500> few<03:20:32.040> um<03:20:32.100> wireless

happens is you've got a few um wireless

happens is you've got a few um wireless
access<03:20:32.880> points<03:20:33.540> probably<03:20:33.840> say<03:20:34.560> this<03:20:34.859> is<03:20:34.979> your

access points probably say this is your

access points probably say this is your
office

and normally these would take care of

and normally these would take care of
all<03:20:40.080> of<03:20:40.260> the<03:20:40.380> connections<03:20:41.340> what<03:20:41.819> happens<03:20:42.060> is

all of the connections what happens is

all of the connections what happens is
these<03:20:42.660> become<03:20:43.040> lightweight<03:20:44.040> access<03:20:44.819> points

these become lightweight access points

these become lightweight access points
in<03:20:46.020> as<03:20:46.260> much<03:20:46.439> as<03:20:46.680> all<03:20:47.460> they're<03:20:47.640> doing<03:20:47.880> is

in as much as all they're doing is

in as much as all they're doing is
taking<03:20:48.420> in<03:20:48.779> all<03:20:49.140> of<03:20:49.260> the<03:20:49.500> signals<03:20:50.220> and<03:20:50.939> then

taking in all of the signals and then

taking in all of the signals and then
passing<03:20:51.479> it<03:20:51.660> over<03:20:51.779> to<03:20:52.080> this<03:20:52.380> master<03:20:52.979> device

passing it over to this master device

passing it over to this master device
obviously<03:20:55.080> it<03:20:55.200> costs<03:20:55.439> a<03:20:55.560> bit<03:20:55.680> more<03:20:56.340> and<03:20:57.060> so

obviously it costs a bit more and so

obviously it costs a bit more and so
these<03:20:57.540> are<03:20:57.600> lightwork<03:20:57.899> access<03:20:58.140> points<03:20:58.680> and

these are lightwork access points and

these are lightwork access points and
this<03:20:58.979> is<03:20:59.160> your<03:20:59.580> wireless<03:21:00.300> LAN<03:21:00.779> controller

this is your wireless LAN controller

this is your wireless LAN controller
which<03:21:02.160> some<03:21:02.340> people<03:21:02.460> refer<03:21:02.939> to<03:21:03.000> as<03:21:03.180> wlc

so it allows your wireless devices to

so it allows your wireless devices to
communicate<03:21:09.120> and<03:21:09.359> you<03:21:09.479> can<03:21:09.720> see<03:21:09.840> you've<03:21:10.020> got

communicate and you can see you've got

communicate and you can see you've got
some<03:21:10.500> wired<03:21:10.979> connections<03:21:11.640> there<03:21:11.819> as<03:21:12.000> well

some wired connections there as well

some wired connections there as well
takes<03:21:13.260> over<03:21:13.500> from<03:21:13.979> the<03:21:14.399> access<03:21:14.939> points

takes over from the access points

takes over from the access points
becoming<03:21:15.899> lightweight<03:21:16.500> forwarders<03:21:16.979> so<03:21:17.880> you'd

becoming lightweight forwarders so you'd

becoming lightweight forwarders so you'd
have<03:21:18.240> to<03:21:18.420> throw<03:21:18.479> them<03:21:18.720> away<03:21:18.899> which<03:21:19.200> is<03:21:19.319> Handy

have to throw them away which is Handy

have to throw them away which is Handy
the<03:21:21.479> wireless<03:21:21.840> access<03:21:22.200> controller<03:21:23.040> has<03:21:23.340> your

the wireless access controller has your

the wireless access controller has your
service<03:21:24.420> set<03:21:24.720> ID<03:21:25.020> it<03:21:25.620> can<03:21:25.740> have<03:21:25.859> logical

service set ID it can have logical

service set ID it can have logical
interfaces<03:21:27.000> and<03:21:27.660> as<03:21:27.779> you<03:21:27.960> can<03:21:28.080> see<03:21:28.200> down<03:21:28.500> here

interfaces and as you can see down here

interfaces and as you can see down here
you've<03:21:29.340> got<03:21:29.460> physical<03:21:29.640> pause<03:21:30.060> for<03:21:30.359> ethernet

you've got physical pause for ethernet

you've got physical pause for ethernet
and<03:21:31.319> when<03:21:31.560> you<03:21:31.740> first<03:21:32.120> buy<03:21:33.120> it<03:21:33.300> if<03:21:33.600> you<03:21:33.779> want<03:21:34.020> to

and when you first buy it if you want to

and when you first buy it if you want to
you<03:21:35.220> can<03:21:35.340> connect<03:21:36.000> to<03:21:36.240> the<03:21:36.420> console<03:21:36.779> Port<03:21:36.960> here

you can connect to the console Port here

you can connect to the console Port here
and<03:21:38.100> then<03:21:38.279> use<03:21:38.580> your<03:21:38.939> PC<03:21:39.899> to<03:21:40.140> set<03:21:40.319> it<03:21:40.439> up<03:21:40.620> to

and then use your PC to set it up to

and then use your PC to set it up to
whatever

whatever

whatever
um parameters<03:21:42.600> you<03:21:42.840> want<03:21:42.960> and<03:21:43.439> also<03:21:43.680> you<03:21:43.800> can

um parameters you want and also you can

um parameters you want and also you can
use<03:21:44.040> this<03:21:44.220> port<03:21:44.460> here<03:21:44.700> for<03:21:45.000> Disaster<03:21:45.420> Recovery

use this port here for Disaster Recovery

use this port here for Disaster Recovery
you<03:21:47.040> obviously<03:21:47.340> have<03:21:47.460> to<03:21:47.640> be<03:21:47.760> physically

you obviously have to be physically

you obviously have to be physically
present<03:21:48.660> unless<03:21:49.319> you<03:21:49.500> connect<03:21:49.740> a<03:21:50.399> Cisco

present unless you connect a Cisco

present unless you connect a Cisco
access<03:21:53.040> server<03:21:53.700> which<03:21:53.939> we'll<03:21:54.120> cover<03:21:54.300> later

access server which we'll cover later

access server which we'll cover later
which<03:21:55.560> um<03:21:55.560> that<03:21:55.859> would<03:21:55.979> have<03:21:56.100> an<03:21:56.279> internet

which um that would have an internet

which um that would have an internet
connection<03:21:56.819> out<03:21:57.300> here<03:21:57.540> so<03:21:58.020> you<03:21:58.200> could

connection out here so you could

connection out here so you could
um<03:21:59.340> and<03:21:59.520> if<03:21:59.700> you<03:21:59.819> said<03:21:59.939> tile<03:22:00.180> Nets<03:22:00.540> probably

um and if you said tile Nets probably

um and if you said tile Nets probably
ssh<03:22:01.200> in<03:22:01.800> through

ssh in through

ssh in through
um<03:22:03.899> here<03:22:04.260> and<03:22:04.740> then<03:22:04.859> you<03:22:05.100> could<03:22:05.220> from<03:22:05.819> the<03:22:06.000> from

um here and then you could from the from

um here and then you could from the from
this<03:22:06.899> um

this um

this um
Cisco<03:22:08.220> access<03:22:08.399> over<03:22:08.939> here

Cisco access over here

Cisco access over here
you<03:22:10.380> would<03:22:10.500> have<03:22:10.620> a<03:22:10.740> connection<03:22:10.859> going<03:22:11.220> into

you would have a connection going into

you would have a connection going into
your<03:22:11.580> console<03:22:11.939> Port<03:22:12.180> but<03:22:12.660> we'll<03:22:12.840> cover<03:22:13.020> that

your console Port but we'll cover that

your console Port but we'll cover that
later

later

later
uh<03:22:14.939> ports<03:22:15.300> can<03:22:15.420> be<03:22:15.600> switched<03:22:16.080> uh<03:22:16.800> so<03:22:16.979> they're

uh ports can be switched uh so they're

uh ports can be switched uh so they're
just<03:22:17.399> dealing<03:22:17.700> with<03:22:17.760> Mac<03:22:17.939> addresses<03:22:18.359> or<03:22:18.660> they

just dealing with Mac addresses or they

just dealing with Mac addresses or they
can<03:22:19.080> be<03:22:19.380> configured<03:22:19.859> to<03:22:19.979> route

can be configured to route

can be configured to route
depending<03:22:21.600> on<03:22:21.660> what<03:22:21.960> you<03:22:22.080> need

depending on what you need

depending on what you need
so<03:22:23.460> your<03:22:23.700> wireless<03:22:23.819> controllers<03:22:24.600> these<03:22:25.260> your

so your wireless controllers these your

so your wireless controllers these your
wireless<03:22:25.620> LAN<03:22:25.920> controllers<03:22:26.460> permit<03:22:27.060> mobile

wireless LAN controllers permit mobile

wireless LAN controllers permit mobile
devices<03:22:27.840> to<03:22:28.500> Rome<03:22:29.300> roaming<03:22:30.300> means<03:22:30.600> keeping

devices to Rome roaming means keeping

devices to Rome roaming means keeping
the<03:22:31.380> same<03:22:31.500> IP<03:22:31.979> address

the same IP address

the same IP address
now<03:22:34.200> you<03:22:34.380> can<03:22:34.500> have<03:22:34.620> intra<03:22:35.040> controller

now you can have intra controller

now you can have intra controller
roaming<03:22:36.540> so<03:22:36.779> you've<03:22:36.960> just<03:22:37.080> got<03:22:37.260> one

roaming so you've just got one

roaming so you've just got one
controller<03:22:38.040> or<03:22:38.640> you<03:22:38.760> can<03:22:38.880> have<03:22:39.060> inter<03:22:39.420> control

controller or you can have inter control

controller or you can have inter control
around<03:22:40.140> me<03:22:40.439> which<03:22:40.620> is<03:22:40.740> a<03:22:40.859> little<03:22:40.920> bit<03:22:41.040> more

around me which is a little bit more

around me which is a little bit more
difficult<03:22:41.640> but<03:22:42.420> as<03:22:42.660> you're<03:22:42.899> walking<03:22:43.200> through

difficult but as you're walking through

difficult but as you're walking through
your<03:22:44.760> say<03:22:45.660> you're<03:22:45.840> in<03:22:46.020> a<03:22:46.140> coffee<03:22:46.260> shop

your say you're in a coffee shop

your say you're in a coffee shop
and<03:22:48.420> you've<03:22:49.200> got

and you've got

and you've got
ground<03:22:50.640> floor<03:22:51.000> here<03:22:51.359> and<03:22:51.840> say<03:22:52.020> there's<03:22:52.260> a

ground floor here and say there's a

ground floor here and say there's a
concrete<03:22:52.979> which<03:22:53.520> normally<03:22:53.819> is<03:22:54.000> as<03:22:54.300> a<03:22:54.479> concrete

concrete which normally is as a concrete

concrete which normally is as a concrete
floor<03:22:55.020> and<03:22:55.680> you<03:22:55.800> go<03:22:55.979> up<03:22:56.160> the<03:22:56.399> stairs<03:22:56.880> look<03:22:57.420> at

floor and you go up the stairs look at

floor and you go up the stairs look at
my<03:22:57.899> amazing<03:22:58.439> stairs<03:22:58.979> there<03:22:59.160> and

my amazing stairs there and

my amazing stairs there and
you're<03:23:01.920> in<03:23:02.340> the<03:23:02.580> uh<03:23:02.939> first<03:23:03.359> floor<03:23:03.779> I<03:23:04.560> know<03:23:04.740> you

you're in the uh first floor I know you

you're in the uh first floor I know you
I<03:23:05.220> think<03:23:05.399> you<03:23:05.580> don't<03:23:05.700> have<03:23:05.880> a<03:23:06.000> ground<03:23:06.120> floor<03:23:06.359> in

I think you don't have a ground floor in

I think you don't have a ground floor in
America<03:23:06.779> maybe<03:23:07.080> the<03:23:07.380> first<03:23:07.560> floor<03:23:07.800> it's

America maybe the first floor it's

America maybe the first floor it's
called<03:23:08.340> the<03:23:08.460> first<03:23:08.700> floor<03:23:08.939> but<03:23:09.479> on<03:23:09.660> the<03:23:09.779> ground

called the first floor but on the ground

called the first floor but on the ground
in<03:23:10.140> the<03:23:10.260> UK<03:23:10.500> we<03:23:10.680> call<03:23:10.800> it<03:23:10.920> ground<03:23:11.100> floor<03:23:11.340> and

in the UK we call it ground floor and

in the UK we call it ground floor and
then<03:23:11.700> first<03:23:11.880> and<03:23:12.120> so<03:23:12.300> on<03:23:12.420> what<03:23:13.260> you<03:23:13.439> don't<03:23:13.560> want

then first and so on what you don't want

then first and so on what you don't want
to<03:23:13.859> have<03:23:13.979> to<03:23:14.100> do<03:23:14.340> is<03:23:14.819> reassociate<03:23:15.720> with<03:23:16.319> a<03:23:16.620> new

to have to do is reassociate with a new

to have to do is reassociate with a new
uh<03:23:17.760> controller<03:23:18.239> so<03:23:18.540> basically<03:23:18.899> you'd<03:23:19.200> have<03:23:19.380> to

uh controller so basically you'd have to

uh controller so basically you'd have to
connect<03:23:20.460> to

connect to

connect to
um

um

um
wireless<03:23:23.700> network<03:23:24.180> one<03:23:24.779> and<03:23:25.140> wireless

wireless network one and wireless

wireless network one and wireless
network<03:23:25.800> too<03:23:26.220> you<03:23:26.700> don't<03:23:26.819> really<03:23:26.939> want<03:23:27.239> that

network too you don't really want that

network too you don't really want that
you<03:23:27.899> want<03:23:28.020> to<03:23:28.200> go<03:23:28.319> in

you want to go in

you want to go in
connect<03:23:30.000> to<03:23:30.239> their<03:23:30.420> free<03:23:30.660> wireless<03:23:30.960> and<03:23:31.920> then

connect to their free wireless and then

connect to their free wireless and then
keep

keep

keep
your<03:23:34.080> IP<03:23:34.439> address<03:23:34.620> so

172.168.1.1 so keep it as you're roaming

172.168.1.1 so keep it as you're roaming
around<03:23:41.939> the<03:23:42.239> building

around the building

around the building
if<03:23:43.560> you're<03:23:43.680> just<03:23:43.920> using<03:23:44.100> lightweight<03:23:44.460> access

if you're just using lightweight access

if you're just using lightweight access
points<03:23:45.359> then<03:23:46.020> you<03:23:46.439> would<03:23:46.560> have<03:23:46.680> to<03:23:46.800> just<03:23:46.920> keep

points then you would have to just keep

points then you would have to just keep
reassociating<03:23:47.880> which<03:23:48.660> in<03:23:48.960> this<03:23:49.140> day<03:23:49.319> and<03:23:49.439> age

reassociating which in this day and age

reassociating which in this day and age
is<03:23:49.800> obviously<03:23:50.160> a<03:23:50.340> pain<03:23:50.520> because<03:23:50.819> we're<03:23:51.300> so

is obviously a pain because we're so

is obviously a pain because we're so
lazy<03:23:52.620> so<03:23:52.979> I've<03:23:53.100> mentioned<03:23:53.460> intra<03:23:53.819> controller

lazy so I've mentioned intra controller

lazy so I've mentioned intra controller
and<03:23:54.540> Inter<03:23:54.840> controller<03:23:55.560> you<03:23:55.739> can<03:23:55.859> see<03:23:55.920> in<03:23:56.040> the

and Inter controller you can see in the

and Inter controller you can see in the
diagrams<03:23:56.640> there

diagrams there

diagrams there
the<03:23:59.520> load<03:23:59.880> balancer

the load balancer

the load balancer
so<03:24:02.040> this<03:24:02.340> distributes<03:24:03.120> incoming<03:24:03.720> requests

so this distributes incoming requests

so this distributes incoming requests
between<03:24:04.560> two<03:24:05.100> or<03:24:05.279> more<03:24:05.460> devices<03:24:05.880> so<03:24:06.779> your<03:24:07.080> this

between two or more devices so your this

between two or more devices so your this
is<03:24:07.560> trans<03:24:07.920> this<03:24:08.520> will<03:24:08.700> be<03:24:08.819> transparent

so what your clients think is happening

so what your clients think is happening
is<03:24:20.880> basically<03:24:21.660> it<03:24:22.200> thinks<03:24:22.979> this<03:24:23.760> is<03:24:23.939> happening

is basically it thinks this is happening

is basically it thinks this is happening
it<03:24:24.720> doesn't<03:24:24.840> realize<03:24:25.260> that<03:24:25.560> this<03:24:25.739> device<03:24:25.920> is

it doesn't realize that this device is

it doesn't realize that this device is
here<03:24:26.580> which<03:24:27.420> is<03:24:27.600> fine<03:24:27.779> by<03:24:28.020> us<03:24:28.200> as<03:24:28.439> Network

here which is fine by us as Network

here which is fine by us as Network
Engineers<03:24:29.220> will<03:24:29.520> will<03:24:29.760> take<03:24:30.000> care<03:24:30.180> of<03:24:30.300> that

Engineers will will take care of that

Engineers will will take care of that
and<03:24:31.500> what<03:24:31.620> it<03:24:31.800> will<03:24:31.920> do<03:24:32.100> is<03:24:32.340> balance<03:24:32.819> so<03:24:33.060> it

and what it will do is balance so it

and what it will do is balance so it
will<03:24:33.420> take<03:24:33.779> uh<03:24:34.319> the<03:24:34.560> say<03:24:35.100> the<03:24:35.340> first

will take uh the say the first

will take uh the say the first
connection<03:24:35.700> here

connection here

connection here
and<03:24:38.700> then<03:24:38.880> oh<03:24:39.300> no<03:24:39.540> this<03:24:39.779> is<03:24:39.840> getting<03:24:40.020> really

and then oh no this is getting really

and then oh no this is getting really
bad<03:24:40.439> now

bad now

bad now
it<03:24:42.060> will<03:24:42.180> log<03:24:42.540> internally<03:24:43.580> here<03:24:44.580> and<03:24:45.420> then

it will log internally here and then

it will log internally here and then
this<03:24:45.960> could<03:24:46.140> be

this could be

this could be
a<03:24:47.460> network<03:24:47.700> or<03:24:48.060> just<03:24:48.239> the<03:24:48.420> device

a network or just the device

a network or just the device
third<03:24:50.939> connection<03:24:51.239> here<03:24:51.660> and<03:24:51.840> it<03:24:52.020> will

third connection here and it will

third connection here and it will
balance

balance

balance
and<03:24:54.420> you<03:24:54.660> don't<03:24:54.720> have<03:24:54.899> a<03:24:55.140> single<03:24:55.380> point<03:24:55.500> of

and you don't have a single point of

and you don't have a single point of
failure<03:24:56.220> so<03:24:56.520> your<03:24:56.880> third<03:24:57.000> connection<03:24:57.180> goes

failure so your third connection goes

failure so your third connection goes
here<03:24:57.899> this<03:24:58.739> load<03:24:59.279> hits<03:25:00.239> uh<03:25:01.200> say<03:25:01.439> 90<03:25:01.859> percent

here this load hits uh say 90 percent

here this load hits uh say 90 percent
but<03:25:04.020> this<03:25:04.260> server<03:25:04.680> it<03:25:04.979> could<03:25:05.100> be<03:25:05.220> a<03:25:05.340> higher

but this server it could be a higher

but this server it could be a higher
powered<03:25:05.939> server<03:25:06.239> it<03:25:06.600> doesn't<03:25:06.720> have<03:25:06.899> to<03:25:07.020> be<03:25:07.140> the

powered server it doesn't have to be the

powered server it doesn't have to be the
same<03:25:07.439> this<03:25:08.160> is<03:25:08.279> only<03:25:08.460> sitting<03:25:08.880> at<03:25:09.060> twenty

same this is only sitting at twenty

same this is only sitting at twenty
percent

percent

percent
then<03:25:10.739> it<03:25:10.920> will<03:25:11.100> route<03:25:11.340> more<03:25:11.880> of<03:25:12.060> the<03:25:12.239> traffic

then it will route more of the traffic

then it will route more of the traffic
to<03:25:12.779> here<03:25:13.020> if<03:25:13.800> this<03:25:13.979> goes<03:25:14.279> down<03:25:14.460> for<03:25:14.700> whatever

to here if this goes down for whatever

to here if this goes down for whatever
reason<03:25:15.319> transparent<03:25:16.319> to<03:25:16.500> all<03:25:16.620> the<03:25:16.800> end<03:25:16.920> hosts

reason transparent to all the end hosts

reason transparent to all the end hosts
it<03:25:17.880> will<03:25:18.000> load<03:25:18.300> balance<03:25:18.600> between<03:25:18.899> these<03:25:19.380> two

it will load balance between these two

it will load balance between these two
and<03:25:21.540> you<03:25:22.020> can<03:25:22.439> um<03:25:22.439> you<03:25:22.859> could<03:25:22.979> be<03:25:23.640> routing

and you can um you could be routing

and you can um you could be routing
between<03:25:24.479> different<03:25:24.779> devices<03:25:25.200> it<03:25:25.500> doesn't

between different devices it doesn't

between different devices it doesn't
have<03:25:25.800> to<03:25:25.920> be<03:25:26.040> servers

have to be servers

have to be servers
so<03:25:29.279> you<03:25:29.580> can<03:25:29.700> balance<03:25:29.939> web<03:25:30.180> traffic<03:25:30.420> streaming

so you can balance web traffic streaming

so you can balance web traffic streaming
videos<03:25:31.399> databases<03:25:32.399> whatever<03:25:32.700> you<03:25:33.060> so<03:25:33.359> wish

videos databases whatever you so wish

videos databases whatever you so wish
now<03:25:34.560> the<03:25:34.920> IP<03:25:35.220> address<03:25:35.479> is<03:25:36.479> actually<03:25:36.660> sitting

now the IP address is actually sitting

now the IP address is actually sitting
on<03:25:37.620> here

on here

on here
so<03:25:38.939> say<03:25:39.359> uh<03:25:40.140> 12.1.1.1

and then these will have probably have

and then these will have probably have
non-routable<03:25:46.800> addresses<03:25:47.399> so<03:25:48.020> RFC<03:25:49.279> 1918

non-routable addresses so RFC 1918

non-routable addresses so RFC 1918
addresses<03:25:51.000> which<03:25:51.239> is

addresses which is

addresses which is
whatever<03:25:54.120> you<03:25:54.479> know<03:25:54.600> the<03:25:54.779> the

whatever you know the the

whatever you know the the
private<03:25:56.580> IP<03:25:56.939> address<03:25:57.120> is

private IP address is

private IP address is
but<03:25:58.859> we<03:25:59.100> won't<03:25:59.220> care<03:25:59.399> about<03:25:59.580> that<03:25:59.819> as

but we won't care about that as

but we won't care about that as
customers<03:26:00.620> moving<03:26:01.620> on<03:26:01.880> IDs<03:26:02.880> and<03:26:03.060> IPS

customers moving on IDs and IPS

customers moving on IDs and IPS
uh<03:26:05.040> Cisco<03:26:05.399> Market<03:26:05.640> leaders<03:26:06.180> in<03:26:06.420> this<03:26:06.720> type<03:26:06.840> of

uh Cisco Market leaders in this type of

uh Cisco Market leaders in this type of
equipment

equipment

equipment
uh<03:26:09.060> I<03:26:09.120> can't<03:26:09.239> see<03:26:09.420> what<03:26:09.540> the<03:26:09.660> model<03:26:09.779> number<03:26:10.020> is

uh I can't see what the model number is

uh I can't see what the model number is
4240.<03:26:11.939> always<03:26:12.420> great<03:26:12.779> to<03:26:13.020> serve<03:26:13.859> the<03:26:14.040> sales

4240. always great to serve the sales

4240. always great to serve the sales
pages<03:26:15.000> for<03:26:15.359> all<03:26:15.600> of<03:26:15.720> these<03:26:16.020> vendors

pages for all of these vendors

pages for all of these vendors
uh<03:26:18.239> Cisco<03:26:18.779> and<03:26:19.080> Juniper<03:26:19.859> and<03:26:20.040> whoever<03:26:20.340> because

uh Cisco and Juniper and whoever because

uh Cisco and Juniper and whoever because
it<03:26:20.880> gives<03:26:21.000> you<03:26:21.120> lots<03:26:21.420> of<03:26:21.540> useful

it gives you lots of useful

it gives you lots of useful
documentation<03:26:22.680> you<03:26:23.100> can<03:26:23.220> see<03:26:23.340> what's

documentation you can see what's

documentation you can see what's
available

available

available
now<03:26:25.080> both<03:26:25.260> of<03:26:25.439> these<03:26:25.620> do<03:26:25.800> the<03:26:25.979> same<03:26:26.100> job<03:26:26.340> they

now both of these do the same job they

now both of these do the same job they
inspect<03:26:26.880> traffic<03:26:27.180> to<03:26:28.020> detect<03:26:28.319> unauthorized

inspect traffic to detect unauthorized

inspect traffic to detect unauthorized
access

access

access
and<03:26:30.779> monitors<03:26:31.140> the<03:26:31.319> network<03:26:31.500> for<03:26:31.800> intrusions

and monitors the network for intrusions

and monitors the network for intrusions
or<03:26:32.460> malicious<03:26:32.819> activities<03:26:33.300> now<03:26:34.260> what<03:26:34.560> it<03:26:34.739> can

or malicious activities now what it can

or malicious activities now what it can
do<03:26:35.040> is<03:26:35.520> send<03:26:36.180> an<03:26:36.359> alert<03:26:36.779> which<03:26:37.620> is

do is send an alert which is

do is send an alert which is
um<03:26:38.460> oh<03:26:38.760> no<03:26:39.000> I'm<03:26:39.420> gonna<03:26:39.540> have<03:26:39.660> to<03:26:39.779> draw<03:26:40.020> a

um oh no I'm gonna have to draw a

um oh no I'm gonna have to draw a
this<03:26:42.120> is<03:26:42.239> actually<03:26:42.420> a<03:26:43.200> a<03:26:43.500> telephone<03:26:43.739> I<03:26:44.220> hope

this is actually a a telephone I hope

this is actually a a telephone I hope
you<03:26:44.700> impress<03:26:45.140> old-fashioned<03:26:46.140> telephone

you impress old-fashioned telephone

you impress old-fashioned telephone
there<03:26:46.739> if<03:26:47.040> you<03:26:47.160> recognize<03:26:47.520> that<03:26:47.760> then<03:26:48.060> you're

there if you recognize that then you're

there if you recognize that then you're
officially<03:26:49.020> old<03:26:49.340> so<03:26:50.340> you<03:26:50.520> could<03:26:50.700> send<03:26:51.420> a

officially old so you could send a

officially old so you could send a
message<03:26:52.380> to<03:26:52.680> your<03:26:52.859> mobile<03:26:53.220> phone<03:26:53.640> it<03:26:54.600> can<03:26:54.840> send

message to your mobile phone it can send

message to your mobile phone it can send
SMS<03:26:56.520> log<03:26:57.479> messages<03:26:57.899> whatever<03:26:58.560> you<03:26:58.800> so<03:26:58.979> wish<03:26:59.220> or

SMS log messages whatever you so wish or

SMS log messages whatever you so wish or
an<03:26:59.580> SNMP<03:27:00.180> trap<03:27:00.600> and<03:27:01.380> that<03:27:01.620> will

an SNMP trap and that will

an SNMP trap and that will
um<03:27:02.460> it<03:27:02.760> could<03:27:02.880> shut<03:27:03.060> down<03:27:03.239> a<03:27:03.479> port<03:27:03.660> or<03:27:03.899> whatever

um it could shut down a port or whatever

um it could shut down a port or whatever
you<03:27:04.260> instruct<03:27:04.560> it<03:27:04.859> to<03:27:05.040> do

you instruct it to do

you instruct it to do
now<03:27:07.080> IPS<03:27:07.500> Works<03:27:08.160> in<03:27:08.460> line<03:27:08.640> so<03:27:08.880> it's<03:27:09.060> placed<03:27:09.359> in

now IPS Works in line so it's placed in

now IPS Works in line so it's placed in
the<03:27:09.540> traffic<03:27:09.720> flow<03:27:10.140> so<03:27:10.319> you've<03:27:10.560> got<03:27:10.739> internet

the traffic flow so you've got internet

the traffic flow so you've got internet
and<03:27:13.739> I'll<03:27:14.220> stick<03:27:14.580> it<03:27:14.700> here<03:27:14.880> actually

and I'll stick it here actually

and I'll stick it here actually
your<03:27:17.279> IPS<03:27:18.080> and<03:27:19.080> then<03:27:19.200> that<03:27:19.380> will<03:27:19.500> go<03:27:19.680> off<03:27:19.859> to

your IPS and then that will go off to

your IPS and then that will go off to
your

your

your
router

router

router
switch<03:27:24.620> and<03:27:25.620> then<03:27:25.800> your<03:27:26.279> your<03:27:26.760> hosts<03:27:27.420> here

switch and then your your hosts here

switch and then your your hosts here
however<03:27:28.439> many<03:27:28.620> hosts<03:27:29.040> you've<03:27:29.220> got

and I don't give up your day job so this

and I don't give up your day job so this
is<03:27:33.720> in<03:27:34.020> line<03:27:34.200> your<03:27:34.560> traffic<03:27:34.739> will<03:27:35.040> come

is in line your traffic will come

is in line your traffic will come
through<03:27:35.399> here<03:27:35.640> it'll<03:27:36.000> be<03:27:36.120> inspected<03:27:36.720> and<03:27:37.560> then

through here it'll be inspected and then

through here it'll be inspected and then
go<03:27:37.979> to<03:27:38.100> your<03:27:38.279> end<03:27:38.460> device<03:27:38.960> the<03:27:40.040> IDS<03:27:41.180> is<03:27:42.180> not<03:27:42.600> in

go to your end device the IDS is not in

go to your end device the IDS is not in
line

line

line
so<03:27:44.640> what<03:27:44.819> will<03:27:44.939> happen<03:27:45.180> is<03:27:45.540> router

host and it can be put here or here I'll

host and it can be put here or here I'll
say<03:27:56.760> there's<03:27:56.939> an<03:27:57.060> ethernet<03:27:57.359> connection<03:27:57.660> here

say there's an ethernet connection here

say there's an ethernet connection here
now<03:28:00.479> your<03:28:00.720> IDs<03:28:01.439> receives<03:28:02.340> a<03:28:02.520> copy<03:28:02.819> of<03:28:03.000> the

now your IDs receives a copy of the

now your IDs receives a copy of the
frame<03:28:03.479> so<03:28:04.080> the<03:28:04.319> frame<03:28:04.680> I'll<03:28:05.520> call<03:28:05.700> it<03:28:05.880> frame

frame so the frame I'll call it frame

frame so the frame I'll call it frame
um<03:28:07.439> frame<03:28:08.100> y

um frame y

um frame y
and<03:28:10.140> then

and then

and then
that<03:28:11.399> is<03:28:11.520> just<03:28:11.700> a<03:28:11.819> copy<03:28:12.120> because<03:28:12.359> frame<03:28:12.960> Y<03:28:13.260> is

that is just a copy because frame Y is

that is just a copy because frame Y is
actually<03:28:14.220> being<03:28:14.580> passed<03:28:15.180> through<03:28:15.779> to<03:28:16.500> your

actually being passed through to your

actually being passed through to your
switch<03:28:17.100> obviously<03:28:17.880> you<03:28:18.000> can<03:28:18.120> see<03:28:18.239> the<03:28:18.479> problem

switch obviously you can see the problem

switch obviously you can see the problem
here<03:28:19.080> is<03:28:19.439> receiving<03:28:19.800> a<03:28:20.040> copy<03:28:20.399> but<03:28:21.060> this

here is receiving a copy but this

here is receiving a copy but this
traffic<03:28:21.420> is<03:28:21.779> actually<03:28:21.960> going<03:28:22.319> through<03:28:22.620> your

traffic is actually going through your

traffic is actually going through your
network<03:28:23.460> so

network so

network so
these<03:28:25.859> are<03:28:25.979> less<03:28:26.100> common<03:28:26.340> now<03:28:26.580> the<03:28:26.760> RDS<03:28:27.180> is

these are less common now the RDS is

these are less common now the RDS is
I'm<03:28:29.520> going<03:28:29.819> to<03:28:29.880> talk<03:28:30.000> about<03:28:30.180> these<03:28:30.660> later<03:28:31.200> in

I'm going to talk about these later in

I'm going to talk about these later in
the<03:28:31.979> security<03:28:32.100> sections<03:28:32.760> AAA<03:28:33.420> or<03:28:33.899> radius<03:28:34.700> and

the security sections AAA or radius and

the security sections AAA or radius and
used<03:28:36.300> for<03:28:36.479> authentication<03:28:37.080> to<03:28:37.439> validate<03:28:38.279> the

used for authentication to validate the

used for authentication to validate the
identity<03:28:38.880> does<03:28:39.239> a<03:28:39.420> few<03:28:39.540> things<03:28:39.660> actually<03:28:39.960> and

identity does a few things actually and

identity does a few things actually and
um Josh<03:28:40.920> talked<03:28:41.340> about<03:28:41.460> the<03:28:42.239> different

um Josh talked about the different

um Josh talked about the different
aspects<03:28:42.840> of<03:28:42.960> AAA<03:28:43.500> earlier<03:28:44.720> authorization

aspects of AAA earlier authorization

aspects of AAA earlier authorization
determines<03:28:46.380> what<03:28:46.800> you<03:28:46.920> can<03:28:47.100> do<03:28:47.340> and

determines what you can do and

determines what you can do and
accounting<03:28:48.660> is<03:28:48.840> for<03:28:49.020> the<03:28:49.200> audit<03:28:49.620> Trail<03:28:49.859> so

accounting is for the audit Trail so

accounting is for the audit Trail so
this<03:28:51.060> um<03:28:51.120> the<03:28:51.359> accountant<03:28:51.720> will<03:28:51.899> normally<03:28:52.140> go

this um the accountant will normally go

this um the accountant will normally go
off<03:28:52.500> to<03:28:52.800> a<03:28:53.220> server<03:28:53.640> where<03:28:54.120> you<03:28:54.300> can

off to a server where you can

off to a server where you can
interrogate<03:28:55.080> the<03:28:55.800> server<03:28:56.100> logs<03:28:56.600> and

interrogate the server logs and

interrogate the server logs and
sometimes<03:28:57.899> you<03:28:58.080> need<03:28:58.260> to<03:28:58.380> do<03:28:58.560> it<03:28:58.739> for

sometimes you need to do it for

sometimes you need to do it for
um<03:28:59.700> compliance

or um

or um
if<03:29:07.200> you're<03:29:07.319> going<03:29:07.500> to<03:29:07.560> legally

if you're going to legally

if you're going to legally
take<03:29:09.359> a<03:29:09.540> case<03:29:09.720> against<03:29:09.960> somebody

take a case against somebody

take a case against somebody
so<03:29:12.239> it's<03:29:12.420> a<03:29:12.600> modular<03:29:12.840> and<03:29:13.080> scalable<03:29:13.439> model<03:29:13.739> for

so it's a modular and scalable model for

so it's a modular and scalable model for
network<03:29:14.279> and<03:29:14.640> device<03:29:14.819> access<03:29:15.180> you<03:29:15.899> can<03:29:16.020> run<03:29:16.200> it

network and device access you can run it

network and device access you can run it
on<03:29:16.560> its<03:29:16.859> own<03:29:16.920> server<03:29:17.540> or<03:29:18.540> certainly<03:29:18.899> in<03:29:19.020> the

on its own server or certainly in the

on its own server or certainly in the
terms<03:29:19.439> of<03:29:19.560> Cisco<03:29:19.979> you<03:29:20.880> can<03:29:21.000> have<03:29:21.300> the<03:29:21.660> server

terms of Cisco you can have the server

terms of Cisco you can have the server
software<03:29:22.260> running<03:29:22.500> on<03:29:22.739> your<03:29:22.920> router<03:29:23.279> and

software running on your router and

software running on your router and
switch<03:29:23.600> probably<03:29:24.600> not<03:29:24.779> recommended<03:29:25.380> because

switch probably not recommended because

switch probably not recommended because
routers<03:29:26.700> are<03:29:26.880> designed<03:29:27.300> specifically<03:29:27.899> to

routers are designed specifically to

routers are designed specifically to
Route<03:29:28.260> traffic

Route traffic

Route traffic
uses<03:29:31.319> radius<03:29:31.680> attack<03:29:31.920> ax<03:29:32.399> plus<03:29:32.640> and<03:29:33.000> curb<03:29:33.420> Ross

uses radius attack ax plus and curb Ross

uses radius attack ax plus and curb Ross
as<03:29:33.899> authentication<03:29:34.439> methods<03:29:35.040> don't<03:29:35.279> I<03:29:35.640> don't

as authentication methods don't I don't

as authentication methods don't I don't
think<03:29:35.880> airbrush<03:29:36.420> is<03:29:36.600> actually<03:29:36.720> in<03:29:36.960> the

think airbrush is actually in the

think airbrush is actually in the
syllabus<03:29:37.500> but<03:29:38.279> I<03:29:38.460> know<03:29:38.640> a<03:29:39.060> radius<03:29:40.020> attack<03:29:40.260> ax

syllabus but I know a radius attack ax

syllabus but I know a radius attack ax
is<03:29:41.340> certainly<03:29:42.060> worth<03:29:42.359> looking<03:29:42.960> at<03:29:43.260> the

is certainly worth looking at the

is certainly worth looking at the
CompTIA<03:29:43.979> Security<03:29:44.220> Plus<03:29:44.640> which<03:29:45.359> we<03:29:45.600> go<03:29:45.960> into<03:29:46.020> a

CompTIA Security Plus which we go into a

CompTIA Security Plus which we go into a
lot<03:29:46.260> more<03:29:46.380> detail<03:29:46.739> in<03:29:46.859> this<03:29:47.040> stuff

lot more detail in this stuff

lot more detail in this stuff
I've<03:29:48.420> already<03:29:48.540> mentioned<03:29:49.020> using<03:29:49.380> the<03:29:49.500> service

I've already mentioned using the service

I've already mentioned using the service
uh<03:29:51.060> UTM<03:29:51.660> is<03:29:51.960> an<03:29:52.140> appliance

uh UTM is an appliance

uh UTM is an appliance
integrates<03:29:54.420> a<03:29:54.720> range<03:29:55.020> of<03:29:55.080> security<03:29:55.319> features

integrates a range of security features

integrates a range of security features
but<03:29:56.040> it<03:29:56.160> does<03:29:56.340> it<03:29:56.460> into<03:29:56.640> a<03:29:57.000> single<03:29:57.239> Appliance<03:29:57.720> a

but it does it into a single Appliance a

but it does it into a single Appliance a
while<03:29:58.439> ago<03:29:58.739> actually<03:29:58.920> I<03:29:59.220> was<03:29:59.340> when<03:29:59.819> I<03:30:00.000> was

while ago actually I was when I was

while ago actually I was when I was
Consulting<03:30:01.620> in<03:30:01.920> the<03:30:02.040> early

Consulting in the early

Consulting in the early
2003<03:30:04.460> there<03:30:05.460> was<03:30:05.640> one<03:30:06.120> company<03:30:06.300> in<03:30:06.600> particular

2003 there was one company in particular

2003 there was one company in particular
brought<03:30:07.439> out<03:30:07.620> everything<03:30:08.100> in<03:30:08.399> a<03:30:08.580> box<03:30:08.760> bearing

brought out everything in a box bearing

brought out everything in a box bearing
in<03:30:09.420> mind<03:30:09.600> the<03:30:09.779> needs<03:30:10.080> weren't<03:30:10.319> as<03:30:10.500> complicated

in mind the needs weren't as complicated

in mind the needs weren't as complicated
back<03:30:11.340> then<03:30:11.580> so<03:30:12.359> this<03:30:12.660> box

back then so this box

back then so this box
let's<03:30:14.819> say<03:30:15.120> boxer<03:30:15.540> server<03:30:15.899> we<03:30:16.500> do<03:30:16.800> your<03:30:17.700> um

let's say boxer server we do your um

let's say boxer server we do your um
email<03:30:19.560> it<03:30:20.100> would<03:30:20.279> do<03:30:20.520> your<03:30:21.060> web

email it would do your web

email it would do your web
it<03:30:22.920> would<03:30:23.160> get<03:30:23.880> you<03:30:24.060> out<03:30:24.420> to<03:30:24.720> the<03:30:25.080> internet<03:30:26.040> as

it would get you out to the internet as

it would get you out to the internet as
well<03:30:26.720> and<03:30:27.720> then<03:30:28.020> it<03:30:28.859> would<03:30:28.979> obviously<03:30:29.279> connect

well and then it would obviously connect

well and then it would obviously connect
off<03:30:29.819> to<03:30:30.060> your

off to your

off to your
switch<03:30:31.939> and<03:30:32.939> I<03:30:33.120> think<03:30:33.359> it<03:30:33.720> also<03:30:34.140> had<03:30:34.880> your

switch and I think it also had your

switch and I think it also had your
firewall<03:30:37.140> there's<03:30:37.439> a<03:30:37.620> few<03:30:37.739> things<03:30:37.979> it<03:30:38.220> did<03:30:38.460> but

firewall there's a few things it did but

firewall there's a few things it did but
basically<03:30:39.300> this<03:30:39.479> was<03:30:39.600> everything<03:30:39.840> in<03:30:40.140> a<03:30:40.319> box

basically this was everything in a box

basically this was everything in a box
that<03:30:40.680> a<03:30:40.859> small<03:30:40.920> business<03:30:41.160> would<03:30:41.520> need

that a small business would need

that a small business would need
so<03:30:43.680> it<03:30:44.040> does<03:30:44.279> several<03:30:45.060> things<03:30:45.239> and<03:30:45.479> it's

so it does several things and it's

so it does several things and it's
designed<03:30:45.960> to<03:30:46.020> do<03:30:46.200> them<03:30:46.319> all<03:30:46.500> pretty<03:30:46.739> well<03:30:46.979> your

designed to do them all pretty well your

designed to do them all pretty well your
firewall<03:30:47.760> your<03:30:48.000> antivirus<03:30:48.660> your<03:30:49.380> IDs<03:30:49.739> or<03:30:49.920> IPS

firewall your antivirus your IDs or IPS

firewall your antivirus your IDs or IPS
you<03:30:50.760> can<03:30:50.819> it<03:30:51.479> has<03:30:51.660> VPN<03:30:52.080> software<03:30:52.500> built<03:30:52.920> in

you can it has VPN software built in

you can it has VPN software built in
brands<03:30:54.180> that<03:30:54.300> you<03:30:54.420> want<03:30:54.600> to<03:30:54.779> check<03:30:54.899> out<03:30:55.080> that

brands that you want to check out that

brands that you want to check out that
are<03:30:55.560> Market<03:30:55.680> leaders<03:30:56.100> at<03:30:56.279> the<03:30:56.399> moment<03:30:56.520> are<03:30:56.880> so

are Market leaders at the moment are so

are Market leaders at the moment are so
fast<03:30:57.439> which<03:30:58.439> this<03:30:58.859> is<03:30:59.040> a<03:30:59.340> copyright<03:31:00.000> from

fast which this is a copyright from

fast which this is a copyright from
their<03:31:00.540> page

their page

their page
and<03:31:02.640> why<03:31:03.120> jungle

and why jungle

and why jungle
a<03:31:04.680> lot<03:31:04.800> easier<03:31:05.100> for<03:31:05.340> you<03:31:05.520> to<03:31:05.939> install<03:31:06.540> and

a lot easier for you to install and

a lot easier for you to install and
manage<03:31:07.319> most<03:31:07.620> of<03:31:07.800> it<03:31:07.920> will<03:31:08.040> be<03:31:08.279> running<03:31:08.460> off

manage most of it will be running off

manage most of it will be running off
the<03:31:09.120> graphical<03:31:09.540> user<03:31:10.020> interface<03:31:10.560> so<03:31:11.340> rather

the graphical user interface so rather

the graphical user interface so rather
than<03:31:11.819> have<03:31:12.120> to<03:31:12.239> configure<03:31:12.600> a<03:31:12.779> Cisco<03:31:13.140> device

than have to configure a Cisco device

than have to configure a Cisco device
which<03:31:13.920> is<03:31:14.460> frankly<03:31:15.000> quite<03:31:15.180> a<03:31:15.359> nightmare<03:31:15.720> for

which is frankly quite a nightmare for

which is frankly quite a nightmare for
most<03:31:16.080> people<03:31:16.319> unless<03:31:17.100> you<03:31:17.279> know<03:31:17.340> what<03:31:17.460> you're

most people unless you know what you're

most people unless you know what you're
doing

uh it just makes it a lot easier

uh it just makes it a lot easier
probably<03:31:22.620> I'm<03:31:23.040> I'm<03:31:23.279> saying<03:31:23.640> it's<03:31:23.760> more

probably I'm I'm saying it's more

probably I'm I'm saying it's more
suitable<03:31:24.420> for<03:31:24.840> the<03:31:25.020> check<03:31:25.500> the<03:31:25.739> software

suitable for the check the software

suitable for the check the software
because<03:31:26.220> they<03:31:26.460> may<03:31:26.640> say<03:31:26.880> different<03:31:27.180> the<03:31:27.960> small

because they may say different the small

because they may say different the small
business<03:31:28.700> the<03:31:29.700> small<03:31:30.120> to<03:31:30.300> medium-sized

business the small to medium-sized

business the small to medium-sized
Enterprise<03:31:31.200> where<03:31:31.920> you<03:31:32.100> don't<03:31:32.160> have<03:31:32.279> a<03:31:32.460> lot<03:31:32.520> of

Enterprise where you don't have a lot of

Enterprise where you don't have a lot of
employees<03:31:33.180> and<03:31:33.840> you<03:31:33.960> may<03:31:34.140> just<03:31:34.319> have<03:31:34.439> one

employees and you may just have one

employees and you may just have one
support<03:31:34.920> person<03:31:35.340> or<03:31:35.700> somebody<03:31:35.880> that<03:31:36.180> comes<03:31:36.540> in

support person or somebody that comes in

support person or somebody that comes in
just<03:31:37.439> to<03:31:37.800> do<03:31:38.040> patches<03:31:38.760> and<03:31:38.939> maintenance

just to do patches and maintenance

just to do patches and maintenance
obviously<03:31:41.279> saves<03:31:41.760> time<03:31:41.939> and<03:31:42.120> money<03:31:42.359> so<03:31:43.080> a<03:31:43.439> big

obviously saves time and money so a big

obviously saves time and money so a big
pull<03:31:44.100> for<03:31:44.399> any<03:31:44.580> small<03:31:44.760> businesses

pull for any small businesses

pull for any small businesses
the<03:31:47.160> only<03:31:47.340> problem<03:31:47.580> is<03:31:47.819> if<03:31:48.180> you're<03:31:48.359> running

the only problem is if you're running

the only problem is if you're running
everything<03:31:48.899> off<03:31:49.319> this<03:31:49.560> I<03:31:49.800> guess<03:31:49.920> it's<03:31:50.100> running

everything off this I guess it's running

everything off this I guess it's running
off<03:31:50.939> a<03:31:51.060> server<03:31:51.359> of<03:31:51.540> some<03:31:51.779> sort<03:31:52.080> because<03:31:52.979> it's

off a server of some sort because it's

off a server of some sort because it's
software<03:31:53.580> based<03:31:54.120> then<03:31:54.600> you've<03:31:54.840> got<03:31:54.899> a<03:31:55.080> single

software based then you've got a single

software based then you've got a single
point<03:31:55.439> of<03:31:55.620> failure<03:31:55.979> so<03:31:56.100> you've<03:31:56.279> got<03:31:56.399> to<03:31:56.520> take

point of failure so you've got to take

point of failure so you've got to take
this

this

this
um<03:31:57.899> into<03:31:58.500> account<03:31:58.800> with<03:31:59.100> your<03:31:59.340> business

um into account with your business

um into account with your business
continuity<03:32:00.300> planning<03:32:00.779> what<03:32:00.960> you're<03:32:01.080> going<03:32:01.200> to

continuity planning what you're going to

continuity planning what you're going to
do<03:32:01.500> if<03:32:02.340> it<03:32:02.640> part<03:32:02.939> of<03:32:03.120> it<03:32:03.300> breaks<03:32:03.540> all<03:32:03.720> of<03:32:03.899> it

do if it part of it breaks all of it

do if it part of it breaks all of it
breaks

breaks

breaks
Etc

Etc

Etc
ngfw<03:32:07.500> Next<03:32:07.920> Generation<03:32:08.399> firewalls<03:32:09.300> so<03:32:09.720> the

ngfw Next Generation firewalls so the

ngfw Next Generation firewalls so the
hackers<03:32:10.319> as<03:32:10.560> you<03:32:10.800> know<03:32:10.979> are<03:32:11.160> getting<03:32:11.399> smarter

hackers as you know are getting smarter

hackers as you know are getting smarter
and<03:32:12.060> smarter<03:32:12.479> and<03:32:12.600> smarter<03:32:13.080> and<03:32:13.739> whereas<03:32:14.279> and

and smarter and smarter and whereas and

and smarter and smarter and whereas and
we'd<03:32:15.540> have<03:32:15.660> to<03:32:15.779> be<03:32:15.899> checking<03:32:16.260> the<03:32:16.439> IP<03:32:16.739> headers

we'd have to be checking the IP headers

we'd have to be checking the IP headers
or<03:32:18.359> the<03:32:18.600> TCP<03:32:19.080> headers<03:32:19.500> to<03:32:19.739> find<03:32:20.040> any<03:32:20.460> malicious

or the TCP headers to find any malicious

or the TCP headers to find any malicious
code<03:32:21.960> it's<03:32:22.920> actually<03:32:23.160> now<03:32:23.580> being<03:32:23.819> buried

code it's actually now being buried

code it's actually now being buried
inside<03:32:24.540> the<03:32:24.840> application<03:32:25.260> data<03:32:25.979> and

inside the application data and

inside the application data and
traditionally<03:32:27.420> your<03:32:28.200> firewalls<03:32:28.859> May<03:32:29.040> well

traditionally your firewalls May well

traditionally your firewalls May well
have<03:32:29.520> been<03:32:29.700> just<03:32:29.880> checking<03:32:30.420> these<03:32:31.260> particular

have been just checking these particular

have been just checking these particular
Fields<03:32:32.100> headers<03:32:32.880> Footers<03:32:33.300> trailers<03:32:33.779> whatever

Fields headers Footers trailers whatever

Fields headers Footers trailers whatever
so<03:32:35.279> I<03:32:35.580> just<03:32:35.760> got<03:32:35.880> this<03:32:36.060> image<03:32:36.359> off<03:32:36.960> um<03:32:36.960> this<03:32:37.560> URL

so I just got this image off um this URL

so I just got this image off um this URL
here<03:32:38.220> so<03:32:39.000> these<03:32:39.300> are<03:32:39.420> known<03:32:39.540> as<03:32:39.779> third

here so these are known as third

here so these are known as third
generation<03:32:40.680> firewalls

generation firewalls

generation firewalls
this<03:32:43.800> combines<03:32:44.160> your<03:32:44.399> firewall<03:32:44.880> with<03:32:45.359> your

this combines your firewall with your

this combines your firewall with your
other<03:32:45.660> filtering<03:32:46.319> looking<03:32:47.040> at<03:32:47.340> application

other filtering looking at application

other filtering looking at application
and<03:32:48.600> this<03:32:48.779> is<03:32:48.960> where<03:32:49.260> the<03:32:49.680> crypto<03:32:50.220> lockers<03:32:50.580> are

and this is where the crypto lockers are

and this is where the crypto lockers are
hiding<03:32:51.120> which<03:32:51.779> we<03:32:51.960> cover<03:32:52.140> later

hiding which we cover later

hiding which we cover later
and<03:32:54.420> it<03:32:54.600> can<03:32:54.779> include<03:32:55.080> antivirus<03:32:55.979> ID

and it can include antivirus ID

and it can include antivirus ID
management<03:32:56.819> your<03:32:57.600> transport<03:32:58.020> layer<03:32:58.380> security

management your transport layer security

management your transport layer security
which<03:32:59.340> is<03:32:59.660> the<03:33:00.660> latest<03:33:00.840> version<03:33:01.380> so<03:33:02.040> secure

which is the latest version so secure

which is the latest version so secure
sockets<03:33:03.300> layer<03:33:03.660> quality<03:33:04.260> of<03:33:04.380> service<03:33:04.560> if

sockets layer quality of service if

sockets layer quality of service if
you're<03:33:04.920> running<03:33:05.040> it<03:33:05.220> on<03:33:05.399> your<03:33:05.520> network<03:33:05.700> so<03:33:06.420> if

you're running it on your network so if

you're running it on your network so if
you're<03:33:06.840> trying<03:33:07.200> to<03:33:07.439> prioritize<03:33:08.279> Voice<03:33:08.840> or

you're trying to prioritize Voice or

you're trying to prioritize Voice or
video<03:33:10.140> conferencing<03:33:10.920> whatever<03:33:11.160> you<03:33:11.460> want<03:33:11.580> to

video conferencing whatever you want to

video conferencing whatever you want to
run<03:33:12.239> at<03:33:12.660> your<03:33:12.899> work

run at your work

run at your work
uh<03:33:14.700> command<03:33:15.060> firewall<03:33:15.479> antivirus<03:33:16.080> Gateway

uh command firewall antivirus Gateway

uh command firewall antivirus Gateway
IDs<03:33:17.819> IPS<03:33:18.680> VPN<03:33:19.680> software

IDs IPS VPN software

IDs IPS VPN software
now<03:33:22.200> eighty<03:33:22.739> percent<03:33:22.800> of<03:33:23.100> the<03:33:23.279> malware<03:33:23.700> now

now eighty percent of the malware now

now eighty percent of the malware now
targets<03:33:25.200> your<03:33:26.040> application<03:33:26.460> so<03:33:26.819> this<03:33:27.120> is

targets your application so this is

targets your application so this is
this<03:33:28.859> is<03:33:28.979> the<03:33:29.279> software<03:33:29.640> stuff<03:33:30.060> and<03:33:30.660> normally

this is the software stuff and normally

this is the software stuff and normally
we<03:33:31.500> wouldn't<03:33:31.620> have<03:33:31.859> been<03:33:32.040> inspecting<03:33:32.640> inside

we wouldn't have been inspecting inside

we wouldn't have been inspecting inside
this<03:33:33.960> part<03:33:34.080> of<03:33:34.200> the<03:33:34.319> packet<03:33:34.680> but<03:33:35.279> this<03:33:35.520> is

this part of the packet but this is

this part of the packet but this is
where<03:33:35.880> they're<03:33:36.000> hiding<03:33:36.420> it<03:33:36.540> now<03:33:36.720> and<03:33:37.080> so<03:33:37.439> you

where they're hiding it now and so you

where they're hiding it now and so you
might<03:33:37.800> things<03:33:38.340> that<03:33:38.520> have<03:33:38.640> been<03:33:38.760> downloaded

might things that have been downloaded

might things that have been downloaded
off<03:33:39.479> the<03:33:39.800> websites<03:33:40.800> or<03:33:41.040> in<03:33:41.220> hidden<03:33:41.580> inside

off the websites or in hidden inside

off the websites or in hidden inside
emails<03:33:42.420> so<03:33:42.899> this<03:33:43.080> is<03:33:43.140> why<03:33:43.319> we<03:33:43.560> need<03:33:43.680> this<03:33:43.920> third

emails so this is why we need this third

emails so this is why we need this third
generation<03:33:44.640> of<03:33:45.479> firewall

generation of firewall

generation of firewall
so<03:33:48.300> blocking<03:33:49.020> ports<03:33:49.439> and<03:33:49.560> filtering<03:33:50.040> is<03:33:50.220> no

so blocking ports and filtering is no

so blocking ports and filtering is no
longer<03:33:50.700> enough<03:33:50.880> unfortunately<03:33:51.600> so<03:33:52.260> I<03:33:52.439> mean

longer enough unfortunately so I mean

longer enough unfortunately so I mean
just<03:33:53.160> um<03:33:53.160> Gathering<03:33:53.640> more<03:33:53.880> data<03:33:54.180> spending

just um Gathering more data spending

just um Gathering more data spending
more<03:33:54.779> cash<03:33:55.020> and<03:33:55.500> having<03:33:55.680> more<03:33:55.920> stuff<03:33:56.160> to

more cash and having more stuff to

more cash and having more stuff to
support<03:33:56.660> what<03:33:57.660> this<03:33:57.840> is<03:33:58.020> known<03:33:58.260> as<03:33:58.439> here<03:33:58.739> is

support what this is known as here is

support what this is known as here is
deep<03:33:59.279> packet<03:33:59.939> inspection<03:34:00.500> DPI<03:34:01.500> so<03:34:01.979> we're

deep packet inspection DPI so we're

deep packet inspection DPI so we're
looking<03:34:02.220> deep<03:34:02.580> inside<03:34:02.760> the<03:34:03.060> IP<03:34:03.359> pack<03:34:03.600> here<03:34:03.899> to

looking deep inside the IP pack here to

looking deep inside the IP pack here to
see<03:34:04.680> if<03:34:04.800> there's<03:34:04.920> anything<03:34:05.100> nefarious<03:34:05.880> in

see if there's anything nefarious in

see if there's anything nefarious in
there

there

there
the<03:34:08.819> Deepak<03:34:09.300> inspection<03:34:09.779> you<03:34:10.380> can<03:34:10.439> see<03:34:10.560> things

the Deepak inspection you can see things

the Deepak inspection you can see things
that<03:34:11.040> you<03:34:11.160> wouldn't<03:34:11.279> normally<03:34:11.580> see<03:34:11.760> looking

that you wouldn't normally see looking

that you wouldn't normally see looking
at<03:34:12.359> the<03:34:12.899> headers<03:34:13.739> and<03:34:13.979> Footers<03:34:14.460> and<03:34:14.700> trailers

at the headers and Footers and trailers

at the headers and Footers and trailers
worms<03:34:16.140> viruses<03:34:16.800> and<03:34:17.340> it<03:34:17.460> can<03:34:17.580> also<03:34:17.819> do<03:34:18.060> so<03:34:18.239> most

worms viruses and it can also do so most

worms viruses and it can also do so most
importantly<03:34:19.080> at<03:34:19.739> wire<03:34:19.979> speeds<03:34:20.640> so<03:34:21.359> the<03:34:21.600> thing

importantly at wire speeds so the thing

importantly at wire speeds so the thing
that<03:34:22.020> we<03:34:22.260> all<03:34:22.439> hate<03:34:22.739> in<03:34:23.040> networks<03:34:23.700> is

that we all hate in networks is

that we all hate in networks is
latency<03:34:26.700> I.E<03:34:27.660> slowing<03:34:28.140> stuff<03:34:28.380> down<03:34:28.620> it's

latency I.E slowing stuff down it's

latency I.E slowing stuff down it's
really<03:34:29.520> bad<03:34:29.700> news<03:34:29.880> for<03:34:30.120> us<03:34:30.180> and<03:34:30.359> it<03:34:30.479> obviously

really bad news for us and it obviously

really bad news for us and it obviously
frustrates<03:34:31.200> the<03:34:31.380> users<03:34:31.800> especially<03:34:32.520> if

frustrates the users especially if

frustrates the users especially if
you're<03:34:32.700> doing<03:34:32.819> voice<03:34:33.120> and<03:34:33.359> video

you're doing voice and video

you're doing voice and video
conferencing<03:34:34.200> it<03:34:34.439> would<03:34:34.560> be<03:34:34.739> a<03:34:35.520> nightmare

conferencing it would be a nightmare

conferencing it would be a nightmare
they've<03:34:38.040> added<03:34:38.399> a<03:34:38.700> voiceover<03:34:39.180> voice<03:34:39.720> over<03:34:39.899> IP

they've added a voiceover voice over IP

they've added a voiceover voice over IP
PBX<03:34:41.359> into<03:34:42.359> the<03:34:42.779> syllabus

and you can see we've got the voice

and you can see we've got the voice
Gateway<03:34:48.660> router<03:34:49.080> here<03:34:49.200> I've<03:34:49.380> got<03:34:49.500> this<03:34:49.680> from

Gateway router here I've got this from

Gateway router here I've got this from
this<03:34:50.100> website<03:34:50.399> here<03:34:50.640> easytalks.com<03:34:51.600> so

this website here easytalks.com so

this website here easytalks.com so
you've<03:34:52.739> got<03:34:52.920> your<03:34:53.340> uh<03:34:53.819> public<03:34:54.180> switch

you've got your uh public switch

you've got your uh public switch
telephone<03:34:54.899> Network<03:34:55.380> which<03:34:55.859> Josh<03:34:56.100> talked

telephone Network which Josh talked

telephone Network which Josh talked
about<03:34:56.580> which<03:34:57.300> is<03:34:57.479> your<03:34:57.660> voice<03:34:57.840> stuff<03:34:58.200> and<03:34:59.040> then

about which is your voice stuff and then

about which is your voice stuff and then
we've<03:34:59.399> got<03:34:59.640> our<03:35:00.180> traditional<03:35:00.720> phones<03:35:01.319> uh

we've got our traditional phones uh

we've got our traditional phones uh
we've<03:35:01.979> got<03:35:02.040> our<03:35:02.220> IP<03:35:02.580> phones<03:35:03.060> been<03:35:03.600> managed

we've got our IP phones been managed

we've got our IP phones been managed
here<03:35:04.140> so<03:35:04.380> we<03:35:04.560> can<03:35:04.680> all<03:35:04.859> communicate<03:35:05.340> within

here so we can all communicate within

here so we can all communicate within
each<03:35:05.880> other<03:35:06.060> and<03:35:06.779> then<03:35:06.899> your<03:35:07.200> voice<03:35:07.640> PBX<03:35:08.640> if

each other and then your voice PBX if

each other and then your voice PBX if
you<03:35:09.600> need<03:35:09.779> to<03:35:09.899> make<03:35:10.020> calls<03:35:10.500> to<03:35:10.620> traditional

you need to make calls to traditional

you need to make calls to traditional
landlines<03:35:11.819> that<03:35:12.359> can<03:35:12.479> go<03:35:12.660> out<03:35:12.779> through<03:35:12.960> the

landlines that can go out through the

landlines that can go out through the
traditional<03:35:14.160> public<03:35:14.520> switch<03:35:14.880> Network

so IP private Branch exchange is a phone

so IP private Branch exchange is a phone
system<03:35:20.279> and<03:35:20.760> it<03:35:20.880> but<03:35:21.300> it<03:35:21.420> also<03:35:21.600> offers<03:35:21.840> IP

system and it but it also offers IP

system and it but it also offers IP
connectivity<03:35:22.739> you<03:35:23.399> get<03:35:23.520> your<03:35:23.939> traditional

connectivity you get your traditional

connectivity you get your traditional
extensions<03:35:25.140> connecting<03:35:25.800> through<03:35:26.100> your<03:35:26.340> Lan

extensions connecting through your Lan

extensions connecting through your Lan
and<03:35:27.120> obviously<03:35:27.420> you<03:35:27.600> can<03:35:27.720> go<03:35:27.899> through

and obviously you can go through

and obviously you can go through
the<03:35:29.460> internet<03:35:29.700> if<03:35:30.300> you've<03:35:30.479> got<03:35:30.660> your

the internet if you've got your

the internet if you've got your
traditional<03:35:32.340> IP<03:35:32.760> phone<03:35:33.060> and<03:35:33.600> you<03:35:33.720> want<03:35:33.840> to

traditional IP phone and you want to

traditional IP phone and you want to
call<03:35:34.140> somebody<03:35:34.439> in<03:35:35.100> the<03:35:35.220> remote<03:35:35.399> office<03:35:35.760> with

call somebody in the remote office with

call somebody in the remote office with
another<03:35:36.300> IP<03:35:36.840> phone

another IP phone

another IP phone
and<03:35:38.520> you<03:35:38.700> can<03:35:38.819> do<03:35:39.000> that<03:35:39.180> okay<03:35:39.500> otherwise<03:35:40.500> it

and you can do that okay otherwise it

and you can do that okay otherwise it
would<03:35:40.979> have<03:35:41.100> to<03:35:41.160> go<03:35:41.279> through<03:35:41.460> to<03:35:41.640> the<03:35:41.819> public

would have to go through to the public

would have to go through to the public
switch<03:35:42.239> telephone<03:35:42.540> Network

switch telephone Network

switch telephone Network
you<03:35:44.760> can<03:35:44.939> buy<03:35:45.120> actually<03:35:45.359> software<03:35:45.899> so<03:35:46.140> it'll

you can buy actually software so it'll

you can buy actually software so it'll
run<03:35:46.560> off<03:35:46.739> a<03:35:46.859> server<03:35:47.160> if<03:35:47.340> you<03:35:47.460> so<03:35:47.580> wish<03:35:47.880> or<03:35:48.300> you

run off a server if you so wish or you

run off a server if you so wish or you
can<03:35:48.540> have<03:35:48.660> a<03:35:48.779> hardware<03:35:48.899> where<03:35:49.380> you<03:35:49.560> have<03:35:49.859> to

can have a hardware where you have to

can have a hardware where you have to
wire<03:35:50.160> it<03:35:50.340> up<03:35:50.460> yourself

wire it up yourself

wire it up yourself
mentioned<03:35:52.439> it<03:35:52.560> connects<03:35:52.920> to<03:35:53.040> the<03:35:53.220> phone

mentioned it connects to the phone

mentioned it connects to the phone
network<03:35:53.899> and<03:35:54.899> obviously<03:35:55.439> use<03:35:55.680> it<03:35:55.859> if<03:35:56.040> invoice

network and obviously use it if invoice

network and obviously use it if invoice
is<03:35:56.640> enabled<03:35:57.060> on<03:35:57.180> your<03:35:57.359> network

is enabled on your network

is enabled on your network
content<03:36:00.540> filters

content filters

content filters
uh<03:36:03.060> what<03:36:03.420> you<03:36:03.960> can<03:36:04.200> and<03:36:04.439> can't<03:36:04.739> uh<03:36:05.580> Surf<03:36:06.420> and

uh what you can and can't uh Surf and

uh what you can and can't uh Surf and
I've<03:36:06.660> got<03:36:07.020> something<03:36:07.200> similar<03:36:07.680> on<03:36:07.859> my<03:36:07.979> home

I've got something similar on my home

I've got something similar on my home
router<03:36:08.700> although<03:36:09.239> the<03:36:09.479> Fairly<03:36:09.779> rudimental

router although the Fairly rudimental

router although the Fairly rudimental
level<03:36:11.100> where<03:36:11.700> I<03:36:11.880> can<03:36:12.000> block<03:36:12.180> stuff<03:36:12.479> that<03:36:12.720> and

level where I can block stuff that and

level where I can block stuff that and
the<03:36:13.260> kids<03:36:13.380> shouldn't<03:36:13.680> be<03:36:13.800> watching<03:36:14.300> also

the kids shouldn't be watching also

the kids shouldn't be watching also
referred<03:36:15.720> to<03:36:15.840> as<03:36:16.080> information<03:36:16.500> filtering

referred to as information filtering

referred to as information filtering
depending<03:36:18.540> on<03:36:18.660> where<03:36:18.779> you<03:36:18.960> are<03:36:19.140> usually

depending on where you are usually

depending on where you are usually
software<03:36:20.460> based<03:36:21.080> and<03:36:22.080> it's<03:36:22.500> it's<03:36:22.800> very<03:36:23.100> simply

software based and it's it's very simply

software based and it's it's very simply
blocks<03:36:23.819> harmful<03:36:24.120> websites<03:36:24.779> or<03:36:25.439> files<03:36:25.859> such<03:36:25.979> as

blocks harmful websites or files such as

blocks harmful websites or files such as
Dot<03:36:26.580> xees

Dot xees

Dot xees
it<03:36:28.200> would<03:36:28.439> probably<03:36:28.620> uh<03:36:29.100> block

it would probably uh block

it would probably uh block
um<03:36:30.420> Facebook

Instagram stuff you don't want people

Instagram stuff you don't want people
surfing<03:36:37.200> while<03:36:37.439> they're<03:36:37.620> at<03:36:37.739> work<03:36:37.859> also

surfing while they're at work also

surfing while they're at work also
you<03:36:40.560> can<03:36:40.739> work<03:36:40.979> your<03:36:41.640> local<03:36:41.819> network<03:36:42.180> so<03:36:43.020> your

you can work your local network so your

you can work your local network so your
um

um

um
office<03:36:45.960> here<03:36:46.580> you<03:36:47.580> could<03:36:47.700> actually<03:36:47.880> have<03:36:48.239> it

office here you could actually have it

office here you could actually have it
working<03:36:48.779> for<03:36:49.560> your<03:36:49.859> core<03:36:50.040> Network

working for your core Network

working for your core Network
or<03:36:53.279> you<03:36:53.460> could<03:36:53.580> let<03:36:53.700> your<03:36:53.880> ISP<03:36:54.420> take<03:36:54.899> care<03:36:55.080> take

or you could let your ISP take care take

or you could let your ISP take care take
care<03:36:55.680> of<03:36:55.800> it<03:36:55.920> sometimes<03:36:56.880> they're<03:36:57.239> actually

care of it sometimes they're actually

care of it sometimes they're actually
automatically<03:36:58.319> block

automatically block

automatically block
and<03:37:00.060> certain<03:37:00.359> content<03:37:00.779> and<03:37:00.960> certain<03:37:01.200> websites

and certain content and certain websites

and certain content and certain websites
especially<03:37:02.640> in<03:37:03.000> some<03:37:03.180> countries<03:37:03.600> where<03:37:04.020> they

especially in some countries where they

especially in some countries where they
they<03:37:04.500> control<03:37:04.880> politically<03:37:05.880> what<03:37:06.239> you<03:37:06.420> can

they control politically what you can

they control politically what you can
and<03:37:06.840> can't<03:37:07.080> say<03:37:07.380> I<03:37:08.220> think<03:37:08.819> um

and can't say I think um

and can't say I think um
Egypt<03:37:10.920> and<03:37:11.220> some<03:37:11.460> other<03:37:11.640> countries<03:37:12.359> where

Egypt and some other countries where

Egypt and some other countries where
they<03:37:13.380> don't<03:37:13.500> want<03:37:13.620> you<03:37:13.739> to<03:37:13.859> see<03:37:14.040> certain

they don't want you to see certain

they don't want you to see certain
things

things

things
which<03:37:15.899> I<03:37:16.140> won't<03:37:16.260> go<03:37:16.439> into<03:37:16.560> that<03:37:16.859> uh<03:37:17.819> so<03:37:18.720> your

which I won't go into that uh so your

which I won't go into that uh so your
voice<03:37:19.319> is<03:37:19.500> enabled<03:37:19.920> sorry<03:37:20.100> that's<03:37:20.460> uh<03:37:20.819> but

voice is enabled sorry that's uh but

voice is enabled sorry that's uh but
they're<03:37:21.300> in<03:37:21.479> error<03:37:21.720> from<03:37:21.840> another<03:37:21.960> slide

they're in error from another slide

they're in error from another slide
so<03:37:23.819> multi-layer<03:37:24.540> switch<03:37:24.660> we've<03:37:24.960> talked<03:37:25.260> about

so multi-layer switch we've talked about

so multi-layer switch we've talked about
your<03:37:26.340> wireless<03:37:26.580> controllers<03:37:27.680> turning<03:37:28.680> your

your wireless controllers turning your

your wireless controllers turning your
access<03:37:29.479> points<03:37:30.479> into<03:37:31.460> lightweight<03:37:32.460> access

access points into lightweight access

access points into lightweight access
points<03:37:33.359> so<03:37:33.660> they<03:37:33.840> just<03:37:34.020> forward<03:37:34.200> traffic<03:37:34.880> and

points so they just forward traffic and

points so they just forward traffic and
your<03:37:36.239> wireless<03:37:36.479> LAN<03:37:36.840> controller<03:37:37.380> takes<03:37:37.620> care

your wireless LAN controller takes care

your wireless LAN controller takes care
of<03:37:38.220> all<03:37:38.399> of<03:37:38.580> the<03:37:39.200> routing<03:37:40.200> security

of all of the routing security

of all of the routing security
associations

associations

associations
ssids<03:37:44.160> that<03:37:44.460> kind<03:37:44.580> of<03:37:44.700> stuff

ssids that kind of stuff

ssids that kind of stuff
load<03:37:46.859> balancer<03:37:47.279> where<03:37:47.880> it's<03:37:48.120> sending<03:37:48.840> your

load balancer where it's sending your

load balancer where it's sending your
traffic<03:37:49.880> transparently<03:37:51.140> to<03:37:52.140> two<03:37:52.859> or<03:37:53.040> more

traffic transparently to two or more

traffic transparently to two or more
servers<03:37:53.819> and<03:37:54.060> obviously<03:37:54.479> it's<03:37:54.960> got<03:37:55.260> your

servers and obviously it's got your

servers and obviously it's got your
um

um

um
the<03:37:57.960> capability<03:37:58.380> of<03:37:58.739> if<03:37:58.920> there's<03:37:59.100> a<03:37:59.279> one<03:37:59.460> of

the capability of if there's a one of

the capability of if there's a one of
your<03:37:59.700> servers<03:38:00.000> goes<03:38:00.239> down<03:38:00.359> it<03:38:00.600> can<03:38:00.720> balance

your servers goes down it can balance

your servers goes down it can balance
between<03:38:01.260> what<03:38:02.220> uh<03:38:02.460> or<03:38:02.640> others<03:38:03.060> are<03:38:03.180> left

between what uh or others are left

between what uh or others are left
RDS<03:38:05.399> on<03:38:05.580> IPS<03:38:06.000> uh<03:38:06.840> you've<03:38:07.020> got<03:38:07.020> to<03:38:07.140> bear<03:38:07.260> in<03:38:07.439> mind

RDS on IPS uh you've got to bear in mind

RDS on IPS uh you've got to bear in mind
what's<03:38:07.979> in<03:38:08.580> line<03:38:08.760> and<03:38:09.720> then<03:38:09.960> what<03:38:10.680> is<03:38:10.859> out<03:38:11.220> of

what's in line and then what is out of

what's in line and then what is out of
line<03:38:11.520> and<03:38:11.819> just<03:38:12.000> receives<03:38:12.300> a<03:38:12.540> copy<03:38:12.899> because

line and just receives a copy because

line and just receives a copy because
that's<03:38:13.500> your<03:38:13.739> typical<03:38:14.420> exam<03:38:15.420> question

AAA server which I'll talk more about

AAA server which I'll talk more about
later<03:38:20.460> uh<03:38:21.180> UTM<03:38:21.779> again<03:38:22.319> probably<03:38:22.800> small

later uh UTM again probably small

later uh UTM again probably small
to<03:38:25.439> medium-sized<03:38:26.279> Enterprise<03:38:26.580> but<03:38:27.180> do<03:38:27.420> check

to medium-sized Enterprise but do check

to medium-sized Enterprise but do check
the<03:38:28.380> marketing<03:38:28.859> spiel

the marketing spiel

the marketing spiel
Next<03:38:30.359> Generation<03:38:30.720> firewall<03:38:31.380> which<03:38:31.920> is<03:38:32.160> deep

Next Generation firewall which is deep

Next Generation firewall which is deep
packet<03:38:34.560> inspections<03:38:35.340> voice

packet inspections voice

packet inspections voice
again<03:38:37.859> if<03:38:38.160> you're<03:38:38.279> going<03:38:38.460> out<03:38:38.700> to<03:38:39.000> the

again if you're going out to the

again if you're going out to the
public<03:38:40.739> switch<03:38:41.160> telephone<03:38:41.760> Network<03:38:42.239> you'll

public switch telephone Network you'll

public switch telephone Network you'll
need<03:38:43.020> the<03:38:43.140> voice<03:38:43.260> Gateway<03:38:43.739> contact<03:38:44.460> content

need the voice Gateway contact content

need the voice Gateway contact content
filter<03:38:45.800> is<03:38:46.800> blocking<03:38:47.479> sites<03:38:48.479> or<03:38:48.660> content

filter is blocking sites or content

filter is blocking sites or content
definitely<03:38:49.979> dot<03:38:50.340> XC<03:38:50.700> files

definitely dot XC files

definitely dot XC files
and<03:38:54.060> um<03:38:54.060> even<03:38:54.779> even<03:38:55.200> my<03:38:55.880> online<03:38:56.880> file<03:38:57.479> that<03:38:57.779> I

and um even even my online file that I

and um even even my online file that I
share<03:38:58.859> with<03:38:59.040> my<03:38:59.399> providers<03:39:00.000> some<03:39:00.359> of<03:39:00.479> my

share with my providers some of my

share with my providers some of my
Freelancers<03:39:01.200> that<03:39:01.380> work<03:39:01.560> for<03:39:01.739> me<03:39:01.920> they<03:39:02.640> can't

Freelancers that work for me they can't

Freelancers that work for me they can't
reach<03:39:03.120> this<03:39:03.239> on<03:39:03.479> them<03:39:03.660> from<03:39:04.160> their<03:39:05.160> corporate

reach this on them from their corporate

reach this on them from their corporate
Network<03:39:06.239> either<03:39:06.540> they're<03:39:06.779> often<03:39:07.140> blocked

Network either they're often blocked

Network either they're often blocked
all<03:39:08.460> right<03:39:08.580> so<03:39:08.700> that's<03:39:08.880> all<03:39:09.120> for<03:39:09.300> now<03:39:09.479> thank

all right so that's all for now thank

all right so that's all for now thank
you<03:39:09.960> very<03:39:10.020> much<03:39:10.200> for<03:39:10.439> listening

foreign network communications data

foreign network communications data
transmission

as you may know computers talk in bits

as you may know computers talk in bits
ones<03:39:45.960> and<03:39:46.140> zeros<03:39:46.560> ons<03:39:47.220> and<03:39:47.460> offs<03:39:47.819> and<03:39:48.239> this<03:39:48.420> is

ones and zeros ons and offs and this is

ones and zeros ons and offs and this is
how<03:39:48.840> all<03:39:49.260> of<03:39:49.380> the<03:39:49.620> data<03:39:49.979> that<03:39:50.520> we<03:39:50.640> deal<03:39:50.760> with<03:39:50.939> in

how all of the data that we deal with in

how all of the data that we deal with in
computers<03:39:51.600> is<03:39:52.439> transferred<03:39:53.100> from<03:39:53.399> one

computers is transferred from one

computers is transferred from one
computer<03:39:54.180> to<03:39:54.779> the<03:39:55.020> next<03:39:55.140> or<03:39:55.500> one<03:39:55.739> node<03:39:56.040> to<03:39:56.399> the

computer to the next or one node to the

computer to the next or one node to the
next<03:39:56.760> over<03:39:57.300> the<03:39:57.660> media<03:39:58.020> as<03:39:58.439> we've<03:39:58.680> discussed

next over the media as we've discussed

next over the media as we've discussed
but<03:39:59.640> we<03:39:59.760> want<03:39:59.880> to<03:40:00.060> talk<03:40:00.180> exactly<03:40:00.779> about<03:40:01.100> how

but we want to talk exactly about how

but we want to talk exactly about how
these<03:40:02.460> bits<03:40:02.819> these<03:40:03.120> ones<03:40:03.359> and<03:40:03.479> zeros<03:40:03.840> get<03:40:04.680> from

these bits these ones and zeros get from

these bits these ones and zeros get from
point<03:40:05.340> A<03:40:05.700> to<03:40:06.479> point<03:40:06.720> B<03:40:07.020> and<03:40:07.920> so<03:40:08.160> in<03:40:08.640> this<03:40:09.000> uh

point A to point B and so in this uh

point A to point B and so in this uh
module<03:40:10.140> we're<03:40:10.560> going<03:40:10.680> to<03:40:10.859> talk<03:40:11.040> about<03:40:11.340> data

module we're going to talk about data

module we're going to talk about data
transmission

transmission

transmission
or<03:40:14.100> how<03:40:14.580> data<03:40:15.120> makes<03:40:15.479> it<03:40:15.660> from<03:40:16.020> one<03:40:16.380> point<03:40:16.620> to

or how data makes it from one point to

or how data makes it from one point to
the<03:40:17.160> other

the other

the other
so<03:40:18.720> we're<03:40:19.020> going<03:40:19.140> to<03:40:19.260> start<03:40:19.439> by<03:40:19.739> talking<03:40:20.040> about

so we're going to start by talking about

so we're going to start by talking about
data<03:40:20.939> transmission<03:40:21.120> methods<03:40:21.899> and<03:40:22.020> defining

data transmission methods and defining

data transmission methods and defining
exactly<03:40:22.920> what<03:40:23.700> data<03:40:24.180> transmission<03:40:24.359> is

exactly what data transmission is

exactly what data transmission is
we're<03:40:26.160> also<03:40:26.340> going<03:40:26.460> to<03:40:26.580> talk<03:40:26.700> about

we're also going to talk about

we're also going to talk about
instantaneous<03:40:28.500> data<03:40:29.100> transfer<03:40:29.660> and<03:40:30.660> what

instantaneous data transfer and what

instantaneous data transfer and what
might<03:40:31.200> require<03:40:31.500> it<03:40:31.859> the<03:40:32.220> word<03:40:32.340> instantaneous

might require it the word instantaneous

might require it the word instantaneous
meaning<03:40:33.479> the<03:40:33.779> data<03:40:34.080> is<03:40:34.319> sent<03:40:34.700> instantaneously

meaning the data is sent instantaneously

meaning the data is sent instantaneously
the<03:40:36.000> minute<03:40:36.180> that<03:40:36.960> it<03:40:37.140> is<03:40:37.319> created<03:40:37.800> in<03:40:38.640> some

the minute that it is created in some

the minute that it is created in some
instances<03:40:39.239> data<03:40:39.899> is<03:40:40.140> first<03:40:40.500> stored<03:40:41.100> and<03:40:41.640> then

instances data is first stored and then

instances data is first stored and then
converted<03:40:42.660> and<03:40:42.899> then<03:40:43.140> transferred<03:40:43.739> in<03:40:44.160> this

converted and then transferred in this

converted and then transferred in this
case<03:40:44.420> instantaneously<03:40:45.420> the<03:40:45.720> data<03:40:46.020> is

case instantaneously the data is

case instantaneously the data is
transferred<03:40:46.620> over<03:40:46.739> the<03:40:47.040> media<03:40:47.700> we're<03:40:48.180> also

transferred over the media we're also

transferred over the media we're also
going<03:40:48.540> to<03:40:48.660> discuss<03:40:48.960> which<03:40:49.500> we've<03:40:49.739> seen<03:40:50.040> in<03:40:50.460> a

going to discuss which we've seen in a

going to discuss which we've seen in a
plus<03:40:50.960> serial<03:40:51.960> data<03:40:52.500> transmission<03:40:52.680> meaning

plus serial data transmission meaning

plus serial data transmission meaning
that<03:40:53.939> one<03:40:54.420> bit<03:40:54.660> is<03:40:55.080> sent<03:40:55.380> at<03:40:56.160> a<03:40:56.279> time<03:40:56.460> one<03:40:57.120> after

that one bit is sent at a time one after

that one bit is sent at a time one after
the<03:40:57.720> other<03:40:57.840> and<03:40:58.560> remember<03:40:58.800> just<03:40:59.340> as<03:40:59.580> uh<03:40:59.939> you

the other and remember just as uh you

the other and remember just as uh you
can<03:41:00.540> recall<03:41:00.960> one<03:41:01.859> byte

can recall one byte

can recall one byte
equals

equals

equals
eight<03:41:05.220> bits

eight bits

eight bits
byte<03:41:07.260> being<03:41:07.439> represented<03:41:08.040> by<03:41:08.220> that<03:41:08.399> uppercase

byte being represented by that uppercase

byte being represented by that uppercase
b<03:41:09.239> and<03:41:10.200> a<03:41:10.920> bit<03:41:11.520> being<03:41:11.819> represented<03:41:12.420> by<03:41:12.600> the

b and a bit being represented by the

b and a bit being represented by the
lowercase<03:41:13.319> b

lowercase b

lowercase b
we're<03:41:15.300> also<03:41:15.540> going<03:41:15.660> to<03:41:15.840> talk<03:41:15.960> about<03:41:16.200> two

we're also going to talk about two

we're also going to talk about two
different<03:41:16.920> communication<03:41:17.580> methods<03:41:18.239> in

different communication methods in

different communication methods in
serial<03:41:19.200> data<03:41:19.560> transmission<03:41:20.120> asynchronous

serial data transmission asynchronous

serial data transmission asynchronous
and<03:41:21.540> synchronous<03:41:22.020> Communications<03:41:22.560> with

and synchronous Communications with

and synchronous Communications with
which<03:41:23.700> have<03:41:23.939> to<03:41:24.120> do<03:41:24.300> with<03:41:24.720> uh<03:41:25.500> how<03:41:25.979> the<03:41:26.279> data<03:41:26.580> is

which have to do with uh how the data is

which have to do with uh how the data is
synced<03:41:27.420> up<03:41:27.540> to<03:41:28.319> a<03:41:28.560> clock<03:41:28.739> cycle<03:41:29.160> with<03:41:29.580> the<03:41:29.700> CPU

synced up to a clock cycle with the CPU

synced up to a clock cycle with the CPU
and<03:41:30.600> therefore<03:41:30.840> how<03:41:31.080> it's<03:41:31.260> sent

and therefore how it's sent

and therefore how it's sent
then<03:41:32.819> we're<03:41:33.000> gonna<03:41:33.120> have<03:41:33.300> to<03:41:33.359> find<03:41:33.660> parallel

then we're gonna have to find parallel

then we're gonna have to find parallel
data<03:41:34.800> transmission<03:41:34.979> meaning<03:41:35.939> that<03:41:36.180> the<03:41:36.420> data

data transmission meaning that the data

data transmission meaning that the data
instead<03:41:37.439> of<03:41:37.500> being<03:41:37.620> sent<03:41:37.800> one<03:41:38.040> after<03:41:38.160> the

instead of being sent one after the

instead of being sent one after the
other<03:41:38.580> you<03:41:39.300> may<03:41:39.479> have<03:41:39.720> eight<03:41:40.020> bits<03:41:40.380> of<03:41:40.500> data

other you may have eight bits of data

other you may have eight bits of data
all<03:41:41.040> sent<03:41:41.279> at<03:41:42.000> Once<03:41:42.180> In<03:41:42.600> Parallel<03:41:43.020> with<03:41:43.380> the

all sent at Once In Parallel with the

all sent at Once In Parallel with the
other

other

other
finally<03:41:44.880> we're<03:41:45.060> going<03:41:45.180> to<03:41:45.239> discuss<03:41:45.680> baseband

finally we're going to discuss baseband

finally we're going to discuss baseband
transmission<03:41:47.340> a<03:41:48.239> digital<03:41:48.540> transmission

transmission a digital transmission

transmission a digital transmission
method<03:41:49.500> and<03:41:50.100> Broadband<03:41:50.640> transmission<03:41:51.120> or

method and Broadband transmission or

method and Broadband transmission or
analog<03:41:52.620> transmission<03:41:52.920> method<03:41:53.580> these<03:41:54.239> are

analog transmission method these are

analog transmission method these are
specifically<03:41:55.080> called<03:41:55.439> out<03:41:55.680> in<03:41:56.040> the<03:41:56.160> network

specifically called out in the network

specifically called out in the network
plus<03:41:56.700> exam<03:41:57.180> and<03:41:57.660> so<03:41:57.840> it's<03:41:57.960> important<03:41:58.260> that<03:41:58.439> we

plus exam and so it's important that we

plus exam and so it's important that we
pay<03:41:58.859> a<03:41:59.160> special<03:41:59.640> attention<03:42:00.060> to<03:42:00.359> those<03:42:00.620> now

pay a special attention to those now

pay a special attention to those now
when<03:42:02.160> we<03:42:02.340> talk<03:42:02.580> about<03:42:02.819> data<03:42:03.720> transmission

when we talk about data transmission

when we talk about data transmission
it's<03:42:04.620> important<03:42:04.920> that<03:42:05.160> we<03:42:05.340> have<03:42:05.460> to

it's important that we have to

it's important that we have to
understand<03:42:05.880> there<03:42:06.479> are<03:42:06.660> many<03:42:06.840> ways<03:42:07.439> that<03:42:07.859> data

understand there are many ways that data

understand there are many ways that data
can<03:42:08.340> be<03:42:08.520> sent<03:42:08.700> and<03:42:09.060> received<03:42:09.600> in<03:42:10.380> essence<03:42:10.680> data

can be sent and received in essence data

can be sent and received in essence data
transmission<03:42:11.899> is<03:42:12.899> the<03:42:13.260> exchange<03:42:13.680> of<03:42:13.979> data

transmission is the exchange of data

transmission is the exchange of data
between<03:42:14.760> devices<03:42:15.300> on<03:42:15.899> network<03:42:16.140> by<03:42:16.680> one<03:42:16.979> method

between devices on network by one method

between devices on network by one method
or<03:42:17.880> another<03:42:18.140> the<03:42:19.140> main<03:42:19.500> thing<03:42:19.859> that

or another the main thing that

or another the main thing that
differentiates<03:42:21.260> data<03:42:22.260> transmission<03:42:22.700> from

differentiates data transmission from

differentiates data transmission from
say<03:42:24.260> Voice<03:42:25.260> or<03:42:26.040> telephony<03:42:26.580> transition<03:42:27.560> is

say Voice or telephony transition is

say Voice or telephony transition is
that<03:42:28.859> we're<03:42:29.479> transmitting<03:42:30.500> many<03:42:31.500> different

that we're transmitting many different

that we're transmitting many different
things<03:42:32.100> including<03:42:33.000> text<03:42:33.380> video<03:42:34.380> and<03:42:35.100> Graphics

things including text video and Graphics

things including text video and Graphics
all<03:42:36.000> over<03:42:36.239> the<03:42:36.660> medium<03:42:36.960> whereas<03:42:37.560> telephony<03:42:38.100> is

all over the medium whereas telephony is

all over the medium whereas telephony is
only<03:42:38.880> dealing<03:42:39.300> with<03:42:39.540> voice<03:42:39.899> this<03:42:40.859> is

only dealing with voice this is

only dealing with voice this is
different<03:42:41.160> from<03:42:41.760> our<03:42:42.359> telephones<03:42:42.899> which<03:42:43.680> are

different from our telephones which are

different from our telephones which are
are<03:42:44.700> also<03:42:45.060> transferring<03:42:45.600> a<03:42:45.779> sort<03:42:45.960> of<03:42:46.140> data<03:42:46.500> but

are also transferring a sort of data but

are also transferring a sort of data but
that<03:42:47.160> data<03:42:47.460> doesn't<03:42:47.580> include<03:42:48.060> as<03:42:48.479> many

that data doesn't include as many

that data doesn't include as many
different<03:42:49.500> things

different things

different things
now<03:42:51.180> when<03:42:51.359> you<03:42:51.540> might<03:42:51.720> hear<03:42:51.960> the<03:42:52.260> term

now when you might hear the term

now when you might hear the term
computer<03:42:54.060> network<03:42:54.600> I<03:42:55.439> just<03:42:55.560> want<03:42:55.739> to<03:42:55.859> be<03:42:55.920> clear

computer network I just want to be clear

computer network I just want to be clear
that<03:42:56.399> computer<03:42:56.700> network<03:42:57.060> is<03:42:57.479> the<03:42:57.779> same<03:42:57.960> as<03:42:58.680> a

that computer network is the same as a

that computer network is the same as a
Data<03:42:59.340> Network<03:42:59.460> and<03:43:00.000> so<03:43:00.239> we<03:43:00.420> might<03:43:00.540> be<03:43:00.720> using

Data Network and so we might be using

Data Network and so we might be using
those<03:43:01.200> terms<03:43:01.620> interchangeably<03:43:02.520> but<03:43:02.760> when

those terms interchangeably but when

those terms interchangeably but when
we're<03:43:03.120> talking<03:43:03.300> about<03:43:03.540> data<03:43:04.080> transmission

we're talking about data transmission

we're talking about data transmission
sometimes<03:43:05.340> the<03:43:05.580> term<03:43:05.840> computer<03:43:06.840> network<03:43:07.319> as

sometimes the term computer network as

sometimes the term computer network as
opposed<03:43:08.160> to<03:43:08.279> Data<03:43:08.700> Network<03:43:08.819> comes<03:43:09.300> up<03:43:09.359> but

opposed to Data Network comes up but

opposed to Data Network comes up but
they<03:43:09.779> are<03:43:10.020> interchangeable

they are interchangeable

they are interchangeable
now<03:43:11.880> in<03:43:12.300> most<03:43:12.479> cases<03:43:13.160> when<03:43:14.160> we're<03:43:14.460> dealing

now in most cases when we're dealing

now in most cases when we're dealing
with<03:43:15.000> networking<03:43:15.660> the<03:43:16.380> data<03:43:16.739> is<03:43:16.979> stored

with networking the data is stored

with networking the data is stored
somewhere<03:43:18.000> at<03:43:18.899> some<03:43:19.140> point<03:43:19.380> this<03:43:20.160> also<03:43:20.460> goes

somewhere at some point this also goes

somewhere at some point this also goes
for<03:43:20.880> data<03:43:21.300> that's<03:43:21.540> ready<03:43:21.840> to<03:43:22.080> be<03:43:22.200> transmitted

for data that's ready to be transmitted

for data that's ready to be transmitted
right<03:43:23.640> we<03:43:24.060> store<03:43:24.239> it<03:43:24.479> and<03:43:24.899> then<03:43:25.020> we<03:43:25.200> send<03:43:25.439> it

right we store it and then we send it

right we store it and then we send it
however<03:43:26.160> there<03:43:26.520> are<03:43:26.640> some<03:43:26.819> instances<03:43:27.359> when

however there are some instances when

however there are some instances when
data<03:43:28.260> needs<03:43:28.560> to<03:43:28.680> reach<03:43:29.040> its<03:43:29.340> destination<03:43:29.760> as

data needs to reach its destination as

data needs to reach its destination as
soon<03:43:30.540> as<03:43:30.660> it's<03:43:30.840> been<03:43:31.080> generated<03:43:31.560> or<03:43:31.920> created

soon as it's been generated or created

soon as it's been generated or created
and<03:43:33.000> we<03:43:33.180> don't<03:43:33.359> want<03:43:33.600> to<03:43:33.779> wait<03:43:34.200> for<03:43:34.439> it<03:43:34.560> to<03:43:34.739> be

and we don't want to wait for it to be

and we don't want to wait for it to be
written<03:43:35.279> to<03:43:35.460> memory<03:43:35.760> or<03:43:35.939> written<03:43:36.239> to<03:43:36.420> a<03:43:36.600> hard

written to memory or written to a hard

written to memory or written to a hard
drive<03:43:36.960> in<03:43:37.920> these<03:43:38.160> cases<03:43:38.580> instantaneous

drive in these cases instantaneous

drive in these cases instantaneous
as<03:43:41.460> the<03:43:41.640> name<03:43:41.760> implies<03:43:42.239> being<03:43:42.660> instant<03:43:43.260> to<03:43:43.560> the

as the name implies being instant to the

as the name implies being instant to the
moment<03:43:44.000> data<03:43:45.000> transfer<03:43:45.359> occurs<03:43:45.960> some

moment data transfer occurs some

moment data transfer occurs some
programs<03:43:47.399> and<03:43:47.520> applications<03:43:48.060> such<03:43:49.020> as<03:43:49.439> online

programs and applications such as online

programs and applications such as online
chat<03:43:50.760> uh<03:43:51.540> video<03:43:51.779> conferencing<03:43:52.560> and<03:43:52.859> voice

chat uh video conferencing and voice

chat uh video conferencing and voice
conferencing<03:43:53.760> programs<03:43:54.300> all<03:43:54.600> via<03:43:54.899> the

conferencing programs all via the

conferencing programs all via the
Internet<03:43:55.200> require<03:43:56.100> such<03:43:56.700> a<03:43:56.880> transfer<03:43:57.359> the

Internet require such a transfer the

Internet require such a transfer the
this<03:43:58.560> method<03:43:59.100> of<03:43:59.399> data<03:43:59.880> transfer<03:44:00.359> doesn't

this method of data transfer doesn't

this method of data transfer doesn't
store<03:44:01.080> the<03:44:01.380> data<03:44:01.739> at<03:44:02.399> any<03:44:02.580> point<03:44:02.880> before

store the data at any point before

store the data at any point before
transmitting<03:44:04.080> it<03:44:04.260> to<03:44:04.680> memory

transmitting it to memory

transmitting it to memory
instead<03:44:06.540> it<03:44:06.840> immediately<03:44:07.439> converts<03:44:08.220> that

instead it immediately converts that

instead it immediately converts that
data<03:44:08.939> into<03:44:09.540> a<03:44:09.960> network<03:44:10.200> compatible<03:44:11.100> format

data into a network compatible format

data into a network compatible format
and<03:44:12.720> as<03:44:12.960> it's<03:44:13.200> being<03:44:13.439> generated<03:44:13.979> and<03:44:14.520> then<03:44:14.640> it

and as it's being generated and then it

and as it's being generated and then it
instantaneously<03:44:15.600> transmits<03:44:16.319> it<03:44:16.439> now<03:44:16.739> you<03:44:16.979> can

instantaneously transmits it now you can

instantaneously transmits it now you can
understand<03:44:17.279> why<03:44:18.120> we<03:44:18.359> would<03:44:18.479> want<03:44:18.660> to<03:44:18.779> use<03:44:18.899> that

understand why we would want to use that

understand why we would want to use that
in<03:44:19.319> these<03:44:19.620> specific<03:44:19.859> instances<03:44:20.399> I<03:44:21.060> don't<03:44:21.180> want

in these specific instances I don't want

in these specific instances I don't want
to<03:44:21.540> store<03:44:21.840> my<03:44:22.200> chat<03:44:22.380> stuff<03:44:22.680> to<03:44:22.920> memory<03:44:23.220> and

to store my chat stuff to memory and

to store my chat stuff to memory and
then<03:44:23.580> send<03:44:23.819> it<03:44:24.000> I<03:44:24.479> want<03:44:24.600> to<03:44:24.779> chat<03:44:25.020> and<03:44:25.200> then

then send it I want to chat and then

then send it I want to chat and then
have<03:44:25.560> it<03:44:25.680> sent<03:44:25.920> same<03:44:26.340> with<03:44:26.520> video

have it sent same with video

have it sent same with video
conferencing<03:44:27.180> or<03:44:27.359> voice<03:44:27.540> conferencing<03:44:28.140> I

conferencing or voice conferencing I

conferencing or voice conferencing I
don't<03:44:28.560> want<03:44:28.739> the<03:44:28.920> lag<03:44:29.160> that's<03:44:29.399> going<03:44:29.580> to<03:44:29.700> occur

don't want the lag that's going to occur

don't want the lag that's going to occur
due<03:44:30.899> to<03:44:31.020> having<03:44:31.500> to<03:44:31.680> save<03:44:31.859> it<03:44:32.040> to<03:44:32.160> memory<03:44:32.460> and

due to having to save it to memory and

due to having to save it to memory and
then<03:44:32.880> save<03:44:33.120> it<03:44:33.359> and<03:44:33.720> then<03:44:33.840> send<03:44:34.080> it<03:44:34.260> which<03:44:34.620> is

then save it and then send it which is

then save it and then send it which is
why<03:44:34.920> we<03:44:35.100> want<03:44:35.220> this<03:44:35.520> instantaneous<03:44:36.420> data

why we want this instantaneous data

why we want this instantaneous data
transfer

transfer

transfer
serial<03:44:39.840> data<03:44:40.319> transmission<03:44:40.640> is<03:44:41.640> a

serial data transmission is a

serial data transmission is a
transmission<03:44:42.239> method<03:44:43.020> that<03:44:43.739> transmits<03:44:44.520> bits

transmission method that transmits bits

transmission method that transmits bits
once<03:44:46.380> per<03:44:46.620> clock<03:44:46.979> cycle<03:44:47.399> now<03:44:48.000> this<03:44:48.359> clock

once per clock cycle now this clock

once per clock cycle now this clock
cycle<03:44:49.160> refers<03:44:50.160> to<03:44:50.660> the<03:44:51.660> CPU<03:44:52.200> or<03:44:52.380> central

cycle refers to the CPU or central

cycle refers to the CPU or central
processing<03:44:53.279> unit<03:44:53.460> of<03:44:53.700> the<03:44:53.819> computer<03:44:54.060> and<03:44:54.960> how

processing unit of the computer and how

processing unit of the computer and how
that's<03:44:55.439> processing<03:44:56.100> information<03:44:56.479> and<03:44:57.479> as<03:44:57.600> you

that's processing information and as you

that's processing information and as you
can<03:44:57.840> see<03:44:57.960> from<03:44:58.200> this<03:44:58.380> illustration<03:44:58.859> basically

can see from this illustration basically

can see from this illustration basically
what<03:44:59.819> happens<03:45:00.000> is<03:45:00.300> we're<03:45:00.540> sending<03:45:01.020> one<03:45:01.680> of

what happens is we're sending one of

what happens is we're sending one of
these<03:45:02.160> bits

these bits

these bits
at<03:45:04.140> a<03:45:04.260> time

at a time

at a time
and<03:45:05.640> if<03:45:05.819> you<03:45:05.939> recall

and if you recall

and if you recall
one<03:45:08.340> byte<03:45:08.819> equals<03:45:09.479> eight<03:45:09.899> serial<03:45:10.439> bits<03:45:10.979> and

one byte equals eight serial bits and

one byte equals eight serial bits and
that's<03:45:11.220> what<03:45:11.399> we're<03:45:11.520> going<03:45:11.640> to<03:45:11.760> call<03:45:11.880> eight

that's what we're going to call eight

that's what we're going to call eight
serial<03:45:12.600> bits<03:45:12.960> one<03:45:13.200> byte<03:45:13.680> now<03:45:14.220> a<03:45:14.340> couple

serial bits one byte now a couple

serial bits one byte now a couple
examples<03:45:15.120> of<03:45:15.420> what's<03:45:15.840> uh<03:45:16.439> of<03:45:16.800> what<03:45:17.040> uses

examples of what's uh of what uses

examples of what's uh of what uses
serial<03:45:17.819> data<03:45:18.180> transmission<03:45:18.680> includes

serial data transmission includes

serial data transmission includes
ethernet<03:45:20.460> as<03:45:21.300> well<03:45:21.479> as<03:45:21.779> some<03:45:22.200> peripheral

ethernet as well as some peripheral

ethernet as well as some peripheral
devices<03:45:23.040> that<03:45:23.399> connect<03:45:23.520> to<03:45:23.760> our<03:45:23.939> computer

devices that connect to our computer

devices that connect to our computer
like<03:45:24.540> mice<03:45:25.439> and<03:45:25.739> keyboards<03:45:26.460> now<03:45:27.120> with<03:45:27.359> serial

like mice and keyboards now with serial

like mice and keyboards now with serial
data<03:45:28.200> Transmissions<03:45:28.800> there<03:45:29.220> are<03:45:29.340> different

data Transmissions there are different

data Transmissions there are different
methods<03:45:30.359> that<03:45:30.899> can<03:45:31.080> be<03:45:31.319> used<03:45:31.620> to<03:45:32.279> delineate

methods that can be used to delineate

methods that can be used to delineate
between<03:45:33.420> the<03:45:34.380> start<03:45:34.560> bit<03:45:34.859> and<03:45:35.460> the<03:45:35.640> stop<03:45:35.819> bit

between the start bit and the stop bit

between the start bit and the stop bit
basically<03:45:36.660> how<03:45:37.080> they<03:45:37.319> know

basically how they know

basically how they know
uh<03:45:39.540> what<03:45:39.960> where<03:45:40.380> the<03:45:40.680> data<03:45:41.040> begins<03:45:41.399> and<03:45:42.120> ends

uh what where the data begins and ends

uh what where the data begins and ends
and<03:45:43.020> also<03:45:43.260> error<03:45:43.739> checking<03:45:44.100> or<03:45:44.279> correcting

and also error checking or correcting

and also error checking or correcting
bits<03:45:45.120> that<03:45:45.239> allow<03:45:45.540> the<03:45:45.779> data<03:45:46.200> to<03:45:46.739> be<03:45:47.100> uh<03:45:47.580> fixed

bits that allow the data to be uh fixed

bits that allow the data to be uh fixed
in<03:45:48.180> case<03:45:48.359> it<03:45:48.540> arrives<03:45:48.899> incorrectly<03:45:49.800> and<03:45:50.580> the

in case it arrives incorrectly and the

in case it arrives incorrectly and the
data<03:45:51.120> itself<03:45:51.540> so<03:45:52.319> let's<03:45:52.439> take<03:45:52.620> a<03:45:52.739> look<03:45:52.859> at<03:45:53.100> the

data itself so let's take a look at the

data itself so let's take a look at the
difference<03:45:53.399> between<03:45:54.439> synchronous<03:45:55.439> and<03:45:56.220> the

difference between synchronous and the

difference between synchronous and the
asynchronous<03:45:57.120> methods<03:45:57.600> of<03:45:57.840> data<03:45:58.260> serial<03:45:58.620> data

asynchronous methods of data serial data

asynchronous methods of data serial data
transmission

transmission

transmission
synchronous<03:46:01.260> data<03:46:02.160> transmission

synchronous data transmission

synchronous data transmission
utilizes<03:46:04.939> standardized<03:46:05.939> time<03:46:06.540> intervals

utilizes standardized time intervals

utilizes standardized time intervals
when<03:46:07.800> transmitting<03:46:08.520> each<03:46:08.760> bit<03:46:08.939> now<03:46:09.720> the

when transmitting each bit now the

when transmitting each bit now the
assumption<03:46:10.380> that<03:46:10.620> is<03:46:10.800> made<03:46:11.100> is<03:46:11.640> that<03:46:11.880> one<03:46:12.239> byte

assumption that is made is that one byte

assumption that is made is that one byte
is<03:46:13.200> sent<03:46:13.439> every<03:46:13.859> interval<03:46:14.399> so<03:46:15.000> the<03:46:15.180> two

is sent every interval so the two

is sent every interval so the two
devices<03:46:15.720> have<03:46:16.080> to<03:46:16.260> be<03:46:16.439> in<03:46:16.680> sync<03:46:16.979> with<03:46:17.100> each

devices have to be in sync with each

devices have to be in sync with each
other<03:46:17.399> each<03:46:17.700> other<03:46:17.880> in<03:46:18.359> regards<03:46:18.779> to<03:46:18.960> their

other each other in regards to their

other each other in regards to their
timing<03:46:19.560> a<03:46:20.340> clock<03:46:20.460> chip<03:46:20.819> therefore

timing a clock chip therefore

timing a clock chip therefore
not<03:46:23.220> a<03:46:23.460> great<03:46:23.580> picture<03:46:23.819> of<03:46:24.120> it<03:46:24.239> but<03:46:24.660> imagine

not a great picture of it but imagine

not a great picture of it but imagine
that<03:46:25.680> this<03:46:25.859> is<03:46:26.040> a<03:46:26.220> chip<03:46:26.399> is<03:46:27.239> needed<03:46:27.540> to<03:46:27.779> ensure

that this is a chip is needed to ensure

that this is a chip is needed to ensure
that<03:46:28.380> the<03:46:28.560> devices<03:46:28.800> are<03:46:29.220> in<03:46:29.399> sync<03:46:29.700> with<03:46:29.819> one

that the devices are in sync with one

that the devices are in sync with one
another<03:46:30.120> now<03:46:31.080> a<03:46:31.319> special<03:46:31.500> bit<03:46:31.859> pattern<03:46:32.340> is

another now a special bit pattern is

another now a special bit pattern is
inserted<03:46:33.359> during<03:46:34.020> a<03:46:34.439> specified<03:46:34.800> time

inserted during a specified time

inserted during a specified time
interval<03:46:35.760> to<03:46:36.479> maintain<03:46:36.899> this

interval to maintain this

interval to maintain this
synchronization

synchronization

synchronization
asynchronous<03:46:40.080> on<03:46:40.620> the<03:46:40.680> other<03:46:40.800> hand<03:46:41.040> uses

asynchronous on the other hand uses

asynchronous on the other hand uses
special<03:46:42.359> start<03:46:42.840> and<03:46:43.140> stop<03:46:43.439> patterns<03:46:44.300> to

special start and stop patterns to

special start and stop patterns to
differentiate<03:46:45.899> between<03:46:46.319> the<03:46:46.680> bytes<03:46:47.040> in<03:46:47.220> the

differentiate between the bytes in the

differentiate between the bytes in the
data<03:46:47.700> Stream<03:46:47.819> So<03:46:48.720> the<03:46:48.960> receiver<03:46:49.260> just<03:46:49.620> has<03:46:49.800> to

data Stream So the receiver just has to

data Stream So the receiver just has to
look<03:46:50.220> for<03:46:50.580> these<03:46:50.819> special<03:46:51.000> patterns<03:46:51.660> and<03:46:52.080> then

look for these special patterns and then

look for these special patterns and then
can<03:46:52.500> easily<03:46:52.920> keep<03:46:53.160> track<03:46:53.460> of<03:46:53.700> whether<03:46:53.880> the

can easily keep track of whether the

can easily keep track of whether the
data<03:46:54.420> has<03:46:54.600> been<03:46:54.779> successfully<03:46:55.500> received<03:46:56.100> so

data has been successfully received so

data has been successfully received so
for<03:46:57.000> instance<03:46:57.239> the<03:46:57.540> pattern<03:46:57.840> might<03:46:58.080> be<03:46:58.260> one

for instance the pattern might be one

for instance the pattern might be one
zero<03:46:58.979> one<03:46:59.160> zero<03:46:59.700> and<03:47:00.600> then<03:47:00.899> uh<03:47:01.800> or<03:47:01.979> one<03:47:02.220> zero

zero one zero and then uh or one zero

zero one zero and then uh or one zero
one<03:47:02.580> zero<03:47:02.880> one<03:47:02.939> zero<03:47:03.239> one<03:47:03.359> zero<03:47:03.779> and<03:47:04.080> then<03:47:04.260> the

one zero one zero one zero and then the

one zero one zero one zero and then the
device<03:47:04.859> knows<03:47:05.760> that<03:47:06.239> that<03:47:06.420> is<03:47:06.600> the<03:47:06.779> beginning

device knows that that is the beginning

device knows that that is the beginning
or<03:47:07.380> the<03:47:07.560> end<03:47:07.800> of<03:47:08.640> a<03:47:08.939> pattern<03:47:09.420> of<03:47:09.720> bytes<03:47:10.260> of<03:47:10.380> data

or the end of a pattern of bytes of data

or the end of a pattern of bytes of data
the<03:47:11.760> benefit<03:47:11.880> of<03:47:12.239> course<03:47:12.359> is<03:47:12.600> we<03:47:12.899> don't<03:47:13.020> need

the benefit of course is we don't need

the benefit of course is we don't need
this<03:47:13.800> chip<03:47:14.040> because<03:47:14.760> the<03:47:15.600> start<03:47:15.840> and<03:47:16.020> stop

this chip because the start and stop

this chip because the start and stop
times<03:47:16.500> are<03:47:16.979> built<03:47:17.340> automatically<03:47:18.000> into<03:47:18.359> the

times are built automatically into the

times are built automatically into the
data<03:47:19.020> itself

data itself

data itself
now<03:47:20.700> stepping<03:47:21.120> away<03:47:21.180> from<03:47:21.540> serial<03:47:21.960> data

now stepping away from serial data

now stepping away from serial data
transmission

transmission

transmission
parallel<03:47:24.300> data<03:47:24.779> transmission<03:47:25.020> is<03:47:25.920> a<03:47:26.160> transmit

parallel data transmission is a transmit

parallel data transmission is a transmit
Mission<03:47:27.180> method<03:47:27.720> that<03:47:28.140> uses<03:47:28.739> multiple

Mission method that uses multiple

Mission method that uses multiple
transmission<03:47:30.239> lines<03:47:31.279> wires<03:47:32.279> or<03:47:32.640> cables

transmission lines wires or cables

transmission lines wires or cables
simultaneously<03:47:34.140> unlike<03:47:35.100> serial

simultaneously unlike serial

simultaneously unlike serial
transmission<03:47:35.760> that<03:47:36.420> sends<03:47:36.840> start<03:47:37.140> and<03:47:37.500> stop

transmission that sends start and stop

transmission that sends start and stop
and<03:47:38.399> synchronization<03:47:39.180> bits<03:47:39.720> along<03:47:40.080> with<03:47:40.439> the

and synchronization bits along with the

and synchronization bits along with the
data<03:47:40.979> parallel<03:47:41.819> does<03:47:42.060> not<03:47:42.239> and<03:47:42.600> doesn't<03:47:42.779> have

data parallel does not and doesn't have

data parallel does not and doesn't have
to<03:47:43.260> those<03:47:44.160> bits<03:47:44.580> are<03:47:44.939> sent<03:47:45.180> separately<03:47:45.840> via

to those bits are sent separately via

to those bits are sent separately via
one<03:47:46.920> of<03:47:47.040> these<03:47:47.399> multiple<03:47:48.060> other<03:47:48.859> different

one of these multiple other different

one of these multiple other different
transmission<03:47:50.460> lines<03:47:51.239> other<03:47:51.660> than<03:47:51.899> the<03:47:52.080> data

transmission lines other than the data

transmission lines other than the data
because<03:47:53.220> of<03:47:53.520> this<03:47:53.700> throughput<03:47:54.300> is<03:47:54.779> generally

because of this throughput is generally

because of this throughput is generally
better<03:47:55.560> than<03:47:56.100> standard<03:47:56.760> serial<03:47:57.239> transmission

better than standard serial transmission

better than standard serial transmission
and<03:47:58.920> these<03:47:59.600> eight<03:48:00.600> of<03:48:00.899> these<03:48:01.260> parallel<03:48:01.800> bits

and these eight of these parallel bits

and these eight of these parallel bits
are<03:48:02.640> referred<03:48:03.060> to<03:48:03.120> as<03:48:03.479> a<03:48:03.899> character<03:48:04.200> as

are referred to as a character as

are referred to as a character as
opposed<03:48:05.220> to<03:48:05.279> a<03:48:05.760> byte<03:48:06.120> now<03:48:06.720> some<03:48:06.960> examples<03:48:07.439> that

opposed to a byte now some examples that

opposed to a byte now some examples that
use<03:48:08.160> parallel<03:48:09.060> transmission<03:48:09.779> are<03:48:10.439> scuzzy

use parallel transmission are scuzzy

use parallel transmission are scuzzy
parallel<03:48:12.060> ports<03:48:12.600> PC<03:48:13.319> card<03:48:13.620> or

parallel ports PC card or

parallel ports PC card or
pcmcia<03:48:16.200> remember<03:48:17.040> piece<03:48:17.700> parallel<03:48:18.180> ports

pcmcia remember piece parallel ports

pcmcia remember piece parallel ports
those<03:48:18.720> are<03:48:18.840> those<03:48:19.020> printer<03:48:19.439> ports

those are those printer ports

those are those printer ports
and<03:48:21.540> may<03:48:21.720> all<03:48:21.960> use<03:48:22.200> parallel<03:48:22.739> data

and may all use parallel data

and may all use parallel data
transmission<03:48:23.300> it's<03:48:24.300> not<03:48:24.720> as<03:48:25.200> used<03:48:25.620> or<03:48:25.979> widely

transmission it's not as used or widely

transmission it's not as used or widely
used<03:48:26.520> as<03:48:27.120> a<03:48:27.779> serial<03:48:28.200> data<03:48:28.620> transmission<03:48:28.800> is

used as a serial data transmission is

used as a serial data transmission is
now<03:48:30.359> that<03:48:30.540> deals<03:48:30.840> with<03:48:31.020> how<03:48:31.380> the<03:48:31.560> data<03:48:31.859> is<03:48:31.979> sent

now that deals with how the data is sent

now that deals with how the data is sent
let's<03:48:32.399> deal<03:48:32.700> with<03:48:32.880> the<03:48:33.120> type<03:48:33.359> of<03:48:34.399> signal

let's deal with the type of signal

let's deal with the type of signal
that's<03:48:35.640> sent

that's sent

that's sent
in<03:48:37.500> baseband's<03:48:38.279> transmission<03:48:38.700> this<03:48:39.479> utilizes

in baseband's transmission this utilizes

in baseband's transmission this utilizes
digital<03:48:40.859> signals<03:48:41.520> sent<03:48:42.239> via<03:48:42.720> a<03:48:43.140> direct

digital signals sent via a direct

digital signals sent via a direct
current<03:48:43.859> pulse<03:48:44.460> and<03:48:44.640> remember<03:48:44.760> we're<03:48:45.060> talking

current pulse and remember we're talking

current pulse and remember we're talking
about<03:48:45.420> direct<03:48:45.779> current<03:48:46.140> versus<03:48:46.439> alternating

about direct current versus alternating

about direct current versus alternating
current<03:48:47.479> with<03:48:48.479> base<03:48:48.779> bands<03:48:49.319> all<03:48:49.620> the<03:48:49.739> devices

current with base bands all the devices

current with base bands all the devices
share<03:48:50.640> the<03:48:50.880> same<03:48:51.120> medium<03:48:51.720> or<03:48:52.500> Channel<03:48:52.739> and

share the same medium or Channel and

share the same medium or Channel and
can't<03:48:53.880> transmit<03:48:54.660> and<03:48:55.020> receive

can't transmit and receive

can't transmit and receive
simultaneously<03:48:56.479> however<03:48:57.680> multiple<03:48:58.680> baseband

simultaneously however multiple baseband

simultaneously however multiple baseband
channels<03:48:59.819> can<03:49:00.180> be<03:49:00.359> combined<03:49:01.080> over<03:49:01.680> one<03:49:02.100> medium

channels can be combined over one medium

channels can be combined over one medium
to<03:49:03.479> use<03:49:03.720> a<03:49:04.080> channel<03:49:04.200> separated<03:49:04.939> with<03:49:05.939> specific

to use a channel separated with specific

to use a channel separated with specific
time<03:49:07.080> slots<03:49:07.560> and<03:49:08.160> that's<03:49:08.340> how<03:49:08.580> we<03:49:08.700> can

time slots and that's how we can

time slots and that's how we can
determine<03:49:09.359> when<03:49:09.720> it's<03:49:09.840> being<03:49:10.080> sent<03:49:10.380> and<03:49:10.800> when

determine when it's being sent and when

determine when it's being sent and when
it's<03:49:11.100> being<03:49:11.279> received<03:49:11.819> one<03:49:12.300> thing<03:49:12.479> to<03:49:12.600> notice

it's being received one thing to notice

it's being received one thing to notice
in<03:49:13.319> a<03:49:13.439> digital<03:49:13.680> signal<03:49:14.100> as<03:49:14.279> well<03:49:14.520> is<03:49:15.239> that

in a digital signal as well is that

in a digital signal as well is that
we're<03:49:15.960> only<03:49:16.200> dealing<03:49:16.560> with<03:49:16.739> ones<03:49:17.279> or<03:49:17.580> zeros<03:49:18.000> on

we're only dealing with ones or zeros on

we're only dealing with ones or zeros on
and<03:49:18.840> off<03:49:19.020> and<03:49:19.800> so<03:49:20.040> the<03:49:20.819> signal<03:49:21.120> is<03:49:21.239> either<03:49:21.479> on

and off and so the signal is either on

and off and so the signal is either on
or<03:49:24.239> off<03:49:24.540> there's<03:49:25.500> no<03:49:25.859> sort<03:49:26.100> of<03:49:26.279> wave<03:49:27.000> that

or off there's no sort of wave that

or off there's no sort of wave that
we're<03:49:27.420> gonna<03:49:27.540> get<03:49:27.779> with<03:49:28.140> the<03:49:28.319> analog<03:49:28.739> signal

we're gonna get with the analog signal

we're gonna get with the analog signal
which<03:49:29.220> we'll<03:49:29.399> see<03:49:29.580> right<03:49:29.880> now

so where baseband used those digital

so where baseband used those digital
signals<03:49:35.520> to<03:49:35.700> transmit<03:49:36.120> data<03:49:36.479> broadband's

signals to transmit data broadband's

signals to transmit data broadband's
going<03:49:37.620> to<03:49:37.739> use<03:49:37.920> analog<03:49:38.640> signals<03:49:39.120> and<03:49:39.239> you<03:49:39.420> can

going to use analog signals and you can

going to use analog signals and you can
see<03:49:39.720> that<03:49:39.960> represented<03:49:40.620> in<03:49:40.920> this<03:49:41.100> wave<03:49:41.540> also

see that represented in this wave also

see that represented in this wave also
unlike<03:49:42.960> baseband<03:49:43.739> Broadband<03:49:44.640> utilizes<03:49:45.359> the

unlike baseband Broadband utilizes the

unlike baseband Broadband utilizes the
entire<03:49:46.200> bandwidth<03:49:47.100> available<03:49:47.399> and<03:49:48.239> it's<03:49:48.359> only

entire bandwidth available and it's only

entire bandwidth available and it's only
going<03:49:48.779> to<03:49:48.899> travel<03:49:49.080> in<03:49:49.620> one<03:49:49.859> direction<03:49:50.040> or

going to travel in one direction or

going to travel in one direction or
unidirectionally<03:49:51.960> because<03:49:52.500> devices<03:49:53.100> can't

unidirectionally because devices can't

unidirectionally because devices can't
send<03:49:53.760> and<03:49:54.000> receive<03:49:54.300> over<03:49:54.600> the<03:49:54.899> same<03:49:55.080> channel

send and receive over the same channel

send and receive over the same channel
now<03:49:56.220> if<03:49:56.460> more<03:49:56.700> throughput<03:49:57.239> is<03:49:57.720> needed<03:49:58.140> that's

now if more throughput is needed that's

now if more throughput is needed that's
fine<03:49:59.100> we<03:49:59.880> can<03:50:00.060> combine<03:50:00.779> and<03:50:01.260> send<03:50:01.500> across

fine we can combine and send across

fine we can combine and send across
multiple<03:50:02.460> frequencies<03:50:03.239> channels<03:50:04.080> or<03:50:04.739> we<03:50:05.040> can

multiple frequencies channels or we can

multiple frequencies channels or we can
use<03:50:05.399> over<03:50:05.760> just<03:50:06.060> one<03:50:06.300> medium

use over just one medium

use over just one medium
generally<03:50:08.220> speaking<03:50:08.819> we're<03:50:09.239> going<03:50:09.420> to<03:50:09.540> see<03:50:09.660> a

generally speaking we're going to see a

generally speaking we're going to see a
lot<03:50:09.960> of<03:50:10.140> broadband<03:50:10.920> in<03:50:11.279> the<03:50:11.399> field<03:50:11.580> because<03:50:12.260> a

lot of broadband in the field because a

lot of broadband in the field because a
lot<03:50:13.439> of<03:50:13.620> our<03:50:13.920> current<03:50:14.340> infrastructure<03:50:15.180> was

lot of our current infrastructure was

lot of our current infrastructure was
created<03:50:16.200> for<03:50:16.680> analog<03:50:17.640> signals<03:50:18.420> as<03:50:18.960> opposed<03:50:19.380> to

created for analog signals as opposed to

created for analog signals as opposed to
digital<03:50:20.340> or<03:50:20.580> baseband<03:50:21.180> signals<03:50:22.319> now

digital or baseband signals now

digital or baseband signals now
Broadband<03:50:23.760> over<03:50:24.239> power<03:50:24.779> lines<03:50:25.200> or<03:50:26.040> BPL<03:50:26.700> is<03:50:27.660> an

Broadband over power lines or BPL is an

Broadband over power lines or BPL is an
emerging<03:50:28.380> technology<03:50:28.920> that<03:50:29.520> still<03:50:29.939> mostly<03:50:30.660> in

emerging technology that still mostly in

emerging technology that still mostly in
the<03:50:31.439> testing<03:50:31.800> phases<03:50:32.220> in<03:50:32.520> the<03:50:32.640> US<03:50:33.080> the<03:50:34.080> premise

the testing phases in the US the premise

the testing phases in the US the premise
of<03:50:34.680> it<03:50:34.800> is<03:50:35.160> that<03:50:35.399> we<03:50:36.000> can<03:50:36.180> essentially<03:50:36.720> bring

of it is that we can essentially bring

of it is that we can essentially bring
high-speed<03:50:38.160> internet

high-speed internet

high-speed internet
two<03:50:40.439> power<03:50:40.800> outlets<03:50:41.420> using<03:50:42.420> the<03:50:42.840> power<03:50:43.140> lines

two power outlets using the power lines

two power outlets using the power lines
and<03:50:43.859> the<03:50:44.040> infrastructure<03:50:44.520> that's<03:50:44.819> already

and the infrastructure that's already

and the infrastructure that's already
been<03:50:45.359> built<03:50:45.859> once<03:50:46.859> this<03:50:47.040> technology<03:50:47.340> is<03:50:47.640> fully

been built once this technology is fully

been built once this technology is fully
developed<03:50:48.300> you<03:50:48.600> would<03:50:48.779> be<03:50:48.960> able<03:50:49.200> to<03:50:49.380> plug<03:50:50.160> your

developed you would be able to plug your

developed you would be able to plug your
computer<03:50:50.580> into<03:50:50.939> a<03:50:51.239> power<03:50:51.359> outlet<03:50:51.600> in<03:50:51.960> your

computer into a power outlet in your

computer into a power outlet in your
home<03:50:52.319> and<03:50:52.859> you<03:50:52.979> can<03:50:53.040> get<03:50:53.279> decently<03:50:53.880> fast

home and you can get decently fast

home and you can get decently fast
internet<03:50:54.960> between<03:50:55.500> 500<03:50:56.100> kilobits<03:50:56.760> per<03:50:56.880> second

internet between 500 kilobits per second

internet between 500 kilobits per second
and<03:50:57.420> three<03:50:57.660> megabits<03:50:58.319> per<03:50:58.439> second<03:50:58.680> which<03:50:59.279> are

and three megabits per second which are

and three megabits per second which are
about<03:50:59.700> equivalent<03:51:00.479> to<03:51:00.739> DSL<03:51:01.739> or<03:51:01.979> cable<03:51:02.220> speeds

about equivalent to DSL or cable speeds

about equivalent to DSL or cable speeds
now<03:51:03.479> of<03:51:03.660> course<03:51:03.779> the<03:51:04.200> main<03:51:04.380> concern<03:51:04.739> with<03:51:04.979> this

now of course the main concern with this

now of course the main concern with this
type<03:51:05.279> of<03:51:05.399> transmission<03:51:05.779> is<03:51:06.779> a<03:51:07.260> the<03:51:07.560> effect

type of transmission is a the effect

type of transmission is a the effect
that<03:51:08.340> the<03:51:08.819> uh<03:51:09.060> since<03:51:09.300> we're<03:51:09.420> dealing<03:51:09.720> with

that the uh since we're dealing with

that the uh since we're dealing with
electrical<03:51:10.439> interest<03:51:10.680> infrastructure<03:51:11.520> the

electrical interest infrastructure the

electrical interest infrastructure the
effect<03:51:12.000> that<03:51:12.239> the<03:51:12.479> electricity<03:51:13.020> is<03:51:13.260> going<03:51:13.439> to

effect that the electricity is going to

effect that the electricity is going to
cause<03:51:13.939> uh<03:51:14.939> on

cause uh on

cause uh on
uh<03:51:16.680> the<03:51:16.979> data<03:51:17.279> being<03:51:17.520> sent<03:51:17.819> remember<03:51:18.779> we<03:51:19.080> were

uh the data being sent remember we were

uh the data being sent remember we were
talking<03:51:19.439> about<03:51:19.680> Emi<03:51:20.399> and<03:51:20.640> crosstalk<03:51:21.120> and<03:51:21.479> the

talking about Emi and crosstalk and the

talking about Emi and crosstalk and the
noise<03:51:22.020> issue<03:51:22.979> previously<03:51:23.580> and<03:51:24.300> also<03:51:24.660> security

noise issue previously and also security

noise issue previously and also security
since<03:51:25.800> if<03:51:26.040> we're<03:51:26.220> using<03:51:26.700> something<03:51:27.120> that

since if we're using something that

since if we're using something that
everyone<03:51:27.540> has<03:51:27.779> access<03:51:28.020> to<03:51:28.439> we're<03:51:29.040> also<03:51:29.340> going

everyone has access to we're also going

everyone has access to we're also going
to<03:51:29.700> be<03:51:29.880> opening<03:51:30.840> our<03:51:31.020> data<03:51:31.380> up<03:51:31.560> to<03:51:31.920> some<03:51:32.160> issues

to be opening our data up to some issues

to be opening our data up to some issues
so<03:51:33.239> for<03:51:33.420> these<03:51:33.720> reasons<03:51:34.200> we<03:51:34.560> might<03:51:34.739> not<03:51:34.920> ever

so for these reasons we might not ever

so for these reasons we might not ever
see<03:51:35.460> BPL<03:51:35.939> or<03:51:36.420> Broadband<03:51:36.899> over<03:51:37.200> power<03:51:37.560> lines

see BPL or Broadband over power lines

see BPL or Broadband over power lines
really<03:51:38.220> come<03:51:38.520> to<03:51:38.700> full<03:51:38.880> fruition<03:51:39.380> especially

really come to full fruition especially

really come to full fruition especially
with<03:51:40.680> the<03:51:40.859> prevalence<03:51:41.340> of<03:51:42.120> Wi-Fi

with the prevalence of Wi-Fi

with the prevalence of Wi-Fi
technologies<03:51:43.439> that<03:51:44.279> are<03:51:44.520> now<03:51:44.880> becoming<03:51:45.540> uh

technologies that are now becoming uh

technologies that are now becoming uh
installed<03:51:46.920> all<03:51:47.100> over<03:51:47.220> the<03:51:47.460> place<03:51:47.640> and<03:51:48.120> might

installed all over the place and might

installed all over the place and might
make<03:51:48.540> BPL<03:51:49.040> extinct<03:51:50.040> before<03:51:50.279> it<03:51:50.520> even<03:51:50.640> has<03:51:50.939> a

make BPL extinct before it even has a

make BPL extinct before it even has a
chance<03:51:51.720> to<03:51:51.960> flourish

chance to flourish

chance to flourish
so<03:51:54.359> just<03:51:54.540> to<03:51:54.720> cover<03:51:54.899> what<03:51:55.140> we've<03:51:55.439> talked<03:51:55.859> about

so just to cover what we've talked about

so just to cover what we've talked about
we<03:51:56.819> talked<03:51:57.060> about<03:51:57.120> data<03:51:57.960> transmission<03:51:58.340> uh

we talked about data transmission uh

we talked about data transmission uh
meaning<03:51:59.580> that<03:51:59.939> we're<03:52:00.300> transferring<03:52:01.200> data

meaning that we're transferring data

meaning that we're transferring data
over<03:52:02.100> a<03:52:02.460> computer<03:52:02.640> or<03:52:03.060> a<03:52:03.180> Data<03:52:03.540> Network<03:52:03.739> we

over a computer or a Data Network we

over a computer or a Data Network we
looked<03:52:05.040> at<03:52:05.180> instantaneous<03:52:06.180> data<03:52:06.840> transfer

looked at instantaneous data transfer

looked at instantaneous data transfer
which<03:52:07.979> means<03:52:08.520> that<03:52:09.060> the<03:52:09.239> data<03:52:09.600> is<03:52:09.960> not<03:52:10.380> stored

which means that the data is not stored

which means that the data is not stored
to<03:52:10.979> memory

we also talked about serial data

we also talked about serial data
transmission<03:52:19.399> in<03:52:20.399> which<03:52:20.640> one<03:52:21.359> bit<03:52:21.720> is<03:52:22.500> sent<03:52:22.739> at

transmission in which one bit is sent at

transmission in which one bit is sent at
a<03:52:23.279> time

a time

a time
and<03:52:25.620> remember<03:52:25.800> we<03:52:26.279> have<03:52:26.580> eight<03:52:27.300> bits

and remember we have eight bits

and remember we have eight bits
in<03:52:29.279> a<03:52:29.399> byte

in a byte

in a byte
we<03:52:32.100> looked<03:52:32.399> at<03:52:32.899> asynchronous<03:52:33.899> versus

we looked at asynchronous versus

we looked at asynchronous versus
synchronous<03:52:35.100> communication<03:52:35.720> synchronous

synchronous communication synchronous

synchronous communication synchronous
requires<03:52:37.979> some<03:52:38.220> sort<03:52:38.399> of<03:52:38.520> clock<03:52:38.880> chip<03:52:39.300> whereas

requires some sort of clock chip whereas

requires some sort of clock chip whereas
asynchronous<03:52:41.040> embeds

we also looked at parallel data

we also looked at parallel data
transmission<03:52:57.319> having<03:52:58.460> bits<03:52:59.460> sent<03:52:59.819> all

transmission having bits sent all

transmission having bits sent all
concurrently<03:53:01.020> at<03:53:01.380> the<03:53:01.560> same<03:53:01.800> time<03:53:02.100> not<03:53:03.060> as<03:53:03.620> not

concurrently at the same time not as not

concurrently at the same time not as not
as<03:53:04.859> widely<03:53:05.279> used<03:53:05.580> and<03:53:06.300> remember<03:53:06.479> although<03:53:07.140> I

as widely used and remember although I

as widely used and remember although I
don't<03:53:07.380> think<03:53:07.500> you'll<03:53:07.739> see<03:53:07.920> this

don't think you'll see this

don't think you'll see this
on<03:53:09.840> the<03:53:09.960> exam<03:53:10.319> eight<03:53:11.220> parallel<03:53:12.000> bits

on the exam eight parallel bits

on the exam eight parallel bits
equal<03:53:14.220> one<03:53:14.640> what<03:53:15.120> we<03:53:15.239> call<03:53:15.420> a<03:53:15.840> character

equal one what we call a character

equal one what we call a character
we<03:53:18.300> also<03:53:18.479> looked<03:53:18.779> at<03:53:18.899> baseband<03:53:19.620> transmission

we also looked at baseband transmission

we also looked at baseband transmission
the<03:53:20.700> important<03:53:21.000> thing<03:53:21.180> to<03:53:21.359> remember<03:53:21.479> there<03:53:21.840> is

the important thing to remember there is

the important thing to remember there is
that<03:53:22.560> it<03:53:22.680> is<03:53:22.859> digital<03:53:23.340> and<03:53:24.120> Broadband

that it is digital and Broadband

that it is digital and Broadband
transmission<03:53:25.340> which<03:53:26.340> is<03:53:26.520> analog

transmission which is analog

transmission which is analog
finally<03:53:29.040> we<03:53:29.340> talked<03:53:29.580> about<03:53:29.700> BPL<03:53:30.680> or<03:53:31.680> broadband

finally we talked about BPL or broadband

finally we talked about BPL or broadband
over<03:53:34.439> power<03:53:34.920> lines<03:53:35.279> which<03:53:36.000> is<03:53:36.120> a<03:53:36.359> technology

over power lines which is a technology

over power lines which is a technology
that<03:53:37.020> would<03:53:37.200> bring<03:53:37.439> Broadband<03:53:38.220> speeds<03:53:38.939> over

that would bring Broadband speeds over

that would bring Broadband speeds over
the<03:53:39.840> power<03:53:40.020> lines<03:53:40.319> that<03:53:40.620> are<03:53:40.800> already<03:53:41.040> in

the power lines that are already in

the power lines that are already in
place

[Music]

[Music]
thank<03:53:55.500> you

network communications media access

network communications media access
methods

methods

methods
so<03:54:12.180> we've<03:54:12.720> discussed<03:54:13.380> and<03:54:13.620> explained<03:54:14.279> the

so we've discussed and explained the

so we've discussed and explained the
different<03:54:14.760> media<03:54:15.239> and<03:54:15.720> the<03:54:15.840> different

different media and the different

different media and the different
devices<03:54:16.500> that<03:54:16.920> exist<03:54:17.279> on<03:54:17.700> different<03:54:18.060> types<03:54:18.600> of

devices that exist on different types of

devices that exist on different types of
networks<03:54:19.260> and<03:54:19.979> we<03:54:20.279> even<03:54:20.460> just<03:54:20.819> talked<03:54:21.180> about

networks and we even just talked about

networks and we even just talked about
how<03:54:21.899> that<03:54:22.080> data<03:54:22.500> is<03:54:22.620> transferred<03:54:23.160> from<03:54:23.340> point

how that data is transferred from point

how that data is transferred from point
A<03:54:23.699> to<03:54:23.880> point<03:54:24.000> B<03:54:24.239> but<03:54:25.080> we<03:54:25.199> have<03:54:25.319> a<03:54:25.500> lot<03:54:25.620> of

A to point B but we have a lot of

A to point B but we have a lot of
different<03:54:26.040> devices<03:54:26.580> of<03:54:26.880> buying<03:54:27.420> for<03:54:27.660> access

different devices of buying for access

different devices of buying for access
to<03:54:28.500> this<03:54:28.680> media<03:54:28.979> in<03:54:29.160> order<03:54:29.340> to<03:54:29.460> send<03:54:29.699> its<03:54:30.000> data

to this media in order to send its data

to this media in order to send its data
and<03:54:30.840> so<03:54:31.020> we<03:54:31.319> need<03:54:31.439> to<03:54:31.560> create<03:54:31.680> certain<03:54:32.100> rules

and so we need to create certain rules

and so we need to create certain rules
that<03:54:32.880> provide<03:54:33.300> access<03:54:33.779> to<03:54:34.319> the<03:54:34.560> media<03:54:34.859> and<03:54:35.399> so

that provide access to the media and so

that provide access to the media and so
what<03:54:35.699> we're<03:54:35.819> going<03:54:35.939> to<03:54:36.060> talk<03:54:36.239> about<03:54:36.359> in<03:54:36.899> this

what we're going to talk about in this

what we're going to talk about in this
module<03:54:37.500> is<03:54:38.100> first<03:54:38.340> what<03:54:39.239> media<03:54:39.779> access<03:54:40.020> is<03:54:40.500> and

module is first what media access is and

module is first what media access is and
why<03:54:41.640> we<03:54:41.880> need<03:54:42.000> it<03:54:42.180> and<03:54:42.300> why<03:54:42.479> we<03:54:42.660> need<03:54:42.779> to

why we need it and why we need to

why we need it and why we need to
understand<03:54:43.199> it<03:54:43.680> for<03:54:44.340> the<03:54:44.460> network<03:54:44.520> plus<03:54:44.819> exam

understand it for the network plus exam

understand it for the network plus exam
and<03:54:45.600> as<03:54:45.840> administrators<03:54:46.620> we're<03:54:47.399> also<03:54:47.640> going

and as administrators we're also going

and as administrators we're also going
to<03:54:47.880> describe<03:54:48.500> two<03:54:49.500> different<03:54:49.859> barrage

to describe two different barrage

to describe two different barrage
areas<03:54:52.260> of<03:54:52.560> media<03:54:52.920> access<03:54:53.100> including

areas of media access including

areas of media access including
contention<03:54:54.840> based<03:54:55.800> media<03:54:56.399> access<03:54:56.660> versus

contention based media access versus

contention based media access versus
controlled<03:54:58.859> media<03:54:59.279> access<03:54:59.420> one<03:55:00.420> in<03:55:00.720> which<03:55:00.840> we

controlled media access one in which we

controlled media access one in which we
sort<03:55:01.319> of<03:55:01.439> fight<03:55:01.800> for<03:55:02.220> access<03:55:02.460> to<03:55:02.760> the<03:55:02.939> media<03:55:03.239> uh

sort of fight for access to the media uh

sort of fight for access to the media uh
contend<03:55:04.380> for<03:55:04.620> it<03:55:04.800> if<03:55:04.979> you<03:55:05.100> will<03:55:05.220> and<03:55:05.760> the<03:55:05.880> other

contend for it if you will and the other

contend for it if you will and the other
in<03:55:06.180> which<03:55:06.300> it<03:55:06.479> is<03:55:06.660> controlled<03:55:07.260> generally<03:55:07.800> by

in which it is controlled generally by

in which it is controlled generally by
some<03:55:08.580> sort<03:55:08.819> of<03:55:08.939> central<03:55:09.600> device

some sort of central device

some sort of central device
and<03:55:11.460> then<03:55:11.520> we're<03:55:11.699> going<03:55:11.880> to<03:55:12.000> Define<03:55:12.439> uh

and then we're going to Define uh

and then we're going to Define uh
multiplexing<03:55:14.340> which<03:55:14.760> allows<03:55:15.120> us<03:55:15.239> to<03:55:15.540> send

multiplexing which allows us to send

multiplexing which allows us to send
multiple<03:55:16.260> signals<03:55:16.800> over<03:55:17.040> a<03:55:17.340> single<03:55:17.640> medium

multiple signals over a single medium

multiple signals over a single medium
and<03:55:18.540> we're<03:55:18.660> going<03:55:18.840> to<03:55:18.960> talk<03:55:19.140> about<03:55:19.319> two

and we're going to talk about two

and we're going to talk about two
different<03:55:20.220> types<03:55:20.760> of<03:55:20.939> multiplexing<03:55:21.779> time

different types of multiplexing time

different types of multiplexing time
division<03:55:23.399> multiplexing

division multiplexing

division multiplexing
and<03:55:26.819> frequency<03:55:27.540> division<03:55:28.500> multiplexing

and we'll discuss how those work and why

and we'll discuss how those work and why
we<03:55:35.939> need<03:55:36.060> two<03:55:36.239> different<03:55:36.420> ones

we need two different ones

we need two different ones
then<03:55:38.160> we're<03:55:38.340> going<03:55:38.460> to<03:55:38.520> discuss<03:55:39.140> polling

then we're going to discuss polling

then we're going to discuss polling
which<03:55:40.979> is<03:55:41.100> how<03:55:41.399> we<03:55:41.760> check<03:55:42.180> to<03:55:42.479> see<03:55:42.720> which

which is how we check to see which

which is how we check to see which
devices<03:55:43.380> need<03:55:43.739> to<03:55:43.920> send

devices need to send

devices need to send
um

um

um
data

data

data
and<03:55:49.020> we're<03:55:49.140> going<03:55:49.260> to<03:55:49.319> differentiate<03:55:50.040> between

and we're going to differentiate between

and we're going to differentiate between
csma<03:55:52.319> CD<03:55:53.100> and<03:55:53.699> CA<03:55:54.239> now<03:55:54.720> csma<03:55:55.500> you<03:55:56.040> don't<03:55:56.220> really

csma CD and CA now csma you don't really

csma CD and CA now csma you don't really
need<03:55:56.580> to<03:55:56.640> worry<03:55:57.000> about<03:55:57.239> that<03:55:57.479> but<03:55:57.779> it<03:55:57.960> does

need to worry about that but it does

need to worry about that but it does
stand<03:55:58.319> for<03:55:58.680> carrier

stand for carrier

stand for carrier
sense

sense

sense
multiple<03:56:03.660> access

but the real important thing here is to

but the real important thing here is to
know<03:56:09.180> the<03:56:09.359> difference<03:56:09.479> between<03:56:09.720> Collision

know the difference between Collision

know the difference between Collision
detection

and collision avoidance and these are

and collision avoidance and these are
the<03:56:19.140> two<03:56:19.319> main<03:56:19.500> methods<03:56:19.920> we're<03:56:20.100> going<03:56:20.279> to<03:56:20.399> see

the two main methods we're going to see

the two main methods we're going to see
uh<03:56:21.899> for<03:56:22.439> ethernet

and then for wireless and we'll explain

and then for wireless and we'll explain
why<03:56:29.399> that<03:56:29.640> is<03:56:29.880> later<03:56:30.600> on

finally we need to differentiate between

finally we need to differentiate between
a<03:56:36.300> contention<03:56:36.720> contention<03:56:37.500> domain<03:56:38.160> and<03:56:38.760> a

a contention contention domain and a

a contention contention domain and a
broadcast<03:56:39.120> domain<03:56:39.840> basically<03:56:40.680> uh<03:56:41.279> how<03:56:41.699> large

broadcast domain basically uh how large

broadcast domain basically uh how large
or<03:56:42.239> how<03:56:42.479> many<03:56:42.600> other<03:56:42.960> devices<03:56:43.500> they<03:56:44.399> need<03:56:44.640> to

or how many other devices they need to

or how many other devices they need to
contend<03:56:46.020> against<03:56:46.260> or<03:56:47.100> that<03:56:47.340> can<03:56:47.520> get

contend against or that can get

contend against or that can get
broadcast<03:56:48.000> a<03:56:48.540> certain<03:56:48.720> message<03:56:49.080> and<03:56:49.800> these

broadcast a certain message and these

broadcast a certain message and these
are<03:56:50.220> also<03:56:50.520> divided<03:56:51.060> by<03:56:51.300> those<03:56:51.600> two<03:56:51.779> different

are also divided by those two different

are also divided by those two different
devices<03:56:52.319> that<03:56:52.680> keep<03:56:52.920> coming<03:56:53.160> up<03:56:53.399> switches<03:56:54.359> and

devices that keep coming up switches and

devices that keep coming up switches and
routers

routers

routers
so<03:56:57.120> if<03:56:57.239> that<03:56:57.420> seems<03:56:57.720> confusing<03:56:58.260> enough<03:56:58.500> to<03:56:58.739> you

so if that seems confusing enough to you

so if that seems confusing enough to you
let's<03:56:59.279> delve<03:56:59.699> in<03:56:59.880> in<03:57:00.060> order<03:57:00.239> to<03:57:00.479> shed<03:57:00.779> some

let's delve in in order to shed some

let's delve in in order to shed some
light<03:57:01.199> on<03:57:01.620> what<03:57:01.859> all<03:57:02.040> of<03:57:02.160> this<03:57:02.340> is<03:57:02.580> now<03:57:03.359> as

light on what all of this is now as

light on what all of this is now as
administrators<03:57:04.620> it's<03:57:04.920> really<03:57:05.100> important

administrators it's really important

administrators it's really important
that<03:57:05.939> we<03:57:06.300> understand<03:57:06.540> the<03:57:07.380> rules<03:57:07.739> that<03:57:07.979> are<03:57:08.160> in

that we understand the rules that are in

that we understand the rules that are in
place<03:57:08.520> for<03:57:09.000> different<03:57:09.239> types<03:57:10.020> of<03:57:10.199> networks

place for different types of networks

place for different types of networks
for<03:57:11.520> instance<03:57:11.760> if<03:57:12.420> I<03:57:12.660> were<03:57:12.779> in<03:57:12.960> a<03:57:13.140> crowded<03:57:13.500> room

for instance if I were in a crowded room

for instance if I were in a crowded room
and<03:57:14.520> I<03:57:14.699> had<03:57:15.000> a<03:57:15.359> secret<03:57:15.540> message<03:57:16.020> that<03:57:16.439> I<03:57:16.620> needed

and I had a secret message that I needed

and I had a secret message that I needed
to<03:57:17.040> get<03:57:17.399> across<03:57:17.880> to<03:57:18.060> someone<03:57:18.300> in<03:57:18.660> the<03:57:18.779> corner

to get across to someone in the corner

to get across to someone in the corner
of<03:57:19.140> the<03:57:19.319> room<03:57:19.439> and<03:57:19.979> I<03:57:20.100> were<03:57:20.220> just<03:57:20.399> to<03:57:20.580> shout<03:57:20.819> out

of the room and I were just to shout out

of the room and I were just to shout out
that<03:57:21.420> message<03:57:21.660> there's<03:57:22.500> no<03:57:22.739> rules<03:57:23.100> in<03:57:23.399> the

that message there's no rules in the

that message there's no rules in the
world<03:57:23.640> that<03:57:24.000> say<03:57:24.180> everyone<03:57:24.420> else<03:57:24.720> has<03:57:25.140> to

world that say everyone else has to

world that say everyone else has to
ignore<03:57:26.100> what<03:57:26.399> I'm<03:57:26.580> saying<03:57:26.939> and<03:57:27.359> they<03:57:27.540> could

ignore what I'm saying and they could

ignore what I'm saying and they could
just<03:57:27.840> listen<03:57:28.100> or<03:57:29.100> or<03:57:29.279> there's<03:57:29.699> nothing<03:57:29.939> that

just listen or or there's nothing that

just listen or or there's nothing that
says<03:57:30.420> that<03:57:30.540> everyone<03:57:30.779> else<03:57:31.020> couldn't<03:57:31.319> talk<03:57:31.620> at

says that everyone else couldn't talk at

says that everyone else couldn't talk at
the<03:57:32.040> same<03:57:32.220> time<03:57:32.580> meaning<03:57:33.300> that<03:57:33.540> then<03:57:33.720> my

the same time meaning that then my

the same time meaning that then my
message<03:57:34.199> wouldn't<03:57:34.560> make<03:57:34.859> it<03:57:35.520> now<03:57:36.060> that's

message wouldn't make it now that's

message wouldn't make it now that's
means<03:57:37.380> there's<03:57:37.620> no<03:57:37.920> rules<03:57:38.340> for<03:57:38.880> communication

means there's no rules for communication

means there's no rules for communication
in<03:57:39.960> real<03:57:40.199> life<03:57:40.439> but<03:57:40.859> in<03:57:41.699> networks<03:57:42.180> and

in real life but in networks and

in real life but in networks and
computer<03:57:42.540> networks<03:57:43.080> and<03:57:43.199> data<03:57:43.500> networks

computer networks and data networks

computer networks and data networks
there<03:57:44.340> are<03:57:44.460> many<03:57:44.640> different<03:57:44.939> types<03:57:45.300> of<03:57:45.420> rules

there are many different types of rules

there are many different types of rules
and<03:57:46.680> here<03:57:46.920> we're<03:57:47.100> going<03:57:47.279> to<03:57:47.399> talk<03:57:47.580> about<03:57:47.760> some

and here we're going to talk about some

and here we're going to talk about some
of<03:57:48.300> the<03:57:48.540> media<03:57:48.899> access<03:57:49.080> rules<03:57:49.800> or<03:57:50.040> the<03:57:50.220> rules

of the media access rules or the rules

of the media access rules or the rules
that<03:57:51.000> govern<03:57:51.500> which<03:57:52.500> node<03:57:52.979> or<03:57:53.160> which<03:57:53.399> device

that govern which node or which device

that govern which node or which device
has<03:57:54.359> access<03:57:54.720> and<03:57:55.380> the<03:57:55.560> ability<03:57:55.800> to<03:57:56.220> transmit

has access and the ability to transmit

has access and the ability to transmit
on<03:57:57.180> the<03:57:57.300> media<03:57:57.660> at<03:57:58.080> any<03:57:58.199> one<03:57:58.439> time<03:57:58.680> and<03:57:59.520> when

on the media at any one time and when

on the media at any one time and when
they're<03:58:00.000> allowed<03:58:00.420> to<03:58:01.140> send<03:58:01.680> and<03:58:02.399> receive<03:58:02.880> and

they're allowed to send and receive and

they're allowed to send and receive and
for<03:58:03.600> how<03:58:03.840> long<03:58:04.020> now<03:58:04.920> these<03:58:05.220> rules<03:58:05.520> are<03:58:06.120> crucial

for how long now these rules are crucial

for how long now these rules are crucial
they<03:58:07.199> ensure<03:58:07.500> that<03:58:07.800> data<03:58:08.340> delivery<03:58:08.939> and

they ensure that data delivery and

they ensure that data delivery and
integrity<03:58:09.899> and<03:58:10.859> by<03:58:11.040> the<03:58:11.160> way<03:58:11.220> when<03:58:11.460> we<03:58:11.580> say

integrity and by the way when we say

integrity and by the way when we say
Integrity<03:58:12.300> we<03:58:12.540> mean<03:58:12.660> that<03:58:12.840> the<03:58:13.020> data<03:58:13.319> we

Integrity we mean that the data we

Integrity we mean that the data we
intended<03:58:14.220> to<03:58:14.399> send<03:58:14.640> is<03:58:15.060> actually<03:58:15.300> what<03:58:15.720> was

intended to send is actually what was

intended to send is actually what was
sent<03:58:16.140> it<03:58:16.380> hasn't<03:58:16.620> been<03:58:16.800> tampered<03:58:17.279> with<03:58:17.600> uh<03:58:18.600> are

sent it hasn't been tampered with uh are

sent it hasn't been tampered with uh are
maintained<03:58:19.920> now<03:58:20.460> there<03:58:20.760> are<03:58:20.939> two<03:58:21.120> general

maintained now there are two general

maintained now there are two general
categories<03:58:22.380> for<03:58:22.739> types<03:58:23.100> of<03:58:23.160> media<03:58:23.520> access

categories for types of media access

categories for types of media access
these<03:58:24.840> are<03:58:25.020> contention<03:58:25.800> based<03:58:26.520> and

these are contention based and

these are contention based and
controlled<03:58:27.899> media<03:58:28.380> access<03:58:28.500> so<03:58:29.220> let's<03:58:29.340> take<03:58:29.520> a

controlled media access so let's take a

controlled media access so let's take a
look<03:58:29.819> at<03:58:30.000> the<03:58:30.180> differences<03:58:30.540> between<03:58:30.840> those

look at the differences between those

look at the differences between those
now<03:58:31.560> and<03:58:32.100> they'll<03:58:32.279> come<03:58:32.580> back<03:58:32.760> when<03:58:33.060> we<03:58:33.180> talk

now and they'll come back when we talk

now and they'll come back when we talk
later<03:58:33.660> about<03:58:33.899> csma<03:58:34.760> CD<03:58:35.760> and<03:58:36.000> CA<03:58:36.420> not<03:58:36.960> to

later about csma CD and CA not to

later about csma CD and CA not to
mention<03:58:37.319> contention<03:58:37.859> broadcast<03:58:38.340> domains

mention contention broadcast domains

mention contention broadcast domains
with<03:58:40.160> contention-based<03:58:41.160> media<03:58:41.520> access<03:58:41.960> nodes

with contention-based media access nodes

with contention-based media access nodes
on<03:58:43.140> the<03:58:43.260> network<03:58:43.439> are<03:58:44.100> competing<03:58:44.960> with<03:58:45.960> one

on the network are competing with one

on the network are competing with one
another<03:58:46.319> for<03:58:47.160> media<03:58:47.580> access<03:58:47.880> time<03:58:48.840> and

another for media access time and

another for media access time and
utilization<03:58:50.359> another<03:58:51.359> term<03:58:51.660> for<03:58:51.960> this<03:58:52.080> kind

utilization another term for this kind

utilization another term for this kind
of<03:58:52.380> media<03:58:52.739> is<03:58:53.160> competitive<03:58:53.939> or<03:58:54.420> Collision

of media is competitive or Collision

of media is competitive or Collision
based<03:58:55.500> and<03:58:55.979> yes<03:58:56.160> that<03:58:56.640> means<03:58:56.939> that<03:58:57.180> they're

based and yes that means that they're

based and yes that means that they're
actually<03:58:57.540> the<03:58:58.080> data<03:58:58.380> packets<03:58:58.680> are<03:58:59.040> colliding

actually the data packets are colliding

actually the data packets are colliding
and<03:59:00.060> that's<03:59:00.239> how<03:59:00.479> we<03:59:00.660> determine<03:59:01.220> which<03:59:02.220> can<03:59:02.580> go

and that's how we determine which can go

and that's how we determine which can go
right<03:59:03.600> which<03:59:03.899> is<03:59:04.020> allowed<03:59:04.319> to<03:59:04.380> be<03:59:04.560> sent<03:59:04.739> now

right which is allowed to be sent now

right which is allowed to be sent now
these<03:59:05.880> are<03:59:06.000> pretty<03:59:06.180> easy<03:59:06.420> to<03:59:06.720> implement

these are pretty easy to implement

these are pretty easy to implement
however<03:59:07.819> data<03:59:08.819> can<03:59:08.939> be<03:59:09.120> delayed<03:59:09.600> for<03:59:09.840> nodes

however data can be delayed for nodes

however data can be delayed for nodes
that<03:59:10.439> need<03:59:10.680> immediate<03:59:11.460> access<03:59:11.640> to<03:59:11.939> the

that need immediate access to the

that need immediate access to the
network<03:59:12.239> media<03:59:12.779> because<03:59:13.699> collisions<03:59:14.699> are

network media because collisions are

network media because collisions are
going<03:59:15.000> to<03:59:15.180> occur<03:59:15.540> as<03:59:15.840> the<03:59:16.020> name<03:59:16.140> implies<03:59:16.739> and

going to occur as the name implies and

going to occur as the name implies and
that's<03:59:17.399> going<03:59:17.699> to<03:59:17.880> delay<03:59:18.239> Network<03:59:18.660> traffic

that's going to delay Network traffic

that's going to delay Network traffic
now<03:59:19.680> as<03:59:19.800> a<03:59:19.859> opposed<03:59:20.580> to<03:59:20.720> contention-based

now as a opposed to contention-based

now as a opposed to contention-based
Media<03:59:22.020> access<03:59:22.199> we<03:59:22.859> also<03:59:23.040> have<03:59:23.479> controlled

Media access we also have controlled

Media access we also have controlled
media<03:59:24.960> access<03:59:25.399> so<03:59:26.399> instead<03:59:26.880> of<03:59:27.000> me<03:59:27.239> fighting

media access so instead of me fighting

media access so instead of me fighting
for<03:59:28.080> access<03:59:28.260> to<03:59:28.620> the<03:59:28.800> media<03:59:29.100> I'm<03:59:29.819> granted

for access to the media I'm granted

for access to the media I'm granted
access<03:59:30.660> to<03:59:30.960> the<03:59:31.140> media<03:59:31.439> and<03:59:31.739> the<03:59:31.859> way<03:59:31.979> this

access to the media and the way this

access to the media and the way this
works<03:59:32.460> is<03:59:32.640> we<03:59:33.000> use<03:59:33.199> a<03:59:34.199> central<03:59:34.560> device<03:59:35.340> that's

works is we use a central device that's

works is we use a central device that's
put<03:59:36.180> in<03:59:36.359> place<03:59:36.660> to<03:59:37.500> ensure<03:59:37.979> that<03:59:38.640> access<03:59:38.819> to

put in place to ensure that access to

put in place to ensure that access to
the<03:59:39.239> media<03:59:39.540> is<03:59:39.779> guaranteed<03:59:40.380> for<03:59:40.620> devices<03:59:40.979> that

the media is guaranteed for devices that

the media is guaranteed for devices that
have<03:59:41.580> certain<03:59:41.939> time<03:59:42.239> sensitive<03:59:42.840> data<03:59:43.319> and

have certain time sensitive data and

have certain time sensitive data and
they<03:59:44.279> can<03:59:44.460> transmit<03:59:44.939> it<03:59:45.120> when<03:59:45.359> necessary

they can transmit it when necessary

they can transmit it when necessary
because<03:59:46.859> of<03:59:47.160> the<03:59:47.340> because<03:59:47.699> of<03:59:47.939> this<03:59:48.120> and<03:59:48.300> these

because of the because of this and these

because of the because of this and these
devices<03:59:48.840> that<03:59:49.199> need<03:59:49.380> to<03:59:49.500> be<03:59:49.620> added<03:59:49.920> these<03:59:50.220> are

devices that need to be added these are

devices that need to be added these are
much<03:59:50.580> more<03:59:50.819> difficult<03:59:51.180> to<03:59:51.420> implement<03:59:52.080> and

much more difficult to implement and

much more difficult to implement and
maintain<03:59:52.859> but<03:59:53.640> they're<03:59:54.180> highly<03:59:54.600> reliable<03:59:55.080> as

maintain but they're highly reliable as

maintain but they're highly reliable as
you<03:59:55.439> can<03:59:55.560> imagine<03:59:55.800> and<03:59:56.520> also<03:59:56.699> make<03:59:56.880> sure<03:59:57.000> that

you can imagine and also make sure that

you can imagine and also make sure that
no<03:59:57.420> device<03:59:57.660> has<03:59:58.020> more<03:59:58.199> access<03:59:58.380> than<03:59:58.739> another

no device has more access than another

no device has more access than another
when<03:59:59.279> it<03:59:59.399> comes<03:59:59.699> to<03:59:59.939> access<04:00:00.359> time<04:00:00.840> so<04:00:01.739> take<04:00:01.979> for

when it comes to access time so take for

when it comes to access time so take for
instance<04:00:02.580> a<04:00:03.120> device<04:00:03.359> that<04:00:03.779> has<04:00:04.020> a<04:00:04.380> safety

instance a device that has a safety

instance a device that has a safety
function<04:00:05.100> that<04:00:05.640> when<04:00:05.880> an<04:00:06.060> emergency<04:00:06.300> event

function that when an emergency event

function that when an emergency event
occurs<04:00:07.739> right<04:00:08.040> it<04:00:08.460> has<04:00:08.580> to<04:00:08.760> have<04:00:08.880> immediate

occurs right it has to have immediate

occurs right it has to have immediate
access<04:00:09.479> to<04:00:09.840> the<04:00:09.960> network<04:00:10.080> and<04:00:10.680> to<04:00:10.859> the<04:00:10.979> network

access to the network and to the network

access to the network and to the network
resources<04:00:11.880> so<04:00:12.180> it<04:00:12.359> can<04:00:12.600> send<04:00:12.979> instructions<04:00:13.979> to

resources so it can send instructions to

resources so it can send instructions to
say<04:00:14.580> heavy<04:00:15.060> machinery<04:00:15.540> that<04:00:16.080> needs<04:00:16.380> to<04:00:16.500> shut

say heavy machinery that needs to shut

say heavy machinery that needs to shut
down<04:00:16.920> in<04:00:17.220> case<04:00:17.399> an<04:00:17.640> emergency<04:00:17.880> in<04:00:18.720> that<04:00:18.840> case

down in case an emergency in that case

down in case an emergency in that case
we<04:00:19.199> don't<04:00:19.260> want<04:00:19.380> it<04:00:19.439> to<04:00:19.560> be<04:00:19.800> intending<04:00:20.580> for

we don't want it to be intending for

we don't want it to be intending for
Access<04:00:20.880> we<04:00:21.239> want<04:00:21.359> it<04:00:21.540> to<04:00:21.660> be<04:00:21.779> granted

Access we want it to be granted

Access we want it to be granted
immediate<04:00:22.859> access<04:00:23.100> and<04:00:23.699> so<04:00:23.880> this<04:00:24.060> is<04:00:24.239> where

immediate access and so this is where

immediate access and so this is where
controlled<04:00:24.899> media<04:00:25.199> access<04:00:25.319> can<04:00:25.739> really<04:00:25.979> come

controlled media access can really come

controlled media access can really come
in<04:00:26.399> handy

in handy

in handy
so<04:00:27.720> while<04:00:27.960> we're<04:00:28.140> talking<04:00:28.380> about<04:00:28.739> controlled

so while we're talking about controlled

so while we're talking about controlled
media<04:00:30.060> access<04:00:30.439> and<04:00:31.439> we've<04:00:31.739> just<04:00:31.859> talked<04:00:32.160> about

media access and we've just talked about

media access and we've just talked about
controlled<04:00:33.239> and<04:00:34.199> contention<04:00:34.920> based<04:00:35.880> media

controlled and contention based media

controlled and contention based media
access<04:00:36.540> let's<04:00:37.260> keep<04:00:37.500> talking<04:00:37.680> about<04:00:37.920> control

access let's keep talking about control

access let's keep talking about control
based<04:00:38.699> media<04:00:38.939> access<04:00:39.000> more<04:00:39.479> specifically

based media access more specifically

based media access more specifically
discussing<04:00:41.100> a<04:00:41.340> few<04:00:41.520> different<04:00:42.080> controlled

discussing a few different controlled

discussing a few different controlled
based<04:00:43.560> uh<04:00:44.399> or<04:00:44.580> controlled<04:00:45.359> media<04:00:45.779> access

based uh or controlled media access

based uh or controlled media access
methods<04:00:46.800> the<04:00:47.220> first<04:00:47.399> I<04:00:47.520> want<04:00:47.640> to<04:00:47.760> talk<04:00:47.880> about

methods the first I want to talk about

methods the first I want to talk about
is<04:00:48.300> called<04:00:48.680> multiplexing<04:00:49.680> and<04:00:50.279> multiplexing

is called multiplexing and multiplexing

is called multiplexing and multiplexing
is<04:00:51.359> a<04:00:51.660> controlled<04:00:52.260> media<04:00:52.920> access<04:00:53.100> method<04:00:53.819> I'm

is a controlled media access method I'm

is a controlled media access method I'm
just<04:00:54.420> going<04:00:54.540> to<04:00:54.600> add<04:00:54.840> control<04:00:55.199> there<04:00:55.560> so<04:00:55.859> that

just going to add control there so that

just going to add control there so that
we<04:00:56.220> remember<04:00:56.399> that<04:00:56.939> this<04:00:57.660> is<04:00:58.020> related<04:00:58.560> to

we remember that this is related to

we remember that this is related to
controlled<04:01:00.720> not<04:01:01.500> contention<04:01:02.040> based<04:01:02.819> it<04:01:03.720> takes

controlled not contention based it takes

controlled not contention based it takes
multiple<04:01:04.800> signals<04:01:05.520> and<04:01:06.120> combines<04:01:06.540> them<04:01:06.840> over

multiple signals and combines them over

multiple signals and combines them over
one<04:01:07.859> single<04:01:08.279> Network<04:01:08.460> medium<04:01:09.060> now<04:01:09.960> data<04:01:10.560> can

one single Network medium now data can

one single Network medium now data can
actually<04:01:10.859> be<04:01:11.220> multiplexed<04:01:12.060> using<04:01:12.540> two

actually be multiplexed using two

actually be multiplexed using two
different<04:01:13.260> methods<04:01:13.859> time<04:01:14.819> Division

different methods time Division

different methods time Division
multiplexing<04:01:16.080> and<04:01:16.979> frequency<04:01:17.460> division

multiplexing and frequency division

multiplexing and frequency division
multiplexing<04:01:18.779> so<04:01:19.020> let's<04:01:19.199> first<04:01:19.500> look<04:01:19.859> at<04:01:20.239> time

multiplexing so let's first look at time

multiplexing so let's first look at time
division<04:01:21.779> multiplexing<04:01:22.620> this<04:01:23.399> is<04:01:23.520> where

division multiplexing this is where

division multiplexing this is where
channels<04:01:24.899> are<04:01:25.140> divided<04:01:25.620> into<04:01:25.979> time<04:01:26.399> slots<04:01:26.880> and

channels are divided into time slots and

channels are divided into time slots and
each<04:01:27.899> node<04:01:28.140> on<04:01:28.319> the<04:01:28.500> network<04:01:28.620> is<04:01:29.160> assigned<04:01:29.760> a

each node on the network is assigned a

each node on the network is assigned a
specific<04:01:30.600> time<04:01:31.260> slot

during that time slot the node has

during that time slot the node has
dedicated<04:01:37.460> sole<04:01:38.460> access<04:01:38.640> to<04:01:39.300> the<04:01:39.479> network

dedicated sole access to the network

dedicated sole access to the network
until<04:01:40.500> that<04:01:40.859> time<04:01:40.979> has<04:01:41.220> ended<04:01:41.520> and<04:01:41.699> then<04:01:41.880> the

until that time has ended and then the

until that time has ended and then the
next<04:01:42.239> node<04:01:42.600> is<04:01:42.720> allowed<04:01:43.080> to<04:01:43.199> transmit<04:01:44.340> now

next node is allowed to transmit now

next node is allowed to transmit now
there's<04:01:44.939> a<04:01:45.180> device<04:01:45.300> that<04:01:45.720> we're<04:01:45.779> going<04:01:45.899> to

there's a device that we're going to

there's a device that we're going to
talk<04:01:46.140> about<04:01:46.260> in<04:01:46.439> just<04:01:46.560> a<04:01:46.739> minute<04:01:46.859> called<04:01:47.100> the

talk about in just a minute called the

talk about in just a minute called the
Mox<04:01:47.699> and<04:01:48.239> this<04:01:48.479> MOX<04:01:48.899> takes<04:01:49.380> the<04:01:49.560> signals<04:01:50.040> from

Mox and this MOX takes the signals from

Mox and this MOX takes the signals from
each<04:01:50.399> of<04:01:50.520> the<04:01:50.699> nodes<04:01:50.939> and<04:01:51.540> sends<04:01:51.899> it<04:01:52.020> across

each of the nodes and sends it across

each of the nodes and sends it across
the<04:01:52.560> network

the network

the network
now<04:01:53.760> with<04:01:54.000> TDM<04:01:54.600> multiple

now with TDM multiple

now with TDM multiple
base<04:01:56.640> band<04:01:56.939> signals<04:01:57.720> and<04:01:58.319> remember<04:01:58.580> baseband

base band signals and remember baseband

base band signals and remember baseband
is

is

is
digital

digital

digital
again<04:02:03.779> represented<04:02:04.500> here<04:02:04.800> by<04:02:05.520> that<04:02:05.880> Digital

again represented here by that Digital

again represented here by that Digital
Signal<04:02:07.560> because<04:02:08.279> there<04:02:08.819> is<04:02:09.000> no<04:02:09.300> curve<04:02:09.779> in<04:02:09.899> the

Signal because there is no curve in the

Signal because there is no curve in the
wave<04:02:10.319> which<04:02:11.100> would<04:02:11.220> be<04:02:11.340> analog<04:02:11.760> and<04:02:11.939> we'll<04:02:12.060> see

wave which would be analog and we'll see

wave which would be analog and we'll see
that<04:02:12.359> in<04:02:12.479> just<04:02:12.600> a<04:02:12.779> second

that in just a second

that in just a second
it<04:02:13.920> allows<04:02:14.279> these<04:02:14.699> digital<04:02:15.180> signals<04:02:15.720> these

it allows these digital signals these

it allows these digital signals these
baseband<04:02:16.560> channels<04:02:17.100> to<04:02:17.279> be<04:02:17.460> combined<04:02:17.939> and

baseband channels to be combined and

baseband channels to be combined and
sent<04:02:18.300> over<04:02:18.600> one<04:02:19.080> network<04:02:19.560> medium

sent over one network medium

sent over one network medium
on<04:02:21.180> the<04:02:21.300> other<04:02:21.359> hand<04:02:21.540> we<04:02:21.840> also<04:02:22.080> have<04:02:22.199> something

on the other hand we also have something

on the other hand we also have something
called<04:02:22.920> frequency<04:02:23.819> division<04:02:24.300> multiplexing

called frequency division multiplexing

called frequency division multiplexing
this<04:02:25.920> is<04:02:26.040> where<04:02:26.279> data<04:02:26.699> from<04:02:26.880> multiple<04:02:27.239> nodes

this is where data from multiple nodes

this is where data from multiple nodes
is<04:02:28.080> sent<04:02:28.319> over<04:02:28.500> many<04:02:28.920> different<04:02:29.279> frequencies

is sent over many different frequencies

is sent over many different frequencies
as<04:02:30.899> opposed<04:02:31.199> to<04:02:31.260> given<04:02:31.620> a<04:02:31.739> specific<04:02:32.040> time<04:02:32.420> each

as opposed to given a specific time each

as opposed to given a specific time each
node<04:02:33.720> has<04:02:34.020> complete<04:02:34.560> access<04:02:34.739> to<04:02:35.220> its

node has complete access to its

node has complete access to its
frequency<04:02:36.080> and<04:02:37.080> dedicated<04:02:37.680> communication

frequency and dedicated communication

frequency and dedicated communication
with<04:02:38.880> the<04:02:39.300> MOX<04:02:39.660> that<04:02:39.960> device<04:02:40.199> that<04:02:40.859> is

with the MOX that device that is

with the MOX that device that is
basically<04:02:41.580> controlling<04:02:42.239> all<04:02:42.420> of<04:02:42.600> this

basically controlling all of this

basically controlling all of this
the<04:02:43.859> mux<04:02:44.220> combines<04:02:44.819> the<04:02:45.479> received<04:02:45.960> signals

the mux combines the received signals

the mux combines the received signals
from<04:02:46.680> the<04:02:46.859> nodes<04:02:47.040> and<04:02:47.460> then<04:02:47.580> transmitted

from the nodes and then transmitted

from the nodes and then transmitted
across<04:02:48.600> the<04:02:48.720> medium<04:02:49.020> the<04:02:49.500> important<04:02:49.800> thing

across the medium the important thing

across the medium the important thing
you're<04:02:50.160> here<04:02:50.399> to<04:02:50.699> know<04:02:50.819> is<04:02:51.359> that<04:02:51.540> this<04:02:51.779> we're

you're here to know is that this we're

you're here to know is that this we're
dealing<04:02:52.260> with<04:02:52.380> Broadband<04:02:53.160> or<04:02:53.939> analog<04:02:54.420> signals

dealing with Broadband or analog signals

dealing with Broadband or analog signals
now<04:02:56.939> we've<04:02:57.420> been<04:02:57.660> talking<04:02:57.960> about

now we've been talking about

now we've been talking about
uh<04:03:00.420> the<04:03:00.720> mux<04:03:01.020> so<04:03:01.260> let's<04:03:01.380> just<04:03:01.500> talk<04:03:01.680> about<04:03:01.859> that

uh the mux so let's just talk about that

uh the mux so let's just talk about that
really<04:03:02.520> briefly<04:03:03.000> the<04:03:03.960> MOX<04:03:04.380> is<04:03:05.160> the<04:03:05.460> central

really briefly the MOX is the central

really briefly the MOX is the central
device<04:03:06.380> that<04:03:07.380> or<04:03:07.739> which<04:03:08.160> is<04:03:08.279> also<04:03:08.580> called<04:03:08.760> a

device that or which is also called a

device that or which is also called a
multiplexer

multiplexer

multiplexer
that<04:03:11.340> combines<04:03:11.699> the<04:03:11.939> signals<04:03:12.359> and<04:03:12.540> transmits

that combines the signals and transmits

that combines the signals and transmits
them<04:03:13.199> to<04:03:13.439> the<04:03:13.560> receiving<04:03:13.800> end<04:03:14.100> or<04:03:14.460> a<04:03:14.699> demux<04:03:15.180> or

them to the receiving end or a demux or

them to the receiving end or a demux or
a<04:03:15.479> d<04:03:15.600> multiplexer<04:03:16.380> separates<04:03:17.160> the<04:03:17.340> signals

a d multiplexer separates the signals

a d multiplexer separates the signals
out<04:03:17.880> again<04:03:18.060> now<04:03:18.779> remember<04:03:19.020> this<04:03:19.500> is<04:03:19.620> all

out again now remember this is all

out again now remember this is all
controlled<04:03:21.000> access<04:03:21.199> and<04:03:22.199> this<04:03:22.500> mux<04:03:22.979> is<04:03:23.279> that

controlled access and this mux is that

controlled access and this mux is that
device<04:03:23.880> we<04:03:24.239> were<04:03:24.420> talking<04:03:24.660> about<04:03:24.960> that<04:03:25.739> is

device we were talking about that is

device we were talking about that is
doing<04:03:26.220> the<04:03:26.939> controlling<04:03:27.479> now<04:03:28.080> a<04:03:28.439> different

doing the controlling now a different

doing the controlling now a different
type<04:03:29.040> of<04:03:29.279> controlled<04:03:30.000> media<04:03:30.479> access<04:03:30.660> method

type of controlled media access method

type of controlled media access method
is<04:03:31.920> called<04:03:32.160> polling<04:03:32.760> and<04:03:33.120> as<04:03:33.300> the<04:03:33.479> name

is called polling and as the name

is called polling and as the name
implies<04:03:34.020> we<04:03:34.380> have<04:03:34.500> a<04:03:34.800> central<04:03:34.920> device<04:03:35.340> as<04:03:35.819> well

implies we have a central device as well

implies we have a central device as well
that<04:03:36.300> goes<04:03:36.600> to<04:03:36.720> each<04:03:36.960> node<04:03:37.199> in<04:03:37.380> the<04:03:37.500> network<04:03:37.680> in

that goes to each node in the network in

that goes to each node in the network in
turn<04:03:38.460> and<04:03:39.239> C's<04:03:39.660> and<04:03:39.899> queries<04:03:40.260> them<04:03:40.500> do<04:03:40.979> you

turn and C's and queries them do you

turn and C's and queries them do you
have<04:03:41.220> any<04:03:41.460> data<04:03:41.819> to<04:03:42.000> transmit<04:03:42.479> with<04:03:43.319> polling

have any data to transmit with polling

have any data to transmit with polling
then<04:03:43.979> there<04:03:44.279> is<04:03:44.520> guaranteed<04:03:45.300> access<04:03:45.600> because

then there is guaranteed access because

then there is guaranteed access because
the<04:03:46.500> process<04:03:46.800> is<04:03:47.100> constantly<04:03:47.640> repeating

the process is constantly repeating

the process is constantly repeating
basically<04:03:48.899> it's<04:03:49.199> just<04:03:49.380> constantly<04:03:49.859> if<04:03:50.040> we

basically it's just constantly if we

basically it's just constantly if we
have<04:03:50.399> this<04:03:50.640> middle<04:03:50.939> mux<04:03:51.479> sort<04:03:51.720> of<04:03:51.779> device<04:03:52.020> it's

have this middle mux sort of device it's

have this middle mux sort of device it's
constantly<04:03:53.340> going

constantly going

constantly going
to<04:03:55.140> each

device and saying hey are you ready to

device and saying hey are you ready to
send<04:04:02.460> something<04:04:02.760> you<04:04:03.120> now<04:04:03.300> have<04:04:03.600> access

send something you now have access

send something you now have access
although<04:04:04.979> this<04:04:05.279> guaranteed<04:04:05.819> access<04:04:06.180> in<04:04:06.600> this

although this guaranteed access in this

although this guaranteed access in this
method<04:04:07.140> is<04:04:07.620> reliable<04:04:08.160> it<04:04:08.880> might<04:04:09.000> not<04:04:09.120> be<04:04:09.300> as

method is reliable it might not be as

method is reliable it might not be as
effective<04:04:10.080> in<04:04:10.500> time<04:04:10.739> sensitive<04:04:11.279> Networks

and time can affect sometimes

and time can affect sometimes
potentially<04:04:16.439> be<04:04:16.800> wasted

potentially be wasted

potentially be wasted
in<04:04:18.840> this<04:04:18.960> querying<04:04:19.560> in<04:04:19.979> this<04:04:20.220> polling<04:04:20.699> because

in this querying in this polling because

in this querying in this polling because
sometimes<04:04:22.380> I'm<04:04:22.560> having<04:04:22.739> to<04:04:22.979> ask<04:04:23.100> devices<04:04:23.520> that

sometimes I'm having to ask devices that

sometimes I'm having to ask devices that
don't<04:04:23.939> need<04:04:24.180> to<04:04:24.359> transmit<04:04:24.899> anything<04:04:25.140> to<04:04:25.620> if

don't need to transmit anything to if

don't need to transmit anything to if
they<04:04:26.040> need<04:04:26.220> to<04:04:26.340> transmit<04:04:26.760> so<04:04:27.060> this<04:04:27.479> basically

they need to transmit so this basically

they need to transmit so this basically
wastes<04:04:28.560> time<04:04:29.060> another<04:04:30.060> example<04:04:30.540> of<04:04:30.779> this<04:04:31.020> by

wastes time another example of this by

wastes time another example of this by
the<04:04:31.319> way<04:04:31.380> is<04:04:31.500> if<04:04:31.920> for<04:04:32.399> instance<04:04:32.640> node<04:04:33.180> a<04:04:33.540> at<04:04:34.020> one

the way is if for instance node a at one

the way is if for instance node a at one
point

point

point
finds<04:04:36.479> it<04:04:36.600> as<04:04:36.779> data<04:04:37.140> to<04:04:37.260> transmit<04:04:38.000> node<04:04:39.000> a<04:04:39.180> has

finds it as data to transmit node a has

finds it as data to transmit node a has
to<04:04:39.600> wait<04:04:39.779> until<04:04:40.140> basically<04:04:40.800> the<04:04:41.220> polling

to wait until basically the polling

to wait until basically the polling
device<04:04:41.819> comes<04:04:42.720> all<04:04:42.899> the<04:04:43.020> way<04:04:43.140> around<04:04:43.380> to<04:04:43.800> it

device comes all the way around to it

device comes all the way around to it
before<04:04:44.699> it's<04:04:45.000> allowed<04:04:45.359> to<04:04:45.420> transmit<04:04:45.899> the<04:04:46.080> data

before it's allowed to transmit the data

before it's allowed to transmit the data
now<04:04:46.739> this<04:04:46.979> can<04:04:47.160> take<04:04:47.279> a<04:04:47.520> lot<04:04:47.580> longer<04:04:48.060> than

now this can take a lot longer than

now this can take a lot longer than
simply<04:04:48.660> just<04:04:49.020> asking<04:04:49.800> if<04:04:50.040> it<04:04:50.220> can<04:04:50.399> then<04:04:50.880> just

simply just asking if it can then just

simply just asking if it can then just
send<04:04:51.840> the<04:04:52.020> data<04:04:52.439> along

send the data along

send the data along
now<04:04:53.699> because<04:04:54.060> of<04:04:54.359> these<04:04:54.660> negatives<04:04:54.960> there's<04:04:55.319> a

now because of these negatives there's a

now because of these negatives there's a
variation<04:04:56.100> of<04:04:56.399> this<04:04:56.520> polling<04:04:57.000> which<04:04:57.540> is

variation of this polling which is

variation of this polling which is
called<04:04:58.279> demand<04:04:59.279> priority<04:04:59.960> where<04:05:00.960> each<04:05:01.500> node

called demand priority where each node

called demand priority where each node
signals<04:05:02.760> when<04:05:03.180> it<04:05:03.420> has<04:05:03.660> to<04:05:03.960> transmit<04:05:04.680> or<04:05:04.979> not

signals when it has to transmit or not

signals when it has to transmit or not
transmit<04:05:05.760> this<04:05:06.600> method<04:05:06.899> contains<04:05:07.439> within<04:05:07.739> it

transmit this method contains within it

transmit this method contains within it
measures<04:05:08.340> to<04:05:08.699> Grant<04:05:09.120> priority<04:05:09.660> to<04:05:09.960> nodes<04:05:10.260> that

measures to Grant priority to nodes that

measures to Grant priority to nodes that
have<04:05:11.040> immediate<04:05:11.699> data<04:05:12.120> that<04:05:12.359> it<04:05:12.479> needs<04:05:12.720> to

have immediate data that it needs to

have immediate data that it needs to
transmit<04:05:13.380> it<04:05:13.920> also<04:05:14.220> contains<04:05:14.640> measures<04:05:15.120> and

transmit it also contains measures and

transmit it also contains measures and
controls<04:05:16.020> to<04:05:16.260> ensure<04:05:16.500> that<04:05:16.800> nodes<04:05:17.160> can't

controls to ensure that nodes can't

controls to ensure that nodes can't
constantly<04:05:18.720> signal<04:05:19.140> they<04:05:19.380> have<04:05:19.560> priority

constantly signal they have priority

constantly signal they have priority
data<04:05:20.760> because<04:05:21.540> then<04:05:21.779> you<04:05:22.020> would<04:05:22.140> have<04:05:22.319> one

data because then you would have one

data because then you would have one
device<04:05:23.220> that's<04:05:23.760> constantly<04:05:24.300> sort<04:05:24.540> of<04:05:24.720> hogging

device that's constantly sort of hogging

device that's constantly sort of hogging
your<04:05:25.439> network<04:05:25.620> so<04:05:26.399> those<04:05:26.699> are<04:05:26.880> our<04:05:27.060> controlled

your network so those are our controlled

your network so those are our controlled
based<04:05:28.080> media<04:05:28.439> access<04:05:28.620> let's<04:05:29.520> and<04:05:29.880> and<04:05:30.120> really

based media access let's and and really

based media access let's and and really
we<04:05:31.080> we<04:05:31.140> see<04:05:31.620> these<04:05:31.920> employed<04:05:32.520> in<04:05:32.760> certain

we we see these employed in certain

we we see these employed in certain
circumstances<04:05:33.600> but<04:05:34.020> you're<04:05:34.380> going<04:05:34.620> to<04:05:34.979> more

circumstances but you're going to more

circumstances but you're going to more
encounter

encounter

encounter
contention-based<04:05:37.920> media<04:05:38.340> access<04:05:38.460> and<04:05:39.180> in

contention-based media access and in

contention-based media access and in
contention-based<04:05:40.199> media<04:05:40.380> access<04:05:40.500> there<04:05:40.859> are

contention-based media access there are

contention-based media access there are
two<04:05:41.100> different<04:05:41.220> types<04:05:41.520> I<04:05:41.640> want<04:05:41.760> to<04:05:41.939> talk<04:05:42.000> about

two different types I want to talk about

two different types I want to talk about
Collision<04:05:43.140> detection<04:05:43.680> is<04:05:44.460> a

Collision detection is a

Collision detection is a
contention-based<04:05:45.899> media<04:05:46.620> access<04:05:46.920> method

contention-based media access method

contention-based media access method
that<04:05:48.300> attempts<04:05:49.020> to<04:05:49.680> provide<04:05:50.340> Collision<04:05:51.120> free

that attempts to provide Collision free

that attempts to provide Collision free
data<04:05:52.680> transfer<04:05:53.160> in<04:05:53.699> Ethernet<04:05:54.120> local<04:05:54.359> area

data transfer in Ethernet local area

data transfer in Ethernet local area
Networks<04:05:55.620> so<04:05:56.100> the<04:05:56.340> key<04:05:56.520> here<04:05:56.760> is<04:05:56.939> this<04:05:57.239> is<04:05:57.420> what

Networks so the key here is this is what

Networks so the key here is this is what
ethernet<04:05:58.319> uses<04:05:58.819> with<04:05:59.819> csma<04:06:00.359> CD<04:06:00.960> or<04:06:01.199> Collision

ethernet uses with csma CD or Collision

ethernet uses with csma CD or Collision
detection<04:06:02.000> nodes<04:06:03.000> transmit<04:06:03.660> when<04:06:03.840> they<04:06:04.020> have

detection nodes transmit when they have

detection nodes transmit when they have
data<04:06:04.620> to<04:06:04.739> send<04:06:04.920> and<04:06:05.760> then<04:06:05.939> when<04:06:06.239> a<04:06:06.420> collision

data to send and then when a collision

data to send and then when a collision
occurs<04:06:07.500> they're<04:06:08.100> basically<04:06:08.460> detected

occurs they're basically detected

occurs they're basically detected
managed<04:06:10.439> and<04:06:10.920> then<04:06:11.040> the<04:06:11.279> data<04:06:11.580> is<04:06:11.880> resent<04:06:12.540> or

managed and then the data is resent or

managed and then the data is resent or
retransmitted<04:06:13.680> appropriately<04:06:14.220> to<04:06:14.760> get<04:06:14.880> a

retransmitted appropriately to get a

retransmitted appropriately to get a
better<04:06:15.120> sense<04:06:15.359> of<04:06:15.600> this<04:06:15.720> and<04:06:15.960> because<04:06:16.140> it's

better sense of this and because it's

better sense of this and because it's
one<04:06:16.560> that<04:06:16.800> we<04:06:17.220> really<04:06:17.340> need<04:06:17.580> to<04:06:17.699> understand

one that we really need to understand

one that we really need to understand
let's<04:06:18.779> take<04:06:19.020> a<04:06:19.140> look

let's take a look

let's take a look
at<04:06:21.239> um<04:06:21.300> an<04:06:21.840> image<04:06:22.140> to<04:06:22.380> give<04:06:22.500> us<04:06:22.620> an<04:06:22.859> idea

at um an image to give us an idea

at um an image to give us an idea
so<04:06:25.439> there<04:06:26.040> are<04:06:26.220> five<04:06:26.520> steps<04:06:27.060> in<04:06:27.660> Collision<04:06:28.020> in

so there are five steps in Collision in

so there are five steps in Collision in
this<04:06:28.500> Collision<04:06:28.800> detection<04:06:29.279> which<04:06:29.640> again<04:06:29.819> I'm

this Collision detection which again I'm

this Collision detection which again I'm
just<04:06:30.180> going<04:06:30.300> to<04:06:30.359> throw<04:06:30.479> this<04:06:30.720> up<04:06:30.899> there<04:06:31.140> is<04:06:31.800> a

just going to throw this up there is a

just going to throw this up there is a
contention

contention

contention
based<04:06:34.199> media<04:06:34.800> access<04:06:34.979> method

based media access method

based media access method
in<04:06:36.840> step<04:06:37.020> one<04:06:37.380> we<04:06:38.100> just<04:06:38.340> say<04:06:38.580> that<04:06:38.880> the<04:06:39.239> node

in step one we just say that the node

in step one we just say that the node
itself<04:06:40.020> wants<04:06:40.859> to<04:06:40.979> uh<04:06:41.880> transmit<04:06:42.420> data<04:06:42.840> so<04:06:43.319> what

itself wants to uh transmit data so what

itself wants to uh transmit data so what
it<04:06:43.620> then<04:06:43.739> does<04:06:43.979> in<04:06:44.220> step<04:06:44.399> two<04:06:44.580> is<04:06:44.819> it<04:06:45.060> basically

it then does in step two is it basically

it then does in step two is it basically
checks<04:06:45.960> the<04:06:46.080> network<04:06:46.260> for<04:06:46.680> availability

checks the network for availability

checks the network for availability
now<04:06:48.600> in<04:06:48.779> step<04:06:48.960> three<04:06:49.140> the<04:06:49.500> node<04:06:49.800> transmits

now in step three the node transmits

now in step three the node transmits
that<04:06:50.819> data<04:06:51.180> and<04:06:51.600> waits<04:06:52.020> for<04:06:52.140> an

that data and waits for an

that data and waits for an
acknowledgment<04:06:52.800> from<04:06:53.340> the<04:06:53.640> receiver<04:06:54.000> that<04:06:54.359> it

acknowledgment from the receiver that it

acknowledgment from the receiver that it
got<04:06:54.660> there<04:06:54.899> which<04:06:55.560> is<04:06:55.739> called<04:06:55.920> an<04:06:56.220> ack

got there which is called an ack

got there which is called an ack
packet<04:06:58.680> an<04:06:59.160> acknowledgment<04:06:59.760> packet<04:07:00.720> in<04:07:01.319> step

packet an acknowledgment packet in step

packet an acknowledgment packet in step
four<04:07:01.739> this<04:07:02.100> is<04:07:02.160> where<04:07:02.340> stuff<04:07:02.520> really<04:07:02.760> happens

four this is where stuff really happens

four this is where stuff really happens
uh<04:07:04.140> if<04:07:04.439> there<04:07:04.680> is<04:07:04.859> a<04:07:05.160> collision<04:07:05.640> the<04:07:06.540> packet

uh if there is a collision the packet

uh if there is a collision the packet
size<04:07:07.260> will<04:07:07.680> identify<04:07:08.220> if<04:07:08.460> one<04:07:08.640> occurred

size will identify if one occurred

size will identify if one occurred
because<04:07:09.540> what<04:07:09.899> happens<04:07:10.080> is<04:07:10.439> boom<04:07:10.859> I<04:07:11.040> have<04:07:11.220> this

because what happens is boom I have this

because what happens is boom I have this
collision<04:07:11.699> and<04:07:11.880> now<04:07:12.060> my<04:07:12.239> packet<04:07:12.600> size<04:07:12.840> changes

collision and now my packet size changes

collision and now my packet size changes
so<04:07:14.520> in<04:07:14.699> step<04:07:14.880> five<04:07:15.180> if<04:07:15.660> that<04:07:15.840> Collision

so in step five if that Collision

so in step five if that Collision
occurred<04:07:16.680> both<04:07:17.399> transmitting<04:07:18.060> nodes<04:07:18.300> and<04:07:18.479> by

occurred both transmitting nodes and by

occurred both transmitting nodes and by
the<04:07:18.720> way<04:07:18.779> the<04:07:19.080> reason<04:07:19.199> a<04:07:19.620> a<04:07:19.979> collision<04:07:20.580> is

the way the reason a a collision is

the way the reason a a collision is
going<04:07:20.880> to<04:07:20.939> occur<04:07:21.180> is<04:07:21.300> because<04:07:21.479> another<04:07:21.840> device

going to occur is because another device

going to occur is because another device
is<04:07:23.100> also<04:07:23.460> trying<04:07:23.760> to<04:07:24.180> transmit<04:07:25.020> at<04:07:25.199> the<04:07:25.380> same

is also trying to transmit at the same

is also trying to transmit at the same
time<04:07:25.739> so<04:07:26.460> in<04:07:26.699> step<04:07:26.939> five<04:07:27.239> if<04:07:27.600> the<04:07:27.720> Collision

time so in step five if the Collision

time so in step five if the Collision
occurred<04:07:28.560> I<04:07:28.979> wait<04:07:29.160> a<04:07:29.520> set<04:07:29.640> period<04:07:30.060> of<04:07:30.239> time<04:07:30.479> and

occurred I wait a set period of time and

occurred I wait a set period of time and
then<04:07:31.080> I<04:07:31.380> try<04:07:31.620> to<04:07:31.800> retransmit<04:07:32.580> again<04:07:32.760> now<04:07:33.540> this

then I try to retransmit again now this

then I try to retransmit again now this
might<04:07:34.080> seem<04:07:34.380> like<04:07:34.560> it's<04:07:34.739> not<04:07:34.979> a<04:07:35.160> very

might seem like it's not a very

might seem like it's not a very
effective<04:07:35.699> way<04:07:36.000> of<04:07:36.359> transmitting<04:07:36.899> data<04:07:37.260> but

effective way of transmitting data but

effective way of transmitting data but
it<04:07:37.859> happens<04:07:37.979> at<04:07:38.340> such<04:07:38.520> a<04:07:38.760> fast<04:07:38.939> speed<04:07:39.300> that

it happens at such a fast speed that

it happens at such a fast speed that
actually<04:07:39.899> it<04:07:40.199> works<04:07:40.500> quite<04:07:40.800> well<04:07:41.040> as<04:07:41.939> long<04:07:42.120> as

actually it works quite well as long as

actually it works quite well as long as
we<04:07:42.420> don't<04:07:42.540> have<04:07:42.660> too<04:07:42.960> many<04:07:43.140> devices<04:07:43.620> in<04:07:44.220> the

we don't have too many devices in the

we don't have too many devices in the
same<04:07:44.640> network<04:07:45.300> contending<04:07:46.199> for<04:07:46.500> Access<04:07:46.680> which

same network contending for Access which

same network contending for Access which
we'll<04:07:47.220> talk<04:07:47.460> about<04:07:47.580> in<04:07:47.939> just<04:07:48.060> a<04:07:48.239> bit<04:07:48.359> now<04:07:49.080> you

we'll talk about in just a bit now you

we'll talk about in just a bit now you
can<04:07:49.319> understand<04:07:49.439> why<04:07:49.859> this<04:07:50.040> works<04:07:50.340> really

can understand why this works really

can understand why this works really
well<04:07:50.880> in<04:07:51.239> Ethernet<04:07:51.720> networks<04:07:52.199> wired<04:07:52.859> Networks

well in Ethernet networks wired Networks

well in Ethernet networks wired Networks
because<04:07:55.620> I<04:07:56.340> can<04:07:56.520> continue<04:07:56.760> to<04:07:57.420> collide<04:07:57.840> and

because I can continue to collide and

because I can continue to collide and
then<04:07:58.260> send<04:07:58.560> something<04:07:58.800> out<04:07:59.100> again<04:07:59.279> and<04:07:59.640> many

then send something out again and many

then send something out again and many
times<04:08:00.000> as<04:08:00.180> I<04:08:00.359> need<04:08:00.479> until<04:08:00.660> the<04:08:00.899> data<04:08:01.199> gets

times as I need until the data gets

times as I need until the data gets
there<04:08:01.560> but<04:08:02.520> in<04:08:02.939> wireless<04:08:03.180> settings<04:08:03.779> this

there but in wireless settings this

there but in wireless settings this
isn't<04:08:04.680> really<04:08:04.859> going<04:08:05.040> to<04:08:05.160> work<04:08:05.279> so<04:08:05.520> well<04:08:05.699> for

isn't really going to work so well for

isn't really going to work so well for
us<04:08:06.060> in<04:08:06.660> this<04:08:06.779> case<04:08:06.899> we're<04:08:07.140> going<04:08:07.260> to<04:08:07.380> use

us in this case we're going to use

us in this case we're going to use
carrier<04:08:08.100> sense<04:08:08.399> multiple<04:08:08.819> axis<04:08:09.180> collision

carrier sense multiple axis collision

carrier sense multiple axis collision
avoidance<04:08:10.680> meaning<04:08:11.220> we<04:08:11.640> don't<04:08:11.939> want<04:08:12.359> a

avoidance meaning we don't want a

avoidance meaning we don't want a
collision<04:08:12.960> to<04:08:13.199> occur

collision to occur

collision to occur
in<04:08:14.939> this<04:08:15.140> contention-based<04:08:16.140> media<04:08:16.500> access

in this contention-based media access

in this contention-based media access
method<04:08:17.279> there<04:08:18.060> are<04:08:18.180> six<04:08:18.479> steps<04:08:18.899> that<04:08:19.140> provide

method there are six steps that provide

method there are six steps that provide
Collision<04:08:20.640> free<04:08:21.300> Communication<04:08:21.960> in<04:08:22.800> Wireless

Collision free Communication in Wireless

Collision free Communication in Wireless
Lanes<04:08:23.760> specifically<04:08:24.359> now<04:08:25.319> similar<04:08:25.680> to<04:08:25.859> csma

Lanes specifically now similar to csma

Lanes specifically now similar to csma
CD<04:08:27.680> nodes<04:08:28.680> transmit<04:08:29.220> when<04:08:29.399> they<04:08:29.640> have<04:08:29.760> data<04:08:30.120> to

CD nodes transmit when they have data to

CD nodes transmit when they have data to
send<04:08:30.479> however<04:08:31.260> the<04:08:31.979> node<04:08:32.160> takes<04:08:32.520> preventative

send however the node takes preventative

send however the node takes preventative
measures<04:08:33.720> basically<04:08:34.319> by<04:08:34.620> sending<04:08:34.979> out<04:08:35.160> a

measures basically by sending out a

measures basically by sending out a
jamming<04:08:35.880> signal<04:08:36.300> or<04:08:36.600> a<04:08:36.720> signal<04:08:36.960> to<04:08:37.080> all<04:08:37.260> the

jamming signal or a signal to all the

jamming signal or a signal to all the
other<04:08:37.500> computers<04:08:38.160> that<04:08:38.880> tell<04:08:39.120> all<04:08:39.359> the<04:08:39.479> other

other computers that tell all the other

other computers that tell all the other
computers<04:08:40.140> that<04:08:40.800> there<04:08:41.040> is<04:08:41.220> uh<04:08:41.520> something<04:08:41.760> to

computers that there is uh something to

computers that there is uh something to
be<04:08:42.180> sent

be sent

be sent
and<04:08:43.739> therefore<04:08:44.100> no<04:08:44.460> one<04:08:44.580> else<04:08:44.699> is<04:08:44.880> going<04:08:45.060> to

and therefore no one else is going to

and therefore no one else is going to
send<04:08:45.300> anything<04:08:45.540> for<04:08:45.960> a<04:08:46.080> set<04:08:46.260> period<04:08:46.620> of<04:08:46.739> time

send anything for a set period of time

send anything for a set period of time
so<04:08:47.399> let's<04:08:47.580> take<04:08:47.760> a<04:08:47.880> look<04:08:48.000> at<04:08:48.239> this<04:08:48.479> in<04:08:49.140> a<04:08:49.260> visual

so let's take a look at this in a visual

so let's take a look at this in a visual
way

way

way
so<04:08:51.540> the<04:08:52.020> first<04:08:52.199> step<04:08:52.380> in<04:08:52.560> here<04:08:52.680> like<04:08:53.040> with<04:08:53.279> the

so the first step in here like with the

so the first step in here like with the
CD<04:08:53.760> or<04:08:54.239> like<04:08:54.540> with<04:08:54.660> CD<04:08:55.020> as<04:08:55.199> opposed<04:08:55.500> to<04:08:55.500> ca<04:08:55.979> is

CD or like with CD as opposed to ca is

CD or like with CD as opposed to ca is
that<04:08:56.580> the<04:08:56.819> transmitting<04:08:57.560> node<04:08:58.560> has<04:08:58.920> data

that the transmitting node has data

that the transmitting node has data
descend<04:08:59.760> now<04:09:00.420> the<04:09:00.720> node<04:09:00.960> checks<04:09:01.500> the<04:09:01.620> network

descend now the node checks the network

descend now the node checks the network
for<04:09:02.520> any<04:09:02.699> Jam<04:09:03.000> signals<04:09:03.660> being<04:09:04.140> transmitted<04:09:04.739> by

for any Jam signals being transmitted by

for any Jam signals being transmitted by
other<04:09:05.040> nodes<04:09:05.340> basically<04:09:05.880> uh<04:09:06.600> has<04:09:06.779> another

other nodes basically uh has another

other nodes basically uh has another
node<04:09:07.439> already<04:09:07.739> sort<04:09:08.100> of<04:09:08.220> said<04:09:08.340> hey<04:09:08.580> I<04:09:08.819> need<04:09:08.939> to

node already sort of said hey I need to

node already sort of said hey I need to
send<04:09:09.239> something<04:09:09.540> if<04:09:10.319> not<04:09:10.560> the<04:09:11.220> transmitting

send something if not the transmitting

send something if not the transmitting
node

node

node
sends<04:09:13.620> uh<04:09:14.220> its<04:09:14.699> own<04:09:14.819> Jam<04:09:15.300> signal

saying hey no one else send anything

saying hey no one else send anything
because<04:09:21.600> I'm<04:09:21.899> gonna<04:09:22.080> send<04:09:22.380> something<04:09:22.620> right

because I'm gonna send something right

because I'm gonna send something right
now

now

now
then<04:09:24.239> it<04:09:24.660> waits<04:09:25.080> a<04:09:25.260> set<04:09:25.439> period<04:09:25.800> of<04:09:25.920> time<04:09:26.100> to

then it waits a set period of time to

then it waits a set period of time to
allow<04:09:26.939> all<04:09:27.239> the<04:09:27.359> other<04:09:27.479> devices<04:09:27.899> to<04:09:28.439> receive

allow all the other devices to receive

allow all the other devices to receive
this<04:09:29.100> Jam<04:09:29.279> signal<04:09:29.760> and<04:09:30.420> then<04:09:30.600> it<04:09:30.899> transmits

this Jam signal and then it transmits

this Jam signal and then it transmits
the<04:09:31.739> data

the data

the data
now<04:09:33.000> in<04:09:33.239> Step<04:09:33.479> six<04:09:33.779> which<04:09:34.140> is<04:09:34.260> the<04:09:34.560> last<04:09:34.739> step

now in Step six which is the last step

now in Step six which is the last step
the<04:09:35.699> node<04:09:35.939> monitors<04:09:36.359> the<04:09:36.660> network<04:09:36.779> for<04:09:37.140> any

the node monitors the network for any

the node monitors the network for any
other<04:09:37.500> Jam<04:09:37.800> signals<04:09:38.340> from<04:09:38.460> other<04:09:38.640> nodes<04:09:39.060> and

other Jam signals from other nodes and

other Jam signals from other nodes and
if<04:09:40.020> a<04:09:40.140> signal<04:09:40.380> is<04:09:40.560> detected<04:09:40.979> it<04:09:41.279> halts<04:09:41.640> its

if a signal is detected it halts its

if a signal is detected it halts its
transmission<04:09:42.140> Waits<04:09:43.140> a<04:09:43.260> delay<04:09:43.560> and<04:09:44.100> then

transmission Waits a delay and then

transmission Waits a delay and then
tries<04:09:44.699> to<04:09:45.060> transmit<04:09:45.660> again

tries to transmit again

tries to transmit again
this<04:09:48.180> process<04:09:48.540> as<04:09:48.899> you<04:09:49.080> can<04:09:49.199> tell<04:09:49.439> allows

this process as you can tell allows

this process as you can tell allows
wireless<04:09:50.819> devices<04:09:51.540> to<04:09:52.319> communicate

wireless devices to communicate

wireless devices to communicate
efficiently<04:09:53.399> in<04:09:53.699> a<04:09:53.960> contention-based

efficiently in a contention-based

efficiently in a contention-based
network<04:09:55.140> one<04:09:55.500> in<04:09:55.680> which<04:09:55.859> it's<04:09:55.979> contending<04:09:56.580> for

network one in which it's contending for

network one in which it's contending for
the<04:09:58.080> right<04:09:58.199> to<04:09:58.500> send<04:09:58.680> and<04:09:58.859> receive<04:09:59.160> data<04:09:59.580> so

the right to send and receive data so

the right to send and receive data so
this<04:10:00.239> allows<04:10:00.660> all<04:10:00.899> nodes<04:10:01.260> to<04:10:01.439> have<04:10:01.620> relatively

this allows all nodes to have relatively

this allows all nodes to have relatively
equal<04:10:02.640> access<04:10:03.060> to<04:10:03.540> the<04:10:03.660> media

equal access to the media

equal access to the media
now<04:10:05.460> we<04:10:05.939> need<04:10:06.060> to<04:10:06.239> have<04:10:06.479> a<04:10:06.960> an<04:10:07.319> area<04:10:07.620> in<04:10:08.040> which

now we need to have a an area in which

now we need to have a an area in which
all<04:10:08.640> of<04:10:08.760> these<04:10:08.939> are<04:10:09.060> going<04:10:09.239> to<04:10:09.359> contend<04:10:09.720> for

all of these are going to contend for

all of these are going to contend for
Access<04:10:10.260> and<04:10:10.979> in<04:10:11.160> a<04:10:11.399> contention<04:10:11.760> domain<04:10:12.420> nodes

Access and in a contention domain nodes

Access and in a contention domain nodes
on<04:10:13.199> the<04:10:13.319> network<04:10:13.439> are<04:10:13.739> allowed<04:10:14.040> to<04:10:14.160> compete

on the network are allowed to compete

on the network are allowed to compete
with<04:10:14.580> each<04:10:14.760> other<04:10:14.880> for<04:10:15.239> media<04:10:15.600> access<04:10:15.720> and

with each other for media access and

with each other for media access and
then<04:10:16.680> the<04:10:16.920> collisions<04:10:17.340> might<04:10:18.000> occur<04:10:18.359> as<04:10:18.600> a

then the collisions might occur as a

then the collisions might occur as a
result<04:10:18.899> but<04:10:19.859> this<04:10:20.100> is<04:10:20.220> why<04:10:20.460> a<04:10:20.580> contention

result but this is why a contention

result but this is why a contention
domain<04:10:21.420> is<04:10:21.660> also<04:10:21.960> considered<04:10:22.380> a<04:10:22.620> collision

domain is also considered a collision

domain is also considered a collision
domain<04:10:23.399> because<04:10:23.760> this<04:10:24.120> is<04:10:24.239> where<04:10:24.420> these

domain because this is where these

domain because this is where these
collisions<04:10:25.380> are<04:10:25.560> going<04:10:25.680> to<04:10:25.800> occur<04:10:26.160> now<04:10:26.880> in<04:10:27.060> a

collisions are going to occur now in a

collisions are going to occur now in a
contention<04:10:27.540> domain<04:10:28.340> switches<04:10:29.340> control<04:10:29.640> the

contention domain switches control the

contention domain switches control the
size<04:10:30.239> of<04:10:30.479> this<04:10:30.660> domain<04:10:31.080> and<04:10:31.800> in<04:10:31.979> larger

size of this domain and in larger

size of this domain and in larger
networks<04:10:32.880> we<04:10:33.120> want<04:10:33.180> to<04:10:33.300> make<04:10:33.420> sure<04:10:33.600> to<04:10:33.779> vot<04:10:34.080> to

networks we want to make sure to vot to

networks we want to make sure to vot to
divide<04:10:34.739> these<04:10:35.040> into<04:10:35.279> smaller<04:10:35.760> networks<04:10:36.120> so

divide these into smaller networks so

divide these into smaller networks so
that<04:10:36.359> way<04:10:36.540> we're<04:10:36.660> not<04:10:36.779> having<04:10:36.960> to<04:10:37.140> contend

that way we're not having to contend

that way we're not having to contend
with<04:10:38.220> as<04:10:38.399> many<04:10:38.640> devices<04:10:39.060> at<04:10:39.420> the<04:10:39.540> same<04:10:39.720> time

with as many devices at the same time

with as many devices at the same time
so

so

so
on<04:10:43.319> the<04:10:43.500> other<04:10:43.560> hand<04:10:43.859> a<04:10:44.819> broadcast<04:10:45.060> domain<04:10:45.720> is

on the other hand a broadcast domain is

on the other hand a broadcast domain is
simply<04:10:46.500> a<04:10:46.800> logical<04:10:47.160> area<04:10:47.460> of<04:10:47.819> the<04:10:48.000> network

simply a logical area of the network

simply a logical area of the network
where<04:10:48.840> all<04:10:49.080> the<04:10:49.199> nodes<04:10:49.380> can<04:10:49.620> communicate<04:10:50.040> with

where all the nodes can communicate with

where all the nodes can communicate with
all<04:10:50.460> the<04:10:50.580> other<04:10:50.699> nodes<04:10:50.939> without<04:10:51.239> having<04:10:51.600> to<04:10:51.779> go

all the other nodes without having to go

all the other nodes without having to go
through<04:10:52.319> a<04:10:52.620> centralized<04:10:53.040> device<04:10:53.399> because<04:10:54.359> of

through a centralized device because of

through a centralized device because of
this<04:10:54.779> the<04:10:55.140> device<04:10:55.260> we're<04:10:55.560> going<04:10:55.680> to<04:10:55.800> use<04:10:55.920> is

this the device we're going to use is

this the device we're going to use is
actually<04:10:56.460> a<04:10:56.939> router<04:10:57.359> which<04:10:57.540> is<04:10:57.660> going<04:10:57.779> to

actually a router which is going to

actually a router which is going to
control<04:10:58.020> the<04:10:58.439> size<04:10:58.620> of<04:10:58.920> the<04:10:59.160> contention

control the size of the contention

control the size of the contention
domain<04:11:00.060> in<04:11:00.479> a<04:11:00.660> broadcast<04:11:00.840> domain<04:11:01.500> now<04:11:02.160> the

domain in a broadcast domain now the

domain in a broadcast domain now the
broadcast<04:11:02.640> domain<04:11:03.300> refers<04:11:03.720> to<04:11:04.080> the<04:11:04.439> set<04:11:04.620> of

broadcast domain refers to the set of

broadcast domain refers to the set of
devices<04:11:05.460> that<04:11:06.120> are<04:11:06.239> going<04:11:06.359> to<04:11:06.479> receive

devices that are going to receive

devices that are going to receive
broadcast<04:11:07.199> data<04:11:07.979> Transmissions<04:11:08.460> from<04:11:08.819> any

broadcast data Transmissions from any

broadcast data Transmissions from any
node<04:11:09.359> on<04:11:09.899> that<04:11:10.140> portion<04:11:10.560> of<04:11:10.800> the<04:11:10.920> network

node on that portion of the network

node on that portion of the network
which<04:11:11.460> is<04:11:11.580> also<04:11:11.880> called<04:11:12.060> a<04:11:12.300> segment

which is also called a segment

which is also called a segment
essentially<04:11:13.680> if<04:11:14.279> a<04:11:14.399> node<04:11:14.640> were<04:11:14.819> to<04:11:15.000> transmit<04:11:15.600> a

essentially if a node were to transmit a

essentially if a node were to transmit a
broadcast<04:11:16.319> message<04:11:17.040> the<04:11:17.760> broadcast<04:11:17.939> domain

broadcast message the broadcast domain

broadcast message the broadcast domain
dictates<04:11:19.140> where<04:11:19.620> the<04:11:19.800> message<04:11:19.920> is<04:11:20.160> going<04:11:20.340> to

dictates where the message is going to

dictates where the message is going to
go

go

go
now<04:11:21.720> in<04:11:21.960> a<04:11:22.140> contention<04:11:22.439> domain<04:11:23.040> if<04:11:23.939> a

now in a contention domain if a

now in a contention domain if a
broadcast<04:11:24.600> message<04:11:25.199> were<04:11:25.560> to<04:11:25.739> be<04:11:25.920> transmitted

broadcast message were to be transmitted

broadcast message were to be transmitted
there's<04:11:27.060> going<04:11:27.239> to<04:11:27.239> be<04:11:27.359> a<04:11:27.600> greater<04:11:27.899> number<04:11:28.080> of

there's going to be a greater number of

there's going to be a greater number of
collisions<04:11:28.920> as<04:11:29.580> a<04:11:29.819> result<04:11:30.060> of<04:11:30.600> the<04:11:30.779> traffic

collisions as a result of the traffic

collisions as a result of the traffic
you<04:11:31.800> can<04:11:31.920> have<04:11:32.040> multiple<04:11:32.580> contention<04:11:33.120> domains

you can have multiple contention domains

you can have multiple contention domains
that<04:11:34.500> make<04:11:34.800> up<04:11:35.420> broadcasts<04:11:36.420> that<04:11:36.720> make<04:11:36.960> up<04:11:37.140> a

that make up broadcasts that make up a

that make up broadcasts that make up a
broadcast<04:11:37.500> domain<04:11:38.279> so<04:11:38.880> I<04:11:39.060> can<04:11:39.180> have<04:11:39.479> again

broadcast domain so I can have again

broadcast domain so I can have again
divided<04:11:40.800> by<04:11:40.979> switches<04:11:41.520> two<04:11:42.180> different

divided by switches two different

divided by switches two different
contention<04:11:43.199> domains

and multiple ones of these can make up a

and multiple ones of these can make up a
larger<04:11:50.580> broadcast<04:11:51.479> domain<04:11:52.380> and

larger broadcast domain and

larger broadcast domain and
because<04:11:55.979> these<04:11:56.460> switches<04:11:56.819> are<04:11:57.120> all<04:11:57.300> connected

because these switches are all connected

because these switches are all connected
by<04:11:58.080> one<04:11:58.380> Central<04:11:58.620> router<04:11:59.220> when<04:11:59.939> one<04:12:00.180> of<04:12:00.300> the

by one Central router when one of the

by one Central router when one of the
nodes<04:12:00.660> branching<04:12:01.319> off<04:12:01.500> of<04:12:01.680> one<04:12:01.859> of<04:12:01.979> the

nodes branching off of one of the

nodes branching off of one of the
switches<04:12:02.460> sends<04:12:03.420> a<04:12:03.600> broadcast<04:12:03.840> message

switches sends a broadcast message

switches sends a broadcast message
the<04:12:06.420> router<04:12:06.779> dictates<04:12:07.199> that<04:12:07.620> only<04:12:07.859> the

the router dictates that only the

the router dictates that only the
connected<04:12:08.520> switch<04:12:08.760> and<04:12:09.120> its<04:12:09.420> devices<04:12:09.660> are

connected switch and its devices are

connected switch and its devices are
going<04:12:10.080> to<04:12:10.260> receive<04:12:10.620> that<04:12:10.979> broadcast

going to receive that broadcast

going to receive that broadcast
transmission

transmission

transmission
so<04:12:13.739> we<04:12:14.100> first<04:12:14.460> talked<04:12:14.939> about<04:12:15.060> defining<04:12:16.020> media

so we first talked about defining media

so we first talked about defining media
access<04:12:17.120> basically<04:12:18.120> the<04:12:18.899> rules<04:12:19.199> by<04:12:19.439> which

access basically the rules by which

access basically the rules by which
devices<04:12:20.340> are<04:12:20.760> allowed<04:12:21.120> to<04:12:21.420> communicate<04:12:22.020> on

devices are allowed to communicate on

devices are allowed to communicate on
the<04:12:22.739> network<04:12:22.920> we<04:12:23.819> then<04:12:24.000> looked<04:12:24.300> at<04:12:24.359> the<04:12:24.600> two

the network we then looked at the two

the network we then looked at the two
broad<04:12:25.260> categories<04:12:26.220> of<04:12:27.000> access<04:12:27.359> or<04:12:27.840> media

broad categories of access or media

broad categories of access or media
access<04:12:28.380> that<04:12:28.859> we<04:12:28.979> deal<04:12:29.100> with

access that we deal with

access that we deal with
contention-based<04:12:30.899> media<04:12:31.199> access<04:12:31.319> meaning

contention-based media access meaning

contention-based media access meaning
we're<04:12:32.160> basically<04:12:32.640> fighting

we're basically fighting

we're basically fighting
for<04:12:36.300> the<04:12:36.540> right<04:12:36.779> to<04:12:37.560> access<04:12:37.859> the<04:12:38.399> media<04:12:39.000> or

for the right to access the media or

for the right to access the media or
controlled<04:12:40.260> media<04:12:40.620> access<04:12:40.800> in<04:12:41.520> which<04:12:41.699> we<04:12:42.000> have

controlled media access in which we have

controlled media access in which we have
a<04:12:42.600> central<04:12:42.779> device<04:12:43.260> that<04:12:44.100> decides<04:12:44.580> for<04:12:44.819> us

a central device that decides for us

a central device that decides for us
we<04:12:46.199> looked<04:12:46.500> at<04:12:46.560> then<04:12:46.920> a<04:12:47.520> couple<04:12:47.640> different

we looked at then a couple different

we looked at then a couple different
types<04:12:48.540> of<04:12:48.840> controlled<04:12:49.800> media<04:12:50.279> access<04:12:50.840> these

types of controlled media access these

types of controlled media access these
are<04:12:51.960> all<04:12:52.199> controlled<04:12:52.859> media<04:12:53.220> access<04:12:53.340> types

are all controlled media access types

are all controlled media access types
multiplexing<04:12:56.699> which<04:12:57.479> allows<04:12:58.080> us<04:12:58.260> to<04:12:58.620> send

multiplexing which allows us to send

multiplexing which allows us to send
multiple<04:12:59.279> signals<04:12:59.760> over<04:12:59.880> one<04:13:00.180> media<04:13:00.660> and<04:13:01.140> we

multiple signals over one media and we

multiple signals over one media and we
looked<04:13:01.560> at<04:13:01.680> TDM<04:13:02.640> or<04:13:03.420> time<04:13:04.020> division<04:13:04.560> which

looked at TDM or time division which

looked at TDM or time division which
divides<04:13:05.340> It<04:13:05.399> Up<04:13:05.520> by<04:13:05.760> time<04:13:05.939> and<04:13:06.300> remember<04:13:06.420> this

divides It Up by time and remember this

divides It Up by time and remember this
is<04:13:07.020> for<04:13:07.380> digital<04:13:08.160> signals<04:13:08.760> and<04:13:09.479> then<04:13:09.600> we

is for digital signals and then we

is for digital signals and then we
looked<04:13:10.080> at<04:13:10.199> frequency

division which allows us to use analog

division which allows us to use analog
signals<04:13:18.420> or<04:13:18.899> Multiplex<04:13:19.500> analog<04:13:20.220> signals

signals or Multiplex analog signals

signals or Multiplex analog signals
remember<04:13:21.239> both<04:13:21.840> of<04:13:22.020> these<04:13:22.319> use<04:13:22.859> a<04:13:23.160> device<04:13:23.279> a

remember both of these use a device a

remember both of these use a device a
controlling<04:13:24.540> device<04:13:24.779> called<04:13:25.380> a<04:13:25.800> Mox

controlling device called a Mox

controlling device called a Mox
or<04:13:27.180> a<04:13:27.359> multiplexer<04:13:28.080> and<04:13:28.800> a<04:13:29.100> d-mox<04:13:29.640> or<04:13:30.000> D

or a multiplexer and a d-mox or D

or a multiplexer and a d-mox or D
multiplexer

multiplexer

multiplexer
we<04:13:32.819> also<04:13:33.120> described<04:13:33.660> polling<04:13:34.319> in<04:13:34.739> which<04:13:34.859> we

we also described polling in which we

we also described polling in which we
ask<04:13:35.460> are<04:13:35.699> there<04:13:35.819> any<04:13:36.000> devices<04:13:36.479> on<04:13:37.260> this

ask are there any devices on this

ask are there any devices on this
network<04:13:37.739> that<04:13:38.220> want<04:13:38.460> to<04:13:38.580> send<04:13:38.819> data<04:13:39.300> but<04:13:39.779> we

network that want to send data but we

network that want to send data but we
talked<04:13:40.319> about<04:13:40.439> the<04:13:40.800> fact<04:13:40.920> that<04:13:41.220> this<04:13:41.460> can

talked about the fact that this can

talked about the fact that this can
actually<04:13:42.000> add<04:13:42.540> more<04:13:43.260> time<04:13:43.560> to<04:13:44.100> the<04:13:44.279> process

actually add more time to the process

actually add more time to the process
since<04:13:45.060> I<04:13:45.300> have<04:13:45.420> to<04:13:45.600> ask<04:13:45.899> every<04:13:46.319> device<04:13:46.560> before

since I have to ask every device before

since I have to ask every device before
I<04:13:47.279> get<04:13:47.399> back<04:13:47.580> to<04:13:47.699> the<04:13:47.760> device<04:13:47.939> that's<04:13:48.239> ready<04:13:48.479> to

I get back to the device that's ready to

I get back to the device that's ready to
send

send

send
we<04:13:50.040> then<04:13:50.220> looked<04:13:50.640> at<04:13:51.180> two

we then looked at two

we then looked at two
contention<04:13:53.120> based<04:13:54.120> media<04:13:54.479> access<04:13:54.660> methods

carrier sense multiple access Collision

carrier sense multiple access Collision
detection<04:14:04.220> and<04:14:05.220> collision<04:14:05.640> avoidance<04:14:06.479> and

detection and collision avoidance and

detection and collision avoidance and
remember<04:14:07.199> the<04:14:07.620> important<04:14:07.920> thing<04:14:08.040> to<04:14:08.220> know

remember the important thing to know

remember the important thing to know
here<04:14:08.580> is<04:14:08.760> Collision<04:14:09.180> detection<04:14:09.960> simply<04:14:10.920> has<04:14:11.279> a

here is Collision detection simply has a

here is Collision detection simply has a
collision<04:14:12.239> occurs<04:14:12.840> and<04:14:13.439> then<04:14:13.560> I<04:14:13.800> just<04:14:13.979> wait

collision occurs and then I just wait

collision occurs and then I just wait
and<04:14:14.399> I<04:14:14.580> try<04:14:14.760> sending<04:14:15.239> again<04:14:15.420> and<04:14:16.080> this<04:14:16.260> is<04:14:16.439> what

and I try sending again and this is what

and I try sending again and this is what
ethernet<04:14:17.399> really<04:14:17.760> is<04:14:18.000> going<04:14:18.180> to<04:14:18.359> use<04:14:18.600> as

ethernet really is going to use as

ethernet really is going to use as
opposed<04:14:19.620> to<04:14:19.680> collision<04:14:20.340> avoidance

which is going to be used mostly

which is going to be used mostly
in<04:14:28.080> Wireless<04:14:28.260> situations<04:14:29.040> because<04:14:29.760> I<04:14:30.120> send

in Wireless situations because I send

in Wireless situations because I send
out<04:14:30.420> a<04:14:30.720> jamming<04:14:31.140> signal<04:14:31.500> first

we then looked at the difference in a

we then looked at the difference in a
contention-based<04:14:37.199> domain

contention-based domain

contention-based domain
or<04:14:39.120> where<04:14:39.420> we're<04:14:39.660> contending<04:14:40.140> for<04:14:40.319> Access<04:14:40.560> and

or where we're contending for Access and

or where we're contending for Access and
remember<04:14:41.340> that's<04:14:41.699> defined<04:14:42.300> by<04:14:42.720> a<04:14:42.899> switch

remember that's defined by a switch

remember that's defined by a switch
because<04:14:43.979> a<04:14:44.460> switch<04:14:44.640> uh<04:14:45.420> everything<04:14:45.660> connected

because a switch uh everything connected

because a switch uh everything connected
to<04:14:46.439> the<04:14:46.560> switch<04:14:46.739> can<04:14:47.160> contend<04:14:47.520> for<04:14:47.819> Access<04:14:48.000> and

to the switch can contend for Access and

to the switch can contend for Access and
can<04:14:48.479> have<04:14:48.660> a<04:14:48.779> collision<04:14:49.080> and<04:14:49.800> a<04:14:50.040> broadcast

can have a collision and a broadcast

can have a collision and a broadcast
domain<04:14:50.880> which<04:14:51.420> is

domain which is

domain which is
created<04:14:52.859> by<04:14:53.100> the<04:14:53.279> router<04:14:53.699> and<04:14:54.300> is<04:14:54.420> simply<04:14:54.720> a

created by the router and is simply a

created by the router and is simply a
logical<04:14:55.260> division<04:14:55.680> of<04:14:56.040> all<04:14:56.220> the<04:14:56.399> devices<04:14:56.699> that

logical division of all the devices that

logical division of all the devices that
uh<04:14:58.080> one<04:14:58.859> device<04:14:59.220> can<04:14:59.760> contact

network communications signaling methods

network communications signaling methods
we've<04:15:30.000> talked<04:15:30.359> about<04:15:30.620> digital<04:15:31.640> and<04:15:32.640> analog

we've talked about digital and analog

we've talked about digital and analog
signaling<04:15:34.560> quite<04:15:34.979> a<04:15:35.160> bit<04:15:35.279> but<04:15:35.760> we<04:15:35.880> haven't

signaling quite a bit but we haven't

signaling quite a bit but we haven't
really<04:15:36.239> gone<04:15:36.540> into<04:15:36.779> what<04:15:37.140> that<04:15:37.380> exactly<04:15:37.800> means

really gone into what that exactly means

really gone into what that exactly means
at<04:15:38.819> a<04:15:39.000> waveform<04:15:39.420> level<04:15:39.779> at<04:15:40.319> a<04:15:40.620> basic<04:15:41.220> level<04:15:41.460> and

at a waveform level at a basic level and

at a waveform level at a basic level and
so<04:15:42.479> in<04:15:42.779> this<04:15:42.960> module<04:15:43.319> I<04:15:43.560> want<04:15:43.620> to<04:15:43.739> cover<04:15:43.920> some

so in this module I want to cover some

so in this module I want to cover some
of<04:15:44.399> the<04:15:44.460> background<04:15:44.819> information<04:15:45.180> about

of the background information about

of the background information about
these<04:15:46.199> and<04:15:46.800> outline<04:15:47.100> some<04:15:47.340> of<04:15:47.460> the<04:15:47.580> attributes

these and outline some of the attributes

these and outline some of the attributes
that<04:15:48.359> go<04:15:48.540> along<04:15:48.660> with<04:15:48.899> them

that go along with them

that go along with them
now<04:15:50.340> this<04:15:50.580> information<04:15:50.760> might<04:15:51.420> not

now this information might not

now this information might not
specifically<04:15:52.319> be<04:15:52.739> on<04:15:53.460> the<04:15:53.580> exam<04:15:53.939> but<04:15:54.540> I<04:15:54.779> think

specifically be on the exam but I think

specifically be on the exam but I think
it's<04:15:55.020> still<04:15:55.260> good<04:15:55.439> background<04:15:55.800> information

it's still good background information

it's still good background information
to<04:15:56.580> understand<04:15:56.699> anyway

to understand anyway

to understand anyway
so<04:15:58.800> uh<04:15:59.160> in<04:15:59.340> this<04:15:59.580> module<04:16:00.000> we're<04:16:00.479> first<04:16:00.660> going

so uh in this module we're first going

so uh in this module we're first going
to<04:16:01.020> Define<04:16:01.199> what<04:16:02.160> a<04:16:02.279> signal<04:16:02.580> is<04:16:02.760> and<04:16:03.479> what

to Define what a signal is and what

to Define what a signal is and what
analog<04:16:04.319> is

analog is

analog is
we're<04:16:05.640> then<04:16:05.760> going<04:16:06.000> to<04:16:06.060> talk<04:16:06.359> about<04:16:06.720> the

we're then going to talk about the

we're then going to talk about the
attributes<04:16:07.739> of<04:16:08.399> an<04:16:08.699> analog<04:16:09.239> signal

attributes of an analog signal

attributes of an analog signal
well<04:16:12.060> then<04:16:12.300> take<04:16:12.960> this<04:16:13.199> and<04:16:13.439> talk<04:16:13.680> about<04:16:13.859> a

well then take this and talk about a

well then take this and talk about a
digital<04:16:14.819> signal<04:16:15.239> different<04:16:15.899> from<04:16:16.380> analog<04:16:16.979> and

digital signal different from analog and

digital signal different from analog and
a<04:16:18.239> digital<04:16:18.479> data<04:16:18.960> transmission<04:16:19.140> or<04:16:20.100> how<04:16:20.340> this

a digital data transmission or how this

a digital data transmission or how this
digital<04:16:20.939> Signa<04:16:21.420> is<04:16:21.600> transmitted

digital Signa is transmitted

digital Signa is transmitted
we're<04:16:23.399> also<04:16:23.640> going<04:16:23.760> to<04:16:23.880> Define<04:16:24.060> modulation

we're also going to Define modulation

we're also going to Define modulation
and<04:16:26.640> outline<04:16:27.060> the<04:16:27.720> Way<04:16:27.840> digital<04:16:28.319> signals<04:16:28.920> are

and outline the Way digital signals are

and outline the Way digital signals are
modulated<04:16:29.939> and<04:16:30.540> modulation<04:16:31.080> really<04:16:31.500> has<04:16:31.800> to

modulated and modulation really has to

modulated and modulation really has to
do<04:16:32.160> with<04:16:32.520> uh<04:16:33.300> length<04:16:33.899> or<04:16:34.319> making<04:16:34.620> sure<04:16:34.920> that<04:16:35.220> a

do with uh length or making sure that a

do with uh length or making sure that a
signal<04:16:35.699> can<04:16:36.479> be<04:16:36.720> broadcast<04:16:37.100> or<04:16:38.100> sent<04:16:38.460> over<04:16:38.880> a

signal can be broadcast or sent over a

signal can be broadcast or sent over a
very<04:16:39.420> long<04:16:39.840> or<04:16:40.260> large

very long or large

very long or large
area

area

area
or<04:16:43.020> distance

or distance

or distance
finally<04:16:45.359> we'll<04:16:45.779> look<04:16:46.080> at<04:16:46.199> Digital<04:16:46.560> Signal

finally we'll look at Digital Signal

finally we'll look at Digital Signal
reference<04:16:47.819> methods<04:16:48.660> how<04:16:49.260> we<04:16:49.500> know<04:16:49.739> when<04:16:50.220> the

reference methods how we know when the

reference methods how we know when the
message<04:16:50.699> begins<04:16:51.300> and<04:16:51.479> when<04:16:51.660> it<04:16:51.840> ends<04:16:52.199> and

message begins and when it ends and

message begins and when it ends and
finally<04:16:53.340> wind<04:16:54.300> up<04:16:54.540> talking<04:16:54.840> about<04:16:55.080> Digital

finally wind up talking about Digital

finally wind up talking about Digital
Data<04:16:55.979> units<04:16:56.460> or<04:16:56.819> the<04:16:56.939> unit<04:16:57.120> of<04:16:57.359> measurements

Data units or the unit of measurements

Data units or the unit of measurements
that<04:16:58.260> we<04:16:58.439> hear<04:16:58.620> often<04:16:59.040> when<04:16:59.220> we're<04:16:59.399> referring

that we hear often when we're referring

that we hear often when we're referring
to<04:17:00.239> Digital<04:17:00.600> Data<04:17:01.080> such<04:17:01.439> as<04:17:01.560> kilobytes<04:17:02.220> and

to Digital Data such as kilobytes and

to Digital Data such as kilobytes and
megabytes<04:17:03.359> so<04:17:03.899> at<04:17:04.140> its<04:17:04.439> most<04:17:04.560> basic<04:17:05.040> level<04:17:05.239> a

megabytes so at its most basic level a

megabytes so at its most basic level a
signal<04:17:06.540> is<04:17:07.380> simply<04:17:07.739> data<04:17:08.279> or<04:17:08.460> information

signal is simply data or information

signal is simply data or information
that<04:17:09.720> is<04:17:09.899> translated<04:17:10.560> into<04:17:11.340> measurable

that is translated into measurable

that is translated into measurable
transmittable<04:17:13.380> and<04:17:14.340> receivable<04:17:15.439> formats

transmittable and receivable formats

transmittable and receivable formats
meaning<04:17:17.399> that<04:17:17.819> it<04:17:18.060> is<04:17:18.239> what<04:17:18.479> allows<04:17:18.840> us<04:17:18.960> to

meaning that it is what allows us to

meaning that it is what allows us to
transmit<04:17:19.920> and<04:17:20.100> receive<04:17:20.460> data

transmit and receive data

transmit and receive data
now<04:17:22.020> an<04:17:22.500> analog<04:17:22.920> signal<04:17:23.340> is<04:17:23.760> a<04:17:23.880> signal<04:17:24.180> that

now an analog signal is a signal that

now an analog signal is a signal that
carries<04:17:24.779> data<04:17:25.260> in<04:17:25.680> a<04:17:25.920> continuous<04:17:26.520> stream<04:17:27.020> or<04:17:28.020> a

carries data in a continuous stream or a

carries data in a continuous stream or a
waveform<04:17:29.120> via<04:17:30.120> either<04:17:30.739> electromagnetic<04:17:31.739> or

waveform via either electromagnetic or

waveform via either electromagnetic or
Optical<04:17:32.580> energy<04:17:32.880> and<04:17:33.720> this<04:17:34.020> energy<04:17:34.199> can<04:17:34.560> come

Optical energy and this energy can come

Optical energy and this energy can come
from<04:17:35.100> many<04:17:35.399> different<04:17:35.760> sources<04:17:36.479> uh

from many different sources uh

from many different sources uh
such<04:17:38.819> as<04:17:39.000> a<04:17:39.540> electric<04:17:39.840> current

such as a electric current

such as a electric current
and<04:17:41.399> the<04:17:41.520> analog<04:17:41.939> waveforms<04:17:42.680> characteristics

and the analog waveforms characteristics

and the analog waveforms characteristics
determine<04:17:44.520> the<04:17:44.760> information<04:17:45.060> that<04:17:45.779> it

determine the information that it

determine the information that it
contains<04:17:46.500> because<04:17:47.040> the<04:17:47.399> analog<04:17:47.819> signal<04:17:48.300> will

contains because the analog signal will

contains because the analog signal will
oscillate<04:17:49.199> between<04:17:50.000> minimum<04:17:51.000> and<04:17:51.899> maximum

oscillate between minimum and maximum

oscillate between minimum and maximum
values<04:17:53.160> over<04:17:53.939> time

values over time

values over time
basically<04:17:55.859> the<04:17:56.460> analog<04:17:56.880> signal<04:17:57.420> has<04:17:57.779> many

basically the analog signal has many

basically the analog signal has many
attributes<04:17:58.800> to<04:17:58.979> it<04:17:59.100> and<04:17:59.279> it<04:17:59.460> can<04:17:59.520> be<04:17:59.699> read<04:17:59.880> in

attributes to it and it can be read in

attributes to it and it can be read in
many<04:18:00.479> different<04:18:00.840> ways<04:18:02.000> depending<04:18:03.000> on<04:18:03.479> the

many different ways depending on the

many different ways depending on the
values<04:18:04.080> and<04:18:04.199> the<04:18:04.380> information<04:18:04.560> in<04:18:05.279> the

values and the information in the

values and the information in the
signals<04:18:05.760> given

signals given

signals given
now<04:18:09.120> this<04:18:09.540> analog<04:18:09.960> signal<04:18:10.439> as<04:18:10.800> I<04:18:10.979> just

now this analog signal as I just

now this analog signal as I just
mentioned<04:18:11.340> is<04:18:11.640> many<04:18:11.819> different<04:18:12.120> possible

mentioned is many different possible

mentioned is many different possible
values<04:18:13.199> depending<04:18:14.040> on<04:18:14.160> the<04:18:14.340> characteristics

values depending on the characteristics

values depending on the characteristics
and<04:18:15.239> how<04:18:15.479> that<04:18:15.660> signal<04:18:15.960> is<04:18:16.080> being<04:18:16.319> read<04:18:16.560> now

and how that signal is being read now

and how that signal is being read now
the<04:18:17.520> characteristics<04:18:18.120> of<04:18:18.479> an<04:18:18.779> analog

the characteristics of an analog

the characteristics of an analog
waveform<04:18:19.979> can<04:18:20.460> be<04:18:20.640> described<04:18:21.120> using<04:18:21.600> the

waveform can be described using the

waveform can be described using the
following<04:18:22.260> terms<04:18:22.739> these<04:18:23.640> won't<04:18:23.819> necessarily

following terms these won't necessarily

following terms these won't necessarily
appear<04:18:24.720> on<04:18:24.840> the<04:18:24.960> exam<04:18:25.260> but<04:18:25.439> they're<04:18:25.620> good

appear on the exam but they're good

appear on the exam but they're good
background<04:18:26.160> information<04:18:26.460> for<04:18:26.880> you<04:18:27.060> anyway

background information for you anyway

background information for you anyway
first<04:18:28.140> we<04:18:28.380> have<04:18:28.560> the<04:18:28.859> crest<04:18:29.220> or<04:18:29.520> the<04:18:29.699> peak<04:18:30.000> of

first we have the crest or the peak of

first we have the crest or the peak of
the<04:18:30.420> signal<04:18:30.720> this<04:18:31.319> is<04:18:31.439> the<04:18:31.680> distance<04:18:31.859> from<04:18:32.699> the

the signal this is the distance from the

the signal this is the distance from the
midpoint<04:18:33.359> to<04:18:34.020> the<04:18:34.260> topmost<04:18:34.680> part<04:18:35.040> of<04:18:35.279> the<04:18:35.520> wave

midpoint to the topmost part of the wave

midpoint to the topmost part of the wave
and<04:18:36.180> when<04:18:36.300> we<04:18:36.420> talk<04:18:36.540> about<04:18:36.660> the<04:18:36.960> midpoint<04:18:37.260> we

and when we talk about the midpoint we

and when we talk about the midpoint we
talk<04:18:37.739> about<04:18:37.859> this<04:18:38.279> line<04:18:38.460> that's<04:18:38.819> sort<04:18:39.060> of

talk about this line that's sort of

talk about this line that's sort of
going<04:18:39.300> through

going through

going through
inversely<04:18:41.279> the<04:18:42.000> trough<04:18:42.300> is<04:18:42.899> the<04:18:43.080> distance

inversely the trough is the distance

inversely the trough is the distance
from<04:18:43.620> the<04:18:43.800> midpoint<04:18:44.160> to<04:18:44.640> the<04:18:44.819> bottom<04:18:45.120> most

from the midpoint to the bottom most

from the midpoint to the bottom most
portion<04:18:45.720> of<04:18:45.840> the<04:18:46.020> wave

portion of the wave

portion of the wave
now<04:18:47.100> the<04:18:47.279> next<04:18:47.340> term<04:18:47.460> I<04:18:47.699> want<04:18:47.760> to<04:18:47.880> talk<04:18:48.000> about

now the next term I want to talk about

now the next term I want to talk about
is<04:18:48.420> amplitude<04:18:49.460> amplitude<04:18:50.460> is<04:18:50.699> exactly<04:18:51.239> one

is amplitude amplitude is exactly one

is amplitude amplitude is exactly one
half<04:18:52.199> the<04:18:52.500> distance<04:18:52.739> between<04:18:53.340> the<04:18:53.939> crest<04:18:54.300> and

half the distance between the crest and

half the distance between the crest and
the<04:18:55.020> trough<04:18:55.319> of<04:18:55.680> the<04:18:55.859> wave<04:18:56.100> so<04:18:57.000> it<04:18:57.239> would

the trough of the wave so it would

the trough of the wave so it would
either<04:18:57.540> be<04:18:57.899> this<04:18:58.739> could<04:18:58.979> be<04:18:59.100> the<04:18:59.340> what<04:18:59.880> it's

either be this could be the what it's

either be this could be the what it's
measured<04:19:00.300> it<04:19:00.420> could<04:19:00.479> be<04:19:00.600> the<04:19:00.660> amplitude

measured it could be the amplitude

measured it could be the amplitude
alternatively

alternatively

alternatively
this<04:19:02.939> could<04:19:03.060> be<04:19:03.180> the<04:19:03.359> amplitude

this could be the amplitude

this could be the amplitude
and<04:19:04.979> the<04:19:05.160> cycle<04:19:05.520> is<04:19:05.819> one<04:19:06.239> complete

and the cycle is one complete

and the cycle is one complete
oscillation<04:19:07.560> of<04:19:07.979> the<04:19:08.160> wave<04:19:08.340> from<04:19:08.760> start<04:19:09.120> to

oscillation of the wave from start to

oscillation of the wave from start to
finish<04:19:09.840> changing<04:19:10.800> from<04:19:11.100> one<04:19:11.279> state<04:19:11.520> to

finish changing from one state to

finish changing from one state to
another<04:19:11.939> and<04:19:12.239> Back<04:19:12.420> Again<04:19:12.680> basically<04:19:13.680> from

another and Back Again basically from

another and Back Again basically from
the<04:19:14.220> midpoint<04:19:14.640> going<04:19:15.180> up<04:19:15.479> until<04:19:16.140> we<04:19:16.560> get<04:19:16.680> to

the midpoint going up until we get to

the midpoint going up until we get to
the<04:19:17.939> next<04:19:18.060> midpoint

the next midpoint

the next midpoint
after<04:19:20.279> it<04:19:20.520> goes<04:19:20.819> down

after it goes down

after it goes down
now<04:19:22.500> the<04:19:22.920> wavelength<04:19:23.699> is<04:19:24.000> determined<04:19:24.540> by<04:19:24.779> the

now the wavelength is determined by the

now the wavelength is determined by the
distance<04:19:25.520> between<04:19:26.520> two<04:19:27.180> consecutive<04:19:27.779> troughs

distance between two consecutive troughs

distance between two consecutive troughs
or<04:19:28.920> Peaks<04:19:29.399> so<04:19:29.939> here<04:19:30.120> we're<04:19:30.300> measuring<04:19:30.720> the

or Peaks so here we're measuring the

or Peaks so here we're measuring the
wavelength<04:19:31.319> between<04:19:31.620> two<04:19:31.920> troughs<04:19:32.460> we<04:19:33.120> could

wavelength between two troughs we could

wavelength between two troughs we could
also<04:19:33.540> measure<04:19:33.899> it<04:19:34.020> between<04:19:34.620> two<04:19:34.979> peaks<04:19:35.460> like

also measure it between two peaks like

also measure it between two peaks like
so

so

so
now<04:19:37.620> the<04:19:37.920> frequency<04:19:38.340> also<04:19:39.060> called<04:19:39.300> the<04:19:39.960> period

now the frequency also called the period

now the frequency also called the period
of<04:19:40.680> the<04:19:40.859> wave<04:19:41.100> is<04:19:41.580> the<04:19:41.819> number<04:19:42.000> of<04:19:42.359> complete

of the wave is the number of complete

of the wave is the number of complete
cycles<04:19:43.380> per<04:19:43.979> second<04:19:44.279> in<04:19:45.180> a<04:19:45.359> wave<04:19:45.600> this<04:19:46.199> is

cycles per second in a wave this is

cycles per second in a wave this is
generally<04:19:46.680> measured

generally measured

generally measured
in<04:19:48.300> hertz<04:19:48.720> such<04:19:49.260> as<04:19:49.439> gigahertz<04:19:50.040> or<04:19:50.580> megahertz

in hertz such as gigahertz or megahertz

in hertz such as gigahertz or megahertz
now<04:19:52.080> the<04:19:52.260> last<04:19:52.439> term<04:19:52.620> is<04:19:53.040> the<04:19:53.580> phase<04:19:53.819> of<04:19:54.120> the

now the last term is the phase of the

now the last term is the phase of the
wave

wave

wave
the<04:19:56.100> phase<04:19:56.399> is<04:19:57.060> the<04:19:57.300> relationship<04:19:57.840> of<04:19:58.260> the

the phase is the relationship of the

the phase is the relationship of the
Cycles<04:19:58.859> beginning<04:19:59.479> to<04:20:00.479> a<04:20:00.660> fixed<04:20:01.020> point<04:20:01.260> in

Cycles beginning to a fixed point in

Cycles beginning to a fixed point in
time<04:20:01.819> meaning<04:20:02.819> if<04:20:03.479> two<04:20:03.779> waves<04:20:04.199> with<04:20:04.500> the<04:20:04.680> same

time meaning if two waves with the same

time meaning if two waves with the same
frequency<04:20:05.340> are<04:20:06.239> transmitted<04:20:06.960> at<04:20:07.500> the<04:20:07.680> same

frequency are transmitted at the same

frequency are transmitted at the same
time

time

time
they<04:20:09.600> are<04:20:09.720> said<04:20:09.899> to<04:20:10.080> be<04:20:10.199> in<04:20:10.620> phase<04:20:10.979> and<04:20:11.880> two

they are said to be in phase and two

they are said to be in phase and two
that<04:20:12.300> are<04:20:12.479> purposely<04:20:12.899> offset<04:20:13.560> from<04:20:13.800> each

that are purposely offset from each

that are purposely offset from each
other<04:20:14.120> or<04:20:15.120> if<04:20:15.359> they<04:20:15.540> have<04:20:15.720> different

other or if they have different

other or if they have different
frequencies<04:20:16.739> like<04:20:17.520> these<04:20:17.880> do<04:20:18.060> they<04:20:18.660> will<04:20:18.899> be

frequencies like these do they will be

frequencies like these do they will be
out<04:20:20.340> of<04:20:20.460> phase

out of phase

out of phase
the<04:20:21.899> device<04:20:22.199> that<04:20:22.680> plots<04:20:23.040> the<04:20:23.399> amplitude<04:20:23.880> of

the device that plots the amplitude of

the device that plots the amplitude of
an<04:20:24.359> analog<04:20:24.779> signal<04:20:25.260> what<04:20:25.859> would<04:20:26.040> show<04:20:26.279> you

an analog signal what would show you

an analog signal what would show you
this<04:20:26.760> wave<04:20:27.120> is<04:20:27.840> called<04:20:28.199> an<04:20:28.979> oscilloscope

this wave is called an oscilloscope

this wave is called an oscilloscope
and<04:20:30.779> you<04:20:30.899> may<04:20:31.080> have<04:20:31.260> seen<04:20:31.500> this<04:20:31.800> perhaps<04:20:32.460> at<04:20:33.000> a

and you may have seen this perhaps at a

and you may have seen this perhaps at a
store<04:20:33.359> or<04:20:34.319> even<04:20:34.500> on<04:20:35.040> TV<04:20:35.340> and<04:20:35.819> we<04:20:36.000> can<04:20:36.120> measure

store or even on TV and we can measure

store or even on TV and we can measure
waves<04:20:36.720> of<04:20:36.899> all<04:20:37.020> sorts<04:20:37.319> of<04:20:37.380> things<04:20:37.560> for

waves of all sorts of things for

waves of all sorts of things for
instance<04:20:38.279> sound<04:20:38.819> might<04:20:39.180> be<04:20:39.359> a<04:20:39.600> wave<04:20:39.840> that

instance sound might be a wave that

instance sound might be a wave that
you've<04:20:40.319> seen<04:20:40.500> when<04:20:41.100> you're<04:20:41.279> running<04:20:41.520> a

you've seen when you're running a

you've seen when you're running a
program<04:20:42.479> on<04:20:42.840> your<04:20:43.020> computer<04:20:43.199> this<04:20:44.100> gives<04:20:44.340> you

program on your computer this gives you

program on your computer this gives you
a<04:20:44.640> real-time<04:20:45.000> view<04:20:45.300> of<04:20:45.600> the<04:20:45.840> analog<04:20:46.279> waveforms

a real-time view of the analog waveforms

a real-time view of the analog waveforms
and<04:20:47.760> its<04:20:48.060> shape<04:20:48.300> if<04:20:48.660> we've<04:20:48.960> just<04:20:49.080> as<04:20:49.500> we've

and its shape if we've just as we've

and its shape if we've just as we've
just<04:20:49.920> described<04:20:50.399> now<04:20:51.120> unlike<04:20:51.660> analog<04:20:52.620> signals

just described now unlike analog signals

just described now unlike analog signals
which<04:20:53.520> can<04:20:53.640> have<04:20:53.880> many<04:20:54.180> different<04:20:54.420> values

which can have many different values

which can have many different values
assigned<04:20:55.439> to<04:20:55.560> them<04:20:55.880> Digital<04:20:56.880> Data

assigned to them Digital Data

assigned to them Digital Data
Transmissions<04:20:58.460> utilize<04:20:59.460> voltage

Transmissions utilize voltage

Transmissions utilize voltage
differences<04:21:00.800> represented<04:21:01.800> either<04:21:02.040> by<04:21:02.340> ones

differences represented either by ones

differences represented either by ones
and<04:21:03.420> zeros<04:21:03.859> these<04:21:04.859> ones<04:21:05.279> and<04:21:05.520> zeros<04:21:06.000> are<04:21:06.479> what

and zeros these ones and zeros are what

and zeros these ones and zeros are what
make<04:21:07.020> up<04:21:07.319> all<04:21:07.680> of<04:21:07.859> the<04:21:08.100> information

make up all of the information

make up all of the information
when<04:21:10.199> there<04:21:10.439> is<04:21:10.680> a<04:21:10.859> presence<04:21:11.220> of<04:21:11.399> a<04:21:11.580> signal<04:21:11.880> or

when there is a presence of a signal or

when there is a presence of a signal or
voltage<04:21:13.199> meaning<04:21:13.739> that<04:21:14.040> it<04:21:14.160> is<04:21:14.340> on<04:21:14.580> it

voltage meaning that it is on it

voltage meaning that it is on it
translates<04:21:15.660> to<04:21:16.080> one

translates to one

translates to one
and<04:21:17.819> a<04:21:18.060> lack<04:21:18.239> of<04:21:18.420> voltage<04:21:18.720> or<04:21:18.960> an<04:21:19.140> absence<04:21:19.500> of

and a lack of voltage or an absence of

and a lack of voltage or an absence of
this<04:21:19.859> signal<04:21:20.220> translates<04:21:20.939> to<04:21:21.300> zero<04:21:22.020> now<04:21:22.620> in

this signal translates to zero now in

this signal translates to zero now in
computer<04:21:23.460> networks<04:21:24.239> digital<04:21:24.840> waveforms<04:21:25.560> can

computer networks digital waveforms can

computer networks digital waveforms can
switch<04:21:26.040> between<04:21:26.460> two<04:21:26.939> voltage<04:21:27.300> levels

switch between two voltage levels

switch between two voltage levels
depending<04:21:28.500> on<04:21:28.739> its<04:21:28.979> relation<04:21:29.279> to<04:21:30.120> the<04:21:30.720> ground

depending on its relation to the ground

depending on its relation to the ground
if<04:21:31.319> you<04:21:31.500> recall<04:21:31.739> what<04:21:31.920> that<04:21:32.100> is

if you recall what that is

if you recall what that is
now<04:21:33.540> because<04:21:33.720> digital<04:21:34.500> signals<04:21:35.100> utilize

now because digital signals utilize

now because digital signals utilize
voltage<04:21:36.359> to<04:21:36.660> represent<04:21:37.080> its<04:21:37.500> values<04:21:37.739> of<04:21:37.920> ones

voltage to represent its values of ones

voltage to represent its values of ones
and<04:21:38.460> zeros<04:21:38.819> this<04:21:39.420> is<04:21:39.540> also<04:21:39.840> called<04:21:40.199> The

and zeros this is also called The

and zeros this is also called The
Logical<04:21:41.640> state<04:21:42.420> of<04:21:43.199> the<04:21:43.380> data

Logical state of the data

Logical state of the data
each<04:21:46.439> bit<04:21:46.800> or<04:21:47.580> binary<04:21:48.120> digit<04:21:49.140> takes<04:21:49.800> a

each bit or binary digit takes a

each bit or binary digit takes a
predetermined<04:21:51.000> period<04:21:51.960> of<04:21:52.260> time<04:21:52.560> to<04:21:53.220> transmit

predetermined period of time to transmit

predetermined period of time to transmit
and<04:21:54.600> bit<04:21:54.840> patterns<04:21:55.680> are<04:21:56.220> used<04:21:56.460> to<04:21:56.819> establish

and bit patterns are used to establish

and bit patterns are used to establish
the<04:21:57.660> start<04:21:57.899> and<04:21:58.560> the<04:21:58.680> stop<04:21:58.859> of<04:21:59.100> the<04:21:59.220> sequence

the start and the stop of the sequence

the start and the stop of the sequence
and<04:22:00.239> the<04:22:00.420> sink<04:22:00.720> clocks<04:22:01.500> which<04:22:02.340> allows<04:22:02.819> the

and the sink clocks which allows the

and the sink clocks which allows the
receiver<04:22:03.840> and<04:22:04.439> the<04:22:04.560> sender<04:22:04.859> to<04:22:05.100> be<04:22:05.220> on

receiver and the sender to be on

receiver and the sender to be on
basically<04:22:05.880> the<04:22:06.120> same<04:22:06.300> page<04:22:06.720> the<04:22:07.680> sender<04:22:08.040> and

basically the same page the sender and

basically the same page the sender and
the<04:22:08.279> receiver<04:22:08.520> have<04:22:08.880> to<04:22:09.120> then<04:22:09.359> synchronize

the receiver have to then synchronize

the receiver have to then synchronize
these<04:22:10.380> clocks<04:22:10.739> to<04:22:11.040> ensure<04:22:11.399> proper<04:22:12.000> reception

these clocks to ensure proper reception

these clocks to ensure proper reception
or<04:22:13.140> receipt<04:22:13.560> of<04:22:13.979> the<04:22:14.160> data<04:22:14.939> now<04:22:15.420> there<04:22:15.660> are<04:22:15.840> a

or receipt of the data now there are a

or receipt of the data now there are a
couple<04:22:16.020> different<04:22:16.260> ways<04:22:16.979> that<04:22:17.279> we<04:22:17.580> encode<04:22:18.120> in

couple different ways that we encode in

couple different ways that we encode in
order<04:22:18.899> to<04:22:19.260> allow<04:22:19.560> devices<04:22:20.040> to<04:22:20.520> tell<04:22:20.699> which<04:22:21.060> bit

order to allow devices to tell which bit

order to allow devices to tell which bit
is<04:22:21.660> what<04:22:21.899> in<04:22:22.439> other<04:22:22.560> words<04:22:22.739> to<04:22:23.220> tell<04:22:23.399> it<04:22:23.580> when

is what in other words to tell it when

is what in other words to tell it when
it<04:22:24.359> starts<04:22:24.720> and<04:22:24.840> when<04:22:25.080> it<04:22:25.260> ends

it starts and when it ends

it starts and when it ends
the<04:22:26.760> first<04:22:26.880> method<04:22:27.239> I<04:22:27.359> want<04:22:27.479> to<04:22:27.600> look<04:22:27.660> at<04:22:27.840> is

the first method I want to look at is

the first method I want to look at is
called<04:22:28.319> on<04:22:28.859> off<04:22:29.100> keying<04:22:29.720> this<04:22:30.720> looks<04:22:31.199> at<04:22:31.319> the

called on off keying this looks at the

called on off keying this looks at the
voltage<04:22:32.100> change

voltage change

voltage change
from<04:22:33.720> one<04:22:34.020> state<04:22:34.380> to<04:22:35.220> the<04:22:35.520> other

which is represented by the binary digit

which is represented by the binary digit
one<04:22:53.340> and<04:22:54.060> the<04:22:54.359> lack<04:22:54.540> of<04:22:54.720> voltage<04:22:55.080> or<04:22:55.500> no

one and the lack of voltage or no

one and the lack of voltage or no
voltage<04:22:56.100> is<04:22:56.279> represented<04:22:56.880> by<04:22:57.060> zero<04:22:57.479> as<04:22:57.600> we

voltage is represented by zero as we

voltage is represented by zero as we
just<04:22:57.960> saw<04:22:58.199> now<04:22:58.979> the<04:22:59.160> synchronization<04:22:59.760> between

just saw now the synchronization between

just saw now the synchronization between
the<04:23:00.540> sender<04:23:00.899> and<04:23:01.080> the<04:23:01.199> receiver<04:23:01.520> occurs<04:23:02.520> with

the sender and the receiver occurs with

the sender and the receiver occurs with
the<04:23:03.000> receiver<04:23:03.359> waiting<04:23:04.319> for<04:23:04.620> a<04:23:04.979> series<04:23:05.220> of

the receiver waiting for a series of

the receiver waiting for a series of
ones

because of this there is a potential for

because of this there is a potential for
problems<04:23:12.600> to<04:23:12.779> arise<04:23:13.199> especially<04:23:14.040> when<04:23:14.220> the

problems to arise especially when the

problems to arise especially when the
sender<04:23:14.819> has<04:23:15.060> a<04:23:15.300> long<04:23:15.479> series<04:23:15.899> of<04:23:16.380> ones<04:23:16.800> to

sender has a long series of ones to

sender has a long series of ones to
transmit<04:23:17.580> within<04:23:18.180> the<04:23:18.359> data<04:23:18.720> this<04:23:19.439> means<04:23:19.739> that

transmit within the data this means that

transmit within the data this means that
it<04:23:20.399> could<04:23:20.580> take<04:23:20.939> a<04:23:21.359> long<04:23:21.540> while<04:23:21.840> for<04:23:22.260> the

it could take a long while for the

it could take a long while for the
sender<04:23:22.800> and<04:23:22.920> the<04:23:23.100> receiver<04:23:23.399> to<04:23:24.060> synchronize

sender and the receiver to synchronize

sender and the receiver to synchronize
their<04:23:24.779> clocks<04:23:25.140> together

their clocks together

their clocks together
in<04:23:26.460> the<04:23:26.640> event<04:23:26.699> that<04:23:26.939> the<04:23:27.060> clocks<04:23:27.359> are<04:23:27.479> not

in the event that the clocks are not

in the event that the clocks are not
sync<04:23:28.080> then<04:23:28.260> there's<04:23:28.439> a<04:23:28.739> high<04:23:28.859> probability<04:23:29.399> for

sync then there's a high probability for

sync then there's a high probability for
data<04:23:30.960> corruption<04:23:31.439> as<04:23:32.100> the<04:23:32.819> receiver<04:23:33.560> can't

data corruption as the receiver can't

data corruption as the receiver can't
determine<04:23:35.100> how<04:23:35.760> many<04:23:35.880> ones<04:23:36.359> and<04:23:36.540> zeros<04:23:36.960> have

determine how many ones and zeros have

determine how many ones and zeros have
to<04:23:37.439> be<04:23:37.620> transmitted<04:23:38.279> now<04:23:38.939> there<04:23:39.120> are<04:23:39.239> two

to be transmitted now there are two

to be transmitted now there are two
variations<04:23:39.899> of<04:23:40.620> on<04:23:40.859> and<04:23:41.040> off<04:23:41.160> keying<04:23:41.580> I<04:23:41.760> have

variations of on and off keying I have

variations of on and off keying I have
listed<04:23:42.239> here

listed here

listed here
one<04:23:43.319> is<04:23:43.500> called<04:23:43.739> the<04:23:44.100> non-return<04:23:44.760> to<04:23:44.939> zero

one is called the non-return to zero

one is called the non-return to zero
variation<04:23:45.779> and<04:23:46.439> the<04:23:46.680> other<04:23:46.800> is<04:23:47.460> the

variation and the other is the

variation and the other is the
non-return<04:23:48.180> to<04:23:48.300> zero<04:23:48.660> inverted

non-return to zero inverted

non-return to zero inverted
this<04:23:50.699> type<04:23:51.000> of<04:23:51.180> data<04:23:51.540> encoding<04:23:52.020> scheme<04:23:52.500> is

this type of data encoding scheme is

this type of data encoding scheme is
typically<04:23:53.100> used<04:23:53.699> over<04:23:54.479> serial<04:23:55.199> ports<04:23:55.680> and

typically used over serial ports and

typically used over serial ports and
fairly<04:23:56.460> slow<04:23:57.060> connections

fairly slow connections

fairly slow connections
I'm<04:23:59.100> mentioning<04:23:59.580> these<04:23:59.880> because<04:24:00.380> uh<04:24:01.380> they're

I'm mentioning these because uh they're

I'm mentioning these because uh they're
good<04:24:01.979> to<04:24:02.160> know<04:24:02.399> but<04:24:03.300> you<04:24:03.660> won't<04:24:03.779> have<04:24:04.020> to<04:24:04.199> worry

good to know but you won't have to worry

good to know but you won't have to worry
about<04:24:04.680> these<04:24:05.040> for<04:24:05.520> the<04:24:05.640> exam

about these for the exam

about these for the exam
now<04:24:07.979> the<04:24:08.399> next<04:24:08.520> encoding<04:24:09.060> scheme<04:24:09.420> a<04:24:09.660> little

now the next encoding scheme a little

now the next encoding scheme a little
more<04:24:10.020> popular<04:24:10.260> perhaps<04:24:10.859> is<04:24:11.160> called

more popular perhaps is called

more popular perhaps is called
Manchester<04:24:12.120> encoding<04:24:12.899> this<04:24:13.560> scheme<04:24:13.859> was

Manchester encoding this scheme was

Manchester encoding this scheme was
developed<04:24:14.460> in<04:24:14.640> order<04:24:14.760> to<04:24:15.000> address<04:24:15.180> some<04:24:15.600> of

developed in order to address some of

developed in order to address some of
the<04:24:15.960> downfalls<04:24:16.739> that<04:24:17.399> we<04:24:17.520> saw<04:24:17.760> with<04:24:18.060> on<04:24:18.300> and

the downfalls that we saw with on and

the downfalls that we saw with on and
off<04:24:18.660> keying<04:24:19.620> firstly<04:24:20.279> Manchester<04:24:21.120> encoding

off keying firstly Manchester encoding

off keying firstly Manchester encoding
uses<04:24:22.080> voltage<04:24:22.560> differences<04:24:23.279> to<04:24:24.000> represent

uses voltage differences to represent

uses voltage differences to represent
both<04:24:25.080> binary<04:24:25.680> digits<04:24:26.279> so<04:24:26.819> instead<04:24:27.120> of<04:24:27.239> just

both binary digits so instead of just

both binary digits so instead of just
having<04:24:27.800> one<04:24:28.800> which<04:24:29.580> is<04:24:29.699> represented<04:24:30.239> by<04:24:30.479> a

having one which is represented by a

having one which is represented by a
voltage<04:24:31.140> and<04:24:31.500> then<04:24:31.620> zero<04:24:32.040> which<04:24:32.160> has<04:24:32.340> no

voltage and then zero which has no

voltage and then zero which has no
voltage<04:24:33.060> both<04:24:33.960> zero<04:24:34.620> and<04:24:34.800> one<04:24:34.979> have<04:24:35.640> voltages

voltage both zero and one have voltages

voltage both zero and one have voltages
the<04:24:36.960> way<04:24:37.140> it<04:24:37.319> does<04:24:37.620> this<04:24:37.859> is<04:24:38.340> it<04:24:38.520> works<04:24:38.819> by

the way it does this is it works by

the way it does this is it works by
assigning<04:24:39.720> the<04:24:40.020> voltage<04:24:40.380> change<04:24:40.739> from

assigning the voltage change from

assigning the voltage change from
positive<04:24:41.880> to<04:24:42.840> ground

positive to ground

positive to ground
or<04:24:45.540> the<04:24:45.779> binary<04:24:46.140> digit<04:24:46.620> 0<04:24:46.939> and<04:24:47.939> a<04:24:48.180> negative<04:24:48.479> to

or the binary digit 0 and a negative to

or the binary digit 0 and a negative to
positive<04:24:49.199> change<04:24:49.560> equals<04:24:50.279> the<04:24:50.460> binary<04:24:50.960> digit

positive change equals the binary digit

positive change equals the binary digit
one<04:24:52.319> so

one so

one so
positive<04:24:54.660> to<04:24:54.840> Ground<04:24:55.020> Zero

positive to Ground Zero

positive to Ground Zero
negative<04:24:58.199> or<04:24:58.920> ground<04:24:59.359> to<04:25:00.359> positive

negative or ground to positive

negative or ground to positive
equals<04:25:03.000> one

equals one

equals one
this<04:25:05.580> effectively<04:25:06.680> eliminates<04:25:07.680> the<04:25:07.920> issue<04:25:08.220> of

this effectively eliminates the issue of

this effectively eliminates the issue of
too<04:25:08.699> many<04:25:08.939> one<04:25:09.660> bits<04:25:10.199> being<04:25:10.800> transmitted<04:25:11.520> and

too many one bits being transmitted and

too many one bits being transmitted and
throwing<04:25:12.060> off<04:25:12.180> the<04:25:12.420> synchronization<04:25:13.020> as<04:25:13.800> we

throwing off the synchronization as we

throwing off the synchronization as we
saw<04:25:14.160> with<04:25:14.399> on<04:25:14.640> and<04:25:14.819> off<04:25:14.939> King<04:25:15.239> which<04:25:15.540> relies<04:25:15.899> on

saw with on and off King which relies on

saw with on and off King which relies on
those<04:25:16.199> one<04:25:16.380> bits<04:25:16.739> in<04:25:16.859> order<04:25:16.979> to<04:25:17.100> sync<04:25:17.399> up<04:25:17.460> the

those one bits in order to sync up the

those one bits in order to sync up the
clocks

clocks

clocks
okay<04:25:19.760> so<04:25:20.760> modulation<04:25:21.720> is<04:25:22.560> the<04:25:22.800> process<04:25:23.100> of

okay so modulation is the process of

okay so modulation is the process of
taking<04:25:23.699> a<04:25:24.239> weaker<04:25:24.660> lower<04:25:25.439> frequency<04:25:25.979> analog

taking a weaker lower frequency analog

taking a weaker lower frequency analog
signal<04:25:27.239> that<04:25:27.779> can't<04:25:28.020> travel<04:25:28.319> large<04:25:28.739> distances

signal that can't travel large distances

signal that can't travel large distances
and<04:25:30.180> superimposing<04:25:31.080> the<04:25:31.260> signal<04:25:31.620> over<04:25:31.979> a

and superimposing the signal over a

and superimposing the signal over a
stronger<04:25:32.880> higher<04:25:33.660> frequency<04:25:34.020> called<04:25:34.979> a

stronger higher frequency called a

stronger higher frequency called a
carrier<04:25:36.300> signal

carrier signal

carrier signal
the<04:25:38.520> carrier<04:25:38.939> signal<04:25:39.420> being<04:25:39.960> constant<04:25:40.680> takes

the carrier signal being constant takes

the carrier signal being constant takes
on<04:25:41.939> the<04:25:42.239> attributes<04:25:42.960> of<04:25:43.739> the<04:25:44.100> analog<04:25:44.580> signal

on the attributes of the analog signal

on the attributes of the analog signal
and<04:25:45.479> it's<04:25:45.659> shaped<04:25:46.080> by<04:25:46.199> either<04:25:46.380> the<04:25:46.800> phase

and it's shaped by either the phase

and it's shaped by either the phase
amplitude<04:25:48.000> or<04:25:48.720> the<04:25:48.960> frequency<04:25:49.580> the<04:25:50.580> resulting

amplitude or the frequency the resulting

amplitude or the frequency the resulting
signal<04:25:51.479> then<04:25:51.720> has<04:25:52.260> characteristics<04:25:53.220> of<04:25:54.120> both

signal then has characteristics of both

signal then has characteristics of both
the<04:25:55.020> original<04:25:55.199> signal<04:25:55.859> and<04:25:56.399> the<04:25:56.580> carrier

the original signal and the carrier

the original signal and the carrier
signal<04:25:57.359> that<04:25:58.319> process<04:25:58.800> this<04:25:59.760> is<04:26:00.180> called

signal that process this is called

signal that process this is called
modulation<04:26:02.100> and<04:26:02.819> when<04:26:03.120> receiving<04:26:03.720> and<04:26:04.319> when

modulation and when receiving and when

modulation and when receiving and when
the<04:26:04.680> receiving<04:26:04.920> end<04:26:05.779> decodes<04:26:06.779> the<04:26:07.020> signal<04:26:07.380> by

the receiving end decodes the signal by

the receiving end decodes the signal by
separating<04:26:08.580> these<04:26:09.300> two<04:26:09.600> signals<04:26:10.680> the<04:26:11.220> carrier

separating these two signals the carrier

separating these two signals the carrier
and<04:26:11.819> the<04:26:12.000> data

the process is called

the process is called
demodulation

demodulation

demodulation
so<04:26:20.040> again<04:26:20.340> we<04:26:20.819> have<04:26:21.000> demodulation

which would basically

which would basically
take<04:26:27.720> these<04:26:28.020> away<04:26:28.199> from<04:26:28.439> one<04:26:28.620> another<04:26:28.819> and

take these away from one another and

take these away from one another and
modulation<04:26:30.420> which<04:26:31.319> puts<04:26:31.739> them<04:26:31.859> together

devices that perform this operation

devices that perform this operation
you've<04:26:38.460> probably<04:26:38.640> heard<04:26:38.880> of<04:26:39.060> before<04:26:39.300> they're

you've probably heard of before they're

you've probably heard of before they're
called<04:26:40.500> modems

called modems

called modems
and<04:26:43.260> a<04:26:43.439> modem<04:26:43.800> is<04:26:44.340> known<04:26:44.580> for<04:26:44.880> its<04:26:45.120> ability<04:26:45.359> to

and a modem is known for its ability to

and a modem is known for its ability to
modulate<04:26:47.359> and<04:26:48.739> demodulate<04:26:49.739> hence<04:26:50.340> the<04:26:50.520> name

modulate and demodulate hence the name

modulate and demodulate hence the name
a<04:26:51.840> modem<04:26:52.140> is<04:26:52.319> in<04:26:52.500> effect<04:26:52.680> a<04:26:53.220> type<04:26:53.399> of<04:26:53.580> codec

a modem is in effect a type of codec

a modem is in effect a type of codec
which<04:26:55.199> is<04:26:55.439> a<04:26:55.859> software<04:26:56.220> or<04:26:56.520> Hardware<04:26:56.760> that

which is a software or Hardware that

which is a software or Hardware that
translates<04:26:58.560> digital

to analog formats and back this is an

to analog formats and back this is an
important<04:27:09.000> thing<04:27:09.180> to<04:27:09.359> know<04:27:09.479> for<04:27:09.659> the<04:27:09.840> exam<04:27:10.680> a

important thing to know for the exam a

important thing to know for the exam a
DAC

DAC

DAC
is<04:27:14.220> a<04:27:14.640> digital<04:27:15.000> to<04:27:15.239> analog<04:27:15.720> codec

is a digital to analog codec

is a digital to analog codec
and<04:27:17.819> in

and in

and in
ADC<04:27:19.739> as<04:27:20.699> you<04:27:20.819> guessed<04:27:21.120> it<04:27:21.180> is<04:27:21.540> an<04:27:21.779> analog<04:27:22.260> to

ADC as you guessed it is an analog to

ADC as you guessed it is an analog to
digital<04:27:23.100> codec

both of these exist in a modem

both of these exist in a modem
now<04:27:29.520> this<04:27:29.760> is<04:27:29.880> it<04:27:30.060> in<04:27:30.300> analog<04:27:30.899> terms<04:27:31.380> but

now this is it in analog terms but

now this is it in analog terms but
digital<04:27:32.939> modulation<04:27:33.600> is<04:27:34.439> also<04:27:34.800> required

digital modulation is also required

digital modulation is also required
which<04:27:35.939> allows<04:27:36.359> the<04:27:36.540> digital<04:27:36.899> signal<04:27:37.500> to

which allows the digital signal to

which allows the digital signal to
travel<04:27:38.279> along<04:27:38.699> distances<04:27:39.359> and<04:27:40.319> demodulation

travel along distances and demodulation

travel along distances and demodulation
is<04:27:41.880> the<04:27:42.060> representation<04:27:42.600> of<04:27:43.080> Digital<04:27:43.500> Data<04:27:44.220> in

is the representation of Digital Data in

is the representation of Digital Data in
an<04:27:45.120> analog<04:27:45.600> format<04:27:46.140> for<04:27:46.500> transmission<04:27:46.859> over

an analog format for transmission over

an analog format for transmission over
those<04:27:47.880> longer<04:27:48.300> distances<04:27:48.779> so<04:27:49.560> the<04:27:49.800> analog

those longer distances so the analog

those longer distances so the analog
signal<04:27:50.699> has<04:27:51.239> a<04:27:51.479> characteristic<04:27:52.399> changed<04:27:53.399> to

signal has a characteristic changed to

signal has a characteristic changed to
signify<04:27:54.300> the<04:27:54.659> difference<04:27:54.920> between<04:27:55.920> logical

signify the difference between logical

signify the difference between logical
states<04:27:56.880> of<04:27:57.359> the<04:27:57.659> digital<04:27:58.020> signal<04:27:58.500> this<04:27:59.279> is<04:27:59.399> a

states of the digital signal this is a

states of the digital signal this is a
fairly<04:28:00.060> simple<04:28:00.300> as<04:28:00.659> digital<04:28:01.199> signals<04:28:01.920> again

fairly simple as digital signals again

fairly simple as digital signals again
only<04:28:02.699> have<04:28:03.000> two<04:28:03.300> states<04:28:03.600> one<04:28:04.560> and<04:28:05.100> zero<04:28:05.580> and<04:28:06.000> so

only have two states one and zero and so

only have two states one and zero and so
the<04:28:06.600> analog<04:28:07.080> waveform<04:28:07.800> needs<04:28:08.760> only<04:28:09.000> be

the analog waveform needs only be

the analog waveform needs only be
changed<04:28:10.080> or<04:28:10.439> modulated<04:28:11.100> in<04:28:11.880> one<04:28:12.120> way<04:28:12.500> such<04:28:13.500> as

changed or modulated in one way such as

changed or modulated in one way such as
the<04:28:13.979> graphic<04:28:14.340> here<04:28:14.640> the<04:28:15.239> frequency<04:28:15.600> is

the graphic here the frequency is

the graphic here the frequency is
changed<04:28:16.439> where<04:28:16.680> the<04:28:16.920> higher<04:28:17.220> frequency

changed where the higher frequency

changed where the higher frequency
represents<04:28:18.420> one<04:28:19.020> bits<04:28:19.500> and<04:28:20.159> the<04:28:20.340> lower

represents one bits and the lower

represents one bits and the lower
frequency<04:28:21.140> represents<04:28:22.140> zero<04:28:22.920> bits<04:28:23.279> in<04:28:23.939> this

frequency represents zero bits in this

frequency represents zero bits in this
way<04:28:24.359> I<04:28:24.960> can<04:28:25.080> convert<04:28:25.620> this<04:28:26.520> Digital<04:28:27.120> Signal

way I can convert this Digital Signal

way I can convert this Digital Signal
into<04:28:28.319> an<04:28:28.620> analog<04:28:28.920> one<04:28:29.100> 1<04:28:29.520> in<04:28:30.060> order<04:28:30.239> to

into an analog one 1 in order to

into an analog one 1 in order to
transfer<04:28:31.080> transfer<04:28:31.739> transmit<04:28:32.340> it<04:28:32.460> over<04:28:32.640> a

transfer transfer transmit it over a

transfer transfer transmit it over a
long<04:28:33.540> distance<04:28:33.779> now<04:28:34.560> there<04:28:34.979> are<04:28:35.159> various

long distance now there are various

long distance now there are various
methods<04:28:36.180> to<04:28:36.659> modulate<04:28:37.199> the<04:28:37.739> digital<04:28:38.100> signal

methods to modulate the digital signal

methods to modulate the digital signal
depending<04:28:39.000> on<04:28:39.239> what<04:28:39.659> part<04:28:39.960> of<04:28:40.260> the<04:28:40.439> analog

depending on what part of the analog

depending on what part of the analog
waveform<04:28:41.520> is<04:28:42.180> being<04:28:42.420> changed<04:28:42.960> the<04:28:43.500> first<04:28:43.620> one

waveform is being changed the first one

waveform is being changed the first one
is<04:28:44.040> called<04:28:44.279> ask<04:28:44.960> or<04:28:45.960> amplitude<04:28:46.620> shift<04:28:47.279> key

is called ask or amplitude shift key

is called ask or amplitude shift key
modulation<04:28:48.800> here<04:28:49.800> only<04:28:50.399> the<04:28:50.880> amplitude<04:28:51.479> of

modulation here only the amplitude of

modulation here only the amplitude of
the<04:28:51.779> wave<04:28:51.960> is<04:28:52.199> modulated<04:28:52.739> and<04:28:53.640> remember<04:28:53.760> the

the wave is modulated and remember the

the wave is modulated and remember the
amplitude<04:28:54.779> is<04:28:55.620> the<04:28:55.859> distance

between a peak or a trough in the

between a peak or a trough in the
midpoint

and the result of this can only be one

and the result of this can only be one
or<04:29:08.520> zero<04:29:09.359> the<04:29:09.960> next<04:29:10.020> method<04:29:10.439> is<04:29:10.620> called

or zero the next method is called

or zero the next method is called
frequency<04:29:11.520> shift<04:29:12.120> key<04:29:12.300> here<04:29:13.199> the<04:29:13.560> frequency

frequency shift key here the frequency

frequency shift key here the frequency
is<04:29:14.279> modulated<04:29:14.819> to<04:29:15.420> only<04:29:15.600> represent<04:29:16.140> one<04:29:16.739> or

is modulated to only represent one or

is modulated to only represent one or
zero<04:29:17.580> as<04:29:17.880> opposed<04:29:18.180> to<04:29:18.239> the<04:29:18.479> amplitude<04:29:19.080> and

zero as opposed to the amplitude and

zero as opposed to the amplitude and
remember<04:29:19.680> the<04:29:19.979> frequency<04:29:20.460> is<04:29:21.239> the<04:29:21.540> amount

remember the frequency is the amount

remember the frequency is the amount
times<04:29:23.100> we<04:29:23.460> have<04:29:23.580> this<04:29:23.819> wave<04:29:24.180> over<04:29:24.840> a<04:29:25.260> certain

times we have this wave over a certain

times we have this wave over a certain
period<04:29:25.920> of<04:29:26.220> time

period of time

period of time
we<04:29:28.620> also<04:29:28.800> have<04:29:28.920> something<04:29:29.100> called<04:29:29.399> binary

we also have something called binary

we also have something called binary
phase<04:29:30.659> shift<04:29:31.199> key<04:29:31.439> in<04:29:32.159> which<04:29:32.340> case<04:29:32.760> the<04:29:33.600> phase

phase shift key in which case the phase

phase shift key in which case the phase
of<04:29:34.199> the<04:29:34.380> wave<04:29:34.560> is<04:29:34.859> changed<04:29:35.340> and<04:29:35.760> remember<04:29:35.939> the

of the wave is changed and remember the

of the wave is changed and remember the
phase<04:29:36.659> would<04:29:37.319> be<04:29:37.439> if<04:29:37.620> I<04:29:37.800> have<04:29:38.040> 2<04:29:38.340> next<04:29:38.640> to<04:29:38.819> each

phase would be if I have 2 next to each

phase would be if I have 2 next to each
other<04:29:39.120> the<04:29:39.779> difference<04:29:39.960> between<04:29:40.439> those

other the difference between those

other the difference between those
and<04:29:41.880> then<04:29:42.000> I<04:29:42.180> have<04:29:42.420> quadrature<04:29:43.380> phase<04:29:43.680> shift

and then I have quadrature phase shift

and then I have quadrature phase shift
keying<04:29:45.000> here<04:29:45.600> the<04:29:45.960> phase<04:29:46.140> is<04:29:46.380> changed<04:29:46.739> as<04:29:46.920> well

keying here the phase is changed as well

keying here the phase is changed as well
but<04:29:47.640> we<04:29:47.880> can<04:29:48.000> actually<04:29:48.180> have<04:29:48.779> two<04:29:49.439> logical

but we can actually have two logical

but we can actually have two logical
States<04:29:50.100> at<04:29:50.399> a<04:29:50.580> time

States at a time

States at a time
for<04:29:51.960> instance<04:29:52.199> zero<04:29:52.920> zero<04:29:53.279> zero<04:29:54.000> one<04:29:54.239> one<04:29:54.600> zero

for instance zero zero zero one one zero

for instance zero zero zero one one zero
or<04:29:55.439> one<04:29:55.620> one<04:29:55.859> this<04:29:56.819> method<04:29:57.180> actually<04:29:57.420> allows

or one one this method actually allows

or one one this method actually allows
for<04:29:58.080> data<04:29:58.560> uh<04:29:59.460> to<04:30:00.000> be<04:30:00.300> more<04:30:00.720> secure<04:30:01.380> when<04:30:01.979> it's

for data uh to be more secure when it's

for data uh to be more secure when it's
transmitted<04:30:02.880> so<04:30:03.300> this<04:30:03.479> is<04:30:03.659> a<04:30:03.899> more<04:30:04.020> secure

transmitted so this is a more secure

transmitted so this is a more secure
method

method

method
finally<04:30:07.140> there's<04:30:07.380> something<04:30:07.620> called

finally there's something called

finally there's something called
quadrature<04:30:09.439> amplitude<04:30:10.439> modulation<04:30:11.100> and<04:30:12.060> in

quadrature amplitude modulation and in

quadrature amplitude modulation and in
this<04:30:12.420> case<04:30:12.600> I<04:30:12.960> can<04:30:13.080> also<04:30:13.380> have<04:30:13.620> more<04:30:14.159> than<04:30:14.340> two

this case I can also have more than two

this case I can also have more than two
states<04:30:14.939> at<04:30:15.359> a<04:30:15.479> time<04:30:15.659> but<04:30:16.439> what<04:30:16.620> I'm<04:30:16.800> shifting

states at a time but what I'm shifting

states at a time but what I'm shifting
here<04:30:17.520> instead<04:30:18.000> of<04:30:18.180> the<04:30:18.659> phase<04:30:19.020> only<04:30:19.380> is<04:30:19.979> I'm

here instead of the phase only is I'm

here instead of the phase only is I'm
also<04:30:20.640> Shifting<04:30:21.180> the<04:30:21.720> amplitude<04:30:22.380> and<04:30:23.159> so<04:30:23.279> these

also Shifting the amplitude and so these

also Shifting the amplitude and so these
are<04:30:23.699> both<04:30:23.939> combined<04:30:24.659> into<04:30:25.020> one<04:30:25.380> different

are both combined into one different

are both combined into one different
modulating<04:30:26.340> wave<04:30:26.760> now<04:30:27.479> in<04:30:27.659> order<04:30:27.840> to

modulating wave now in order to

modulating wave now in order to
demodulate<04:30:29.340> these<04:30:29.640> once<04:30:30.060> I've<04:30:30.180> modulated

demodulate these once I've modulated

demodulate these once I've modulated
them

them

them
there<04:30:32.460> must<04:30:32.699> be<04:30:32.880> a<04:30:33.180> reference<04:30:33.540> to

there must be a reference to

there must be a reference to
differentiate<04:30:34.560> the<04:30:34.800> data<04:30:35.100> from<04:30:35.279> the<04:30:35.460> rest<04:30:35.580> of

differentiate the data from the rest of

differentiate the data from the rest of
the<04:30:35.880> signal<04:30:36.659> now<04:30:37.140> there<04:30:37.439> are<04:30:37.620> two<04:30:37.979> digital

the signal now there are two digital

the signal now there are two digital
signal<04:30:39.060> reference<04:30:39.479> methods<04:30:40.020> that<04:30:40.260> can<04:30:40.380> be

signal reference methods that can be

signal reference methods that can be
used<04:30:40.859> the<04:30:41.699> first<04:30:41.880> reference<04:30:42.239> method<04:30:42.659> is

used the first reference method is

used the first reference method is
called<04:30:43.279> differential<04:30:44.279> demodulation

called differential demodulation

called differential demodulation
this<04:30:46.380> takes<04:30:46.680> the<04:30:47.159> modulated<04:30:47.819> and<04:30:48.779> the

this takes the modulated and the

this takes the modulated and the
demodulated<04:30:49.739> signals

demodulated signals

demodulated signals
and<04:30:51.659> Compares<04:30:52.199> them<04:30:52.859> the<04:30:53.399> output<04:30:53.760> then

and Compares them the output then

and Compares them the output then
becomes<04:30:54.800> one<04:30:55.800> mod<04:30:56.279> one<04:30:56.699> signal<04:30:57.120> which<04:30:57.359> is<04:30:57.540> the

becomes one mod one signal which is the

becomes one mod one signal which is the
data

data

data
there's<04:30:59.520> also<04:30:59.880> something<04:31:00.180> called<04:31:00.600> a

there's also something called a

there's also something called a
single-ended<04:31:01.920> this<04:31:02.699> method<04:31:03.060> instead<04:31:03.479> of

single-ended this method instead of

single-ended this method instead of
using<04:31:04.100> two<04:31:05.100> different<04:31:05.340> the<04:31:05.819> modulated<04:31:06.479> and

using two different the modulated and

using two different the modulated and
the<04:31:06.840> demodulated<04:31:07.439> singles<04:31:07.920> signals<04:31:08.819> uses<04:31:09.540> the

the demodulated singles signals uses the

the demodulated singles signals uses the
ground<04:31:10.080> as<04:31:10.560> a<04:31:10.800> reference<04:31:11.100> point<04:31:11.340> and<04:31:12.060> the

ground as a reference point and the

ground as a reference point and the
resultant<04:31:12.659> information<04:31:13.020> then<04:31:13.739> becomes<04:31:14.340> the

resultant information then becomes the

resultant information then becomes the
data<04:31:14.880> now<04:31:15.479> again<04:31:15.659> if<04:31:15.899> this<04:31:16.080> is<04:31:16.199> a<04:31:16.380> little

data now again if this is a little

data now again if this is a little
confusing<04:31:17.040> don't<04:31:17.460> worry<04:31:17.640> about<04:31:17.880> it<04:31:18.060> it's<04:31:18.180> not

confusing don't worry about it it's not

confusing don't worry about it it's not
going<04:31:18.659> to<04:31:18.779> come<04:31:18.899> up<04:31:19.020> on<04:31:19.260> the<04:31:19.439> exam<04:31:19.800> I<04:31:20.640> just<04:31:20.760> want

going to come up on the exam I just want

going to come up on the exam I just want
to<04:31:21.060> cover<04:31:21.239> this<04:31:21.540> to<04:31:21.720> give<04:31:21.899> you<04:31:22.020> a<04:31:22.319> broad<04:31:22.500> basis

to cover this to give you a broad basis

to cover this to give you a broad basis
outline<04:31:23.580> of<04:31:24.060> what<04:31:24.239> we're<04:31:24.420> talking<04:31:24.600> about<04:31:24.899> here

outline of what we're talking about here

outline of what we're talking about here
now<04:31:27.120> while<04:31:27.359> there<04:31:27.600> is<04:31:27.779> very<04:31:28.020> good<04:31:28.260> possibility

now while there is very good possibility

now while there is very good possibility
that<04:31:29.040> you've<04:31:29.159> probably<04:31:29.340> heard<04:31:29.580> of<04:31:29.760> some<04:31:29.939> of

that you've probably heard of some of

that you've probably heard of some of
these<04:31:30.239> data<04:31:30.600> units<04:31:30.840> I'm<04:31:31.020> about<04:31:31.140> to<04:31:31.319> mention<04:31:31.439> at

these data units I'm about to mention at

these data units I'm about to mention at
one<04:31:31.979> time<04:31:32.100> or<04:31:32.220> another<04:31:32.399> it's<04:31:33.120> really

one time or another it's really

one time or another it's really
important<04:31:33.720> that<04:31:33.960> you<04:31:34.199> really<04:31:34.319> understand

important that you really understand

important that you really understand
them<04:31:35.100> in<04:31:35.460> their<04:31:35.699> actual<04:31:36.060> quantities<04:31:36.659> now

them in their actual quantities now

them in their actual quantities now
originally<04:31:37.920> before<04:31:38.279> computers<04:31:39.060> became

originally before computers became

originally before computers became
household<04:31:39.899> items<04:31:40.500> and<04:31:41.100> now<04:31:41.340> nearly

household items and now nearly

household items and now nearly
ubiquitous<04:31:42.420> computer<04:31:43.080> Engineers<04:31:43.620> came<04:31:43.979> up

ubiquitous computer Engineers came up

ubiquitous computer Engineers came up
with<04:31:44.460> these<04:31:44.819> measurements<04:31:45.239> of<04:31:45.420> data<04:31:45.779> and<04:31:46.260> it

with these measurements of data and it

with these measurements of data and it
was<04:31:46.620> pretty<04:31:46.979> straightforward<04:31:47.819> as<04:31:48.359> we've

was pretty straightforward as we've

was pretty straightforward as we've
mentioned<04:31:48.779> before<04:31:48.960> in<04:31:49.319> computer<04:31:49.500> systems<04:31:50.100> and

mentioned before in computer systems and

mentioned before in computer systems and
networking<04:31:50.779> data<04:31:51.779> is<04:31:51.899> stored<04:31:52.319> in<04:31:52.800> binary

networking data is stored in binary

networking data is stored in binary
digits<04:31:53.880> or<04:31:54.359> bits<04:31:54.840> and<04:31:55.560> a<04:31:55.680> single<04:31:55.979> bit<04:31:56.159> is

digits or bits and a single bit is

digits or bits and a single bit is
either<04:31:57.060> a<04:31:57.300> zero<04:31:57.840> or<04:31:58.500> a<04:31:58.680> one<04:31:58.859> this<04:31:59.640> is<04:31:59.760> the<04:32:00.000> most

either a zero or a one this is the most

either a zero or a one this is the most
basic<04:32:00.600> form<04:32:00.779> of<04:32:01.020> measurement<04:32:01.439> zero<04:32:02.340> one<04:32:02.520> being

basic form of measurement zero one being

basic form of measurement zero one being
no<04:32:03.659> power

no power

no power
or<04:32:06.420> power

a lesser-known term but still cool

a lesser-known term but still cool
nonetheless<04:32:12.779> is<04:32:13.560> that<04:32:13.800> two<04:32:14.040> bits<04:32:14.399> together

nonetheless is that two bits together

nonetheless is that two bits together
form<04:32:15.120> a<04:32:15.659> crumb

form a crumb

form a crumb
bits<04:32:17.760> contain<04:32:18.239> a<04:32:18.779> nibble<04:32:19.560> and<04:32:20.100> a<04:32:20.279> bits

bits contain a nibble and a bits

bits contain a nibble and a bits
together<04:32:20.819> a<04:32:21.600> byte<04:32:21.960> that's<04:32:22.439> how<04:32:22.680> we<04:32:22.800> got<04:32:22.979> there

together a byte that's how we got there

together a byte that's how we got there
bits<04:32:24.120> crumbs<04:32:24.540> nibbles<04:32:25.020> bites<04:32:25.680> now<04:32:26.399> depending

bits crumbs nibbles bites now depending

bits crumbs nibbles bites now depending
on<04:32:27.060> the<04:32:27.239> processor<04:32:27.720> you<04:32:28.020> have

on the processor you have

on the processor you have
a<04:32:29.580> word<04:32:29.699> would<04:32:30.300> either<04:32:30.420> be<04:32:30.779> 16<04:32:31.819> 32<04:32:32.819> or<04:32:33.359> 64<04:32:33.899> bits

a word would either be 16 32 or 64 bits

a word would either be 16 32 or 64 bits
we<04:32:35.100> generally<04:32:35.340> don't<04:32:35.580> see<04:32:35.760> 16-bit<04:32:36.420> processors

we generally don't see 16-bit processors

we generally don't see 16-bit processors
anymore<04:32:37.260> so<04:32:38.040> generally<04:32:38.399> speaking<04:32:38.880> a<04:32:39.359> word<04:32:39.540> is

anymore so generally speaking a word is

anymore so generally speaking a word is
either<04:32:40.199> going<04:32:40.439> to<04:32:40.560> be<04:32:40.620> 32<04:32:41.100> bits<04:32:41.460> or<04:32:41.640> 64<04:32:42.120> bits

either going to be 32 bits or 64 bits

either going to be 32 bits or 64 bits
this<04:32:43.020> doesn't<04:32:43.199> mean<04:32:43.500> a<04:32:43.920> word<04:32:44.100> that<04:32:44.399> you've

this doesn't mean a word that you've

this doesn't mean a word that you've
written<04:32:45.060> on<04:32:45.239> your<04:32:45.479> word<04:32:45.659> processor<04:32:46.380> but<04:32:47.040> a

written on your word processor but a

written on your word processor but a
unit<04:32:47.520> of<04:32:47.760> measurement<04:32:48.180> just<04:32:49.020> like<04:32:49.140> byte<04:32:49.680> is

unit of measurement just like byte is

unit of measurement just like byte is
now<04:32:50.880> in<04:32:51.180> most<04:32:51.420> places

now in most places

now in most places
Hilo<04:32:53.939> is<04:32:54.659> a<04:32:54.960> thousand<04:32:55.260> such<04:32:55.800> as<04:32:56.060> kilometers

Hilo is a thousand such as kilometers

Hilo is a thousand such as kilometers
and<04:32:58.260> uh<04:32:58.739> in<04:32:59.220> one<04:32:59.819> thousand<04:33:00.180> such<04:33:00.659> as

and uh in one thousand such as

and uh in one thousand such as
kilometers<04:33:01.380> means<04:33:01.739> one<04:33:02.100> thousand<04:33:02.460> meters

kilometers means one thousand meters

kilometers means one thousand meters
while<04:33:03.720> this<04:33:03.960> is<04:33:04.141> true<04:33:04.439> in<04:33:04.680> networking<04:33:05.160> it

while this is true in networking it

while this is true in networking it
becomes<04:33:05.820> slightly<04:33:06.600> more<04:33:06.959> complicated

becomes slightly more complicated

becomes slightly more complicated
because<04:33:08.340> some<04:33:08.879> sources<04:33:09.420> Define<04:33:09.779> a<04:33:10.320> key<04:33:10.500> a

because some sources Define a key a

because some sources Define a key a
kilobit<04:33:11.400> as

kilobit as

kilobit as
1024<04:33:14.279> bits<04:33:14.939> While<04:33:15.299> others<04:33:15.660> might<04:33:15.840> Define<04:33:16.020> a

1024 bits While others might Define a

1024 bits While others might Define a
kilobit<04:33:16.920> as<04:33:17.480> 1024<04:33:18.480> bytes

kilobit as 1024 bytes

kilobit as 1024 bytes
one<04:33:20.699> of<04:33:20.820> the<04:33:20.939> reasons<04:33:21.359> for<04:33:21.600> this<04:33:21.900> confusion<04:33:23.100> is

one of the reasons for this confusion is

one of the reasons for this confusion is
and<04:33:24.180> you<04:33:24.299> can<04:33:24.420> see<04:33:24.539> right<04:33:24.840> here<04:33:25.020> how<04:33:25.320> we<04:33:25.500> get

and you can see right here how we get

and you can see right here how we get
that<04:33:25.920> 1024

that 1024

that 1024
2<04:33:28.141> to<04:33:28.379> the<04:33:28.500> 10th<04:33:28.859> bytes<04:33:29.340> and<04:33:29.939> one<04:33:30.119> of<04:33:30.240> the

2 to the 10th bytes and one of the

2 to the 10th bytes and one of the
confusion<04:33:30.900> the<04:33:31.199> reason<04:33:31.320> for<04:33:31.561> this<04:33:31.680> confusion

confusion the reason for this confusion

confusion the reason for this confusion
of<04:33:32.340> bits<04:33:32.939> versus<04:33:33.180> bytes<04:33:33.840> is<04:33:34.500> because<04:33:34.740> of<04:33:35.279> the

of bits versus bytes is because of the

of bits versus bytes is because of the
little<04:33:35.580> B<04:33:35.820> versus<04:33:36.480> the<04:33:36.900> Big<04:33:37.020> B<04:33:37.260> so<04:33:37.980> here<04:33:38.219> is<04:33:38.400> a

little B versus the Big B so here is a

little B versus the Big B so here is a
fairly<04:33:39.119> easy<04:33:39.600> breakdown

fairly easy breakdown

fairly easy breakdown
that<04:33:42.359> nearly<04:33:42.660> anywhere<04:33:42.959> you<04:33:43.141> go<04:33:43.260> and<04:33:43.500> more

that nearly anywhere you go and more

that nearly anywhere you go and more
importantly<04:33:43.980> on<04:33:44.219> the<04:33:44.340> exam<04:33:44.641> is<04:33:45.420> going<04:33:45.719> to

importantly on the exam is going to

importantly on the exam is going to
allow<04:33:45.959> you<04:33:46.020> to<04:33:46.141> have<04:33:46.260> a<04:33:46.500> perfect

allow you to have a perfect

allow you to have a perfect
understanding<04:33:47.340> of<04:33:47.520> how<04:33:47.820> much<04:33:47.939> data<04:33:48.299> we're

understanding of how much data we're

understanding of how much data we're
actually<04:33:48.600> talking<04:33:48.900> about

actually talking about

actually talking about
this<04:33:50.459> chart<04:33:50.760> specifies<04:33:51.660> how<04:33:52.199> the<04:33:52.379> breakdown

this chart specifies how the breakdown

this chart specifies how the breakdown
of<04:33:53.219> binary<04:33:53.699> data<04:33:54.180> is<04:33:54.719> mathematically

of binary data is mathematically

of binary data is mathematically
calculated<04:33:56.580> and<04:33:57.061> this<04:33:57.240> binary<04:33:57.660> is<04:33:58.080> a<04:33:58.379> base<04:33:58.561> 2

calculated and this binary is a base 2

calculated and this binary is a base 2
system

and we'll talk more about that when we

and we'll talk more about that when we
get<04:34:03.600> into<04:34:03.859> binary<04:34:04.859> and<04:34:05.219> creating<04:34:05.520> binary

get into binary and creating binary

get into binary and creating binary
um

um

um
uh<04:34:08.219> numbers<04:34:08.939> like<04:34:09.420> IP<04:34:09.840> addresses<04:34:10.379> and<04:34:11.279> why<04:34:11.820> is

uh numbers like IP addresses and why is

uh numbers like IP addresses and why is
it<04:34:12.119> base<04:34:12.240> two<04:34:12.480> because<04:34:12.719> we<04:34:12.900> only<04:34:13.020> have<04:34:13.260> two

it base two because we only have two

it base two because we only have two
options<04:34:13.740> a<04:34:14.100> one<04:34:14.340> and<04:34:14.699> a<04:34:14.879> zero

options a one and a zero

options a one and a zero
which<04:34:17.520> is<04:34:17.641> a<04:34:17.939> bit<04:34:18.061> and<04:34:18.539> remember<04:34:18.719> eight<04:34:19.141> bits

which is a bit and remember eight bits

which is a bit and remember eight bits
go<04:34:19.799> into<04:34:19.980> a<04:34:20.520> byte<04:34:21.180> so<04:34:21.420> this<04:34:21.600> chart<04:34:21.779> mainly

go into a byte so this chart mainly

go into a byte so this chart mainly
demonstrates<04:34:22.561> how<04:34:22.859> that<04:34:23.100> numbering<04:34:23.520> system

demonstrates how that numbering system

demonstrates how that numbering system
works<04:34:24.299> the<04:34:24.779> magic<04:34:24.959> number<04:34:25.260> I<04:34:25.561> really<04:34:25.680> want<04:34:25.859> you

works the magic number I really want you

works the magic number I really want you
to<04:34:26.100> pay<04:34:26.279> attention<04:34:26.580> to<04:34:26.820> is<04:34:27.180> 10<04:34:27.480> 24.<04:34:28.320> that's<04:34:28.799> the

to pay attention to is 10 24. that's the

to pay attention to is 10 24. that's the
number<04:34:29.219> of<04:34:29.459> bytes<04:34:29.939> in<04:34:30.180> a<04:34:30.359> kilobyte<04:34:30.840> the<04:34:31.141> number

number of bytes in a kilobyte the number

number of bytes in a kilobyte the number
of<04:34:31.439> kilobytes<04:34:32.039> in<04:34:32.219> a<04:34:32.340> megabyte<04:34:32.820> the<04:34:33.119> number<04:34:33.299> of

of kilobytes in a megabyte the number of

of kilobytes in a megabyte the number of
megabytes<04:34:34.080> in<04:34:34.439> a<04:34:34.619> gigabyte<04:34:35.100> the<04:34:35.279> number

megabytes in a gigabyte the number

megabytes in a gigabyte the number
gigabytes<04:34:36.480> in<04:34:36.840> a<04:34:37.020> terabyte<04:34:37.740> so<04:34:38.100> on<04:34:38.340> and<04:34:38.520> so

gigabytes in a terabyte so on and so

gigabytes in a terabyte so on and so
forth<04:34:39.061> now<04:34:39.539> you're<04:34:39.779> not<04:34:39.900> going<04:34:40.020> to<04:34:40.141> be<04:34:40.199> asked

forth now you're not going to be asked

forth now you're not going to be asked
to<04:34:40.619> calculate<04:34:41.340> this<04:34:41.641> necessarily<04:34:42.359> but<04:34:43.080> it's

to calculate this necessarily but it's

to calculate this necessarily but it's
good<04:34:43.439> to<04:34:43.619> know<04:34:43.799> nonetheless

good to know nonetheless

good to know nonetheless
all<04:34:46.260> right

all right

all right
so<04:34:48.420> we<04:34:48.779> just<04:34:48.959> talked<04:34:49.320> about<04:34:49.379> a<04:34:49.740> signal<04:34:50.100> and

so we just talked about a signal and

so we just talked about a signal and
what<04:34:51.119> analog<04:34:51.840> means<04:34:52.260> the<04:34:52.980> signal<04:34:53.279> being<04:34:53.459> how

what analog means the signal being how

what analog means the signal being how
that<04:34:54.119> data<04:34:54.600> is<04:34:55.260> sent<04:34:55.561> modified<04:34:56.459> and<04:34:57.119> received

that data is sent modified and received

that data is sent modified and received
and<04:34:58.141> then<04:34:58.260> analog<04:34:58.799> being<04:34:59.219> that<04:34:59.820> it<04:35:00.061> can<04:35:00.240> have

and then analog being that it can have

and then analog being that it can have
many<04:35:00.719> different<04:35:00.959> values

many different values

many different values
we<04:35:02.879> looked<04:35:03.119> at<04:35:03.180> the<04:35:03.420> attributes<04:35:03.900> of<04:35:04.260> a<04:35:04.500> analog

we looked at the attributes of a analog

we looked at the attributes of a analog
signal<04:35:05.580> including<04:35:06.420> amplitude

frequency and so on

frequency and so on
we<04:35:18.959> also<04:35:19.199> looked<04:35:19.439> at<04:35:19.561> a<04:35:19.740> digital<04:35:20.100> signal<04:35:20.520> and

we also looked at a digital signal and

we also looked at a digital signal and
Digital<04:35:21.299> Data<04:35:21.840> Transmissions<04:35:22.520> remembering

Digital Data Transmissions remembering

Digital Data Transmissions remembering
that<04:35:23.760> a<04:35:23.939> digital<04:35:24.180> signal<04:35:24.660> can<04:35:25.320> only<04:35:25.500> have

that a digital signal can only have

that a digital signal can only have
generally<04:35:26.699> two<04:35:27.119> values<04:35:27.660> a<04:35:28.439> one<04:35:28.680> and<04:35:29.459> a<04:35:29.641> zero

generally two values a one and a zero

generally two values a one and a zero
and<04:35:30.900> depending<04:35:31.199> on<04:35:31.379> whether<04:35:31.561> we're<04:35:31.859> comparing

and depending on whether we're comparing

and depending on whether we're comparing
it<04:35:32.580> to<04:35:32.760> each<04:35:32.939> its<04:35:33.420> own<04:35:33.480> or<04:35:34.141> to<04:35:34.320> the<04:35:34.561> ground<04:35:34.680> we

it to each its own or to the ground we

it to each its own or to the ground we
have<04:35:35.400> different<04:35:35.641> digital<04:35:36.180> data<04:35:36.719> transmission

have different digital data transmission

have different digital data transmission
methods<04:35:37.799> we<04:35:38.641> also<04:35:38.879> looked<04:35:39.180> at<04:35:39.240> modulating

methods we also looked at modulating

methods we also looked at modulating
which<04:35:40.619> allows<04:35:41.100> us<04:35:41.219> to<04:35:41.699> send<04:35:42.000> a<04:35:42.359> signal<04:35:42.779> over<04:35:43.439> a

which allows us to send a signal over a

which allows us to send a signal over a
more<04:35:43.980> powerful<04:35:44.480> carrier<04:35:45.480> signal

more powerful carrier signal

more powerful carrier signal
in<04:35:47.939> order<04:35:48.119> to<04:35:48.359> allow<04:35:48.660> it<04:35:48.779> to<04:35:49.080> travel<04:35:49.379> long

in order to allow it to travel long

in order to allow it to travel long
distances

distances

distances
we<04:35:53.160> looked<04:35:53.459> at<04:35:53.580> Digital<04:35:54.240> Signal<04:35:54.719> modulation

we looked at Digital Signal modulation

we looked at Digital Signal modulation
techniques<04:35:56.279> perhaps<04:35:57.000> we<04:35:57.180> got<04:35:57.299> a<04:35:57.539> little<04:35:57.660> too

techniques perhaps we got a little too

techniques perhaps we got a little too
involved<04:35:58.561> in<04:35:58.680> it

involved in it

involved in it
and<04:36:00.000> we<04:36:00.299> talked<04:36:00.660> about<04:36:00.779> how<04:36:01.680> then<04:36:01.980> we<04:36:02.400> can

and we talked about how then we can

and we talked about how then we can
convert<04:36:02.939> these<04:36:03.359> Digital<04:36:03.600> Signal<04:36:04.141> into<04:36:05.061> a

convert these Digital Signal into a

convert these Digital Signal into a
analog<04:36:06.719> signal<04:36:07.141> for<04:36:07.799> sending<04:36:08.400> over<04:36:08.520> data<04:36:09.240> and

analog signal for sending over data and

analog signal for sending over data and
then<04:36:09.719> how<04:36:10.020> we<04:36:10.279> demodulate<04:36:11.279> it<04:36:11.459> back<04:36:11.641> and<04:36:12.061> we

then how we demodulate it back and we

then how we demodulate it back and we
talked<04:36:12.539> about<04:36:12.600> the<04:36:12.900> device<04:36:13.080> doing<04:36:13.500> this<04:36:13.799> is

talked about the device doing this is

talked about the device doing this is
called<04:36:14.279> a<04:36:14.641> modem<04:36:15.000> which<04:36:15.480> modulates<04:36:16.080> and

called a modem which modulates and

called a modem which modulates and
demodulates

demodulates

demodulates
we<04:36:18.900> also<04:36:19.199> described<04:36:19.680> Digital<04:36:20.160> Signal

we also described Digital Signal

we also described Digital Signal
referencing<04:36:21.480> methods<04:36:21.959> in<04:36:22.500> other<04:36:22.561> words<04:36:22.740> how

referencing methods in other words how

referencing methods in other words how
it<04:36:23.340> knows<04:36:23.699> where<04:36:24.359> the<04:36:24.539> signal<04:36:24.840> begins<04:36:25.379> and

it knows where the signal begins and

it knows where the signal begins and
where<04:36:26.340> it<04:36:26.520> ends

finally we described the Digital Data

finally we described the Digital Data
units<04:36:34.400> specifically<04:36:35.400> I<04:36:35.580> wanted<04:36:35.760> you<04:36:36.000> to<04:36:36.119> pay

units specifically I wanted you to pay

units specifically I wanted you to pay
attention<04:36:36.600> to<04:36:36.959> the<04:36:37.680> fact<04:36:37.859> that<04:36:38.039> one<04:36:38.400> bit

attention to the fact that one bit

attention to the fact that one bit
equals<04:36:40.141> the<04:36:40.799> fact<04:36:40.920> that<04:36:41.219> 8<04:36:41.820> Bits<04:36:42.359> equal<04:36:43.020> one

equals the fact that 8 Bits equal one

equals the fact that 8 Bits equal one
byte

byte

byte
and<04:36:46.199> the<04:36:46.439> fact<04:36:46.561> that<04:36:47.039> 10

and the fact that 10

and the fact that 10
1024<04:36:49.680> bits

1024 bits

1024 bits
are<04:36:52.740> in<04:36:52.980> one

kilobit

kilobit
or<04:36:58.199> 1024<04:36:59.039> bytes<04:36:59.760> are<04:37:00.420> in<04:37:00.660> one<04:37:01.199> kilobyte

Network protocols and services

Network protocols and services
common<04:37:32.340> Network<04:37:32.699> ports<04:37:33.240> and<04:37:33.600> protocols

common Network ports and protocols

common Network ports and protocols
all<04:37:35.760> right<04:37:35.939> now<04:37:36.119> we<04:37:36.240> start<04:37:36.420> getting<04:37:36.719> into<04:37:36.959> what

all right now we start getting into what

all right now we start getting into what
I<04:37:37.500> think<04:37:37.680> is<04:37:37.859> the<04:37:38.100> fun<04:37:38.279> stuff<04:37:38.580> in<04:37:39.359> this<04:37:39.539> network

I think is the fun stuff in this network

I think is the fun stuff in this network
plus<04:37:39.900> exam<04:37:40.320> in<04:37:40.859> some<04:37:41.039> ways<04:37:41.340> it's<04:37:41.580> also<04:37:41.879> where<04:37:42.299> a

plus exam in some ways it's also where a

plus exam in some ways it's also where a
blue<04:37:42.840> bulk<04:37:43.199> of<04:37:43.260> the<04:37:43.379> questions<04:37:43.561> are<04:37:43.799> going<04:37:43.920> to

blue bulk of the questions are going to

blue bulk of the questions are going to
come<04:37:44.100> from<04:37:44.340> by<04:37:45.299> the<04:37:45.480> end<04:37:45.840> of<04:37:46.439> this<04:37:47.039> module

come from by the end of this module

come from by the end of this module
you're<04:37:48.061> going<04:37:48.240> to<04:37:48.299> be<04:37:48.420> able<04:37:48.539> to<04:37:48.660> say<04:37:48.959> what<04:37:49.439> each

you're going to be able to say what each

you're going to be able to say what each
of<04:37:49.859> these<04:37:50.039> numbers<04:37:50.219> represents<04:37:51.119> in<04:37:51.779> terms<04:37:52.080> of

of these numbers represents in terms of

of these numbers represents in terms of
a<04:37:52.500> protocol<04:37:52.799> now<04:37:53.459> if<04:37:53.699> you<04:37:53.879> took<04:37:54.240> the<04:37:54.359> a<04:37:54.480> plus

a protocol now if you took the a plus

a protocol now if you took the a plus
exam<04:37:55.080> and<04:37:55.260> I<04:37:55.379> hope<04:37:55.500> you<04:37:55.619> did<04:37:55.859> you<04:37:56.760> probably

exam and I hope you did you probably

exam and I hope you did you probably
recall<04:37:57.420> some<04:37:57.779> of<04:37:57.900> these<04:37:58.141> from<04:37:58.379> there<04:37:58.561> so<04:37:58.920> this

recall some of these from there so this

recall some of these from there so this
might<04:37:59.459> be<04:37:59.641> a<04:38:00.119> bit<04:38:00.180> of<04:38:00.299> a<04:38:00.420> recap<04:38:00.779> for<04:38:01.080> you<04:38:01.199> but

might be a bit of a recap for you but

might be a bit of a recap for you but
that's<04:38:01.799> okay<04:38:01.980> it<04:38:02.279> never<04:38:02.400> hurts<04:38:02.699> to<04:38:02.820> go<04:38:02.939> over

that's okay it never hurts to go over

that's okay it never hurts to go over
this<04:38:03.299> stuff<04:38:03.480> again<04:38:03.719> especially<04:38:04.379> because<04:38:04.680> it

this stuff again especially because it

this stuff again especially because it
just<04:38:05.520> always<04:38:05.760> pops<04:38:06.180> up<04:38:06.299> on<04:38:06.420> the<04:38:06.539> exam<04:38:06.840> and<04:38:07.260> as

just always pops up on the exam and as

just always pops up on the exam and as
far<04:38:07.619> as<04:38:07.740> knowing<04:38:08.520> stuff<04:38:08.760> this<04:38:09.600> is<04:38:09.719> one<04:38:09.900> of

far as knowing stuff this is one of

far as knowing stuff this is one of
those<04:38:10.080> things<04:38:10.260> that<04:38:10.439> you<04:38:10.680> just<04:38:10.799> have<04:38:11.219> to<04:38:11.400> know

those things that you just have to know

those things that you just have to know
these<04:38:12.000> these<04:38:12.299> Protocols<04:38:12.719> are<04:38:12.840> what<04:38:12.959> you

these these Protocols are what you

these these Protocols are what you
really<04:38:13.320> have<04:38:13.561> to<04:38:13.680> know<04:38:13.920> we're<04:38:14.580> going<04:38:14.760> to<04:38:14.820> talk

really have to know we're going to talk

really have to know we're going to talk
about<04:38:15.119> the<04:38:15.420> protocols<04:38:15.900> in<04:38:16.080> more<04:38:16.199> depth<04:38:16.500> later

about the protocols in more depth later

about the protocols in more depth later
too<04:38:17.039> when<04:38:17.219> we<04:38:17.400> talk<04:38:17.520> about<04:38:17.699> what<04:38:18.061> tcpip<04:38:18.959> is<04:38:19.379> but

too when we talk about what tcpip is but

too when we talk about what tcpip is but
I<04:38:19.920> want<04:38:20.039> to<04:38:20.160> start<04:38:20.279> talking<04:38:20.580> about<04:38:20.760> these<04:38:21.119> now

I want to start talking about these now

I want to start talking about these now
since<04:38:22.020> a<04:38:22.320> port<04:38:22.500> is<04:38:23.100> really<04:38:23.400> the<04:38:24.061> end<04:38:24.539> point

since a port is really the end point

since a port is really the end point
logically<04:38:25.561> of<04:38:25.980> a<04:38:26.160> connection

logically of a connection

logically of a connection
so<04:38:27.660> we're<04:38:27.900> going<04:38:28.080> to<04:38:28.199> start<04:38:28.379> by<04:38:28.680> talking<04:38:28.920> about

so we're going to start by talking about

so we're going to start by talking about
what<04:38:29.580> a<04:38:29.699> port<04:38:29.820> is<04:38:30.119> in<04:38:30.299> a<04:38:30.480> little<04:38:30.539> more<04:38:30.719> detail

what a port is in a little more detail

what a port is in a little more detail
and<04:38:31.920> outline<04:38:32.340> the<04:38:32.580> different<04:38:32.760> port<04:38:33.119> ranges

and outline the different port ranges

and outline the different port ranges
there<04:38:34.080> are<04:38:34.199> three<04:38:34.379> of<04:38:34.561> them<04:38:34.740> well-known<04:38:35.520> ports

there are three of them well-known ports

there are three of them well-known ports
registered<04:38:37.080> ports<04:38:37.500> and<04:38:37.920> then<04:38:38.039> the<04:38:38.219> last<04:38:38.340> range

registered ports and then the last range

registered ports and then the last range
which<04:38:39.240> is

which is

which is
um

um

um
experimental<04:38:42.539> sort<04:38:42.900> of<04:38:43.020> ports<04:38:43.439> and<04:38:43.859> private

experimental sort of ports and private

experimental sort of ports and private
ports<04:38:45.119> so<04:38:45.539> we're<04:38:45.719> going<04:38:45.900> to<04:38:46.080> outline<04:38:46.500> the<04:38:46.859> most

ports so we're going to outline the most

ports so we're going to outline the most
common<04:38:47.480> well-known<04:38:48.480> default<04:38:49.260> ports<04:38:49.799> and<04:38:50.400> the

common well-known default ports and the

common well-known default ports and the
protocols<04:38:51.119> that<04:38:51.299> go<04:38:51.480> along<04:38:51.600> with<04:38:51.900> them<04:38:52.080> I'm

protocols that go along with them I'm

protocols that go along with them I'm
actually<04:38:52.680> going<04:38:52.859> to<04:38:52.920> give<04:38:53.039> you<04:38:53.160> a<04:38:53.520> huge<04:38:53.760> list

actually going to give you a huge list

actually going to give you a huge list
of<04:38:54.299> all<04:38:54.420> the<04:38:54.539> protocols<04:38:55.020> you<04:38:55.141> need<04:38:55.260> to<04:38:55.379> know

of all the protocols you need to know

of all the protocols you need to know
and<04:38:55.980> we're<04:38:56.100> going<04:38:56.219> to<04:38:56.279> talk<04:38:56.459> about<04:38:56.641> some<04:38:56.939> of

and we're going to talk about some of

and we're going to talk about some of
those<04:38:57.180> in<04:38:57.420> depth<04:38:57.719> in<04:38:57.779> this<04:38:58.020> module<04:38:58.379> some<04:38:58.859> in

those in depth in this module some in

those in depth in this module some in
the<04:38:59.279> next<04:38:59.400> module<04:38:59.939> and<04:39:00.539> then<04:39:00.660> some<04:39:00.959> later<04:39:01.260> on

the next module and then some later on

the next module and then some later on
in<04:39:01.680> the<04:39:01.799> course<04:39:01.980> but<04:39:02.459> I'm<04:39:02.580> going<04:39:02.699> to<04:39:02.760> get<04:39:02.939> them

in the course but I'm going to get them

in the course but I'm going to get them
all<04:39:03.180> out<04:39:03.359> onto<04:39:03.779> a<04:39:04.020> a<04:39:04.320> chart<04:39:04.680> for<04:39:05.039> you<04:39:05.160> right<04:39:05.459> now

all out onto a a chart for you right now

all out onto a a chart for you right now
finally<04:39:07.080> I<04:39:07.500> wanted<04:39:07.619> to<04:39:07.799> find<04:39:07.980> and<04:39:08.160> describe

finally I wanted to find and describe

finally I wanted to find and describe
the<04:39:09.119> common<04:39:09.359> ports<04:39:09.900> and<04:39:10.020> protocols<04:39:10.619> dealing

the common ports and protocols dealing

the common ports and protocols dealing
with<04:39:11.219> FTP<04:39:12.180> or<04:39:12.719> the<04:39:12.900> file<04:39:13.199> transfer<04:39:13.740> protocol

with FTP or the file transfer protocol

with FTP or the file transfer protocol
ntp<04:39:15.480> or<04:39:15.719> the<04:39:15.900> network<04:39:16.020> time<04:39:16.320> protocol

ntp or the network time protocol

ntp or the network time protocol
SMTP<04:39:18.420> the<04:39:18.900> simple<04:39:19.080> mail<04:39:19.379> transfer<04:39:19.920> protocol

SMTP the simple mail transfer protocol

SMTP the simple mail transfer protocol
POP3<04:39:21.600> or<04:39:22.020> the<04:39:22.320> post<04:39:22.799> office<04:39:23.039> protocol<04:39:23.779> the<04:39:24.779> uh

POP3 or the post office protocol the uh

POP3 or the post office protocol the uh
used<04:39:25.561> to<04:39:26.039> receive<04:39:26.641> email<04:39:26.939> as<04:39:27.299> opposed<04:39:27.660> to<04:39:27.660> SMTP

used to receive email as opposed to SMTP

used to receive email as opposed to SMTP
which<04:39:28.799> is<04:39:28.920> used<04:39:29.160> to<04:39:29.340> send<04:39:29.760> email<04:39:30.379> IMAP<04:39:31.379> which

which is used to send email IMAP which

which is used to send email IMAP which
is<04:39:32.160> also<04:39:32.520> used<04:39:32.760> for<04:39:33.619> receiving<04:39:34.619> or<04:39:34.980> accessing

is also used for receiving or accessing

is also used for receiving or accessing
email<04:39:35.820> which<04:39:36.420> stands<04:39:36.719> for<04:39:36.840> the<04:39:37.020> internet

email which stands for the internet

email which stands for the internet
message<04:39:37.860> access<04:39:38.400> protocol

message access protocol

message access protocol
nntp<04:39:41.580> or<04:39:42.360> the<04:39:42.718> network<04:39:43.320> news<04:39:44.040> transfer

nntp or the network news transfer

nntp or the network news transfer
protocol<04:39:45.240> uh<04:39:46.140> something<04:39:46.440> you<04:39:46.980> may<04:39:47.340> have<04:39:47.458> used

protocol uh something you may have used

protocol uh something you may have used
if<04:39:47.878> you've<04:39:48.120> ever<04:39:48.240> used<04:39:48.740> RSS<04:39:49.740> feeds<04:39:50.420> HTTP<04:39:51.420> or

if you've ever used RSS feeds HTTP or

if you've ever used RSS feeds HTTP or
the<04:39:51.900> hypertext<04:39:52.680> transfer<04:39:53.218> protocol<04:39:53.640> and

the hypertext transfer protocol and

the hypertext transfer protocol and
https<04:39:55.200> which<04:39:56.100> is<04:39:56.218> the<04:39:56.520> secure<04:39:56.820> version<04:39:57.060> these

https which is the secure version these

https which is the secure version these
are<04:39:57.958> what<04:39:58.200> allow<04:39:58.620> you<04:39:58.740> to<04:39:58.980> browse<04:39:59.400> on<04:39:59.580> the

are what allow you to browse on the

are what allow you to browse on the
internet<04:39:59.878> and<04:40:00.600> finally<04:40:00.840> we'll<04:40:01.020> talk<04:40:01.200> about

internet and finally we'll talk about

internet and finally we'll talk about
RDP<04:40:02.218> or<04:40:03.120> the<04:40:03.480> remote<04:40:03.718> desktop<04:40:04.500> protocol<04:40:05.160> which

RDP or the remote desktop protocol which

RDP or the remote desktop protocol which
allows<04:40:06.120> you<04:40:06.180> to<04:40:06.420> remote<04:40:06.660> in<04:40:07.080> to<04:40:07.680> a<04:40:08.100> Microsoft

allows you to remote in to a Microsoft

allows you to remote in to a Microsoft
computer<04:40:09.060> all<04:40:10.020> right<04:40:10.200> so<04:40:10.920> let's<04:40:11.340> talk<04:40:11.580> about

computer all right so let's talk about

computer all right so let's talk about
these<04:40:12.120> in<04:40:12.360> more<04:40:12.480> depth<04:40:13.260> first<04:40:13.860> off<04:40:14.100> we<04:40:15.060> have<04:40:15.180> to

these in more depth first off we have to

these in more depth first off we have to
define<04:40:15.540> a<04:40:16.140> port<04:40:16.340> in<04:40:17.340> computers<04:40:17.878> and

define a port in computers and

define a port in computers and
networking<04:40:18.600> a<04:40:19.080> port<04:40:19.320> is<04:40:19.860> a<04:40:20.218> process<04:40:20.640> specific

networking a port is a process specific

networking a port is a process specific
or<04:40:21.840> application<04:40:22.560> specific<04:40:23.280> designation<04:40:24.120> that

or application specific designation that

or application specific designation that
serves<04:40:25.378> as<04:40:25.620> a<04:40:25.920> communication<04:40:26.458> endpoint<04:40:27.360> in

serves as a communication endpoint in

serves as a communication endpoint in
the<04:40:27.840> computer's<04:40:28.260> operating<04:40:28.680> system<04:40:29.060> meaning

the computer's operating system meaning

the computer's operating system meaning
where<04:40:30.718> the<04:40:30.958> communication<04:40:31.500> logically<04:40:32.340> ends

where the communication logically ends

where the communication logically ends
once<04:40:33.240> it<04:40:33.360> reaches<04:40:33.718> the<04:40:33.900> user<04:40:34.200> the<04:40:34.980> port

once it reaches the user the port

once it reaches the user the port
identifies<04:40:36.060> specific<04:40:36.718> processes<04:40:37.620> and

identifies specific processes and

identifies specific processes and
applications<04:40:39.020> and<04:40:40.020> denotes<04:40:40.620> the<04:40:41.340> path<04:40:41.878> that

applications and denotes the path that

applications and denotes the path that
they<04:40:42.540> take<04:40:42.780> through<04:40:43.080> the<04:40:43.320> network

they take through the network

they take through the network
now<04:40:44.760> the<04:40:45.000> internet<04:40:45.120> assigned<04:40:46.020> numbers

now the internet assigned numbers

now the internet assigned numbers
Authority<04:40:47.160> or<04:40:48.000> the<04:40:48.420> i<04:40:49.200> a<04:40:49.560> n<04:40:50.218> a

is the governing entity that regulates

is the governing entity that regulates
all<04:40:55.440> of<04:40:55.560> these<04:40:55.920> Port<04:40:56.218> assignments<04:40:57.120> and<04:40:57.660> also

all of these Port assignments and also

all of these Port assignments and also
defines<04:40:58.560> the<04:40:59.040> numbers<04:40:59.160> or<04:40:59.458> the<04:40:59.580> numbering

defines the numbers or the numbering

defines the numbers or the numbering
convention<04:41:00.298> that<04:41:00.540> they're<04:41:00.660> given<04:41:01.440> now<04:41:01.798> these

convention that they're given now these

convention that they're given now these
ports<04:41:02.520> range<04:41:03.240> from<04:41:03.600> 1<04:41:04.080> to<04:41:04.680> over<04:41:04.980> 65<04:41:06.240> 000.<04:41:06.600> Port

ports range from 1 to over 65 000. Port

ports range from 1 to over 65 000. Port
0<04:41:07.260> is<04:41:07.560> reserved<04:41:08.040> and<04:41:08.340> it's<04:41:08.520> never<04:41:08.760> used<04:41:09.060> so

0 is reserved and it's never used so

0 is reserved and it's never used so
don't<04:41:10.140> really<04:41:10.378> worry<04:41:10.680> about<04:41:10.980> that<04:41:11.760> now<04:41:12.360> within

don't really worry about that now within

don't really worry about that now within
this<04:41:13.378> range<04:41:13.680> we<04:41:14.040> actually<04:41:14.160> have<04:41:14.458> three

this range we actually have three

this range we actually have three
different<04:41:15.180> subsets<04:41:15.900> of<04:41:16.260> ranges<04:41:16.740> and<04:41:17.400> as

different subsets of ranges and as

different subsets of ranges and as
administrators<04:41:18.298> knowing<04:41:18.780> the<04:41:19.200> common<04:41:19.378> ports

administrators knowing the common ports

administrators knowing the common ports
is<04:41:20.160> crucial<04:41:20.520> to<04:41:21.298> managing<04:41:21.958> a<04:41:22.200> successful

is crucial to managing a successful

is crucial to managing a successful
Network

Network

Network
the<04:41:24.120> common<04:41:24.240> ports<04:41:24.780> are<04:41:24.900> some<04:41:25.080> of<04:41:25.200> the

the common ports are some of the

the common ports are some of the
guaranteed<04:41:25.980> few<04:41:26.540> questions<04:41:27.540> that<04:41:27.900> I<04:41:28.020> I<04:41:28.260> know

guaranteed few questions that I I know

guaranteed few questions that I I know
you're<04:41:28.740> going<04:41:28.920> to<04:41:29.040> have<04:41:29.160> on<04:41:29.340> the<04:41:29.458> network<04:41:29.580> plus

you're going to have on the network plus

you're going to have on the network plus
examination<04:41:30.540> and<04:41:31.260> nearly<04:41:31.620> every<04:41:31.980> other

examination and nearly every other

examination and nearly every other
network<04:41:32.458> examination<04:41:33.240> as<04:41:33.480> well<04:41:33.660> so<04:41:34.260> covering

network examination as well so covering

network examination as well so covering
these<04:41:35.040> and<04:41:35.340> committing<04:41:35.940> these<04:41:36.060> to<04:41:36.180> memory<04:41:36.480> is

these and committing these to memory is

these and committing these to memory is
of<04:41:36.900> the<04:41:37.080> utmost<04:41:37.320> importance<04:41:37.860> now<04:41:38.458> within<04:41:38.820> that

of the utmost importance now within that

of the utmost importance now within that
range<04:41:39.298> from<04:41:39.660> 1<04:41:39.840> to<04:41:40.020> over<04:41:40.260> 65<04:41:41.280> 000<04:41:41.400> there<04:41:42.060> are

range from 1 to over 65 000 there are

range from 1 to over 65 000 there are
three<04:41:42.480> recognized<04:41:43.320> blocks<04:41:44.100> or<04:41:44.280> subsets<04:41:44.700> of

three recognized blocks or subsets of

three recognized blocks or subsets of
ports<04:41:45.420> the<04:41:46.080> first<04:41:46.260> block<04:41:46.560> is<04:41:47.040> considered<04:41:47.458> the

ports the first block is considered the

ports the first block is considered the
well-known<04:41:48.360> ports<04:41:48.900> these<04:41:49.798> ports<04:41:50.160> range<04:41:50.700> from

well-known ports these ports range from

well-known ports these ports range from
one<04:41:51.240> to<04:41:51.480> one<04:41:51.718> thousand<04:41:52.080> twenty<04:41:52.440> three<04:41:52.560> this<04:41:53.458> is

one to one thousand twenty three this is

one to one thousand twenty three this is
where<04:41:53.820> we're<04:41:54.000> mostly<04:41:54.298> going<04:41:54.480> to<04:41:54.600> look<04:41:54.718> at

where we're mostly going to look at

where we're mostly going to look at
ports<04:41:55.500> uh<04:41:55.980> when<04:41:56.160> we<04:41:56.280> look<04:41:56.400> at<04:41:56.580> them<04:41:56.700> in<04:41:56.940> just<04:41:57.120> a

ports uh when we look at them in just a

ports uh when we look at them in just a
minute

minute

minute
these<04:41:58.560> are<04:41:58.680> used<04:41:58.860> by<04:41:59.280> Common<04:41:59.520> services<04:41:59.940> and

these are used by Common services and

these are used by Common services and
are<04:42:01.260> pretty<04:42:01.620> much<04:42:01.740> known<04:42:02.340> by<04:42:02.638> just<04:42:02.820> about

are pretty much known by just about

are pretty much known by just about
everyone<04:42:03.298> in<04:42:03.600> the<04:42:03.718> field

everyone in the field

everyone in the field
now<04:42:04.980> the<04:42:05.218> next<04:42:05.340> range<04:42:05.638> of<04:42:05.760> ports<04:42:06.000> is<04:42:06.180> called

now the next range of ports is called

now the next range of ports is called
the<04:42:06.660> registered<04:42:07.080> ports<04:42:07.500> range<04:42:07.798> these<04:42:08.458> span

the registered ports range these span

the registered ports range these span
from<04:42:08.958> 1024<04:42:09.958> to<04:42:10.560> 49

from 1024 to 49

from 1024 to 49
151.<04:42:12.780> these<04:42:13.620> are<04:42:13.740> reserved<04:42:14.218> by<04:42:14.520> applications

151. these are reserved by applications

151. these are reserved by applications
and<04:42:16.020> programs<04:42:16.740> that<04:42:17.040> register<04:42:17.458> with<04:42:17.820> the<04:42:18.060> Iana

and programs that register with the Iana

and programs that register with the Iana
an<04:42:20.160> example<04:42:20.520> might<04:42:20.940> be<04:42:21.180> for<04:42:21.540> instance

an example might be for instance

an example might be for instance
Skype

which registers and utilizes Port I

which registers and utilizes Port I
think

think

think
23399<04:42:31.138> as<04:42:31.980> its<04:42:32.458> default<04:42:32.760> protocol<04:42:33.240> don't

23399 as its default protocol don't

23399 as its default protocol don't
worry<04:42:34.500> about<04:42:34.798> that<04:42:35.040> but<04:42:35.340> if<04:42:35.520> you're<04:42:35.638> curious

worry about that but if you're curious

worry about that but if you're curious
for<04:42:36.360> your<04:42:36.540> firewall's<04:42:37.320> sake<04:42:37.440> this<04:42:37.920> is<04:42:37.980> the

for your firewall's sake this is the

for your firewall's sake this is the
port<04:42:38.218> I<04:42:38.520> believe<04:42:38.638> Skype<04:42:39.120> uses

port I believe Skype uses

port I believe Skype uses
finally<04:42:40.860> we<04:42:41.340> have<04:42:41.458> the<04:42:41.760> dynamic<04:42:42.298> or<04:42:42.718> the

finally we have the dynamic or the

finally we have the dynamic or the
private<04:42:43.440> Port<04:42:43.620> range<04:42:44.160> this<04:42:44.700> is<04:42:44.878> everything

private Port range this is everything

private Port range this is everything
else<04:42:45.540> 49<04:42:46.218> 152<04:42:47.218> to<04:42:47.820> 65<04:42:48.860> 535.<04:42:49.860> these<04:42:50.520> are<04:42:50.638> used<04:42:50.820> by

else 49 152 to 65 535. these are used by

else 49 152 to 65 535. these are used by
unregistered<04:42:51.840> services<04:42:52.340> in<04:42:53.340> uh<04:42:53.820> test

unregistered services in uh test

unregistered services in uh test
settings<04:42:54.540> and<04:42:55.138> also<04:42:55.378> for<04:42:55.680> temporary

settings and also for temporary

settings and also for temporary
connections<04:42:56.878> you<04:42:57.360> can't<04:42:57.480> register<04:42:57.900> these

connections you can't register these

connections you can't register these
with<04:42:58.378> the<04:42:58.500> Ina<04:42:59.040> they're<04:42:59.580> just<04:42:59.760> left<04:43:00.060> open<04:43:00.360> for

with the Ina they're just left open for

with the Ina they're just left open for
anyone<04:43:01.320> to<04:43:01.560> use<04:43:01.798> for<04:43:02.400> whatever<04:43:02.520> purposes<04:43:03.120> you

anyone to use for whatever purposes you

anyone to use for whatever purposes you
may<04:43:03.480> need<04:43:03.660> them

may need them

may need them
so<04:43:04.920> now<04:43:05.040> let's<04:43:05.218> talk<04:43:05.520> about<04:43:05.940> the<04:43:06.360> well-known

so now let's talk about the well-known

so now let's talk about the well-known
default<04:43:07.200> ports<04:43:07.680> you<04:43:07.798> need<04:43:07.920> to<04:43:08.040> know<04:43:08.160> for<04:43:08.400> the

default ports you need to know for the

default ports you need to know for the
exam<04:43:08.820> this<04:43:09.718> chart<04:43:09.958> is<04:43:10.378> really<04:43:10.560> what<04:43:10.860> you

exam this chart is really what you

exam this chart is really what you
should<04:43:11.218> commit<04:43:11.580> to<04:43:11.760> memory<04:43:12.120> since<04:43:12.900> uh<04:43:13.440> and

should commit to memory since uh and

should commit to memory since uh and
when<04:43:13.980> you<04:43:14.100> get<04:43:14.280> to<04:43:14.400> the<04:43:14.580> test<04:43:14.820> you<04:43:15.180> want<04:43:15.298> to<04:43:15.420> be

when you get to the test you want to be

when you get to the test you want to be
able<04:43:15.840> to<04:43:16.260> basically<04:43:16.920> recreate<04:43:17.700> this<04:43:18.060> chart

able to basically recreate this chart

able to basically recreate this chart
before<04:43:18.540> you<04:43:18.840> sit<04:43:18.958> down<04:43:19.138> and<04:43:19.378> take<04:43:19.560> the<04:43:19.740> test

before you sit down and take the test

before you sit down and take the test
you'll<04:43:20.520> be<04:43:20.638> able<04:43:20.700> to<04:43:20.820> do<04:43:20.940> this<04:43:21.060> in<04:43:21.240> what's

you'll be able to do this in what's

you'll be able to do this in what's
called<04:43:21.600> a<04:43:21.840> brain<04:43:22.138> dump<04:43:22.440> sheet<04:43:23.218> so<04:43:23.820> let's<04:43:24.000> talk

called a brain dump sheet so let's talk

called a brain dump sheet so let's talk
about<04:43:24.360> the<04:43:24.600> first<04:43:24.780> portion<04:43:25.138> of<04:43:25.260> these<04:43:25.378> ports

about the first portion of these ports

about the first portion of these ports
we<04:43:25.798> need<04:43:25.980> to<04:43:26.040> know<04:43:26.218> the<04:43:26.940> first<04:43:27.120> is<04:43:27.718> Port<04:43:27.958> 7.

we need to know the first is Port 7.

we need to know the first is Port 7.
this<04:43:29.280> is<04:43:29.458> for<04:43:29.700> the<04:43:29.940> icmp<04:43:30.780> echo<04:43:31.260> request<04:43:31.560> or

this is for the icmp echo request or

this is for the icmp echo request or
ping<04:43:32.340> if<04:43:32.760> you've<04:43:33.000> ever<04:43:33.180> pinged<04:43:33.840> something

ping if you've ever pinged something

ping if you've ever pinged something
from<04:43:34.440> the<04:43:34.560> command<04:43:34.860> line<04:43:35.040> this<04:43:35.520> is<04:43:35.638> what<04:43:35.820> we're

from the command line this is what we're

from the command line this is what we're
talking<04:43:36.120> about<04:43:36.360> we'll<04:43:37.080> talk<04:43:37.320> more<04:43:37.500> about<04:43:37.740> this

talking about we'll talk more about this

talking about we'll talk more about this
a<04:43:38.280> little<04:43:38.340> bit<04:43:38.520> later

a little bit later

a little bit later
next<04:43:40.138> we<04:43:40.560> have<04:43:40.740> Port<04:43:41.218> 20<04:43:41.580> and<04:43:42.120> 21.<04:43:42.900> these<04:43:43.740> are

next we have Port 20 and 21. these are

next we have Port 20 and 21. these are
for<04:43:44.280> the<04:43:44.520> FTP<04:43:45.060> or<04:43:45.298> file<04:43:45.660> transfer<04:43:46.200> protocol

for the FTP or file transfer protocol

for the FTP or file transfer protocol
which<04:43:47.400> allows<04:43:47.820> you<04:43:47.940> to<04:43:48.360> transfer<04:43:48.780> files<04:43:49.260> over

which allows you to transfer files over

which allows you to transfer files over
a<04:43:49.980> network<04:43:50.160> we'll<04:43:50.820> talk<04:43:51.060> more<04:43:51.240> about<04:43:51.480> this<04:43:51.718> in

a network we'll talk more about this in

a network we'll talk more about this in
just<04:43:52.080> a<04:43:52.260> minute

just a minute

just a minute
Port<04:43:53.760> 22<04:43:54.420> is<04:43:54.900> for<04:43:55.138> the<04:43:55.378> secure<04:43:55.740> shell<04:43:56.100> or<04:43:56.340> SSH

Port 22 is for the secure shell or SSH

Port 22 is for the secure shell or SSH
and<04:43:57.540> Port<04:43:57.718> 23<04:43:58.260> is<04:43:58.620> for<04:43:58.860> telnet<04:43:59.400> both<04:44:00.000> of<04:44:00.180> those

and Port 23 is for telnet both of those

and Port 23 is for telnet both of those
we're<04:44:00.540> going<04:44:00.718> to<04:44:00.840> discuss<04:44:01.138> later<04:44:01.620> on<04:44:01.860> in<04:44:02.100> a

we're going to discuss later on in a

we're going to discuss later on in a
different<04:44:02.340> module<04:44:02.940> but<04:44:03.360> they're<04:44:03.600> sort<04:44:03.900> of

different module but they're sort of

different module but they're sort of
allowing<04:44:04.440> you<04:44:04.620> to<04:44:04.980> remote<04:44:05.340> in<04:44:05.700> and<04:44:06.060> control<04:44:06.298> a

allowing you to remote in and control a

allowing you to remote in and control a
remote<04:44:06.780> computer<04:44:07.080> albeit<04:44:08.040> not<04:44:08.400> from<04:44:09.000> a

remote computer albeit not from a

remote computer albeit not from a
graphical<04:44:09.600> standpoint

graphical standpoint

graphical standpoint
Port<04:44:11.520> 25<04:44:11.940> is<04:44:12.660> the<04:44:12.900> SMTP<04:44:13.620> or<04:44:14.040> simple<04:44:14.280> mail

Port 25 is the SMTP or simple mail

Port 25 is the SMTP or simple mail
transfer<04:44:15.120> protocol<04:44:15.480> which<04:44:16.020> allows<04:44:16.378> you<04:44:16.500> to

transfer protocol which allows you to

transfer protocol which allows you to
receive<04:44:17.940> email<04:44:18.560> and<04:44:19.560> DNS<04:44:20.160> or<04:44:20.638> the<04:44:20.878> domain<04:44:21.298> name

receive email and DNS or the domain name

receive email and DNS or the domain name
service<04:44:21.900> which<04:44:22.440> uses<04:44:22.740> Port<04:44:23.040> 53<04:44:23.760> is<04:44:24.420> what

service which uses Port 53 is what

service which uses Port 53 is what
allows<04:44:25.080> you<04:44:25.260> to<04:44:25.620> transmit<04:44:26.340> or<04:44:27.180> to<04:44:27.360> translate

allows you to transmit or to translate

allows you to transmit or to translate
say<04:44:28.798> google.com<04:44:29.520> into<04:44:30.298> its<04:44:30.780> IP<04:44:31.020> address<04:44:31.260> when

say google.com into its IP address when

say google.com into its IP address when
you're<04:44:32.040> browsing<04:44:32.340> out<04:44:32.520> on<04:44:32.700> the<04:44:32.820> internet<04:44:32.940> this

you're browsing out on the internet this

you're browsing out on the internet this
is<04:44:33.840> a<04:44:34.138> really<04:44:34.320> important<04:44:34.798> protocol<04:44:35.160> and<04:44:35.580> we'll

is a really important protocol and we'll

is a really important protocol and we'll
talk<04:44:35.878> more<04:44:36.060> about<04:44:36.240> it<04:44:36.480> later<04:44:36.718> along<04:44:37.378> with<04:44:37.740> the

talk more about it later along with the

talk more about it later along with the
the<04:44:38.280> DNS<04:44:38.760> sort<04:44:39.120> of<04:44:39.240> server

the DNS sort of server

the DNS sort of server
Port<04:44:41.480> 67<04:44:42.480> and<04:44:43.260> 68<04:44:43.980> are<04:44:44.580> for<04:44:44.760> what<04:44:45.060> are<04:44:45.240> called

Port 67 and 68 are for what are called

Port 67 and 68 are for what are called
DHCP<04:44:46.500> and<04:44:46.920> boot<04:44:47.280> P<04:44:47.458> or<04:44:47.820> the<04:44:48.060> bootstrap<04:44:48.840> service

DHCP and boot P or the bootstrap service

DHCP and boot P or the bootstrap service
for<04:44:49.620> servers<04:44:50.040> and<04:44:50.280> client<04:44:50.520> respectively

for servers and client respectively

for servers and client respectively
one<04:44:52.680> for<04:44:52.980> uh<04:44:53.760> servers<04:44:54.780> and<04:44:55.378> one<04:44:55.620> for<04:44:55.920> clients

one for uh servers and one for clients

one for uh servers and one for clients
as<04:44:56.940> we<04:44:57.120> can<04:44:57.240> see

as we can see

as we can see
right<04:44:58.500> here

right here

right here
we're<04:45:00.540> going<04:45:00.718> to<04:45:00.780> Define<04:45:00.958> and<04:45:01.260> describe<04:45:01.680> those

we're going to Define and describe those

we're going to Define and describe those
in<04:45:02.040> more<04:45:02.218> detail<04:45:02.520> in<04:45:02.878> the<04:45:03.000> next<04:45:03.240> lesson

in more detail in the next lesson

in more detail in the next lesson
now<04:45:04.920> Port<04:45:05.340> 69<04:45:06.000> is<04:45:06.420> the<04:45:06.718> trivial<04:45:07.138> file<04:45:07.560> transfer

now Port 69 is the trivial file transfer

now Port 69 is the trivial file transfer
protocol<04:45:08.458> this<04:45:09.298> is<04:45:09.420> related<04:45:09.840> to<04:45:10.500> the<04:45:10.680> file

protocol this is related to the file

protocol this is related to the file
transfer<04:45:11.400> protocol<04:45:11.760> we<04:45:12.240> mentioned<04:45:12.540> up<04:45:12.780> here

transfer protocol we mentioned up here

transfer protocol we mentioned up here
but<04:45:13.798> it<04:45:13.980> is<04:45:14.160> Trivial<04:45:14.638> meaning<04:45:15.298> that<04:45:15.660> it<04:45:15.900> is<04:45:16.080> not

but it is Trivial meaning that it is not

but it is Trivial meaning that it is not
a<04:45:17.160> connection<04:45:17.458> oriented<04:45:18.360> and<04:45:18.958> doesn't<04:45:19.200> really

a connection oriented and doesn't really

a connection oriented and doesn't really
guarantee<04:45:20.700> that<04:45:21.240> the<04:45:21.360> file<04:45:21.600> has<04:45:21.840> been

guarantee that the file has been

guarantee that the file has been
transferred

transferred

transferred
Port<04:45:24.060> 123<04:45:24.958> is<04:45:25.440> the<04:45:25.680> network<04:45:25.980> time<04:45:26.520> protocol

Port 123 is the network time protocol

Port 123 is the network time protocol
which<04:45:27.540> keeps<04:45:27.958> the<04:45:28.378> clock<04:45:28.620> on<04:45:29.040> a<04:45:29.218> network<04:45:29.458> or<04:45:30.060> on

which keeps the clock on a network or on

which keeps the clock on a network or on
computers<04:45:30.600> on<04:45:30.780> the<04:45:30.900> network<04:45:31.020> up<04:45:31.378> to<04:45:31.560> sync<04:45:31.920> a

computers on the network up to sync a

computers on the network up to sync a
great<04:45:32.400> way<04:45:32.520> to<04:45:32.760> remember<04:45:32.878> this<04:45:33.180> is<04:45:33.420> that<04:45:33.600> time

great way to remember this is that time

great way to remember this is that time
is<04:45:34.138> always<04:45:34.378> counting<04:45:34.980> one<04:45:35.820> two<04:45:36.360> three

is always counting one two three

is always counting one two three
uh<04:45:38.820> Port<04:45:39.120> 110<04:45:39.840> is<04:45:40.200> for<04:45:40.440> the<04:45:40.620> pop<04:45:40.798> three<04:45:41.040> or<04:45:41.280> the

uh Port 110 is for the pop three or the

uh Port 110 is for the pop three or the
post<04:45:41.638> office<04:45:41.878> protocol<04:45:42.420> which<04:45:43.020> is<04:45:43.138> how<04:45:43.378> many

post office protocol which is how many

post office protocol which is how many
of<04:45:43.740> us<04:45:43.920> download<04:45:44.700> our<04:45:45.120> email<04:45:45.298> onto<04:45:45.840> our<04:45:46.080> local

of us download our email onto our local

of us download our email onto our local
device

device

device
and<04:45:48.600> then<04:45:48.718> Port<04:45:49.138> 137<04:45:50.040> is<04:45:50.580> the<04:45:50.760> net<04:45:50.940> bios<04:45:51.420> naming

and then Port 137 is the net bios naming

and then Port 137 is the net bios naming
service<04:45:52.340> this<04:45:53.340> is<04:45:53.580> similar<04:45:54.120> to<04:45:54.540> DNS<04:45:55.260> but<04:45:55.920> is

service this is similar to DNS but is

service this is similar to DNS but is
specific<04:45:56.520> to<04:45:57.000> Windows<04:45:57.780> operating<04:45:58.320> systems<04:45:58.860> or

specific to Windows operating systems or

specific to Windows operating systems or
Microsoft<04:45:59.638> operating<04:46:00.180> systems

Microsoft operating systems

Microsoft operating systems
related<04:46:02.218> to<04:46:02.520> pop<04:46:02.700> 3<04:46:03.000> is<04:46:03.600> Port<04:46:03.840> 143<04:46:04.740> which<04:46:05.280> is

related to pop 3 is Port 143 which is

related to pop 3 is Port 143 which is
IMAP<04:46:05.940> the<04:46:06.240> internet<04:46:06.360> message<04:46:06.958> access

IMAP the internet message access

IMAP the internet message access
protocol<04:46:07.980> this<04:46:08.878> is<04:46:09.000> another<04:46:09.180> way<04:46:09.480> of

protocol this is another way of

protocol this is another way of
accessing<04:46:10.260> and<04:46:10.560> managing<04:46:11.240> your<04:46:12.240> email<04:46:12.600> let's

accessing and managing your email let's

accessing and managing your email let's
continue<04:46:14.040> taking<04:46:14.520> a<04:46:14.700> look<04:46:14.820> at<04:46:15.000> a<04:46:15.180> few<04:46:15.298> more

continue taking a look at a few more

continue taking a look at a few more
protocols<04:46:16.260> that<04:46:16.860> are<04:46:17.040> equally<04:46:17.400> important

protocols that are equally important

protocols that are equally important
the<04:46:20.160> first<04:46:20.340> is<04:46:20.700> the<04:46:20.940> simple<04:46:21.120> Network

the first is the simple Network

the first is the simple Network
management<04:46:22.020> protocol<04:46:22.680> which<04:46:23.218> allows<04:46:23.580> you<04:46:23.638> to

management protocol which allows you to

management protocol which allows you to
manage<04:46:24.180> devices<04:46:24.540> on<04:46:24.900> network<04:46:25.138> Say<04:46:25.920> by<04:46:26.280> getting

manage devices on network Say by getting

manage devices on network Say by getting
error<04:46:27.718> messages<04:46:27.840> from<04:46:28.440> your<04:46:28.680> printer<04:46:28.980> or<04:46:29.280> from

error messages from your printer or from

error messages from your printer or from
a<04:46:29.700> router<04:46:30.060> this<04:46:30.600> uses<04:46:30.958> Port<04:46:31.580> 161.<04:46:32.580> we'll

a router this uses Port 161. we'll

a router this uses Port 161. we'll
discuss<04:46:33.120> this<04:46:33.420> a<04:46:33.600> lot<04:46:33.718> more<04:46:33.900> in<04:46:34.138> detail<04:46:34.378> later

discuss this a lot more in detail later

discuss this a lot more in detail later
as<04:46:34.860> well

as well

as well
port<04:46:36.360> 389<04:46:37.080> is<04:46:37.500> the<04:46:37.860> lightweight<04:46:38.458> directory

port 389 is the lightweight directory

port 389 is the lightweight directory
access<04:46:39.660> protocol<04:46:40.260> this<04:46:40.980> is<04:46:41.040> what<04:46:41.280> allows<04:46:41.760> a

access protocol this is what allows a

access protocol this is what allows a
Windows<04:46:42.718> server<04:46:43.200> to<04:46:43.740> have<04:46:44.060> usernames<04:46:45.060> and

Windows server to have usernames and

Windows server to have usernames and
passwords

passwords

passwords
Port<04:46:48.540> 443<04:46:49.378> is<04:46:50.160> https<04:46:50.940> or<04:46:51.660> the<04:46:51.900> hypertext

Port 443 is https or the hypertext

Port 443 is https or the hypertext
transfer<04:46:53.160> protocol<04:46:53.520> over<04:46:54.360> secure<04:46:55.138> socket

transfer protocol over secure socket

transfer protocol over secure socket
layer<04:46:56.040> notice<04:46:56.878> the<04:46:57.120> S<04:46:57.420> here<04:46:57.680> this<04:46:58.680> is<04:46:58.798> what

layer notice the S here this is what

layer notice the S here this is what
allows<04:46:59.638> us<04:46:59.760> to<04:47:00.240> browse<04:47:00.958> the<04:47:01.138> internet<04:47:01.320> but

allows us to browse the internet but

allows us to browse the internet but
securely

securely

securely
we<04:47:04.138> also<04:47:04.440> have<04:47:04.680> Port<04:47:05.100> 500<04:47:05.820> which<04:47:06.600> is<04:47:06.798> ipsec

we also have Port 500 which is ipsec

we also have Port 500 which is ipsec
this<04:47:08.340> one<04:47:08.458> also<04:47:08.760> has<04:47:08.940> another<04:47:09.240> name<04:47:09.540> which

this one also has another name which

this one also has another name which
stands<04:47:10.080> for<04:47:10.260> Internet<04:47:10.500> Security<04:47:10.940> Association

stands for Internet Security Association

stands for Internet Security Association
and<04:47:12.360> Key<04:47:12.600> Management<04:47:12.840> protocol<04:47:13.638> basically

and Key Management protocol basically

and Key Management protocol basically
ipsec<04:47:15.540> or<04:47:15.660> IP<04:47:16.020> security<04:47:16.378> is<04:47:17.218> what<04:47:17.458> allows<04:47:17.820> us

ipsec or IP security is what allows us

ipsec or IP security is what allows us
to<04:47:18.180> have<04:47:18.420> secure<04:47:18.958> connections<04:47:19.740> over<04:47:20.340> IP

to have secure connections over IP

to have secure connections over IP
finally<04:47:23.160> we're<04:47:23.638> going<04:47:23.878> into<04:47:24.180> RDP<04:47:24.958> or<04:47:25.200> the

finally we're going into RDP or the

finally we're going into RDP or the
remote<04:47:25.500> desktop<04:47:26.100> protocol<04:47:26.580> which<04:47:27.120> allows<04:47:27.360> us

remote desktop protocol which allows us

remote desktop protocol which allows us
to<04:47:27.718> remotely<04:47:28.080> access<04:47:28.500> a<04:47:29.160> computer<04:47:29.958> Windows

to remotely access a computer Windows

to remotely access a computer Windows
based<04:47:31.378> specifically

based specifically

based specifically
Port<04:47:33.480> 119<04:47:34.260> or<04:47:34.798> the<04:47:35.160> network<04:47:35.700> news<04:47:36.360> transfer

Port 119 or the network news transfer

Port 119 or the network news transfer
protocol<04:47:37.378> which<04:47:38.100> is<04:47:38.280> not<04:47:38.400> only<04:47:38.580> used<04:47:38.820> with

protocol which is not only used with

protocol which is not only used with
Usenet<04:47:39.900> a<04:47:40.440> sort<04:47:40.620> of<04:47:40.740> Message<04:47:41.100> Board<04:47:41.340> that's

Usenet a sort of Message Board that's

Usenet a sort of Message Board that's
been<04:47:41.760> around<04:47:41.878> for<04:47:42.240> a<04:47:42.360> very<04:47:42.480> long<04:47:42.660> time<04:47:42.958> but

been around for a very long time but

been around for a very long time but
also<04:47:43.920> RSS<04:47:44.400> feeds<04:47:44.878> which<04:47:45.060> you<04:47:45.240> might<04:47:45.480> be<04:47:45.600> more

also RSS feeds which you might be more

also RSS feeds which you might be more
familiar<04:47:46.080> with<04:47:46.260> and<04:47:47.100> finally<04:47:47.400> Port<04:47:47.940> 80<04:47:48.240> is

familiar with and finally Port 80 is

familiar with and finally Port 80 is
HTTP<04:47:49.920> or<04:47:50.700> hypertext<04:47:51.360> transfer<04:47:51.958> protocol<04:47:52.378> the

HTTP or hypertext transfer protocol the

HTTP or hypertext transfer protocol the
other<04:47:53.280> thing<04:47:53.458> to<04:47:53.580> know<04:47:53.760> about<04:47:53.878> HTTP<04:47:54.718> is<04:47:55.080> it<04:47:55.260> has

other thing to know about HTTP is it has

other thing to know about HTTP is it has
an<04:47:55.620> alternate<04:47:55.980> Port<04:47:56.218> of<04:47:56.638> 8080<04:47:57.240> so<04:47:57.900> you<04:47:58.138> might

an alternate Port of 8080 so you might

an alternate Port of 8080 so you might
see<04:47:58.560> either<04:47:58.920> one<04:47:59.280> of<04:47:59.400> these<04:47:59.638> on<04:47:59.820> there

see either one of these on there

see either one of these on there
all<04:48:01.620> right<04:48:01.798> now<04:48:02.160> I<04:48:02.280> know<04:48:02.400> that<04:48:02.580> was<04:48:02.700> a<04:48:02.878> lot<04:48:03.000> of

all right now I know that was a lot of

all right now I know that was a lot of
information<04:48:03.298> I<04:48:03.840> just<04:48:03.958> threw<04:48:04.260> out<04:48:04.320> there<04:48:04.560> but

information I just threw out there but

information I just threw out there but
we're<04:48:05.340> going<04:48:05.520> to<04:48:05.580> cover<04:48:05.760> these<04:48:06.060> all<04:48:06.240> in<04:48:06.360> a

we're going to cover these all in a

we're going to cover these all in a
little<04:48:06.660> more<04:48:06.780> depth<04:48:07.138> as<04:48:07.320> we<04:48:07.500> go<04:48:07.620> through<04:48:07.860> here

little more depth as we go through here

little more depth as we go through here
and<04:48:08.878> I<04:48:09.120> just<04:48:09.240> wanted<04:48:09.360> to<04:48:09.600> lay<04:48:09.780> them<04:48:09.958> out<04:48:10.138> in<04:48:10.500> a

and I just wanted to lay them out in a

and I just wanted to lay them out in a
very<04:48:10.798> simple

very simple

very simple
chart-based<04:48:12.900> way<04:48:13.080> so<04:48:13.620> that<04:48:13.740> you<04:48:13.920> could<04:48:14.100> commit

chart-based way so that you could commit

chart-based way so that you could commit
them<04:48:14.638> to<04:48:14.820> Memory

them to Memory

them to Memory
now<04:48:16.200> let's<04:48:16.378> talk<04:48:16.620> about<04:48:16.798> these<04:48:17.160> in<04:48:17.340> a<04:48:17.458> little

now let's talk about these in a little

now let's talk about these in a little
more<04:48:17.700> depth<04:48:18.120> understand<04:48:18.660> how<04:48:19.200> they<04:48:19.320> function

more depth understand how they function

more depth understand how they function
and<04:48:20.280> why<04:48:20.520> first<04:48:21.360> up<04:48:21.600> is<04:48:21.958> the<04:48:22.260> file<04:48:22.620> transfer

and why first up is the file transfer

and why first up is the file transfer
protocol<04:48:23.878> or<04:48:24.540> FTP<04:48:25.340> this<04:48:26.340> protocol<04:48:26.638> enables

protocol or FTP this protocol enables

protocol or FTP this protocol enables
the<04:48:27.840> transfer<04:48:28.378> of<04:48:28.560> files<04:48:29.100> between<04:48:29.700> a<04:48:30.180> user's

the transfer of files between a user's

the transfer of files between a user's
computer<04:48:30.718> and<04:48:31.620> a<04:48:31.740> remote<04:48:31.920> host

computer and a remote host

computer and a remote host
using<04:48:33.900> the<04:48:34.020> file<04:48:34.138> transfer<04:48:34.680> protocol<04:48:35.100> or<04:48:35.458> FTP

using the file transfer protocol or FTP

using the file transfer protocol or FTP
you<04:48:36.958> can<04:48:37.138> view<04:48:37.920> change<04:48:38.820> search<04:48:39.718> for<04:48:40.080> upload<04:48:40.860> or

you can view change search for upload or

you can view change search for upload or
download<04:48:41.520> files<04:48:42.240> now<04:48:42.840> where<04:48:43.080> while<04:48:43.320> this

download files now where while this

download files now where while this
sounds<04:48:43.740> really<04:48:44.100> great<04:48:44.458> as<04:48:44.940> a<04:48:45.240> way<04:48:45.600> to<04:48:45.780> access

sounds really great as a way to access

sounds really great as a way to access
files<04:48:46.500> remotely<04:48:46.860> it<04:48:47.700> has<04:48:47.878> a<04:48:48.120> few

files remotely it has a few

files remotely it has a few
considerations<04:48:48.840> that<04:48:49.200> need<04:48:49.378> to<04:48:49.500> be<04:48:49.620> kept<04:48:49.860> in

considerations that need to be kept in

considerations that need to be kept in
mind<04:48:50.160> the<04:48:50.940> first<04:48:51.120> is<04:48:51.360> that<04:48:51.840> FTP<04:48:52.440> by<04:48:52.740> itself<04:48:53.100> is

mind the first is that FTP by itself is

mind the first is that FTP by itself is
very<04:48:54.180> unsecure<04:48:55.100> and<04:48:56.100> an<04:48:56.458> FTP<04:48:57.060> Daemon<04:48:58.378> which<04:48:59.100> is

very unsecure and an FTP Daemon which is

very unsecure and an FTP Daemon which is
a<04:48:59.760> Unix<04:49:00.180> term<04:49:00.420> for<04:49:01.260> a<04:49:01.500> service

has to be running on the remote computer

has to be running on the remote computer
in<04:49:07.680> order<04:49:07.798> for<04:49:08.100> this<04:49:08.280> to<04:49:08.520> work<04:49:08.760> you<04:49:09.660> might<04:49:09.780> also

in order for this to work you might also

in order for this to work you might also
have<04:49:10.260> to<04:49:10.440> have<04:49:10.680> an<04:49:11.160> FTP<04:49:11.700> utility<04:49:12.240> or<04:49:12.660> client<04:49:13.080> on

have to have an FTP utility or client on

have to have an FTP utility or client on
the<04:49:13.560> client<04:49:13.860> computer<04:49:14.160> in<04:49:14.940> order<04:49:15.120> for<04:49:15.600> you<04:49:15.780> to

the client computer in order for you to

the client computer in order for you to
have<04:49:16.620> this<04:49:16.860> protocol<04:49:17.160> operate<04:49:17.878> effectively

have this protocol operate effectively

have this protocol operate effectively
and<04:49:19.020> for<04:49:19.138> you<04:49:19.260> to<04:49:19.440> be<04:49:19.500> able<04:49:19.680> to<04:49:19.798> use<04:49:19.980> it<04:49:20.638> now

and for you to be able to use it now

and for you to be able to use it now
trivial<04:49:22.138> FTP<04:49:22.860> is<04:49:23.580> the<04:49:23.820> simple<04:49:24.060> version<04:49:24.360> of<04:49:24.660> FTP

trivial FTP is the simple version of FTP

trivial FTP is the simple version of FTP
and<04:49:25.560> does<04:49:25.798> not<04:49:25.980> support<04:49:26.280> error<04:49:26.940> correction

and does not support error correction

and does not support error correction
and<04:49:27.540> doesn't<04:49:27.718> guarantee<04:49:28.440> that<04:49:28.980> a<04:49:29.160> file<04:49:29.400> is

and doesn't guarantee that a file is

and doesn't guarantee that a file is
actually<04:49:29.820> getting<04:49:30.060> where<04:49:30.360> it<04:49:30.480> needs<04:49:30.718> to<04:49:30.840> it's

actually getting where it needs to it's

actually getting where it needs to it's
typically<04:49:31.980> not<04:49:32.400> really<04:49:32.638> used<04:49:33.060> in<04:49:33.660> many<04:49:33.900> actual

typically not really used in many actual

typically not really used in many actual
file<04:49:34.620> transfer<04:49:35.218> settings<04:49:35.458> now<04:49:36.420> just<04:49:36.660> as<04:49:36.780> I

file transfer settings now just as I

file transfer settings now just as I
just<04:49:37.138> mentioned<04:49:37.378> you<04:49:37.620> might<04:49:37.798> need<04:49:38.040> a<04:49:38.400> client

just mentioned you might need a client

just mentioned you might need a client
FTP<04:49:39.840> uh<04:49:40.680> software<04:49:41.340> on<04:49:41.760> your<04:49:41.940> computer

FTP uh software on your computer

FTP uh software on your computer
generally<04:49:43.500> speaking<04:49:43.920> there<04:49:44.160> is<04:49:44.340> a<04:49:44.580> command

generally speaking there is a command

generally speaking there is a command
line<04:49:45.360> prompt<04:49:45.900> that<04:49:46.200> you<04:49:46.320> can<04:49:46.378> use

line prompt that you can use

line prompt that you can use
it<04:49:47.580> goes<04:49:47.820> like<04:49:47.940> this<04:49:48.120> FTP

it goes like this FTP

it goes like this FTP
space<04:49:50.520> the<04:49:51.420> fully<04:49:51.780> qualified<04:49:52.260> domain<04:49:52.920> name

space the fully qualified domain name

space the fully qualified domain name
for<04:49:53.940> instance<04:49:54.180> google.com<04:49:55.340> FTP<04:49:56.340> which<04:49:56.700> I

for instance google.com FTP which I

for instance google.com FTP which I
don't<04:49:56.940> think<04:49:57.060> is<04:49:57.180> the<04:49:57.420> actual<04:49:57.660> one<04:49:57.860> or<04:49:58.860> the<04:49:59.340> IP

don't think is the actual one or the IP

don't think is the actual one or the IP
address<04:49:59.878> of<04:50:00.540> the<04:50:00.718> remote<04:50:00.900> host<04:50:01.320> you<04:50:02.100> only<04:50:02.160> need

address of the remote host you only need

address of the remote host you only need
one<04:50:02.700> or<04:50:02.878> the<04:50:03.120> other<04:50:03.240> if<04:50:04.020> you<04:50:04.138> provide<04:50:04.440> the<04:50:04.620> IP

one or the other if you provide the IP

one or the other if you provide the IP
address<04:50:05.100> you're<04:50:05.520> sort<04:50:05.760> of<04:50:05.820> using<04:50:06.060> the<04:50:06.240> direct

address you're sort of using the direct

address you're sort of using the direct
route<04:50:06.660> if<04:50:07.260> you're<04:50:07.320> using<04:50:07.620> What's<04:50:07.860> called<04:50:08.100> the

route if you're using What's called the

route if you're using What's called the
fully<04:50:09.060> qualified<04:50:09.480> domain<04:50:10.020> name<04:50:10.200> which<04:50:10.620> we'll

fully qualified domain name which we'll

fully qualified domain name which we'll
talk<04:50:11.040> about<04:50:11.218> a<04:50:11.580> little<04:50:11.700> bit<04:50:11.820> later<04:50:12.120> then<04:50:13.020> you

talk about a little bit later then you

talk about a little bit later then you
allow<04:50:13.620> something<04:50:13.920> called<04:50:14.280> DNS<04:50:14.878> or<04:50:15.120> the<04:50:15.298> domain

allow something called DNS or the domain

allow something called DNS or the domain
name<04:50:16.200> service

name service

name service
to<04:50:18.180> do<04:50:18.480> the<04:50:18.780> translation<04:50:19.320> into<04:50:20.480> uh<04:50:21.480> a<04:50:22.080> IP

to do the translation into uh a IP

to do the translation into uh a IP
address<04:50:22.680> for<04:50:23.100> you<04:50:23.280> remember<04:50:24.180> again<04:50:24.660> that<04:50:25.260> FTP

address for you remember again that FTP

address for you remember again that FTP
uses<04:50:26.700> ports<04:50:27.240> 20

uses ports 20

uses ports 20
and<04:50:29.040> 21<04:50:29.400> by<04:50:30.180> default

next is the simple mail transfer

next is the simple mail transfer
protocol<04:50:36.860> or<04:50:37.860> SMTP

protocol or SMTP

protocol or SMTP
this<04:50:40.320> is<04:50:40.500> used<04:50:40.740> to<04:50:41.160> manage<04:50:41.458> the<04:50:41.760> formatting

this is used to manage the formatting

this is used to manage the formatting
and<04:50:43.200> sending<04:50:44.040> of<04:50:44.520> email<04:50:44.760> messages

and sending of email messages

and sending of email messages
specifically<04:50:46.620> we're<04:50:46.860> looking<04:50:47.100> here<04:50:47.400> at

specifically we're looking here at

specifically we're looking here at
outgoing<04:50:48.600> email

outgoing email

outgoing email
using<04:50:50.400> a<04:50:50.580> method<04:50:50.878> called<04:50:51.180> store<04:50:51.780> and<04:50:52.020> forward

using a method called store and forward

using a method called store and forward
SMTP<04:50:53.638> can<04:50:54.060> hold<04:50:54.480> on<04:50:54.900> to<04:50:55.200> a<04:50:55.440> message<04:50:55.560> until<04:50:56.218> the

SMTP can hold on to a message until the

SMTP can hold on to a message until the
recipient<04:50:57.120> comes<04:50:57.900> online<04:50:58.080> this<04:50:59.040> is<04:50:59.100> why<04:50:59.400> it's

recipient comes online this is why it's

recipient comes online this is why it's
used<04:51:00.000> over<04:51:00.480> unreliable<04:51:01.440> wide<04:51:02.340> area<04:51:02.520> network

used over unreliable wide area network

used over unreliable wide area network
links<04:51:03.420> once<04:51:04.320> the<04:51:04.440> device<04:51:04.680> comes<04:51:05.458> online<04:51:05.638> it

links once the device comes online it

links once the device comes online it
hands<04:51:06.900> the<04:51:07.020> message<04:51:07.200> off<04:51:07.740> to<04:51:08.040> the<04:51:08.218> server<04:51:08.520> the

hands the message off to the server the

hands the message off to the server the
SMTP<04:51:09.780> message<04:51:10.138> has<04:51:10.920> several<04:51:11.340> things

SMTP message has several things

SMTP message has several things
including<04:51:12.600> a<04:51:12.958> header

including a header

including a header
that<04:51:14.820> contains<04:51:15.360> Source<04:51:16.200> information<04:51:16.378> as<04:51:17.340> to

that contains Source information as to

that contains Source information as to
where<04:51:17.820> it's<04:51:18.000> coming<04:51:18.240> from<04:51:18.798> and<04:51:19.798> it<04:51:20.280> also<04:51:20.520> has

where it's coming from and it also has

where it's coming from and it also has
destination<04:51:22.500> information<04:51:22.860> as<04:51:23.820> to<04:51:24.000> where<04:51:24.240> it's

destination information as to where it's

destination information as to where it's
going

going

going
of<04:51:26.820> course<04:51:26.940> there's<04:51:27.360> also<04:51:27.718> content

of course there's also content

of course there's also content
information<04:51:28.500> which<04:51:29.100> is<04:51:29.280> inside<04:51:29.700> of<04:51:30.480> the

information which is inside of the

information which is inside of the
packet

packet

packet
the<04:51:32.340> default<04:51:32.638> port<04:51:32.878> for<04:51:33.120> SMTP<04:51:33.840> is<04:51:34.740> Port<04:51:35.218> 25

the default port for SMTP is Port 25

the default port for SMTP is Port 25
although<04:51:36.840> sometimes<04:51:37.378> you<04:51:37.740> might<04:51:37.860> see<04:51:38.160> it<04:51:38.340> use

although sometimes you might see it use

although sometimes you might see it use
port<04:51:39.020> 587<04:51:40.020> which<04:51:40.680> is<04:51:40.860> uh<04:51:41.218> by<04:51:41.458> relay<04:51:41.820> I<04:51:42.298> wouldn't

port 587 which is uh by relay I wouldn't

port 587 which is uh by relay I wouldn't
worry<04:51:42.660> too<04:51:42.900> much<04:51:43.080> about<04:51:43.320> that<04:51:43.680> one<04:51:43.860> for<04:51:44.160> the

worry too much about that one for the

worry too much about that one for the
exam<04:51:44.700> but<04:51:45.240> just<04:51:45.480> keep<04:51:45.718> in<04:51:45.900> mind<04:51:46.020> Port<04:51:46.560> 25.<04:51:47.400> now

exam but just keep in mind Port 25. now

exam but just keep in mind Port 25. now
like<04:51:48.860> SMTP<04:51:50.180> POP3<04:51:51.180> is<04:51:51.840> a<04:51:52.020> protocol<04:51:52.320> that's<04:51:52.980> used

like SMTP POP3 is a protocol that's used

like SMTP POP3 is a protocol that's used
in<04:51:53.760> handling<04:51:54.180> email<04:51:54.540> messages<04:51:54.980> and<04:51:55.980> POP3

in handling email messages and POP3

in handling email messages and POP3
stands<04:51:57.000> for<04:51:57.120> the<04:51:57.360> Post<04:51:57.718> Office<04:51:57.958> protocol

stands for the Post Office protocol

stands for the Post Office protocol
version<04:51:59.638> 3<04:52:00.360> which<04:52:00.840> is<04:52:00.958> the<04:52:01.260> commonly<04:52:01.500> used

version 3 which is the commonly used

version 3 which is the commonly used
version<04:52:02.040> now

version now

version now
specifically<04:52:03.900> POP3<04:52:04.680> is<04:52:04.860> used<04:52:05.040> for<04:52:05.280> the

specifically POP3 is used for the

specifically POP3 is used for the
receipt<04:52:06.000> of<04:52:06.298> email<04:52:06.540> or<04:52:07.200> incoming<04:52:07.798> email<04:52:08.298> and

receipt of email or incoming email and

receipt of email or incoming email and
it<04:52:09.840> does<04:52:10.020> this<04:52:10.260> by<04:52:10.798> retrieving<04:52:11.340> email

it does this by retrieving email

it does this by retrieving email
messages<04:52:12.000> from<04:52:12.718> a<04:52:12.900> mail<04:52:13.080> server<04:52:13.920> it's

messages from a mail server it's

messages from a mail server it's
designed<04:52:14.760> to<04:52:15.060> pull<04:52:15.240> the<04:52:15.480> messages<04:52:15.660> down<04:52:16.260> and

designed to pull the messages down and

designed to pull the messages down and
then<04:52:17.160> once<04:52:17.700> it<04:52:17.760> does<04:52:17.940> that<04:52:18.120> the<04:52:18.718> server

then once it does that the server

then once it does that the server
deletes<04:52:19.920> the<04:52:20.218> message<04:52:20.580> on<04:52:21.540> the<04:52:22.500> server<04:52:22.860> Source

deletes the message on the server Source

deletes the message on the server Source
by<04:52:23.820> default<04:52:24.240> although<04:52:24.840> you<04:52:25.200> can<04:52:25.320> change<04:52:25.680> that

by default although you can change that

by default although you can change that
if<04:52:26.280> an<04:52:26.400> administrator<04:52:26.940> wants<04:52:27.480> to<04:52:27.600> this<04:52:28.560> makes

if an administrator wants to this makes

if an administrator wants to this makes
POP3<04:52:29.580> not<04:52:30.360> as<04:52:30.540> desirable<04:52:31.138> and<04:52:32.040> weaker<04:52:32.580> than

POP3 not as desirable and weaker than

POP3 not as desirable and weaker than
most<04:52:33.298> some<04:52:33.600> other<04:52:33.780> mail<04:52:34.020> protocols

most some other mail protocols

most some other mail protocols
specifically<04:52:35.100> IMAP<04:52:35.580> which<04:52:35.760> we're<04:52:35.940> going<04:52:36.060> to

specifically IMAP which we're going to

specifically IMAP which we're going to
see<04:52:36.298> because<04:52:37.040> it<04:52:38.040> puts<04:52:38.520> all<04:52:38.760> of<04:52:38.940> the<04:52:39.298> brunt<04:52:39.900> of

see because it puts all of the brunt of

see because it puts all of the brunt of
the<04:52:40.378> responsibility<04:52:41.040> onto<04:52:41.940> the<04:52:42.120> client<04:52:42.360> for

the responsibility onto the client for

the responsibility onto the client for
storing<04:52:43.138> and<04:52:43.320> managing<04:52:43.740> emails<04:52:44.218> and<04:52:44.638> deletes

storing and managing emails and deletes

storing and managing emails and deletes
all<04:52:45.240> the<04:52:45.420> emails<04:52:45.900> at<04:52:46.200> the<04:52:46.320> source<04:52:46.740> so<04:52:47.280> if

all the emails at the source so if

all the emails at the source so if
something<04:52:47.638> happens<04:52:47.940> to<04:52:48.298> your<04:52:48.480> computer<04:52:48.660> and

something happens to your computer and

something happens to your computer and
you<04:52:49.080> don't<04:52:49.200> have<04:52:49.320> a<04:52:49.500> backup<04:52:49.740> you're<04:52:50.458> in<04:52:50.760> big

you don't have a backup you're in big

you don't have a backup you're in big
trouble

trouble

trouble
the<04:52:52.200> default<04:52:52.560> port<04:52:52.740> for<04:52:53.040> POP3<04:52:53.458> as<04:52:53.700> we

the default port for POP3 as we

the default port for POP3 as we
mentioned<04:52:54.120> is<04:52:54.480> Port<04:52:54.980> 110.<04:52:55.980> so<04:52:56.340> remember<04:52:56.580> Port

mentioned is Port 110. so remember Port

mentioned is Port 110. so remember Port
110<04:52:57.900> is<04:52:58.020> POP3<04:52:58.500> and<04:52:59.100> Port<04:52:59.340> 25<04:52:59.760> is<04:53:00.420> SMTP<04:53:01.200> now<04:53:02.040> IMAP

110 is POP3 and Port 25 is SMTP now IMAP

110 is POP3 and Port 25 is SMTP now IMAP
4<04:53:03.080> usually<04:53:04.080> just<04:53:04.440> called<04:53:04.740> IMAP<04:53:05.400> is<04:53:05.820> the

4 usually just called IMAP is the

4 usually just called IMAP is the
internet<04:53:06.240> message<04:53:06.840> access<04:53:07.378> protocol<04:53:08.100> and

internet message access protocol and

internet message access protocol and
it's<04:53:08.940> similar<04:53:09.298> to<04:53:09.420> POP3<04:53:09.900> in<04:53:10.138> that<04:53:10.260> it's<04:53:10.440> also

it's similar to POP3 in that it's also

it's similar to POP3 in that it's also
utilized<04:53:11.400> for<04:53:11.700> incoming<04:53:12.298> mail<04:53:12.718> or<04:53:13.020> mail

utilized for incoming mail or mail

utilized for incoming mail or mail
retrieval<04:53:14.040> but<04:53:14.638> in<04:53:14.878> nearly<04:53:15.180> every<04:53:15.540> way<04:53:15.840> IMAP

retrieval but in nearly every way IMAP

retrieval but in nearly every way IMAP
surpasses<04:53:17.580> POP3<04:53:18.180> it's<04:53:19.020> a<04:53:19.260> much<04:53:19.378> more<04:53:19.620> powerful

surpasses POP3 it's a much more powerful

surpasses POP3 it's a much more powerful
protocol<04:53:20.638> because<04:53:21.240> it<04:53:21.540> offers<04:53:21.900> more<04:53:22.500> benefits

protocol because it offers more benefits

protocol because it offers more benefits
like<04:53:23.580> easier<04:53:24.120> mailbox<04:53:24.600> management<04:53:25.400> more

like easier mailbox management more

like easier mailbox management more
granular<04:53:26.940> search<04:53:27.298> capabilities<04:53:28.020> and<04:53:28.440> so<04:53:28.620> on

granular search capabilities and so on

granular search capabilities and so on
with<04:53:29.700> IMAP<04:53:30.240> users<04:53:30.900> can<04:53:31.200> search<04:53:31.378> through

with IMAP users can search through

with IMAP users can search through
messages<04:53:31.920> by<04:53:32.458> keywords<04:53:33.120> and<04:53:33.540> choose<04:53:33.840> which

messages by keywords and choose which

messages by keywords and choose which
messages<04:53:34.320> they<04:53:34.740> want<04:53:34.860> to<04:53:35.040> download<04:53:35.218> they<04:53:35.940> can

messages they want to download they can

messages they want to download they can
also<04:53:36.360> leave<04:53:36.600> IMAP<04:53:37.200> messages<04:53:37.440> on<04:53:38.218> the<04:53:38.340> server

also leave IMAP messages on the server

also leave IMAP messages on the server
and<04:53:39.240> still<04:53:39.420> work<04:53:39.660> with<04:53:39.840> them<04:53:40.080> as<04:53:40.740> though

and still work with them as though

and still work with them as though
they're<04:53:41.400> on<04:53:41.638> the<04:53:41.878> local<04:53:42.000> computer

they're on the local computer

they're on the local computer
so<04:53:43.940> it<04:53:44.940> seems<04:53:45.360> that<04:53:46.138> the<04:53:46.620> two<04:53:46.740> are<04:53:47.160> synced

so it seems that the two are synced

so it seems that the two are synced
together<04:53:47.760> perfectly<04:53:48.480> the<04:53:48.900> server<04:53:49.200> and<04:53:49.500> the

together perfectly the server and the

together perfectly the server and the
client

client

client
also<04:53:51.240> an<04:53:51.420> email<04:53:51.540> message<04:53:51.900> with<04:53:52.260> say<04:53:52.560> a

also an email message with say a

also an email message with say a
multimedia<04:53:53.520> file<04:53:53.878> can<04:53:54.298> be<04:53:54.540> partially

multimedia file can be partially

multimedia file can be partially
downloaded<04:53:55.740> to<04:53:56.340> save<04:53:56.520> bandwidth

downloaded to save bandwidth

downloaded to save bandwidth
now<04:53:58.620> the<04:53:59.340> main<04:53:59.458> benefit<04:53:59.760> here<04:54:00.120> is<04:54:00.298> we're<04:54:00.480> going

now the main benefit here is we're going

now the main benefit here is we're going
to<04:54:00.660> use<04:54:00.840> this<04:54:01.020> instead<04:54:01.378> of<04:54:01.500> first<04:54:01.680> say<04:54:01.980> a

to use this instead of first say a

to use this instead of first say a
computer<04:54:02.280> let's<04:54:02.760> say<04:54:02.940> I<04:54:03.180> have<04:54:03.360> a<04:54:03.660> smartphone

computer let's say I have a smartphone

computer let's say I have a smartphone
and<04:54:04.980> a<04:54:05.160> computer<04:54:05.540> now<04:54:06.540> it's<04:54:06.840> going<04:54:07.020> to<04:54:07.138> make

and a computer now it's going to make

and a computer now it's going to make
sure<04:54:07.560> because<04:54:08.280> the<04:54:09.120> source<04:54:09.480> is<04:54:09.660> all<04:54:09.900> stored<04:54:10.200> at

sure because the source is all stored at

sure because the source is all stored at
the<04:54:10.500> server

the server

the server
that<04:54:12.420> if<04:54:12.718> I<04:54:12.900> delete<04:54:13.020> something<04:54:13.440> say<04:54:14.160> on<04:54:14.458> my

that if I delete something say on my

that if I delete something say on my
computer<04:54:14.958> that<04:54:15.958> syncs<04:54:16.500> up<04:54:16.620> to<04:54:16.798> the<04:54:16.920> server<04:54:17.218> and

computer that syncs up to the server and

computer that syncs up to the server and
then<04:54:18.120> the<04:54:18.298> server<04:54:18.540> will<04:54:18.718> have<04:54:18.840> that<04:54:18.958> sync<04:54:19.200> with

then the server will have that sync with

then the server will have that sync with
this<04:54:19.440> my<04:54:19.620> smartphone<04:54:20.160> so<04:54:20.878> all<04:54:21.180> of<04:54:21.298> these<04:54:21.480> are

this my smartphone so all of these are

this my smartphone so all of these are
in<04:54:21.900> perfect<04:54:22.080> synchronization<04:54:22.920> this<04:54:23.878> is<04:54:24.000> why

in perfect synchronization this is why

in perfect synchronization this is why
it's<04:54:24.480> much<04:54:24.840> stronger<04:54:25.320> than<04:54:25.740> POP3<04:54:26.340> which

it's much stronger than POP3 which

it's much stronger than POP3 which
simply<04:54:27.298> downloads<04:54:27.958> the<04:54:28.138> email<04:54:28.320> onto<04:54:29.100> your

simply downloads the email onto your

simply downloads the email onto your
client<04:54:29.580> device

client device

client device
by<04:54:31.378> default<04:54:31.740> IMAP<04:54:32.400> uses<04:54:32.820> Port<04:54:33.440> 143<04:54:34.440> which<04:54:35.280> is

by default IMAP uses Port 143 which is

by default IMAP uses Port 143 which is
different<04:54:35.580> from<04:54:35.878> IMAP

different from IMAP

different from IMAP
POP3<04:54:37.620> rather<04:54:38.160> which<04:54:38.638> uses<04:54:39.060> 110.

POP3 rather which uses 110.

POP3 rather which uses 110.
now<04:54:41.940> ntp<04:54:42.540> or<04:54:42.718> the<04:54:42.900> network<04:54:43.020> time<04:54:43.740> protocol<04:54:44.340> is

now ntp or the network time protocol is

now ntp or the network time protocol is
an<04:54:45.180> Internet<04:54:45.298> Protocol<04:54:45.780> that<04:54:46.200> synchronizes

an Internet Protocol that synchronizes

an Internet Protocol that synchronizes
system<04:54:47.340> Clocks<04:54:48.000> by<04:54:48.600> exchanging<04:54:49.378> time<04:54:49.920> signals

system Clocks by exchanging time signals

system Clocks by exchanging time signals
between<04:54:51.000> a<04:54:51.360> client<04:54:51.660> and<04:54:52.138> a<04:54:52.320> Master<04:54:52.500> Clock

between a client and a Master Clock

between a client and a Master Clock
server<04:54:53.400> the<04:54:54.180> computers<04:54:54.600> are<04:54:55.020> constantly

server the computers are constantly

server the computers are constantly
running<04:54:55.740> this<04:54:55.980> in<04:54:56.218> the<04:54:56.340> background<04:54:56.638> and<04:54:57.298> this

running this in the background and this

running this in the background and this
protocol<04:54:57.958> will<04:54:58.440> send<04:54:58.740> requests<04:54:59.400> to<04:54:59.878> the

protocol will send requests to the

protocol will send requests to the
server<04:55:00.360> to<04:55:00.900> obtain<04:55:01.260> accurate<04:55:02.040> time<04:55:02.520> updates

server to obtain accurate time updates

server to obtain accurate time updates
up<04:55:03.540> to<04:55:03.718> the<04:55:03.840> millisecond<04:55:04.500> this<04:55:05.458> time<04:55:05.700> is

up to the millisecond this time is

up to the millisecond this time is
checked<04:55:06.600> against<04:55:06.718> the<04:55:07.200> U.S<04:55:07.620> Naval

checked against the U.S Naval

checked against the U.S Naval
Observatory<04:55:09.180> Master<04:55:09.840> Clock<04:55:10.260> or<04:55:10.680> atomic<04:55:11.218> clock

Observatory Master Clock or atomic clock

Observatory Master Clock or atomic clock
so<04:55:12.420> the<04:55:12.780> timestamps<04:55:13.500> on<04:55:13.740> the<04:55:13.920> received

so the timestamps on the received

so the timestamps on the received
updates<04:55:14.820> are<04:55:15.480> verified<04:55:15.900> with<04:55:16.620> this<04:55:17.218> Master

updates are verified with this Master

updates are verified with this Master
Clock<04:55:18.120> server<04:55:18.718> which<04:55:19.378> is<04:55:19.680> again<04:55:19.860> that<04:55:20.218> US

Clock server which is again that US

Clock server which is again that US
Naval<04:55:21.240> server

Naval server

Naval server
and<04:55:24.298> the<04:55:24.540> computers<04:55:24.900> then<04:55:25.200> update<04:55:25.620> their<04:55:25.980> time

and the computers then update their time

and the computers then update their time
accordingly

accordingly

accordingly
the<04:55:27.840> port<04:55:28.080> this<04:55:28.320> uses<04:55:28.680> is<04:55:29.100> Port<04:55:29.458> 123<04:55:30.298> which<04:55:30.840> is

the port this uses is Port 123 which is

the port this uses is Port 123 which is
as<04:55:31.200> easy<04:55:31.378> to<04:55:31.680> remember<04:55:31.860> as<04:55:32.520> time

as easy to remember as time

as easy to remember as time
keeps<04:55:34.860> moving<04:55:35.160> up<04:55:35.400> one<04:55:36.378> two<04:55:37.378> three

keeps moving up one two three

keeps moving up one two three
now<04:55:39.180> if<04:55:39.298> we<04:55:39.480> add<04:55:39.660> an<04:55:39.840> additional<04:55:40.320> n<04:55:40.620> to<04:55:40.860> the

now if we add an additional n to the

now if we add an additional n to the
previous<04:55:41.218> one<04:55:41.638> we<04:55:42.120> get<04:55:42.240> What's<04:55:42.420> called<04:55:42.660> the

previous one we get What's called the

previous one we get What's called the
network<04:55:43.200> news<04:55:43.980> transfer<04:55:44.700> protocol

network news transfer protocol

network news transfer protocol
this<04:55:46.620> is<04:55:46.798> very<04:55:47.100> different<04:55:47.340> from<04:55:47.638> the<04:55:47.820> network

this is very different from the network

this is very different from the network
time<04:55:48.298> protocol<04:55:48.840> it's<04:55:49.680> used<04:55:49.920> for<04:55:50.218> the

time protocol it's used for the

time protocol it's used for the
retrieval<04:55:50.820> and<04:55:51.060> posting<04:55:51.540> of<04:55:52.260> news<04:55:52.680> group

retrieval and posting of news group

retrieval and posting of news group
messages<04:55:53.520> or<04:55:54.480> bulletin<04:55:55.260> messages<04:55:55.520> to<04:55:56.520> the

messages or bulletin messages to the

messages or bulletin messages to the
Usenet<04:55:57.298> which<04:55:57.540> is<04:55:57.660> a<04:55:58.020> worldwide<04:55:58.440> bulletin

Usenet which is a worldwide bulletin

Usenet which is a worldwide bulletin
board<04:55:59.218> that's<04:55:59.520> been<04:55:59.760> around<04:55:59.940> since<04:56:00.540> the<04:56:00.958> 1980s

board that's been around since the 1980s

board that's been around since the 1980s
really<04:56:02.580> since<04:56:03.000> the<04:56:03.298> internet<04:56:03.420> was<04:56:03.900> in<04:56:04.200> its

really since the internet was in its

really since the internet was in its
nascent<04:56:04.920> stages<04:56:05.298> the<04:56:06.298> network<04:56:06.420> news<04:56:06.840> transfer

nascent stages the network news transfer

nascent stages the network news transfer
protocol<04:56:07.980> is<04:56:08.820> also<04:56:09.120> the<04:56:09.240> protocol<04:56:09.600> that<04:56:10.260> RSS

protocol is also the protocol that RSS

protocol is also the protocol that RSS
feeds<04:56:11.580> are<04:56:11.760> based<04:56:12.120> on<04:56:12.180> this<04:56:12.840> stands<04:56:13.320> for

feeds are based on this stands for

feeds are based on this stands for
really

really

really
simple

simple

simple
syndication

basically this is where a user can

basically this is where a user can
subscribe<04:56:26.280> to<04:56:26.638> an<04:56:26.878> article<04:56:27.360> web<04:56:27.780> page<04:56:28.138> blog<04:56:29.100> or

subscribe to an article web page blog or

subscribe to an article web page blog or
something<04:56:29.820> similar<04:56:30.420> that<04:56:30.660> uses<04:56:30.958> this

something similar that uses this

something similar that uses this
protocol<04:56:31.440> and<04:56:32.218> when<04:56:32.458> an<04:56:32.700> update<04:56:33.000> is<04:56:33.240> made<04:56:33.480> to

protocol and when an update is made to

protocol and when an update is made to
that<04:56:34.080> page<04:56:34.440> or<04:56:34.680> to<04:56:34.798> that<04:56:34.980> article<04:56:35.458> the

that page or to that article the

that page or to that article the
subscriber<04:56:36.540> is<04:56:36.718> updated

subscriber is updated

subscriber is updated
so<04:56:38.400> in<04:56:38.700> this<04:56:38.878> way<04:56:39.120> you<04:56:40.020> can<04:56:40.138> get<04:56:40.560> updated

so in this way you can get updated

so in this way you can get updated
articles<04:56:41.940> from<04:56:42.240> your<04:56:42.420> favorite<04:56:42.540> web<04:56:42.958> page

articles from your favorite web page

articles from your favorite web page
just<04:56:43.740> like<04:56:43.860> you<04:56:44.100> would<04:56:44.280> new

just like you would new

just like you would new
emails<04:56:47.218> with<04:56:47.940> nntp<04:56:48.660> however<04:56:49.280> only<04:56:50.298> postings

emails with nntp however only postings

emails with nntp however only postings
and<04:56:51.540> articles<04:56:51.900> that<04:56:52.138> are<04:56:52.320> new<04:56:52.440> or<04:56:52.680> updated<04:56:53.100> are

and articles that are new or updated are

and articles that are new or updated are
submitted<04:56:54.120> and<04:56:54.298> retrieved<04:56:54.780> from<04:56:55.020> the<04:56:55.138> server

submitted and retrieved from the server

submitted and retrieved from the server
slightly<04:56:56.280> different<04:56:56.458> from<04:56:56.760> RSS<04:56:57.298> but<04:56:57.780> RSS<04:56:58.320> is

slightly different from RSS but RSS is

slightly different from RSS but RSS is
based<04:56:59.218> on<04:56:59.458> nntp<04:57:00.260> the<04:57:01.260> default<04:57:01.560> port<04:57:01.798> for<04:57:02.100> this

based on nntp the default port for this

based on nntp the default port for this
is<04:57:02.760> port<04:57:03.060> 119.

is port 119.

is port 119.
so<04:57:05.580> we're<04:57:05.940> covering<04:57:06.240> a<04:57:06.420> lot<04:57:06.540> of<04:57:06.660> different

so we're covering a lot of different

so we're covering a lot of different
numbers<04:57:07.138> here<04:57:07.500> it's<04:57:07.860> really<04:57:08.218> important

numbers here it's really important

numbers here it's really important
perhaps<04:57:09.120> even<04:57:09.420> more<04:57:09.718> than<04:57:09.900> memorizing<04:57:10.798> uh

perhaps even more than memorizing uh

perhaps even more than memorizing uh
specifically<04:57:12.540> what<04:57:13.080> each<04:57:13.378> protocol<04:57:13.860> does

specifically what each protocol does

specifically what each protocol does
that<04:57:14.458> you<04:57:14.700> definitely<04:57:15.120> memorize<04:57:15.900> which<04:57:16.378> Port

that you definitely memorize which Port

that you definitely memorize which Port
it's<04:57:16.920> a<04:57:17.100> part<04:57:17.218> of<04:57:17.400> if<04:57:17.940> you<04:57:18.180> can<04:57:18.240> memorize<04:57:18.718> by

it's a part of if you can memorize by

it's a part of if you can memorize by
the<04:57:19.200> way<04:57:19.320> the<04:57:19.860> number

the way the number

the way the number
and<04:57:21.240> what<04:57:21.420> the<04:57:21.540> acronym<04:57:21.958> means<04:57:22.378> you<04:57:22.920> should<04:57:23.100> be

and what the acronym means you should be

and what the acronym means you should be
fine<04:57:23.520> now<04:57:24.120> a<04:57:24.298> protocol<04:57:24.600> you<04:57:24.900> use<04:57:25.080> every<04:57:25.620> day

fine now a protocol you use every day

fine now a protocol you use every day
even<04:57:26.160> if<04:57:26.340> you<04:57:26.458> don't<04:57:26.580> realize<04:57:27.000> it<04:57:27.240> is<04:57:27.780> HTTP<04:57:28.620> or

even if you don't realize it is HTTP or

even if you don't realize it is HTTP or
the<04:57:29.458> hypertext<04:57:30.120> transfer<04:57:31.020> protocol<04:57:31.560> this<04:57:32.340> is

the hypertext transfer protocol this is

the hypertext transfer protocol this is
used<04:57:32.760> to<04:57:33.120> view<04:57:33.320> unsecure<04:57:34.320> web<04:57:34.740> pages<04:57:35.040> and

used to view unsecure web pages and

used to view unsecure web pages and
allows<04:57:36.000> users<04:57:36.540> to<04:57:37.020> connect<04:57:37.378> to<04:57:37.798> and

allows users to connect to and

allows users to connect to and
communicate<04:57:38.700> with<04:57:39.060> web<04:57:39.360> servers<04:57:40.040> although

communicate with web servers although

communicate with web servers although
HTTP<04:57:41.820> is<04:57:42.120> going<04:57:42.298> to<04:57:42.600> define<04:57:43.160> the<04:57:44.160> transmission

HTTP is going to define the transmission

HTTP is going to define the transmission
and<04:57:45.540> the<04:57:45.718> format<04:57:46.080> of<04:57:46.260> messages<04:57:46.500> and<04:57:47.340> the

and the format of messages and the

and the format of messages and the
actions<04:57:47.940> taken<04:57:48.420> by<04:57:48.718> web<04:57:48.958> servers<04:57:49.500> when<04:57:49.798> users

actions taken by web servers when users

actions taken by web servers when users
interact<04:57:50.580> with<04:57:50.878> it<04:57:51.320> HTTP<04:57:52.320> is<04:57:52.560> what<04:57:52.798> we<04:57:52.920> call<04:57:53.298> a

interact with it HTTP is what we call a

interact with it HTTP is what we call a
stateless<04:57:55.020> protocol<04:57:56.180> meaning<04:57:57.180> that<04:57:57.480> it<04:57:57.600> may

stateless protocol meaning that it may

stateless protocol meaning that it may
be<04:57:57.958> difficult<04:57:58.320> to<04:57:58.798> get<04:57:58.980> a<04:57:59.520> lot<04:57:59.940> of<04:58:00.180> intelligent

be difficult to get a lot of intelligent

be difficult to get a lot of intelligent
interactive<04:58:01.860> responses<04:58:02.638> to<04:58:03.180> the<04:58:03.420> information

interactive responses to the information

interactive responses to the information
if<04:58:04.560> you<04:58:04.740> remember<04:58:04.920> ever<04:58:05.340> making<04:58:05.700> very<04:58:06.480> basic

if you remember ever making very basic

if you remember ever making very basic
web<04:58:07.320> pages<04:58:07.620> using<04:58:08.458> HTML<04:58:09.360> or<04:58:10.080> the<04:58:10.580> hypertext

web pages using HTML or the hypertext

web pages using HTML or the hypertext
markup<04:58:12.480> language<04:58:13.218> the<04:58:14.218> language<04:58:14.520> that<04:58:14.878> HTTP

markup language the language that HTTP

markup language the language that HTTP
is<04:58:15.840> reading<04:58:16.260> then<04:58:16.620> you<04:58:16.860> probably<04:58:17.040> know<04:58:17.340> this

is reading then you probably know this

is reading then you probably know this
so<04:58:18.120> if<04:58:18.360> you<04:58:18.420> want<04:58:18.718> more<04:58:19.020> interactive<04:58:19.860> web<04:58:20.400> page

so if you want more interactive web page

so if you want more interactive web page
Pages<04:58:21.000> or<04:58:21.420> interaction<04:58:21.900> with<04:58:22.440> web<04:58:22.680> pages<04:58:23.040> then

Pages or interaction with web pages then

Pages or interaction with web pages then
you're<04:58:24.000> going<04:58:24.120> to<04:58:24.298> use<04:58:24.540> different<04:58:24.958> add-ons

you're going to use different add-ons

you're going to use different add-ons
such<04:58:26.280> as<04:58:26.520> ActiveX<04:58:27.298> that<04:58:27.540> you<04:58:27.718> might<04:58:27.840> have

such as ActiveX that you might have

such as ActiveX that you might have
heard<04:58:28.200> of

heard of

heard of
HTTP<04:58:30.900> defaults<04:58:31.740> Port<04:58:31.980> is<04:58:32.580> Port<04:58:32.940> 80<04:58:33.240> and<04:58:33.900> a

HTTP defaults Port is Port 80 and a

HTTP defaults Port is Port 80 and a
common<04:58:34.260> alternate<04:58:34.920> port<04:58:35.100> for<04:58:35.340> it<04:58:35.520> is<04:58:36.000> Port

common alternate port for it is Port

common alternate port for it is Port
8080.<04:58:37.500> now<04:58:37.798> similar<04:58:38.580> to<04:58:38.940> http<04:58:39.660> is<04:58:40.200> https

8080. now similar to http is https

8080. now similar to http is https
or<04:58:42.600> hypertext<04:58:43.200> transfer<04:58:43.740> protocol<04:58:44.100> over<04:58:44.638> SSL

or hypertext transfer protocol over SSL

or hypertext transfer protocol over SSL
which<04:58:46.798> is<04:58:46.980> the<04:58:47.638> secure<04:58:48.360> socket<04:58:49.200> layer<04:58:49.798> this<04:58:50.638> is

which is the secure socket layer this is

which is the secure socket layer this is
a<04:58:51.298> secure<04:58:51.718> version<04:58:51.958> of<04:58:52.260> HTTP<04:58:52.980> so<04:58:53.820> if<04:58:53.940> you<04:58:54.060> ever

a secure version of HTTP so if you ever

a secure version of HTTP so if you ever
see<04:58:54.420> an<04:58:54.660> s<04:58:54.780> on<04:58:55.020> the<04:58:55.200> end<04:58:55.260> of<04:58:55.440> just<04:58:55.560> about<04:58:55.680> any

see an s on the end of just about any

see an s on the end of just about any
protocol<04:58:56.340> you<04:58:57.120> can<04:58:57.240> bet<04:58:57.600> that<04:58:57.900> that<04:58:58.080> has<04:58:58.260> to<04:58:58.440> do

protocol you can bet that that has to do

protocol you can bet that that has to do
with<04:58:58.860> this<04:58:59.100> being<04:58:59.638> secure<04:59:00.120> and<04:59:00.660> it<04:59:00.840> creates

with this being secure and it creates

with this being secure and it creates
secure<04:59:01.798> connections<04:59:02.458> between<04:59:03.060> your<04:59:03.540> browser

secure connections between your browser

secure connections between your browser
and<04:59:04.378> the<04:59:04.560> web<04:59:04.680> server<04:59:05.458> it<04:59:06.120> does<04:59:06.298> this<04:59:06.540> using

and the web server it does this using

and the web server it does this using
SSL<04:59:08.580> or<04:59:09.298> the<04:59:09.660> secure

SSL or the secure

SSL or the secure
sockets

sockets

sockets
layer

layer

layer
we're<04:59:16.500> going<04:59:16.620> to<04:59:16.740> discuss<04:59:17.160> the<04:59:17.638> secure

we're going to discuss the secure

we're going to discuss the secure
sockets<04:59:18.420> layer<04:59:18.840> when<04:59:19.138> we<04:59:19.320> discuss<04:59:19.680> encryption

sockets layer when we discuss encryption

sockets layer when we discuss encryption
more<04:59:21.060> detail<04:59:21.540> in<04:59:21.718> a<04:59:21.900> future<04:59:22.020> lesson

more detail in a future lesson

more detail in a future lesson
now<04:59:23.700> most<04:59:24.240> web<04:59:24.540> pages<04:59:24.780> support<04:59:25.440> https<04:59:26.600> and

now most web pages support https and

now most web pages support https and
it's<04:59:27.900> recommended<04:59:28.500> that<04:59:28.680> you<04:59:28.920> use<04:59:29.100> it<04:59:29.280> over

it's recommended that you use it over

it's recommended that you use it over
HTTP<04:59:30.298> almost<04:59:30.840> every<04:59:31.080> time<04:59:31.320> you're<04:59:31.560> able<04:59:31.798> to

HTTP almost every time you're able to

HTTP almost every time you're able to
the<04:59:32.580> way<04:59:32.700> you<04:59:32.940> do<04:59:33.120> this<04:59:33.360> is<04:59:34.080> simply<04:59:34.500> by<04:59:35.160> using

the way you do this is simply by using

the way you do this is simply by using
instead<04:59:36.540> of<04:59:36.660> HTTP<04:59:37.440> colon<04:59:38.100> slash<04:59:38.458> slash

instead of HTTP colon slash slash

instead of HTTP colon slash slash
facebook.com<04:59:40.400> just<04:59:41.400> put<04:59:41.760> an<04:59:42.120> S<04:59:42.298> in<04:59:42.540> front

facebook.com just put an S in front

facebook.com just put an S in front
yes<04:59:43.980> Facebook<04:59:44.400> supports<04:59:45.060> this<04:59:45.180> as<04:59:45.480> do<04:59:45.660> other

yes Facebook supports this as do other

yes Facebook supports this as do other
social<04:59:46.200> media<04:59:46.620> sites<04:59:47.040> and<04:59:47.458> even<04:59:47.638> email<04:59:48.060> and

social media sites and even email and

social media sites and even email and
even<04:59:48.840> Google<04:59:49.200> supports<04:59:49.798> https<04:59:50.340> why<04:59:51.120> would<04:59:51.240> you

even Google supports https why would you

even Google supports https why would you
want<04:59:51.480> to<04:59:51.600> do<04:59:51.660> this<04:59:51.840> well<04:59:52.260> say<04:59:52.500> someone<04:59:52.798> is

want to do this well say someone is

want to do this well say someone is
browsing<04:59:53.638> and<04:59:54.000> or<04:59:54.620> listening<04:59:55.620> in<04:59:55.860> to<04:59:56.458> your

browsing and or listening in to your

browsing and or listening in to your
Google<04:59:56.940> searches<04:59:57.600> that<04:59:58.080> might<04:59:58.200> be

Google searches that might be

Google searches that might be
information<04:59:58.500> you<04:59:58.980> don't<04:59:59.100> want<04:59:59.280> someone<04:59:59.520> else

information you don't want someone else

information you don't want someone else
to<04:59:59.940> know

to know

to know
just<05:00:01.200> as<05:00:01.378> a<05:00:01.620> recommendation<05:00:02.340> absolutely

just as a recommendation absolutely

just as a recommendation absolutely
anytime<05:00:03.660> you<05:00:03.840> visit<05:00:04.020> any<05:00:04.320> website<05:00:04.680> but

anytime you visit any website but

anytime you visit any website but
especially<05:00:05.840> Financial<05:00:06.840> uh<05:00:07.798> institutions

especially Financial uh institutions

especially Financial uh institutions
such<05:00:08.760> as<05:00:08.878> your<05:00:09.240> bank<05:00:09.560> or<05:00:10.560> your<05:00:10.680> credit<05:00:10.920> union

such as your bank or your credit union

such as your bank or your credit union
you<05:00:11.820> want<05:00:11.878> to<05:00:12.060> ensure<05:00:12.360> that<05:00:12.600> in<05:00:12.900> the<05:00:13.020> bar<05:00:13.200> it

you want to ensure that in the bar it

you want to ensure that in the bar it
says<05:00:13.798> https<05:00:14.840> if<05:00:15.840> it's<05:00:16.020> not<05:00:16.320> then<05:00:16.860> opening

says https if it's not then opening

says https if it's not then opening
anything<05:00:17.700> in<05:00:18.060> this<05:00:18.180> including<05:00:18.660> typing<05:00:18.958> in

anything in this including typing in

anything in this including typing in
your<05:00:19.260> bank<05:00:19.440> password<05:00:19.740> could<05:00:20.400> be<05:00:20.638> really

your bank password could be really

your bank password could be really
serious

serious

serious
the<05:00:22.440> same<05:00:22.620> goes<05:00:22.980> for<05:00:23.160> anything<05:00:23.340> when<05:00:23.638> we're

the same goes for anything when we're

the same goes for anything when we're
dealing<05:00:24.060> with<05:00:24.240> credit<05:00:24.718> cards<05:00:25.200> for<05:00:25.500> instance

dealing with credit cards for instance

dealing with credit cards for instance
buying<05:00:26.280> something<05:00:26.520> make<05:00:27.120> sure<05:00:27.298> that<05:00:27.540> https

buying something make sure that https

buying something make sure that https
appears<05:00:29.280> in<05:00:30.000> the<05:00:30.120> bar<05:00:30.298> or<05:00:30.780> in<05:00:30.958> your<05:00:31.138> url<05:00:31.500> bar<05:00:31.680> at

appears in the bar or in your url bar at

appears in the bar or in your url bar at
the<05:00:32.100> top<05:00:32.218> as<05:00:32.940> we've<05:00:33.120> mentioned<05:00:33.420> before<05:00:33.600> too

the top as we've mentioned before too

the top as we've mentioned before too
the<05:00:34.740> default<05:00:35.100> Port<05:00:35.458> is<05:00:36.420> Port<05:00:36.780> 443

the default Port is Port 443

the default Port is Port 443
now<05:00:39.420> the<05:00:39.600> last<05:00:39.718> port<05:00:39.958> I<05:00:40.200> want<05:00:40.320> to<05:00:40.440> discuss<05:00:40.798> is

now the last port I want to discuss is

now the last port I want to discuss is
RDP<05:00:42.060> or<05:00:42.420> the<05:00:42.660> remote<05:00:42.900> desktop<05:00:43.740> protocol<05:00:44.600> RDP

RDP or the remote desktop protocol RDP

RDP or the remote desktop protocol RDP
servers<05:00:46.080> are<05:00:46.440> built<05:00:46.860> into<05:00:47.160> the<05:00:47.580> Microsoft

servers are built into the Microsoft

servers are built into the Microsoft
operating<05:00:48.600> system<05:00:48.900> such<05:00:49.740> as<05:00:50.060> Windows<05:00:51.060> by

operating system such as Windows by

operating system such as Windows by
default<05:00:52.200> and<05:00:53.100> it<05:00:53.280> provides<05:00:53.638> users<05:00:54.000> with<05:00:54.360> a

default and it provides users with a

default and it provides users with a
graphical<05:00:55.080> user<05:00:55.920> interface<05:00:56.400> or<05:00:57.298> a<05:00:57.780> GUI

graphical user interface or a GUI

graphical user interface or a GUI
to<05:01:00.120> another<05:01:00.360> computer<05:01:00.840> over<05:01:01.680> a<05:01:01.920> network

to another computer over a network

to another computer over a network
connection

connection

connection
so<05:01:03.600> this<05:01:03.780> protocol<05:01:04.138> allows<05:01:04.740> users<05:01:05.160> to

so this protocol allows users to

so this protocol allows users to
remotely<05:01:06.420> manage<05:01:07.320> administer<05:01:08.280> and<05:01:09.060> access

remotely manage administer and access

remotely manage administer and access
network<05:01:09.780> resources<05:01:10.500> from<05:01:10.980> another<05:01:11.160> physical

network resources from another physical

network resources from another physical
location<05:01:13.040> over<05:01:14.040> the<05:01:14.638> Internet<05:01:14.820> which<05:01:15.480> is

location over the Internet which is

location over the Internet which is
represented<05:01:16.200> by<05:01:16.500> the<05:01:16.740> cloud<05:01:16.940> there<05:01:17.940> are<05:01:18.060> a<05:01:18.240> few

represented by the cloud there are a few

represented by the cloud there are a few
security<05:01:18.718> concerns<05:01:19.620> that<05:01:20.040> come<05:01:20.280> with

security concerns that come with

security concerns that come with
um<05:01:21.958> RDP<05:01:22.820> and<05:01:23.820> there<05:01:24.180> is<05:01:24.360> potential<05:01:24.840> for

um RDP and there is potential for

um RDP and there is potential for
certain<05:01:25.320> sort<05:01:25.680> of<05:01:25.860> computer<05:01:26.458> attacks<05:01:27.180> so

certain sort of computer attacks so

certain sort of computer attacks so
there<05:01:27.840> are<05:01:28.020> also<05:01:28.280> non-microsoft<05:01:29.280> variations

there are also non-microsoft variations

there are also non-microsoft variations
available<05:01:30.440> such<05:01:31.440> as<05:01:31.680> something<05:01:31.980> called<05:01:32.458> our

available such as something called our

available such as something called our
desktop

for Unix

for Unix
which<05:01:39.718> if<05:01:40.020> you<05:01:40.260> are<05:01:40.440> going<05:01:40.560> to<05:01:40.680> be<05:01:40.740> doing<05:01:40.920> a<05:01:41.100> lot

which if you are going to be doing a lot

which if you are going to be doing a lot
of<05:01:41.280> remoting<05:01:41.760> you<05:01:42.000> might<05:01:42.120> want<05:01:42.298> to<05:01:42.540> look<05:01:42.600> into

of remoting you might want to look into

of remoting you might want to look into
RDP<05:01:44.280> by<05:01:44.580> the<05:01:44.700> way<05:01:44.820> uses<05:01:45.600> default<05:01:46.080> Port

RDP by the way uses default Port

RDP by the way uses default Port
3389<05:01:48.180> although<05:01:48.718> you<05:01:48.900> can<05:01:49.138> change<05:01:49.500> that

3389 although you can change that

3389 although you can change that
usually<05:01:51.120> as<05:01:51.420> well<05:01:51.600> when<05:01:52.020> we're<05:01:52.138> using<05:01:52.440> RDP

usually as well when we're using RDP

usually as well when we're using RDP
we're<05:01:53.400> also<05:01:53.700> going<05:01:53.760> to<05:01:53.878> use<05:01:54.000> it<05:01:54.240> over<05:01:54.420> what's

we're also going to use it over what's

we're also going to use it over what's
called<05:01:55.080> a<05:01:55.500> VPN<05:01:56.040> or<05:01:56.340> virtual<05:01:56.760> private<05:01:57.180> Network

called a VPN or virtual private Network

called a VPN or virtual private Network
which<05:01:58.320> creates<05:01:58.860> a<05:01:59.458> tunnel

which creates a tunnel

which creates a tunnel
through<05:02:01.980> which<05:02:02.280> your<05:02:02.760> connection<05:02:02.940> occurs

through which your connection occurs

through which your connection occurs
this<05:02:04.320> improves<05:02:04.798> the<05:02:05.100> security<05:02:05.280> we<05:02:05.760> were<05:02:05.940> just

this improves the security we were just

this improves the security we were just
talking<05:02:06.298> about<05:02:06.540> so<05:02:07.500> let's<05:02:07.798> review<05:02:08.040> what<05:02:08.458> we've

talking about so let's review what we've

talking about so let's review what we've
just<05:02:08.878> talked<05:02:09.240> about<05:02:09.298> first<05:02:10.080> we<05:02:10.378> talked<05:02:10.740> about

just talked about first we talked about

just talked about first we talked about
a<05:02:11.100> port<05:02:11.280> being<05:02:12.000> The<05:02:12.420> Logical<05:02:12.780> endpoint<05:02:13.500> of<05:02:13.860> a

a port being The Logical endpoint of a

a port being The Logical endpoint of a
connection

connection

connection
and<05:02:15.780> then<05:02:15.958> we<05:02:16.520> outlined<05:02:17.940> the<05:02:18.600> port<05:02:18.718> ranges

and then we outlined the port ranges

and then we outlined the port ranges
remember<05:02:20.040> we<05:02:20.458> had<05:02:20.700> the<05:02:21.180> well-known<05:02:21.540> ports

the registered ports

the registered ports
and<05:02:28.378> then<05:02:28.500> the<05:02:28.798> dynamic

or private or experimental ports what we

or private or experimental ports what we
really<05:02:35.638> want<05:02:36.000> to<05:02:36.180> uh<05:02:36.798> learn<05:02:37.798> for<05:02:38.040> ourselves

really want to uh learn for ourselves

really want to uh learn for ourselves
are<05:02:38.878> the<05:02:39.060> well-known<05:02:39.540> ports

are the well-known ports

are the well-known ports
I<05:02:41.218> then<05:02:41.400> outlined<05:02:42.060> the<05:02:42.360> most<05:02:42.480> common

I then outlined the most common

I then outlined the most common
well-known<05:02:43.378> default<05:02:43.860> ports<05:02:44.340> and<05:02:44.580> their

well-known default ports and their

well-known default ports and their
protocols<05:02:45.420> you<05:02:46.080> want<05:02:46.320> to<05:02:46.560> memorize<05:02:47.400> this

protocols you want to memorize this

protocols you want to memorize this
table

table

table
for<05:02:50.820> the<05:02:51.060> network<05:02:51.240> plus<05:02:51.540> exam

I guarantee you doing that will get you

I guarantee you doing that will get you
a<05:02:57.298> bunch<05:02:57.480> of<05:02:57.600> questions<05:02:57.900> on<05:02:58.320> the<05:02:58.440> exam

a bunch of questions on the exam

a bunch of questions on the exam
finally<05:03:00.000> we<05:03:00.180> Define<05:03:00.420> to<05:03:00.780> describe<05:03:01.320> some<05:03:01.680> of

finally we Define to describe some of

finally we Define to describe some of
the<05:03:01.980> specific<05:03:02.340> ports<05:03:02.940> and<05:03:03.780> not<05:03:04.080> only<05:03:04.260> and<05:03:04.560> we

the specific ports and not only and we

the specific ports and not only and we
looked<05:03:05.218> not<05:03:05.400> only<05:03:05.520> at<05:03:05.760> the<05:03:05.878> protocol

looked not only at the protocol

looked not only at the protocol
and<05:03:08.520> their<05:03:08.700> protocols<05:03:09.298> including<05:03:10.080> FTP<05:03:10.740> or<05:03:11.340> the

and their protocols including FTP or the

and their protocols including FTP or the
file<05:03:12.440> transfer<05:03:13.440> protocol

file transfer protocol

file transfer protocol
ntp<05:03:16.620> or<05:03:17.340> the<05:03:17.638> network

ntp or the network

ntp or the network
time<05:03:19.980> protocol

time protocol

time protocol
SMTP<05:03:23.218> or<05:03:23.940> the<05:03:24.298> simple<05:03:25.138> mail

SMTP or the simple mail

SMTP or the simple mail
transfer

transfer

transfer
protocol

protocol

protocol
POP3<05:03:32.458> or<05:03:33.298> the

POP3 or the

POP3 or the
post

post

post
office<05:03:36.660> protocol

office protocol

office protocol
we<05:03:39.420> also<05:03:39.660> looked<05:03:39.958> at

we also looked at

we also looked at
IMAP<05:03:41.600> the<05:03:42.600> internet

message access protocol and again all

message access protocol and again all
three<05:03:50.218> of<05:03:50.458> these

three of these

three of these
have<05:03:52.320> to<05:03:52.440> do<05:03:52.560> with<05:03:52.740> email

have to do with email

have to do with email
we<05:03:54.600> also<05:03:54.780> looked<05:03:55.080> at<05:03:55.138> an<05:03:56.040> ntp<05:03:56.580> which<05:03:57.298> is<05:03:57.540> not

we also looked at an ntp which is not

we also looked at an ntp which is not
Network<05:03:58.260> time<05:03:58.620> protocol<05:03:59.100> but<05:04:00.000> the<05:04:00.480> network

Network time protocol but the network

Network time protocol but the network
news<05:04:01.980> transfer

protocol

protocol
we<05:04:07.200> looked<05:04:07.440> at<05:04:07.500> two<05:04:07.680> different<05:04:07.860> versions<05:04:08.160> of

we looked at two different versions of

we looked at two different versions of
HTTP<05:04:09.000> one<05:04:09.840> that<05:04:10.020> is<05:04:10.200> secure<05:04:10.620> these<05:04:11.280> allow<05:04:11.580> for

HTTP one that is secure these allow for

HTTP one that is secure these allow for
browsing

browsing

browsing
and<05:04:15.000> it<05:04:15.120> stands<05:04:15.420> for<05:04:15.540> the<05:04:15.840> hyper<05:04:16.320> text

and it stands for the hyper text

and it stands for the hyper text
transfer<05:04:17.700> protocol

transfer protocol

transfer protocol
which<05:04:19.860> if<05:04:20.040> you<05:04:20.218> know<05:04:20.400> HTML<05:04:21.360> or<05:04:21.660> the<05:04:21.900> hypertext

which if you know HTML or the hypertext

which if you know HTML or the hypertext
markup<05:04:23.340> language<05:04:23.878> then<05:04:24.600> that<05:04:24.840> might<05:04:24.958> be

markup language then that might be

markup language then that might be
familiar<05:04:25.500> to<05:04:25.680> you<05:04:25.860> and<05:04:26.580> finally<05:04:26.820> looked<05:04:27.180> at

familiar to you and finally looked at

familiar to you and finally looked at
RDP<05:04:27.780> or<05:04:28.138> the<05:04:28.440> remote<05:04:28.920> desktop<05:04:29.820> protocol

RDP or the remote desktop protocol

RDP or the remote desktop protocol
I<05:04:32.218> know<05:04:32.340> this<05:04:32.520> seems<05:04:32.820> like<05:04:32.940> a<05:04:33.120> lot<05:04:33.298> but<05:04:33.900> I

I know this seems like a lot but I

I know this seems like a lot but I
guarantee<05:04:34.560> memorizing<05:04:35.280> all<05:04:35.520> of<05:04:35.638> these<05:04:35.940> and

guarantee memorizing all of these and

guarantee memorizing all of these and
all<05:04:36.420> of<05:04:36.540> the<05:04:36.718> numbers<05:04:36.900> that<05:04:37.320> they're

all of the numbers that they're

all of the numbers that they're
associated<05:04:37.980> with<05:04:38.280> is<05:04:38.820> gonna<05:04:39.000> help<05:04:39.420> you<05:04:39.780> so

associated with is gonna help you so

associated with is gonna help you so
much<05:04:40.560> on<05:04:40.980> the<05:04:41.160> exam

Network protocols and services

Network protocols and services
interoperability<05:05:09.718> services

interoperability services

interoperability services
this<05:05:12.360> word<05:05:12.620> interoperability<05:05:13.620> is<05:05:13.920> a<05:05:14.100> really

this word interoperability is a really

this word interoperability is a really
long<05:05:14.458> one<05:05:14.638> but<05:05:14.820> it's<05:05:15.000> also<05:05:15.180> a<05:05:15.360> good<05:05:15.480> one

long one but it's also a good one

long one but it's also a good one
basically<05:05:16.798> what<05:05:17.100> this<05:05:17.340> means<05:05:17.700> is<05:05:18.360> how

basically what this means is how

basically what this means is how
different<05:05:19.260> types<05:05:20.218> of<05:05:20.458> operating<05:05:20.878> systems<05:05:21.298> and

different types of operating systems and

different types of operating systems and
computers<05:05:21.900> can<05:05:22.440> communicate<05:05:22.980> with<05:05:23.400> one

computers can communicate with one

computers can communicate with one
another<05:05:23.820> over<05:05:24.718> a<05:05:25.378> similar<05:05:25.680> Network<05:05:25.920> and

another over a similar Network and

another over a similar Network and
that's<05:05:26.700> what<05:05:26.878> we're<05:05:27.000> going<05:05:27.180> to<05:05:27.240> be<05:05:27.360> discussing

that's what we're going to be discussing

that's what we're going to be discussing
in<05:05:28.378> this<05:05:28.620> module

in this module

in this module
so<05:05:30.360> we're<05:05:30.540> going<05:05:30.718> to<05:05:30.840> first<05:05:31.020> cover<05:05:31.700> what

so we're going to first cover what

so we're going to first cover what
interoperability<05:05:33.660> services<05:05:34.020> are<05:05:34.440> in<05:05:34.620> a

interoperability services are in a

interoperability services are in a
little<05:05:34.860> more<05:05:35.040> depth<05:05:35.458> then<05:05:36.120> we're<05:05:36.298> going<05:05:36.480> to

little more depth then we're going to

little more depth then we're going to
Define<05:05:36.718> some<05:05:37.260> specific<05:05:37.680> services<05:05:38.400> that

Define some specific services that

Define some specific services that
qualify<05:05:39.840> as<05:05:39.958> these<05:05:40.320> particularly<05:05:41.420> NFS<05:05:42.420> or<05:05:42.958> the

qualify as these particularly NFS or the

qualify as these particularly NFS or the
network

network

network
file<05:05:46.200> system<05:05:46.740> I'm<05:05:47.458> sure<05:05:47.638> you<05:05:47.760> can<05:05:47.940> imagine

file system I'm sure you can imagine

file system I'm sure you can imagine
what<05:05:48.480> that<05:05:48.600> is<05:05:48.780> from<05:05:49.080> its<05:05:49.440> name<05:05:49.560> we're<05:05:50.400> also

what that is from its name we're also

what that is from its name we're also
going<05:05:50.760> to<05:05:50.820> look<05:05:50.940> at<05:05:51.120> SSH<05:05:51.660> which<05:05:52.200> is<05:05:52.320> the<05:05:52.740> secure

going to look at SSH which is the secure

going to look at SSH which is the secure
shell

shell

shell
and<05:05:55.700> SCP<05:05:56.700> secure

and SCP secure

and SCP secure
copy<05:05:59.520> protocol<05:06:00.060> remember<05:06:00.780> every<05:06:01.200> time<05:06:01.378> we<05:06:01.620> see

copy protocol remember every time we see

copy protocol remember every time we see
that<05:06:01.980> s<05:06:02.280> we<05:06:02.820> want<05:06:03.120> to<05:06:03.298> think<05:06:03.620> uh<05:06:04.620> secure

that s we want to think uh secure

that s we want to think uh secure
security<05:06:05.580> that's<05:06:06.000> a<05:06:06.240> great<05:06:06.360> tip<05:06:06.718> that'll<05:06:07.020> help

security that's a great tip that'll help

security that's a great tip that'll help
you<05:06:07.260> out<05:06:07.378> on<05:06:07.560> the<05:06:07.680> test<05:06:07.860> by<05:06:08.458> the<05:06:08.580> way<05:06:08.638> secure

you out on the test by the way secure

you out on the test by the way secure
copy<05:06:09.540> protocols<05:06:10.080> similar<05:06:10.560> to<05:06:11.100> SFTP<05:06:12.060> or<05:06:12.298> the

copy protocols similar to SFTP or the

copy protocols similar to SFTP or the
secure<05:06:12.958> file<05:06:13.620> transfer<05:06:14.100> protocol

secure file transfer protocol

secure file transfer protocol
we're<05:06:15.840> then<05:06:16.020> going<05:06:16.200> to<05:06:16.260> look<05:06:16.440> at<05:06:16.620> telnet<05:06:17.218> or

we're then going to look at telnet or

we're then going to look at telnet or
the<05:06:17.580> Telecommunications<05:06:18.420> Network<05:06:18.780> and<05:06:19.740> SMB

the Telecommunications Network and SMB

the Telecommunications Network and SMB
or<05:06:21.060> the<05:06:21.420> server<05:06:22.458> messenger<05:06:23.458> block

which is what allows us to share for

which is what allows us to share for
instance<05:06:30.780> files<05:06:31.440> and<05:06:31.980> printers

instance files and printers

instance files and printers
we're<05:06:33.360> also<05:06:33.600> going<05:06:33.660> to<05:06:33.780> look<05:06:33.900> at<05:06:34.080> ldap<05:06:34.740> or

we're also going to look at ldap or

we're also going to look at ldap or
lightweight<05:06:35.940> directory<05:06:36.660> access<05:06:36.900> protocol

lightweight directory access protocol

lightweight directory access protocol
and<05:06:38.218> that<05:06:38.400> word<05:06:38.638> directory<05:06:39.540> is<05:06:39.660> important<05:06:40.020> as

and that word directory is important as

and that word directory is important as
it<05:06:40.378> allows<05:06:40.680> us<05:06:40.798> to<05:06:41.218> manage<05:06:42.000> users<05:06:42.718> in<05:06:43.138> our

it allows us to manage users in our

it allows us to manage users in our
Network

Network

Network
mm<05:06:45.360> zero<05:06:46.020> conf<05:06:46.260> in<05:06:46.680> networking<05:06:47.280> which<05:06:47.940> also

mm zero conf in networking which also

mm zero conf in networking which also
stands<05:06:48.718> for<05:06:48.840> zero<05:06:49.440> configuration<05:06:50.100> networking

stands for zero configuration networking

stands for zero configuration networking
a<05:06:51.660> set<05:06:51.958> of<05:06:52.138> protocols<05:06:52.798> that<05:06:53.040> allows<05:06:53.280> us<05:06:53.400> to

a set of protocols that allows us to

a set of protocols that allows us to
sort<05:06:53.878> of<05:06:54.000> plug<05:06:54.240> in<05:06:54.480> and<05:06:55.138> go

sort of plug in and go

sort of plug in and go
without<05:06:57.298> having<05:06:57.660> to<05:06:57.780> do<05:06:57.900> a<05:06:58.080> lot<05:06:58.200> of<05:06:58.378> advanced

without having to do a lot of advanced

without having to do a lot of advanced
configuration<05:06:59.760> and<05:07:00.000> setup<05:07:00.360> this<05:07:00.958> is<05:07:01.138> what

configuration and setup this is what

configuration and setup this is what
allows<05:07:01.740> us<05:07:01.920> to<05:07:02.280> have<05:07:02.520> very<05:07:02.940> easy<05:07:03.298> Plug<05:07:03.840> and

allows us to have very easy Plug and

allows us to have very easy Plug and
Play<05:07:04.320> network<05:07:05.100> devices<05:07:05.700> such<05:07:06.120> as<05:07:06.240> our<05:07:06.540> Soho

Play network devices such as our Soho

Play network devices such as our Soho
routers<05:07:07.560> which<05:07:08.040> is<05:07:08.160> a<05:07:08.280> good<05:07:08.340> way<05:07:08.520> to<05:07:08.700> think

routers which is a good way to think

routers which is a good way to think
about<05:07:09.000> it<05:07:09.240> however<05:07:09.900> it's<05:07:10.200> also<05:07:10.440> deployed<05:07:10.798> in

about it however it's also deployed in

about it however it's also deployed in
much<05:07:11.160> larger<05:07:11.580> operations<05:07:12.060> in<05:07:12.660> order<05:07:12.780> to<05:07:12.958> ease

much larger operations in order to ease

much larger operations in order to ease
the<05:07:13.440> burden<05:07:13.740> on<05:07:14.218> administrators<05:07:14.940> and

the burden on administrators and

the burden on administrators and
technicians

technicians

technicians
so<05:07:18.540> in<05:07:19.080> the<05:07:19.200> previous<05:07:19.378> module<05:07:20.100> we<05:07:20.520> discussed

so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed
several<05:07:21.540> different<05:07:21.798> protocols<05:07:22.798> that<05:07:23.340> were

several different protocols that were

several different protocols that were
used<05:07:23.820> in<05:07:24.480> the<05:07:24.660> tcpip<05:07:25.700> protocol<05:07:26.700> suite<05:07:27.360> and

used in the tcpip protocol suite and

used in the tcpip protocol suite and
these<05:07:28.920> allowed<05:07:29.280> us<05:07:29.400> to<05:07:29.580> do<05:07:29.820> a<05:07:30.060> lot<05:07:30.180> of

these allowed us to do a lot of

these allowed us to do a lot of
different<05:07:30.480> things<05:07:30.780> by<05:07:31.378> the<05:07:31.500> way<05:07:31.700> tcpip<05:07:32.700> which

different things by the way tcpip which

different things by the way tcpip which
is<05:07:33.600> what<05:07:33.958> basically<05:07:34.440> allows<05:07:34.980> us<05:07:35.160> to

is what basically allows us to

is what basically allows us to
communicate<05:07:36.600> over<05:07:36.840> the<05:07:37.080> network<05:07:37.260> in<05:07:37.680> general

communicate over the network in general

communicate over the network in general
is<05:07:38.400> going<05:07:38.638> to<05:07:38.820> be<05:07:38.940> discussed<05:07:39.480> in<05:07:39.718> more<05:07:39.958> detail

is going to be discussed in more detail

is going to be discussed in more detail
in<05:07:40.740> depth<05:07:41.100> later<05:07:41.458> on<05:07:41.638> in<05:07:41.878> this<05:07:42.060> course

in depth later on in this course

in depth later on in this course
now<05:07:43.920> because<05:07:44.218> not<05:07:44.638> all<05:07:44.878> computers<05:07:45.420> are<05:07:45.958> made

now because not all computers are made

now because not all computers are made
the<05:07:46.440> same<05:07:46.560> or<05:07:47.400> by<05:07:47.700> the<05:07:48.000> same<05:07:48.180> people<05:07:48.540> or

the same or by the same people or

the same or by the same people or
individuals<05:07:49.580> certain<05:07:50.580> protocols<05:07:51.480> and

individuals certain protocols and

individuals certain protocols and
services<05:07:52.798> need<05:07:53.458> to<05:07:53.580> be<05:07:53.700> in<05:07:53.878> place<05:07:54.120> to<05:07:54.540> allow

services need to be in place to allow

services need to be in place to allow
dissimilar<05:07:55.980> systems<05:07:56.458> such<05:07:57.000> as<05:07:57.240> PCS<05:07:58.138> and<05:07:58.440> Macs

dissimilar systems such as PCS and Macs

dissimilar systems such as PCS and Macs
to<05:07:59.638> be<05:07:59.760> able<05:08:00.000> to<05:08:00.360> interact<05:08:00.780> with<05:08:01.080> one<05:08:01.260> another

to be able to interact with one another

to be able to interact with one another
so<05:08:02.660> tcpip<05:08:03.660> also<05:08:04.500> contains<05:08:04.980> these

so tcpip also contains these

so tcpip also contains these
interoperability<05:08:06.540> services<05:08:07.080> that<05:08:07.920> allow

interoperability services that allow

interoperability services that allow
dissimilar<05:08:09.420> services<05:08:09.780> or<05:08:10.740> systems<05:08:11.280> to<05:08:11.820> share

dissimilar services or systems to share

dissimilar services or systems to share
resources<05:08:12.900> and<05:08:13.620> communicate<05:08:14.160> efficiently

resources and communicate efficiently

resources and communicate efficiently
and<05:08:15.900> securely<05:08:16.500> which<05:08:17.100> is<05:08:17.280> important<05:08:17.638> if<05:08:17.878> I

and securely which is important if I

and securely which is important if I
want<05:08:18.120> to<05:08:18.240> make<05:08:18.480> sure<05:08:18.660> that<05:08:18.958> no<05:08:19.260> one<05:08:19.440> is<05:08:20.040> reading

want to make sure that no one is reading

want to make sure that no one is reading
all<05:08:20.760> of<05:08:20.878> the<05:08:21.060> information<05:08:21.240> I'm<05:08:21.718> sending

all of the information I'm sending

all of the information I'm sending
between<05:08:22.320> computers<05:08:23.040> so<05:08:23.700> these<05:08:24.000> Services<05:08:24.180> is

between computers so these Services is

between computers so these Services is
what<05:08:24.780> we're<05:08:24.900> going<05:08:25.080> to<05:08:25.138> spend<05:08:25.500> the<05:08:25.740> rest<05:08:25.860> of

what we're going to spend the rest of

what we're going to spend the rest of
this<05:08:26.160> module<05:08:26.580> discussing

this module discussing

this module discussing
now<05:08:28.500> the<05:08:28.798> first<05:08:28.920> service<05:08:29.160> is<05:08:29.700> the<05:08:30.120> network

now the first service is the network

now the first service is the network
file<05:08:31.260> system

file system

file system
it's<05:08:32.878> an<05:08:33.120> application<05:08:33.660> that<05:08:34.378> allows<05:08:34.740> users<05:08:35.340> to

it's an application that allows users to

it's an application that allows users to
remotely<05:08:36.298> access<05:08:36.860> resources<05:08:38.000> and<05:08:39.000> files<05:08:39.660> a

remotely access resources and files a

remotely access resources and files a
resource<05:08:41.040> being<05:08:41.400> for<05:08:41.820> instance<05:08:42.180> a<05:08:42.780> printer

resource being for instance a printer

resource being for instance a printer
and<05:08:43.798> a<05:08:43.980> file<05:08:44.280> being<05:08:44.760> like<05:08:45.060> a<05:08:45.298> Word<05:08:45.420> document<05:08:45.958> as

and a file being like a Word document as

and a file being like a Word document as
though<05:08:46.980> they<05:08:47.280> were<05:08:47.458> located<05:08:47.820> on<05:08:48.540> a<05:08:48.718> local

though they were located on a local

though they were located on a local
machine<05:08:49.320> even<05:08:50.100> though<05:08:50.340> they're<05:08:50.638> someplace

machine even though they're someplace

machine even though they're someplace
else

else

else
this<05:08:52.740> service<05:08:52.920> is<05:08:53.340> used<05:08:53.580> for<05:08:53.878> systems<05:08:54.298> that

this service is used for systems that

this service is used for systems that
are<05:08:54.660> typically<05:08:55.020> not<05:08:55.740> the<05:08:56.040> same<05:08:56.160> such<05:08:56.940> as<05:08:57.180> Unix

are typically not the same such as Unix

are typically not the same such as Unix
which<05:08:58.620> is<05:08:58.740> the<05:08:59.218> larger<05:08:59.940> version<05:09:00.180> or<05:09:00.660> the

which is the larger version or the

which is the larger version or the
commercial<05:09:01.500> version<05:09:01.920> of<05:09:02.820> Linux<05:09:03.420> and

commercial version of Linux and

commercial version of Linux and
Microsoft<05:09:04.680> systems<05:09:05.280> now<05:09:06.060> NFS<05:09:06.780> functions

Microsoft systems now NFS functions

Microsoft systems now NFS functions
independently<05:09:08.760> of<05:09:09.360> the<05:09:09.600> operating<05:09:09.958> system

independently of the operating system

independently of the operating system
the<05:09:11.100> computer<05:09:11.280> system<05:09:12.000> it's<05:09:12.420> installed<05:09:12.900> on

the computer system it's installed on

the computer system it's installed on
and<05:09:13.798> the<05:09:14.100> network<05:09:14.280> architecture<05:09:15.180> this<05:09:16.080> means

and the network architecture this means

and the network architecture this means
that<05:09:16.798> NFS<05:09:17.400> is<05:09:17.760> going<05:09:17.940> to<05:09:18.060> perform<05:09:18.180> its

that NFS is going to perform its

that NFS is going to perform its
functions<05:09:19.080> regardless<05:09:19.740> of<05:09:20.040> where<05:09:20.280> it's

functions regardless of where it's

functions regardless of where it's
installed<05:09:21.060> and<05:09:21.600> since<05:09:21.780> it's<05:09:21.958> what<05:09:22.200> we<05:09:22.378> call<05:09:22.638> an

installed and since it's what we call an

installed and since it's what we call an
open<05:09:23.940> standard

open standard

open standard
it<05:09:26.760> allows<05:09:27.240> anyone<05:09:27.840> to<05:09:28.200> implement<05:09:28.560> it

it allows anyone to implement it

it allows anyone to implement it
it<05:09:31.200> also<05:09:31.560> listens<05:09:32.040> on<05:09:32.638> Port<05:09:32.878> 2049<05:09:33.840> by<05:09:34.200> default

it also listens on Port 2049 by default

it also listens on Port 2049 by default
but<05:09:35.040> I<05:09:35.218> wouldn't<05:09:35.340> worry<05:09:35.700> about<05:09:35.940> memorizing

but I wouldn't worry about memorizing

but I wouldn't worry about memorizing
that<05:09:36.900> for<05:09:37.138> the<05:09:37.320> test

that for the test

that for the test
next<05:09:39.120> SSH<05:09:39.840> or<05:09:40.500> the<05:09:40.798> secure<05:09:41.700> shell<05:09:42.120> is<05:09:42.718> one<05:09:42.958> of

next SSH or the secure shell is one of

next SSH or the secure shell is one of
the<05:09:43.378> preferred<05:09:43.920> session<05:09:44.878> initiating

the preferred session initiating

the preferred session initiating
programs<05:09:46.560> that<05:09:47.160> allows<05:09:47.580> us<05:09:47.700> to<05:09:48.298> connect<05:09:48.480> to<05:09:49.260> a

programs that allows us to connect to a

programs that allows us to connect to a
remote<05:09:49.560> computer

remote computer

remote computer
it<05:09:51.420> creates<05:09:51.718> a<05:09:51.958> secure<05:09:52.378> Connection<05:09:52.740> by<05:09:53.520> using

it creates a secure Connection by using

it creates a secure Connection by using
strong<05:09:54.360> authentication<05:09:55.320> mechanisms<05:09:56.160> and<05:09:56.700> it

strong authentication mechanisms and it

strong authentication mechanisms and it
lets<05:09:57.240> users<05:09:57.718> log<05:09:58.138> on<05:09:58.378> to<05:09:58.560> remote<05:09:58.798> computers

lets users log on to remote computers

lets users log on to remote computers
with<05:10:00.420> different<05:10:00.718> systems<05:10:01.378> independent<05:10:02.040> of

with different systems independent of

with different systems independent of
the<05:10:02.400> type<05:10:02.580> of<05:10:02.760> system<05:10:02.940> you're<05:10:03.298> currently<05:10:03.660> on

the type of system you're currently on

the type of system you're currently on
with<05:10:05.040> SSH<05:10:05.458> the<05:10:06.298> secure<05:10:06.600> shell<05:10:06.900> the<05:10:07.560> entire

with SSH the secure shell the entire

with SSH the secure shell the entire
connection<05:10:08.280> is<05:10:09.000> encrypted<05:10:09.600> including<05:10:10.500> the

connection is encrypted including the

connection is encrypted including the
password<05:10:11.060> and<05:10:12.060> the<05:10:12.298> login<05:10:12.420> session

password and the login session

password and the login session
it's<05:10:14.100> all<05:10:14.340> compatible<05:10:14.820> with<05:10:15.180> a<05:10:15.360> lot<05:10:15.420> of

it's all compatible with a lot of

it's all compatible with a lot of
different<05:10:15.718> systems<05:10:16.260> including<05:10:16.798> Linux<05:10:17.780> Macs

different systems including Linux Macs

different systems including Linux Macs
and<05:10:19.020> PCs<05:10:19.680> and<05:10:19.920> so<05:10:20.040> on<05:10:20.280> now<05:10:21.000> there<05:10:21.240> are<05:10:21.420> actually

and PCs and so on now there are actually

and PCs and so on now there are actually
two<05:10:22.320> different<05:10:22.560> versions<05:10:23.100> of<05:10:23.458> secure<05:10:23.878> show

two different versions of secure show

two different versions of secure show
ssh1

ssh1

ssh1
and<05:10:27.480> ssh2

these two versions are not compatible

these two versions are not compatible
with<05:10:34.680> one<05:10:34.920> another<05:10:35.100> which<05:10:36.000> is<05:10:36.180> important<05:10:36.600> to

with one another which is important to

with one another which is important to
know

know

know
because<05:10:37.980> they<05:10:38.400> each<05:10:38.638> encrypt<05:10:39.298> different

because they each encrypt different

because they each encrypt different
parts<05:10:40.320> of<05:10:40.680> the<05:10:40.920> data<05:10:41.218> packet<05:10:41.580> and<05:10:42.180> they<05:10:42.420> employ

parts of the data packet and they employ

parts of the data packet and they employ
different<05:10:43.320> types<05:10:43.980> of<05:10:44.218> encryption<05:10:44.700> methods

different types of encryption methods

different types of encryption methods
which<05:10:45.600> we'll<05:10:45.780> talk<05:10:46.020> about<05:10:46.138> later<05:10:46.560> however<05:10:47.340> the

which we'll talk about later however the

which we'll talk about later however the
most<05:10:47.878> important<05:10:48.298> thing<05:10:48.480> to<05:10:48.660> know<05:10:48.780> is<05:10:49.378> that<05:10:49.620> SSH

most important thing to know is that SSH

most important thing to know is that SSH
2<05:10:50.760> is<05:10:51.540> more<05:10:51.900> secure<05:10:52.378> than<05:10:53.240> ssh1<05:10:54.240> and<05:10:54.900> so<05:10:55.138> in

2 is more secure than ssh1 and so in

2 is more secure than ssh1 and so in
most<05:10:55.620> cases<05:10:55.920> we<05:10:56.218> want<05:10:56.400> to<05:10:56.520> use<05:10:56.700> that<05:10:56.940> this<05:10:57.600> is

most cases we want to use that this is

most cases we want to use that this is
because<05:10:58.080> it<05:10:58.980> does<05:10:59.160> not<05:10:59.400> use<05:10:59.760> server<05:11:00.298> Keys<05:11:00.660> ssh1

because it does not use server Keys ssh1

because it does not use server Keys ssh1
doesn't<05:11:01.798> which<05:11:02.458> are<05:11:02.878> keys<05:11:03.980> that<05:11:04.980> are

doesn't which are keys that are

doesn't which are keys that are
temporary<05:11:05.940> and<05:11:06.540> protect<05:11:06.958> other<05:11:07.860> aspects<05:11:08.458> of

temporary and protect other aspects of

temporary and protect other aspects of
the<05:11:08.820> encryption<05:11:09.240> process<05:11:09.718> it's<05:11:10.320> a<05:11:10.500> bit

the encryption process it's a bit

the encryption process it's a bit
complex<05:11:10.980> and<05:11:11.280> over<05:11:11.520> the<05:11:11.760> course<05:11:11.940> of<05:11:12.180> and<05:11:13.080> over

complex and over the course of and over

complex and over the course of and over
the<05:11:13.700> objectives<05:11:14.700> of<05:11:14.940> this<05:11:15.180> course<05:11:15.420> however

the objectives of this course however

the objectives of this course however
SSH<05:11:16.860> 2<05:11:17.340> does<05:11:17.760> contain<05:11:18.240> another<05:11:18.660> protocol

SSH 2 does contain another protocol

SSH 2 does contain another protocol
called<05:11:20.218> SFTP

an SFTP or the secure file transfer

an SFTP or the secure file transfer
protocol

protocol

protocol
is<05:11:29.340> a<05:11:29.580> secure<05:11:29.940> replacement<05:11:30.240> for<05:11:31.080> the<05:11:31.378> unsecure

is a secure replacement for the unsecure

is a secure replacement for the unsecure
version<05:11:32.280> of<05:11:32.878> plain<05:11:33.180> old<05:11:33.360> FTP<05:11:34.020> and<05:11:34.980> it<05:11:35.218> still

version of plain old FTP and it still

version of plain old FTP and it still
uses<05:11:35.820> the<05:11:36.180> same<05:11:36.360> port<05:11:36.718> as<05:11:37.440> SSH<05:11:37.860> which<05:11:38.820> if<05:11:39.660> you

uses the same port as SSH which if you

uses the same port as SSH which if you
recall<05:11:40.200> is<05:11:40.798> port<05:11:41.160> 22.

recall is port 22.

recall is port 22.
so<05:11:44.100> it's<05:11:44.458> important<05:11:44.940> to<05:11:45.298> know<05:11:45.480> that<05:11:45.900> if<05:11:46.080> we're

so it's important to know that if we're

so it's important to know that if we're
going<05:11:46.320> to<05:11:46.378> be<05:11:46.500> using<05:11:46.940> SFTP<05:11:47.940> remember<05:11:48.600> FTP<05:11:49.378> uses

going to be using SFTP remember FTP uses

going to be using SFTP remember FTP uses
20<05:11:50.160> and<05:11:50.878> 21<05:11:51.180> if<05:11:52.080> we're<05:11:52.200> using<05:11:52.560> SFTP<05:11:53.280> we're

20 and 21 if we're using SFTP we're

20 and 21 if we're using SFTP we're
using<05:11:53.820> Port<05:11:54.060> 22.<05:11:54.958> now<05:11:55.320> similar<05:11:55.798> to<05:11:56.040> SFTP<05:11:56.940> is

using Port 22. now similar to SFTP is

using Port 22. now similar to SFTP is
SCP<05:11:58.500> or<05:11:59.100> the<05:11:59.458> secure<05:12:00.240> copy<05:12:00.780> protocol<05:12:01.200> which<05:12:02.100> is

SCP or the secure copy protocol which is

SCP or the secure copy protocol which is
a<05:12:02.580> secure<05:12:02.878> method<05:12:03.360> of<05:12:03.718> copying<05:12:04.200> files<05:12:04.560> between

a secure method of copying files between

a secure method of copying files between
remote<05:12:05.218> devices<05:12:05.760> just<05:12:06.420> like<05:12:06.600> FTP<05:12:07.260> or<05:12:07.860> SFTP<05:12:08.580> it

remote devices just like FTP or SFTP it

remote devices just like FTP or SFTP it
utilizes<05:12:09.958> the<05:12:10.260> same<05:12:10.378> Portis<05:12:10.920> SSH<05:12:11.400> just<05:12:12.298> like

utilizes the same Portis SSH just like

utilizes the same Portis SSH just like
SFTP<05:12:13.320> and<05:12:13.980> it's<05:12:14.100> compatible<05:12:14.580> with<05:12:14.940> a<05:12:15.060> lot<05:12:15.180> of

SFTP and it's compatible with a lot of

SFTP and it's compatible with a lot of
different<05:12:15.540> operating<05:12:16.080> systems<05:12:16.740> to<05:12:17.520> implement

different operating systems to implement

different operating systems to implement
SCP<05:12:18.718> you<05:12:19.320> can<05:12:19.378> initiate<05:12:19.860> it<05:12:20.100> via<05:12:20.520> a<05:12:20.878> command

SCP you can initiate it via a command

SCP you can initiate it via a command
line<05:12:21.360> utility<05:12:21.900> that<05:12:22.798> uses<05:12:23.218> either<05:12:23.760> SCP<05:12:24.718> or

line utility that uses either SCP or

line utility that uses either SCP or
SFTP<05:12:25.798> to<05:12:26.340> perform<05:12:26.520> some<05:12:27.120> secure<05:12:27.480> copying<05:12:28.080> the

SFTP to perform some secure copying the

SFTP to perform some secure copying the
important<05:12:29.100> thing<05:12:29.340> here<05:12:29.638> to<05:12:29.878> know<05:12:30.000> for<05:12:30.240> the

important thing here to know for the

important thing here to know for the
network<05:12:30.480> plus<05:12:30.780> exam<05:12:31.260> is<05:12:31.920> not<05:12:32.160> when<05:12:32.458> you<05:12:32.638> would

network plus exam is not when you would

network plus exam is not when you would
use<05:12:33.060> SCP<05:12:33.900> over<05:12:34.218> SFTP<05:12:35.218> which<05:12:35.700> is<05:12:35.820> a<05:12:36.000> little<05:12:36.120> bit

use SCP over SFTP which is a little bit

use SCP over SFTP which is a little bit
more<05:12:36.540> complex<05:12:36.958> but<05:12:37.560> rather<05:12:37.860> to<05:12:38.100> realize<05:12:38.520> that

more complex but rather to realize that

more complex but rather to realize that
SCP<05:12:40.260> is<05:12:40.620> a<05:12:40.860> secure<05:12:41.160> method<05:12:41.520> of<05:12:41.638> copying<05:12:42.120> as<05:12:42.780> is

SCP is a secure method of copying as is

SCP is a secure method of copying as is
as<05:12:43.580> FTP<05:12:44.580> that's<05:12:45.240> how<05:12:45.420> you're<05:12:45.540> going<05:12:45.660> to<05:12:45.780> see

as FTP that's how you're going to see

as FTP that's how you're going to see
this<05:12:46.138> pop<05:12:46.440> up<05:12:46.620> on<05:12:46.798> the<05:12:46.920> exam<05:12:47.700> now<05:12:48.240> in<05:12:48.480> contrast

this pop up on the exam now in contrast

this pop up on the exam now in contrast
to<05:12:49.138> all<05:12:49.320> of<05:12:49.440> this<05:12:49.740> secure<05:12:50.280> Communications<05:12:50.878> I

to all of this secure Communications I

to all of this secure Communications I
want<05:12:51.718> to<05:12:51.840> talk<05:12:52.020> about<05:12:52.218> telnet<05:12:53.218> or<05:12:53.638> the

want to talk about telnet or the

want to talk about telnet or the
Telecommunications<05:12:54.660> Network<05:12:55.200> which<05:12:56.040> is<05:12:56.340> a

Telecommunications Network which is a

Telecommunications Network which is a
terminal<05:12:57.120> emulations<05:12:58.080> protocol<05:12:58.740> what<05:12:59.580> this

terminal emulations protocol what this

terminal emulations protocol what this
means<05:13:00.120> is<05:13:00.540> that<05:13:00.718> it's<05:13:00.958> only<05:13:01.200> simulating<05:13:01.980> a

means is that it's only simulating a

means is that it's only simulating a
session<05:13:02.520> on<05:13:03.000> the<05:13:03.120> machine<05:13:03.360> it<05:13:04.080> is<05:13:04.200> being

session on the machine it is being

session on the machine it is being
initiated<05:13:05.100> on<05:13:05.400> when<05:13:06.000> you<05:13:06.120> connect<05:13:06.298> to<05:13:06.600> a

initiated on when you connect to a

initiated on when you connect to a
machine<05:13:06.958> via<05:13:07.920> a<05:13:08.280> terminal<05:13:08.580> by<05:13:09.298> using<05:13:09.660> telnet

machine via a terminal by using telnet

machine via a terminal by using telnet
the<05:13:10.860> machine<05:13:10.980> is<05:13:11.280> translating<05:13:12.000> your

the machine is translating your

the machine is translating your
keystrokes<05:13:12.958> into<05:13:13.200> instructions<05:13:14.100> that<05:13:14.580> the

keystrokes into instructions that the

keystrokes into instructions that the
Remote<05:13:14.940> device<05:13:15.378> understands<05:13:16.378> and<05:13:17.040> it

Remote device understands and it

Remote device understands and it
displays<05:13:18.000> those<05:13:18.298> instructions<05:13:19.040> and<05:13:20.040> the

displays those instructions and the

displays those instructions and the
responses<05:13:20.700> back<05:13:21.000> to<05:13:21.180> you<05:13:21.360> in<05:13:21.900> a<05:13:22.080> graphical<05:13:22.500> or

responses back to you in a graphical or

responses back to you in a graphical or
command<05:13:23.520> line<05:13:23.760> manner

command line manner

command line manner
telnet<05:13:25.920> is<05:13:26.100> an<05:13:26.458> unsecure<05:13:27.120> protocol<05:13:27.540> which<05:13:27.958> is

telnet is an unsecure protocol which is

telnet is an unsecure protocol which is
why<05:13:28.320> we<05:13:28.620> don't<05:13:28.860> use<05:13:29.040> it<05:13:29.160> as<05:13:29.340> much<05:13:29.458> as<05:13:29.638> SSH

why we don't use it as much as SSH

why we don't use it as much as SSH
anymore<05:13:30.540> and<05:13:31.500> this<05:13:31.620> is<05:13:31.740> important<05:13:32.100> to<05:13:32.280> keep<05:13:32.458> in

anymore and this is important to keep in

anymore and this is important to keep in
mind

mind

mind
so<05:13:34.200> when<05:13:34.500> you<05:13:34.680> send<05:13:34.860> the<05:13:35.160> password<05:13:35.400> over

so when you send the password over

so when you send the password over
telnet<05:13:36.540> it's<05:13:37.138> actually<05:13:37.320> in<05:13:37.500> what<05:13:37.740> we<05:13:37.860> call

telnet it's actually in what we call

telnet it's actually in what we call
plain<05:13:38.940> text

plain text

plain text
whereas<05:13:40.860> as<05:13:41.520> we<05:13:41.700> mentioned<05:13:42.180> with<05:13:42.600> SSH<05:13:44.000> it

whereas as we mentioned with SSH it

whereas as we mentioned with SSH it
transmits<05:13:45.660> the<05:13:45.780> password<05:13:46.020> encrypted<05:13:46.920> so<05:13:47.340> if

transmits the password encrypted so if

transmits the password encrypted so if
someone<05:13:47.700> is<05:13:47.940> reading<05:13:48.420> the<05:13:48.540> packets<05:13:48.900> that<05:13:49.080> are

someone is reading the packets that are

someone is reading the packets that are
going<05:13:49.320> back<05:13:49.500> and<05:13:49.680> forth<05:13:49.980> they<05:13:50.400> won't<05:13:50.580> be<05:13:50.700> able

going back and forth they won't be able

going back and forth they won't be able
to<05:13:51.000> hack<05:13:51.240> your<05:13:51.540> system<05:13:51.718> if<05:13:52.378> you're<05:13:52.500> using<05:13:52.798> SSH

to hack your system if you're using SSH

to hack your system if you're using SSH
whereas<05:13:53.878> with<05:13:54.000> telnet<05:13:54.420> they'd<05:13:54.660> be<05:13:54.718> able<05:13:54.840> to

whereas with telnet they'd be able to

whereas with telnet they'd be able to
read<05:13:55.200> your<05:13:55.440> password<05:13:55.620> now<05:13:56.580> telnet<05:13:57.180> uses<05:13:57.540> Port

read your password now telnet uses Port

read your password now telnet uses Port
23<05:13:58.440> by<05:13:58.680> default<05:13:59.160> which<05:13:59.700> is<05:13:59.940> important<05:14:00.360> to<05:14:00.660> know

23 by default which is important to know

23 by default which is important to know
however<05:14:01.500> you<05:14:01.860> could<05:14:02.040> configure<05:14:02.638> it<05:14:02.820> to<05:14:03.000> use

however you could configure it to use

however you could configure it to use
another<05:14:03.298> Port<05:14:03.660> as<05:14:04.200> long<05:14:04.378> as<05:14:04.500> the<05:14:04.740> remote

another Port as long as the remote

another Port as long as the remote
machine<05:14:05.700> is<05:14:06.120> also<05:14:06.360> configured<05:14:06.780> to<05:14:06.900> use<05:14:07.020> that

machine is also configured to use that

machine is also configured to use that
same<05:14:07.440> port<05:14:07.680> with<05:14:08.520> telnet<05:14:09.000> you<05:14:09.180> can<05:14:09.240> actually

same port with telnet you can actually

same port with telnet you can actually
connect<05:14:09.660> to<05:14:10.020> any<05:14:10.260> host<05:14:10.560> that's<05:14:10.920> running<05:14:11.160> the

connect to any host that's running the

connect to any host that's running the
telnet<05:14:11.940> service<05:14:12.180> or<05:14:12.840> Daemon<05:14:13.378> which<05:14:13.860> again<05:14:14.100> the

telnet service or Daemon which again the

telnet service or Daemon which again the
word<05:14:14.878> Daemon<05:14:15.660> is<05:14:16.320> a<05:14:16.680> Unix<05:14:17.040> version<05:14:17.340> of<05:14:18.120> service

word Daemon is a Unix version of service

word Daemon is a Unix version of service
SMB<05:14:20.940> or<05:14:21.420> the<05:14:21.718> server<05:14:22.080> message<05:14:22.320> block<05:14:22.740> which<05:14:23.400> by

SMB or the server message block which by

SMB or the server message block which by
the<05:14:23.700> way<05:14:23.760> is<05:14:24.120> also<05:14:24.480> known<05:14:24.780> as<05:14:25.520> cifs<05:14:26.520> or<05:14:27.000> the

the way is also known as cifs or the

the way is also known as cifs or the
common<05:14:27.540> internet<05:14:27.958> file<05:14:28.680> system<05:14:28.980> is<05:14:29.760> a

common internet file system is a

common internet file system is a
protocol<05:14:30.180> that's<05:14:30.480> mainly<05:14:30.900> used<05:14:31.138> to<05:14:31.740> provide

protocol that's mainly used to provide

protocol that's mainly used to provide
shared<05:14:32.878> access<05:14:33.240> to<05:14:34.138> files<05:14:34.860> peripheral

shared access to files peripheral

shared access to files peripheral
devices<05:14:36.120> like<05:14:36.780> printers<05:14:37.620> most<05:14:38.040> most<05:14:38.520> of<05:14:38.760> the

devices like printers most most of the

devices like printers most most of the
time

time

time
and<05:14:41.400> also<05:14:41.700> access<05:14:42.120> to<05:14:42.600> serial<05:14:43.260> ports<05:14:43.680> and

and also access to serial ports and

and also access to serial ports and
other<05:14:44.160> communication<05:14:44.878> between<05:14:45.360> nodes<05:14:45.840> on<05:14:46.020> a

other communication between nodes on a

other communication between nodes on a
network<05:14:46.820> Windows<05:14:47.820> systems<05:14:48.298> used<05:14:48.660> SMB

network Windows systems used SMB

network Windows systems used SMB
primarily<05:14:50.580> before<05:14:50.940> the<05:14:51.240> introduction<05:14:51.600> of

primarily before the introduction of

primarily before the introduction of
something<05:14:52.200> called<05:14:52.740> uh<05:14:53.878> active<05:14:54.740> directories

something called uh active directories

something called uh active directories
which<05:14:56.580> we'll<05:14:56.940> talk<05:14:57.180> more<05:14:57.360> about<05:14:57.660> a<05:14:58.080> little<05:14:58.200> bit

which we'll talk more about a little bit

which we'll talk more about a little bit
later<05:14:58.560> this<05:14:59.160> is<05:14:59.400> currently<05:14:59.760> what's<05:15:00.180> used<05:15:00.620> in

later this is currently what's used in

later this is currently what's used in
Microsoft<05:15:02.280> networks<05:15:03.060> now<05:15:03.718> Windows<05:15:04.200> services

Microsoft networks now Windows services

Microsoft networks now Windows services
that<05:15:05.040> correspond<05:15:05.700> are<05:15:06.480> called<05:15:06.718> server

that correspond are called server

that correspond are called server
services<05:15:07.860> for<05:15:08.700> the<05:15:08.820> server<05:15:09.120> component<05:15:09.600> and

services for the server component and

services for the server component and
workstation<05:15:11.100> services<05:15:11.600> for<05:15:12.600> the<05:15:12.900> client

workstation services for the client

workstation services for the client
component

component

component
now<05:15:14.940> for<05:15:15.180> example<05:15:15.540> the<05:15:16.378> primary

now for example the primary

now for example the primary
functionality<05:15:17.700> that<05:15:18.298> SMB<05:15:18.958> is<05:15:19.378> typically<05:15:19.920> most

functionality that SMB is typically most

functionality that SMB is typically most
known<05:15:20.878> for<05:15:21.120> is<05:15:21.660> when<05:15:21.958> client<05:15:22.378> computers<05:15:22.860> want

known for is when client computers want

known for is when client computers want
to<05:15:23.340> access<05:15:23.520> files<05:15:24.360> systems<05:15:24.900> or<05:15:25.378> printers<05:15:25.798> on<05:15:26.400> a

to access files systems or printers on a

to access files systems or printers on a
shared<05:15:26.878> network<05:15:27.120> or<05:15:27.540> server<05:15:28.020> this<05:15:28.620> is<05:15:28.740> when

shared network or server this is when

shared network or server this is when
SMB<05:15:29.940> is<05:15:30.420> most<05:15:30.718> often<05:15:31.200> used

SMB is most often used

SMB is most often used
Samba<05:15:33.480> which<05:15:34.080> you<05:15:34.500> may<05:15:34.620> have<05:15:34.860> seen<05:15:35.040> if<05:15:35.340> you've

Samba which you may have seen if you've

Samba which you may have seen if you've
ever<05:15:35.700> dealt<05:15:36.120> with<05:15:36.240> a<05:15:36.780> Mac<05:15:37.020> or<05:15:37.440> a<05:15:37.560> Linux

ever dealt with a Mac or a Linux

ever dealt with a Mac or a Linux
computer<05:15:38.100> is<05:15:39.060> free<05:15:39.360> software<05:15:39.900> that's<05:15:40.260> a

computer is free software that's a

computer is free software that's a
re-implementation<05:15:41.580> of<05:15:42.420> the<05:15:42.718> SMB<05:15:43.260> or<05:15:43.500> cifs

re-implementation of the SMB or cifs

re-implementation of the SMB or cifs
networking<05:15:45.000> protocol<05:15:45.420> for<05:15:46.200> other<05:15:46.378> systems

networking protocol for other systems

networking protocol for other systems
even<05:15:48.060> though<05:15:48.420> SMB<05:15:49.378> is<05:15:49.680> primarily<05:15:50.218> used<05:15:50.580> or<05:15:50.940> was

even though SMB is primarily used or was

even though SMB is primarily used or was
primarily<05:15:51.780> used<05:15:51.958> with<05:15:52.200> Microsoft<05:15:52.680> systems

primarily used with Microsoft systems

primarily used with Microsoft systems
there<05:15:53.820> are<05:15:53.940> still<05:15:54.120> other<05:15:54.360> products<05:15:54.900> that<05:15:55.138> use

there are still other products that use

there are still other products that use
SMB<05:15:55.920> for<05:15:56.160> file<05:15:56.458> sharing<05:15:56.878> in<05:15:57.540> different

SMB for file sharing in different

SMB for file sharing in different
operating<05:15:58.200> systems<05:15:58.740> which<05:15:59.160> is<05:15:59.218> why<05:15:59.458> it's

operating systems which is why it's

operating systems which is why it's
important<05:16:00.000> that<05:16:00.298> we<05:16:00.420> still<05:16:00.660> familiarize

important that we still familiarize

important that we still familiarize
ourselves<05:16:01.680> with<05:16:01.980> it

ourselves with it

ourselves with it
ldap<05:16:03.958> stands<05:16:04.620> for<05:16:04.740> the<05:16:05.160> lightweight

ldap stands for the lightweight

ldap stands for the lightweight
directory<05:16:06.900> access<05:16:07.200> protocol<05:16:07.980> and<05:16:08.760> this<05:16:08.940> is

directory access protocol and this is

directory access protocol and this is
what<05:16:09.240> defines<05:16:09.718> how<05:16:10.138> a<05:16:10.320> user<05:16:10.680> can<05:16:11.160> access<05:16:11.458> files

what defines how a user can access files

what defines how a user can access files
resources<05:16:13.440> or<05:16:13.980> share<05:16:14.218> directory<05:16:14.820> data<05:16:15.120> and

resources or share directory data and

resources or share directory data and
perform<05:16:15.718> operations<05:16:16.620> on<05:16:17.160> a<05:16:17.280> server<05:16:17.580> in<05:16:18.120> a

perform operations on a server in a

perform operations on a server in a
tcpip<05:16:19.138> network<05:16:19.820> now<05:16:20.820> this<05:16:21.420> is<05:16:21.660> not<05:16:22.020> how<05:16:22.798> they

tcpip network now this is not how they

tcpip network now this is not how they
access<05:16:23.218> it<05:16:23.580> this<05:16:24.180> simply<05:16:24.480> defines<05:16:25.080> how<05:16:25.860> a<05:16:26.280> user

access it this simply defines how a user

access it this simply defines how a user
can<05:16:26.878> access<05:16:27.180> it<05:16:27.600> meaning<05:16:28.378> that<05:16:28.920> we're<05:16:29.100> really

can access it meaning that we're really

can access it meaning that we're really
talking<05:16:29.700> about<05:16:29.940> here<05:16:30.420> are<05:16:31.020> users

talking about here are users

talking about here are users
and<05:16:32.878> permissions

so basically ldap is the protocol that

so basically ldap is the protocol that
controls<05:16:41.100> how<05:16:41.520> users<05:16:42.020> manage<05:16:43.020> directory

controls how users manage directory

controls how users manage directory
information<05:16:44.120> such<05:16:45.120> as<05:16:45.298> data<05:16:46.200> about<05:16:46.378> users

information such as data about users

information such as data about users
devices<05:16:48.440> permissions<05:16:49.878> searching<05:16:50.878> and<05:16:51.360> other

devices permissions searching and other

devices permissions searching and other
tasks<05:16:52.020> in<05:16:52.200> most<05:16:52.378> networks<05:16:52.980> we're<05:16:53.520> going<05:16:53.638> to

tasks in most networks we're going to

tasks in most networks we're going to
deal<05:16:53.878> with<05:16:54.120> this<05:16:54.298> a<05:16:54.540> little<05:16:54.600> more<05:16:54.900> in<05:16:55.080> depth

deal with this a little more in depth

deal with this a little more in depth
later<05:16:55.680> on<05:16:55.920> as<05:16:56.100> well<05:16:56.280> now<05:16:57.120> it<05:16:57.360> was<05:16:57.480> designed<05:16:57.900> to

later on as well now it was designed to

later on as well now it was designed to
be<05:16:58.260> used<05:16:58.560> on<05:16:59.100> the<05:16:59.218> internet<05:16:59.400> and<05:17:00.060> it<05:17:00.180> relies

be used on the internet and it relies

be used on the internet and it relies
heavily<05:17:01.260> on<05:17:02.160> DNS<05:17:02.878> the<05:17:03.240> domain<05:17:03.780> name<05:17:04.080> service

heavily on DNS the domain name service

heavily on DNS the domain name service
which<05:17:05.218> we<05:17:05.520> talked<05:17:05.820> about<05:17:05.878> is<05:17:06.420> a<05:17:06.600> way<05:17:06.718> of

which we talked about is a way of

which we talked about is a way of
converting<05:17:07.378> say<05:17:07.920> google.com<05:17:08.780> into<05:17:09.780> its<05:17:10.500> IP

converting say google.com into its IP

converting say google.com into its IP
address<05:17:11.040> we're<05:17:11.878> going<05:17:12.060> to<05:17:12.180> discuss<05:17:12.480> DNS<05:17:13.138> in

address we're going to discuss DNS in

address we're going to discuss DNS in
Greater<05:17:13.860> detail<05:17:14.160> in<05:17:14.458> another<05:17:14.638> module<05:17:15.240> now

Greater detail in another module now

Greater detail in another module now
Microsoft's<05:17:16.980> active<05:17:17.458> directory<05:17:18.060> service

Microsoft's active directory service

Microsoft's active directory service
which<05:17:18.840> we<05:17:19.020> just<05:17:19.260> mentioned<05:17:19.740> and<05:17:20.580> novell's<05:17:21.620> NDS

which we just mentioned and novell's NDS

which we just mentioned and novell's NDS
and<05:17:23.160> e-directory<05:17:24.060> services<05:17:24.440> Novell<05:17:25.440> being

and e-directory services Novell being

and e-directory services Novell being
another<05:17:26.280> networking<05:17:26.940> operating<05:17:27.480> system<05:17:27.840> as

another networking operating system as

another networking operating system as
well<05:17:28.860> as<05:17:29.040> Apple's<05:17:29.700> open<05:17:29.940> directory<05:17:31.100> directory

well as Apple's open directory directory

well as Apple's open directory directory
system<05:17:32.600> all<05:17:33.600> use<05:17:34.100> ldap<05:17:35.100> now<05:17:35.878> the<05:17:36.120> reason<05:17:36.298> it's

system all use ldap now the reason it's

system all use ldap now the reason it's
called<05:17:36.840> like<05:17:37.200> lightweight<05:17:38.160> is<05:17:39.120> because<05:17:39.420> it

called like lightweight is because it

called like lightweight is because it
was<05:17:40.200> not<05:17:40.500> as<05:17:40.798> Network<05:17:41.160> intensive<05:17:41.878> as<05:17:42.360> its

was not as Network intensive as its

was not as Network intensive as its
predecessor<05:17:43.320> which<05:17:44.040> was<05:17:44.218> simply<05:17:44.520> the

predecessor which was simply the

predecessor which was simply the
directory<05:17:45.298> access<05:17:45.480> Protocol<05:17:46.138> no<05:17:46.920> need<05:17:47.100> to

directory access Protocol no need to

directory access Protocol no need to
know<05:17:47.400> that<05:17:47.520> but<05:17:47.700> I<05:17:47.878> just<05:17:48.000> wanted<05:17:48.180> to<05:17:48.420> explain

know that but I just wanted to explain

know that but I just wanted to explain
the<05:17:49.680> reasoning<05:17:50.458> behind<05:17:50.820> that<05:17:51.060> light<05:17:51.240> weight

the reasoning behind that light weight

the reasoning behind that light weight
in<05:17:51.780> there

in there

in there
also<05:17:53.160> it's<05:17:53.340> important<05:17:53.760> to<05:17:53.940> know<05:17:54.060> that<05:17:54.420> port

also it's important to know that port

also it's important to know that port
389<05:17:55.560> is<05:17:56.040> used<05:17:56.280> by<05:17:56.878> default<05:17:57.360> for<05:17:57.958> all<05:17:58.200> the

389 is used by default for all the

389 is used by default for all the
communication<05:17:58.980> of<05:17:59.458> the<05:17:59.638> requests<05:18:00.180> for

communication of the requests for

communication of the requests for
information<05:18:00.900> and<05:18:01.440> objects<05:18:02.280> finally<05:18:03.200> zero

information and objects finally zero

information and objects finally zero
conf<05:18:04.440> or<05:18:05.160> zero<05:18:06.000> configuration

conf or zero configuration

conf or zero configuration
networking<05:18:09.958> is<05:18:10.680> a<05:18:10.798> set<05:18:10.920> of<05:18:11.100> standards<05:18:11.638> that

networking is a set of standards that

networking is a set of standards that
was<05:18:12.360> established<05:18:12.840> to<05:18:13.020> allow<05:18:13.378> users<05:18:13.860> the

was established to allow users the

was established to allow users the
ability<05:18:14.520> to<05:18:15.000> have<05:18:15.240> network<05:18:15.958> connectivity<05:18:16.920> out

ability to have network connectivity out

ability to have network connectivity out
of<05:18:18.000> the<05:18:18.120> box<05:18:18.680> or<05:18:19.680> Plug<05:18:20.100> and<05:18:20.280> Play<05:18:20.458> or<05:18:21.180> without

of the box or Plug and Play or without

of the box or Plug and Play or without
the<05:18:22.138> need<05:18:22.440> for<05:18:23.218> any<05:18:23.458> sort<05:18:23.700> of<05:18:23.878> technical

the need for any sort of technical

the need for any sort of technical
change<05:18:24.900> or<05:18:25.378> configuration<05:18:26.360> zero<05:18:27.360> con<05:18:27.600> capable

change or configuration zero con capable

change or configuration zero con capable
protocols<05:18:29.040> will<05:18:29.520> generally<05:18:29.878> use<05:18:30.240> Mac

protocols will generally use Mac

protocols will generally use Mac
addresses<05:18:31.378> or<05:18:31.740> the<05:18:31.980> physical<05:18:32.218> addresses<05:18:33.120> as

addresses or the physical addresses as

addresses or the physical addresses as
they<05:18:33.958> are<05:18:34.138> unique<05:18:34.440> to<05:18:34.860> each<05:18:35.100> device<05:18:35.360> with<05:18:36.360> a

they are unique to each device with a

they are unique to each device with a
NIC<05:18:37.020> or<05:18:37.560> network<05:18:37.920> interface<05:18:38.638> card

NIC or network interface card

NIC or network interface card
in<05:18:40.200> order<05:18:40.320> for<05:18:40.680> devices

in order for devices

in order for devices
to<05:18:42.840> fit<05:18:43.260> into<05:18:43.560> a<05:18:44.040> zero<05:18:44.458> conf<05:18:44.700> standard<05:18:45.480> they

to fit into a zero conf standard they

to fit into a zero conf standard they
have<05:18:46.320> to<05:18:46.560> fit<05:18:47.100> or<05:18:47.458> meet<05:18:47.700> four<05:18:48.420> qualifications

have to fit or meet four qualifications

have to fit or meet four qualifications
or<05:18:49.680> functions<05:18:50.280> first<05:18:51.060> the<05:18:51.900> network<05:18:52.138> address

or functions first the network address

or functions first the network address
assignment<05:18:53.638> must<05:18:54.060> be<05:18:54.298> automatic<05:18:54.958> if<05:18:55.680> you

assignment must be automatic if you

assignment must be automatic if you
recall<05:18:56.160> from<05:18:56.340> a<05:18:56.580> plus<05:18:56.760> and<05:18:57.060> this<05:18:57.180> is<05:18:57.298> something

recall from a plus and this is something

recall from a plus and this is something
we'll<05:18:57.540> talk<05:18:57.718> about<05:18:57.840> a<05:18:58.080> bit<05:18:58.260> later<05:18:58.500> this<05:18:59.160> is

we'll talk about a bit later this is

we'll talk about a bit later this is
what<05:18:59.520> we<05:18:59.760> use<05:18:59.940> when<05:19:00.480> we're<05:19:00.660> using<05:19:01.020> DHCP

what we use when we're using DHCP

what we use when we're using DHCP
second<05:19:04.218> automatic<05:19:05.218> multicast<05:19:06.180> address

second automatic multicast address

second automatic multicast address
assignment<05:19:07.920> must<05:19:08.878> be<05:19:09.180> implemented<05:19:09.958> which<05:19:10.500> is

assignment must be implemented which is

assignment must be implemented which is
also<05:19:11.040> related<05:19:11.280> to<05:19:11.520> the<05:19:11.700> DHCP<05:19:12.360> standard<05:19:12.840> third

also related to the DHCP standard third

also related to the DHCP standard third
automatic<05:19:15.298> translation<05:19:16.020> between<05:19:16.500> Network

automatic translation between Network

automatic translation between Network
names<05:19:17.400> and<05:19:17.820> addresses<05:19:18.360> must<05:19:18.718> exist<05:19:19.138> this<05:19:19.798> is

names and addresses must exist this is

names and addresses must exist this is
what<05:19:20.040> we<05:19:20.218> talk<05:19:20.340> about<05:19:20.520> when<05:19:20.820> we<05:19:21.000> deal<05:19:21.120> with<05:19:21.420> DNS

what we talk about when we deal with DNS

what we talk about when we deal with DNS
finally<05:19:23.660> discovery<05:19:24.660> of<05:19:24.900> Network<05:19:25.260> Services<05:19:25.740> or

finally discovery of Network Services or

finally discovery of Network Services or
the<05:19:26.520> location<05:19:26.700> by<05:19:27.360> the<05:19:27.660> protocol<05:19:27.958> and<05:19:28.560> the

the location by the protocol and the

the location by the protocol and the
name<05:19:28.920> is<05:19:29.700> required<05:19:30.298> meaning<05:19:31.020> that<05:19:31.378> it<05:19:31.500> must<05:19:31.680> be

name is required meaning that it must be

name is required meaning that it must be
able<05:19:32.160> to<05:19:32.580> find<05:19:33.120> all<05:19:33.540> of<05:19:33.660> this<05:19:33.958> information

able to find all of this information

able to find all of this information
when<05:19:35.160> it<05:19:35.340> goes<05:19:35.760> on<05:19:35.878> the<05:19:36.060> network

when it goes on the network

when it goes on the network
automatically<05:19:37.440> this<05:19:37.920> is<05:19:38.040> what<05:19:38.280> allows<05:19:38.700> users

automatically this is what allows users

automatically this is what allows users
to<05:19:39.360> be<05:19:39.480> able<05:19:39.600> to<05:19:39.780> purchase<05:19:40.138> a<05:19:40.440> router<05:19:40.740> from<05:19:41.458> the

to be able to purchase a router from the

to be able to purchase a router from the
local<05:19:41.940> Best<05:19:42.718> Buy<05:19:42.900> or<05:19:43.200> electronics<05:19:43.798> store<05:19:44.100> take

local Best Buy or electronics store take

local Best Buy or electronics store take
it<05:19:45.240> home<05:19:45.500> plug<05:19:46.500> it<05:19:46.620> into<05:19:46.798> their<05:19:47.100> ISB<05:19:47.638> or

it home plug it into their ISB or

it home plug it into their ISB or
Internet<05:19:48.000> service<05:19:48.360> provider<05:19:48.958> connection<05:19:49.138> and

Internet service provider connection and

Internet service provider connection and
automatically<05:19:50.520> have<05:19:50.820> it<05:19:51.000> work<05:19:51.298> automatically

automatically have it work automatically

automatically have it work automatically
another<05:19:52.440> implementation<05:19:53.218> by<05:19:53.580> the<05:19:53.700> way<05:19:53.760> of

another implementation by the way of

another implementation by the way of
this<05:19:54.298> is<05:19:54.840> a<05:19:55.020> configuration<05:19:55.500> and<05:19:55.798> networking

this is a configuration and networking

this is a configuration and networking
called

called

called
you<05:19:58.378> PNP

you PNP

you PNP
or

or

or
Universal

and play

and play
so<05:20:10.020> to<05:20:10.138> recap<05:20:10.440> what<05:20:10.680> we've<05:20:10.860> talked<05:20:11.100> about<05:20:11.218> we

so to recap what we've talked about we

so to recap what we've talked about we
talked<05:20:12.180> about<05:20:12.320> interoperability<05:20:13.320> Services

talked about interoperability Services

talked about interoperability Services
which<05:20:14.638> allows<05:20:15.060> for<05:20:15.360> instance<05:20:15.660> a<05:20:16.138> PC<05:20:16.440> and<05:20:17.100> a<05:20:17.280> Mac

which allows for instance a PC and a Mac

which allows for instance a PC and a Mac
to<05:20:18.480> communicate<05:20:18.958> flawlessly<05:20:19.740> over<05:20:19.980> a<05:20:20.218> network

to communicate flawlessly over a network

to communicate flawlessly over a network
we<05:20:21.298> then<05:20:21.480> talked<05:20:21.900> about<05:20:21.958> the<05:20:22.500> network<05:20:22.740> file

we then talked about the network file

we then talked about the network file
service

SSH and SCP SSH being a secure shell

SSH and SCP SSH being a secure shell
working<05:20:35.040> on

Port 22

Port 22
and<05:20:40.500> SCP<05:20:41.100> being<05:20:41.580> the<05:20:42.060> secure

and SCP being the secure

and SCP being the secure
copy<05:20:44.700> protocol

copy protocol

copy protocol
similar

similar

similar
to

to

to
SFTP<05:20:49.440> the<05:20:49.860> secure<05:20:50.160> file<05:20:50.520> transfer<05:20:51.000> protocol

SFTP the secure file transfer protocol

SFTP the secure file transfer protocol
we<05:20:52.260> looked<05:20:52.500> at<05:20:52.620> telnet<05:20:53.280> which<05:20:53.820> is<05:20:53.940> sort<05:20:54.180> of<05:20:54.298> a

we looked at telnet which is sort of a

we looked at telnet which is sort of a
plain<05:20:55.020> text<05:20:55.260> version<05:20:55.740> of<05:20:56.400> SSH<05:20:56.878> so<05:20:57.718> it's<05:20:57.900> been

plain text version of SSH so it's been

plain text version of SSH so it's been
replaced<05:20:58.740> by<05:20:58.980> it<05:20:59.100> and<05:20:59.820> SMB<05:21:00.480> or<05:21:00.958> the<05:21:01.138> server

replaced by it and SMB or the server

replaced by it and SMB or the server
message<05:21:01.680> block<05:21:02.100> allowing<05:21:03.060> us<05:21:03.240> to<05:21:04.218> share<05:21:05.218> files

message block allowing us to share files

message block allowing us to share files
and<05:21:06.120> resources

between different types of systems

between different types of systems
finally<05:21:13.138> we<05:21:13.860> described<05:21:14.400> and<05:21:14.580> defined<05:21:15.000> ldap<05:21:15.600> or

finally we described and defined ldap or

finally we described and defined ldap or
the<05:21:16.200> lightweight<05:21:16.820> directory<05:21:17.820> access

the lightweight directory access

the lightweight directory access
protocol<05:21:18.780> which<05:21:19.620> defines<05:21:20.280> users<05:21:21.120> and<05:21:21.780> their

protocol which defines users and their

protocol which defines users and their
ability<05:21:22.378> to<05:21:22.860> access<05:21:23.100> all<05:21:23.580> this<05:21:23.760> stuff<05:21:23.940> on<05:21:24.180> the

ability to access all this stuff on the

ability to access all this stuff on the
network<05:21:24.740> and<05:21:25.740> then<05:21:25.980> we<05:21:26.400> explained<05:21:26.878> zero<05:21:27.360> conf

network and then we explained zero conf

network and then we explained zero conf
or<05:21:28.138> zero<05:21:28.798> configuration<05:21:29.600> in<05:21:30.600> networking

or zero configuration in networking

or zero configuration in networking
which<05:21:31.920> allows<05:21:32.700> us<05:21:33.240> to<05:21:33.540> plug<05:21:33.718> up<05:21:33.900> a<05:21:34.138> device<05:21:34.260> and

which allows us to plug up a device and

which allows us to plug up a device and
have<05:21:34.920> it<05:21:35.100> work<05:21:35.340> almost<05:21:35.760> instantaneously

welcome to module 5 lesson 1 ethernet

welcome to module 5 lesson 1 ethernet
standards<05:22:00.660> pretty<05:22:01.440> meaty<05:22:02.160> subject<05:22:03.060> this

standards pretty meaty subject this

standards pretty meaty subject this
because<05:22:03.780> it's<05:22:04.200> got<05:22:04.440> a<05:22:04.680> whole<05:22:04.798> bunch<05:22:04.980> of

because it's got a whole bunch of

because it's got a whole bunch of
standards<05:22:05.878> and<05:22:06.180> information<05:22:06.840> as<05:22:07.378> well<05:22:07.500> as

standards and information as well as

standards and information as well as
history<05:22:07.860> to<05:22:08.218> fit<05:22:08.458> in

history to fit in

history to fit in
what<05:22:10.020> is<05:22:10.138> ethernet<05:22:10.620> the<05:22:10.920> history<05:22:11.360> why<05:22:12.360> the

what is ethernet the history why the

what is ethernet the history why the
name<05:22:12.900> just<05:22:13.500> in<05:22:13.680> case<05:22:13.860> you<05:22:13.980> wanted<05:22:14.160> to<05:22:14.340> know<05:22:14.580> I

name just in case you wanted to know I

name just in case you wanted to know I
guess

guess

guess
introduction<05:22:16.378> of<05:22:16.620> ethernet<05:22:16.980> standards

introduction of ethernet standards

introduction of ethernet standards
the<05:22:19.440> Archer<05:22:19.860> Police<05:22:20.040> standard<05:22:20.580> as<05:22:20.940> well<05:22:21.060> ATO

the Archer Police standard as well ATO

the Archer Police standard as well ATO
2.3<05:22:22.200> which<05:22:22.440> you'll<05:22:22.680> need<05:22:22.798> to<05:22:22.920> be<05:22:22.980> familiar

2.3 which you'll need to be familiar

2.3 which you'll need to be familiar
with<05:22:23.520> which<05:22:24.000> defines<05:22:24.420> ethernet

with which defines ethernet

with which defines ethernet
the<05:22:26.160> IEEE<05:22:26.820> as<05:22:27.000> well<05:22:27.180> what<05:22:27.420> they<05:22:27.600> do<05:22:27.780> and<05:22:28.260> their

the IEEE as well what they do and their

the IEEE as well what they do and their
remit<05:22:29.458> per<05:22:30.000> view

uh based on a Broadband some history

uh based on a Broadband some history
really<05:22:35.280> of<05:22:35.520> the<05:22:35.700> early<05:22:35.820> days<05:22:36.120> of<05:22:36.480> ethernet

really of the early days of ethernet

really of the early days of ethernet
networking

networking

networking
which<05:22:39.240> are<05:22:39.420> depending<05:22:39.840> on<05:22:39.958> how<05:22:40.200> old<05:22:40.378> you<05:22:40.560> are

which are depending on how old you are

which are depending on how old you are
you<05:22:40.980> may<05:22:41.100> be<05:22:41.340> familiar<05:22:41.760> with

you may be familiar with

you may be familiar with
some<05:22:43.080> of<05:22:43.260> the<05:22:43.378> naming<05:22:43.680> conventions<05:22:44.520> uh<05:22:45.000> the

some of the naming conventions uh the

some of the naming conventions uh the
early<05:22:45.480> days<05:22:45.780> the<05:22:46.138> early<05:22:46.320> specifications

early days the early specifications

early days the early specifications
thick<05:22:47.940> nets<05:22:48.360> in<05:22:48.540> net

and some of the standards here which

and some of the standards here which
we're<05:22:53.040> going<05:22:53.160> to<05:22:53.280> run<05:22:53.458> through<05:22:53.700> which<05:22:54.240> you'll

we're going to run through which you'll

we're going to run through which you'll
need<05:22:54.600> to<05:22:54.660> be<05:22:54.780> familiar<05:22:55.138> with<05:22:55.320> because<05:22:55.680> you

need to be familiar with because you

need to be familiar with because you
could<05:22:56.100> be<05:22:56.218> asked<05:22:56.520> a<05:22:56.580> question

could be asked a question

could be asked a question
so<05:22:59.218> that's<05:22:59.400> a<05:22:59.580> good<05:22:59.700> reason<05:22:59.940> as<05:23:00.360> any<05:23:00.920> uh

so that's a good reason as any uh

so that's a good reason as any uh
ethernet<05:23:02.218> it's<05:23:02.638> the<05:23:02.878> was<05:23:03.360> or<05:23:03.780> is<05:23:04.080> the<05:23:04.500> first

ethernet it's the was or is the first

ethernet it's the was or is the first
high-speed<05:23:05.340> land<05:23:05.580> technology<05:23:06.060> that<05:23:06.718> in

high-speed land technology that in

high-speed land technology that in
Connected<05:23:07.940> computers<05:23:08.940> high<05:23:09.360> speed<05:23:09.718> Laser

Connected computers high speed Laser

Connected computers high speed Laser
Printers<05:23:10.820> obviously<05:23:11.820> in<05:23:11.940> the<05:23:12.060> early<05:23:12.180> days

Printers obviously in the early days

Printers obviously in the early days
there<05:23:12.660> needed<05:23:12.958> to<05:23:13.080> be<05:23:13.200> some<05:23:13.560> agreed<05:23:14.458> format

there needed to be some agreed format

there needed to be some agreed format
for<05:23:16.020> um<05:23:16.080> Internet<05:23:16.378> working<05:23:16.740> devices<05:23:17.280> to

for um Internet working devices to

for um Internet working devices to
communicate

communicate

communicate
actually<05:23:19.500> invented<05:23:20.040> by<05:23:20.160> a<05:23:20.280> guy<05:23:20.400> called<05:23:20.638> Bob

actually invented by a guy called Bob

actually invented by a guy called Bob
Metcalfe<05:23:21.840> back<05:23:22.200> in

Metcalfe back in

Metcalfe back in
1973.<05:23:24.298> it<05:23:24.420> was<05:23:24.660> remarkable<05:23:25.138> in<05:23:25.500> as<05:23:25.680> much<05:23:25.860> that

1973. it was remarkable in as much that

1973. it was remarkable in as much that
at<05:23:26.638> the<05:23:26.760> time<05:23:26.940> competing<05:23:27.600> was<05:23:27.780> dominated<05:23:28.200> by

at the time competing was dominated by

at the time competing was dominated by
some<05:23:28.860> very<05:23:29.100> large<05:23:29.600> and<05:23:30.600> expensive<05:23:31.378> mainframe

some very large and expensive mainframe

some very large and expensive mainframe
computers

computers

computers
um<05:23:33.780> to<05:23:34.080> name<05:23:34.200> IBM<05:23:34.860> as<05:23:35.580> a<05:23:35.820> one<05:23:36.060> of<05:23:36.180> the<05:23:36.240> main

um to name IBM as a one of the main

um to name IBM as a one of the main
players<05:23:36.780> at<05:23:36.958> the<05:23:37.138> time

players at the time

players at the time
it's<05:23:38.218> only<05:23:38.400> a<05:23:38.580> few<05:23:38.700> people<05:23:38.878> could<05:23:39.120> actually

it's only a few people could actually

it's only a few people could actually
afford<05:23:39.540> to<05:23:39.718> buy<05:23:39.900> the<05:23:40.080> mainframes<05:23:40.740> and<05:23:41.520> the

afford to buy the mainframes and the

afford to buy the mainframes and the
information<05:23:42.500> required<05:23:43.500> in<05:23:43.798> order<05:23:43.920> to<05:23:44.458> use

information required in order to use

information required in order to use
them<05:23:45.540> operate<05:23:46.020> support<05:23:46.378> and<05:23:46.680> maintain<05:23:47.100> was

them operate support and maintain was

them operate support and maintain was
only<05:23:48.180> known<05:23:48.420> to<05:23:48.600> a<05:23:48.780> few<05:23:48.900> people<05:23:49.020> at<05:23:49.320> the<05:23:49.440> time

only known to a few people at the time

only known to a few people at the time
so<05:23:51.000> Bob<05:23:51.180> actually<05:23:51.540> changed<05:23:52.080> the<05:23:52.200> name<05:23:52.320> of<05:23:52.440> his

so Bob actually changed the name of his

so Bob actually changed the name of his
first<05:23:52.798> network<05:23:53.100> from<05:23:53.760> alto<05:23:54.480> Alor<05:23:55.020> Network<05:23:55.440> to

first network from alto Alor Network to

first network from alto Alor Network to
ethernet<05:23:56.600> thankfully<05:23:57.600> otherwise<05:23:58.080> would<05:23:58.320> all

ethernet thankfully otherwise would all

ethernet thankfully otherwise would all
be<05:23:58.620> referred<05:23:59.040> to<05:23:59.100> it<05:23:59.340> as<05:23:59.638> alto<05:24:00.600> Aloha<05:24:01.500> which<05:24:02.100> um

be referred to it as alto Aloha which um

be referred to it as alto Aloha which um
be<05:24:03.120> a<05:24:03.240> bit<05:24:03.360> strange

be a bit strange

be a bit strange
why<05:24:06.120> the<05:24:06.298> name<05:24:06.540> he<05:24:07.560> um<05:24:07.920> Bob's<05:24:08.760> experimental

why the name he um Bob's experimental

why the name he um Bob's experimental
Network<05:24:09.480> the<05:24:09.840> physical<05:24:10.020> medium

Network the physical medium

Network the physical medium
or<05:24:12.000> the<05:24:12.120> cable<05:24:12.360> to<05:24:13.020> carry<05:24:13.320> out<05:24:13.440> all<05:24:13.620> the<05:24:13.798> bits

or the cable to carry out all the bits

or the cable to carry out all the bits
to<05:24:14.940> describe<05:24:15.240> the<05:24:15.420> important<05:24:15.780> feature<05:24:16.138> Bob

to describe the important feature Bob

to describe the important feature Bob
named<05:24:16.860> the<05:24:16.920> network<05:24:17.160> based<05:24:17.700> on<05:24:17.820> the<05:24:17.940> word

named the network based on the word

named the network based on the word
ether

ether

ether
the<05:24:19.680> old<05:24:20.218> um<05:24:20.218> luminous<05:24:21.260> lumini<05:24:22.260> Ferrera

the old um luminous lumini Ferrera

the old um luminous lumini Ferrera
Ferris<05:24:23.340> ether<05:24:23.940> was<05:24:24.180> once<05:24:24.420> considered<05:24:24.780> the

Ferris ether was once considered the

Ferris ether was once considered the
medium<05:24:25.260> for<05:24:25.980> the<05:24:26.160> propagation<05:24:26.760> of

medium for the propagation of

medium for the propagation of
electromagnetic<05:24:28.560> waves

electromagnetic waves

electromagnetic waves
so<05:24:30.420> there<05:24:30.660> are<05:24:30.840> some<05:24:31.020> mythical<05:24:31.820> background<05:24:32.820> in

so there are some mythical background in

so there are some mythical background in
it

it

it
and<05:24:35.580> first<05:24:35.820> standardized<05:24:36.360> by<05:24:36.600> the<05:24:36.780> Consortium

and first standardized by the Consortium

and first standardized by the Consortium
of<05:24:37.740> deck<05:24:38.160> Intel<05:24:38.700> Xerox<05:24:39.298> or<05:24:40.020> Dix

of deck Intel Xerox or Dix

of deck Intel Xerox or Dix
later<05:24:42.360> actually<05:24:42.718> standardized<05:24:43.320> by<05:24:43.500> the<05:24:43.680> IEEE

later actually standardized by the IEEE

later actually standardized by the IEEE
standards<05:24:46.860> defined<05:24:47.218> several<05:24:47.520> aspects<05:24:47.940> that

standards defined several aspects that

standards defined several aspects that
make<05:24:48.240> data<05:24:48.718> transmission<05:24:49.020> possible<05:24:49.798> this<05:24:50.160> is

make data transmission possible this is

make data transmission possible this is
their<05:24:50.520> job

their job

their job
term<05:24:52.378> ethernet<05:24:52.740> is<05:24:53.040> used<05:24:53.160> to<05:24:53.280> refer<05:24:53.580> to<05:24:53.700> both

term ethernet is used to refer to both

term ethernet is used to refer to both
the<05:24:54.360> original<05:24:54.480> Dix<05:24:55.138> ethernet<05:24:55.740> which<05:24:56.040> we'll

the original Dix ethernet which we'll

the original Dix ethernet which we'll
rarely<05:24:56.580> talk<05:24:56.820> about<05:24:57.000> unless<05:24:57.420> we're<05:24:57.600> doing<05:24:57.780> and

rarely talk about unless we're doing and

rarely talk about unless we're doing and
talking<05:24:58.798> in<05:24:59.100> the<05:24:59.280> context<05:24:59.520> of<05:24:59.760> exams<05:25:00.298> and<05:25:00.958> the

talking in the context of exams and the

talking in the context of exams and the
802.3<05:25:02.340> specification<05:25:03.240> which<05:25:03.660> specifies

802.3 specification which specifies

802.3 specification which specifies
ethernet<05:25:05.400> old<05:25:06.000> and<05:25:06.360> new

so 802.3 is an international standard

so 802.3 is an international standard
for<05:25:11.520> local<05:25:11.700> area<05:25:11.940> networks<05:25:12.600> and<05:25:12.958> metropolitan

for local area networks and metropolitan

for local area networks and metropolitan
area<05:25:13.798> networks<05:25:14.400> that<05:25:15.060> employs<05:25:15.420> the<05:25:15.840> carrier

area networks that employs the carrier

area networks that employs the carrier
sensor<05:25:16.560> multiple<05:25:16.920> access<05:25:17.100> with<05:25:17.760> Collision

sensor multiple access with Collision

sensor multiple access with Collision
detection

detection

detection
the<05:25:20.638> ethernet<05:25:20.940> protocol<05:25:21.540> frame<05:25:22.080> format<05:25:22.560> for

the ethernet protocol frame format for

the ethernet protocol frame format for
communication

communication

communication
the<05:25:25.260> IEEE<05:25:25.920> is<05:25:26.100> the<05:25:26.218> institute<05:25:26.520> for<05:25:26.760> electrical

the IEEE is the institute for electrical

the IEEE is the institute for electrical
and<05:25:27.600> electronic<05:25:28.320> engineers

and electronic engineers

and electronic engineers
uh<05:25:30.660> largest<05:25:31.020> Professional<05:25:31.560> Association

uh largest Professional Association

uh largest Professional Association
um<05:25:34.320> for<05:25:34.980> the<05:25:35.160> advancement<05:25:35.458> of<05:25:35.760> Technology

it has more than uh 400 000 members

it has more than uh 400 000 members
spanning<05:25:42.660> 100<05:25:42.958> and<05:25:43.378> more<05:25:43.740> than<05:25:43.920> 160<05:25:44.520> countries

spanning 100 and more than 160 countries

spanning 100 and more than 160 countries
so<05:25:46.620> what<05:25:46.740> do<05:25:46.920> they<05:25:47.040> do

so what do they do

so what do they do
they<05:25:49.138> provide<05:25:49.500> Society<05:25:50.160> Publications<05:25:50.760> they

they provide Society Publications they

they provide Society Publications they
develop<05:25:51.718> on<05:25:52.020> new<05:25:52.620> and<05:25:52.980> emerging<05:25:53.340> technology

develop on new and emerging technology

develop on new and emerging technology
standards<05:25:54.420> they<05:25:54.958> also<05:25:55.200> have<05:25:55.260> conferences

standards they also have conferences

standards they also have conferences
that<05:25:56.160> various<05:25:56.520> Network<05:25:56.760> Engineers<05:25:57.360> can

that various Network Engineers can

that various Network Engineers can
attend<05:25:58.100> to<05:25:59.100> swap<05:25:59.700> ideas<05:25:59.958> and<05:26:00.958> Advance<05:26:01.138> the

attend to swap ideas and Advance the

attend to swap ideas and Advance the
technology

technology

technology
uh<05:26:04.320> fortunately<05:26:04.740> I'm<05:26:04.980> not<05:26:05.458> um<05:26:05.458> this<05:26:05.940> the

uh fortunately I'm not um this the

uh fortunately I'm not um this the
points<05:26:07.138> aren't<05:26:07.378> sliding<05:26:07.860> in<05:26:07.980> as<05:26:08.218> they<05:26:08.400> should

points aren't sliding in as they should

points aren't sliding in as they should
be<05:26:08.760> so<05:26:09.600> um<05:26:09.600> all<05:26:09.840> the<05:26:10.020> information<05:26:10.138> is

be so um all the information is

be so um all the information is
appearing<05:26:10.860> at<05:26:11.040> the<05:26:11.160> same<05:26:11.280> time<05:26:11.400> sorry

appearing at the same time sorry

appearing at the same time sorry
so<05:26:12.900> the<05:26:13.020> ieee's<05:26:13.740> leading<05:26:14.100> developer<05:26:14.458> of

so the ieee's leading developer of

so the ieee's leading developer of
international<05:26:14.820> standards<05:26:15.718> they<05:26:16.500> include<05:26:16.798> the

international standards they include the

international standards they include the
802<05:26:17.700> standards<05:26:18.240> which<05:26:18.480> are<05:26:18.660> for<05:26:18.900> lands<05:26:19.560> and

802 standards which are for lands and

802 standards which are for lands and
mans<05:26:20.160> and<05:26:21.120> wireless<05:26:21.420> local<05:26:21.780> area<05:26:22.080> networks

mans and wireless local area networks

mans and wireless local area networks
also<05:26:22.980> which<05:26:23.520> will<05:26:23.700> refer<05:26:24.060> to<05:26:24.180> usually<05:26:24.600> as

also which will refer to usually as

also which will refer to usually as
Wi-Fi<05:26:25.200> you'll<05:26:25.860> see<05:26:26.040> the<05:26:26.218> little<05:26:26.340> stickers<05:26:26.820> on

Wi-Fi you'll see the little stickers on

Wi-Fi you'll see the little stickers on
Wi-Fi<05:26:27.360> devices<05:26:27.900> and<05:26:28.860> when<05:26:29.100> you<05:26:29.218> go<05:26:29.400> to<05:26:29.520> cafes

Wi-Fi devices and when you go to cafes

Wi-Fi devices and when you go to cafes
they<05:26:30.360> may<05:26:30.540> well<05:26:30.718> have<05:26:30.900> a<05:26:31.138> Wi-Fi<05:26:31.440> sticker<05:26:31.980> to

they may well have a Wi-Fi sticker to

they may well have a Wi-Fi sticker to
say<05:26:32.820> them<05:26:33.240> they<05:26:33.660> give<05:26:33.900> a<05:26:34.260> wireless<05:26:34.798> access

say them they give a wireless access

say them they give a wireless access
and<05:26:37.020> so<05:26:37.260> ethernet's<05:26:37.920> the<05:26:38.040> most<05:26:38.160> popular<05:26:38.340> today

and so ethernet's the most popular today

and so ethernet's the most popular today
it's<05:26:39.900> everywhere<05:26:40.378> basically<05:26:40.798> making

it's everywhere basically making

it's everywhere basically making
communication<05:26:41.820> possible<05:26:42.540> for<05:26:43.080> pretty<05:26:43.378> much

communication possible for pretty much

communication possible for pretty much
everyone<05:26:44.000> and<05:26:45.000> mainly<05:26:45.780> popular<05:26:46.200> because<05:26:46.680> of

everyone and mainly popular because of

everyone and mainly popular because of
um the<05:26:48.060> fact<05:26:48.180> is<05:26:48.360> economical<05:26:48.900> to<05:26:49.138> use<05:26:49.378> it<05:26:50.100> uses

um the fact is economical to use it uses

um the fact is economical to use it uses
high<05:26:50.638> speed<05:26:50.878> it's<05:26:51.180> reliable<05:26:51.718> and<05:26:52.440> it's<05:26:52.560> easy

high speed it's reliable and it's easy

high speed it's reliable and it's easy
to<05:26:53.218> install<05:26:53.458> and<05:26:53.820> maintain<05:26:54.180> also<05:26:55.080> free<05:26:55.260> to<05:26:55.500> use

to install and maintain also free to use

to install and maintain also free to use
the<05:26:55.920> standards

the standards

the standards
um<05:26:57.120> like<05:26:57.420> TCP<05:26:58.218> if<05:26:59.218> you<05:26:59.400> used<05:26:59.638> a<05:27:00.420> custom

um like TCP if you used a custom

um like TCP if you used a custom
Solution<05:27:02.100> by<05:27:02.638> another

Solution by another

Solution by another
um Creator<05:27:05.638> then<05:27:06.298> you'd<05:27:06.480> obviously<05:27:06.780> have<05:27:06.900> to

um Creator then you'd obviously have to

um Creator then you'd obviously have to
pay<05:27:07.440> to<05:27:07.680> use<05:27:07.920> all<05:27:08.218> of<05:27:08.400> their

pay to use all of their

pay to use all of their
um specifications<05:27:10.440> and<05:27:10.860> standards

um specifications and standards

um specifications and standards
so<05:27:12.480> the<05:27:12.660> early<05:27:12.780> ethernet<05:27:13.260> run<05:27:13.440> over<05:27:13.620> what<05:27:13.980> was

so the early ethernet run over what was

so the early ethernet run over what was
known<05:27:14.340> as<05:27:14.520> coaxial<05:27:15.120> cables

known as coaxial cables

known as coaxial cables
um<05:27:17.040> modern<05:27:17.400> ethernet<05:27:17.820> don't<05:27:18.298> do<05:27:18.480> that<05:27:18.660> anymore

um modern ethernet don't do that anymore

um modern ethernet don't do that anymore
because<05:27:19.260> of<05:27:19.440> the<05:27:19.560> limitations<05:27:20.040> of<05:27:20.400> speed<05:27:20.700> and

because of the limitations of speed and

because of the limitations of speed and
troubleshooting<05:27:21.718> they<05:27:22.620> use<05:27:22.798> a<05:27:22.920> mixture<05:27:23.218> of

troubleshooting they use a mixture of

troubleshooting they use a mixture of
copper<05:27:23.700> and<05:27:24.000> fiber<05:27:24.540> depending<05:27:25.440> on<05:27:26.400> um<05:27:26.400> the

copper and fiber depending on um the

copper and fiber depending on um the
location<05:27:27.180> and<05:27:27.840> how<05:27:28.138> much<05:27:28.340> what<05:27:29.340> the<05:27:29.458> budgets

location and how much what the budgets

location and how much what the budgets
of<05:27:29.940> the<05:27:30.120> various<05:27:30.420> devices<05:27:30.840> or

of the various devices or

of the various devices or
um<05:27:32.580> local<05:27:33.000> government<05:27:33.298> authorities<05:27:33.958> have

um local government authorities have

um local government authorities have
based<05:27:36.240> on<05:27:36.298> broadband<05:27:37.080> is<05:27:37.620> the<05:27:38.040> term

based on broadband is the term

based on broadband is the term
synonymous<05:27:38.878> with<05:27:39.360> ethernet<05:27:39.900> the<05:27:40.798> band<05:27:40.980> is

synonymous with ethernet the band is

synonymous with ethernet the band is
actually<05:27:41.458> referred<05:27:41.940> to<05:27:42.060> the<05:27:42.360> bandwidth<05:27:43.020> in

actually referred to the bandwidth in

actually referred to the bandwidth in
context<05:27:44.160> of<05:27:44.400> the<05:27:44.638> transmission

uh Broadband is a broadband system a

uh Broadband is a broadband system a
whole<05:27:50.100> band<05:27:50.280> of<05:27:50.520> transmission<05:27:50.820> medium<05:27:51.540> is

whole band of transmission medium is

whole band of transmission medium is
shared<05:27:52.320> dividing<05:27:52.980> it<05:27:53.100> into<05:27:53.218> pieces<05:27:53.638> called

shared dividing it into pieces called

shared dividing it into pieces called
channels

channels

channels
each<05:27:55.980> channel<05:27:56.218> will<05:27:56.580> have<05:27:56.760> the<05:27:56.940> portion<05:27:57.360> of

each channel will have the portion of

each channel will have the portion of
the<05:27:57.840> whole<05:27:58.080> band<05:27:58.820> multiple<05:27:59.820> channels<05:28:00.240> will

the whole band multiple channels will

the whole band multiple channels will
serve<05:28:00.660> as<05:28:00.958> multiple<05:28:01.378> signal<05:28:01.680> carriers<05:28:02.160> each

serve as multiple signal carriers each

serve as multiple signal carriers each
carrying<05:28:03.120> its<05:28:03.420> own<05:28:03.480> data<05:28:03.900> on<05:28:04.080> the<05:28:04.260> same

carrying its own data on the same

carrying its own data on the same
transmission<05:28:04.680> medium<05:28:05.458> so<05:28:05.940> basically<05:28:06.240> we're

transmission medium so basically we're

transmission medium so basically we're
all<05:28:06.900> sharing<05:28:07.440> the<05:28:08.160> same<05:28:08.280> medium<05:28:08.900> and<05:28:09.900> the

all sharing the same medium and the

all sharing the same medium and the
local<05:28:10.500> ratio<05:28:11.100> I<05:28:11.280> think<05:28:11.458> for<05:28:11.638> my<05:28:11.878> Broadband

local ratio I think for my Broadband

local ratio I think for my Broadband
here<05:28:12.660> is

here is

here is
um<05:28:14.400> 30<05:28:15.060> to<05:28:15.360> 1<05:28:15.718> so<05:28:16.200> 30<05:28:16.500> users<05:28:16.980> will<05:28:17.218> use<05:28:17.400> one

um 30 to 1 so 30 users will use one

um 30 to 1 so 30 users will use one
connection<05:28:17.940> to<05:28:18.420> the<05:28:18.718> local

connection to the local

connection to the local
um switch<05:28:20.878> provided<05:28:21.718> by<05:28:21.900> the<05:28:22.020> telephone

um switch provided by the telephone

um switch provided by the telephone
company

company

company
base<05:28:24.480> band<05:28:24.780> in<05:28:25.020> the<05:28:25.200> baseband<05:28:25.500> system<05:28:25.740> the

base band in the baseband system the

base band in the baseband system the
entire<05:28:26.218> band<05:28:26.400> of<05:28:26.700> the<05:28:26.820> transmission<05:28:27.000> medium

entire band of the transmission medium

entire band of the transmission medium
will<05:28:27.958> be<05:28:28.138> used<05:28:28.440> as<05:28:28.680> a<05:28:28.920> signal<05:28:29.218> carrier

will be used as a signal carrier

will be used as a signal carrier
naming<05:28:32.160> conventions<05:28:32.700> the<05:28:33.420> ethernet

naming conventions the ethernet

naming conventions the ethernet
standards<05:28:34.200> username<05:28:34.560> and<05:28:34.798> Convention<05:28:35.100> that

standards username and Convention that

standards username and Convention that
houses<05:28:35.700> determine<05:28:36.540> a<05:28:36.780> few<05:28:36.900> things<05:28:37.138> the<05:28:38.040> speed

houses determine a few things the speed

houses determine a few things the speed
of<05:28:38.458> the<05:28:38.580> transmission<05:28:38.820> the<05:28:39.420> signaling<05:28:39.900> type

of the transmission the signaling type

of the transmission the signaling type
and<05:28:40.560> the<05:28:40.680> length<05:28:40.980> of<05:28:41.100> the<05:28:41.218> cable

and the length of the cable

and the length of the cable
uh<05:28:42.958> cable<05:28:43.260> type<05:28:43.500> used<05:28:43.798> as<05:28:44.040> well<05:28:44.218> for<05:28:44.940> example

uh cable type used as well for example

uh cable type used as well for example
10<05:28:45.420> base<05:28:45.718> 5<05:28:46.138> really<05:28:46.860> old<05:28:47.458> standard<05:28:48.000> this<05:28:48.378> it

10 base 5 really old standard this it

10 base 5 really old standard this it
was<05:28:49.500> been<05:28:49.740> phased<05:28:50.218> out<05:28:50.400> in<05:28:51.180> the<05:28:51.920> well<05:28:52.920> late<05:28:53.458> 90s

was been phased out in the well late 90s

was been phased out in the well late 90s
I<05:28:54.480> think<05:28:54.600> when<05:28:54.900> I<05:28:55.080> was

I think when I was

I think when I was
um<05:28:55.980> just<05:28:56.280> getting<05:28:56.400> into<05:28:56.638> networking<05:28:57.240> really

um just getting into networking really

um just getting into networking really
so<05:28:59.040> 10<05:28:59.340> base<05:28:59.638> 5<05:29:00.000> is<05:29:00.420> named<05:29:00.780> for<05:29:00.958> the<05:29:01.080> following

so 10 base 5 is named for the following

so 10 base 5 is named for the following
10<05:29:02.100> is<05:29:02.340> the<05:29:02.520> transmission<05:29:02.760> speed<05:29:03.298> which<05:29:03.660> is<05:29:03.718> 10

10 is the transmission speed which is 10

10 is the transmission speed which is 10
Meg

Meg

Meg
base<05:29:05.700> means<05:29:06.120> the<05:29:06.298> type<05:29:06.660> of<05:29:06.958> signal<05:29:07.378> in<05:29:07.500> his

base means the type of signal in his

base means the type of signal in his
baseband<05:29:08.218> and<05:29:09.180> five<05:29:09.360> indicates<05:29:09.900> to<05:29:10.080> the<05:29:10.260> track

baseband and five indicates to the track

baseband and five indicates to the track
the<05:29:10.740> maximum<05:29:11.040> length<05:29:11.400> of<05:29:11.520> the<05:29:11.638> cable<05:29:11.878> can<05:29:12.718> be

the maximum length of the cable can be

the maximum length of the cable can be
up<05:29:13.020> to<05:29:13.200> 500<05:29:13.620> meters

up to 500 meters

up to 500 meters
this<05:29:16.378> is<05:29:16.500> for<05:29:16.740> the<05:29:16.920> segments<05:29:17.580> you<05:29:17.700> could<05:29:17.878> have

this is for the segments you could have

this is for the segments you could have
another<05:29:18.180> segment<05:29:18.600> after<05:29:18.840> 500<05:29:19.440> meters

another segment after 500 meters

another segment after 500 meters
and<05:29:21.298> the<05:29:21.480> signal<05:29:21.780> would<05:29:21.958> all<05:29:22.260> have<05:29:22.500> to<05:29:22.620> be<05:29:22.798> a

and the signal would all have to be a

and the signal would all have to be a
replenished

okay so a thousand Base TX the following

okay so a thousand Base TX the following
is<05:29:29.820> true<05:29:30.360> a<05:29:30.958> thousand<05:29:31.260> indicates<05:29:31.920> uh<05:29:32.458> sorry

is true a thousand indicates uh sorry

is true a thousand indicates uh sorry
100<05:29:33.260> htx<05:29:34.260> 100<05:29:34.798> is<05:29:35.160> the<05:29:35.340> speed<05:29:35.520> which<05:29:35.820> is<05:29:35.940> 100

100 htx 100 is the speed which is 100

100 htx 100 is the speed which is 100
mag

mag

mag
base<05:29:37.920> stands<05:29:38.400> for<05:29:38.458> baseband<05:29:38.878> again<05:29:39.180> T

base stands for baseband again T

base stands for baseband again T
indicates<05:29:40.378> that<05:29:40.620> the<05:29:40.920> standard<05:29:41.400> is<05:29:41.520> twisted

indicates that the standard is twisted

indicates that the standard is twisted
pair

pair

pair
X<05:29:43.798> at<05:29:44.040> the<05:29:44.218> end<05:29:44.360> indicates<05:29:45.360> that<05:29:45.540> the<05:29:45.718> K<05:29:45.840> the

X at the end indicates that the K the

X at the end indicates that the K the
cable<05:29:46.378> is<05:29:46.760> capable<05:29:47.760> of<05:29:48.060> full<05:29:48.240> duplex

cable is capable of full duplex

cable is capable of full duplex
communication

10 base 5 real old standard again

10 base 5 real old standard again
um<05:29:56.160> based<05:29:56.700> on<05:29:56.760> 802.3

um based on 802.3

um based on 802.3
the<05:29:59.040> original<05:29:59.160> standard<05:29:59.878> uses<05:30:00.660> a<05:30:00.900> thick

the original standard uses a thick

the original standard uses a thick
coaxial<05:30:01.740> cable<05:30:01.980> as<05:30:02.218> its<05:30:02.520> physical<05:30:02.580> medium<05:30:03.240> it

coaxial cable as its physical medium it

coaxial cable as its physical medium it
was<05:30:03.958> actually<05:30:04.080> called<05:30:04.378> thick<05:30:04.680> net<05:30:04.920> for<05:30:05.218> short

was actually called thick net for short

was actually called thick net for short
and<05:30:07.020> you<05:30:07.620> can<05:30:07.680> see<05:30:07.860> the<05:30:07.980> picture<05:30:08.218> of<05:30:08.458> it<05:30:08.638> there

and you can see the picture of it there

and you can see the picture of it there
to<05:30:09.298> actually<05:30:09.540> connecting<05:30:10.020> to<05:30:10.260> the<05:30:10.378> cable<05:30:10.560> use

to actually connecting to the cable use

to actually connecting to the cable use
these<05:30:11.400> big<05:30:11.718> plastic<05:30:12.718> devices<05:30:13.680> uh<05:30:14.400> called<05:30:15.180> um

these big plastic devices uh called um

these big plastic devices uh called um
vampire<05:30:16.138> Taps<05:30:16.620> and<05:30:16.920> they're<05:30:17.100> physically

vampire Taps and they're physically

vampire Taps and they're physically
screwed<05:30:18.120> in<05:30:18.298> to<05:30:18.958> the<05:30:19.138> cable<05:30:19.378> and<05:30:19.620> pierced<05:30:20.100> it

screwed in to the cable and pierced it

screwed in to the cable and pierced it
very<05:30:20.940> awkward<05:30:21.240> to<05:30:21.480> use<05:30:21.660> and<05:30:21.958> hard<05:30:22.378> to

very awkward to use and hard to

very awkward to use and hard to
troubleshoot<05:30:23.160> it<05:30:24.060> ran<05:30:24.298> at<05:30:24.420> 10<05:30:24.600> Meg

troubleshoot it ran at 10 Meg

troubleshoot it ran at 10 Meg
and<05:30:26.760> either<05:30:27.000> RGA<05:30:27.480> or<05:30:27.780> rg11<05:30:28.378> it<05:30:28.798> had<05:30:29.040> a<05:30:29.280> little

and either RGA or rg11 it had a little

and either RGA or rg11 it had a little
resistors<05:30:29.940> on<05:30:30.120> the<05:30:30.240> end<05:30:30.360> to<05:30:30.660> stop<05:30:30.780> the<05:30:30.958> signal

resistors on the end to stop the signal

resistors on the end to stop the signal
bouncing<05:30:31.680> off<05:30:31.798> the<05:30:31.980> back<05:30:32.100> of<05:30:32.218> the<05:30:32.340> cable<05:30:32.520> and

bouncing off the back of the cable and

bouncing off the back of the cable and
coming<05:30:32.940> back<05:30:33.240> and<05:30:33.900> they<05:30:34.080> ran<05:30:34.320> at<05:30:34.500> 50<05:30:34.798> ohm<05:30:35.760> RG

coming back and they ran at 50 ohm RG

coming back and they ran at 50 ohm RG
stands<05:30:37.560> for<05:30:37.620> radio<05:30:37.980> government

stands for radio government

stands for radio government
standard<05:30:40.680> determ<05:30:41.218> is<05:30:41.280> a<05:30:41.458> type<05:30:41.580> of<05:30:41.820> coaxial

standard determ is a type of coaxial

standard determ is a type of coaxial
cables<05:30:43.020> the<05:30:43.320> distance<05:30:43.500> was<05:30:44.100> up<05:30:44.400> to<05:30:44.638> 500<05:30:45.180> meters

cables the distance was up to 500 meters

cables the distance was up to 500 meters
there<05:30:47.100> were<05:30:47.160> a<05:30:47.340> few<05:30:47.458> pros<05:30:47.820> and<05:30:47.940> cons<05:30:48.120> to<05:30:48.420> using

there were a few pros and cons to using

there were a few pros and cons to using
thick<05:30:49.138> net

thick net

thick net
you<05:30:51.780> have<05:30:52.020> protection<05:30:52.260> against

you have protection against

you have protection against
electromagnetic<05:30:54.060> interference<05:30:54.718> which<05:30:55.080> can

electromagnetic interference which can

electromagnetic interference which can
seriously<05:30:55.798> degrade<05:30:56.218> your<05:30:56.400> signal

seriously degrade your signal

seriously degrade your signal
disadvantage<05:30:58.680> there<05:30:58.920> was<05:30:59.040> loads<05:30:59.400> actually

disadvantage there was loads actually

disadvantage there was loads actually
difficult<05:31:00.060> to<05:31:00.298> work<05:31:00.540> with<05:31:00.780> very<05:31:01.080> difficult<05:31:01.440> to

difficult to work with very difficult to

difficult to work with very difficult to
troubleshoot<05:31:02.280> cable<05:31:03.000> was<05:31:03.298> very<05:31:03.600> thick<05:31:04.020> so

troubleshoot cable was very thick so

troubleshoot cable was very thick so
trying<05:31:04.798> to<05:31:04.980> expand<05:31:05.700> it<05:31:05.878> around<05:31:06.060> an<05:31:06.360> office

trying to expand it around an office

trying to expand it around an office
without

without

without
and<05:31:08.280> people<05:31:08.458> tripping<05:31:09.000> over<05:31:09.120> or<05:31:09.360> hitting<05:31:09.600> the

and people tripping over or hitting the

and people tripping over or hitting the
head<05:31:09.900> off<05:31:10.080> them<05:31:10.200> was<05:31:10.440> quite<05:31:10.620> awkward<05:31:10.980> as<05:31:11.280> well

head off them was quite awkward as well

head off them was quite awkward as well
thin<05:31:13.020> net<05:31:13.200> is<05:31:14.100> based<05:31:14.580> on<05:31:14.820> the<05:31:15.000> 10<05:31:15.180> base<05:31:15.480> 2

thin net is based on the 10 base 2

thin net is based on the 10 base 2
standard

standard

standard
so<05:31:17.458> 10<05:31:17.760> Meg

so 10 Meg

so 10 Meg
um

um

um
baseband<05:31:20.820> and<05:31:21.420> two<05:31:21.840> stands<05:31:22.320> for<05:31:22.440> how<05:31:22.680> long<05:31:22.860> the

baseband and two stands for how long the

baseband and two stands for how long the
and<05:31:23.700> you<05:31:24.000> could<05:31:24.120> get<05:31:24.298> the<05:31:24.420> connection<05:31:24.600> which

and you could get the connection which

and you could get the connection which
is<05:31:25.080> 200<05:31:25.500> meters

was actually 185 was recommended but you

was actually 185 was recommended but you
couldn't<05:31:31.980> you<05:31:32.700> couldn't<05:31:32.820> ensure<05:31:33.180> to<05:31:33.420> 185<05:31:34.020> so

couldn't you couldn't ensure to 185 so

couldn't you couldn't ensure to 185 so
they<05:31:34.500> called<05:31:34.620> it<05:31:34.798> 10<05:31:34.980> base<05:31:35.218> 2.

uh being cheaper than thick Navy was

uh being cheaper than thick Navy was
called<05:31:40.798> cheaper<05:31:41.458> net

called cheaper net

called cheaper net
before<05:31:42.718> we<05:31:42.958> had<05:31:43.138> any<05:31:43.440> type<05:31:43.798> of<05:31:43.980> network<05:31:44.218> and<05:31:44.638> we

before we had any type of network and we

before we had any type of network and we
used<05:31:44.940> to<05:31:45.060> use<05:31:45.298> floppy<05:31:46.020> disks

used to use floppy disks

used to use floppy disks
big<05:31:47.520> thick<05:31:47.820> floppy<05:31:48.180> disks<05:31:48.480> not<05:31:48.600> even<05:31:48.718> the

big thick floppy disks not even the

big thick floppy disks not even the
small<05:31:49.080> ones<05:31:49.440> that<05:31:49.560> you<05:31:49.740> might<05:31:49.860> remember<05:31:50.040> that

small ones that you might remember that

small ones that you might remember that
was<05:31:50.878> called<05:31:51.060> sneakinet

turnbass tea was one of the first modern

turnbass tea was one of the first modern
standards<05:31:57.060> introduced<05:31:57.480> in<05:31:57.660> 1990

standards introduced in 1990

standards introduced in 1990
it<05:32:00.060> ran<05:32:00.360> over<05:32:00.600> 10<05:32:00.900> Meg<05:32:01.320> over<05:32:01.500> two<05:32:01.798> pairs<05:32:02.160> of

it ran over 10 Meg over two pairs of

it ran over 10 Meg over two pairs of
twisted<05:32:02.820> uh<05:32:03.600> paired<05:32:04.320> telephone<05:32:04.440> wire

twisted uh paired telephone wire

twisted uh paired telephone wire
and<05:32:06.060> it<05:32:06.180> allowed<05:32:06.540> your<05:32:06.718> network<05:32:06.900> to<05:32:07.200> use<05:32:07.320> the

and it allowed your network to use the

and it allowed your network to use the
existing<05:32:07.860> telephone<05:32:08.040> cabling<05:32:08.638> which<05:32:08.940> is

existing telephone cabling which is

existing telephone cabling which is
pretty<05:32:09.298> handy<05:32:09.740> really<05:32:10.740> easy<05:32:10.920> to<05:32:11.280> install

pretty handy really easy to install

pretty handy really easy to install
reduce<05:32:12.718> costs<05:32:13.378> the<05:32:13.798> cable<05:32:13.920> could<05:32:14.340> just<05:32:14.458> be<05:32:14.580> run

reduce costs the cable could just be run

reduce costs the cable could just be run
off<05:32:14.940> and<05:32:15.180> you<05:32:15.360> could<05:32:15.540> cut<05:32:16.378> it<05:32:16.620> to<05:32:16.798> whichever

off and you could cut it to whichever

off and you could cut it to whichever
length<05:32:17.580> you<05:32:17.700> required

length you required

length you required
and<05:32:19.560> also<05:32:19.798> obviously<05:32:20.100> you<05:32:20.160> could<05:32:20.280> use<05:32:20.458> a

and also obviously you could use a

and also obviously you could use a
network<05:32:20.760> switch<05:32:21.180> which<05:32:21.600> the<05:32:21.958> uh<05:32:22.320> thick<05:32:22.980> and

network switch which the uh thick and

network switch which the uh thick and
thin<05:32:23.280> that<05:32:23.458> couldn't<05:32:23.580> use<05:32:23.820> a<05:32:24.060> switch<05:32:24.240> or<05:32:24.480> hub

thin that couldn't use a switch or hub

thin that couldn't use a switch or hub
T<05:32:26.340> denotes<05:32:26.940> twisted<05:32:27.298> pair<05:32:27.480> wires

T denotes twisted pair wires

T denotes twisted pair wires
10<05:32:29.520> base<05:32:29.760> T<05:32:30.000> is<05:32:30.180> category<05:32:30.660> three<05:32:30.900> cable<05:32:31.320> we

10 base T is category three cable we

10 base T is category three cable we
used<05:32:31.740> to<05:32:31.860> call<05:32:31.980> it<05:32:32.100> cat<05:32:32.340> 3<05:32:32.638> for<05:32:33.120> short<05:32:33.298> in<05:32:34.020> fact

used to call it cat 3 for short in fact

used to call it cat 3 for short in fact
every<05:32:34.378> category<05:32:34.860> is<05:32:35.040> is<05:32:35.580> called<05:32:36.420> a<05:32:36.660> cat<05:32:36.840> for<05:32:37.920> um

every category is is called a cat for um

every category is is called a cat for um
short

short

short
High<05:32:40.440> category<05:32:40.920> cables<05:32:41.458> can<05:32:41.580> be<05:32:41.760> used<05:32:41.940> with

High category cables can be used with

High category cables can be used with
the<05:32:42.480> 10<05:32:42.900> base<05:32:43.260> T<05:32:43.798> ethernet

the 10 base T ethernet

the 10 base T ethernet
so<05:32:45.958> examples<05:32:46.378> are<05:32:46.560> CAT5<05:32:47.100> 5e<05:32:47.940> 6<05:32:48.298> 6A<05:32:48.958> and<05:32:49.440> so<05:32:49.620> on

so examples are CAT5 5e 6 6A and so on

so examples are CAT5 5e 6 6A and so on
this<05:32:50.160> changes<05:32:50.520> every<05:32:50.820> few<05:32:51.000> months<05:32:51.298> as<05:32:51.480> a<05:32:51.660> new

this changes every few months as a new

this changes every few months as a new
category<05:32:52.200> introduced

category introduced

category introduced
High<05:32:54.480> categories<05:32:55.020> of<05:32:55.260> the<05:32:55.500> TP<05:32:55.860> cables<05:32:56.340> have

High categories of the TP cables have

High categories of the TP cables have
higher<05:32:56.878> specifications<05:32:57.480> and<05:32:58.138> they<05:32:58.320> can

higher specifications and they can

higher specifications and they can
handle<05:32:58.740> higher<05:32:59.100> data<05:32:59.400> transmission<05:32:59.580> speeds

handle higher data transmission speeds

handle higher data transmission speeds
the<05:33:01.920> term<05:33:02.218> base<05:33:02.580> T<05:33:03.120> supports<05:33:03.718> the<05:33:03.958> maximum

the term base T supports the maximum

the term base T supports the maximum
cable<05:33:04.680> length<05:33:05.100> of<05:33:05.218> 100<05:33:05.458> meters

100 Base TX I mentioned earlier

100 Base TX I mentioned earlier
100<05:33:11.400> Meg<05:33:12.000> over<05:33:12.180> two<05:33:12.480> pairs<05:33:12.840> of<05:33:12.958> CAT5<05:33:13.440> twisted

100 Meg over two pairs of CAT5 twisted

100 Meg over two pairs of CAT5 twisted
pair<05:33:14.458> cable<05:33:14.820> in<05:33:15.060> you<05:33:15.660> can<05:33:15.840> get<05:33:15.958> 100<05:33:16.138> meters

pair cable in you can get 100 meters

pair cable in you can get 100 meters
before<05:33:17.040> you<05:33:17.280> have<05:33:17.400> to<05:33:17.520> terminate<05:33:18.060> the<05:33:18.240> cable

before you have to terminate the cable

before you have to terminate the cable
we<05:33:19.680> normally<05:33:20.040> then<05:33:20.160> go<05:33:20.340> into<05:33:20.458> a<05:33:20.700> switch

we normally then go into a switch

we normally then go into a switch
it's<05:33:22.920> called<05:33:23.280> Fast<05:33:23.638> ethernet

it's called Fast ethernet

it's called Fast ethernet
so<05:33:25.560> 100<05:33:25.740> mag<05:33:26.420> obviously<05:33:27.420> 10<05:33:27.780> times<05:33:28.020> faster

so 100 mag obviously 10 times faster

so 100 mag obviously 10 times faster
than<05:33:28.560> 10<05:33:28.740> base<05:33:28.980> t

than 10 base t

than 10 base t
uh<05:33:31.440> became<05:33:31.920> widely<05:33:32.520> used<05:33:32.878> because<05:33:33.120> of<05:33:33.360> its

uh became widely used because of its

uh became widely used because of its
compatibility<05:33:34.080> with<05:33:34.500> 10<05:33:34.680> base<05:33:34.920> T<05:33:35.218> so<05:33:35.458> imagine

compatibility with 10 base T so imagine

compatibility with 10 base T so imagine
back<05:33:36.600> in<05:33:36.780> the<05:33:36.958> day<05:33:37.138> you<05:33:37.860> would<05:33:37.980> have<05:33:38.280> your<05:33:39.240> um

back in the day you would have your um

back in the day you would have your um
the<05:33:40.138> core<05:33:40.260> of<05:33:40.500> your<05:33:40.680> network<05:33:40.920> running<05:33:41.580> at<05:33:41.940> 100

the core of your network running at 100

the core of your network running at 100
Meg<05:33:43.080> and<05:33:43.740> then<05:33:44.280> um<05:33:44.280> unless<05:33:44.638> if<05:33:45.120> you<05:33:45.180> didn't

Meg and then um unless if you didn't

Meg and then um unless if you didn't
have<05:33:45.540> the<05:33:45.660> budget<05:33:45.958> you<05:33:46.560> would<05:33:46.680> have<05:33:46.860> your

have the budget you would have your

have the budget you would have your
individual<05:33:47.580> PCS<05:33:48.240> connecting<05:33:48.660> at<05:33:48.900> 10<05:33:49.080> Meg<05:33:49.440> into

individual PCS connecting at 10 Meg into

individual PCS connecting at 10 Meg into
the<05:33:50.340> network<05:33:50.520> switch<05:33:51.000> or<05:33:51.298> hub

the network switch or hub

the network switch or hub
they<05:33:53.878> used<05:33:54.060> a<05:33:54.240> Cat5<05:33:54.718> cables<05:33:55.378> a<05:33:55.740> lot<05:33:55.860> easier<05:33:56.160> to

they used a Cat5 cables a lot easier to

they used a Cat5 cables a lot easier to
upgrade<05:33:56.760> because<05:33:57.240> it<05:33:57.480> used<05:33:57.718> the<05:33:58.080> same<05:33:58.620> Cable

upgrade because it used the same Cable

upgrade because it used the same Cable
in<05:33:59.218> principles<05:33:59.638> and<05:34:00.000> same<05:34:00.240> pin<05:34:00.600> outs

in principles and same pin outs

in principles and same pin outs
and<05:34:02.160> determination

and determination

and determination
100<05:34:04.680> base<05:34:05.100> FX<05:34:05.820> f<05:34:06.360> is<05:34:06.600> usually<05:34:07.260> designates

100 base FX f is usually designates

100 base FX f is usually designates
fiber<05:34:08.218> optic

fiber optic

fiber optic
fiber<05:34:10.980> standard<05:34:11.340> for<05:34:11.580> 100<05:34:11.760> Meg<05:34:12.240> ethernet<05:34:12.600> is

fiber standard for 100 Meg ethernet is

fiber standard for 100 Meg ethernet is
100<05:34:13.080> base<05:34:13.440> FX

so this is a

so this is a
802.3<05:34:19.560> u<05:34:20.160> specification

802.3 u specification

802.3 u specification
it's<05:34:22.680> 100<05:34:22.920> Meg<05:34:23.340> ethernet<05:34:23.520> over<05:34:23.940> two

it's 100 Meg ethernet over two

it's 100 Meg ethernet over two
multi-mode<05:34:24.980> Optical<05:34:25.980> fibers

multi-mode Optical fibers

multi-mode Optical fibers
one's<05:34:28.378> used<05:34:28.500> for<05:34:28.680> the<05:34:28.798> transmission<05:34:29.040> and<05:34:29.580> ones

one's used for the transmission and ones

one's used for the transmission and ones
used<05:34:30.060> for<05:34:30.240> the<05:34:30.360> receiver<05:34:30.718> as<05:34:31.138> and<05:34:31.620> designated

used for the receiver as and designated

used for the receiver as and designated
in<05:34:32.580> the<05:34:32.820> diagram<05:34:33.780> there

in the diagram there

in the diagram there
the<05:34:36.540> 100<05:34:36.660> base<05:34:37.020> FX<05:34:37.378> standard<05:34:37.740> supports<05:34:38.160> the

the 100 base FX standard supports the

the 100 base FX standard supports the
maximum<05:34:38.638> cable<05:34:38.940> length<05:34:39.420> of<05:34:39.540> 400<05:34:40.020> meters<05:34:40.500> in

maximum cable length of 400 meters in

maximum cable length of 400 meters in
half<05:34:41.280> duplex<05:34:41.760> mode

half duplex mode

half duplex mode
half<05:34:43.440> duplex<05:34:43.860> is<05:34:44.100> pretty<05:34:44.340> old-fashioned<05:34:45.120> now

half duplex is pretty old-fashioned now

half duplex is pretty old-fashioned now
to<05:34:45.420> be<05:34:45.540> honest

to be honest

to be honest
or<05:34:47.040> in<05:34:47.218> full<05:34:47.400> duplex<05:34:47.820> mode

or in full duplex mode

or in full duplex mode
which<05:34:49.200> means<05:34:49.440> you<05:34:49.560> can<05:34:49.680> send<05:34:49.798> and<05:34:49.980> receive<05:34:50.280> at

which means you can send and receive at

which means you can send and receive at
the<05:34:50.580> same<05:34:50.700> time<05:34:51.138> then<05:34:52.138> up<05:34:52.378> to<05:34:52.560> two<05:34:52.860> kilometers

the same time then up to two kilometers

the same time then up to two kilometers
half<05:34:54.840> duplex<05:34:55.260> mode<05:34:55.680> as<05:34:56.280> well<05:34:56.458> just<05:34:56.760> so

half duplex mode as well just so

half duplex mode as well just so
basically<05:34:57.298> it's<05:34:57.600> like<05:34:57.840> a<05:34:57.958> walkie-talk<05:34:58.378> here

basically it's like a walkie-talk here

basically it's like a walkie-talk here
device<05:34:58.798> can<05:34:59.100> either<05:34:59.218> send<05:34:59.458> or<05:34:59.700> receive<05:35:00.060> data

device can either send or receive data

device can either send or receive data
at<05:35:01.080> a<05:35:01.260> given<05:35:01.500> time<05:35:01.620> but<05:35:01.798> it<05:35:01.920> can't<05:35:02.040> do<05:35:02.280> both

at a given time but it can't do both

at a given time but it can't do both
full<05:35:03.780> duplexy<05:35:04.500> can<05:35:04.680> do<05:35:04.798> both<05:35:05.100> so<05:35:05.580> it's<05:35:05.760> like

full duplexy can do both so it's like

full duplexy can do both so it's like
having<05:35:06.120> a<05:35:06.298> telephone<05:35:06.480> conversation

having a telephone conversation

having a telephone conversation
a<05:35:08.878> thousand<05:35:09.180> base<05:35:09.420> T<05:35:09.718> now<05:35:10.080> we're<05:35:10.320> talking<05:35:10.500> 10

a thousand base T now we're talking 10

a thousand base T now we're talking 10
times<05:35:11.520> faster<05:35:11.878> than<05:35:12.120> a<05:35:12.360> hundred

times faster than a hundred

times faster than a hundred
it's<05:35:14.458> a<05:35:14.638> IEEE<05:35:15.740> 802.3<05:35:16.740> a<05:35:17.100> b<05:35:17.718> specification<05:35:18.860> it's

it's a IEEE 802.3 a b specification it's

it's a IEEE 802.3 a b specification it's
a<05:35:20.160> thousand<05:35:20.580> megabit<05:35:21.298> per<05:35:21.480> second<05:35:21.600> ethernet

a thousand megabit per second ethernet

a thousand megabit per second ethernet
Network<05:35:22.378> uses<05:35:23.280> four<05:35:23.520> pairs<05:35:24.000> of<05:35:24.240> CAT5<05:35:24.780> cable<05:35:25.378> or

Network uses four pairs of CAT5 cable or

Network uses four pairs of CAT5 cable or
better

better

better
and<05:35:27.480> speak<05:35:27.780> to<05:35:28.020> your<05:35:28.440> cabling<05:35:28.860> provider<05:35:29.638> to<05:35:30.480> um

and speak to your cabling provider to um

and speak to your cabling provider to um
find<05:35:30.718> out<05:35:30.900> what<05:35:31.080> cable<05:35:31.440> you<05:35:32.218> can<05:35:32.280> use<05:35:32.458> minimum

find out what cable you can use minimum

find out what cable you can use minimum
standards

standards

standards
100<05:35:35.660> meter<05:35:36.660> length<05:35:37.020> of<05:35:37.080> cable

100 meter length of cable

100 meter length of cable
it's<05:35:39.718> um<05:35:39.718> referred<05:35:40.138> to<05:35:40.260> as<05:35:40.500> gigabit<05:35:41.100> Ethernet

it's um referred to as gigabit Ethernet

it's um referred to as gigabit Ethernet
1000<05:35:42.298> bits

1000 bits

1000 bits
that<05:35:43.740> easy<05:35:43.980> to<05:35:44.218> install<05:35:44.400> runs<05:35:45.000> on<05:35:45.120> CAT5

that easy to install runs on CAT5

that easy to install runs on CAT5
and<05:35:47.218> inexpensive<05:35:48.000> cables

and inexpensive cables

and inexpensive cables
as<05:35:50.638> an<05:35:50.878> example<05:35:51.120> of<05:35:51.240> a<05:35:51.360> CAT5<05:35:51.718> cable<05:35:52.138> which<05:35:52.500> I'm

as an example of a CAT5 cable which I'm

as an example of a CAT5 cable which I'm
sure<05:35:52.798> you've<05:35:53.040> seen<05:35:53.340> many<05:35:53.940> times<05:35:54.180> even<05:35:54.360> if

sure you've seen many times even if

sure you've seen many times even if
you've<05:35:54.718> got<05:35:54.900> a<05:35:55.080> home<05:35:55.798> computer

you've got a home computer

you've got a home computer
so<05:35:58.080> the<05:35:58.138> Cat5<05:35:58.500> cables<05:35:59.040> are<05:35:59.160> four<05:35:59.400> pairs<05:35:59.760> of

so the Cat5 cables are four pairs of

so the Cat5 cables are four pairs of
twist<05:36:00.298> uh<05:36:00.780> four<05:36:01.020> pairs<05:36:01.378> of<05:36:01.440> Twisted<05:36:01.860> wire

twist uh four pairs of Twisted wire

twist uh four pairs of Twisted wire
which<05:36:02.940> is<05:36:03.060> eight<05:36:03.298> individual<05:36:03.958> strands

which is eight individual strands

which is eight individual strands
the<05:36:06.480> 10<05:36:06.900> and<05:36:07.080> 100<05:36:07.200> base<05:36:07.500> T<05:36:07.798> only<05:36:08.100> uses<05:36:08.520> two

the 10 and 100 base T only uses two

the 10 and 100 base T only uses two
pairs

pairs

pairs
all<05:36:10.740> four<05:36:10.980> pairs<05:36:11.400> are<05:36:11.458> used<05:36:11.638> by<05:36:11.940> the<05:36:12.060> EM

all four pairs are used by the EM

all four pairs are used by the EM
thousand<05:36:13.020> base<05:36:13.200> t

thousand base t

thousand base t
popular<05:36:15.780> gigabit<05:36:16.440> Ethernet<05:36:16.860> and<05:36:17.820> the

popular gigabit Ethernet and the

popular gigabit Ethernet and the
Thousand<05:36:18.480> base<05:36:18.660> T<05:36:18.900> is<05:36:19.020> the<05:36:19.138> most<05:36:19.260> widely<05:36:19.740> used

Thousand base T is the most widely used

Thousand base T is the most widely used
version

version

version
you've<05:36:22.260> got<05:36:22.320> the<05:36:22.440> a223<05:36:23.280> standard<05:36:23.638> that

you've got the a223 standard that

you've got the a223 standard that
specifies<05:36:24.360> other<05:36:24.718> versions<05:36:25.138> of<05:36:25.320> gigabit

specifies other versions of gigabit

specifies other versions of gigabit
Ethernet<05:36:26.340> here<05:36:27.240> are<05:36:27.360> some<05:36:27.600> of<05:36:27.660> your<05:36:27.780> options

Ethernet here are some of your options

Ethernet here are some of your options
um<05:36:29.160> thousand<05:36:30.120> Bay<05:36:30.298> CX<05:36:30.958> LS<05:36:31.680> LX

um thousand Bay CX LS LX

um thousand Bay CX LS LX
SX

SX

SX
uh<05:36:35.940> you<05:36:36.180> need<05:36:36.958> to<05:36:37.138> know<05:36:37.320> some<05:36:37.680> of<05:36:37.860> this

uh you need to know some of this

uh you need to know some of this
information<05:36:38.280> but<05:36:38.878> I<05:36:39.060> think<05:36:39.180> one<05:36:39.420> of<05:36:39.540> the

information but I think one of the

information but I think one of the
questions<05:36:39.780> they<05:36:40.080> could<05:36:40.200> ask<05:36:40.378> is<05:36:40.620> which<05:36:40.980> one<05:36:41.218> of

questions they could ask is which one of

questions they could ask is which one of
them<05:36:41.520> is

them is

them is
um fiber<05:36:43.680> optic<05:36:43.980> and<05:36:44.760> the<05:36:44.940> answer<05:36:45.180> is<05:36:45.540> LX<05:36:46.378> it's

um fiber optic and the answer is LX it's

um fiber optic and the answer is LX it's
a<05:36:46.920> question<05:36:47.040> I've<05:36:47.340> seen<05:36:47.580> before<05:36:47.820> I<05:36:48.600> think<05:36:48.718> I

a question I've seen before I think I

a question I've seen before I think I
was<05:36:49.020> actually<05:36:49.138> asked<05:36:49.440> in<05:36:49.500> a<05:36:49.680> Cisco<05:36:50.040> exam<05:36:50.400> not

was actually asked in a Cisco exam not

was actually asked in a Cisco exam not
um<05:36:52.080> uh<05:36:52.680> CompTIA<05:36:53.218> Network<05:36:53.400> plus<05:36:53.820> but<05:36:54.120> good<05:36:54.540> to

um uh CompTIA Network plus but good to

um uh CompTIA Network plus but good to
know<05:36:54.840> anyway

know anyway

know anyway
so<05:36:57.660> five<05:36:58.080> kilometers<05:36:58.620> to<05:36:58.980> 550<05:36:59.760> meters

so five kilometers to 550 meters

so five kilometers to 550 meters
depending<05:37:00.718> if<05:37:00.900> it's<05:37:01.020> single<05:37:01.440> or<05:37:01.620> multi-mode

depending if it's single or multi-mode

depending if it's single or multi-mode
and<05:37:04.138> SX<05:37:04.560> is<05:37:04.860> implemented<05:37:05.280> over<05:37:05.458> multi-mode

and SX is implemented over multi-mode

and SX is implemented over multi-mode
fiber<05:37:06.540> as<05:37:06.840> well<05:37:07.020> so<05:37:07.798> um<05:37:07.798> LX<05:37:08.218> and<05:37:08.520> SX

1000 Base TX is gigabit over Cat6

1000 Base TX is gigabit over Cat6
cabling

cabling

cabling
supports<05:37:17.340> a<05:37:17.580> maximum<05:37:17.940> cable<05:37:18.240> length<05:37:18.718> of<05:37:18.840> 100

supports a maximum cable length of 100

supports a maximum cable length of 100
meters

meters

meters
uh<05:37:22.020> uses<05:37:22.320> only<05:37:22.500> two<05:37:22.798> pairs<05:37:23.280> of<05:37:24.000> wires<05:37:24.600> for<05:37:24.718> the

uh uses only two pairs of wires for the

uh uses only two pairs of wires for the
data<05:37:25.200> transmission

data transmission

data transmission
now<05:37:27.718> the<05:37:27.958> Thousand<05:37:28.260> Base<05:37:28.440> TX<05:37:28.798> you<05:37:28.980> don't

now the Thousand Base TX you don't

now the Thousand Base TX you don't
really<05:37:29.280> see<05:37:29.400> much<05:37:29.638> anymore<05:37:29.820> is<05:37:30.180> a<05:37:30.360> bit<05:37:30.480> of<05:37:30.600> a

really see much anymore is a bit of a

really see much anymore is a bit of a
commercial<05:37:30.958> failure

commercial failure

commercial failure
mainly<05:37:33.060> because<05:37:33.240> of<05:37:33.480> the<05:37:33.780> Thousand<05:37:34.138> base<05:37:34.320> T

mainly because of the Thousand base T

mainly because of the Thousand base T
the<05:37:34.860> cost<05:37:35.100> was<05:37:35.340> so<05:37:35.520> affordable<05:37:36.000> you<05:37:36.840> had<05:37:37.020> to

the cost was so affordable you had to

the cost was so affordable you had to
upgrade<05:37:37.560> all<05:37:38.040> of<05:37:38.160> your<05:37:38.340> cables<05:37:38.760> from<05:37:39.000> CAT5<05:37:39.540> or

upgrade all of your cables from CAT5 or

upgrade all of your cables from CAT5 or
Cat5e<05:37:40.680> to<05:37:40.860> Cat6<05:37:41.280> which<05:37:42.060> is<05:37:42.240> a<05:37:42.420> lot<05:37:42.600> of

Cat5e to Cat6 which is a lot of

Cat5e to Cat6 which is a lot of
inconvenience<05:37:43.620> and<05:37:43.920> expensive<05:37:44.458> companies

inconvenience and expensive companies

inconvenience and expensive companies
and<05:37:45.298> downtime

and downtime

and downtime
because<05:37:47.040> of<05:37:47.280> your<05:37:47.400> all<05:37:47.580> your<05:37:47.760> core<05:37:47.940> devices

because of your all your core devices

because of your all your core devices
would<05:37:48.718> need<05:37:48.900> the<05:37:49.320> connections<05:37:49.740> would<05:37:49.920> need<05:37:50.100> to

would need the connections would need to

would need the connections would need to
be<05:37:50.700> um<05:37:50.700> changed<05:37:51.240> as<05:37:51.420> well<05:37:51.540> normally<05:37:52.260> have<05:37:52.440> to

be um changed as well normally have to

be um changed as well normally have to
schedule<05:37:52.740> downtime

schedule downtime

schedule downtime
um<05:37:55.320> for<05:37:55.560> this

um for this

um for this
10<05:37:58.020> gigabyte<05:37:58.920> 10g<05:37:59.580> base<05:37:59.820> t<05:38:00.180> 10<05:38:00.958> times<05:38:01.200> faster

10 gigabyte 10g base t 10 times faster

10 gigabyte 10g base t 10 times faster
than<05:38:02.280> a<05:38:02.520> thousand<05:38:02.820> base<05:38:03.000> T<05:38:03.298> ethernet<05:38:03.798> operates

than a thousand base T ethernet operates

than a thousand base T ethernet operates
at<05:38:05.040> 10<05:38:05.218> gig

at 10 gig

at 10 gig
and<05:38:07.020> it's<05:38:07.200> an<05:38:07.400> 802.3<05:38:08.400> a<05:38:08.820> n<05:38:09.138> specification<05:38:10.280> four

and it's an 802.3 a n specification four

and it's an 802.3 a n specification four
pairs<05:38:11.638> of<05:38:11.760> Cat6<05:38:12.360> a<05:38:12.900> cable<05:38:13.560> or<05:38:13.860> higher

pairs of Cat6 a cable or higher

pairs of Cat6 a cable or higher
100<05:38:15.660> meters<05:38:16.260> maximum

100 meters maximum

100 meters maximum
it's<05:38:18.660> an<05:38:18.780> augmented<05:38:19.378> version<05:38:19.740> of<05:38:20.280> category

it's an augmented version of category

it's an augmented version of category
six<05:38:21.360> which<05:38:21.958> you<05:38:22.138> can<05:38:22.320> see<05:38:22.440> 6A<05:38:23.100> isn't<05:38:24.000> the<05:38:24.120> same

six which you can see 6A isn't the same

six which you can see 6A isn't the same
as<05:38:24.480> six

as six

as six
and<05:38:26.400> frequency<05:38:26.940> is<05:38:27.480> at<05:38:27.660> 500<05:38:28.200> megahertz

and frequency is at 500 megahertz

and frequency is at 500 megahertz
next<05:38:30.360> standard<05:38:30.718> is<05:38:30.958> 10gbase<05:38:31.920> Sr<05:38:32.458> this<05:38:33.360> is

next standard is 10gbase Sr this is

next standard is 10gbase Sr this is
gigabit<05:38:33.900> Ethernet<05:38:34.138> over<05:38:34.500> Fiber<05:38:34.980> Optic<05:38:35.340> Cables

gigabit Ethernet over Fiber Optic Cables

gigabit Ethernet over Fiber Optic Cables
I<05:38:36.480> don't<05:38:36.600> know<05:38:36.718> why<05:38:36.840> they<05:38:37.020> don't<05:38:37.138> just<05:38:37.320> put<05:38:37.560> a<05:38:37.740> f

I don't know why they don't just put a f

I don't know why they don't just put a f
in<05:38:39.060> all<05:38:39.240> of<05:38:39.360> the<05:38:39.480> fiber<05:38:39.900> specifications<05:38:40.440> it's

in all of the fiber specifications it's

in all of the fiber specifications it's
a<05:38:41.040> little<05:38:41.100> bit<05:38:41.280> annoying<05:38:41.638> to<05:38:41.820> be<05:38:42.000> honest

a little bit annoying to be honest

a little bit annoying to be honest
802.3<05:38:44.400> specification

802.3 specification

802.3 specification
is<05:38:46.860> 10<05:38:47.100> gig<05:38:47.340> ethernet<05:38:47.700> over<05:38:48.000> multi-mode<05:38:48.600> fiber

is 10 gig ethernet over multi-mode fiber

is 10 gig ethernet over multi-mode fiber
the<05:38:49.920> SR<05:38:50.218> stands<05:38:50.700> for<05:38:50.820> short<05:38:51.240> range

the SR stands for short range

the SR stands for short range
at<05:38:52.980> the<05:38:53.100> cable<05:38:53.280> length<05:38:53.638> is<05:38:53.760> 300<05:38:54.240> meters<05:38:54.600> so<05:38:54.780> you

at the cable length is 300 meters so you

at the cable length is 300 meters so you
only<05:38:55.080> need<05:38:55.260> to<05:38:55.378> make<05:38:55.500> a<05:38:55.680> note<05:38:55.798> of<05:38:56.040> all<05:38:56.218> of<05:38:56.520> these

only need to make a note of all of these

only need to make a note of all of these
in<05:38:57.000> case<05:38:57.180> they

in case they

in case they
for<05:38:58.500> some<05:38:58.620> reason<05:38:58.798> want<05:38:59.218> you<05:38:59.400> to

for some reason want you to

for some reason want you to
um remember<05:39:00.540> this<05:39:01.020> generally<05:39:01.740> most<05:39:02.040> of<05:39:02.218> us

um remember this generally most of us

um remember this generally most of us
will<05:39:02.520> just<05:39:02.700> look<05:39:02.940> speak<05:39:03.480> to<05:39:03.660> the<05:39:03.780> sales

will just look speak to the sales

will just look speak to the sales
advisor<05:39:04.680> or<05:39:05.160> just<05:39:05.340> look<05:39:05.520> on<05:39:05.700> the<05:39:06.298> um<05:39:06.360> online<05:39:07.138> or

advisor or just look on the um online or

advisor or just look on the um online or
some<05:39:07.740> documentation

some documentation

some documentation
10<05:39:10.560> gbase<05:39:11.400> er

802.3 AE a gigabit over single mode

802.3 AE a gigabit over single mode
fiber<05:39:19.500> optic<05:39:19.798> cabling<05:39:20.160> ER<05:39:20.760> stands<05:39:21.298> for

fiber optic cabling ER stands for

fiber optic cabling ER stands for
extended<05:39:21.900> range<05:39:22.280> you<05:39:23.280> got<05:39:23.400> up<05:39:23.520> to<05:39:23.760> full<05:39:24.000> of<05:39:24.240> 40

extended range you got up to full of 40

extended range you got up to full of 40
kilometers<05:39:24.958> which<05:39:25.378> is<05:39:25.500> a<05:39:25.798> quite<05:39:26.160> a<05:39:26.280> nice

kilometers which is a quite a nice

kilometers which is a quite a nice
distance<05:39:27.798> amazing<05:39:28.798> distance<05:39:28.980> in<05:39:29.400> fact

distance amazing distance in fact

distance amazing distance in fact
uh<05:39:31.500> SW

uh SW

uh SW
that<05:39:33.360> was<05:39:33.480> designed<05:39:33.900> for<05:39:34.200> use<05:39:34.378> over<05:39:34.620> a

that was designed for use over a

that was designed for use over a
particular<05:39:35.218> type<05:39:35.580> of<05:39:35.820> Technology<05:39:36.680> sonnet<05:39:37.680> or

particular type of Technology sonnet or

particular type of Technology sonnet or
sdh

again multi-mode fiber 300 meters again

again multi-mode fiber 300 meters again
all<05:39:46.080> right<05:39:46.200> so<05:39:46.500> we've<05:39:46.860> covered<05:39:47.218> a<05:39:47.458> few<05:39:47.580> of<05:39:47.760> the

all right so we've covered a few of the

all right so we've covered a few of the
basics<05:39:48.120> of<05:39:48.240> ethernet<05:39:48.540> here<05:39:48.958> the<05:39:49.260> history<05:39:49.500> the

basics of ethernet here the history the

basics of ethernet here the history the
name<05:39:50.340> the<05:39:51.240> standards<05:39:52.040> uh<05:39:53.040> the<05:39:53.280> oee<05:39:53.878> what<05:39:54.298> they

name the standards uh the oee what they

name the standards uh the oee what they
do<05:39:54.600> in<05:39:55.080> brief

do in brief

do in brief
I<05:39:56.400> recommend<05:39:57.240> you<05:39:57.360> have<05:39:57.480> a<05:39:57.600> look<05:39:57.660> in<05:39:57.840> your<05:39:57.958> own

I recommend you have a look in your own

I recommend you have a look in your own
time<05:39:58.320> at<05:39:58.500> Wikipedia

time at Wikipedia

time at Wikipedia
the<05:40:00.420> popularity<05:40:00.958> which<05:40:01.320> is<05:40:01.378> nearly<05:40:01.740> always

the popularity which is nearly always

the popularity which is nearly always
the<05:40:02.218> fact<05:40:02.340> it's<05:40:02.580> the<05:40:02.820> standards<05:40:03.240> are<05:40:03.360> free<05:40:03.480> to

the fact it's the standards are free to

the fact it's the standards are free to
use<05:40:03.840> and<05:40:04.080> it's<05:40:04.200> affordable<05:40:05.160> and<05:40:05.638> everyone

use and it's affordable and everyone

use and it's affordable and everyone
else<05:40:06.060> is<05:40:06.180> using<05:40:06.540> the<05:40:06.660> same<05:40:06.780> standards

else is using the same standards

else is using the same standards
baseband<05:40:08.820> the<05:40:09.000> Broadband<05:40:09.420> the<05:40:09.958> naming

baseband the Broadband the naming

baseband the Broadband the naming
conventions<05:40:10.920> and<05:40:11.340> then<05:40:11.520> some<05:40:11.760> of<05:40:11.878> the

conventions and then some of the

conventions and then some of the
different<05:40:12.120> standards<05:40:12.900> here

different standards here

different standards here
you'll<05:40:14.520> need<05:40:14.638> to<05:40:14.700> know<05:40:14.820> the<05:40:15.000> different

you'll need to know the different

you'll need to know the different
standards<05:40:15.780> which<05:40:16.080> uses<05:40:16.500> a<05:40:16.860> single<05:40:17.218> and

standards which uses a single and

standards which uses a single and
multi-mode<05:40:17.878> how<05:40:18.780> long<05:40:19.378> um<05:40:19.378> you<05:40:19.620> can<05:40:19.740> have<05:40:19.860> a

multi-mode how long um you can have a

multi-mode how long um you can have a
segment<05:40:20.280> that<05:40:20.458> lengths<05:40:21.120> and<05:40:21.180> that<05:40:21.360> kind<05:40:21.540> of

segment that lengths and that kind of

segment that lengths and that kind of
thing

thing

thing
all<05:40:22.740> right<05:40:22.920> so<05:40:23.040> that's<05:40:23.218> the<05:40:23.400> end<05:40:23.458> of<05:40:23.580> the

all right so that's the end of the

all right so that's the end of the
presentation<05:40:24.060> thanks<05:40:24.540> for<05:40:24.718> watching

Network infrastructure and Design

Network infrastructure and Design
Network<05:40:54.480> models<05:40:55.260> the<05:40:55.740> OSI<05:40:56.160> model

Network models the OSI model

Network models the OSI model
so<05:40:57.600> we're<05:40:57.660> going<05:40:57.840> to<05:40:57.958> discuss<05:40:58.260> two<05:40:58.620> different

so we're going to discuss two different

so we're going to discuss two different
models<05:40:59.400> coming<05:40:59.638> up<05:40:59.878> here<05:41:00.060> and<05:41:00.240> the<05:41:00.420> first

models coming up here and the first

models coming up here and the first
model<05:41:00.780> I<05:41:01.020> want<05:41:01.200> to<05:41:01.260> talk<05:41:01.378> about<05:41:01.560> is<05:41:02.040> the<05:41:02.218> OSI

model I want to talk about is the OSI

model I want to talk about is the OSI
model<05:41:02.878> in<05:41:03.240> this<05:41:03.480> module<05:41:04.080> now<05:41:04.560> from<05:41:04.798> this

model in this module now from this

model in this module now from this
lesson<05:41:05.280> you're<05:41:05.458> going<05:41:05.580> to<05:41:05.700> have<05:41:05.878> a<05:41:06.180> thorough

lesson you're going to have a thorough

lesson you're going to have a thorough
understanding<05:41:07.138> of<05:41:07.798> each<05:41:08.100> of<05:41:08.280> the<05:41:08.520> layers<05:41:08.940> in

understanding of each of the layers in

understanding of each of the layers in
this<05:41:09.900> module<05:41:10.260> and<05:41:10.440> there<05:41:10.680> are<05:41:10.860> seven<05:41:11.160> of<05:41:11.400> them

this module and there are seven of them

this module and there are seven of them
and<05:41:12.900> we're<05:41:13.200> also<05:41:13.440> going<05:41:13.560> to<05:41:13.680> talk<05:41:13.798> about<05:41:13.980> how

and we're also going to talk about how

and we're also going to talk about how
those<05:41:14.458> layers<05:41:14.820> communicate<05:41:15.480> some<05:41:16.320> of<05:41:16.500> the

those layers communicate some of the

those layers communicate some of the
devices<05:41:16.980> that<05:41:17.520> operate<05:41:18.000> at<05:41:18.360> specific<05:41:18.718> layers

devices that operate at specific layers

devices that operate at specific layers
specifically<05:41:20.160> layers<05:41:20.580> one<05:41:21.060> through<05:41:21.420> three

specifically layers one through three

specifically layers one through three
and<05:41:23.458> some<05:41:23.700> of<05:41:23.760> the<05:41:23.878> protocols<05:41:24.420> that<05:41:24.660> operate

and some of the protocols that operate

and some of the protocols that operate
on<05:41:25.320> some<05:41:25.500> of<05:41:25.620> these<05:41:25.740> layers<05:41:26.040> as<05:41:26.218> well

on some of these layers as well

on some of these layers as well
specifically<05:41:27.120> the<05:41:27.420> upper<05:41:27.718> layers<05:41:28.020> we're<05:41:28.560> also

specifically the upper layers we're also

specifically the upper layers we're also
going<05:41:28.860> to<05:41:28.860> have<05:41:28.980> a<05:41:29.040> better<05:41:29.160> understanding<05:41:29.520> of

going to have a better understanding of

going to have a better understanding of
what<05:41:29.820> the<05:41:29.940> OSI<05:41:30.360> model<05:41:30.600> is<05:41:31.080> and<05:41:31.798> why<05:41:31.980> we<05:41:32.218> use<05:41:32.400> a

what the OSI model is and why we use a

what the OSI model is and why we use a
layered<05:41:33.000> approach

layered approach

layered approach
so<05:41:34.680> this<05:41:35.040> model<05:41:35.218> is<05:41:35.520> going<05:41:35.700> to<05:41:35.820> teach<05:41:36.060> us

so this model is going to teach us

so this model is going to teach us
everything<05:41:36.840> we<05:41:37.138> need<05:41:37.320> to<05:41:37.440> know<05:41:37.620> about<05:41:38.218> the<05:41:38.760> OSI

everything we need to know about the OSI

everything we need to know about the OSI
model<05:41:39.540> we're<05:41:40.320> going<05:41:40.440> to<05:41:40.500> begin<05:41:40.680> by<05:41:40.980> explaining

model we're going to begin by explaining

model we're going to begin by explaining
exactly<05:41:41.878> what<05:41:42.240> the<05:41:42.540> OSI<05:41:42.958> model<05:41:43.260> is<05:41:43.500> and<05:41:43.798> what

exactly what the OSI model is and what

exactly what the OSI model is and what
the<05:41:44.160> purpose<05:41:44.458> of<05:41:44.700> it<05:41:44.878> is<05:41:45.060> as<05:41:45.420> well<05:41:45.600> then<05:41:46.378> we're

the purpose of it is as well then we're

the purpose of it is as well then we're
going<05:41:46.620> to<05:41:46.680> go<05:41:46.798> through<05:41:46.980> and<05:41:47.160> explain<05:41:47.340> each

going to go through and explain each

going to go through and explain each
layer<05:41:48.180> from<05:41:48.718> layer<05:41:49.080> 1<05:41:49.320> the<05:41:49.798> physical<05:41:49.980> layer<05:41:50.520> to

layer from layer 1 the physical layer to

layer from layer 1 the physical layer to
layer<05:41:51.780> 2<05:41:51.900> the<05:41:52.440> data<05:41:52.740> link<05:41:52.860> layer<05:41:53.280> later<05:41:54.000> three

layer 2 the data link layer later three

layer 2 the data link layer later three
the<05:41:54.900> network<05:41:55.080> layer<05:41:55.638> layer<05:41:56.638> 4<05:41:56.940> transport

the network layer layer 4 transport

the network layer layer 4 transport
layer<05:41:58.320> layer<05:41:59.100> 5<05:41:59.400> the<05:42:00.060> session<05:42:00.298> layer<05:42:01.138> layer<05:42:01.920> 6

layer layer 5 the session layer layer 6

layer layer 5 the session layer layer 6
the<05:42:02.400> presentation<05:42:02.940> layer<05:42:03.480> and<05:42:04.080> finally<05:42:04.320> layer

the presentation layer and finally layer

the presentation layer and finally layer
7<05:42:04.980> the<05:42:05.520> application<05:42:06.000> layer<05:42:06.900> we're<05:42:07.320> also<05:42:07.500> going

7 the application layer we're also going

7 the application layer we're also going
to<05:42:07.680> discuss<05:42:07.980> some<05:42:08.280> of<05:42:08.400> the<05:42:08.580> protocols<05:42:09.360> and

to discuss some of the protocols and

to discuss some of the protocols and
devices<05:42:10.020> that<05:42:10.500> operate<05:42:10.980> at<05:42:11.760> each<05:42:12.000> of<05:42:12.180> these

devices that operate at each of these

devices that operate at each of these
layers<05:42:12.798> and<05:42:13.798> we're<05:42:14.100> also<05:42:14.400> going<05:42:14.458> to

layers and we're also going to

layers and we're also going to
understand<05:42:14.760> how<05:42:15.360> communication<05:42:15.920> begins<05:42:16.920> and

understand how communication begins and

understand how communication begins and
ends<05:42:18.000> through<05:42:18.900> these<05:42:19.260> layers<05:42:19.760> now<05:42:20.760> early<05:42:21.420> back

ends through these layers now early back

ends through these layers now early back
in<05:42:22.260> the<05:42:22.378> 1980s<05:42:22.980> late<05:42:23.340> 70s<05:42:23.878> when<05:42:24.480> networking

in the 1980s late 70s when networking

in the 1980s late 70s when networking
communication<05:42:25.740> between<05:42:26.160> devices<05:42:26.580> which<05:42:26.878> a

communication between devices which a

communication between devices which a
lot<05:42:27.120> simpler<05:42:27.660> a<05:42:28.200> lot<05:42:28.320> of<05:42:28.440> brilliant

lot simpler a lot of brilliant

lot simpler a lot of brilliant
individuals<05:42:29.280> from<05:42:29.638> the<05:42:29.820> iso<05:42:30.360> organization

individuals from the iso organization

individuals from the iso organization
we've<05:42:31.560> seen<05:42:31.740> previously<05:42:32.400> or<05:42:32.940> the

we've seen previously or the

we've seen previously or the
International<05:42:33.378> Organization<05:42:34.378> for

International Organization for

International Organization for
standardization<05:42:35.458> came<05:42:36.180> together<05:42:36.360> and<05:42:36.780> they

standardization came together and they

standardization came together and they
came<05:42:37.138> up<05:42:37.260> with<05:42:37.440> a<05:42:37.920> a<05:42:38.160> way<05:42:38.638> to<05:42:39.060> outline

came up with a a way to outline

came up with a a way to outline
standardize<05:42:40.680> and<05:42:41.660> characterize<05:42:42.660> the

standardize and characterize the

standardize and characterize the
functions<05:42:43.560> of<05:42:43.980> a<05:42:44.160> communication<05:42:44.638> system<05:42:45.260> or

functions of a communication system or

functions of a communication system or
the<05:42:46.560> methods<05:42:47.040> by<05:42:47.280> which<05:42:47.520> computers<05:42:48.060> are<05:42:48.298> going

the methods by which computers are going

the methods by which computers are going
to<05:42:48.660> communicate<05:42:49.320> in<05:42:49.980> a<05:42:50.100> network<05:42:50.280> environment

to communicate in a network environment

to communicate in a network environment
so<05:42:51.420> they<05:42:51.600> came<05:42:51.780> up<05:42:51.900> with<05:42:52.320> this<05:42:52.560> OSI<05:42:53.160> model<05:42:53.458> and

so they came up with this OSI model and

so they came up with this OSI model and
I<05:42:53.878> love<05:42:54.060> it<05:42:54.180> because<05:42:54.420> I<05:42:54.780> know<05:42:54.900> the<05:42:55.320> iso<05:42:55.980> made

I love it because I know the iso made

I love it because I know the iso made
the<05:42:56.520> OSI<05:42:57.060> and<05:42:57.780> they<05:42:57.900> did<05:42:58.020> this<05:42:58.200> in<05:42:58.440> term<05:42:58.560> of

the OSI and they did this in term of

the OSI and they did this in term of
abstract<05:42:59.760> layers<05:43:00.360> so<05:43:01.260> what<05:43:01.740> we<05:43:01.920> mean<05:43:02.040> by<05:43:02.340> these

abstract layers so what we mean by these

abstract layers so what we mean by these
abstract<05:43:03.060> layers<05:43:03.420> and<05:43:03.600> here<05:43:03.780> they<05:43:03.958> are<05:43:04.138> again

abstract layers and here they are again

abstract layers and here they are again
from<05:43:05.280> the<05:43:05.458> top<05:43:05.638> down<05:43:05.940> application<05:43:06.600> press

from the top down application press

from the top down application press
presentation<05:43:07.560> session<05:43:08.100> transport<05:43:08.638> layer

presentation session transport layer

presentation session transport layer
data<05:43:09.480> link<05:43:09.600> physical<05:43:09.900> and<05:43:10.560> just<05:43:10.740> so<05:43:10.860> we<05:43:11.040> don't

data link physical and just so we don't

data link physical and just so we don't
get<05:43:11.340> confused<05:43:12.320> the<05:43:13.320> first<05:43:13.500> layer<05:43:13.798> is<05:43:13.980> actually

get confused the first layer is actually

get confused the first layer is actually
here<05:43:14.400> at<05:43:14.580> the<05:43:14.700> bottom<05:43:15.000> and<05:43:15.540> the<05:43:15.718> last<05:43:15.900> layer<05:43:16.320> is

here at the bottom and the last layer is

here at the bottom and the last layer is
here<05:43:16.980> at<05:43:17.160> the<05:43:17.280> top<05:43:17.400> and<05:43:17.700> that<05:43:17.878> and<05:43:18.360> viewing

here at the top and that and viewing

here at the top and that and viewing
this<05:43:19.138> we<05:43:19.500> call<05:43:19.620> this<05:43:19.860> a<05:43:20.160> top

this we call this a top

this we call this a top
down<05:43:22.080> approach<05:43:22.620> as<05:43:23.160> opposed<05:43:23.458> to<05:43:23.458> a<05:43:23.760> bottom-up

down approach as opposed to a bottom-up

down approach as opposed to a bottom-up
approach

and these

and these
abstract<05:43:29.040> layers<05:43:29.580> outline<05:43:30.240> the<05:43:30.540> functions<05:43:31.138> of

abstract layers outline the functions of

abstract layers outline the functions of
the<05:43:31.620> communications<05:43:31.980> process<05:43:32.580> but<05:43:33.420> they<05:43:33.780> hide

the communications process but they hide

the communications process but they hide
exactly<05:43:34.620> specifically<05:43:35.280> how<05:43:35.638> they're

exactly specifically how they're

exactly specifically how they're
implemented<05:43:36.480> in<05:43:36.840> each<05:43:37.020> layer<05:43:37.378> in<05:43:37.920> other<05:43:38.040> words

implemented in each layer in other words

implemented in each layer in other words
this<05:43:39.060> really<05:43:39.240> attempts<05:43:39.718> to<05:43:39.900> simplify<05:43:40.620> and

this really attempts to simplify and

this really attempts to simplify and
sometimes<05:43:41.540> oversimplify<05:43:42.540> exactly<05:43:43.080> how

sometimes oversimplify exactly how

sometimes oversimplify exactly how
everything<05:43:43.740> in<05:43:44.040> the<05:43:44.218> network<05:43:44.340> is

everything in the network is

everything in the network is
communicated<05:43:45.360> so<05:43:46.138> let's<05:43:46.798> say<05:43:47.040> that<05:43:47.340> we<05:43:47.638> want

communicated so let's say that we want

communicated so let's say that we want
to<05:43:48.180> establish<05:43:48.660> a<05:43:49.020> highway<05:43:49.200> more<05:43:50.160> so<05:43:50.340> we<05:43:50.580> really

to establish a highway more so we really

to establish a highway more so we really
want<05:43:50.940> to<05:43:51.058> build<05:43:51.240> a<05:43:51.718> brand<05:43:51.840> new<05:43:52.080> type<05:43:52.440> of

want to build a brand new type of

want to build a brand new type of
vehicle<05:43:53.100> designed<05:43:53.940> specifically<05:43:54.480> to<05:43:54.660> be

vehicle designed specifically to be

vehicle designed specifically to be
driven<05:43:55.200> on<05:43:55.620> this<05:43:56.040> very<05:43:56.340> specific<05:43:56.878> Highway<05:43:57.420> and

driven on this very specific Highway and

driven on this very specific Highway and
we're<05:43:58.378> going<05:43:58.558> to<05:43:58.740> have<05:43:58.860> to<05:43:59.040> do<05:43:59.160> it<05:43:59.280> from<05:43:59.520> the

we're going to have to do it from the

we're going to have to do it from the
ground<05:43:59.820> up<05:44:00.240> so<05:44:00.958> let's<05:44:01.200> call<05:44:01.378> this<05:44:01.558> vehicle<05:44:01.980> a

ground up so let's call this vehicle a

ground up so let's call this vehicle a
bus

bus

bus
not<05:44:04.080> only<05:44:04.200> do<05:44:04.440> we<05:44:04.680> want<05:44:04.980> this<05:44:05.340> bus<05:44:05.520> to<05:44:05.820> be<05:44:05.940> able

not only do we want this bus to be able

not only do we want this bus to be able
to<05:44:06.180> run<05:44:06.360> on<05:44:06.718> any<05:44:06.958> of<05:44:07.138> the<05:44:07.260> existing<05:44:07.620> highways

to run on any of the existing highways

to run on any of the existing highways
or<05:44:08.340> they're<05:44:08.520> out<05:44:08.760> there<05:44:08.940> but<05:44:09.540> we<05:44:09.780> also<05:44:10.020> want

or they're out there but we also want

or they're out there but we also want
the<05:44:10.378> bus<05:44:10.500> to<05:44:10.740> be<05:44:10.860> able<05:44:10.980> to<05:44:11.160> use<05:44:11.340> the<05:44:11.760> already

the bus to be able to use the already

the bus to be able to use the already
existing<05:44:12.540> bus<05:44:12.958> stations<05:44:13.558> as<05:44:13.798> well<05:44:13.980> so<05:44:14.638> in

existing bus stations as well so in

existing bus stations as well so in
order<05:44:14.940> to<05:44:15.120> do<05:44:15.360> this<05:44:15.600> we<05:44:16.138> need<05:44:16.320> to<05:44:16.440> understand

order to do this we need to understand

order to do this we need to understand
exactly<05:44:17.340> what<05:44:17.700> we<05:44:17.940> already<05:44:18.058> have<05:44:18.480> meaning

exactly what we already have meaning

exactly what we already have meaning
what<05:44:19.620> the<05:44:19.798> standards<05:44:20.218> are<05:44:20.400> already<05:44:20.760> in<05:44:21.120> place

what the standards are already in place

what the standards are already in place
for<05:44:21.958> a<05:44:22.320> highway<05:44:22.500> we<05:44:23.340> also<05:44:23.520> need<05:44:23.638> to<05:44:23.760> know

for a highway we also need to know

for a highway we also need to know
everything<05:44:24.180> about<05:44:24.480> bus<05:44:24.780> stations<05:44:25.378> and

everything about bus stations and

everything about bus stations and
everything<05:44:26.520> about<05:44:26.820> the<05:44:27.298> infrastructure<05:44:27.958> of

everything about the infrastructure of

everything about the infrastructure of
the<05:44:28.440> highway<05:44:28.558> system<05:44:29.040> that<05:44:29.400> already<05:44:29.580> exists

the highway system that already exists

the highway system that already exists
regardless<05:44:31.320> of<05:44:31.500> whether<05:44:31.680> we<05:44:32.040> actually<05:44:32.218> have

regardless of whether we actually have

regardless of whether we actually have
to<05:44:33.360> build<05:44:33.660> the<05:44:33.958> highway

to build the highway

to build the highway
we<05:44:35.400> still<05:44:35.580> need<05:44:35.760> to<05:44:35.940> understand<05:44:36.120> everything

we still need to understand everything

we still need to understand everything
that<05:44:37.320> relates<05:44:37.680> to<05:44:37.920> highways<05:44:38.458> and<05:44:38.700> their

that relates to highways and their

that relates to highways and their
designs<05:44:39.480> uh<05:44:40.200> to<05:44:40.440> the<05:44:40.620> materials<05:44:41.160> the

designs uh to the materials the

designs uh to the materials the
limitations<05:44:41.878> and<05:44:42.360> so<05:44:42.480> on<05:44:42.660> so<05:44:43.558> this<05:44:43.920> way<05:44:44.100> when

limitations and so on so this way when

limitations and so on so this way when
we're<05:44:44.580> designing<05:44:45.120> our<05:44:45.360> brand<05:44:45.480> new<05:44:45.660> bus<05:44:45.958> we<05:44:46.500> can

we're designing our brand new bus we can

we're designing our brand new bus we can
ensure<05:44:46.980> that<05:44:47.280> it<05:44:47.458> still<05:44:47.638> can<05:44:47.940> drive<05:44:48.180> and

ensure that it still can drive and

ensure that it still can drive and
operate<05:44:49.020> on<05:44:49.378> older<05:44:49.740> highways<05:44:50.218> not<05:44:50.400> to<05:44:50.580> mention

operate on older highways not to mention

operate on older highways not to mention
new<05:44:51.180> highways<05:44:51.780> and<05:44:52.440> that<05:44:52.620> our<05:44:52.798> bus<05:44:52.980> is<05:44:53.160> going

new highways and that our bus is going

new highways and that our bus is going
to<05:44:53.580> interact<05:44:54.420> uh<05:44:55.080> properly<05:44:55.500> with<05:44:55.798> the<05:44:55.980> other

to interact uh properly with the other

to interact uh properly with the other
buses<05:44:56.580> and<05:44:56.760> other<05:44:57.000> vehicles<05:44:57.600> that<05:44:57.840> are<05:44:57.958> on<05:44:58.200> the

buses and other vehicles that are on the

buses and other vehicles that are on the
road<05:44:58.440> the<05:44:58.860> other<05:44:58.980> benefit<05:44:59.280> here<05:44:59.760> is<05:45:00.298> if<05:45:00.600> I'm

road the other benefit here is if I'm

road the other benefit here is if I'm
designing<05:45:01.260> this<05:45:01.500> bus<05:45:01.740> and<05:45:02.040> I<05:45:02.280> break<05:45:02.400> it<05:45:02.638> down

designing this bus and I break it down

designing this bus and I break it down
into<05:45:03.058> different<05:45:03.360> layers<05:45:04.020> seven<05:45:04.440> of<05:45:04.740> them<05:45:04.860> I

into different layers seven of them I

into different layers seven of them I
only<05:45:05.700> have<05:45:05.940> to<05:45:06.120> worry<05:45:06.298> about<05:45:06.540> one<05:45:06.900> part<05:45:07.138> for

only have to worry about one part for

only have to worry about one part for
instance<05:45:08.040> there<05:45:08.340> might<05:45:08.458> be<05:45:08.580> someone<05:45:08.878> who<05:45:09.480> is

instance there might be someone who is

instance there might be someone who is
responsible<05:45:10.620> for<05:45:11.218> say<05:45:11.520> the<05:45:11.760> wheels<05:45:12.180> and<05:45:12.540> there

responsible for say the wheels and there

responsible for say the wheels and there
might<05:45:12.900> be<05:45:13.020> someone<05:45:13.260> else<05:45:13.620> who's<05:45:14.280> responsible

might be someone else who's responsible

might be someone else who's responsible
for<05:45:15.600> uh<05:45:16.500> say<05:45:17.000> the<05:45:18.000> body<05:45:18.240> and<05:45:18.660> there<05:45:18.780> might<05:45:18.900> be

for uh say the body and there might be

for uh say the body and there might be
someone<05:45:19.200> else<05:45:19.378> who's<05:45:19.740> responsible<05:45:20.340> for<05:45:20.760> the

someone else who's responsible for the

someone else who's responsible for the
highway<05:45:21.240> and<05:45:21.600> someone<05:45:21.780> else<05:45:22.020> who's

highway and someone else who's

highway and someone else who's
responsible<05:45:22.860> for<05:45:23.760> the<05:45:23.940> bus<05:45:24.120> stop<05:45:24.360> and<05:45:24.660> so<05:45:24.900> on

responsible for the bus stop and so on

responsible for the bus stop and so on
and<05:45:25.200> so<05:45:25.378> forth<05:45:25.680> this<05:45:26.160> way<05:45:26.280> I<05:45:26.458> can<05:45:26.638> fragment

and so forth this way I can fragment

and so forth this way I can fragment
everything<05:45:27.480> out<05:45:27.840> and<05:45:28.080> give<05:45:28.260> everyone

everything out and give everyone

everything out and give everyone
specific<05:45:29.100> jobs<05:45:29.458> and<05:45:30.000> if<05:45:30.180> a<05:45:30.360> problem<05:45:30.600> occurs

specific jobs and if a problem occurs

specific jobs and if a problem occurs
with<05:45:31.440> the<05:45:31.740> bus<05:45:31.920> then<05:45:32.760> I<05:45:33.058> can<05:45:33.180> go<05:45:33.360> to<05:45:33.480> the

with the bus then I can go to the

with the bus then I can go to the
specific<05:45:33.958> person<05:45:34.378> who<05:45:34.740> with<05:45:35.340> whom<05:45:35.580> who<05:45:36.360> is

specific person who with whom who is

specific person who with whom who is
most<05:45:36.780> familiar<05:45:37.080> with<05:45:37.378> that<05:45:37.620> section<05:45:37.980> or<05:45:38.340> that

most familiar with that section or that

most familiar with that section or that
layer<05:45:38.940> this<05:45:39.420> is<05:45:39.480> the<05:45:39.660> benefit<05:45:39.840> to<05:45:40.260> a<05:45:40.500> layered

layer this is the benefit to a layered

layer this is the benefit to a layered
approach<05:45:41.100> to<05:45:41.400> creating<05:45:41.700> something

approach to creating something

approach to creating something
so<05:45:43.080> that<05:45:43.200> being<05:45:43.378> said<05:45:43.620> let's<05:45:44.100> talk<05:45:44.280> about<05:45:44.400> the

so that being said let's talk about the

so that being said let's talk about the
very<05:45:45.000> first<05:45:45.240> layer<05:45:45.660> layer<05:45:46.020> one

very first layer layer one

very first layer layer one
so<05:45:47.160> layer<05:45:47.458> one<05:45:47.580> is<05:45:47.940> the<05:45:48.298> physical<05:45:48.540> layer<05:45:49.080> the

so layer one is the physical layer the

so layer one is the physical layer the
this<05:45:49.740> is<05:45:49.920> the<05:45:50.160> actual<05:45:50.638> physical<05:45:51.120> media<05:45:51.840> the

this is the actual physical media the

this is the actual physical media the
cables<05:45:52.558> the<05:45:52.860> wires<05:45:53.340> this<05:45:54.000> is<05:45:54.120> the<05:45:54.298> means<05:45:54.600> by

cables the wires this is the means by

cables the wires this is the means by
which<05:45:54.958> the<05:45:55.320> bits<05:45:55.740> go<05:45:56.280> from<05:45:56.638> one<05:45:57.000> point<05:45:57.298> to

which the bits go from one point to

which the bits go from one point to
another<05:45:58.340> so<05:45:59.340> for<05:46:00.000> the<05:46:00.180> actual<05:46:00.540> cable<05:46:01.160> uh<05:46:02.160> the

another so for the actual cable uh the

another so for the actual cable uh the
infrared<05:46:03.180> connection<05:46:03.600> the<05:46:04.200> radio<05:46:04.378> frequency

infrared connection the radio frequency

infrared connection the radio frequency
even<05:46:05.940> Wi-Fi<05:46:06.540> all<05:46:07.378> of<05:46:07.500> these<05:46:07.740> reference<05:46:08.218> the

even Wi-Fi all of these reference the

even Wi-Fi all of these reference the
layer<05:46:08.940> or<05:46:09.058> the<05:46:09.240> pathway<05:46:09.718> that<05:46:10.080> the<05:46:10.200> data<05:46:10.500> is

layer or the pathway that the data is

layer or the pathway that the data is
going<05:46:10.798> to<05:46:10.980> take<05:46:11.100> so<05:46:11.940> to<05:46:12.058> take<05:46:12.180> a<05:46:12.298> look<05:46:12.420> in<05:46:12.600> this

going to take so to take a look in this

going to take so to take a look in this
in<05:46:12.900> the<05:46:13.080> way<05:46:13.138> that<05:46:13.320> we<05:46:13.440> were<05:46:13.558> talking<05:46:13.740> about<05:46:13.860> it

in the way that we were talking about it

in the way that we were talking about it
with<05:46:14.218> our<05:46:14.400> bus<05:46:14.580> and<05:46:15.298> our<05:46:15.480> Highway<05:46:15.660> setting<05:46:16.260> if

with our bus and our Highway setting if

with our bus and our Highway setting if
our<05:46:17.160> main<05:46:17.400> concern<05:46:17.820> is<05:46:18.240> building<05:46:18.660> our<05:46:19.138> buses

our main concern is building our buses

our main concern is building our buses
we<05:46:20.100> need<05:46:20.218> to<05:46:20.400> look<05:46:20.520> at<05:46:20.760> all<05:46:21.000> of<05:46:21.120> the<05:46:21.360> other

we need to look at all of the other

we need to look at all of the other
vehicles<05:46:22.020> on<05:46:22.378> the<05:46:22.500> road<05:46:22.680> we<05:46:23.280> need<05:46:23.400> to

vehicles on the road we need to

vehicles on the road we need to
understand<05:46:23.760> their<05:46:24.480> size<05:46:24.718> their<05:46:25.200> shape<05:46:25.520> other

understand their size their shape other

understand their size their shape other
characteristics<05:46:27.600> and<05:46:28.080> so<05:46:28.260> on<05:46:28.440> so<05:46:29.100> that<05:46:29.340> way<05:46:29.458> we

characteristics and so on so that way we

characteristics and so on so that way we
understand<05:46:30.200> how<05:46:31.200> our<05:46:31.378> bus<05:46:31.558> can<05:46:31.860> use<05:46:32.040> the<05:46:32.340> same

understand how our bus can use the same

understand how our bus can use the same
tracks<05:46:33.058> the<05:46:33.360> other<05:46:33.540> vehicles<05:46:34.020> are<05:46:34.200> using<05:46:34.500> so

tracks the other vehicles are using so

tracks the other vehicles are using so
here<05:46:35.400> on<05:46:35.580> layer<05:46:35.940> one<05:46:36.058> we<05:46:36.540> have<05:46:36.660> the<05:46:36.900> path<05:46:37.138> the

here on layer one we have the path the

here on layer one we have the path the
road<05:46:37.860> used<05:46:38.280> for<05:46:38.700> communication<05:46:39.360> again<05:46:40.200> this

road used for communication again this

road used for communication again this
is<05:46:40.798> the<05:46:41.280> wire<05:46:41.540> the<05:46:42.540> Bluetooth<05:46:42.840> fiber<05:46:43.680> copper

is the wire the Bluetooth fiber copper

is the wire the Bluetooth fiber copper
the<05:46:44.820> Wi-Fi<05:46:45.240> whatever<05:46:46.020> means<05:46:46.620> there<05:46:46.798> is<05:46:46.980> that

the Wi-Fi whatever means there is that

the Wi-Fi whatever means there is that
physically<05:46:47.878> the<05:46:48.298> bits<05:46:48.718> the<05:46:49.020> ones<05:46:49.200> and<05:46:49.320> zeros

physically the bits the ones and zeros

physically the bits the ones and zeros
rows<05:46:50.218> are<05:46:50.700> going<05:46:51.000> over<05:46:51.740> this<05:46:52.740> media<05:46:53.638> so<05:46:54.058> the

rows are going over this media so the

rows are going over this media so the
terminology<05:46:54.780> for<05:46:55.138> the<05:46:55.320> information<05:46:55.558> is

terminology for the information is

terminology for the information is
considered<05:46:56.700> simply<05:46:57.058> the<05:46:57.298> bits<05:46:57.660> because<05:46:57.900> we're

considered simply the bits because we're

considered simply the bits because we're
actually<05:46:58.500> transmitting<05:46:59.218> the<05:46:59.400> raw<05:46:59.638> one<05:46:59.820> and

actually transmitting the raw one and

actually transmitting the raw one and
ones<05:47:00.420> and<05:47:00.540> zeros<05:47:00.840> we're<05:47:01.080> not<05:47:01.320> dealing<05:47:02.218> here

ones and zeros we're not dealing here

ones and zeros we're not dealing here
with<05:47:03.240> what<05:47:03.600> the<05:47:03.780> information<05:47:03.958> is<05:47:04.558> we're

with what the information is we're

with what the information is we're
dealing<05:47:05.160> with<05:47:05.280> it<05:47:05.400> at<05:47:05.638> the<05:47:05.878> most<05:47:06.120> Electrical

dealing with it at the most Electrical

dealing with it at the most Electrical
uh<05:47:08.100> basic<05:47:08.760> sort<05:47:09.600> of

uh basic sort of

uh basic sort of
standpoint<05:47:11.100> so<05:47:11.760> this<05:47:12.000> is<05:47:12.120> simply<05:47:12.420> the<05:47:12.660> mid<05:47:12.840> the

standpoint so this is simply the mid the

standpoint so this is simply the mid the
median<05:47:13.500> this<05:47:13.740> is<05:47:13.860> called<05:47:14.040> physical<05:47:14.340> and<05:47:15.180> as

median this is called physical and as

median this is called physical and as
you<05:47:15.900> can<05:47:15.958> imagine<05:47:16.320> this<05:47:17.040> is<05:47:17.160> also<05:47:17.458> the<05:47:17.760> very

you can imagine this is also the very

you can imagine this is also the very
first<05:47:18.298> place<05:47:18.660> that<05:47:19.080> data<05:47:19.440> is<05:47:19.558> going<05:47:19.798> to<05:47:20.100> enter

first place that data is going to enter

first place that data is going to enter
into<05:47:20.760> the<05:47:21.000> computer<05:47:21.120> right<05:47:21.540> it<05:47:21.718> goes<05:47:22.080> over<05:47:22.378> the

into the computer right it goes over the

into the computer right it goes over the
chord<05:47:22.860> and<05:47:23.400> into<05:47:23.580> a<05:47:23.940> nick

chord and into a nick

chord and into a nick
all<05:47:25.138> right<05:47:25.320> now<05:47:25.860> what<05:47:26.100> happens<05:47:26.340> then

all right now what happens then

all right now what happens then
well<05:47:27.718> then<05:47:27.900> we<05:47:28.080> get<05:47:28.260> to<05:47:28.440> Layer<05:47:28.798> Two<05:47:28.980> which<05:47:29.340> is

well then we get to Layer Two which is

well then we get to Layer Two which is
called<05:47:29.760> the<05:47:30.180> data<05:47:30.540> link<05:47:30.660> layer<05:47:31.080> an<05:47:31.620> easy<05:47:31.740> way

called the data link layer an easy way

called the data link layer an easy way
to<05:47:32.280> remember<05:47:32.458> that<05:47:32.940> the<05:47:33.180> layer<05:47:33.480> 2<05:47:33.660> is<05:47:33.900> data

to remember that the layer 2 is data

to remember that the layer 2 is data
link<05:47:34.440> is<05:47:34.798> because<05:47:34.980> it's<05:47:35.340> the<05:47:35.520> only<05:47:35.638> one<05:47:35.878> that

link is because it's the only one that

link is because it's the only one that
has<05:47:36.420> two<05:47:37.260> words<05:47:37.620> it<05:47:38.458> also<05:47:38.700> has<05:47:39.000> and<05:47:39.540> this<05:47:39.780> is

has two words it also has and this is

has two words it also has and this is
not<05:47:40.080> as<05:47:40.320> important<05:47:40.798> uh<05:47:41.580> for

not as important uh for

not as important uh for
this<05:47:43.500> uh<05:47:43.920> for<05:47:44.218> the<05:47:44.280> network<05:47:44.400> plus<05:47:44.638> exam<05:47:45.000> but

this uh for the network plus exam but

this uh for the network plus exam but
it's<05:47:45.240> still<05:47:45.420> good<05:47:45.600> to<05:47:45.718> know<05:47:45.900> there<05:47:46.320> are<05:47:46.440> two

it's still good to know there are two

it's still good to know there are two
what<05:47:46.680> we<05:47:46.860> call<05:47:46.980> sub-layers<05:47:47.940> the<05:47:48.660> max<05:47:48.900> sub

what we call sub-layers the max sub

what we call sub-layers the max sub
layer<05:47:49.680> and<05:47:50.040> the<05:47:50.218> LLC<05:47:50.760> sub<05:47:51.058> layer

layer and the LLC sub layer

layer and the LLC sub layer
this<05:47:53.040> layer<05:47:53.458> in<05:47:54.240> total<05:47:54.540> and<05:47:54.718> so<05:47:54.900> these<05:47:55.320> two

this layer in total and so these two

this layer in total and so these two
make<05:47:55.860> up

make up

make up
this<05:47:57.540> data<05:47:57.840> link<05:47:57.958> layer<05:47:58.440> and<05:47:58.920> this<05:47:59.100> layer<05:47:59.400> as<05:47:59.700> a

this data link layer and this layer as a

this data link layer and this layer as a
whole<05:48:00.000> is<05:48:00.240> responsible<05:48:00.780> for<05:48:01.138> allowing

whole is responsible for allowing

whole is responsible for allowing
devices<05:48:01.980> to<05:48:02.580> share<05:48:02.878> the<05:48:03.360> same<05:48:03.540> medium<05:48:04.138> the

devices to share the same medium the

devices to share the same medium the
medium<05:48:05.280> being<05:48:05.520> the<05:48:06.000> physical<05:48:06.180> layer<05:48:06.718> so<05:48:07.500> here

medium being the physical layer so here

medium being the physical layer so here
we<05:48:07.980> see<05:48:08.100> a<05:48:08.218> few<05:48:08.400> things<05:48:08.520> happening<05:48:09.058> first<05:48:09.718> we

we see a few things happening first we

we see a few things happening first we
see<05:48:10.260> a<05:48:10.500> certain<05:48:10.680> level<05:48:11.360> of<05:48:12.360> error<05:48:13.200> correction

see a certain level of error correction

see a certain level of error correction
and<05:48:14.040> error<05:48:14.520> detection<05:48:14.878> on<05:48:15.718> the<05:48:15.900> physical

and error detection on the physical

and error detection on the physical
layer<05:48:16.558> we're<05:48:16.680> going<05:48:16.860> to<05:48:16.920> see<05:48:17.040> this<05:48:17.160> a<05:48:17.340> little

layer we're going to see this a little

layer we're going to see this a little
more<05:48:17.520> on<05:48:17.700> later<05:48:17.878> layers<05:48:18.298> as<05:48:18.540> well

more on later layers as well

more on later layers as well
also<05:48:19.920> and<05:48:20.160> probably<05:48:20.458> more<05:48:21.000> important<05:48:21.480> we<05:48:22.138> see

also and probably more important we see

also and probably more important we see
access<05:48:22.980> control<05:48:23.760> which<05:48:24.718> I've<05:48:24.840> denoted<05:48:25.378> here

access control which I've denoted here

access control which I've denoted here
and<05:48:25.920> I'll<05:48:26.100> get<05:48:26.280> to<05:48:26.340> this<05:48:26.520> in<05:48:26.638> a<05:48:26.760> minute<05:48:26.878> by<05:48:27.480> the

and I'll get to this in a minute by the

and I'll get to this in a minute by the
stop<05:48:27.840> light

stop light

stop light
so<05:48:29.280> this<05:48:29.638> function<05:48:29.940> is<05:48:30.180> performed<05:48:30.780> by<05:48:31.200> this

so this function is performed by this

so this function is performed by this
Max<05:48:31.798> sub<05:48:32.100> layer<05:48:32.458> again<05:48:32.580> I<05:48:32.878> wouldn't<05:48:33.000> worry<05:48:33.180> too

Max sub layer again I wouldn't worry too

Max sub layer again I wouldn't worry too
much<05:48:33.540> about<05:48:33.718> that<05:48:34.020> but<05:48:34.680> the<05:48:34.920> most<05:48:35.040> important

much about that but the most important

much about that but the most important
thing<05:48:35.700> here<05:48:35.940> is<05:48:36.360> that<05:48:36.540> we<05:48:36.780> have<05:48:37.020> physical

thing here is that we have physical

thing here is that we have physical
addressing<05:48:38.520> or<05:48:39.120> the<05:48:39.298> MAC<05:48:39.480> address<05:48:39.780> so

addressing or the MAC address so

addressing or the MAC address so
anything<05:48:40.920> that<05:48:41.340> looks<05:48:41.820> at<05:48:42.540> Mac<05:48:43.080> addressing

anything that looks at Mac addressing

anything that looks at Mac addressing
and<05:48:44.400> by<05:48:44.520> the<05:48:44.638> way<05:48:44.700> Mac<05:48:45.000> addressing<05:48:45.600> is<05:48:45.840> oddly

and by the way Mac addressing is oddly

and by the way Mac addressing is oddly
enough<05:48:46.378> performed

enough performed

enough performed
by<05:48:48.718> the<05:48:49.200> LLC<05:48:49.740> layer

by the LLC layer

by the LLC layer
allows<05:48:51.480> a<05:48:51.660> device<05:48:51.780> to<05:48:52.080> look<05:48:52.260> at<05:48:52.378> a<05:48:52.620> certain

allows a device to look at a certain

allows a device to look at a certain
extra<05:48:53.958> layer<05:48:54.958> of<05:48:55.080> information<05:48:55.760> so<05:48:56.760> whereas

extra layer of information so whereas

extra layer of information so whereas
with<05:48:57.900> layer<05:48:58.200> one<05:48:58.378> we<05:48:58.558> saw<05:48:58.740> physical<05:48:58.980> if<05:48:59.340> you

with layer one we saw physical if you

with layer one we saw physical if you
remember<05:48:59.520> we<05:48:59.820> talked<05:49:00.120> about<05:49:00.240> hubs<05:49:01.020> hubs<05:49:01.620> just

remember we talked about hubs hubs just

remember we talked about hubs hubs just
forward<05:49:02.040> bits<05:49:02.520> they<05:49:02.700> don't<05:49:02.820> look<05:49:03.000> at<05:49:03.120> the<05:49:03.298> bits

forward bits they don't look at the bits

forward bits they don't look at the bits
so<05:49:03.780> they're<05:49:03.900> going<05:49:04.080> to<05:49:04.200> operate<05:49:04.500> at<05:49:04.680> layer<05:49:05.040> one

so they're going to operate at layer one

so they're going to operate at layer one
here<05:49:05.820> at<05:49:06.058> Layer<05:49:06.360> Two<05:49:06.540> we<05:49:06.840> start<05:49:07.020> dealing<05:49:07.440> with

here at Layer Two we start dealing with

here at Layer Two we start dealing with
Mac<05:49:08.040> addresses<05:49:08.580> as<05:49:09.298> a<05:49:09.480> result<05:49:09.660> this<05:49:10.260> is<05:49:10.378> where

Mac addresses as a result this is where

Mac addresses as a result this is where
devices<05:49:11.100> like<05:49:11.840> switches<05:49:12.860> are<05:49:13.860> found<05:49:14.100> and

devices like switches are found and

devices like switches are found and
that's<05:49:14.878> why<05:49:15.180> switches<05:49:15.718> are<05:49:15.958> often<05:49:16.378> called

that's why switches are often called

that's why switches are often called
layer<05:49:18.120> 2<05:49:18.360> devices

layer 2 devices

layer 2 devices
there<05:49:20.580> are<05:49:20.700> more<05:49:20.940> advanced<05:49:21.360> types<05:49:21.660> of

there are more advanced types of

there are more advanced types of
switches<05:49:22.080> but<05:49:22.260> I<05:49:22.378> want<05:49:22.500> you<05:49:22.620> to<05:49:22.798> remember

switches but I want you to remember

switches but I want you to remember
again<05:49:23.400> a<05:49:24.298> switch<05:49:24.420> is<05:49:24.780> a<05:49:25.020> layer<05:49:25.440> 2<05:49:26.218> device<05:49:26.760> now

again a switch is a layer 2 device now

again a switch is a layer 2 device now
if<05:49:27.840> we<05:49:27.958> look<05:49:28.080> at<05:49:28.260> this<05:49:28.500> in<05:49:28.798> a<05:49:28.980> slightly

if we look at this in a slightly

if we look at this in a slightly
different<05:49:29.700> way<05:49:30.138> here's<05:49:31.138> where<05:49:31.320> we<05:49:31.620> have<05:49:31.798> to<05:49:31.920> be

different way here's where we have to be

different way here's where we have to be
able<05:49:32.400> to<05:49:32.520> have<05:49:32.700> access<05:49:33.058> control<05:49:33.480> on<05:49:33.780> our

able to have access control on our

able to have access control on our
highway<05:49:34.200> so<05:49:35.100> this<05:49:35.280> is<05:49:35.400> where<05:49:35.580> we<05:49:35.760> have<05:49:35.878> to<05:49:36.000> be

highway so this is where we have to be

highway so this is where we have to be
able<05:49:36.240> to<05:49:36.360> have<05:49:36.660> uh<05:49:37.500> proper<05:49:37.980> on-ramps<05:49:38.700> that<05:49:39.180> are

able to have uh proper on-ramps that are

able to have uh proper on-ramps that are
only<05:49:39.480> going<05:49:39.660> to<05:49:39.718> allow<05:49:40.020> authorized<05:49:40.920> vehicles

only going to allow authorized vehicles

only going to allow authorized vehicles
to<05:49:41.638> enter<05:49:41.820> onto<05:49:42.240> the<05:49:42.360> road<05:49:42.480> and<05:49:43.138> we<05:49:43.320> also<05:49:43.620> need

to enter onto the road and we also need

to enter onto the road and we also need
to<05:49:43.860> establish<05:49:44.280> standards<05:49:44.878> for<05:49:45.180> how<05:49:45.420> the<05:49:45.600> road

to establish standards for how the road

to establish standards for how the road
is<05:49:46.020> going<05:49:46.200> to<05:49:46.440> be<05:49:46.700> used<05:49:47.700> by<05:49:48.120> everyone<05:49:48.360> perhaps

is going to be used by everyone perhaps

is going to be used by everyone perhaps
with<05:49:49.320> signs<05:49:49.860> and<05:49:50.340> here<05:49:50.458> we<05:49:50.638> also<05:49:50.820> remember

with signs and here we also remember

with signs and here we also remember
this<05:49:51.420> is<05:49:51.540> where<05:49:51.718> we<05:49:51.900> establish<05:49:52.200> how<05:49:52.440> everyone

this is where we establish how everyone

this is where we establish how everyone
is<05:49:52.860> going<05:49:53.040> to<05:49:53.218> share<05:49:53.400> the<05:49:53.638> road<05:49:53.760> who's<05:49:54.298> going

is going to share the road who's going

is going to share the road who's going
to<05:49:54.660> access<05:49:54.840> the<05:49:55.138> road<05:49:55.580> and<05:49:56.580> a<05:49:57.000> certain<05:49:57.420> level

to access the road and a certain level

to access the road and a certain level
of<05:49:58.020> checking<05:49:58.500> for<05:49:58.680> damage<05:49:59.040> on<05:49:59.340> the<05:49:59.458> highway

of checking for damage on the highway

of checking for damage on the highway
and<05:50:00.420> vehicles<05:50:00.840> for<05:50:01.200> instance<05:50:01.440> people<05:50:01.740> sort<05:50:02.160> of

and vehicles for instance people sort of

and vehicles for instance people sort of
going<05:50:02.760> on<05:50:02.940> and<05:50:03.120> making<05:50:03.298> sure<05:50:03.540> there<05:50:03.780> aren't

going on and making sure there aren't

going on and making sure there aren't
potholes<05:50:05.100> in<05:50:05.638> this<05:50:05.760> layer<05:50:06.058> we<05:50:06.298> refer<05:50:06.600> to<05:50:06.718> the

potholes in this layer we refer to the

potholes in this layer we refer to the
data<05:50:07.440> as<05:50:08.218> frames<05:50:09.058> of<05:50:09.420> data<05:50:09.780> because<05:50:09.958> they're

data as frames of data because they're

data as frames of data because they're
beginning<05:50:10.500> to<05:50:10.798> get<05:50:10.980> framed<05:50:11.340> we're<05:50:11.580> no<05:50:11.878> longer

beginning to get framed we're no longer

beginning to get framed we're no longer
just<05:50:12.298> dealing<05:50:12.660> with<05:50:13.138> the<05:50:13.320> ones<05:50:13.558> and<05:50:13.680> zeros

just dealing with the ones and zeros

just dealing with the ones and zeros
we're<05:50:14.280> dealing<05:50:14.638> with<05:50:14.878> them<05:50:15.120> in<05:50:15.958> a<05:50:16.378> frame<05:50:16.798> or<05:50:17.580> in

we're dealing with them in a frame or in

we're dealing with them in a frame or in
a<05:50:18.298> uh<05:50:18.660> sort<05:50:18.900> of<05:50:19.080> larger<05:50:19.980> context<05:50:20.638> now<05:50:21.480> the<05:50:21.780> next

a uh sort of larger context now the next

a uh sort of larger context now the next
layer<05:50:22.378> is<05:50:22.920> layer<05:50:23.400> three<05:50:23.580> or<05:50:24.058> the<05:50:24.360> network

layer is layer three or the network

layer is layer three or the network
layer<05:50:25.378> here's<05:50:26.100> where<05:50:26.280> a<05:50:26.580> really<05:50:26.760> a<05:50:27.000> lot<05:50:27.058> of

layer here's where a really a lot of

layer here's where a really a lot of
exciting<05:50:27.600> stuff<05:50:27.840> happens<05:50:28.138> okay<05:50:28.740> first<05:50:29.520> the

exciting stuff happens okay first the

exciting stuff happens okay first the
third<05:50:30.360> layer<05:50:30.780> is<05:50:30.958> different<05:50:31.138> from<05:50:31.500> the<05:50:31.680> second

third layer is different from the second

third layer is different from the second
layer<05:50:32.400> in<05:50:33.000> that<05:50:33.240> the<05:50:33.600> data<05:50:34.020> link<05:50:34.138> layer

layer in that the data link layer

layer in that the data link layer
transfers<05:50:35.820> data<05:50:36.240> between<05:50:36.600> devices<05:50:37.200> that<05:50:37.500> are

transfers data between devices that are

transfers data between devices that are
within<05:50:38.100> the<05:50:38.340> same<05:50:38.638> network<05:50:39.000> okay<05:50:39.900> so<05:50:40.320> if<05:50:40.740> you

within the same network okay so if you

within the same network okay so if you
remember<05:50:40.980> we<05:50:41.280> talked<05:50:41.580> with<05:50:41.760> dealing<05:50:42.180> with

remember we talked with dealing with

remember we talked with dealing with
switches<05:50:42.718> switches<05:50:43.200> only<05:50:43.440> deal<05:50:43.620> with<05:50:43.860> devices

switches switches only deal with devices

switches switches only deal with devices
on<05:50:44.760> the<05:50:44.940> same<05:50:45.120> network<05:50:45.420> but<05:50:46.200> here<05:50:46.440> on<05:50:46.740> layer

on the same network but here on layer

on the same network but here on layer
three<05:50:47.280> the<05:50:48.058> network<05:50:48.240> layer<05:50:48.718> can<05:50:49.020> allow<05:50:49.320> us<05:50:49.558> to

three the network layer can allow us to

three the network layer can allow us to
transfer<05:50:50.458> data<05:50:50.878> to<05:50:51.540> and<05:50:51.718> from<05:50:51.900> devices<05:50:52.260> that

transfer data to and from devices that

transfer data to and from devices that
are<05:50:52.740> on<05:50:53.160> different<05:50:53.458> networks<05:50:54.120> it<05:50:54.780> does<05:50:54.958> this

are on different networks it does this

are on different networks it does this
by<05:50:56.160> a<05:50:56.400> specific<05:50:56.878> kind<05:50:57.420> of<05:50:57.600> addressing

by a specific kind of addressing

by a specific kind of addressing
specifically

specifically

specifically
IP<05:51:00.480> addressing<05:51:01.020> and<05:51:01.500> when<05:51:01.620> we<05:51:01.798> deal<05:51:01.980> with<05:51:02.280> IP

IP addressing and when we deal with IP

IP addressing and when we deal with IP
addressing<05:51:03.320> or<05:51:04.320> the<05:51:04.860> Internet<05:51:05.340> Protocol

addressing or the Internet Protocol

addressing or the Internet Protocol
we<05:51:07.740> allow<05:51:07.980> what's<05:51:08.160> called<05:51:08.580> routing

we allow what's called routing

we allow what's called routing
so<05:51:10.680> the<05:51:10.920> main<05:51:11.040> job<05:51:11.280> of<05:51:11.520> the<05:51:11.760> network<05:51:11.940> layer<05:51:12.480> is

so the main job of the network layer is

so the main job of the network layer is
really<05:51:13.200> about<05:51:13.860> this<05:51:14.218> routing<05:51:14.580> it's<05:51:14.760> about

really about this routing it's about

really about this routing it's about
routing<05:51:15.718> and<05:51:16.200> routers<05:51:16.680> so<05:51:17.160> knowing<05:51:17.580> this<05:51:17.700> and

routing and routers so knowing this and

routing and routers so knowing this and
that<05:51:18.058> IP<05:51:18.420> addresses<05:51:18.958> are<05:51:19.138> used<05:51:19.320> for<05:51:19.558> routing

that IP addresses are used for routing

that IP addresses are used for routing
we<05:51:20.458> come<05:51:20.638> to<05:51:20.820> the<05:51:20.940> conclusion<05:51:21.420> that<05:51:21.780> the<05:51:22.020> kinds

we come to the conclusion that the kinds

we come to the conclusion that the kinds
of<05:51:22.440> devices<05:51:22.680> we're<05:51:23.100> really<05:51:23.280> going<05:51:23.458> to<05:51:23.520> find<05:51:23.638> in

of devices we're really going to find in

of devices we're really going to find in
this<05:51:24.000> layer

this layer

this layer
are<05:51:25.558> routers<05:51:26.040> so<05:51:26.638> routers<05:51:27.240> are<05:51:27.718> what<05:51:27.958> we<05:51:28.138> call

are routers so routers are what we call

are routers so routers are what we call
layer<05:51:29.040> 3<05:51:29.280> devices<05:51:29.760> and<05:51:30.120> that's<05:51:30.240> you're<05:51:30.480> going

layer 3 devices and that's you're going

layer 3 devices and that's you're going
to<05:51:30.718> see<05:51:30.780> on<05:51:31.020> the<05:51:31.200> test<05:51:31.378> now<05:51:32.218> for<05:51:32.580> the

to see on the test now for the

to see on the test now for the
information<05:51:33.600> to<05:51:34.260> actually<05:51:34.558> reach<05:51:35.458> the

information to actually reach the

information to actually reach the
destination<05:51:36.360> this<05:51:37.200> IP<05:51:37.620> address<05:51:37.798> has<05:51:38.458> to<05:51:38.638> be

destination this IP address has to be

destination this IP address has to be
mapped

mapped

mapped
to<05:51:40.860> a<05:51:41.160> physical<05:51:41.400> address<05:51:41.820> on<05:51:42.360> layer<05:51:42.718> 2.

to a physical address on layer 2.

to a physical address on layer 2.
so<05:51:44.638> the<05:51:44.820> protocol<05:51:45.120> that<05:51:45.420> does<05:51:45.718> this<05:51:46.080> is<05:51:46.920> called

so the protocol that does this is called

so the protocol that does this is called
arp

arp

arp
what<05:51:49.260> ARP<05:51:49.620> does

what ARP does

what ARP does
is<05:51:51.660> it<05:51:51.958> Maps

for better for a lack of a better way of

for better for a lack of a better way of
describing<05:51:57.360> it<05:51:57.540> Maps<05:51:58.080> Mac<05:51:58.320> addresses

to IP addresses by the way ARP stands

to IP addresses by the way ARP stands
for<05:52:04.798> address

this protocol actually operates slightly

this protocol actually operates slightly
on<05:52:23.760> the<05:52:23.878> network<05:52:24.000> layer<05:52:24.480> and<05:52:24.718> slightly<05:52:25.020> on<05:52:25.200> the

on the network layer and slightly on the

on the network layer and slightly on the
data<05:52:25.620> link<05:52:25.740> layer<05:52:26.100> because<05:52:26.458> obviously<05:52:27.000> it's

data link layer because obviously it's

data link layer because obviously it's
dealing<05:52:27.480> with<05:52:27.600> Mac<05:52:27.840> addresses<05:52:28.440> and<05:52:28.920> IP

dealing with Mac addresses and IP

dealing with Mac addresses and IP
addresses

now it's important that you consider

now it's important that you consider
that<05:52:35.700> remember<05:52:35.878> we<05:52:36.240> talked<05:52:36.600> about

that remember we talked about

that remember we talked about
UDP

UDP

UDP
versus<05:52:39.240> TCP

versus TCP

versus TCP
UDP<05:52:42.058> being

oriented that's when we're dealing with

oriented that's when we're dealing with
ports<05:52:54.660> and<05:52:54.840> we'll<05:52:54.958> talk<05:52:55.138> about<05:52:55.260> that<05:52:55.558> more<05:52:55.740> we

ports and we'll talk about that more we

ports and we'll talk about that more we
talked<05:52:56.280> about<05:52:56.340> that<05:52:56.520> in<05:52:56.638> a<05:52:56.760> plus<05:52:56.940> and<05:52:57.180> we'll

talked about that in a plus and we'll

talked about that in a plus and we'll
talk<05:52:57.540> about<05:52:57.660> that<05:52:57.958> a<05:52:58.138> little<05:52:58.200> more<05:52:58.378> later<05:52:58.620> well

talk about that a little more later well

talk about that a little more later well
everything<05:52:59.760> in<05:53:00.298> the<05:53:00.480> network<05:53:00.660> layer<05:53:01.200> is

everything in the network layer is

everything in the network layer is
connection<05:53:02.218> less

connection less

connection less
this<05:53:04.440> means<05:53:04.798> that<05:53:05.040> it<05:53:05.340> manages<05:53:05.840> the<05:53:06.840> transfer

this means that it manages the transfer

this means that it manages the transfer
of<05:53:07.440> data<05:53:07.740> in<05:53:08.040> a<05:53:08.218> connection<05:53:08.400> less<05:53:09.260> uh<05:53:10.260> mode<05:53:10.558> it

of data in a connection less uh mode it

of data in a connection less uh mode it
just<05:53:11.400> sends<05:53:11.760> the<05:53:11.878> data<05:53:12.120> but<05:53:12.298> it's<05:53:12.420> not<05:53:12.718> going

just sends the data but it's not going

just sends the data but it's not going
to<05:53:13.020> wait<05:53:13.320> for<05:53:13.558> a<05:53:13.680> reply<05:53:13.980> to<05:53:14.160> ensure<05:53:14.520> it<05:53:14.638> got<05:53:14.878> to

to wait for a reply to ensure it got to

to wait for a reply to ensure it got to
its<05:53:15.420> destination<05:53:15.900> this<05:53:16.620> means<05:53:16.860> we're<05:53:17.100> sort<05:53:17.340> of

its destination this means we're sort of

its destination this means we're sort of
using<05:53:17.940> a<05:53:18.780> best<05:53:19.020> effort<05:53:19.620> here<05:53:20.160> this<05:53:21.000> is<05:53:21.120> like

using a best effort here this is like

using a best effort here this is like
dropping<05:53:21.900> something<05:53:22.138> in<05:53:22.440> the<05:53:22.558> mail<05:53:22.680> and<05:53:22.980> just

dropping something in the mail and just

dropping something in the mail and just
hoping<05:53:23.458> it<05:53:23.580> gets<05:53:23.878> there<05:53:24.000> we're<05:53:24.180> not<05:53:24.298> using

hoping it gets there we're not using

hoping it gets there we're not using
certified<05:53:25.200> mail<05:53:25.740> at<05:53:26.040> all<05:53:26.580> on<05:53:27.180> layer<05:53:27.540> 3<05:53:27.860> the

certified mail at all on layer 3 the

certified mail at all on layer 3 the
information<05:53:29.160> remember<05:53:30.058> Layer<05:53:30.480> Two<05:53:30.600> we<05:53:30.718> had

information remember Layer Two we had

information remember Layer Two we had
frames<05:53:31.260> well<05:53:31.500> now<05:53:31.680> we<05:53:31.860> have<05:53:32.040> something<05:53:32.458> called

frames well now we have something called

frames well now we have something called
datagrams

datagrams

datagrams
so<05:53:36.420> this<05:53:36.718> is<05:53:36.900> now<05:53:37.200> we're<05:53:37.320> moving<05:53:37.620> up<05:53:37.798> right<05:53:38.280> we

so this is now we're moving up right we

so this is now we're moving up right we
had<05:53:38.878> frames<05:53:39.298> now<05:53:39.480> the<05:53:39.660> frames<05:53:39.958> are<05:53:40.138> packaged

had frames now the frames are packaged

had frames now the frames are packaged
into<05:53:40.620> datagrams<05:53:41.760> so<05:53:42.180> if<05:53:42.480> we<05:53:42.660> keep<05:53:42.780> with<05:53:42.958> our

into datagrams so if we keep with our

into datagrams so if we keep with our
method<05:53:43.500> of<05:53:43.620> talking<05:53:43.798> about<05:53:43.980> the<05:53:44.280> bus<05:53:44.458> metaphor

method of talking about the bus metaphor

method of talking about the bus metaphor
okay

okay

okay
from<05:53:47.580> the<05:53:47.760> third<05:53:47.940> layer<05:53:48.360> up<05:53:48.600> we're<05:53:48.900> going<05:53:49.080> to

from the third layer up we're going to

from the third layer up we're going to
concentrate<05:53:49.860> on<05:53:50.218> the<05:53:50.458> bus<05:53:50.700> itself<05:53:51.298> so<05:53:51.660> we've

concentrate on the bus itself so we've

concentrate on the bus itself so we've
been<05:53:52.080> talking<05:53:52.378> about<05:53:52.680> the<05:53:53.100> road<05:53:53.280> right<05:53:53.820> we

been talking about the road right we

been talking about the road right we
talked<05:53:54.420> about<05:53:54.480> the<05:53:54.780> road<05:53:54.958> itself<05:53:55.558> the

talked about the road itself the

talked about the road itself the
physical<05:53:56.040> layer<05:53:56.458> and<05:53:56.520> then<05:53:56.638> we<05:53:56.760> talked<05:53:57.000> about

physical layer and then we talked about

physical layer and then we talked about
how<05:53:57.420> people<05:53:57.600> are<05:53:57.840> going<05:53:57.958> to<05:53:58.080> share<05:53:58.260> that<05:53:58.558> road

how people are going to share that road

how people are going to share that road
which<05:53:59.520> is<05:53:59.700> Layer<05:54:00.360> Two

which is Layer Two

which is Layer Two
data<05:54:02.160> link<05:54:02.218> layer<05:54:02.638> now<05:54:03.120> layer<05:54:03.480> 3<05:54:03.600> the<05:54:03.840> network

data link layer now layer 3 the network

data link layer now layer 3 the network
layer<05:54:04.500> this<05:54:04.740> is<05:54:04.860> the<05:54:05.040> bus<05:54:05.218> itself<05:54:05.718> layer<05:54:06.718> 3

layer this is the bus itself layer 3

layer this is the bus itself layer 3
through<05:54:07.440> 7<05:54:07.798> concentrates<05:54:08.760> on<05:54:08.940> the<05:54:09.180> processes

through 7 concentrates on the processes

through 7 concentrates on the processes
that<05:54:10.320> affect<05:54:10.680> this<05:54:11.160> container<05:54:11.940> in<05:54:12.600> our<05:54:12.780> case

that affect this container in our case

that affect this container in our case
the<05:54:13.680> bus<05:54:13.920> since<05:54:14.700> we're<05:54:14.878> basically<05:54:15.240> designing

the bus since we're basically designing

the bus since we're basically designing
our<05:54:15.900> bus<05:54:16.080> this<05:54:16.500> layer<05:54:16.798> is<05:54:16.980> determining<05:54:17.700> the

our bus this layer is determining the

our bus this layer is determining the
best<05:54:18.120> path<05:54:18.660> that<05:54:19.260> our<05:54:19.440> data<05:54:19.798> is<05:54:19.980> going<05:54:20.160> to<05:54:20.340> take

best path that our data is going to take

best path that our data is going to take
so<05:54:21.058> in<05:54:21.180> a<05:54:21.360> manner<05:54:21.540> of<05:54:21.660> speaking<05:54:21.958> this<05:54:22.200> is<05:54:22.378> like

so in a manner of speaking this is like

so in a manner of speaking this is like
the<05:54:23.400> bus<05:54:23.580> driver<05:54:23.878> on<05:54:24.240> a<05:54:24.360> specific<05:54:24.600> route<05:54:24.958> who's

the bus driver on a specific route who's

the bus driver on a specific route who's
going<05:54:25.798> to<05:54:25.920> constantly<05:54:26.458> updating<05:54:26.940> us<05:54:27.240> with

going to constantly updating us with

going to constantly updating us with
routing<05:54:27.958> information<05:54:28.200> so<05:54:29.160> it's<05:54:29.280> saying

routing information so it's saying

routing information so it's saying
here's<05:54:29.878> our<05:54:30.000> first<05:54:30.180> destination<05:54:30.660> here's<05:54:31.080> our

here's our first destination here's our

here's our first destination here's our
second<05:54:31.440> destination<05:54:31.980> here's<05:54:32.520> our<05:54:32.700> third

second destination here's our third

second destination here's our third
destination<05:54:33.360> just<05:54:34.260> in<05:54:34.500> case<05:54:34.740> a<05:54:35.160> route<05:54:35.340> is

destination just in case a route is

destination just in case a route is
blocked<05:54:36.000> or<05:54:36.058> if<05:54:36.240> there's<05:54:36.360> a<05:54:36.600> faster<05:54:36.840> or<05:54:37.080> better

blocked or if there's a faster or better

blocked or if there's a faster or better
route<05:54:37.558> available<05:54:38.058> layer<05:54:39.058> 3<05:54:39.240> is<05:54:39.718> where<05:54:39.958> those

route available layer 3 is where those

route available layer 3 is where those
Protocols<05:54:40.798> are<05:54:40.920> going<05:54:41.040> to<05:54:41.218> operate<05:54:41.638> to<05:54:42.000> find

Protocols are going to operate to find

Protocols are going to operate to find
the<05:54:42.540> shortest<05:54:42.900> and<05:54:43.138> most<05:54:43.320> reliable<05:54:43.980> path<05:54:44.400> to

the shortest and most reliable path to

the shortest and most reliable path to
our<05:54:45.120> destination

our destination

our destination
here<05:54:46.680> on<05:54:46.920> the<05:54:47.100> fourth<05:54:47.458> layer<05:54:47.820> also<05:54:48.480> called<05:54:48.600> the

here on the fourth layer also called the

here on the fourth layer also called the
transport<05:54:49.500> layer<05:54:49.920> some<05:54:50.520> crucial<05:54:50.820> functions

transport layer some crucial functions

transport layer some crucial functions
are<05:54:51.718> taking<05:54:51.900> place<05:54:52.260> now<05:54:52.980> one<05:54:53.218> of<05:54:53.340> these

are taking place now one of these

are taking place now one of these
functions<05:54:54.058> is<05:54:54.540> reliability<05:54:55.500> it<05:54:56.280> can<05:54:56.400> be<05:54:56.520> said

functions is reliability it can be said

functions is reliability it can be said
that<05:54:57.240> the<05:54:57.900> TCP<05:54:58.740> protocol<05:54:59.340> what<05:55:00.058> you<05:55:00.240> might

that the TCP protocol what you might

that the TCP protocol what you might
have<05:55:00.540> heard<05:55:00.780> in<05:55:01.740> TCP<05:55:02.638> IP<05:55:03.298> if<05:55:03.600> IP<05:55:04.080> was<05:55:04.440> on<05:55:04.860> the

have heard in TCP IP if IP was on the

have heard in TCP IP if IP was on the
layer<05:55:05.940> 3<05:55:06.180> perhaps<05:55:06.840> then<05:55:07.080> layer<05:55:07.558> four<05:55:07.740> is<05:55:08.360> TCP

layer 3 perhaps then layer four is TCP

layer 3 perhaps then layer four is TCP
the<05:55:10.080> TCP<05:55:10.558> portion<05:55:11.040> operates<05:55:12.000> on<05:55:12.240> this<05:55:12.420> layer

the TCP portion operates on this layer

the TCP portion operates on this layer
or<05:55:12.900> at<05:55:13.138> least<05:55:13.260> close<05:55:13.680> enough<05:55:13.920> to<05:55:14.160> the

or at least close enough to the

or at least close enough to the
transport<05:55:14.700> layer<05:55:15.058> to<05:55:15.240> be<05:55:15.360> considered<05:55:15.780> a<05:55:15.958> layer

transport layer to be considered a layer

transport layer to be considered a layer
4<05:55:16.558> Protocol

4 Protocol

4 Protocol
just<05:55:18.900> to<05:55:19.080> sort<05:55:19.260> of<05:55:19.458> secondary<05:55:20.458> side<05:55:20.760> note<05:55:21.000> and

just to sort of secondary side note and

just to sort of secondary side note and
we'll<05:55:21.360> talk<05:55:21.540> about<05:55:21.718> TCP<05:55:22.680> and<05:55:22.920> IP<05:55:23.218> a<05:55:23.458> little<05:55:23.580> bit

we'll talk about TCP and IP a little bit

we'll talk about TCP and IP a little bit
more<05:55:23.878> in<05:55:24.000> depth<05:55:24.298> in<05:55:24.360> the<05:55:24.540> next<05:55:24.660> module<05:55:25.138> they

more in depth in the next module they

more in depth in the next module they
have<05:55:25.740> their<05:55:25.980> own<05:55:26.160> model<05:55:26.458> the<05:55:27.000> OSI<05:55:27.540> model<05:55:27.900> is

have their own model the OSI model is

have their own model the OSI model is
sort<05:55:28.500> of<05:55:28.620> a<05:55:28.798> theoretical<05:55:29.280> model<05:55:29.520> it<05:55:29.700> was<05:55:29.820> never

sort of a theoretical model it was never

sort of a theoretical model it was never
actually<05:55:30.540> implemented<05:55:31.320> as<05:55:31.920> it<05:55:32.100> was<05:55:32.280> created

actually implemented as it was created

actually implemented as it was created
that<05:55:33.240> being<05:55:33.480> said<05:55:33.660> we<05:55:34.020> still<05:55:34.138> use<05:55:34.500> it<05:55:34.680> in

that being said we still use it in

that being said we still use it in
discussing<05:55:35.400> a<05:55:35.580> lot<05:55:35.638> of<05:55:35.760> stuff<05:55:35.940> which<05:55:36.180> is<05:55:36.298> why

discussing a lot of stuff which is why

discussing a lot of stuff which is why
we<05:55:36.718> need<05:55:36.840> to<05:55:36.958> talk<05:55:37.080> about<05:55:37.320> so<05:55:38.040> the<05:55:38.400> reliability

we need to talk about so the reliability

we need to talk about so the reliability
is<05:55:39.660> guaranteed<05:55:40.500> by<05:55:41.340> in<05:55:41.940> here<05:55:42.120> the<05:55:42.540> connection

is guaranteed by in here the connection

is guaranteed by in here the connection
oriented

protocols that are on layer four

protocols that are on layer four
so<05:55:53.760> the<05:55:54.058> transport<05:55:54.420> layer<05:55:54.780> has<05:55:55.020> mechanisms

so the transport layer has mechanisms

so the transport layer has mechanisms
that<05:55:55.980> keep<05:55:56.400> track<05:55:56.900> of<05:55:57.900> uh<05:55:58.440> these<05:55:58.980> segments<05:55:59.878> and

that keep track of uh these segments and

that keep track of uh these segments and
when<05:56:00.660> segments<05:56:01.378> fail<05:56:01.620> the<05:56:02.040> transport<05:56:02.458> layer

when segments fail the transport layer

when segments fail the transport layer
resends<05:56:03.660> them<05:56:03.780> there's<05:56:04.320> also<05:56:04.620> this

resends them there's also this

resends them there's also this
acknowledgment<05:56:05.760> feature<05:56:06.360> such<05:56:07.020> as<05:56:07.378> a<05:56:07.798> like<05:56:08.040> a

acknowledgment feature such as a like a

acknowledgment feature such as a like a
certified<05:56:08.580> letter<05:56:08.940> would<05:56:09.298> have<05:56:09.480> that<05:56:10.080> ensures

certified letter would have that ensures

certified letter would have that ensures
that<05:56:10.740> when<05:56:10.980> a<05:56:11.280> message<05:56:11.458> is<05:56:11.820> received<05:56:12.360> by<05:56:12.600> the

that when a message is received by the

that when a message is received by the
destination<05:56:13.260> the<05:56:14.040> transport<05:56:14.458> layer<05:56:14.878> is

destination the transport layer is

destination the transport layer is
notified<05:56:15.600> for<05:56:16.440> instance<05:56:16.680> by<05:56:17.100> a<05:56:17.400> message

notified for instance by a message

notified for instance by a message
received<05:56:18.240> successfully<05:56:18.900> what<05:56:19.440> we<05:56:19.620> call<05:56:19.860> a<05:56:20.520> ack

received successfully what we call a ack

received successfully what we call a ack
packet<05:56:21.780> or<05:56:22.080> acknowledgment<05:56:22.798> packet

packet or acknowledgment packet

packet or acknowledgment packet
besides<05:56:26.160> these<05:56:26.580> guaranteed<05:56:27.540> delivery

besides these guaranteed delivery

besides these guaranteed delivery
features<05:56:28.558> we<05:56:29.100> also<05:56:29.340> have<05:56:29.520> what's<05:56:29.940> called<05:56:30.180> data

features we also have what's called data

features we also have what's called data
flow<05:56:31.020> control<05:56:31.280> this<05:56:32.280> function<05:56:32.638> ensures<05:56:33.420> that

flow control this function ensures that

flow control this function ensures that
during<05:56:34.080> the<05:56:34.378> data<05:56:34.740> transfer<05:56:35.218> the<05:56:35.878> receiving

during the data transfer the receiving

during the data transfer the receiving
end<05:56:36.420> doesn't<05:56:36.718> get<05:56:36.958> flooded<05:56:37.440> with<05:56:37.680> too<05:56:37.860> much

end doesn't get flooded with too much

end doesn't get flooded with too much
data<05:56:38.580> at<05:56:38.820> any<05:56:39.000> one<05:56:39.240> time<05:56:39.540> later<05:56:40.320> in<05:56:40.558> the<05:56:40.620> lesson

data at any one time later in the lesson

data at any one time later in the lesson
we're<05:56:41.040> going<05:56:41.218> to<05:56:41.280> talk<05:56:41.400> about<05:56:41.580> different<05:56:42.058> data

we're going to talk about different data

we're going to talk about different data
flow

flow

flow
techniques<05:56:44.878> and<05:56:45.120> flow<05:56:45.420> control<05:56:45.600> techniques

techniques and flow control techniques

techniques and flow control techniques
that<05:56:46.500> are<05:56:46.620> used<05:56:46.920> the<05:56:47.700> transport<05:56:48.120> layer<05:56:48.420> is

that are used the transport layer is

that are used the transport layer is
where<05:56:48.780> something<05:56:49.138> else<05:56:49.320> called<05:56:49.620> sequencing

where something else called sequencing

where something else called sequencing
of<05:56:50.760> data<05:56:51.120> occurs<05:56:51.660> basically<05:56:52.500> when<05:56:52.798> data<05:56:53.160> is

of data occurs basically when data is

of data occurs basically when data is
transmitted<05:56:54.000> it's<05:56:54.718> either<05:56:54.958> broken<05:56:55.320> apart<05:56:55.798> or

transmitted it's either broken apart or

transmitted it's either broken apart or
fragmented<05:56:56.940> to<05:56:57.180> be<05:56:57.298> able<05:56:57.420> to<05:56:57.540> send<05:56:57.718> it<05:56:57.900> across

fragmented to be able to send it across

fragmented to be able to send it across
the<05:56:58.500> medium<05:56:58.860> and<05:56:59.280> when<05:56:59.520> it's<05:56:59.638> fragmented<05:57:00.420> each

the medium and when it's fragmented each

the medium and when it's fragmented each
fragment<05:57:01.200> or<05:57:01.500> piece<05:57:01.920> is<05:57:02.160> labeled<05:57:02.580> with<05:57:03.120> a

fragment or piece is labeled with a

fragment or piece is labeled with a
specific<05:57:03.718> number<05:57:04.080> so<05:57:04.740> that<05:57:04.860> when<05:57:05.100> the

specific number so that when the

specific number so that when the
receiving<05:57:05.520> end<05:57:06.080> receives<05:57:07.080> uh<05:57:07.740> when<05:57:07.920> the

receiving end receives uh when the

receiving end receives uh when the
receiving<05:57:08.280> end<05:57:08.458> of<05:57:08.638> the<05:57:08.820> transport<05:57:09.180> layer

receiving end of the transport layer

receiving end of the transport layer
receives<05:57:10.440> this<05:57:10.920> data<05:57:11.340> it<05:57:11.638> can<05:57:11.820> be<05:57:11.940> reassembled

receives this data it can be reassembled

receives this data it can be reassembled
and<05:57:12.900> put<05:57:13.080> back<05:57:13.378> together<05:57:13.620> in<05:57:13.980> the<05:57:14.100> proper

and put back together in the proper

and put back together in the proper
order<05:57:14.520> this<05:57:15.240> is<05:57:15.360> really<05:57:15.540> important

order this is really important

order this is really important
especially<05:57:16.440> when<05:57:16.920> data<05:57:17.218> is<05:57:17.340> received<05:57:17.760> out<05:57:18.058> of

especially when data is received out of

especially when data is received out of
order<05:57:18.360> as<05:57:18.900> I<05:57:19.080> just<05:57:19.260> demonstrated<05:57:19.798> now<05:57:20.580> in

order as I just demonstrated now in

order as I just demonstrated now in
essence<05:57:21.298> this<05:57:21.780> layer<05:57:22.080> is<05:57:22.440> much<05:57:22.798> like<05:57:23.218> the

essence this layer is much like the

essence this layer is much like the
standards<05:57:24.360> and<05:57:24.480> the<05:57:24.600> laws<05:57:24.840> that<05:57:25.320> we<05:57:25.558> have<05:57:25.740> in

standards and the laws that we have in

standards and the laws that we have in
place<05:57:26.218> on<05:57:26.458> our<05:57:26.638> highways<05:57:27.058> they<05:57:27.298> ensure<05:57:27.600> that

place on our highways they ensure that

place on our highways they ensure that
Vehicles<05:57:28.320> get<05:57:28.920> us<05:57:29.100> to<05:57:29.340> where<05:57:29.520> we<05:57:29.700> need<05:57:29.878> to<05:57:30.058> be

Vehicles get us to where we need to be

Vehicles get us to where we need to be
safely<05:57:30.958> and<05:57:31.500> on<05:57:31.740> time<05:57:31.920> now<05:57:32.520> some<05:57:32.638> of<05:57:32.760> the<05:57:32.820> other

safely and on time now some of the other

safely and on time now some of the other
protocols<05:57:33.420> you<05:57:33.600> may<05:57:33.718> have<05:57:33.900> heard<05:57:34.138> of<05:57:34.320> that

protocols you may have heard of that

protocols you may have heard of that
operate<05:57:34.980> on<05:57:35.160> this<05:57:35.340> layer<05:57:35.700> are<05:57:36.980> sctp<05:57:37.980> uh<05:57:38.940> some

operate on this layer are sctp uh some

operate on this layer are sctp uh some
tunneling<05:57:39.660> protocols<05:57:40.378> and<05:57:41.040> uh<05:57:41.820> more

tunneling protocols and uh more

tunneling protocols and uh more
importantly<05:57:43.020> here<05:57:43.378> when<05:57:43.680> data<05:57:44.160> is<05:57:44.520> sort<05:57:44.878> of

importantly here when data is sort of

importantly here when data is sort of
partitioned<05:57:45.958> out<05:57:46.080> it's<05:57:46.500> called<05:57:46.740> a<05:57:47.100> segment<05:57:47.458> as

partitioned out it's called a segment as

partitioned out it's called a segment as
opposed<05:57:48.480> to<05:57:48.540> a<05:57:49.500> datagram<05:57:50.040> or<05:57:51.000> a<05:57:51.180> frame<05:57:51.540> now<05:57:52.200> the

opposed to a datagram or a frame now the

opposed to a datagram or a frame now the
next<05:57:52.798> layer<05:57:53.280> is<05:57:54.180> uh<05:57:54.780> I<05:57:55.200> think<05:57:55.260> it's<05:57:55.440> one<05:57:55.680> of<05:57:55.798> the

next layer is uh I think it's one of the

next layer is uh I think it's one of the
easier<05:57:56.160> ones<05:57:56.458> to<05:57:56.580> memorize<05:57:56.940> it's<05:57:57.240> called<05:57:57.480> the

easier ones to memorize it's called the

easier ones to memorize it's called the
session<05:57:58.320> layer<05:57:58.860> and<05:57:59.160> layer<05:57:59.638> five<05:57:59.878> and<05:58:00.540> it's

session layer and layer five and it's

session layer and layer five and it's
pretty<05:58:01.020> simple<05:58:01.260> because<05:58:01.860> the<05:58:02.580> sole<05:58:02.878> purpose

pretty simple because the sole purpose

pretty simple because the sole purpose
of<05:58:03.298> this<05:58:03.480> layer<05:58:03.780> is<05:58:03.900> to<05:58:04.200> establish<05:58:04.740> maintain

of this layer is to establish maintain

of this layer is to establish maintain
when<05:58:05.940> it<05:58:06.058> comes<05:58:06.240> time<05:58:06.480> to<05:58:06.780> shut<05:58:06.958> down<05:58:07.520> or

when it comes time to shut down or

when it comes time to shut down or
conclude<05:58:09.000> the<05:58:09.240> communication<05:58:10.040> session<05:58:11.040> now

conclude the communication session now

conclude the communication session now
while<05:58:11.940> the<05:58:12.120> OSI<05:58:12.540> model<05:58:12.780> assigns<05:58:13.500> the

while the OSI model assigns the

while the OSI model assigns the
responsibility<05:58:14.580> of<05:58:15.058> this<05:58:15.718> termination<05:58:16.200> of

responsibility of this termination of

responsibility of this termination of
sessions<05:58:17.120> to<05:58:18.120> the<05:58:18.360> session<05:58:18.600> layer<05:58:19.260> some<05:58:19.680> other

sessions to the session layer some other

sessions to the session layer some other
models<05:58:20.280> have<05:58:20.520> performed<05:58:20.940> this<05:58:21.058> on<05:58:21.360> a

models have performed this on a

models have performed this on a
different<05:58:21.600> layer<05:58:22.020> and<05:58:22.080> we'll<05:58:22.320> talk<05:58:22.500> about

different layer and we'll talk about

different layer and we'll talk about
that<05:58:23.040> a<05:58:23.400> little<05:58:23.638> bit<05:58:23.820> more<05:58:24.058> some<05:58:24.600> of<05:58:24.718> the

that a little bit more some of the

that a little bit more some of the
protocols<05:58:25.680> you<05:58:25.860> might<05:58:26.040> see<05:58:26.218> on<05:58:26.458> here<05:58:26.700> are<05:58:27.420> for

protocols you might see on here are for

protocols you might see on here are for
instance<05:58:28.280> RPC<05:58:29.280> which<05:58:29.820> stands<05:58:30.120> for<05:58:30.240> remote

instance RPC which stands for remote

instance RPC which stands for remote
procedure<05:58:31.260> call<05:58:32.058> and

procedure call and

procedure call and
TLS<05:58:34.860> and<05:58:35.638> SSL<05:58:36.420> as<05:58:37.378> well<05:58:37.500> so<05:58:38.100> this<05:58:38.280> layer

TLS and SSL as well so this layer

TLS and SSL as well so this layer
manages<05:58:39.500> how<05:58:40.500> and<05:58:40.680> for<05:58:40.860> how<05:58:41.218> long<05:58:41.340> and<05:58:41.638> what

manages how and for how long and what

manages how and for how long and what
way<05:58:42.298> a<05:58:43.020> device<05:58:43.260> is<05:58:43.620> going<05:58:43.920> to<05:58:44.600> establish<05:58:45.600> a

way a device is going to establish a

way a device is going to establish a
connection<05:58:46.378> during<05:58:46.920> the<05:58:47.218> communications

connection during the communications

connection during the communications
process<05:58:48.298> that<05:58:48.540> the<05:58:48.780> layer<05:58:49.020> is<05:58:49.138> not<05:58:49.378> yet

process that the layer is not yet

process that the layer is not yet
completed<05:58:50.400> with<05:58:50.638> its<05:58:50.878> functions<05:58:51.240> the<05:58:51.480> rest<05:58:51.600> of

completed with its functions the rest of

completed with its functions the rest of
the<05:58:51.840> network<05:58:51.958> just<05:58:52.320> has<05:58:52.500> to<05:58:52.680> wait

the network just has to wait

the network just has to wait
so<05:58:54.600> in<05:58:54.840> keeping<05:58:55.200> with<05:58:55.320> the<05:58:55.500> analogy<05:58:55.980> of<05:58:56.280> the

so in keeping with the analogy of the

so in keeping with the analogy of the
boss<05:58:56.638> in<05:58:57.058> order<05:58:57.298> to<05:58:57.480> understand<05:58:57.600> how<05:58:58.020> the

boss in order to understand how the

boss in order to understand how the
session<05:58:58.260> layer<05:58:58.740> fits<05:58:59.040> in<05:58:59.160> let's<05:58:59.700> take<05:58:59.820> a<05:58:59.940> look

session layer fits in let's take a look

session layer fits in let's take a look
at<05:59:00.180> exactly<05:59:00.740> why<05:59:01.740> we're<05:59:01.920> using<05:59:02.280> our<05:59:02.458> buses<05:59:02.940> is

at exactly why we're using our buses is

at exactly why we're using our buses is
it<05:59:03.780> for<05:59:03.958> transporting<05:59:04.558> people<05:59:04.860> or<05:59:05.520> is<05:59:05.638> it<05:59:05.820> for

it for transporting people or is it for

it for transporting people or is it for
transporting<05:59:06.660> top<05:59:07.500> secret<05:59:07.798> documents<05:59:08.580> from

transporting top secret documents from

transporting top secret documents from
the<05:59:09.120> main<05:59:09.298> office<05:59:09.540> building<05:59:09.780> to<05:59:10.020> the<05:59:10.138> remote

the main office building to the remote

the main office building to the remote
office<05:59:10.700> this<05:59:11.700> Y<05:59:11.940> is<05:59:12.240> going<05:59:12.420> to<05:59:12.540> determine

office this Y is going to determine

office this Y is going to determine
several<05:59:13.920> things<05:59:14.100> for<05:59:14.400> this<05:59:14.580> layer<05:59:14.878> right<05:59:15.058> if

several things for this layer right if

several things for this layer right if
it's<05:59:15.540> determined<05:59:16.080> that<05:59:16.260> we<05:59:16.558> need

it's determined that we need

it's determined that we need
um

um

um
several<05:59:19.320> connections<05:59:19.980> to<05:59:20.820> take<05:59:21.240> a<05:59:21.660> private

several connections to take a private

several connections to take a private
Highway<05:59:22.740> for<05:59:23.400> instance<05:59:23.580> it<05:59:23.760> might<05:59:23.940> be

Highway for instance it might be

Highway for instance it might be
determined<05:59:24.480> that<05:59:24.600> we<05:59:24.780> need<05:59:24.958> a<05:59:25.200> private<05:59:25.980> bus<05:59:26.280> to

determined that we need a private bus to

determined that we need a private bus to
take

take

take
um

um

um
special<05:59:29.100> documents

special documents

special documents
to<05:59:31.680> maintain<05:59:31.980> security<05:59:32.340> or<05:59:32.820> take<05:59:33.000> a<05:59:33.240> special

to maintain security or take a special

to maintain security or take a special
Highway<05:59:33.780> for<05:59:34.320> instance<05:59:34.558> so<05:59:35.160> the<05:59:35.280> session

Highway for instance so the session

Highway for instance so the session
layer<05:59:35.878> is<05:59:35.940> what's<05:59:36.180> responsible<05:59:36.780> for

layer is what's responsible for

layer is what's responsible for
determining<05:59:38.700> what<05:59:39.180> type<05:59:39.420> of<05:59:39.540> data<05:59:39.840> and<05:59:39.958> how<05:59:40.260> we

determining what type of data and how we

determining what type of data and how we
need<05:59:40.620> to<05:59:40.740> connect<05:59:40.860> this<05:59:41.458> session<05:59:41.820> continuing

need to connect this session continuing

need to connect this session continuing
on<05:59:42.600> to<05:59:42.780> the<05:59:42.900> next<05:59:42.958> layer<05:59:43.260> is<05:59:43.500> the<05:59:43.860> presentation

on to the next layer is the presentation

on to the next layer is the presentation
layer<05:59:44.878> or<05:59:45.058> layer<05:59:45.480> six<05:59:45.718> this<05:59:46.320> layer<05:59:46.620> is

layer or layer six this layer is

layer or layer six this layer is
responsible<05:59:47.218> for<05:59:47.520> taking<05:59:47.760> the<05:59:48.058> data<05:59:48.360> from<05:59:48.600> the

responsible for taking the data from the

responsible for taking the data from the
application<05:59:49.378> layer<05:59:49.798> which<05:59:49.980> is<05:59:50.040> the<05:59:50.218> next

application layer which is the next

application layer which is the next
layer<05:59:50.638> we'll<05:59:50.760> talk<05:59:51.000> about<05:59:51.120> and<05:59:51.840> translating

layer we'll talk about and translating

layer we'll talk about and translating
it<05:59:52.620> into<05:59:52.920> an<05:59:53.700> intermediary<05:59:54.420> language<05:59:54.958> that

it into an intermediary language that

it into an intermediary language that
the<05:59:55.558> rest<05:59:55.620> of<05:59:55.740> the<05:59:55.860> network<05:59:55.980> can<05:59:56.340> understand

the rest of the network can understand

the rest of the network can understand
and<05:59:57.660> it's<05:59:57.780> also<05:59:58.080> going<05:59:58.138> to<05:59:58.200> perform<05:59:58.320> it<05:59:58.680> in

and it's also going to perform it in

and it's also going to perform it in
reverse<05:59:59.458> on<05:59:59.760> the<05:59:59.820> receiving<06:00:00.120> end<06:00:00.420> also<06:00:01.260> in

reverse on the receiving end also in

reverse on the receiving end also in
this<06:00:01.500> layer<06:00:01.798> data<06:00:02.218> encryption<06:00:02.820> and

this layer data encryption and

this layer data encryption and
compression<06:00:03.840> takes<06:00:04.558> place<06:00:04.940> sometimes<06:00:05.940> called

compression takes place sometimes called

compression takes place sometimes called
the<06:00:06.780> syntax<06:00:07.320> layer<06:00:07.860> because<06:00:08.160> of<06:00:08.940> its<06:00:09.298> data

the syntax layer because of its data

the syntax layer because of its data
encryption<06:00:10.558> abilities<06:00:11.400> as<06:00:11.820> well<06:00:12.000> as<06:00:12.120> its

encryption abilities as well as its

encryption abilities as well as its
conversion<06:00:13.200> to<06:00:13.620> a<06:00:13.980> network<06:00:14.280> relatable<06:00:15.000> format

conversion to a network relatable format

conversion to a network relatable format
or<06:00:15.780> a<06:00:16.020> format<06:00:16.378> that<06:00:16.740> applications<06:00:17.638> can

or a format that applications can

or a format that applications can
understand<06:00:18.740> now<06:00:19.740> what<06:00:20.580> this<06:00:20.878> really<06:00:21.120> means<06:00:21.480> is

understand now what this really means is

understand now what this really means is
because<06:00:21.900> the<06:00:22.260> applications<06:00:22.680> is<06:00:23.040> going<06:00:23.218> to

because the applications is going to

because the applications is going to
have<06:00:23.520> its<06:00:23.940> own<06:00:24.058> syntax<06:00:24.780> or<06:00:25.080> its<06:00:25.440> own<06:00:25.558> language

have its own syntax or its own language

have its own syntax or its own language
the<06:00:27.180> presentation<06:00:27.600> layer<06:00:28.020> is<06:00:28.138> going<06:00:28.260> to<06:00:28.260> try

the presentation layer is going to try

the presentation layer is going to try
to<06:00:28.500> a<06:00:29.100> map<06:00:29.340> between<06:00:29.760> those<06:00:30.058> languages<06:00:30.420> now<06:00:30.958> if

to a map between those languages now if

to a map between those languages now if
the<06:00:31.260> mapping<06:00:31.558> is<06:00:31.740> available

the mapping is available

the mapping is available
then<06:00:33.480> the<06:00:33.660> presentation<06:00:34.080> layer<06:00:34.440> is<06:00:34.558> going<06:00:34.740> to

then the presentation layer is going to

then the presentation layer is going to
convert<06:00:35.160> the<06:00:35.280> data<06:00:35.580> into<06:00:35.878> Data<06:00:36.420> units<06:00:36.900> for<06:00:37.320> the

convert the data into Data units for the

convert the data into Data units for the
session<06:00:37.680> protocol<06:00:38.160> and<06:00:38.400> after<06:00:38.580> that<06:00:38.760> it's

session protocol and after that it's

session protocol and after that it's
send<06:00:39.360> down<06:00:39.660> the<06:00:39.958> stack<06:00:40.200> down<06:00:40.740> the<06:00:40.980> rest<06:00:41.100> of<06:00:41.218> the

send down the stack down the rest of the

send down the stack down the rest of the
layers<06:00:41.638> to<06:00:42.180> do<06:00:42.360> everything<06:00:42.660> else<06:00:42.900> it<06:00:43.080> needs<06:00:43.320> to

layers to do everything else it needs to

layers to do everything else it needs to
do<06:00:43.500> some<06:00:44.160> of<06:00:44.340> the<06:00:44.400> protocols<06:00:44.940> that<06:00:45.120> operate

do some of the protocols that operate

do some of the protocols that operate
this<06:00:45.780> layer<06:00:46.138> are

this layer are

this layer are
anything<06:00:48.360> that's<06:00:48.660> dealing<06:00:48.958> with<06:00:49.138> compression

anything that's dealing with compression

anything that's dealing with compression
for<06:00:50.280> instance<06:00:51.080> PNG<06:00:52.080> jpegs

Tiff a lot of these sort of picture

Tiff a lot of these sort of picture
file<06:01:02.218> extension<06:01:02.700> that<06:01:02.820> you've<06:01:03.058> seen<06:01:03.240> this

file extension that you've seen this

file extension that you've seen this
layer<06:01:04.558> also<06:01:04.860> performs<06:01:05.280> code<06:01:05.520> conversions

layer also performs code conversions

layer also performs code conversions
they're<06:01:06.240> going<06:01:06.360> to<06:01:06.420> take<06:01:06.600> raw<06:01:07.020> application

they're going to take raw application

they're going to take raw application
data<06:01:07.920> and<06:01:07.980> compress<06:01:08.458> them<06:01:08.638> into<06:01:08.878> more

data and compress them into more

data and compress them into more
manageable<06:01:10.138> forms<06:01:10.620> for<06:01:10.920> transmitting<06:01:11.638> now

manageable forms for transmitting now

manageable forms for transmitting now
regarding<06:01:12.480> the<06:01:12.780> translation<06:01:13.378> capabilities

regarding the translation capabilities

regarding the translation capabilities
of<06:01:14.400> this<06:01:14.580> layer<06:01:14.940> think<06:01:15.540> of<06:01:15.718> like<06:01:15.958> two

of this layer think of like two

of this layer think of like two
different<06:01:16.378> systems<06:01:17.160> that<06:01:18.000> are<06:01:18.240> very

different systems that are very

different systems that are very
different<06:01:18.718> from<06:01:19.080> each<06:01:19.260> other<06:01:19.440> one<06:01:19.980> perhaps

different from each other one perhaps

different from each other one perhaps
using<06:01:20.820> TCP<06:01:21.420> which<06:01:21.900> we<06:01:22.080> know<06:01:22.200> another<06:01:22.440> using

using TCP which we know another using

using TCP which we know another using
ipx<06:01:23.458> SPX<06:01:24.120> which<06:01:24.780> you<06:01:25.200> don't<06:01:25.440> worry<06:01:25.620> about<06:01:25.798> but

ipx SPX which you don't worry about but

ipx SPX which you don't worry about but
it's<06:01:26.280> another<06:01:26.580> sort<06:01:26.940> of<06:01:27.058> protocol<06:01:27.420> Suite<06:01:27.900> this

it's another sort of protocol Suite this

it's another sort of protocol Suite this
layer<06:01:28.680> is<06:01:28.798> what<06:01:29.040> makes<06:01:29.218> Communications

layer is what makes Communications

layer is what makes Communications
available<06:01:30.920> because<06:01:31.920> of<06:01:32.160> this<06:01:32.340> we<06:01:32.638> also<06:01:32.878> know

available because of this we also know

available because of this we also know
that<06:01:33.360> a<06:01:33.840> Gateway<06:01:34.740> device<06:01:35.100> if<06:01:35.520> you<06:01:35.638> recall<06:01:36.000> from

that a Gateway device if you recall from

that a Gateway device if you recall from
the<06:01:36.420> devices<06:01:36.718> we've<06:01:37.200> talked<06:01:37.500> about

the devices we've talked about

the devices we've talked about
is<06:01:38.820> a<06:01:38.940> device<06:01:39.058> that's<06:01:39.420> going<06:01:39.600> to<06:01:39.780> operate<06:01:40.320> on

is a device that's going to operate on

is a device that's going to operate on
this<06:01:41.218> layer

this layer

this layer
because<06:01:42.600> it's<06:01:42.840> converting<06:01:43.260> between<06:01:43.558> two

because it's converting between two

because it's converting between two
different<06:01:44.160> types<06:01:44.580> of<06:01:44.700> Networks

different types of Networks

different types of Networks
this<06:01:46.740> is<06:01:46.920> the<06:01:47.160> biggest<06:01:47.340> difference<06:01:47.820> between<06:01:48.298> a

this is the biggest difference between a

this is the biggest difference between a
gateway

gateway

gateway
and<06:01:51.000> a<06:01:51.120> router<06:01:51.540> which<06:01:52.138> as<06:01:52.440> you<06:01:52.620> recall

and a router which as you recall

and a router which as you recall
operates<06:01:54.180> on<06:01:54.600> layer<06:01:55.020> 3.

operates on layer 3.

operates on layer 3.
a<06:01:58.320> transceiver<06:01:58.798> by<06:01:59.580> the<06:01:59.760> way<06:01:59.820> and<06:02:00.058> you

a transceiver by the way and you

a transceiver by the way and you
remember<06:02:00.360> a<06:02:00.780> transceiver<06:02:01.260> is<06:02:01.558> that<06:02:01.878> device

remember a transceiver is that device

remember a transceiver is that device
that<06:02:03.360> is<06:02:03.540> on<06:02:04.020> a

that is on a

that is on a
Nick<06:02:05.580> it's<06:02:05.878> going<06:02:06.058> to<06:02:06.120> allow<06:02:06.420> you<06:02:06.540> to<06:02:06.780> talk<06:02:07.020> for

Nick it's going to allow you to talk for

Nick it's going to allow you to talk for
instance<06:02:07.558> between<06:02:07.920> a<06:02:08.280> copper<06:02:08.638> and<06:02:08.760> fiber

instance between a copper and fiber

instance between a copper and fiber
Network<06:02:09.500> also<06:02:10.500> might<06:02:10.860> work<06:02:11.218> on<06:02:12.000> this

Network also might work on this

Network also might work on this
presentation<06:02:12.840> layer<06:02:13.378> depending<06:02:14.040> on<06:02:14.218> how<06:02:14.458> we

presentation layer depending on how we

presentation layer depending on how we
Define<06:02:14.820> it<06:02:15.120> other<06:02:15.420> people<06:02:15.660> might<06:02:16.020> actually

Define it other people might actually

Define it other people might actually
say<06:02:16.558> it<06:02:16.740> works<06:02:17.040> on<06:02:17.218> a<06:02:17.458> physical<06:02:17.760> layer<06:02:18.298> now<06:02:18.718> to

say it works on a physical layer now to

say it works on a physical layer now to
put<06:02:19.080> this<06:02:19.260> layer<06:02:19.558> in<06:02:19.920> perspective<06:02:20.400> the

put this layer in perspective the

put this layer in perspective the
presentation<06:02:21.360> layer<06:02:21.780> is<06:02:21.840> like<06:02:22.020> having<06:02:22.200> a

presentation layer is like having a

presentation layer is like having a
double<06:02:22.680> decker<06:02:23.280> bus<06:02:23.580> with<06:02:24.180> a<06:02:24.360> tour<06:02:24.480> guide<06:02:24.780> on<06:02:25.020> a

double decker bus with a tour guide on a

double decker bus with a tour guide on a
microphone<06:02:25.558> who's<06:02:25.740> translating<06:02:26.280> everything

microphone who's translating everything

microphone who's translating everything
that<06:02:27.120> can<06:02:27.240> be<06:02:27.420> seen<06:02:27.660> and<06:02:27.840> heard<06:02:28.138> to<06:02:28.920> the

that can be seen and heard to the

that can be seen and heard to the
passengers<06:02:30.058> the<06:02:30.540> tour<06:02:30.718> guide<06:02:30.958> is<06:02:31.138> also<06:02:31.320> going

passengers the tour guide is also going

passengers the tour guide is also going
to<06:02:31.558> help<06:02:31.740> repack<06:02:32.340> the<06:02:32.700> tourists<06:02:33.120> luggage<06:02:33.540> for

to help repack the tourists luggage for

to help repack the tourists luggage for
them<06:02:33.900> which<06:02:34.500> is<06:02:34.680> like<06:02:35.040> a<06:02:35.820> compression

them which is like a compression

them which is like a compression
and<06:02:37.860> it's<06:02:38.040> also<06:02:38.340> going<06:02:38.458> to<06:02:38.520> add<06:02:38.638> another<06:02:38.760> level

and it's also going to add another level

and it's also going to add another level
of<06:02:39.480> security<06:02:39.980> for<06:02:40.980> VIP<06:02:41.760> passengers

of security for VIP passengers

of security for VIP passengers
who<06:02:44.760> might<06:02:45.000> come<06:02:45.240> on<06:02:45.480> board<06:02:45.718> this<06:02:46.260> is<06:02:46.440> just

who might come on board this is just

who might come on board this is just
like

like

like
encryption

encryption

encryption
here<06:02:51.298> the<06:02:51.660> formatting<06:02:52.320> is<06:02:52.860> simply<06:02:53.160> making

here the formatting is simply making

here the formatting is simply making
sure<06:02:53.878> that<06:02:54.180> the<06:02:54.420> passengers<06:02:54.840> are<06:02:55.020> briefed<06:02:55.558> and

sure that the passengers are briefed and

sure that the passengers are briefed and
ready<06:02:56.280> for<06:02:56.638> their<06:02:56.820> tour<06:02:57.058> and<06:02:57.600> making<06:02:57.780> sure

ready for their tour and making sure

ready for their tour and making sure
that<06:02:58.378> they<06:02:58.798> or<06:02:58.980> the<06:02:59.280> data<06:02:59.700> is<06:03:00.120> ready<06:03:00.360> for<06:03:00.718> the

that they or the data is ready for the

that they or the data is ready for the
application<06:03:01.500> so<06:03:02.100> again<06:03:02.280> we're<06:03:02.580> really

application so again we're really

application so again we're really
packaging<06:03:03.480> this<06:03:03.718> up<06:03:03.900> for<06:03:04.260> presentation<06:03:05.000> to

packaging this up for presentation to

packaging this up for presentation to
the<06:03:06.360> application<06:03:06.900> layer<06:03:07.378> and<06:03:07.860> the

the application layer and the

the application layer and the
terminology<06:03:08.520> for<06:03:09.000> data<06:03:09.420> at<06:03:09.718> this<06:03:10.020> point<06:03:10.378> is

terminology for data at this point is

terminology for data at this point is
going<06:03:10.860> to<06:03:10.980> be<06:03:11.100> actually<06:03:11.280> called<06:03:11.700> Data<06:03:12.420> so<06:03:12.600> this

going to be actually called Data so this

going to be actually called Data so this
is<06:03:12.900> where<06:03:13.138> we're<06:03:13.378> moving<06:03:13.740> up<06:03:13.920> in<06:03:14.100> the<06:03:14.280> world

is where we're moving up in the world

is where we're moving up in the world
we're<06:03:15.000> no<06:03:15.240> longer<06:03:15.420> talking<06:03:15.718> about<06:03:16.218> segments

we're no longer talking about segments

we're no longer talking about segments
or<06:03:17.520> datagrams<06:03:18.240> or<06:03:18.480> frames<06:03:18.840> we're<06:03:19.200> here<06:03:19.440> now

or datagrams or frames we're here now

or datagrams or frames we're here now
talking<06:03:19.980> about<06:03:20.218> data<06:03:20.760> it's<06:03:20.940> packaged<06:03:21.540> in<06:03:21.600> a

talking about data it's packaged in a

talking about data it's packaged in a
way<06:03:21.900> that<06:03:22.378> an<06:03:22.558> application<06:03:23.040> can<06:03:23.400> read<06:03:23.638> it

way that an application can read it

way that an application can read it
finally<06:03:24.480> at<06:03:24.780> the<06:03:24.900> topmost<06:03:25.260> layer<06:03:25.740> we<06:03:25.980> have<06:03:26.160> the

finally at the topmost layer we have the

finally at the topmost layer we have the
application<06:03:27.058> layer<06:03:27.480> this<06:03:27.900> is<06:03:27.958> the<06:03:28.138> layer

application layer this is the layer

application layer this is the layer
that's<06:03:28.558> closest<06:03:28.980> to

the user and it's the only one that the

the user and it's the only one that the
typical<06:03:34.680> end<06:03:34.980> user<06:03:35.340> is<06:03:35.458> going<06:03:35.638> to<06:03:35.700> be

typical end user is going to be

typical end user is going to be
interacting<06:03:36.298> with<06:03:36.480> now<06:03:37.020> even<06:03:37.200> though<06:03:37.378> it's

interacting with now even though it's

interacting with now even though it's
called<06:03:37.860> the<06:03:38.280> application<06:03:39.000> layer<06:03:39.540> this

called the application layer this

called the application layer this
doesn't<06:03:40.320> mean<06:03:40.620> that<06:03:40.980> the<06:03:41.280> application<06:03:41.940> itself

doesn't mean that the application itself

doesn't mean that the application itself
is<06:03:42.780> on<06:03:43.020> this<06:03:43.200> layer<06:03:43.700> but<06:03:44.700> that<06:03:44.820> the

is on this layer but that the

is on this layer but that the
application<06:03:45.718> layer<06:03:46.440> provides<06:03:47.100> utilities<06:03:47.760> and

application layer provides utilities and

application layer provides utilities and
services<06:03:49.020> that<06:03:49.620> an<06:03:49.798> application<06:03:50.280> could<06:03:50.820> use

services that an application could use

services that an application could use
for<06:03:51.718> accessing<06:03:52.260> network<06:03:52.500> resources<06:03:53.160> like

for accessing network resources like

for accessing network resources like
some<06:03:53.700> of<06:03:53.820> these<06:03:54.000> that<06:03:54.120> we've<06:03:54.298> talked<06:03:54.660> about

some of these that we've talked about

some of these that we've talked about
SMTP<06:03:56.040> which<06:03:56.580> allows<06:03:56.878> you<06:03:56.940> to<06:03:57.180> get<06:03:57.298> email<06:03:57.540> DNS

SMTP which allows you to get email DNS

SMTP which allows you to get email DNS
which<06:03:58.378> is<06:03:58.500> going<06:03:58.680> to<06:03:58.740> translate<06:03:59.040> between<06:03:59.580> an

which is going to translate between an

which is going to translate between an
IP<06:04:00.120> address<06:04:00.298> and<06:04:01.260> a<06:04:01.860> fully<06:04:02.638> qualified<06:04:03.000> domain

IP address and a fully qualified domain

IP address and a fully qualified domain
name<06:04:03.798> FTP<06:04:04.798> which<06:04:05.100> is<06:04:05.218> going<06:04:05.400> to<06:04:05.458> allow<06:04:05.760> for

name FTP which is going to allow for

name FTP which is going to allow for
file<06:04:06.298> transferring<06:04:06.900> ntp<06:04:07.558> Network<06:04:08.340> time

file transferring ntp Network time

file transferring ntp Network time
protocol<06:04:09.058> which<06:04:09.298> is<06:04:09.360> going<06:04:09.480> to<06:04:09.540> keep<06:04:09.660> time<06:04:09.780> up

protocol which is going to keep time up

protocol which is going to keep time up
to<06:04:10.080> date<06:04:10.200> and<06:04:10.378> HTTP<06:04:10.920> which<06:04:11.100> allows<06:04:11.400> us<06:04:11.520> to

to date and HTTP which allows us to

to date and HTTP which allows us to
browse<06:04:12.298> so<06:04:12.958> for<06:04:13.138> example<06:04:13.378> let's<06:04:13.558> say<06:04:13.680> you<06:04:13.860> have

browse so for example let's say you have

browse so for example let's say you have
a<06:04:14.100> file<06:04:14.280> that<06:04:14.580> you'd<06:04:14.878> like<06:04:15.240> to<06:04:15.420> transfer<06:04:15.840> to<06:04:16.020> a

a file that you'd like to transfer to a

a file that you'd like to transfer to a
remote<06:04:16.260> computer<06:04:16.620> right<06:04:17.160> what<06:04:17.820> method<06:04:18.058> you're

remote computer right what method you're

remote computer right what method you're
going<06:04:18.420> to<06:04:18.480> use<06:04:18.620> FTP<06:04:19.620> now<06:04:20.520> the<06:04:20.760> application

going to use FTP now the application

going to use FTP now the application
layer<06:04:21.600> provides<06:04:22.138> the<06:04:22.378> FTP<06:04:22.860> services<06:04:23.280> to<06:04:24.240> the

layer provides the FTP services to the

layer provides the FTP services to the
application<06:04:25.320> you<06:04:25.620> use<06:04:25.798> which<06:04:26.218> is<06:04:26.340> some<06:04:26.638> sort

application you use which is some sort

application you use which is some sort
of<06:04:27.020> FTP<06:04:28.020> client<06:04:28.980> the<06:04:29.400> FTP<06:04:29.820> client<06:04:30.180> itself<06:04:30.540> does

of FTP client the FTP client itself does

of FTP client the FTP client itself does
not<06:04:31.080> exist<06:04:31.378> on<06:04:31.558> the<06:04:31.680> app<06:04:31.860> application<06:04:32.458> layer

not exist on the app application layer

not exist on the app application layer
simply<06:04:33.780> the<06:04:34.500> protocol<06:04:34.920> does<06:04:35.458> this<06:04:36.120> layer<06:04:36.420> is

simply the protocol does this layer is

simply the protocol does this layer is
the<06:04:37.138> one<06:04:37.320> you've<06:04:37.620> probably<06:04:37.798> dealt<06:04:38.160> with<06:04:38.218> the

the one you've probably dealt with the

the one you've probably dealt with the
most<06:04:38.580> and<06:04:38.878> you're<06:04:39.058> probably<06:04:39.378> likely<06:04:40.378> already

most and you're probably likely already

most and you're probably likely already
familiar<06:04:40.980> with<06:04:41.160> without<06:04:41.340> even<06:04:41.700> realizing<06:04:42.240> it

familiar with without even realizing it

familiar with without even realizing it
for<06:04:43.020> example<06:04:43.260> you<06:04:43.500> utilize<06:04:43.920> this<06:04:44.100> layer<06:04:44.400> every

for example you utilize this layer every

for example you utilize this layer every
time<06:04:44.760> you<06:04:44.940> check<06:04:45.240> your<06:04:45.480> email<06:04:45.660> browse<06:04:46.798> Etc<06:04:46.980> and

time you check your email browse Etc and

time you check your email browse Etc and
so<06:04:47.520> on<06:04:47.700> now<06:04:48.540> some<06:04:49.378> of<06:04:49.500> these<06:04:49.680> might<06:04:49.920> not<06:04:50.040> fit

so on now some of these might not fit

so on now some of these might not fit
perfectly<06:04:50.878> into<06:04:51.180> the<06:04:51.420> application<06:04:51.780> layer<06:04:52.138> and

perfectly into the application layer and

perfectly into the application layer and
that's<06:04:52.440> because<06:04:52.680> again<06:04:52.980> this<06:04:53.340> is<06:04:53.520> a

that's because again this is a

that's because again this is a
theoretical<06:04:54.298> model<06:04:54.600> when<06:04:54.958> we<06:04:55.138> talk<06:04:55.260> about<06:04:55.378> the

theoretical model when we talk about the

theoretical model when we talk about the
TCP<06:04:56.100> model<06:04:56.760> next<06:04:57.120> it<06:04:57.718> will<06:04:58.080> see<06:04:58.320> this<06:04:58.558> working

TCP model next it will see this working

TCP model next it will see this working
in<06:04:59.638> a<06:04:59.760> lot<06:04:59.878> more<06:05:00.000> of<06:05:00.120> a<06:05:00.298> practical<06:05:00.600> way<06:05:00.840> now

in a lot more of a practical way now

in a lot more of a practical way now
because<06:05:01.680> we<06:05:02.040> all<06:05:02.160> know<06:05:02.340> we<06:05:02.580> have<06:05:02.700> many

because we all know we have many

because we all know we have many
different<06:05:03.058> applications<06:05:03.660> on<06:05:04.020> every<06:05:04.200> one<06:05:04.320> of

different applications on every one of

different applications on every one of
our<06:05:04.558> computers<06:05:05.040> one<06:05:05.760> of<06:05:05.878> the<06:05:06.000> purpose<06:05:06.240> of<06:05:06.420> the

our computers one of the purpose of the

our computers one of the purpose of the
application<06:05:06.900> layer<06:05:07.260> is<06:05:07.440> to<06:05:07.680> regulate<06:05:08.218> the

application layer is to regulate the

application layer is to regulate the
communications<06:05:09.000> between<06:05:09.660> these

communications between these

communications between these
applications<06:05:10.558> and<06:05:11.340> manage<06:05:11.760> when<06:05:12.298> they

applications and manage when they

applications and manage when they
request<06:05:12.840> services<06:05:13.138> and<06:05:13.558> resources<06:05:14.160> so<06:05:14.820> while

request services and resources so while

request services and resources so while
it<06:05:15.180> might<06:05:15.298> seem<06:05:15.600> easy<06:05:15.780> to<06:05:16.080> lump<06:05:16.680> all

it might seem easy to lump all

it might seem easy to lump all
applications<06:05:17.638> together<06:05:18.058> when<06:05:18.540> talking<06:05:18.780> about

applications together when talking about

applications together when talking about
this<06:05:19.260> layer<06:05:19.680> the<06:05:20.280> only<06:05:20.340> applications<06:05:20.878> that

this layer the only applications that

this layer the only applications that
this<06:05:21.540> layer<06:05:21.840> is<06:05:21.958> actually<06:05:22.200> going<06:05:22.378> to<06:05:22.500> manage

this layer is actually going to manage

this layer is actually going to manage
are<06:05:22.920> those<06:05:23.160> that<06:05:23.458> have<06:05:23.700> a<06:05:24.740> Communications

are those that have a Communications

are those that have a Communications
component

component

component
so<06:05:29.180> Solitaire<06:05:30.180> would<06:05:30.718> not<06:05:30.900> qualify<06:05:31.558> for<06:05:31.860> this

so Solitaire would not qualify for this

so Solitaire would not qualify for this
right<06:05:32.218> but<06:05:32.638> Internet<06:05:33.058> Explorer<06:05:33.958> which<06:05:34.378> has

right but Internet Explorer which has

right but Internet Explorer which has
all<06:05:34.798> those<06:05:35.040> browsing<06:05:35.638> and<06:05:35.940> protocols<06:05:36.480> FTP<06:05:37.320> DNS

all those browsing and protocols FTP DNS

all those browsing and protocols FTP DNS
Etc<06:05:38.878> is<06:05:39.780> going<06:05:40.020> to<06:05:40.378> uh<06:05:40.620> deal<06:05:40.798> with<06:05:41.040> this<06:05:41.218> so

Etc is going to uh deal with this so

Etc is going to uh deal with this so
this<06:05:42.058> layer<06:05:42.360> is<06:05:42.480> also<06:05:42.840> responsible<06:05:43.378> for

this layer is also responsible for

this layer is also responsible for
network<06:05:44.160> access<06:05:44.700> a<06:05:45.298> certain<06:05:45.420> level<06:05:45.718> of<06:05:46.080> error

network access a certain level of error

network access a certain level of error
recovery<06:05:47.520> and<06:05:48.360> it's<06:05:48.480> also<06:05:48.780> capable<06:05:49.020> of<06:05:49.080> some

recovery and it's also capable of some

recovery and it's also capable of some
data<06:05:49.620> flow<06:05:49.798> measures<06:05:50.218> there's<06:05:50.458> a<06:05:50.760> lot<06:05:50.820> of

data flow measures there's a lot of

data flow measures there's a lot of
redundancy<06:05:51.660> here<06:05:51.958> as<06:05:52.620> this<06:05:52.860> is<06:05:52.980> the<06:05:53.280> seventh

redundancy here as this is the seventh

redundancy here as this is the seventh
and<06:05:53.760> the<06:05:53.940> final<06:05:54.120> layer<06:05:54.660> this<06:05:54.840> is<06:05:54.958> where<06:05:55.138> the

and the final layer this is where the

and the final layer this is where the
information<06:05:55.500> or<06:05:56.040> process<06:05:56.458> either<06:05:57.240> starts

so an application is going to create

so an application is going to create
what<06:06:08.040> it<06:06:08.218> needs<06:06:08.400> to<06:06:08.458> be<06:06:08.520> sent<06:06:08.760> here<06:06:09.058> and<06:06:09.420> then

what it needs to be sent here and then

what it needs to be sent here and then
unwrap<06:06:10.080> the<06:06:10.260> data<06:06:10.558> once<06:06:11.100> it's<06:06:11.280> sent<06:06:11.520> uh<06:06:12.240> from

unwrap the data once it's sent uh from

unwrap the data once it's sent uh from
one<06:06:12.718> computer<06:06:12.900> the<06:06:13.320> next<06:06:13.500> so<06:06:14.100> to<06:06:14.280> finish<06:06:14.458> off

one computer the next so to finish off

one computer the next so to finish off
our<06:06:15.120> analogy<06:06:15.600> of<06:06:15.840> the<06:06:16.020> bus

our analogy of the bus

our analogy of the bus
um this<06:06:17.520> is<06:06:17.638> sort<06:06:17.820> of<06:06:17.878> like<06:06:18.058> the<06:06:18.360> bus<06:06:18.480> station

um this is sort of like the bus station

um this is sort of like the bus station
here's<06:06:19.860> where<06:06:19.980> all<06:06:20.100> the<06:06:20.280> people<06:06:20.340> wait<06:06:20.580> in<06:06:20.760> line

here's where all the people wait in line

here's where all the people wait in line
to<06:06:21.120> get<06:06:21.240> tickets<06:06:21.420> to<06:06:21.718> use<06:06:21.900> the<06:06:22.080> bus<06:06:22.260> they're

to get tickets to use the bus they're

to get tickets to use the bus they're
going<06:06:23.160> to<06:06:23.520> dictate<06:06:24.000> the<06:06:24.120> bus<06:06:24.298> station<06:06:24.480> is

going to dictate the bus station is

going to dictate the bus station is
going<06:06:24.840> to<06:06:24.958> dictate<06:06:25.260> who<06:06:25.740> has<06:06:25.920> access<06:06:26.160> to<06:06:26.458> the

going to dictate who has access to the

going to dictate who has access to the
resources<06:06:27.058> the<06:06:27.360> resources<06:06:27.780> being<06:06:28.020> these

resources the resources being these

resources the resources being these
buses<06:06:28.680> and<06:06:29.160> it's<06:06:29.280> going<06:06:29.520> to<06:06:29.700> receive<06:06:30.120> all<06:06:30.298> the

buses and it's going to receive all the

buses and it's going to receive all the
incoming<06:06:30.840> drop-offs<06:06:31.440> and<06:06:31.680> process<06:06:31.980> them<06:06:32.340> as

incoming drop-offs and process them as

incoming drop-offs and process them as
well<06:06:33.240> as<06:06:33.420> control<06:06:33.718> the<06:06:34.020> flow<06:06:34.260> of<06:06:34.378> people<06:06:34.620> in

well as control the flow of people in

well as control the flow of people in
and<06:06:35.100> out<06:06:35.218> of<06:06:35.340> the<06:06:35.458> station<06:06:35.700> and<06:06:36.240> it's<06:06:36.360> going<06:06:36.540> to

and out of the station and it's going to

and out of the station and it's going to
notify<06:06:36.958> people<06:06:37.200> if<06:06:37.500> there<06:06:37.620> are<06:06:37.798> problems<06:06:38.040> on

notify people if there are problems on

notify people if there are problems on
the<06:06:38.340> highways<06:06:38.820> and<06:06:39.000> so<06:06:39.180> on<06:06:39.360> just<06:06:40.080> as<06:06:40.320> users<06:06:40.740> are

the highways and so on just as users are

the highways and so on just as users are
typically<06:06:41.340> mostly<06:06:41.878> going<06:06:42.000> to<06:06:42.240> interact<06:06:42.660> with

typically mostly going to interact with

typically mostly going to interact with
the<06:06:43.200> application<06:06:43.620> layer<06:06:44.100> the<06:06:44.520> bus<06:06:44.700> riders<06:06:45.058> are

the application layer the bus riders are

the application layer the bus riders are
really<06:06:45.420> only<06:06:45.600> going<06:06:45.840> to<06:06:45.958> interact<06:06:46.320> at<06:06:46.558> the<06:06:46.860> bus

really only going to interact at the bus

really only going to interact at the bus
station<06:06:47.400> layer<06:06:47.940> right<06:06:48.360> they're<06:06:48.600> not<06:06:48.780> going<06:06:48.900> to

station layer right they're not going to

station layer right they're not going to
be<06:06:49.020> interacting<06:06:49.440> with<06:06:49.558> mechanics<06:06:50.100> and

be interacting with mechanics and

be interacting with mechanics and
building<06:06:50.458> the<06:06:50.700> bus<06:06:50.820> or<06:06:51.240> maintaining<06:06:51.660> the<06:06:51.780> bus

building the bus or maintaining the bus

building the bus or maintaining the bus
or<06:06:52.138> dispatching<06:06:52.740> individuals<06:06:53.340> or<06:06:54.180> any<06:06:54.600> of

or dispatching individuals or any of

or dispatching individuals or any of
that<06:06:54.900> stuff<06:06:55.080> in<06:06:55.378> most<06:06:55.558> cases<06:06:55.920> they're<06:06:56.100> not

that stuff in most cases they're not

that stuff in most cases they're not
even<06:06:56.400> going<06:06:56.638> to<06:06:56.760> be<06:06:57.000> interacting<06:06:57.660> with<06:06:57.900> the

even going to be interacting with the

even going to be interacting with the
individual<06:06:58.440> driving<06:06:58.920> the<06:06:59.280> bus<06:06:59.400> so<06:06:59.940> this<06:07:00.058> is

individual driving the bus so this is

individual driving the bus so this is
really<06:07:00.420> where<06:07:00.840> users<06:07:01.500> are<06:07:02.218> going<06:07:02.400> to<06:07:02.638> be<06:07:02.760> doing

really where users are going to be doing

really where users are going to be doing
most<06:07:03.420> of<06:07:03.600> their<06:07:03.780> interacting<06:07:04.378> now<06:07:04.798> after

most of their interacting now after

most of their interacting now after
going<06:07:05.340> through<06:07:05.580> each<06:07:05.760> of<06:07:05.878> of<06:07:06.298> these<06:07:06.600> layers<06:07:06.958> we

going through each of of these layers we

going through each of of these layers we
can<06:07:07.500> now<06:07:07.620> begin<06:07:07.798> to<06:07:08.040> have<06:07:08.218> an<06:07:08.458> understanding

can now begin to have an understanding

can now begin to have an understanding
on<06:07:09.298> how<06:07:09.480> they're<06:07:09.660> grouped<06:07:10.020> together

on how they're grouped together

on how they're grouped together
for<06:07:11.458> instance<06:07:11.700> layers<06:07:12.660> 5<06:07:13.260> 6<06:07:13.680> and<06:07:13.920> 7<06:07:14.160> are<06:07:14.940> what

for instance layers 5 6 and 7 are what

for instance layers 5 6 and 7 are what
we<06:07:15.298> call<06:07:15.480> application<06:07:16.378> support<06:07:16.920> block<06:07:17.400> when

we call application support block when

we call application support block when
we<06:07:18.240> look<06:07:18.360> at<06:07:18.540> each<06:07:18.718> of<06:07:18.840> these<06:07:18.958> layers

we look at each of these layers

we look at each of these layers
individually<06:07:19.860> we<06:07:20.340> can<06:07:20.520> very<06:07:20.878> easily<06:07:21.360> see<06:07:21.660> that

individually we can very easily see that

individually we can very easily see that
the<06:07:22.080> functions<06:07:22.558> of<06:07:22.798> each<06:07:23.160> play<06:07:23.820> a<06:07:24.058> very

the functions of each play a very

the functions of each play a very
specific<06:07:24.958> role<06:07:25.558> in<06:07:25.860> the<06:07:26.040> application

specific role in the application

specific role in the application
management<06:07:27.138> support<06:07:28.138> and<06:07:28.980> keeping<06:07:29.400> them

management support and keeping them

management support and keeping them
consistent<06:07:30.180> the<06:07:31.020> remaining<06:07:31.440> four<06:07:31.620> layers

consistent the remaining four layers

consistent the remaining four layers
from<06:07:32.400> the<06:07:32.580> transport<06:07:33.120> layer<06:07:33.600> down<06:07:33.900> to<06:07:34.260> the

from the transport layer down to the

from the transport layer down to the
physical<06:07:34.558> layer<06:07:35.100> are<06:07:35.520> what<06:07:35.700> we<06:07:35.820> call<06:07:36.000> the

physical layer are what we call the

physical layer are what we call the
network<06:07:36.660> support<06:07:37.200> block<06:07:37.760> these<06:07:38.760> layers<06:07:39.058> and

network support block these layers and

network support block these layers and
the<06:07:39.480> protocols<06:07:40.080> and<06:07:40.260> devices<06:07:40.558> that<06:07:40.980> operate

the protocols and devices that operate

the protocols and devices that operate
on<06:07:41.580> them<06:07:41.820> are<06:07:42.660> all<06:07:43.138> Network<06:07:43.620> related<06:07:44.160> whether

on them are all Network related whether

on them are all Network related whether
it's<06:07:44.940> for<06:07:45.180> routing<06:07:45.600> or<06:07:45.958> switching<06:07:46.320> on<06:07:46.500> the

it's for routing or switching on the

it's for routing or switching on the
network<06:07:46.798> or<06:07:47.280> ensuring<06:07:47.700> data<06:07:48.180> delivery<06:07:48.480> on<06:07:48.660> the

network or ensuring data delivery on the

network or ensuring data delivery on the
network<06:07:48.900> and<06:07:49.320> so<06:07:49.558> on<06:07:49.820> perhaps<06:07:50.820> even<06:07:51.000> making

network and so on perhaps even making

network and so on perhaps even making
sure<06:07:51.540> that<06:07:51.718> the<06:07:51.958> actual<06:07:52.200> bits<06:07:52.920> all<06:07:53.218> the<06:07:53.340> way

sure that the actual bits all the way

sure that the actual bits all the way
down<06:07:53.638> to<06:07:53.760> those<06:07:53.940> bits<06:07:54.360> of<06:07:54.660> data<06:07:55.020> being

down to those bits of data being

down to those bits of data being
communicated<06:07:55.798> now<06:07:56.400> as<06:07:56.580> technicians<06:07:57.180> and

communicated now as technicians and

communicated now as technicians and
specifically<06:07:57.840> for<06:07:58.080> the<06:07:58.260> exam<06:07:58.558> you<06:07:59.280> really

specifically for the exam you really

specifically for the exam you really
want<06:07:59.760> to<06:07:59.878> know<06:08:00.058> which<06:08:00.480> layer<06:08:01.020> relates<06:08:01.798> to

want to know which layer relates to

want to know which layer relates to
which<06:08:02.218> support<06:08:02.520> blocks<06:08:03.180> and<06:08:03.840> also<06:08:04.080> this<06:08:04.200> is

which support blocks and also this is

which support blocks and also this is
going<06:08:04.440> to<06:08:04.500> help<06:08:04.620> a<06:08:04.740> great<06:08:04.860> deal<06:08:05.040> when<06:08:05.280> we

going to help a great deal when we

going to help a great deal when we
discuss<06:08:05.760> the<06:08:06.120> next<06:08:06.298> networking<06:08:06.840> model<06:08:06.958> which

discuss the next networking model which

discuss the next networking model which
is<06:08:07.320> the<06:08:07.500> tcpip<06:08:08.360> layer<06:08:09.360> model<06:08:09.600> so<06:08:10.500> uh<06:08:10.920> just<06:08:11.820> to

is the tcpip layer model so uh just to

is the tcpip layer model so uh just to
sort<06:08:12.958> of<06:08:13.080> go<06:08:13.500> through<06:08:13.680> this<06:08:13.920> again

sort of go through this again

sort of go through this again
we<06:08:15.600> start<06:08:15.840> here<06:08:16.200> at<06:08:16.620> the<06:08:17.058> application<06:08:18.058> layer

we start here at the application layer

we start here at the application layer
and<06:08:19.320> we<06:08:19.440> work<06:08:19.680> our<06:08:19.920> way<06:08:20.100> down<06:08:20.400> until<06:08:21.240> we<06:08:21.600> get

and we work our way down until we get

and we work our way down until we get
down<06:08:22.080> to<06:08:22.378> the<06:08:22.500> physical<06:08:22.740> layer<06:08:23.280> which<06:08:23.760> is

down to the physical layer which is

down to the physical layer which is
where<06:08:24.120> the<06:08:24.298> data<06:08:24.660> can<06:08:24.900> actually<06:08:25.200> be

where the data can actually be

where the data can actually be
transmitted

transmitted

transmitted
over<06:08:28.378> the<06:08:28.558> network<06:08:28.760> and<06:08:29.760> then<06:08:29.878> it<06:08:30.058> builds<06:08:30.360> its

over the network and then it builds its

over the network and then it builds its
way<06:08:30.780> back<06:08:31.260> up<06:08:31.620> until<06:08:31.860> we<06:08:32.218> get<06:08:32.340> to<06:08:32.520> the<06:08:32.760> last

way back up until we get to the last

way back up until we get to the last
application<06:08:33.540> so<06:08:34.138> if<06:08:34.260> I'm<06:08:34.440> browsing<06:08:35.160> uh<06:08:36.000> let's

application so if I'm browsing uh let's

application so if I'm browsing uh let's
say<06:08:36.360> this<06:08:36.660> is<06:08:36.840> me

say this is me

say this is me
right<06:08:39.298> and<06:08:39.660> this<06:08:39.840> is<06:08:40.080> a<06:08:40.558> web

right and this is a web

right and this is a web
sort<06:08:42.420> of<06:08:42.600> server

sort of server

sort of server
I<06:08:45.718> send<06:08:46.500> a<06:08:47.040> request<06:08:47.520> the<06:08:48.058> request<06:08:48.360> goes<06:08:48.840> down

I send a request the request goes down

I send a request the request goes down
all<06:08:49.740> the<06:08:49.920> way<06:08:50.040> goes<06:08:51.000> over<06:08:51.420> the<06:08:51.718> network<06:08:51.900> it

all the way goes over the network it

all the way goes over the network it
might<06:08:52.920> even<06:08:53.100> hit<06:08:53.340> a<06:08:53.580> couple<06:08:53.700> routers<06:08:54.240> along

might even hit a couple routers along

might even hit a couple routers along
the<06:08:54.718> way

the way

the way
or<06:08:56.940> switches<06:08:57.360> rather

so we're hitting some switches and then

so we're hitting some switches and then
we<06:09:01.980> hit<06:09:02.100> some<06:09:02.340> routers<06:09:02.760> then<06:09:03.000> we<06:09:03.120> had<06:09:03.240> some

we hit some routers then we had some

we hit some routers then we had some
switches<06:09:03.958> and<06:09:04.740> then<06:09:04.860> it's<06:09:05.040> going<06:09:05.218> to<06:09:05.340> go<06:09:05.520> all

switches and then it's going to go all

switches and then it's going to go all
the<06:09:06.240> way<06:09:06.298> up<06:09:06.540> again<06:09:06.660> to<06:09:07.020> the<06:09:07.138> web<06:09:07.260> server<06:09:07.740> and

the way up again to the web server and

the way up again to the web server and
then<06:09:08.520> the<06:09:08.638> web<06:09:08.760> server<06:09:09.058> is<06:09:09.180> going<06:09:09.360> to<06:09:09.480> send

then the web server is going to send

then the web server is going to send
that<06:09:10.020> data<06:09:10.378> back<06:09:11.040> Etc<06:09:11.218> and<06:09:12.000> so<06:09:12.180> we<06:09:12.420> go<06:09:12.600> this

that data back Etc and so we go this

that data back Etc and so we go this
really<06:09:13.260> follows<06:09:13.860> on<06:09:14.160> each<06:09:14.458> end<06:09:14.760> how<06:09:15.480> data<06:09:15.958> is

really follows on each end how data is

really follows on each end how data is
being<06:09:16.440> sent<06:09:16.980> and<06:09:17.340> received<06:09:18.298> so<06:09:18.780> before<06:09:18.958> we

being sent and received so before we

being sent and received so before we
wrap<06:09:19.620> this<06:09:19.860> up<06:09:20.100> there's<06:09:20.580> a<06:09:20.940> couple<06:09:21.058> ways<06:09:21.420> to

wrap this up there's a couple ways to

wrap this up there's a couple ways to
remember<06:09:21.718> these<06:09:22.138> and<06:09:22.320> I'd<06:09:22.500> really<06:09:22.740> highly

remember these and I'd really highly

remember these and I'd really highly
recommend<06:09:23.820> committing<06:09:24.480> this<06:09:24.660> OSI<06:09:25.080> model<06:09:25.320> to

recommend committing this OSI model to

recommend committing this OSI model to
memory<06:09:25.860> there's<06:09:26.458> two<06:09:26.638> ways<06:09:26.878> we<06:09:27.000> do<06:09:27.120> this<06:09:27.240> one

memory there's two ways we do this one

memory there's two ways we do this one
is<06:09:27.718> called<06:09:28.020> the<06:09:28.860> top

down approach this starts with layer

down approach this starts with layer
seven

seven

seven
and<06:09:36.780> ends<06:09:37.020> with<06:09:37.138> layer<06:09:37.620> one<06:09:37.798> now<06:09:38.218> the<06:09:38.458> reason

and ends with layer one now the reason

and ends with layer one now the reason
you<06:09:38.820> want<06:09:39.000> to<06:09:39.180> just<06:09:39.600> remember<06:09:39.780> whichever

you want to just remember whichever

you want to just remember whichever
mnemonic<06:09:40.740> device<06:09:40.860> I'm<06:09:41.100> about<06:09:41.218> to<06:09:41.400> tell<06:09:41.458> you

mnemonic device I'm about to tell you

mnemonic device I'm about to tell you
just<06:09:41.760> remember<06:09:41.878> which<06:09:42.180> one<06:09:42.360> you're

just remember which one you're

just remember which one you're
remembering<06:09:42.958> so<06:09:43.138> that<06:09:43.260> way<06:09:43.378> you<06:09:43.440> know<06:09:43.558> how<06:09:43.740> to

remembering so that way you know how to

remembering so that way you know how to
write<06:09:43.980> it

write it

write it
a<06:09:45.660> great<06:09:45.780> way<06:09:45.958> to<06:09:46.080> remember<06:09:46.200> this<06:09:46.500> one<06:09:46.680> is<06:09:46.980> all

a great way to remember this one is all

a great way to remember this one is all
people<06:09:47.580> seem<06:09:48.120> to<06:09:48.240> need<06:09:48.480> delicious<06:09:49.080> pizza

people seem to need delicious pizza

people seem to need delicious pizza
uh<06:09:50.820> now<06:09:51.120> again<06:09:51.600> all<06:09:52.138> his<06:09:52.320> application<06:09:52.798> starts

uh now again all his application starts

uh now again all his application starts
at<06:09:53.458> seven<06:09:53.760> so<06:09:54.420> we're<06:09:54.600> starting<06:09:54.780> with<06:09:55.138> the<06:09:55.440> user

at seven so we're starting with the user

at seven so we're starting with the user
and<06:09:56.760> we're<06:09:56.878> going<06:09:57.240> down<06:09:57.600> to<06:09:58.260> physical<06:09:58.500> to<06:09:59.280> the

and we're going down to physical to the

and we're going down to physical to the
hardware

now the other way I like to remember

now the other way I like to remember
this<06:10:04.138> is<06:10:04.920> uh<06:10:05.820> please<06:10:06.420> do<06:10:07.080> not<06:10:07.378> throw<06:10:08.340> sausage

this is uh please do not throw sausage

this is uh please do not throw sausage
pizza<06:10:09.600> away<06:10:10.080> that's<06:10:10.440> my<06:10:10.860> particular<06:10:11.160> favorite

pizza away that's my particular favorite

pizza away that's my particular favorite
now<06:10:12.240> here<06:10:12.480> we're<06:10:12.718> taking<06:10:13.020> a<06:10:13.620> bottom

up approach because we're going from the

up approach because we're going from the
bottom<06:10:19.080> up<06:10:19.260> so<06:10:19.500> realize<06:10:19.920> that<06:10:20.218> this<06:10:20.638> you're

bottom up so realize that this you're

bottom up so realize that this you're
starting<06:10:21.180> with<06:10:21.600> the<06:10:22.200> physical<06:10:22.378> layer

starting with the physical layer

starting with the physical layer
and<06:10:24.058> going<06:10:24.298> up<06:10:24.480> to<06:10:24.660> the<06:10:24.840> application<06:10:25.260> layer<06:10:25.740> so

and going up to the application layer so

and going up to the application layer so
however<06:10:26.638> which<06:10:26.940> one<06:10:27.120> of<06:10:27.240> one<06:10:27.718> of<06:10:27.780> these<06:10:27.900> you

however which one of one of these you

however which one of one of these you
memorize<06:10:28.798> you<06:10:29.040> use<06:10:29.280> to<06:10:29.520> memorize<06:10:29.940> this<06:10:30.240> uh

memorize you use to memorize this uh

memorize you use to memorize this uh
just<06:10:31.138> remember<06:10:31.378> to<06:10:31.620> commit<06:10:31.980> it<06:10:32.100> to<06:10:32.218> memory<06:10:32.520> and

just remember to commit it to memory and

just remember to commit it to memory and
when<06:10:33.058> you<06:10:33.240> get<06:10:33.420> to<06:10:33.600> your<06:10:33.780> exam<06:10:34.020> write<06:10:34.378> it<06:10:34.500> down

when you get to your exam write it down

when you get to your exam write it down
immediately<06:10:35.280> so<06:10:35.638> you<06:10:35.820> can<06:10:35.878> just<06:10:36.058> look<06:10:36.298> at<06:10:36.480> it

immediately so you can just look at it

immediately so you can just look at it
and<06:10:37.020> remember<06:10:37.200> this<06:10:37.680> is<06:10:37.798> seven<06:10:38.420> six<06:10:39.680> five<06:10:40.700> four

and remember this is seven six five four

and remember this is seven six five four
three<06:10:42.958> two<06:10:43.920> one<06:10:44.878> this<06:10:45.600> is<06:10:45.718> where<06:10:46.080> hubs<06:10:46.798> would

three two one this is where hubs would

three two one this is where hubs would
function<06:10:47.340> again<06:10:48.058> uh<06:10:48.660> they're<06:10:48.958> just

function again uh they're just

function again uh they're just
forwarding<06:10:49.620> the<06:10:49.798> same<06:10:49.980> information<06:10:50.218> just

forwarding the same information just

forwarding the same information just
like<06:10:50.940> this<06:10:51.120> is<06:10:51.298> where<06:10:51.600> a<06:10:52.080> cable<06:10:52.320> would

like this is where a cable would

like this is where a cable would
function<06:10:52.920> data<06:10:53.878> link<06:10:54.000> is<06:10:54.240> where<06:10:54.600> most

function data link is where most

function data link is where most
switches<06:10:56.040> are<06:10:56.400> going<06:10:56.580> to<06:10:56.820> function<06:10:57.120> and<06:10:58.020> on

switches are going to function and on

switches are going to function and on
the<06:10:58.320> network<06:10:58.500> layer<06:10:58.920> that's<06:10:59.100> where<06:10:59.280> we're

the network layer that's where we're

the network layer that's where we're
going<06:10:59.580> to<06:10:59.700> see<06:10:59.820> routers<06:11:00.780> function<06:11:01.200> this<06:11:01.798> is

going to see routers function this is

going to see routers function this is
the<06:11:02.160> most<06:11:02.340> information<06:11:02.638> that<06:11:03.240> I<06:11:03.420> see<06:11:03.600> on<06:11:03.900> the

the most information that I see on the

the most information that I see on the
exam<06:11:04.260> and<06:11:04.440> so<06:11:04.620> if<06:11:04.680> you<06:11:04.798> Commit<06:11:05.040> This<06:11:05.280> to<06:11:05.400> Memory

exam and so if you Commit This to Memory

exam and so if you Commit This to Memory
I<06:11:05.878> think<06:11:06.058> you'll<06:11:06.298> be<06:11:06.420> set

I think you'll be set

I think you'll be set
okay<06:11:08.458> so<06:11:09.000> just<06:11:09.180> to<06:11:09.360> recap<06:11:09.718> one<06:11:10.138> last<06:11:10.260> time<06:11:10.500> and

okay so just to recap one last time and

okay so just to recap one last time and
review<06:11:10.860> everything<06:11:11.340> we've<06:11:11.760> discussed<06:11:12.180> first

review everything we've discussed first

review everything we've discussed first
we<06:11:13.138> explained<06:11:13.740> the<06:11:14.340> history<06:11:14.580> and<06:11:14.940> the<06:11:15.058> purpose

we explained the history and the purpose

we explained the history and the purpose
of<06:11:15.480> the<06:11:15.600> OSI<06:11:16.080> model<06:11:16.320> remember<06:11:16.980> the<06:11:17.340> important

of the OSI model remember the important

of the OSI model remember the important
thing<06:11:17.878> to<06:11:18.058> realize<06:11:18.360> here<06:11:18.718> is<06:11:19.200> that<06:11:19.440> it's<06:11:19.740> a

thing to realize here is that it's a

thing to realize here is that it's a
layered<06:11:20.458> model<06:11:20.638> and<06:11:21.000> the<06:11:21.240> reason<06:11:21.360> it's

layered model and the reason it's

layered model and the reason it's
layered<06:11:22.020> is<06:11:22.200> to<06:11:22.378> make<06:11:22.558> it<06:11:22.740> easier<06:11:23.218> not<06:11:23.940> only<06:11:24.120> to

layered is to make it easier not only to

layered is to make it easier not only to
develop<06:11:26.040> things<06:11:26.340> for<06:11:26.700> each<06:11:27.000> layer<06:11:27.360> instead<06:11:27.840> of

develop things for each layer instead of

develop things for each layer instead of
having<06:11:28.080> to<06:11:28.260> develop<06:11:28.620> something<06:11:28.860> for<06:11:29.160> the

having to develop something for the

having to develop something for the
entire<06:11:29.878> system<06:11:30.298> I<06:11:30.600> can<06:11:30.718> just<06:11:30.900> develop<06:11:31.260> one

entire system I can just develop one

entire system I can just develop one
little<06:11:31.798> device<06:11:32.218> such<06:11:33.058> as<06:11:33.240> a<06:11:33.600> router<06:11:34.020> or<06:11:34.680> a

little device such as a router or a

little device such as a router or a
switch<06:11:35.040> and<06:11:35.820> also<06:11:36.058> it's<06:11:36.240> going<06:11:36.420> to<06:11:36.540> be<06:11:36.660> easier

switch and also it's going to be easier

switch and also it's going to be easier
to<06:11:37.980> troubleshoot<06:11:38.760> and<06:11:39.240> fix<06:11:39.600> anything<06:11:40.080> that

to troubleshoot and fix anything that

to troubleshoot and fix anything that
goes<06:11:40.740> wrong

goes wrong

goes wrong
we<06:11:42.058> then<06:11:42.180> talked<06:11:42.540> about<06:11:42.660> layer<06:11:43.320> one<06:11:43.500> the

we then talked about layer one the

we then talked about layer one the
physical<06:11:44.160> layer<06:11:44.700> right<06:11:45.420> and<06:11:45.900> this<06:11:46.138> is<06:11:46.378> uh

physical layer right and this is uh

physical layer right and this is uh
where<06:11:47.280> chords

where chords

where chords
for<06:11:49.440> instance<06:11:49.740> the<06:11:50.280> media<06:11:50.638> exists

for instance the media exists

for instance the media exists
and<06:11:53.700> where<06:11:53.940> all<06:11:54.240> the<06:11:54.420> bits<06:11:54.780> are<06:11:54.900> going<06:11:55.080> to<06:11:55.200> go

and where all the bits are going to go

and where all the bits are going to go
from<06:11:55.558> one<06:11:55.798> place<06:11:55.980> to<06:11:56.218> the<06:11:56.400> other<06:11:56.580> we're<06:11:57.120> really

from one place to the other we're really

from one place to the other we're really
here<06:11:57.540> dealing<06:11:57.958> with<06:11:58.138> the<06:11:58.320> ones<06:11:58.620> and<06:11:58.860> zeros<06:11:59.280> the

here dealing with the ones and zeros the

here dealing with the ones and zeros the
electrical<06:12:00.058> bits<06:12:00.480> also<06:12:01.200> remember<06:12:01.440> hubs<06:12:02.400> exist

electrical bits also remember hubs exist

electrical bits also remember hubs exist
here<06:12:03.058> as<06:12:03.240> well

here as well

here as well
we<06:12:04.440> then<06:12:04.620> talked<06:12:05.100> about<06:12:05.340> the<06:12:06.000> data<06:12:06.360> link<06:12:06.480> layer

we then talked about the data link layer

we then talked about the data link layer
this<06:12:07.740> also<06:12:08.100> had<06:12:08.340> two<06:12:08.700> sub-layers<06:12:09.360> Mac

this also had two sub-layers Mac

this also had two sub-layers Mac
and<06:12:11.700> LLC

and LLC

and LLC
and<06:12:14.400> this<06:12:14.760> is<06:12:14.878> where<06:12:15.120> we<06:12:15.420> see<06:12:15.660> Mac<06:12:16.320> addressing

and this is where we see Mac addressing

and this is where we see Mac addressing
or<06:12:17.760> physical<06:12:18.200> addresses<06:12:19.200> start<06:12:19.798> to<06:12:20.040> occur<06:12:20.458> and

or physical addresses start to occur and

or physical addresses start to occur and
that<06:12:21.360> means<06:12:21.660> that<06:12:21.900> here<06:12:22.138> is<06:12:22.320> where<06:12:22.558> we're

that means that here is where we're

that means that here is where we're
really<06:12:22.920> going<06:12:23.100> to<06:12:23.280> deal

really going to deal

really going to deal
with<06:12:24.600> switches

the data here by the way is called is

the data here by the way is called is
put<06:12:31.260> into<06:12:31.440> what<06:12:31.798> we<06:12:31.980> call<06:12:32.218> frames<06:12:32.760> instead<06:12:33.120> of

put into what we call frames instead of

put into what we call frames instead of
just<06:12:33.420> dealing<06:12:33.840> with<06:12:34.080> bits

just dealing with bits

just dealing with bits
now<06:12:36.660> the<06:12:36.958> next<06:12:37.138> layer<06:12:37.500> is<06:12:37.680> the<06:12:38.040> network<06:12:38.280> layer

now the next layer is the network layer

now the next layer is the network layer
and<06:12:39.600> this<06:12:40.020> is<06:12:40.200> where<06:12:40.558> we<06:12:41.340> start<06:12:41.580> to<06:12:41.760> see

and this is where we start to see

and this is where we start to see
routing<06:12:42.900> and<06:12:43.500> this<06:12:43.680> is<06:12:43.860> thanks<06:12:44.160> to<06:12:44.520> a<06:12:44.700> new

routing and this is thanks to a new

routing and this is thanks to a new
addressing<06:12:45.480> system<06:12:45.780> specifically<06:12:46.680> the<06:12:47.160> one

addressing system specifically the one

addressing system specifically the one
we're<06:12:47.700> going<06:12:47.820> to<06:12:47.878> see<06:12:48.000> the<06:12:48.180> most<06:12:48.298> is<06:12:48.660> IP

we're going to see the most is IP

we're going to see the most is IP
addressing<06:12:49.740> this<06:12:50.280> means<06:12:50.580> here<06:12:50.820> is<06:12:51.058> where

addressing this means here is where

addressing this means here is where
we're<06:12:51.420> going<06:12:51.540> to<06:12:51.660> start<06:12:51.840> seeing<06:12:52.340> routers<06:12:53.340> and

we're going to start seeing routers and

we're going to start seeing routers and
don't<06:12:54.058> forget<06:12:54.240> here<06:12:54.660> we<06:12:55.020> see<06:12:55.200> start<06:12:55.558> seeing<06:12:55.980> uh

don't forget here we see start seeing uh

don't forget here we see start seeing uh
terminology<06:12:58.580> for<06:12:59.580> packets

terminology for packets

terminology for packets
and<06:13:01.558> the<06:13:01.680> one<06:13:01.798> we<06:13:01.980> mentioned<06:13:02.400> too<06:13:02.638> was

datagrams we also mentioned that this is

datagrams we also mentioned that this is
where<06:13:08.520> we<06:13:08.820> see<06:13:09.200> connection<06:13:10.200> loss

or connections that don't sort of have a

or connections that don't sort of have a
definite<06:13:17.700> got<06:13:18.540> sent<06:13:18.840> or<06:13:19.260> delivery<06:13:19.860> receipt<06:13:20.340> we

definite got sent or delivery receipt we

definite got sent or delivery receipt we
then<06:13:21.180> looked<06:13:21.600> at<06:13:21.780> layer<06:13:22.558> four<06:13:22.798> which<06:13:23.458> is<06:13:23.580> where

then looked at layer four which is where

then looked at layer four which is where
we<06:13:24.058> see<06:13:24.320> TCP<06:13:25.320> from<06:13:25.740> the<06:13:25.860> IP<06:13:26.280> Suite<06:13:26.760> right<06:13:27.540> and

we see TCP from the IP Suite right and

we see TCP from the IP Suite right and
this<06:13:28.138> is<06:13:28.260> the<06:13:28.440> one<06:13:28.500> that's<06:13:28.740> going<06:13:28.920> to<06:13:29.040> start

this is the one that's going to start

this is the one that's going to start
looking<06:13:29.400> at<06:13:29.780> guaranteeing<06:13:30.780> our<06:13:31.138> delivery

layer 4 is also where we ensure

layer 4 is also where we ensure
reliability

here information

here information
is<06:13:51.000> called<06:13:51.240> segments<06:13:51.958> when<06:13:52.320> we<06:13:52.440> get<06:13:52.558> to<06:13:52.680> layer

is called segments when we get to layer

is called segments when we get to layer
5<06:13:53.160> or<06:13:53.580> the<06:13:53.700> session<06:13:53.940> layer<06:13:54.420> we<06:13:54.780> see<06:13:54.900> that<06:13:55.138> we're

5 or the session layer we see that we're

5 or the session layer we see that we're
really<06:13:55.500> establishing<06:13:56.218> and<06:13:56.458> maintaining<06:13:57.120> a

really establishing and maintaining a

really establishing and maintaining a
session

this is where we're going to start and

this is where we're going to start and
gracefully<06:14:05.520> end<06:14:05.878> our<06:14:06.360> Communications<06:14:06.980> such

gracefully end our Communications such

gracefully end our Communications such
as<06:14:08.160> SSL<06:14:09.058> Communications<06:14:09.740> when<06:14:10.740> we<06:14:10.860> get<06:14:10.980> to

as SSL Communications when we get to

as SSL Communications when we get to
layer<06:14:11.458> 6<06:14:11.700> this<06:14:12.360> is<06:14:12.480> where<06:14:12.780> encryption

this is also where we start seeing the

this is also where we start seeing the
term

term

term
data

data

data
finally<06:14:28.320> we<06:14:28.680> talked<06:14:28.920> about<06:14:28.980> the<06:14:29.400> application

finally we talked about the application

finally we talked about the application
layer

layer

layer
or<06:14:32.458> layer<06:14:32.878> seven<06:14:33.058> this<06:14:33.840> is<06:14:33.958> the<06:14:34.138> layer<06:14:34.378> that's

or layer seven this is the layer that's

or layer seven this is the layer that's
closest<06:14:35.160> to<06:14:35.760> the<06:14:36.240> user

closest to the user

closest to the user
and<06:14:38.458> this<06:14:38.580> is<06:14:38.700> where<06:14:38.940> you're<06:14:39.120> really<06:14:39.298> going<06:14:39.480> to

and this is where you're really going to

and this is where you're really going to
see<06:14:39.780> the<06:14:40.020> interaction<06:14:40.500> this<06:14:41.100> is<06:14:41.280> where<06:14:41.400> we<06:14:41.520> saw

see the interaction this is where we saw

see the interaction this is where we saw
a<06:14:41.878> lot<06:14:42.000> of<06:14:42.120> the<06:14:42.240> stuff<06:14:42.680> such<06:14:43.680> as<06:14:43.920> SMTP

a lot of the stuff such as SMTP

a lot of the stuff such as SMTP
FTP

HTTP and so on

HTTP and so on
this<06:14:52.080> really<06:14:52.260> governs<06:14:52.740> everything<06:14:53.160> so<06:14:53.700> if<06:14:53.820> we

this really governs everything so if we

this really governs everything so if we
go<06:14:54.058> back<06:14:54.180> through<06:14:54.420> this<06:14:54.600> with<06:14:54.840> our<06:14:54.958> metaphor

go back through this with our metaphor

go back through this with our metaphor
remember<06:14:55.500> the<06:14:55.798> physical<06:14:55.980> layer<06:14:56.580> are<06:14:57.058> the

remember the physical layer are the

remember the physical layer are the
highways

the date of the link layer or how we're

the date of the link layer or how we're
going<06:15:02.160> to<06:15:02.340> share<06:15:02.638> the<06:15:03.360> roads

going to share the roads

going to share the roads
remember<06:15:05.878> we<06:15:06.240> thought<06:15:06.540> about<06:15:06.900> a<06:15:07.260> stop<06:15:07.620> light

remember we thought about a stop light

remember we thought about a stop light
the<06:15:09.600> network<06:15:09.840> layer<06:15:10.378> is<06:15:10.860> where<06:15:10.980> we<06:15:11.160> start

the network layer is where we start

the network layer is where we start
determining<06:15:11.878> the<06:15:12.298> best<06:15:12.480> route<06:15:12.840> to<06:15:13.260> get<06:15:13.320> from

determining the best route to get from

determining the best route to get from
one<06:15:13.798> place<06:15:14.040> to<06:15:14.280> the<06:15:14.458> other

one place to the other

one place to the other
the<06:15:16.320> transport<06:15:16.680> layer<06:15:17.100> tells<06:15:17.520> us<06:15:17.638> for

the transport layer tells us for

the transport layer tells us for
instance<06:15:18.180> the<06:15:18.660> rules<06:15:19.020> of<06:15:19.200> the<06:15:19.440> road

the session layer is what type of

the session layer is what type of
Highway<06:15:25.080> we<06:15:25.440> might<06:15:25.558> need<06:15:25.740> to<06:15:25.920> take

for instance I might need to take a

for instance I might need to take a
um<06:15:32.040> a<06:15:32.638> special<06:15:33.360> private<06:15:33.900> Highway<06:15:34.080> if<06:15:34.440> I<06:15:34.620> have

um a special private Highway if I have

um a special private Highway if I have
important<06:15:35.400> documents<06:15:36.000> the<06:15:36.718> presentation

important documents the presentation

important documents the presentation
layer<06:15:37.740> is<06:15:38.340> like<06:15:38.638> the<06:15:39.000> bus<06:15:39.180> driver

layer is like the bus driver

layer is like the bus driver
who<06:15:41.218> is<06:15:41.340> going<06:15:41.638> to<06:15:41.940> pack<06:15:42.120> up<06:15:42.360> our<06:15:42.600> bags<06:15:42.900> for<06:15:43.080> us

who is going to pack up our bags for us

who is going to pack up our bags for us
and<06:15:43.440> also<06:15:43.740> communicate<06:15:44.280> and<06:15:44.458> make<06:15:44.638> sure<06:15:44.700> that

and also communicate and make sure that

and also communicate and make sure that
we<06:15:45.000> know<06:15:45.058> where<06:15:45.240> we're<06:15:45.360> going<06:15:45.540> and<06:15:46.080> the

we know where we're going and the

we know where we're going and the
application<06:15:46.680> layer<06:15:47.160> is<06:15:47.638> going<06:15:47.820> to<06:15:48.000> be<06:15:48.180> like

application layer is going to be like

application layer is going to be like
the<06:15:50.520> bus<06:15:50.700> stop

now the OSI model is in actuality pretty

now the OSI model is in actuality pretty
obsolete<06:15:57.958> but<06:15:58.260> we<06:15:58.378> need<06:15:58.500> to<06:15:58.620> understand<06:15:58.860> the

obsolete but we need to understand the

obsolete but we need to understand the
theory<06:15:59.820> behind<06:16:00.180> it<06:16:00.298> before<06:16:00.480> we<06:16:00.718> can<06:16:00.840> get<06:16:00.958> into

theory behind it before we can get into

theory behind it before we can get into
something<06:16:01.378> that's<06:16:01.620> a<06:16:01.798> little<06:16:01.920> more

something that's a little more

something that's a little more
um<06:16:03.120> uh<06:16:03.900> necessary<06:16:04.558> for<06:16:05.100> instance<06:16:05.280> the<06:16:05.520> tcpip

um uh necessary for instance the tcpip

um uh necessary for instance the tcpip
layer<06:16:07.200> model

Network infrastructure and Design

Network infrastructure and Design
Network<06:16:36.360> models<06:16:37.020> the<06:16:37.440> TCP<06:16:37.920> model

Network models the TCP model

Network models the TCP model
whereas<06:16:40.260> in<06:16:40.440> the<06:16:40.558> previous<06:16:40.680> module<06:16:41.400> we<06:16:41.638> talked

whereas in the previous module we talked

whereas in the previous module we talked
about<06:16:41.940> the<06:16:42.240> OSI<06:16:42.660> model<06:16:42.958> A<06:16:43.558> mostly<06:16:43.920> theoretical

about the OSI model A mostly theoretical

about the OSI model A mostly theoretical
model<06:16:44.940> that's<06:16:45.240> in<06:16:45.420> use<06:16:45.600> in<06:16:45.840> computer<06:16:46.020> networks

model that's in use in computer networks

model that's in use in computer networks
in<06:16:47.638> this<06:16:47.700> module<06:16:48.058> we're<06:16:48.180> going<06:16:48.360> to<06:16:48.480> talk<06:16:48.718> about

in this module we're going to talk about

in this module we're going to talk about
perhaps<06:16:49.440> what<06:16:49.740> is<06:16:49.860> considered<06:16:50.218> to<06:16:50.340> be<06:16:50.458> one<06:16:50.700> of

perhaps what is considered to be one of

perhaps what is considered to be one of
the<06:16:50.940> most<06:16:51.120> common<06:16:51.420> or<06:16:52.020> at<06:16:52.558> least<06:16:52.740> the<06:16:52.920> most

the most common or at least the most

the most common or at least the most
widely<06:16:53.458> used<06:16:53.638> model<06:16:53.878> the<06:16:54.180> TCP<06:16:54.660> model<06:16:55.200> now

widely used model the TCP model now

widely used model the TCP model now
while<06:16:56.100> it's<06:16:56.218> important<06:16:56.580> that<06:16:56.820> we<06:16:57.120> memorize

while it's important that we memorize

while it's important that we memorize
and<06:16:58.080> familiarize<06:16:58.500> ourselves<06:16:58.740> with<06:16:58.920> the<06:16:59.040> OSI

and familiarize ourselves with the OSI

and familiarize ourselves with the OSI
model<06:16:59.700> it's<06:17:00.298> also<06:17:00.600> really<06:17:00.780> important<06:17:01.080> that<06:17:01.320> we

model it's also really important that we

model it's also really important that we
understand<06:17:01.558> this<06:17:01.920> TCP<06:17:02.458> model<06:17:03.000> and<06:17:03.540> the

understand this TCP model and the

understand this TCP model and the
differences<06:17:04.138> between<06:17:04.860> it<06:17:05.280> and<06:17:05.760> the<06:17:05.878> OSI<06:17:06.298> model

differences between it and the OSI model

differences between it and the OSI model
as<06:17:07.740> technicians<06:17:08.458> and<06:17:08.638> administrators<06:17:09.360> it's

as technicians and administrators it's

as technicians and administrators it's
really<06:17:10.260> important<06:17:10.740> that<06:17:11.280> we're<06:17:11.400> familiar

really important that we're familiar

really important that we're familiar
with<06:17:11.820> each<06:17:12.058> layer<06:17:12.420> as<06:17:12.780> well<06:17:12.958> as<06:17:13.080> how<06:17:13.620> a<06:17:13.860> data

with each layer as well as how a data

with each layer as well as how a data
transfers<06:17:14.638> between<06:17:15.120> all<06:17:15.840> of<06:17:15.958> these<06:17:16.138> layers

transfers between all of these layers

transfers between all of these layers
and<06:17:17.458> how<06:17:17.700> all<06:17:17.878> the<06:17:18.058> protocols<06:17:18.600> that<06:17:18.840> are<06:17:18.958> used

and how all the protocols that are used

and how all the protocols that are used
in<06:17:19.320> TCP<06:17:19.798> relate<06:17:20.340> to<06:17:20.458> one<06:17:20.638> another<06:17:20.820> and<06:17:21.718> in<06:17:21.900> the

in TCP relate to one another and in the

in TCP relate to one another and in the
layers

layers

layers
so

so

so
the<06:17:24.718> objective<06:17:25.020> of<06:17:25.200> this<06:17:25.320> module<06:17:25.680> are<06:17:26.340> first

the objective of this module are first

the objective of this module are first
to<06:17:26.820> explain<06:17:27.000> the<06:17:27.420> purpose<06:17:27.718> and<06:17:27.958> depth<06:17:28.260> of<06:17:28.378> the

to explain the purpose and depth of the

to explain the purpose and depth of the
TCP<06:17:28.920> model<06:17:29.580> and<06:17:30.420> to<06:17:30.660> compare<06:17:31.080> it<06:17:31.260> in<06:17:31.558> some<06:17:31.680> ways

TCP model and to compare it in some ways

TCP model and to compare it in some ways
with<06:17:32.100> the<06:17:32.218> OSI<06:17:32.638> model<06:17:32.940> we're<06:17:33.718> also<06:17:33.958> going<06:17:34.080> to

with the OSI model we're also going to

with the OSI model we're also going to
talk<06:17:34.378> about<06:17:34.680> what<06:17:35.040> data<06:17:35.400> encapsulation<06:17:36.180> and

talk about what data encapsulation and

talk about what data encapsulation and
fragmentation<06:17:37.378> are<06:17:37.680> these<06:17:38.280> are<06:17:38.400> really<06:17:38.638> key

fragmentation are these are really key

fragmentation are these are really key
to<06:17:39.298> how<06:17:39.660> large<06:17:40.200> amounts<06:17:40.680> of<06:17:40.798> data<06:17:41.160> are<06:17:41.340> able<06:17:41.580> to

to how large amounts of data are able to

to how large amounts of data are able to
be<06:17:42.020> transmitted<06:17:43.020> and<06:17:43.200> transferred<06:17:43.740> over<06:17:43.860> the

be transmitted and transferred over the

be transmitted and transferred over the
Internet<06:17:44.480> the<06:17:45.480> largest<06:17:45.780> Network<06:17:46.080> in<06:17:46.500> the

Internet the largest Network in the

Internet the largest Network in the
world

world

world
and<06:17:47.760> then<06:17:47.878> we're<06:17:48.000> going<06:17:48.120> to<06:17:48.180> talk<06:17:48.420> about<06:17:48.718> the

and then we're going to talk about the

and then we're going to talk about the
four<06:17:49.138> layers<06:17:49.500> of<06:17:49.680> the<06:17:49.860> tcpip<06:17:50.580> model<06:17:51.000> beginning

four layers of the tcpip model beginning

four layers of the tcpip model beginning
with<06:17:51.900> the<06:17:52.080> fourth<06:17:52.320> one<06:17:52.440> and<06:17:52.980> then<06:17:53.040> the<06:17:53.280> third

with the fourth one and then the third

with the fourth one and then the third
the<06:17:54.120> second<06:17:54.298> and<06:17:55.020> the<06:17:55.200> first

the second and the first

the second and the first
finally<06:17:56.700> we're<06:17:57.058> going<06:17:57.240> to<06:17:57.360> talk<06:17:57.540> about

finally we're going to talk about

finally we're going to talk about
protocol<06:17:58.558> binding<06:17:59.458> and<06:17:59.940> something<06:18:00.180> called<06:18:00.480> an

protocol binding and something called an

protocol binding and something called an
MTU<06:18:01.260> black<06:18:01.620> hole<06:18:02.100> that<06:18:02.638> doesn't<06:18:02.820> really<06:18:03.120> occur

MTU black hole that doesn't really occur

MTU black hole that doesn't really occur
much<06:18:03.600> anymore<06:18:03.780> but<06:18:04.200> that<06:18:04.378> Network<06:18:04.558> plus<06:18:04.860> wants

much anymore but that Network plus wants

much anymore but that Network plus wants
you<06:18:05.400> to<06:18:05.520> be<06:18:05.638> familiar<06:18:06.058> with

you to be familiar with

you to be familiar with
so<06:18:07.320> as<06:18:07.620> mentioned<06:18:07.920> before<06:18:08.100> the<06:18:08.580> tcpap<06:18:09.240> model

so as mentioned before the tcpap model

so as mentioned before the tcpap model
is<06:18:09.958> perhaps<06:18:10.680> the<06:18:10.920> most<06:18:11.100> widely<06:18:11.520> known<06:18:11.820> or<06:18:12.120> used

is perhaps the most widely known or used

is perhaps the most widely known or used
networking<06:18:13.020> model<06:18:13.260> it's<06:18:14.218> uh<06:18:14.580> another

networking model it's uh another

networking model it's uh another
networking<06:18:15.718> model<06:18:15.958> that's<06:18:16.320> most<06:18:16.680> commonly

networking model that's most commonly

networking model that's most commonly
defined<06:18:17.760> using<06:18:18.540> abstract<06:18:19.440> layers<06:18:19.860> just<06:18:20.160> like

defined using abstract layers just like

defined using abstract layers just like
we<06:18:20.580> had<06:18:20.700> with<06:18:20.940> the<06:18:21.058> OSI<06:18:21.480> model<06:18:21.718> and<06:18:22.260> the<06:18:22.440> entire

we had with the OSI model and the entire

we had with the OSI model and the entire
purpose<06:18:22.920> of<06:18:23.100> this<06:18:23.280> model<06:18:23.400> is<06:18:23.700> to<06:18:23.878> allow<06:18:24.120> for

purpose of this model is to allow for

purpose of this model is to allow for
conceptualization<06:18:25.440> of<06:18:26.340> how<06:18:26.580> a<06:18:26.760> computer

conceptualization of how a computer

conceptualization of how a computer
network<06:18:27.360> functions<06:18:28.200> in<06:18:28.860> maintaining

network functions in maintaining

network functions in maintaining
hardware<06:18:29.878> and<06:18:30.660> protocol<06:18:31.020> interoperability

hardware and protocol interoperability

hardware and protocol interoperability
also<06:18:33.718> it's<06:18:33.900> commonly<06:18:34.378> called<06:18:34.820> the<06:18:35.820> dod<06:18:36.600> model

also it's commonly called the dod model

also it's commonly called the dod model
for<06:18:38.820> the<06:18:39.058> Department<06:18:39.420> of<06:18:39.840> Defense<06:18:40.260> which

for the Department of Defense which

for the Department of Defense which
funded<06:18:41.280> much<06:18:42.000> of<06:18:42.180> the<06:18:42.360> research<06:18:42.718> that<06:18:42.900> went

funded much of the research that went

funded much of the research that went
into<06:18:43.320> it<06:18:43.700> uh<06:18:44.700> TCP<06:18:45.240> was<06:18:45.780> permanently<06:18:46.440> uh

into it uh TCP was permanently uh

into it uh TCP was permanently uh
activated<06:18:48.360> in<06:18:48.740> 1983<06:18:49.740> and<06:18:50.580> it's<06:18:50.760> been<06:18:51.000> in<06:18:51.240> use

activated in 1983 and it's been in use

activated in 1983 and it's been in use
just<06:18:52.798> about<06:18:52.980> ever<06:18:53.280> since

just about ever since

just about ever since
that<06:18:54.840> wasn't<06:18:55.080> until<06:18:55.260> 1985<06:18:56.100> this<06:18:56.638> model<06:18:56.878> was

that wasn't until 1985 this model was

that wasn't until 1985 this model was
actually<06:18:57.360> commercially<06:18:57.900> marketed<06:18:58.558> but<06:18:59.458> it<06:18:59.638> is

actually commercially marketed but it is

actually commercially marketed but it is
now<06:18:59.878> the<06:19:00.240> preferred<06:19:00.920> network<06:19:01.920> standard<06:19:02.760> for

now the preferred network standard for

now the preferred network standard for
protocols<06:19:04.080> and<06:19:04.260> so<06:19:04.440> on

protocols and so on

protocols and so on
now<06:19:05.940> this<06:19:06.900> means<06:19:07.320> that<06:19:07.680> using<06:19:08.100> these<06:19:08.520> four

now this means that using these four

now this means that using these four
layers<06:19:09.120> on<06:19:09.298> this<06:19:09.480> model<06:19:09.660> the<06:19:10.260> bottom<06:19:10.500> being

layers on this model the bottom being

layers on this model the bottom being
the<06:19:10.980> network<06:19:11.100> interface<06:19:11.638> layer<06:19:12.000> the<06:19:12.780> internet

the network interface layer the internet

the network interface layer the internet
layer<06:19:13.440> the<06:19:14.218> transport<06:19:14.520> layer<06:19:14.940> and<06:19:15.298> then

layer the transport layer and then

layer the transport layer and then
finally<06:19:15.718> the<06:19:15.900> application<06:19:16.320> layer<06:19:16.740> and<06:19:17.340> if<06:19:17.638> you

finally the application layer and if you

finally the application layer and if you
know<06:19:18.240> or<06:19:18.480> remember<06:19:18.660> the<06:19:18.900> OSI<06:19:19.320> model<06:19:19.500> you'll

know or remember the OSI model you'll

know or remember the OSI model you'll
see<06:19:19.920> that<06:19:20.100> there<06:19:20.280> is<06:19:20.400> some<06:19:20.638> resemblance<06:19:21.240> uh

see that there is some resemblance uh

see that there is some resemblance uh
these<06:19:22.620> understanding<06:19:23.218> these<06:19:23.580> this<06:19:24.240> model<06:19:24.540> and

these understanding these this model and

these understanding these this model and
understanding<06:19:25.260> how<06:19:25.558> data<06:19:25.920> flows<06:19:26.280> is<06:19:26.760> actually

understanding how data flows is actually

understanding how data flows is actually
how<06:19:27.298> the<06:19:27.600> entire<06:19:28.020> world<06:19:28.500> is<06:19:28.920> allowed<06:19:29.280> to

how the entire world is allowed to

how the entire world is allowed to
communicate<06:19:29.940> and<06:19:30.180> connect<06:19:30.420> to<06:19:30.660> the<06:19:30.840> network

communicate and connect to the network

communicate and connect to the network
so<06:19:31.680> this<06:19:31.860> is<06:19:32.040> necessary<06:19:32.700> for<06:19:33.420> every<06:19:33.780> computer

so this is necessary for every computer

so this is necessary for every computer
in<06:19:34.980> the<06:19:35.100> world<06:19:35.280> that<06:19:35.638> is<06:19:35.820> currently<06:19:36.120> using<06:19:36.480> the

in the world that is currently using the

in the world that is currently using the
internet<06:19:36.840> and<06:19:37.440> for<06:19:37.558> the<06:19:37.680> most<06:19:37.798> part<06:19:37.980> that's<06:19:38.218> on

internet and for the most part that's on

internet and for the most part that's on
any<06:19:38.760> network<06:19:39.000> we<06:19:39.718> might<06:19:39.900> find<06:19:40.138> other<06:19:40.620> smaller

any network we might find other smaller

any network we might find other smaller
lesser<06:19:41.820> known<06:19:42.058> protocols<06:19:42.718> that<06:19:42.900> do<06:19:43.020> operate

lesser known protocols that do operate

lesser known protocols that do operate
outside<06:19:44.100> of<06:19:44.400> this<06:19:44.520> but<06:19:45.120> I<06:19:45.480> think<06:19:45.540> you<06:19:45.660> would<06:19:45.840> be

outside of this but I think you would be

outside of this but I think you would be
hard-pressed<06:19:46.680> in<06:19:46.920> today's<06:19:47.040> day<06:19:47.340> and<06:19:47.458> age<06:19:47.638> to

hard-pressed in today's day and age to

hard-pressed in today's day and age to
see<06:19:48.058> that

see that

see that
so<06:19:49.500> technicians<06:19:50.218> and<06:19:50.400> Engineers<06:19:50.878> will

so technicians and Engineers will

so technicians and Engineers will
probably<06:19:51.958> sit<06:19:52.378> and<06:19:52.620> talk<06:19:52.798> about<06:19:53.040> Technology's

probably sit and talk about Technology's

probably sit and talk about Technology's
implementation<06:19:54.360> of<06:19:54.660> these<06:19:54.840> two<06:19:54.958> models<06:19:55.320> for

implementation of these two models for

implementation of these two models for
hours<06:19:55.798> on<06:19:56.160> end<06:19:56.340> and<06:19:57.120> the<06:19:57.240> reason<06:19:57.360> is<06:19:57.600> because

hours on end and the reason is because

hours on end and the reason is because
there's<06:19:58.020> quite<06:19:58.200> a<06:19:58.320> bit<06:19:58.440> of<06:19:58.558> history<06:19:58.740> and

there's quite a bit of history and

there's quite a bit of history and
Brilliant<06:19:59.400> thinking<06:19:59.700> that<06:19:59.878> went<06:20:00.000> into<06:20:00.180> the

Brilliant thinking that went into the

Brilliant thinking that went into the
creation<06:20:00.718> of<06:20:00.958> both<06:20:01.080> of<06:20:01.260> them<06:20:01.440> the<06:20:02.340> tcpap<06:20:03.000> model

creation of both of them the tcpap model

creation of both of them the tcpap model
was<06:20:03.840> in<06:20:04.138> fact<06:20:04.378> created<06:20:04.798> before<06:20:05.100> the<06:20:05.400> OSI<06:20:05.820> model

was in fact created before the OSI model

was in fact created before the OSI model
and<06:20:06.958> it<06:20:07.138> still<06:20:07.260> makes<06:20:07.440> it<06:20:07.620> easier<06:20:07.920> to

and it still makes it easier to

and it still makes it easier to
represent<06:20:08.520> how<06:20:08.820> communication<06:20:09.420> and<06:20:09.660> network

represent how communication and network

represent how communication and network
related<06:20:10.740> Protocols<06:20:11.458> are<06:20:11.700> defined<06:20:12.058> and<06:20:12.180> relate

related Protocols are defined and relate

related Protocols are defined and relate
to<06:20:12.600> one<06:20:12.780> another<06:20:12.920> however<06:20:13.920> it's<06:20:14.400> still<06:20:14.580> more

to one another however it's still more

to one another however it's still more
common<06:20:15.058> to<06:20:15.298> hear<06:20:15.420> technicians<06:20:15.958> and

common to hear technicians and

common to hear technicians and
administrators<06:20:16.680> use<06:20:16.920> the<06:20:17.218> OSI<06:20:17.700> model<06:20:17.940> when

administrators use the OSI model when

administrators use the OSI model when
they're<06:20:18.360> troubleshooting<06:20:18.958> or<06:20:19.138> referencing

they're troubleshooting or referencing

they're troubleshooting or referencing
networking<06:20:20.520> devices<06:20:20.878> and<06:20:21.718> there<06:20:21.958> are<06:20:22.138> many

networking devices and there are many

networking devices and there are many
similarities<06:20:23.218> between<06:20:23.760> the<06:20:24.120> two<06:20:24.240> models<06:20:24.660> the

similarities between the two models the

similarities between the two models the
first<06:20:25.440> similarity<06:20:25.980> is<06:20:26.100> the<06:20:26.340> obvious<06:20:26.580> use<06:20:26.820> of

first similarity is the obvious use of

first similarity is the obvious use of
the<06:20:27.360> layers<06:20:27.718> to<06:20:28.260> describe<06:20:28.620> the<06:20:28.798> functions<06:20:29.160> of

the layers to describe the functions of

the layers to describe the functions of
these<06:20:29.520> communication<06:20:30.058> systems<06:20:30.600> although<06:20:31.138> in

these communication systems although in

these communication systems although in
tcpip<06:20:32.040> we<06:20:32.458> have<06:20:32.580> four<06:20:32.820> whereas<06:20:33.540> in<06:20:33.718> OSI<06:20:34.138> as<06:20:34.320> you

tcpip we have four whereas in OSI as you

tcpip we have four whereas in OSI as you
recall<06:20:34.798> we<06:20:35.340> have<06:20:35.458> seven<06:20:35.760> some<06:20:36.420> of<06:20:36.540> them<06:20:36.600> even

recall we have seven some of them even

recall we have seven some of them even
have<06:20:37.080> similar<06:20:37.558> names<06:20:37.860> as<06:20:38.580> you<06:20:38.760> can<06:20:38.878> see<06:20:39.120> uh

have similar names as you can see uh

have similar names as you can see uh
from<06:20:41.638> application<06:20:42.240> and<06:20:42.660> transport<06:20:43.080> and<06:20:43.620> then

from application and transport and then

from application and transport and then
we<06:20:43.860> see<06:20:43.980> network<06:20:44.280> or<06:20:44.760> Internet<06:20:45.058> and<06:20:45.840> network

we see network or Internet and network

we see network or Internet and network
interface<06:20:46.620> which<06:20:46.920> is<06:20:47.040> very<06:20:47.280> much<06:20:47.458> like

interface which is very much like

interface which is very much like
physical

in some ways some people consider the

in some ways some people consider the
TCP<06:20:53.638> model<06:20:54.120> to<06:20:54.420> be<06:20:54.600> a<06:20:55.138> smaller<06:20:55.440> version<06:20:55.680> of<06:20:56.040> The

TCP model to be a smaller version of The

TCP model to be a smaller version of The
OSI<06:20:56.638> model<06:20:56.878> however<06:20:57.240> this<06:20:57.540> leads<06:20:58.020> to<06:20:58.080> some

OSI model however this leads to some

OSI model however this leads to some
misconceptions<06:20:58.920> about<06:20:59.638> the<06:20:59.940> position<06:21:00.120> of

misconceptions about the position of

misconceptions about the position of
relationships<06:21:01.260> of<06:21:01.440> certain<06:21:01.680> protocols

relationships of certain protocols

relationships of certain protocols
within<06:21:02.580> the<06:21:02.700> OSI<06:21:03.058> model<06:21:03.298> because<06:21:03.958> these<06:21:04.260> are

within the OSI model because these are

within the OSI model because these are
very<06:21:04.558> two<06:21:04.860> very<06:21:05.160> different<06:21:05.340> designs<06:21:06.058> and<06:21:06.540> they

very two very different designs and they

very two very different designs and they
have<06:21:06.840> different<06:21:07.080> purposes<06:21:07.700> there<06:21:08.700> are<06:21:08.820> some

have different purposes there are some

have different purposes there are some
recognizable<06:21:09.900> similarities<06:21:10.558> but<06:21:10.860> they're

recognizable similarities but they're

recognizable similarities but they're
still<06:21:11.340> at<06:21:11.638> their<06:21:12.000> core<06:21:12.240> different<06:21:12.600> so<06:21:13.320> the

still at their core different so the

still at their core different so the
purpose<06:21:13.740> of<06:21:13.980> this<06:21:14.100> OSI<06:21:14.520> model<06:21:14.760> was<06:21:15.120> an<06:21:15.420> attempt

purpose of this OSI model was an attempt

purpose of this OSI model was an attempt
to<06:21:16.200> simplify<06:21:16.740> and<06:21:17.280> standardize<06:21:17.820> networking

to simplify and standardize networking

to simplify and standardize networking
tcp's<06:21:20.100> original<06:21:20.400> purpose<06:21:20.878> as<06:21:21.058> opposed<06:21:21.360> to<06:21:21.360> the

tcp's original purpose as opposed to the

tcp's original purpose as opposed to the
OSI<06:21:21.900> is<06:21:22.558> more<06:21:22.798> attempting<06:21:23.280> to<06:21:23.520> sort<06:21:23.700> of<06:21:24.020> uh

OSI is more attempting to sort of uh

OSI is more attempting to sort of uh
sort<06:21:25.378> out<06:21:25.620> the<06:21:25.980> internet<06:21:26.160> protocols<06:21:27.058> into

sort out the internet protocols into

sort out the internet protocols into
comprehensive<06:21:28.138> groups<06:21:28.740> according<06:21:29.400> to<06:21:29.520> their

comprehensive groups according to their

comprehensive groups according to their
functions<06:21:30.120> of<06:21:30.360> the<06:21:30.660> scope<06:21:30.958> and<06:21:31.620> the<06:21:31.798> sort<06:21:31.920> of

functions of the scope and the sort of

functions of the scope and the sort of
network<06:21:32.280> that's<06:21:32.700> involved

network that's involved

network that's involved
now<06:21:34.378> one<06:21:34.680> of<06:21:34.798> the<06:21:34.920> similarities<06:21:35.520> between<06:21:35.940> the

now one of the similarities between the

now one of the similarities between the
two<06:21:36.360> models<06:21:36.660> is<06:21:36.780> they<06:21:36.900> both<06:21:37.080> have

two models is they both have

two models is they both have
interchangeable<06:21:38.218> Network<06:21:38.700> and<06:21:39.000> transport

interchangeable Network and transport

interchangeable Network and transport
layers

layers

layers
also<06:21:41.340> each<06:21:41.458> layer<06:21:41.700> of<06:21:41.760> the<06:21:41.878> OSI<06:21:42.240> model

also each layer of the OSI model

also each layer of the OSI model
directly<06:21:43.020> correlates<06:21:43.620> with<06:21:43.920> the<06:21:44.040> TCP<06:21:44.400> model

directly correlates with the TCP model

directly correlates with the TCP model
and<06:21:45.480> here<06:21:45.660> you<06:21:45.780> can<06:21:45.900> see<06:21:45.958> the<06:21:46.200> application

and here you can see the application

and here you can see the application
layer<06:21:47.040> the<06:21:47.580> presentation<06:21:48.000> layer<06:21:48.420> and<06:21:48.840> the

layer the presentation layer and the

layer the presentation layer and the
session<06:21:49.138> layer<06:21:49.558> of<06:21:49.680> the<06:21:49.798> OSI<06:21:50.218> model

session layer of the OSI model

session layer of the OSI model
correspond<06:21:51.420> to<06:21:51.540> what<06:21:51.718> we<06:21:51.840> know<06:21:51.958> as<06:21:52.138> the

correspond to what we know as the

correspond to what we know as the
application<06:21:52.798> layer<06:21:53.218> of<06:21:53.340> the<06:21:53.458> TCP<06:21:53.878> stack<06:21:54.660> this

application layer of the TCP stack this

application layer of the TCP stack this
means<06:21:55.680> that<06:21:55.798> everything<06:21:55.980> in<06:21:56.280> the<06:21:56.400> OSI<06:21:56.760> model

means that everything in the OSI model

means that everything in the OSI model
that<06:21:57.600> fell<06:21:57.780> into<06:21:57.958> application<06:21:58.500> presentation

that fell into application presentation

that fell into application presentation
session<06:21:59.600> are<06:22:00.600> actually<06:22:00.780> done<06:22:01.138> in<06:22:01.740> the

session are actually done in the

session are actually done in the
application<06:22:02.458> support<06:22:03.000> block

application support block

application support block
next<06:22:04.980> the<06:22:05.340> transport<06:22:05.940> layer<06:22:06.360> of<06:22:06.480> the<06:22:06.540> OSI

next the transport layer of the OSI

next the transport layer of the OSI
model<06:22:07.138> corresponds<06:22:07.680> directly<06:22:07.980> to<06:22:08.160> the

model corresponds directly to the

model corresponds directly to the
transport<06:22:08.700> layer<06:22:09.000> of<06:22:09.120> the<06:22:09.180> TCP<06:22:09.600> model<06:22:10.080> the

transport layer of the TCP model the

transport layer of the TCP model the
network<06:22:10.860> layer<06:22:11.280> of<06:22:11.400> OSI<06:22:11.820> with<06:22:12.120> the<06:22:12.298> internet

network layer of OSI with the internet

network layer of OSI with the internet
layer<06:22:13.080> of<06:22:13.500> tcpip<06:22:14.160> and<06:22:14.820> that<06:22:15.058> is<06:22:15.298> easy<06:22:15.480> to

layer of tcpip and that is easy to

layer of tcpip and that is easy to
remember<06:22:15.840> since<06:22:16.320> internet<06:22:16.680> is<06:22:17.400> really<06:22:17.878> short

remember since internet is really short

remember since internet is really short
for<06:22:18.298> like<06:22:18.480> internet<06:22:18.718> working

for like internet working

for like internet working
and<06:22:20.878> the<06:22:21.420> data<06:22:21.900> link<06:22:22.020> and<06:22:22.260> physical<06:22:22.500> layers<06:22:22.980> of

and the data link and physical layers of

and the data link and physical layers of
the<06:22:23.638> OSI<06:22:24.000> model<06:22:24.240> correspond<06:22:24.780> directly<06:22:25.200> to<06:22:25.440> the

the OSI model correspond directly to the

the OSI model correspond directly to the
network<06:22:25.860> interface<06:22:26.580> layer<06:22:26.940> of<06:22:27.000> the<06:22:27.120> TCP<06:22:27.480> now

network interface layer of the TCP now

network interface layer of the TCP now
some<06:22:28.500> of<06:22:28.620> these<06:22:28.860> correlations<06:22:29.340> it<06:22:29.760> should<06:22:29.940> be

some of these correlations it should be

some of these correlations it should be
mentioned<06:22:30.480> aren't<06:22:31.260> precise<06:22:31.798> and<06:22:31.980> exact

mentioned aren't precise and exact

mentioned aren't precise and exact
they're<06:22:32.820> sort<06:22:33.120> of

they're sort of

they're sort of
approximations<06:22:35.280> and<06:22:35.638> that's<06:22:35.760> because<06:22:36.000> they

approximations and that's because they

approximations and that's because they
are<06:22:36.480> two<06:22:36.718> very<06:22:36.958> different<06:22:37.138> models<06:22:37.740> and

are two very different models and

are two very different models and
therefore<06:22:38.580> they<06:22:38.820> were<06:22:38.940> created<06:22:39.240> differently

therefore they were created differently

therefore they were created differently
and<06:22:40.200> weren't<06:22:40.440> necessarily<06:22:40.860> created<06:22:41.218> with<06:22:41.400> the

and weren't necessarily created with the

and weren't necessarily created with the
one<06:22:41.878> or<06:22:42.000> the<06:22:42.180> other<06:22:42.240> in<06:22:42.480> mind<06:22:42.660> that<06:22:43.080> being<06:22:43.320> said

one or the other in mind that being said

one or the other in mind that being said
tcpip<06:22:44.340> and<06:22:44.580> OSI<06:22:45.000> were<06:22:45.180> built<06:22:45.480> with<06:22:45.600> knowledge

tcpip and OSI were built with knowledge

tcpip and OSI were built with knowledge
of<06:22:46.138> one<06:22:46.320> another<06:22:46.440> and<06:22:47.040> so<06:22:47.160> we<06:22:47.400> do<06:22:47.520> see<06:22:47.700> this

of one another and so we do see this

of one another and so we do see this
overlap<06:22:48.420> now<06:22:49.260> the<06:22:49.740> TCP<06:22:50.280> model<06:22:50.940> outlines<06:22:51.480> and

overlap now the TCP model outlines and

overlap now the TCP model outlines and
defines<06:22:52.260> the<06:22:52.860> methods<06:22:53.280> data<06:22:53.638> is<06:22:53.700> going<06:22:53.878> to

defines the methods data is going to

defines the methods data is going to
flow<06:22:54.298> and<06:22:54.480> commute<06:22:54.780> in<06:22:54.958> a<06:22:55.080> communication

flow and commute in a communication

flow and commute in a communication
system<06:22:55.798> it<06:22:56.638> does<06:22:56.760> this<06:22:56.940> by<06:22:57.180> assigning<06:22:57.780> each

system it does this by assigning each

system it does this by assigning each
layer<06:22:58.680> in<06:22:58.980> the<06:22:59.160> stack<06:22:59.400> specific<06:23:00.240> functions<06:23:00.958> to

layer in the stack specific functions to

layer in the stack specific functions to
perform<06:23:01.378> on<06:23:01.920> the<06:23:02.040> data<06:23:02.400> and<06:23:03.120> ultimately<06:23:03.540> each

perform on the data and ultimately each

perform on the data and ultimately each
layer<06:23:04.260> is<06:23:04.500> completely<06:23:04.980> independent<06:23:05.580> of<06:23:05.760> all

layer is completely independent of all

layer is completely independent of all
the<06:23:06.000> other<06:23:06.120> layers<06:23:06.540> and<06:23:06.900> more<06:23:07.138> or<06:23:07.320> less<06:23:07.378> is

the other layers and more or less is

the other layers and more or less is
unaware<06:23:08.280> of<06:23:08.400> the<06:23:08.580> other<06:23:08.700> layers

unaware of the other layers

unaware of the other layers
for<06:23:10.138> instance<06:23:10.378> the<06:23:10.740> topmost<06:23:11.040> layer<06:23:11.400> of<06:23:11.458> the

for instance the topmost layer of the

for instance the topmost layer of the
application<06:23:12.058> layer<06:23:12.540> is<06:23:13.020> going<06:23:13.200> to<06:23:13.320> perform

application layer is going to perform

application layer is going to perform
its<06:23:13.920> operations<06:23:14.218> if<06:23:14.580> the<06:23:14.878> processes<06:23:15.600> on<06:23:16.138> the

its operations if the processes on the

its operations if the processes on the
communicating<06:23:16.860> systems<06:23:17.580> are<06:23:18.240> directly

communicating systems are directly

communicating systems are directly
connected<06:23:19.080> to<06:23:19.320> each<06:23:19.500> other<06:23:19.620> by<06:23:19.980> some<06:23:20.218> sort<06:23:20.400> of

connected to each other by some sort of

connected to each other by some sort of
information<06:23:21.120> pipe<06:23:22.620> the<06:23:23.160> operations<06:23:23.580> that

information pipe the operations that

information pipe the operations that
allow<06:23:24.180> for<06:23:24.360> the<06:23:24.600> next<06:23:24.718> layer<06:23:25.138> the<06:23:25.378> transport

allow for the next layer the transport

allow for the next layer the transport
layer<06:23:26.340> to<06:23:26.820> transmit<06:23:27.240> data<06:23:27.660> between<06:23:27.900> the<06:23:28.260> host

layer to transmit data between the host

layer to transmit data between the host
computers<06:23:29.160> is<06:23:29.700> actually<06:23:29.878> found<06:23:30.180> in<06:23:30.360> the

computers is actually found in the

computers is actually found in the
protocols<06:23:31.200> of<06:23:31.798> lower<06:23:32.100> layers<06:23:33.000> and<06:23:33.600> from<06:23:33.780> there

protocols of lower layers and from there

protocols of lower layers and from there
on<06:23:34.200> each<06:23:34.740> data<06:23:35.458> layer<06:23:36.298> will<06:23:36.480> complete<06:23:36.900> its

on each data layer will complete its

on each data layer will complete its
specified<06:23:37.680> actions<06:23:38.520> to<06:23:38.940> the<06:23:39.120> data<06:23:39.480> and<06:23:39.900> then

specified actions to the data and then

specified actions to the data and then
encapsulate<06:23:40.680> the<06:23:40.860> data<06:23:41.218> where<06:23:41.580> it's<06:23:41.760> then

encapsulate the data where it's then

encapsulate the data where it's then
passed<06:23:42.780> down<06:23:43.200> the<06:23:43.620> stack<06:23:43.798> in<06:23:44.700> the<06:23:44.878> opposite

passed down the stack in the opposite

passed down the stack in the opposite
direction<06:23:45.420> when<06:23:46.260> data<06:23:46.680> is<06:23:46.860> traveling<06:23:47.340> back<06:23:47.638> up

direction when data is traveling back up

direction when data is traveling back up
the<06:23:48.718> stack<06:23:48.900> and<06:23:49.200> we<06:23:49.378> saw<06:23:49.500> the<06:23:49.740> same<06:23:49.860> thing<06:23:50.040> with

the stack and we saw the same thing with

the stack and we saw the same thing with
OSI<06:23:50.700> model<06:23:51.000> the<06:23:51.958> data<06:23:52.260> is<06:23:52.440> then

OSI model the data is then

OSI model the data is then
de-encapsulated<06:23:53.878> so<06:23:54.540> when<06:23:54.660> it's<06:23:54.840> going<06:23:55.020> down

de-encapsulated so when it's going down

de-encapsulated so when it's going down
we<06:23:55.680> call<06:23:55.860> that

we call that

we call that
being<06:23:58.200> encapsulated

and when it's going back up we call it

and when it's going back up we call it
D<06:24:04.440> encapsulated<06:24:05.218> so<06:24:05.820> we<06:24:05.940> really<06:24:06.120> need<06:24:06.298> to

D encapsulated so we really need to

D encapsulated so we really need to
understand<06:24:06.600> how<06:24:07.200> all<06:24:07.440> of<06:24:07.558> this<06:24:07.740> works

understand how all of this works

understand how all of this works
together<06:24:08.360> in<06:24:09.360> order<06:24:09.480> to<06:24:10.020> get<06:24:10.740> a<06:24:11.100> really<06:24:11.520> strong

together in order to get a really strong

together in order to get a really strong
picture<06:24:12.200> of<06:24:13.200> uh<06:24:13.860> uh<06:24:14.340> TCP<06:24:15.240> and<06:24:15.660> be<06:24:15.780> able<06:24:15.958> to

picture of uh uh TCP and be able to

picture of uh uh TCP and be able to
speak<06:24:16.500> about<06:24:16.680> the<06:24:17.040> layers<06:24:17.280> in<06:24:17.638> general

speak about the layers in general

speak about the layers in general
so<06:24:19.740> let's<06:24:19.920> talk<06:24:20.100> about<06:24:20.218> encapsulation<06:24:21.200> each

so let's talk about encapsulation each

so let's talk about encapsulation each
layer<06:24:22.558> is<06:24:22.740> responsible<06:24:23.340> for<06:24:23.940> only<06:24:24.240> the

layer is responsible for only the

layer is responsible for only the
specific<06:24:25.080> data<06:24:25.558> defined<06:24:26.040> at<06:24:26.160> that<06:24:26.340> layer<06:24:26.580> as

specific data defined at that layer as

specific data defined at that layer as
we've<06:24:27.000> said<06:24:27.180> now<06:24:27.840> these<06:24:28.080> layers<06:24:28.378> are<06:24:28.620> going<06:24:28.798> to

we've said now these layers are going to

we've said now these layers are going to
receive<06:24:29.580> the<06:24:29.820> data<06:24:30.180> package<06:24:30.420> from<06:24:30.660> the<06:24:30.780> layer

receive the data package from the layer

receive the data package from the layer
above<06:24:31.440> it<06:24:31.620> when<06:24:32.100> sending<06:24:32.638> and<06:24:33.180> the<06:24:33.298> layer

above it when sending and the layer

above it when sending and the layer
below<06:24:34.138> it<06:24:34.320> when<06:24:34.740> receiving<06:24:35.218> this<06:24:35.940> makes<06:24:36.120> sense

below it when receiving this makes sense

below it when receiving this makes sense
if<06:24:36.600> I'm<06:24:36.718> receiving<06:24:37.080> data<06:24:38.040> is<06:24:38.458> going<06:24:38.638> up<06:24:38.940> so<06:24:39.120> the

if I'm receiving data is going up so the

if I'm receiving data is going up so the
data<06:24:39.540> is<06:24:39.600> coming<06:24:39.780> from<06:24:39.958> below<06:24:40.320> and<06:24:41.100> if<06:24:41.280> I'm

data is coming from below and if I'm

data is coming from below and if I'm
sending<06:24:41.760> it's<06:24:41.878> going<06:24:42.120> down<06:24:42.420> from<06:24:42.900> the

sending it's going down from the

sending it's going down from the
application<06:24:43.620> down<06:24:43.980> to<06:24:44.218> the<06:24:44.340> networking

application down to the networking

application down to the networking
interface

interface

interface
now<06:24:46.558> when<06:24:46.860> it<06:24:47.100> receives<06:24:47.520> this<06:24:48.000> package<06:24:48.360> each

now when it receives this package each

now when it receives this package each
layer<06:24:49.020> is<06:24:49.138> going<06:24:49.320> to<06:24:49.440> add<06:24:49.680> its<06:24:50.040> own<06:24:50.160> packaging

layer is going to add its own packaging

layer is going to add its own packaging
which<06:24:51.180> is<06:24:51.360> called<06:24:51.480> a<06:24:51.660> header<06:24:52.020> this<06:24:52.740> header<06:24:53.100> is

which is called a header this header is

which is called a header this header is
used<06:24:53.458> by<06:24:53.820> the<06:24:54.120> corresponding<06:24:54.900> layer<06:24:55.320> at<06:24:55.740> the

used by the corresponding layer at the

used by the corresponding layer at the
receiving<06:24:56.218> side<06:24:56.638> for<06:24:57.180> specific<06:24:57.718> purposes<06:24:58.320> the

receiving side for specific purposes the

receiving side for specific purposes the
exact<06:24:59.340> purpose<06:24:59.580> is<06:24:59.760> really<06:24:59.878> going<06:25:00.058> to<06:25:00.120> depend

exact purpose is really going to depend

exact purpose is really going to depend
on<06:25:00.480> the<06:25:00.600> layer<06:25:00.900> in<06:25:01.080> question<06:25:01.320> but<06:25:02.040> this<06:25:02.218> header

on the layer in question but this header

on the layer in question but this header
is<06:25:02.638> going<06:25:02.760> to<06:25:02.820> be<06:25:02.940> added<06:25:03.240> to<06:25:03.360> the<06:25:03.540> beginning<06:25:03.840> of

is going to be added to the beginning of

is going to be added to the beginning of
the<06:25:04.558> data<06:25:04.860> so<06:25:05.340> that<06:25:05.520> it<06:25:05.700> is<06:25:05.878> the<06:25:06.298> first<06:25:06.480> thing

the data so that it is the first thing

the data so that it is the first thing
received<06:25:07.920> by<06:25:08.218> the<06:25:08.340> receiving<06:25:08.638> layer<06:25:09.180> that<06:25:09.840> way

received by the receiving layer that way

received by the receiving layer that way
each<06:25:10.320> layer<06:25:10.558> on<06:25:10.680> the<06:25:10.798> receiving<06:25:11.040> end<06:25:11.340> can<06:25:11.940> then

each layer on the receiving end can then

each layer on the receiving end can then
remove<06:25:12.420> that<06:25:12.780> header<06:25:13.200> perform<06:25:13.798> its

remove that header perform its

remove that header perform its
operations<06:25:14.580> and<06:25:14.940> then<06:25:15.058> pass<06:25:15.298> the<06:25:15.480> remaining

operations and then pass the remaining

operations and then pass the remaining
data<06:25:16.200> up<06:25:16.440> the<06:25:16.620> stack<06:25:16.860> up<06:25:17.160> the<06:25:17.340> TCP<06:25:17.760> model<06:25:18.360> on

data up the stack up the TCP model on

data up the stack up the TCP model on
the<06:25:19.320> lowest<06:25:19.620> layer<06:25:20.400> a<06:25:21.000> footer<06:25:21.360> is<06:25:21.540> also<06:25:21.780> going

the lowest layer a footer is also going

the lowest layer a footer is also going
to<06:25:22.020> be<06:25:22.080> added

to be added

to be added
and<06:25:23.400> this<06:25:23.520> is<06:25:23.638> going<06:25:23.760> to<06:25:23.820> add<06:25:24.058> to<06:25:24.660> the<06:25:24.840> frame<06:25:25.080> by

and this is going to add to the frame by

and this is going to add to the frame by
adding<06:25:25.740> more<06:25:25.980> supplemental<06:25:26.700> information

adding more supplemental information

adding more supplemental information
this<06:25:28.138> extra<06:25:28.320> data

this extra data

this extra data
at<06:25:30.180> the<06:25:30.360> end<06:25:30.540> of<06:25:30.840> the<06:25:30.958> data<06:25:31.260> package<06:25:31.558> is<06:25:31.740> going

at the end of the data package is going

at the end of the data package is going
to<06:25:32.040> assist<06:25:32.218> the<06:25:32.700> receiving<06:25:33.000> end<06:25:33.240> on<06:25:33.600> ensuring

to assist the receiving end on ensuring

to assist the receiving end on ensuring
that<06:25:34.920> the<06:25:35.218> data<06:25:35.520> was<06:25:35.760> received<06:25:36.240> completely

that the data was received completely

that the data was received completely
and<06:25:37.260> undamaged<06:25:37.920> this<06:25:38.340> footer<06:25:38.878> is<06:25:39.058> also<06:25:39.298> what's

and undamaged this footer is also what's

and undamaged this footer is also what's
called<06:25:39.780> an<06:25:40.160> FCS<06:25:41.160> or<06:25:42.120> a<06:25:42.540> frame

sequence

sequence
and<06:25:51.058> as<06:25:51.240> the<06:25:51.420> name<06:25:51.540> implies<06:25:52.020> it<06:25:52.798> is<06:25:52.920> going<06:25:53.100> to

and as the name implies it is going to

and as the name implies it is going to
check<06:25:53.580> to<06:25:53.878> make<06:25:54.000> sure<06:25:54.120> the<06:25:54.420> data<06:25:54.718> was<06:25:55.020> received

check to make sure the data was received

check to make sure the data was received
correctly<06:25:55.920> now<06:25:56.638> on<06:25:56.940> the<06:25:57.000> receiving<06:25:57.298> end<06:25:57.540> this

correctly now on the receiving end this

correctly now on the receiving end this
process<06:25:58.260> is<06:25:58.680> reversed<06:25:59.218> by<06:25:59.458> what's<06:25:59.638> called

process is reversed by what's called

process is reversed by what's called
de-encapsulation<06:26:00.780> in<06:26:01.320> other<06:26:01.440> words<06:26:01.558> the<06:26:01.860> data

de-encapsulation in other words the data

de-encapsulation in other words the data
is<06:26:02.218> received<06:26:02.638> at<06:26:02.760> each<06:26:02.878> layer<06:26:03.180> and<06:26:03.298> the

is received at each layer and the

is received at each layer and the
headers<06:26:03.718> are<06:26:03.900> removed<06:26:04.378> to<06:26:04.920> allow<06:26:05.280> the<06:26:05.580> data<06:26:05.940> to

headers are removed to allow the data to

headers are removed to allow the data to
perform<06:26:06.840> the<06:26:07.200> related<06:26:07.500> tasks<06:26:07.980> where<06:26:08.280> finally

perform the related tasks where finally

perform the related tasks where finally
the<06:26:08.820> data<06:26:09.058> is<06:26:09.298> received<06:26:09.780> by<06:26:09.958> the<06:26:10.138> application

the data is received by the application

the data is received by the application
uh<06:26:12.058> the<06:26:12.298> application<06:26:12.660> layer<06:26:13.080> and<06:26:13.500> then<06:26:13.620> the

uh the application layer and then the

uh the application layer and then the
resulting<06:26:14.100> data<06:26:14.400> is<06:26:14.458> delivered<06:26:14.878> to<06:26:15.180> whatever

resulting data is delivered to whatever

resulting data is delivered to whatever
the<06:26:15.660> requested<06:26:16.138> application<06:26:16.558> was<06:26:16.860> now<06:26:17.218> just

the requested application was now just

the requested application was now just
like<06:26:17.700> with<06:26:17.940> the<06:26:18.240> OSI<06:26:18.600> model<06:26:18.780> we'll<06:26:19.200> talk<06:26:19.378> about

like with the OSI model we'll talk about

like with the OSI model we'll talk about
later<06:26:19.680> this<06:26:19.980> application<06:26:20.340> layer<06:26:20.700> doesn't

later this application layer doesn't

later this application layer doesn't
mean<06:26:21.000> the<06:26:21.298> actual<06:26:21.540> application<06:26:22.200> itself<06:26:22.558> it's

mean the actual application itself it's

mean the actual application itself it's
simply<06:26:23.100> the<06:26:23.280> layer<06:26:23.638> that<06:26:24.180> provides<06:26:24.600> access<06:26:24.840> to

simply the layer that provides access to

simply the layer that provides access to
the<06:26:25.378> information<06:26:25.558> from<06:26:26.458> an<06:26:26.760> application<06:26:27.180> now

the information from an application now

the information from an application now
just<06:26:28.020> like<06:26:28.080> the<06:26:28.200> OSI<06:26:28.620> model<06:26:28.798> there<06:26:29.100> are<06:26:29.218> a<06:26:29.340> few

just like the OSI model there are a few

just like the OSI model there are a few
mnemonic<06:26:30.298> devices<06:26:30.660> that<06:26:31.080> can<06:26:31.200> be<06:26:31.320> used<06:26:31.440> to

mnemonic devices that can be used to

mnemonic devices that can be used to
help<06:26:31.740> in<06:26:31.980> Remembering<06:26:32.520> these<06:26:32.760> layers<06:26:33.000> in

help in Remembering these layers in

help in Remembering these layers in
order<06:26:33.420> and<06:26:33.958> the<06:26:34.080> one<06:26:34.200> that<06:26:34.378> I<06:26:34.500> use<06:26:34.680> the<06:26:34.920> most

order and the one that I use the most

order and the one that I use the most
going<06:26:35.638> from<06:26:35.878> the<06:26:36.058> top<06:26:36.180> down<06:26:36.480> is<06:26:37.200> called<06:26:37.440> All

going from the top down is called All

going from the top down is called All
Things<06:26:38.218> in<06:26:38.760> networking<06:26:39.420> again<06:26:39.958> that's

Things in networking again that's

Things in networking again that's
application<06:26:40.980> All<06:26:41.520> Transport<06:26:42.298> things

application All Transport things

application All Transport things
internet<06:26:43.320> in<06:26:44.040> network<06:26:44.458> interface<06:26:45.180> networking

internet in network interface networking

internet in network interface networking
so<06:26:46.680> now<06:26:46.798> we<06:26:46.920> have<06:26:47.040> a<06:26:47.160> better<06:26:47.280> understanding<06:26:47.760> of

so now we have a better understanding of

so now we have a better understanding of
how<06:26:48.420> the<06:26:48.600> data<06:26:48.900> is<06:26:48.958> going<06:26:49.138> to<06:26:49.260> proceed<06:26:49.558> from

how the data is going to proceed from

how the data is going to proceed from
layer<06:26:50.160> to<06:26:50.280> layer<06:26:50.638> through<06:26:51.420> encapsulation

layer to layer through encapsulation

layer to layer through encapsulation
going<06:26:53.040> down<06:26:53.400> from<06:26:53.820> application<06:26:54.420> to<06:26:54.840> transport

going down from application to transport

going down from application to transport
to<06:26:56.280> internet<06:26:56.580> to<06:26:57.298> network<06:26:57.480> interface<06:26:58.200> right

to internet to network interface right

to internet to network interface right
and<06:26:59.580> then<06:26:59.638> through<06:26:59.940> D<06:27:00.180> inter

and then through D inter

and then through D inter
de-encapsulation<06:27:01.740> which<06:27:02.040> goes<06:27:02.400> the<06:27:02.638> opposite

de-encapsulation which goes the opposite

de-encapsulation which goes the opposite
way<06:27:03.200> let's<06:27:04.200> take<06:27:04.440> a<06:27:04.680> closer<06:27:04.980> look<06:27:05.218> at<06:27:05.940> these

way let's take a closer look at these

way let's take a closer look at these
layers<06:27:06.480> starting<06:27:06.900> with<06:27:07.200> the<06:27:07.378> topmost<06:27:07.680> layer

layers starting with the topmost layer

layers starting with the topmost layer
the<06:27:08.280> application<06:27:08.700> layer<06:27:09.480> so<06:27:10.138> here<06:27:10.440> on<06:27:10.740> the

the application layer so here on the

the application layer so here on the
application<06:27:11.340> layer<06:27:11.700> much<06:27:12.000> like<06:27:12.240> the

application layer much like the

application layer much like the
application<06:27:13.320> layer<06:27:13.680> of<06:27:13.740> the<06:27:13.798> OSI<06:27:14.280> model<06:27:14.520> we

application layer of the OSI model we

application layer of the OSI model we
find<06:27:15.180> what's<06:27:15.420> considered<06:27:15.958> the<06:27:16.320> highest<06:27:16.740> level

find what's considered the highest level

find what's considered the highest level
protocols<06:27:17.760> higher<06:27:18.480> level<06:27:18.600> meaning<06:27:18.900> these

protocols higher level meaning these

protocols higher level meaning these
protocols<06:27:19.798> such<06:27:20.040> as<06:27:20.420> SMTP<06:27:21.420> FTP<06:27:22.320> and<06:27:22.680> so<06:27:22.860> on

protocols such as SMTP FTP and so on

protocols such as SMTP FTP and so on
these<06:27:23.580> Protocols<06:27:24.058> are<06:27:24.240> not<06:27:24.420> necessarily

these Protocols are not necessarily

these Protocols are not necessarily
concerned<06:27:26.160> with<06:27:26.760> the<06:27:27.058> method<06:27:27.420> by<06:27:27.600> which<06:27:27.780> the

concerned with the method by which the

concerned with the method by which the
data<06:27:28.320> arrives<06:27:28.740> at<06:27:28.920> it<06:27:29.040> says<06:27:29.160> destination<06:27:29.820> but

data arrives at it says destination but

data arrives at it says destination but
simply<06:27:30.718> that<06:27:30.900> it<06:27:31.080> just<06:27:31.378> arrives<06:27:31.798> period

simply that it just arrives period

simply that it just arrives period
here<06:27:33.420> in<06:27:33.660> the<06:27:33.780> application<06:27:34.200> layer<06:27:34.620> we<06:27:34.860> also

here in the application layer we also

here in the application layer we also
provide<06:27:35.458> the<06:27:35.700> functions<06:27:36.180> that<06:27:36.540> relate<06:27:37.020> to<06:27:37.500> the

provide the functions that relate to the

provide the functions that relate to the
presentation<06:27:38.100> and<06:27:38.940> the<06:27:39.120> session<06:27:39.298> layers<06:27:39.840> of

presentation and the session layers of

presentation and the session layers of
the<06:27:40.558> OSI<06:27:40.980> model<06:27:41.280> as<06:27:41.760> we've<06:27:41.940> already<06:27:42.058> pointed

the OSI model as we've already pointed

the OSI model as we've already pointed
out<06:27:42.660> it<06:27:43.620> does<06:27:43.740> this<06:27:43.860> typically<06:27:44.218> through<06:27:44.520> the

out it does this typically through the

out it does this typically through the
use<06:27:44.760> of<06:27:45.000> what<06:27:45.120> are<06:27:45.298> called<06:27:45.480> libraries

which are collections of Behavioral

which are collections of Behavioral
implementations<06:27:53.520> that<06:27:54.360> can<06:27:54.540> be<06:27:54.718> utilized<06:27:55.500> and

implementations that can be utilized and

implementations that can be utilized and
called<06:27:56.400> upon<06:27:56.820> by<06:27:57.298> services<06:27:57.660> that<06:27:58.200> are

called upon by services that are

called upon by services that are
unrelated

unrelated

unrelated
so<06:28:00.298> this<06:28:01.260> means<06:28:01.558> that<06:28:01.740> the<06:28:01.920> application<06:28:02.340> layer

so this means that the application layer

so this means that the application layer
of<06:28:03.298> the<06:28:03.420> TCP<06:28:03.840> model

of the TCP model

of the TCP model
encodes<06:28:06.000> the<06:28:06.360> data<06:28:06.660> and<06:28:07.558> performs<06:28:08.040> any

encodes the data and performs any

encodes the data and performs any
encryption<06:28:08.878> and<06:28:09.420> compression<06:28:09.958> that's

encryption and compression that's

encryption and compression that's
necessary

necessary

necessary
as<06:28:11.940> well<06:28:12.058> as<06:28:12.240> initiating<06:28:13.080> and<06:28:13.980> maintaining

as well as initiating and maintaining

as well as initiating and maintaining
the<06:28:16.138> connection<06:28:16.558> or<06:28:16.920> the<06:28:17.040> session<06:28:17.340> as<06:28:18.000> we<06:28:18.120> can

the connection or the session as we can

the connection or the session as we can
see<06:28:18.360> here<06:28:18.600> these<06:28:19.020> are<06:28:19.080> just<06:28:19.320> some<06:28:19.740> of<06:28:20.160> the

see here these are just some of the

see here these are just some of the
protocols<06:28:20.940> that<06:28:21.540> we<06:28:21.780> find<06:28:22.020> at<06:28:22.500> the

protocols that we find at the

protocols that we find at the
application<06:28:23.100> layer<06:28:23.520> we<06:28:24.000> can<06:28:24.120> also<06:28:24.540> further

application layer we can also further

application layer we can also further
group<06:28:25.500> some<06:28:25.798> of<06:28:25.920> these<06:28:26.100> applications<06:28:26.520> based

group some of these applications based

group some of these applications based
on<06:28:27.298> the<06:28:27.540> specific<06:28:27.780> type<06:28:28.138> of<06:28:28.440> function<06:28:28.798> that

on the specific type of function that

on the specific type of function that
they<06:28:29.280> provide<06:28:29.780> for<06:28:30.780> instance<06:28:31.080> if<06:28:31.740> we're

they provide for instance if we're

they provide for instance if we're
looking<06:28:32.100> at<06:28:32.340> protocols<06:28:32.940> that<06:28:33.120> are<06:28:33.298> dedicated

looking at protocols that are dedicated

looking at protocols that are dedicated
to<06:28:35.100> transferring<06:28:36.000> files<06:28:36.480> such<06:28:37.200> as<06:28:37.440> FTP<06:28:38.218> or

to transferring files such as FTP or

to transferring files such as FTP or
tftp<06:28:39.660> which<06:28:39.900> of<06:28:40.080> your<06:28:40.200> call<06:28:40.440> is<06:28:40.620> the<06:28:41.040> trivial

tftp which of your call is the trivial

tftp which of your call is the trivial
FTP<06:28:42.798> then<06:28:43.798> there<06:28:44.040> are<06:28:44.160> also<06:28:44.400> protocols<06:28:44.878> that

FTP then there are also protocols that

FTP then there are also protocols that
can<06:28:45.180> be<06:28:45.298> categorized<06:28:45.840> by<06:28:46.138> supporting

can be categorized by supporting

can be categorized by supporting
services<06:28:47.400> so<06:28:48.360> some<06:28:48.540> of<06:28:48.660> those<06:28:48.840> are<06:28:49.200> going<06:28:49.260> to

services so some of those are going to

services so some of those are going to
be<06:28:49.500> for<06:28:49.860> instance<06:28:50.040> DNS<06:28:50.638> the<06:28:50.878> domain<06:28:51.240> name

be for instance DNS the domain name

be for instance DNS the domain name
service

service

service
and<06:28:53.580> SNMP<06:28:54.360> which<06:28:54.660> is<06:28:54.780> for<06:28:55.020> management

and SNMP which is for management

and SNMP which is for management
purposes

purposes

purposes
or<06:28:58.980> even<06:28:59.218> boot<06:28:59.700> P<06:28:59.878> or<06:29:00.180> the<06:29:00.360> bootstrap<06:29:01.200> protocol

or even boot P or the bootstrap protocol

or even boot P or the bootstrap protocol
now<06:29:02.520> just<06:29:02.760> like<06:29:02.878> the<06:29:03.180> OSI<06:29:03.660> models<06:29:04.200> application

now just like the OSI models application

now just like the OSI models application
layer<06:29:05.100> this<06:29:05.638> tcpip<06:29:06.360> application<06:29:06.958> layer<06:29:07.320> is

layer this tcpip application layer is

layer this tcpip application layer is
responsible<06:29:08.040> for<06:29:08.520> process<06:29:09.480> to<06:29:09.840> process<06:29:10.320> level

responsible for process to process level

responsible for process to process level
data<06:29:11.878> communication<06:29:12.360> this<06:29:13.320> means<06:29:13.740> that<06:29:14.218> the

data communication this means that the

data communication this means that the
application<06:29:14.878> itself<06:29:15.360> doesn't<06:29:15.780> necessarily

application itself doesn't necessarily

application itself doesn't necessarily
reside<06:29:17.040> on<06:29:17.340> this<06:29:17.458> layer

reside on this layer

reside on this layer
what<06:29:19.080> more<06:29:19.378> means<06:29:19.740> is<06:29:19.860> that<06:29:20.040> it<06:29:20.160> defines<06:29:20.700> what

what more means is that it defines what

what more means is that it defines what
the<06:29:21.360> application<06:29:21.780> or<06:29:22.080> what<06:29:22.260> type<06:29:22.378> of

the application or what type of

the application or what type of
application<06:29:23.040> can<06:29:23.700> be<06:29:23.940> utilized<06:29:24.660> depending<06:29:25.620> on

application can be utilized depending on

application can be utilized depending on
the<06:29:26.218> protocol<06:29:26.520> so<06:29:27.180> for<06:29:27.360> example<06:29:27.680> SMTP

the protocol so for example SMTP

the protocol so for example SMTP
specifies<06:29:29.700> that<06:29:30.000> outgoing<06:29:30.540> mail

specifies that outgoing mail

specifies that outgoing mail
communication<06:29:31.378> with<06:29:31.680> the<06:29:31.798> mail<06:29:31.980> or<06:29:32.218> exchange

communication with the mail or exchange

communication with the mail or exchange
server<06:29:33.000> and<06:29:33.718> IMAP<06:29:34.260> specifies<06:29:34.860> the<06:29:35.280> incoming

server and IMAP specifies the incoming

server and IMAP specifies the incoming
mail<06:29:35.940> communication<06:29:36.540> with<06:29:36.780> the<06:29:36.958> mail<06:29:37.080> server

mail communication with the mail server

mail communication with the mail server
also<06:29:38.458> remember<06:29:39.000> that<06:29:39.420> only<06:29:39.780> those

also remember that only those

also remember that only those
applications<06:29:40.798> that<06:29:41.340> are<06:29:41.520> network<06:29:41.820> relatable

applications that are network relatable

applications that are network relatable
are<06:29:43.378> going<06:29:43.620> to<06:29:43.798> be<06:29:43.920> managed<06:29:44.280> this<06:29:44.580> layer<06:29:45.000> not

are going to be managed this layer not

are going to be managed this layer not
necessarily<06:29:45.958> all<06:29:46.860> application<06:29:47.520> so<06:29:48.240> this

necessarily all application so this

necessarily all application so this
layer's<06:29:49.020> role<06:29:49.260> is<06:29:49.378> more<06:29:49.620> towards<06:29:50.040> software

layer's role is more towards software

layer's role is more towards software
applications<06:29:51.420> and<06:29:51.840> protocols<06:29:52.440> and<06:29:52.680> their

applications and protocols and their

applications and protocols and their
interaction<06:29:53.340> with<06:29:53.700> the<06:29:53.940> user<06:29:54.298> it's<06:29:54.780> not<06:29:55.138> as

interaction with the user it's not as

interaction with the user it's not as
concerned<06:29:55.920> with<06:29:56.218> the<06:29:56.458> formatting<06:29:57.000> or

concerned with the formatting or

concerned with the formatting or
transmitting<06:29:58.020> the<06:29:58.200> data<06:29:58.558> across<06:29:59.218> the<06:29:59.458> media

transmitting the data across the media

transmitting the data across the media
for<06:30:00.780> that<06:30:00.900> we<06:30:01.200> have<06:30:01.320> to<06:30:01.500> move<06:30:01.740> lower<06:30:02.280> down<06:30:02.580> into

for that we have to move lower down into

for that we have to move lower down into
the<06:30:03.058> model<06:30:03.180> and<06:30:03.480> get<06:30:03.718> to<06:30:04.378> the<06:30:05.040> transport<06:30:05.400> layer

the model and get to the transport layer

the model and get to the transport layer
now<06:30:06.718> on<06:30:06.958> the<06:30:07.138> transport<06:30:07.558> layer<06:30:08.040> of<06:30:08.218> the<06:30:08.340> tcpip

now on the transport layer of the tcpip

now on the transport layer of the tcpip
model<06:30:09.360> we<06:30:09.900> have<06:30:10.020> two<06:30:10.440> main<06:30:10.798> protocols<06:30:11.400> that<06:30:11.520> we

model we have two main protocols that we

model we have two main protocols that we
need<06:30:11.760> to<06:30:11.820> be<06:30:11.940> familiar<06:30:12.240> with<06:30:12.420> first<06:30:13.378> we<06:30:13.920> have

need to be familiar with first we have

need to be familiar with first we have
the<06:30:14.580> transmission<06:30:15.020> control<06:30:16.020> protocol<06:30:16.680> or<06:30:17.638> TCP

the transmission control protocol or TCP

the transmission control protocol or TCP
and<06:30:19.200> the<06:30:19.378> second<06:30:19.558> is<06:30:19.980> the<06:30:20.218> user<06:30:20.520> datagram

and the second is the user datagram

and the second is the user datagram
protocol<06:30:21.540> or<06:30:22.320> UDP<06:30:22.680> let<06:30:23.160> me<06:30:23.280> just<06:30:23.458> write<06:30:23.638> those

protocol or UDP let me just write those

protocol or UDP let me just write those
out<06:30:24.180> here<06:30:24.420> so<06:30:24.660> that<06:30:24.900> you<06:30:25.200> can<06:30:25.378> see<06:30:25.980> what<06:30:26.160> these

out here so that you can see what these

out here so that you can see what these
stand<06:30:26.580> for<06:30:26.760> again

now on this layer three things are going

now on this layer three things are going
on

on

on
uh<06:30:45.480> data<06:30:45.958> verification

now our two heavy hitting Protocols are

now our two heavy hitting Protocols are
done<06:31:15.120> in<06:31:15.660> very<06:31:15.840> different<06:31:16.080> ways<06:31:16.680> so<06:31:17.458> tcpap<06:31:18.420> as

done in very different ways so tcpap as

done in very different ways so tcpap as
we've<06:31:19.200> talked<06:31:19.500> about<06:31:19.620> in<06:31:19.798> the<06:31:19.920> past<06:31:20.040> is<06:31:20.340> what

we've talked about in the past is what

we've talked about in the past is what
we<06:31:20.580> call<06:31:20.700> connection

we call connection

we call connection
oriented<06:31:22.680> which<06:31:23.218> means<06:31:23.458> there's<06:31:23.580> a

oriented which means there's a

oriented which means there's a
guaranteed<06:31:24.420> delivery<06:31:24.900> whereas<06:31:25.860> UDP<06:31:26.280> is

guaranteed delivery whereas UDP is

guaranteed delivery whereas UDP is
connection<06:31:27.298> last<06:31:27.718> which<06:31:28.020> means<06:31:28.320> it's<06:31:28.440> just<06:31:28.680> a

connection last which means it's just a

connection last which means it's just a
best<06:31:29.218> effort<06:31:29.760> delivery

best effort delivery

best effort delivery
UDP<06:31:31.558> doesn't<06:31:31.798> have<06:31:31.980> any<06:31:32.160> means<06:31:32.580> of<06:31:32.820> error

UDP doesn't have any means of error

UDP doesn't have any means of error
checking<06:31:33.600> that's<06:31:33.780> one<06:31:34.080> of<06:31:34.280> tcp's<06:31:35.280> areas<06:31:35.580> of

checking that's one of tcp's areas of

checking that's one of tcp's areas of
expertise<06:31:36.240> so<06:31:36.780> to<06:31:36.958> put<06:31:37.080> TCP<06:31:37.620> and<06:31:37.920> UDP<06:31:38.160> in

expertise so to put TCP and UDP in

expertise so to put TCP and UDP in
perspective<06:31:38.700> I've<06:31:39.240> always<06:31:39.420> thought<06:31:39.660> about<06:31:39.780> it

perspective I've always thought about it

perspective I've always thought about it
as<06:31:40.260> if<06:31:40.440> say<06:31:40.920> a<06:31:41.100> grade<06:31:41.400> school<06:31:41.638> teacher<06:31:42.120> needs

as if say a grade school teacher needs

as if say a grade school teacher needs
to<06:31:42.480> send<06:31:42.660> a<06:31:42.840> note<06:31:42.958> to<06:31:43.138> a<06:31:43.320> student's<06:31:43.558> parent

to send a note to a student's parent

to send a note to a student's parent
because<06:31:44.160> the<06:31:44.520> student<06:31:44.700> hadn't<06:31:45.540> turned<06:31:45.840> in

because the student hadn't turned in

because the student hadn't turned in
their<06:31:46.020> homework<06:31:46.378> for<06:31:46.620> more<06:31:46.740> than<06:31:46.920> a<06:31:47.040> week<06:31:47.218> now

their homework for more than a week now

their homework for more than a week now
the<06:31:48.180> teacher<06:31:48.420> can<06:31:48.540> send<06:31:48.780> the<06:31:48.900> note<06:31:49.080> one<06:31:49.320> of<06:31:49.500> two

the teacher can send the note one of two

the teacher can send the note one of two
ways<06:31:49.980> the<06:31:50.280> first<06:31:50.458> is<06:31:51.180> through<06:31:51.600> UDP<06:31:51.900> or<06:31:52.558> the

ways the first is through UDP or the

ways the first is through UDP or the
uninterested<06:31:54.360> doubtful<06:31:55.020> pre-teen<06:31:55.920> now<06:31:56.700> this

uninterested doubtful pre-teen now this

uninterested doubtful pre-teen now this
UDP<06:31:57.420> is<06:31:57.600> certainly<06:31:57.900> going<06:31:58.080> to<06:31:58.260> make<06:31:58.440> it<06:31:58.558> home

UDP is certainly going to make it home

UDP is certainly going to make it home
as<06:31:59.100> quickly<06:31:59.458> as<06:31:59.638> possible<06:32:00.058> but<06:32:00.540> whether<06:32:00.718> the

as quickly as possible but whether the

as quickly as possible but whether the
message<06:32:01.080> gets<06:32:01.500> sent<06:32:01.620> to<06:32:01.798> the<06:32:01.920> parent<06:32:02.040> or<06:32:02.340> not

message gets sent to the parent or not

message gets sent to the parent or not
it<06:32:02.878> really<06:32:03.058> isn't<06:32:03.660> udp's<06:32:04.138> biggest<06:32:04.260> concern

it really isn't udp's biggest concern

it really isn't udp's biggest concern
getting<06:32:05.400> there<06:32:05.700> quickly<06:32:06.180> is<06:32:06.480> so<06:32:07.080> UDP<06:32:07.440> is<06:32:07.798> going

getting there quickly is so UDP is going

getting there quickly is so UDP is going
to<06:32:08.218> have<06:32:08.340> you<06:32:08.458> that<06:32:08.760> quick

to have you that quick

to have you that quick
but<06:32:10.620> not<06:32:10.920> necessarily<06:32:11.520> guaranteed<06:32:12.660> now

but not necessarily guaranteed now

but not necessarily guaranteed now
meanwhile<06:32:13.500> the<06:32:13.680> other<06:32:13.798> method<06:32:14.160> TCP<06:32:14.820> or

meanwhile the other method TCP or

meanwhile the other method TCP or
Teacher<06:32:16.260> Calls<06:32:16.798> parent<06:32:17.120> this<06:32:18.120> is<06:32:18.240> the<06:32:18.420> way<06:32:18.540> the

Teacher Calls parent this is the way the

Teacher Calls parent this is the way the
teacher<06:32:19.020> has<06:32:19.260> a<06:32:19.500> guaranteed<06:32:20.040> delivery<06:32:20.520> of<06:32:20.638> the

teacher has a guaranteed delivery of the

teacher has a guaranteed delivery of the
message<06:32:20.940> the<06:32:21.480> parents<06:32:21.900> aren't<06:32:22.020> home<06:32:22.378> the

message the parents aren't home the

message the parents aren't home the
message<06:32:23.280> cannot<06:32:23.820> be<06:32:23.940> delivered<06:32:24.360> or<06:32:24.540> something

message cannot be delivered or something

message cannot be delivered or something
happens<06:32:25.200> during<06:32:25.620> the<06:32:25.860> communication<06:32:26.340> process

happens during the communication process

happens during the communication process
TCP<06:32:28.200> will<06:32:28.440> wait<06:32:28.680> and<06:32:29.100> attempt<06:32:29.400> to<06:32:29.520> send<06:32:29.700> the

TCP will wait and attempt to send the

TCP will wait and attempt to send the
message<06:32:30.000> again

message again

message again
so<06:32:31.740> whereas<06:32:32.700> TCP

so whereas TCP

so whereas TCP
UDP<06:32:34.440> is<06:32:34.620> quick<06:32:34.798> TCP<06:32:35.458> is<06:32:35.638> guaranteed

UDP is quick TCP is guaranteed

UDP is quick TCP is guaranteed
and<06:32:38.160> so<06:32:38.340> that's<06:32:38.458> sort<06:32:38.700> of<06:32:38.760> the<06:32:38.878> give<06:32:39.058> and<06:32:39.180> take

and so that's sort of the give and take

and so that's sort of the give and take
there

there

there
now<06:32:40.860> while<06:32:41.040> our<06:32:41.280> story<06:32:41.458> is<06:32:41.700> a<06:32:41.878> generalization

now while our story is a generalization

now while our story is a generalization
it<06:32:42.780> really<06:32:42.958> touches<06:32:43.320> on<06:32:43.500> the<06:32:43.798> two<06:32:44.160> most

it really touches on the two most

it really touches on the two most
important<06:32:44.878> characteristics<06:32:45.540> of<06:32:45.840> these

important characteristics of these

important characteristics of these
protocols<06:32:46.680> now<06:32:47.280> there<06:32:47.638> are<06:32:47.760> a<06:32:48.000> few<06:32:48.180> other<06:32:48.540> uh

protocols now there are a few other uh

protocols now there are a few other uh
specifics<06:32:50.100> about<06:32:50.280> TCP<06:32:51.120> that<06:32:51.480> are<06:32:51.600> are<06:32:51.780> really

specifics about TCP that are are really

specifics about TCP that are are really
worth<06:32:52.260> mentioning<06:32:52.740> firstly<06:32:53.638> and<06:32:53.940> most

worth mentioning firstly and most

worth mentioning firstly and most
importantly<06:32:54.660> we<06:32:55.320> have<06:32:55.500> reliability<06:32:56.340> like<06:32:56.940> we

importantly we have reliability like we

importantly we have reliability like we
just<06:32:57.360> mentioned<06:32:57.780> how<06:32:58.200> it<06:32:58.378> accomplishes<06:32:58.920> this

just mentioned how it accomplishes this

just mentioned how it accomplishes this
is<06:32:59.340> TCP<06:32:59.940> assigns<06:33:00.660> a<06:33:01.320> sequence<06:33:01.798> numbers<06:33:02.280> to

is TCP assigns a sequence numbers to

is TCP assigns a sequence numbers to
each<06:33:03.000> segment<06:33:03.360> of<06:33:03.600> data<06:33:03.900> and<06:33:04.138> the<06:33:04.320> receiving

each segment of data and the receiving

each segment of data and the receiving
end<06:33:04.740> looks<06:33:05.160> for<06:33:05.280> these<06:33:05.520> sequence<06:33:05.878> numbers<06:33:06.120> and

end looks for these sequence numbers and

end looks for these sequence numbers and
sends<06:33:07.080> what's<06:33:07.320> called<06:33:07.798> an<06:33:08.280> ack<06:33:08.580> or

sends what's called an ack or

sends what's called an ack or
acknowledgment<06:33:09.420> message

acknowledgment message

acknowledgment message
which<06:33:11.040> is<06:33:11.160> something<06:33:11.580> important<06:33:12.000> that<06:33:12.240> you<06:33:12.420> do

which is something important that you do

which is something important that you do
want<06:33:12.780> to

want to

want to
um

um

um
be<06:33:15.058> familiar<06:33:15.420> with<06:33:15.480> and<06:33:15.718> you<06:33:15.900> might<06:33:16.020> also<06:33:16.320> see

be familiar with and you might also see

be familiar with and you might also see
that<06:33:16.740> as<06:33:16.920> a

that as a

that as a
sin<06:33:18.540> act<06:33:18.780> which<06:33:19.320> is<06:33:19.440> the<06:33:19.558> synchronization<06:33:20.340> and

sin act which is the synchronization and

sin act which is the synchronization and
that<06:33:21.298> act<06:33:21.480> message<06:33:21.780> is<06:33:22.020> sent<06:33:22.200> when<06:33:22.440> the<06:33:22.620> data

that act message is sent when the data

that act message is sent when the data
is<06:33:23.040> successfully<06:33:23.638> received<06:33:24.240> now<06:33:24.660> the<06:33:24.840> sending

is successfully received now the sending

is successfully received now the sending
transport<06:33:25.798> layer<06:33:26.280> doesn't<06:33:26.520> receive<06:33:27.058> the

transport layer doesn't receive the

transport layer doesn't receive the
accurate<06:33:27.840> acknowledgment<06:33:28.378> message<06:33:28.798> then

accurate acknowledgment message then

accurate acknowledgment message then
it's<06:33:29.580> going<06:33:29.760> to<06:33:29.878> re-transmit<06:33:30.600> the<06:33:30.840> Lost

it's going to re-transmit the Lost

it's going to re-transmit the Lost
segment<06:33:31.580> secondly<06:33:32.580> we<06:33:32.940> have<06:33:33.058> data<06:33:33.540> flow

segment secondly we have data flow

segment secondly we have data flow
control<06:33:34.080> which<06:33:34.620> is<06:33:34.740> we've<06:33:35.100> already<06:33:35.218> mentioned

control which is we've already mentioned

control which is we've already mentioned
this<06:33:36.420> is<06:33:36.540> important<06:33:37.138> in<06:33:37.320> as<06:33:37.558> networking

this is important in as networking

this is important in as networking
devices<06:33:38.458> are<06:33:38.820> not<06:33:39.180> always<06:33:39.660> going<06:33:40.440> to<06:33:40.620> operate

devices are not always going to operate

devices are not always going to operate
at<06:33:41.160> the<06:33:41.280> same<06:33:41.458> speeds<06:33:42.000> and<06:33:42.420> without<06:33:42.540> flow

at the same speeds and without flow

at the same speeds and without flow
control<06:33:43.320> slower<06:33:43.860> devices<06:33:44.280> might<06:33:44.700> overrun<06:33:45.420> by

control slower devices might overrun by

control slower devices might overrun by
might<06:33:46.378> be<06:33:46.680> overrun<06:33:47.160> with<06:33:47.520> data<06:33:47.940> causing

might be overrun with data causing

might be overrun with data causing
Network<06:33:49.020> downtime<06:33:49.740> thirdly<06:33:50.700> we<06:33:51.058> have

Network downtime thirdly we have

Network downtime thirdly we have
something<06:33:51.360> called<06:33:51.718> segmentation<06:33:52.558> and

something called segmentation and

something called segmentation and
segmentation<06:33:54.120> occurs<06:33:54.718> at<06:33:54.958> this<06:33:55.138> layer<06:33:55.440> taking

segmentation occurs at this layer taking

segmentation occurs at this layer taking
the<06:33:56.160> tedious<06:33:56.638> task<06:33:56.940> away<06:33:57.540> from<06:33:57.958> the

the tedious task away from the

the tedious task away from the
application<06:33:58.620> layer<06:33:59.100> of<06:33:59.638> sectioning<06:34:00.120> the<06:34:00.240> data

application layer of sectioning the data

application layer of sectioning the data
into<06:34:00.780> pieces<06:34:01.320> or<06:34:01.680> segments<06:34:02.218> these<06:34:03.000> segments

into pieces or segments these segments

into pieces or segments these segments
can<06:34:03.540> then<06:34:03.660> get<06:34:03.900> sent<06:34:04.200> to<06:34:04.680> the<06:34:04.798> next<06:34:04.980> layer

can then get sent to the next layer

can then get sent to the next layer
below<06:34:05.760> to<06:34:06.000> be<06:34:06.180> prepared<06:34:06.718> for<06:34:07.080> transmittal

below to be prepared for transmittal

below to be prepared for transmittal
across<06:34:08.458> the<06:34:08.760> media<06:34:09.600> so<06:34:10.020> the<06:34:10.260> final

across the media so the final

across the media so the final
consideration<06:34:11.040> for<06:34:11.340> TCP<06:34:11.940> is<06:34:12.540> in<06:34:12.660> order<06:34:12.840> for<06:34:13.080> an

consideration for TCP is in order for an

consideration for TCP is in order for an
application<06:34:13.740> to<06:34:14.100> be<06:34:14.160> able<06:34:14.400> to<06:34:14.580> utilize<06:34:15.240> this

application to be able to utilize this

application to be able to utilize this
protocol<06:34:15.900> a<06:34:16.798> connection<06:34:16.980> between<06:34:17.520> port

protocol a connection between port

protocol a connection between port
numbers<06:34:18.780> has<06:34:19.260> to<06:34:19.440> be<06:34:19.558> established<06:34:20.100> the

numbers has to be established the

numbers has to be established the
devices<06:34:20.940> try<06:34:21.360> to<06:34:21.480> create<06:34:21.718> this<06:34:22.080> session<06:34:22.260> using

devices try to create this session using

devices try to create this session using
a<06:34:22.980> combination<06:34:23.458> of<06:34:24.180> an<06:34:24.360> IP<06:34:24.660> address<06:34:25.040> and<06:34:26.040> a

a combination of an IP address and a

a combination of an IP address and a
port<06:34:26.520> number<06:34:26.820> now<06:34:27.660> this<06:34:27.900> combination<06:34:28.320> is

port number now this combination is

port number now this combination is
called<06:34:28.860> a<06:34:29.400> socket

called a socket

called a socket
in<06:34:31.080> the<06:34:31.200> future<06:34:31.320> modules<06:34:31.798> we're<06:34:31.980> going<06:34:32.160> to

in the future modules we're going to

in the future modules we're going to
look<06:34:32.400> at<06:34:32.638> at<06:34:32.940> referencing<06:34:33.660> TCP<06:34:34.320> and<06:34:34.680> UDP<06:34:34.980> as

look at at referencing TCP and UDP as

look at at referencing TCP and UDP as
well<06:34:35.340> as<06:34:35.458> going<06:34:35.638> a<06:34:35.878> bit<06:34:36.000> more<06:34:36.298> further<06:34:36.600> into

well as going a bit more further into

well as going a bit more further into
explaining<06:34:37.320> how<06:34:37.920> they<06:34:38.100> function<06:34:38.400> and

explaining how they function and

explaining how they function and
interact<06:34:39.000> with<06:34:39.120> different<06:34:39.360> protocols<06:34:40.020> but

interact with different protocols but

interact with different protocols but
what<06:34:40.680> you<06:34:40.860> see<06:34:41.040> here<06:34:41.340> is<06:34:42.058> the<06:34:42.540> IP<06:34:42.900> address

on a specific port number so we know

on a specific port number so we know
based<06:34:48.958> on<06:34:49.080> this<06:34:49.260> port<06:34:49.440> number<06:34:49.760> what<06:34:50.760> the

based on this port number what the

based on this port number what the
connection

connection

connection
is<06:34:53.700> trying<06:34:53.878> to<06:34:54.058> attempt<06:34:54.420> and<06:34:55.020> whether<06:34:55.200> or<06:34:55.440> not

is trying to attempt and whether or not

is trying to attempt and whether or not
it's<06:34:55.680> TCP<06:34:56.160> or<06:34:56.458> UDP<06:34:56.700> we<06:34:56.878> know<06:34:57.000> whether<06:34:57.120> it's

it's TCP or UDP we know whether it's

it's TCP or UDP we know whether it's
connection<06:34:57.540> oriented<06:34:58.260> or<06:34:58.500> connection<06:34:58.740> less

connection oriented or connection less

connection oriented or connection less
the<06:35:01.020> internet<06:35:01.138> layer<06:35:01.680> of<06:35:01.920> the<06:35:02.160> tcpip<06:35:02.878> model

the internet layer of the tcpip model

the internet layer of the tcpip model
corresponds<06:35:04.200> directly<06:35:04.860> to<06:35:05.218> the<06:35:05.458> network

corresponds directly to the network

corresponds directly to the network
layer<06:35:06.180> of<06:35:06.480> the<06:35:06.660> OSI<06:35:07.138> model<06:35:07.500> now<06:35:08.280> the<06:35:08.458> data

layer of the OSI model now the data

layer of the OSI model now the data
terminology<06:35:09.240> on<06:35:09.600> this<06:35:09.780> layer<06:35:10.260> as<06:35:10.740> I<06:35:10.920> think<06:35:11.040> we

terminology on this layer as I think we

terminology on this layer as I think we
discussed<06:35:11.458> when<06:35:11.638> we<06:35:11.820> talked<06:35:12.000> about<06:35:12.120> the<06:35:12.298> OSI

discussed when we talked about the OSI

discussed when we talked about the OSI
model<06:35:13.020> is<06:35:13.920> a<06:35:14.280> datagram

model is a datagram

model is a datagram
now<06:35:16.980> as<06:35:17.218> the<06:35:17.520> internet<06:35:17.638> layer<06:35:18.240> relates

now as the internet layer relates

now as the internet layer relates
directly<06:35:19.260> to<06:35:19.558> the<06:35:19.740> network<06:35:19.860> layer<06:35:20.340> which<06:35:20.760> if

directly to the network layer which if

directly to the network layer which if
you<06:35:21.058> recall

you recall

you recall
was<06:35:22.740> layer<06:35:23.280> three<06:35:23.580> we<06:35:24.240> can<06:35:24.420> a<06:35:24.718> little<06:35:24.780> more

was layer three we can a little more

was layer three we can a little more
easily<06:35:25.440> understand<06:35:25.680> a<06:35:26.100> few<06:35:26.218> things<06:35:26.400> that

easily understand a few things that

easily understand a few things that
happen<06:35:26.940> on<06:35:27.240> this<06:35:27.360> layer<06:35:27.660> first<06:35:28.440> it<06:35:28.798> tells<06:35:29.040> us

happen on this layer first it tells us

happen on this layer first it tells us
that<06:35:29.400> this<06:35:29.580> layer<06:35:29.940> is<06:35:30.240> responsible<06:35:30.900> for

that this layer is responsible for

that this layer is responsible for
routing<06:35:32.280> if<06:35:32.878> you<06:35:33.058> recall<06:35:33.420> layer<06:35:33.900> 3<06:35:34.080> devices

routing if you recall layer 3 devices

routing if you recall layer 3 devices
for<06:35:35.340> OSI<06:35:35.878> are<06:35:36.360> routers

this means that it ensures the typically

this means that it ensures the typically
fastest<06:35:44.218> and<06:35:44.700> best<06:35:45.058> path<06:35:45.600> from<06:35:46.378> the<06:35:46.620> source<06:35:46.920> to

fastest and best path from the source to

fastest and best path from the source to
the<06:35:47.218> destination

the destination

the destination
this<06:35:48.840> layer<06:35:49.200> is<06:35:49.320> also<06:35:49.558> responsible<06:35:50.040> for<06:35:50.520> data

this layer is also responsible for data

this layer is also responsible for data
addressing<06:35:51.718> and<06:35:52.200> if<06:35:52.378> you<06:35:52.500> recall<06:35:52.860> with<06:35:53.100> data

addressing and if you recall with data

addressing and if you recall with data
addressing<06:35:53.878> we're<06:35:54.058> dealing<06:35:54.360> with<06:35:54.600> the<06:35:54.780> second

addressing we're dealing with the second

addressing we're dealing with the second
part<06:35:55.260> of<06:35:55.500> TCP<06:35:56.360> IP<06:35:57.360> which<06:35:57.900> is<06:35:58.020> the<06:35:58.378> internet

protocol aptly name send is since it is

protocol aptly name send is since it is
on<06:36:05.040> the<06:36:05.280> internet<06:36:05.458> layer<06:36:06.298> and<06:36:06.780> the<06:36:07.020> Internet

on the internet layer and the Internet

on the internet layer and the Internet
Protocol<06:36:07.558> is<06:36:07.740> responsible<06:36:08.160> for<06:36:08.400> a<06:36:08.580> couple

Protocol is responsible for a couple

Protocol is responsible for a couple
main<06:36:09.000> functions<06:36:09.680> the<06:36:10.680> first<06:36:10.798> of<06:36:11.040> those

main functions the first of those

main functions the first of those
functions<06:36:11.760> is<06:36:12.360> what<06:36:12.600> we<06:36:12.780> call<06:36:12.958> fragmentation

functions is what we call fragmentation

functions is what we call fragmentation
it's<06:36:14.760> important<06:36:15.180> for<06:36:15.420> us<06:36:15.480> to<06:36:16.020> understand

it's important for us to understand

it's important for us to understand
something<06:36:17.280> called<06:36:17.760> mtus<06:36:18.480> which<06:36:19.138> are<06:36:19.440> maximum

something called mtus which are maximum

something called mtus which are maximum
transmission<06:36:22.620> units

so that we know why fragmentation has to

so that we know why fragmentation has to
occur<06:36:36.240> now<06:36:36.900> the<06:36:37.080> MTU<06:36:37.620> is<06:36:37.798> the<06:36:38.100> term<06:36:38.340> as<06:36:38.760> the

occur now the MTU is the term as the

occur now the MTU is the term as the
name<06:36:39.298> implies<06:36:39.958> that's<06:36:40.620> used<06:36:40.798> to<06:36:40.980> define<06:36:41.160> the

name implies that's used to define the

name implies that's used to define the
largest<06:36:42.058> size<06:36:42.600> of<06:36:43.378> increment<06:36:43.860> of<06:36:44.100> data<06:36:44.458> in

largest size of increment of data in

largest size of increment of data in
bytes<06:36:45.120> that<06:36:45.360> can<06:36:45.480> pass<06:36:45.718> through<06:36:46.200> the<06:36:46.500> given

bytes that can pass through the given

bytes that can pass through the given
Network<06:36:47.040> device<06:36:47.520> such<06:36:48.420> as<06:36:48.660> a<06:36:49.200> router<06:36:49.620> now

Network device such as a router now

Network device such as a router now
often<06:36:50.760> data<06:36:51.058> is<06:36:51.120> going<06:36:51.298> to<06:36:51.420> need<06:36:51.600> to<06:36:51.780> pass

often data is going to need to pass

often data is going to need to pass
through<06:36:52.200> networks<06:36:52.920> with<06:36:53.878> mtus<06:36:54.480> that<06:36:54.900> are<06:36:55.200> less

through networks with mtus that are less

through networks with mtus that are less
than

than

than
the<06:36:57.120> MTU<06:36:57.600> listed<06:36:58.020> on<06:36:58.920> that<06:36:59.040> device

the MTU listed on that device

the MTU listed on that device
generally<06:37:01.200> even<06:37:01.500> uh<06:37:02.280> not<06:37:02.580> just<06:37:02.700> match<06:37:02.940> two<06:37:03.120> but

generally even uh not just match two but

generally even uh not just match two but
the<06:37:03.540> lower<06:37:04.080> it<06:37:04.378> is<06:37:04.500> the<06:37:04.680> more<06:37:04.860> it's<06:37:05.040> preferred

the lower it is the more it's preferred

the lower it is the more it's preferred
because<06:37:05.638> then<06:37:05.820> we<06:37:06.058> can<06:37:06.240> make<06:37:06.600> sure<06:37:06.780> that<06:37:06.958> it's

because then we can make sure that it's

because then we can make sure that it's
not<06:37:07.260> going<06:37:07.378> to<06:37:07.500> have<06:37:07.620> a<06:37:07.740> problem<06:37:07.920> so<06:37:08.458> network

not going to have a problem so network

not going to have a problem so network
devices<06:37:09.120> are<06:37:09.360> going<06:37:09.540> to<06:37:09.660> send<06:37:10.020> and<06:37:10.200> receive

devices are going to send and receive

devices are going to send and receive
messages<06:37:11.058> or<06:37:12.058> responses<06:37:13.020> to<06:37:13.320> datagrams<06:37:13.980> that

messages or responses to datagrams that

messages or responses to datagrams that
are<06:37:15.120> larger<06:37:15.600> than<06:37:15.840> the<06:37:16.020> device's<06:37:16.500> MTU

are larger than the device's MTU

are larger than the device's MTU
in<06:37:18.298> these<06:37:18.480> instances<06:37:18.840> when<06:37:19.200> there<06:37:19.320> is<06:37:19.440> a

in these instances when there is a

in these instances when there is a
datagram<06:37:19.920> that's<06:37:20.340> larger<06:37:20.820> than<06:37:20.940> the<06:37:21.120> MTU<06:37:21.600> of<06:37:21.660> a

datagram that's larger than the MTU of a

datagram that's larger than the MTU of a
device<06:37:22.020> the<06:37:22.980> transmitting<06:37:23.760> internet<06:37:24.420> layer

device the transmitting internet layer

device the transmitting internet layer
fragments<06:37:26.638> the<06:37:26.760> data<06:37:27.180> or<06:37:27.718> the<06:37:27.900> datagram<06:37:28.280> and

fragments the data or the datagram and

fragments the data or the datagram and
then<06:37:29.520> tries<06:37:30.180> to<06:37:30.480> resend<06:37:31.320> it

then tries to resend it

then tries to resend it
in<06:37:33.540> smaller<06:37:34.020> and<06:37:34.260> more<06:37:34.620> easily<06:37:35.100> manageable

in smaller and more easily manageable

in smaller and more easily manageable
blocks

blocks

blocks
so<06:37:37.138> once<06:37:37.378> the<06:37:37.440> data<06:37:37.740> is<06:37:37.860> fragmented<06:37:38.580> enough<06:37:38.820> to

so once the data is fragmented enough to

so once the data is fragmented enough to
pass<06:37:39.360> through<06:37:39.660> the<06:37:39.958> remaining<06:37:40.440> devices<06:37:40.860> the

pass through the remaining devices the

pass through the remaining devices the
receiving<06:37:42.000> ends<06:37:42.480> internet<06:37:42.660> layer<06:37:43.200> then

receiving ends internet layer then

receiving ends internet layer then
pieces<06:37:44.100> together<06:37:44.340> those<06:37:44.760> fragments<06:37:45.480> during

pieces together those fragments during

pieces together those fragments during
the<06:37:46.740> reassembly<06:37:47.340> process<06:37:47.820> now<06:37:48.780> in<06:37:49.020> the<06:37:49.200> header

the reassembly process now in the header

the reassembly process now in the header
of<06:37:49.680> those<06:37:49.860> fragmented<06:37:50.458> datagrams<06:37:50.940> if<06:37:51.120> we<06:37:51.240> go

of those fragmented datagrams if we go

of those fragmented datagrams if we go
back<06:37:51.660> just<06:37:52.020> a<06:37:52.138> bit<06:37:52.260> you'll<06:37:52.980> see<06:37:53.100> right<06:37:53.400> here

back just a bit you'll see right here

back just a bit you'll see right here
the<06:37:54.298> header

the header

the header
there<06:37:56.218> is<06:37:56.400> a<06:37:56.458> specific<06:37:56.700> field<06:37:56.940> that's<06:37:57.180> set

there is a specific field that's set

there is a specific field that's set
aside<06:37:57.660> for<06:37:57.840> what<06:37:58.020> we<06:37:58.138> call<06:37:58.320> three<06:37:58.860> flag<06:37:59.638> bits

the first flag bit is reserved and

the first flag bit is reserved and
should<06:38:05.458> always<06:38:05.580> be<06:38:05.820> zero<06:38:06.540> the<06:38:07.138> second<06:38:07.320> is<06:38:08.040> the

should always be zero the second is the

should always be zero the second is the
don't<06:38:08.340> fragment<06:38:08.940> or<06:38:09.298> the<06:38:09.420> DF<06:38:09.718> bit<06:38:09.958> now<06:38:10.620> either

don't fragment or the DF bit now either

don't fragment or the DF bit now either
this<06:38:11.100> bit<06:38:11.218> is<06:38:11.520> off<06:38:11.820> or<06:38:12.180> zero<06:38:12.600> which<06:38:12.840> means

this bit is off or zero which means

this bit is off or zero which means
fragment<06:38:13.920> this<06:38:14.160> datagram<06:38:14.520> or<06:38:15.058> on<06:38:15.298> meaning

fragment this datagram or on meaning

fragment this datagram or on meaning
don't<06:38:15.958> fragment<06:38:16.500> this<06:38:16.740> datagram<06:38:17.100> the<06:38:17.940> third

don't fragment this datagram the third

don't fragment this datagram the third
flag<06:38:18.298> bit<06:38:18.600> is<06:38:19.020> the<06:38:19.320> more<06:38:19.740> fragments<06:38:20.580> bit

flag bit is the more fragments bit

flag bit is the more fragments bit
MF

MF

MF
and<06:38:23.940> when<06:38:24.058> this<06:38:24.298> is<06:38:24.480> on<06:38:24.780> it<06:38:25.200> means<06:38:25.378> that<06:38:25.500> there

and when this is on it means that there

and when this is on it means that there
are<06:38:25.920> more<06:38:26.100> fragments<06:38:26.700> on<06:38:26.820> the<06:38:27.000> way

are more fragments on the way

are more fragments on the way
and<06:38:28.138> finally<06:38:28.378> when<06:38:28.558> the<06:38:28.680> MF<06:38:28.920> flag<06:38:29.100> is<06:38:29.340> off<06:38:29.580> it

and finally when the MF flag is off it

and finally when the MF flag is off it
means<06:38:30.058> there<06:38:30.298> are<06:38:30.420> no<06:38:30.540> more<06:38:30.718> fragments<06:38:31.320> to<06:38:31.500> be

means there are no more fragments to be

means there are no more fragments to be
sent<06:38:31.860> as<06:38:32.340> you<06:38:32.520> can<06:38:32.580> see<06:38:32.700> right<06:38:33.000> here

sent as you can see right here

sent as you can see right here
and<06:38:34.320> that<06:38:34.500> there<06:38:34.680> were<06:38:34.860> never<06:38:34.980> any<06:38:35.160> fragments

and that there were never any fragments

and that there were never any fragments
to<06:38:35.878> send<06:38:36.058> so<06:38:36.360> as<06:38:36.540> we<06:38:36.718> see<06:38:36.780> here<06:38:37.020> our<06:38:37.200> initial

to send so as we see here our initial

to send so as we see here our initial
datagram<06:38:38.400> that<06:38:39.058> we<06:38:39.240> wanted<06:38:39.298> to<06:38:39.600> transmit

datagram that we wanted to transmit

datagram that we wanted to transmit
had<06:38:42.840> an<06:38:43.320> MTU<06:38:43.878> that<06:38:44.878> was<06:38:45.240> too<06:38:45.840> large<06:38:46.080> to<06:38:46.378> send<06:38:46.558> it

had an MTU that was too large to send it

had an MTU that was too large to send it
was

was

was
2500<06:38:48.840> and<06:38:49.500> it<06:38:49.620> was<06:38:49.740> too<06:38:49.920> large<06:38:50.100> therefore<06:38:50.580> to

2500 and it was too large therefore to

2500 and it was too large therefore to
go<06:38:50.940> through<06:38:51.120> router<06:38:51.540> B<06:38:51.718> and<06:38:52.200> so<06:38:52.320> then<06:38:52.500> we

go through router B and so then we

go through router B and so then we
fragmented<06:38:53.580> this<06:38:53.700> datagram<06:38:54.058> and<06:38:54.600> added<06:38:54.900> those

fragmented this datagram and added those

fragmented this datagram and added those
bits<06:38:55.378> to<06:38:55.500> the<06:38:55.620> headers<06:38:55.980> of<06:38:56.280> the<06:38:56.458> fragments

bits to the headers of the fragments

bits to the headers of the fragments
so<06:38:58.138> that's<06:38:59.100> how<06:38:59.458> this<06:38:59.760> all<06:38:59.940> works<06:39:00.360> and<06:39:00.540> that's

so that's how this all works and that's

so that's how this all works and that's
why<06:39:00.900> fragmenting<06:39:01.500> is<06:39:01.680> so<06:39:01.798> important<06:39:02.160> now

why fragmenting is so important now

why fragmenting is so important now
let's<06:39:02.940> take<06:39:03.180> a<06:39:03.298> look<06:39:03.420> at<06:39:03.718> a<06:39:03.840> networking

let's take a look at a networking

let's take a look at a networking
problem<06:39:04.500> that<06:39:04.860> used<06:39:05.040> to<06:39:05.218> plague<06:39:05.520> Network

problem that used to plague Network

problem that used to plague Network
engineers<06:39:06.420> and<06:39:06.718> technicians<06:39:07.320> that<06:39:07.558> has<06:39:07.680> to<06:39:07.860> do

engineers and technicians that has to do

engineers and technicians that has to do
with<06:39:08.100> mtus<06:39:08.580> for<06:39:08.940> some<06:39:09.120> time<06:39:09.298> this<06:39:09.840> is<06:39:10.020> also

with mtus for some time this is also

with mtus for some time this is also
something<06:39:10.440> that's<06:39:10.798> specifically<06:39:11.340> called<06:39:11.638> for

something that's specifically called for

something that's specifically called for
on<06:39:12.058> the<06:39:12.180> network<06:39:12.298> plus<06:39:12.540> exam<06:39:12.958> now<06:39:13.680> a<06:39:14.160> black

on the network plus exam now a black

on the network plus exam now a black
hole<06:39:14.878> router<06:39:15.298> is<06:39:15.718> the<06:39:15.840> name<06:39:15.958> given<06:39:16.320> to<06:39:16.440> a

hole router is the name given to a

hole router is the name given to a
situation<06:39:17.040> where<06:39:17.400> a<06:39:17.638> datagram<06:39:17.940> is<06:39:18.360> sent<06:39:18.600> with

situation where a datagram is sent with

situation where a datagram is sent with
an<06:39:19.680> MTU<06:39:20.160> that's<06:39:20.400> greater<06:39:21.058> than<06:39:21.420> the<06:39:21.660> MTU<06:39:22.200> of

an MTU that's greater than the MTU of

an MTU that's greater than the MTU of
the<06:39:22.798> receiving<06:39:23.100> device<06:39:23.520> as<06:39:23.940> we<06:39:24.120> can<06:39:24.240> see<06:39:24.480> here

the receiving device as we can see here

the receiving device as we can see here
now<06:39:26.520> when<06:39:26.760> the<06:39:26.940> destination<06:39:27.360> device<06:39:27.840> is

now when the destination device is

now when the destination device is
unable<06:39:28.740> to<06:39:28.920> receive<06:39:29.458> the<06:39:29.760> IP<06:39:30.058> datagram

unable to receive the IP datagram

unable to receive the IP datagram
it's<06:39:31.860> supposed<06:39:32.100> to<06:39:32.340> send<06:39:32.700> a<06:39:33.120> specific<06:39:33.620> icmp

it's supposed to send a specific icmp

it's supposed to send a specific icmp
response<06:39:35.458> that<06:39:36.120> notifies<06:39:36.660> the<06:39:37.020> transmitting

response that notifies the transmitting

response that notifies the transmitting
station<06:39:37.980> that<06:39:38.638> there's<06:39:38.878> an<06:39:39.298> MTU<06:39:39.958> mismatch

station that there's an MTU mismatch

station that there's an MTU mismatch
this<06:39:41.760> can<06:39:41.878> be<06:39:42.000> due<06:39:42.180> to<06:39:42.360> a<06:39:42.600> variety<06:39:43.138> of<06:39:43.320> reasons

this can be due to a variety of reasons

this can be due to a variety of reasons
one<06:39:44.520> of<06:39:44.638> which<06:39:44.820> could<06:39:45.180> be<06:39:45.420> as<06:39:46.138> simple<06:39:46.320> as<06:39:46.798> a

one of which could be as simple as a

one of which could be as simple as a
firewall<06:39:47.878> that's<06:39:48.240> blocking<06:39:48.780> the<06:39:48.958> icmp

firewall that's blocking the icmp

firewall that's blocking the icmp
response<06:39:50.160> and<06:39:50.280> by<06:39:50.520> the<06:39:50.638> way<06:39:50.760> when<06:39:51.420> we<06:39:51.600> talk

response and by the way when we talk

response and by the way when we talk
about<06:39:51.958> icmp<06:39:52.920> we're<06:39:53.580> really<06:39:53.820> talking<06:39:54.120> about

about icmp we're really talking about

about icmp we're really talking about
the<06:39:55.020> ping<06:39:55.320> utility<06:39:55.740> as<06:39:56.100> well<06:39:56.280> now<06:39:57.000> in<06:39:57.180> these

the ping utility as well now in these

the ping utility as well now in these
cases<06:39:57.718> this<06:39:58.020> is<06:39:58.138> called<06:39:58.378> a<06:39:58.740> black<06:39:58.980> hole

cases this is called a black hole

cases this is called a black hole
because<06:39:59.820> of<06:40:00.058> The<06:40:00.180> Disappearance<06:40:00.718> of

because of The Disappearance of

because of The Disappearance of
datagrams<06:40:01.620> basically<06:40:02.458> as<06:40:02.700> you<06:40:02.820> can<06:40:02.940> see<06:40:03.058> I'm

datagrams basically as you can see I'm

datagrams basically as you can see I'm
sending<06:40:03.718> the<06:40:03.840> data

sending the data

sending the data
the<06:40:05.638> data<06:40:05.940> gets<06:40:06.240> here<06:40:06.360> the<06:40:06.958> device<06:40:07.080> the<06:40:07.440> router

the data gets here the device the router

the data gets here the device the router
here<06:40:07.920> says<06:40:08.218> wait<06:40:08.340> a<06:40:08.520> minute<06:40:08.638> I<06:40:08.878> can't<06:40:09.000> fit<06:40:09.240> that

here says wait a minute I can't fit that

here says wait a minute I can't fit that
2500<06:40:10.138> MTU<06:40:10.680> through<06:40:10.860> my<06:40:11.040> 1500<06:40:11.638> sends<06:40:12.540> a

2500 MTU through my 1500 sends a

2500 MTU through my 1500 sends a
response<06:40:13.138> but<06:40:13.378> for<06:40:13.620> some<06:40:13.740> reason<06:40:13.920> the

response but for some reason the

response but for some reason the
response

response

response
hits<06:40:16.260> this<06:40:16.620> firewall<06:40:17.040> and<06:40:17.400> doesn't<06:40:17.580> make<06:40:17.820> it

hits this firewall and doesn't make it

hits this firewall and doesn't make it
back<06:40:18.180> to<06:40:18.360> the<06:40:18.480> router<06:40:18.780> and<06:40:19.200> so<06:40:19.440> the<06:40:19.980> data<06:40:20.280> is

back to the router and so the data is

back to the router and so the data is
lost<06:40:20.878> into<06:40:21.360> this<06:40:21.718> black<06:40:22.200> hole<06:40:22.798> now<06:40:23.580> this<06:40:23.820> is

lost into this black hole now this is

lost into this black hole now this is
called<06:40:24.180> a<06:40:24.480> black<06:40:24.600> hole<06:40:25.020> because<06:40:25.200> this

called a black hole because this

called a black hole because this
datagram<06:40:26.420> disappears<06:40:27.420> as<06:40:28.138> if<06:40:28.378> it<06:40:28.680> were<06:40:28.798> sucked

datagram disappears as if it were sucked

datagram disappears as if it were sucked
into<06:40:29.218> a<06:40:29.458> black<06:40:29.580> hole<06:40:30.000> now<06:40:30.540> there<06:40:30.718> are<06:40:30.840> some

into a black hole now there are some

into a black hole now there are some
ways<06:40:31.320> to<06:40:31.500> detect<06:40:32.100> or<06:40:32.340> find<06:40:32.520> this<06:40:32.760> MTU<06:40:33.240> black

ways to detect or find this MTU black

ways to detect or find this MTU black
hole<06:40:33.840> and<06:40:34.260> one<06:40:34.440> of<06:40:34.500> the<06:40:34.620> best<06:40:34.798> ways<06:40:35.218> is<06:40:35.700> to<06:40:36.000> use

hole and one of the best ways is to use

hole and one of the best ways is to use
the<06:40:36.480> Ping<06:40:36.718> utility<06:40:37.280> and<06:40:38.280> specify<06:40:38.878> a<06:40:39.120> syntax

the Ping utility and specify a syntax

the Ping utility and specify a syntax
that<06:40:40.798> sets<06:40:41.100> the<06:40:41.340> MTU<06:40:41.940> of<06:40:42.540> the<06:40:42.718> icmp<06:40:43.440> echo

that sets the MTU of the icmp echo

that sets the MTU of the icmp echo
request<06:40:44.218> meaning<06:40:45.058> you<06:40:45.420> tell<06:40:45.600> it<06:40:45.718> I<06:40:46.020> want<06:40:46.200> to

request meaning you tell it I want to

request meaning you tell it I want to
Ping<06:40:46.558> with<06:40:46.798> this<06:40:47.218> much<06:40:47.820> of<06:40:48.058> an<06:40:48.240> MTU<06:40:48.718> and<06:40:49.138> so

Ping with this much of an MTU and so

Ping with this much of an MTU and so
then<06:40:49.440> we<06:40:49.620> can<06:40:49.740> see<06:40:49.980> if<06:40:50.218> the<06:40:50.340> Ping's<06:40:50.700> not<06:40:50.820> coming

then we can see if the Ping's not coming

then we can see if the Ping's not coming
back<06:40:51.180> if<06:40:51.360> it's<06:40:51.540> coming<06:40:51.660> back<06:40:51.780> at<06:40:51.958> one<06:40:52.080> MTU<06:40:52.500> and

back if it's coming back at one MTU and

back if it's coming back at one MTU and
not<06:40:52.740> another<06:40:52.920> then<06:40:53.580> we<06:40:53.878> know<06:40:54.000> oh<06:40:54.298> this<06:40:54.600> is

not another then we know oh this is

not another then we know oh this is
what's<06:40:54.900> happening<06:40:55.260> right<06:40:55.620> here<06:40:55.798> and<06:40:56.218> we<06:40:56.400> can

what's happening right here and we can

what's happening right here and we can
determine<06:40:57.120> uh<06:40:57.900> where<06:40:58.200> the<06:40:58.378> black<06:40:58.558> hole<06:40:58.980> is

determine uh where the black hole is

determine uh where the black hole is
specifically<06:40:59.760> occurring

specifically occurring

specifically occurring
now<06:41:01.558> on<06:41:01.798> the<06:41:01.920> bottom<06:41:02.160> of<06:41:02.340> the<06:41:02.458> tcpip<06:41:03.180> stack<06:41:03.660> is

now on the bottom of the tcpip stack is

now on the bottom of the tcpip stack is
the<06:41:04.200> network<06:41:04.378> interface<06:41:05.218> layer<06:41:06.180> now<06:41:06.660> this

the network interface layer now this

the network interface layer now this
layer<06:41:07.500> is<06:41:07.860> completely<06:41:08.340> dedicated<06:41:08.940> to<06:41:09.780> the

layer is completely dedicated to the

layer is completely dedicated to the
actual<06:41:10.440> transfer<06:41:11.100> of<06:41:11.400> bits<06:41:11.878> across<06:41:12.420> the

actual transfer of bits across the

actual transfer of bits across the
network<06:41:12.718> medium<06:41:13.320> the<06:41:14.160> network<06:41:14.340> interface

network medium the network interface

network medium the network interface
layer<06:41:15.298> of<06:41:15.420> the<06:41:15.540> tcpip<06:41:16.260> model<06:41:16.878> directly

layer of the tcpip model directly

layer of the tcpip model directly
correlates<06:41:18.600> to<06:41:19.500> the<06:41:19.860> physical

now the data type we're going to be

now the data type we're going to be
talking<06:41:33.900> about<06:41:34.080> on<06:41:34.378> this<06:41:34.558> layer<06:41:34.860> are<06:41:35.400> what<06:41:35.580> we

talking about on this layer are what we

talking about on this layer are what we
call<06:41:35.878> frames<06:41:36.480> as<06:41:36.840> opposed<06:41:37.260> to<06:41:37.320> datagrams

call frames as opposed to datagrams

call frames as opposed to datagrams
and<06:41:39.540> the<06:41:39.780> major<06:41:39.900> functions<06:41:40.378> that<06:41:40.558> are

and the major functions that are

and the major functions that are
performed<06:41:41.040> on<06:41:41.218> this<06:41:41.400> layer<06:41:41.700> on<06:41:42.120> the<06:41:42.298> data<06:41:42.540> link

performed on this layer on the data link

performed on this layer on the data link
of<06:41:43.020> the<06:41:43.320> OSI<06:41:43.740> model<06:41:44.040> are<06:41:44.760> also<06:41:45.058> occurring<06:41:45.420> at

of the OSI model are also occurring at

of the OSI model are also occurring at
this<06:41:45.900> layer<06:41:46.260> so<06:41:46.700> we're<06:41:47.700> really<06:41:47.940> talking<06:41:48.240> about

this layer so we're really talking about

this layer so we're really talking about
switching<06:41:51.058> operations<06:41:51.480> that<06:41:51.840> occur<06:41:52.138> on<06:41:52.320> Layer

switching operations that occur on Layer

switching operations that occur on Layer
Two

Two

Two
which<06:41:54.000> again<06:41:54.120> is<06:41:54.360> that<06:41:54.540> data<06:41:54.840> link<06:41:54.958> layer

and so this is where we see switches

and so this is where we see switches
operating

which means that we're really dealing

which means that we're really dealing
with<06:42:08.340> Mac<06:42:09.000> addresses<06:42:09.660> okay<06:42:10.378> now<06:42:11.040> a<06:42:11.400> MAC

with Mac addresses okay now a MAC

with Mac addresses okay now a MAC
address<06:42:11.820> again<06:42:12.420> is<06:42:12.780> a<06:42:13.138> 48

bit hexadecimal universally unique

bit hexadecimal universally unique
identifier<06:42:21.298> that's<06:42:21.958> broken<06:42:22.260> up<06:42:22.500> into<06:42:22.680> several

identifier that's broken up into several

identifier that's broken up into several
parts

parts

parts
first<06:42:24.780> part<06:42:25.020> of<06:42:25.200> it<06:42:25.320> is<06:42:25.860> what<06:42:26.100> we<06:42:26.280> call<06:42:26.458> the<06:42:27.660> oui

first part of it is what we call the oui

first part of it is what we call the oui
or<06:42:28.740> the<06:42:28.980> organizational

or the organizational

or the organizational
unique<06:42:31.980> identifier

unique identifier

unique identifier
this<06:42:33.958> basically<06:42:34.260> says<06:42:34.500> what<06:42:34.798> company

this basically says what company

this basically says what company
is<06:42:36.660> uh<06:42:37.200> sending<06:42:37.620> out<06:42:37.798> this<06:42:38.040> device

is uh sending out this device

is uh sending out this device
and<06:42:39.660> then<06:42:39.718> we<06:42:40.020> have<06:42:40.260> the<06:42:40.680> second<06:42:40.798> part<06:42:41.298> which

and then we have the second part which

and then we have the second part which
is<06:42:42.480> the<06:42:42.900> Nic<06:42:43.500> specific

is the Nic specific

is the Nic specific
and<06:42:46.500> then<06:42:46.620> we<06:42:46.740> have<06:42:46.920> the<06:42:47.160> second<06:42:47.280> part

and then we have the second part

and then we have the second part
which<06:42:48.840> is<06:42:49.020> specific<06:42:49.378> to<06:42:49.680> that<06:42:49.980> device<06:42:50.218> itself

which is specific to that device itself

which is specific to that device itself
so<06:42:52.620> this<06:42:52.798> is<06:42:52.980> the<06:42:53.280> manufacturer

and this is for the device you can

and this is for the device you can
literally<06:42:58.378> go<06:42:58.558> online<06:42:59.000> search<06:43:00.000> for<06:43:00.360> this<06:43:00.600> part

literally go online search for this part

literally go online search for this part
of<06:43:01.620> the<06:43:01.740> MAC<06:43:01.860> address<06:43:02.040> and<06:43:02.280> it'll<06:43:02.520> tell<06:43:02.638> you

of the MAC address and it'll tell you

of the MAC address and it'll tell you
what<06:43:03.058> company<06:43:03.680> is<06:43:04.680> creating<06:43:05.218> this<06:43:06.058> device

what company is creating this device

what company is creating this device
now<06:43:08.100> the<06:43:08.580> easiest<06:43:08.878> way<06:43:09.120> to<06:43:09.298> find<06:43:09.480> the<06:43:09.660> MAC

now the easiest way to find the MAC

now the easiest way to find the MAC
address<06:43:10.080> in<06:43:10.500> a<06:43:10.680> Windows<06:43:10.980> PC<06:43:11.340> is<06:43:11.520> by<06:43:11.760> opening<06:43:12.058> up

address in a Windows PC is by opening up

address in a Windows PC is by opening up
the<06:43:12.298> command<06:43:12.600> prompt<06:43:12.958> and<06:43:13.500> using<06:43:13.940> ipconfig

the command prompt and using ipconfig

the command prompt and using ipconfig
all<06:43:15.240> which<06:43:15.600> we've<06:43:15.840> talked<06:43:16.200> about<06:43:16.400> in<06:43:17.400> a<06:43:17.820> plus

all which we've talked about in a plus

all which we've talked about in a plus
this<06:43:18.718> brings<06:43:18.900> up<06:43:19.080> the<06:43:19.378> Internet<06:43:19.500> Protocol

this brings up the Internet Protocol

this brings up the Internet Protocol
information<06:43:20.400> the<06:43:20.940> IP<06:43:21.298> address<06:43:21.480> and<06:43:22.260> it<06:43:22.440> also

information the IP address and it also

information the IP address and it also
brings<06:43:22.980> up<06:43:23.280> the<06:43:23.940> MAC<06:43:24.120> address<06:43:24.360> or<06:43:24.840> the

brings up the MAC address or the

brings up the MAC address or the
physical<06:43:25.260> address<06:43:25.680> that's<06:43:26.160> assigned<06:43:26.638> to<06:43:26.700> your

physical address that's assigned to your

physical address that's assigned to your
Nick

Nick

Nick
so<06:43:28.620> now<06:43:28.740> that<06:43:28.920> we've<06:43:29.040> covered<06:43:29.400> the<06:43:29.638> MAC

so now that we've covered the MAC

so now that we've covered the MAC
address<06:43:30.058> is<06:43:30.600> it's<06:43:30.958> really<06:43:31.138> important<06:43:31.500> to

address is it's really important to

address is it's really important to
understand<06:43:31.860> the<06:43:32.580> parts<06:43:32.760> of<06:43:33.540> an<06:43:33.718> Ethernet

understand the parts of an Ethernet

understand the parts of an Ethernet
frame<06:43:34.740> and<06:43:34.920> remember<06:43:35.100> we're<06:43:35.340> talking<06:43:35.580> about

frame and remember we're talking about

frame and remember we're talking about
frames<06:43:36.600> at<06:43:37.378> this<06:43:37.620> juncture

frames at this juncture

frames at this juncture
so<06:43:40.080> the<06:43:40.320> Preamble<06:43:40.798> of<06:43:41.040> an<06:43:41.160> Ethernet<06:43:41.580> frame<06:43:42.058> is

so the Preamble of an Ethernet frame is

so the Preamble of an Ethernet frame is
made<06:43:42.718> up<06:43:42.840> of<06:43:43.080> seven<06:43:43.378> bytes<06:43:43.860> or<06:43:43.980> 56<06:43:44.458> bits<06:43:44.878> and

made up of seven bytes or 56 bits and

made up of seven bytes or 56 bits and
this<06:43:45.480> serves<06:43:45.780> as<06:43:45.958> synchronization

and gives the receiving station a heads

and gives the receiving station a heads
up<06:43:53.040> to<06:43:53.340> standby<06:43:53.700> and<06:43:53.878> look<06:43:54.058> out<06:43:54.240> for<06:43:54.480> a<06:43:54.718> signal

up to standby and look out for a signal

up to standby and look out for a signal
that's<06:43:55.200> coming

that's coming

that's coming
the<06:43:56.638> next<06:43:56.760> part<06:43:57.000> is<06:43:57.240> what<06:43:57.420> we<06:43:57.540> call<06:43:57.660> the<06:43:57.958> start

the next part is what we call the start

the next part is what we call the start
of<06:43:58.558> frame<06:43:58.920> delimiter<06:43:59.700> the<06:44:00.298> only<06:44:00.420> purpose<06:44:00.780> of

of frame delimiter the only purpose of

of frame delimiter the only purpose of
this<06:44:01.080> is<06:44:01.260> to<06:44:01.440> indicate<06:44:01.740> the<06:44:01.980> start<06:44:02.100> of<06:44:02.400> data

this is to indicate the start of data

this is to indicate the start of data
the<06:44:04.200> next<06:44:04.320> two<06:44:04.440> parts<06:44:04.680> are<06:44:04.920> the<06:44:05.100> source<06:44:05.520> and

the next two parts are the source and

the next two parts are the source and
destination<06:44:06.298> Mac<06:44:07.080> addresses<06:44:07.680> so<06:44:08.638> the

destination Mac addresses so the

destination Mac addresses so the
ethernet<06:44:09.600> frame<06:44:09.958> again<06:44:10.680> this<06:44:11.040> is<06:44:11.160> everything

ethernet frame again this is everything

ethernet frame again this is everything
that's<06:44:11.638> going<06:44:11.940> over<06:44:12.360> this<06:44:12.600> ethernet<06:44:13.160> uh<06:44:14.160> over

that's going over this ethernet uh over

that's going over this ethernet uh over
the<06:44:15.540> network<06:44:15.718> we<06:44:16.200> have<06:44:16.320> the<06:44:16.440> Preamble<06:44:16.860> it<06:44:16.980> says

the network we have the Preamble it says

the network we have the Preamble it says
Hey<06:44:17.700> pay<06:44:18.360> attention<06:44:18.718> now<06:44:19.138> this<06:44:19.980> that<06:44:20.218> says<06:44:20.458> now

Hey pay attention now this that says now

Hey pay attention now this that says now
I'm<06:44:20.820> giving<06:44:21.000> you<06:44:21.120> some<06:44:21.360> data<06:44:21.718> and<06:44:22.138> then<06:44:22.200> we

I'm giving you some data and then we

I'm giving you some data and then we
have<06:44:22.558> the<06:44:22.798> destination<06:44:23.280> and<06:44:23.760> the<06:44:24.000> source<06:44:24.360> Mac

have the destination and the source Mac

have the destination and the source Mac
addresses<06:44:25.020> so<06:44:25.260> that<06:44:25.440> way<06:44:25.620> we<06:44:26.160> know<06:44:26.340> where<06:44:26.820> it's

addresses so that way we know where it's

addresses so that way we know where it's
coming<06:44:27.180> from<06:44:27.420> who<06:44:27.780> it's<06:44:27.958> going<06:44:28.260> to<06:44:28.558> and<06:44:29.400> this

coming from who it's going to and this

coming from who it's going to and this
takes<06:44:29.878> up<06:44:30.138> 96<06:44:31.138> bits

because remember this is 48 bits right

because remember this is 48 bits right
here<06:44:41.400> so<06:44:41.878> if<06:44:42.000> we<06:44:42.180> double<06:44:42.360> that<06:44:42.600> that's<06:44:42.900> going

here so if we double that that's going

here so if we double that that's going
to<06:44:43.138> be<06:44:43.200> 96<06:44:43.798> and<06:44:44.580> then<06:44:44.760> the<06:44:44.940> next<06:44:45.120> type<06:44:45.360> is

to be 96 and then the next type is

to be 96 and then the next type is
What's<06:44:45.718> called<06:44:45.958> the<06:44:46.200> frame<06:44:46.440> type<06:44:46.680> this<06:44:47.400> is<06:44:47.580> two

What's called the frame type this is two

What's called the frame type this is two
uh<06:44:49.080> bytes<06:44:49.740> that<06:44:49.980> contain<06:44:50.400> either<06:44:51.180> the<06:44:51.840> client

uh bytes that contain either the client

uh bytes that contain either the client
protocol<06:44:52.740> information<06:44:53.240> or<06:44:54.240> the<06:44:54.600> number<06:44:54.718> of

protocol information or the number of

protocol information or the number of
bytes<06:44:55.260> that<06:44:55.378> are<06:44:55.500> found<06:44:55.620> in<06:44:55.740> the<06:44:55.860> data<06:44:56.218> field

bytes that are found in the data field

bytes that are found in the data field
which<06:44:56.700> happen<06:44:56.878> to<06:44:57.058> be<06:44:57.180> the<06:44:57.360> next<06:44:57.540> part<06:44:57.780> of<06:44:57.958> the

which happen to be the next part of the

which happen to be the next part of the
frame

frame

frame
which<06:44:59.580> is<06:44:59.760> the<06:45:00.120> data<06:45:00.480> this<06:45:01.080> field<06:45:01.200> is<06:45:01.500> going<06:45:01.680> to

which is the data this field is going to

which is the data this field is going to
be<06:45:02.100> a<06:45:02.700> certain<06:45:02.878> number<06:45:03.058> of<06:45:03.240> bytes<06:45:03.780> and<06:45:04.260> the

be a certain number of bytes and the

be a certain number of bytes and the
amount<06:45:04.620> of<06:45:04.740> data<06:45:05.040> is<06:45:05.160> going<06:45:05.340> to<06:45:05.458> change<06:45:05.700> with

amount of data is going to change with

amount of data is going to change with
any<06:45:06.298> given<06:45:06.660> transmission<06:45:07.218> the<06:45:08.218> maximum

any given transmission the maximum

any given transmission the maximum
amount<06:45:08.700> of<06:45:08.878> data<06:45:09.180> allowed<06:45:09.480> in<06:45:09.600> this<06:45:09.780> field<06:45:10.020> is

amount of data allowed in this field is

amount of data allowed in this field is
1500<06:45:11.700> bytes<06:45:12.120> we<06:45:12.298> can't<06:45:12.420> have<06:45:12.600> more<06:45:12.900> than<06:45:13.080> that

1500 bytes we can't have more than that

1500 bytes we can't have more than that
now<06:45:14.458> if<06:45:14.638> this<06:45:14.820> field<06:45:14.940> is<06:45:15.120> any<06:45:15.360> less<06:45:15.718> than<06:45:16.138> 46

now if this field is any less than 46

now if this field is any less than 46
bytes<06:45:17.820> then<06:45:18.180> we<06:45:18.360> have<06:45:18.480> to<06:45:18.660> actually<06:45:18.840> have

bytes then we have to actually have

bytes then we have to actually have
something<06:45:19.320> called<06:45:19.620> a<06:45:19.980> pad<06:45:20.218> which<06:45:21.058> is<06:45:21.180> actually

something called a pad which is actually

something called a pad which is actually
just<06:45:21.540> going<06:45:21.660> to<06:45:21.718> be<06:45:21.780> used<06:45:21.900> to<06:45:22.138> fill<06:45:22.440> in<06:45:22.620> the

just going to be used to fill in the

just going to be used to fill in the
rest<06:45:23.400> of<06:45:23.580> the<06:45:23.820> data

rest of the data

rest of the data
and<06:45:25.138> the<06:45:25.260> final<06:45:25.440> part<06:45:25.740> of<06:45:25.920> this<06:45:26.040> ethernet

and the final part of this ethernet

and the final part of this ethernet
frame<06:45:26.700> is<06:45:26.820> called<06:45:27.000> the<06:45:27.298> FCS<06:45:28.020> or<06:45:28.860> the<06:45:29.100> frame

check sequence and this is used for

check sequence and this is used for
cyclic<06:45:37.080> redundancy<06:45:37.798> check<06:45:37.980> which<06:45:38.400> is<06:45:38.458> also

cyclic redundancy check which is also

cyclic redundancy check which is also
called<06:45:38.940> CRC<06:45:39.660> this<06:45:40.558> basically<06:45:40.920> allows<06:45:41.340> us<06:45:41.458> to

called CRC this basically allows us to

called CRC this basically allows us to
make<06:45:41.940> sure<06:45:42.180> that<06:45:42.480> there<06:45:42.660> are<06:45:42.780> no<06:45:42.900> errors<06:45:43.320> in

make sure that there are no errors in

make sure that there are no errors in
the<06:45:43.680> data<06:45:44.040> now<06:45:44.700> similar<06:45:45.058> to<06:45:45.180> the<06:45:45.298> way<06:45:45.420> that<06:45:45.660> a

the data now similar to the way that a

the data now similar to the way that a
an<06:45:46.260> algorithm<06:45:46.798> is<06:45:47.040> going<06:45:47.160> to<06:45:47.280> be<06:45:47.340> used<06:45:47.520> to

an algorithm is going to be used to

an algorithm is going to be used to
ensure<06:45:48.058> Integrity<06:45:48.480> of<06:45:48.718> data<06:45:49.020> the<06:45:49.440> CRC<06:45:49.860> uses<06:45:50.280> a

ensure Integrity of data the CRC uses a

ensure Integrity of data the CRC uses a
mathematical<06:45:51.360> algorithm<06:45:52.138> which<06:45:52.680> sometimes

mathematical algorithm which sometimes

mathematical algorithm which sometimes
we're<06:45:53.218> going<06:45:53.340> to<06:45:53.400> refer<06:45:53.638> to<06:45:53.760> as<06:45:53.940> hashing<06:45:54.360> which

we're going to refer to as hashing which

we're going to refer to as hashing which
we'll<06:45:54.718> talk<06:45:54.900> a<06:45:55.080> lot<06:45:55.200> more<06:45:55.320> about<06:45:55.500> when<06:45:55.740> we<06:45:55.920> get

we'll talk a lot more about when we get

we'll talk a lot more about when we get
to<06:45:56.160> Security<06:45:56.400> Plus

that's made before the data is sent and

that's made before the data is sent and
then<06:46:03.480> it<06:46:03.840> is<06:46:03.958> checked<06:46:04.440> when<06:46:04.620> it<06:46:04.740> gets<06:46:04.980> there

then it is checked when it gets there

then it is checked when it gets there
that<06:46:05.520> way<06:46:05.700> we<06:46:05.940> can<06:46:06.058> compare<06:46:06.420> the<06:46:06.660> two<06:46:06.780> results

that way we can compare the two results

that way we can compare the two results
bit<06:46:07.320> for<06:46:07.500> bit<06:46:07.680> and<06:46:07.920> if<06:46:08.040> the<06:46:08.160> two<06:46:08.280> numbers<06:46:08.458> don't

bit for bit and if the two numbers don't

bit for bit and if the two numbers don't
match<06:46:09.000> then<06:46:09.298> we<06:46:09.480> know<06:46:09.600> the<06:46:09.780> frame<06:46:10.020> needs<06:46:10.320> to<06:46:10.378> be

match then we know the frame needs to be

match then we know the frame needs to be
discarded<06:46:11.040> we<06:46:11.458> assume<06:46:11.760> there's<06:46:11.878> been<06:46:12.058> a

discarded we assume there's been a

discarded we assume there's been a
transmission<06:46:12.420> error<06:46:13.080> or<06:46:13.558> that<06:46:13.740> there<06:46:13.860> was<06:46:14.040> a

transmission error or that there was a

transmission error or that there was a
data<06:46:14.520> Collision<06:46:14.760> of<06:46:15.000> some<06:46:15.240> sort<06:46:15.540> and<06:46:16.020> then<06:46:16.080> we

data Collision of some sort and then we

data Collision of some sort and then we
ask<06:46:16.440> the<06:46:16.620> data<06:46:16.920> to<06:46:17.040> be<06:46:17.100> resent

ask the data to be resent

ask the data to be resent
now<06:46:18.600> this<06:46:18.780> layer<06:46:19.138> by<06:46:19.320> the<06:46:19.440> way<06:46:19.500> this<06:46:19.680> network

now this layer by the way this network

now this layer by the way this network
interface<06:46:20.458> layer<06:46:20.820> is<06:46:21.000> also<06:46:21.420> responsible<06:46:21.958> for

interface layer is also responsible for

interface layer is also responsible for
the<06:46:22.978> network<06:46:23.218> access<06:46:23.580> control<06:46:24.180> and<06:46:25.138> some<06:46:25.260> of

the network access control and some of

the network access control and some of
the<06:46:25.978> protocols<06:46:26.940> that<06:46:27.180> operate<06:46:27.540> on<06:46:27.718> this<06:46:27.900> are

the protocols that operate on this are

the protocols that operate on this are
what<06:46:28.500> are<06:46:28.680> called<06:46:29.100> uh<06:46:29.878> point<06:46:30.240> to<06:46:30.478> point

what are called uh point to point

what are called uh point to point
protocols<06:46:32.780> ISDN<06:46:33.780> which<06:46:34.080> is<06:46:34.260> a<06:46:34.558> which<06:46:34.978> we've

protocols ISDN which is a which we've

protocols ISDN which is a which we've
talked<06:46:35.520> about<06:46:35.580> also<06:46:36.058> a<06:46:36.180> type<06:46:36.420> of

talked about also a type of

talked about also a type of
um

um

um
Network<06:46:38.760> and<06:46:39.180> also<06:46:39.420> DSL<06:46:40.138> so<06:46:40.620> these<06:46:40.798> are<06:46:40.860> some

Network and also DSL so these are some

Network and also DSL so these are some
of<06:46:41.100> the<06:46:41.218> things<06:46:41.340> that<06:46:41.820> exist<06:46:42.360> at<06:46:42.600> this<06:46:42.780> and

of the things that exist at this and

of the things that exist at this and
this<06:46:43.200> makes<06:46:43.320> sense<06:46:43.558> because<06:46:43.798> again<06:46:44.100> we're

this makes sense because again we're

this makes sense because again we're
dealing<06:46:44.820> with<06:46:44.940> the<06:46:45.240> physical<06:46:45.360> bits<06:46:46.020> bytes<06:46:46.440> of

dealing with the physical bits bytes of

dealing with the physical bits bytes of
data

data

data
so<06:46:48.180> now<06:46:48.478> that<06:46:48.600> we've<06:46:48.780> taken<06:46:49.080> a<06:46:49.200> look<06:46:49.320> at<06:46:49.798> each

so now that we've taken a look at each

so now that we've taken a look at each
of<06:46:50.340> the<06:46:50.458> layers<06:46:50.760> in<06:46:51.000> the<06:46:51.120> TCP<06:46:51.540> model<06:46:52.020> there's

of the layers in the TCP model there's

of the layers in the TCP model there's
still<06:46:52.558> a<06:46:52.680> couple<06:46:52.798> things<06:46:53.100> that<06:46:53.340> we<06:46:53.520> still<06:46:53.700> need

still a couple things that we still need

still a couple things that we still need
to<06:46:54.120> Define<06:46:54.298> now<06:46:55.138> we've<06:46:55.378> discussed<06:46:55.798> how<06:46:56.100> some

to Define now we've discussed how some

to Define now we've discussed how some
of<06:46:56.458> the<06:46:56.580> protocols<06:46:57.240> that<06:46:57.478> we've<06:46:57.718> seen<06:46:57.978> relate

of the protocols that we've seen relate

of the protocols that we've seen relate
to<06:46:59.100> the<06:46:59.218> OSI<06:46:59.760> model<06:47:00.000> as<06:47:00.298> well<06:47:00.478> as<06:47:00.600> the<06:47:00.780> tcpip

to the OSI model as well as the tcpip

to the OSI model as well as the tcpip
model<06:47:01.740> and<06:47:02.218> we<06:47:02.340> found<06:47:02.520> that<06:47:02.700> some<06:47:02.878> of<06:47:03.000> the

model and we found that some of the

model and we found that some of the
protocols<06:47:03.478> function<06:47:03.780> much<06:47:04.080> more<06:47:04.320> smoothly

protocols function much more smoothly

protocols function much more smoothly
when<06:47:05.340> they're<06:47:05.458> put<06:47:05.638> into<06:47:05.820> the<06:47:06.058> context<06:47:06.420> of<06:47:06.718> an

when they're put into the context of an

when they're put into the context of an
outline<06:47:07.260> of<06:47:07.440> one<06:47:07.620> of<06:47:07.740> these<06:47:07.920> models<06:47:08.400> so<06:47:08.878> the

outline of one of these models so the

outline of one of these models so the
next<06:47:09.180> definition<06:47:09.420> I<06:47:09.900> want<06:47:10.020> to<06:47:10.138> make<06:47:10.320> sure<06:47:10.500> to

next definition I want to make sure to

next definition I want to make sure to
cover<06:47:10.860> is<06:47:11.040> something<06:47:11.280> called<06:47:11.580> protocol

cover is something called protocol

cover is something called protocol
binding<06:47:13.080> this<06:47:13.680> is<06:47:13.798> when<06:47:13.920> a<06:47:14.160> network<06:47:14.280> interface

binding this is when a network interface

binding this is when a network interface
card<06:47:15.320> receives<06:47:16.320> an<06:47:16.680> assigned<06:47:17.218> protocol<06:47:17.580> it's

card receives an assigned protocol it's

card receives an assigned protocol it's
considered<06:47:18.900> binding<06:47:19.558> that<06:47:20.160> protocol<06:47:20.580> to<06:47:21.120> that

considered binding that protocol to that

considered binding that protocol to that
Nick<06:47:21.540> so<06:47:22.200> just<06:47:22.320> we<06:47:22.558> learned<06:47:22.798> how<06:47:22.978> the<06:47:23.218> data<06:47:23.520> is

Nick so just we learned how the data is

Nick so just we learned how the data is
going<06:47:23.820> to<06:47:23.940> be<06:47:24.058> passed<06:47:24.478> down<06:47:24.600> from<06:47:24.900> one<06:47:25.138> layer

going to be passed down from one layer

going to be passed down from one layer
to<06:47:25.620> the<06:47:25.798> next<06:47:25.920> it's<06:47:26.520> very<06:47:26.760> important<06:47:27.058> that<06:47:27.240> we

to the next it's very important that we

to the next it's very important that we
have<06:47:27.540> these<06:47:27.840> protocols<06:47:28.500> bound<06:47:28.920> to<06:47:29.160> the<06:47:29.458> Nick

have these protocols bound to the Nick

have these protocols bound to the Nick
we<06:47:30.420> can<06:47:30.478> have<06:47:30.660> multiple<06:47:31.020> protocols<06:47:31.798> actually

we can have multiple protocols actually

we can have multiple protocols actually
bound<06:47:32.700> to<06:47:33.360> one<06:47:33.660> network<06:47:34.020> interface<06:47:34.680> card<06:47:34.920> now

bound to one network interface card now

bound to one network interface card now
of<06:47:35.700> course<06:47:35.820> the<06:47:36.058> most<06:47:36.240> easily<06:47:36.600> recognized<06:47:37.260> we

of course the most easily recognized we

of course the most easily recognized we
can<06:47:37.860> most<06:47:38.040> easily<06:47:38.340> recognize<06:47:38.760> these<06:47:39.000> when

can most easily recognize these when

can most easily recognize these when
we're<06:47:39.360> looking<06:47:39.540> at<06:47:39.780> the<06:47:40.200> ipv4<06:47:40.860> and<06:47:41.100> IPv6

we're looking at the ipv4 and IPv6

we're looking at the ipv4 and IPv6
configurations<06:47:42.620> in<06:47:43.620> our<06:47:43.920> network<06:47:44.160> connection

configurations in our network connection

configurations in our network connection
Properties<06:47:45.240> or<06:47:45.600> adapter<06:47:46.080> settings<06:47:46.320> in

Properties or adapter settings in

Properties or adapter settings in
Windows<06:47:47.340> so<06:47:47.638> for<06:47:48.180> instance<06:47:48.420> you<06:47:48.600> use<06:47:48.780> a

Windows so for instance you use a

Windows so for instance you use a
specific<06:47:49.320> protocol<06:47:49.798> more<06:47:50.160> than<06:47:50.340> others<06:47:50.700> and

specific protocol more than others and

specific protocol more than others and
you're<06:47:51.478> confident<06:47:51.900> in<06:47:52.138> the<06:47:52.260> stability<06:47:52.558> of<06:47:52.740> the

you're confident in the stability of the

you're confident in the stability of the
connection<06:47:53.040> you<06:47:53.878> can<06:47:53.940> change<06:47:54.180> the<06:47:54.540> order<06:47:54.718> of

connection you can change the order of

connection you can change the order of
binding

binding

binding
to<06:47:56.760> potentially<06:47:57.240> speed<06:47:57.600> up<06:47:57.840> your<06:47:58.080> network

to potentially speed up your network

to potentially speed up your network
since<06:47:58.620> what<06:47:58.920> it<06:47:59.040> basically<06:47:59.400> does<06:47:59.700> is<06:48:00.240> it's

since what it basically does is it's

since what it basically does is it's
going<06:48:00.600> to<06:48:00.660> give<06:48:00.780> a<06:48:01.080> list

of each protocol that exists and it's

of each protocol that exists and it's
going<06:48:06.000> to<06:48:06.120> hit<06:48:06.240> each<06:48:06.540> protocol<06:48:06.900> one<06:48:07.200> after<06:48:07.378> the

going to hit each protocol one after the

going to hit each protocol one after the
other<06:48:07.740> so<06:48:07.978> if<06:48:08.100> there's<06:48:08.218> one<06:48:08.400> that<06:48:08.520> you<06:48:08.700> use

other so if there's one that you use

other so if there's one that you use
more<06:48:09.058> you<06:48:09.360> can<06:48:09.420> set<06:48:09.600> that<06:48:09.780> at<06:48:09.958> the<06:48:10.138> top<06:48:10.260> so<06:48:10.740> it

more you can set that at the top so it

more you can set that at the top so it
doesn't<06:48:11.040> have<06:48:11.280> as<06:48:11.458> far<06:48:11.700> to<06:48:11.878> go<06:48:12.058> so<06:48:12.718> as<06:48:12.840> we<06:48:13.020> can

doesn't have as far to go so as we can

doesn't have as far to go so as we can
see<06:48:13.260> here<06:48:13.558> we<06:48:13.798> have<06:48:13.978> several<06:48:14.580> default

see here we have several default

see here we have several default
protocols

protocols

protocols
and<06:48:17.100> they're<06:48:17.280> going<06:48:17.400> to<06:48:17.520> be<06:48:17.638> tested<06:48:18.058> in<06:48:18.360> order

and they're going to be tested in order

and they're going to be tested in order
for<06:48:19.740> that<06:48:19.978> available<06:48:20.160> connection

for that available connection

for that available connection
and<06:48:21.900> the<06:48:22.138> first<06:48:22.260> protocol<06:48:22.620> that's<06:48:22.920> found<06:48:23.160> to

and the first protocol that's found to

and the first protocol that's found to
have<06:48:23.580> a<06:48:23.820> matching<06:48:24.120> active<06:48:24.420> protocol<06:48:24.780> on<06:48:25.138> the

have a matching active protocol on the

have a matching active protocol on the
receiving<06:48:25.680> end<06:48:26.180> is<06:48:27.180> going<06:48:27.420> to<06:48:27.718> be<06:48:27.900> the<06:48:28.080> one<06:48:28.200> we

receiving end is going to be the one we

receiving end is going to be the one we
use<06:48:28.620> now<06:48:29.340> that<06:48:29.520> while<06:48:29.760> this<06:48:30.058> might<06:48:30.420> sound<06:48:30.718> like

use now that while this might sound like

use now that while this might sound like
a<06:48:31.320> pretty<06:48:31.440> decent<06:48:31.740> method<06:48:32.040> of<06:48:32.218> doing<06:48:32.340> things

a pretty decent method of doing things

a pretty decent method of doing things
it<06:48:33.298> also<06:48:33.780> opens<06:48:34.138> your<06:48:34.320> computer<06:48:34.558> up<06:48:34.860> to

it also opens your computer up to

it also opens your computer up to
utilizing<06:48:35.580> a<06:48:35.878> lesser<06:48:36.240> protocol<06:48:36.600> which<06:48:37.320> is

utilizing a lesser protocol which is

utilizing a lesser protocol which is
potentially<06:48:37.798> going<06:48:37.920> to<06:48:38.040> give<06:48:38.160> you<06:48:38.280> a<06:48:38.458> slower

potentially going to give you a slower

potentially going to give you a slower
speed

speed

speed
so<06:48:40.200> the<06:48:40.558> graphical<06:48:40.978> interface<06:48:41.580> or<06:48:41.820> properties

so the graphical interface or properties

so the graphical interface or properties
menu<06:48:42.540> for<06:48:43.378> your<06:48:44.160> um<06:48:44.218> network<06:48:45.058> interface<06:48:45.540> card

menu for your um network interface card

menu for your um network interface card
is<06:48:46.020> where<06:48:46.260> you're<06:48:46.440> going<06:48:46.558> to<06:48:46.680> be<06:48:46.798> able<06:48:46.860> to

is where you're going to be able to

is where you're going to be able to
configure<06:48:47.580> all<06:48:48.240> of<06:48:48.360> this<06:48:48.478> stuff<06:48:48.780> stuff<06:48:49.138> such

configure all of this stuff stuff such

configure all of this stuff stuff such
as<06:48:50.000> tcpip

as tcpip

as tcpip
DNS<06:48:53.400> server<06:48:53.760> assignment<06:48:54.180> DHCP<06:48:55.020> and<06:48:55.378> so<06:48:55.500> on<06:48:55.680> and

DNS server assignment DHCP and so on and

DNS server assignment DHCP and so on and
so<06:48:55.978> forth<06:48:56.700> so<06:48:57.240> after<06:48:57.478> all<06:48:57.780> of<06:48:57.900> this<06:48:58.080> it's

so forth so after all of this it's

so forth so after all of this it's
really<06:48:58.558> important<06:48:58.920> to<06:48:59.040> understand<06:48:59.218> that<06:48:59.638> all

really important to understand that all

really important to understand that all
this<06:49:00.058> organizing<06:49:00.740> categorizing<06:49:01.740> defining<06:49:02.218> of

this organizing categorizing defining of

this organizing categorizing defining of
these<06:49:02.520> protocols<06:49:02.940> the<06:49:03.180> assigning<06:49:03.600> of<06:49:03.718> rules

these protocols the assigning of rules

these protocols the assigning of rules
and<06:49:04.138> roles<06:49:04.500> all<06:49:05.100> of<06:49:05.280> this<06:49:05.458> the<06:49:05.940> the<06:49:06.298> internet

and roles all of this the the internet

and roles all of this the the internet
didn't<06:49:07.620> just<06:49:07.860> happen<06:49:08.100> overnight<06:49:08.638> it's<06:49:09.058> not

didn't just happen overnight it's not

didn't just happen overnight it's not
even<06:49:09.478> necessarily<06:49:10.080> the<06:49:10.260> way<06:49:10.378> we<06:49:10.500> did<06:49:10.680> it<06:49:10.798> on

even necessarily the way we did it on

even necessarily the way we did it on
purpose<06:49:11.360> these<06:49:12.360> standards<06:49:12.718> and<06:49:12.840> these<06:49:13.080> models

purpose these standards and these models

purpose these standards and these models
are<06:49:13.620> going<06:49:13.798> to<06:49:13.978> continue<06:49:14.458> to<06:49:15.000> expand<06:49:15.420> and

are going to continue to expand and

are going to continue to expand and
change<06:49:16.458> and<06:49:17.458> eventually<06:49:18.120> might<06:49:18.420> even<06:49:18.540> have<06:49:18.840> a

change and eventually might even have a

change and eventually might even have a
brand<06:49:19.320> new<06:49:19.500> model<06:49:19.798> that<06:49:20.100> we're<06:49:20.218> going<06:49:20.340> to<06:49:20.400> have

brand new model that we're going to have

brand new model that we're going to have
to<06:49:20.700> learn<06:49:20.878> about

to learn about

to learn about
but<06:49:22.080> in<06:49:22.260> the<06:49:22.378> meantime<06:49:22.740> these<06:49:23.280> models<06:49:23.580> are

but in the meantime these models are

but in the meantime these models are
here<06:49:23.940> to<06:49:24.120> stay<06:49:24.298> and<06:49:24.840> they're<06:49:24.958> going<06:49:25.138> to<06:49:25.260> remain

here to stay and they're going to remain

here to stay and they're going to remain
really<06:49:25.920> important<06:49:26.520> and<06:49:26.940> especially<06:49:27.378> uh<06:49:28.378> in

really important and especially uh in

really important and especially uh in
the<06:49:28.740> future<06:49:28.920> you<06:49:29.340> have<06:49:29.520> to<06:49:29.638> understand<06:49:29.820> the

the future you have to understand the

the future you have to understand the
historical<06:49:30.718> roots<06:49:31.138> of<06:49:31.320> the<06:49:31.440> network<06:49:31.620> so<06:49:32.100> you

historical roots of the network so you

historical roots of the network so you
can<06:49:32.340> be<06:49:32.458> able<06:49:32.580> to<06:49:32.700> Define<06:49:32.940> not<06:49:33.840> only<06:49:33.958> how<06:49:34.320> to<06:49:34.378> go

can be able to Define not only how to go

can be able to Define not only how to go
forward<06:49:34.920> in<06:49:35.160> the<06:49:35.340> future<06:49:35.520> but<06:49:36.298> also<06:49:36.540> how<06:49:36.840> to

forward in the future but also how to

forward in the future but also how to
you<06:49:37.320> know<06:49:37.378> prepare<06:49:37.620> yourself<06:49:37.798> for<06:49:38.160> a<06:49:38.280> network

you know prepare yourself for a network

you know prepare yourself for a network
plus<06:49:38.638> exam<06:49:39.058> so<06:49:39.780> let's<06:49:40.020> just<06:49:40.200> go<06:49:40.320> back<06:49:40.500> over

plus exam so let's just go back over

plus exam so let's just go back over
everything<06:49:40.920> we've<06:49:41.280> talked<06:49:41.520> about<06:49:41.580> one<06:49:41.878> last

everything we've talked about one last

everything we've talked about one last
time<06:49:42.420> we<06:49:43.020> covered<06:49:43.320> in<06:49:43.500> great<06:49:43.798> a<06:49:44.340> lot<06:49:44.400> of<06:49:44.580> stuff

time we covered in great a lot of stuff

time we covered in great a lot of stuff
here<06:49:44.878> right<06:49:45.120> first<06:49:45.478> we<06:49:45.900> explain<06:49:46.080> the<06:49:46.440> purpose

here right first we explain the purpose

here right first we explain the purpose
of<06:49:46.920> the<06:49:47.040> TCP<06:49:47.520> model<06:49:48.180> and<06:49:48.958> we<06:49:49.138> compared<06:49:49.798> the

of the TCP model and we compared the

of the TCP model and we compared the
tcpip<06:49:51.000> model<06:49:51.420> with<06:49:51.718> the<06:49:51.840> OSI<06:49:52.320> model

tcpip model with the OSI model

tcpip model with the OSI model
remembering<06:49:53.340> that<06:49:53.520> the<06:49:53.820> top<06:49:54.058> three<06:49:54.360> layers<06:49:54.900> if

remembering that the top three layers if

remembering that the top three layers if
we<06:49:55.320> look<06:49:55.620> at<06:49:55.798> this

we look at this

we look at this
if<06:49:57.600> we<06:49:57.780> do<06:49:58.020> the<06:49:58.320> three<06:49:58.978> two<06:49:59.340> one<06:49:59.760> and<06:50:00.298> then<06:50:00.478> we

if we do the three two one and then we

if we do the three two one and then we
look<06:50:00.840> at<06:50:01.138> seven<06:50:01.740> six<06:50:02.340> five<06:50:03.120> four

look at seven six five four

look at seven six five four
right<06:50:05.878> two<06:50:06.298> and<06:50:06.540> one<06:50:06.780> physical<06:50:07.138> and<06:50:07.378> data<06:50:07.680> link

right two and one physical and data link

right two and one physical and data link
are<06:50:07.978> going<06:50:08.100> to<06:50:08.218> go<06:50:08.340> straight<06:50:08.580> over<06:50:08.878> here

are going to go straight over here

are going to go straight over here
to<06:50:11.458> uh<06:50:11.760> that<06:50:12.058> physical<06:50:12.298> layer<06:50:13.200> one<06:50:13.378> of<06:50:13.740> the

to uh that physical layer one of the

to uh that physical layer one of the
tcpip<06:50:14.520> model

tcpip model

tcpip model
then

then

then
the<06:50:17.700> network<06:50:17.820> layer<06:50:18.298> is<06:50:18.420> going<06:50:18.718> to

the network layer is going to

the network layer is going to
correspond<06:50:20.638> directly<06:50:21.000> to<06:50:21.240> the<06:50:21.420> internet

correspond directly to the internet

correspond directly to the internet
layer<06:50:22.080> the<06:50:22.920> transport<06:50:23.340> layers<06:50:23.700> are<06:50:23.878> going<06:50:24.000> to

layer the transport layers are going to

layer the transport layers are going to
be<06:50:24.180> the<06:50:24.420> same

and

and
session<06:50:29.340> presentation<06:50:30.298> and<06:50:30.600> application<06:50:31.080> all

session presentation and application all

session presentation and application all
go<06:50:31.978> over<06:50:32.160> to<06:50:32.520> the<06:50:32.878> presentation<06:50:33.540> layer<06:50:34.020> in<06:50:34.500> TCP

go over to the presentation layer in TCP

go over to the presentation layer in TCP
we<06:50:36.478> also<06:50:36.718> talked<06:50:37.080> about<06:50:37.200> defining<06:50:37.860> data

we also talked about defining data

we also talked about defining data
encapsulation<06:50:39.058> and<06:50:39.900> we<06:50:40.020> walk<06:50:40.138> through<06:50:40.320> how

encapsulation and we walk through how

encapsulation and we walk through how
fragmentation<06:50:41.340> works<06:50:41.940> on<06:50:42.240> the<06:50:42.478> internet

fragmentation works on the internet

fragmentation works on the internet
layer

and the reason we need to do that is

and the reason we need to do that is
because<06:50:48.900> of<06:50:49.740> the<06:50:49.920> maximum<06:50:50.340> transmission<06:50:50.638> unit

because of the maximum transmission unit

because of the maximum transmission unit
finally<06:50:52.680> we<06:50:52.978> talked<06:50:53.218> about<06:50:53.280> the<06:50:53.878> fourth<06:50:54.298> third

finally we talked about the fourth third

finally we talked about the fourth third
second<06:50:55.138> and<06:50:55.500> first<06:50:55.740> layers<06:50:56.100> of<06:50:56.340> the<06:50:56.540> tcpip

second and first layers of the tcpip

second and first layers of the tcpip
model<06:50:57.900> and<06:50:58.798> on<06:50:59.160> each<06:50:59.458> model<06:50:59.820> we<06:51:00.540> outlined<06:51:01.138> some

model and on each model we outlined some

model and on each model we outlined some
of<06:51:01.740> the<06:51:01.978> important<06:51:02.340> aspects<06:51:02.760> of<06:51:02.940> each<06:51:03.180> layer

of the important aspects of each layer

of the important aspects of each layer
such<06:51:04.620> as<06:51:04.878> the

such as the

such as the
um

um

um
application<06:51:08.520> layer

application layer

application layer
which<06:51:10.020> again<06:51:10.138> is<06:51:10.680> the<06:51:11.160> way<06:51:11.400> that<06:51:11.638> the

which again is the way that the

which again is the way that the
application<06:51:12.240> is<06:51:12.540> going<06:51:12.780> to<06:51:13.138> process<06:51:13.620> all<06:51:13.978> this

application is going to process all this

application is going to process all this
information<06:51:14.540> the<06:51:15.540> Tran<06:51:15.958> sport<06:51:16.378> layer

information the Tran sport layer

information the Tran sport layer
which<06:51:19.200> is<06:51:19.320> in<06:51:19.500> charge<06:51:19.620> of<06:51:19.860> reliability

and it is where TCP which is connection

and it is where TCP which is connection
oriented<06:51:26.878> or<06:51:27.660> UDP<06:51:28.020> which<06:51:28.260> is<06:51:28.378> connection<06:51:28.558> less

oriented or UDP which is connection less

oriented or UDP which is connection less
live<06:51:29.660> and<06:51:30.660> this<06:51:30.780> is<06:51:30.900> also<06:51:31.138> going<06:51:31.320> to<06:51:31.500> deal<06:51:31.558> with

live and this is also going to deal with

live and this is also going to deal with
flow<06:51:32.700> control

we looked at uh Layer Two as well which

we looked at uh Layer Two as well which
is<06:51:47.940> the<06:51:48.298> internet<06:51:48.420> layer

is the internet layer

is the internet layer
and<06:51:50.700> the<06:51:50.878> fragmentation<06:51:51.478> that<06:51:51.780> happens<06:51:51.958> there

and network one the network interface

and network one the network interface
layer

which is equivalent to all that physical

which is equivalent to all that physical
stuff<06:52:06.780> that<06:52:07.020> we've<06:52:07.200> talked<06:52:07.558> about<06:52:07.620> we<06:52:08.340> also

stuff that we've talked about we also

stuff that we've talked about we also
looked<06:52:08.878> at<06:52:08.878> how<06:52:09.360> the<06:52:09.718> terminology<06:52:10.200> changes

looked at how the terminology changes

looked at how the terminology changes
remember<06:52:11.458> on<06:52:11.820> layer<06:52:12.240> four<06:52:12.478> we're<06:52:13.200> talking

remember on layer four we're talking

remember on layer four we're talking
about<06:52:13.740> data

about data

about data
on<06:52:15.900> layer<06:52:16.260> three

on layer three

on layer three
we're<06:52:18.240> dealing<06:52:18.540> with<06:52:18.718> segments

we're dealing with segments

we're dealing with segments
on<06:52:21.478> Layer<06:52:21.840> Two

we're dealing with datagrams also called

we're dealing with datagrams also called
packets<06:52:28.760> and<06:52:29.760> we<06:52:30.298> broke<06:52:30.660> down<06:52:30.840> then<06:52:31.260> on<06:52:31.920> layer

packets and we broke down then on layer

packets and we broke down then on layer
one

one

one
frames<06:52:34.860> and<06:52:35.520> an<06:52:35.638> Ethernet<06:52:36.120> frame<06:52:36.478> and<06:52:36.660> all<06:52:36.780> the

frames and an Ethernet frame and all the

frames and an Ethernet frame and all the
information<06:52:37.080> that<06:52:37.500> goes<06:52:37.740> into<06:52:37.860> that

finally we Define what an MTU black hole

finally we Define what an MTU black hole
was<06:52:43.378> and<06:52:43.920> we<06:52:44.100> finished<06:52:44.340> off<06:52:44.638> everything<06:52:44.878> by

was and we finished off everything by

was and we finished off everything by
talking<06:52:45.420> about<06:52:45.600> protocol<06:52:46.200> binding<06:52:46.860> which<06:52:47.580> is

talking about protocol binding which is

talking about protocol binding which is
binding<06:52:48.240> certain<06:52:48.478> protocols<06:52:49.138> to<06:52:49.320> specific

binding certain protocols to specific

binding certain protocols to specific
Nicks<06:52:50.340> and<06:52:50.700> in<06:52:50.878> a<06:52:51.360> in<06:52:51.958> a<06:52:52.138> delineated<06:52:52.558> order

Network infrastructure and design

Network infrastructure and design
ethernet<06:53:20.760> and<06:53:21.360> implementing<06:53:21.900> a<06:53:22.320> wireless

ethernet and implementing a wireless

ethernet and implementing a wireless
network

network

network
so<06:53:25.798> in<06:53:26.340> the<06:53:26.520> previous<06:53:26.638> modules<06:53:27.240> we<06:53:27.718> were

so in the previous modules we were

so in the previous modules we were
introduced<06:53:28.378> to<06:53:28.798> many<06:53:28.978> networking<06:53:29.520> standards

introduced to many networking standards

introduced to many networking standards
models<06:53:30.840> and<06:53:31.558> Technologies<06:53:32.218> now<06:53:33.058> this<06:53:33.420> module

models and Technologies now this module

models and Technologies now this module
is<06:53:34.020> going<06:53:34.200> into<06:53:34.620> ethernet<06:53:35.340> a<06:53:35.700> little<06:53:35.820> bit

is going into ethernet a little bit

is going into ethernet a little bit
further<06:53:36.298> and<06:53:37.020> specifically<06:53:37.440> the

further and specifically the

further and specifically the
implementation<06:53:38.280> of<06:53:39.058> a<06:53:39.240> wireless<06:53:39.478> network<06:53:39.978> so

implementation of a wireless network so

implementation of a wireless network so
the<06:53:41.218> module<06:53:41.520> objectives<06:53:41.940> are<06:53:42.298> first<06:53:42.540> to

the module objectives are first to

the module objectives are first to
outline<06:53:43.440> the<06:53:43.620> different<06:53:43.798> types<06:53:44.458> of<06:53:44.700> ethernet

outline the different types of ethernet

outline the different types of ethernet
networks<06:53:45.840> that<06:53:46.080> exist<06:53:46.378> and<06:53:47.100> then<06:53:47.218> we're<06:53:47.340> going

networks that exist and then we're going

networks that exist and then we're going
to<06:53:47.638> go<06:53:47.760> into<06:53:47.940> the<06:53:48.360> explanation<06:53:48.780> of<06:53:49.138> WLAN<06:53:49.920> or

to go into the explanation of WLAN or

to go into the explanation of WLAN or
wireless<06:53:51.058> LAN<06:53:51.840> architecture

wireless LAN architecture

wireless LAN architecture
then<06:53:54.540> we're<06:53:54.900> going<06:53:55.320> to<06:53:55.860> Define<06:53:56.100> and<06:53:56.458> describe

then we're going to Define and describe

then we're going to Define and describe
the<06:53:57.180> characteristics<06:53:57.780> of<06:53:58.080> an<06:53:58.320> antenna<06:53:58.740> and

the characteristics of an antenna and

the characteristics of an antenna and
have<06:53:59.280> different<06:53:59.458> types<06:53:59.940> of<06:54:00.058> antennas<06:54:00.540> which

have different types of antennas which

have different types of antennas which
is<06:54:01.080> actually<06:54:01.320> pretty<06:54:01.920> important<06:54:02.340> for<06:54:02.520> the

is actually pretty important for the

is actually pretty important for the
network<06:54:02.760> plus<06:54:03.058> exam<06:54:03.540> specifically

network plus exam specifically

network plus exam specifically
wireless<06:54:06.000> antenna<06:54:06.780> performance<06:54:07.558> factors<06:54:08.040> and

wireless antenna performance factors and

wireless antenna performance factors and
then<06:54:09.120> by<06:54:09.298> the<06:54:09.420> end<06:54:09.540> of<06:54:09.660> the<06:54:09.780> module<06:54:10.080> we're

then by the end of the module we're

then by the end of the module we're
going<06:54:10.320> to<06:54:10.378> have<06:54:10.620> a<06:54:10.978> complete<06:54:11.280> understanding

going to have a complete understanding

going to have a complete understanding
of<06:54:12.540> the<06:54:12.780> 802.11<06:54:13.680> standard<06:54:14.340> and<06:54:14.700> its

of the 802.11 standard and its

of the 802.11 standard and its
Associated<06:54:15.620> modes<06:54:16.620> we're<06:54:17.100> going<06:54:17.340> to<06:54:17.700> talk

Associated modes we're going to talk

Associated modes we're going to talk
about<06:54:18.478> uh<06:54:19.320> the<06:54:19.620> beacon<06:54:19.978> frame<06:54:20.360> and<06:54:21.360> we're<06:54:21.660> also

about uh the beacon frame and we're also

about uh the beacon frame and we're also
going<06:54:22.200> to<06:54:22.620> talk<06:54:23.520> about<06:54:23.760> what<06:54:24.660> determines

going to talk about what determines

going to talk about what determines
where<06:54:25.680> you<06:54:25.860> place<06:54:26.280> your<06:54:27.000> wireless<06:54:27.180> access

where you place your wireless access

where you place your wireless access
point<06:54:28.320> or<06:54:29.218> your<06:54:29.580> WAP

point or your WAP

point or your WAP
and<06:54:32.218> we'll<06:54:32.458> finish<06:54:32.760> by<06:54:33.180> talking<06:54:33.360> about<06:54:33.600> how<06:54:34.200> to

and we'll finish by talking about how to

and we'll finish by talking about how to
properly<06:54:34.680> Implement<06:54:35.340> a<06:54:36.058> wireless<06:54:36.240> network

properly Implement a wireless network

properly Implement a wireless network
so<06:54:38.580> an<06:54:38.820> Ethernet<06:54:39.180> network<06:54:39.420> is<06:54:39.840> perhaps<06:54:40.138> one<06:54:40.500> of

so an Ethernet network is perhaps one of

so an Ethernet network is perhaps one of
the<06:54:40.860> easiest<06:54:41.218> networks<06:54:41.820> to<06:54:42.058> plan<06:54:42.240> and

the easiest networks to plan and

the easiest networks to plan and
implement<06:54:43.200> depending<06:54:43.620> on<06:54:43.740> the<06:54:43.860> size<06:54:43.978> of<06:54:44.218> your

implement depending on the size of your

implement depending on the size of your
network<06:54:44.520> and<06:54:44.820> the<06:54:44.940> equipment<06:54:45.180> being<06:54:45.478> used

network and the equipment being used

network and the equipment being used
there<06:54:46.260> are<06:54:46.378> a<06:54:46.440> bunch<06:54:46.500> of<06:54:46.620> different<06:54:46.740> kinds<06:54:47.458> of

there are a bunch of different kinds of

there are a bunch of different kinds of
small<06:54:48.240> ethernet<06:54:48.840> Network<06:54:49.080> implementations

small ethernet Network implementations

small ethernet Network implementations
that<06:54:50.160> you<06:54:50.280> can<06:54:50.400> use<06:54:50.638> some<06:54:51.478> of<06:54:51.600> the<06:54:51.718> typical

that you can use some of the typical

that you can use some of the typical
equipment<06:54:52.378> that<06:54:52.620> you're<06:54:52.740> going<06:54:52.860> to<06:54:52.978> find<06:54:53.160> in

equipment that you're going to find in

equipment that you're going to find in
an<06:54:53.700> Ethernet<06:54:54.120> Network<06:54:54.360> might<06:54:55.020> be<06:54:55.200> a<06:54:55.378> hub

an Ethernet Network might be a hub

an Ethernet Network might be a hub
an<06:54:56.700> ethernet<06:54:57.120> cable<06:54:57.478> which<06:54:58.138> can<06:54:58.378> either<06:54:58.558> be

an ethernet cable which can either be

an ethernet cable which can either be
what<06:54:59.040> we<06:54:59.218> call<06:54:59.660> straight<06:55:00.660> through

or crossover

or crossover
and<06:55:05.878> we've<06:55:06.120> looked<06:55:06.420> at<06:55:06.478> that<06:55:06.600> a<06:55:06.780> little<06:55:06.900> bit

and we've looked at that a little bit

and we've looked at that a little bit
more<06:55:07.200> in<06:55:07.320> depth<06:55:07.620> previously

more in depth previously

more in depth previously
and<06:55:09.600> a<06:55:09.900> switch

and a switch

and a switch
or<06:55:11.458> and<06:55:11.820> a<06:55:12.120> router<06:55:12.958> so<06:55:13.320> a<06:55:13.500> network<06:55:13.620> can<06:55:14.100> also

or and a router so a network can also

or and a router so a network can also
contain<06:55:15.058> a<06:55:15.780> combination<06:55:16.320> of<06:55:16.558> these<06:55:16.740> or<06:55:17.040> all<06:55:17.340> of

contain a combination of these or all of

contain a combination of these or all of
them<06:55:18.138> generally<06:55:19.138> so<06:55:19.320> much<06:55:19.500> we're<06:55:19.680> not<06:55:19.860> going

them generally so much we're not going

them generally so much we're not going
to<06:55:20.160> see<06:55:20.280> hubs<06:55:20.820> a<06:55:21.058> lot<06:55:21.180> anymore<06:55:21.478> but<06:55:22.260> they're

to see hubs a lot anymore but they're

to see hubs a lot anymore but they're
still<06:55:22.978> mentioned<06:55:23.400> on<06:55:23.520> the<06:55:23.700> exam

still mentioned on the exam

still mentioned on the exam
so<06:55:25.020> a<06:55:25.440> very<06:55:25.558> simple<06:55:25.860> ethernet<06:55:26.520> Network<06:55:26.760> that

so a very simple ethernet Network that

so a very simple ethernet Network that
involves<06:55:27.600> a<06:55:27.780> hub<06:55:27.900> is<06:55:28.558> called<06:55:28.860> a<06:55:29.340> Hub<06:55:29.520> Network

involves a hub is called a Hub Network

involves a hub is called a Hub Network
Now<06:55:30.718> to<06:55:30.900> create<06:55:31.080> this<06:55:31.260> network<06:55:31.440> all<06:55:31.798> you<06:55:31.978> need

Now to create this network all you need

Now to create this network all you need
is<06:55:32.700> two<06:55:32.878> devices

is two devices

is two devices
a<06:55:34.978> hub

a hub

a hub
and<06:55:36.478> an<06:55:36.600> ethernet<06:55:37.020> cable

and an ethernet cable

and an ethernet cable
this<06:55:38.638> type<06:55:38.878> of<06:55:39.000> network<06:55:39.240> is<06:55:39.660> not<06:55:39.900> capable<06:55:40.260> of

this type of network is not capable of

this type of network is not capable of
reaching<06:55:41.040> the<06:55:41.218> internet<06:55:41.400> and<06:55:42.180> it's<06:55:42.298> typically

reaching the internet and it's typically

reaching the internet and it's typically
only<06:55:42.900> going<06:55:43.138> to<06:55:43.320> be<06:55:43.500> used<06:55:43.680> for<06:55:43.978> file<06:55:44.280> sharing

only going to be used for file sharing

only going to be used for file sharing
or<06:55:44.940> printing<06:55:45.360> and<06:55:46.320> you're<06:55:46.440> not<06:55:46.620> going<06:55:46.740> to<06:55:46.860> want

or printing and you're not going to want

or printing and you're not going to want
to<06:55:47.040> have<06:55:47.100> a<06:55:47.280> lot<06:55:47.400> of<06:55:47.520> devices<06:55:47.820> either<06:55:48.240> because

to have a lot of devices either because

to have a lot of devices either because
it's<06:55:49.020> quickly<06:55:49.378> going<06:55:49.558> to<06:55:49.740> become<06:55:50.160> very<06:55:50.760> slow

it's quickly going to become very slow

it's quickly going to become very slow
due<06:55:51.900> to<06:55:51.958> the<06:55:52.080> fact<06:55:52.260> that<06:55:52.440> hubs<06:55:52.798> as<06:55:52.920> you

due to the fact that hubs as you

due to the fact that hubs as you
remember<06:55:53.218> operate<06:55:54.120> on<06:55:54.360> layer<06:55:55.138> one<06:55:55.320> of<06:55:55.920> the<06:55:56.100> OSI

remember operate on layer one of the OSI

remember operate on layer one of the OSI
model<06:55:56.820> and<06:55:57.420> therefore<06:55:57.718> broadcast<06:55:58.260> every

model and therefore broadcast every

model and therefore broadcast every
um<06:56:01.200> uh<06:56:02.100> input<06:56:02.638> data<06:56:03.000> out<06:56:03.240> to<06:56:03.540> everything<06:56:03.780> else

um uh input data out to everything else

um uh input data out to everything else
now<06:56:05.458> the<06:56:05.638> next<06:56:05.760> type<06:56:05.940> is<06:56:06.180> also<06:56:06.478> very<06:56:06.718> easy<06:56:07.020> to

now the next type is also very easy to

now the next type is also very easy to
implement<06:56:07.558> this<06:56:07.920> is<06:56:08.100> considered<06:56:08.580> a<06:56:09.240> crossover

implement this is considered a crossover

implement this is considered a crossover
Network<06:56:09.900> or<06:56:10.740> a<06:56:11.040> peer

Network or a peer

Network or a peer
to<06:56:13.680> peer<06:56:14.100> Network<06:56:14.340> and<06:56:15.298> the<06:56:15.420> reason<06:56:15.540> is

to peer Network and the reason is

to peer Network and the reason is
because<06:56:16.138> there<06:56:16.740> is<06:56:16.978> no<06:56:17.580> device<06:56:18.420> sitting<06:56:19.200> in

because there is no device sitting in

because there is no device sitting in
the<06:56:19.500> center

the center

the center
a<06:56:20.760> crossover<06:56:21.000> Network<06:56:21.298> only<06:56:21.600> needs<06:56:22.080> the<06:56:22.260> two

a crossover Network only needs the two

a crossover Network only needs the two
devices<06:56:22.680> in<06:56:23.100> the<06:56:23.280> crossover<06:56:23.638> cable<06:56:24.058> to

devices in the crossover cable to

devices in the crossover cable to
connect<06:56:24.718> them<06:56:24.958> and<06:56:25.138> the<06:56:25.260> reason<06:56:25.378> we<06:56:25.620> must<06:56:25.798> use

connect them and the reason we must use

connect them and the reason we must use
a<06:56:26.160> crossover<06:56:26.400> cable<06:56:26.760> is<06:56:26.940> because<06:56:27.180> we're

a crossover cable is because we're

a crossover cable is because we're
switching<06:56:27.900> if<06:56:28.320> you<06:56:28.500> recall<06:56:28.860> the<06:56:29.520> one<06:56:29.760> two

switching if you recall the one two

switching if you recall the one two
three<06:56:30.240> six<06:56:30.600> pins<06:56:30.958> we're<06:56:31.260> switching<06:56:31.740> these

three six pins we're switching these

three six pins we're switching these
pins<06:56:32.700> so<06:56:33.298> that<06:56:33.540> way<06:56:33.780> on<06:56:34.260> one<06:56:34.500> side<06:56:34.680> the<06:56:35.040> data<06:56:35.340> is

pins so that way on one side the data is

pins so that way on one side the data is
sent<06:56:35.580> on<06:56:35.760> the<06:56:35.940> other<06:56:36.000> side<06:56:36.240> it's<06:56:36.718> received

of course newer devices might not always

of course newer devices might not always
need<06:56:42.900> this<06:56:43.260> crossover<06:56:43.620> cable<06:56:44.040> anymore

need this crossover cable anymore

need this crossover cable anymore
because<06:56:45.058> a<06:56:45.478> lot<06:56:45.600> of<06:56:45.780> modern<06:56:46.200> Nicks<06:56:46.920> have<06:56:47.340> Auto

because a lot of modern Nicks have Auto

because a lot of modern Nicks have Auto
switching<06:56:48.180> capabilities<06:56:48.718> which<06:56:49.080> will

switching capabilities which will

switching capabilities which will
automatically<06:56:49.798> determine<06:56:50.280> and<06:56:50.458> switch<06:56:50.700> these

automatically determine and switch these

automatically determine and switch these
pins<06:56:51.240> for<06:56:51.540> you<06:56:52.200> now<06:56:52.860> another<06:56:53.340> ethernet

pins for you now another ethernet

pins for you now another ethernet
network<06:56:54.240> is<06:56:55.020> one<06:56:55.200> that<06:56:55.378> uses<06:56:55.740> a<06:56:55.978> router<06:56:56.400> to

network is one that uses a router to

network is one that uses a router to
connect<06:56:56.940> devices<06:56:57.420> to<06:56:57.840> the<06:56:58.080> outside<06:56:58.320> world<06:56:58.920> or

connect devices to the outside world or

connect devices to the outside world or
to<06:56:59.520> the<06:57:00.180> internet

to the internet

to the internet
and<06:57:01.798> a<06:57:02.458> switch<06:57:02.638> can<06:57:03.240> often<06:57:03.600> be<06:57:03.780> placed<06:57:04.260> in

and a switch can often be placed in

and a switch can often be placed in
between<06:57:04.740> the<06:57:05.160> router<06:57:05.520> which<06:57:06.180> leads<06:57:06.478> out<06:57:06.600> to

between the router which leads out to

between the router which leads out to
the<06:57:06.958> Wan

the Wan

the Wan
in<06:57:09.000> the<06:57:09.180> internal<06:57:09.540> Network<06:57:09.718> or<06:57:10.138> the<06:57:10.680> LAN<06:57:11.400> in

in the internal Network or the LAN in

in the internal Network or the LAN in
order<06:57:12.180> to<06:57:12.478> alleviate<06:57:13.080> Network<06:57:13.440> congestion

order to alleviate Network congestion

order to alleviate Network congestion
and<06:57:14.760> to<06:57:14.940> allow<06:57:15.180> for<06:57:15.360> more<06:57:15.660> devices<06:57:15.958> to<06:57:16.320> be

and to allow for more devices to be

and to allow for more devices to be
added

added

added
now<06:57:17.820> just<06:57:18.000> so<06:57:18.120> we<06:57:18.240> remember<06:57:18.420> a<06:57:19.260> switch

now just so we remember a switch

now just so we remember a switch
operates<06:57:20.120> on<06:57:21.120> Layer<06:57:21.600> Two<06:57:21.780> although<06:57:22.320> there<06:57:22.620> are

operates on Layer Two although there are

operates on Layer Two although there are
switches<06:57:23.160> that<06:57:23.340> do<06:57:23.520> routing<06:57:23.878> and<06:57:24.000> those<06:57:24.180> are

switches that do routing and those are

switches that do routing and those are
called<06:57:24.660> layer<06:57:25.620> 3<06:57:25.798> switches<06:57:26.340> and<06:57:27.298> then<06:57:27.420> the

called layer 3 switches and then the

called layer 3 switches and then the
router<06:57:28.080> as<06:57:28.378> we<06:57:28.558> just<06:57:28.740> mentioned<06:57:29.100> operates<06:57:29.700> on

router as we just mentioned operates on

router as we just mentioned operates on
layer<06:57:30.360> three<06:57:30.540> of<06:57:31.500> the<06:57:31.798> OSI<06:57:32.280> model

layer three of the OSI model

layer three of the OSI model
now<06:57:33.780> another<06:57:34.080> point<06:57:34.378> about<06:57:34.620> ethernet

now another point about ethernet

now another point about ethernet
networks<06:57:35.580> that<06:57:35.760> is<06:57:35.940> important<06:57:36.298> is<06:57:36.540> that

networks that is important is that

networks that is important is that
ethernet<06:57:37.138> uses<06:57:37.638> destination<06:57:38.638> and<06:57:39.240> Source

ethernet uses destination and Source

ethernet uses destination and Source
access<06:57:40.260> points<06:57:40.920> to<06:57:41.160> assist<06:57:41.340> in<06:57:41.878> keeping<06:57:42.298> tabs

access points to assist in keeping tabs

access points to assist in keeping tabs
on<06:57:43.260> all<06:57:43.440> the<06:57:43.558> multiple<06:57:43.860> channels<06:57:44.400> that<06:57:44.700> are

on all the multiple channels that are

on all the multiple channels that are
used<06:57:45.120> in<06:57:45.660> network<06:57:45.840> communications<06:57:46.760> these<06:57:47.760> are

used in network communications these are

used in network communications these are
called<06:57:48.120> sap<06:57:49.020> or<06:57:49.798> service<06:57:50.218> access<06:57:50.760> points<06:57:51.540> and

called sap or service access points and

called sap or service access points and
in<06:57:52.440> the<06:57:52.558> previous<06:57:52.680> modules<06:57:53.280> we<06:57:53.458> discussed<06:57:53.760> how

in the previous modules we discussed how

in the previous modules we discussed how
data<06:57:54.420> flows<06:57:54.780> through<06:57:55.020> these<06:57:55.320> layers<06:57:55.680> in<06:57:55.978> the

data flows through these layers in the

data flows through these layers in the
network<06:57:56.280> models<06:57:56.878> well<06:57:57.540> here<06:57:57.958> these<06:57:58.798> access

network models well here these access

network models well here these access
points<06:57:59.580> are<06:58:00.058> used<06:58:00.298> to<06:58:00.718> map<06:58:00.840> the<06:58:01.200> network<06:58:01.440> layer

points are used to map the network layer

points are used to map the network layer
communication<06:58:02.700> or<06:58:03.360> IP<06:58:03.860> through<06:58:04.860> the<06:58:05.218> physical

communication or IP through the physical

communication or IP through the physical
layer<06:58:06.000> or<06:58:06.420> layer<06:58:06.840> 1.<06:58:07.500> now<06:58:07.920> the<06:58:08.160> access<06:58:08.280> points

layer or layer 1. now the access points

layer or layer 1. now the access points
allow<06:58:09.120> a<06:58:09.600> single<06:58:09.900> physical<06:58:10.200> connection<06:58:10.620> to<06:58:11.458> be

allow a single physical connection to be

allow a single physical connection to be
utilized<06:58:12.180> for<06:58:12.478> many<06:58:12.780> logical<06:58:13.320> connections

utilized for many logical connections

utilized for many logical connections
for<06:58:14.638> tcpip<06:58:15.478> this<06:58:16.378> would<06:58:16.500> be<06:58:16.620> like<06:58:16.798> a<06:58:16.978> Nick

for tcpip this would be like a Nick

for tcpip this would be like a Nick
because<06:58:17.878> these<06:58:18.240> access<06:58:18.360> points<06:58:18.840> are<06:58:18.958> going<06:58:19.080> to

because these access points are going to

because these access points are going to
be<06:58:19.260> on<06:58:19.500> the<06:58:19.680> local<06:58:19.978> side<06:58:20.458> only<06:58:20.940> they're

be on the local side only they're

be on the local side only they're
selected<06:58:22.378> by<06:58:22.860> the<06:58:23.160> server<06:58:23.580> managing<06:58:24.420> those

selected by the server managing those

selected by the server managing those
services

services

services
now<06:58:26.520> to<06:58:26.638> keep<06:58:26.760> what<06:58:26.878> TCP<06:58:27.298> as<06:58:27.718> an<06:58:27.900> example<06:58:28.138> when

now to keep what TCP as an example when

now to keep what TCP as an example when
a<06:58:29.040> user<06:58:29.280> is<06:58:29.458> accessing<06:58:29.878> a<06:58:30.000> website<06:58:30.298> for

a user is accessing a website for

a user is accessing a website for
example

example

example
a<06:58:31.860> connection<06:58:31.978> is<06:58:32.400> made<06:58:32.580> with<06:58:32.820> the<06:58:33.000> web<06:58:33.120> server

a connection is made with the web server

a connection is made with the web server
and<06:58:33.958> the<06:58:34.138> computer<06:58:34.340> downloads<06:58:35.340> that<06:58:35.638> website

and the computer downloads that website

and the computer downloads that website
along<06:58:36.958> with<06:58:37.200> the<06:58:37.320> website<06:58:37.620> are<06:58:37.978> references<06:58:38.458> to

along with the website are references to

along with the website are references to
parts<06:58:38.878> of<06:58:39.120> the<06:58:39.240> page<06:58:39.420> such<06:58:39.718> as<06:58:39.900> files<06:58:40.378> that<06:58:40.558> are

parts of the page such as files that are

parts of the page such as files that are
associated<06:58:41.160> with<06:58:41.400> the<06:58:41.580> web<06:58:41.760> page<06:58:42.320> sound<06:58:43.340> image

associated with the web page sound image

associated with the web page sound image
other<06:58:45.180> things<06:58:45.420> like<06:58:45.780> JavaScript<06:58:46.378> and<06:58:47.160> these

other things like JavaScript and these

other things like JavaScript and these
files<06:58:47.760> are<06:58:47.878> stored<06:58:48.298> on<06:58:48.600> the<06:58:48.718> web<06:58:48.900> server<06:58:49.320> and

files are stored on the web server and

files are stored on the web server and
when<06:58:49.920> the<06:58:49.978> user<06:58:50.218> interacts<06:58:50.638> with<06:58:50.820> the<06:58:51.000> website

when the user interacts with the website

when the user interacts with the website
the<06:58:52.138> access<06:58:52.200> point<06:58:52.620> ensures<06:58:53.160> that<06:58:53.520> the

the access point ensures that the

the access point ensures that the
computer<06:58:53.820> can<06:58:54.240> differentiate<06:58:55.020> between<06:58:55.740> the

computer can differentiate between the

computer can differentiate between the
ethernet<06:58:56.520> frames<06:58:57.000> for<06:58:57.420> the<06:58:57.660> images<06:58:57.780> and<06:58:58.680> those

ethernet frames for the images and those

ethernet frames for the images and those
for<06:58:59.040> sound<06:58:59.218> files<06:58:59.700> and<06:59:00.058> those<06:59:00.240> for<06:59:00.420> other

for sound files and those for other

for sound files and those for other
types

types

types
okay<06:59:02.218> so<06:59:02.760> in<06:59:03.000> a<06:59:03.180> lot<06:59:03.240> of<06:59:03.360> the<06:59:03.478> previous<06:59:03.600> lessons

okay so in a lot of the previous lessons

okay so in a lot of the previous lessons
we've<06:59:04.320> been<06:59:04.500> talking<06:59:04.680> about<06:59:04.978> the<06:59:05.458> methods<06:59:05.760> of

we've been talking about the methods of

we've been talking about the methods of
connecting<06:59:06.240> our<06:59:06.478> devices<06:59:06.780> mostly<06:59:07.320> through

connecting our devices mostly through

connecting our devices mostly through
physical<06:59:07.920> means<06:59:08.458> and<06:59:08.940> we<06:59:09.120> defined<06:59:09.540> that<06:59:10.080> many

physical means and we defined that many

physical means and we defined that many
Technologies<06:59:11.160> are<06:59:11.700> commonly<06:59:12.120> used<06:59:12.420> in<06:59:12.780> both

Technologies are commonly used in both

Technologies are commonly used in both
wired<06:59:13.620> and<06:59:13.798> wireless<06:59:14.040> networks<06:59:15.200> otherwise

wired and wireless networks otherwise

wired and wireless networks otherwise
known<06:59:16.440> as<06:59:16.680> bounded<06:59:17.218> and<06:59:17.638> unbounded<06:59:18.180> networks

known as bounded and unbounded networks

known as bounded and unbounded networks
so<06:59:19.080> here<06:59:19.260> we're<06:59:19.440> going<06:59:19.558> to<06:59:19.620> discuss

so here we're going to discuss

so here we're going to discuss
specifically<06:59:20.458> WLAN<06:59:21.360> or<06:59:21.600> Wireless<06:59:21.900> local<06:59:22.378> area

specifically WLAN or Wireless local area

specifically WLAN or Wireless local area
networks<06:59:23.280> in<06:59:23.580> Greater<06:59:23.940> detail<06:59:24.360> starting<06:59:25.138> with

networks in Greater detail starting with

networks in Greater detail starting with
the<06:59:26.700> architecture

the architecture

the architecture
there<06:59:29.340> are<06:59:29.458> several<06:59:29.760> components<06:59:30.298> that<06:59:30.478> we

there are several components that we

there are several components that we
really<06:59:30.780> need<06:59:31.020> to<06:59:31.138> Define

really need to Define

really need to Define
the<06:59:33.420> first<06:59:33.600> component<06:59:34.080> is<06:59:34.260> what's<06:59:34.500> called<06:59:34.740> an

the first component is what's called an

the first component is what's called an
sta<06:59:35.458> or<06:59:36.240> the<06:59:36.540> station

sta or the station

sta or the station
the<06:59:38.580> wireless<06:59:38.760> sta<06:59:39.600> is<06:59:39.900> any<06:59:40.200> device<06:59:40.440> that<06:59:40.798> has

the wireless sta is any device that has

the wireless sta is any device that has
a<06:59:41.340> network<06:59:41.520> adapter<06:59:42.240> card<06:59:42.540> or<06:59:43.200> Nick<06:59:43.558> that

a network adapter card or Nick that

a network adapter card or Nick that
conforms<06:59:44.878> to<06:59:45.240> the<06:59:45.620> 802.11<06:59:46.620> standard

conforms to the 802.11 standard

conforms to the 802.11 standard
and<06:59:48.540> you<06:59:48.718> remember<06:59:48.840> the<06:59:49.320> specific<06:59:49.620> standard

and you remember the specific standard

and you remember the specific standard
for<06:59:50.340> wireless<06:59:50.520> is<06:59:51.138> 802.11<06:59:52.138> as<06:59:52.440> opposed<06:59:52.740> to

for wireless is 802.11 as opposed to

for wireless is 802.11 as opposed to
8023<06:59:53.458> which<06:59:53.700> is<06:59:53.820> ethernet<06:59:54.900> now<06:59:55.260> the<06:59:55.440> next

8023 which is ethernet now the next

8023 which is ethernet now the next
device<06:59:55.740> is<06:59:56.040> called<06:59:56.280> an<06:59:56.580> AP<06:59:56.820> or<06:59:57.600> an<06:59:57.840> access

device is called an AP or an access

device is called an AP or an access
point<06:59:58.378> look<06:59:58.860> familiar<06:59:59.280> now<06:59:59.940> this<07:00:00.180> is<07:00:00.360> very

point look familiar now this is very

point look familiar now this is very
different<07:00:01.138> from<07:00:01.680> the<07:00:01.860> service<07:00:02.100> access<07:00:02.400> point

different from the service access point

different from the service access point
I<07:00:03.058> just<07:00:03.180> talked<07:00:03.540> about<07:00:03.660> because<07:00:04.320> an<07:00:04.620> AP<07:00:04.798> in

I just talked about because an AP in

I just talked about because an AP in
this<07:00:05.340> sense<07:00:05.580> it<07:00:06.420> is<07:00:06.540> a<07:00:06.780> device<07:00:07.020> or<07:00:07.798> a<07:00:07.920> software

this sense it is a device or a software

this sense it is a device or a software
implementation<07:00:08.940> that<07:00:09.600> allows<07:00:09.958> wireless

implementation that allows wireless

implementation that allows wireless
devices<07:00:10.978> to<07:00:11.340> communicate<07:00:11.760> with<07:00:12.000> each<07:00:12.180> other

devices to communicate with each other

devices to communicate with each other
and<07:00:12.840> to<07:00:13.020> connect<07:00:13.138> to<07:00:13.500> a<07:00:13.680> wired<07:00:13.978> Network<07:00:14.240> an

and to connect to a wired Network an

and to connect to a wired Network an
access<07:00:15.478> pointer<07:00:16.080> AP<07:00:16.638> also<07:00:17.638> sometimes<07:00:18.058> called

access pointer AP also sometimes called

access pointer AP also sometimes called
wireless<07:00:19.020> access<07:00:19.500> point<07:00:20.120> offers<07:00:21.120> wireless

wireless access point offers wireless

wireless access point offers wireless
devices<07:00:22.080> some<07:00:22.680> higher<07:00:23.100> levels<07:00:23.400> of<07:00:23.638> security

devices some higher levels of security

devices some higher levels of security
as<07:00:24.660> well<07:00:24.840> and<07:00:25.440> can<07:00:25.740> act<07:00:26.040> as<07:00:26.218> the<07:00:26.580> bridging

as well and can act as the bridging

as well and can act as the bridging
component

component

component
between<07:00:28.798> the<07:00:29.218> STA

between the STA

between the STA
and<07:00:31.558> the<07:00:31.860> backbone<07:00:32.340> of<07:00:32.638> the<07:00:32.820> network<07:00:32.940> for

and the backbone of the network for

and the backbone of the network for
access

access

access
so<07:00:35.340> the<07:00:35.820> next<07:00:36.058> component<07:00:36.900> that<07:00:37.200> we<07:00:37.320> need<07:00:37.440> to

so the next component that we need to

so the next component that we need to
identify<07:00:38.638> is<07:00:39.540> the<07:00:39.840> WDS<07:00:40.620> or<07:00:41.458> the<07:00:41.700> wireless

identify is the WDS or the wireless

identify is the WDS or the wireless
distribution<07:00:42.840> system<07:00:43.400> this<07:00:44.400> device<07:00:44.638> is<07:00:45.000> the

distribution system this device is the

distribution system this device is the
authority<07:00:46.260> in<07:00:46.500> terms<07:00:46.798> of<07:00:46.920> Access<07:00:47.218> Control<07:00:47.878> to

authority in terms of Access Control to

authority in terms of Access Control to
resources<07:00:49.138> and<07:00:49.740> ensures<07:00:50.100> that<07:00:50.400> devices<07:00:50.638> are

resources and ensures that devices are

resources and ensures that devices are
mobile<07:00:51.180> this<07:00:52.080> allows<07:00:52.500> multiple<07:00:53.160> access

mobile this allows multiple access

mobile this allows multiple access
points

points

points
to<07:00:55.860> be<07:00:56.040> interconnected<07:00:56.820> wirelessly<07:00:57.620> which

to be interconnected wirelessly which

to be interconnected wirelessly which
allows<07:00:59.100> you<07:00:59.218> which<07:00:59.580> allows<07:00:59.878> the<07:01:00.058> aps<07:01:00.600> to<07:01:01.080> be

allows you which allows the aps to be

allows you which allows the aps to be
connected<07:01:01.620> and<07:01:02.160> extend<07:01:02.520> the<07:01:02.700> wireless<07:01:02.940> range

connected and extend the wireless range

connected and extend the wireless range
of<07:01:03.660> the<07:01:03.780> network<07:01:03.958> without<07:01:04.620> having<07:01:04.978> to<07:01:05.160> connect

of the network without having to connect

of the network without having to connect
the<07:01:05.580> wire<07:01:05.760> at<07:01:05.940> the<07:01:06.058> access<07:01:06.240> points<07:01:06.840> directly

the wire at the access points directly

the wire at the access points directly
to<07:01:08.160> the<07:01:08.280> backbone<07:01:08.760> and<07:01:09.240> again<07:01:09.360> the<07:01:09.718> backbone

to the backbone and again the backbone

to the backbone and again the backbone
would<07:01:10.378> be<07:01:10.500> the<07:01:10.860> internet

or the rest of the network if we're

or the rest of the network if we're
talking<07:01:15.298> about<07:01:15.478> a<07:01:15.780> lan<07:01:16.080> now<07:01:16.620> the<07:01:16.860> system<07:01:16.978> has

talking about a lan now the system has

talking about a lan now the system has
three<07:01:17.760> types<07:01:18.298> of<07:01:18.840> AP<07:01:19.200> stations<07:01:20.458> we<07:01:20.878> have

three types of AP stations we have

three types of AP stations we have
something<07:01:21.120> called<07:01:21.420> a<07:01:21.840> remote<07:01:21.958> base<07:01:22.320> station

something called a remote base station

something called a remote base station
which<07:01:23.400> is<07:01:23.520> the<07:01:23.820> access<07:01:24.000> point<07:01:24.540> that<07:01:24.900> connects

which is the access point that connects

which is the access point that connects
directly<07:01:25.798> to<07:01:26.040> the<07:01:26.218> wireless<07:01:26.400> clients<07:01:27.058> or

directly to the wireless clients or

directly to the wireless clients or
devices<07:01:27.740> a<07:01:28.740> relay<07:01:29.040> based<07:01:29.520> station<07:01:29.700> just

devices a relay based station just

devices a relay based station just
relays<07:01:31.080> or<07:01:31.260> repeats<07:01:31.740> the<07:01:31.978> information

relays or repeats the information

relays or repeats the information
between<07:01:32.700> other<07:01:33.058> stations<07:01:33.540> or<07:01:33.660> devices<07:01:34.040> and<07:01:35.040> a

between other stations or devices and a

between other stations or devices and a
main<07:01:35.520> base<07:01:35.760> station

main base station

main base station
now<07:01:37.440> the<07:01:38.100> last<07:01:38.400> thing<07:01:38.580> I<07:01:38.700> want<07:01:38.820> to<07:01:38.940> talk<07:01:39.000> about

now the last thing I want to talk about

now the last thing I want to talk about
is<07:01:39.478> the<07:01:39.718> main<07:01:39.840> base<07:01:40.138> station<07:01:40.440> which<07:01:41.400> is

is the main base station which is

is the main base station which is
connected<07:01:42.600> to<07:01:42.900> the<07:01:43.200> wired<07:01:43.740> or<07:01:44.040> Ethernet<07:01:44.580> or

connected to the wired or Ethernet or

connected to the wired or Ethernet or
backbone<07:01:45.718> Network

backbone Network

backbone Network
using<07:01:48.000> these<07:01:48.360> components<07:01:48.900> there<07:01:49.138> are<07:01:49.260> a

using these components there are a

using these components there are a
number<07:01:49.440> of<07:01:49.558> different<07:01:49.740> ways<07:01:50.160> we<07:01:50.400> can<07:01:50.520> actually

number of different ways we can actually

number of different ways we can actually
configure<07:01:51.478> a<07:01:52.080> wireless<07:01:52.260> LAN<07:01:52.740> the<07:01:53.520> service<07:01:53.878> set

configure a wireless LAN the service set

configure a wireless LAN the service set
is<07:01:55.260> what<07:01:55.500> defines<07:01:55.978> how<07:01:56.340> your<07:01:56.520> network<07:01:56.638> is

is what defines how your network is

is what defines how your network is
configured<07:01:57.478> now<07:01:58.200> there<07:01:58.500> are<07:01:58.620> three<07:01:58.920> standard

configured now there are three standard

configured now there are three standard
ways<07:01:59.820> that<07:02:00.360> W<07:02:00.600> lands<07:02:01.260> or<07:02:01.680> Wireless<07:02:01.920> Lans<07:02:02.458> can

ways that W lands or Wireless Lans can

ways that W lands or Wireless Lans can
be<07:02:02.878> configured

be configured

be configured
first<07:02:05.218> configuration<07:02:05.878> is<07:02:06.120> what's<07:02:06.298> called<07:02:06.478> a

first configuration is what's called a

first configuration is what's called a
BSS<07:02:07.440> or<07:02:07.978> a<07:02:08.400> basic<07:02:09.000> service<07:02:09.660> set<07:02:10.260> the<07:02:11.100> BSS<07:02:11.580> in

BSS or a basic service set the BSS in

BSS or a basic service set the BSS in
its<07:02:12.298> simplest<07:02:12.600> sense<07:02:12.840> is<07:02:13.558> comprised<07:02:14.100> of<07:02:14.458> an<07:02:14.638> AP

its simplest sense is comprised of an AP

its simplest sense is comprised of an AP
an<07:02:15.478> access<07:02:15.660> point<07:02:16.020> and<07:02:16.500> an<07:02:16.680> sta<07:02:17.160> a<07:02:17.760> station

an access point and an sta a station

an access point and an sta a station
although<07:02:19.020> many<07:02:19.260> stations<07:02:19.860> with<07:02:20.100> a<07:02:20.280> single<07:02:20.580> AP

although many stations with a single AP

although many stations with a single AP
is<07:02:21.900> also<07:02:22.260> considered<07:02:23.280> a<07:02:23.820> BSS<07:02:24.360> so<07:02:25.200> I<07:02:25.558> only<07:02:25.620> need

is also considered a BSS so I only need

is also considered a BSS so I only need
one<07:02:26.458> station<07:02:26.700> but<07:02:27.120> I<07:02:27.240> can<07:02:27.360> have<07:02:27.540> multiple<07:02:28.020> the

one station but I can have multiple the

one station but I can have multiple the
trick<07:02:28.558> here<07:02:28.680> is<07:02:28.860> that<07:02:29.040> I<07:02:29.218> have<07:02:29.340> only<07:02:29.940> one<07:02:30.360> AP

trick here is that I have only one AP

trick here is that I have only one AP
now<07:02:32.520> client<07:02:32.940> nodes<07:02:33.540> like<07:02:34.500> these<07:02:34.920> may<07:02:35.760> not<07:02:35.940> be

now client nodes like these may not be

now client nodes like these may not be
necessarily<07:02:37.218> explicitly<07:02:38.218> aware<07:02:38.520> of<07:02:38.700> each

necessarily explicitly aware of each

necessarily explicitly aware of each
other<07:02:39.138> using<07:02:40.138> a<07:02:40.320> BSS<07:02:40.740> we<07:02:41.040> are<07:02:41.280> easily

able to extend our network coverage area

able to extend our network coverage area
and<07:02:48.660> the<07:02:48.840> distance<07:02:49.020> between<07:02:49.620> our<07:02:50.040> wireless

and the distance between our wireless

and the distance between our wireless
devices<07:02:50.820> by<07:02:51.780> forwarding

devices by forwarding

devices by forwarding
packets

packets

packets
through<07:02:54.900> a<07:02:55.138> wireless<07:02:55.260> access<07:02:55.740> point

through a wireless access point

through a wireless access point
so<07:02:57.240> that<07:02:57.360> we<07:02:57.478> can<07:02:57.600> gain<07:02:57.780> access<07:02:58.020> to<07:02:58.320> the<07:02:58.440> wired

so that we can gain access to the wired

so that we can gain access to the wired
Network

Network

Network
now<07:03:01.080> wlans<07:03:01.798> can<07:03:02.218> also<07:03:02.520> be<07:03:02.638> configured<07:03:03.120> in

now wlans can also be configured in

now wlans can also be configured in
what's<07:03:03.420> called<07:03:03.660> an<07:03:03.900> ESS<07:03:04.080> or<07:03:04.740> an<07:03:04.920> extended

what's called an ESS or an extended

what's called an ESS or an extended
service<07:03:05.638> set<07:03:06.478> an<07:03:07.080> ESS<07:03:07.320> is<07:03:08.040> comprised<07:03:08.520> of<07:03:08.580> two

service set an ESS is comprised of two

service set an ESS is comprised of two
or<07:03:09.120> more<07:03:09.500> bss's<07:03:10.500> basic<07:03:10.978> service<07:03:11.280> sets<07:03:12.298> and<07:03:12.660> the

or more bss's basic service sets and the

or more bss's basic service sets and the
purpose<07:03:13.020> of<07:03:13.200> an<07:03:13.320> ESS<07:03:13.500> is<07:03:13.978> to<07:03:14.100> allow<07:03:14.400> mobile

purpose of an ESS is to allow mobile

purpose of an ESS is to allow mobile
devices<07:03:15.120> to<07:03:15.478> maintain<07:03:15.900> a<07:03:16.740> constant

devices to maintain a constant

devices to maintain a constant
connection

connection

connection
it's<07:03:18.840> the<07:03:19.080> network<07:03:19.320> while<07:03:19.798> you're<07:03:19.978> roaming<07:03:20.458> so

it's the network while you're roaming so

it's the network while you're roaming so
each<07:03:21.240> BSS<07:03:21.900> in<07:03:22.440> an<07:03:22.620> ESS<07:03:22.798> or<07:03:23.520> an<07:03:23.638> extended

each BSS in an ESS or an extended

each BSS in an ESS or an extended
service<07:03:24.478> set<07:03:24.840> is<07:03:25.440> going<07:03:25.620> to<07:03:25.740> have<07:03:25.978> the<07:03:26.458> same

service set is going to have the same

service set is going to have the same
service<07:03:27.120> set<07:03:27.600> identifier<07:03:28.378> otherwise<07:03:29.218> known

service set identifier otherwise known

service set identifier otherwise known
as<07:03:29.700> an<07:03:30.180> SSID

as an SSID

as an SSID
this<07:03:32.820> makes<07:03:33.180> multiple<07:03:34.138> bsses<07:03:35.100> appear<07:03:35.940> as<07:03:36.120> if

this makes multiple bsses appear as if

this makes multiple bsses appear as if
they're<07:03:36.478> only<07:03:36.718> one

they're only one

they're only one
so<07:03:38.400> as<07:03:38.700> an<07:03:38.878> example<07:03:39.298> if<07:03:39.840> you<07:03:39.900> think<07:03:40.020> about<07:03:40.138> when

so as an example if you think about when

so as an example if you think about when
you<07:03:40.558> walk<07:03:40.740> through<07:03:40.978> an<07:03:41.218> airport<07:03:41.478> pretty<07:03:42.478> much

you walk through an airport pretty much

you walk through an airport pretty much
wherever<07:03:43.620> you<07:03:43.920> sit<07:03:44.160> we<07:03:44.638> have<07:03:44.820> a<07:03:45.120> decently

wherever you sit we have a decently

wherever you sit we have a decently
strong<07:03:45.840> Wireless<07:03:46.260> signal<07:03:46.940> theoretically<07:03:47.940> of

strong Wireless signal theoretically of

strong Wireless signal theoretically of
course<07:03:48.360> so<07:03:49.080> thinking<07:03:49.440> about<07:03:49.620> what's<07:03:50.160> that

course so thinking about what's that

course so thinking about what's that
signal<07:03:51.000> they<07:03:51.240> wouldn't<07:03:51.420> be<07:03:51.660> easy<07:03:51.840> for<07:03:52.200> a

signal they wouldn't be easy for a

signal they wouldn't be easy for a
single<07:03:52.740> access<07:03:52.920> point<07:03:53.340> to<07:03:53.820> provide<07:03:54.120> you<07:03:54.298> a

single access point to provide you a

single access point to provide you a
signal<07:03:55.440> that's<07:03:55.620> that<07:03:55.860> strong<07:03:56.100> for<07:03:56.340> that<07:03:56.458> much

signal that's that strong for that much

signal that's that strong for that much
space<07:03:56.940> in<07:03:57.600> fact<07:03:57.780> it's<07:03:58.080> pretty<07:03:58.558> much

space in fact it's pretty much

space in fact it's pretty much
impossible<07:03:59.218> so<07:04:00.000> instead<07:04:00.360> there<07:04:00.958> are<07:04:01.080> many

impossible so instead there are many

impossible so instead there are many
access<07:04:01.798> points<07:04:02.400> APS<07:04:03.058> arrange<07:04:03.600> strategically

access points APS arrange strategically

access points APS arrange strategically
to<07:04:05.040> allow<07:04:05.340> full<07:04:05.638> coverage<07:04:06.058> throughout<07:04:06.718> the

to allow full coverage throughout the

to allow full coverage throughout the
airport<07:04:07.080> and<07:04:07.920> combined<07:04:08.520> they<07:04:08.820> make<07:04:09.058> up<07:04:09.240> this

airport and combined they make up this

airport and combined they make up this
ESS<07:04:10.080> or<07:04:10.620> extended<07:04:11.100> service<07:04:11.340> set<07:04:11.638> that's<07:04:12.298> why

ESS or extended service set that's why

ESS or extended service set that's why
we<07:04:12.660> see<07:04:12.780> the<07:04:12.958> same<07:04:13.080> network<07:04:13.378> name<07:04:13.680> no<07:04:13.978> matter

we see the same network name no matter

we see the same network name no matter
where<07:04:14.400> you<07:04:14.580> are<07:04:14.760> within<07:04:15.240> that<07:04:15.478> Network<07:04:15.718> range

where you are within that Network range

where you are within that Network range
now<07:04:16.798> the<07:04:16.920> BSS<07:04:17.340> can<07:04:17.820> either<07:04:18.058> operate<07:04:18.840> on<07:04:19.620> the

now the BSS can either operate on the

now the BSS can either operate on the
same<07:04:19.978> channel<07:04:20.218> or<07:04:21.058> on<07:04:21.420> separate<07:04:21.958> channels

same channel or on separate channels

same channel or on separate channels
which<07:04:23.280> effectively<07:04:23.820> increases<07:04:24.660> the

which effectively increases the

which effectively increases the
throughput<07:04:25.320> by<07:04:25.798> having<07:04:25.978> separate<07:04:26.400> channels

throughput by having separate channels

throughput by having separate channels
that<07:04:27.000> they're<07:04:27.298> not<07:04:27.660> going<07:04:27.840> to<07:04:27.958> overlap<07:04:28.378> on

that they're not going to overlap on

that they're not going to overlap on
finally<07:04:29.340> we<07:04:29.700> have<07:04:29.820> What's<07:04:30.058> called<07:04:30.298> the<07:04:31.040> ibss

finally we have What's called the ibss

finally we have What's called the ibss
this<07:04:32.760> is<07:04:32.878> an<07:04:33.240> independent<07:04:33.900> basic<07:04:34.558> service<07:04:34.860> set

this is an independent basic service set

this is an independent basic service set
and<07:04:36.000> ibss<07:04:36.660> is<07:04:36.900> created<07:04:37.200> when<07:04:37.378> there<07:04:37.558> is<07:04:37.680> a

and ibss is created when there is a

and ibss is created when there is a
isn't<07:04:38.280> a<07:04:38.520> controlling<07:04:39.000> access<07:04:39.240> point<07:04:39.718> but

isn't a controlling access point but

isn't a controlling access point but
instead<07:04:40.680> there's<07:04:41.160> what<07:04:41.340> we<07:04:41.520> call<07:04:41.700> an<07:04:42.058> ad<07:04:42.478> hoc

instead there's what we call an ad hoc

instead there's what we call an ad hoc
network<07:04:43.558> and<07:04:44.100> as<07:04:44.280> the<07:04:44.458> name<07:04:44.638> implies

network and as the name implies

network and as the name implies
this<07:04:46.620> means<07:04:46.920> that<07:04:47.280> uh<07:04:48.240> this<07:04:48.718> is<07:04:48.840> a<07:04:49.080> makeshift

this means that uh this is a makeshift

this means that uh this is a makeshift
or<07:04:49.860> an<07:04:50.040> improvised<07:04:50.760> in<07:04:50.878> technical<07:04:51.240> terms<07:04:51.780> uh

or an improvised in technical terms uh

or an improvised in technical terms uh
wireless<07:04:53.340> network<07:04:53.878> that<07:04:54.478> combines<07:04:54.958> Network

wireless network that combines Network

wireless network that combines Network
elements<07:04:55.920> to<07:04:56.160> make<07:04:56.280> a<07:04:56.458> network<07:04:56.580> with<07:04:57.058> minimal

elements to make a network with minimal

elements to make a network with minimal
planning<07:04:58.020> where<07:04:58.680> all<07:04:58.920> the<07:04:59.040> devices<07:04:59.280> on<07:04:59.638> the

planning where all the devices on the

planning where all the devices on the
network<07:04:59.878> are<07:05:00.478> essentially<07:05:01.020> equal<07:05:01.378> in<07:05:01.680> status

network are essentially equal in status

network are essentially equal in status
and<07:05:03.240> are<07:05:03.420> free<07:05:03.780> to<07:05:04.558> talk<07:05:05.400> with<07:05:05.940> any<07:05:06.120> other<07:05:06.360> ad

and are free to talk with any other ad

and are free to talk with any other ad
hoc<07:05:06.780> devices<07:05:07.200> that<07:05:07.558> are<07:05:07.680> in<07:05:07.860> range<07:05:08.218> this<07:05:08.878> ad

hoc devices that are in range this ad

hoc devices that are in range this ad
hoc<07:05:09.240> configuration<07:05:09.900> which<07:05:10.260> is<07:05:10.440> also<07:05:10.740> called

hoc configuration which is also called

hoc configuration which is also called
by<07:05:11.218> the<07:05:11.340> way<07:05:11.458> a<07:05:12.120> peer-to-peer<07:05:12.840> configuration

is where stas are performing their own

is where stas are performing their own
AP<07:05:19.620> functions<07:05:20.400> as<07:05:21.058> well<07:05:21.240> as<07:05:21.420> their<07:05:21.718> own<07:05:21.900> client

AP functions as well as their own client

AP functions as well as their own client
operations<07:05:23.180> independent<07:05:24.180> of<07:05:24.360> any<07:05:24.540> sort<07:05:24.780> of

operations independent of any sort of

operations independent of any sort of
central<07:05:25.080> device

central device

central device
so<07:05:27.000> if<07:05:27.360> you've<07:05:27.600> ever<07:05:27.780> connected<07:05:28.440> two

so if you've ever connected two

so if you've ever connected two
computers<07:05:29.280> directly<07:05:29.700> together<07:05:29.878> in<07:05:30.298> order<07:05:30.478> to

computers directly together in order to

computers directly together in order to
say

say

say
transfer<07:05:32.340> files<07:05:32.820> or<07:05:33.298> perhaps<07:05:33.600> you've

transfer files or perhaps you've

transfer files or perhaps you've
connected<07:05:34.260> your<07:05:34.878> smartphone<07:05:35.878> directly<07:05:36.420> to

connected your smartphone directly to

connected your smartphone directly to
your<07:05:36.840> computer<07:05:37.020> in<07:05:37.440> order<07:05:37.558> to<07:05:37.798> transfer<07:05:38.160> files

your computer in order to transfer files

your computer in order to transfer files
without<07:05:38.878> the<07:05:39.180> use<07:05:39.360> of<07:05:39.540> an<07:05:39.718> access<07:05:39.840> point

without the use of an access point

without the use of an access point
you're<07:05:40.798> using<07:05:41.040> what's<07:05:41.218> called<07:05:41.458> an<07:05:41.760> ibss<07:05:42.660> or<07:05:43.138> an

you're using what's called an ibss or an

you're using what's called an ibss or an
ad<07:05:43.558> hoc<07:05:43.740> wireless<07:05:44.160> network<07:05:44.780> many<07:05:45.780> aspects<07:05:46.500> of

ad hoc wireless network many aspects of

ad hoc wireless network many aspects of
antennas<07:05:47.760> and<07:05:48.120> their<07:05:48.360> characteristics<07:05:48.958> that

antennas and their characteristics that

antennas and their characteristics that
are<07:05:49.440> a<07:05:49.558> little<07:05:49.620> outside<07:05:49.920> of<07:05:50.218> the<07:05:50.340> scope<07:05:50.520> the

are a little outside of the scope the

are a little outside of the scope the
network<07:05:51.000> plus<07:05:51.240> exam<07:05:51.660> but<07:05:52.320> there<07:05:52.500> are<07:05:52.620> still<07:05:52.680> a

network plus exam but there are still a

network plus exam but there are still a
few<07:05:52.978> Basics<07:05:53.458> that<07:05:53.760> are<07:05:53.878> important

few Basics that are important

few Basics that are important
the<07:05:55.440> first<07:05:55.620> of<07:05:55.798> which<07:05:55.920> is<07:05:56.100> to<07:05:56.340> Define<07:05:56.458> what<07:05:57.360> an

the first of which is to Define what an

the first of which is to Define what an
antenna<07:05:58.020> actually<07:05:58.320> is<07:05:58.740> and<07:05:59.160> how<07:05:59.400> it<07:05:59.580> functions

antenna actually is and how it functions

antenna actually is and how it functions
on<07:06:00.478> a<07:06:00.600> fundamental<07:06:01.080> level

on a fundamental level

on a fundamental level
so<07:06:02.218> an<07:06:02.400> antenna<07:06:02.820> is<07:06:03.058> a<07:06:03.240> physical<07:06:03.360> device<07:06:03.840> that

so an antenna is a physical device that

so an antenna is a physical device that
are<07:06:04.860> transmits<07:06:05.638> or<07:06:06.058> receives

are transmits or receives

are transmits or receives
electromagnetic<07:06:07.860> waves<07:06:08.218> and<07:06:08.400> then<07:06:08.520> converts

electromagnetic waves and then converts

electromagnetic waves and then converts
those<07:06:09.180> waves<07:06:09.718> to<07:06:10.440> and<07:06:10.680> from<07:06:10.920> high<07:06:11.520> frequency

those waves to and from high frequency

those waves to and from high frequency
signal<07:06:12.540> now<07:06:13.260> the<07:06:13.440> antenna's<07:06:14.100> physical

signal now the antenna's physical

signal now the antenna's physical
characteristics<07:06:15.298> and<07:06:15.540> dimensions<07:06:16.020> are<07:06:16.440> going

characteristics and dimensions are going

characteristics and dimensions are going
to<07:06:16.740> dictate<07:06:17.100> these<07:06:17.520> frequencies<07:06:18.000> that<07:06:18.360> it<07:06:18.478> can

to dictate these frequencies that it can

to dictate these frequencies that it can
transmit<07:06:19.260> or<07:06:19.860> receive<07:06:20.218> and<07:06:21.058> depending<07:06:21.360> on<07:06:21.478> the

transmit or receive and depending on the

transmit or receive and depending on the
purpose<07:06:21.900> of<07:06:22.138> the<07:06:22.320> antenna

purpose of the antenna

purpose of the antenna
there<07:06:24.000> are<07:06:24.180> different<07:06:24.420> types<07:06:24.958> that<07:06:25.200> can<07:06:25.320> be

there are different types that can be

there are different types that can be
used<07:06:25.740> for<07:06:26.580> instance<07:06:26.760> the<07:06:27.120> radiation<07:06:27.540> pattern

used for instance the radiation pattern

used for instance the radiation pattern
is<07:06:28.620> different<07:06:28.798> on<07:06:29.218> some<07:06:29.458> antennas<07:06:29.940> versus

is different on some antennas versus

is different on some antennas versus
others

others

others
now<07:06:31.740> another<07:06:31.860> term<07:06:32.160> we<07:06:32.340> really<07:06:32.520> need<07:06:32.700> to

now another term we really need to

now another term we really need to
understand<07:06:32.940> is<07:06:33.298> the<07:06:33.478> term<07:06:33.600> gain<07:06:34.138> which

understand is the term gain which

understand is the term gain which
describes<07:06:35.160> the<07:06:35.520> intensity<07:06:36.058> of<07:06:36.298> an<07:06:36.478> antenna<07:06:36.900> in

describes the intensity of an antenna in

describes the intensity of an antenna in
a<07:06:37.620> specific<07:06:37.920> Direction<07:06:38.718> related<07:06:39.718> to<07:06:40.080> the

a specific Direction related to the

a specific Direction related to the
hypothetical<07:06:41.458> intensity<07:06:42.360> of<07:06:43.020> a<07:06:43.200> given

hypothetical intensity of a given

hypothetical intensity of a given
standard<07:06:43.860> which<07:06:44.160> is<07:06:44.280> the<07:06:44.520> ideal<07:06:45.478> in<07:06:45.900> other

standard which is the ideal in other

standard which is the ideal in other
words<07:06:46.200> we<07:06:46.920> always<07:06:47.040> have<07:06:47.400> a<07:06:47.580> hypothetical

the reality

the reality
now<07:06:57.900> this<07:06:58.020> is<07:06:58.138> achieved<07:06:58.558> by<07:06:58.740> focusing<07:06:59.160> on

now this is achieved by focusing on

now this is achieved by focusing on
What's<07:06:59.520> called<07:06:59.820> the<07:07:00.120> RF<07:07:00.540> or<07:07:00.840> the<07:07:00.958> radio

What's called the RF or the radio

What's called the RF or the radio
frequency

frequency

frequency
in<07:07:03.240> a<07:07:03.478> more<07:07:03.600> manageable<07:07:04.138> or<07:07:04.500> concentrated

in a more manageable or concentrated

in a more manageable or concentrated
plane<07:07:05.638> this<07:07:06.058> is<07:07:06.180> what<07:07:06.360> we<07:07:06.540> see<07:07:06.718> as<07:07:06.900> strength<07:07:07.740> on

plane this is what we see as strength on

plane this is what we see as strength on
your<07:07:08.580> computer<07:07:09.000> right<07:07:09.660> if<07:07:09.900> you've<07:07:10.080> seen<07:07:10.260> this

your computer right if you've seen this

your computer right if you've seen this
thing<07:07:10.620> and<07:07:10.798> you<07:07:10.978> have<07:07:11.160> different

thing and you have different

thing and you have different
number<07:07:13.378> of<07:07:13.620> bars<07:07:14.100> that's<07:07:14.580> what<07:07:14.760> we're<07:07:14.940> really

number of bars that's what we're really

number of bars that's what we're really
talking<07:07:15.360> about<07:07:15.540> here<07:07:15.840> is<07:07:16.138> the<07:07:16.320> gain

talking about here is the gain

talking about here is the gain
in<07:07:17.878> most<07:07:18.000> cases<07:07:18.360> we<07:07:18.718> want<07:07:18.840> more<07:07:19.138> gain<07:07:19.378> which<07:07:19.680> is

in most cases we want more gain which is

in most cases we want more gain which is
better<07:07:20.040> but<07:07:20.700> there<07:07:20.940> are<07:07:21.120> certain<07:07:21.360> legal

better but there are certain legal

better but there are certain legal
limits<07:07:22.138> and<07:07:22.260> adding<07:07:22.620> power<07:07:22.860> can<07:07:23.400> potentially

limits and adding power can potentially

limits and adding power can potentially
have<07:07:24.180> some<07:07:24.478> negative<07:07:24.718> ramifications<07:07:25.440> so<07:07:26.400> gain

have some negative ramifications so gain

have some negative ramifications so gain
can<07:07:27.180> also<07:07:27.478> come<07:07:27.660> from<07:07:27.840> an<07:07:28.080> external<07:07:28.558> Source

can also come from an external Source

can also come from an external Source
like<07:07:29.340> an<07:07:29.638> amplifier<07:07:30.378> which<07:07:31.378> means<07:07:32.218> that<07:07:32.458> it

like an amplifier which means that it

like an amplifier which means that it
amplifies<07:07:33.360> the<07:07:33.660> signal<07:07:33.958> making<07:07:34.378> it<07:07:34.680> stronger

amplifies the signal making it stronger

amplifies the signal making it stronger
and<07:07:36.478> it's<07:07:36.660> measured<07:07:37.138> in<07:07:37.558> decibels

and it's measured in decibels

and it's measured in decibels
now<07:07:39.600> while<07:07:39.780> this<07:07:40.020> explanation<07:07:40.500> is<07:07:40.920> very

now while this explanation is very

now while this explanation is very
simplified<07:07:41.760> the<07:07:42.420> antenna<07:07:42.840> gain<07:07:43.138> is<07:07:43.440> how<07:07:43.680> it's

simplified the antenna gain is how it's

simplified the antenna gain is how it's
affected<07:07:44.340> by<07:07:44.638> things<07:07:44.940> such<07:07:45.298> as<07:07:45.478> the<07:07:45.840> size<07:07:46.020> and

affected by things such as the size and

affected by things such as the size and
shape<07:07:46.620> of<07:07:46.798> the<07:07:46.978> antenna<07:07:47.400> and<07:07:47.878> the<07:07:48.000> amount<07:07:48.240> of

shape of the antenna and the amount of

shape of the antenna and the amount of
electrical<07:07:48.780> power<07:07:49.020> that's<07:07:49.378> applied<07:07:49.860> to<07:07:50.100> the

electrical power that's applied to the

electrical power that's applied to the
signal<07:07:50.580> and<07:07:51.240> it's<07:07:51.360> all<07:07:51.600> kind<07:07:51.840> of<07:07:51.958> complicated

signal and it's all kind of complicated

signal and it's all kind of complicated
which<07:07:53.160> is<07:07:53.280> why<07:07:53.400> there<07:07:53.580> are<07:07:53.760> people<07:07:53.878> who

which is why there are people who

which is why there are people who
specifically<07:07:54.660> are<07:07:54.958> RF<07:07:55.440> or<07:07:55.680> radio<07:07:55.798> frequency

specifically are RF or radio frequency

specifically are RF or radio frequency
engineers

engineers

engineers
so<07:07:58.020> what<07:07:58.320> you<07:07:58.500> really<07:07:58.620> need<07:07:58.798> to<07:07:58.920> remember

so what you really need to remember

so what you really need to remember
about<07:07:59.280> all<07:07:59.580> this<07:07:59.760> is<07:08:00.600> first

about all this is first

about all this is first
the<07:08:02.040> physical<07:08:02.420> characteristics<07:08:03.420> of<07:08:03.900> an

the physical characteristics of an

the physical characteristics of an
antenna<07:08:04.558> affect<07:08:05.280> its<07:08:05.580> gain

antenna affect its gain

antenna affect its gain
second<07:08:07.138> a<07:08:08.100> higher<07:08:08.340> gain<07:08:08.580> is<07:08:08.760> usually<07:08:09.000> good<07:08:09.298> but

second a higher gain is usually good but

second a higher gain is usually good but
potentially<07:08:09.958> dangerous

potentially dangerous

potentially dangerous
third<07:08:11.878> more<07:08:12.660> gain<07:08:12.958> can<07:08:13.260> be<07:08:13.378> achieved<07:08:13.798> by<07:08:14.040> using

third more gain can be achieved by using

third more gain can be achieved by using
an<07:08:14.520> amplifier<07:08:15.138> and<07:08:16.138> fourth<07:08:16.500> we're<07:08:16.920> going<07:08:17.100> to

an amplifier and fourth we're going to

an amplifier and fourth we're going to
measure<07:08:17.520> it<07:08:17.638> in<07:08:17.878> decibels

measure it in decibels

measure it in decibels
so<07:08:19.978> now<07:08:20.218> that<07:08:20.340> we've<07:08:20.520> defined<07:08:21.058> some<07:08:21.240> of<07:08:21.360> this

so now that we've defined some of this

so now that we've defined some of this
terminology<07:08:22.020> when<07:08:22.378> it<07:08:22.500> comes<07:08:22.620> to<07:08:22.740> antennas

terminology when it comes to antennas

terminology when it comes to antennas
let's<07:08:23.580> take<07:08:23.760> a<07:08:23.820> look<07:08:23.940> at<07:08:24.000> some<07:08:24.180> of<07:08:24.298> the

let's take a look at some of the

let's take a look at some of the
wireless<07:08:24.540> antenna<07:08:25.260> types

wireless antenna types

wireless antenna types
now<07:08:27.000> Wireless<07:08:27.240> antennas<07:08:28.138> can<07:08:28.378> be<07:08:28.620> fairly

now Wireless antennas can be fairly

now Wireless antennas can be fairly
organized<07:08:29.580> into<07:08:29.940> two<07:08:30.420> general<07:08:30.958> broad

organized into two general broad

organized into two general broad
categories<07:08:32.100> the<07:08:33.058> first<07:08:33.240> category<07:08:33.840> is

categories the first category is

categories the first category is
directional<07:08:35.000> directional<07:08:36.000> antennas<07:08:36.660> attempt

directional directional antennas attempt

directional directional antennas attempt
to<07:08:37.500> focus<07:08:37.920> the<07:08:38.100> radio<07:08:38.280> waves<07:08:38.700> into<07:08:38.820> a<07:08:39.120> narrow

to focus the radio waves into a narrow

to focus the radio waves into a narrow
beam<07:08:39.718> going<07:08:40.020> in<07:08:40.320> one<07:08:40.558> specific<07:08:40.860> Direction

beam going in one specific Direction

beam going in one specific Direction
because<07:08:42.298> the<07:08:42.600> signal<07:08:42.958> is<07:08:43.080> being<07:08:43.320> focused<07:08:43.978> it

because the signal is being focused it

because the signal is being focused it
typically<07:08:44.700> means<07:08:45.000> that<07:08:45.120> these<07:08:45.360> antennas<07:08:45.780> are

typically means that these antennas are

typically means that these antennas are
going<07:08:46.020> to<07:08:46.138> have<07:08:46.320> a<07:08:46.680> higher<07:08:47.040> gain

going to have a higher gain

going to have a higher gain
and<07:08:48.360> for<07:08:48.600> the<07:08:48.718> same<07:08:48.900> reason<07:08:49.138> a<07:08:49.558> relatively

and for the same reason a relatively

and for the same reason a relatively
narrower<07:08:51.240> transmission<07:08:51.600> beam<07:08:52.260> versus<07:08:52.620> other

narrower transmission beam versus other

narrower transmission beam versus other
types<07:08:53.340> as<07:08:53.638> you<07:08:53.820> can<07:08:53.940> see

types as you can see

types as you can see
these<07:08:55.320> characteristics<07:08:55.798> allow<07:08:56.160> for<07:08:56.280> a<07:08:56.458> couple

these characteristics allow for a couple

these characteristics allow for a couple
of<07:08:56.700> Bennetts<07:08:57.240> benefits<07:08:57.718> such<07:08:57.958> as<07:08:58.080> a<07:08:58.558> focus

of Bennetts benefits such as a focus

of Bennetts benefits such as a focus
beam<07:08:59.218> which<07:08:59.458> ensures<07:08:59.820> a<07:09:00.360> better<07:09:00.478> signal

beam which ensures a better signal

beam which ensures a better signal
quality<07:09:01.378> and<07:09:02.100> a<07:09:02.340> smaller<07:09:02.760> transmission<07:09:03.058> beam

quality and a smaller transmission beam

quality and a smaller transmission beam
which<07:09:04.138> means<07:09:04.378> that<07:09:04.500> there's<07:09:04.740> less<07:09:05.100> area<07:09:05.400> of

which means that there's less area of

which means that there's less area of
interference

interference

interference
how<07:09:07.620> directional<07:09:08.100> antennas<07:09:08.700> are<07:09:08.940> really

how directional antennas are really

how directional antennas are really
commonplace<07:09:09.718> in<07:09:10.020> implementations<07:09:10.680> of

commonplace in implementations of

commonplace in implementations of
point-to-point<07:09:12.420> networks<07:09:13.080> which<07:09:13.500> makes

point-to-point networks which makes

point-to-point networks which makes
sense<07:09:13.920> because<07:09:14.280> I<07:09:14.520> have<07:09:14.638> this<07:09:14.878> Limited<07:09:15.840> sort

sense because I have this Limited sort

sense because I have this Limited sort
of<07:09:16.740> area<07:09:17.458> in<07:09:17.940> which<07:09:18.120> the<07:09:18.360> waves<07:09:18.718> are<07:09:18.780> going<07:09:18.900> to

of area in which the waves are going to

of area in which the waves are going to
be<07:09:19.080> traveling<07:09:19.558> and<07:09:20.458> perhaps<07:09:20.820> most<07:09:21.240> commonly

be traveling and perhaps most commonly

be traveling and perhaps most commonly
you've<07:09:21.840> seen<07:09:22.020> them<07:09:22.400> in<07:09:23.400> Dish<07:09:23.580> Networks<07:09:24.180> for

you've seen them in Dish Networks for

you've seen them in Dish Networks for
satellite<07:09:25.138> TV<07:09:25.440> and<07:09:25.620> the<07:09:25.798> internet

satellite TV and the internet

satellite TV and the internet
now<07:09:27.718> the<07:09:28.080> next<07:09:28.260> category<07:09:28.798> of<07:09:29.040> antenna<07:09:29.520> is<07:09:29.878> are

now the next category of antenna is are

now the next category of antenna is are
called<07:09:30.740> omnidirectional<07:09:31.740> antennas<07:09:32.340> this

called omnidirectional antennas this

called omnidirectional antennas this
type<07:09:33.058> of<07:09:33.240> antenna<07:09:33.660> emits<07:09:34.080> the<07:09:34.200> radio<07:09:34.320> waves<07:09:34.798> in

type of antenna emits the radio waves in

type of antenna emits the radio waves in
all<07:09:35.400> directions<07:09:35.580> on<07:09:36.478> the<07:09:36.660> same<07:09:36.840> plane<07:09:37.320> equally

all directions on the same plane equally

all directions on the same plane equally
in<07:09:39.058> some<07:09:39.180> ways<07:09:39.420> these<07:09:39.840> are<07:09:39.900> called<07:09:40.200> donuts

in some ways these are called donuts

in some ways these are called donuts
because

because

because
the<07:09:42.718> wave<07:09:42.900> comes<07:09:43.320> out<07:09:43.500> in<07:09:43.920> a<07:09:44.100> donut<07:09:44.280> looking

the wave comes out in a donut looking

the wave comes out in a donut looking
shape<07:09:45.660> now<07:09:46.080> because<07:09:46.320> the<07:09:46.620> signal<07:09:46.920> is<07:09:47.040> being

shape now because the signal is being

shape now because the signal is being
transmitted<07:09:47.878> in<07:09:48.420> any<07:09:48.600> direction<07:09:48.900> such<07:09:49.798> as<07:09:49.978> on

transmitted in any direction such as on

transmitted in any direction such as on
a<07:09:52.020> wireless<07:09:52.138> router

a wireless router

a wireless router
these<07:09:54.240> antennas<07:09:54.660> have<07:09:55.020> a<07:09:55.558> relatively<07:09:56.160> low

these antennas have a relatively low

these antennas have a relatively low
gain<07:09:57.080> when<07:09:58.080> compared

gain when compared

gain when compared
with<07:10:01.020> a<07:10:01.500> uh<07:10:01.978> directional<07:10:02.638> antenna<07:10:03.478> now<07:10:03.958> where

with a uh directional antenna now where

with a uh directional antenna now where
these<07:10:04.680> antennas<07:10:05.040> lack<07:10:05.340> and<07:10:05.520> gain<07:10:05.760> they<07:10:06.000> make

these antennas lack and gain they make

these antennas lack and gain they make
up<07:10:06.478> for<07:10:06.660> it<07:10:06.840> because<07:10:07.020> obviously<07:10:07.500> they<07:10:07.798> have<07:10:08.040> a

up for it because obviously they have a

up for it because obviously they have a
greater<07:10:09.000> coverage<07:10:09.420> area

as the donut wave implies

as the donut wave implies
the<07:10:17.878> good<07:10:18.000> part<07:10:18.180> about<07:10:18.360> this<07:10:18.600> greater

the good part about this greater

the good part about this greater
coverage<07:10:19.320> area<07:10:19.558> is<07:10:20.400> that<07:10:20.580> transmitting<07:10:21.120> and

coverage area is that transmitting and

coverage area is that transmitting and
receiving<07:10:21.600> Stations<07:10:22.320> don't<07:10:22.920> have<07:10:23.160> to<07:10:23.340> have<07:10:23.580> a

receiving Stations don't have to have a

receiving Stations don't have to have a
specific<07:10:24.298> alignment<07:10:24.958> with<07:10:25.200> one<07:10:25.378> another

specific alignment with one another

specific alignment with one another
they<07:10:27.000> can<07:10:27.120> be<07:10:27.240> in<07:10:27.420> any<07:10:27.540> direction<07:10:27.780> from<07:10:28.260> the

they can be in any direction from the

they can be in any direction from the
antenna<07:10:29.400> these<07:10:30.000> antennas<07:10:30.360> are<07:10:30.540> really<07:10:30.660> going

antenna these antennas are really going

antenna these antennas are really going
to<07:10:30.958> be<07:10:31.020> used<07:10:31.260> in<07:10:31.740> distributed<07:10:32.218> networks<07:10:32.820> and

to be used in distributed networks and

to be used in distributed networks and
multi-point<07:10:33.600> networks<07:10:34.200> as<07:10:34.378> well<07:10:34.558> so

multi-point networks as well so

multi-point networks as well so
omnidirectional<07:10:36.000> antennas<07:10:36.478> are<07:10:36.718> implemented

omnidirectional antennas are implemented

omnidirectional antennas are implemented
everywhere<07:10:37.680> from<07:10:38.240> cell<07:10:39.240> phones<07:10:39.600> to<07:10:39.840> radio

everywhere from cell phones to radio

everywhere from cell phones to radio
broadcasting<07:10:40.920> antennas<07:10:41.458> to<07:10:41.760> walkie-talkies

broadcasting antennas to walkie-talkies

broadcasting antennas to walkie-talkies
to<07:10:43.260> GPS<07:10:43.798> to<07:10:44.780> mostly<07:10:45.780> our<07:10:46.680> wireless<07:10:46.920> networks

to GPS to mostly our wireless networks

to GPS to mostly our wireless networks
at<07:10:47.940> home<07:10:48.120> and<07:10:48.780> in<07:10:49.080> a<07:10:49.260> lot<07:10:49.320> of<07:10:49.500> offices<07:10:50.760> Etc

at home and in a lot of offices Etc

at home and in a lot of offices Etc
so<07:10:51.958> now<07:10:52.080> that<07:10:52.200> we've<07:10:52.378> talked<07:10:52.740> about<07:10:52.860> a<07:10:53.458> lot<07:10:53.700> of

so now that we've talked about a lot of

so now that we've talked about a lot of
the<07:10:53.940> different<07:10:54.120> types<07:10:54.660> of<07:10:54.780> antennas<07:10:55.320> and

the different types of antennas and

the different types of antennas and
their<07:10:55.680> characteristics<07:10:56.340> the<07:10:57.058> the<07:10:57.240> last<07:10:57.718> thing

their characteristics the the last thing

their characteristics the the last thing
I'd<07:10:58.080> like<07:10:58.200> to<07:10:58.320> mention<07:10:58.440> about<07:10:58.740> gain<07:10:59.100> is<07:10:59.700> the

I'd like to mention about gain is the

I'd like to mention about gain is the
more<07:11:00.180> gain<07:11:00.540> the<07:11:00.840> antenna<07:11:01.378> has<07:11:01.680> the<07:11:02.520> smaller

more gain the antenna has the smaller

more gain the antenna has the smaller
the<07:11:03.000> effective<07:11:03.420> angle<07:11:03.900> of<07:11:04.020> use<07:11:04.200> needs<07:11:04.740> to<07:11:04.860> be

the effective angle of use needs to be

the effective angle of use needs to be
so<07:11:06.240> the<07:11:06.540> next<07:11:06.660> thing<07:11:06.840> we<07:11:07.020> need<07:11:07.138> to<07:11:07.260> do<07:11:07.440> is

so the next thing we need to do is

so the next thing we need to do is
outline<07:11:08.240> what's<07:11:09.240> going<07:11:09.478> to<07:11:09.718> affect<07:11:10.020> the

outline what's going to affect the

outline what's going to affect the
performance<07:11:10.798> of<07:11:11.100> these<07:11:11.280> antennas

performance of these antennas

performance of these antennas
so<07:11:13.320> the<07:11:13.500> physical<07:11:13.620> layer<07:11:14.100> of<07:11:14.218> the<07:11:14.400> network<07:11:14.580> the

so the physical layer of the network the

so the physical layer of the network the
transmission<07:11:15.298> of<07:11:15.718> bits<07:11:16.138> from<07:11:16.378> one<07:11:16.558> point<07:11:16.740> to

transmission of bits from one point to

transmission of bits from one point to
the<07:11:17.100> other<07:11:17.218> there<07:11:18.000> are<07:11:18.120> a<07:11:18.180> lot<07:11:18.240> of<07:11:18.360> things<07:11:18.478> that

the other there are a lot of things that

the other there are a lot of things that
can<07:11:18.900> hinder<07:11:19.320> the<07:11:19.500> data<07:11:19.860> while<07:11:20.218> it's<07:11:20.400> in

can hinder the data while it's in

can hinder the data while it's in
transit<07:11:21.478> these<07:11:22.138> things<07:11:22.378> that<07:11:22.860> are<07:11:23.040> going<07:11:23.160> to

transit these things that are going to

transit these things that are going to
impede<07:11:23.700> our<07:11:23.820> signal<07:11:24.180> are<07:11:24.478> going<07:11:24.660> to<07:11:24.840> depend<07:11:25.200> on

impede our signal are going to depend on

impede our signal are going to depend on
the<07:11:25.680> type<07:11:25.920> of<07:11:26.218> data<07:11:26.580> in<07:11:27.120> transmission

the type of data in transmission

the type of data in transmission
so<07:11:28.740> for<07:11:28.978> infrared<07:11:29.780> data<07:11:30.780> Transmissions<07:11:31.378> the

so for infrared data Transmissions the

so for infrared data Transmissions the
antennas<07:11:32.820> need<07:11:33.058> a<07:11:33.298> line<07:11:33.540> of<07:11:33.718> sight<07:11:34.020> or<07:11:34.200> Los

antennas need a line of sight or Los

antennas need a line of sight or Los
just<07:11:35.218> like<07:11:35.400> your<07:11:35.580> remote<07:11:35.760> control<07:11:36.260> almost

just like your remote control almost

just like your remote control almost
anything<07:11:37.620> that<07:11:38.040> obstructs<07:11:38.520> this<07:11:38.700> loss<07:11:39.240> is

anything that obstructs this loss is

anything that obstructs this loss is
going<07:11:39.660> to<07:11:39.840> affect<07:11:40.200> the<07:11:40.440> signal<07:11:40.798> this<07:11:41.340> could

going to affect the signal this could

going to affect the signal this could
include<07:11:41.760> stuff<07:11:42.058> like<07:11:42.298> smoke<07:11:42.660> smog<07:11:43.378> fog<07:11:44.340> dust

include stuff like smoke smog fog dust

include stuff like smoke smog fog dust
even<07:11:46.440> pulses<07:11:47.040> of<07:11:47.280> light<07:11:47.520> and<07:11:48.000> bright<07:11:48.240> sunlight

even pulses of light and bright sunlight

even pulses of light and bright sunlight
can<07:11:49.260> very<07:11:49.500> easily<07:11:49.978> change<07:11:50.458> the<07:11:50.820> maximum

can very easily change the maximum

can very easily change the maximum
transmitting<07:11:51.840> distance<07:11:52.080> and<07:11:52.978> obviously<07:11:53.340> if

transmitting distance and obviously if

transmitting distance and obviously if
anything

anything

anything
standing<07:11:55.860> in<07:11:55.978> the<07:11:56.160> way<07:11:56.280> we're<07:11:56.638> going<07:11:56.820> to<07:11:56.878> be<07:11:57.000> in

standing in the way we're going to be in

standing in the way we're going to be in
big<07:11:57.360> trouble

big trouble

big trouble
now<07:11:58.798> for<07:11:59.040> microwave<07:11:59.580> Transmissions<07:12:00.420> the

now for microwave Transmissions the

now for microwave Transmissions the
signals<07:12:01.860> also<07:12:02.218> considered<07:12:02.760> Los<07:12:03.180> or<07:12:04.020> line<07:12:04.320> of

signals also considered Los or line of

signals also considered Los or line of
sight<07:12:04.740> this<07:12:05.520> typically<07:12:05.820> doesn't<07:12:06.058> mean<07:12:06.360> that

sight this typically doesn't mean that

sight this typically doesn't mean that
we<07:12:06.780> need<07:12:06.900> to<07:12:07.020> be<07:12:07.138> able<07:12:07.320> to<07:12:07.558> see<07:12:07.798> the<07:12:08.040> receiving

we need to be able to see the receiving

we need to be able to see the receiving
station<07:12:08.580> with<07:12:08.940> our<07:12:09.180> naked<07:12:09.540> eye<07:12:09.718> it<07:12:10.260> just<07:12:10.378> means

station with our naked eye it just means

station with our naked eye it just means
that<07:12:10.740> the<07:12:10.860> signal<07:12:11.160> has<07:12:11.400> to<07:12:11.520> have<07:12:11.700> an<07:12:12.000> unimpeded

that the signal has to have an unimpeded

that the signal has to have an unimpeded
path<07:12:12.900> from<07:12:13.260> the<07:12:13.378> source<07:12:13.740> of<07:12:13.798> the<07:12:13.978> destination

path from the source of the destination

path from the source of the destination
most<07:12:15.240> commonly<07:12:15.740> satellite<07:12:16.740> the<07:12:17.520> ground

most commonly satellite the ground

most commonly satellite the ground
station<07:12:18.120> has<07:12:18.600> to<07:12:18.718> be<07:12:18.840> within<07:12:19.260> the<07:12:19.558> footprint

station has to be within the footprint

station has to be within the footprint
of<07:12:20.760> the<07:12:21.000> orbiting<07:12:21.540> satellite<07:12:22.138> generally

of the orbiting satellite generally

of the orbiting satellite generally
speaking

speaking

speaking
distance<07:12:24.840> is<07:12:25.200> the<07:12:25.378> performance<07:12:25.798> Factor

distance is the performance Factor

distance is the performance Factor
that's<07:12:26.520> going<07:12:26.760> to<07:12:26.940> affect<07:12:27.298> these<07:12:27.780> microwave

that's going to affect these microwave

that's going to affect these microwave
Transmissions<07:12:28.740> the<07:12:29.160> most

Transmissions the most

Transmissions the most
now<07:12:30.360> the<07:12:30.540> factors<07:12:30.840> that<07:12:31.020> are<07:12:31.200> going<07:12:31.378> to<07:12:31.558> affect

now the factors that are going to affect

now the factors that are going to affect
radio<07:12:33.000> Transmissions<07:12:33.780> which<07:12:34.080> are<07:12:34.200> the<07:12:34.320> ones

radio Transmissions which are the ones

radio Transmissions which are the ones
we<07:12:34.680> use<07:12:34.798> in<07:12:35.160> Wi-Fi<07:12:35.580> settings<07:12:36.200> mostly<07:12:37.200> start

we use in Wi-Fi settings mostly start

we use in Wi-Fi settings mostly start
with<07:12:37.620> the<07:12:37.798> antenna<07:12:38.160> itself

with the antenna itself

with the antenna itself
so<07:12:39.420> the<07:12:39.600> signal<07:12:39.958> characteristics<07:12:40.680> of<07:12:40.860> an

so the signal characteristics of an

so the signal characteristics of an
antenna<07:12:41.458> can<07:12:41.700> affect<07:12:42.000> the<07:12:42.298> maximum

antenna can affect the maximum

antenna can affect the maximum
transmitting<07:12:43.378> distance<07:12:43.760> also<07:12:44.760> performance

transmitting distance also performance

transmitting distance also performance
can<07:12:45.600> be<07:12:45.718> limited<07:12:46.080> if<07:12:46.260> there<07:12:46.378> are<07:12:46.500> any<07:12:46.620> objects

can be limited if there are any objects

can be limited if there are any objects
that<07:12:47.458> are<07:12:47.580> very<07:12:47.760> electrical<07:12:48.600> or<07:12:49.440> give<07:12:49.740> off<07:12:49.920> a

that are very electrical or give off a

that are very electrical or give off a
lot<07:12:50.280> of<07:12:50.400> magnet<07:12:51.020> magnetic<07:12:52.020> fields<07:12:52.440> near<07:12:53.218> or

lot of magnet magnetic fields near or

lot of magnet magnetic fields near or
around<07:12:53.638> the<07:12:54.058> transmitting<07:12:54.600> or<07:12:54.780> receiving

around the transmitting or receiving

around the transmitting or receiving
stations<07:12:55.920> and<07:12:56.100> this<07:12:56.280> is<07:12:56.340> going<07:12:56.520> to<07:12:56.638> cause

stations and this is going to cause

stations and this is going to cause
problems<07:12:57.298> to<07:12:57.478> arise

problems to arise

problems to arise
we<07:12:58.860> can<07:12:58.978> also<07:12:59.160> have<07:12:59.340> normal<07:12:59.700> ambient<07:13:00.240> noise<07:13:00.660> or

we can also have normal ambient noise or

we can also have normal ambient noise or
environmental<07:13:01.798> conditions<07:13:02.280> which<07:13:02.520> can

environmental conditions which can

environmental conditions which can
affect<07:13:03.058> the<07:13:03.360> distance<07:13:03.600> these<07:13:04.138> signals<07:13:04.500> can

affect the distance these signals can

affect the distance these signals can
travel<07:13:04.940> finally<07:13:05.940> the<07:13:06.360> greatest<07:13:06.540> factor

travel finally the greatest factor

travel finally the greatest factor
that's<07:13:07.558> going<07:13:07.740> to<07:13:07.798> affect<07:13:08.100> Bluetooth

that's going to affect Bluetooth

that's going to affect Bluetooth
Transmissions<07:13:09.478> is<07:13:09.900> the<07:13:10.138> distance<07:13:10.378> between

Transmissions is the distance between

Transmissions is the distance between
the<07:13:11.760> uh<07:13:12.240> the<07:13:12.900> devices<07:13:13.200> just<07:13:14.100> because<07:13:14.280> of<07:13:14.580> the

the uh the devices just because of the

the uh the devices just because of the
technology<07:13:15.120> we're<07:13:15.478> using<07:13:15.840> as<07:13:16.558> most<07:13:16.860> Bluetooth

technology we're using as most Bluetooth

technology we're using as most Bluetooth
devices<07:13:17.760> are<07:13:18.000> what<07:13:18.120> we<07:13:18.240> call<07:13:18.478> Class<07:13:19.260> 2<07:13:19.620> devices

devices are what we call Class 2 devices

devices are what we call Class 2 devices
this<07:13:22.500> means<07:13:22.798> that<07:13:22.978> we<07:13:23.160> have<07:13:23.340> about<07:13:23.638> a<07:13:24.120> 10<07:13:24.360> meter

this means that we have about a 10 meter

this means that we have about a 10 meter
which<07:13:25.260> is<07:13:25.378> equivalent<07:13:25.860> to<07:13:26.160> around<07:13:26.660> although<07:13:27.660> a

which is equivalent to around although a

which is equivalent to around although a
little<07:13:28.020> more<07:13:28.200> than<07:13:28.378> 30<07:13:28.740> feet

little more than 30 feet

little more than 30 feet
and<07:13:30.360> this<07:13:30.540> is<07:13:30.660> due<07:13:30.900> to<07:13:31.340> power<07:13:32.340> limitations<07:13:32.940> now

and this is due to power limitations now

and this is due to power limitations now
depending<07:13:33.958> on<07:13:34.138> the<07:13:34.260> type<07:13:34.440> of<07:13:34.620> Bluetooth

depending on the type of Bluetooth

depending on the type of Bluetooth
device<07:13:35.280> it<07:13:35.700> may<07:13:35.820> operate<07:13:36.120> on<07:13:36.360> the<07:13:36.478> 2.4

device it may operate on the 2.4

device it may operate on the 2.4
gigahertz

gigahertz

gigahertz
frequency<07:13:39.900> which<07:13:40.320> by<07:13:40.558> the<07:13:40.680> way<07:13:40.740> is<07:13:40.978> the<07:13:41.218> same

frequency which by the way is the same

frequency which by the way is the same
as<07:13:41.520> Wi-Fi<07:13:41.940> and<07:13:42.600> so<07:13:42.718> there<07:13:42.900> that's<07:13:43.200> why<07:13:43.378> we're

as Wi-Fi and so there that's why we're

as Wi-Fi and so there that's why we're
going<07:13:43.680> to<07:13:43.740> have<07:13:43.860> a<07:13:44.040> problem<07:13:44.218> and<07:13:44.638> sometimes

going to have a problem and sometimes

going to have a problem and sometimes
we're<07:13:45.120> also<07:13:45.360> going<07:13:45.420> to<07:13:45.420> see<07:13:45.540> it<07:13:45.600> on<07:13:45.780> the<07:13:45.900> 4.6

we're also going to see it on the 4.6

we're also going to see it on the 4.6
gigahertz<07:13:46.978> frequency

gigahertz frequency

gigahertz frequency
and<07:13:49.020> for<07:13:49.200> those<07:13:49.378> that<07:13:49.620> operate<07:13:49.978> at<07:13:50.160> 2.4

and for those that operate at 2.4

and for those that operate at 2.4
obviously<07:13:52.200> not<07:13:52.680> only<07:13:52.860> does<07:13:53.218> radio<07:13:53.458> operate<07:13:54.058> at

obviously not only does radio operate at

obviously not only does radio operate at
those<07:13:54.420> or<07:13:54.718> Wi-Fi<07:13:55.138> connections<07:13:55.620> but<07:13:55.860> also

those or Wi-Fi connections but also

those or Wi-Fi connections but also
phones<07:13:56.820> and<07:13:57.058> so<07:13:57.180> on<07:13:57.298> so<07:13:57.540> there's<07:13:57.718> a<07:13:57.900> lot<07:13:58.020> of

phones and so on so there's a lot of

phones and so on so there's a lot of
potential<07:13:58.620> for

potential for

potential for
having<07:14:01.080> devices<07:14:01.500> on<07:14:01.860> the<07:14:01.978> same<07:14:02.100> frequency

having devices on the same frequency

having devices on the same frequency
that<07:14:02.878> are<07:14:03.000> going<07:14:03.120> to<07:14:03.240> impede<07:14:03.718> its

that are going to impede its

that are going to impede its
communication

communication

communication
now<07:14:06.120> one<07:14:06.360> other<07:14:06.478> term<07:14:06.660> I<07:14:06.900> want<07:14:07.020> to<07:14:07.138> talk<07:14:07.260> about

now one other term I want to talk about

now one other term I want to talk about
is<07:14:07.680> a<07:14:07.860> term<07:14:07.978> called<07:14:08.340> latency<07:14:09.080> this<07:14:10.080> is<07:14:10.260> we've

is a term called latency this is we've

is a term called latency this is we've
mentioned<07:14:10.978> it<07:14:11.100> a<07:14:11.280> couple<07:14:11.340> times<07:14:11.520> in<07:14:11.760> previous

mentioned it a couple times in previous

mentioned it a couple times in previous
modules<07:14:12.540> but<07:14:12.718> I<07:14:12.840> haven't<07:14:12.958> really<07:14:13.138> defined<07:14:13.558> it

modules but I haven't really defined it

modules but I haven't really defined it
latency<07:14:14.580> is<07:14:14.940> basically<07:14:15.240> the<07:14:15.540> time<07:14:15.780> delay<07:14:16.260> in<07:14:16.440> a

latency is basically the time delay in a

latency is basically the time delay in a
given<07:14:16.920> system<07:14:17.160> depending<07:14:18.058> on<07:14:18.120> what<07:14:18.240> system

given system depending on what system

given system depending on what system
you're<07:14:18.718> measuring<07:14:19.080> it<07:14:19.260> might<07:14:19.440> mean<07:14:19.620> slightly

you're measuring it might mean slightly

you're measuring it might mean slightly
different<07:14:20.160> things<07:14:20.520> so<07:14:21.120> the<07:14:21.298> system<07:14:21.420> we're

different things so the system we're

different things so the system we're
most<07:14:21.958> concerned<07:14:22.320> with<07:14:22.440> is<07:14:22.680> the<07:14:22.920> network

most concerned with is the network

most concerned with is the network
latency<07:14:23.700> which<07:14:24.360> can<07:14:24.478> be<07:14:24.660> measured<07:14:24.958> in<07:14:25.138> either

latency which can be measured in either

latency which can be measured in either
one<07:14:25.798> way<07:14:26.040> or<07:14:26.638> round<07:14:27.000> trip<07:14:27.540> latency<07:14:28.440> and<07:14:28.680> I'm

one way or round trip latency and I'm

one way or round trip latency and I'm
sure<07:14:29.040> that<07:14:29.280> you<07:14:29.400> can<07:14:29.520> understand<07:14:29.700> the

sure that you can understand the

sure that you can understand the
difference<07:14:30.360> there

difference there

difference there
the<07:14:32.820> latency<07:14:33.180> is<07:14:33.360> the<07:14:33.540> amount<07:14:33.718> of<07:14:33.840> time<07:14:33.958> it

the latency is the amount of time it

the latency is the amount of time it
takes<07:14:34.320> for<07:14:34.500> data<07:14:34.860> to<07:14:35.040> go<07:14:35.218> from<07:14:35.458> a<07:14:35.580> source<07:14:35.878> to

takes for data to go from a source to

takes for data to go from a source to
destination<07:14:36.540> and<07:14:37.378> we're<07:14:37.500> just<07:14:37.680> dealing<07:14:38.040> with

destination and we're just dealing with

destination and we're just dealing with
bat<07:14:38.700> round<07:14:39.058> trip

bat round trip

bat round trip
it<07:14:40.320> coming<07:14:40.500> back<07:14:40.798> as<07:14:41.100> well<07:14:41.280> so<07:14:42.058> the<07:14:42.180> round<07:14:42.298> trip

it coming back as well so the round trip

it coming back as well so the round trip
adds<07:14:43.200> the<07:14:43.920> two<07:14:44.100> one-way<07:14:44.638> totals

adds the two one-way totals

adds the two one-way totals
and<07:14:46.260> doesn't<07:14:46.440> include<07:14:46.920> the<07:14:47.280> processing<07:14:47.878> time

and doesn't include the processing time

and doesn't include the processing time
of<07:14:48.298> the<07:14:48.420> packet<07:14:48.840> so<07:14:49.260> only<07:14:49.378> because<07:14:49.680> it's<07:14:49.920> sent

of the packet so only because it's sent

of the packet so only because it's sent
and<07:14:50.340> then<07:14:50.458> takes<07:14:50.638> a<07:14:50.820> certain<07:14:50.940> amount<07:14:51.058> of<07:14:51.298> time

and then takes a certain amount of time

and then takes a certain amount of time
to<07:14:51.900> come<07:14:52.020> back<07:14:52.138> doesn't<07:14:52.378> mean<07:14:52.620> that<07:14:52.740> is<07:14:53.040> all

to come back doesn't mean that is all

to come back doesn't mean that is all
latency<07:14:53.700> because<07:14:54.180> some<07:14:54.478> of<07:14:54.600> that<07:14:54.718> is<07:14:55.020> how<07:14:55.260> much

latency because some of that is how much

latency because some of that is how much
time<07:14:55.620> the<07:14:55.920> computer<07:14:56.100> is<07:14:56.458> spending<07:14:56.820> processing

time the computer is spending processing

time the computer is spending processing
that<07:14:58.260> information

that information

that information
obviously<07:15:00.298> we<07:15:00.600> want<07:15:00.840> lower<07:15:01.378> latency

and to measure it we can generally use

and to measure it we can generally use
the<07:15:07.558> Ping<07:15:07.798> utility<07:15:08.160> which<07:15:08.520> is<07:15:08.638> going<07:15:08.820> to<07:15:08.878> tell

the Ping utility which is going to tell

the Ping utility which is going to tell
us<07:15:09.180> in<07:15:09.478> milliseconds<07:15:10.080> how<07:15:10.440> long<07:15:10.680> a<07:15:11.638> packet

us in milliseconds how long a packet

us in milliseconds how long a packet
took<07:15:12.420> to<07:15:12.540> go<07:15:12.718> there<07:15:12.900> and<07:15:13.080> come<07:15:13.260> back

took to go there and come back

took to go there and come back
now<07:15:14.638> let's<07:15:14.760> look<07:15:14.940> at<07:15:15.058> some<07:15:15.180> of<07:15:15.298> the<07:15:15.420> 802<07:15:16.020> 11

now let's look at some of the 802 11

now let's look at some of the 802 11
standards<07:15:17.100> and<07:15:17.400> see<07:15:17.580> which<07:15:17.940> specifications

standards and see which specifications

standards and see which specifications
have<07:15:19.200> the<07:15:19.378> least<07:15:19.558> amount<07:15:19.920> of<07:15:20.040> latency<07:15:20.400> so

have the least amount of latency so

have the least amount of latency so
these<07:15:21.360> 802<07:15:21.780> 11<07:15:21.958> standards<07:15:22.680> cover<07:15:23.218> the<07:15:23.638> proper

these 802 11 standards cover the proper

these 802 11 standards cover the proper
implementation<07:15:24.780> setup<07:15:25.680> and<07:15:25.860> performance

implementation setup and performance

implementation setup and performance
minimums<07:15:27.000> and<07:15:27.718> device<07:15:27.958> specifications<07:15:28.798> for

minimums and device specifications for

minimums and device specifications for
wireless<07:15:30.120> local<07:15:30.540> area<07:15:30.840> networks<07:15:31.500> these<07:15:32.160> all

wireless local area networks these all

wireless local area networks these all
fall<07:15:32.458> under<07:15:32.638> the<07:15:32.820> 802.11<07:15:33.478> specifications

fall under the 802.11 specifications

fall under the 802.11 specifications
they<07:15:35.458> also<07:15:35.820> specify<07:15:36.620> the<07:15:37.620> method<07:15:37.920> for<07:15:38.100> which

they also specify the method for which

they also specify the method for which
those<07:15:38.638> wireless<07:15:38.820> networks<07:15:40.138> as<07:15:40.978> carrier<07:15:41.638> sense

those wireless networks as carrier sense

those wireless networks as carrier sense
multiple<07:15:42.840> access<07:15:43.080> with<07:15:43.798> collision<07:15:44.218> avoidance

or csma CA which we've talked about

or csma CA which we've talked about
are<07:15:51.600> going<07:15:51.718> to<07:15:51.900> operate

are going to operate

are going to operate
and<07:15:53.820> it<07:15:54.000> also<07:15:54.240> designates<07:15:54.718> the<07:15:55.080> 2.4<07:15:55.740> gigahertz

and it also designates the 2.4 gigahertz

and it also designates the 2.4 gigahertz
frequency

frequency

frequency
as<07:15:58.500> the<07:15:58.798> band<07:15:58.978> for<07:15:59.400> the<07:15:59.638> sped<07:16:00.000> Spectrum

as the band for the sped Spectrum

as the band for the sped Spectrum
devices<07:16:01.378> that<07:16:01.920> are<07:16:01.978> going<07:16:02.100> to<07:16:02.218> utilize<07:16:02.580> for

devices that are going to utilize for

devices that are going to utilize for
reliability<07:16:03.478> now<07:16:04.260> over<07:16:04.378> the<07:16:04.558> years<07:16:04.620> there

reliability now over the years there

reliability now over the years there
have<07:16:04.978> been<07:16:05.100> several<07:16:05.458> standards<07:16:05.878> in<07:16:06.000> this

have been several standards in this

have been several standards in this
family<07:16:06.360> that<07:16:06.600> have<07:16:06.780> been<07:16:06.900> ratified<07:16:07.320> the

family that have been ratified the

family that have been ratified the
original<07:16:08.160> was<07:16:08.580> 802.11<07:16:09.420> just<07:16:09.840> plain<07:16:10.200> old<07:16:10.378> it

original was 802.11 just plain old it

original was 802.11 just plain old it
was<07:16:11.100> named<07:16:11.400> for<07:16:11.580> its<07:16:11.878> release<07:16:12.120> in<07:16:13.020> 1997<07:16:13.978> so<07:16:14.400> the

was named for its release in 1997 so the

was named for its release in 1997 so the
1997<07:16:15.180> is<07:16:15.478> part<07:16:15.780> of<07:16:15.958> that<07:16:16.200> and<07:16:17.040> it<07:16:17.160> was

1997 is part of that and it was

1997 is part of that and it was
specified<07:16:17.638> to<07:16:17.940> operate<07:16:18.298> the<07:16:18.540> 2.4<07:16:19.080> gigahertz

specified to operate the 2.4 gigahertz

specified to operate the 2.4 gigahertz
frequency<07:16:19.978> band<07:16:20.340> and<07:16:20.940> was<07:16:21.058> rated<07:16:21.360> for<07:16:21.600> data

frequency band and was rated for data

frequency band and was rated for data
bits<07:16:22.260> at<07:16:22.440> about<07:16:22.620> 2<07:16:22.978> megabits<07:16:23.580> per<07:16:23.760> second

bits at about 2 megabits per second

bits at about 2 megabits per second
which<07:16:24.660> as<07:16:24.780> you<07:16:24.958> imagine<07:16:25.138> would<07:16:25.860> not<07:16:25.978> be<07:16:26.160> very

which as you imagine would not be very

which as you imagine would not be very
useful<07:16:26.638> for<07:16:26.878> us<07:16:27.000> now<07:16:27.298> and<07:16:27.660> therefore<07:16:27.900> it<07:16:28.138> is

useful for us now and therefore it is

useful for us now and therefore it is
very<07:16:28.558> obsolete<07:16:29.340> at<07:16:29.458> this<07:16:29.580> point

very obsolete at this point

very obsolete at this point
the<07:16:31.260> 802<07:16:31.920> a<07:16:32.520> standard<07:16:33.000> which<07:16:33.180> was<07:16:33.298> released

the 802 a standard which was released

the 802 a standard which was released
two<07:16:33.958> years<07:16:34.200> later<07:16:34.500> was<07:16:35.218> designed<07:16:35.580> to<07:16:35.700> operate

two years later was designed to operate

two years later was designed to operate
at<07:16:36.298> the<07:16:36.478> 5<07:16:36.660> gigahertz<07:16:37.200> band<07:16:37.500> and<07:16:38.340> it<07:16:38.458> had<07:16:38.638> a<07:16:38.820> 54

at the 5 gigahertz band and it had a 54

at the 5 gigahertz band and it had a 54
megabit<07:16:39.718> data<07:16:40.260> rate<07:16:40.378> now<07:16:40.920> while<07:16:41.040> it<07:16:41.218> would

megabit data rate now while it would

megabit data rate now while it would
seem<07:16:41.520> that<07:16:41.700> this<07:16:41.940> standard<07:16:42.240> would<07:16:42.420> sort<07:16:42.600> of

seem that this standard would sort of

seem that this standard would sort of
lead<07:16:42.900> the<07:16:43.200> charge<07:16:43.378> in<07:16:43.620> Wireless<07:16:43.798> standards<07:16:44.400> at

lead the charge in Wireless standards at

lead the charge in Wireless standards at
the<07:16:45.000> same<07:16:45.120> time<07:16:45.360> that<07:16:45.600> 802a<07:16:46.440> was<07:16:46.740> released

the same time that 802a was released

the same time that 802a was released
there<07:16:47.218> was<07:16:47.400> also<07:16:47.638> 802<07:16:48.240> B<07:16:48.660> which<07:16:49.020> was<07:16:49.200> released

there was also 802 B which was released

there was also 802 B which was released
and<07:16:50.040> 802b<07:16:50.760> operates<07:16:51.298> at<07:16:51.600> the<07:16:51.780> 2.4<07:16:52.500> gigahertz

and 802b operates at the 2.4 gigahertz

and 802b operates at the 2.4 gigahertz
band<07:16:53.340> and<07:16:54.298> essentially<07:16:54.660> was<07:16:54.958> a<07:16:55.260> direct

band and essentially was a direct

band and essentially was a direct
extension<07:16:56.100> of<07:16:56.400> the<07:16:56.700> original

extension of the original

extension of the original
802.11<07:16:58.760> 1997<07:16:59.760> standard<07:17:00.420> now<07:17:01.138> even<07:17:01.320> though<07:17:01.440> the

802.11 1997 standard now even though the

802.11 1997 standard now even though the
data<07:17:01.920> rate<07:17:01.978> was<07:17:02.218> faster<07:17:02.458> with<07:17:02.958> 802.11a<07:17:03.958> there

data rate was faster with 802.11a there

data rate was faster with 802.11a there
were<07:17:04.620> some<07:17:04.798> initial<07:17:05.100> downsides<07:17:05.878> to<07:17:06.058> that

were some initial downsides to that

were some initial downsides to that
standard<07:17:06.600> that<07:17:06.718> kept<07:17:06.958> it<07:17:07.080> from<07:17:07.200> being<07:17:07.378> the

standard that kept it from being the

standard that kept it from being the
most<07:17:07.740> popular

most popular

most popular
first<07:17:09.540> this<07:17:10.080> higher<07:17:10.558> frequency<07:17:11.240> uh<07:17:12.240> had<07:17:12.600> a

first this higher frequency uh had a

first this higher frequency uh had a
lesser<07:17:13.860> range<07:17:14.218> and<07:17:14.520> so<07:17:14.700> you<07:17:14.878> could<07:17:15.000> travel

lesser range and so you could travel

lesser range and so you could travel
travel<07:17:16.080> less<07:17:16.500> distance

also when 802.11b came out it was a lot

also when 802.11b came out it was a lot
cheaper

cheaper

cheaper
than<07:17:24.978> 802.11a<07:17:25.978> and<07:17:26.820> that<07:17:27.000> made<07:17:27.180> up<07:17:27.360> quickly<07:17:27.780> uh

than 802.11a and that made up quickly uh

than 802.11a and that made up quickly uh
with<07:17:29.280> consumers<07:17:29.760> and<07:17:30.000> so<07:17:30.120> it<07:17:30.298> quickly<07:17:30.600> became

with consumers and so it quickly became

with consumers and so it quickly became
the<07:17:31.200> de<07:17:31.320> facto<07:17:31.740> standard<07:17:32.218> now<07:17:32.638> it's<07:17:32.820> popularly

the de facto standard now it's popularly

the de facto standard now it's popularly
grew<07:17:34.320> rapidly<07:17:34.740> and<07:17:35.040> though<07:17:35.218> it<07:17:35.340> operated<07:17:35.638> at

grew rapidly and though it operated at

grew rapidly and though it operated at
2.4<07:17:36.298> gigahertz<07:17:36.780> and<07:17:37.080> therefore<07:17:37.378> was<07:17:37.620> open<07:17:37.860> to

2.4 gigahertz and therefore was open to

2.4 gigahertz and therefore was open to
uh<07:17:38.520> you<07:17:38.820> know<07:17:38.878> was<07:17:39.058> really<07:17:39.360> susceptible

uh you know was really susceptible

uh you know was really susceptible
to<07:17:42.058> a<07:17:42.298> lot<07:17:42.420> of<07:17:42.540> interference<07:17:43.378> uh<07:17:44.280> it<07:17:44.520> still<07:17:44.760> was

to a lot of interference uh it still was

to a lot of interference uh it still was
the<07:17:45.180> one<07:17:45.298> that<07:17:45.600> almost<07:17:45.840> everyone<07:17:46.260> used<07:17:46.740> uh<07:17:47.700> and

the one that almost everyone used uh and

the one that almost everyone used uh and
so<07:17:48.120> that's<07:17:48.540> sort<07:17:48.958> of<07:17:49.020> where<07:17:49.260> it<07:17:49.378> went<07:17:49.558> because

so that's sort of where it went because

so that's sort of where it went because
range

range

range
was<07:17:52.500> such<07:17:52.680> a<07:17:52.798> big<07:17:52.920> deal<07:17:53.160> the<07:17:54.120> next<07:17:54.298> standard

was such a big deal the next standard

was such a big deal the next standard
which<07:17:54.780> was<07:17:54.958> released<07:17:55.260> in<07:17:55.440> 2003<07:17:56.160> was<07:17:56.940> the<07:17:57.120> 802

which was released in 2003 was the 802

which was released in 2003 was the 802
11g<07:17:58.378> standard<07:17:58.920> and<07:17:59.400> this<07:17:59.580> specification<07:18:00.240> used

11g standard and this specification used

11g standard and this specification used
the<07:18:00.840> 2.4<07:18:01.440> gigahertz<07:18:02.040> frequency<07:18:02.520> again

the 2.4 gigahertz frequency again

the 2.4 gigahertz frequency again
but<07:18:03.840> the<07:18:03.958> data<07:18:04.260> rates<07:18:04.440> took<07:18:04.740> a<07:18:04.860> major<07:18:04.978> leap<07:18:05.340> up

but the data rates took a major leap up

but the data rates took a major leap up
to<07:18:05.700> 54<07:18:06.120> megabits<07:18:06.660> per<07:18:06.840> second<07:18:07.020> just<07:18:07.378> like

to 54 megabits per second just like

to 54 megabits per second just like
802.11a<07:18:08.700> now<07:18:09.298> since<07:18:09.540> it<07:18:09.840> used<07:18:10.020> the<07:18:10.200> 2.4<07:18:10.740> band

802.11a now since it used the 2.4 band

802.11a now since it used the 2.4 band
it<07:18:11.280> made<07:18:11.520> backwards<07:18:12.298> compatible<07:18:12.840> with

it made backwards compatible with

it made backwards compatible with
802.11b<07:18:14.400> so<07:18:14.760> it<07:18:14.878> was<07:18:15.000> very<07:18:15.360> easy<07:18:15.780> to<07:18:16.440> integrate

802.11b so it was very easy to integrate

802.11b so it was very easy to integrate
and<07:18:17.458> it<07:18:17.638> therefore<07:18:17.940> became<07:18:18.240> the<07:18:18.420> preferred

and it therefore became the preferred

and it therefore became the preferred
standard<07:18:19.260> now<07:18:19.860> after<07:18:20.120> 80211g<07:18:21.120> took<07:18:21.540> over<07:18:21.660> the

standard now after 80211g took over the

standard now after 80211g took over the
market<07:18:22.020> it<07:18:22.320> wasn't<07:18:22.500> until<07:18:22.878> 2009<07:18:23.878> that<07:18:24.120> we

market it wasn't until 2009 that we

market it wasn't until 2009 that we
finally<07:18:24.600> got<07:18:24.780> the<07:18:24.900> 802.11<07:18:25.798> N<07:18:26.340> standard<07:18:26.878> and<07:18:27.478> it

finally got the 802.11 N standard and it

finally got the 802.11 N standard and it
was<07:18:27.780> released<07:18:28.260> with<07:18:28.860> something<07:18:29.100> called<07:18:29.580> a

was released with something called a

was released with something called a
memo

memo

memo
which<07:18:32.160> was<07:18:32.340> a<07:18:32.520> type<07:18:32.638> of<07:18:32.820> antenna

which was a type of antenna

which was a type of antenna
or<07:18:34.798> multiple

multiple output

multiple output
and<07:18:46.860> it<07:18:46.978> had<07:18:47.160> multiple<07:18:47.580> antennas<07:18:48.120> and<07:18:48.420> that

and it had multiple antennas and that

and it had multiple antennas and that
greatly<07:18:48.958> improved<07:18:49.440> the<07:18:49.620> network<07:18:49.798> performance

greatly improved the network performance

greatly improved the network performance
also<07:18:51.540> this<07:18:51.780> amendment<07:18:52.320> was<07:18:52.680> specified<07:18:53.100> for

also this amendment was specified for

also this amendment was specified for
both<07:18:53.940> 2.4<07:18:54.660> gigahertz<07:18:55.138> and<07:18:55.558> 5<07:18:55.798> gigahertz<07:18:56.280> bands

both 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz bands

both 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz bands
and<07:18:57.298> so<07:18:57.420> these<07:18:57.718> improvements<07:18:58.200> made<07:18:58.500> the

and so these improvements made the

and so these improvements made the
standard<07:18:59.160> really<07:18:59.580> popular<07:18:59.878> especially

standard really popular especially

standard really popular especially
because<07:19:00.840> it<07:19:01.080> was<07:19:01.200> backwards<07:19:01.740> compatible<07:19:02.218> not

because it was backwards compatible not

because it was backwards compatible not
only<07:19:03.058> with<07:19:03.420> G<07:19:03.718> but<07:19:04.320> also<07:19:04.558> with<07:19:04.740> b<07:19:04.978> and<07:19:05.458> even<07:19:05.760> a

only with G but also with b and even a

only with G but also with b and even a
and<07:19:08.520> it<07:19:08.638> was<07:19:08.760> rated<07:19:09.120> for<07:19:09.360> a<07:19:09.540> maximum<07:19:09.900> of<07:19:10.020> up<07:19:10.200> to

and it was rated for a maximum of up to

and it was rated for a maximum of up to
150<07:19:11.160> megabits<07:19:11.760> per<07:19:12.298> second<07:19:12.540> now<07:19:13.440> the<07:19:13.620> range<07:19:13.798> of

150 megabits per second now the range of

150 megabits per second now the range of
these<07:19:14.218> Wireless<07:19:14.400> standards<07:19:15.058> is<07:19:15.298> also

these Wireless standards is also

these Wireless standards is also
specified<07:19:16.080> the<07:19:16.860> original<07:19:17.040> 802<07:19:17.878> 11<07:19:18.860> 1997<07:19:19.878> and<07:19:20.878> a

specified the original 802 11 1997 and a

specified the original 802 11 1997 and a
have<07:19:21.780> a<07:19:21.958> range<07:19:22.200> of<07:19:22.378> about

have a range of about

have a range of about
20<07:19:24.600> meters<07:19:25.280> B<07:19:26.280> and<07:19:26.520> G

have a hundred meters

have a hundred meters
and<07:19:32.040> N<07:19:32.280> is<07:19:32.520> approximately<07:19:33.058> 70<07:19:33.478> meters<07:19:33.900> so<07:19:34.080> we

and N is approximately 70 meters so we

and N is approximately 70 meters so we
lost<07:19:34.500> a<07:19:34.978> little<07:19:35.040> bit<07:19:35.218> of<07:19:35.400> distance<07:19:35.580> because<07:19:36.058> we

lost a little bit of distance because we

lost a little bit of distance because we
added<07:19:36.600> that<07:19:36.718> five<07:19:36.900> gigahertz<07:19:37.320> band<07:19:37.680> in<07:19:37.978> but

added that five gigahertz band in but

added that five gigahertz band in but
for<07:19:39.958> most<07:19:40.138> people<07:19:40.378> this<07:19:40.740> didn't<07:19:40.920> really

for most people this didn't really

for most people this didn't really
matter<07:19:41.458> since<07:19:42.058> we<07:19:42.298> could<07:19:42.478> use<07:19:42.718> again<07:19:43.020> an

matter since we could use again an

matter since we could use again an
extended<07:19:43.798> service<07:19:44.100> set<07:19:44.458> and<07:19:45.058> simply<07:19:45.298> add

extended service set and simply add

extended service set and simply add
several<07:19:46.020> 80211<07:19:46.740> devices

several 80211 devices

several 80211 devices
now<07:19:48.298> while<07:19:48.478> you<07:19:48.780> might<07:19:48.900> have<07:19:49.020> heard<07:19:49.200> of<07:19:49.440> some

now while you might have heard of some

now while you might have heard of some
newer<07:19:50.040> standards<07:19:50.520> available<07:19:50.780> and<07:19:51.780> even<07:19:51.958> some

newer standards available and even some

newer standards available and even some
that<07:19:52.320> are<07:19:52.500> just<07:19:52.620> coming<07:19:52.740> around<07:19:52.920> the<07:19:53.160> corner

that are just coming around the corner

that are just coming around the corner
these<07:19:54.000> four<07:19:54.240> are<07:19:54.780> the<07:19:55.020> ones<07:19:55.260> you<07:19:55.920> really<07:19:56.100> need

these four are the ones you really need

these four are the ones you really need
to<07:19:56.520> know<07:19:56.760> for<07:19:57.420> the<07:19:57.600> exam<07:19:57.900> and<07:19:58.080> so<07:19:58.200> those<07:19:58.320> are

to know for the exam and so those are

to know for the exam and so those are
the<07:19:58.558> ones<07:19:58.680> I<07:19:58.798> really<07:19:58.920> want<07:19:59.160> to<07:19:59.280> concentrate<07:19:59.820> on

so if we look at these in a little more

so if we look at these in a little more
organized<07:20:04.920> Manner<07:20:05.340> and<07:20:05.700> we<07:20:05.878> can<07:20:06.000> recap<07:20:06.360> the

organized Manner and we can recap the

organized Manner and we can recap the
important<07:20:07.020> parts<07:20:07.320> the<07:20:07.978> 802.11<07:20:08.760> standard<07:20:09.298> 1997

important parts the 802.11 standard 1997

important parts the 802.11 standard 1997
worked<07:20:11.040> on<07:20:11.160> a<07:20:11.340> 9<07:20:11.520> a<07:20:11.820> 2.4<07:20:12.860> frequency<07:20:13.860> had<07:20:14.760> a

worked on a 9 a 2.4 frequency had a

worked on a 9 a 2.4 frequency had a
range<07:20:15.120> of<07:20:15.298> 20<07:20:15.660> meters

range of 20 meters

range of 20 meters
and<07:20:17.400> had<07:20:17.638> a<07:20:17.820> two<07:20:17.878> megabit<07:20:18.360> per<07:20:18.600> second<07:20:18.780> data

and had a two megabit per second data

and had a two megabit per second data
rate

rate

rate
Ada<07:20:20.638> 211A<07:20:21.420> was<07:20:21.840> at<07:20:22.020> 5<07:20:22.200> gigahertz<07:20:22.680> 20<07:20:23.280> meters<07:20:23.760> in

Ada 211A was at 5 gigahertz 20 meters in

Ada 211A was at 5 gigahertz 20 meters in
range<07:20:24.298> 54<07:20:25.138> megabits<07:20:25.740> it's<07:20:26.340> compatible<07:20:27.000> with

range 54 megabits it's compatible with

range 54 megabits it's compatible with
802.11n<07:20:29.180> 8211b<07:20:30.180> operated<07:20:30.780> at<07:20:30.958> 2.4<07:20:31.558> gigahertz

802.11n 8211b operated at 2.4 gigahertz

802.11n 8211b operated at 2.4 gigahertz
had<07:20:32.760> a<07:20:32.940> 100<07:20:33.120> meter<07:20:33.660> range<07:20:34.080> 11<07:20:34.740> megabits<07:20:35.400> per

had a 100 meter range 11 megabits per

had a 100 meter range 11 megabits per
second<07:20:35.760> and<07:20:36.478> is<07:20:36.660> compatible<07:20:37.080> with<07:20:37.260> G<07:20:37.558> and<07:20:37.798> n

second and is compatible with G and n

second and is compatible with G and n
ative<07:20:39.000> to<07:20:39.240> 11g<07:20:39.780> also<07:20:40.378> 2.4<07:20:41.100> gigahertz<07:20:41.638> 100

ative to 11g also 2.4 gigahertz 100

ative to 11g also 2.4 gigahertz 100
meters<07:20:42.840> and<07:20:43.558> it<07:20:43.740> was<07:20:43.860> 54<07:20:44.520> megabits<07:20:45.120> per<07:20:45.240> second

meters and it was 54 megabits per second

meters and it was 54 megabits per second
so<07:20:45.780> it's<07:20:45.900> increasing<07:20:46.320> the<07:20:46.500> top<07:20:46.680> the<07:20:46.920> speed

so it's increasing the top the speed

so it's increasing the top the speed
and<07:20:48.718> was<07:20:49.020> compatible<07:20:49.500> with<07:20:49.978> the<07:20:50.280> previous<07:20:50.400> and

and was compatible with the previous and

and was compatible with the previous and
the<07:20:51.180> next<07:20:51.360> one<07:20:51.600> which<07:20:52.260> is<07:20:52.520> 802.11n<07:20:53.520> which<07:20:54.120> not

the next one which is 802.11n which not

the next one which is 802.11n which not
only<07:20:54.478> operates<07:20:54.900> at<07:20:55.138> 2.4<07:20:55.680> gigahertz<07:20:56.160> but<07:20:56.820> also

only operates at 2.4 gigahertz but also

only operates at 2.4 gigahertz but also
five

five

five
has<07:20:59.040> a<07:20:59.280> slightly<07:20:59.520> less<07:20:59.820> range<07:21:00.298> but<07:21:00.958> it<07:21:01.320> does

has a slightly less range but it does

has a slightly less range but it does
have<07:21:01.680> a<07:21:01.860> higher<07:21:02.100> megabit<07:21:02.520> per<07:21:02.700> second<07:21:02.940> data

have a higher megabit per second data

have a higher megabit per second data
rate<07:21:04.020> some<07:21:04.500> would<07:21:04.740> even<07:21:04.860> claim<07:21:05.218> that<07:21:05.340> this

rate some would even claim that this

rate some would even claim that this
goes<07:21:05.760> up<07:21:05.820> to<07:21:06.058> 600<07:21:06.478> depending<07:21:06.958> on<07:21:07.080> your

goes up to 600 depending on your

goes up to 600 depending on your
theoretical<07:21:07.760> and<07:21:08.760> it's<07:21:08.940> compatible<07:21:09.540> with<07:21:10.260> all

theoretical and it's compatible with all

theoretical and it's compatible with all
of<07:21:10.680> the<07:21:10.860> previous<07:21:10.978> versions

of the previous versions

of the previous versions
now<07:21:13.978> there<07:21:14.340> are<07:21:14.458> two<07:21:14.760> modes<07:21:15.298> that<07:21:15.718> are

now there are two modes that are

now there are two modes that are
supported<07:21:16.200> by<07:21:16.378> the<07:21:16.558> Ada<07:21:16.798> 211<07:21:17.218> standard<07:21:17.638> the

supported by the Ada 211 standard the

supported by the Ada 211 standard the
first<07:21:18.540> is<07:21:18.718> what<07:21:18.900> we<07:21:19.080> call<07:21:19.260> infrastructure

first is what we call infrastructure

first is what we call infrastructure
mode<07:21:20.400> this<07:21:20.940> is<07:21:21.058> the<07:21:21.180> mode<07:21:21.360> that's<07:21:21.660> configured

mode this is the mode that's configured

mode this is the mode that's configured
to<07:21:22.260> use<07:21:22.440> wireless<07:21:22.920> access<07:21:23.400> points<07:21:24.058> to<07:21:24.360> connect

to use wireless access points to connect

to use wireless access points to connect
workstations<07:21:25.320> to<07:21:25.978> a<07:21:26.160> cable<07:21:26.340> backbone

workstations to a cable backbone

workstations to a cable backbone
the<07:21:28.138> network<07:21:28.378> using<07:21:29.340> the<07:21:29.520> infrastructure

the network using the infrastructure

the network using the infrastructure
mode<07:21:30.360> is<07:21:30.900> going<07:21:31.080> to<07:21:31.200> either<07:21:31.320> use<07:21:31.740> a<07:21:32.458> basic

mode is going to either use a basic

mode is going to either use a basic
service<07:21:32.940> set<07:21:33.298> or<07:21:34.260> an<07:21:34.620> extended<07:21:35.100> service<07:21:35.340> set

service set or an extended service set

service set or an extended service set
the<07:21:36.780> other<07:21:36.840> one<07:21:37.020> we<07:21:37.200> have<07:21:37.320> which<07:21:37.558> we<07:21:37.740> already

the other one we have which we already

the other one we have which we already
mentioned<07:21:38.160> is<07:21:38.340> called<07:21:38.580> ad<07:21:39.000> hoc<07:21:39.240> mode<07:21:39.540> this<07:21:40.080> is

mentioned is called ad hoc mode this is

mentioned is called ad hoc mode this is
for<07:21:40.378> those<07:21:40.558> peer-to-peer<07:21:41.340> configurations

for those peer-to-peer configurations

for those peer-to-peer configurations
and<07:21:43.500> again<07:21:43.680> it's<07:21:44.040> referred<07:21:44.458> to<07:21:44.520> as<07:21:44.760> an

and again it's referred to as an

and again it's referred to as an
independent<07:21:45.780> basic<07:21:46.320> service<07:21:46.620> set<07:21:46.920> or<07:21:47.760> an<07:21:48.080> ibss

independent basic service set or an ibss

independent basic service set or an ibss
now<07:21:49.860> the<07:21:50.040> configuration<07:21:50.520> of<07:21:50.760> this<07:21:50.940> mode<07:21:51.120> is

now the configuration of this mode is

now the configuration of this mode is
designed<07:21:52.020> with<07:21:52.320> each<07:21:52.620> Wireless<07:21:52.860> workstation

designed with each Wireless workstation

designed with each Wireless workstation
able<07:21:54.540> to<07:21:54.660> communicate<07:21:55.320> directly<07:21:55.860> with<07:21:56.160> one

able to communicate directly with one

able to communicate directly with one
another<07:21:56.520> without<07:21:57.120> having<07:21:57.478> to<07:21:57.660> go<07:21:57.780> through<07:21:58.020> a

another without having to go through a

another without having to go through a
central<07:21:58.378> device

central device

central device
now<07:22:00.718> earlier<07:22:01.138> in<07:22:01.378> this<07:22:01.558> module<07:22:01.978> we<07:22:02.280> talked

now earlier in this module we talked

now earlier in this module we talked
about<07:22:02.820> the<07:22:03.240> service<07:22:03.420> sets<07:22:03.900> of<07:22:03.958> many<07:22:04.200> kinds<07:22:04.558> and

about the service sets of many kinds and

about the service sets of many kinds and
we<07:22:04.860> talked<07:22:05.160> about<07:22:05.298> frames<07:22:06.298> in<07:22:06.660> previous

we talked about frames in previous

we talked about frames in previous
modules<07:22:07.440> now<07:22:07.978> keeping<07:22:08.340> those<07:22:08.458> in<07:22:08.638> mind<07:22:08.820> it's

modules now keeping those in mind it's

modules now keeping those in mind it's
important<07:22:09.360> to<07:22:09.540> understand<07:22:09.660> how<07:22:10.320> these

important to understand how these

important to understand how these
devices<07:22:10.920> such<07:22:11.400> as<07:22:11.580> laptops<07:22:12.540> and<07:22:13.020> smartphones

devices such as laptops and smartphones

devices such as laptops and smartphones
know<07:22:14.340> what<07:22:14.638> wireless<07:22:14.878> networks<07:22:15.600> are

know what wireless networks are

know what wireless networks are
available<07:22:16.138> when<07:22:16.860> we<07:22:17.100> access<07:22:17.340> them

available when we access them

available when we access them
now<07:22:18.718> this<07:22:19.138> comes<07:22:19.440> by<07:22:19.558> detecting<07:22:20.100> and

now this comes by detecting and

now this comes by detecting and
receiving<07:22:20.580> what<07:22:20.878> are<07:22:21.000> called<07:22:21.180> Beacon<07:22:21.718> frames

receiving what are called Beacon frames

receiving what are called Beacon frames
a<07:22:22.978> beacon<07:22:23.340> frame<07:22:23.638> is<07:22:23.820> a<07:22:24.180> management<07:22:24.360> frame

a beacon frame is a management frame

a beacon frame is a management frame
that's<07:22:25.500> 50<07:22:25.860> bytes<07:22:26.340> long<07:22:26.580> and<07:22:27.180> it<07:22:27.298> contains

that's 50 bytes long and it contains

that's 50 bytes long and it contains
information<07:22:27.900> about<07:22:28.680> the<07:22:29.100> transmission

information about the transmission

information about the transmission
process<07:22:30.180> such<07:22:31.020> as<07:22:31.260> the<07:22:31.860> SSID<07:22:32.400> or<07:22:33.180> the<07:22:33.360> service

process such as the SSID or the service

process such as the SSID or the service
set<07:22:33.958> identifier

set identifier

set identifier
which<07:22:36.000> is<07:22:36.360> essentially<07:22:36.920> the<07:22:37.920> name<07:22:38.218> of<07:22:39.000> your

which is essentially the name of your

which is essentially the name of your
network

network

network
the<07:22:41.400> SSID<07:22:41.878> is<07:22:42.420> that<07:22:42.780> text<07:22:43.320> string<07:22:43.978> that

the SSID is that text string that

the SSID is that text string that
identifies<07:22:45.478> the<07:22:45.660> network<07:22:45.840> it's<07:22:46.138> 32<07:22:46.620> bytes

identifies the network it's 32 bytes

identifies the network it's 32 bytes
long<07:22:47.580> might<07:22:48.240> be<07:22:48.420> for<07:22:48.780> instance<07:22:49.080> Bill's

long might be for instance Bill's

long might be for instance Bill's
Network<07:22:50.160> or<07:22:50.760> something<07:22:50.940> like<07:22:51.240> that<07:22:51.478> now<07:22:52.320> the

Network or something like that now the

Network or something like that now the
beacon<07:22:52.978> frame<07:22:53.400> is<07:22:53.700> used<07:22:53.940> to<07:22:54.240> start<07:22:54.540> and

beacon frame is used to start and

beacon frame is used to start and
maintain

maintain

maintain
the<07:22:57.360> wireless<07:22:57.540> communication<07:22:58.440> session<07:22:59.058> and

the wireless communication session and

the wireless communication session and
it's<07:23:00.240> sent<07:23:00.540> in<07:23:00.958> regular<07:23:01.260> intervals<07:23:01.860> from<07:23:02.160> the

it's sent in regular intervals from the

it's sent in regular intervals from the
axis<07:23:02.760> point<07:23:03.000> and<07:23:03.600> those<07:23:03.780> intervals<07:23:04.200> can<07:23:04.320> be

axis point and those intervals can be

axis point and those intervals can be
manually<07:23:04.798> changed<07:23:05.340> or<07:23:05.520> set<07:23:05.700> by<07:23:06.000> an

manually changed or set by an

manually changed or set by an
administrator<07:23:06.958> and<07:23:07.500> we<07:23:07.620> can<07:23:07.798> even<07:23:07.978> turn<07:23:08.940> them

administrator and we can even turn them

administrator and we can even turn them
off<07:23:09.420> so<07:23:09.718> that<07:23:10.020> way<07:23:10.260> or<07:23:10.798> hide<07:23:11.100> them<07:23:11.340> so<07:23:11.580> that's

off so that way or hide them so that's

off so that way or hide them so that's
not<07:23:11.940> being<07:23:12.120> broadcast

not being broadcast

not being broadcast
now<07:23:14.100> when<07:23:14.400> it<07:23:14.520> comes<07:23:14.878> to<07:23:15.120> installing<07:23:15.540> a<07:23:15.840> proper

now when it comes to installing a proper

now when it comes to installing a proper
wireless<07:23:16.320> network<07:23:16.680> implementation<07:23:17.458> we<07:23:18.240> need

wireless network implementation we need

wireless network implementation we need
to<07:23:18.478> be<07:23:18.600> familiar<07:23:18.958> with<07:23:19.260> the<07:23:19.440> typical<07:23:19.680> process

to be familiar with the typical process

to be familiar with the typical process
and<07:23:20.760> the<07:23:20.878> steps<07:23:21.298> to<07:23:21.780> maintain<07:23:22.138> the<07:23:22.558> highest

and the steps to maintain the highest

and the steps to maintain the highest
level<07:23:23.100> of<07:23:23.400> functionality<07:23:24.058> now<07:23:24.958> much<07:23:25.138> like<07:23:25.378> a

level of functionality now much like a

level of functionality now much like a
lot<07:23:25.798> of<07:23:25.920> different<07:23:26.100> processes<07:23:26.700> the<07:23:27.058> basic

lot of different processes the basic

lot of different processes the basic
steps<07:23:27.718> to<07:23:27.958> take<07:23:28.080> are<07:23:28.378> pretty<07:23:28.740> much<07:23:28.920> the<07:23:29.218> same

steps to take are pretty much the same

steps to take are pretty much the same
they<07:23:30.058> begin<07:23:30.240> with<07:23:30.600> planning<07:23:31.080> so<07:23:31.740> there<07:23:31.920> are<07:23:32.040> a

they begin with planning so there are a

they begin with planning so there are a
few<07:23:32.160> things<07:23:32.580> that<07:23:32.878> are<07:23:33.000> helpful<07:23:33.298> to<07:23:33.478> collect

few things that are helpful to collect

few things that are helpful to collect
before<07:23:34.020> the<07:23:34.378> planning<07:23:34.920> process

before the planning process

before the planning process
we<07:23:36.240> need<07:23:36.360> to<07:23:36.478> collect<07:23:36.660> information<07:23:37.020> about<07:23:37.860> the

we need to collect information about the

we need to collect information about the
floor<07:23:38.280> plan<07:23:38.580> of<07:23:38.820> the<07:23:39.000> building<07:23:39.180> where<07:23:39.840> we<07:23:39.958> want

floor plan of the building where we want

floor plan of the building where we want
to<07:23:40.200> install<07:23:40.440> and<07:23:40.978> so<07:23:41.160> we<07:23:41.340> can<07:23:41.458> design<07:23:41.700> a

to install and so we can design a

to install and so we can design a
topology<07:23:42.540> and<07:23:42.780> figure<07:23:42.958> out<07:23:43.080> where<07:23:43.320> to<07:23:43.440> put

topology and figure out where to put

topology and figure out where to put
access<07:23:43.860> points<07:23:44.458> we<07:23:45.298> need<07:23:45.420> to<07:23:45.600> establish

access points we need to establish

access points we need to establish
requirements<07:23:46.920> for<07:23:47.160> how<07:23:47.400> many<07:23:47.520> devices<07:23:47.878> are

requirements for how many devices are

requirements for how many devices are
going<07:23:48.360> to<07:23:48.540> connect<07:23:48.780> which<07:23:49.680> 802.11<07:23:50.400> standard

going to connect which 802.11 standard

going to connect which 802.11 standard
we're<07:23:51.058> going<07:23:51.240> to<07:23:51.420> use<07:23:51.600> what<07:23:52.378> type<07:23:52.558> of<07:23:52.740> security

we're going to use what type of security

we're going to use what type of security
is<07:23:53.340> going<07:23:53.520> to<07:23:53.638> be<07:23:53.700> required<07:23:54.180> and<07:23:54.360> so<07:23:54.540> on<07:23:55.200> now

is going to be required and so on now

is going to be required and so on now
all<07:23:55.978> of<07:23:56.100> these<07:23:56.280> are<07:23:56.458> crucial<07:23:56.760> to<07:23:57.000> proper

all of these are crucial to proper

all of these are crucial to proper
planning<07:23:57.900> without<07:23:58.260> this<07:23:58.558> information<07:23:58.740> it's

planning without this information it's

planning without this information it's
just<07:23:59.400> going<07:23:59.520> to<07:23:59.520> be<07:23:59.638> easy<07:23:59.760> to<07:24:00.000> choose<07:24:00.180> the

just going to be easy to choose the

just going to be easy to choose the
wrong<07:24:00.478> devices<07:24:00.900> or<07:24:01.620> the<07:24:02.218> wrong<07:24:02.458> Technologies

wrong devices or the wrong Technologies

wrong devices or the wrong Technologies
also<07:24:04.260> if<07:24:04.558> the<07:24:04.740> research<07:24:05.160> isn't<07:24:05.520> done

also if the research isn't done

also if the research isn't done
beforehand<07:24:06.420> you're<07:24:06.958> going<07:24:07.080> to<07:24:07.200> find<07:24:07.320> yourself

beforehand you're going to find yourself

beforehand you're going to find yourself
performing<07:24:08.280> a<07:24:08.940> lot<07:24:09.058> of<07:24:09.240> rework<07:24:09.840> at<07:24:10.138> the<07:24:10.260> end

performing a lot of rework at the end

performing a lot of rework at the end
now<07:24:11.580> once<07:24:11.820> this<07:24:11.940> information<07:24:12.120> is<07:24:12.718> designed

now once this information is designed

now once this information is designed
and<07:24:13.680> gathered

and gathered

and gathered
we<07:24:15.180> can<07:24:15.298> start<07:24:15.478> to<07:24:15.660> establish<07:24:16.080> the<07:24:16.378> type<07:24:16.558> of

we can start to establish the type of

we can start to establish the type of
access<07:24:17.040> points<07:24:17.700> and<07:24:18.180> the<07:24:18.298> number<07:24:18.478> of<07:24:18.660> APs

access points and the number of APs

access points and the number of APs
needed<07:24:19.558> knowing<07:24:20.458> the<07:24:20.580> number<07:24:20.700> of<07:24:20.820> users<07:24:21.180> on

needed knowing the number of users on

needed knowing the number of users on
the<07:24:21.478> network<07:24:21.600> is<07:24:21.958> going<07:24:22.138> to<07:24:22.260> help<07:24:22.440> us

the network is going to help us

the network is going to help us
determine<07:24:23.040> for<07:24:23.400> instance<07:24:23.638> how<07:24:24.420> many<07:24:24.540> access

determine for instance how many access

determine for instance how many access
points<07:24:25.378> and<07:24:26.040> we<07:24:26.160> want<07:24:26.340> to<07:24:26.458> balance<07:24:26.700> the<07:24:26.878> number

points and we want to balance the number

points and we want to balance the number
of<07:24:27.180> users<07:24:27.540> with<07:24:27.780> the<07:24:27.958> access<07:24:28.080> points<07:24:28.558> in<07:24:28.680> order

of users with the access points in order

of users with the access points in order
to<07:24:29.040> make<07:24:29.218> sure<07:24:29.520> that<07:24:30.058> we<07:24:30.180> have<07:24:30.360> a<07:24:30.478> good<07:24:30.660> load

to make sure that we have a good load

to make sure that we have a good load
balance

balance

balance
the<07:24:32.458> next<07:24:32.638> step<07:24:32.820> is<07:24:33.000> to<07:24:33.298> assess<07:24:33.660> the<07:24:34.200> building

the next step is to assess the building

the next step is to assess the building
to<07:24:34.680> see<07:24:34.798> if<07:24:34.978> anything<07:24:35.218> around<07:24:35.520> might<07:24:36.180> cause

to see if anything around might cause

to see if anything around might cause
interference

interference

interference
specifically<07:24:38.580> it's<07:24:39.000> important<07:24:39.360> to<07:24:39.600> install

specifically it's important to install

specifically it's important to install
anything<07:24:40.138> that's<07:24:40.500> going<07:24:40.680> to<07:24:40.798> be<07:24:40.860> on<07:24:41.040> the<07:24:41.218> 2.4

anything that's going to be on the 2.4

anything that's going to be on the 2.4
gigahertz<07:24:42.240> band<07:24:42.600> now<07:24:43.080> remember<07:24:43.260> some<07:24:43.860> of<07:24:43.978> the

gigahertz band now remember some of the

gigahertz band now remember some of the
things<07:24:44.218> that<07:24:44.400> can<07:24:44.580> cause<07:24:44.700> interference<07:24:45.420> are

things that can cause interference are

things that can cause interference are
Bluetooth<07:24:46.080> devices<07:24:46.680> other<07:24:47.218> wireless

Bluetooth devices other wireless

Bluetooth devices other wireless
networks<07:24:48.298> heavy<07:24:48.900> duty<07:24:49.138> machinery<07:24:49.620> and<07:24:49.920> so<07:24:50.100> on

networks heavy duty machinery and so on

networks heavy duty machinery and so on
we<07:24:51.478> also<07:24:51.660> need<07:24:51.840> to<07:24:51.958> determine<07:24:52.440> the<07:24:53.040> exact

we also need to determine the exact

we also need to determine the exact
placement<07:24:53.940> of<07:24:54.240> the<07:24:54.420> access<07:24:54.540> points<07:24:55.080> are<07:24:55.500> they

placement of the access points are they

placement of the access points are they
going<07:24:55.740> to<07:24:55.740> be<07:24:55.860> placed<07:24:56.160> in<07:24:56.218> the<07:24:56.340> ceiling<07:24:56.700> or

going to be placed in the ceiling or

going to be placed in the ceiling or
somewhere<07:24:57.180> visible<07:24:57.540> or<07:24:58.378> somewhere<07:24:58.680> like<07:24:58.860> a

somewhere visible or somewhere like a

somewhere visible or somewhere like a
secure<07:24:59.400> room<07:24:59.638> and<07:25:00.360> when<07:25:00.540> we<07:25:00.660> determine<07:25:01.080> this

secure room and when we determine this

secure room and when we determine this
we<07:25:01.440> need<07:25:01.558> to<07:25:01.680> make<07:25:01.798> sure<07:25:01.978> that<07:25:02.280> there's<07:25:02.700> we're

we need to make sure that there's we're

we need to make sure that there's we're
looking<07:25:03.298> for<07:25:03.540> obstacles<07:25:04.080> that<07:25:04.440> are<07:25:04.558> going<07:25:04.740> to

looking for obstacles that are going to

looking for obstacles that are going to
impede<07:25:05.280> like<07:25:05.580> thick<07:25:06.000> walls<07:25:06.478> doors<07:25:07.020> metal

impede like thick walls doors metal

impede like thick walls doors metal
shelving<07:25:08.160> uh<07:25:08.940> proximity<07:25:09.540> to<07:25:10.138> large

shelving uh proximity to large

shelving uh proximity to large
electrical<07:25:11.520> equipment<07:25:11.940> and<07:25:12.540> if<07:25:12.660> those

electrical equipment and if those

electrical equipment and if those
obstacles<07:25:13.378> Can't<07:25:13.620> Be<07:25:13.798> Moved<07:25:14.160> we<07:25:14.400> might<07:25:14.580> want

obstacles Can't Be Moved we might want

obstacles Can't Be Moved we might want
to<07:25:14.878> choose<07:25:15.180> a<07:25:15.360> different<07:25:15.478> location<07:25:15.780> for<07:25:16.260> our

to choose a different location for our

to choose a different location for our
access<07:25:16.620> point

access point

access point
so<07:25:17.940> now<07:25:18.120> that<07:25:18.240> we've<07:25:18.420> planned<07:25:18.718> the<07:25:18.840> next<07:25:19.020> part

so now that we've planned the next part

so now that we've planned the next part
is<07:25:19.378> the<07:25:19.558> fun<07:25:19.680> part<07:25:20.340> the<07:25:20.940> actual<07:25:21.120> installation

is the fun part the actual installation

is the fun part the actual installation
here<07:25:22.558> we<07:25:22.740> need<07:25:22.860> to<07:25:22.978> configure<07:25:23.580> the<07:25:23.878> device<07:25:24.058> to

here we need to configure the device to

here we need to configure the device to
connect<07:25:25.080> it<07:25:25.320> to<07:25:25.500> the<07:25:25.620> network<07:25:25.798> and<07:25:26.218> some<07:25:26.340> of

connect it to the network and some of

connect it to the network and some of
the<07:25:26.520> standard<07:25:26.760> things<07:25:26.940> we're<07:25:27.058> going<07:25:27.180> to<07:25:27.298> do

the standard things we're going to do

the standard things we're going to do
are<07:25:27.600> connect<07:25:27.900> the<07:25:28.260> router

are connect the router

are connect the router
change<07:25:29.940> the<07:25:30.298> administrator<07:25:31.080> default

change the administrator default

change the administrator default
settings<07:25:32.100> that<07:25:32.520> the<07:25:32.700> device<07:25:32.878> came<07:25:33.360> with<07:25:34.080> and

settings that the device came with and

settings that the device came with and
configure<07:25:35.160> DHCP<07:25:36.000> services<07:25:36.420> and<07:25:36.958> encryption

configure DHCP services and encryption

configure DHCP services and encryption
levels<07:25:37.860> such<07:25:38.580> as<07:25:38.700> whether<07:25:39.120> we're<07:25:39.298> going<07:25:39.478> to

levels such as whether we're going to

levels such as whether we're going to
use<07:25:39.840> WPA

or WEP and also are we going to use one

or WEP and also are we going to use one
of<07:25:48.298> the<07:25:48.478> three<07:25:48.660> channels<07:25:49.020> are<07:25:49.138> we<07:25:49.260> going<07:25:49.378> to

of the three channels are we going to

of the three channels are we going to
have<07:25:49.500> them<07:25:49.680> auto<07:25:49.978> check<07:25:50.340> or<07:25:50.878> what<07:25:51.120> another

have them auto check or what another

have them auto check or what another
thing<07:25:52.080> we<07:25:52.200> might<07:25:52.320> want<07:25:52.440> to<07:25:52.558> do<07:25:52.620> is<07:25:52.740> create

thing we might want to do is create

thing we might want to do is create
what's<07:25:53.160> called<07:25:53.400> an<07:25:53.700> access<07:25:53.940> control<07:25:54.600> list

what's called an access control list

what's called an access control list
which<07:25:55.740> means<07:25:56.160> we<07:25:56.638> can<07:25:56.820> allow<07:25:57.320> only<07:25:58.320> specific

which means we can allow only specific

which means we can allow only specific
computers<07:25:59.280> to<07:25:59.580> get<07:25:59.700> access<07:25:59.940> to<07:26:00.298> our

computers to get access to our

computers to get access to our
network<07:26:01.860> via<07:26:02.820> Mac<07:26:03.058> addresses<07:26:03.660> which<07:26:04.320> are

network via Mac addresses which are

network via Mac addresses which are
again<07:26:04.680> the<07:26:05.520> physical<07:26:05.700> addresses<07:26:06.478> on<07:26:06.660> a

again the physical addresses on a

again the physical addresses on a
computer

computer

computer
or<07:26:08.218> on<07:26:08.400> a<07:26:08.520> network<07:26:08.638> card

next we need to configure the client

next we need to configure the client
workstations<07:26:16.558> and<07:26:16.920> we<07:26:17.100> need<07:26:17.218> to<07:26:17.458> test<07:26:17.700> your

workstations and we need to test your

workstations and we need to test your
functionality<07:26:18.900> now<07:26:19.680> it's<07:26:19.978> important<07:26:20.340> here

functionality now it's important here

functionality now it's important here
because<07:26:20.820> not<07:26:21.360> all<07:26:21.660> operating<07:26:22.260> systems<07:26:22.798> can

because not all operating systems can

because not all operating systems can
use<07:26:23.280> all<07:26:23.580> the<07:26:23.700> different<07:26:23.820> standards<07:26:24.298> they

use all the different standards they

use all the different standards they
might<07:26:24.660> even<07:26:24.840> require<07:26:25.200> a<07:26:25.978> software<07:26:26.280> update<07:26:26.638> of

might even require a software update of

might even require a software update of
some<07:26:27.058> sort

some sort

some sort
you<07:26:28.978> might<07:26:29.100> want<07:26:29.218> to<07:26:29.400> make<07:26:29.638> sure<07:26:29.940> to<07:26:30.540> test<07:26:30.718> the

you might want to make sure to test the

you might want to make sure to test the
wireless<07:26:31.138> device<07:26:31.500> by<07:26:31.920> walking<07:26:32.160> around<07:26:32.458> a

wireless device by walking around a

wireless device by walking around a
building<07:26:33.058> and<07:26:33.840> make<07:26:34.020> sure<07:26:34.138> you<07:26:34.320> can<07:26:34.440> stay

building and make sure you can stay

building and make sure you can stay
connected<07:26:35.160> and<07:26:35.340> that<07:26:35.458> you<07:26:35.580> can<07:26:35.700> connect<07:26:35.820> in

connected and that you can connect in

connected and that you can connect in
the<07:26:36.240> first<07:26:36.360> place<07:26:36.620> anywhere<07:26:37.620> you<07:26:37.798> need<07:26:37.920> to<07:26:38.100> and

the first place anywhere you need to and

the first place anywhere you need to and
then<07:26:38.638> you<07:26:38.878> also<07:26:39.058> need<07:26:39.180> to<07:26:39.360> take<07:26:39.478> the<07:26:39.718> device

then you also need to take the device

then you also need to take the device
outside<07:26:40.260> and<07:26:40.680> make<07:26:40.860> sure<07:26:41.040> that<07:26:41.340> no<07:26:41.760> one<07:26:41.940> can

outside and make sure that no one can

outside and make sure that no one can
get<07:26:42.360> in<07:26:42.478> from<07:26:42.718> the<07:26:42.900> outside<07:26:43.080> so<07:26:43.620> it's<07:26:43.860> actually

get in from the outside so it's actually

get in from the outside so it's actually
quite<07:26:44.580> difficult<07:26:45.058> to<07:26:45.420> just<07:26:45.540> start<07:26:45.780> one<07:26:46.080> of

quite difficult to just start one of

quite difficult to just start one of
these<07:26:46.320> from<07:26:46.500> scratch<07:26:46.798> the<07:26:47.760> last<07:26:47.878> step<07:26:48.058> in<07:26:48.298> the

these from scratch the last step in the

these from scratch the last step in the
process<07:26:48.718> is<07:26:49.138> to<07:26:49.320> document<07:26:49.740> every<07:26:50.340> single<07:26:50.638> step

process is to document every single step

process is to document every single step
that<07:26:51.180> was<07:26:51.298> made<07:26:51.600> and<07:26:52.138> it's<07:26:52.320> always<07:26:52.440> a<07:26:52.558> good

that was made and it's always a good

that was made and it's always a good
idea<07:26:52.978> to<07:26:53.218> Baseline<07:26:53.820> for<07:26:54.058> future<07:26:54.240> testing<07:26:54.780> and

idea to Baseline for future testing and

idea to Baseline for future testing and
implementations<07:26:55.558> now<07:26:56.520> being<07:26:56.760> able<07:26:57.000> to

implementations now being able to

implementations now being able to
successfully<07:26:57.840> accomplish<07:26:58.620> the<07:26:58.920> two<07:26:59.160> phases

successfully accomplish the two phases

successfully accomplish the two phases
the<07:27:00.058> planning<07:27:00.420> phase<07:27:00.600> and<07:27:01.200> the<07:27:01.378> installation

the planning phase and the installation

the planning phase and the installation
phase<07:27:02.280> needs<07:27:02.940> to<07:27:03.000> be<07:27:03.120> a<07:27:03.240> part<07:27:03.360> of<07:27:03.540> your<07:27:03.718> skill

phase needs to be a part of your skill

phase needs to be a part of your skill
set<07:27:04.138> needs<07:27:04.558> to<07:27:04.558> be<07:27:04.680> something<07:27:04.798> you<07:27:05.040> understand

set needs to be something you understand

set needs to be something you understand
for<07:27:05.940> the<07:27:06.058> network<07:27:06.180> plus<07:27:06.478> exam<07:27:06.958> so<07:27:07.620> just<07:27:07.798> to

for the network plus exam so just to

for the network plus exam so just to
recap<07:27:08.218> everything<07:27:08.458> we've<07:27:08.820> talked<07:27:09.120> about<07:27:09.180> the

recap everything we've talked about the

recap everything we've talked about the
first<07:27:10.020> thing<07:27:10.138> we<07:27:10.260> did<07:27:10.378> is<07:27:10.558> we<07:27:10.740> outlined<07:27:11.160> the

first thing we did is we outlined the

first thing we did is we outlined the
different<07:27:11.400> types<07:27:12.000> of<07:27:12.298> ethernet<07:27:12.840> networks

different types of ethernet networks

different types of ethernet networks
whether<07:27:14.340> that<07:27:14.580> means<07:27:14.940> it's<07:27:15.718> a<07:27:16.080> Hub<07:27:16.320> Network

whether that means it's a Hub Network

whether that means it's a Hub Network
a<07:27:18.120> router<07:27:18.478> Network

a router Network

a router Network
or<07:27:19.978> a<07:27:20.100> peer-to-peer<07:27:20.700> Network

we also explained WLAN architecture

we also explained WLAN architecture
looking<07:27:28.020> at<07:27:28.260> the<07:27:28.440> difference<07:27:28.558> between<07:27:28.860> a

looking at the difference between a

looking at the difference between a
basic<07:27:29.458> service<07:27:29.700> set<07:27:30.000> an<07:27:30.718> extended<07:27:31.138> service

basic service set an extended service

basic service set an extended service
set<07:27:31.740> and<07:27:32.580> an<07:27:32.760> independent<07:27:33.298> basic<07:27:33.660> service<07:27:33.900> set

set and an independent basic service set

set and an independent basic service set
we<07:27:35.638> defined<07:27:36.000> and<07:27:36.120> describe<07:27:36.600> the

we defined and describe the

we defined and describe the
characteristics<07:27:37.440> of<07:27:37.798> antennas<07:27:38.280> looking<07:27:39.000> at

characteristics of antennas looking at

characteristics of antennas looking at
gain

gain

gain
and<07:27:41.340> the<07:27:41.520> types<07:27:41.878> of<07:27:42.180> impedances<07:27:42.958> that<07:27:43.440> could

and the types of impedances that could

and the types of impedances that could
occur

then we outline the Ada to 11 standard

then we outline the Ada to 11 standard
including<07:27:51.200> a<07:27:52.200> b<07:27:52.620> g<07:27:53.100> and<07:27:53.580> N<07:27:53.820> which<07:27:54.600> are<07:27:54.718> the

including a b g and N which are the

including a b g and N which are the
different<07:27:55.080> modes

different modes

different modes
we<07:27:57.360> also<07:27:57.600> talked<07:27:57.958> about<07:27:58.080> which<07:27:58.798> frequencies

we also talked about which frequencies

we also talked about which frequencies
these<07:27:59.820> live<07:28:00.000> on<07:28:00.660> whether<07:28:01.200> 2.4<07:28:01.920> or<07:28:02.100> 5

these live on whether 2.4 or 5

these live on whether 2.4 or 5
and<07:28:04.320> how<07:28:04.860> fast<07:28:05.160> are<07:28:05.580> the<07:28:05.700> megabits<07:28:06.180> per<07:28:06.298> second

and how fast are the megabits per second

and how fast are the megabits per second
that<07:28:06.840> each<07:28:07.020> one<07:28:07.200> provides<07:28:07.740> you<07:28:08.638> want<07:28:08.760> to<07:28:08.878> make

that each one provides you want to make

that each one provides you want to make
sure<07:28:09.180> to<07:28:09.298> commit<07:28:09.540> to<07:28:09.718> memory<07:28:10.020> that<07:28:10.200> table<07:28:10.500> that

sure to commit to memory that table that

sure to commit to memory that table that
we<07:28:10.978> displayed<07:28:11.520> on<07:28:11.638> an<07:28:11.820> earlier<07:28:12.120> frame

we displayed on an earlier frame

we displayed on an earlier frame
we<07:28:14.520> also<07:28:14.760> talked<07:28:15.058> about<07:28:15.180> defining<07:28:15.718> Beacon

we also talked about defining Beacon

we also talked about defining Beacon
frames<07:28:16.620> which<07:28:17.218> broadcast<07:28:17.580> the<07:28:18.120> SSID<07:28:18.920> and<07:28:19.920> tell

frames which broadcast the SSID and tell

frames which broadcast the SSID and tell
computers<07:28:20.760> how<07:28:21.240> to<07:28:21.420> connect<07:28:21.540> to<07:28:21.840> the<07:28:21.958> wireless

computers how to connect to the wireless

computers how to connect to the wireless
network

network

network
finally<07:28:24.360> we<07:28:24.840> outlined<07:28:25.320> what<07:28:25.740> factors<07:28:26.100> are

finally we outlined what factors are

finally we outlined what factors are
going<07:28:26.458> to<07:28:26.638> result<07:28:26.820> in<07:28:27.298> where<07:28:27.540> you<07:28:27.718> place<07:28:28.020> your

going to result in where you place your

going to result in where you place your
access<07:28:28.500> point<07:28:28.940> and<07:28:29.940> how<07:28:30.180> to<07:28:30.360> properly

access point and how to properly

access point and how to properly
Implement<07:28:31.740> a<07:28:31.978> wireless<07:28:32.100> network<07:28:32.458> point

Implement a wireless network point

Implement a wireless network point
from<07:28:33.900> the<07:28:34.080> planning

from the planning

from the planning
and<07:28:36.360> implementation<07:28:37.138> stages

welcome to module 5 lesson five

welcome to module 5 lesson five
IEEE<07:29:02.600> 802.11<07:29:03.600> AC<07:29:04.280> actually<07:29:05.280> we're<07:29:05.520> going<07:29:05.638> to

IEEE 802.11 AC actually we're going to

IEEE 802.11 AC actually we're going to
look<07:29:05.820> at<07:29:06.000> a<07:29:06.180> little<07:29:06.360> bit<07:29:06.478> more<07:29:06.780> than<07:29:07.080> that<07:29:07.458> the

look at a little bit more than that the

look at a little bit more than that the
N<07:29:08.760> standard<07:29:09.360> 82.11n

N standard 82.11n

N standard 82.11n
AC<07:29:12.180> Channel<07:29:13.138> bonding

AC Channel bonding

AC Channel bonding
now<07:29:15.718> the<07:29:15.860> 802.11<07:29:16.860> it's<07:29:17.638> a<07:29:17.940> specification<07:29:18.600> for

now the 802.11 it's a specification for

now the 802.11 it's a specification for
wireless<07:29:19.860> LAN<07:29:20.280> WLAN<07:29:21.000> communication<07:29:21.740> it<07:29:22.740> uses

wireless LAN WLAN communication it uses

wireless LAN WLAN communication it uses
mimo<07:29:23.700> which<07:29:24.478> we<07:29:24.780> shorten<07:29:25.680> from<07:29:26.100> a<07:29:26.400> multiple

mimo which we shorten from a multiple

mimo which we shorten from a multiple
input<07:29:27.298> multiple<07:29:27.958> outputs<07:29:28.500> I'm<07:29:29.218> sure<07:29:29.400> you<07:29:29.520> can

input multiple outputs I'm sure you can

input multiple outputs I'm sure you can
see<07:29:29.820> why

see why

see why
so<07:29:32.458> in<07:29:32.878> this<07:29:33.000> technology<07:29:33.360> the<07:29:33.780> transmitter

so in this technology the transmitter

so in this technology the transmitter
and<07:29:34.440> receiver<07:29:34.798> use<07:29:35.100> multiple<07:29:35.580> antennas

and receiver use multiple antennas

and receiver use multiple antennas
I've<07:29:38.638> put<07:29:38.820> a<07:29:38.940> little<07:29:39.058> diagram<07:29:39.420> on<07:29:39.718> the<07:29:39.900> bottom

I've put a little diagram on the bottom

I've put a little diagram on the bottom
here<07:29:40.378> from<07:29:41.218> um<07:29:41.298> ieb<07:29:42.298> media

here from um ieb media

here from um ieb media
that<07:29:43.920> it<07:29:44.100> will<07:29:44.218> demonstrate<07:29:44.820> at<07:29:45.478> the<07:29:45.600> bottom

that it will demonstrate at the bottom

that it will demonstrate at the bottom
certainly<07:29:46.138> you<07:29:46.260> can<07:29:46.440> see<07:29:46.558> three<07:29:46.798> channels<07:29:47.280> in

certainly you can see three channels in

certainly you can see three channels in
use<07:29:48.080> simultaneously<07:29:49.080> multiple<07:29:50.040> channels<07:29:50.520> on

use simultaneously multiple channels on

use simultaneously multiple channels on
the<07:29:51.360> top<07:29:51.840> part<07:29:52.200> of<07:29:52.378> the<07:29:52.500> Fig<07:29:52.740> you<07:29:53.400> can<07:29:53.520> see<07:29:53.760> you

the top part of the Fig you can see you

the top part of the Fig you can see you
can<07:29:54.478> select<07:29:54.718> from<07:29:54.900> but<07:29:55.080> it's<07:29:55.260> only<07:29:55.440> using<07:29:55.860> one

can select from but it's only using one

can select from but it's only using one
so<07:29:57.780> in<07:29:58.080> this<07:29:58.260> standard<07:29:58.558> the<07:29:58.740> end<07:29:58.920> standard

so in this standard the end standard

so in this standard the end standard
multiple<07:29:59.820> antennas<07:30:00.478> provide<07:30:00.900> independent

multiple antennas provide independent

multiple antennas provide independent
paths<07:30:01.920> in<07:30:02.160> space<07:30:02.340> between<07:30:02.638> the<07:30:02.940> transmitter

paths in space between the transmitter

paths in space between the transmitter
and<07:30:03.600> the<07:30:03.958> receiver

and the receiver

and the receiver
to<07:30:05.638> send<07:30:05.820> or<07:30:06.120> receive<07:30:06.660> streams<07:30:07.620> of

to send or receive streams of

to send or receive streams of
information<07:30:07.978> at<07:30:08.400> the<07:30:08.580> same<07:30:08.760> time<07:30:09.000> on<07:30:09.660> the<07:30:09.780> same

information at the same time on the same

information at the same time on the same
band

band

band
what<07:30:11.280> my<07:30:11.520> mode<07:30:11.700> does<07:30:11.940> is<07:30:12.120> increase<07:30:12.360> the<07:30:12.660> number

what my mode does is increase the number

what my mode does is increase the number
of<07:30:12.958> data<07:30:13.320> streams<07:30:13.620> sent<07:30:13.860> from<07:30:14.040> an<07:30:14.218> access

of data streams sent from an access

of data streams sent from an access
point<07:30:14.700> to<07:30:14.940> a<07:30:15.120> client<07:30:15.360> which<07:30:15.840> you<07:30:15.958> can<07:30:16.080> see<07:30:16.200> in

point to a client which you can see in

point to a client which you can see in
the<07:30:16.500> bottom<07:30:16.740> part

the bottom part

the bottom part
in<07:30:19.080> 802.11<07:30:20.040> mimo<07:30:20.760> four<07:30:21.058> spatial<07:30:21.540> streams<07:30:21.958> can

in 802.11 mimo four spatial streams can

in 802.11 mimo four spatial streams can
be<07:30:22.378> sent<07:30:22.500> to<07:30:22.680> a<07:30:22.860> single<07:30:23.100> client<07:30:23.280> at<07:30:23.638> a<07:30:23.820> time

be sent to a single client at a time

be sent to a single client at a time
again<07:30:25.740> if<07:30:26.100> you<07:30:26.280> want<07:30:26.400> to<07:30:26.520> read<07:30:26.638> further<07:30:27.180> you

again if you want to read further you

again if you want to read further you
can<07:30:27.478> now<07:30:27.600> look<07:30:27.840> up<07:30:27.958> the<07:30:28.260> specifications

can now look up the specifications

can now look up the specifications
there's<07:30:29.218> a<07:30:29.400> few<07:30:29.520> Wireless<07:30:30.080> specialty<07:30:31.080> books

there's a few Wireless specialty books

there's a few Wireless specialty books
if<07:30:31.680> it's<07:30:31.860> something<07:30:32.040> you're<07:30:32.458> interested<07:30:33.000> in

if it's something you're interested in

if it's something you're interested in
doing<07:30:33.298> it's<07:30:33.660> certainly<07:30:34.020> an<07:30:34.200> interesting

doing it's certainly an interesting

doing it's certainly an interesting
field

field

field
uh<07:30:37.020> the<07:30:37.378> 802.11<07:30:38.218> AC<07:30:38.520> is<07:30:38.940> an<07:30:39.120> enhancement<07:30:39.718> of<07:30:40.558> um

uh the 802.11 AC is an enhancement of um

uh the 802.11 AC is an enhancement of um
11n

11n

11n
obviously<07:30:42.660> still<07:30:42.900> Wireless<07:30:43.138> networking<07:30:43.920> it's

obviously still Wireless networking it's

obviously still Wireless networking it's
designed<07:30:45.058> for<07:30:45.180> high<07:30:45.360> throughput<07:30:45.920> our

designed for high throughput our

designed for high throughput our
wireless<07:30:47.638> Lans<07:30:48.120> on<07:30:48.420> the<07:30:48.600> five<07:30:48.780> gigahertz<07:30:49.378> band

wireless Lans on the five gigahertz band

wireless Lans on the five gigahertz band
there's<07:30:50.218> a<07:30:50.400> few<07:30:50.520> advantages<07:30:50.878> to<07:30:51.240> using<07:30:51.600> that

there's a few advantages to using that

there's a few advantages to using that
it<07:30:53.700> uses<07:30:54.120> a<07:30:54.420> multi-user<07:30:55.020> form<07:30:55.200> of<07:30:55.440> Mimo

in their mind mode the access points has

in their mind mode the access points has
multiple<07:31:00.840> streams<07:31:01.260> of<07:31:01.440> data<07:31:01.740> at<07:31:02.100> the<07:31:02.218> same

multiple streams of data at the same

multiple streams of data at the same
time<07:31:02.458> to<07:31:02.638> different<07:31:02.878> clients<07:31:03.478> over<07:31:04.138> the<07:31:04.440> same

time to different clients over the same

time to different clients over the same
frequency<07:31:05.040> spectrum

frequency spectrum

frequency spectrum
in<07:31:07.378> uh<07:31:08.240> 802.11<07:31:09.440> acmu<07:31:10.440> mimo<07:31:10.978> eight<07:31:11.760> special

in uh 802.11 acmu mimo eight special

in uh 802.11 acmu mimo eight special
streams<07:31:12.600> can<07:31:12.780> be<07:31:12.958> divided<07:31:13.680> among<07:31:14.400> up<07:31:14.760> to<07:31:14.940> four

streams can be divided among up to four

streams can be divided among up to four
clients<07:31:15.540> I<07:31:15.718> think<07:31:15.840> the<07:31:15.958> MU<07:31:16.260> is<07:31:16.500> multiple<07:31:16.860> user

clients I think the MU is multiple user

clients I think the MU is multiple user
yeah<07:31:19.920> multi-user<07:31:20.638> mimo<07:31:21.000> at<07:31:21.180> the<07:31:21.298> bottom<07:31:21.478> and

yeah multi-user mimo at the bottom and

yeah multi-user mimo at the bottom and
you<07:31:21.780> can<07:31:21.900> see<07:31:22.020> the<07:31:22.260> stream<07:31:22.500> can<07:31:23.040> be<07:31:23.340> broken<07:31:23.940> up

you can see the stream can be broken up

you can see the stream can be broken up
you've<07:31:24.780> got<07:31:24.900> a<07:31:25.080> few<07:31:25.200> options<07:31:25.680> you<07:31:26.280> can<07:31:26.400> have<07:31:26.520> a

you've got a few options you can have a

you've got a few options you can have a
higher<07:31:27.058> stream<07:31:27.240> to<07:31:27.478> one<07:31:27.718> client<07:31:28.080> and<07:31:28.860> then

higher stream to one client and then

higher stream to one client and then
lower<07:31:29.420> bandwidth<07:31:30.420> stream<07:31:30.540> to<07:31:30.780> another

lower bandwidth stream to another

lower bandwidth stream to another
clients

supports treatment of HD videos which is

supports treatment of HD videos which is
really<07:31:37.378> handy<07:31:37.798> and<07:31:38.100> to<07:31:38.218> multiple<07:31:38.580> clients

really handy and to multiple clients

really handy and to multiple clients
because<07:31:39.360> of<07:31:39.600> low<07:31:39.840> latency<07:31:40.260> high<07:31:40.680> throughput

because of low latency high throughput

because of low latency high throughput
and<07:31:41.820> reliability

and reliability

and reliability
it<07:31:43.860> operates<07:31:44.160> in<07:31:44.400> the<07:31:44.520> five<07:31:44.700> gigahertz<07:31:45.180> band<07:31:45.540> I

it operates in the five gigahertz band I

it operates in the five gigahertz band I
already<07:31:46.558> mentioned<07:31:46.978> that<07:31:47.160> theoretical<07:31:48.120> data

already mentioned that theoretical data

already mentioned that theoretical data
rate<07:31:48.600> of<07:31:48.780> 600<07:31:49.260> this<07:31:49.558> has<07:31:49.680> been<07:31:49.860> improved<07:31:50.340> on

rate of 600 this has been improved on

rate of 600 this has been improved on
all<07:31:50.820> the<07:31:51.000> time<07:31:51.180> so<07:31:51.478> maybe<07:31:52.138> check<07:31:52.500> up<07:31:52.740> on<07:31:53.400> the<07:31:53.940> um

all the time so maybe check up on the um

all the time so maybe check up on the um
standard<07:31:54.660> before<07:31:55.320> exam<07:31:56.100> day

standard before exam day

standard before exam day
you've<07:31:58.620> got<07:31:58.740> less<07:31:58.978> interference<07:31:59.820> than<07:32:00.120> in<07:32:00.420> the

you've got less interference than in the

you've got less interference than in the
2.4<07:32:01.200> gigahertz<07:32:01.740> band<07:32:02.100> which<07:32:03.000> is<07:32:03.058> where<07:32:03.240> you

2.4 gigahertz band which is where you

2.4 gigahertz band which is where you
get<07:32:03.478> the<07:32:03.660> increased<07:32:04.080> performance<07:32:04.500> more

get the increased performance more

get the increased performance more
channels<07:32:05.878> available<07:32:06.240> for<07:32:06.660> data<07:32:07.080> transmission

channels available for data transmission

channels available for data transmission
greater<07:32:08.580> number<07:32:08.760> of<07:32:09.020> non-overlapping

greater number of non-overlapping

greater number of non-overlapping
channels<07:32:10.378> than<07:32:10.620> you<07:32:10.798> do<07:32:10.978> in<07:32:11.458> 2.4<07:32:12.180> megahertz<07:32:12.780> I

channels than you do in 2.4 megahertz I

channels than you do in 2.4 megahertz I
think<07:32:13.680> there's<07:32:13.920> a<07:32:14.100> couple<07:32:14.280> of<07:32:14.458> disadvantages

think there's a couple of disadvantages

think there's a couple of disadvantages
as<07:32:15.478> well<07:32:15.660> but<07:32:15.840> I'm<07:32:16.020> not<07:32:16.320> sure<07:32:16.440> I'll<07:32:16.558> put<07:32:16.740> them

as well but I'm not sure I'll put them

as well but I'm not sure I'll put them
down<07:32:16.978> here<07:32:17.160> in<07:32:17.340> the<07:32:17.520> slide

down here in the slide

down here in the slide
so<07:32:19.080> the<07:32:19.320> U.S<07:32:19.620> a<07:32:19.798> five<07:32:19.978> gigahertz<07:32:20.520> band<07:32:20.820> has<07:32:21.360> 25

so the U.S a five gigahertz band has 25

so the U.S a five gigahertz band has 25
non-overlapping<07:32:22.740> channels<07:32:23.218> whereas<07:32:23.940> 2.4

non-overlapping channels whereas 2.4

non-overlapping channels whereas 2.4
gigahertz<07:32:25.020> is<07:32:25.260> only<07:32:25.440> three

uh Channel bandwidth of the following 80

uh Channel bandwidth of the following 80
160<07:32:32.700> 20<07:32:33.360> it's<07:32:33.718> worth<07:32:33.958> and<07:32:34.320> making<07:32:34.558> a<07:32:34.798> note<07:32:34.920> of

160 20 it's worth and making a note of

160 20 it's worth and making a note of
all<07:32:35.218> of<07:32:35.340> these<07:32:35.520> in<07:32:35.760> case<07:32:35.878> it's<07:32:36.000> asked<07:32:36.420> in<07:32:36.478> the

all of these in case it's asked in the

all of these in case it's asked in the
exam<07:32:36.900> and<07:32:37.320> 40.

exam and 40.

exam and 40.
uh<07:32:40.860> obviously<07:32:41.160> needs<07:32:41.520> to<07:32:41.580> comply<07:32:42.298> with<07:32:42.478> the

uh obviously needs to comply with the

uh obviously needs to comply with the
standard<07:32:42.958> you<07:32:43.138> can<07:32:43.260> see<07:32:43.440> this<07:32:43.740> particular

standard you can see this particular

standard you can see this particular
adapter's<07:32:44.580> got<07:32:44.700> it<07:32:44.878> written<07:32:45.180> on<07:32:45.360> it<07:32:45.478> it's<07:32:45.600> got

adapter's got it written on it it's got

adapter's got it written on it it's got
a<07:32:46.020> AC<07:32:46.320> standard<07:32:46.860> written<07:32:47.218> on<07:32:47.340> it

a AC standard written on it

a AC standard written on it
to<07:32:49.200> comply<07:32:49.558> with<07:32:49.680> the<07:32:49.798> standard<07:32:50.100> as<07:32:50.400> to

to comply with the standard as to

to comply with the standard as to
support<07:32:50.820> the<07:32:51.540> 2040<07:32:52.440> 80<07:32:52.680> megahertz<07:32:53.218> Channel

support the 2040 80 megahertz Channel

support the 2040 80 megahertz Channel
bandwidth<07:32:54.360> in<07:32:54.478> the<07:32:54.660> 5<07:32:54.780> gigahertz<07:32:55.320> band

bandwidth in the 5 gigahertz band

bandwidth in the 5 gigahertz band
the<07:32:57.478> 160<07:32:58.020> megahertz<07:32:58.440> Channel<07:32:58.740> bandwidth<07:32:59.340> is

the 160 megahertz Channel bandwidth is

the 160 megahertz Channel bandwidth is
optional

optional

optional
80<07:33:01.798> megahertz<07:33:02.280> channels<07:33:02.700> are<07:33:02.820> formed<07:33:03.120> by

80 megahertz channels are formed by

80 megahertz channels are formed by
combining<07:33:03.718> combining<07:33:04.138> the<07:33:04.260> following

combining combining the following

combining combining the following
following<07:33:05.280> two<07:33:05.760> adjacent<07:33:06.360> none<07:33:06.900> overlapping

following two adjacent none overlapping

following two adjacent none overlapping
40<07:33:07.860> megahertz

40 megahertz

40 megahertz
160<07:33:10.798> megahertz<07:33:11.400> are<07:33:12.240> uh<07:33:12.660> combined<07:33:13.138> to<07:33:13.260> 80

160 megahertz are uh combined to 80

160 megahertz are uh combined to 80
megahertz<07:33:14.580> I<07:33:14.878> think<07:33:15.000> you<07:33:15.120> can<07:33:15.240> see<07:33:15.360> how<07:33:15.540> this

megahertz I think you can see how this

megahertz I think you can see how this
works

works

works
so<07:33:18.180> here<07:33:18.478> I've<07:33:18.718> put

so here I've put

so here I've put
um

um

um
a<07:33:20.458> slide<07:33:21.298> from<07:33:21.780> Wi-Fi<07:33:22.558> Jetty<07:33:23.100> website<07:33:23.580> they've

a slide from Wi-Fi Jetty website they've

a slide from Wi-Fi Jetty website they've
combined<07:33:25.200> two<07:33:25.620> channels<07:33:26.100> here<07:33:26.280> to<07:33:26.520> 20

combined two channels here to 20

combined two channels here to 20
megahertz<07:33:27.240> channels<07:33:27.660> are<07:33:27.780> made<07:33:27.840> of<07:33:28.020> 40<07:33:28.200> for

megahertz channels are made of 40 for

megahertz channels are made of 40 for
channel<07:33:29.160> bonding

so Channel bonding was first introduced

so Channel bonding was first introduced
with<07:33:34.260> 802.11n

with 802.11n

with 802.11n
in<07:33:37.080> Channel<07:33:37.200> bonding<07:33:37.740> two<07:33:37.978> or<07:33:38.100> more<07:33:38.280> channels

in Channel bonding two or more channels

in Channel bonding two or more channels
adjacent<07:33:39.298> to<07:33:39.420> each<07:33:39.600> other<07:33:39.780> are<07:33:40.200> combined<07:33:40.620> to

adjacent to each other are combined to

adjacent to each other are combined to
increase<07:33:40.920> bandwidth<07:33:41.638> as<07:33:41.820> you<07:33:42.000> can<07:33:42.058> see<07:33:42.180> in<07:33:42.298> the

increase bandwidth as you can see in the

increase bandwidth as you can see in the
figure<07:33:42.600> put<07:33:42.958> there

figure put there

figure put there
benefits<07:33:45.500> 802.11<07:33:46.500> AC<07:33:46.740> benefits<07:33:47.458> because<07:33:47.638> it

benefits 802.11 AC benefits because it

benefits 802.11 AC benefits because it
supports<07:33:48.120> the<07:33:48.298> following<07:33:48.600> channels<07:33:49.200> 2040

supports the following channels 2040

supports the following channels 2040
80<07:33:51.478> megahertz

80 megahertz

80 megahertz
uh<07:33:55.020> although<07:33:55.378> 160<07:33:56.218> megahertz<07:33:56.700> channels<07:33:57.180> are

uh although 160 megahertz channels are

uh although 160 megahertz channels are
supported<07:33:57.718> as<07:33:57.958> an<07:33:58.138> option<07:33:58.440> is<07:33:58.860> its

supported as an option is its

supported as an option is its
availability<07:33:59.458> depends<07:34:00.058> on<07:34:00.298> your<07:34:00.600> geography

availability depends on your geography

availability depends on your geography
Where<07:34:01.680> You<07:34:01.920> Are

Where You Are

Where You Are
well<07:34:03.660> I<07:34:03.840> just<07:34:03.900> had<07:34:04.080> a<07:34:04.200> bandwidth<07:34:04.620> increases

well I just had a bandwidth increases

well I just had a bandwidth increases
the<07:34:05.218> data<07:34:05.580> rates<07:34:05.760> so

the data rates so

the data rates so
um 11ac<07:34:08.040> uses<07:34:08.520> eight<07:34:08.700> spatial<07:34:09.120> streams<07:34:09.478> and

um 11ac uses eight spatial streams and

um 11ac uses eight spatial streams and
160<07:34:10.500> megahertz<07:34:11.040> bandwidth

160 megahertz bandwidth

160 megahertz bandwidth
to<07:34:13.080> achieve<07:34:13.378> a<07:34:13.500> maximum<07:34:13.860> data<07:34:14.280> rate<07:34:14.458> of<07:34:15.320> 6.933

to achieve a maximum data rate of 6.933

to achieve a maximum data rate of 6.933
gig

gig

gig
uh<07:34:18.780> data<07:34:19.200> rates<07:34:19.440> vary<07:34:19.860> on<07:34:20.218> the<07:34:20.340> following<07:34:20.638> for

uh data rates vary on the following for

uh data rates vary on the following for
11ac<07:34:21.600> you're<07:34:22.200> given<07:34:22.500> bandwidth<07:34:23.100> and<07:34:23.218> the

11ac you're given bandwidth and the

11ac you're given bandwidth and the
number<07:34:23.458> of<07:34:23.580> spatial<07:34:24.058> streams<07:34:24.478> used

number of spatial streams used

number of spatial streams used
probably<07:34:27.000> worth<07:34:27.840> um<07:34:27.900> writing<07:34:28.440> out<07:34:28.558> this

probably worth um writing out this

probably worth um writing out this
um

um

um
table<07:34:31.558> here<07:34:31.978> if<07:34:32.638> you<07:34:32.760> want<07:34:33.180> the<07:34:33.360> information

table here if you want the information

table here if you want the information
or<07:34:34.378> you<07:34:34.500> can<07:34:34.620> do<07:34:34.740> a<07:34:34.920> screen<07:34:35.040> capture

or you can do a screen capture

or you can do a screen capture
802.11<07:34:37.798> AC<07:34:38.280> with<07:34:38.700> one<07:34:38.878> spatial<07:34:39.298> stream<07:34:39.540> and

802.11 AC with one spatial stream and

802.11 AC with one spatial stream and
for<07:34:39.958> a<07:34:40.080> bandwidth<07:34:40.440> of<07:34:40.558> 20<07:34:40.740> megahertz<07:34:41.218> can

for a bandwidth of 20 megahertz can

for a bandwidth of 20 megahertz can
ensure<07:34:41.878> either<07:34:42.120> data<07:34:42.600> rate<07:34:42.660> of

ensure either data rate of

ensure either data rate of
86.7<07:34:44.638> megahertz<07:34:45.540> and<07:34:46.320> so<07:34:46.440> on<07:34:46.620> and<07:34:46.798> so<07:34:46.978> forth

86.7 megahertz and so on and so forth

86.7 megahertz and so on and so forth
for<07:34:47.580> the<07:34:47.700> others<07:34:48.600> um<07:34:48.718> their<07:34:49.260> data<07:34:49.860> rate

for the others um their data rate

for the others um their data rate
increases<07:34:50.400> both<07:34:50.700> vertically<07:34:51.240> and

increases both vertically and

increases both vertically and
horizontally

horizontally

horizontally
all<07:34:53.878> right<07:34:54.058> so<07:34:54.180> we've<07:34:54.360> covered<07:34:54.780> NAC<07:34:55.558> Channel

all right so we've covered NAC Channel

all right so we've covered NAC Channel
bonding<07:34:56.760> that's<07:34:57.360> all<07:34:57.600> for<07:34:57.780> now<07:34:57.958> thanks<07:34:58.440> for

bonding that's all for now thanks for

bonding that's all for now thanks for
listening

plug the module 5 lesson 6 in network

plug the module 5 lesson 6 in network
segmentation

quite a bit to cover and some of this is

quite a bit to cover and some of this is
a<07:35:27.058> little<07:35:27.180> bit<07:35:27.360> esoteric<07:35:28.320> to<07:35:28.500> be<07:35:28.680> honest<07:35:28.978> so<07:35:29.940> um

a little bit esoteric to be honest so um

a little bit esoteric to be honest so um
it's<07:35:30.780> conceptual

it's conceptual

it's conceptual
it<07:35:32.520> can<07:35:32.638> be<07:35:32.760> a<07:35:32.878> bit<07:35:32.940> hard<07:35:33.120> to<07:35:33.298> get<07:35:33.478> your<07:35:33.600> head

it can be a bit hard to get your head

it can be a bit hard to get your head
around

around

around
um<07:35:34.920> in<07:35:35.520> that<07:35:35.638> sense

um in that sense

um in that sense
what<07:35:37.138> is<07:35:37.260> Network<07:35:37.500> segmentation<07:35:38.400> what<07:35:38.940> is

what is Network segmentation what is

what is Network segmentation what is
physical<07:35:39.478> segmentation<07:35:40.440> logical

physical segmentation logical

physical segmentation logical
uh<07:35:43.260> the<07:35:43.500> uses<07:35:43.798> why<07:35:44.160> bother

uh the uses why bother

uh the uses why bother
and<07:35:45.840> critical<07:35:46.260> situations<07:35:46.978> so<07:35:47.400> we're<07:35:47.520> hitting

and critical situations so we're hitting

and critical situations so we're hitting
a<07:35:48.540> few<07:35:48.780> the<07:35:49.020> syllabus<07:35:49.558> topics<07:35:50.100> here<07:35:50.520> in<07:35:51.360> the<07:35:51.718> um

a few the syllabus topics here in the um

a few the syllabus topics here in the um
Network<07:35:52.020> plus<07:35:52.320> syllabus<07:35:52.860> so

Network plus syllabus so

Network plus syllabus so
in<07:35:55.320> a<07:35:55.500> sense<07:35:55.680> Network<07:35:56.400> segmentation<07:35:57.298> concerns

in a sense Network segmentation concerns

in a sense Network segmentation concerns
dividing<07:35:58.680> a<07:35:58.860> computer<07:35:59.040> into<07:35:59.400> Network<07:35:59.638> or<07:36:00.180> sub

dividing a computer into Network or sub

dividing a computer into Network or sub
networks<07:36:01.080> not<07:36:01.860> in<07:36:02.040> the<07:36:02.160> sense<07:36:02.340> of

networks not in the sense of

networks not in the sense of
um subnetting

um subnetting

um subnetting
um<07:36:04.740> in<07:36:04.978> the<07:36:05.040> context<07:36:05.340> of<07:36:05.520> Ip<07:36:05.878> addressing<07:36:06.420> but

um in the context of Ip addressing but

um in the context of Ip addressing but
um dividing<07:36:08.340> our<07:36:08.580> network<07:36:08.760> down

um dividing our network down

um dividing our network down
so<07:36:11.700> each<07:36:12.540> portion<07:36:13.020> of<07:36:13.200> the<07:36:13.378> network<07:36:13.558> is<07:36:14.218> called

so each portion of the network is called

so each portion of the network is called
a<07:36:14.638> network<07:36:14.878> segment

a network segment

a network segment
it<07:36:16.680> can<07:36:16.860> be<07:36:16.978> characterized<07:36:17.580> by<07:36:17.760> a<07:36:17.878> physical

it can be characterized by a physical

it can be characterized by a physical
boundary

boundary

boundary
or<07:36:20.100> logical<07:36:20.520> So<07:36:21.000> Physical<07:36:21.240> something<07:36:21.660> you<07:36:22.200> can

or logical So Physical something you can

or logical So Physical something you can
see<07:36:22.680> logical<07:36:23.580> something<07:36:24.000> that<07:36:24.360> the<07:36:24.540> network

see logical something that the network

see logical something that the network
can<07:36:25.500> see<07:36:25.680> but<07:36:26.340> you<07:36:26.580> couldn't<07:36:26.700> see<07:36:26.940> physically

can see but you couldn't see physically

can see but you couldn't see physically
you<07:36:27.660> would<07:36:27.840> then<07:36:28.020> have<07:36:28.500> to<07:36:28.680> log<07:36:28.798> in<07:36:28.978> and<07:36:29.160> check

you would then have to log in and check

you would then have to log in and check
the<07:36:29.458> configurations

the configurations

the configurations
so<07:36:31.378> physical<07:36:31.620> or<07:36:32.040> logical<07:36:32.340> boundary

so physical or logical boundary

so physical or logical boundary
separates<07:36:33.360> various<07:36:34.020> Network<07:36:34.860> segments<07:36:35.638> from

separates various Network segments from

separates various Network segments from
one<07:36:36.780> another

one another

one another
physical<07:36:38.820> is<07:36:39.180> a<07:36:39.298> bit<07:36:39.420> easier<07:36:39.780> the<07:36:40.558> computer<07:36:40.798> is

physical is a bit easier the computer is

physical is a bit easier the computer is
divided<07:36:41.820> into<07:36:41.940> segments<07:36:42.540> for<07:36:43.020> example<07:36:43.260> with

divided into segments for example with

divided into segments for example with
switches

switches

switches
routers<07:36:46.020> a<07:36:46.620> group<07:36:46.920> of<07:36:47.160> physical<07:36:47.520> access<07:36:47.878> and

routers a group of physical access and

routers a group of physical access and
assets<07:36:49.020> is<07:36:49.680> part<07:36:49.860> of<07:36:50.040> a<07:36:50.280> specific<07:36:50.580> Network

assets is part of a specific Network

assets is part of a specific Network
segment

segment

segment
so<07:36:53.160> a<07:36:53.520> bit<07:36:53.700> harder<07:36:54.058> to<07:36:54.180> do<07:36:54.298> with<07:36:54.478> switches

so a bit harder to do with switches

so a bit harder to do with switches
because<07:36:55.378> you<07:36:55.920> would<07:36:56.160> normally<07:36:56.760> needed<07:36:57.180> to<07:36:57.298> add

because you would normally needed to add

because you would normally needed to add
a<07:36:57.660> configuration<07:36:58.138> because<07:36:58.378> switches<07:36:58.978> are

a configuration because switches are

a configuration because switches are
designed<07:37:00.000> to<07:37:00.478> broadcast<07:37:00.740> to<07:37:01.740> other

designed to broadcast to other

designed to broadcast to other
um<07:37:02.760> parts<07:37:03.058> of<07:37:03.240> the<07:37:03.360> network<07:37:03.600> if<07:37:04.500> it<07:37:04.620> doesn't

um parts of the network if it doesn't

um parts of the network if it doesn't
know<07:37:05.100> where<07:37:05.458> that<07:37:05.638> part<07:37:05.820> of<07:37:05.940> the<07:37:06.058> network<07:37:06.180> is

know where that part of the network is

know where that part of the network is
or<07:37:06.718> particularly<07:37:07.080> device

or particularly device

or particularly device
whereas<07:37:08.940> routers<07:37:09.240> do<07:37:09.420> the<07:37:09.600> opposite

whereas routers do the opposite

whereas routers do the opposite
computer<07:37:12.000> network<07:37:12.420> is<07:37:12.900> logically

computer network is logically

computer network is logically
um

um

um
virtually<07:37:15.900> divided<07:37:16.440> into<07:37:16.500> Network<07:37:16.740> segment

virtually divided into Network segment

virtually divided into Network segment
so<07:37:17.520> this<07:37:17.700> is<07:37:17.820> uh<07:37:18.180> from<07:37:18.478> The<07:37:18.600> Logical

so this is uh from The Logical

so this is uh from The Logical
standpoint<07:37:19.978> so<07:37:20.638> we<07:37:20.760> could<07:37:20.940> do<07:37:21.120> it<07:37:21.240> with

standpoint so we could do it with

standpoint so we could do it with
virtual<07:37:21.900> lands<07:37:22.320> or<07:37:22.440> vlans

virtual lands or vlans

virtual lands or vlans
virtual<07:37:24.540> segmentation<07:37:25.138> is<07:37:25.440> done<07:37:25.620> or

virtual segmentation is done or

virtual segmentation is done or
different<07:37:26.100> connections<07:37:26.580> or<07:37:26.760> the<07:37:26.940> same

different connections or the same

different connections or the same
physical<07:37:27.298> switch<07:37:27.780> so<07:37:28.440> you<07:37:28.620> can<07:37:28.680> have<07:37:28.860> 10

physical switch so you can have 10

physical switch so you can have 10
switch<07:37:29.520> ports<07:37:30.240> and<07:37:31.200> the<07:37:31.740> first<07:37:31.920> five<07:37:32.160> ports

switch ports and the first five ports

switch ports and the first five ports
are<07:37:32.820> in<07:37:33.000> one<07:37:33.298> logical<07:37:33.840> part<07:37:34.080> of<07:37:34.200> the<07:37:34.320> network

are in one logical part of the network

are in one logical part of the network
in<07:37:34.920> one<07:37:35.100> VLAN<07:37:35.580> VLAN<07:37:36.058> 10<07:37:36.240> for<07:37:36.478> example<07:37:36.780> and<07:37:37.500> the

in one VLAN VLAN 10 for example and the

in one VLAN VLAN 10 for example and the
other<07:37:37.740> five<07:37:37.978> in<07:37:38.218> VLAN<07:37:38.638> 20.<07:37:39.780> and<07:37:40.020> you<07:37:40.138> could

other five in VLAN 20. and you could

other five in VLAN 20. and you could
have<07:37:40.378> multiple<07:37:40.740> vlans<07:37:41.280> depending<07:37:41.820> on<07:37:42.120> your

have multiple vlans depending on your

have multiple vlans depending on your
capabilities<07:37:43.500> or<07:37:43.860> whatever<07:37:44.040> switch<07:37:44.458> you're

capabilities or whatever switch you're

capabilities or whatever switch you're
using

using

using
through<07:37:47.040> through<07:37:47.700> Network<07:37:48.000> segments<07:37:48.660> are

through through Network segments are

through through Network segments are
isolated<07:37:49.260> although<07:37:49.978> secure<07:37:50.400> communication

isolated although secure communication

isolated although secure communication
can<07:37:51.420> be<07:37:51.600> established<07:37:52.020> between<07:37:52.378> them<07:37:53.160> to<07:37:53.340> share

can be established between them to share

can be established between them to share
network<07:37:53.760> resources<07:37:54.478> we<07:37:54.958> cover<07:37:55.200> that<07:37:55.440> with

network resources we cover that with

network resources we cover that with
security<07:37:55.920> and<07:37:56.760> elsewhere<07:37:57.298> you<07:37:57.958> can<07:37:58.138> actually

security and elsewhere you can actually

security and elsewhere you can actually
have<07:37:58.680> an<07:37:59.100> internal<07:37:59.638> and<07:37:59.760> external<07:38:00.360> network

have an internal and external network

have an internal and external network
security<07:38:01.440> it<07:38:02.280> isn't<07:38:02.520> just<07:38:02.638> for<07:38:02.878> example<07:38:03.120> vpns

security it isn't just for example vpns

security it isn't just for example vpns
connecting<07:38:04.378> and<07:38:05.218> through<07:38:05.520> from<07:38:05.878> remote

connecting and through from remote

connecting and through from remote
offices

offices

offices
so<07:38:08.340> why<07:38:08.580> would<07:38:08.760> you<07:38:08.878> bother<07:38:09.500> in<07:38:10.500> a<07:38:10.860> sense<07:38:10.978> it

so why would you bother in a sense it

so why would you bother in a sense it
enhances<07:38:11.760> the<07:38:11.940> security<07:38:12.180> of<07:38:12.540> the<07:38:12.660> network<07:38:12.860> you

enhances the security of the network you

enhances the security of the network you
can<07:38:13.978> isolate<07:38:14.520> critical<07:38:15.058> parts<07:38:15.478> of<07:38:15.780> your

can isolate critical parts of your

can isolate critical parts of your
infrastructure<07:38:16.558> from<07:38:17.400> an<07:38:17.638> authorized<07:38:18.120> access

infrastructure from an authorized access

infrastructure from an authorized access
for<07:38:19.320> example<07:38:19.558> if<07:38:19.860> you've<07:38:20.040> got<07:38:20.218> a<07:38:20.580> special

for example if you've got a special

for example if you've got a special
service<07:38:21.298> and<07:38:21.900> server<07:38:22.378> you<07:38:23.040> can<07:38:23.100> restrict

service and server you can restrict

service and server you can restrict
access<07:38:23.760> to<07:38:24.120> the<07:38:24.660> um<07:38:24.660> users<07:38:25.200> don't<07:38:25.978> access<07:38:26.280> it

access to the um users don't access it

access to the um users don't access it
and<07:38:27.000> they<07:38:27.180> don't<07:38:27.360> have<07:38:27.540> direct<07:38:27.780> access<07:38:28.200> so

and they don't have direct access so

and they don't have direct access so
they'll<07:38:29.218> be<07:38:29.340> in<07:38:29.458> a<07:38:29.638> different<07:38:29.760> VLAN<07:38:30.298> for

they'll be in a different VLAN for

they'll be in a different VLAN for
example<07:38:30.780> or<07:38:31.200> just<07:38:31.440> in<07:38:31.740> it<07:38:32.040> wouldn't<07:38:32.160> appear<07:38:32.458> on

example or just in it wouldn't appear on

example or just in it wouldn't appear on
the<07:38:32.760> network<07:38:32.958> and<07:38:33.958> you<07:38:34.080> normally<07:38:34.440> or<07:38:34.860> may<07:38:35.160> well

the network and you normally or may well

the network and you normally or may well
have<07:38:35.638> depending<07:38:36.058> on<07:38:36.120> the<07:38:36.298> size<07:38:36.420> of<07:38:36.600> your

have depending on the size of your

have depending on the size of your
network<07:38:36.900> a<07:38:37.740> different<07:38:37.920> team<07:38:38.340> or<07:38:38.760> Department

network a different team or Department

network a different team or Department
managing<07:38:39.780> that<07:38:40.260> part<07:38:40.558> of<07:38:40.680> the<07:38:40.798> network

managing that part of the network

managing that part of the network
it<07:38:42.840> can<07:38:43.020> be<07:38:43.200> used<07:38:43.558> for<07:38:43.740> reducing<07:38:44.218> Network

it can be used for reducing Network

it can be used for reducing Network
congestion<07:38:45.478> so<07:38:45.718> you're<07:38:45.958> dedicating<07:38:46.378> certain

congestion so you're dedicating certain

congestion so you're dedicating certain
parts<07:38:47.040> of<07:38:47.218> bandwidth<07:38:47.878> for<07:38:48.420> certain<07:38:48.600> segments

parts of bandwidth for certain segments

parts of bandwidth for certain segments
of<07:38:49.200> the<07:38:49.320> network<07:38:49.500> and<07:38:50.218> you<07:38:50.340> can<07:38:50.458> even<07:38:50.580> have<07:38:50.878> a

of the network and you can even have a

of the network and you can even have a
high-speed<07:38:51.660> department<07:38:52.218> for<07:38:53.218> example

high-speed department for example

high-speed department for example
um the<07:38:54.298> company<07:38:54.420> I<07:38:54.718> used<07:38:54.900> to<07:38:54.958> work<07:38:55.080> at<07:38:55.260> we<07:38:55.440> had

um the company I used to work at we had

um the company I used to work at we had
a<07:38:55.798> design<07:38:55.978> team<07:38:56.400> who<07:38:57.058> all<07:38:57.240> used

a design team who all used

a design team who all used
um<07:38:58.920> high<07:38:59.580> speed<07:38:59.878> high<07:39:00.600> resolution<07:39:01.020> files<07:39:01.798> and

um high speed high resolution files and

um high speed high resolution files and
graphics<07:39:02.520> and<07:39:03.000> it<07:39:03.540> um<07:39:03.540> they<07:39:03.900> needed

graphics and it um they needed

graphics and it um they needed
um a<07:39:05.520> fast<07:39:05.700> connection<07:39:05.940> so<07:39:06.298> they<07:39:06.478> had<07:39:06.600> their

um a fast connection so they had their

um a fast connection so they had their
own<07:39:06.900> logical<07:39:07.260> segment

own logical segment

own logical segment
and<07:39:09.900> you<07:39:10.080> could<07:39:10.200> also<07:39:10.440> limit<07:39:10.620> traffic<07:39:11.040> as<07:39:11.458> I

and you could also limit traffic as I

and you could also limit traffic as I
said<07:39:11.760> faster<07:39:12.360> connection<07:39:12.660> for<07:39:13.020> some<07:39:13.200> slower

said faster connection for some slower

said faster connection for some slower
for<07:39:13.860> others<07:39:14.218> and<07:39:14.700> the<07:39:14.820> available<07:39:14.940> bandwidth

for others and the available bandwidth

for others and the available bandwidth
is<07:39:16.260> um<07:39:16.260> increased<07:39:16.798> or<07:39:16.978> reduced<07:39:17.458> accordingly

is um increased or reduced accordingly

is um increased or reduced accordingly
uh<07:39:20.760> also<07:39:21.180> useful<07:39:21.478> for<07:39:21.780> load<07:39:22.080> balancing<07:39:22.500> you

uh also useful for load balancing you

uh also useful for load balancing you
can<07:39:22.920> distribute<07:39:23.400> the<07:39:23.580> traffic<07:39:23.878> a<07:39:24.600> load<07:39:24.958> based

can distribute the traffic a load based

can distribute the traffic a load based
on<07:39:25.558> the

on the

on the
for<07:39:26.820> the<07:39:27.000> network<07:39:27.200> certain<07:39:28.200> devices<07:39:28.638> certain

for the network certain devices certain

for the network certain devices certain
devices<07:39:30.000> can<07:39:30.478> be<07:39:30.600> placed<07:39:30.900> in<07:39:31.080> certain

devices can be placed in certain

devices can be placed in certain
segments

segments

segments
and<07:39:34.260> network<07:39:34.558> segmentation<07:39:35.280> is<07:39:35.520> also<07:39:35.820> done

and network segmentation is also done

and network segmentation is also done
for<07:39:36.298> the<07:39:36.718> PCI<07:39:37.260> the<07:39:37.440> payment<07:39:37.680> card<07:39:37.978> industry

for the PCI the payment card industry

for the PCI the payment card industry
that's<07:39:39.298> different<07:39:39.478> from<07:39:39.840> the<07:39:40.080> PCI<07:39:40.558> bus

that's different from the PCI bus

that's different from the PCI bus
technology<07:39:41.520> which<07:39:41.878> we<07:39:42.058> discuss<07:39:42.420> elsewhere

technology which we discuss elsewhere

technology which we discuss elsewhere
the<07:39:44.100> PCA<07:39:44.400> compliance<07:39:45.000> standards<07:39:45.540> were

the PCA compliance standards were

the PCA compliance standards were
created<07:39:46.138> by<07:39:46.620> Major<07:39:46.920> card<07:39:47.218> issuers<07:39:47.820> and<07:39:48.360> you

created by Major card issuers and you

created by Major card issuers and you
may<07:39:48.660> come<07:39:48.840> across<07:39:49.200> it<07:39:49.320> if<07:39:49.558> you<07:39:49.798> have<07:39:49.920> to<07:39:50.100> take

may come across it if you have to take

may come across it if you have to take
online<07:39:51.180> payments

online payments

online payments
um depending<07:39:54.240> on<07:39:54.420> the<07:39:54.600> processor<07:39:55.080> you<07:39:55.260> use

um depending on the processor you use

um depending on the processor you use
even<07:39:55.798> if<07:39:55.978> you've<07:39:56.160> got<07:39:56.280> a<07:39:56.520> small

even if you've got a small

even if you've got a small
um<07:39:57.900> Network<07:39:58.200> for<07:39:58.860> your<07:39:59.100> business<07:39:59.478> or<07:40:00.478> shop<07:40:00.718> you

um Network for your business or shop you

um Network for your business or shop you
um may<07:40:01.740> have<07:40:01.978> to<07:40:02.100> or<07:40:02.340> you<07:40:02.700> will<07:40:02.820> be<07:40:02.940> affected

um may have to or you will be affected

um may have to or you will be affected
by<07:40:03.540> PCR<07:40:03.900> compliance

by PCR compliance

by PCR compliance
so<07:40:05.638> this<07:40:05.760> is<07:40:05.878> to<07:40:06.058> ensure<07:40:06.298> that<07:40:06.420> the<07:40:06.540> payment

so this is to ensure that the payment

so this is to ensure that the payment
transactions<07:40:07.378> are<07:40:07.500> done<07:40:07.740> in<07:40:08.040> a<07:40:08.218> secure

transactions are done in a secure

transactions are done in a secure
environment

environment

environment
if<07:40:10.860> someone<07:40:11.040> processes<07:40:11.760> stores<07:40:12.120> or<07:40:12.420> transmits

if someone processes stores or transmits

if someone processes stores or transmits
credit<07:40:13.138> card<07:40:13.378> information<07:40:14.218> it<07:40:15.120> must<07:40:15.298> comply

credit card information it must comply

credit card information it must comply
with<07:40:15.718> the<07:40:15.958> PCI<07:40:16.378> Data<07:40:16.860> security<07:40:17.040> standard

with the PCI Data security standard

with the PCI Data security standard
which<07:40:17.878> is<07:40:18.058> the<07:40:18.298> DSs

which is the DSs

which is the DSs
this<07:40:21.420> is<07:40:21.540> mandated<07:40:21.958> by<07:40:22.260> Visa<07:40:22.740> Mastercard

this is mandated by Visa Mastercard

this is mandated by Visa Mastercard
American<07:40:23.520> Express<07:40:23.940> discovering<07:40:24.840> JCB

American Express discovering JCB

American Express discovering JCB
obviously<07:40:26.160> because<07:40:26.280> people<07:40:26.638> will<07:40:27.058> try<07:40:27.240> and

obviously because people will try and

obviously because people will try and
capture

capture

capture
and<07:40:28.920> credit<07:40:29.218> card<07:40:29.458> information<07:40:29.700> so<07:40:30.180> it<07:40:30.298> needs

and credit card information so it needs

and credit card information so it needs
to<07:40:30.600> comply<07:40:30.958> with<07:40:31.138> the<07:40:31.378> standards

um Network segmentation is actually not

um Network segmentation is actually not
a<07:40:37.860> PCI<07:40:38.340> DSS<07:40:38.700> requirement<07:40:39.298> it's<07:40:39.600> done<07:40:39.840> to

a PCI DSS requirement it's done to

a PCI DSS requirement it's done to
isolate<07:40:40.440> the<07:40:40.558> traffic<07:40:40.740> that<07:40:41.160> stores

isolate the traffic that stores

isolate the traffic that stores
processes<07:40:42.958> or<07:40:43.260> channels<07:40:43.500> emits<07:40:43.920> the<07:40:43.978> card

processes or channels emits the card

processes or channels emits the card
holder<07:40:44.580> information<07:40:44.760> from<07:40:45.240> the<07:40:45.360> rest<07:40:45.420> of<07:40:45.600> the

holder information from the rest of the

holder information from the rest of the
network

network

network
and<07:40:47.700> reduces<07:40:48.240> the<07:40:48.420> scope<07:40:48.600> of<07:40:48.780> the<07:40:48.900> network

and reduces the scope of the network

and reduces the scope of the network
environment<07:40:49.798> subject<07:40:50.340> to<07:40:50.520> PCI<07:40:51.058> compliance<07:40:51.600> if

environment subject to PCI compliance if

environment subject to PCI compliance if
you<07:40:52.378> didn't<07:40:52.558> have<07:40:52.798> your<07:40:53.520> network<07:40:53.638> segmented

you didn't have your network segmented

you didn't have your network segmented
then<07:40:55.138> your<07:40:55.378> entire<07:40:55.740> network<07:40:56.100> would<07:40:57.000> have<07:40:57.240> to

then your entire network would have to

then your entire network would have to
comply<07:40:57.958> with<07:40:58.620> all<07:40:58.798> of<07:40:58.920> the<07:40:59.160> various<07:40:59.458> pcid<07:41:00.298> SS

comply with all of the various pcid SS

comply with all of the various pcid SS
requirements<07:41:01.680> if<07:41:02.520> you<07:41:02.700> segment<07:41:03.000> the<07:41:03.298> card

requirements if you segment the card

requirements if you segment the card
processing<07:41:04.200> and<07:41:04.740> part<07:41:04.860> of<07:41:05.040> your<07:41:05.160> network<07:41:05.400> then

processing and part of your network then

processing and part of your network then
only<07:41:06.420> that<07:41:06.718> part<07:41:06.900> of<07:41:07.020> the<07:41:07.138> network<07:41:07.320> needs<07:41:07.798> to

only that part of the network needs to

only that part of the network needs to
comply<07:41:08.340> so<07:41:08.700> it's<07:41:08.878> going<07:41:09.000> to<07:41:09.058> make<07:41:09.180> your<07:41:09.298> life<07:41:09.478> a

comply so it's going to make your life a

comply so it's going to make your life a
lot<07:41:09.780> easier

lot easier

lot easier
um uses<07:41:12.058> the<07:41:12.298> footprints<07:41:12.780> of<07:41:12.840> a<07:41:13.080> sensitive

um uses the footprints of a sensitive

um uses the footprints of a sensitive
information<07:41:13.798> is<07:41:14.280> confined<07:41:14.820> and<07:41:15.058> this<07:41:15.180> is<07:41:15.298> what

information is confined and this is what

information is confined and this is what
I<07:41:15.718> I<07:41:15.900> mentioned<07:41:16.200> a<07:41:16.378> moment<07:41:16.620> ago<07:41:16.978> and<07:41:17.458> you<07:41:17.580> can

I I mentioned a moment ago and you can

I I mentioned a moment ago and you can
protect<07:41:18.000> it<07:41:18.180> using<07:41:18.600> firewall<07:41:19.080> or<07:41:19.740> your

protect it using firewall or your

protect it using firewall or your
intrusion<07:41:20.520> detection<07:41:21.298> or<07:41:21.718> Protection

intrusion detection or Protection

intrusion detection or Protection
Systems

and reduces the audit cost as well

and reduces the audit cost as well
the<07:41:28.260> audit<07:41:28.620> is<07:41:28.680> done<07:41:28.798> for<07:41:28.978> specific<07:41:29.340> Network

the audit is done for specific Network

the audit is done for specific Network
segment<07:41:30.420> as<07:41:31.200> opposed<07:41:31.558> to<07:41:31.620> your<07:41:31.920> entire

segment as opposed to your entire

segment as opposed to your entire
network<07:41:32.520> and<07:41:33.180> again<07:41:33.298> the<07:41:33.600> best<07:41:33.718> example<07:41:34.138> is

network and again the best example is

network and again the best example is
when<07:41:34.680> you're<07:41:34.920> getting<07:41:35.218> audited<07:41:35.760> for<07:41:35.940> the

when you're getting audited for the

when you're getting audited for the
purposes<07:41:36.420> of<07:41:36.718> of<07:41:37.378> PCI<07:41:37.978> compliance

purposes of of PCI compliance

purposes of of PCI compliance
and<07:41:41.580> this<07:41:42.120> is<07:41:42.298> one<07:41:42.540> of<07:41:42.718> the<07:41:43.080> uh<07:41:43.860> topics<07:41:44.218> for

and this is one of the uh topics for

and this is one of the uh topics for
these<07:41:44.638> syllabus<07:41:45.058> actually<07:41:45.240> Network<07:41:45.660> segment

these syllabus actually Network segment

these syllabus actually Network segment
segmentations

segmentations

segmentations
in<07:41:48.958> critical<07:41:49.378> situations<07:41:50.058> numerous

in critical situations numerous

in critical situations numerous
situations<07:41:51.360> where<07:41:51.660> the<07:41:51.840> network

situations where the network

situations where the network
segmentation<07:41:52.798> is<07:41:53.218> critical

segmentation is critical

segmentation is critical
so<07:41:54.900> the<07:41:55.260> scada<07:41:55.920> the<07:41:56.580> supervisory<07:41:57.120> control<07:41:57.478> and

so the scada the supervisory control and

so the scada the supervisory control and
data<07:41:58.580> acquisition<07:41:59.600> and<07:42:00.600> the<07:42:00.840> ICS<07:42:01.378> industrial

data acquisition and the ICS industrial

data acquisition and the ICS industrial
Control<07:42:02.160> Systems<07:42:02.820> so<07:42:03.360> again<07:42:03.540> you'll<07:42:03.840> see

Control Systems so again you'll see

Control Systems so again you'll see
you'll<07:42:04.138> see<07:42:04.260> this<07:42:04.378> on<07:42:04.558> the<07:42:04.680> syllabus<07:42:05.100> when<07:42:05.218> you

you'll see this on the syllabus when you

you'll see this on the syllabus when you
look<07:42:05.638> the<07:42:06.420> ICS<07:42:06.958> refers<07:42:07.260> to<07:42:07.440> several<07:42:07.978> control

look the ICS refers to several control

look the ICS refers to several control
systems<07:42:08.760> that<07:42:09.000> are<07:42:09.120> used<07:42:09.360> in<07:42:09.840> the<07:42:10.138> industry<07:42:10.740> in

systems that are used in the industry in

systems that are used in the industry in
various<07:42:11.458> Industries<07:42:11.958> this<07:42:12.958> is<07:42:13.080> an<07:42:13.260> industrial

various Industries this is an industrial

various Industries this is an industrial
control<07:42:13.860> system<07:42:14.340> so<07:42:15.360> you<07:42:16.200> may<07:42:16.320> not<07:42:16.440> have<07:42:16.620> heard

control system so you may not have heard

control system so you may not have heard
of<07:42:16.978> this<07:42:17.100> or<07:42:17.400> may<07:42:17.580> never<07:42:17.760> come<07:42:18.000> to<07:42:18.180> deal<07:42:18.558> or

of this or may never come to deal or

of this or may never come to deal or
support<07:42:19.798> or<07:42:20.100> manage<07:42:20.400> this<07:42:20.580> unless<07:42:20.940> you're

support or manage this unless you're

support or manage this unless you're
part<07:42:21.360> of<07:42:21.540> the<07:42:21.840> industrial<07:42:22.680> Network

part of the industrial Network

part of the industrial Network
infrastructure

infrastructure

infrastructure
thank<07:42:25.558> you

and the additional facilities are

and the additional facilities are
electrical<07:42:30.718> electrical<07:42:31.378> power<07:42:31.558> grids<07:42:32.040> water

electrical electrical power grids water

electrical electrical power grids water
distribution<07:42:33.000> oil<07:42:33.478> natural<07:42:34.138> gas<07:42:34.440> pipeline

distribution oil natural gas pipeline

distribution oil natural gas pipeline
systems

systems

systems
and<07:42:36.900> they're<07:42:37.080> dependent<07:42:37.500> on<07:42:37.680> electrical

and they're dependent on electrical

and they're dependent on electrical
hydraulic<07:42:38.940> and<07:42:39.240> mechanical<07:42:39.718> equipment

hydraulic and mechanical equipment

hydraulic and mechanical equipment
this<07:42:41.520> equipment<07:42:41.820> is<07:42:42.058> all<07:42:42.298> monitored<07:42:42.660> by

this equipment is all monitored by

this equipment is all monitored by
sensors<07:42:43.378> that<07:42:43.680> transform<07:42:44.218> the<07:42:44.580> physical

sensors that transform the physical

sensors that transform the physical
stimulus<07:42:45.600> for<07:42:45.840> example<07:42:46.080> something's<07:42:46.798> broken

stimulus for example something's broken

stimulus for example something's broken
or<07:42:47.520> stuck

or stuck

or stuck
or<07:42:49.138> doing<07:42:49.920> too<07:42:50.218> much<07:42:50.458> or<07:42:50.700> too<07:42:50.878> little<07:42:51.000> of<07:42:51.298> what

or doing too much or too little of what

or doing too much or too little of what
it<07:42:51.540> should<07:42:51.660> be<07:42:51.840> doing<07:42:51.958> and<07:42:52.680> this<07:42:52.860> is

it should be doing and this is

it should be doing and this is
um<07:42:53.718> changed<07:42:54.718> into<07:42:54.900> electrical<07:42:55.558> signal

um changed into electrical signal

um changed into electrical signal
and<07:42:58.500> in<07:42:58.680> a<07:42:58.860> basic<07:42:59.160> SC<07:42:59.458> Ada<07:43:00.120> system<07:43:00.360> when

and in a basic SC Ada system when

and in a basic SC Ada system when
industrial<07:43:01.320> operations<07:43:01.798> are<07:43:02.100> performed<07:43:02.520> the

industrial operations are performed the

industrial operations are performed the
information<07:43:02.878> from<07:43:03.540> the<07:43:03.780> sensors<07:43:04.138> is<07:43:04.920> sent<07:43:05.100> to

information from the sensors is sent to

information from the sensors is sent to
a<07:43:05.940> a<07:43:06.840> controller<07:43:07.440> or<07:43:07.680> a<07:43:07.798> number<07:43:07.920> of

a a controller or a number of

a a controller or a number of
controllers<07:43:08.638> the<07:43:09.360> controller<07:43:09.840> is<07:43:10.138> a<07:43:10.440> type<07:43:10.680> of

controllers the controller is a type of

controllers the controller is a type of
computer<07:43:11.040> that<07:43:11.400> receives<07:43:11.760> the<07:43:12.058> information

computer that receives the information

computer that receives the information
from<07:43:13.260> the<07:43:13.440> sensor

from the sensor

from the sensor
now<07:43:15.420> what<07:43:15.600> happens<07:43:15.780> with<07:43:16.138> this<07:43:16.320> information

now what happens with this information

now what happens with this information
just<07:43:17.100> depends<07:43:17.520> on<07:43:17.700> the<07:43:17.878> environment<07:43:18.240> and

just depends on the environment and

just depends on the environment and
what's<07:43:18.718> required<07:43:19.200> and<07:43:19.378> the<07:43:19.558> sensor<07:43:19.920> type<07:43:20.100> it

what's required and the sensor type it

what's required and the sensor type it
sends<07:43:21.298> the<07:43:21.360> information<07:43:21.478> to<07:43:21.958> computers<07:43:22.440> with

sends the information to computers with

sends the information to computers with
the<07:43:22.978> seada<07:43:23.580> software

so this helps the systems monitor

so this helps the systems monitor
interact<07:43:30.718> and<07:43:31.138> control<07:43:31.440> a<07:43:31.798> variety<07:43:32.100> of

interact and control a variety of

interact and control a variety of
equipment

equipment

equipment
prevents<07:43:34.680> outside<07:43:34.860> attacks<07:43:35.638> the<07:43:36.660> um<07:43:36.680> seida

prevents outside attacks the um seida

prevents outside attacks the um seida
systems<07:43:38.040> are<07:43:38.160> segmented<07:43:38.638> from<07:43:38.820> the<07:43:39.000> rest<07:43:39.058> of

systems are segmented from the rest of

systems are segmented from the rest of
the<07:43:39.360> network

the network

the network
and<07:43:40.860> in<07:43:41.218> addition<07:43:41.458> they<07:43:41.760> have<07:43:41.940> the<07:43:42.120> firewalls

and in addition they have the firewalls

and in addition they have the firewalls
installed

installed

installed
you'd<07:43:44.760> need<07:43:44.940> probably<07:43:45.298> help<07:43:45.660> from<07:43:45.958> a

you'd need probably help from a

you'd need probably help from a
specialist<07:43:46.620> and<07:43:47.160> design<07:43:47.660> company<07:43:48.660> and

specialist and design company and

specialist and design company and
probably<07:43:49.260> installation<07:43:49.920> as<07:43:50.160> well<07:43:50.340> because

probably installation as well because

probably installation as well because
it's<07:43:50.700> kind<07:43:50.940> of<07:43:51.000> outside<07:43:51.180> the<07:43:51.660> purview<07:43:52.320> of<07:43:52.620> the

it's kind of outside the purview of the

it's kind of outside the purview of the
normal<07:43:53.400> Network<07:43:53.700> Engineers<07:43:54.360> roles

normal Network Engineers roles

normal Network Engineers roles
um<07:43:56.700> old<07:43:57.000> and<07:43:57.240> outdated<07:43:57.600> compute<07:43:58.080> systems

um old and outdated compute systems

um old and outdated compute systems
often<07:43:58.798> referred<07:43:59.160> to<07:43:59.218> as<07:43:59.400> Legacy<07:44:00.138> these<07:44:01.138> May

often referred to as Legacy these May

often referred to as Legacy these May
well<07:44:01.440> be<07:44:01.558> running<07:44:01.740> applications<07:44:02.340> and<07:44:02.760> you'll

well be running applications and you'll

well be running applications and you'll
you<07:44:03.180> could<07:44:03.420> see<07:44:03.540> this<07:44:03.718> a<07:44:03.900> lot<07:44:03.958> if<07:44:04.138> you<07:44:04.260> do<07:44:04.378> a<07:44:04.500> new

you could see this a lot if you do a new

you could see this a lot if you do a new
network<07:44:04.920> Consulting<07:44:05.580> you'll<07:44:06.360> go<07:44:06.478> to

network Consulting you'll go to

network Consulting you'll go to
companies<07:44:06.958> that<07:44:07.200> are<07:44:07.320> just<07:44:07.440> running<07:44:07.620> in<07:44:07.860> Old

companies that are just running in Old

companies that are just running in Old
software<07:44:08.580> and<07:44:09.360> they<07:44:09.478> want<07:44:09.718> to<07:44:09.840> keep<07:44:09.958> it

software and they want to keep it

software and they want to keep it
because<07:44:10.378> it<07:44:10.740> still<07:44:10.920> works<07:44:11.400> and<07:44:12.180> it's<07:44:12.600> due<07:44:12.780> to

because it still works and it's due to

because it still works and it's due to
the<07:44:13.080> cost<07:44:13.320> and<07:44:13.558> all<07:44:13.680> of<07:44:13.860> the<07:44:13.920> heartache<07:44:14.400> of

the cost and all of the heartache of

the cost and all of the heartache of
having<07:44:14.700> to<07:44:15.020> upgrade<07:44:16.020> and<07:44:16.260> translate<07:44:16.500> all<07:44:16.920> of

having to upgrade and translate all of

having to upgrade and translate all of
the<07:44:17.520> data

the data

the data
these<07:44:20.218> systems<07:44:20.520> can't<07:44:20.700> be<07:44:20.820> taken<07:44:21.120> out<07:44:21.298> of

these systems can't be taken out of

these systems can't be taken out of
service<07:44:21.660> usually<07:44:22.378> but<07:44:22.680> because<07:44:22.860> of<07:44:23.100> the<07:44:23.340> age

service usually but because of the age

service usually but because of the age
they're<07:44:24.240> more<07:44:24.478> vulnerable<07:44:24.840> to<07:44:25.080> attacks<07:44:25.558> and

they're more vulnerable to attacks and

they're more vulnerable to attacks and
because<07:44:26.580> of<07:44:26.820> the<07:44:26.940> lack<07:44:27.180> of<07:44:27.298> support<07:44:27.540> and<07:44:27.958> the

because of the lack of support and the

because of the lack of support and the
support<07:44:28.320> means<07:44:28.740> there's<07:44:28.860> no<07:44:29.100> more<07:44:29.340> security

support means there's no more security

support means there's no more security
patches

patches

patches
so<07:44:33.120> basically<07:44:33.600> we'll<07:44:33.958> come<07:44:34.138> back<07:44:34.260> into<07:44:34.440> back

so basically we'll come back into back

so basically we'll come back into back
to<07:44:34.978> segmentation<07:44:35.580> and<07:44:36.000> it's<07:44:36.180> important<07:44:36.718> to

to segmentation and it's important to

to segmentation and it's important to
segment<07:44:37.200> these<07:44:37.440> from<07:44:37.680> the<07:44:37.798> rest<07:44:37.920> of<07:44:38.100> the

segment these from the rest of the

segment these from the rest of the
network

network

network
service<07:44:41.160> in<07:44:41.458> the<07:44:41.580> network<07:44:41.760> for<07:44:42.120> Public<07:44:42.360> Public

service in the network for Public Public

service in the network for Public Public
Access<07:44:43.378> would<07:44:43.978> normally<07:44:44.280> restrict<07:44:44.700> access

Access would normally restrict access

Access would normally restrict access
this<07:44:45.540> is<07:44:46.138> classic<07:44:46.740> example<07:44:47.340> is<07:44:47.520> at<07:44:48.058> a<07:44:48.180> public

this is classic example is at a public

this is classic example is at a public
library<07:44:48.780> where<07:44:49.500> customers<07:44:49.978> come<07:44:50.218> in<07:44:50.400> and<07:44:50.638> want

library where customers come in and want

library where customers come in and want
to<07:44:51.000> use<07:44:51.120> the<07:44:51.360> systems<07:44:51.780> but<07:44:52.080> obviously<07:44:52.680> you

to use the systems but obviously you

to use the systems but obviously you
don't<07:44:52.978> want<07:44:53.160> them<07:44:53.280> to<07:44:53.458> have<07:44:53.580> visibility<07:44:54.058> to

don't want them to have visibility to

don't want them to have visibility to
the<07:44:54.900> back<07:44:55.320> end<07:44:55.500> systems<07:44:55.978> where<07:44:56.400> customers

the back end systems where customers

the back end systems where customers
data<07:44:57.600> is<07:44:57.718> kept<07:44:58.020> and<07:44:58.200> people<07:44:58.378> can<07:44:58.820> get<07:44:59.820> books

data is kept and people can get books

data is kept and people can get books
and<07:45:00.360> make<07:45:00.478> payments<07:45:00.958> and<07:45:01.320> all<07:45:01.558> that<07:45:01.740> sort<07:45:01.978> of

and make payments and all that sort of

and make payments and all that sort of
stuff

stuff

stuff
so<07:45:04.260> you'd<07:45:04.798> segment<07:45:05.100> the<07:45:05.400> servers<07:45:05.820> and

so you'd segment the servers and

so you'd segment the servers and
resources<07:45:06.360> used<07:45:06.600> by<07:45:06.840> employees<07:45:07.320> on<07:45:07.620> a<07:45:07.798> private

resources used by employees on a private

resources used by employees on a private
Network<07:45:08.218> public<07:45:09.120> access<07:45:09.420> to<07:45:10.080> the<07:45:10.740> public

and net Network segmentations critical

and net Network segmentations critical
situations<07:45:17.218> if<07:45:18.000> a<07:45:18.180> private<07:45:18.420> network<07:45:18.600> is

situations if a private network is

situations if a private network is
restricted<07:45:19.378> only<07:45:19.558> to<07:45:19.860> employees<07:45:20.340> it's<07:45:21.120> less

restricted only to employees it's less

restricted only to employees it's less
prone<07:45:21.718> to<07:45:21.900> outside<07:45:22.138> attacks<07:45:22.860> probably

prone to outside attacks probably

prone to outside attacks probably
certainly<07:45:23.638> obvious<07:45:23.878> here<07:45:24.120> in<07:45:24.840> a<07:45:25.020> public

certainly obvious here in a public

certainly obvious here in a public
network<07:45:25.500> even<07:45:26.160> if<07:45:26.340> the<07:45:26.520> server<07:45:26.760> is

network even if the server is

network even if the server is
compromised<07:45:27.600> it<07:45:28.138> won't<07:45:28.320> actually<07:45:28.620> affect

compromised it won't actually affect

compromised it won't actually affect
your<07:45:29.400> internal<07:45:30.000> private<07:45:30.420> Network<07:45:30.660> so<07:45:31.440> you

your internal private Network so you

your internal private Network so you
could<07:45:31.740> do<07:45:31.860> your<07:45:32.100> troubleshooting<07:45:32.940> and

could do your troubleshooting and

could do your troubleshooting and
resolution<07:45:34.080> without<07:45:34.798> worrying<07:45:35.280> about

resolution without worrying about

resolution without worrying about
um affecting<07:45:36.600> your<07:45:36.958> critical<07:45:37.320> Business

um affecting your critical Business

um affecting your critical Business
Systems

Systems

Systems
uh<07:45:40.138> testing<07:45:40.620> patches<07:45:41.040> and<07:45:41.218> updates<07:45:41.580> for

uh testing patches and updates for

uh testing patches and updates for
applications<07:45:42.478> should<07:45:42.780> be<07:45:42.900> carried<07:45:43.200> out<07:45:43.320> in<07:45:43.500> a

applications should be carried out in a

applications should be carried out in a
test<07:45:43.798> the<07:45:43.978> environment<07:45:44.400> it's<07:45:45.240> often<07:45:45.540> called<07:45:45.660> a

test the environment it's often called a

test the environment it's often called a
test<07:45:46.020> bed<07:45:46.200> where<07:45:46.500> you've<07:45:46.620> got<07:45:46.740> a<07:45:46.860> copy<07:45:47.160> of<07:45:47.400> your

test bed where you've got a copy of your

test bed where you've got a copy of your
devices

devices

devices
and<07:45:50.280> you<07:45:50.400> could<07:45:50.580> even<07:45:50.700> be<07:45:50.878> running<07:45:51.058> them

and you could even be running them

and you could even be running them
virtually

virtually

virtually
and<07:45:53.820> it's<07:45:54.180> all<07:45:54.420> done<07:45:54.660> in<07:45:55.260> order<07:45:55.378> to<07:45:55.620> prevent<07:45:56.040> or

and it's all done in order to prevent or

and it's all done in order to prevent or
foresee<07:45:57.058> problems<07:45:57.420> on<07:45:57.600> your<07:45:57.718> live<07:45:57.900> equipment

a honey pot is a decoy server set to

a honey pot is a decoy server set to
lure<07:46:07.138> attackers<07:46:07.680> studies<07:46:08.520> there<07:46:08.940> and

lure attackers studies there and

lure attackers studies there and
methodology<07:46:09.718> and<07:46:10.200> how<07:46:10.378> they<07:46:10.558> break<07:46:10.740> into<07:46:10.978> the

methodology and how they break into the

methodology and how they break into the
systems<07:46:11.760> gathers<07:46:12.600> for<07:46:12.780> our<07:46:12.900> zinc<07:46:13.200> forensic

systems gathers for our zinc forensic

systems gathers for our zinc forensic
information<07:46:14.040> and<07:46:14.940> it<07:46:15.120> can<07:46:15.240> be<07:46:15.360> used<07:46:15.600> in<07:46:15.900> the

information and it can be used in the

information and it can be used in the
event<07:46:16.378> that<07:46:16.620> you<07:46:16.798> actually<07:46:16.920> prosecute

event that you actually prosecute

event that you actually prosecute
somebody

somebody

somebody
designed<07:46:19.740> to<07:46:19.798> be<07:46:19.978> a<07:46:20.340> little<07:46:20.458> bit<07:46:20.580> more<07:46:20.820> easily

designed to be a little bit more easily

designed to be a little bit more easily
exploited<07:46:21.840> exploited<07:46:22.558> than<07:46:22.740> the<07:46:22.920> actual

exploited exploited than the actual

exploited exploited than the actual
production<07:46:23.580> server<07:46:24.120> so<07:46:24.900> this<07:46:25.200> would<07:46:25.320> probably

production server so this would probably

production server so this would probably
be<07:46:25.620> the<07:46:25.798> first<07:46:25.978> device<07:46:26.218> discovered<07:46:26.878> by<07:46:27.058> the

be the first device discovered by the

be the first device discovered by the
attackers

attackers

attackers
has<07:46:29.040> attackers<07:46:29.520> activities<07:46:29.940> logged<07:46:30.478> to<07:46:30.540> get

has attackers activities logged to get

has attackers activities logged to get
insight<07:46:31.138> into<07:46:31.378> their<07:46:31.798> sneaky<07:46:32.340> little<07:46:32.520> methods

okay an early part is a network segment

okay an early part is a network segment
that<07:46:38.100> contains<07:46:38.520> more<07:46:38.878> than<07:46:39.058> one

that contains more than one

that contains more than one
um honey<07:46:40.378> pot<07:46:40.740> or<07:46:41.040> only<07:46:41.218> net<07:46:41.580> sorry

um honey pot or only net sorry

um honey pot or only net sorry
so<07:46:43.500> the<07:46:43.740> honey<07:46:43.920> net<07:46:44.280> would<07:46:44.520> normally<07:46:44.760> look

so the honey net would normally look

so the honey net would normally look
like<07:46:45.240> a<07:46:45.420> normal<07:46:45.540> operational<07:46:46.020> Network<07:46:46.440> for

like a normal operational Network for

like a normal operational Network for
the<07:46:47.040> attacker

the attacker

the attacker
and<07:46:48.900> it'll<07:46:49.440> make<07:46:49.680> the<07:46:49.978> attacker<07:46:50.340> spend<07:46:50.638> more

and it'll make the attacker spend more

and it'll make the attacker spend more
time<07:46:51.058> in<07:46:51.240> the<07:46:51.360> system<07:46:51.540> which<07:46:51.840> gives<07:46:52.020> you<07:46:52.138> more

time in the system which gives you more

time in the system which gives you more
time<07:46:52.558> to<07:46:52.740> analyze<07:46:53.218> what<07:46:53.760> they're<07:46:53.940> doing<07:46:54.180> and

time to analyze what they're doing and

time to analyze what they're doing and
where<07:46:54.900> they're<07:46:55.080> coming<07:46:55.260> from

where they're coming from

where they're coming from
all<07:46:57.718> right<07:46:57.840> so<07:46:58.020> we've<07:46:58.200> covered<07:46:58.558> segmentation

all right so we've covered segmentation

all right so we've covered segmentation
physically<07:47:00.360> logically<07:47:01.580> uses<07:47:02.580> of<07:47:02.820> it<07:47:03.000> and

physically logically uses of it and

physically logically uses of it and
critical<07:47:04.260> situations<07:47:04.940> that's<07:47:05.940> the<07:47:06.120> end<07:47:06.240> of

critical situations that's the end of

critical situations that's the end of
the<07:47:06.420> presentation<07:47:06.840> thanks<07:47:07.500> for<07:47:07.680> watching

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP
addresses<07:47:38.340> and<07:47:38.760> conversion

addresses and conversion

addresses and conversion
so<07:47:41.100> welcome<07:47:41.280> to<07:47:41.580> this<07:47:41.820> module<07:47:42.180> we're<07:47:42.360> going<07:47:42.540> to

so welcome to this module we're going to

so welcome to this module we're going to
cover<07:47:42.780> IP<07:47:43.620> addresses<07:47:44.218> and<07:47:45.000> conversions<07:47:45.600> and

cover IP addresses and conversions and

cover IP addresses and conversions and
in<07:47:46.680> some<07:47:46.860> of<07:47:46.978> the<07:47:47.160> previous<07:47:47.520> modules<07:47:48.120> we

in some of the previous modules we

in some of the previous modules we
talked<07:47:48.780> about<07:47:48.900> a<07:47:49.200> lot<07:47:49.320> of<07:47:49.440> the<07:47:49.500> Technologies

talked about a lot of the Technologies

talked about a lot of the Technologies
and<07:47:50.700> theories<07:47:51.120> and<07:47:51.840> protocols<07:47:52.378> that<07:47:52.620> make<07:47:52.798> up

and theories and protocols that make up

and theories and protocols that make up
computer<07:47:53.340> networks<07:47:54.000> and<07:47:54.478> so<07:47:54.600> here<07:47:54.840> we're

computer networks and so here we're

computer networks and so here we're
going<07:47:55.200> to<07:47:55.320> discuss<07:47:55.680> some<07:47:56.458> of<07:47:56.580> the<07:47:56.700> more

going to discuss some of the more

going to discuss some of the more
important<07:47:57.600> aspects<07:47:58.320> of<07:47:58.860> networking

important aspects of networking

important aspects of networking
specifically<07:48:00.240> the<07:48:01.138> IP<07:48:01.500> address<07:48:01.878> so<07:48:02.878> this

specifically the IP address so this

specifically the IP address so this
module<07:48:03.718> is<07:48:03.840> going<07:48:04.020> to<07:48:04.138> begin<07:48:04.260> by<07:48:05.040> introducing

module is going to begin by introducing

module is going to begin by introducing
us<07:48:05.580> to<07:48:05.820> some<07:48:06.000> of<07:48:06.120> the<07:48:06.180> specific<07:48:06.478> protocols

us to some of the specific protocols

us to some of the specific protocols
that<07:48:07.440> are<07:48:07.558> found<07:48:07.798> within<07:48:08.458> the<07:48:08.878> tcpip<07:48:09.740> protocol

that are found within the tcpip protocol

that are found within the tcpip protocol
Suite<07:48:11.340> that<07:48:12.240> you<07:48:12.360> need<07:48:12.478> to<07:48:12.600> know<07:48:12.718> about<07:48:12.958> for

Suite that you need to know about for

Suite that you need to know about for
the<07:48:13.440> network<07:48:13.558> plus<07:48:13.860> exam<07:48:14.340> and<07:48:15.180> these<07:48:15.420> are<07:48:15.620> TCP

the network plus exam and these are TCP

the network plus exam and these are TCP
and<07:48:17.040> IP<07:48:17.400> and<07:48:17.580> a<07:48:17.760> little<07:48:17.820> more<07:48:17.940> depth<07:48:18.420> we

and IP and a little more depth we

and IP and a little more depth we
mentioned<07:48:19.500> them<07:48:19.680> briefly<07:48:20.160> when<07:48:20.520> we<07:48:20.700> talked

mentioned them briefly when we talked

mentioned them briefly when we talked
about<07:48:21.000> the<07:48:21.360> TCP<07:48:22.280> model<07:48:23.280> and<07:48:24.120> then<07:48:24.240> we're<07:48:24.478> going

about the TCP model and then we're going

about the TCP model and then we're going
to<07:48:24.718> describe<07:48:25.620> UDP<07:48:26.040> which<07:48:26.700> is<07:48:26.878> a<07:48:27.120> connection

to describe UDP which is a connection

to describe UDP which is a connection
less<07:48:28.820> protocol<07:48:29.820> then<07:48:30.478> we're<07:48:30.600> going<07:48:30.718> to<07:48:30.780> look

less protocol then we're going to look

less protocol then we're going to look
at<07:48:31.020> ARP<07:48:31.378> and<07:48:31.558> rarp<07:48:32.040> two<07:48:32.878> versions<07:48:33.240> that<07:48:33.478> allow

at ARP and rarp two versions that allow

at ARP and rarp two versions that allow
us<07:48:33.900> to<07:48:34.378> basically<07:48:35.120> or<07:48:36.120> two<07:48:36.298> protocols<07:48:36.780> rather

us to basically or two protocols rather

us to basically or two protocols rather
that<07:48:37.260> basically<07:48:37.620> allow<07:48:37.920> us<07:48:38.040> to<07:48:38.280> map<07:48:38.458> Mac

that basically allow us to map Mac

that basically allow us to map Mac
addresses<07:48:39.420> to<07:48:39.840> IP<07:48:40.138> address<07:48:40.378> and<07:48:41.218> which<07:48:41.700> are

addresses to IP address and which are

addresses to IP address and which are
basically<07:48:42.478> responsible<07:48:43.080> for<07:48:43.740> routing<07:48:44.160> in

basically responsible for routing in

basically responsible for routing in
general<07:48:44.458> and<07:48:45.240> after<07:48:45.360> that<07:48:45.540> we're<07:48:45.660> going<07:48:45.780> to

general and after that we're going to

general and after that we're going to
look<07:48:45.958> at<07:48:46.080> two<07:48:46.260> management<07:48:46.500> protocols<07:48:47.340> one

look at two management protocols one

look at two management protocols one
called<07:48:48.240> icmp<07:48:49.138> which<07:48:49.320> I<07:48:49.500> introduced<07:48:49.860> to<07:48:50.040> you<07:48:50.160> in

called icmp which I introduced to you in

called icmp which I introduced to you in
previous<07:48:50.878> modules<07:48:51.420> and<07:48:51.540> I<07:48:51.660> said<07:48:51.780> it<07:48:51.898> was

previous modules and I said it was

previous modules and I said it was
related<07:48:52.260> to<07:48:52.500> the<07:48:53.218> Ping<07:48:53.520> a<07:48:53.940> utility<07:48:54.298> we're

related to the Ping a utility we're

related to the Ping a utility we're
going<07:48:54.718> to<07:48:54.780> learn<07:48:54.898> a<07:48:55.020> little<07:48:55.080> more<07:48:55.260> about<07:48:55.378> that

going to learn a little more about that

going to learn a little more about that
and<07:48:56.160> then<07:48:56.340> igmp<07:48:57.320> which<07:48:58.320> is<07:48:58.860> uh<07:48:59.700> slightly

and then igmp which is uh slightly

and then igmp which is uh slightly
different<07:49:00.478> has<07:49:00.958> to<07:49:01.080> do<07:49:01.200> more<07:49:01.320> with

different has to do more with

different has to do more with
multicasting<07:49:02.340> and<07:49:02.760> unicasting<07:49:03.540> and<07:49:04.138> then

multicasting and unicasting and then

multicasting and unicasting and then
we're<07:49:04.440> going<07:49:04.558> to<07:49:04.620> continue<07:49:04.860> by<07:49:05.218> outlining<07:49:05.820> uh

we're going to continue by outlining uh

we're going to continue by outlining uh
IP<07:49:07.020> packet<07:49:07.500> delivery<07:49:07.978> processes<07:49:08.898> and<07:49:09.898> we're

IP packet delivery processes and we're

IP packet delivery processes and we're
going<07:49:10.320> to<07:49:10.378> finish<07:49:10.500> off<07:49:10.798> the<07:49:11.040> module<07:49:11.398> with<07:49:11.878> a

going to finish off the module with a

going to finish off the module with a
bit<07:49:12.058> of<07:49:12.180> an<07:49:12.298> introduction<07:49:12.840> into<07:49:13.798> binary<07:49:14.780> and

bit of an introduction into binary and

bit of an introduction into binary and
decimal<07:49:16.440> conversions<07:49:17.040> so<07:49:17.820> that<07:49:18.058> later<07:49:18.298> on<07:49:18.540> we

decimal conversions so that later on we

decimal conversions so that later on we
can<07:49:19.020> talk<07:49:19.200> a<07:49:19.378> little<07:49:19.500> more<07:49:19.620> in<07:49:19.798> depth<07:49:20.040> about<07:49:20.218> IP

can talk a little more in depth about IP

can talk a little more in depth about IP
addressing<07:49:21.298> and<07:49:22.520> how

addressing and how

addressing and how
something<07:49:25.260> called<07:49:25.620> subnetting<07:49:26.458> Works<07:49:26.820> which

something called subnetting Works which

something called subnetting Works which
is<07:49:27.420> going<07:49:27.600> to<07:49:27.780> require<07:49:27.958> us<07:49:28.260> to<07:49:28.500> understand<07:49:28.680> the

is going to require us to understand the

is going to require us to understand the
difference<07:49:29.280> between<07:49:29.638> these<07:49:30.000> two<07:49:30.240> ways<07:49:30.840> of

difference between these two ways of

difference between these two ways of
writing<07:49:31.320> our<07:49:31.580> numbers<07:49:32.580> and<07:49:33.360> after<07:49:33.540> we<07:49:33.898> have

writing our numbers and after we have

writing our numbers and after we have
covered<07:49:34.620> all<07:49:34.798> these<07:49:34.978> topics<07:49:35.218> we're<07:49:35.398> gonna

covered all these topics we're gonna

covered all these topics we're gonna
have<07:49:35.700> a<07:49:35.820> fundamental<07:49:36.240> understanding<07:49:37.020> of<07:49:37.680> Ip

have a fundamental understanding of Ip

have a fundamental understanding of Ip
that's<07:49:38.580> going<07:49:38.760> to<07:49:38.820> prepare<07:49:39.000> us<07:49:39.120> for<07:49:39.298> some<07:49:39.420> of

that's going to prepare us for some of

that's going to prepare us for some of
the<07:49:39.660> more<07:49:39.780> in-depth<07:49:40.320> topics<07:49:41.040> as<07:49:41.280> I<07:49:41.520> just

the more in-depth topics as I just

the more in-depth topics as I just
mentioned<07:49:42.058> in<07:49:42.840> the<07:49:42.958> following<07:49:43.260> modules

mentioned in the following modules

mentioned in the following modules
so<07:49:44.760> let's<07:49:45.120> begin<07:49:45.298> by<07:49:45.600> taking<07:49:45.840> a<07:49:46.080> look<07:49:46.200> at<07:49:46.440> two

so let's begin by taking a look at two

so let's begin by taking a look at two
of<07:49:46.740> the<07:49:46.920> most<07:49:47.100> important<07:49:48.000> protocols<07:49:48.540> that

of the most important protocols that

of the most important protocols that
make<07:49:48.898> up<07:49:49.080> the<07:49:49.320> suite<07:49:49.940> TCP<07:49:50.940> and<07:49:51.298> IP<07:49:51.660> now<07:49:52.440> in

make up the suite TCP and IP now in

make up the suite TCP and IP now in
previous<07:49:52.860> chapters<07:49:53.398> we<07:49:53.820> briefly<07:49:54.240> described

previous chapters we briefly described

previous chapters we briefly described
these<07:49:55.200> two<07:49:55.320> but<07:49:55.920> we<07:49:56.160> still<07:49:56.340> need<07:49:56.580> to<07:49:56.820> take<07:49:57.058> a

these two but we still need to take a

these two but we still need to take a
closer<07:49:57.600> look<07:49:57.840> at<07:49:58.200> them<07:49:58.320> to<07:49:58.740> assure<07:49:59.100> that<07:49:59.398> we

closer look at them to assure that we

closer look at them to assure that we
have<07:49:59.638> a<07:49:59.760> complete<07:50:00.120> understanding<07:50:00.840> of<07:50:01.798> the

have a complete understanding of the

have a complete understanding of the
many<07:50:02.160> different<07:50:02.458> protocols<07:50:03.240> that<07:50:03.660> are<07:50:03.840> found

many different protocols that are found

many different protocols that are found
in<07:50:04.440> our<07:50:04.680> protocol<07:50:04.978> Suite<07:50:05.458> so<07:50:06.240> first<07:50:06.478> for<07:50:06.840> those

in our protocol Suite so first for those

in our protocol Suite so first for those
applications<07:50:07.620> and<07:50:08.040> instances<07:50:08.520> that<07:50:09.000> depend

applications and instances that depend

applications and instances that depend
on<07:50:09.958> data<07:50:10.378> to<07:50:10.798> be<07:50:10.978> reliable<07:50:11.580> in<07:50:12.058> terms<07:50:12.298> of

on data to be reliable in terms of

on data to be reliable in terms of
delivery<07:50:13.378> and<07:50:14.040> integrity<07:50:14.580> the<07:50:15.420> transmission

delivery and integrity the transmission

delivery and integrity the transmission
control<07:50:16.740> protocol<07:50:17.458> or<07:50:18.420> TCP<07:50:19.320> and<07:50:20.040> I'm<07:50:20.160> just

control protocol or TCP and I'm just

control protocol or TCP and I'm just
going<07:50:20.398> to<07:50:20.520> write<07:50:20.638> out

control

control
protocol<07:50:29.280> is<07:50:30.240> a<07:50:30.600> really<07:50:30.718> Dependable<07:50:31.440> protocol

protocol is a really Dependable protocol

protocol is a really Dependable protocol
and<07:50:32.700> provides<07:50:33.120> a<07:50:33.540> number<07:50:33.718> of<07:50:33.898> features<07:50:34.378> first

and provides a number of features first

and provides a number of features first
it<07:50:35.638> guarantees<07:50:36.360> that<07:50:36.718> data<07:50:37.138> delivery<07:50:37.680> and

it guarantees that data delivery and

it guarantees that data delivery and
besides

besides

besides
um<07:50:40.280> guaranteeing<07:50:41.280> that<07:50:42.000> delivery<07:50:42.718> it<07:50:43.020> also

um guaranteeing that delivery it also

um guaranteeing that delivery it also
has<07:50:43.680> a<07:50:43.860> certain<07:50:43.978> amount<07:50:44.340> of<07:50:44.478> reliability<07:50:45.478> it

has a certain amount of reliability it

has a certain amount of reliability it
also<07:50:46.558> offers<07:50:47.040> flow<07:50:47.760> control<07:50:47.940> which<07:50:48.360> as<07:50:48.540> we've

also offers flow control which as we've

also offers flow control which as we've
mentioned<07:50:49.020> in<07:50:49.200> the<07:50:49.320> past<07:50:49.458> assists<07:50:50.540> ascending

mentioned in the past assists ascending

mentioned in the past assists ascending
station<07:50:51.958> in<07:50:52.740> making<07:50:52.978> sure<07:50:53.160> it<07:50:53.398> doesn't<07:50:53.580> send

station in making sure it doesn't send

station in making sure it doesn't send
data<07:50:54.478> faster<07:50:54.958> then<07:50:55.500> the<07:50:55.740> receiver<07:50:56.100> can<07:50:56.398> handle

data faster then the receiver can handle

data faster then the receiver can handle
this<07:50:57.600> function<07:50:57.958> also<07:50:58.378> is<07:50:58.500> going<07:50:58.680> to<07:50:58.798> assist<07:50:58.978> in

this function also is going to assist in

this function also is going to assist in
the<07:51:00.000> reliability<07:51:00.600> of<07:51:00.958> data<07:51:01.320> because<07:51:01.680> it

the reliability of data because it

the reliability of data because it
ensures<07:51:02.458> that<07:51:03.000> there<07:51:03.180> isn't<07:51:03.420> any<07:51:03.600> data<07:51:04.080> lost

ensures that there isn't any data lost

ensures that there isn't any data lost
due<07:51:05.280> to<07:51:05.398> overloading

due to overloading

due to overloading
um

um

um
the<07:51:09.000> receiving<07:51:09.298> station

now TCP also contains something called a

now TCP also contains something called a
checksum<07:51:18.540> mechanism<07:51:19.138> and<07:51:19.620> what<07:51:19.798> this<07:51:19.920> does<07:51:20.100> is

checksum mechanism and what this does is

checksum mechanism and what this does is
it<07:51:20.458> assists<07:51:20.940> with<07:51:21.718> error<07:51:22.200> detection<07:51:22.558> the

it assists with error detection the

it assists with error detection the
level<07:51:23.760> of<07:51:24.058> error<07:51:24.360> detection<07:51:24.600> isn't<07:51:25.138> as<07:51:25.320> strong

level of error detection isn't as strong

level of error detection isn't as strong
as<07:51:25.798> that<07:51:26.040> of<07:51:26.458> some<07:51:26.638> of<07:51:26.760> the<07:51:26.940> lower<07:51:27.120> layers<07:51:27.840> and

as that of some of the lower layers and

as that of some of the lower layers and
you<07:51:28.260> recall<07:51:28.620> that<07:51:29.458> this<07:51:29.940> is<07:51:30.540> in<07:51:30.718> the<07:51:30.898> transport

you recall that this is in the transport

you recall that this is in the transport
layer<07:51:31.798> of<07:51:31.978> the<07:51:32.100> tcpip<07:51:32.760> stack

layer of the tcpip stack

layer of the tcpip stack
but<07:51:34.320> it<07:51:34.680> does<07:51:34.920> catch<07:51:35.458> some<07:51:35.700> specific<07:51:36.000> errors

but it does catch some specific errors

but it does catch some specific errors
that<07:51:36.660> may<07:51:36.780> go<07:51:36.958> unnoticed<07:51:37.558> by<07:51:37.860> other<07:51:38.540> layers

that may go unnoticed by other layers

that may go unnoticed by other layers
and<07:51:39.718> and<07:51:39.958> by<07:51:40.260> the<07:51:40.378> way<07:51:40.500> this<07:51:41.398> checksum

and and by the way this checksum

and and by the way this checksum
basically<07:51:42.360> it's<07:51:42.540> it<07:51:42.840> sort<07:51:43.080> of<07:51:43.260> has<07:51:44.040> a<07:51:44.340> number

basically it's it sort of has a number

basically it's it sort of has a number
that<07:51:44.940> it<07:51:45.180> creates

that it creates

that it creates
based<07:51:47.458> on<07:51:47.580> the<07:51:47.820> data<07:51:48.120> and<07:51:48.540> it<07:51:48.660> can<07:51:48.840> check<07:51:48.958> that

based on the data and it can check that

based on the data and it can check that
number<07:51:49.440> at<07:51:49.740> the<07:51:49.860> beginning<07:51:49.978> and<07:51:50.280> at<07:51:50.458> the<07:51:50.580> end

number at the beginning and at the end

number at the beginning and at the end
to<07:51:50.878> make<07:51:51.000> sure<07:51:51.120> we<07:51:51.240> haven't<07:51:51.360> lost<07:51:51.660> anything

to make sure we haven't lost anything

to make sure we haven't lost anything
now<07:51:54.058> this<07:51:54.420> protocol<07:51:54.780> attempts<07:51:55.378> to<07:51:55.558> alleviate

now this protocol attempts to alleviate

now this protocol attempts to alleviate
MTU<07:51:57.780> if<07:51:58.020> you<07:51:58.138> recall<07:51:58.558> uh<07:51:59.218> what<07:51:59.398> we<07:51:59.520> talked

MTU if you recall uh what we talked

MTU if you recall uh what we talked
about<07:51:59.820> with<07:52:00.058> MTU<07:52:00.660> there<07:52:00.978> mismatches<07:52:01.978> on<07:52:02.280> the

about with MTU there mismatches on the

about with MTU there mismatches on the
data<07:52:02.700> link<07:52:02.820> layer<07:52:03.240> by<07:52:03.840> establishing<07:52:04.558> maximum

data link layer by establishing maximum

data link layer by establishing maximum
segment<07:52:05.700> sizes<07:52:06.180> that<07:52:06.478> can<07:52:06.600> be<07:52:06.780> accepted<07:52:07.320> by

segment sizes that can be accepted by

segment sizes that can be accepted by
TCP<07:52:08.340> this<07:52:09.058> is<07:52:09.180> also<07:52:09.420> going<07:52:09.540> to<07:52:09.660> reduce<07:52:09.840> what<07:52:10.260> we

TCP this is also going to reduce what we

TCP this is also going to reduce what we
talked<07:52:10.740> about<07:52:10.798> earlier<07:52:11.218> that<07:52:11.760> MTU<07:52:12.440> black<07:52:13.440> hole

talked about earlier that MTU black hole

talked about earlier that MTU black hole
now<07:52:14.520> further<07:52:14.940> examining<07:52:15.540> IP<07:52:16.138> or<07:52:16.500> the<07:52:16.798> Internet

now further examining IP or the Internet

now further examining IP or the Internet
Protocol

Protocol

Protocol
which<07:52:19.378> is<07:52:19.500> aptly<07:52:19.920> name<07:52:20.160> and<07:52:20.878> exists<07:52:21.360> at<07:52:21.718> the

which is aptly name and exists at the

which is aptly name and exists at the
internet

internet

internet
layer<07:52:24.420> unlike<07:52:25.378> TCP<07:52:26.218> IP<07:52:27.120> is<07:52:27.298> characterized<07:52:28.020> as

layer unlike TCP IP is characterized as

layer unlike TCP IP is characterized as
being<07:52:28.920> connectionless<07:52:29.700> or<07:52:30.120> a<07:52:30.298> best<07:52:30.540> effort

being connectionless or a best effort

being connectionless or a best effort
delivery<07:52:31.378> which<07:52:31.620> is<07:52:31.740> also<07:52:31.978> like<07:52:32.280> UDP<07:52:32.520> which

delivery which is also like UDP which

delivery which is also like UDP which
we'll<07:52:32.820> see<07:52:32.940> in<07:52:33.058> a<07:52:33.180> second<07:52:33.298> it<07:52:34.260> outlines<07:52:34.740> the

we'll see in a second it outlines the

we'll see in a second it outlines the
structure<07:52:35.700> then<07:52:35.940> of<07:52:36.840> information<07:52:37.580> which<07:52:38.580> is

structure then of information which is

structure then of information which is
called<07:52:39.200> datagrams<07:52:40.200> or<07:52:41.040> packets

and how we're going to package this

and how we're going to package this
stuff<07:52:46.620> to<07:52:47.100> send<07:52:47.280> it<07:52:47.458> over<07:52:47.580> the<07:52:47.820> network<07:52:48.000> this

stuff to send it over the network this

stuff to send it over the network this
protocol<07:52:49.260> is<07:52:49.558> more<07:52:49.740> concerned<07:52:50.340> with<07:52:50.760> source

protocol is more concerned with source

protocol is more concerned with source
to<07:52:51.360> destination<07:52:52.100> navigation<07:52:53.120> or<07:52:54.120> planning<07:52:54.718> or

to destination navigation or planning or

to destination navigation or planning or
routing<07:52:55.620> as<07:52:56.280> well<07:52:56.458> as<07:52:56.700> host<07:52:57.240> identification

routing as well as host identification

routing as well as host identification
and<07:52:58.378> data<07:52:58.740> delivery<07:52:59.120> solely<07:53:00.120> by<07:53:00.420> using<07:53:00.840> the<07:53:01.378> IP

and data delivery solely by using the IP

and data delivery solely by using the IP
address<07:53:01.920> so<07:53:02.580> this<07:53:02.760> is<07:53:02.820> slightly<07:53:03.120> different

address so this is slightly different

address so this is slightly different
from<07:53:03.780> TCP<07:53:04.440> which<07:53:04.920> is<07:53:05.040> doing<07:53:05.218> stuff<07:53:05.458> in<07:53:05.700> a<07:53:05.820> much

from TCP which is doing stuff in a much

from TCP which is doing stuff in a much
more<07:53:06.180> different<07:53:06.360> way<07:53:06.718> now<07:53:07.260> IP<07:53:07.620> is<07:53:07.860> used<07:53:08.160> for

more different way now IP is used for

more different way now IP is used for
communications<07:53:08.940> between<07:53:09.540> one<07:53:09.958> or<07:53:10.138> many<07:53:10.440> IP

communications between one or many IP

communications between one or many IP
based<07:53:11.940> networks<07:53:12.298> and<07:53:12.840> because<07:53:13.020> of<07:53:13.500> its<07:53:13.798> design

based networks and because of its design

based networks and because of its design
it<07:53:14.940> makes<07:53:15.058> it<07:53:15.360> the<07:53:15.718> principal<07:53:16.200> protocol<07:53:16.620> of

it makes it the principal protocol of

it makes it the principal protocol of
the<07:53:17.100> internet<07:53:17.240> and<07:53:18.240> it's<07:53:18.600> essential<07:53:19.138> to

the internet and it's essential to

the internet and it's essential to
connect<07:53:19.920> to<07:53:20.340> it<07:53:20.520> so<07:53:21.360> unless<07:53:22.020> we<07:53:22.260> are<07:53:22.440> using<07:53:22.860> IP

connect to it so unless we are using IP

connect to it so unless we are using IP
address<07:53:23.458> in<07:53:23.820> today's<07:53:24.000> day<07:53:24.240> and<07:53:24.420> age<07:53:24.600> we<07:53:25.260> will

address in today's day and age we will

address in today's day and age we will
not<07:53:25.740> be<07:53:25.978> able<07:53:26.100> to<07:53:26.340> connect<07:53:26.520> to<07:53:26.820> this<07:53:27.120> big<07:53:27.298> thing

not be able to connect to this big thing

not be able to connect to this big thing
called<07:53:28.080> the<07:53:28.620> internet<07:53:28.760> now<07:53:29.760> the<07:53:30.120> terms

called the internet now the terms

called the internet now the terms
connection<07:53:31.080> less<07:53:31.620> and<07:53:32.040> connection<07:53:32.218> oriented

connection less and connection oriented

connection less and connection oriented
relate<07:53:35.580> to<07:53:35.700> the<07:53:35.940> steps<07:53:36.298> that<07:53:36.478> are<07:53:36.600> taken

relate to the steps that are taken

relate to the steps that are taken
before<07:53:37.558> the<07:53:37.920> data<07:53:38.280> is<07:53:38.520> transmitted<07:53:39.180> by<07:53:39.420> a

before the data is transmitted by a

before the data is transmitted by a
given<07:53:39.898> protocol<07:53:40.200> whatever<07:53:40.500> that<07:53:40.860> protocol

given protocol whatever that protocol

given protocol whatever that protocol
might<07:53:41.458> be<07:53:41.638> with<07:53:42.420> TCP<07:53:42.958> we're<07:53:43.138> looking<07:53:43.320> at

might be with TCP we're looking at

might be with TCP we're looking at
connection<07:53:44.100> oriented<07:53:45.058> and<07:53:45.780> of<07:53:46.020> course<07:53:46.080> with

connection oriented and of course with

connection oriented and of course with
IP<07:53:46.620> we're<07:53:46.860> looking<07:53:46.978> at<07:53:47.218> connection<07:53:47.520> less

IP we're looking at connection less

IP we're looking at connection less
and<07:53:49.978> for<07:53:50.160> instance<07:53:50.458> the<07:53:51.000> connection<07:53:51.360> oriented

and for instance the connection oriented

and for instance the connection oriented
protocol<07:53:52.680> is<07:53:53.520> going<07:53:53.638> to<07:53:53.820> ensure<07:53:54.298> a<07:53:54.840> connection

protocol is going to ensure a connection

protocol is going to ensure a connection
is<07:53:55.680> established<07:53:56.398> before<07:53:56.940> the<07:53:57.240> sending<07:53:57.600> of

is established before the sending of

is established before the sending of
data<07:53:58.138> meaning<07:53:58.860> it<07:53:59.160> is<07:53:59.340> oriented<07:53:59.878> towards<07:54:00.298> a

data meaning it is oriented towards a

data meaning it is oriented towards a
connection<07:54:00.620> whereas<07:54:01.620> a<07:54:01.860> connection<07:54:02.040> less

connection whereas a connection less

connection whereas a connection less
isn't<07:54:03.120> going<07:54:03.298> to<07:54:03.478> doesn't<07:54:03.958> matter<07:54:04.320> if<07:54:04.558> there

isn't going to doesn't matter if there

isn't going to doesn't matter if there
is<07:54:04.860> a<07:54:04.978> connection<07:54:05.040> established<07:54:05.760> already

is a connection established already

is a connection established already
so<07:54:07.378> the<07:54:07.798> next<07:54:08.040> protocol<07:54:08.580> which<07:54:09.000> is<07:54:09.120> also

so the next protocol which is also

so the next protocol which is also
connection<07:54:09.600> last<07:54:10.020> that<07:54:10.320> we<07:54:10.500> want<07:54:10.558> to<07:54:10.680> talk

connection last that we want to talk

connection last that we want to talk
about<07:54:10.978> is<07:54:11.458> something<07:54:11.700> called<07:54:12.420> UDP<07:54:12.840> now<07:54:13.798> since

about is something called UDP now since

about is something called UDP now since
we<07:54:14.638> have<07:54:14.940> many<07:54:15.718> applications<07:54:16.378> and<07:54:16.740> their

we have many applications and their

we have many applications and their
functions<07:54:17.280> depend<07:54:17.638> on<07:54:17.820> data<07:54:18.240> being<07:54:18.420> sent<07:54:18.718> in<07:54:19.440> a

functions depend on data being sent in a

functions depend on data being sent in a
timely<07:54:19.920> manner<07:54:20.638> TCP<07:54:21.360> and<07:54:21.540> its<07:54:21.840> connection

timely manner TCP and its connection

timely manner TCP and its connection
oriented<07:54:22.978> properties<07:54:23.458> hinder<07:54:24.298> their

oriented properties hinder their

oriented properties hinder their
performance<07:54:25.020> in<07:54:25.860> these<07:54:26.100> cases<07:54:26.398> we're<07:54:26.638> able<07:54:26.940> to

performance in these cases we're able to

performance in these cases we're able to
use<07:54:27.240> something<07:54:27.478> called

use something called

use something called
UDP<07:54:28.978> again<07:54:29.878> the<07:54:30.478> user

and UDP is connection last just like IP

and UDP is connection last just like IP
is

is

is
and<07:54:44.520> it's<07:54:44.638> a<07:54:44.760> that<07:54:45.000> means<07:54:45.240> it's<07:54:45.420> a<07:54:45.660> best<07:54:45.958> effort

and it's a that means it's a best effort

and it's a that means it's a best effort
delivery<07:54:47.520> protocol<07:54:47.940> so<07:54:48.718> with<07:54:48.898> TCP<07:54:49.440> if<07:54:49.620> packets

delivery protocol so with TCP if packets

delivery protocol so with TCP if packets
get<07:54:50.160> delayed<07:54:50.580> or<07:54:50.700> if<07:54:50.820> they're<07:54:51.000> needed<07:54:51.360> to<07:54:51.478> be

get delayed or if they're needed to be

get delayed or if they're needed to be
resent<07:54:52.200> due<07:54:52.558> to<07:54:52.680> a<07:54:52.860> collision<07:54:53.160> the<07:54:53.760> TCP<07:54:54.240> on<07:54:54.360> the

resent due to a collision the TCP on the

resent due to a collision the TCP on the
receiving<07:54:54.660> end<07:54:54.898> is<07:54:55.138> going<07:54:55.320> to<07:54:55.440> wait<07:54:55.620> for<07:54:55.920> the

receiving end is going to wait for the

receiving end is going to wait for the
lost<07:54:56.280> or<07:54:56.458> late<07:54:56.638> packets<07:54:57.058> to<07:54:57.298> arrive<07:54:57.660> and<07:54:58.378> with

lost or late packets to arrive and with

lost or late packets to arrive and with
some<07:54:58.920> sensitive<07:54:59.398> data<07:54:59.820> delivery<07:55:00.600> this<07:55:01.020> is

some sensitive data delivery this is

some sensitive data delivery this is
going<07:55:01.260> to<07:55:01.320> cause<07:55:01.440> a<07:55:01.620> lot<07:55:01.680> of<07:55:01.860> problems<07:55:02.280> and<07:55:03.120> UDP

going to cause a lot of problems and UDP

going to cause a lot of problems and UDP
is<07:55:04.620> what<07:55:04.920> we<07:55:05.040> call<07:55:05.218> a<07:55:05.820> stateless<07:55:06.298> protocol

is what we call a stateless protocol

is what we call a stateless protocol
which<07:55:07.680> prefers<07:55:08.218> the<07:55:08.520> packet<07:55:09.000> loss<07:55:09.478> over<07:55:09.898> the

which prefers the packet loss over the

which prefers the packet loss over the
delay<07:55:10.740> in<07:55:11.340> waiting<07:55:11.878> so<07:55:12.540> UDP<07:55:12.898> is<07:55:13.020> only<07:55:13.260> going<07:55:13.440> to

delay in waiting so UDP is only going to

delay in waiting so UDP is only going to
add<07:55:13.798> a<07:55:14.218> checksum<07:55:14.760> to<07:55:15.298> the<07:55:15.478> data<07:55:15.840> for<07:55:16.218> data

add a checksum to the data for data

add a checksum to the data for data
Integrity<07:55:18.000> it's<07:55:18.958> also<07:55:19.260> going<07:55:19.500> to<07:55:20.040> uh<07:55:20.820> address

Integrity it's also going to uh address

Integrity it's also going to uh address
port<07:55:21.718> numbers<07:55:22.020> for<07:55:22.558> specific<07:55:22.978> functions

port numbers for specific functions

port numbers for specific functions
between<07:55:24.660> the<07:55:24.958> source<07:55:25.260> and<07:55:25.378> the<07:55:25.558> destination

between the source and the destination

between the source and the destination
nodes<07:55:27.120> such<07:55:27.420> as<07:55:27.958> UDP<07:55:28.320> Port<07:55:28.558> 53<07:55:29.398> for<07:55:30.180> DNS<07:55:30.718> which

nodes such as UDP Port 53 for DNS which

nodes such as UDP Port 53 for DNS which
is<07:55:31.138> one<07:55:31.320> that<07:55:31.500> you<07:55:31.620> should<07:55:31.798> remember<07:55:31.978> from<07:55:32.520> an

is one that you should remember from an

is one that you should remember from an
earlier<07:55:33.000> module<07:55:33.540> Now<07:55:34.500> udp's<07:55:35.100> features<07:55:35.580> make

earlier module Now udp's features make

earlier module Now udp's features make
it<07:55:36.058> a<07:55:36.298> solid<07:55:36.660> protocol<07:55:37.080> and<07:55:37.860> it's<07:55:38.100> used<07:55:38.458> for

it a solid protocol and it's used for

it a solid protocol and it's used for
applications<07:55:39.540> such<07:55:40.020> as<07:55:40.260> VoIP<07:55:41.100> or<07:55:41.280> voice<07:55:41.520> over

applications such as VoIP or voice over

applications such as VoIP or voice over
IP

IP

IP
and<07:55:43.798> online<07:55:44.100> gaming<07:55:44.760> this<07:55:45.420> makes<07:55:45.660> sense

and online gaming this makes sense

and online gaming this makes sense
because<07:55:46.440> we<07:55:47.100> don't<07:55:47.340> care<07:55:47.940> if<07:55:48.540> every<07:55:48.898> single

because we don't care if every single

because we don't care if every single
little<07:55:49.320> packet<07:55:49.920> arrives<07:55:50.280> what<07:55:50.520> we<07:55:50.700> want<07:55:50.820> is<07:55:51.000> we

little packet arrives what we want is we

little packet arrives what we want is we
want<07:55:51.360> the<07:55:51.600> speed<07:55:51.958> with<07:55:52.680> which

want the speed with which

want the speed with which
UDP<07:55:54.478> is<07:55:54.780> going<07:55:54.958> to<07:55:55.080> deliver<07:55:55.260> stuff<07:55:55.680> obviously

UDP is going to deliver stuff obviously

UDP is going to deliver stuff obviously
if<07:55:56.638> we<07:55:56.760> miss<07:55:56.940> a<07:55:57.120> couple<07:55:57.240> packets<07:55:57.600> in<07:55:57.840> voice

if we miss a couple packets in voice

if we miss a couple packets in voice
that's<07:55:58.440> okay<07:55:58.620> they<07:55:59.040> drop<07:55:59.340> but<07:56:00.298> we<07:56:00.600> don't<07:56:00.780> want

that's okay they drop but we don't want

that's okay they drop but we don't want
to<07:56:01.260> have<07:56:01.500> to<07:56:01.620> wait<07:56:01.860> until<07:56:02.280> the<07:56:02.878> next<07:56:03.000> packet

to have to wait until the next packet

to have to wait until the next packet
arrives<07:56:03.660> that's<07:56:03.898> going<07:56:04.138> to<07:56:04.200> actually<07:56:04.378> cause

arrives that's going to actually cause

arrives that's going to actually cause
much<07:56:05.040> more<07:56:05.280> of<07:56:05.398> a<07:56:05.520> delay<07:56:05.820> and<07:56:06.240> so<07:56:06.420> we're<07:56:06.540> going

much more of a delay and so we're going

much more of a delay and so we're going
to<07:56:06.780> use<07:56:07.020> this<07:56:07.320> one<07:56:07.500> in<07:56:07.860> more<07:56:08.040> VoIP<07:56:08.520> and<07:56:09.058> online

to use this one in more VoIP and online

to use this one in more VoIP and online
gaming<07:56:09.718> purposes<07:56:10.280> now<07:56:11.280> the<07:56:11.760> next<07:56:11.878> protocol<07:56:12.298> we

gaming purposes now the next protocol we

gaming purposes now the next protocol we
want<07:56:12.718> to<07:56:12.898> be<07:56:12.958> familiar<07:56:13.440> with

want to be familiar with

want to be familiar with
is<07:56:14.878> called<07:56:15.058> ARP<07:56:15.478> and<07:56:15.600> it's<07:56:15.780> also<07:56:16.138> necessary

is called ARP and it's also necessary

is called ARP and it's also necessary
for<07:56:17.520> routing<07:56:18.240> ARP<07:56:19.080> or<07:56:19.558> the<07:56:19.920> address

for routing ARP or the address

for routing ARP or the address
resolution

protocol and

protocol and
the<07:56:28.440> reverse

the reverse

the reverse
address<07:56:30.180> resolution<07:56:31.080> protocol<07:56:32.240> our<07:56:33.240> request

address resolution protocol our request

address resolution protocol our request
and<07:56:34.378> reply<07:56:34.798> protocols<07:56:35.458> that<07:56:35.940> are<07:56:36.058> used<07:56:36.240> to<07:56:36.600> map

and reply protocols that are used to map

and reply protocols that are used to map
one<07:56:37.620> kind<07:56:37.798> of<07:56:37.978> address<07:56:38.280> to<07:56:38.760> another

one kind of address to another

one kind of address to another
specifically<07:56:40.138> ARP<07:56:41.100> is<07:56:41.218> designed<07:56:41.638> to<07:56:41.820> map<07:56:42.058> IP

specifically ARP is designed to map IP

specifically ARP is designed to map IP
addresses<07:56:43.260> you<07:56:43.860> need<07:56:44.040> addresses<07:56:44.520> that<07:56:44.878> are

addresses you need addresses that are

addresses you need addresses that are
necessary<07:56:45.958> to<07:56:46.580> tcpip<07:56:47.580> communication<07:56:48.540> to<07:56:49.260> Mac

necessary to tcpip communication to Mac

necessary to tcpip communication to Mac
addresses<07:56:50.100> which<07:56:50.760> are<07:56:50.878> also<07:56:51.180> known<07:56:51.360> as<07:56:51.780> we've

addresses which are also known as we've

addresses which are also known as we've
discussed<07:56:52.260> in<07:56:52.500> the<07:56:52.680> past<07:56:52.798> as<07:56:53.638> physical

discussed in the past as physical

discussed in the past as physical
addresses

and again IP addresses

and again IP addresses
work<07:57:02.700> on<07:57:02.940> the<07:57:03.240> networking<07:57:04.020> layer

whereas Mac addresses operate on the

whereas Mac addresses operate on the
network<07:57:18.020> interface<07:57:19.020> layer<07:57:19.378> of<07:57:19.558> TCP<07:57:20.100> which<07:57:21.058> in

network interface layer of TCP which in

network interface layer of TCP which in
OSI<07:57:21.898> would<07:57:22.620> be<07:57:22.798> the<07:57:23.100> data<07:57:23.458> link<07:57:23.580> layer

OSI would be the data link layer

OSI would be the data link layer
layer<07:57:25.500> 2.

layer 2.

layer 2.
now<07:57:28.320> in<07:57:28.620> tcpipnetworking

now in tcpipnetworking

now in tcpipnetworking
ARP<07:57:31.740> operates<07:57:32.458> at<07:57:32.638> the<07:57:32.878> lowest<07:57:33.180> layer<07:57:33.680> the

ARP operates at the lowest layer the

ARP operates at the lowest layer the
network<07:57:34.860> interface<07:57:35.520> layer<07:57:36.360> in<07:57:36.898> total<07:57:37.200> whereas

network interface layer in total whereas

network interface layer in total whereas
in<07:57:38.160> the<07:57:38.280> OSI<07:57:38.760> model<07:57:39.058> we<07:57:39.600> say<07:57:39.780> that<07:57:40.020> it<07:57:40.138> actually

in the OSI model we say that it actually

in the OSI model we say that it actually
operates<07:57:40.920> between

operates between

operates between
the<07:57:43.558> data<07:57:44.100> link<07:57:44.218> layer

the data link layer

the data link layer
and<07:57:46.020> the<07:57:46.138> physical<07:57:46.260> layer

and this is because it wasn't designed

and this is because it wasn't designed
specifically<07:57:53.218> for<07:57:53.820> the<07:57:54.000> OSI<07:57:54.360> model<07:57:54.660> it<07:57:54.958> was

specifically for the OSI model it was

specifically for the OSI model it was
designed<07:57:55.680> for<07:57:56.218> the<07:57:56.458> tcpip<07:57:57.120> model<07:57:57.478> now<07:57:58.260> ARP<07:57:58.740> and

designed for the tcpip model now ARP and

designed for the tcpip model now ARP and
rarp<07:57:59.280> play<07:57:59.638> very<07:58:00.180> important<07:58:00.600> roles<07:58:00.958> in<07:58:01.200> the

rarp play very important roles in the

rarp play very important roles in the
way<07:58:01.500> networks<07:58:02.100> operate<07:58:03.000> the<07:58:03.420> computer<07:58:03.540> wants

way networks operate the computer wants

way networks operate the computer wants
to<07:58:04.260> communicate<07:58:04.740> with<07:58:05.218> any<07:58:05.580> other<07:58:05.760> computer

to communicate with any other computer

to communicate with any other computer
within<07:58:06.540> the<07:58:06.660> local<07:58:06.780> area<07:58:07.020> network<07:58:07.378> the<07:58:08.340> MAC

within the local area network the MAC

within the local area network the MAC
address<07:58:08.820> is<07:58:09.298> the<07:58:09.478> identifier<07:58:10.020> that's<07:58:10.320> used

address is the identifier that's used

address is the identifier that's used
and<07:58:11.280> if<07:58:11.458> that<07:58:11.700> device<07:58:11.820> wishes<07:58:12.360> to<07:58:12.478> communicate

and if that device wishes to communicate

and if that device wishes to communicate
outside<07:58:13.500> of<07:58:13.860> the<07:58:13.978> local<07:58:14.100> area<07:58:14.340> network<07:58:14.700> the

outside of the local area network the

outside of the local area network the
destination<07:58:15.958> Mac<07:58:16.320> address<07:58:16.558> is<07:58:17.280> going<07:58:17.398> to<07:58:17.520> be

destination Mac address is going to be

destination Mac address is going to be
that<07:58:17.878> of<07:58:18.360> the<07:58:18.600> router<07:58:19.020> so<07:58:19.680> the<07:58:19.978> our<07:58:20.340> process

that of the router so the our process

that of the router so the our process
works<07:58:21.478> by<07:58:22.200> first

works by first

works by first
receiving<07:58:24.298> the<07:58:24.958> IP<07:58:25.320> address<07:58:25.878> from<07:58:26.878> IP<07:58:27.860> or<07:58:28.860> the

receiving the IP address from IP or the

receiving the IP address from IP or the
Internet<07:58:29.280> Protocol

Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol
then<07:58:31.320> ARP<07:58:31.978> has<07:58:32.160> the<07:58:32.398> MAC<07:58:32.580> address<07:58:32.820> in<07:58:33.780> its

then ARP has the MAC address in its

then ARP has the MAC address in its
cached<07:58:34.740> table<07:58:35.040> so<07:58:35.760> the<07:58:36.000> router<07:58:36.420> has<07:58:36.898> what<07:58:37.138> are

cached table so the router has what are

cached table so the router has what are
called<07:58:37.440> ARP<07:58:37.920> tables

called ARP tables

called ARP tables
that<07:58:39.660> link<07:58:39.898> IP<07:58:40.440> addresses<07:58:40.978> to<07:58:41.700> Mac<07:58:41.940> addresses

that link IP addresses to Mac addresses

that link IP addresses to Mac addresses
we<07:58:43.020> call<07:58:43.260> this<07:58:43.440> the<07:58:43.680> ARP<07:58:43.978> table

we call this the ARP table

we call this the ARP table
so<07:58:45.958> it<07:58:46.020> looks<07:58:46.378> in<07:58:46.500> there<07:58:46.680> to<07:58:47.100> see<07:58:47.280> if<07:58:47.458> it<07:58:47.638> no<07:58:47.820> if

so it looks in there to see if it no if

so it looks in there to see if it no if
it<07:58:48.360> has<07:58:48.600> a<07:58:48.958> MAC<07:58:49.080> address<07:58:49.260> for<07:58:49.620> the<07:58:49.798> IP<07:58:50.100> address

it has a MAC address for the IP address

it has a MAC address for the IP address
listed

listed

listed
it<07:58:52.740> then<07:58:52.920> sends<07:58:53.458> it<07:58:53.580> back<07:58:53.878> to<07:58:54.120> the<07:58:54.298> IP<07:58:54.860> if<07:58:55.860> it<07:58:56.638> if

it then sends it back to the IP if it if

it then sends it back to the IP if it if
it<07:58:57.478> does<07:58:57.660> have<07:58:57.958> it<07:58:58.138> and<07:58:59.040> if<07:58:59.280> it<07:58:59.458> doesn't<07:58:59.700> have

it does have it and if it doesn't have

it does have it and if it doesn't have
it<07:59:00.298> it<07:59:01.040> broadcasts<07:59:02.040> the<07:59:02.340> message<07:59:02.580> it's<07:59:03.058> sent

it it broadcasts the message it's sent

it it broadcasts the message it's sent
in<07:59:04.200> order<07:59:04.320> to<07:59:04.740> resolve<07:59:05.520> what<07:59:05.760> we<07:59:05.820> call<07:59:06.000> resolve

in order to resolve what we call resolve

in order to resolve what we call resolve
the<07:59:07.260> address

the address

the address
to<07:59:09.000> a<07:59:09.240> MAC<07:59:09.420> address

to a MAC address

to a MAC address
and<07:59:11.100> the<07:59:11.280> target<07:59:11.398> computer<07:59:11.760> with<07:59:12.240> the<07:59:12.420> IP

and the target computer with the IP

and the target computer with the IP
address<07:59:12.978> responds<07:59:13.978> to<07:59:14.638> that<07:59:14.940> broadcast

address responds to that broadcast

address responds to that broadcast
message<07:59:16.138> with<07:59:16.798> what's<07:59:17.040> called<07:59:17.340> a<07:59:17.760> unicast

message with what's called a unicast

message with what's called a unicast
message<07:59:18.600> and<07:59:18.840> we've<07:59:19.080> discussed<07:59:19.440> that<07:59:19.620> that

message and we've discussed that that

message and we've discussed that that
contains<07:59:20.940> the<07:59:21.120> MAC<07:59:21.298> address<07:59:21.478> that<07:59:21.898> it's

contains the MAC address that it's

contains the MAC address that it's
seeking

seeking

seeking
ARP<07:59:23.638> then<07:59:23.820> will<07:59:24.180> add<07:59:24.600> the<07:59:24.840> MAC<07:59:24.958> address<07:59:25.260> to<07:59:26.160> its

ARP then will add the MAC address to its

ARP then will add the MAC address to its
table<07:59:26.638> so<07:59:27.420> the<07:59:27.600> next<07:59:27.718> time<07:59:27.958> we<07:59:28.200> don't<07:59:28.320> have<07:59:28.500> to

table so the next time we don't have to

table so the next time we don't have to
go<07:59:28.920> through<07:59:29.218> this<07:59:29.520> whole<07:59:29.700> process

and then it Returns the IP address to

and then it Returns the IP address to
the<07:59:37.260> requesting<07:59:37.680> device<07:59:37.920> as<07:59:38.760> it<07:59:38.940> would<07:59:39.058> have

the requesting device as it would have

the requesting device as it would have
if<07:59:39.478> it<07:59:39.600> just<07:59:39.780> had<07:59:40.020> it

if it just had it

if it just had it
now<07:59:41.878> RP<07:59:42.540> is<07:59:43.138> used<07:59:43.320> to<07:59:43.558> do<07:59:43.740> the<07:59:44.520> opposite<07:59:44.940> that

now RP is used to do the opposite that

now RP is used to do the opposite that
is<07:59:46.020> to<07:59:46.440> map<07:59:46.680> Mac<07:59:47.100> addresses<07:59:47.580> of<07:59:47.820> a<07:59:47.940> given

is to map Mac addresses of a given

is to map Mac addresses of a given
system<07:59:48.420> to<07:59:48.958> their<07:59:49.200> assigned<07:59:49.680> IP<07:59:50.040> addresses

system to their assigned IP addresses

system to their assigned IP addresses
and<07:59:51.120> it<07:59:51.240> sort<07:59:51.478> of<07:59:51.600> works<07:59:51.840> in<07:59:52.020> Reverse<07:59:52.378> from<07:59:52.558> all

and it sort of works in Reverse from all

and it sort of works in Reverse from all
this<07:59:52.978> now<07:59:53.580> that's<07:59:53.760> a<07:59:54.000> very<07:59:54.120> general<07:59:54.478> overview

this now that's a very general overview

this now that's a very general overview
of<07:59:55.260> ARP<07:59:55.620> and<07:59:55.680> rarp<07:59:56.040> and<07:59:56.160> if<07:59:56.280> you<07:59:56.398> were<07:59:56.520> to<07:59:56.638> go

of ARP and rarp and if you were to go

of ARP and rarp and if you were to go
into<07:59:57.000> Cisco<07:59:57.540> certifications<07:59:58.080> for<07:59:58.440> instance

into Cisco certifications for instance

into Cisco certifications for instance
you<07:59:59.040> go<07:59:59.580> a<07:59:59.760> little<07:59:59.878> more<08:00:00.000> in<08:00:00.240> depth<08:00:00.478> into<08:00:00.600> this

you go a little more in depth into this

you go a little more in depth into this
but<08:00:01.080> for<08:00:01.260> Network<08:00:01.378> plus<08:00:01.680> this<08:00:02.100> is<08:00:02.218> really

but for Network plus this is really

but for Network plus this is really
where<08:00:02.760> we<08:00:03.000> need<08:00:03.120> to<08:00:03.360> stop<08:00:03.660> with<08:00:04.200> this<08:00:04.378> protocol

where we need to stop with this protocol

where we need to stop with this protocol
so<08:00:05.458> the<08:00:05.580> next<08:00:05.700> protocol<08:00:06.058> I<08:00:06.240> want<08:00:06.360> to<08:00:06.478> talk

so the next protocol I want to talk

so the next protocol I want to talk
about<08:00:06.660> is<08:00:07.040> icmp<08:00:08.040> which<08:00:08.940> is<08:00:09.058> also<08:00:09.420> called<08:00:09.718> the

about is icmp which is also called the

about is icmp which is also called the
internet

message protocol

message protocol
it's<08:00:24.000> a<08:00:24.180> protocol<08:00:24.420> designed<08:00:25.080> to<08:00:25.920> send

it's a protocol designed to send

it's a protocol designed to send
messages<08:00:26.760> that<08:00:27.298> relate<08:00:27.540> to<08:00:27.718> the<08:00:27.958> status<08:00:28.200> of<08:00:28.500> a

messages that relate to the status of a

messages that relate to the status of a
system<08:00:28.860> it's<08:00:29.580> not<08:00:29.760> meant<08:00:30.120> to<08:00:30.240> actually<08:00:30.478> send

system it's not meant to actually send

system it's not meant to actually send
data<08:00:32.280> so<08:00:32.580> icmp<08:00:33.360> messages<08:00:33.600> are<08:00:34.080> used<08:00:34.340> generally

data so icmp messages are used generally

data so icmp messages are used generally
speaking<08:00:35.878> for<08:00:36.180> Diagnostic<08:00:36.898> and<08:00:37.080> testing

speaking for Diagnostic and testing

speaking for Diagnostic and testing
purposes<08:00:37.920> and<08:00:38.580> they<08:00:38.760> can<08:00:38.878> also<08:00:39.120> be<08:00:39.180> used<08:00:39.420> as<08:00:39.718> a

purposes and they can also be used as a

purposes and they can also be used as a
response<08:00:40.440> to<08:00:40.680> errors<08:00:41.100> that<08:00:41.340> occur<08:00:41.760> in<08:00:42.360> the

response to errors that occur in the

response to errors that occur in the
normal<08:00:42.660> operations<08:00:43.200> of<08:00:43.500> Ip<08:00:43.920> and<08:00:44.520> if<08:00:44.638> you

normal operations of Ip and if you

normal operations of Ip and if you
recall<08:00:45.120> one<08:00:45.478> of<08:00:45.600> the<08:00:45.660> times<08:00:45.958> that<08:00:46.200> we<08:00:46.320> talked

recall one of the times that we talked

recall one of the times that we talked
about<08:00:46.740> that<08:00:47.040> was<08:00:47.700> for<08:00:48.000> instance<08:00:48.240> with<08:00:49.080> the<08:00:49.558> MTU

about that was for instance with the MTU

about that was for instance with the MTU
black<08:00:50.398> hole

black hole

black hole
when<08:00:52.378> that<08:00:52.620> icmp<08:00:53.398> message<08:00:53.700> couldn't<08:00:54.360> get<08:00:54.718> back

when that icmp message couldn't get back

when that icmp message couldn't get back
to<08:00:55.860> the<08:00:56.218> original<08:00:56.458> router<08:00:57.120> now<08:00:57.958> many<08:00:58.200> Internet

to the original router now many Internet

to the original router now many Internet
Protocol<08:00:59.040> utilities<08:00:59.760> are<08:01:00.120> actually<08:01:00.298> derived

Protocol utilities are actually derived

Protocol utilities are actually derived
from<08:01:01.260> icmp<08:01:02.100> messages<08:01:02.540> such<08:01:03.540> as<08:01:03.860> Tracer<08:01:04.860> or

from icmp messages such as Tracer or

from icmp messages such as Tracer or
trace<08:01:05.580> route

trace route

trace route
path<08:01:06.840> ping<08:01:07.260> and<08:01:07.978> ping<08:01:08.340> and<08:01:09.000> we'll<08:01:09.180> talk<08:01:09.420> about

path ping and ping and we'll talk about

path ping and ping and we'll talk about
these<08:01:09.898> in<08:01:10.020> a<08:01:10.200> little<08:01:10.260> more<08:01:10.378> depth<08:01:10.740> than<08:01:10.920> if<08:01:11.100> you

these in a little more depth than if you

these in a little more depth than if you
were<08:01:11.340> around<08:01:11.520> for<08:01:11.820> uh<08:01:12.600> a<08:01:12.840> plus<08:01:13.020> we<08:01:13.558> definitely

were around for uh a plus we definitely

were around for uh a plus we definitely
talked<08:01:14.398> about<08:01:14.580> these<08:01:15.120> two<08:01:15.298> quite<08:01:15.958> a<08:01:16.138> bit<08:01:16.340> icmp

talked about these two quite a bit icmp

talked about these two quite a bit icmp
is<08:01:17.520> actually<08:01:17.760> one<08:01:18.058> of<08:01:18.120> the<08:01:18.298> core<08:01:18.600> Protocols<08:01:19.378> of

is actually one of the core Protocols of

is actually one of the core Protocols of
the<08:01:20.160> IP<08:01:20.520> suite<08:01:21.058> and<08:01:21.540> it<08:01:21.718> operates<08:01:22.200> at<08:01:22.680> the

the IP suite and it operates at the

the IP suite and it operates at the
internet<08:01:23.040> layer<08:01:23.638> which<08:01:23.940> as<08:01:24.058> you<08:01:24.240> recall<08:01:24.600> is

internet layer which as you recall is

internet layer which as you recall is
tcpip

tcpip

tcpip
second<08:01:28.860> layer

second layer

second layer
now<08:01:31.080> icmp<08:01:31.920> is<08:01:32.218> a<08:01:32.520> control<08:01:32.878> protocol<08:01:33.600> used<08:01:34.080> by

now icmp is a control protocol used by

now icmp is a control protocol used by
networked<08:01:35.040> computers<08:01:35.520> and<08:01:36.120> operating

networked computers and operating

networked computers and operating
systems<08:01:37.080> and<08:01:37.680> the<08:01:37.920> most<08:01:38.040> common<08:01:38.398> utility<08:01:38.940> that

systems and the most common utility that

systems and the most common utility that
we're<08:01:39.840> going<08:01:39.958> to<08:01:40.080> see<08:01:40.260> is<08:01:40.860> what's<08:01:41.100> called

we're going to see is what's called

we're going to see is what's called
ping<08:01:42.840> which<08:01:43.260> we've<08:01:43.558> talked<08:01:43.798> about<08:01:43.920> which<08:01:44.398> uses

ping which we've talked about which uses

ping which we've talked about which uses
what<08:01:44.878> are<08:01:45.000> called<08:01:45.120> icmp<08:01:46.020> Echo<08:01:46.920> requests<08:01:47.580> and

what are called icmp Echo requests and

what are called icmp Echo requests and
they<08:01:48.298> reply<08:01:48.780> to<08:01:49.500> determine<08:01:49.978> connection

they reply to determine connection

they reply to determine connection
statuses<08:01:51.120> of<08:01:51.540> a<08:01:51.958> Target<08:01:52.138> system<08:01:52.558> so<08:01:53.340> I<08:01:53.520> could

statuses of a Target system so I could

statuses of a Target system so I could
ping<08:01:54.058> a<08:01:54.360> specific<08:01:54.660> system<08:01:54.958> to<08:01:55.320> see<08:01:55.500> if<08:01:55.978> it's<08:01:56.100> on

ping a specific system to see if it's on

ping a specific system to see if it's on
the<08:01:56.458> network<08:01:56.638> of<08:01:57.360> course<08:01:57.540> there<08:01:57.840> are<08:01:57.958> some

the network of course there are some

the network of course there are some
reasons<08:01:58.378> why<08:01:58.558> the<08:01:58.740> icmp<08:01:59.340> as<08:01:59.580> we've<08:01:59.820> talked

reasons why the icmp as we've talked

reasons why the icmp as we've talked
about<08:02:00.240> might<08:02:00.540> not<08:02:00.718> make<08:02:00.898> it<08:02:01.020> back<08:02:01.200> to<08:02:01.378> me<08:02:01.500> or

about might not make it back to me or

about might not make it back to me or
it's<08:02:02.458> configured<08:02:03.000> not<08:02:03.298> to<08:02:03.478> respond<08:02:03.840> perhaps

it's configured not to respond perhaps

it's configured not to respond perhaps
through<08:02:04.620> a<08:02:04.798> firewall<08:02:05.218> finally<08:02:06.058> we<08:02:06.360> need<08:02:06.540> to

through a firewall finally we need to

through a firewall finally we need to
talk<08:02:06.840> about<08:02:07.398> igmp<08:02:08.398> or<08:02:09.240> the<08:02:09.600> internet

group

group
management<08:02:18.058> protocol

management protocol

management protocol
it<08:02:21.240> should<08:02:21.420> not<08:02:21.600> be<08:02:21.780> confused<08:02:22.260> with<08:02:22.558> icmp<08:02:23.458> it's

it should not be confused with icmp it's

it should not be confused with icmp it's
slightly<08:02:24.058> different

slightly different

slightly different
it<08:02:25.558> is<08:02:25.680> used<08:02:25.978> to<08:02:26.398> establish<08:02:26.940> memberships<08:02:27.780> for

it is used to establish memberships for

it is used to establish memberships for
multicast<08:02:29.218> groups<08:02:29.820> now<08:02:30.478> multicasting<08:02:31.320> is

multicast groups now multicasting is

multicast groups now multicasting is
where<08:02:31.860> a<08:02:31.978> computer<08:02:32.160> wishes<08:02:32.820> to<08:02:33.120> send<08:02:33.360> data<08:02:33.780> to

where a computer wishes to send data to

where a computer wishes to send data to
a<08:02:34.260> lot<08:02:34.378> of<08:02:34.500> other<08:02:34.680> computers<08:02:35.340> through<08:02:36.120> the

a lot of other computers through the

a lot of other computers through the
internet<08:02:36.600> by<08:02:37.500> identifying<08:02:37.978> which<08:02:38.218> computers

internet by identifying which computers

internet by identifying which computers
have<08:02:39.080> subscribed<08:02:40.080> or<08:02:40.798> which<08:02:41.040> ones<08:02:41.340> wish<08:02:41.638> to

have subscribed or which ones wish to

have subscribed or which ones wish to
receive<08:02:42.240> the<08:02:42.478> data<08:02:42.958> we<08:02:43.620> looked<08:02:43.920> at<08:02:43.978> this

receive the data we looked at this

receive the data we looked at this
earlier<08:02:44.458> and<08:02:44.638> determined<08:02:45.058> that<08:02:45.240> routers

earlier and determined that routers

earlier and determined that routers
determine<08:02:46.378> a<08:02:46.740> multicast<08:02:47.160> group<08:02:47.580> now<08:02:48.360> in<08:02:48.718> a

determine a multicast group now in a

determine a multicast group now in a
host<08:02:49.200> implementation<08:02:50.120> a<08:02:51.120> host<08:02:51.360> is<08:02:51.718> going<08:02:51.898> to

host implementation a host is going to

host implementation a host is going to
make<08:02:52.320> a<08:02:52.500> request<08:02:52.860> for

make a request for

make a request for
and<08:02:55.558> igmp<08:02:56.660> implemented<08:02:57.660> router<08:02:58.138> to<08:02:58.680> join<08:02:58.978> the

and igmp implemented router to join the

and igmp implemented router to join the
membership<08:02:59.458> of<08:02:59.878> a<08:03:00.180> multicast<08:03:00.600> group

membership of a multicast group

membership of a multicast group
certain<08:03:02.820> applications<08:03:03.478> such<08:03:03.958> as<08:03:04.260> those<08:03:04.680> for

certain applications such as those for

certain applications such as those for
online<08:03:05.638> gaming<08:03:06.478> can<08:03:07.200> use<08:03:07.378> igmp<08:03:08.340> for<08:03:08.638> what<08:03:08.820> are

online gaming can use igmp for what are

online gaming can use igmp for what are
called

called

called
one-to-many<08:03:10.920> Communications<08:03:11.718> the<08:03:12.718> one<08:03:12.958> being

one-to-many Communications the one being

one-to-many Communications the one being
the<08:03:13.860> game<08:03:14.040> server<08:03:14.638> and<08:03:15.298> the<08:03:15.478> many<08:03:15.660> being<08:03:16.080> all

the game server and the many being all

the game server and the many being all
of<08:03:16.620> those<08:03:16.978> end<08:03:17.340> users<08:03:17.760> that<08:03:18.000> have<08:03:18.240> subscribed

of those end users that have subscribed

of those end users that have subscribed
to<08:03:19.620> the<08:03:19.798> gaming<08:03:20.160> session

to the gaming session

to the gaming session
so<08:03:21.540> those<08:03:21.780> routers<08:03:22.320> with<08:03:22.620> igmp

so those routers with igmp

so those routers with igmp
implementation<08:03:24.500> periodically<08:03:25.500> will<08:03:25.798> send

implementation periodically will send

implementation periodically will send
out<08:03:26.520> queries<08:03:27.058> to<08:03:27.540> determine<08:03:27.958> the<08:03:28.378> multicast

out queries to determine the multicast

out queries to determine the multicast
membership<08:03:29.458> of<08:03:30.298> those<08:03:30.540> devices<08:03:31.398> within<08:03:32.398> range

membership of those devices within range

membership of those devices within range
and<08:03:33.540> then<08:03:33.600> those<08:03:33.780> hosts<08:03:34.138> that<08:03:34.320> have

and then those hosts that have

and then those hosts that have
membership<08:03:34.920> are<08:03:35.218> going<08:03:35.398> to<08:03:35.580> respond<08:03:35.940> to<08:03:36.180> the

membership are going to respond to the

membership are going to respond to the
queries<08:03:36.718> with<08:03:37.558> a<08:03:37.978> membership

queries with a membership

queries with a membership
report

now the process of delivering an IP

now the process of delivering an IP
packet<08:03:46.440> is<08:03:46.920> simple

packet is simple

packet is simple
it<08:03:48.180> begins<08:03:48.478> with<08:03:48.780> resolving<08:03:49.620> the<08:03:50.040> name<08:03:50.218> of<08:03:50.580> the

it begins with resolving the name of the

it begins with resolving the name of the
host<08:03:51.080> to<08:03:52.080> its<08:03:52.500> assigned<08:03:53.040> IP<08:03:53.398> address<08:03:53.638> like<08:03:54.360> we

host to its assigned IP address like we

host to its assigned IP address like we
talked<08:03:54.780> about<08:03:54.840> with<08:03:55.138> arp<08:03:56.040> and<08:03:56.520> the<08:03:56.700> connection

talked about with arp and the connection

talked about with arp and the connection
is<08:03:57.420> established<08:03:58.080> by<08:03:58.440> a<08:03:58.620> service<08:03:58.860> at<08:03:59.700> if<08:03:59.878> you

is established by a service at if you

is established by a service at if you
recall<08:04:00.420> the<08:04:01.320> transport<08:04:01.798> layer

recall the transport layer

recall the transport layer
now<08:04:03.660> after<08:04:04.080> the<08:04:04.500> name<08:04:04.680> resolution<08:04:05.160> and

now after the name resolution and

now after the name resolution and
connection<08:04:05.940> establishment<08:04:06.920> the<08:04:07.920> IP<08:04:08.280> address

connection establishment the IP address

connection establishment the IP address
is<08:04:09.058> then<08:04:09.240> sent<08:04:09.600> down<08:04:10.020> to<08:04:10.378> the<08:04:10.680> internet<08:04:10.860> layer

is then sent down to the internet layer

is then sent down to the internet layer
and<08:04:12.840> the<08:04:13.020> next<08:04:13.200> step<08:04:13.378> is<08:04:13.920> where<08:04:14.100> the<08:04:14.340> IP<08:04:14.638> looks

and the next step is where the IP looks

and the next step is where the IP looks
at<08:04:15.420> the<08:04:15.600> subnet<08:04:16.020> mask<08:04:16.320> which<08:04:17.100> we've<08:04:17.280> talked

at the subnet mask which we've talked

at the subnet mask which we've talked
about<08:04:17.520> in<08:04:17.700> a<08:04:17.820> plus<08:04:18.000> and<08:04:18.180> we'll<08:04:18.298> talk<08:04:18.540> about

about in a plus and we'll talk about

about in a plus and we'll talk about
more<08:04:19.200> of<08:04:19.860> the<08:04:19.978> IP<08:04:20.340> address<08:04:20.520> to<08:04:21.360> determine

more of the IP address to determine

more of the IP address to determine
whether<08:04:22.500> the<08:04:22.740> destination<08:04:23.298> is<08:04:24.298> local<08:04:24.660> to<08:04:25.138> the

whether the destination is local to the

whether the destination is local to the
computer<08:04:25.440> on<08:04:26.218> what<08:04:26.458> we<08:04:26.638> say<08:04:26.940> is<08:04:27.180> the<08:04:27.540> same

computer on what we say is the same

computer on what we say is the same
subnet<08:04:28.700> or<08:04:29.700> whether<08:04:30.360> it's<08:04:30.780> remote<08:04:31.200> or<08:04:31.740> on

subnet or whether it's remote or on

subnet or whether it's remote or on
another<08:04:32.218> Network<08:04:32.898> after<08:04:33.898> this<08:04:34.260> determination

another Network after this determination

another Network after this determination
is<08:04:35.580> made<08:04:35.940> then<08:04:36.898> finally<08:04:37.260> the<08:04:37.500> packet<08:04:37.860> is

is made then finally the packet is

is made then finally the packet is
routed<08:04:38.520> and<08:04:39.298> delivered

routed and delivered

routed and delivered
okay<08:04:41.280> so<08:04:42.058> we<08:04:42.298> now<08:04:42.478> understand<08:04:43.100> TCP<08:04:44.100> a<08:04:44.638> little

okay so we now understand TCP a little

okay so we now understand TCP a little
more<08:04:44.940> fully<08:04:45.240> some<08:04:46.080> of<08:04:46.200> the<08:04:46.320> protocols<08:04:46.920> that

more fully some of the protocols that

more fully some of the protocols that
are<08:04:47.458> dealt<08:04:48.360> with<08:04:48.420> in<08:04:49.138> great<08:04:49.378> detail<08:04:49.940> and<08:04:50.940> how

are dealt with in great detail and how

are dealt with in great detail and how
IP<08:04:52.200> packet<08:04:52.680> delivery<08:04:53.100> works<08:04:53.520> so<08:04:54.058> let's<08:04:54.298> talk

IP packet delivery works so let's talk

IP packet delivery works so let's talk
about<08:04:54.780> binary<08:04:55.620> and<08:04:55.978> decimal<08:04:56.458> which<08:04:56.700> are<08:04:56.878> going

about binary and decimal which are going

about binary and decimal which are going
to<08:04:57.180> be<08:04:57.298> really<08:04:57.958> important<08:04:58.378> when<08:04:58.620> we<08:04:58.740> get<08:04:58.920> into

to be really important when we get into

to be really important when we get into
what's<08:04:59.340> called<08:04:59.638> subnetting<08:05:00.420> and<08:05:01.080> it's<08:05:01.200> just

what's called subnetting and it's just

what's called subnetting and it's just
good<08:05:01.558> to<08:05:01.740> know<08:05:01.920> as<08:05:02.218> an<08:05:02.398> I.T<08:05:02.700> professional

good to know as an I.T professional

good to know as an I.T professional
anyway

anyway

anyway
specifically

specifically

specifically
understanding<08:05:07.260> binary<08:05:07.860> or<08:05:08.280> how<08:05:08.520> to<08:05:08.638> convert

understanding binary or how to convert

understanding binary or how to convert
binary<08:05:10.200> which<08:05:10.860> is<08:05:10.920> the<08:05:11.100> number<08:05:11.218> of<08:05:11.398> computers

binary which is the number of computers

binary which is the number of computers
the<08:05:12.180> way<08:05:12.298> computers<08:05:12.780> talk<08:05:13.080> to<08:05:13.440> decimal<08:05:13.860> which

the way computers talk to decimal which

the way computers talk to decimal which
is<08:05:14.160> the<08:05:14.280> way<08:05:14.340> that<08:05:14.520> we<08:05:14.760> deal<08:05:14.878> with<08:05:15.120> numbers<08:05:15.360> and

is the way that we deal with numbers and

is the way that we deal with numbers and
decimal<08:05:16.860> to<08:05:17.160> binary

decimal to binary

decimal to binary
pertains<08:05:19.978> to<08:05:20.160> a<08:05:20.340> lot<08:05:20.458> of<08:05:20.638> different<08:05:20.820> aspects

pertains to a lot of different aspects

pertains to a lot of different aspects
of<08:05:22.080> as<08:05:22.860> I<08:05:23.100> just<08:05:23.218> mentioned<08:05:23.520> networking<08:05:24.180> so<08:05:24.660> to

of as I just mentioned networking so to

of as I just mentioned networking so to
begin<08:05:24.958> with<08:05:25.260> binary<08:05:26.160> is<08:05:26.340> the<08:05:26.520> name<08:05:26.700> implies

begin with binary is the name implies

begin with binary is the name implies
from<08:05:27.660> buy<08:05:28.020> is<08:05:28.500> what<08:05:28.680> we<08:05:28.798> call<08:05:28.920> a<08:05:29.160> base<08:05:29.520> 2<08:05:30.120> system

from buy is what we call a base 2 system

from buy is what we call a base 2 system
more<08:05:31.798> commonly<08:05:32.160> we<08:05:32.398> used<08:05:32.520> a<08:05:32.760> base<08:05:33.000> 10<08:05:33.540> system

more commonly we used a base 10 system

more commonly we used a base 10 system
decimal

decimal

decimal
now<08:05:36.600> this<08:05:37.138> means<08:05:37.620> that<08:05:38.160> we<08:05:38.398> have<08:05:38.638> 10

now this means that we have 10

now this means that we have 10
possibilities<08:05:40.100> for<08:05:41.100> every<08:05:41.520> place<08:05:42.120> value<08:05:42.478> we

possibilities for every place value we

possibilities for every place value we
have<08:05:43.440> between<08:05:43.680> a<08:05:43.978> zero<08:05:44.340> and<08:05:44.458> nine<08:05:44.638> you<08:05:44.878> add

have between a zero and nine you add

have between a zero and nine you add
that<08:05:45.180> up<08:05:45.298> there<08:05:45.540> are<08:05:45.718> 10.

that up there are 10.

that up there are 10.
now<08:05:46.978> with<08:05:47.340> binary<08:05:47.878> there's<08:05:48.120> only<08:05:48.360> two<08:05:48.718> options

now with binary there's only two options

now with binary there's only two options
either<08:05:49.740> zero<08:05:50.398> or<08:05:51.180> one

so we can either have a single zero or a

so we can either have a single zero or a
single<08:05:56.940> one<08:05:57.120> and<08:05:57.660> that's<08:05:57.840> what<08:05:58.020> we<08:05:58.138> call<08:05:58.378> a<08:05:58.798> DOT

single one and that's what we call a DOT

single one and that's what we call a DOT
a<08:05:59.218> binary<08:05:59.700> digit<08:06:00.298> or

a binary digit or

a binary digit or
a<08:06:02.878> bit

so the binary number has Place markers

so the binary number has Place markers
that<08:06:10.080> are<08:06:10.200> similar<08:06:10.620> to<08:06:11.218> the<08:06:11.398> base<08:06:11.638> 10<08:06:11.940> system

that are similar to the base 10 system

that are similar to the base 10 system
for<08:06:13.558> instance<08:06:13.798> if<08:06:13.978> we<08:06:14.218> have<08:06:14.458> a<08:06:15.000> a<08:06:15.320> decimal<08:06:16.320> base

for instance if we have a a decimal base

for instance if we have a a decimal base
10<08:06:17.580> numbering<08:06:18.240> system<08:06:18.420> the<08:06:19.378> second<08:06:19.558> place

10 numbering system the second place

10 numbering system the second place
Mark<08:06:20.478> designates<08:06:21.478> the<08:06:22.260> tens<08:06:22.500> if<08:06:22.798> we<08:06:22.920> imagine

Mark designates the tens if we imagine

Mark designates the tens if we imagine
that<08:06:23.458> there's<08:06:23.638> a

that there's a

that there's a
uh<08:06:25.920> period<08:06:26.398> or<08:06:26.940> a<08:06:27.180> decimal<08:06:27.600> right<08:06:28.080> there

uh period or a decimal right there

uh period or a decimal right there
the<08:06:29.398> third<08:06:29.520> designates<08:06:30.058> the<08:06:30.360> hundreds<08:06:30.840> and

the third designates the hundreds and

the third designates the hundreds and
then<08:06:31.378> we<08:06:31.500> move<08:06:31.620> to<08:06:31.860> thousandths<08:06:32.660> and<08:06:33.660> ten

then we move to thousandths and ten

then we move to thousandths and ten
thousandths<08:06:34.920> and<08:06:35.458> hundred<08:06:35.820> thousandths<08:06:36.360> and

thousandths and hundred thousandths and

thousandths and hundred thousandths and
so<08:06:36.780> on<08:06:36.958> and<08:06:37.138> so<08:06:37.378> forth<08:06:37.680> and<08:06:38.398> in<08:06:38.580> each<08:06:38.700> one<08:06:38.878> of

so on and so forth and in each one of

so on and so forth and in each one of
these<08:06:39.298> we<08:06:39.600> can<08:06:39.718> have<08:06:39.898> anywhere<08:06:40.378> from<08:06:41.100> zero

these we can have anywhere from zero

these we can have anywhere from zero
to<08:06:43.138> 9<08:06:43.440> and<08:06:43.920> that's<08:06:44.160> ten<08:06:44.638> options<08:06:45.180> in<08:06:45.660> each<08:06:45.840> one

to 9 and that's ten options in each one

to 9 and that's ten options in each one
of<08:06:46.138> those<08:06:46.320> spots

of those spots

of those spots
now<08:06:48.840> in<08:06:49.680> base<08:06:50.100> 2<08:06:50.940> numbering<08:06:51.478> system<08:06:51.660> which<08:06:52.020> is

now in base 2 numbering system which is

now in base 2 numbering system which is
binary<08:06:52.620> we<08:06:53.458> have<08:06:53.638> only<08:06:54.058> two<08:06:54.660> options<08:06:55.080> a<08:06:55.558> one<08:06:55.740> or

binary we have only two options a one or

binary we have only two options a one or
a<08:06:56.040> zero<08:06:56.280> in<08:06:56.398> either<08:06:56.580> one<08:06:56.760> of<08:06:56.878> those<08:06:56.940> places<08:06:57.240> and

a zero in either one of those places and

a zero in either one of those places and
in<08:06:58.080> computers<08:06:58.500> especially<08:06:59.040> in<08:06:59.398> a<08:07:00.058> lot<08:07:00.478> of<08:07:00.600> Ip

in computers especially in a lot of Ip

in computers especially in a lot of Ip
addressing<08:07:01.440> we<08:07:01.740> really<08:07:01.978> deal<08:07:02.420> with<08:07:03.420> the

addressing we really deal with the

addressing we really deal with the
difference<08:07:04.080> between<08:07:04.558> uh<08:07:05.458> eight<08:07:06.120> different

places

places
so<08:07:10.620> we're<08:07:10.798> going<08:07:10.978> to<08:07:11.100> call<08:07:11.478> these<08:07:12.478> eight<08:07:12.718> and

so we're going to call these eight and

so we're going to call these eight and
octet

octet

octet
so<08:07:15.120> this<08:07:15.360> eight<08:07:15.540> Place<08:07:15.780> binary<08:07:16.260> digit<08:07:16.680> is

so this eight Place binary digit is

so this eight Place binary digit is
referred<08:07:17.100> to<08:07:17.160> as<08:07:17.280> an<08:07:17.458> octet<08:07:17.760> because<08:07:18.000> there's

referred to as an octet because there's

referred to as an octet because there's
one<08:07:18.780> two<08:07:19.440> three<08:07:19.978> four<08:07:20.520> five<08:07:20.940> six<08:07:21.360> seven<08:07:21.660> eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight
of<08:07:22.378> them<08:07:22.500> and<08:07:22.920> you'll<08:07:23.040> see<08:07:23.218> these<08:07:23.458> numbers<08:07:23.580> pop

of them and you'll see these numbers pop

of them and you'll see these numbers pop
up<08:07:24.180> over<08:07:24.600> and<08:07:24.780> over<08:07:25.020> again<08:07:25.260> so<08:07:26.100> this<08:07:26.280> is<08:07:26.398> really

up over and over again so this is really

up over and over again so this is really
as<08:07:26.940> far<08:07:27.058> as<08:07:27.240> you<08:07:27.298> need<08:07:27.478> to<08:07:27.540> know<08:07:27.660> for<08:07:27.840> binary

as far as you need to know for binary

as far as you need to know for binary
although<08:07:28.500> you<08:07:28.680> can<08:07:28.740> go<08:07:28.920> even<08:07:29.040> further<08:07:29.458> so<08:07:30.180> if

although you can go even further so if

although you can go even further so if
we<08:07:30.420> look<08:07:30.660> at<08:07:30.958> this<08:07:31.200> octet<08:07:31.740> from<08:07:32.398> the<08:07:32.638> right

we look at this octet from the right

we look at this octet from the right
side<08:07:33.120> to<08:07:33.420> the<08:07:33.540> left

side to the left

side to the left
the<08:07:35.040> first<08:07:35.280> place<08:07:35.520> Mark<08:07:35.940> is<08:07:36.660> what<08:07:36.840> we<08:07:36.958> call

the first place Mark is what we call

the first place Mark is what we call
2<08:07:39.240> to<08:07:39.420> the<08:07:39.600> 0<08:07:39.718> power

2 to the 0 power

2 to the 0 power
right<08:07:41.100> if<08:07:41.458> we<08:07:41.638> were<08:07:41.878> talking<08:07:42.058> about<08:07:42.298> this<08:07:42.600> in

right if we were talking about this in

right if we were talking about this in
tens<08:07:43.558> this<08:07:44.100> would<08:07:44.218> be<08:07:44.398> the<08:07:44.580> ones<08:07:44.878> place<08:07:45.120> y

tens this would be the ones place y

tens this would be the ones place y
because<08:07:46.798> it's<08:07:47.040> 10<08:07:47.340> to<08:07:47.520> the<08:07:47.638> zero<08:07:48.000> power<08:07:48.120> which

because it's 10 to the zero power which

because it's 10 to the zero power which
is<08:07:48.718> ones<08:07:49.138> anything<08:07:49.860> taken<08:07:50.340> to<08:07:50.458> the<08:07:50.520> zero<08:07:50.878> power

is ones anything taken to the zero power

is ones anything taken to the zero power
is<08:07:51.660> one

is one

is one
next<08:07:53.580> we<08:07:54.000> have<08:07:54.120> 10<08:07:54.298> to<08:07:54.600> the<08:07:54.780> first<08:07:55.080> Power<08:07:55.440> which

next we have 10 to the first Power which

next we have 10 to the first Power which
is<08:07:56.160> going<08:07:56.280> to<08:07:56.340> equal<08:07:56.458> 2.<08:07:57.000> if<08:07:57.240> you<08:07:57.420> recall<08:07:57.660> we

is going to equal 2. if you recall we

is going to equal 2. if you recall we
call<08:07:57.958> this<08:07:58.138> the<08:07:58.320> tens<08:07:58.558> place<08:07:58.860> 10<08:07:59.580> to<08:07:59.820> the<08:07:59.940> one

call this the tens place 10 to the one

call this the tens place 10 to the one
power<08:08:00.360> means<08:08:01.080> 10<08:08:01.440> by<08:08:02.100> itself<08:08:02.458> is<08:08:03.298> 10.

power means 10 by itself is 10.

power means 10 by itself is 10.
then<08:08:05.638> we<08:08:05.820> have<08:08:05.940> 10<08:08:06.120> to<08:08:06.298> the<08:08:06.420> second<08:08:06.540> power

then we have 10 to the second power

then we have 10 to the second power
which<08:08:07.558> is<08:08:07.740> 4<08:08:08.040> and<08:08:08.458> if<08:08:08.638> you<08:08:08.820> recall<08:08:09.298> in<08:08:09.898> decimal

which is 4 and if you recall in decimal

which is 4 and if you recall in decimal
this<08:08:10.558> is<08:08:10.680> 10<08:08:10.798> to<08:08:10.978> the<08:08:11.160> second<08:08:11.340> which<08:08:12.058> would<08:08:12.298> be

this is 10 to the second which would be

this is 10 to the second which would be
10<08:08:12.718> times<08:08:12.958> 10<08:08:13.200> which<08:08:13.440> is<08:08:13.620> 100<08:08:13.740> you<08:08:14.218> can<08:08:14.340> see

10 times 10 which is 100 you can see

10 times 10 which is 100 you can see
where<08:08:14.580> this<08:08:14.760> is<08:08:14.940> going

where this is going

where this is going
so<08:08:16.740> 2<08:08:17.100> to<08:08:17.340> the<08:08:17.458> third<08:08:17.638> is<08:08:17.940> eight<08:08:18.240> two<08:08:19.020> to<08:08:19.200> the

so 2 to the third is eight two to the

so 2 to the third is eight two to the
fourth<08:08:19.680> equals<08:08:20.040> 16<08:08:20.420> 2<08:08:21.420> to<08:08:21.600> the<08:08:21.718> fifth<08:08:21.958> equals

fourth equals 16 2 to the fifth equals

fourth equals 16 2 to the fifth equals
32<08:08:22.798> 2<08:08:23.700> to<08:08:23.878> the<08:08:24.000> 6<08:08:24.120> equals<08:08:24.540> 64<08:08:25.020> and<08:08:25.798> 2<08:08:25.978> to<08:08:26.100> the<08:08:26.218> 7

32 2 to the 6 equals 64 and 2 to the 7

32 2 to the 6 equals 64 and 2 to the 7
equals<08:08:27.080> 128.<08:08:28.080> so<08:08:28.320> each<08:08:28.620> one<08:08:28.860> of<08:08:29.040> these<08:08:29.340> Place

equals 128. so each one of these Place

equals 128. so each one of these Place
markers<08:08:30.360> is<08:08:30.958> equivalent

to this number whether it's turned on or

to this number whether it's turned on or
off

now to help clarify this a bit each

now to help clarify this a bit each
place<08:08:44.040> here

place here

place here
has<08:08:45.540> one<08:08:45.840> of<08:08:46.020> two<08:08:46.320> options<08:08:46.680> correct<08:08:47.218> because

has one of two options correct because

has one of two options correct because
it's<08:08:47.878> base<08:08:48.120> two<08:08:48.420> if<08:08:49.320> it's<08:08:49.558> off<08:08:50.160> that<08:08:50.878> means

it's base two if it's off that means

it's base two if it's off that means
it's<08:08:51.240> a<08:08:51.478> zero<08:08:51.840> as<08:08:52.020> you<08:08:52.200> see<08:08:52.320> right<08:08:52.558> here<08:08:52.798> and

it's a zero as you see right here and

it's a zero as you see right here and
the<08:08:53.940> numbered<08:08:54.360> means<08:08:54.660> it's<08:08:54.840> not<08:08:55.138> being

the numbered means it's not being

the numbered means it's not being
counted<08:08:55.798> so<08:08:56.040> we<08:08:56.218> don't<08:08:56.398> count<08:08:56.760> any<08:08:57.120> of<08:08:57.240> these

counted so we don't count any of these

counted so we don't count any of these
numbers<08:08:57.540> we've<08:08:57.958> just<08:08:58.080> calculated<08:08:58.558> so<08:08:59.340> if<08:08:59.458> all

numbers we've just calculated so if all

numbers we've just calculated so if all
the<08:08:59.878> bits<08:09:00.180> are<08:09:00.360> off<08:09:00.478> that<08:09:00.898> means<08:09:01.138> that<08:09:01.320> we<08:09:01.440> have

the bits are off that means that we have

the bits are off that means that we have
a<08:09:01.740> number<08:09:01.860> of<08:09:02.100> zero

a number of zero

a number of zero
if<08:09:03.718> all<08:09:03.958> of<08:09:04.080> the<08:09:04.200> bits<08:09:04.500> are<08:09:04.680> on<08:09:04.920> then<08:09:05.820> this

if all of the bits are on then this

if all of the bits are on then this
means<08:09:06.360> we<08:09:06.660> add<08:09:07.080> each<08:09:07.558> of<08:09:07.740> the<08:09:07.860> numbers

means we add each of the numbers

means we add each of the numbers
together

together

together
so<08:09:10.798> we<08:09:10.978> get<08:09:11.100> 128<08:09:11.820> plus<08:09:12.120> 64<08:09:12.840> plus<08:09:13.740> 32<08:09:14.340> plus<08:09:14.638> 16

so we get 128 plus 64 plus 32 plus 16

so we get 128 plus 64 plus 32 plus 16
plus<08:09:15.420> 8<08:09:15.780> plus<08:09:16.080> 4<08:09:16.378> plus<08:09:16.680> 2<08:09:16.920> plus<08:09:17.160> 1<08:09:17.458> which<08:09:17.700> equals

plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 which equals

plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 which equals
255.<08:09:19.740> now<08:09:20.280> believe<08:09:20.520> it<08:09:20.700> or<08:09:20.760> not<08:09:20.878> you<08:09:21.180> can

255. now believe it or not you can

255. now believe it or not you can
create<08:09:21.478> any<08:09:22.080> combination<08:09:22.620> of<08:09:22.860> numbers<08:09:23.360> from

create any combination of numbers from

create any combination of numbers from
just<08:09:25.080> binary<08:09:25.680> you<08:09:26.040> don't<08:09:26.218> need<08:09:26.398> decimal<08:09:26.940> we're

just binary you don't need decimal we're

just binary you don't need decimal we're
going<08:09:27.540> to<08:09:27.600> see<08:09:27.718> that<08:09:27.840> in<08:09:28.020> just<08:09:28.138> a<08:09:28.320> second

going to see that in just a second

going to see that in just a second
so<08:09:29.580> for<08:09:29.760> example

so for example

so for example
let's<08:09:31.440> say<08:09:31.620> the<08:09:31.798> binary<08:09:32.160> number<08:09:32.780> is<08:09:33.780> uh

zero zero zero zero zero one one one

zero zero zero zero zero one one one
well<08:09:42.898> in<08:09:43.440> this<08:09:43.558> case<08:09:43.798> the<08:09:44.700> 128<08:09:45.420> 64<08:09:46.260> 32<08:09:46.978> 16<08:09:47.340> and<08:09:47.700> 8

well in this case the 128 64 32 16 and 8

well in this case the 128 64 32 16 and 8
Bits<08:09:48.360> are<08:09:48.958> all<08:09:49.200> off<08:09:49.500> the<08:09:50.100> only<08:09:50.218> ones<08:09:50.458> that<08:09:50.638> are

Bits are all off the only ones that are

Bits are all off the only ones that are
on<08:09:51.058> are<08:09:51.780> four<08:09:52.138> two<08:09:52.620> and<08:09:52.978> one<08:09:53.160> and<08:09:53.700> if<08:09:53.878> we<08:09:54.000> add

on are four two and one and if we add

on are four two and one and if we add
those<08:09:54.420> together<08:09:54.680> four<08:09:55.680> plus<08:09:56.160> two<08:09:56.638> plus<08:09:57.180> one

those together four plus two plus one

those together four plus two plus one
we'll<08:09:57.898> get<08:09:58.080> 7.

we'll get 7.

we'll get 7.
4<08:10:01.320> plus<08:10:01.620> 2<08:10:01.860> is<08:10:02.040> 6<08:10:02.280> plus<08:10:02.638> 1<08:10:02.940> is<08:10:03.120> 7.

4 plus 2 is 6 plus 1 is 7.

4 plus 2 is 6 plus 1 is 7.
if<08:10:04.920> we<08:10:05.100> take<08:10:05.340> another<08:10:05.700> number

if we take another number

if we take another number
say<08:10:08.398> 0<08:10:08.760> 1<08:10:09.180> 1<08:10:09.600> 0<08:10:10.138> 0<08:10:10.500> 1<08:10:10.860> 1<08:10:11.040> 0.

say 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.

say 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.
then<08:10:13.200> this<08:10:13.440> is<08:10:13.558> going<08:10:13.680> to<08:10:13.740> equate<08:10:14.100> to<08:10:14.520> 102.<08:10:15.240> why

then this is going to equate to 102. why

then this is going to equate to 102. why
64<08:10:17.780> plus<08:10:18.780> 32<08:10:19.740> equals<08:10:20.580> 96<08:10:21.180> plus<08:10:22.100> 4<08:10:23.100> equals<08:10:24.058> 100

64 plus 32 equals 96 plus 4 equals 100

64 plus 32 equals 96 plus 4 equals 100
plus<08:10:25.260> 2<08:10:25.680> equals<08:10:26.340> 102.

plus 2 equals 102.

plus 2 equals 102.
so<08:10:28.558> it's<08:10:28.680> pretty<08:10:28.920> simple<08:10:29.218> you<08:10:30.058> just<08:10:30.180> take<08:10:30.360> the

so it's pretty simple you just take the

so it's pretty simple you just take the
number<08:10:30.660> with<08:10:30.958> the<08:10:31.080> ones<08:10:31.320> under<08:10:31.500> it<08:10:31.680> and<08:10:31.798> add

number with the ones under it and add

number with the ones under it and add
them<08:10:32.160> together<08:10:32.340> so<08:10:33.000> now<08:10:33.120> that<08:10:33.298> we've

them together so now that we've

them together so now that we've
converted<08:10:34.280> binary<08:10:35.280> into<08:10:36.240> decimal<08:10:36.780> a<08:10:37.080> number

converted binary into decimal a number

converted binary into decimal a number
that<08:10:37.440> we<08:10:37.620> all<08:10:37.740> know<08:10:38.040> let's<08:10:39.000> go<08:10:39.298> ahead<08:10:39.540> and<08:10:39.780> see

that we all know let's go ahead and see

that we all know let's go ahead and see
if<08:10:40.020> we<08:10:40.080> can<08:10:40.200> convert<08:10:40.500> the<08:10:40.680> other<08:10:40.798> way<08:10:40.978> decimal

if we can convert the other way decimal

if we can convert the other way decimal
to<08:10:41.760> Binary<08:10:42.120> now<08:10:42.600> for<08:10:42.958> this<08:10:43.138> process<08:10:43.378> we're

to Binary now for this process we're

to Binary now for this process we're
going<08:10:43.798> to<08:10:43.860> use<08:10:44.040> the<08:10:44.280> same<08:10:44.458> exact<08:10:44.820> chart

going to use the same exact chart

going to use the same exact chart
that<08:10:46.138> we<08:10:46.378> just<08:10:46.558> saw

that we just saw

that we just saw
with<08:10:48.058> the<08:10:48.298> binary<08:10:48.660> conversion

with the binary conversion

with the binary conversion
and<08:10:50.280> this<08:10:50.458> chart<08:10:50.638> is<08:10:50.820> going<08:10:51.000> to<08:10:51.058> help<08:10:51.240> us

and this chart is going to help us

and this chart is going to help us
visually<08:10:51.958> represent<08:10:52.680> all<08:10:53.040> the<08:10:53.160> binary<08:10:53.520> digits

visually represent all the binary digits

visually represent all the binary digits
which<08:10:54.240> is<08:10:54.360> why<08:10:54.540> I<08:10:54.718> like<08:10:54.840> it<08:10:54.958> in<08:10:55.200> their

which is why I like it in their

which is why I like it in their
placeholders<08:10:55.978> and<08:10:56.398> it<08:10:56.520> makes<08:10:56.700> it<08:10:56.820> a<08:10:56.940> lot

placeholders and it makes it a lot

placeholders and it makes it a lot
easier<08:10:57.420> so<08:10:58.080> for<08:10:58.320> decimal<08:10:58.680> to<08:10:58.798> Binary<08:10:59.100> we

easier so for decimal to Binary we

easier so for decimal to Binary we
simply<08:10:59.580> go<08:10:59.700> from<08:10:59.940> left<08:11:00.120> to<08:11:00.298> right<08:11:00.478> and<08:11:01.138> break

simply go from left to right and break

simply go from left to right and break
down<08:11:01.680> the<08:11:01.978> number<08:11:02.240> until<08:11:03.240> we<08:11:03.718> reach<08:11:04.200> the<08:11:04.558> zero

down the number until we reach the zero

down the number until we reach the zero
so<08:11:05.458> let<08:11:05.820> me<08:11:06.058> break<08:11:06.478> that<08:11:06.660> down<08:11:06.840> a<08:11:07.020> little<08:11:07.080> bit

so let me break that down a little bit

so let me break that down a little bit
for<08:11:07.740> instance<08:11:07.978> if<08:11:08.218> we<08:11:08.340> take<08:11:08.458> the<08:11:08.700> number<08:11:08.878> 128

for instance if we take the number 128

for instance if we take the number 128
right<08:11:10.978> this<08:11:11.280> is<08:11:11.398> pretty<08:11:11.638> easy<08:11:11.878> to<08:11:12.180> convert<08:11:12.478> we

right this is pretty easy to convert we

right this is pretty easy to convert we
plug<08:11:13.080> it<08:11:13.200> into<08:11:13.320> this<08:11:13.558> chart<08:11:13.740> how<08:11:14.398> many<08:11:14.520> times

plug it into this chart how many times

plug it into this chart how many times
does<08:11:15.120> 128<08:11:15.780> go<08:11:16.260> into<08:11:16.500> 128

does 128 go into 128

does 128 go into 128
one<08:11:18.660> time

one time

one time
if<08:11:20.100> we<08:11:20.280> take<08:11:20.638> all<08:11:20.940> the<08:11:21.120> others<08:11:21.478> and<08:11:22.020> we

if we take all the others and we

if we take all the others and we
subtract<08:11:22.500> them<08:11:22.740> we're<08:11:22.920> going<08:11:23.040> to<08:11:23.100> have<08:11:23.218> zero

subtract them we're going to have zero

subtract them we're going to have zero
right<08:11:23.760> because<08:11:24.120> now<08:11:24.478> 128<08:11:25.260> minus<08:11:25.620> 128<08:11:26.040> is<08:11:26.280> zero

right because now 128 minus 128 is zero

right because now 128 minus 128 is zero
that<08:11:27.240> leaves<08:11:27.478> us<08:11:27.600> with<08:11:27.718> our<08:11:27.958> binary<08:11:28.378> number

that leaves us with our binary number

that leaves us with our binary number
one<08:11:30.718> zero<08:11:31.320> zero<08:11:31.740> zero<08:11:32.218> zero<08:11:32.580> zero<08:11:33.000> zero<08:11:33.360> zero

one zero zero zero zero zero zero zero

one zero zero zero zero zero zero zero
which<08:11:34.260> is<08:11:34.378> equivalent<08:11:34.798> to<08:11:35.040> 128.

which is equivalent to 128.

which is equivalent to 128.
now<08:11:37.260> if<08:11:37.500> we<08:11:37.680> take<08:11:37.920> a<08:11:38.040> look<08:11:38.160> at<08:11:38.340> a<08:11:38.520> different

now if we take a look at a different

now if we take a look at a different
number<08:11:38.940> let's<08:11:39.420> say<08:11:39.718> the<08:11:40.320> number<08:11:40.500> 218

number let's say the number 218

number let's say the number 218
this<08:11:43.920> is<08:11:44.040> going<08:11:44.160> to<08:11:44.218> take<08:11:44.340> a<08:11:44.520> little<08:11:44.638> more<08:11:44.878> math

this is going to take a little more math

this is going to take a little more math
does<08:11:47.040> 218<08:11:47.520> go<08:11:47.820> in<08:11:48.000> does<08:11:48.180> 128<08:11:48.660> go<08:11:48.840> into<08:11:48.958> 218<08:11:49.440> it

does 218 go in does 128 go into 218 it

does 218 go in does 128 go into 218 it
certainly<08:11:50.040> does

certainly does

certainly does
so<08:11:51.840> 218<08:11:52.378> minus<08:11:52.920> 128<08:11:53.580> has<08:11:54.298> a<08:11:54.478> remainder

so 218 minus 128 has a remainder

so 218 minus 128 has a remainder
of<08:11:55.920> a<08:11:56.040> certain<08:11:56.218> amount<08:11:56.520> which<08:11:57.420> is<08:11:57.600> 90.

of a certain amount which is 90.

of a certain amount which is 90.
does<08:11:59.700> 64<08:12:00.240> go<08:12:00.478> into<08:12:00.600> 90<08:12:00.840> it<08:12:01.200> does<08:12:01.378> we<08:12:02.040> now<08:12:02.160> have<08:12:02.340> a

does 64 go into 90 it does we now have a

does 64 go into 90 it does we now have a
remainder<08:12:02.940> of<08:12:03.058> 26.<08:12:04.020> does<08:12:04.860> 32<08:12:05.700> go<08:12:05.940> into<08:12:06.120> 26<08:12:06.600> no

remainder of 26. does 32 go into 26 no

remainder of 26. does 32 go into 26 no
it<08:12:07.200> doesn't<08:12:07.320> so<08:12:07.620> we<08:12:07.740> put<08:12:07.920> a<08:12:08.100> zero

it doesn't so we put a zero

it doesn't so we put a zero
does<08:12:10.080> 16<08:12:10.320> go<08:12:10.740> into<08:12:10.860> 26<08:12:11.398> yep<08:12:11.940> it<08:12:12.180> does<08:12:12.360> which

does 16 go into 26 yep it does which

does 16 go into 26 yep it does which
leaves<08:12:13.200> us<08:12:13.320> with<08:12:13.440> a<08:12:13.558> remainder<08:12:13.860> of<08:12:14.040> 10.

leaves us with a remainder of 10.

leaves us with a remainder of 10.
does<08:12:16.138> 8<08:12:16.500> go<08:12:16.798> into<08:12:16.920> 10<08:12:17.218> it<08:12:17.580> does<08:12:17.760> which<08:12:18.058> leaves

does 8 go into 10 it does which leaves

does 8 go into 10 it does which leaves
us<08:12:18.420> a<08:12:18.540> remainder<08:12:18.840> of<08:12:19.020> 2<08:12:19.260> does<08:12:19.920> 4<08:12:20.160> go<08:12:20.398> into<08:12:20.520> 2<08:12:20.760> it

us a remainder of 2 does 4 go into 2 it

us a remainder of 2 does 4 go into 2 it
does<08:12:21.420> not<08:12:21.660> so<08:12:22.260> that<08:12:22.500> leaves<08:12:22.740> us<08:12:22.860> with<08:12:22.978> zero<08:12:23.398> we

does not so that leaves us with zero we

does not so that leaves us with zero we
still<08:12:24.000> have<08:12:24.180> our<08:12:24.420> two<08:12:24.600> does<08:12:25.260> two<08:12:25.440> go<08:12:25.620> into<08:12:25.680> 2

still have our two does two go into 2

still have our two does two go into 2
yep<08:12:26.340> and<08:12:26.820> then<08:12:26.878> do<08:12:27.058> we<08:12:27.180> have<08:12:27.298> anything<08:12:27.478> left

yep and then do we have anything left

yep and then do we have anything left
over<08:12:27.898> nope<08:12:28.378> we're<08:12:28.558> at<08:12:28.680> zero<08:12:29.100> now<08:12:29.218> so<08:12:29.878> we<08:12:30.120> have

over nope we're at zero now so we have

over nope we're at zero now so we have
zero<08:12:30.718> if<08:12:31.260> we<08:12:31.440> now<08:12:31.620> add<08:12:31.860> all<08:12:32.040> those<08:12:32.218> up<08:12:32.398> this<08:12:32.820> is

zero if we now add all those up this is

zero if we now add all those up this is
our<08:12:33.180> binary<08:12:33.540> number<08:12:33.840> one<08:12:34.378> one<08:12:34.798> zero<08:12:35.458> one<08:12:35.638> one

our binary number one one zero one one

our binary number one one zero one one
zero<08:12:36.718> one<08:12:37.320> zero<08:12:38.218> now<08:12:38.878> while<08:12:39.058> this<08:12:39.240> might<08:12:39.420> seem

zero one zero now while this might seem

zero one zero now while this might seem
like<08:12:39.840> a<08:12:40.138> fairly<08:12:40.500> long<08:12:40.920> process<08:12:41.520> it's

like a fairly long process it's

like a fairly long process it's
important<08:12:42.718> to<08:12:42.898> understand<08:12:43.020> how<08:12:43.798> this<08:12:44.040> works

important to understand how this works

important to understand how this works
because<08:12:45.000> when<08:12:45.420> we<08:12:45.540> get<08:12:45.660> into<08:12:45.840> subnetting<08:12:46.620> it's

because when we get into subnetting it's

because when we get into subnetting it's
really<08:12:47.458> going<08:12:47.700> to<08:12:47.820> become<08:12:48.058> important<08:12:48.600> so<08:12:49.138> we

really going to become important so we

really going to become important so we
can<08:12:49.500> have<08:12:49.798> a<08:12:50.040> better<08:12:50.100> understanding<08:12:50.638> of

can have a better understanding of

can have a better understanding of
networking<08:12:51.360> in<08:12:51.600> general

so just to recap everything we've talked

so just to recap everything we've talked
about<08:12:56.580> we<08:12:57.360> described<08:12:57.780> these<08:12:58.200> protocols<08:12:58.680> in

about we described these protocols in

about we described these protocols in
the<08:12:58.920> tcpip<08:12:59.580> suite<08:13:00.180> first<08:13:00.840> TCP<08:13:01.620> transmission

the tcpip suite first TCP transmission

the tcpip suite first TCP transmission
control<08:13:02.700> and<08:13:03.180> IP<08:13:03.540> Internet<08:13:03.780> Protocol<08:13:04.320> one<08:13:05.280> is

control and IP Internet Protocol one is

control and IP Internet Protocol one is
connection<08:13:05.760> oriented

connection less

connection less
meaning<08:13:17.280> that<08:13:17.520> it<08:13:17.638> just<08:13:17.760> is<08:13:17.878> worried<08:13:18.180> about

meaning that it just is worried about

meaning that it just is worried about
delivery<08:13:18.958> remember<08:13:19.500> IP<08:13:20.160> is<08:13:20.398> what<08:13:20.638> is

delivery remember IP is what is

delivery remember IP is what is
responsible<08:13:21.420> for<08:13:22.200> that<08:13:22.378> IP<08:13:22.798> addressing

responsible for that IP addressing

responsible for that IP addressing
UDP<08:13:25.740> is<08:13:25.978> also<08:13:26.280> connection<08:13:26.580> less

UDP is also connection less

UDP is also connection less
similar<08:13:28.798> in<08:13:29.580> some<08:13:29.700> ways<08:13:29.940> to<08:13:30.120> TCP<08:13:30.840> but<08:13:31.558> it's<08:13:31.740> not

similar in some ways to TCP but it's not

similar in some ways to TCP but it's not
connection<08:13:32.218> oriented

connection oriented

connection oriented
then<08:13:34.558> we<08:13:34.740> had<08:13:34.860> ARP<08:13:35.340> and<08:13:35.458> reverse<08:13:35.820> ARP<08:13:36.298> address

then we had ARP and reverse ARP address

then we had ARP and reverse ARP address
resolution<08:13:37.378> protocol<08:13:38.000> which<08:13:39.000> job<08:13:39.360> is<08:13:39.600> to<08:13:39.958> map

resolution protocol which job is to map

resolution protocol which job is to map
IP<08:13:41.100> addresses

IP addresses

IP addresses
to<08:13:43.260> Mac<08:13:43.500> addresses

to Mac addresses

to Mac addresses
we<08:13:45.058> talked<08:13:45.298> about<08:13:45.558> icmp<08:13:46.558> which<08:13:47.218> is<08:13:47.398> what<08:13:47.638> we

we talked about icmp which is what we

we talked about icmp which is what we
use

use

use
when<08:13:49.200> we're<08:13:49.320> dealing<08:13:49.620> with<08:13:49.920> the<08:13:50.160> status<08:13:50.340> of<08:13:50.700> a

when we're dealing with the status of a

when we're dealing with the status of a
system

system

system
internet<08:13:53.100> control<08:13:53.760> message<08:13:54.540> protocol

internet control message protocol

internet control message protocol
and<08:13:56.340> then<08:13:56.458> we<08:13:56.638> talk<08:13:56.878> about<08:13:57.500> igmp<08:13:58.500> the<08:13:59.340> internet

and then we talk about igmp the internet

and then we talk about igmp the internet
group<08:13:59.940> management<08:14:00.780> protocol<08:14:01.700> which<08:14:02.700> is<08:14:03.000> more

group management protocol which is more

group management protocol which is more
dealing<08:14:03.660> with<08:14:04.320> multicast<08:14:04.978> groups

dealing with multicast groups

dealing with multicast groups
we<08:14:07.200> then<08:14:07.320> talked<08:14:07.740> very<08:14:08.040> briefly<08:14:08.398> about<08:14:08.580> the<08:14:08.940> IP

we then talked very briefly about the IP

we then talked very briefly about the IP
packet<08:14:09.718> delivery<08:14:10.080> process<08:14:10.440> which<08:14:10.860> was<08:14:10.978> pretty

packet delivery process which was pretty

packet delivery process which was pretty
simple<08:14:11.540> right<08:14:12.540> it's<08:14:13.020> packaged<08:14:13.680> it's<08:14:14.458> sent<08:14:14.700> we

simple right it's packaged it's sent we

simple right it's packaged it's sent we
determine<08:14:15.840> where<08:14:16.138> it<08:14:16.320> needs<08:14:16.558> to<08:14:16.680> go<08:14:16.920> once<08:14:17.820> it's

determine where it needs to go once it's

determine where it needs to go once it's
determined<08:14:18.298> where<08:14:18.420> it<08:14:18.540> needs<08:14:18.718> to<08:14:18.840> go<08:14:18.958> it's

determined where it needs to go it's

determined where it needs to go it's
sent<08:14:19.798> there

sent there

sent there
finally<08:14:21.420> we<08:14:22.080> explained<08:14:22.558> the<08:14:22.920> binary

finally we explained the binary

finally we explained the binary
conversion<08:14:24.000> which<08:14:24.660> is<08:14:24.780> going<08:14:24.898> to<08:14:25.020> be<08:14:25.080> really

conversion which is going to be really

conversion which is going to be really
important<08:14:25.680> for<08:14:25.920> IP<08:14:26.218> addressing<08:14:26.760> including

important for IP addressing including

important for IP addressing including
how<08:14:27.898> to<08:14:28.020> go<08:14:28.200> from<08:14:28.500> binary

how to go from binary

how to go from binary
which<08:14:30.360> is<08:14:30.600> a<08:14:31.320> base<08:14:32.520> 2<08:14:33.058> system

which is a base 2 system

which is a base 2 system
to<08:14:35.520> decimal

which is a base 10 system

which is a base 10 system
and<08:14:42.298> Back<08:14:42.540> Again

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP
addresses<08:15:12.718> and<08:15:13.200> subnetting

addresses and subnetting

addresses and subnetting
so<08:15:15.420> having<08:15:15.600> discussed<08:15:16.260> IP<08:15:16.740> addressing<08:15:17.218> and

so having discussed IP addressing and

so having discussed IP addressing and
routing<08:15:17.878> in<08:15:18.420> general<08:15:18.600> we're<08:15:19.378> now<08:15:19.558> going<08:15:19.740> to

routing in general we're now going to

routing in general we're now going to
further<08:15:20.218> examine<08:15:20.820> IP<08:15:21.540> addressing<08:15:22.080> and<08:15:22.680> the

further examine IP addressing and the

further examine IP addressing and the
methods<08:15:23.280> of<08:15:23.580> logically<08:15:24.120> not<08:15:24.660> physically

methods of logically not physically

methods of logically not physically
dividing<08:15:26.040> up<08:15:26.218> our<08:15:26.458> networks<08:15:26.940> this<08:15:27.660> way<08:15:27.840> we<08:15:28.260> can

dividing up our networks this way we can

dividing up our networks this way we can
keep<08:15:28.620> not<08:15:29.040> only<08:15:29.160> better<08:15:29.700> track<08:15:30.058> of<08:15:30.360> all<08:15:30.478> the

keep not only better track of all the

keep not only better track of all the
devices<08:15:30.898> on<08:15:31.200> the<08:15:31.320> network<08:15:31.440> but<08:15:31.978> also<08:15:32.218> organize

devices on the network but also organize

devices on the network but also organize
them<08:15:33.000> for<08:15:33.898> security<08:15:34.520> performance<08:15:35.520> and<08:15:35.820> other

them for security performance and other

them for security performance and other
reasons<08:15:36.958> after<08:15:37.378> we<08:15:37.558> complete<08:15:37.920> this<08:15:38.160> module

reasons after we complete this module

reasons after we complete this module
we're<08:15:38.760> going<08:15:38.878> to<08:15:38.940> have<08:15:39.058> a<08:15:39.180> better

we're going to have a better

we're going to have a better
understanding<08:15:39.958> of<08:15:40.500> how<08:15:40.740> our<08:15:40.920> network<08:15:41.160> devices

understanding of how our network devices

understanding of how our network devices
are<08:15:42.420> identified<08:15:42.840> both<08:15:43.798> by<08:15:44.280> other<08:15:44.458> devices<08:15:44.898> and

are identified both by other devices and

are identified both by other devices and
by<08:15:46.320> individuals<08:15:46.860> such<08:15:47.160> as<08:15:47.280> ourselves<08:15:47.700> since

by individuals such as ourselves since

by individuals such as ourselves since
we're<08:15:48.420> not<08:15:48.600> computers

we're not computers

we're not computers
so<08:15:50.398> first<08:15:50.760> we're<08:15:51.420> going<08:15:51.600> to<08:15:51.840> identify<08:15:52.378> what<08:15:52.920> a

so first we're going to identify what a

so first we're going to identify what a
network<08:15:53.340> address<08:15:53.760> is<08:15:54.180> versus<08:15:55.020> a<08:15:55.740> network<08:15:55.920> name

network address is versus a network name

network address is versus a network name
one<08:15:57.000> the<08:15:57.360> network<08:15:57.600> address<08:15:57.958> is<08:15:58.558> for<08:15:58.740> other

one the network address is for other

one the network address is for other
devices<08:15:59.340> a<08:16:00.180> network<08:16:00.360> name<08:16:00.780> is<08:16:01.200> really<08:16:01.440> for<08:16:01.740> us

devices a network name is really for us

devices a network name is really for us
since<08:16:02.340> it<08:16:02.520> would<08:16:02.638> be<08:16:02.760> difficult<08:16:02.940> for<08:16:03.240> us<08:16:03.360> to

since it would be difficult for us to

since it would be difficult for us to
remember<08:16:03.660> all<08:16:04.020> these<08:16:04.260> numbers<08:16:04.500> much<08:16:05.458> like

remember all these numbers much like

remember all these numbers much like
using<08:16:06.360> a<08:16:06.540> phone<08:16:06.718> number<08:16:06.958> and<08:16:07.440> a<08:16:07.620> cell<08:16:07.740> phone

using a phone number and a cell phone

using a phone number and a cell phone
next<08:16:09.298> we're<08:16:09.898> going<08:16:10.080> to<08:16:10.260> describe<08:16:10.740> the<08:16:11.240> ipv4

next we're going to describe the ipv4

next we're going to describe the ipv4
addressing<08:16:13.378> scheme<08:16:13.798> and<08:16:15.080> ipv4<08:16:16.080> is<08:16:16.320> important

addressing scheme and ipv4 is important

addressing scheme and ipv4 is important
to<08:16:16.920> know<08:16:17.398> because<08:16:17.878> even<08:16:18.660> though<08:16:18.898> we<08:16:19.200> have<08:16:19.320> a

to know because even though we have a

to know because even though we have a
newer<08:16:19.740> version<08:16:19.798> IPv6<08:16:20.840> ipv4<08:16:21.840> is<08:16:22.200> still

newer version IPv6 ipv4 is still

newer version IPv6 ipv4 is still
deployed<08:16:23.458> in<08:16:23.760> most<08:16:23.878> situations<08:16:24.420> and<08:16:24.898> it's

deployed in most situations and it's

deployed in most situations and it's
covered<08:16:25.500> to<08:16:25.798> the<08:16:25.978> most<08:16:26.160> extent<08:16:26.520> on<08:16:26.820> network

covered to the most extent on network

covered to the most extent on network
plus<08:16:27.360> when<08:16:27.958> we<08:16:28.080> get<08:16:28.200> to<08:16:28.320> IPv6<08:16:28.920> which<08:16:29.340> is

plus when we get to IPv6 which is

plus when we get to IPv6 which is
different<08:16:29.638> version<08:16:30.120> six<08:16:30.540> there<08:16:31.320> are<08:16:31.440> a<08:16:31.500> lot<08:16:31.558> of

different version six there are a lot of

different version six there are a lot of
benefits<08:16:31.978> then<08:16:32.218> we'll<08:16:32.458> describe<08:16:32.820> it<08:16:32.940> later

benefits then we'll describe it later

benefits then we'll describe it later
but<08:16:33.718> really<08:16:34.020> understanding<08:16:34.620> ipv4<08:16:35.520> is<08:16:36.240> really

but really understanding ipv4 is really

but really understanding ipv4 is really
important<08:16:36.958> after<08:16:37.558> we<08:16:37.798> take<08:16:37.978> a<08:16:38.040> look<08:16:38.160> at<08:16:38.280> that

important after we take a look at that

important after we take a look at that
we're<08:16:38.638> going<08:16:38.760> to<08:16:38.878> look<08:16:39.058> at<08:16:39.420> subnetting<08:16:40.260> and<08:16:40.558> a

we're going to look at subnetting and a

we're going to look at subnetting and a
subnet<08:16:41.160> mask<08:16:41.458> you<08:16:42.180> might<08:16:42.240> have<08:16:42.420> seen<08:16:42.718> this<08:16:43.020> and

subnet mask you might have seen this and

subnet mask you might have seen this and
these<08:16:44.520> are<08:16:44.638> the<08:16:44.760> numbers<08:16:44.940> and<08:16:45.420> we've<08:16:45.780> probably

these are the numbers and we've probably

these are the numbers and we've probably
mentioned<08:16:46.558> to<08:16:46.680> them<08:16:46.860> in<08:16:47.040> the<08:16:47.160> past<08:16:47.340> such<08:16:47.940> as

255.255.0.0 and so on and so forth and

255.255.0.0 and so on and so forth and
we're<08:16:53.340> going<08:16:53.458> to<08:16:53.520> describe<08:16:53.940> how<08:16:54.298> this<08:16:54.540> allows

we're going to describe how this allows

we're going to describe how this allows
us<08:16:55.080> to<08:16:55.440> separate<08:16:55.920> out<08:16:56.100> the<08:16:56.760> network<08:16:56.940> ID<08:16:57.298> from

us to separate out the network ID from

us to separate out the network ID from
the<08:16:58.080> node<08:16:58.260> ID<08:16:58.500> or<08:16:59.218> the<08:16:59.580> device's<08:17:00.120> ID<08:17:00.360> or

the node ID or the device's ID or

the node ID or the device's ID or
address<08:17:01.020> from<08:17:01.978> the<08:17:02.340> networks<08:17:03.120> address<08:17:03.360> much

address from the networks address much

address from the networks address much
like<08:17:04.138> our<08:17:04.500> ZIP<08:17:04.680> code<08:17:04.920> versus<08:17:05.458> our<08:17:05.878> street

like our ZIP code versus our street

like our ZIP code versus our street
address<08:17:06.540> after<08:17:07.500> that<08:17:07.740> we're<08:17:07.920> gonna<08:17:08.040> just

address after that we're gonna just

address after that we're gonna just
describe<08:17:09.298> the<08:17:09.780> rules<08:17:10.138> of<08:17:10.440> subnet<08:17:10.860> masks<08:17:11.280> and

describe the rules of subnet masks and

describe the rules of subnet masks and
their<08:17:11.760> IP<08:17:12.058> addresses<08:17:12.600> and<08:17:13.138> knowing<08:17:13.620> binary<08:17:14.160> is

their IP addresses and knowing binary is

their IP addresses and knowing binary is
really<08:17:14.760> going<08:17:15.000> to<08:17:15.180> help<08:17:15.298> us<08:17:15.478> understand<08:17:15.958> all

really going to help us understand all

really going to help us understand all
of<08:17:16.798> this<08:17:17.040> stuff

of this stuff

of this stuff
after<08:17:18.360> that<08:17:18.600> we're<08:17:18.898> going<08:17:19.138> to<08:17:19.878> apply<08:17:20.878> a<08:17:21.240> subnet

after that we're going to apply a subnet

after that we're going to apply a subnet
mask<08:17:21.840> to<08:17:22.260> an<08:17:22.440> IP<08:17:22.680> address<08:17:22.860> using<08:17:23.638> something

mask to an IP address using something

mask to an IP address using something
called<08:17:24.420> anding<08:17:25.320> which<08:17:25.620> again<08:17:25.740> gets<08:17:26.218> back<08:17:26.398> to

called anding which again gets back to

called anding which again gets back to
Binary<08:17:27.180> and<08:17:27.840> might<08:17:28.080> even<08:17:28.200> remind<08:17:28.440> you<08:17:28.620> of

Binary and might even remind you of

Binary and might even remind you of
something<08:17:28.920> you<08:17:29.160> learned<08:17:29.458> in<08:17:29.638> high<08:17:29.878> school

something you learned in high school

something you learned in high school
this<08:17:31.080> ending<08:17:31.558> principle<08:17:31.978> which<08:17:32.398> is<08:17:32.520> really

this ending principle which is really

this ending principle which is really
going<08:17:32.820> to<08:17:33.000> come<08:17:33.058> in<08:17:33.240> handy<08:17:33.540> again<08:17:34.020> this<08:17:34.320> is

going to come in handy again this is

going to come in handy again this is
something<08:17:34.620> that<08:17:34.860> we<08:17:35.040> only<08:17:35.160> have<08:17:35.340> to<08:17:35.458> do<08:17:35.638> now

something that we only have to do now

something that we only have to do now
with<08:17:36.000> ipv4<08:17:36.660> IPv6<08:17:37.500> doesn't<08:17:38.040> have<08:17:38.340> to<08:17:38.520> do<08:17:38.638> it<08:17:38.820> and

with ipv4 IPv6 doesn't have to do it and

with ipv4 IPv6 doesn't have to do it and
we'll<08:17:39.478> describe<08:17:39.958> why<08:17:40.200> finally<08:17:40.920> we're<08:17:41.160> going

we'll describe why finally we're going

we'll describe why finally we're going
to<08:17:41.398> take<08:17:41.520> a<08:17:41.638> look<08:17:41.700> at<08:17:41.878> what<08:17:42.120> are<08:17:42.240> called<08:17:42.420> custom

to take a look at what are called custom

to take a look at what are called custom
subnet<08:17:43.680> masks<08:17:44.160> which<08:17:44.580> are<08:17:44.700> slightly

subnet masks which are slightly

subnet masks which are slightly
different<08:17:45.120> from<08:17:45.600> these<08:17:46.200> default<08:17:46.558> ones<08:17:46.860> the

different from these default ones the

different from these default ones the
255<08:17:47.580> to<08:17:47.820> 255<08:17:48.298> to<08:17:48.478> 255s<08:17:49.320> and<08:17:49.740> so<08:17:49.860> on<08:17:50.520> so<08:17:51.058> having

255 to 255 to 255s and so on so having

255 to 255 to 255s and so on so having
said<08:17:51.600> all<08:17:51.780> that<08:17:51.898> let's<08:17:52.080> get<08:17:52.440> into<08:17:52.620> it<08:17:52.860> by

said all that let's get into it by

said all that let's get into it by
looking<08:17:53.280> at<08:17:53.580> Network<08:17:53.940> addresses<08:17:54.718> and<08:17:55.080> names

looking at Network addresses and names

looking at Network addresses and names
so<08:17:56.340> let's<08:17:56.520> begin<08:17:56.760> by<08:17:57.180> looking<08:17:57.360> at<08:17:57.660> how<08:17:57.898> nodes

so let's begin by looking at how nodes

so let's begin by looking at how nodes
on<08:17:58.500> a<08:17:58.680> network<08:17:58.798> are<08:17:59.458> identified<08:17:59.878> specifically

on a network are identified specifically

on a network are identified specifically
on<08:18:01.138> the<08:18:01.320> Internet<08:18:01.558> or<08:18:02.520> network<08:18:02.760> layer<08:18:03.240> if<08:18:03.660> you

on the Internet or network layer if you

on the Internet or network layer if you
recall<08:18:04.260> the<08:18:05.040> network

is layer 3 of The OSI model

is layer 3 of The OSI model
and<08:18:13.798> the<08:18:13.978> internet<08:18:14.160> layer

and the internet layer

and the internet layer
is<08:18:17.280> layer<08:18:17.878> 2<08:18:18.478> of<08:18:19.260> the<08:18:19.500> tcpip<08:18:20.280> model

so to begin a network address is

so to begin a network address is
assigned<08:18:27.180> to<08:18:27.360> every<08:18:27.660> device<08:18:27.898> and<08:18:28.200> I<08:18:28.320> think

assigned to every device and I think

assigned to every device and I think
we've<08:18:28.680> discussed<08:18:29.040> this<08:18:29.218> that<08:18:29.700> wants<08:18:30.058> to

we've discussed this that wants to

we've discussed this that wants to
communicate<08:18:30.660> on<08:18:31.020> a<08:18:31.138> computer<08:18:31.200> network<08:18:31.558> the

communicate on a computer network the

communicate on a computer network the
network<08:18:32.580> address<08:18:32.878> is<08:18:33.180> actually<08:18:33.360> made<08:18:33.600> up<08:18:33.780> of

network address is actually made up of

network address is actually made up of
two<08:18:34.978> parts<08:18:35.218> the<08:18:36.120> node<08:18:36.360> portion<08:18:36.898> that<08:18:37.620> belongs

two parts the node portion that belongs

two parts the node portion that belongs
to<08:18:39.080> the<08:18:40.080> specific<08:18:40.500> device<08:18:40.920> and<08:18:41.820> the<08:18:42.058> network

to the specific device and the network

to the specific device and the network
portion<08:18:42.780> which<08:18:43.080> identifies<08:18:43.620> what<08:18:44.160> network

portion which identifies what network

portion which identifies what network
the<08:18:44.820> device<08:18:45.000> belongs<08:18:45.600> to<08:18:45.780> I<08:18:46.440> think<08:18:46.620> I've<08:18:46.798> just

the device belongs to I think I've just

the device belongs to I think I've just
described<08:18:47.458> this<08:18:47.700> as<08:18:48.540> a<08:18:48.840> zip<08:18:49.020> code<08:18:49.260> which

described this as a zip code which

described this as a zip code which
describes<08:18:50.100> the<08:18:50.340> sort<08:18:50.580> of<08:18:50.700> network<08:18:51.058> or<08:18:51.718> the

describes the sort of network or the

describes the sort of network or the
area<08:18:52.080> you're<08:18:52.440> in<08:18:52.620> versus<08:18:53.280> your<08:18:53.878> street<08:18:54.180> number

area you're in versus your street number

area you're in versus your street number
and<08:18:55.080> your<08:18:55.260> street<08:18:55.440> address<08:18:55.740> which<08:18:56.340> is

and your street address which is

and your street address which is
specific<08:18:56.878> to<08:18:57.180> where<08:18:57.478> you<08:18:57.600> live<08:18:57.840> this<08:18:58.798> address

specific to where you live this address

specific to where you live this address
is<08:18:59.280> what<08:18:59.520> is<08:18:59.700> used<08:18:59.878> by<08:19:00.180> devices<08:19:00.660> for

is what is used by devices for

is what is used by devices for
identification<08:19:02.420> and<08:19:03.420> as<08:19:03.660> it's<08:19:03.780> only<08:19:03.958> made<08:19:04.200> up

identification and as it's only made up

identification and as it's only made up
of<08:19:04.740> numbers<08:19:05.240> whereas<08:19:06.240> a<08:19:06.478> network<08:19:06.660> name<08:19:07.558> is

of numbers whereas a network name is

of numbers whereas a network name is
made<08:19:08.218> up<08:19:08.458> of

made up of

made up of
um<08:19:10.020> letters<08:19:10.978> and<08:19:11.218> such<08:19:11.398> the<08:19:12.000> real<08:19:12.240> reason

um letters and such the real reason

um letters and such the real reason
being<08:19:13.138> readability<08:19:14.100> we<08:19:14.940> would<08:19:15.120> have<08:19:15.298> a<08:19:15.478> lot<08:19:15.540> of

being readability we would have a lot of

being readability we would have a lot of
trouble<08:19:15.958> remembering<08:19:16.740> we<08:19:17.100> already<08:19:17.218> have

trouble remembering we already have

trouble remembering we already have
trouble<08:19:17.580> remembering<08:19:18.058> a<08:19:18.240> phone<08:19:18.420> number<08:19:18.600> but

trouble remembering a phone number but

trouble remembering a phone number but
if<08:19:19.680> you<08:19:19.798> imagine<08:19:19.920> remembering<08:19:20.638> a<08:19:20.820> whole

if you imagine remembering a whole

if you imagine remembering a whole
binary<08:19:21.540> number<08:19:21.840> a<08:19:22.200> set<08:19:22.378> of<08:19:22.500> numbers<08:19:22.620> where

binary number a set of numbers where

binary number a set of numbers where
there<08:19:23.340> infinite<08:19:24.298> possibilities<08:19:24.840> unless

there infinite possibilities unless

there infinite possibilities unless
you're<08:19:25.558> using<08:19:25.860> it<08:19:25.978> a<08:19:26.100> lot<08:19:26.218> it's<08:19:26.398> easier<08:19:26.700> to

you're using it a lot it's easier to

you're using it a lot it's easier to
remember<08:19:27.000> a<08:19:27.840> name<08:19:28.080> such<08:19:28.798> as<08:19:29.218> the<08:19:29.760> conference

remember a name such as the conference

remember a name such as the conference
room<08:19:30.298> laptop<08:19:30.780> or<08:19:31.440> resource<08:19:32.340> server<08:19:32.700> one<08:19:32.878> than

room laptop or resource server one than

room laptop or resource server one than
it<08:19:33.600> is<08:19:33.718> to<08:19:33.840> remember<08:19:34.020> an<08:19:34.798> IP<08:19:35.040> address<08:19:35.280> which

it is to remember an IP address which

it is to remember an IP address which
might<08:19:35.878> be<08:19:36.058> something<08:19:36.240> like<08:19:36.540> 132.168.56.43

especially when there are a lot more

especially when there are a lot more
computers<08:19:42.058> involved<08:19:42.540> the<08:19:42.958> names<08:19:43.200> become<08:19:43.740> a

computers involved the names become a

computers involved the names become a
lot<08:19:44.280> easier<08:19:44.638> so<08:19:45.478> the<08:19:45.718> network<08:19:45.840> named<08:19:46.378> is

lot easier so the network named is

lot easier so the network named is
actually<08:19:46.920> mapped<08:19:47.820> to<08:19:48.600> the<08:19:49.558> address<08:19:49.798> or<08:19:50.100> the<08:19:50.280> IP

actually mapped to the address or the IP

actually mapped to the address or the IP
address<08:19:50.940> by<08:19:51.840> one<08:19:52.080> or<08:19:52.260> another<08:19:52.558> naming

address by one or another naming

address by one or another naming
services<08:19:53.700> and<08:19:54.180> some<08:19:54.298> of<08:19:54.420> these<08:19:54.540> we've

services and some of these we've

services and some of these we've
discussed<08:19:55.260> now<08:19:55.860> as<08:19:56.040> devices<08:19:56.398> only

discussed now as devices only

discussed now as devices only
communicate<08:19:57.540> with<08:19:57.840> each<08:19:58.020> other<08:19:58.200> by<08:19:58.740> their

communicate with each other by their

communicate with each other by their
Network<08:19:59.160> address<08:19:59.580> the<08:20:00.298> naming<08:20:00.660> service<08:20:00.840> is<08:20:01.138> a

Network address the naming service is a

Network address the naming service is a
really<08:20:01.558> crucial<08:20:02.160> to<08:20:02.638> the<08:20:02.820> operation<08:20:03.180> of<08:20:03.478> a

really crucial to the operation of a

really crucial to the operation of a
network<08:20:03.780> there<08:20:04.620> are<08:20:04.798> three<08:20:05.100> different

network there are three different

network there are three different
network<08:20:05.820> Services<08:20:06.240> used<08:20:06.780> that<08:20:07.378> you<08:20:07.500> should<08:20:07.620> be

network Services used that you should be

network Services used that you should be
aware<08:20:07.978> of<08:20:08.160> the<08:20:08.700> first<08:20:08.878> DNS<08:20:09.718> which<08:20:09.898> we've

aware of the first DNS which we've

aware of the first DNS which we've
mentioned<08:20:10.440> before<08:20:10.680> also<08:20:11.580> called<08:20:11.760> the<08:20:12.120> domain

mentioned before also called the domain

mentioned before also called the domain
name<08:20:13.200> service<08:20:13.620> is<08:20:14.160> an<08:20:14.398> Aiming<08:20:14.700> service<08:20:14.878> that's

name service is an Aiming service that's

name service is an Aiming service that's
used<08:20:15.478> on<08:20:15.840> the<08:20:15.958> internet<08:20:16.080> in<08:20:16.558> most<08:20:16.798> networks

used on the internet in most networks

used on the internet in most networks
it's<08:20:17.878> what<08:20:18.120> allows<08:20:18.478> for<08:20:18.780> instance<08:20:19.020> you<08:20:19.260> to

it's what allows for instance you to

it's what allows for instance you to
type<08:20:19.620> in<08:20:19.920> Google

type in Google

type in Google
dot<08:20:22.558> com<08:20:22.620> which<08:20:23.458> we<08:20:23.638> would<08:20:23.878> call<08:20:24.120> a<08:20:24.660> fully

dot com which we would call a fully

dot com which we would call a fully
qualified<08:20:26.360> domain<08:20:27.360> name<08:20:27.840> and<08:20:28.620> it<08:20:28.860> will

qualified domain name and it will

qualified domain name and it will
translate<08:20:29.398> that<08:20:30.240> to<08:20:31.020> the<08:20:31.200> IP<08:20:31.558> address<08:20:31.860> of

translate that to the IP address of

translate that to the IP address of
Google<08:20:32.760> whatever<08:20:33.180> that<08:20:33.540> might<08:20:33.780> be

Google whatever that might be

Google whatever that might be
the<08:20:35.100> next<08:20:35.218> naming<08:20:35.638> service<08:20:35.820> is<08:20:36.240> Windows

the next naming service is Windows

the next naming service is Windows
specific<08:20:37.020> and<08:20:37.320> it's<08:20:37.500> called<08:20:37.798> wins<08:20:38.520> or<08:20:38.820> the

specific and it's called wins or the

specific and it's called wins or the
windows<08:20:39.718> internet<08:20:40.020> naming<08:20:40.740> service<08:20:40.978> it's

windows internet naming service it's

windows internet naming service it's
really<08:20:42.000> outdated<08:20:42.660> and<08:20:43.558> it<08:20:43.860> was<08:20:43.978> used<08:20:44.218> on

really outdated and it was used on

really outdated and it was used on
Windows<08:20:45.000> networks<08:20:45.600> the<08:20:46.320> only<08:20:46.440> reason<08:20:46.620> I

Windows networks the only reason I

Windows networks the only reason I
mention<08:20:47.100> it<08:20:47.340> is<08:20:47.638> you<08:20:47.940> might<08:20:48.180> see<08:20:48.478> it<08:20:48.660> mentioned

mention it is you might see it mentioned

mention it is you might see it mentioned
in<08:20:49.440> a<08:20:49.558> test<08:20:49.740> question<08:20:49.978> and<08:20:50.280> it<08:20:50.398> might<08:20:50.580> help<08:20:50.820> you

in a test question and it might help you

in a test question and it might help you
but<08:20:51.540> you're<08:20:51.660> really<08:20:51.840> not<08:20:52.020> going<08:20:52.200> to<08:20:52.260> see<08:20:52.378> it

but you're really not going to see it

but you're really not going to see it
used<08:20:52.680> in<08:20:52.920> the<08:20:53.040> field<08:20:53.280> much<08:20:53.878> anymore<08:20:54.200> and

used in the field much anymore and

used in the field much anymore and
finally<08:20:55.500> we<08:20:55.920> have<08:20:56.040> one<08:20:56.280> called<08:20:56.520> net<08:20:57.120> bios

finally we have one called net bios

finally we have one called net bios
which<08:20:57.958> is<08:20:58.138> a<08:20:58.440> broadcast<08:20:58.978> type<08:20:59.700> of<08:20:59.878> service

which is a broadcast type of service

which is a broadcast type of service
that<08:21:00.840> has<08:21:01.020> a<08:21:01.320> maximum<08:21:01.740> length<08:21:02.660> of<08:21:03.660> uh<08:21:04.080> 15

that has a maximum length of uh 15

that has a maximum length of uh 15
characters

and it was used or still is used to a

and it was used or still is used to a
certain<08:21:11.580> extent<08:21:12.000> on<08:21:12.298> Windows<08:21:12.660> networks<08:21:13.138> as

certain extent on Windows networks as

certain extent on Windows networks as
well<08:21:13.500> a<08:21:14.340> good<08:21:14.520> understanding<08:21:15.000> of<08:21:15.298> all<08:21:15.600> of

well a good understanding of all of

well a good understanding of all of
these<08:21:15.958> Network<08:21:16.138> identification<08:21:16.920> aspects

these Network identification aspects

these Network identification aspects
addresses<08:21:18.898> and<08:21:19.260> names<08:21:19.760> is<08:21:20.760> important<08:21:21.240> at<08:21:21.718> this

addresses and names is important at this

addresses and names is important at this
very<08:21:22.080> fundamental<08:21:22.620> level

very fundamental level

very fundamental level
so<08:21:23.760> now<08:21:23.940> that<08:21:24.120> we<08:21:24.298> sort<08:21:24.478> of<08:21:24.540> have<08:21:24.718> a<08:21:24.898> general

so now that we sort of have a general

so now that we sort of have a general
overview<08:21:25.620> of<08:21:26.340> these<08:21:26.580> let's<08:21:26.760> take<08:21:27.000> a<08:21:27.120> look<08:21:27.240> at

overview of these let's take a look at

overview of these let's take a look at
some<08:21:27.958> of<08:21:28.080> the<08:21:28.200> specific<08:21:28.440> type<08:21:28.920> of<08:21:29.280> network

some of the specific type of network

some of the specific type of network
addressing<08:21:30.240> specifically

addressing specifically

addressing specifically
ipv4<08:21:32.780> now<08:21:33.780> ipv4<08:21:34.878> ipv4<08:21:36.138> addresses<08:21:37.138> is<08:21:37.260> a<08:21:37.558> very

ipv4 now ipv4 ipv4 addresses is a very

ipv4 now ipv4 ipv4 addresses is a very
important<08:21:38.398> aspect<08:21:38.878> of<08:21:39.298> networking<08:21:39.898> for<08:21:40.680> any

important aspect of networking for any

important aspect of networking for any
administrator<08:21:41.878> or<08:21:42.378> technician<08:21:43.378> or<08:21:43.620> even<08:21:43.798> just

administrator or technician or even just

administrator or technician or even just
you<08:21:44.580> know<08:21:44.638> it<08:21:45.058> guy<08:21:45.540> to<08:21:46.260> understand

you know it guy to understand

you know it guy to understand
it<08:21:48.180> is<08:21:48.420> a<08:21:48.840> 32-bit<08:21:49.680> binary<08:21:50.638> address<08:21:51.058> that's

it is a 32-bit binary address that's

it is a 32-bit binary address that's
used<08:21:52.260> to<08:21:52.500> identify<08:21:53.160> and<08:21:53.760> differentiate<08:21:54.360> nodes

used to identify and differentiate nodes

used to identify and differentiate nodes
on<08:21:55.200> a<08:21:55.378> network<08:21:55.500> in<08:21:56.398> other<08:21:56.458> words<08:21:56.700> it<08:21:57.420> is<08:21:57.600> your

on a network in other words it is your

on a network in other words it is your
address<08:21:58.558> on<08:21:59.218> the<08:21:59.340> network<08:21:59.458> or<08:22:00.000> your<08:22:00.420> social

address on the network or your social

address on the network or your social
security<08:22:01.200> number<08:22:01.680> with<08:22:02.580> the<08:22:02.820> ipv4<08:22:03.540> addressing

security number with the ipv4 addressing

security number with the ipv4 addressing
scheme<08:22:04.740> being<08:22:05.160> a<08:22:05.660> 32-bit<08:22:06.660> address<08:22:07.080> and<08:22:07.740> you

scheme being a 32-bit address and you

scheme being a 32-bit address and you
can<08:22:07.978> see<08:22:08.218> if<08:22:08.458> we<08:22:08.638> counted<08:22:09.058> each<08:22:09.240> one<08:22:09.420> of<08:22:09.540> these

can see if we counted each one of these

can see if we counted each one of these
up<08:22:09.780> remember<08:22:10.020> a<08:22:10.440> bit<08:22:10.558> is<08:22:11.160> either<08:22:11.398> 0<08:22:12.240> or<08:22:12.540> 1<08:22:12.780> and

up remember a bit is either 0 or 1 and

up remember a bit is either 0 or 1 and
we<08:22:13.260> can<08:22:13.378> count<08:22:13.558> up<08:22:13.798> there<08:22:14.160> are<08:22:14.340> 32<08:22:14.940> of<08:22:15.180> these

we can count up there are 32 of these

we can count up there are 32 of these
this<08:22:16.020> means<08:22:16.320> that<08:22:16.500> there<08:22:16.680> are<08:22:16.860> theoretically

this means that there are theoretically

this means that there are theoretically
up<08:22:18.360> to

up to

up to
4.29<08:22:20.638> billion

4.29 billion

4.29 billion
addresses<08:22:24.180> available<08:22:24.958> now<08:22:25.920> that<08:22:26.160> might<08:22:26.398> not

addresses available now that might not

addresses available now that might not
sound<08:22:27.058> uh<08:22:27.718> like<08:22:27.898> we're<08:22:28.080> ever<08:22:28.200> going<08:22:28.440> to<08:22:28.558> hit

sound uh like we're ever going to hit

sound uh like we're ever going to hit
that<08:22:28.920> but<08:22:29.398> in<08:22:29.580> fact<08:22:29.700> we've<08:22:30.058> already<08:22:30.240> gotten

that but in fact we've already gotten

that but in fact we've already gotten
there<08:22:30.898> and<08:22:31.378> so<08:22:31.558> part<08:22:31.798> of<08:22:31.920> the<08:22:32.040> problem<08:22:32.160> is<08:22:32.398> how

there and so part of the problem is how

there and so part of the problem is how
do<08:22:32.760> we<08:22:32.878> share<08:22:33.180> 4.29<08:22:34.080> billion<08:22:34.558> devices<08:22:35.180> with

do we share 4.29 billion devices with

do we share 4.29 billion devices with
our<08:22:36.420> 4.29<08:22:37.200> billion<08:22:37.680> addresses<08:22:38.398> with<08:22:39.180> even

our 4.29 billion addresses with even

our 4.29 billion addresses with even
more<08:22:40.020> billions<08:22:40.500> devices<08:22:40.920> in<08:22:41.520> the<08:22:41.638> world<08:22:41.820> so

more billions devices in the world so

more billions devices in the world so
this<08:22:42.958> 32-bit<08:22:43.920> address<08:22:44.280> which<08:22:45.058> is<08:22:45.180> why<08:22:45.420> we've

this 32-bit address which is why we've

this 32-bit address which is why we've
had<08:22:45.840> to<08:22:46.200> develop<08:22:46.620> another<08:22:46.978> one<08:22:47.280> called<08:22:47.580> IPv6

had to develop another one called IPv6

had to develop another one called IPv6
but<08:22:49.138> anyway<08:22:49.320> I<08:22:49.558> digress<08:22:49.920> the<08:22:50.760> 32-bit<08:22:51.360> address

but anyway I digress the 32-bit address

but anyway I digress the 32-bit address
is<08:22:52.260> broken<08:22:52.378> up<08:22:52.680> into<08:22:53.058> four<08:22:54.058> octets<08:22:54.780> this<08:22:55.680> makes

is broken up into four octets this makes

is broken up into four octets this makes
it<08:22:56.218> easier<08:22:56.580> for<08:22:57.240> people<08:22:57.478> to<08:22:57.780> remember<08:22:57.958> and<08:22:58.320> to

it easier for people to remember and to

it easier for people to remember and to
read

read

read
and<08:23:00.058> you<08:23:00.240> can<08:23:00.360> see<08:23:00.540> those<08:23:00.780> here<08:23:01.320> and<08:23:01.620> if<08:23:01.798> you've

and you can see those here and if you've

and you can see those here and if you've
ever<08:23:02.458> seen<08:23:02.820> like<08:23:03.058> a

ever seen like a

ever seen like a
192.168.0.1<08:23:04.920> those<08:23:05.160> are<08:23:05.340> the<08:23:05.398> four<08:23:05.580> octets

192.168.0.1 those are the four octets

192.168.0.1 those are the four octets
this<08:23:07.260> system<08:23:07.558> and<08:23:08.040> structure<08:23:08.398> of<08:23:08.580> these

this system and structure of these

this system and structure of these
address<08:23:08.940> schemes<08:23:09.540> is<08:23:10.080> governed<08:23:10.440> and<08:23:10.558> managed

address schemes is governed and managed

address schemes is governed and managed
by<08:23:11.280> two<08:23:11.520> standard<08:23:11.940> organizations<08:23:12.478> one<08:23:13.260> is

by two standard organizations one is

by two standard organizations one is
called<08:23:13.620> the<08:23:13.920> a<08:23:14.160> i<08:23:14.458> a<08:23:14.700> n<08:23:15.000> a

which stands for the internet assigned

which stands for the internet assigned
numbers<08:23:20.160> Authority<08:23:20.878> and<08:23:21.478> the<08:23:21.660> other<08:23:21.718> is

numbers Authority and the other is

numbers Authority and the other is
called<08:23:22.260> the<08:23:22.620> rir<08:23:23.218> or<08:23:23.760> the<08:23:23.878> regional<08:23:24.298> internet

called the rir or the regional internet

called the rir or the regional internet
registry<08:23:25.378> I<08:23:25.978> wouldn't<08:23:26.040> worry<08:23:26.340> about

registry I wouldn't worry about

registry I wouldn't worry about
memorizing<08:23:27.120> these<08:23:27.240> I'm<08:23:27.478> just<08:23:27.600> mentioning

memorizing these I'm just mentioning

memorizing these I'm just mentioning
them<08:23:28.200> so<08:23:28.440> you<08:23:28.620> know<08:23:28.798> sort<08:23:29.040> of<08:23:29.160> who's<08:23:29.398> coming<08:23:29.760> up

them so you know sort of who's coming up

them so you know sort of who's coming up
with<08:23:30.058> all<08:23:30.240> this<08:23:30.360> stuff

with all this stuff

with all this stuff
now<08:23:31.740> every<08:23:31.978> device<08:23:32.218> on<08:23:32.520> the<08:23:32.638> network<08:23:32.760> is<08:23:33.120> going

now every device on the network is going

now every device on the network is going
to<08:23:33.360> have<08:23:33.540> its<08:23:33.958> own<08:23:34.080> unique<08:23:34.978> address

to have its own unique address

to have its own unique address
so<08:23:36.600> there<08:23:36.840> are<08:23:37.020> two<08:23:37.320> types<08:23:37.920> of<08:23:38.580> addresses<08:23:39.240> in

so there are two types of addresses in

so there are two types of addresses in
general<08:23:39.898> one<08:23:40.558> is<08:23:40.740> called<08:23:40.978> class<08:23:41.398> full<08:23:41.700> and

general one is called class full and

general one is called class full and
these<08:23:42.420> are<08:23:42.600> default<08:23:43.200> addresses<08:23:43.920> and<08:23:44.458> the

these are default addresses and the

these are default addresses and the
other<08:23:44.700> are<08:23:44.940> called<08:23:45.120> class<08:23:45.600> less<08:23:45.898> which<08:23:46.260> are

other are called class less which are

other are called class less which are
custom<08:23:46.860> addresses<08:23:47.638> we're<08:23:48.120> going<08:23:48.298> to<08:23:48.360> talk

custom addresses we're going to talk

custom addresses we're going to talk
about<08:23:48.718> the<08:23:49.080> class<08:23:49.260> less<08:23:49.558> ones<08:23:50.100> in<08:23:50.820> a<08:23:51.058> later

about the class less ones in a later

about the class less ones in a later
module<08:23:52.020> and<08:23:52.680> we're<08:23:52.860> going<08:23:52.978> to<08:23:53.040> Define<08:23:53.218> both<08:23:53.760> of

module and we're going to Define both of

module and we're going to Define both of
these<08:23:54.180> in<08:23:54.780> Greater<08:23:55.200> detail<08:23:55.680> a<08:23:55.978> little<08:23:56.100> bit

these in Greater detail a little bit

these in Greater detail a little bit
later<08:23:56.458> on

later on

later on
as<08:23:58.020> a<08:23:58.200> network<08:23:58.320> address<08:23:58.680> it's<08:23:59.040> also<08:23:59.340> made<08:23:59.458> up

as a network address it's also made up

as a network address it's also made up
of<08:23:59.820> two<08:24:00.120> parts<08:24:00.500> the<08:24:01.500> network<08:24:01.680> portion<08:24:02.298> and<08:24:03.298> the

of two parts the network portion and the

of two parts the network portion and the
node<08:24:03.718> portion<08:24:04.200> let<08:24:04.378> me<08:24:04.500> just<08:24:04.620> erase<08:24:04.978> all<08:24:05.100> this

node portion let me just erase all this

node portion let me just erase all this
writing<08:24:05.638> here<08:24:05.760> so<08:24:05.940> you<08:24:06.058> can<08:24:06.180> see<08:24:06.298> exactly<08:24:06.660> what

writing here so you can see exactly what

writing here so you can see exactly what
I<08:24:07.080> mean<08:24:07.260> in<08:24:08.160> order<08:24:08.280> to<08:24:08.580> tell<08:24:08.760> now<08:24:09.240> in<08:24:09.718> this

I mean in order to tell now in this

I mean in order to tell now in this
section

section

section
you<08:24:11.820> can<08:24:11.940> see<08:24:12.058> the<08:24:12.240> network<08:24:12.298> portion<08:24:12.780> are<08:24:12.898> the

you can see the network portion are the

you can see the network portion are the
first<08:24:13.200> two<08:24:13.500> octets<08:24:13.978> and<08:24:14.638> the<08:24:14.820> node<08:24:14.940> portion<08:24:15.360> of

first two octets and the node portion of

first two octets and the node portion of
the<08:24:15.600> last<08:24:15.718> two<08:24:15.898> octets<08:24:16.320> but<08:24:16.740> that<08:24:16.860> is<08:24:17.040> not

the last two octets but that is not

the last two octets but that is not
always<08:24:17.700> the<08:24:18.058> case<08:24:18.240> in<08:24:19.080> fact<08:24:19.200> if<08:24:19.558> we<08:24:19.680> were<08:24:19.860> to

always the case in fact if we were to

always the case in fact if we were to
just<08:24:20.100> take<08:24:20.280> those<08:24:20.458> away<08:24:20.700> for<08:24:21.000> a<08:24:21.120> second<08:24:21.378> uh<08:24:22.378> and

just take those away for a second uh and

just take those away for a second uh and
this<08:24:22.860> is<08:24:22.978> how<08:24:23.160> the<08:24:23.280> computer<08:24:23.458> looks<08:24:23.940> at<08:24:24.000> them

this is how the computer looks at them

this is how the computer looks at them
we<08:24:24.718> can't<08:24:24.840> actually<08:24:25.080> tell<08:24:25.440> which<08:24:25.798> is<08:24:25.978> which

we can't actually tell which is which

we can't actually tell which is which
and<08:24:26.878> that's<08:24:26.940> why<08:24:27.180> we<08:24:27.360> need<08:24:27.478> something<08:24:27.780> called

and that's why we need something called

and that's why we need something called
a<08:24:28.440> subnet<08:24:28.860> mask<08:24:29.160> the<08:24:29.458> subnet<08:24:29.820> mask<08:24:30.058> allows<08:24:30.660> us

a subnet mask the subnet mask allows us

a subnet mask the subnet mask allows us
to<08:24:31.320> determine<08:24:31.620> which<08:24:31.920> is<08:24:32.100> the<08:24:32.280> network

to determine which is the network

to determine which is the network
portion<08:24:32.940> and<08:24:33.780> which<08:24:34.020> is<08:24:34.440> the<08:24:34.680> node<08:24:34.860> portion

portion and which is the node portion

portion and which is the node portion
that<08:24:36.240> way<08:24:36.420> we<08:24:36.958> know<08:24:37.080> for<08:24:37.378> instance<08:24:37.620> where<08:24:38.040> the

that way we know for instance where the

that way we know for instance where the
area<08:24:39.058> code<08:24:39.420> of<08:24:39.600> the<08:24:39.718> phone<08:24:39.898> number<08:24:40.080> begins<08:24:40.740> and

area code of the phone number begins and

area code of the phone number begins and
the<08:24:41.760> rest<08:24:41.878> of<08:24:42.000> the<08:24:42.058> number<08:24:42.298> ends<08:24:42.780> so<08:24:43.200> the

the rest of the number ends so the

the rest of the number ends so the
network<08:24:43.558> portion<08:24:44.040> would<08:24:44.218> be<08:24:44.340> like<08:24:44.580> the<08:24:44.878> area

network portion would be like the area

network portion would be like the area
code<08:24:45.298> of<08:24:45.540> your<08:24:45.660> phone<08:24:45.840> number<08:24:46.020> or<08:24:46.798> the

code of your phone number or the

code of your phone number or the
international<08:24:47.280> code<08:24:47.878> it<08:24:48.120> tells<08:24:48.420> you<08:24:48.478> which

international code it tells you which

international code it tells you which
network<08:24:49.200> that<08:24:49.978> is<08:24:50.100> on<08:24:50.280> the<08:24:50.760> Node<08:24:50.878> portion

network that is on the Node portion

network that is on the Node portion
tells<08:24:51.600> you<08:24:51.718> exactly<08:24:52.080> which<08:24:52.378> phone<08:24:52.680> on<08:24:53.160> that

tells you exactly which phone on that

tells you exactly which phone on that
Network<08:24:53.580> we're<08:24:54.058> going<08:24:54.240> to<08:24:54.360> try<08:24:54.420> reaching<08:24:54.840> out

Network we're going to try reaching out

Network we're going to try reaching out
to<08:24:55.080> so<08:24:56.040> we're<08:24:56.458> going<08:24:56.820> to<08:24:57.298> further<08:24:57.840> logically

to so we're going to further logically

to so we're going to further logically
again<08:24:59.040> not<08:24:59.520> physically<08:24:59.898> divide<08:25:00.898> a<08:25:01.440> network

again not physically divide a network

again not physically divide a network
into<08:25:02.520> smaller<08:25:03.058> sub<08:25:03.360> networks<08:25:03.958> called<08:25:04.680> sub

into smaller sub networks called sub

into smaller sub networks called sub
Nets

Nets

Nets
now<08:25:08.520> this<08:25:08.940> logical<08:25:09.298> division<08:25:09.718> is<08:25:10.020> beneficial

now this logical division is beneficial

now this logical division is beneficial
because<08:25:11.218> of<08:25:11.520> three<08:25:11.820> reasons<08:25:12.420> one<08:25:13.080> it<08:25:13.920> can

because of three reasons one it can

because of three reasons one it can
effectively<08:25:14.760> increase<08:25:15.180> the<08:25:15.718> efficiency<08:25:16.200> in

effectively increase the efficiency in

effectively increase the efficiency in
packet<08:25:16.920> routing<08:25:17.340> because<08:25:18.058> if<08:25:18.600> I<08:25:18.718> know<08:25:18.958> that<08:25:19.580> my

packet routing because if I know that my

packet routing because if I know that my
information<08:25:21.180> is<08:25:21.840> destined<08:25:22.260> for<08:25:22.558> a<08:25:22.860> specific

information is destined for a specific

information is destined for a specific
Network<08:25:23.700> I<08:25:24.058> don't<08:25:24.180> have<08:25:24.360> to<08:25:24.540> bother<08:25:24.840> with

Network I don't have to bother with

Network I don't have to bother with
asking<08:25:25.798> let's<08:25:26.040> say<08:25:26.280> 5<08:25:27.058> 000<08:25:27.120> or<08:25:27.298> 5<08:25:27.540> million<08:25:27.898> or

asking let's say 5 000 or 5 million or

asking let's say 5 000 or 5 million or
five<08:25:28.378> billion<08:25:28.860> computers<08:25:29.340> if<08:25:29.700> I'm<08:25:30.180> meant<08:25:30.718> for

five billion computers if I'm meant for

five billion computers if I'm meant for
them<08:25:31.080> I<08:25:31.680> can<08:25:31.798> go<08:25:31.978> directly<08:25:32.458> to<08:25:32.638> the<08:25:32.820> network

them I can go directly to the network

them I can go directly to the network
where<08:25:33.420> I<08:25:33.540> want<08:25:33.660> to<08:25:33.780> go<08:25:33.958> just<08:25:34.440> like<08:25:34.558> with<08:25:34.860> area

where I want to go just like with area

where I want to go just like with area
codes<08:25:35.398> and<08:25:35.760> phone<08:25:35.940> numbers<08:25:36.120> the<08:25:37.020> next<08:25:37.138> is<08:25:37.378> it

codes and phone numbers the next is it

codes and phone numbers the next is it
allows<08:25:37.798> for<08:25:37.978> better<08:25:38.218> management<08:25:38.580> of<08:25:39.120> multiple

allows for better management of multiple

allows for better management of multiple
networks<08:25:39.898> within<08:25:40.260> a<08:25:40.440> single<08:25:40.620> Organization

networks within a single Organization

networks within a single Organization
for<08:25:42.240> instance<08:25:42.540> if<08:25:42.780> I'm<08:25:42.958> a<08:25:43.200> network

for instance if I'm a network

for instance if I'm a network
administrator<08:25:44.040> it<08:25:44.520> might<08:25:44.700> be<08:25:44.878> easier<08:25:45.240> to<08:25:45.540> have

administrator it might be easier to have

administrator it might be easier to have
separate<08:25:46.260> subnets<08:25:46.860> so<08:25:47.340> I<08:25:47.520> can<08:25:47.700> organize<08:25:48.360> who's

separate subnets so I can organize who's

separate subnets so I can organize who's
on<08:25:49.200> which<08:25:49.378> subnet<08:25:49.920> so<08:25:50.100> that<08:25:50.340> way<08:25:50.520> not<08:25:51.120> only<08:25:51.298> are

on which subnet so that way not only are

on which subnet so that way not only are
things<08:25:51.898> going<08:25:52.138> to<08:25:52.260> be<08:25:52.378> routed<08:25:52.920> more

things going to be routed more

things going to be routed more
efficiently<08:25:53.580> for<08:25:53.878> that<08:25:54.120> person<08:25:54.298> but<08:25:54.600> it's

efficiently for that person but it's

efficiently for that person but it's
easier<08:25:54.958> for<08:25:55.080> me<08:25:55.200> to<08:25:55.378> manage<08:25:55.680> on<08:25:55.978> paper<08:25:56.218> and<08:25:57.120> uh

easier for me to manage on paper and uh

easier for me to manage on paper and uh
in<08:25:58.138> my<08:25:58.200> administrative<08:25:58.740> duties<08:25:59.280> and<08:26:00.000> finally

in my administrative duties and finally

in my administrative duties and finally
it<08:26:00.478> potentially<08:26:00.840> offers<08:26:01.200> a<08:26:01.378> certain<08:26:01.500> level<08:26:01.740> of

it potentially offers a certain level of

it potentially offers a certain level of
security<08:26:02.280> since<08:26:03.240> I'm<08:26:03.600> only<08:26:03.840> going<08:26:04.080> to<08:26:04.260> be<08:26:04.378> able

security since I'm only going to be able

security since I'm only going to be able
to<08:26:04.860> access<08:26:05.160> easily<08:26:06.000> information<08:26:06.540> that's<08:26:06.958> on

to access easily information that's on

to access easily information that's on
the<08:26:07.260> same<08:26:07.378> net<08:26:07.620> work<08:26:08.100> or<08:26:08.280> sub<08:26:08.458> Network<08:26:08.700> that

the same net work or sub Network that

the same net work or sub Network that
I'm<08:26:09.180> on

I'm on

I'm on
now<08:26:10.620> a<08:26:10.920> subnetted<08:26:11.458> ipv4<08:26:12.360> address<08:26:12.660> is<08:26:13.138> actually

now a subnetted ipv4 address is actually

now a subnetted ipv4 address is actually
comprised<08:26:13.978> of<08:26:14.458> three<08:26:14.700> different<08:26:14.878> parts<08:26:15.320> the

comprised of three different parts the

comprised of three different parts the
netid

netid

netid
the<08:26:18.240> host<08:26:18.420> ID

the host ID

the host ID
and<08:26:20.160> the<08:26:20.458> subnet<08:26:20.878> ID

and the subnet ID

and the subnet ID
now<08:26:22.920> if<08:26:23.100> a<08:26:23.280> device<08:26:23.520> on<08:26:24.058> a<08:26:24.240> subnetted<08:26:24.840> tcpip

now if a device on a subnetted tcpip

now if a device on a subnetted tcpip
network<08:26:26.040> wants<08:26:26.520> to<08:26:26.580> communicate<08:26:27.240> it's<08:26:27.898> going

network wants to communicate it's going

network wants to communicate it's going
to<08:26:28.440> need<08:26:28.798> to<08:26:29.218> be<08:26:29.340> configured<08:26:29.878> with<08:26:30.360> an<08:26:30.600> IP

to need to be configured with an IP

to need to be configured with an IP
address<08:26:31.398> and<08:26:32.398> a<08:26:32.700> subnet<08:26:33.058> mask<08:26:33.298> and<08:26:33.600> we'll<08:26:33.718> look

address and a subnet mask and we'll look

address and a subnet mask and we'll look
at<08:26:33.958> these<08:26:34.138> in<08:26:34.260> just<08:26:34.378> a<08:26:34.558> second<08:26:34.680> the<08:26:35.520> subnet

at these in just a second the subnet

at these in just a second the subnet
mask<08:26:36.180> is<08:26:36.660> what<08:26:36.898> is<08:26:37.020> used<08:26:37.320> to<08:26:37.740> identify<08:26:38.458> the

mask is what is used to identify the

mask is what is used to identify the
subnet<08:26:39.958> that<08:26:40.740> each<08:26:40.920> node<08:26:41.280> belongs<08:26:41.820> to<08:26:41.940> this

subnet that each node belongs to this

subnet that each node belongs to this
also<08:26:42.958> allows<08:26:43.260> us<08:26:43.378> to<08:26:43.620> determine<08:26:44.040> which

also allows us to determine which

also allows us to determine which
network<08:26:44.760> it's<08:26:45.420> on<08:26:45.920> connectivity<08:26:46.920> devices

network it's on connectivity devices

network it's on connectivity devices
such<08:26:47.760> as<08:26:47.878> routers<08:26:48.540> or<08:26:49.138> upper<08:26:49.440> layer<08:26:49.798> switches

such as routers or upper layer switches

such as routers or upper layer switches
and<08:26:50.760> we're<08:26:50.878> talking<08:26:51.120> about<08:26:51.500> layer<08:26:52.500> 3<08:26:52.680> devices

and we're talking about layer 3 devices

and we're talking about layer 3 devices
here<08:26:53.700> and<08:26:54.240> remember<08:26:54.420> layer<08:26:54.958> 3<08:26:55.138> devices<08:26:55.500> look

here and remember layer 3 devices look

here and remember layer 3 devices look
at<08:26:56.398> IP<08:26:56.940> addresses

at IP addresses

at IP addresses
not<08:26:58.860> just<08:26:59.040> Mac<08:26:59.398> addresses

not just Mac addresses

not just Mac addresses
are<08:27:02.100> used<08:27:02.340> on<08:27:02.700> the<08:27:02.878> borders<08:27:03.240> of<08:27:03.478> these

are used on the borders of these

are used on the borders of these
networks<08:27:04.138> to<08:27:04.680> manage<08:27:04.978> the<08:27:05.218> data<08:27:05.580> passage

networks to manage the data passage

networks to manage the data passage
between<08:27:06.420> and<08:27:06.840> within<08:27:07.138> the<08:27:07.320> network<08:27:07.500> that's

between and within the network that's

between and within the network that's
how<08:27:08.580> we're<08:27:08.760> going<08:27:08.878> to<08:27:09.000> get<08:27:09.058> better<08:27:09.240> routing

how we're going to get better routing

how we're going to get better routing
efficiency<08:27:10.138> easier<08:27:10.920> management<08:27:11.218> and

efficiency easier management and

efficiency easier management and
potentially<08:27:11.940> make<08:27:12.180> it<08:27:12.298> more<08:27:12.540> secure<08:27:12.840> because

potentially make it more secure because

potentially make it more secure because
if<08:27:14.458> I<08:27:14.580> have<08:27:14.760> any<08:27:15.058> one<08:27:15.298> network<08:27:15.478> and<08:27:15.840> I<08:27:16.020> have<08:27:16.200> a

if I have any one network and I have a

if I have any one network and I have a
let's<08:27:17.580> say<08:27:17.760> a<08:27:17.940> switch

let's say a switch

let's say a switch
we'll<08:27:19.680> put<08:27:19.920> this<08:27:20.100> a<08:27:20.280> switch<08:27:20.540> and<08:27:21.540> it<08:27:21.718> has<08:27:21.840> four

we'll put this a switch and it has four

we'll put this a switch and it has four
computers<08:27:22.620> on<08:27:22.798> it<08:27:22.920> and<08:27:23.100> then<08:27:23.218> I<08:27:23.398> have<08:27:23.520> another

computers on it and then I have another

computers on it and then I have another
switch

switch

switch
and<08:27:25.620> these<08:27:25.978> are<08:27:26.160> layer<08:27:26.458> 2<08:27:26.580> switches<08:27:27.600> okay

and each of these let's say we have our

and each of these let's say we have our
different<08:27:33.840> subnets<08:27:34.558> then<08:27:35.218> I'm<08:27:35.398> going<08:27:35.580> to

different subnets then I'm going to

different subnets then I'm going to
divide<08:27:36.058> these<08:27:36.420> up

by a router which now is going to make

by a router which now is going to make
sure<08:27:41.520> that<08:27:41.760> data<08:27:42.180> that's<08:27:42.360> going<08:27:42.600> here<08:27:42.958> kind<08:27:43.620> of

sure that data that's going here kind of

sure that data that's going here kind of
gets<08:27:43.920> bounced<08:27:44.280> back<08:27:44.398> unless<08:27:44.760> it's<08:27:45.000> meant<08:27:45.420> for

gets bounced back unless it's meant for

gets bounced back unless it's meant for
this<08:27:46.260> guy<08:27:46.440> and<08:27:46.620> this<08:27:46.798> way<08:27:46.978> we're<08:27:47.100> really

this guy and this way we're really

this guy and this way we're really
reducing<08:27:47.820> the<08:27:48.240> traffic<08:27:48.600> on<08:27:49.020> it

reducing the traffic on it

reducing the traffic on it
now<08:27:50.100> a<08:27:50.340> subnet<08:27:50.760> mask<08:27:50.958> is<08:27:51.958> like<08:27:52.378> an<08:27:52.558> IP<08:27:52.860> address

now a subnet mask is like an IP address

now a subnet mask is like an IP address
a<08:27:53.940> 32-bit<08:27:54.718> binary<08:27:55.500> address<08:27:55.860> broken<08:27:56.700> up<08:27:57.000> into

a 32-bit binary address broken up into

a 32-bit binary address broken up into
four<08:27:57.840> octets<08:27:58.440> and<08:27:58.978> a<08:27:59.160> dotted<08:27:59.520> decimal<08:28:00.058> format

four octets and a dotted decimal format

four octets and a dotted decimal format
just<08:28:01.200> like<08:28:01.500> an<08:28:01.798> IP<08:28:02.100> address

just like an IP address

just like an IP address
and<08:28:03.718> it's<08:28:03.898> used<08:28:04.200> to<08:28:04.620> separate<08:28:05.100> the<08:28:05.940> network

and it's used to separate the network

and it's used to separate the network
portion<08:28:06.718> from<08:28:07.500> the<08:28:07.920> node<08:28:08.100> portion<08:28:08.580> I'm<08:28:08.760> going

portion from the node portion I'm going

portion from the node portion I'm going
to show<08:28:09.120> you<08:28:09.180> how<08:28:09.478> that<08:28:09.600> works<08:28:09.958> in<08:28:10.260> just<08:28:10.378> a

to show you how that works in just a

to show you how that works in just a
minute<08:28:10.680> and<08:28:11.160> it<08:28:11.280> involves<08:28:11.638> a<08:28:11.760> little<08:28:11.940> bit

minute and it involves a little bit

minute and it involves a little bit
knowledge<08:28:12.420> of<08:28:12.600> binary<08:28:13.020> which<08:28:13.260> we've<08:28:13.378> already

knowledge of binary which we've already

knowledge of binary which we've already
talked<08:28:13.860> about<08:28:14.458> so<08:28:14.940> the<08:28:15.180> subnet<08:28:15.600> mask<08:28:16.080> and<08:28:16.378> that

talked about so the subnet mask and that

talked about so the subnet mask and that
name<08:28:16.740> mask<08:28:17.100> sort<08:28:17.580> of<08:28:17.700> lets<08:28:18.420> you<08:28:18.540> think<08:28:19.138> of<08:28:19.260> it

name mask sort of lets you think of it

name mask sort of lets you think of it
as<08:28:19.500> being<08:28:19.740> put<08:28:19.978> onto<08:28:20.458> the<08:28:20.638> IP<08:28:21.000> address<08:28:21.180> is

as being put onto the IP address is

as being put onto the IP address is
applied<08:28:22.378> to<08:28:22.500> that<08:28:22.620> IP<08:28:22.978> address<08:28:23.218> and<08:28:24.058> removes

applied to that IP address and removes

applied to that IP address and removes
the<08:28:25.020> node<08:28:25.260> ID<08:28:25.620> the<08:28:26.520> subnet<08:28:26.878> mask<08:28:27.058> therefore

the node ID the subnet mask therefore

the node ID the subnet mask therefore
eliminates<08:28:28.200> removes<08:28:29.040> an<08:28:29.218> entire<08:28:29.520> octet<08:28:30.120> of

eliminates removes an entire octet of

eliminates removes an entire octet of
the<08:28:30.478> IP<08:28:30.718> address<08:28:30.898> by<08:28:31.860> using<08:28:32.280> eight<08:28:32.700> binary

the IP address by using eight binary

the IP address by using eight binary
ones<08:28:33.780> or<08:28:34.080> 255<08:28:34.680> in<08:28:34.920> decimal<08:28:35.340> format<08:28:35.700> meaning

ones or 255 in decimal format meaning

ones or 255 in decimal format meaning
that<08:28:37.138> this<08:28:37.378> 255<08:28:38.160> if<08:28:38.520> we<08:28:38.638> add<08:28:38.820> it<08:28:39.000> up<08:28:39.180> in<08:28:39.298> binary

that this 255 if we add it up in binary

that this 255 if we add it up in binary
would<08:28:40.978> be<08:28:41.100> one<08:28:41.458> two<08:28:41.760> three<08:28:42.240> four<08:28:42.780> five<08:28:43.260> six

would be one two three four five six

would be one two three four five six
seven<08:28:44.218> eight

seven eight

seven eight
one<08:28:46.500> two<08:28:46.798> three<08:28:47.218> four<08:28:47.638> five<08:28:48.058> six<08:28:48.420> seven<08:28:48.780> eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight
one<08:28:50.218> two<08:28:50.520> three<08:28:50.878> four<08:28:51.298> five<08:28:51.718> six<08:28:52.080> seven<08:28:52.440> eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight
and<08:28:53.700> then<08:28:53.878> this<08:28:54.298> would<08:28:54.718> be<08:28:54.898> one<08:28:55.378> two<08:28:55.680> three

and then this would be one two three

and then this would be one two three
four<08:28:56.520> five<08:28:57.000> six<08:28:57.360> seven<08:28:57.660> eight<08:28:57.958> so<08:28:58.500> meaning

four five six seven eight so meaning

four five six seven eight so meaning
that<08:28:59.040> a<08:28:59.218> 255<08:29:00.020> equals<08:29:01.020> eight

that a 255 equals eight

that a 255 equals eight
ones<08:29:03.180> which<08:29:03.898> is<08:29:03.958> the<08:29:04.080> reason<08:29:04.200> why<08:29:04.500> an<08:29:04.740> IP

ones which is the reason why an IP

ones which is the reason why an IP
address<08:29:05.160> can<08:29:05.520> never<08:29:05.700> be<08:29:06.320> 255.<08:29:07.320> and<08:29:08.160> if<08:29:08.458> this<08:29:08.580> is

address can never be 255. and if this is

address can never be 255. and if this is
a<08:29:08.760> little<08:29:08.820> confusing<08:29:09.180> that's<08:29:09.420> okay<08:29:09.540> we're

a little confusing that's okay we're

a little confusing that's okay we're
about<08:29:10.020> to<08:29:10.200> clarify<08:29:10.620> that<08:29:10.798> in<08:29:10.978> just<08:29:11.100> a<08:29:11.280> second

about to clarify that in just a second

about to clarify that in just a second
so<08:29:13.160> IP<08:29:14.160> addresses<08:29:15.058> IP<08:29:15.840> address<08:29:16.020> assignments

so IP addresses IP address assignments

so IP addresses IP address assignments
and<08:29:17.160> subnet<08:29:17.700> masks<08:29:18.120> all<08:29:18.478> have<08:29:18.660> to<08:29:18.840> follow<08:29:19.080> a

and subnet masks all have to follow a

and subnet masks all have to follow a
certain<08:29:20.218> set<08:29:20.458> of<08:29:20.580> rules<08:29:21.000> I'm<08:29:21.420> going<08:29:21.540> to

certain set of rules I'm going to

certain set of rules I'm going to
describe<08:29:22.020> the<08:29:22.138> rules<08:29:22.378> and<08:29:22.558> then<08:29:22.680> I'm<08:29:22.798> going<08:29:22.920> to

describe the rules and then I'm going to

describe the rules and then I'm going to
apply<08:29:23.340> them<08:29:23.580> so<08:29:24.120> if<08:29:24.420> some<08:29:24.540> of<08:29:24.660> this<08:29:24.780> is<08:29:24.958> a

apply them so if some of this is a

apply them so if some of this is a
little<08:29:25.200> confusing<08:29:25.620> or<08:29:25.798> over<08:29:25.978> your<08:29:26.160> head<08:29:26.398> keep

little confusing or over your head keep

little confusing or over your head keep
paying<08:29:27.360> attention<08:29:27.660> keep<08:29:28.080> with<08:29:28.260> me<08:29:28.440> and<08:29:28.680> I

paying attention keep with me and I

paying attention keep with me and I
think<08:29:28.920> it's<08:29:29.040> going<08:29:29.218> to<08:29:29.280> clarify<08:29:29.760> itself

think it's going to clarify itself

think it's going to clarify itself
the<08:29:31.260> first<08:29:31.440> is<08:29:32.160> that<08:29:32.520> the<08:29:33.120> ones<08:29:33.540> in<08:29:34.440> a<08:29:34.680> subnet

the first is that the ones in a subnet

the first is that the ones in a subnet
mask<08:29:35.398> will<08:29:36.240> always<08:29:36.478> start<08:29:36.958> at<08:29:37.740> the<08:29:37.920> left

mask will always start at the left

mask will always start at the left
meaning<08:29:39.298> the<08:29:40.200> first<08:29:40.378> octet<08:29:41.100> will<08:29:41.820> always<08:29:42.120> be

meaning the first octet will always be

meaning the first octet will always be
255<08:29:43.740> or<08:29:44.398> 8<08:29:44.638> binary<08:29:45.120> ones<08:29:45.540> so<08:29:46.440> my<08:29:47.218> I<08:29:47.458> my<08:29:47.820> subnet

255 or 8 binary ones so my I my subnet

255 or 8 binary ones so my I my subnet
mask<08:29:48.420> I'm<08:29:48.660> always<08:29:48.780> going<08:29:48.958> to<08:29:49.020> start<08:29:49.200> at<08:29:49.378> the

mask I'm always going to start at the

mask I'm always going to start at the
left<08:29:49.680> when<08:29:49.920> I'm<08:29:50.100> writing<08:29:50.398> it<08:29:50.520> out

this says that the first octet is going

this says that the first octet is going
to<08:30:00.660> be<08:30:00.718> 255<08:30:01.440> which<08:30:01.740> means<08:30:02.040> 8<08:30:02.398> Bits

to be 255 which means 8 Bits

to be 255 which means 8 Bits
now<08:30:03.958> the<08:30:04.260> zeros<08:30:04.620> of<08:30:04.860> the<08:30:05.040> Mask<08:30:05.160> will<08:30:05.820> always

now the zeros of the Mask will always

now the zeros of the Mask will always
start

start

start
at<08:30:07.680> the<08:30:07.920> one<08:30:08.040> bit

at the one bit

at the one bit
or<08:30:09.298> all<08:30:09.540> the<08:30:09.660> way<08:30:09.660> on<08:30:09.898> the<08:30:10.080> right

or all the way on the right

or all the way on the right
meaning<08:30:11.580> that<08:30:12.120> I'm<08:30:12.298> going<08:30:12.420> to<08:30:12.478> have<08:30:12.600> zeros

meaning that I'm going to have zeros

meaning that I'm going to have zeros
from<08:30:13.320> the<08:30:13.440> right

from the right

from the right
and<08:30:15.120> ones<08:30:15.478> from<08:30:15.718> the<08:30:15.840> left

and ones from the left

and ones from the left
and<08:30:17.280> the<08:30:17.700> ones<08:30:18.120> in<08:30:18.718> The<08:30:18.840> Mask<08:30:19.020> have<08:30:19.378> to<08:30:19.620> be

and the ones in The Mask have to be

and the ones in The Mask have to be
adjoining<08:30:20.780> adjoining<08:30:21.780> or<08:30:22.138> con<08:30:22.558> consistent<08:30:23.340> or

adjoining adjoining or con consistent or

adjoining adjoining or con consistent or
continuous<08:30:24.540> or<08:30:24.898> contiguous<08:30:25.440> whichever<08:30:25.860> word

continuous or contiguous whichever word

continuous or contiguous whichever word
you<08:30:26.340> want<08:30:26.458> to<08:30:26.580> use<08:30:26.760> meaning<08:30:27.540> once<08:30:28.138> there<08:30:28.320> is<08:30:28.500> a

you want to use meaning once there is a

you want to use meaning once there is a
zero<08:30:29.280> we<08:30:30.240> cannot<08:30:30.660> then<08:30:31.080> go<08:30:31.440> back<08:30:31.680> to<08:30:31.920> ones<08:30:32.340> so

zero we cannot then go back to ones so

zero we cannot then go back to ones so
we're<08:30:33.058> not<08:30:33.180> going<08:30:33.360> to<08:30:33.420> see<08:30:33.600> like<08:30:33.898> this<08:30:34.620> sort<08:30:34.798> of

we're not going to see like this sort of

we're not going to see like this sort of
thing<08:30:35.100> happen

thing happen

thing happen
in<08:30:37.620> fact<08:30:37.740> we<08:30:38.218> have<08:30:38.340> to<08:30:38.580> have<08:30:38.820> continuous<08:30:39.540> ones

in fact we have to have continuous ones

in fact we have to have continuous ones
from<08:30:40.138> the<08:30:40.320> left<08:30:40.500> and<08:30:41.458> continuous<08:30:41.878> zeros<08:30:42.360> from

from the left and continuous zeros from

from the left and continuous zeros from
the<08:30:43.080> right

the right

the right
this<08:30:44.160> is<08:30:44.280> the<08:30:44.458> only<08:30:44.580> way<08:30:44.760> a<08:30:45.120> subnet<08:30:45.420> mask<08:30:45.660> is

this is the only way a subnet mask is

this is the only way a subnet mask is
going<08:30:46.138> to<08:30:46.260> work<08:30:46.378> and<08:30:46.978> I'll<08:30:47.100> talk<08:30:47.280> about<08:30:47.458> why<08:30:47.760> in

going to work and I'll talk about why in

going to work and I'll talk about why in
just<08:30:48.180> a<08:30:48.298> minute

just a minute

just a minute
also<08:30:50.638> if<08:30:50.760> there<08:30:50.940> is<08:30:51.058> more<08:30:51.240> than<08:30:51.420> one<08:30:51.718> subnet<08:30:52.200> on

also if there is more than one subnet on

also if there is more than one subnet on
a<08:30:52.620> network<08:30:53.000> every<08:30:54.000> subnet<08:30:54.478> has<08:30:54.898> to<08:30:55.080> have<08:30:55.378> a

a network every subnet has to have a

a network every subnet has to have a
unique<08:30:56.160> network<08:30:56.878> ID<08:30:57.420> and<08:30:58.200> I'll<08:30:58.378> explain<08:30:58.558> this

unique network ID and I'll explain this

unique network ID and I'll explain this
in<08:30:59.040> a<08:30:59.218> bit<08:30:59.340> but<08:30:59.760> it<08:30:59.940> makes<08:31:00.058> sense<08:31:00.298> if<08:31:00.718> I<08:31:00.898> have<08:31:01.138> a

in a bit but it makes sense if I have a

in a bit but it makes sense if I have a
different<08:31:02.458> network<08:31:02.820> IDs

different network IDs

different network IDs
then<08:31:04.680> I'm<08:31:04.860> not<08:31:05.100> really<08:31:05.458> I'm<08:31:06.360> sorry<08:31:06.540> if<08:31:06.660> I<08:31:06.780> have

then I'm not really I'm sorry if I have

then I'm not really I'm sorry if I have
similar<08:31:07.320> Network<08:31:07.500> IDs<08:31:08.040> then<08:31:08.458> I'm<08:31:08.638> not<08:31:08.820> really

similar Network IDs then I'm not really

similar Network IDs then I'm not really
dealing<08:31:09.478> with<08:31:09.780> multiple<08:31:10.620> networks<08:31:10.978> I'm

dealing with multiple networks I'm

dealing with multiple networks I'm
dealing<08:31:11.458> with<08:31:11.580> the<08:31:11.760> same<08:31:11.940> network

dealing with the same network

dealing with the same network
now<08:31:13.320> assignment<08:31:13.860> of<08:31:14.100> IP<08:31:14.458> addresses<08:31:15.058> have<08:31:15.600> to

now assignment of IP addresses have to

now assignment of IP addresses have to
follow<08:31:16.020> a<08:31:16.260> few<08:31:16.440> more<08:31:16.620> rules<08:31:16.920> so<08:31:17.040> these<08:31:17.280> are<08:31:17.340> the

follow a few more rules so these are the

follow a few more rules so these are the
subnet<08:31:17.820> masks<08:31:18.660> first<08:31:19.138> there<08:31:19.620> cannot<08:31:19.920> be<08:31:20.040> any

subnet masks first there cannot be any

subnet masks first there cannot be any
duplicate<08:31:20.878> IP<08:31:21.420> addresses<08:31:22.020> on<08:31:22.798> the<08:31:22.920> network

duplicate IP addresses on the network

duplicate IP addresses on the network
this<08:31:24.180> means<08:31:24.600> that<08:31:25.020> every<08:31:25.378> Network<08:31:25.620> every

this means that every Network every

this means that every Network every
device<08:31:26.458> has<08:31:26.820> to<08:31:27.000> have<08:31:27.120> its<08:31:27.540> own<08:31:27.718> unique

device has to have its own unique

device has to have its own unique
IP<08:31:30.120> address<08:31:30.440> we<08:31:31.440> cannot<08:31:31.740> have<08:31:32.100> more<08:31:32.458> than<08:31:32.638> one

IP address we cannot have more than one

IP address we cannot have more than one
device<08:31:33.058> with<08:31:33.660> the<08:31:33.898> same<08:31:34.020> IP<08:31:34.378> address<08:31:34.500> if<08:31:34.798> we<08:31:34.920> do

device with the same IP address if we do

device with the same IP address if we do
they're<08:31:35.280> not<08:31:35.398> going<08:31:35.520> to<08:31:35.580> communicate<08:31:36.240> because

they're not going to communicate because

they're not going to communicate because
the<08:31:37.080> switches<08:31:37.500> won't<08:31:37.860> know<08:31:38.100> where<08:31:38.458> to<08:31:38.638> send

the switches won't know where to send

the switches won't know where to send
packets<08:31:39.378> next<08:31:40.378> if<08:31:41.160> there<08:31:41.398> are<08:31:41.580> subnets<08:31:42.058> every

packets next if there are subnets every

packets next if there are subnets every
node<08:31:43.080> must<08:31:43.500> be<08:31:43.740> assigned<08:31:44.280> to<08:31:44.580> one<08:31:44.820> of<08:31:44.940> them

node must be assigned to one of them

node must be assigned to one of them
meaning<08:31:45.898> that<08:31:46.620> every<08:31:47.040> address<08:31:47.398> every<08:31:47.820> IP

meaning that every address every IP

meaning that every address every IP
address<08:31:48.420> has<08:31:48.840> to<08:31:49.020> be<08:31:49.138> assigned<08:31:49.620> to<08:31:49.860> a<08:31:50.040> specific

address has to be assigned to a specific

address has to be assigned to a specific
Network

Network

Network
now<08:31:53.398> the<08:31:53.820> address<08:31:54.000> of<08:31:54.360> a<08:31:54.540> known<08:31:54.740> cannot<08:31:55.740> be<08:31:55.978> all

now the address of a known cannot be all

now the address of a known cannot be all
ones<08:31:56.940> or<08:31:57.058> all<08:31:57.240> zeros<08:31:57.660> remember<08:31:58.200> all<08:31:58.680> ones

ones or all zeros remember all ones

ones or all zeros remember all ones
would<08:31:59.340> be<08:31:59.458> 255.<08:32:00.898> all<08:32:01.440> zeros<08:32:01.860> would<08:32:02.100> be<08:32:02.218> just

would be 255. all zeros would be just

would be 255. all zeros would be just
0.0.0.0<08:32:03.780> so<08:32:04.138> I<08:32:04.320> cannot<08:32:04.620> have<08:32:04.860> an<08:32:05.160> IP<08:32:05.398> address

0.0.0.0 so I cannot have an IP address

0.0.0.0 so I cannot have an IP address
that<08:32:06.000> is<08:32:06.180> either

255.255.255 or that can be

255.255.255 or that can be
0.0.0.0<08:32:13.440> and<08:32:14.218> you'll<08:32:14.520> see<08:32:14.700> why<08:32:14.940> when<08:32:15.180> we<08:32:15.298> get

0.0.0.0 and you'll see why when we get

0.0.0.0 and you'll see why when we get
to<08:32:15.540> the<08:32:15.660> mathematics<08:32:16.320> of<08:32:16.500> this<08:32:16.680> in<08:32:16.978> just<08:32:17.100> a

to the mathematics of this in just a

to the mathematics of this in just a
second<08:32:17.458> it's<08:32:18.058> because<08:32:18.298> then<08:32:18.600> I<08:32:18.780> would<08:32:18.898> never

second it's because then I would never

second it's because then I would never
be<08:32:19.320> able<08:32:19.500> to<08:32:19.620> determine<08:32:20.218> a<08:32:20.878> network<08:32:21.180> ID<08:32:21.478> from<08:32:21.898> a

be able to determine a network ID from a

be able to determine a network ID from a
node<08:32:22.260> ID

node ID

node ID
finally<08:32:24.180> and<08:32:24.660> this<08:32:24.840> is<08:32:24.958> something<08:32:25.200> you<08:32:25.440> sort

finally and this is something you sort

finally and this is something you sort
of<08:32:25.740> have<08:32:25.798> to<08:32:25.920> remember<08:32:26.040> the<08:32:26.878> IP<08:32:27.180> address<08:32:27.360> can

of have to remember the IP address can

of have to remember the IP address can
never<08:32:28.080> be

never be

never be
127.0.0.1<08:32:30.898> we've<08:32:31.620> talked<08:32:31.860> about<08:32:31.920> this<08:32:32.340> in<08:32:33.718> um

127.0.0.1 we've talked about this in um

127.0.0.1 we've talked about this in um
a<08:32:33.958> plus<08:32:34.138> but<08:32:34.440> that's<08:32:34.558> because<08:32:34.740> this<08:32:35.040> is<08:32:35.160> what's

a plus but that's because this is what's

a plus but that's because this is what's
called<08:32:35.580> the<08:32:35.878> loopback<08:32:36.298> it's<08:32:36.660> a<08:32:36.898> reserved<08:32:37.440> IP

called the loopback it's a reserved IP

called the loopback it's a reserved IP
address<08:32:38.420> specifically<08:32:39.420> for<08:32:39.780> yourself<08:32:40.080> be

address specifically for yourself be

address specifically for yourself be
like<08:32:40.860> saying<08:32:41.218> me<08:32:41.398> myself<08:32:41.760> or<08:32:42.360> I<08:32:42.600> I<08:32:43.378> cannot<08:32:44.000> have

like saying me myself or I I cannot have

like saying me myself or I I cannot have
a<08:32:45.660> a

a a

a a
127.0.0.1<08:32:48.298> IP<08:32:49.080> address<08:32:49.260> assigned<08:32:49.798> to<08:32:49.920> a

127.0.0.1 IP address assigned to a

127.0.0.1 IP address assigned to a
device<08:32:50.218> because<08:32:50.580> every<08:32:51.000> device<08:32:51.240> calls<08:32:52.020> itself

device because every device calls itself

device because every device calls itself
127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1
now<08:32:55.920> besides<08:32:56.520> understanding<08:32:57.240> these<08:32:57.540> rules

now besides understanding these rules

now besides understanding these rules
which<08:32:58.138> are<08:32:58.260> a<08:32:58.378> bit<08:32:58.558> abstract<08:32:58.978> I<08:32:59.280> think<08:32:59.520> we<08:33:00.120> need

which are a bit abstract I think we need

which are a bit abstract I think we need
to<08:33:00.360> know<08:33:00.478> how<08:33:00.718> to<08:33:00.898> apply<08:33:01.200> them<08:33:01.440> and<08:33:01.920> how<08:33:02.100> to

to know how to apply them and how to

to know how to apply them and how to
apply<08:33:02.580> a<08:33:02.820> subnet<08:33:03.180> mask<08:33:03.360> to<08:33:03.718> an<08:33:03.840> IP<08:33:04.080> address<08:33:04.260> I

apply a subnet mask to an IP address I

apply a subnet mask to an IP address I
think<08:33:04.920> it's<08:33:05.040> going<08:33:05.218> to<08:33:05.280> make<08:33:05.398> some<08:33:05.580> of<08:33:05.700> these

think it's going to make some of these

think it's going to make some of these
rules<08:33:06.120> a<08:33:06.240> little<08:33:06.360> clearer<08:33:06.660> so<08:33:06.840> let's<08:33:06.958> take<08:33:07.200> a

rules a little clearer so let's take a

rules a little clearer so let's take a
look<08:33:07.378> at<08:33:07.558> those<08:33:07.680> now<08:33:08.280> when<08:33:08.580> a<08:33:08.700> subnet<08:33:09.058> mask<08:33:09.360> is

look at those now when a subnet mask is

look at those now when a subnet mask is
applied<08:33:10.440> to<08:33:10.798> an<08:33:10.978> IP<08:33:11.218> address

applied to an IP address

applied to an IP address
the<08:33:12.898> remainder<08:33:13.378> is<08:33:14.040> the<08:33:14.218> network<08:33:14.340> portion

the remainder is the network portion

the remainder is the network portion
meaning<08:33:15.478> when<08:33:15.780> we<08:33:15.898> take<08:33:16.020> the<08:33:16.260> IP<08:33:16.500> address<08:33:16.680> and

meaning when we take the IP address and

meaning when we take the IP address and
we<08:33:17.160> apply<08:33:17.398> the<08:33:17.520> subnet<08:33:17.878> mask<08:33:18.058> and<08:33:18.240> I'll<08:33:18.360> show

we apply the subnet mask and I'll show

we apply the subnet mask and I'll show
you<08:33:18.540> how<08:33:18.600> to<08:33:18.718> do<08:33:18.780> that<08:33:18.898> in<08:33:19.020> a<08:33:19.138> second<08:33:19.378> what<08:33:20.160> we

you how to do that in a second what we

you how to do that in a second what we
get<08:33:20.458> as<08:33:20.638> a<08:33:20.820> remainder<08:33:21.180> what's<08:33:21.420> left<08:33:21.660> over<08:33:21.840> is

get as a remainder what's left over is

get as a remainder what's left over is
going<08:33:22.260> to<08:33:22.320> be<08:33:22.378> the<08:33:22.620> network<08:33:22.798> ID<08:33:23.160> this<08:33:23.878> allows

going to be the network ID this allows

going to be the network ID this allows
us<08:33:24.298> to<08:33:24.478> then<08:33:24.600> determine<08:33:25.080> what<08:33:25.260> the<08:33:25.440> node<08:33:25.620> ID<08:33:25.798> is

us to then determine what the node ID is

us to then determine what the node ID is
this<08:33:26.340> will<08:33:26.458> make<08:33:26.638> more<08:33:26.760> sense<08:33:26.940> in<08:33:27.120> just<08:33:27.298> a

this will make more sense in just a

this will make more sense in just a
minute<08:33:27.600> the<08:33:28.200> way<08:33:28.260> we<08:33:28.378> do<08:33:28.500> this<08:33:28.620> is<08:33:28.798> through

minute the way we do this is through

minute the way we do this is through
something<08:33:29.218> called<08:33:29.520> anding<08:33:30.058> ending<08:33:30.898> is<08:33:31.020> a

something called anding ending is a

something called anding ending is a
mathematics<08:33:31.740> term<08:33:31.920> it<08:33:32.160> really<08:33:32.340> has<08:33:32.580> to<08:33:32.700> do

mathematics term it really has to do

mathematics term it really has to do
with<08:33:33.058> Logic<08:33:33.540> the<08:33:34.320> way<08:33:34.378> it<08:33:34.558> works<08:33:34.860> is<08:33:35.100> and<08:33:35.700> you

with Logic the way it works is and you

with Logic the way it works is and you
just<08:33:35.940> have<08:33:36.120> to<08:33:36.240> sort<08:33:36.420> of<08:33:36.478> remember<08:33:36.660> these

just have to sort of remember these

just have to sort of remember these
rules

rules

rules
one

one

one
and<08:33:41.218> one

and one

and one
is<08:33:43.440> one

is one

is one
one

one

one
and<08:33:47.100> zero

and zero

and zero
is<08:33:48.898> zero<08:33:49.260> and<08:33:49.500> the<08:33:49.680> trick<08:33:49.920> there<08:33:50.100> is<08:33:50.280> that<08:33:50.520> that

is zero and the trick there is that that

is zero and the trick there is that that
zero<08:33:51.058> is<08:33:51.180> there

zero is there

zero is there
zero

zero

zero
and<08:33:55.440> one

and one

and one
is<08:33:57.600> zero

is zero

is zero
and<08:33:59.340> zero

and zero

and zero
and<08:34:01.138> zero<08:34:01.620> is<08:34:02.280> also<08:34:02.638> zero<08:34:03.478> so<08:34:03.840> basically<08:34:04.138> what

and zero is also zero so basically what

and zero is also zero so basically what
anding<08:34:04.740> does<08:34:04.978> is<08:34:05.580> allows<08:34:06.058> us<08:34:06.180> to<08:34:06.540> hide

anding does is allows us to hide

anding does is allows us to hide
certain

certain

certain
um<08:34:09.298> address<08:34:09.958> certain<08:34:10.798> bits

um address certain bits

um address certain bits
from<08:34:12.600> the<08:34:13.020> rest<08:34:13.200> of<08:34:13.500> the<08:34:13.740> network<08:34:13.978> and

from the rest of the network and

from the rest of the network and
therefore<08:34:15.000> we're<08:34:15.180> allowed<08:34:15.540> to<08:34:15.660> get<08:34:16.100> the<08:34:17.100> IP

therefore we're allowed to get the IP

therefore we're allowed to get the IP
address<08:34:17.840> or<08:34:18.840> rather<08:34:19.020> the<08:34:19.260> network<08:34:19.500> address

address or rather the network address

address or rather the network address
from<08:34:20.458> the<08:34:20.580> node<08:34:20.760> address

from the node address

from the node address
so<08:34:22.080> let's<08:34:22.260> take<08:34:22.440> a<08:34:22.558> look<08:34:22.680> at<08:34:22.860> this<08:34:22.978> for<08:34:23.218> just<08:34:23.398> a

so let's take a look at this for just a

so let's take a look at this for just a
second<08:34:23.700> let's<08:34:24.298> say<08:34:24.420> we<08:34:24.600> have<08:34:24.718> an<08:34:24.840> IP<08:34:25.138> address

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask
of<08:34:32.280> 255.255.255.0

now let's take a look at how this works

now let's take a look at how this works
when<08:34:38.820> we<08:34:38.940> move<08:34:39.120> it<08:34:39.240> into<08:34:39.420> binary

162.85.120.127 equals this in binary and

162.85.120.127 equals this in binary and
if<08:34:45.660> we<08:34:45.840> wanted<08:34:46.020> to<08:34:46.878> write<08:34:47.878> out<08:34:48.058> these<08:34:48.360> places

if we wanted to write out these places

if we wanted to write out these places
again<08:34:48.958> if<08:34:49.320> you<08:34:49.558> remember<08:34:49.700> we<08:34:50.700> had<08:34:50.940> this<08:34:51.420> was<08:34:51.540> a

again if you remember we had this was a

again if you remember we had this was a
base<08:34:51.840> two

base two

base two
right<08:34:53.638> so<08:34:54.000> these<08:34:54.240> are<08:34:54.298> the<08:34:54.478> place<08:34:54.600> settings

I'm just going to write these out real

I'm just going to write these out real
quickly<08:34:58.978> and<08:34:59.100> then<08:34:59.218> I'm<08:34:59.340> going<08:34:59.458> to<08:34:59.458> erase<08:34:59.820> it

quickly and then I'm going to erase it

quickly and then I'm going to erase it
all

okay

okay
and<08:35:05.398> so<08:35:05.520> we<08:35:05.700> get<08:35:05.878> one

and so we get one

and so we get one
two<08:35:07.760> four

two four

two four
eight

eight

eight
sixteen<08:35:11.958> thirty<08:35:12.958> two<08:35:13.398> sixty<08:35:14.398> four

sixteen thirty two sixty four

sixteen thirty two sixty four
128<08:35:16.378> and<08:35:16.500> it's<08:35:16.680> good<08:35:16.798> to<08:35:16.978> sort<08:35:17.160> of<08:35:17.280> commit

128 and it's good to sort of commit

128 and it's good to sort of commit
these<08:35:17.940> to<08:35:18.120> memory<08:35:18.440> therefore<08:35:19.440> the<08:35:19.680> reason

these to memory therefore the reason

these to memory therefore the reason
this<08:35:20.100> is<08:35:20.280> one<08:35:20.700> one<08:35:21.180> one<08:35:21.298> is<08:35:22.260> we<08:35:22.500> take<08:35:22.680> that<08:35:22.798> 128

this is one one one is we take that 128

this is one one one is we take that 128
we<08:35:25.320> add<08:35:25.500> it<08:35:25.680> to<08:35:25.860> 32<08:35:26.340> and<08:35:26.638> we<08:35:26.878> add<08:35:27.058> it<08:35:27.240> to<08:35:27.360> the<08:35:28.080> 2

we add it to 32 and we add it to the 2

we add it to 32 and we add it to the 2
because<08:35:28.500> those<08:35:28.740> are<08:35:28.920> the<08:35:29.040> bits<08:35:29.458> that<08:35:29.638> are<08:35:29.820> on

because those are the bits that are on

because those are the bits that are on
and<08:35:31.378> when<08:35:31.500> we<08:35:31.740> add<08:35:32.058> 128<08:35:33.138> plus<08:35:34.138> 32

we get 160

we get 160
plus<08:35:40.440> 2<08:35:41.218> gives<08:35:41.760> us<08:35:42.000> 1<08:35:42.298> 62.<08:35:43.260> so<08:35:43.680> it<08:35:43.920> works<08:35:44.218> out

plus 2 gives us 1 62. so it works out

plus 2 gives us 1 62. so it works out
and<08:35:44.520> you<08:35:44.638> can<08:35:44.760> see<08:35:44.878> my<08:35:45.058> math<08:35:45.180> is<08:35:45.420> correct<08:35:45.780> here

and you can see my math is correct here

and you can see my math is correct here
I'm<08:35:46.378> going<08:35:46.558> to<08:35:46.620> erase<08:35:46.860> all<08:35:47.040> this<08:35:47.218> now<08:35:47.398> try<08:35:48.000> to

I'm going to erase all this now try to

I'm going to erase all this now try to
remember<08:35:48.298> this<08:35:48.718> and<08:35:48.958> thing<08:35:49.320> in<08:35:49.558> here<08:35:49.920> for<08:35:50.100> a

remember this and thing in here for a

remember this and thing in here for a
minute

minute

minute
now<08:35:52.200> if<08:35:52.620> we<08:35:52.740> convert

now if we convert

now if we convert
255.255.255.0<08:35:55.680> into<08:35:56.040> binary<08:35:56.580> we've<08:35:57.058> already

255.255.255.0 into binary we've already

255.255.255.0 into binary we've already
talked<08:35:57.540> about<08:35:57.600> this<08:35:57.840> we're<08:35:58.080> going<08:35:58.200> to<08:35:58.260> get

talked about this we're going to get

talked about this we're going to get
all<08:35:59.580> these<08:35:59.820> ones<08:36:00.180> and<08:36:00.600> then<08:36:00.718> because<08:36:00.958> this<08:36:01.260> is

all these ones and then because this is

all these ones and then because this is
zero<08:36:01.740> we're<08:36:01.920> gonna<08:36:02.040> get<08:36:02.218> zero<08:36:03.120> now<08:36:03.780> if<08:36:04.260> we

zero we're gonna get zero now if we

zero we're gonna get zero now if we
apply<08:36:04.860> the<08:36:05.160> anding<08:36:05.520> principle

apply the anding principle

apply the anding principle
this<08:36:08.160> is<08:36:08.218> what<08:36:08.398> we're<08:36:08.458> going<08:36:08.638> to<08:36:08.700> get

this is what we're going to get

this is what we're going to get
anything<08:36:10.080> with<08:36:10.500> one<08:36:10.680> and<08:36:10.920> one<08:36:11.100> turns<08:36:11.760> into<08:36:11.878> one

anything with one and one turns into one

anything with one and one turns into one
anytime<08:36:13.558> we<08:36:13.920> see<08:36:14.100> a<08:36:14.520> one<08:36:14.638> and<08:36:14.820> a<08:36:15.000> zero<08:36:15.360> we're

anytime we see a one and a zero we're

anytime we see a one and a zero we're
going<08:36:15.898> to<08:36:15.958> get<08:36:16.080> a<08:36:16.200> zero<08:36:16.558> and<08:36:16.978> if<08:36:17.160> we<08:36:17.280> apply<08:36:17.520> this

going to get a zero and if we apply this

going to get a zero and if we apply this
out

out

out
here's<08:36:20.218> what<08:36:20.340> we<08:36:20.520> get<08:36:20.638> now<08:36:21.360> because<08:36:21.600> we<08:36:21.840> have

here's what we get now because we have

here's what we get now because we have
all<08:36:22.080> these<08:36:22.260> zeros<08:36:22.680> here<08:36:22.978> it's<08:36:23.638> basically

all these zeros here it's basically

all these zeros here it's basically
going<08:36:24.180> to<08:36:24.360> block<08:36:24.600> all<08:36:25.260> these<08:36:25.440> ones<08:36:25.740> from

going to block all these ones from

going to block all these ones from
coming<08:36:26.340> down<08:36:26.638> and<08:36:26.820> coming<08:36:27.000> through

coming down and coming through

coming down and coming through
right<08:36:28.740> they<08:36:28.978> all<08:36:29.100> turn<08:36:29.280> into<08:36:29.458> zero

so if we convert this back into a

so if we convert this back into a
decimal<08:36:36.540> we<08:36:37.138> now<08:36:37.260> get<08:36:37.558> 162.85.120.0

basically this is pretty simple to see

basically this is pretty simple to see
we<08:36:44.340> can<08:36:44.520> see<08:36:44.760> that<08:36:45.000> the<08:36:45.298> 162<08:36:45.840> drops<08:36:46.200> down<08:36:46.320> the<08:36:46.860> 8

we can see that the 162 drops down the 8

we can see that the 162 drops down the 8
5<08:36:47.218> drops<08:36:47.760> down<08:36:47.878> the<08:36:48.600> 120<08:36:49.080> drops<08:36:49.440> down<08:36:49.558> because

5 drops down the 120 drops down because

5 drops down the 120 drops down because
of<08:36:50.218> this<08:36:50.398> ending<08:36:50.820> that<08:36:51.000> we<08:36:51.120> just<08:36:51.298> talked<08:36:51.600> about

of this ending that we just talked about

of this ending that we just talked about
and<08:36:53.040> the<08:36:53.160> 27<08:36:53.580> gets<08:36:54.000> blocked<08:36:54.898> might<08:36:55.260> be<08:36:55.440> zeros

and the 27 gets blocked might be zeros

and the 27 gets blocked might be zeros
and<08:36:57.780> so<08:36:57.898> we<08:36:58.260> can<08:36:58.320> determine

and so we can determine

and so we can determine
that<08:37:00.058> the

that the

that the
162.85.120<08:37:02.280> is<08:37:03.180> what<08:37:03.420> we<08:37:03.600> call

162.85.120 is what we call

162.85.120 is what we call
the<08:37:05.760> network

ID

ID
Now<08:37:10.620> by<08:37:10.920> looking<08:37:11.040> at<08:37:11.218> it<08:37:11.340> this<08:37:11.520> way<08:37:11.700> we<08:37:11.940> can<08:37:12.058> see

Now by looking at it this way we can see

Now by looking at it this way we can see
then<08:37:12.478> that<08:37:12.898> the<08:37:13.080> network<08:37:13.260> portion<08:37:13.798> of<08:37:13.978> the

then that the network portion of the

then that the network portion of the
address<08:37:14.898> is<08:37:15.898> going<08:37:16.020> to<08:37:16.200> be<08:37:16.260> the<08:37:16.620> first<08:37:16.798> three

address is going to be the first three

address is going to be the first three
octets<08:37:17.638> as<08:37:18.000> we<08:37:18.120> just<08:37:18.298> pointed<08:37:18.600> out<08:37:18.740> and<08:37:19.740> the

octets as we just pointed out and the

octets as we just pointed out and the
node<08:37:20.160> portion<08:37:20.700> is<08:37:21.478> going<08:37:21.600> to<08:37:21.780> be<08:37:21.898> the<08:37:22.138> last

node portion is going to be the last

node portion is going to be the last
octet

octet

octet
so<08:37:24.180> this<08:37:24.360> is<08:37:24.478> the<08:37:24.718> first<08:37:24.898> step<08:37:25.260> in<08:37:25.500> subnetting

so this is the first step in subnetting

so this is the first step in subnetting
and<08:37:26.638> it<08:37:26.760> tells<08:37:27.000> us<08:37:27.058> a<08:37:27.120> lot<08:37:27.240> of<08:37:27.298> things<08:37:27.420> about

and it tells us a lot of things about

and it tells us a lot of things about
the<08:37:27.840> networks<08:37:28.740> just<08:37:29.160> by<08:37:29.340> knowing<08:37:29.638> the<08:37:29.820> IP

the networks just by knowing the IP

the networks just by knowing the IP
address<08:37:30.298> and<08:37:30.840> the<08:37:31.020> subnet<08:37:31.378> mask<08:37:31.558> a<08:37:32.040> technician

address and the subnet mask a technician

address and the subnet mask a technician
can<08:37:32.580> now<08:37:32.760> discern<08:37:33.360> a<08:37:33.780> lot<08:37:33.840> of<08:37:33.958> things<08:37:34.138> such<08:37:34.860> as

can now discern a lot of things such as

can now discern a lot of things such as
what<08:37:35.940> portion<08:37:36.240> is<08:37:36.420> the<08:37:36.540> network<08:37:36.718> ID<08:37:36.958> what

what portion is the network ID what

what portion is the network ID what
portion<08:37:37.978> is<08:37:38.100> the<08:37:38.340> node<08:37:38.638> ID

portion is the node ID

portion is the node ID
and<08:37:40.920> therefore<08:37:41.340> what<08:37:41.580> is<08:37:41.760> my<08:37:42.000> first<08:37:42.180> usable<08:37:42.600> IP

and therefore what is my first usable IP

and therefore what is my first usable IP
address<08:37:43.260> and<08:37:43.920> what's<08:37:44.040> my<08:37:44.340> last<08:37:44.520> usable<08:37:45.000> IP

address and what's my last usable IP

address and what's my last usable IP
address<08:37:45.660> that<08:37:46.200> I<08:37:46.378> could<08:37:46.500> start<08:37:46.740> to<08:37:47.040> give<08:37:47.218> to

address that I could start to give to

address that I could start to give to
devices

devices

devices
I<08:37:49.680> can<08:37:49.860> also<08:37:50.160> determine<08:37:50.760> stuff<08:37:51.000> like<08:37:51.240> what<08:37:51.540> we

I can also determine stuff like what we

I can also determine stuff like what we
call<08:37:51.840> the<08:37:52.378> default<08:37:52.680> gateway<08:37:53.100> which<08:37:53.340> we'll

call the default gateway which we'll

call the default gateway which we'll
look<08:37:53.638> at<08:37:53.760> in<08:37:53.940> a<08:37:54.058> second

and

and
the<08:37:59.100> broadcast<08:37:59.280> address<08:37:59.878> which<08:38:00.240> will<08:38:00.420> also

the broadcast address which will also

the broadcast address which will also
look<08:38:00.898> look<08:38:01.260> at<08:38:01.500> not<08:38:02.040> in<08:38:02.218> a<08:38:02.340> second<08:38:02.458> then<08:38:02.760> in<08:38:03.000> the

look look at not in a second then in the

look look at not in a second then in the
next<08:38:03.360> module

now there are three default subnet masks

now there are three default subnet masks
as<08:38:10.320> you<08:38:10.500> can<08:38:10.620> imagine

as you can imagine

as you can imagine
and<08:38:12.958> these<08:38:13.138> have<08:38:13.320> to<08:38:13.378> do<08:38:13.440> with<08:38:13.558> what<08:38:13.740> we<08:38:13.860> call<08:38:13.978> a

and these have to do with what we call a

and these have to do with what we call a
class<08:38:14.520> uh<08:38:15.360> a<08:38:15.420> class<08:38:15.958> full<08:38:16.260> IP<08:38:16.740> addressing

class uh a class full IP addressing

class uh a class full IP addressing
system<08:38:17.280> and<08:38:17.520> we'll<08:38:17.638> talk<08:38:17.760> about<08:38:17.878> that<08:38:18.120> next

system and we'll talk about that next

system and we'll talk about that next
the<08:38:18.718> next<08:38:18.958> module<08:38:19.378> but<08:38:19.860> the<08:38:20.040> default<08:38:20.280> subnet

the next module but the default subnet

the next module but the default subnet
masks<08:38:21.058> are<08:38:21.180> 255.0.0.0

masks are 255.0.0.0

masks are 255.0.0.0
just<08:38:23.638> going<08:38:23.820> to<08:38:23.878> go<08:38:23.940> with<08:38:24.058> the<08:38:24.180> class<08:38:24.298> A<08:38:24.600> and

just going to go with the class A and

just going to go with the class A and
we'll<08:38:25.020> talk<08:38:25.138> about<08:38:25.320> that

we'll talk about that

we'll talk about that
255.255.0.0<08:38:28.260> and<08:38:28.440> 255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0
what<08:38:31.260> you<08:38:31.440> can<08:38:31.558> see<08:38:31.680> is<08:38:31.860> if<08:38:32.218> you<08:38:32.340> have<08:38:32.458> a

what you can see is if you have a

what you can see is if you have a
default<08:38:33.138> subnet<08:38:34.138> mask<08:38:34.320> then<08:38:34.978> you<08:38:35.160> know

default subnet mask then you know

default subnet mask then you know
immediately<08:38:35.940> just<08:38:36.240> by<08:38:36.420> looking

immediately just by looking

immediately just by looking
what<08:38:38.280> the<08:38:38.458> network<08:38:38.638> address<08:38:39.000> is<08:38:39.360> and<08:38:39.660> what<08:38:39.840> the

what the network address is and what the

what the network address is and what the
node<08:38:40.080> address<08:38:40.378> is

node address is

node address is
as<08:38:41.638> you<08:38:41.760> can<08:38:41.878> imagine

as you can imagine

as you can imagine
if<08:38:43.320> I<08:38:43.558> have<08:38:43.740> this<08:38:44.100> as<08:38:44.340> my<08:38:44.580> network<08:38:44.760> address

if I have this as my network address

if I have this as my network address
I<08:38:46.680> can<08:38:46.740> have<08:38:46.860> a<08:38:47.040> lot<08:38:47.160> of<08:38:47.280> Networks<08:38:48.240> and<08:38:48.898> only<08:38:49.160> so

I can have a lot of Networks and only so

I can have a lot of Networks and only so
many<08:38:50.340> nodes<08:38:51.378> this<08:38:52.378> one<08:38:52.558> I<08:38:53.040> have

many nodes this one I have

many nodes this one I have
more<08:38:54.540> nodes<08:38:54.898> a<08:38:55.798> little<08:38:55.920> bit<08:38:56.100> less<08:38:56.340> networks

more nodes a little bit less networks

more nodes a little bit less networks
and<08:38:57.240> this<08:38:57.478> one<08:38:57.600> I<08:38:57.718> have<08:38:57.840> a<08:38:58.020> lot<08:38:58.200> of<08:38:58.320> nodes<08:38:58.620> but

and this one I have a lot of nodes but

and this one I have a lot of nodes but
fewer<08:38:59.340> networks<08:38:59.700> to<08:38:59.820> divide<08:39:00.058> them<08:39:00.180> up<08:39:00.360> on

fewer networks to divide them up on

fewer networks to divide them up on
now<08:39:01.558> would<08:39:01.740> be<08:39:01.860> great<08:39:02.040> if<08:39:02.280> all<08:39:02.520> subnet<08:39:02.940> masks

now would be great if all subnet masks

now would be great if all subnet masks
were<08:39:03.478> as<08:39:03.660> simple<08:39:03.780> as<08:39:04.020> this<08:39:04.138> we<08:39:04.378> wouldn't<08:39:04.558> even

were as simple as this we wouldn't even

were as simple as this we wouldn't even
really<08:39:05.040> ever<08:39:05.280> have<08:39:05.520> to<08:39:05.760> break<08:39:05.940> it<08:39:06.180> down<08:39:06.420> into

really ever have to break it down into

really ever have to break it down into
this<08:39:07.680> binary<08:39:08.458> sort<08:39:08.820> of<08:39:08.940> coding<08:39:09.298> because<08:39:09.780> you

this binary sort of coding because you

this binary sort of coding because you
could<08:39:10.138> just<08:39:10.260> look<08:39:10.440> at<08:39:10.558> it<08:39:10.680> and<08:39:10.798> say<08:39:10.920> oh<08:39:11.040> it's

could just look at it and say oh it's

could just look at it and say oh it's
255<08:39:11.700> I<08:39:11.878> know<08:39:12.000> they're<08:39:12.120> all<08:39:12.240> going<08:39:12.360> to<08:39:12.478> be<08:39:12.540> ones

255 I know they're all going to be ones

255 I know they're all going to be ones
I<08:39:13.138> know<08:39:13.260> that's<08:39:13.440> going<08:39:13.620> to<08:39:13.740> end<08:39:13.860> out<08:39:14.160> and

I know that's going to end out and

I know that's going to end out and
therefore<08:39:14.940> I<08:39:15.120> know<08:39:15.240> it's<08:39:15.420> going<08:39:15.600> to<08:39:15.718> end<08:39:15.780> up

therefore I know it's going to end up

therefore I know it's going to end up
right<08:39:16.200> here

right here

right here
but<08:39:17.638> unfortunately<08:39:18.000> this<08:39:18.298> is<08:39:18.420> not<08:39:18.540> always<08:39:18.660> the

but unfortunately this is not always the

but unfortunately this is not always the
case<08:39:18.958> sometimes<08:39:19.320> we<08:39:19.378> have<08:39:19.500> what<08:39:19.680> are<08:39:19.798> called

case sometimes we have what are called

case sometimes we have what are called
custom<08:39:20.760> subnet<08:39:21.600> masks<08:39:22.378> Now<08:39:22.740> by<08:39:22.860> using<08:39:23.160> a

custom subnet masks Now by using a

custom subnet masks Now by using a
custom<08:39:23.520> subnet<08:39:24.120> mask<08:39:24.240> we<08:39:24.600> can<08:39:24.718> actually

custom subnet mask we can actually

custom subnet mask we can actually
further<08:39:25.500> divide<08:39:25.920> or<08:39:26.218> subdivide<08:39:26.820> our<08:39:27.298> IP

further divide or subdivide our IP

further divide or subdivide our IP
address<08:39:27.898> and<08:39:28.558> in<08:39:28.680> these<08:39:28.860> cases<08:39:29.100> it<08:39:29.340> can<08:39:29.458> be<08:39:29.520> a

address and in these cases it can be a

address and in these cases it can be a
little<08:39:29.700> more<08:39:29.878> difficult<08:39:30.320> uh<08:39:31.320> and<08:39:31.860> so

little more difficult uh and so

little more difficult uh and so
converting<08:39:32.760> to<08:39:33.000> Binary<08:39:33.420> is<08:39:33.660> actually

converting to Binary is actually

converting to Binary is actually
necessary<08:39:34.440> to<08:39:34.680> break<08:39:34.860> it<08:39:35.040> down<08:39:35.280> custom<08:39:36.240> subnet

necessary to break it down custom subnet

necessary to break it down custom subnet
masks<08:39:37.500> are<08:39:38.218> created<08:39:38.820> by<08:39:39.120> what<08:39:39.240> we<08:39:39.360> call

masks are created by what we call

masks are created by what we call
borrowing<08:39:40.440> bits

borrowing bits

borrowing bits
from<08:39:42.540> the<08:39:42.718> host<08:39:42.898> portion<08:39:43.500> to<08:39:44.160> use<08:39:44.398> to<08:39:44.940> identify

from the host portion to use to identify

from the host portion to use to identify
the<08:39:45.718> subnet<08:39:46.020> motion<08:39:46.378> so<08:39:46.740> you<08:39:46.860> can<08:39:46.920> see<08:39:47.040> we've

the subnet motion so you can see we've

the subnet motion so you can see we've
just<08:39:47.520> borrowed<08:39:48.120> a<08:39:48.298> bit<08:39:48.420> this<08:39:48.840> one<08:39:49.080> right<08:39:49.860> over

just borrowed a bit this one right over

just borrowed a bit this one right over
here

here

here
now<08:39:51.180> keeping<08:39:51.540> in<08:39:51.600> mind<08:39:51.718> that<08:39:51.898> the<08:39:52.020> subnet<08:39:52.378> mask

now keeping in mind that the subnet mask

now keeping in mind that the subnet mask
rules<08:39:53.100> allow<08:39:53.580> us<08:39:53.700> to<08:39:53.878> borrow<08:39:54.000> bits<08:39:54.478> from<08:39:54.540> the

rules allow us to borrow bits from the

rules allow us to borrow bits from the
node<08:39:54.840> portion<08:39:55.320> and<08:39:55.978> give<08:39:56.218> them<08:39:56.458> to<08:39:57.240> the

node portion and give them to the

node portion and give them to the
network<08:39:57.600> portion<08:39:58.200> the<08:39:58.920> bits<08:39:59.280> from<08:39:59.520> the<08:39:59.820> left

network portion the bits from the left

network portion the bits from the left
to<08:40:00.420> the<08:40:00.600> right<08:40:00.718> of<08:40:01.080> the<08:40:01.200> portion

to the right of the portion

to the right of the portion
like<08:40:02.520> this

like this

like this
are<08:40:04.798> switched<08:40:05.218> on

are switched on

are switched on
now<08:40:06.718> turning<08:40:07.080> this<08:40:07.200> bit<08:40:07.378> on<08:40:07.558> means<08:40:07.920> we<08:40:08.100> now

now turning this bit on means we now

now turning this bit on means we now
have<08:40:08.398> different<08:40:08.638> values<08:40:09.240> for<08:40:09.478> the<08:40:09.600> subnet

have different values for the subnet

have different values for the subnet
mask<08:40:10.200> instead<08:40:10.920> of<08:40:11.040> just<08:40:11.160> 255

mask instead of just 255

mask instead of just 255
.255.

.255.

.255.
255.

255.

255.
dot<08:40:17.878> zero<08:40:18.240> we<08:40:18.360> know<08:40:18.478> this<08:40:18.718> is<08:40:18.840> no<08:40:19.020> longer<08:40:19.260> zero

dot zero we know this is no longer zero

dot zero we know this is no longer zero
right<08:40:20.280> so<08:40:20.760> this<08:40:20.940> is<08:40:21.120> actually<08:40:21.298> now<08:40:21.540> going<08:40:21.718> to

right so this is actually now going to

right so this is actually now going to
be

be

be
128.

128.

128.
and<08:40:25.558> we<08:40:25.680> can<08:40:25.860> have<08:40:26.100> a<08:40:26.638> a<08:40:27.180> number<08:40:27.420> of<08:40:27.600> these<08:40:27.840> and

and we can have a a number of these and

and we can have a a number of these and
if<08:40:28.200> you<08:40:28.320> keep<08:40:28.500> adding<08:40:28.920> over<08:40:29.040> to<08:40:29.340> the<08:40:29.520> right

if you keep adding over to the right

if you keep adding over to the right
so<08:40:30.958> 128<08:40:31.558> and<08:40:32.040> then<08:40:32.100> we<08:40:32.280> added<08:40:32.520> 64.<08:40:33.240> we'd<08:40:33.958> get

so 128 and then we added 64. we'd get

so 128 and then we added 64. we'd get
192<08:40:34.680> and<08:40:34.920> so<08:40:35.100> on<08:40:35.218> and<08:40:35.340> so<08:40:35.520> forth<08:40:35.878> so<08:40:36.660> we<08:40:37.080> can

192 and so on and so forth so we can

192 and so on and so forth so we can
actually<08:40:37.378> have<08:40:37.680> a<08:40:37.860> number<08:40:38.040> of<08:40:38.218> custom<08:40:38.580> subnet

actually have a number of custom subnet

actually have a number of custom subnet
mask<08:40:39.420> values<08:40:40.080> in<08:40:40.680> the<08:40:40.920> last<08:40:41.100> octet<08:40:41.700> and<08:40:42.540> that's

mask values in the last octet and that's

mask values in the last octet and that's
those<08:40:42.898> are<08:40:43.080> these<08:40:43.378> and<08:40:43.978> so<08:40:44.160> you<08:40:44.280> can<08:40:44.398> see<08:40:44.700> in

those are these and so you can see in

those are these and so you can see in
this<08:40:45.540> case<08:40:45.840> uh<08:40:46.500> it's<08:40:46.740> not<08:40:46.860> really<08:40:46.978> going<08:40:47.160> to

this case uh it's not really going to

this case uh it's not really going to
make<08:40:47.398> much<08:40:47.580> of<08:40:47.700> a<08:40:47.820> difference<08:40:48.000> when<08:40:48.420> I<08:40:48.600> I'll<08:40:48.840> do

make much of a difference when I I'll do

make much of a difference when I I'll do
all<08:40:49.200> the<08:40:49.378> binary<08:40:49.740> bidding<08:40:50.218> because

all the binary bidding because

all the binary bidding because
you<08:40:52.798> see<08:40:52.978> that<08:40:53.160> the<08:40:53.280> zero<08:40:53.580> and<08:40:53.700> the<08:40:53.820> zero<08:40:54.058> is

you see that the zero and the zero is

you see that the zero and the zero is
still<08:40:54.420> going<08:40:54.540> to<08:40:54.660> become<08:40:54.958> a<08:40:55.558> zero<08:40:55.920> here<08:40:56.100> and<08:40:56.340> so

still going to become a zero here and so

still going to become a zero here and so
all<08:40:56.638> of<08:40:56.820> this<08:40:57.000> is<08:40:57.180> really<08:40:57.360> going<08:40:57.478> to<08:40:57.600> look<08:40:57.780> the

all of this is really going to look the

all of this is really going to look the
same<08:40:58.138> and<08:40:58.680> so<08:40:58.920> our<08:40:59.100> Network<08:40:59.280> portion<08:40:59.820> is

same and so our Network portion is

same and so our Network portion is
actually<08:41:00.180> going<08:41:00.360> to<08:41:00.420> look<08:41:00.600> the<08:41:00.840> same<08:41:01.020> as<08:41:01.798> it

actually going to look the same as it

actually going to look the same as it
did<08:41:02.160> before<08:41:02.340> we<08:41:02.638> have<08:41:02.760> the<08:41:03.000> same<08:41:03.120> network<08:41:03.420> ID

did before we have the same network ID

did before we have the same network ID
as<08:41:04.138> we<08:41:04.320> did<08:41:04.440> before<08:41:04.680> but<08:41:05.638> let's<08:41:05.820> say<08:41:06.000> that<08:41:06.240> this

as we did before but let's say that this

as we did before but let's say that this
was<08:41:06.660> actually<08:41:06.898> uh<08:41:07.558> you<08:41:07.798> know<08:41:07.920> this<08:41:08.458> number<08:41:08.580> by

was actually uh you know this number by

was actually uh you know this number by
the<08:41:09.058> way<08:41:09.180> is<08:41:09.780> the<08:41:10.138> same<08:41:10.320> as<08:41:10.440> the<08:41:10.558> one<08:41:10.680> we<08:41:10.798> had

the way is the same as the one we had

the way is the same as the one we had
before

162.85.120.27 if this was instead

162.85.120.27 if this was instead
162.85.120

dot I don't know one

dot I don't know one
128<08:41:28.080> we're<08:41:28.440> gonna<08:41:28.620> have<08:41:28.798> an<08:41:28.978> issue<08:41:29.340> because

128 we're gonna have an issue because

128 we're gonna have an issue because
this<08:41:29.940> is<08:41:30.058> going<08:41:30.180> to<08:41:30.360> be<08:41:30.478> on<08:41:30.718> these<08:41:31.620> would<08:41:31.740> say

this is going to be on these would say

this is going to be on these would say
let's<08:41:32.100> be<08:41:32.340> off<08:41:32.580> and<08:41:33.420> when<08:41:33.660> they<08:41:34.020> come<08:41:34.620> down

let's be off and when they come down

let's be off and when they come down
this<08:41:35.520> is<08:41:35.580> going<08:41:35.760> to<08:41:35.820> turn<08:41:36.000> into<08:41:36.180> a<08:41:36.540> zero<08:41:36.840> as

this is going to turn into a zero as

this is going to turn into a zero as
opposed<08:41:37.378> to<08:41:37.440> that<08:41:37.680> one<08:41:37.798> dropping<08:41:38.280> down<08:41:38.458> and<08:41:38.878> so

opposed to that one dropping down and so

opposed to that one dropping down and so
it's<08:41:39.180> going<08:41:39.360> to<08:41:39.478> change<08:41:39.840> what<08:41:40.798> our<08:41:40.978> IP<08:41:41.638> address

it's going to change what our IP address

it's going to change what our IP address
in<08:41:42.240> the<08:41:42.420> end<08:41:42.540> looks<08:41:43.320> like<08:41:43.440> and<08:41:43.680> so<08:41:43.798> we<08:41:43.978> actually

in the end looks like and so we actually

in the end looks like and so we actually
need<08:41:44.340> to<08:41:44.458> do<08:41:44.580> some<08:41:44.760> backward<08:41:45.120> engineering<08:41:45.600> to

need to do some backward engineering to

need to do some backward engineering to
get<08:41:45.898> to<08:41:46.080> our<08:41:46.200> subnet<08:41:46.558> mask<08:41:46.740> now<08:41:47.280> this<08:41:47.458> is<08:41:47.580> all

get to our subnet mask now this is all

get to our subnet mask now this is all
really<08:41:48.058> complex<08:41:48.478> and<08:41:48.898> when<08:41:49.020> we<08:41:49.138> get<08:41:49.260> into<08:41:49.378> if

really complex and when we get into if

really complex and when we get into if
you<08:41:49.920> ever<08:41:50.040> get<08:41:50.218> into<08:41:50.280> Cisco<08:41:50.760> you'd<08:41:51.058> really

you ever get into Cisco you'd really

you ever get into Cisco you'd really
have<08:41:51.360> to<08:41:51.478> know<08:41:51.660> this<08:41:51.898> but<08:41:52.500> for<08:41:52.740> our<08:41:52.920> purposes

have to know this but for our purposes

have to know this but for our purposes
you<08:41:53.580> really<08:41:53.700> don't<08:41:53.878> need<08:41:54.058> to<08:41:54.120> know<08:41:54.240> this<08:41:54.478> that

you really don't need to know this that

you really don't need to know this that
in<08:41:55.080> depth<08:41:55.798> all<08:41:56.340> right<08:41:56.520> so<08:41:56.760> just<08:41:56.940> to<08:41:57.120> recap<08:41:57.478> what

in depth all right so just to recap what

in depth all right so just to recap what
we<08:41:57.840> talked<08:41:58.080> about<08:41:58.200> here<08:41:58.558> we<08:41:59.340> got<08:41:59.520> a<08:41:59.760> basic

we talked about here we got a basic

we talked about here we got a basic
understanding<08:42:00.540> of<08:42:00.718> a<08:42:00.840> lot<08:42:00.958> of<08:42:01.080> things<08:42:01.260> not<08:42:01.740> too

understanding of a lot of things not too

understanding of a lot of things not too
in<08:42:02.160> depth<08:42:02.398> and<08:42:02.458> you<08:42:02.580> might<08:42:02.700> need<08:42:02.820> to<08:42:02.940> re-watch

in depth and you might need to re-watch

in depth and you might need to re-watch
this<08:42:03.420> video<08:42:03.600> to<08:42:03.840> really<08:42:04.020> get<08:42:04.200> it<08:42:04.378> and<08:42:04.920> maybe

this video to really get it and maybe

this video to really get it and maybe
even<08:42:05.398> do<08:42:05.940> a<08:42:06.120> little<08:42:06.240> bit<08:42:06.360> of<08:42:06.540> exercises<08:42:07.378> on

even do a little bit of exercises on

even do a little bit of exercises on
your<08:42:07.740> own

your own

your own
first<08:42:08.940> we<08:42:09.298> talked<08:42:09.600> about<08:42:09.718> the<08:42:10.440> difference

first we talked about the difference

first we talked about the difference
between<08:42:10.978> a<08:42:11.820> network<08:42:12.000> address<08:42:12.420> and<08:42:13.200> a<08:42:13.320> network

between a network address and a network

between a network address and a network
name<08:42:13.798> remembering<08:42:14.760> that<08:42:14.940> the<08:42:15.120> three<08:42:15.298> network

name remembering that the three network

name remembering that the three network
name<08:42:16.020> services<08:42:16.378> that<08:42:17.280> match<08:42:17.520> a<08:42:17.940> name<08:42:18.120> such<08:42:18.360> as

name services that match a name such as

name services that match a name such as
Bill's<08:42:18.958> laptop<08:42:19.378> to<08:42:20.040> an<08:42:20.280> address<08:42:20.458> which<08:42:20.878> would

Bill's laptop to an address which would

Bill's laptop to an address which would
be<08:42:21.180> something<08:42:21.298> like<08:42:21.540> 192.168.0.1

uh we can use either DNS the domain name

uh we can use either DNS the domain name
service<08:42:27.780> which<08:42:28.138> is<08:42:28.260> the<08:42:28.558> most<08:42:28.740> popular<08:42:28.978> one

service which is the most popular one

service which is the most popular one
something<08:42:30.540> called<08:42:30.840> wins<08:42:31.200> which<08:42:31.440> is<08:42:31.558> specific

something called wins which is specific

something called wins which is specific
to<08:42:32.160> Windows<08:42:32.580> or<08:42:33.420> net<08:42:33.660> bios<08:42:34.200> also<08:42:34.798> a<08:42:34.978> Windows

to Windows or net bios also a Windows

to Windows or net bios also a Windows
based

naming system

naming system
the<08:42:40.138> one<08:42:40.320> we<08:42:40.440> want<08:42:40.558> to<08:42:40.680> be<08:42:40.740> most<08:42:40.860> familiar<08:42:41.160> with

the one we want to be most familiar with

the one we want to be most familiar with
is<08:42:41.458> this<08:42:41.700> this<08:42:42.000> one's<08:42:42.298> not<08:42:42.420> really<08:42:42.540> used

is this this one's not really used

is this this one's not really used
anymore<08:42:43.020> netbios<08:42:43.920> is<08:42:44.100> still<08:42:44.280> used<08:42:44.458> in<08:42:44.760> certain

anymore netbios is still used in certain

anymore netbios is still used in certain
instances<08:42:45.420> especially<08:42:45.898> in<08:42:46.020> older<08:42:46.320> networks

instances especially in older networks

instances especially in older networks
we<08:42:47.458> then<08:42:47.638> talked<08:42:48.120> about<08:42:48.360> the<08:42:48.718> IP<08:42:49.020> version<08:42:49.378> 4

we then talked about the IP version 4

we then talked about the IP version 4
address<08:42:50.700> and<08:42:51.478> the<08:42:51.660> things<08:42:51.780> that<08:42:52.020> it<08:42:52.138> requires

address and the things that it requires

address and the things that it requires
including<08:42:53.580> and<08:42:53.760> remember<08:42:53.940> a<08:42:54.420> ipv4<08:42:55.138> address<08:42:55.558> is

including and remember a ipv4 address is

including and remember a ipv4 address is
that<08:42:56.160> 32<08:42:56.878> bit<08:42:57.420> broken<08:42:58.320> up<08:42:58.558> into<08:42:58.740> four<08:42:59.478> octets

that 32 bit broken up into four octets

that 32 bit broken up into four octets
the<08:43:00.780> reason<08:43:00.840> it's<08:43:01.020> called<08:43:01.200> an<08:43:01.378> octet<08:43:01.798> is

the reason it's called an octet is

the reason it's called an octet is
because<08:43:03.020> we<08:43:04.020> have<08:43:04.200> eight<08:43:05.000> times<08:43:06.000> four

because we have eight times four

because we have eight times four
gives<08:43:07.620> us<08:43:07.798> that<08:43:07.978> 32<08:43:08.398> and<08:43:08.580> we<08:43:08.700> break<08:43:08.820> it<08:43:09.058> up<08:43:09.180> so

gives us that 32 and we break it up so

gives us that 32 and we break it up so
for<08:43:10.020> instance<08:43:10.398> 192<08:43:11.398> is<08:43:12.120> going<08:43:12.360> to<08:43:12.540> break<08:43:13.138> down

for instance 192 is going to break down

for instance 192 is going to break down
to<08:43:13.920> a<08:43:14.100> certain<08:43:14.360> amount<08:43:15.360> of<08:43:15.540> bits<08:43:15.898> okay

to a certain amount of bits okay

to a certain amount of bits okay
we<08:43:18.360> also<08:43:18.600> talked<08:43:18.898> about<08:43:18.958> defining<08:43:19.620> subnetting

we also talked about defining subnetting

we also talked about defining subnetting
in<08:43:20.520> a<08:43:20.638> subnet<08:43:21.000> mask<08:43:21.298> which<08:43:22.080> the<08:43:22.378> most

in a subnet mask which the most

in a subnet mask which the most
important<08:43:22.978> thing<08:43:23.160> it<08:43:23.398> does<08:43:23.660> is<08:43:24.660> distinguishes

from our node

from our node
ID<08:43:34.260> in<08:43:34.978> other<08:43:35.040> words<08:43:35.280> what's<08:43:36.120> our<08:43:36.478> area<08:43:37.138> code

ID in other words what's our area code

ID in other words what's our area code
and<08:43:40.020> then<08:43:40.138> what<08:43:40.500> is<08:43:40.680> our<08:43:41.100> phone<08:43:41.760> number

and then what is our phone number

and then what is our phone number
we<08:43:43.798> can<08:43:43.920> have<08:43:44.100> the<08:43:44.340> same<08:43:44.520> phone<08:43:44.940> number

we can have the same phone number

we can have the same phone number
in<08:43:46.320> different<08:43:46.500> area<08:43:46.740> codes<08:43:47.040> but<08:43:47.520> they<08:43:47.638> go<08:43:47.820> to

in different area codes but they go to

in different area codes but they go to
very<08:43:48.120> different<08:43:48.298> people

very different people

very different people
we<08:43:49.680> also<08:43:49.920> talked<08:43:50.100> about<08:43:50.160> the<08:43:50.398> rules<08:43:50.638> of<08:43:50.820> subnet

we also talked about the rules of subnet

we also talked about the rules of subnet
masks<08:43:51.600> and<08:43:51.718> IP<08:43:52.020> addresses<08:43:52.500> we<08:43:53.100> can<08:43:53.280> only<08:43:53.398> have

masks and IP addresses we can only have

masks and IP addresses we can only have
one<08:43:54.240> IP<08:43:54.660> address

on any network

on any network
and<08:44:03.298> we<08:44:03.958> can<08:44:04.260> not<08:44:04.860> use

and we can not use

and we can not use
127.0.0.1<08:44:07.320> because<08:44:07.558> that<08:44:07.860> is<08:44:07.978> what<08:44:08.100> we<08:44:08.218> call

127.0.0.1 because that is what we call

127.0.0.1 because that is what we call
the<08:44:08.580> loop<08:44:08.940> back<08:44:09.180> address

the loop back address

the loop back address
as<08:44:10.740> far<08:44:10.920> as<08:44:11.040> for<08:44:11.160> the<08:44:11.280> subnet<08:44:11.638> mask<08:44:11.878> remember

as far as for the subnet mask remember

as far as for the subnet mask remember
that<08:44:13.138> all<08:44:13.378> ones<08:44:13.798> have<08:44:14.040> to<08:44:14.218> be<08:44:14.340> continuous<08:44:14.878> from

that all ones have to be continuous from

that all ones have to be continuous from
the<08:44:15.360> left

the left

the left
and<08:44:16.680> zeros<08:44:17.040> have<08:44:17.218> to<08:44:17.340> be<08:44:17.458> continuous<08:44:17.820> from<08:44:18.120> the

and zeros have to be continuous from the

and zeros have to be continuous from the
right

right

right
our<08:44:19.680> defaults<08:44:20.280> our<08:44:21.000> 255.255.0.0.0

and then 255

and then 255
I'm<08:44:27.298> sorry<08:44:27.478> I<08:44:27.600> think<08:44:27.718> I<08:44:27.840> just<08:44:27.958> said

I'm sorry I think I just said

I'm sorry I think I just said
255.0.0.0

255.0.0.0

255.0.0.0
285.255.0.0.0<08:44:32.520> and

255.255.255.0 those are our defaults and

255.255.255.0 those are our defaults and
so<08:44:40.138> we<08:44:40.378> talked<08:44:41.040> about<08:44:41.100> applying<08:44:41.700> a<08:44:41.878> subnet

so we talked about applying a subnet

so we talked about applying a subnet
mask<08:44:42.500> using<08:44:43.500> something<08:44:43.798> called<08:44:44.280> anding

mask using something called anding

mask using something called anding
and<08:44:46.138> we<08:44:46.260> looked<08:44:46.500> at<08:44:46.558> how<08:44:46.798> that<08:44:47.040> divides<08:44:47.580> up

and we looked at how that divides up

and we looked at how that divides up
again<08:44:48.478> the<08:44:49.138> network<08:44:49.378> ID<08:44:49.680> from<08:44:49.978> the<08:44:50.100> node<08:44:50.218> ID

again the network ID from the node ID

again the network ID from the node ID
and<08:44:50.638> we<08:44:50.760> saw<08:44:50.878> that<08:44:51.058> in<08:44:51.298> practice<08:44:51.620> finally<08:44:52.620> we

and we saw that in practice finally we

and we saw that in practice finally we
talked<08:44:53.040> very<08:44:53.160> briefly<08:44:53.580> about<08:44:53.878> custom<08:44:54.420> subnet

talked very briefly about custom subnet

talked very briefly about custom subnet
masks<08:44:55.320> something<08:44:55.558> that<08:44:55.740> we<08:44:55.860> don't<08:44:55.978> have<08:44:56.100> to

masks something that we don't have to

masks something that we don't have to
get<08:44:56.458> very<08:44:57.058> much<08:44:57.240> into<08:44:57.660> but<08:44:58.260> we<08:44:58.440> talked<08:44:58.680> about

get very much into but we talked about

get very much into but we talked about
how<08:44:59.040> if<08:44:59.160> we<08:44:59.280> had<08:44:59.398> 255.255

.255 dot for instance 128 we could have

.255 dot for instance 128 we could have
these<08:45:08.940> sort<08:45:09.120> of<08:45:09.240> sub<08:45:09.600> subnets<08:45:10.260> or<08:45:10.920> these<08:45:11.340> uh<08:45:11.878> we

these sort of sub subnets or these uh we

these sort of sub subnets or these uh we
could<08:45:12.660> break<08:45:12.840> it<08:45:13.020> down<08:45:13.200> even<08:45:13.440> further<08:45:13.860> and

could break it down even further and

could break it down even further and
therefore<08:45:14.638> we<08:45:15.180> could<08:45:15.298> start<08:45:15.540> to<08:45:15.780> do<08:45:15.958> a<08:45:16.138> lot

therefore we could start to do a lot

therefore we could start to do a lot
more<08:45:16.378> stuff<08:45:16.680> and<08:45:17.040> in<08:45:17.218> the<08:45:17.398> next<08:45:17.520> module<08:45:17.940> I'm

more stuff and in the next module I'm

more stuff and in the next module I'm
going<08:45:18.240> to<08:45:18.298> talk<08:45:18.478> about<08:45:18.660> this<08:45:19.080> in<08:45:19.378> a<08:45:19.500> lot<08:45:19.558> more

going to talk about this in a lot more

going to talk about this in a lot more
detail<08:45:20.160> and<08:45:21.000> why<08:45:21.298> we<08:45:21.478> would<08:45:21.600> want<08:45:21.780> to<08:45:21.898> do<08:45:22.080> it

[Music]

[Music]
thank<08:45:35.218> you

Network routing and IP addressing

Network routing and IP addressing
default<08:45:49.620> and<08:45:50.040> custom<08:45:50.340> addressing

default and custom addressing

default and custom addressing
so<08:45:52.798> we<08:45:52.978> described<08:45:53.580> in<08:45:53.760> the<08:45:53.940> previous<08:45:54.058> module

so we described in the previous module

so we described in the previous module
subnetting<08:45:55.500> how<08:45:55.798> to<08:45:56.040> determine<08:45:56.878> the<08:45:57.120> network

subnetting how to determine the network

subnetting how to determine the network
from<08:45:57.958> the<08:45:58.138> node<08:45:58.320> ID<08:45:58.620> and<08:45:59.280> we<08:45:59.458> talked

from the node ID and we talked

from the node ID and we talked
specifically<08:46:00.298> about<08:46:00.600> ipv4<08:46:01.558> and<08:46:01.860> we're<08:46:02.040> going

specifically about ipv4 and we're going

specifically about ipv4 and we're going
to<08:46:02.280> continue<08:46:02.520> talking<08:46:03.000> about<08:46:03.298> ipv4<08:46:04.080> a<08:46:04.320> little

to continue talking about ipv4 a little

to continue talking about ipv4 a little
bit<08:46:04.500> more<08:46:04.680> first<08:46:05.580> by<08:46:06.058> defining<08:46:06.780> the<08:46:07.680> default

bit more first by defining the default

bit more first by defining the default
ipv4<08:46:09.600> addressing<08:46:10.558> scheme<08:46:10.978> now<08:46:11.458> some<08:46:11.638> of<08:46:11.760> this

ipv4 addressing scheme now some of this

ipv4 addressing scheme now some of this
we<08:46:12.058> sort<08:46:12.240> of<08:46:12.360> touched<08:46:12.660> on<08:46:12.780> in<08:46:12.958> the<08:46:13.080> previous

we sort of touched on in the previous

we sort of touched on in the previous
module<08:46:13.798> and<08:46:14.398> some<08:46:14.520> of<08:46:14.638> the<08:46:14.700> stuff<08:46:14.820> we're<08:46:15.000> going

module and some of the stuff we're going

module and some of the stuff we're going
to<08:46:15.240> talk<08:46:15.360> about<08:46:15.478> right<08:46:15.840> now<08:46:16.080> is<08:46:16.740> going<08:46:17.040> to

to talk about right now is going to

to talk about right now is going to
probably<08:46:18.120> help<08:46:18.540> clarify<08:46:19.080> that<08:46:19.260> and<08:46:19.500> so<08:46:19.620> it

probably help clarify that and so it

probably help clarify that and so it
might<08:46:19.860> not<08:46:20.040> it<08:46:20.218> might<08:46:20.458> even<08:46:20.580> help<08:46:20.878> to<08:46:21.180> go<08:46:21.298> back

might not it might even help to go back

might not it might even help to go back
and<08:46:21.600> watch<08:46:21.780> the<08:46:22.080> previous<08:46:22.200> module<08:46:22.860> after

and watch the previous module after

and watch the previous module after
watching<08:46:23.878> this<08:46:24.120> one<08:46:24.298> after<08:46:24.958> that<08:46:25.200> we're<08:46:25.378> going

watching this one after that we're going

watching this one after that we're going
to<08:46:25.620> talk<08:46:25.798> about<08:46:25.978> the<08:46:26.700> reserved<08:46:27.240> or<08:46:27.478> restricted

to talk about the reserved or restricted

to talk about the reserved or restricted
ipv4<08:46:29.420> addresses<08:46:30.420> one<08:46:31.138> of<08:46:31.200> the<08:46:31.320> ones<08:46:31.500> we've

ipv4 addresses one of the ones we've

ipv4 addresses one of the ones we've
already<08:46:31.920> mentioned<08:46:32.520> is<08:46:33.120> what<08:46:33.360> we<08:46:33.478> called<08:46:33.660> the

already mentioned is what we called the

already mentioned is what we called the
loop<08:46:34.440> back<08:46:34.680> or

loop back or

loop back or
127.0.0.1<08:46:37.440> that's<08:46:37.978> an<08:46:38.218> example<08:46:38.520> of<08:46:38.878> a

127.0.0.1 that's an example of a

127.0.0.1 that's an example of a
reserved<08:46:39.958> IP<08:46:40.378> address<08:46:40.558> a<08:46:40.860> restricted<08:46:41.340> IP

reserved IP address a restricted IP

reserved IP address a restricted IP
address<08:46:41.760> and<08:46:42.298> so<08:46:42.420> we're<08:46:42.540> going<08:46:42.660> to<08:46:42.718> talk<08:46:42.840> about

address and so we're going to talk about

address and so we're going to talk about
those<08:46:43.378> in<08:46:43.620> more<08:46:43.798> depth<08:46:44.160> and<08:46:44.700> some<08:46:44.878> of<08:46:45.000> the<08:46:45.120> ones

those in more depth and some of the ones

those in more depth and some of the ones
that<08:46:45.718> some<08:46:46.020> of<08:46:46.138> the<08:46:46.260> ranges<08:46:46.620> that<08:46:46.860> are

that some of the ranges that are

that some of the ranges that are
restricted<08:46:47.458> and<08:46:48.000> why<08:46:48.240> they<08:46:48.478> are<08:46:48.660> then<08:46:49.378> we're

restricted and why they are then we're

restricted and why they are then we're
going<08:46:49.740> to<08:46:49.920> discuss<08:46:50.280> what<08:46:51.120> are<08:46:51.180> called<08:46:51.360> the

going to discuss what are called the

going to discuss what are called the
private<08:46:51.958> address<08:46:52.260> addresses<08:46:53.040> and<08:46:53.940> we're

private address addresses and we're

private address addresses and we're
gonna<08:46:54.360> talk<08:46:55.080> about<08:46:55.260> these<08:46:55.798> specifically

gonna talk about these specifically

gonna talk about these specifically
because<08:46:56.700> these<08:46:57.180> are<08:46:57.240> different<08:46:57.420> from<08:46:57.840> public

because these are different from public

because these are different from public
IP<08:46:58.500> addresses<08:46:59.040> uh<08:46:59.700> one<08:46:59.940> you<08:47:00.058> might<08:47:00.180> be

IP addresses uh one you might be

IP addresses uh one you might be
familiar<08:47:00.660> with<08:47:00.840> is<08:47:01.138> the

familiar with is the

familiar with is the
192.168<08:47:03.120> uh<08:47:04.080> public<08:47:04.320> at<08:47:04.680> a<08:47:04.978> private<08:47:05.280> addresses

192.168 uh public at a private addresses

192.168 uh public at a private addresses
rather<08:47:06.058> and<08:47:06.600> you'll<08:47:06.780> this<08:47:07.080> is<08:47:07.138> going<08:47:07.320> to

rather and you'll this is going to

rather and you'll this is going to
explain<08:47:07.558> why<08:47:07.978> every<08:47:08.340> router<08:47:08.820> that<08:47:09.240> you

explain why every router that you

explain why every router that you
purchase<08:47:09.718> that<08:47:10.080> you<08:47:10.620> know<08:47:10.680> electronics<08:47:11.160> store

purchase that you know electronics store

purchase that you know electronics store
has<08:47:11.760> this<08:47:12.180> as<08:47:12.478> its<08:47:12.840> default<08:47:13.200> not<08:47:13.740> everyone<08:47:13.978> but

has this as its default not everyone but

has this as its default not everyone but
a<08:47:14.458> lot<08:47:14.520> of<08:47:14.638> them<08:47:14.700> have<08:47:14.878> this<08:47:15.120> is<08:47:15.240> the<08:47:15.420> default

a lot of them have this is the default

a lot of them have this is the default
IP<08:47:16.200> address<08:47:16.378> and<08:47:16.620> yet<08:47:16.740> we<08:47:17.040> talked<08:47:17.280> about<08:47:17.340> how

IP address and yet we talked about how

IP address and yet we talked about how
you<08:47:17.820> can't<08:47:18.000> have<08:47:18.180> more<08:47:18.420> than<08:47:18.540> one<08:47:18.660> IP<08:47:19.020> address

you can't have more than one IP address

you can't have more than one IP address
with<08:47:19.500> any<08:47:19.680> device<08:47:19.920> and<08:47:20.520> so<08:47:20.638> we're<08:47:20.760> going<08:47:20.878> to

with any device and so we're going to

with any device and so we're going to
describe<08:47:21.298> why<08:47:21.660> with<08:47:22.200> private<08:47:22.558> IP<08:47:22.920> addresses

describe why with private IP addresses

describe why with private IP addresses
this<08:47:23.700> is<08:47:23.760> the<08:47:23.940> case<08:47:24.058> and<08:47:24.298> we'll<08:47:24.420> talk<08:47:24.600> about

this is the case and we'll talk about

this is the case and we'll talk about
some<08:47:25.020> other<08:47:25.200> private<08:47:25.558> IP<08:47:25.860> addresses<08:47:26.280> as<08:47:26.458> well

some other private IP addresses as well

some other private IP addresses as well
now<08:47:27.360> we're<08:47:27.540> going<08:47:27.718> to<08:47:27.780> talk<08:47:27.958> about<08:47:28.200> the<08:47:28.620> ipv4

now we're going to talk about the ipv4

now we're going to talk about the ipv4
formulas<08:47:30.840> and<08:47:31.378> that's<08:47:31.500> the<08:47:31.798> that's<08:47:32.160> what

formulas and that's the that's what

formulas and that's the that's what
allows<08:47:32.820> us<08:47:32.940> to<08:47:33.240> determine<08:47:33.798> how<08:47:34.798> many

hosts

hosts
and<08:47:40.200> networks<08:47:41.040> are<08:47:41.700> permissible<08:47:42.260> based<08:47:43.260> on

and networks are permissible based on

and networks are permissible based on
the<08:47:43.860> type<08:47:44.040> of<08:47:44.218> IP<08:47:44.520> address<08:47:44.760> the<08:47:45.540> class<08:47:45.780> that

the type of IP address the class that

the type of IP address the class that
it's<08:47:46.260> in<08:47:46.458> and<08:47:47.458> the<08:47:47.580> subnet<08:47:47.878> mask<08:47:48.120> that's

it's in and the subnet mask that's

it's in and the subnet mask that's
supplied<08:47:48.840> and<08:47:49.378> this<08:47:49.558> will<08:47:49.680> help<08:47:49.920> us<08:47:50.040> also

supplied and this will help us also

supplied and this will help us also
determine<08:47:51.000> and<08:47:51.180> talk<08:47:51.540> about<08:47:51.660> in<08:47:51.840> a<08:47:51.958> second<08:47:52.100> uh

determine and talk about in a second uh

determine and talk about in a second uh
why<08:47:53.398> we<08:47:53.638> might<08:47:53.760> want<08:47:53.878> to<08:47:54.000> use<08:47:54.180> custom<08:47:54.600> subnet

why we might want to use custom subnet

why we might want to use custom subnet
masks<08:47:55.740> and<08:47:55.920> custom<08:47:56.160> IP<08:47:56.580> addresses

masks and custom IP addresses

masks and custom IP addresses
so<08:47:58.260> then<08:47:58.378> we're<08:47:58.558> going<08:47:58.680> to<08:47:58.798> talk<08:47:58.920> about<08:47:59.040> the

so then we're going to talk about the

so then we're going to talk about the
default<08:47:59.820> gateway<08:48:00.420> is<08:48:00.718> this<08:48:01.020> gets<08:48:01.320> back<08:48:01.500> to

default gateway is this gets back to

default gateway is this gets back to
actually<08:48:02.520> this<08:48:02.878> right<08:48:03.120> here<08:48:03.360> it<08:48:03.600> is<08:48:03.840> the

actually this right here it is the

actually this right here it is the
device<08:48:05.100> which<08:48:05.820> the<08:48:06.780> any<08:48:07.320> node<08:48:07.798> needs<08:48:08.458> to<08:48:08.520> know

device which the any node needs to know

device which the any node needs to know
in<08:48:08.940> order<08:48:09.120> to<08:48:09.298> get<08:48:09.420> out<08:48:09.600> to<08:48:09.780> the<08:48:09.898> network<08:48:10.020> and

in order to get out to the network and

in order to get out to the network and
to<08:48:10.500> the<08:48:10.620> rest<08:48:10.798> of<08:48:11.520> the<08:48:12.058> um<08:48:12.120> the<08:48:12.420> rest<08:48:12.540> of<08:48:12.660> the

to the rest of the um the rest of the

to the rest of the um the rest of the
world

world

world
finally<08:48:14.878> we're<08:48:15.298> going<08:48:15.478> to<08:48:15.600> talk<08:48:15.840> about<08:48:16.080> custom

finally we're going to talk about custom

finally we're going to talk about custom
IP<08:48:17.398> address<08:48:17.638> schemes

IP address schemes

IP address schemes
vlsm<08:48:20.040> and<08:48:21.020> cidr<08:48:22.218> these<08:48:23.218> are<08:48:23.398> a<08:48:23.580> little<08:48:23.638> more<08:48:23.878> in

vlsm and cidr these are a little more in

vlsm and cidr these are a little more in
depth<08:48:24.298> but<08:48:24.420> these<08:48:24.718> really<08:48:24.840> get<08:48:25.080> back<08:48:25.320> to<08:48:25.558> the

depth but these really get back to the

depth but these really get back to the
subnet<08:48:26.280> masks<08:48:26.760> and<08:48:27.298> why<08:48:27.540> we<08:48:27.718> can<08:48:27.840> apply<08:48:28.200> those

subnet masks and why we can apply those

subnet masks and why we can apply those
uh<08:48:29.458> how<08:48:29.638> we<08:48:29.940> can<08:48:30.058> apply<08:48:30.360> sort<08:48:30.718> of<08:48:30.840> specific

uh how we can apply sort of specific

uh how we can apply sort of specific
subnet<08:48:31.680> masks<08:48:31.978> to<08:48:32.160> things<08:48:32.340> and<08:48:32.820> we'll<08:48:33.000> look<08:48:33.180> at

subnet masks to things and we'll look at

subnet masks to things and we'll look at
this<08:48:33.780> thing<08:48:33.898> which<08:48:34.080> you<08:48:34.260> might<08:48:34.378> have<08:48:34.558> seen

this thing which you might have seen

this thing which you might have seen
cidr<08:48:35.458> which<08:48:35.700> is<08:48:35.878> has<08:48:36.360> to<08:48:36.540> do<08:48:36.660> with<08:48:36.840> why<08:48:37.080> there

cidr which is has to do with why there

cidr which is has to do with why there
might<08:48:37.558> be<08:48:37.680> a<08:48:37.920> slash<08:48:38.340> after<08:48:38.700> an<08:48:39.000> IP<08:48:39.240> address

might be a slash after an IP address

might be a slash after an IP address
which<08:48:40.200> really<08:48:40.378> gets<08:48:40.680> to<08:48:40.740> the<08:48:40.920> number<08:48:41.040> of<08:48:41.160> bits

which really gets to the number of bits

which really gets to the number of bits
it<08:48:41.580> has<08:48:41.760> and<08:48:41.940> we'll<08:48:42.058> talk<08:48:42.298> about<08:48:42.420> that<08:48:42.718> just<08:48:42.898> a

it has and we'll talk about that just a

it has and we'll talk about that just a
minute<08:48:43.200> now<08:48:43.798> aside<08:48:44.040> from<08:48:44.218> being<08:48:44.458> an<08:48:44.700> aspect

minute now aside from being an aspect

minute now aside from being an aspect
that's<08:48:45.240> covered<08:48:45.600> in<08:48:45.780> many<08:48:46.020> areas<08:48:46.500> of<08:48:46.978> the

that's covered in many areas of the

that's covered in many areas of the
network<08:48:47.280> plus<08:48:47.580> exam<08:48:48.320> understanding<08:48:49.320> the

network plus exam understanding the

network plus exam understanding the
classes<08:48:50.398> in<08:48:50.760> a<08:48:50.940> default<08:48:51.240> IP<08:48:51.600> address<08:48:51.780> scheme

classes in a default IP address scheme

classes in a default IP address scheme
is<08:48:52.740> really<08:48:52.978> important<08:48:53.398> for<08:48:53.638> us<08:48:53.760> and<08:48:54.298> this<08:48:54.478> gets

is really important for us and this gets

is really important for us and this gets
back<08:48:54.958> to<08:48:55.320> uh<08:48:56.280> right<08:48:56.520> here<08:48:56.700> so<08:48:56.878> let's<08:48:57.120> talk

back to uh right here so let's talk

back to uh right here so let's talk
about<08:48:57.540> remember<08:48:57.780> we<08:48:58.080> talked<08:48:58.320> about<08:48:58.378> class

about remember we talked about class

about remember we talked about class
lesson<08:48:59.218> class<08:48:59.398> full<08:48:59.700> we're<08:49:00.000> going<08:49:00.120> to<08:49:00.180> talk

lesson class full we're going to talk

lesson class full we're going to talk
about<08:49:00.540> the<08:49:01.020> classes<08:49:01.558> that<08:49:01.860> exist<08:49:02.280> in<08:49:03.000> an<08:49:03.120> IP

about the classes that exist in an IP

about the classes that exist in an IP
address<08:49:03.600> right<08:49:04.020> now<08:49:04.200> so<08:49:04.798> as<08:49:05.340> we<08:49:05.520> learned<08:49:05.820> in

address right now so as we learned in

address right now so as we learned in
previous<08:49:06.298> modules<08:49:06.958> the<08:49:07.500> ipv4<08:49:08.458> addressing

previous modules the ipv4 addressing

previous modules the ipv4 addressing
scheme<08:49:09.718> is<08:49:10.378> again<08:49:10.700> 32<08:49:11.700> bits<08:49:12.540> broken<08:49:13.138> up<08:49:13.440> into

scheme is again 32 bits broken up into

scheme is again 32 bits broken up into
four<08:49:14.940> octets<08:49:15.660> and<08:49:16.620> each<08:49:16.798> octet<08:49:17.340> can<08:49:17.638> range

four octets and each octet can range

four octets and each octet can range
from<08:49:18.120> 0<08:49:18.360> to<08:49:18.840> 255.

from 0 to 255.

from 0 to 255.
now<08:49:20.820> the<08:49:21.120> international<08:49:21.320> standards

now the international standards

now the international standards
organization<08:49:23.298> icann<08:49:24.298> which<08:49:24.840> we've<08:49:25.020> mentioned

organization icann which we've mentioned

organization icann which we've mentioned
in<08:49:25.558> a<08:49:25.680> previous<08:49:25.798> module<08:49:26.520> is<08:49:27.120> in<08:49:27.298> control<08:49:27.478> of

in a previous module is in control of

in a previous module is in control of
how<08:49:28.260> these<08:49:28.558> IP<08:49:28.920> addresses<08:49:29.458> are<08:49:30.058> leased<08:49:30.478> and

how these IP addresses are leased and

how these IP addresses are leased and
distributed<08:49:31.020> out<08:49:31.260> to<08:49:31.620> individuals<08:49:32.340> and

distributed out to individuals and

distributed out to individuals and
companies<08:49:32.878> around<08:49:33.120> the<08:49:33.360> world<08:49:33.478> now<08:49:34.200> because

companies around the world now because

companies around the world now because
of<08:49:34.680> the<08:49:34.920> limited<08:49:35.340> amount<08:49:35.700> of<08:49:36.000> IP<08:49:36.360> addresses

of the limited amount of IP addresses

of the limited amount of IP addresses
the<08:49:37.798> default<08:49:38.180> ipv4<08:49:39.180> addressing<08:49:39.898> scheme<08:49:40.378> is

the default ipv4 addressing scheme is

the default ipv4 addressing scheme is
designed<08:49:41.458> and<08:49:41.580> outlined<08:49:42.120> which<08:49:42.478> what<08:49:42.780> are

designed and outlined which what are

designed and outlined which what are
called<08:49:43.218> classes<08:49:44.218> and<08:49:45.000> there<08:49:45.180> are<08:49:45.360> five<08:49:45.540> of

called classes and there are five of

called classes and there are five of
them<08:49:45.898> that<08:49:46.080> we<08:49:46.200> need<08:49:46.378> to<08:49:46.500> know<08:49:46.620> now<08:49:47.280> these

them that we need to know now these

them that we need to know now these
classes<08:49:47.940> are<08:49:48.120> identified<08:49:48.600> as<08:49:48.898> a<08:49:49.440> b<08:49:49.680> c<08:49:50.340> d<08:49:50.520> and<08:49:50.760> e

classes are identified as a b c d and e

classes are identified as a b c d and e
and<08:49:51.780> each<08:49:52.080> class<08:49:52.440> is<08:49:52.860> designed<08:49:53.218> to<08:49:53.398> facilitate

and each class is designed to facilitate

and each class is designed to facilitate
in<08:49:54.660> the<08:49:54.780> distribution<08:49:55.260> of<08:49:55.740> IP<08:49:56.100> addresses<08:49:56.700> for

in the distribution of IP addresses for

in the distribution of IP addresses for
certain<08:49:57.478> types<08:49:57.780> of<08:49:57.898> purposes<08:49:58.320> now<08:49:59.100> the<08:49:59.280> First

certain types of purposes now the First

certain types of purposes now the First
Class<08:49:59.638> A<08:50:00.120> Class<08:50:00.298> A<08:50:00.718> allows<08:50:01.680> you<08:50:01.740> to<08:50:01.920> have<08:50:02.160> is

Class A Class A allows you to have is

Class A Class A allows you to have is
designed<08:50:03.298> for<08:50:03.660> really<08:50:04.020> large<08:50:04.558> Networks

designed for really large Networks

designed for really large Networks
meaning<08:50:06.660> that<08:50:07.138> it<08:50:07.500> does<08:50:07.740> not<08:50:07.920> have<08:50:08.280> a<08:50:08.638> lot<08:50:08.760> of

meaning that it does not have a lot of

meaning that it does not have a lot of
networks<08:50:09.420> because<08:50:10.020> we<08:50:10.260> only<08:50:10.378> have<08:50:10.620> a<08:50:10.740> few<08:50:10.860> of

networks because we only have a few of

networks because we only have a few of
them<08:50:11.100> and<08:50:11.280> that<08:50:11.458> is<08:50:11.580> because<08:50:11.820> a<08:50:12.780> Class<08:50:12.958> A<08:50:13.378> Range

them and that is because a Class A Range

them and that is because a Class A Range
goes<08:50:14.580> from<08:50:14.700> one

goes from one

goes from one
to<08:50:16.558> 127.

to 127.

to 127.
in<08:50:19.138> the

in the

in the
first

first

first
octet<08:50:23.458> meaning<08:50:24.420> that<08:50:24.780> the<08:50:25.620> remaining<08:50:26.218> octets

octet meaning that the remaining octets

octet meaning that the remaining octets
are<08:50:27.478> reserved<08:50:27.898> for<08:50:28.020> nodes<08:50:28.320> and<08:50:29.040> so<08:50:29.218> we<08:50:29.458> see

are reserved for nodes and so we see

are reserved for nodes and so we see
that<08:50:30.180> we<08:50:30.360> don't<08:50:30.540> have<08:50:30.898> a<08:50:31.440> lot<08:50:31.558> of<08:50:31.860> networks<08:50:32.280> we

that we don't have a lot of networks we

that we don't have a lot of networks we
only<08:50:32.580> have<08:50:32.840> 126<08:50:33.840> networks<08:50:34.440> one<08:50:35.398> to<08:50:35.580> 127.

only have 126 networks one to 127.

only have 126 networks one to 127.
but<08:50:38.160> we<08:50:38.580> do<08:50:38.878> have<08:50:39.240> up<08:50:39.660> to<08:50:39.840> 16

but we do have up to 16

but we do have up to 16
.7<08:50:43.020> or<08:50:43.620> 0.8<08:50:44.160> around<08:50:44.580> about<08:50:44.878> million<08:50:45.840> net<08:50:46.558> I

.7 or 0.8 around about million net I

.7 or 0.8 around about million net I
nodes<08:50:47.520> that<08:50:47.878> can<08:50:48.000> be<08:50:48.240> on

nodes that can be on

nodes that can be on
this<08:50:50.340> network<08:50:50.520> and<08:50:51.420> so<08:50:51.660> uh<08:50:52.020> we<08:50:52.260> have<08:50:52.440> so<08:50:52.680> many

this network and so uh we have so many

this network and so uh we have so many
nodes<08:50:53.218> for<08:50:53.638> so<08:50:53.940> few<08:50:54.260> uh<08:50:55.260> networks<08:50:55.860> and<08:50:56.100> so<08:50:56.280> this

nodes for so few uh networks and so this

nodes for so few uh networks and so this
is<08:50:56.580> really<08:50:56.760> for<08:50:57.120> very<08:50:57.420> large<08:50:58.080> large<08:50:58.558> networks

is really for very large large networks

is really for very large large networks
and<08:50:59.940> there<08:51:00.180> are<08:51:00.360> some<08:51:00.600> specifically<08:51:01.200> reserved

and there are some specifically reserved

and there are some specifically reserved
addresses<08:51:02.638> in<08:51:02.940> this<08:51:03.058> as<08:51:03.240> well<08:51:03.360> we'll<08:51:03.600> talk

addresses in this as well we'll talk

addresses in this as well we'll talk
about<08:51:03.958> those<08:51:04.200> in<08:51:04.440> just<08:51:04.558> a<08:51:04.680> minute<08:51:04.798> now<08:51:05.580> with

about those in just a minute now with

about those in just a minute now with
class<08:51:06.000> B<08:51:06.298> here<08:51:07.138> we<08:51:07.378> have

class B here we have

class B here we have
128<08:51:09.420> to<08:51:10.080> 191.

128 to 191.

128 to 191.
and<08:51:12.540> these<08:51:12.840> are<08:51:12.958> called<08:51:13.138> Class<08:51:13.320> B<08:51:13.558> they<08:51:13.860> allow

and these are called Class B they allow

and these are called Class B they allow
for<08:51:14.520> a<08:51:14.940> lot<08:51:15.058> more<08:51:15.240> Networks

for a lot more Networks

for a lot more Networks
and<08:51:17.760> fewer<08:51:18.180> nodes<08:51:18.420> which<08:51:18.718> makes<08:51:18.958> sense

Now the default subnet mask for class A

Now the default subnet mask for class A
which<08:51:26.218> might<08:51:26.398> make<08:51:26.580> this<08:51:26.760> a<08:51:26.940> little<08:51:27.058> clearer

255.0.0.0 whereas for a class B it's

255.0.0.0 whereas for a class B it's
255.255.0.0<08:51:37.798> now<08:51:38.580> as<08:51:38.760> you<08:51:38.878> can<08:51:39.000> tell<08:51:39.120> the

255.255.0.0 now as you can tell the

255.255.0.0 now as you can tell the
class<08:51:39.780> is<08:51:40.020> actually<08:51:40.260> determined<08:51:40.740> by<08:51:40.920> the<08:51:41.160> very

class is actually determined by the very

class is actually determined by the very
first<08:51:41.638> octet<08:51:42.420> the<08:51:42.660> number<08:51:42.780> in<08:51:43.020> the<08:51:43.138> first

first octet the number in the first

first octet the number in the first
octet

octet

octet
and<08:51:45.000> it's<08:51:45.120> important<08:51:45.420> to<08:51:45.660> then<08:51:45.840> therefore

and it's important to then therefore

and it's important to then therefore
memorize<08:51:47.040> these<08:51:47.878> numbers<08:51:48.058> because<08:51:48.420> you'll

memorize these numbers because you'll

memorize these numbers because you'll
see<08:51:48.898> on<08:51:49.138> your<08:51:49.318> exam<08:51:49.680> they'll<08:51:50.280> ask<08:51:50.458> you<08:51:50.580> which

see on your exam they'll ask you which

see on your exam they'll ask you which
class<08:51:51.420> is<08:51:52.138> this<08:51:52.260> IP<08:51:52.558> address<08:51:52.680> a<08:51:52.978> part<08:51:53.160> of<08:51:53.280> if

class is this IP address a part of if

class is this IP address a part of if
it's<08:51:53.760> between<08:51:53.940> 1<08:51:54.240> and<08:51:54.420> 127<08:51:55.020> you<08:51:55.318> know<08:51:55.378> it's<08:51:55.558> a

it's between 1 and 127 you know it's a

it's between 1 and 127 you know it's a
Class<08:51:55.798> A<08:51:56.040> if<08:51:56.700> it's<08:51:56.878> between<08:51:57.200> 128<08:51:58.200> and<08:51:58.378> 191<08:51:58.798> you

Class A if it's between 128 and 191 you

Class A if it's between 128 and 191 you
know<08:51:59.160> it's<08:51:59.280> a<08:51:59.398> Class<08:51:59.520> B<08:51:59.760> if<08:52:00.360> we<08:52:00.478> get<08:52:00.600> to<08:52:00.780> a<08:52:00.958> class

know it's a Class B if we get to a class

know it's a Class B if we get to a class
C<08:52:01.500> now<08:52:01.860> we<08:52:02.280> have<08:52:02.458> a<08:52:02.878> lot<08:52:03.000> of<08:52:03.120> networks<08:52:03.718> and<08:52:04.378> not

C now we have a lot of networks and not

C now we have a lot of networks and not
a<08:52:04.740> lot<08:52:04.860> of<08:52:05.040> nodes<08:52:05.760> and<08:52:06.360> you<08:52:06.478> can<08:52:06.600> see<08:52:06.718> that

a lot of nodes and you can see that

a lot of nodes and you can see that
these<08:52:07.318> are<08:52:07.440> 192<08:52:08.340> to<08:52:09.080> 223<08:52:10.080> in<08:52:10.378> the<08:52:10.620> first

these are 192 to 223 in the first

these are 192 to 223 in the first
octet<08:52:13.138> and<08:52:13.860> the<08:52:13.978> default<08:52:14.340> subnet<08:52:14.818> mask

octet and the default subnet mask

octet and the default subnet mask
for<08:52:16.378> this<08:52:16.680> is<08:52:16.978> going<08:52:17.160> to<08:52:17.280> be<08:52:17.398> 255<08:52:18.000> to

for this is going to be 255 to

for this is going to be 255 to
255.255.0<08:52:20.580> and<08:52:20.878> if<08:52:21.000> you<08:52:21.120> remember<08:52:21.240> that<08:52:22.200> gives

255.255.0 and if you remember that gives

255.255.0 and if you remember that gives
us<08:52:22.680> only<08:52:23.100> this<08:52:23.398> octet<08:52:23.878> for<08:52:24.120> nodes<08:52:24.420> and<08:52:24.898> all<08:52:25.138> of

us only this octet for nodes and all of

us only this octet for nodes and all of
these<08:52:25.558> octets<08:52:26.040> for<08:52:26.700> networks<08:52:27.298> this<08:52:28.260> is

these octets for networks this is

these octets for networks this is
usually<08:52:28.680> one<08:52:29.040> of<08:52:29.160> the<08:52:29.218> most<08:52:29.458> recognizable<08:52:30.180> for

usually one of the most recognizable for

usually one of the most recognizable for
home<08:52:30.600> networks<08:52:31.138> because<08:52:31.798> we<08:52:32.218> have<08:52:32.340> the

192.168.0.1 for instance that is going

192.168.0.1 for instance that is going
to<08:52:38.280> obviously<08:52:38.700> fall<08:52:38.940> into<08:52:39.180> this<08:52:39.540> class<08:52:39.718> C<08:52:40.020> now

to obviously fall into this class C now

to obviously fall into this class C now
there<08:52:40.920> are<08:52:41.040> two<08:52:41.160> other<08:52:41.340> classes<08:52:41.760> they're<08:52:41.940> not

there are two other classes they're not

there are two other classes they're not
very<08:52:42.360> common<08:52:42.540> but<08:52:42.840> they're<08:52:43.020> important<08:52:43.318> to<08:52:43.440> be

very common but they're important to be

very common but they're important to be
able<08:52:43.620> to<08:52:43.740> recognize<08:52:44.218> they're<08:52:45.058> a<08:52:45.298> Class<08:52:45.540> D<08:52:46.318> i<08:52:47.160> p

able to recognize they're a Class D i p

able to recognize they're a Class D i p
addresses<08:52:47.818> which<08:52:48.120> are<08:52:48.298> only<08:52:48.420> used<08:52:48.660> for<08:52:48.840> what

addresses which are only used for what

addresses which are only used for what
we<08:52:49.138> call<08:52:49.638> multicast<08:52:50.638> Transmissions

we call multicast Transmissions

we call multicast Transmissions
and<08:52:53.760> these<08:52:54.000> are<08:52:54.120> for<08:52:54.298> special<08:52:54.660> routers<08:52:55.500> that

and these are for special routers that

and these are for special routers that
are<08:52:55.860> able<08:52:56.040> to<08:52:56.160> support<08:52:56.398> the<08:52:56.818> use<08:52:56.940> of<08:52:57.240> IP

are able to support the use of IP

are able to support the use of IP
addresses<08:52:58.080> within<08:52:58.440> this<08:52:58.620> range<08:52:58.920> you<08:52:59.398> don't

addresses within this range you don't

addresses within this range you don't
really<08:52:59.700> need<08:52:59.878> to<08:52:59.940> worry<08:53:00.120> about<08:53:00.298> this<08:53:00.540> for<08:53:00.718> much

really need to worry about this for much

really need to worry about this for much
application<08:53:01.440> unless<08:53:01.798> you're<08:53:01.920> dealing<08:53:02.218> with<08:53:02.398> a

application unless you're dealing with a

application unless you're dealing with a
lot<08:53:03.298> more<08:53:03.478> advanced<08:53:04.080> stuff<08:53:04.440> and<08:53:05.040> these<08:53:05.280> deal

lot more advanced stuff and these deal

lot more advanced stuff and these deal
with<08:53:05.638> 224<08:53:06.298> to<08:53:06.898> 239

with 224 to 239

with 224 to 239
finally<08:53:09.000> we<08:53:09.420> have<08:53:09.540> class<08:53:09.780> E<08:53:10.138> which<08:53:10.440> is<08:53:10.558> from

finally we have class E which is from

finally we have class E which is from
240<08:53:11.700> to<08:53:12.180> 255<08:53:13.020> and<08:53:13.978> these<08:53:14.520> are<08:53:14.638> really<08:53:14.878> for

240 to 255 and these are really for

240 to 255 and these are really for
experimental<08:53:16.860> reasons<08:53:17.398> so<08:53:18.240> we're<08:53:18.360> really<08:53:18.540> not

experimental reasons so we're really not

experimental reasons so we're really not
going<08:53:18.898> to<08:53:19.020> see<08:53:19.260> these<08:53:19.740> in<08:53:20.340> much<08:53:20.458> play<08:53:20.818> the<08:53:21.360> ones

going to see these in much play the ones

going to see these in much play the ones
you<08:53:21.718> really<08:53:21.840> want<08:53:22.080> to<08:53:22.200> be<08:53:22.260> familiar<08:53:22.680> with

you really want to be familiar with

you really want to be familiar with
are<08:53:24.600> these<08:53:24.898> first<08:53:25.080> three<08:53:25.500> classes<08:53:25.978> a<08:53:26.760> b<08:53:27.058> and<08:53:27.360> c

are these first three classes a b and c

are these first three classes a b and c
remember<08:53:28.580> 1<08:53:29.580> to<08:53:29.818> 127<08:53:30.540> is<08:53:31.318> a<08:53:31.558> class<08:53:31.680> A<08:53:32.360> 128<08:53:33.360> to

remember 1 to 127 is a class A 128 to

remember 1 to 127 is a class A 128 to
191<08:53:34.798> is<08:53:35.760> a<08:53:36.000> Class<08:53:36.180> B<08:53:37.100> 192<08:53:38.100> to<08:53:38.580> 223<08:53:39.360> is<08:53:39.718> a<08:53:39.958> Class<08:53:40.200> C

191 is a Class B 192 to 223 is a Class C

191 is a Class B 192 to 223 is a Class C
if<08:53:41.218> you<08:53:41.340> can<08:53:41.458> remember<08:53:41.580> those<08:53:41.878> ranges<08:53:42.360> I<08:53:42.540> would

if you can remember those ranges I would

if you can remember those ranges I would
commit<08:53:42.898> them<08:53:43.020> to<08:53:43.200> Memory<08:53:43.440> you'll<08:53:43.740> be<08:53:43.860> good<08:53:44.040> to

commit them to Memory you'll be good to

commit them to Memory you'll be good to
go<08:53:44.280> for<08:53:44.458> the<08:53:44.580> exam<08:53:44.878> now<08:53:45.420> within<08:53:45.780> each<08:53:45.958> of<08:53:46.138> these

go for the exam now within each of these

go for the exam now within each of these
classes<08:53:46.878> there<08:53:47.878> are<08:53:48.058> a<08:53:48.298> number<08:53:48.478> of<08:53:48.600> addresses

classes there are a number of addresses

classes there are a number of addresses
that<08:53:49.680> are<08:53:50.040> not<08:53:50.340> allowed<08:53:50.700> to<08:53:50.818> be<08:53:51.000> assigned<08:53:51.540> or

that are not allowed to be assigned or

that are not allowed to be assigned or
leased<08:53:52.200> for<08:53:52.620> specific<08:53:52.920> reasons<08:53:53.398> these<08:53:53.700> are

leased for specific reasons these are

leased for specific reasons these are
what<08:53:53.878> we<08:53:53.940> call<08:53:54.120> reserved<08:53:54.780> and<08:53:54.958> restricted<08:53:55.440> IP

what we call reserved and restricted IP

what we call reserved and restricted IP
addresses<08:53:56.218> now<08:53:56.700> we've<08:53:56.940> mentioned<08:53:57.240> the

addresses now we've mentioned the

addresses now we've mentioned the
127.0.0.1<08:53:59.398> or<08:53:59.940> the<08:54:00.180> local<08:54:00.360> loopback<08:54:01.020> or<08:54:01.558> the

127.0.0.1 or the local loopback or the

127.0.0.1 or the local loopback or the
localhost<08:54:02.398> i<08:54:02.878> p<08:54:03.000> address<08:54:03.240> before<08:54:03.660> which<08:54:04.440> can't

localhost i p address before which can't

localhost i p address before which can't
be<08:54:04.860> assigned<08:54:05.398> because<08:54:05.760> it's<08:54:06.420> reserved<08:54:06.840> for<08:54:06.958> me

be assigned because it's reserved for me

be assigned because it's reserved for me
for<08:54:07.378> myself<08:54:07.558> from<08:54:07.978> for<08:54:08.458> I<08:54:08.700> this<08:54:09.298> means<08:54:09.540> that

for myself from for I this means that

for myself from for I this means that
this<08:54:09.840> address<08:54:10.020> is<08:54:10.318> used<08:54:10.620> when<08:54:11.040> I<08:54:11.398> want<08:54:11.638> to

this address is used when I want to

this address is used when I want to
address<08:54:12.298> myself

address myself

address myself
so<08:54:14.340> if<08:54:14.638> I<08:54:14.878> wanted<08:54:15.000> to<08:54:15.360> for<08:54:15.660> instance<08:54:15.898> assign

so if I wanted to for instance assign

so if I wanted to for instance assign
myself<08:54:16.860> my<08:54:17.458> own<08:54:17.700> name<08:54:18.058> via<08:54:18.718> DNS<08:54:19.260> and<08:54:20.040> my<08:54:20.280> name

myself my own name via DNS and my name

myself my own name via DNS and my name
was<08:54:20.700> me

was me

was me
me<08:54:22.740> would<08:54:23.218> link<08:54:23.520> up<08:54:23.700> to<08:54:23.878> the<08:54:24.000> IP<08:54:24.298> address

me would link up to the IP address

me would link up to the IP address
127.0.0.1<08:54:26.520> and<08:54:27.058> that<08:54:27.240> way<08:54:27.420> it's<08:54:27.540> going<08:54:27.780> back

127.0.0.1 and that way it's going back

127.0.0.1 and that way it's going back
to<08:54:28.200> myself<08:54:28.378> now<08:54:28.740> we're<08:54:28.920> really<08:54:29.040> going<08:54:29.218> to<08:54:29.340> use

to myself now we're really going to use

to myself now we're really going to use
this<08:54:29.818> for<08:54:30.420> mostly<08:54:30.840> diagnostic<08:54:31.798> purposes<08:54:32.280> if<08:54:32.580> I

this for mostly diagnostic purposes if I

this for mostly diagnostic purposes if I
want<08:54:32.940> to<08:54:33.058> double<08:54:33.240> check<08:54:33.478> to<08:54:33.780> make<08:54:33.898> sure<08:54:34.080> for

want to double check to make sure for

want to double check to make sure for
instance<08:54:34.558> that<08:54:34.798> tcpip<08:54:35.580> is<08:54:35.940> running<08:54:36.120> correctly

instance that tcpip is running correctly

instance that tcpip is running correctly
and<08:54:38.100> it's<08:54:38.340> also<08:54:38.580> going<08:54:38.700> to<08:54:38.760> be<08:54:38.818> used<08:54:38.878> for

and it's also going to be used for

and it's also going to be used for
programmers<08:54:39.718> and<08:54:39.898> such<08:54:40.080> like<08:54:40.318> that<08:54:40.520> now<08:54:41.520> the

programmers and such like that now the

programmers and such like that now the
address

10.0.0.0 is also restricted and it's not

10.0.0.0 is also restricted and it's not
available<08:54:47.818> to<08:54:48.180> use<08:54:48.360> because<08:54:48.660> again<08:54:49.080> this<08:54:49.978> a

available to use because again this a

available to use because again this a
host<08:54:50.520> address<08:54:50.940> can<08:54:51.840> never<08:54:52.080> have<08:54:52.500> all<08:54:53.100> zeros

host address can never have all zeros

host address can never have all zeros
conversely<08:54:55.378> the<08:54:55.978> addresses<08:54:56.458> that<08:54:56.700> have<08:54:56.940> all

conversely the addresses that have all

conversely the addresses that have all
ones<08:54:57.780> for<08:54:58.500> instance

255.255.255.255 cannot be used for

255.255.255.255 cannot be used for
um<08:55:08.580> uh<08:55:09.540> addresses<08:55:10.318> obviously<08:55:11.280> this<08:55:11.458> one<08:55:11.580> can't

um uh addresses obviously this one can't

um uh addresses obviously this one can't
because<08:55:12.058> it<08:55:12.240> would<08:55:12.420> sort<08:55:12.660> of

because it would sort of

because it would sort of
ruin<08:55:14.458> the<08:55:14.700> use<08:55:14.818> of<08:55:15.000> a<08:55:15.180> subnet<08:55:15.540> mask<08:55:15.718> but<08:55:15.958> even

ruin the use of a subnet mask but even

ruin the use of a subnet mask but even
if<08:55:16.260> I<08:55:16.378> had<08:55:16.500> something<08:55:16.680> like

192.168.0.255 I can't use that because

192.168.0.255 I can't use that because
that's<08:55:21.958> what's<08:55:22.260> called<08:55:22.620> a<08:55:23.280> broadcast<08:55:23.580> address

that's what's called a broadcast address

that's what's called a broadcast address
and<08:55:24.898> so<08:55:25.080> it's<08:55:25.260> just<08:55:25.440> simply<08:55:25.740> reserved<08:55:26.520> for

and so it's just simply reserved for

and so it's just simply reserved for
that<08:55:27.420> this<08:55:27.780> means<08:55:28.080> that<08:55:28.318> if<08:55:28.558> a<08:55:28.920> message<08:55:29.100> is

that this means that if a message is

that this means that if a message is
transmitted<08:55:30.298> to<08:55:30.540> a<08:55:30.718> network<08:55:30.840> address<08:55:31.138> with

transmitted to a network address with

transmitted to a network address with
all<08:55:31.798> ones<08:55:32.040> in<08:55:32.160> the<08:55:32.280> host<08:55:32.458> portion<08:55:32.878> or<08:55:33.120> 255<08:55:34.020> that

all ones in the host portion or 255 that

all ones in the host portion or 255 that
message<08:55:34.920> is<08:55:35.160> going<08:55:35.398> to<08:55:35.458> be<08:55:35.580> transmitted<08:55:36.120> to

message is going to be transmitted to

message is going to be transmitted to
every<08:55:36.898> single<08:55:37.440> device<08:55:37.920> on<08:55:38.218> the<08:55:38.340> subnet<08:55:38.700> it's

every single device on the subnet it's

every single device on the subnet it's
called<08:55:39.180> a<08:55:39.478> broadcast<08:55:39.958> and<08:55:40.440> we<08:55:40.620> talked<08:55:40.798> about

called a broadcast and we talked about

called a broadcast and we talked about
broadcast<08:55:41.160> before<08:55:41.700> finally<08:55:42.660> the<08:55:42.840> address

broadcast before finally the address

broadcast before finally the address
1.1.1.1<08:55:45.420> cannot<08:55:46.138> be<08:55:46.378> used<08:55:46.620> because<08:55:47.458> this<08:55:47.878> is

1.1.1.1 cannot be used because this is

1.1.1.1 cannot be used because this is
what's<08:55:48.298> called<08:55:48.600> the<08:55:49.080> all<08:55:49.378> hosts<08:55:49.978> or<08:55:50.218> the<08:55:50.340> who

what's called the all hosts or the who

what's called the all hosts or the who
is<08:55:50.760> address<08:55:51.680> so<08:55:52.680> these<08:55:53.280> basically<08:55:53.878> what

is address so these basically what

is address so these basically what
whereas<08:55:54.898> 127<08:55:55.558> is<08:55:55.798> for<08:55:55.978> me

whereas 127 is for me

whereas 127 is for me
1.1.1.1<08:55:57.958> is<08:55:58.200> for<08:55:58.500> everyone<08:55:58.798> so<08:55:59.398> these<08:55:59.818> we<08:56:00.058> can

1.1.1.1 is for everyone so these we can

1.1.1.1 is for everyone so these we can
never<08:56:00.600> use<08:56:00.898> the<08:56:01.318> important<08:56:01.558> one<08:56:01.680> I<08:56:01.860> really

never use the important one I really

never use the important one I really
want<08:56:02.160> you<08:56:02.280> to<08:56:02.398> remember<08:56:02.520> here<08:56:02.940> is<08:56:03.660> this<08:56:03.958> one

want you to remember here is this one

want you to remember here is this one
and<08:56:04.680> you're<08:56:04.798> going<08:56:04.978> to<08:56:05.100> want<08:56:05.160> to<08:56:05.280> remember

and you're going to want to remember

and you're going to want to remember
that<08:56:05.818> for<08:56:06.058> instance<08:56:06.298> 255<08:56:07.200> in<08:56:07.740> the<08:56:07.978> host

that for instance 255 in the host

that for instance 255 in the host
portion<08:56:09.000> can<08:56:09.600> never<08:56:09.780> be<08:56:10.020> used<08:56:10.260> again<08:56:10.920> not<08:56:11.280> only

portion can never be used again not only

portion can never be used again not only
because<08:56:11.638> that's<08:56:11.878> going<08:56:12.058> to<08:56:12.120> ruin<08:56:12.420> a<08:56:12.540> subnet<08:56:12.898> as

because that's going to ruin a subnet as

because that's going to ruin a subnet as
we've<08:56:13.680> talked<08:56:13.920> about<08:56:13.978> but<08:56:14.638> also<08:56:14.940> this<08:56:15.240> is

we've talked about but also this is

we've talked about but also this is
reserved<08:56:15.840> for<08:56:15.958> what's<08:56:16.138> called<08:56:16.378> a<08:56:16.740> broadcast

reserved for what's called a broadcast

reserved for what's called a broadcast
address<08:56:17.780> now<08:56:18.780> there<08:56:19.020> are<08:56:19.200> portions<08:56:19.620> of<08:56:19.860> each

address now there are portions of each

address now there are portions of each
class<08:56:20.638> that<08:56:21.540> are<08:56:21.840> allocated<08:56:22.378> either<08:56:22.680> for

class that are allocated either for

class that are allocated either for
public<08:56:23.280> or<08:56:23.638> private<08:56:24.058> use<08:56:24.378> private<08:56:25.378> IP

public or private use private IP

public or private use private IP
addresses<08:56:26.360> are<08:56:27.360> not<08:56:27.660> routable

addresses are not routable

addresses are not routable
this<08:56:29.760> means

this means

this means
that<08:56:31.680> they<08:56:31.860> are<08:56:32.040> assigned<08:56:32.458> for<08:56:32.638> use<08:56:32.878> on

that they are assigned for use on

that they are assigned for use on
internal<08:56:34.318> networks<08:56:34.798> such<08:56:34.978> as<08:56:35.160> your<08:56:35.458> home

internal networks such as your home

internal networks such as your home
network<08:56:35.878> or<08:56:36.600> your<08:56:36.840> office<08:56:37.080> Network<08:56:37.500> when

network or your office Network when

network or your office Network when
these<08:56:38.700> addresses<08:56:39.360> transmit<08:56:39.958> data<08:56:40.260> and<08:56:40.378> it

these addresses transmit data and it

these addresses transmit data and it
reaches<08:56:40.860> a<08:56:41.100> router<08:56:41.458> the<08:56:42.180> router<08:56:42.600> is<08:56:42.958> not<08:56:43.378> going

reaches a router the router is not going

reaches a router the router is not going
to<08:56:44.340> uh<08:56:45.000> route<08:56:45.360> it<08:56:45.660> outside<08:56:45.958> of<08:56:46.318> the<08:56:46.440> network<08:56:46.558> so

to uh route it outside of the network so

to uh route it outside of the network so
these<08:56:47.700> addresses<08:56:48.240> can<08:56:48.540> be<08:56:48.660> used<08:56:48.898> without

these addresses can be used without

these addresses can be used without
needing<08:56:49.798> to<08:56:49.978> purchase<08:56:50.340> or<08:56:50.878> leasing<08:56:51.298> an<08:56:51.478> IP

needing to purchase or leasing an IP

needing to purchase or leasing an IP
address<08:56:51.898> from<08:56:52.318> your<08:56:52.500> ISP<08:56:53.040> or<08:56:53.218> Internet

address from your ISP or Internet

address from your ISP or Internet
service<08:56:53.818> provider<08:56:54.420> or<08:56:54.840> governing<08:56:55.378> entity<08:56:55.680> so

service provider or governing entity so

service provider or governing entity so
this<08:56:56.280> is<08:56:56.398> how<08:56:56.520> I<08:56:56.638> could<08:56:56.818> create<08:56:57.058> an<08:56:57.420> internal

this is how I could create an internal

this is how I could create an internal
Network<08:56:57.958> in<08:56:58.260> my<08:56:58.440> home<08:56:58.680> and<08:56:59.520> I<08:56:59.760> don't<08:56:59.878> need<08:57:00.120> to

Network in my home and I don't need to

Network in my home and I don't need to
go<08:57:00.540> register<08:57:01.020> it<08:57:01.318> and<08:57:02.218> I<08:57:02.580> might<08:57:02.700> not<08:57:02.818> be<08:57:02.940> able

go register it and I might not be able

go register it and I might not be able
to<08:57:03.120> access<08:57:03.240> the<08:57:03.600> internet<08:57:03.660> but<08:57:03.958> I<08:57:04.080> don't<08:57:04.138> need

to access the internet but I don't need

to access the internet but I don't need
to<08:57:04.378> register<08:57:04.558> if<08:57:04.860> I<08:57:04.978> want<08:57:05.100> to<08:57:05.218> go<08:57:05.580> out<08:57:05.700> to<08:57:05.818> the

to register if I want to go out to the

to register if I want to go out to the
internet<08:57:06.058> then<08:57:06.478> I<08:57:06.718> can<08:57:06.898> share<08:57:07.580> using<08:57:08.580> devices

internet then I can share using devices

internet then I can share using devices
and<08:57:10.218> resources<08:57:11.218> we've<08:57:11.458> talked<08:57:11.638> about

and resources we've talked about

and resources we've talked about
previously<08:57:12.120> and<08:57:12.240> we'll<08:57:12.360> talk<08:57:12.478> about<08:57:12.600> later<08:57:12.840> a

previously and we'll talk about later a

previously and we'll talk about later a
public<08:57:13.740> IP<08:57:14.160> address<08:57:14.398> with<08:57:15.240> all<08:57:15.420> the<08:57:15.660> internal

public IP address with all the internal

public IP address with all the internal
devices<08:57:16.440> that<08:57:16.920> are<08:57:17.160> configured<08:57:17.760> using

devices that are configured using

devices that are configured using
private<08:57:18.540> IP<08:57:18.840> addresses<08:57:19.378> now<08:57:20.040> since<08:57:20.340> these<08:57:20.638> are

private IP addresses now since these are

private IP addresses now since these are
not<08:57:21.420> able<08:57:21.718> to<08:57:21.840> be<08:57:22.080> used<08:57:22.318> externally<08:57:22.920> to<08:57:23.218> our

not able to be used externally to our

not able to be used externally to our
Network<08:57:23.580> these<08:57:24.298> IP<08:57:24.540> addresses<08:57:24.958> can<08:57:25.260> be<08:57:25.798> used

Network these IP addresses can be used

Network these IP addresses can be used
by<08:57:26.638> as<08:57:26.818> many<08:57:27.000> devices<08:57:27.298> as<08:57:27.600> necessary<08:57:28.200> as<08:57:28.860> long

by as many devices as necessary as long

by as many devices as necessary as long
as<08:57:29.160> we<08:57:29.398> never<08:57:29.580> double<08:57:29.878> over<08:57:30.120> one<08:57:30.360> IP<08:57:30.660> address

as we never double over one IP address

as we never double over one IP address
per<08:57:31.378> device<08:57:31.680> so<08:57:32.520> the<08:57:32.700> class<08:57:32.940> a<08:57:33.558> private<08:57:34.558> IP

per device so the class a private IP

per device so the class a private IP
address<08:57:35.160> range<08:57:35.760> remember<08:57:36.360> we<08:57:36.660> talked<08:57:36.840> about

address range remember we talked about

address range remember we talked about
10.0.0.0<08:57:38.160> because<08:57:38.818> we<08:57:39.180> cannot<08:57:39.478> have<08:57:39.718> zeros

10.0.0.0 because we cannot have zeros

10.0.0.0 because we cannot have zeros
right<08:57:41.398> remember<08:57:41.780> 10.0.0<08:57:42.780> and<08:57:43.260> 285<08:57:43.860> we

right remember 10.0.0 and 285 we

right remember 10.0.0 and 285 we
actually<08:57:44.458> cannot<08:57:45.240> assign<08:57:45.600> but<08:57:46.080> any<08:57:46.318> address

actually cannot assign but any address

actually cannot assign but any address
in<08:57:47.340> between<08:57:47.580> that<08:57:48.180> so

10.1.126.5 would fall into what's called

10.1.126.5 would fall into what's called
a<08:57:55.558> private<08:57:55.978> address<08:57:56.218> range<08:57:56.760> and<08:57:56.878> you<08:57:57.058> might

a private address range and you might

a private address range and you might
see<08:57:57.360> this<08:57:57.660> in<08:57:57.898> your<08:57:58.020> home<08:57:58.200> router<08:57:58.620> as<08:57:58.798> well<08:57:58.978> so

see this in your home router as well so

see this in your home router as well so
this<08:57:59.940> makes<08:58:00.180> it<08:58:00.420> easily<08:58:00.718> discernible<08:58:01.260> from

this makes it easily discernible from

this makes it easily discernible from
other<08:58:01.798> addresses<08:58:02.398> in<08:58:02.580> its<08:58:02.878> class<08:58:03.058> anything

other addresses in its class anything

other addresses in its class anything
that<08:58:04.440> has<08:58:04.620> the<08:58:04.798> 10<08:58:04.978> to<08:58:05.218> begin<08:58:05.340> with<08:58:05.638> cannot<08:58:06.478> be

that has the 10 to begin with cannot be

that has the 10 to begin with cannot be
used<08:58:07.020> on<08:58:07.500> a<08:58:07.620> Class<08:58:07.740> A<08:58:07.920> Network<08:58:08.160> or<08:58:08.398> any<08:58:08.520> network

used on a Class A Network or any network

used on a Class A Network or any network
except<08:58:09.298> privately

except privately

except privately
we<08:58:10.920> also<08:58:11.100> have<08:58:11.218> a<08:58:11.398> class<08:58:11.520> B<08:58:11.958> uh<08:58:12.958> Private

we also have a class B uh Private

we also have a class B uh Private
Exchange<08:58:13.978> which<08:58:14.340> is

Exchange which is

Exchange which is
172.16.0.0<08:58:17.398> through

172.31.255.255 and Class C which is

172.31.255.255 and Class C which is
192.168.0.0<08:58:25.558> through<08:58:25.920> the<08:58:26.520> 255<08:58:27.058> to<08:58:27.240> 255.<08:58:27.840> this

192.168.0.0 through the 255 to 255. this

192.168.0.0 through the 255 to 255. this
one<08:58:28.200> you<08:58:28.378> might<08:58:28.500> have<08:58:28.680> seen<08:58:28.978> the<08:58:29.218> most<08:58:29.398> this

one you might have seen the most this

one you might have seen the most this
one<08:58:30.180> I'm<08:58:30.298> guessing<08:58:30.600> you've<08:58:30.840> seen<08:58:31.020> the<08:58:31.260> last

one I'm guessing you've seen the last

one I'm guessing you've seen the last
this<08:58:32.040> one's<08:58:32.340> probably<08:58:32.580> the<08:58:32.940> second<08:58:33.120> most

this one's probably the second most

this one's probably the second most
common<08:58:33.660> the<08:58:33.958> 10<08:58:34.080> dot<08:58:34.558> so<08:58:35.218> if<08:58:35.458> you<08:58:35.580> have<08:58:35.760> a

common the 10 dot so if you have a

common the 10 dot so if you have a
internal<08:58:36.540> Network<08:58:36.718> at<08:58:37.020> your<08:58:37.200> home<08:58:37.440> you<08:58:38.340> might

internal Network at your home you might

internal Network at your home you might
have<08:58:38.878> your<08:58:39.360> address<08:58:39.540> on<08:58:39.840> your<08:58:39.958> computer<08:58:40.138> right

have your address on your computer right

have your address on your computer right
now<08:58:40.798> for<08:58:41.040> instance<08:58:41.218> if<08:58:41.398> it's<08:58:41.520> not<08:58:41.700> connected

now for instance if it's not connected

now for instance if it's not connected
directly<08:58:42.360> to<08:58:42.540> the<08:58:42.600> network<08:58:42.718> if<08:58:42.958> it's

directly to the network if it's

directly to the network if it's
connected<08:58:43.378> to<08:58:43.440> a<08:58:43.620> router<08:58:43.920> might<08:58:44.398> be<08:58:44.580> something

connected to a router might be something

connected to a router might be something
like<08:58:45.958> this<08:58:46.500> or<08:58:47.398> like

like this or like

like this or like
this<08:58:49.978> or<08:58:50.398> even

like this all right that's because these

like this all right that's because these
are<08:58:56.280> each<08:58:56.398> private<08:58:56.940> addresses<08:58:57.478> it's

are each private addresses it's

are each private addresses it's
important<08:58:58.500> that<08:58:58.680> you<08:58:58.860> commit<08:58:59.160> these<08:58:59.458> to

important that you commit these to

important that you commit these to
memory<08:58:59.878> as<08:59:00.120> well<08:59:00.240> because<08:59:00.840> these<08:59:01.378> will<08:59:01.620> appear

memory as well because these will appear

memory as well because these will appear
on<08:59:02.458> the<08:59:02.580> exam<08:59:02.818> and<08:59:02.940> remember<08:59:03.120> the<08:59:03.780> important

on the exam and remember the important

on the exam and remember the important
thing<08:59:04.260> with<08:59:04.500> a<08:59:04.740> uh

thing with a uh

thing with a uh
with<08:59:06.718> a<08:59:06.958> private<08:59:07.318> IP<08:59:07.558> address<08:59:07.740> as<08:59:08.100> I<08:59:08.280> mentioned

with a private IP address as I mentioned

with a private IP address as I mentioned
right<08:59:08.580> here<08:59:08.700> is<08:59:08.818> they're<08:59:09.058> not<08:59:09.298> routable<08:59:09.718> and<08:59:09.898> I

right here is they're not routable and I

right here is they're not routable and I
don't<08:59:10.138> need<08:59:10.318> a<08:59:10.500> lease<08:59:10.798> to<08:59:10.978> use<08:59:11.100> them<08:59:11.340> so<08:59:11.940> when

don't need a lease to use them so when

don't need a lease to use them so when
tasked<08:59:12.478> with<08:59:12.600> subnetting<08:59:13.138> a<08:59:13.260> network<08:59:13.378> you

tasked with subnetting a network you

tasked with subnetting a network you
need<08:59:13.978> to<08:59:14.100> understand<08:59:14.280> how<08:59:14.818> to<08:59:14.940> calculate<08:59:15.298> how

need to understand how to calculate how

need to understand how to calculate how
many<08:59:15.660> hosts<08:59:16.200> and<08:59:16.680> how<08:59:16.860> many<08:59:17.040> networks<08:59:17.520> are

many hosts and how many networks are

many hosts and how many networks are
available<08:59:17.818> if<08:59:18.600> we<08:59:18.780> want<08:59:18.898> to<08:59:18.958> determine<08:59:19.318> the

available if we want to determine the

available if we want to determine the
number<08:59:19.620> of<08:59:19.920> hosts<08:59:20.638> that<08:59:20.818> are<08:59:21.000> available<08:59:21.180> we

number of hosts that are available we

number of hosts that are available we
apply<08:59:22.200> this<08:59:22.500> Formula<08:59:22.920> 2<08:59:23.160> to<08:59:23.398> the<08:59:23.520> x<08:59:23.760> minus<08:59:24.540> 2.

apply this Formula 2 to the x minus 2.

apply this Formula 2 to the x minus 2.
and<08:59:26.100> this<08:59:26.280> is<08:59:26.458> where<08:59:26.760> X

equals the number of node bits and

equals the number of node bits and
that's<08:59:33.360> after<08:59:33.600> we<08:59:33.898> break<08:59:34.138> it<08:59:34.378> down<08:59:34.620> from

that's after we break it down from

that's after we break it down from
decimal<08:59:36.000> to<08:59:36.600> binary

decimal to binary

decimal to binary
now<08:59:38.700> the<08:59:39.000> reason<08:59:39.120> for<08:59:39.478> the<08:59:39.660> minus<08:59:40.080> 2<08:59:40.318> here

is because again we cannot use a DOT

is because again we cannot use a DOT
0.0.0<08:59:46.138> address<08:59:46.558> or

a.255.255.255 address which would mean

a.255.255.255 address which would mean
all<08:59:52.440> zeros<08:59:52.798> are<08:59:52.978> all<08:59:53.160> ones<08:59:53.520> in<08:59:54.180> the<08:59:54.420> subnet<08:59:54.958> and

all zeros are all ones in the subnet and

all zeros are all ones in the subnet and
so<08:59:55.620> we<08:59:55.798> need<08:59:55.920> to<08:59:56.040> make<08:59:56.280> sure<08:59:56.580> uh<08:59:57.540> rather<08:59:57.840> in<08:59:58.080> the

so we need to make sure uh rather in the

so we need to make sure uh rather in the
um uh<08:59:58.978> in<08:59:59.280> the<08:59:59.398> bit<08:59:59.580> right<09:00:00.180> when<09:00:00.360> it's<09:00:00.478> broken

um uh in the bit right when it's broken

um uh in the bit right when it's broken
down<09:00:01.080> and<09:00:01.558> so<09:00:01.680> we<09:00:01.860> need<09:00:02.040> to<09:00:02.160> make<09:00:02.398> sure<09:00:02.700> that

down and so we need to make sure that

down and so we need to make sure that
um this<09:00:04.680> is<09:00:04.798> the<09:00:04.920> case

um this is the case

um this is the case
we<09:00:07.860> also<09:00:08.100> need<09:00:08.340> to<09:00:08.638> know<09:00:08.818> the<09:00:09.180> number<09:00:09.298> of

we also need to know the number of

we also need to know the number of
networks<09:00:10.378> and<09:00:10.978> to<09:00:11.100> do<09:00:11.218> that<09:00:11.398> we're<09:00:11.580> going<09:00:11.700> to

networks and to do that we're going to

networks and to do that we're going to
do<09:00:11.940> 2<09:00:12.120> to<09:00:12.240> the<09:00:12.360> Y<09:00:12.540> minus<09:00:12.898> 2<09:00:13.080> where<09:00:13.740> y<09:00:14.040> equals<09:00:14.520> the

do 2 to the Y minus 2 where y equals the

do 2 to the Y minus 2 where y equals the
number<09:00:14.818> of<09:00:15.058> network<09:00:15.898> bits<09:00:16.558> so<09:00:17.340> let's<09:00:17.638> take<09:00:17.818> a

number of network bits so let's take a

number of network bits so let's take a
look<09:00:18.000> at<09:00:18.240> this<09:00:18.420> if<09:00:19.260> we<09:00:19.440> have<09:00:19.620> the<09:00:19.860> IP<09:00:20.160> address

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask
of

of

of
255.255.255.0<09:00:28.680> by<09:00:29.580> the<09:00:29.760> way

255.255.255.0 by the way

255.255.255.0 by the way
we<09:00:30.780> can<09:00:30.840> look<09:00:31.020> at<09:00:31.200> this<09:00:31.318> and<09:00:31.558> we<09:00:31.680> automatically

we can look at this and we automatically

we can look at this and we automatically
know<09:00:32.520> that

know that

know that
162.85.120.27<09:00:35.700> this<09:00:36.478> looks<09:00:36.780> like<09:00:36.958> a<09:00:37.260> class

162.85.120.27 this looks like a class

162.85.120.27 this looks like a class
b<09:00:39.298> i<09:00:39.600> p<09:00:39.780> address<09:00:40.020> and<09:00:40.978> the<09:00:41.160> 255<09:00:41.580> the<09:00:41.700> 255<09:00:42.120> to<09:00:42.240> 255

b i p address and the 255 the 255 to 255

b i p address and the 255 the 255 to 255
is<09:00:42.958> actually<09:00:43.458> our<09:00:44.458> default<09:00:44.878> Class<09:00:45.298> C<09:00:45.958> subnet

is actually our default Class C subnet

is actually our default Class C subnet
so<09:00:46.620> this<09:00:46.798> is<09:00:46.920> not<09:00:47.160> the<09:00:47.398> default<09:00:47.700> that<09:00:47.878> we're

so this is not the default that we're

so this is not the default that we're
working<09:00:48.240> with<09:00:48.420> here<09:00:48.718> so<09:00:49.318> we<09:00:49.500> need<09:00:49.620> to<09:00:49.798> figure

working with here so we need to figure

working with here so we need to figure
out<09:00:50.340> uh<09:00:51.058> some<09:00:51.298> information<09:00:51.478> here<09:00:51.958> so<09:00:52.260> let's

out uh some information here so let's

out uh some information here so let's
break<09:00:52.620> it<09:00:52.740> down<09:00:52.920> into<09:00:53.040> bits<09:00:53.520> and<09:00:53.818> I'm<09:00:53.940> do<09:00:54.180> that

break it down into bits and I'm do that

break it down into bits and I'm do that
here<09:00:54.420> and<09:00:54.540> if<09:00:54.660> you<09:00:54.780> wanted<09:00:54.898> to<09:00:55.080> check<09:00:55.200> my<09:00:55.378> math

here and if you wanted to check my math

here and if you wanted to check my math
you<09:00:55.860> could<09:00:55.978> now<09:00:56.760> the<09:00:57.000> number<09:00:57.120> of<09:00:57.298> network<09:00:57.600> bits

you could now the number of network bits

you could now the number of network bits
is<09:00:58.378> right<09:00:58.620> here<09:00:58.860> the<09:00:59.638> Y<09:00:59.818> and<09:01:00.298> the<09:01:00.420> number<09:01:00.540> of

is right here the Y and the number of

is right here the Y and the number of
node<09:01:01.020> bits<09:01:01.378> is<09:01:01.500> right<09:01:01.680> here

node bits is right here

node bits is right here
the<09:01:03.240> X<09:01:03.558> so<09:01:04.558> if<09:01:04.798> we<09:01:04.978> pop<09:01:05.218> this<09:01:05.520> into<09:01:05.760> our

the X so if we pop this into our

the X so if we pop this into our
equation<09:01:06.660> the<09:01:07.558> number<09:01:07.680> of<09:01:07.860> possible<09:01:08.280> hosts<09:01:08.760> we

equation the number of possible hosts we

equation the number of possible hosts we
have<09:01:09.058> is<09:01:09.240> 254<09:01:10.200> and<09:01:11.040> the<09:01:11.280> number<09:01:11.398> of<09:01:11.580> possible

have is 254 and the number of possible

have is 254 and the number of possible
networks<09:01:12.420> is<09:01:12.780> over<09:01:13.080> 16<09:01:13.440> million<09:01:13.978> if<09:01:14.280> we<09:01:14.398> go

networks is over 16 million if we go

networks is over 16 million if we go
back<09:01:14.700> to<09:01:14.878> that<09:01:15.058> table<09:01:15.298> we<09:01:15.660> saw<09:01:15.780> a<09:01:15.898> few<09:01:16.020> slides

back to that table we saw a few slides

back to that table we saw a few slides
ago<09:01:16.680> we'd<09:01:17.280> see<09:01:17.458> then<09:01:17.700> that<09:01:18.058> that's<09:01:18.478> why<09:01:18.780> we

ago we'd see then that that's why we

ago we'd see then that that's why we
have<09:01:19.260> a<09:01:19.798> default<09:01:20.100> for<09:01:20.398> class<09:01:20.580> B<09:01:20.878> and<09:01:21.298> Class<09:01:21.540> C

have a default for class B and Class C

have a default for class B and Class C
networks<09:01:22.440> is<09:01:23.160> we<09:01:23.818> can<09:01:24.000> see<09:01:24.180> how<09:01:24.420> many<09:01:24.540> networks

networks is we can see how many networks

networks is we can see how many networks
are<09:01:25.138> possible<09:01:25.440> and<09:01:25.680> how<09:01:25.860> many<09:01:26.040> hosts<09:01:26.398> are

are possible and how many hosts are

are possible and how many hosts are
possible<09:01:26.878> now<09:01:27.660> why<09:01:27.840> would<09:01:28.020> I<09:01:28.138> want<09:01:28.260> to<09:01:28.378> know

possible now why would I want to know

possible now why would I want to know
this<09:01:28.860> well<09:01:29.520> let's<09:01:30.120> say<09:01:30.298> that<09:01:30.540> I<09:01:30.780> have<09:01:30.898> to

this well let's say that I have to

this well let's say that I have to
divide<09:01:31.318> up<09:01:31.500> my<09:01:31.740> network<09:01:31.860> and<09:01:32.218> I<09:01:32.398> want<09:01:32.520> to<09:01:32.700> have

divide up my network and I want to have

divide up my network and I want to have
a<09:01:33.180> certain<09:01:33.298> number<09:01:33.540> of<09:01:33.718> networks<09:01:34.138> in<09:01:34.318> a

a certain number of networks in a

a certain number of networks in a
certain<09:01:34.620> number<09:01:34.798> of<09:01:34.978> hosts<09:01:35.458> well<09:01:36.180> if<09:01:36.360> I<09:01:36.540> only

certain number of hosts well if I only

certain number of hosts well if I only
need<09:01:37.020> five<09:01:37.318> networks<09:01:37.920> but<09:01:38.160> I<09:01:38.340> need<09:01:38.520> 30<09:01:39.478> 000

need five networks but I need 30 000

need five networks but I need 30 000
hosts<09:01:40.138> I'm<09:01:40.620> going<09:01:40.798> to<09:01:40.920> be<09:01:41.040> in<09:01:41.160> major<09:01:41.398> trouble

hosts I'm going to be in major trouble

hosts I'm going to be in major trouble
here<09:01:42.000> because<09:01:42.240> now<09:01:42.478> I<09:01:42.718> have<09:01:42.840> to<09:01:42.958> divide<09:01:43.200> this

here because now I have to divide this

here because now I have to divide this
up<09:01:43.500> so<09:01:43.740> much<09:01:43.860> I'm<09:01:44.040> wasting<09:01:44.458> a<09:01:44.580> lot<09:01:44.638> of<09:01:44.760> networks

up so much I'm wasting a lot of networks

up so much I'm wasting a lot of networks
and<09:01:45.180> I<09:01:45.360> don't<09:01:45.478> have<09:01:45.600> enough<09:01:45.780> hosts<09:01:46.318> so<09:01:46.740> we<09:01:46.860> want

and I don't have enough hosts so we want

and I don't have enough hosts so we want
to<09:01:47.160> determine<09:01:47.520> how<09:01:47.760> we<09:01:47.878> can<09:01:48.000> do<09:01:48.120> this<09:01:48.298> to

to determine how we can do this to

to determine how we can do this to
reduce<09:01:48.718> the<09:01:49.020> amount<09:01:49.260> of<09:01:49.378> waste<09:01:49.798> we're<09:01:50.398> going

reduce the amount of waste we're going

reduce the amount of waste we're going
to<09:01:50.638> talk<09:01:50.760> about<09:01:50.940> that<09:01:51.180> in<09:01:51.360> just<09:01:51.478> a<09:01:51.600> bit

to talk about that in just a bit

to talk about that in just a bit
going<09:01:53.100> back<09:01:53.280> to<09:01:53.458> something<09:01:53.638> called<09:01:53.878> a<09:01:54.058> default

going back to something called a default

going back to something called a default
gateway<09:01:54.718> for<09:01:55.020> a<09:01:55.138> second

gateway for a second

gateway for a second
device<09:01:57.360> that<09:01:57.898> wants<09:01:58.200> to<09:01:58.318> connect<09:01:58.620> to<09:01:58.920> the

device that wants to connect to the

device that wants to connect to the
internet<09:01:59.218> has<09:01:59.760> to<09:02:00.000> go<09:02:00.180> through<09:02:00.718> what's<09:02:00.958> called

internet has to go through what's called

internet has to go through what's called
a<09:02:02.040> default<09:02:02.580> gateway<09:02:03.120> this<09:02:03.360> is<09:02:03.478> not<09:02:03.540> a<09:02:03.718> physical

a default gateway this is not a physical

a default gateway this is not a physical
device<09:02:04.200> this<09:02:04.620> is<09:02:04.798> set<09:02:05.218> by<09:02:05.878> our<09:02:06.058> IP<09:02:06.360> address

device this is set by our IP address

device this is set by our IP address
settings<09:02:06.958> it<09:02:07.740> is<09:02:07.978> basically<09:02:08.280> the<09:02:08.580> IP<09:02:08.940> address

settings it is basically the IP address

settings it is basically the IP address
of<09:02:09.718> the<09:02:09.898> device<09:02:10.080> which<09:02:10.798> is<09:02:10.978> usually<09:02:11.398> the

of the device which is usually the

of the device which is usually the
router<09:02:12.360> or<09:02:13.080> the<09:02:13.318> Border<09:02:13.620> router<09:02:13.978> that's

router or the Border router that's

router or the Border router that's
connected<09:02:14.638> directly<09:02:15.000> to<09:02:15.180> the<09:02:15.360> to<09:02:15.600> the

connected directly to the to the

connected directly to the to the
internet<09:02:15.958> for<09:02:16.440> instance<09:02:16.620> we<09:02:16.798> had<09:02:16.978> other

internet for instance we had other

internet for instance we had other
routers<09:02:17.700> in<09:02:18.058> here

routers in here

routers in here
this<09:02:20.160> is<09:02:20.280> going<09:02:20.398> to<09:02:20.458> be<09:02:20.520> the<09:02:20.700> Gateway

this is going to be the Gateway

this is going to be the Gateway
and<09:02:22.558> so<09:02:22.740> three<09:02:23.040> things<09:02:23.218> need<09:02:23.520> to<09:02:23.638> be

and so three things need to be

and so three things need to be
configured<09:02:24.180> on<09:02:24.478> any<09:02:24.660> device<09:02:24.898> that<09:02:25.138> wants<09:02:25.378> to

configured on any device that wants to

configured on any device that wants to
connect<09:02:25.558> to<09:02:25.798> the<09:02:25.920> internet<09:02:26.100> we've<09:02:26.818> talked

connect to the internet we've talked

connect to the internet we've talked
about<09:02:27.120> it<09:02:27.240> we<09:02:27.420> need<09:02:27.540> to<09:02:27.660> have<09:02:27.780> an<09:02:27.898> IP<09:02:28.138> address<09:02:28.318> a

about it we need to have an IP address a

about it we need to have an IP address a
subnet<09:02:28.978> mask<09:02:29.100> and<09:02:29.280> this<09:02:29.458> is<09:02:29.520> the<09:02:29.638> new<09:02:29.760> one<09:02:29.940> a

subnet mask and this is the new one a

subnet mask and this is the new one a
default<09:02:31.020> gateway<09:02:31.500> so<09:02:32.280> this<09:02:32.458> is<09:02:32.638> the<09:02:32.940> device

default gateway so this is the device

default gateway so this is the device
that's<09:02:33.718> used<09:02:34.080> when<09:02:34.500> I<09:02:34.798> want<09:02:34.978> to<09:02:35.100> communicate

that's used when I want to communicate

that's used when I want to communicate
with<09:02:36.000> the<09:02:36.120> internet<09:02:36.240> and<09:02:37.020> it's<09:02:37.138> not<09:02:37.440> used<09:02:37.680> when

with the internet and it's not used when

with the internet and it's not used when
communicating<09:02:38.580> with<09:02:39.000> devices<09:02:39.360> on<09:02:40.318> the<09:02:40.500> same

communicating with devices on the same

communicating with devices on the same
subnet<09:02:41.218> this<09:02:41.458> is<09:02:41.580> why<09:02:41.760> it's<09:02:41.940> called<09:02:42.180> a<09:02:42.478> Gateway

subnet this is why it's called a Gateway

subnet this is why it's called a Gateway
think<09:02:43.680> about<09:02:43.798> it<09:02:43.978> as<09:02:44.100> your<09:02:44.280> gateway<09:02:44.638> out<09:02:44.818> to

think about it as your gateway out to

think about it as your gateway out to
the<09:02:45.120> network<09:02:45.240> most<09:02:46.138> often<09:02:46.500> and<09:02:46.680> more<09:02:46.860> often

the network most often and more often

the network most often and more often
than<09:02:47.280> not<09:02:47.458> as<09:02:47.818> I<09:02:48.000> mentioned<09:02:48.240> this<09:02:48.420> is<09:02:48.540> going<09:02:48.660> to

than not as I mentioned this is going to

than not as I mentioned this is going to
be<09:02:48.840> the<09:02:49.020> router<09:02:49.440> so<09:02:49.920> if<09:02:50.040> you<09:02:50.160> have<09:02:50.340> at<09:02:50.520> home<09:02:50.700> for

be the router so if you have at home for

be the router so if you have at home for
instance<09:02:51.298> a<09:02:52.138> router<09:02:52.500> that's

instance a router that's

instance a router that's
192.168.0.1<09:02:54.298> that<09:02:54.958> is<09:02:55.080> also<09:02:55.378> your<09:02:55.620> default

192.168.0.1 that is also your default

192.168.0.1 that is also your default
gateway<09:02:56.878> and<09:02:57.360> if<09:02:57.478> you<09:02:57.660> went<09:02:57.780> and<09:02:57.958> did<09:02:58.260> an

gateway and if you went and did an

gateway and if you went and did an
ipconfig<09:02:59.280> all<09:02:59.520> something<09:02:59.818> we'll<09:03:00.000> take<09:03:00.180> a<09:03:00.298> look

ipconfig all something we'll take a look

ipconfig all something we'll take a look
at<09:03:00.600> later<09:03:00.898> and<09:03:01.558> command<09:03:01.978> prompt<09:03:02.340> you'd<09:03:03.000> be

at later and command prompt you'd be

at later and command prompt you'd be
able<09:03:03.298> to<09:03:03.478> see<09:03:03.898> then<09:03:04.398> your<09:03:05.398> default<09:03:05.638> gateway<09:03:06.000> is

able to see then your default gateway is

able to see then your default gateway is
this<09:03:06.478> address<09:03:06.718> basically<09:03:07.318> it<09:03:07.500> means<09:03:07.680> hey<09:03:07.860> I

this address basically it means hey I

this address basically it means hey I
don't<09:03:08.218> know<09:03:08.398> I<09:03:08.818> want<09:03:08.940> to<09:03:09.000> get<09:03:09.058> up<09:03:09.180> to<09:03:09.298> the

don't know I want to get up to the

don't know I want to get up to the
internet<09:03:09.540> I<09:03:09.718> don't<09:03:09.840> know<09:03:09.958> how<09:03:10.020> to<09:03:10.138> get<09:03:10.260> to

internet I don't know how to get to

internet I don't know how to get to
Google<09:03:10.558> I'm<09:03:11.218> going<09:03:11.340> to<09:03:11.458> ask<09:03:11.580> my<09:03:11.818> default

Google I'm going to ask my default

Google I'm going to ask my default
gateway<09:03:12.600> the<09:03:13.138> default<09:03:13.378> gateway<09:03:13.740> then<09:03:13.920> takes

gateway the default gateway then takes

gateway the default gateway then takes
care<09:03:14.340> of<09:03:14.520> everything<09:03:14.638> else<09:03:15.058> and<09:03:15.958> then<09:03:16.080> the

care of everything else and then the

care of everything else and then the
information<09:03:16.500> comes<09:03:17.100> back<09:03:17.218> and<09:03:18.120> it<09:03:18.240> sends<09:03:18.540> it

information comes back and it sends it

information comes back and it sends it
out<09:03:18.718> to<09:03:18.898> you<09:03:19.020> again<09:03:19.260> now<09:03:20.100> there<09:03:20.280> are<09:03:20.398> a<09:03:20.458> couple

out to you again now there are a couple

out to you again now there are a couple
different<09:03:20.760> ways<09:03:21.240> of<09:03:21.718> implementing<09:03:22.318> custom<09:03:22.680> IP

different ways of implementing custom IP

different ways of implementing custom IP
addresses<09:03:23.818> we<09:03:24.540> previously<09:03:24.958> described<09:03:25.440> how<09:03:25.620> we

addresses we previously described how we

addresses we previously described how we
could<09:03:25.920> use<09:03:26.100> custom<09:03:26.398> subnets<09:03:27.058> and<09:03:27.718> with<09:03:27.898> that

could use custom subnets and with that

could use custom subnets and with that
method<09:03:28.558> a<09:03:29.218> custom<09:03:29.340> subnet<09:03:30.000> mask<09:03:30.298> and<09:03:30.600> an<09:03:30.780> IP

method a custom subnet mask and an IP

method a custom subnet mask and an IP
address<09:03:31.138> is<09:03:31.440> what<09:03:31.620> we<09:03:31.680> call<09:03:31.860> anded<09:03:32.580> if<09:03:32.940> you

address is what we call anded if you

address is what we call anded if you
recall<09:03:33.740> and<09:03:34.740> together<09:03:35.218> they<09:03:35.520> allow<09:03:35.818> the<09:03:36.000> node

recall and together they allow the node

recall and together they allow the node
to<09:03:36.600> see<09:03:36.718> the<09:03:36.898> local<09:03:37.020> network<09:03:37.378> as<09:03:38.040> part<09:03:38.218> of<09:03:38.340> its

to see the local network as part of its

to see the local network as part of its
larger<09:03:39.000> Network<09:03:39.540> now<09:03:40.138> each<09:03:40.500> customized

larger Network now each customized

larger Network now each customized
subnet<09:03:41.818> is<09:03:42.420> configured<09:03:42.840> with<09:03:43.138> its<09:03:43.500> own

subnet is configured with its own

subnet is configured with its own
default<09:03:44.398> gateway<09:03:44.958> allowing<09:03:45.958> the<09:03:46.200> subnets<09:03:46.558> to

default gateway allowing the subnets to

default gateway allowing the subnets to
be<09:03:47.100> able<09:03:47.280> to<09:03:47.398> communicate<09:03:47.878> with<09:03:48.298> each<09:03:48.540> other

be able to communicate with each other

be able to communicate with each other
now<09:03:49.860> another<09:03:50.100> method<09:03:50.520> of<09:03:50.638> doing<09:03:50.760> this<09:03:51.000> is

now another method of doing this is

now another method of doing this is
called<09:03:51.500> vlsm<09:03:52.700> or<09:03:53.700> variable

mask

mask
and<09:04:06.540> by<09:04:06.718> using<09:04:07.020> this<09:04:07.200> we're<09:04:07.440> going<09:04:07.558> to<09:04:07.680> assign

and by using this we're going to assign

and by using this we're going to assign
each<09:04:08.520> subnet<09:04:09.058> its<09:04:09.958> own<09:04:10.080> separate<09:04:10.740> customized

each subnet its own separate customized

each subnet its own separate customized
subnet<09:04:12.180> mask<09:04:12.360> that<09:04:13.138> varies

subnet mask that varies

subnet mask that varies
now<09:04:14.638> the<09:04:14.818> VLS<09:04:15.240> MF<09:04:15.600> it<09:04:15.840> allows<09:04:16.138> for<09:04:16.378> a<09:04:16.740> more

now the VLS MF it allows for a more

now the VLS MF it allows for a more
efficient<09:04:17.340> allocation<09:04:17.940> of<09:04:18.240> IP<09:04:18.600> addresses

efficient allocation of IP addresses

efficient allocation of IP addresses
with<09:04:19.740> minimal<09:04:20.160> address<09:04:20.760> waste<09:04:21.360> which<09:04:21.540> I<09:04:21.660> was

with minimal address waste which I was

with minimal address waste which I was
just<09:04:21.958> talking<09:04:22.200> about<09:04:22.378> so<09:04:23.040> for<09:04:23.218> example<09:04:23.458> let's

just talking about so for example let's

just talking about so for example let's
take<09:04:23.878> a<09:04:24.058> situation<09:04:24.500> in<09:04:25.500> which<09:04:25.740> a<09:04:26.040> network

take a situation in which a network

take a situation in which a network
administrator<09:04:26.760> wants<09:04:27.120> to<09:04:27.240> have<09:04:27.420> three

administrator wants to have three

administrator wants to have three
networks<09:04:28.500> and<09:04:28.740> I<09:04:28.860> have<09:04:29.040> a<09:04:29.280> class

networks and I have a class

networks and I have a class
c<09:04:30.780> space

c space

c space
now<09:04:32.940> just<09:04:33.240> so<09:04:33.360> you<09:04:33.540> know<09:04:33.660> some<09:04:34.080> of<09:04:34.260> this<09:04:34.700> is

now just so you know some of this is

now just so you know some of this is
very<09:04:36.718> outdated<09:04:37.138> and<09:04:37.378> we're<09:04:37.500> not<09:04:37.620> going<09:04:37.798> to<09:04:37.920> see

very outdated and we're not going to see

very outdated and we're not going to see
it<09:04:38.218> used<09:04:38.458> a<09:04:38.818> lot<09:04:38.940> of<09:04:39.058> the<09:04:39.180> time<09:04:39.298> that<09:04:39.840> being

it used a lot of the time that being

it used a lot of the time that being
said<09:04:40.318> Network<09:04:40.620> plus<09:04:40.978> really<09:04:41.280> wants<09:04:41.580> you<09:04:41.638> to

said Network plus really wants you to

said Network plus really wants you to
know<09:04:41.940> about<09:04:42.058> it<09:04:42.240> so<09:04:42.420> we're<09:04:42.600> going<09:04:42.718> to<09:04:42.840> cover<09:04:42.958> it

know about it so we're going to cover it

know about it so we're going to cover it
so<09:04:44.280> I<09:04:44.580> know<09:04:44.700> I<09:04:44.878> need<09:04:45.000> to<09:04:45.120> have<09:04:45.298> three<09:04:45.660> different

so I know I need to have three different

so I know I need to have three different
networks<09:04:46.500> or<09:04:46.620> sub<09:04:46.798> Networks<09:04:47.340> and<09:04:47.818> I<09:04:47.878> know<09:04:48.000> on

networks or sub Networks and I know on

networks or sub Networks and I know on
the<09:04:48.360> first<09:04:48.478> Network<09:04:48.780> I<09:04:49.740> want<09:04:49.920> to<09:04:50.040> have<09:04:50.218> four

the first Network I want to have four

the first Network I want to have four
hosts<09:04:51.120> on<09:04:51.240> the<09:04:51.360> set<09:04:51.478> network<09:04:51.780> I<09:04:52.020> want<09:04:52.200> to<09:04:52.260> have

hosts on the set network I want to have

hosts on the set network I want to have
11<09:04:52.440> hosts<09:04:52.978> and<09:04:53.160> on<09:04:53.280> the<09:04:53.398> third<09:04:53.520> network<09:04:53.760> I<09:04:54.000> want

11 hosts and on the third network I want

11 hosts and on the third network I want
to<09:04:54.298> have<09:04:54.478> 27<09:04:55.378> hosts<09:04:55.920> now<09:04:56.520> in<09:04:56.760> order<09:04:56.940> to

to have 27 hosts now in order to

to have 27 hosts now in order to
accomplish<09:04:57.600> this<09:04:57.780> I<09:04:58.080> could<09:04:58.200> use<09:04:58.378> the<09:04:58.558> subnet

accomplish this I could use the subnet

accomplish this I could use the subnet
mask

mask

mask
255.255<09:05:00.718> the<09:05:00.898> 255.20<09:05:01.798> that<09:05:02.218> 224.

255.255 the 255.20 that 224.

255.255 the 255.20 that 224.
and<09:05:04.200> for<09:05:04.378> each<09:05:04.558> of<09:05:04.740> these<09:05:04.978> subnets<09:05:05.458> if<09:05:06.180> I<09:05:06.360> was

and for each of these subnets if I was

and for each of these subnets if I was
to<09:05:06.660> add<09:05:07.020> this<09:05:07.200> out<09:05:07.440> right<09:05:07.740> one<09:05:08.100> two<09:05:08.398> three<09:05:08.818> four

to add this out right one two three four

to add this out right one two three four
five<09:05:09.660> six<09:05:10.080> seven<09:05:10.440> eight<09:05:10.740> that's<09:05:11.340> 255<09:05:12.000> one<09:05:12.478> two

five six seven eight that's 255 one two

five six seven eight that's 255 one two
three<09:05:13.138> four<09:05:13.500> five<09:05:13.920> six<09:05:14.280> seven<09:05:14.638> eight

three four five six seven eight

three four five six seven eight
that's<09:05:16.080> 255<09:05:16.740> one<09:05:17.218> two<09:05:17.520> three<09:05:17.878> four<09:05:18.298> five<09:05:18.600> six

that's 255 one two three four five six

that's 255 one two three four five six
seven<09:05:19.260> eight<09:05:19.500> that's<09:05:19.920> 255<09:05:20.520> let's<09:05:21.000> write<09:05:21.240> 224

seven eight that's 255 let's write 224

seven eight that's 255 let's write 224
in<09:05:22.500> bits<09:05:22.920> all<09:05:23.520> right<09:05:23.638> let's<09:05:24.000> go<09:05:24.240> through<09:05:24.360> our

in bits all right let's go through our

in bits all right let's go through our
calculation<09:05:25.138> again<09:05:25.440> here<09:05:25.798> I'm<09:05:26.280> just<09:05:26.398> going<09:05:26.580> to

calculation again here I'm just going to

calculation again here I'm just going to
do<09:05:26.818> this<09:05:27.000> because<09:05:27.240> it<09:05:27.540> never<09:05:27.718> hurts

do this because it never hurts

do this because it never hurts
to<09:05:29.280> do<09:05:29.398> this<09:05:29.580> a<09:05:29.760> couple<09:05:29.878> times

to do this a couple times

to do this a couple times
so<09:05:31.978> let's<09:05:32.100> write<09:05:32.398> all<09:05:32.700> of<09:05:32.818> these<09:05:33.058> out

great all right we have one two four

great all right we have one two four
eight<09:05:44.600> sixteen

eight sixteen

eight sixteen
32<09:05:47.540> 64<09:05:48.540> 128.

32 64 128.

32 64 128.
now<09:05:51.298> we<09:05:51.540> remember<09:05:51.780> that<09:05:52.260> subnet<09:05:52.740> masks<09:05:53.218> have

now we remember that subnet masks have

now we remember that subnet masks have
to<09:05:53.940> have<09:05:54.058> continuous<09:05:54.540> ones<09:05:55.020> so<09:05:55.740> that's<09:05:55.920> 128

to have continuous ones so that's 128

to have continuous ones so that's 128
128<09:05:57.718> plus<09:05:58.020> 64<09:05:58.680> is

128 plus 64 is

128 plus 64 is
192<09:06:02.360> plus<09:06:03.360> 32

192 plus 32

192 plus 32
is<09:06:05.700> 224.

is 224.

is 224.
so<09:06:08.460> then<09:06:08.700> if<09:06:08.878> we<09:06:09.058> broke<09:06:09.300> this<09:06:09.480> down<09:06:09.660> into<09:06:09.782> bits

so then if we broke this down into bits

so then if we broke this down into bits
this<09:06:10.378> is<09:06:10.500> what<09:06:10.622> it's<09:06:10.738> going<09:06:10.860> to<09:06:10.980> look<09:06:11.098> like

this is what it's going to look like

this is what it's going to look like
okay

okay

okay
so<09:06:14.878> let's<09:06:15.180> write<09:06:15.360> that<09:06:15.540> out<09:06:15.718> here

and if we do our calculation we know we

and if we do our calculation we know we
need<09:06:24.660> to<09:06:24.782> have<09:06:24.960> how<09:06:25.258> many<09:06:25.378> hosts<09:06:25.860> when<09:06:26.398> we<09:06:26.578> need

need to have how many hosts when we need

need to have how many hosts when we need
four<09:06:26.938> so<09:06:27.840> let's<09:06:28.622> do<09:06:28.800> our<09:06:28.980> calculation<09:06:29.520> 2<09:06:30.238> to

four so let's do our calculation 2 to

four so let's do our calculation 2 to
the<09:06:30.598> 1<09:06:31.500> 2<09:06:31.980> 3<09:06:32.460> 4<09:06:32.878> 5<09:06:33.180> power

right

right
we're<09:06:37.438> going<09:06:37.558> to<09:06:37.622> figure<09:06:37.738> out<09:06:37.860> how<09:06:38.098> many<09:06:38.218> hosts

we're going to figure out how many hosts

we're going to figure out how many hosts
that<09:06:39.598> equals<09:06:40.020> we<09:06:40.200> already<09:06:40.320> know<09:06:40.500> it's<09:06:40.738> 32.

that equals we already know it's 32.

that equals we already know it's 32.
minus<09:06:42.898> 2<09:06:43.140> means<09:06:44.040> that<09:06:44.160> we<09:06:44.340> can<09:06:44.460> have

minus 2 means that we can have

minus 2 means that we can have
up<09:06:45.718> to<09:06:45.960> 30<09:06:46.258> hosts<09:06:46.980> on<09:06:47.398> this<09:06:47.578> subnet

so I'm wasting an effect 26 addresses on

so I'm wasting an effect 26 addresses on
this<09:06:55.200> subnet<09:06:55.558> 19<09:06:56.098> on<09:06:56.520> this<09:06:56.700> one<09:06:56.820> and<09:06:57.598> three<09:06:57.840> on

this subnet 19 on this one and three on

this subnet 19 on this one and three on
this<09:06:58.320> one<09:06:58.438> I'm<09:06:58.680> not<09:06:58.918> really<09:06:59.218> doing<09:06:59.520> a<09:07:00.180> good<09:07:00.360> job

this one I'm not really doing a good job

this one I'm not really doing a good job
because<09:07:01.020> I've<09:07:01.258> had<09:07:01.438> to<09:07:01.622> apply<09:07:01.980> the<09:07:02.340> same

because I've had to apply the same

because I've had to apply the same
subnet<09:07:03.122> mask

subnet mask

subnet mask
to<09:07:04.860> every<09:07:05.282> single

to every single

to every single
IP<09:07:07.200> address

IP address

IP address
and<09:07:08.820> in<09:07:09.000> doing<09:07:09.122> so<09:07:09.300> I'm<09:07:09.540> wasting<09:07:10.020> a<09:07:10.140> lot<09:07:10.258> of<09:07:10.438> my

and in doing so I'm wasting a lot of my

and in doing so I'm wasting a lot of my
possible<09:07:11.340> addresses

possible addresses

possible addresses
now<09:07:13.200> if<09:07:13.320> I<09:07:13.500> used<09:07:13.622> vlsm<09:07:14.578> instead<09:07:15.540> it's<09:07:15.960> going<09:07:16.200> to

now if I used vlsm instead it's going to

now if I used vlsm instead it's going to
erase<09:07:16.500> all<09:07:16.680> this

erase all this

erase all this
I<09:07:18.180> could<09:07:18.238> do

255.255.248.240 and.224. now remember uh

255.255.248.240 and.224. now remember uh
248

248

248
if<09:07:26.938> we<09:07:27.058> route<09:07:27.300> that<09:07:27.540> out

if we route that out

if we route that out
I'm<09:07:28.860> just<09:07:29.098> gonna

I'm just gonna

I'm just gonna
really<09:07:30.898> quickly

all right and you can double check my

all right and you can double check my
math<09:07:55.918> here

math here

math here
if<09:07:57.300> we<09:07:57.418> do<09:07:57.660> 248

that is going to be

that is going to be
one<09:08:03.598> one<09:08:03.718> one<09:08:04.200> one<09:08:04.680> one<09:08:04.738> one

one one one one one one

one one one one one one
zero<09:08:07.140> zero<09:08:07.500> zero

zero zero zero

zero zero zero
all<09:08:08.820> right<09:08:09.000> and<09:08:09.122> then<09:08:09.238> if<09:08:09.360> we<09:08:09.480> do<09:08:09.598> our

all right and then if we do our

all right and then if we do our
calculation<09:08:10.438> two<09:08:10.918> to<09:08:11.098> the<09:08:11.218> 3<09:08:11.398> because<09:08:11.700> we<09:08:11.878> have

calculation two to the 3 because we have

calculation two to the 3 because we have
three<09:08:12.180> host<09:08:12.480> bits

three host bits

three host bits
what<09:08:14.340> does<09:08:14.398> that<09:08:14.578> equal<09:08:14.700> eight<09:08:15.540> minus<09:08:16.320> two

what does that equal eight minus two

what does that equal eight minus two
well<09:08:17.460> now

well now

well now
we<09:08:19.258> have<09:08:19.378> a<09:08:19.558> possibility<09:08:20.040> of<09:08:20.578> six<09:08:21.300> hosts<09:08:21.898> so

we have a possibility of six hosts so

we have a possibility of six hosts so
what<09:08:22.680> is<09:08:22.800> our<09:08:22.980> waste<09:08:23.398> two<09:08:23.820> because<09:08:24.180> six<09:08:24.540> minus

what is our waste two because six minus

what is our waste two because six minus
four<09:08:25.200> equals<09:08:26.040> two<09:08:26.218> a<09:08:26.820> lot<09:08:26.938> better<09:08:27.180> right<09:08:27.960> if<09:08:28.622> we

four equals two a lot better right if we

four equals two a lot better right if we
do<09:08:28.860> the<09:08:29.040> same<09:08:29.218> thing<09:08:29.398> with<09:08:29.878> uh<09:08:30.840> the<09:08:31.140> next<09:08:31.258> one

do the same thing with uh the next one

do the same thing with uh the next one
and<09:08:31.622> you<09:08:31.800> were<09:08:31.918> to<09:08:32.040> do<09:08:32.160> the<09:08:32.282> same<09:08:32.398> thing<09:08:32.520> I<09:08:32.700> just

and you were to do the same thing I just

and you were to do the same thing I just
did<09:08:33.122> that<09:08:33.718> would<09:08:33.898> look<09:08:34.140> one<09:08:34.680> one<09:08:35.098> one<09:08:35.282> one<09:08:35.960> zero

did that would look one one one one zero

did that would look one one one one zero
zero<09:08:37.258> zero<09:08:37.622> zero<09:08:37.918> we<09:08:38.040> did<09:08:38.160> the<09:08:38.340> calculation

zero zero zero we did the calculation

zero zero zero we did the calculation
again<09:08:39.898> two<09:08:40.622> to<09:08:40.800> the<09:08:40.980> four<09:08:41.160> because<09:08:41.460> now<09:08:41.758> we

again two to the four because now we

again two to the four because now we
have<09:08:42.180> four<09:08:42.718> bits

have four bits

have four bits
minus<09:08:45.180> two

minus two

minus two
which<09:08:46.738> equals<09:08:47.340> 16<09:08:48.300> minus<09:08:48.898> two<09:08:49.020> which<09:08:49.258> equals

which equals 16 minus two which equals

which equals 16 minus two which equals
fourteen<09:08:50.218> so<09:08:50.820> now<09:08:51.058> I'm<09:08:51.238> only<09:08:51.418> wasting<09:08:51.960> three

fourteen so now I'm only wasting three

fourteen so now I'm only wasting three
bits<09:08:52.980> because<09:08:53.340> 16

bits because 16

bits because 16
sorry<09:08:55.558> 14<09:08:56.040> minus<09:08:56.700> 11<09:08:57.020> equals<09:08:58.020> three<09:08:58.320> and

sorry 14 minus 11 equals three and

sorry 14 minus 11 equals three and
finally<09:08:59.340> 224<09:08:59.938> is<09:09:00.058> the<09:09:00.238> same<09:09:00.360> remember<09:09:00.598> that

finally 224 is the same remember that

finally 224 is the same remember that
was<09:09:01.078> 30<09:09:01.320> bits<09:09:01.860> or<09:09:02.340> 30<09:09:02.520> hosts<09:09:03.000> rather<09:09:03.360> 30<09:09:04.078> minus

was 30 bits or 30 hosts rather 30 minus

was 30 bits or 30 hosts rather 30 minus
27<09:09:04.918> is<09:09:05.160> 3.<09:09:05.578> so<09:09:06.000> doing<09:09:06.238> this<09:09:06.660> variable

we are a variable subnet mask we're no

we are a variable subnet mask we're no
longer<09:09:13.078> wasting<09:09:13.980> as<09:09:14.398> many<09:09:14.700> host<09:09:15.360> addresses<09:09:16.200> so

longer wasting as many host addresses so

longer wasting as many host addresses so
by<09:09:17.040> utilizing<09:09:17.700> this<09:09:18.058> we're<09:09:18.300> going<09:09:18.480> to

by utilizing this we're going to

by utilizing this we're going to
appropriately<09:09:19.200> plan<09:09:19.680> and<09:09:19.980> Implement<09:09:20.340> a

appropriately plan and Implement a

appropriately plan and Implement a
scheme<09:09:21.000> and<09:09:21.418> it<09:09:21.480> allows<09:09:21.782> us<09:09:21.898> to<09:09:22.140> use<09:09:22.320> our<09:09:22.622> space

scheme and it allows us to use our space

scheme and it allows us to use our space
much<09:09:23.758> more<09:09:24.000> effectively<09:09:24.598> of<09:09:25.320> course<09:09:25.500> the

much more effectively of course the

much more effectively of course the
negative<09:09:26.218> aspect<09:09:26.578> of<09:09:26.758> this<09:09:26.938> is<09:09:27.180> it's<09:09:27.300> a<09:09:27.480> lot

negative aspect of this is it's a lot

negative aspect of this is it's a lot
more<09:09:27.718> harder<09:09:28.200> to<09:09:28.320> scale

more harder to scale

more harder to scale
and<09:09:29.820> if<09:09:29.938> I<09:09:30.122> want<09:09:30.238> to<09:09:30.360> add<09:09:30.540> nodes<09:09:30.960> to<09:09:31.140> these

and if I want to add nodes to these

and if I want to add nodes to these
customized<09:09:31.860> networks<09:09:32.098> I<09:09:32.218> might<09:09:32.340> have<09:09:32.460> to<09:09:32.578> go

customized networks I might have to go

customized networks I might have to go
around<09:09:32.878> and<09:09:33.660> change<09:09:33.840> all<09:09:34.140> the<09:09:34.258> subnet<09:09:34.622> masks

around and change all the subnet masks

around and change all the subnet masks
as<09:09:35.282> well<09:09:35.460> now<09:09:36.122> cider<09:09:36.782> which<09:09:37.622> is<09:09:37.800> cidr<09:09:38.758> which

as well now cider which is cidr which

as well now cider which is cidr which
stands<09:09:40.020> for<09:09:40.520> class<09:09:41.520> less

stands for class less

stands for class less
enter

enter

enter
domain

domain

domain
routing

routing

routing
is<09:09:52.078> also<09:09:52.438> commonly<09:09:52.918> called<09:09:53.340> super<09:09:54.300> netting

or classless routing it's another method

or classless routing it's another method
of<09:10:01.918> addressing<09:10:02.460> that<09:10:02.700> uses<09:10:03.058> the<09:10:03.300> vlsm<09:10:03.960> but<09:10:04.738> in

of addressing that uses the vlsm but in

of addressing that uses the vlsm but in
a<09:10:05.160> different<09:10:05.282> way<09:10:05.520> is<09:10:05.758> at<09:10:06.058> the<09:10:06.300> 32-bit<09:10:06.898> word<09:10:07.140> so

a different way is at the 32-bit word so

a different way is at the 32-bit word so
the<09:10:08.040> notation<09:10:08.520> is<09:10:09.238> much<09:10:09.540> easier<09:10:10.020> to<09:10:10.200> read

the notation is much easier to read

the notation is much easier to read
because<09:10:11.040> it<09:10:11.340> combines<09:10:11.700> the<09:10:11.938> IP<09:10:12.238> address

because it combines the IP address

because it combines the IP address
with<09:10:14.040> this<09:10:14.340> Dash<09:10:14.820> after<09:10:15.122> it

with this Dash after it

with this Dash after it
for<09:10:16.378> instance<09:10:16.622> the<09:10:16.980> number<09:10:17.218> is<09:10:17.878> what<09:10:18.058> denotes

for instance the number is what denotes

for instance the number is what denotes
the<09:10:18.660> amount<09:10:18.898> of<09:10:19.078> ones<09:10:19.800> in<09:10:20.520> the<09:10:20.700> subnet<09:10:21.122> mask

the amount of ones in the subnet mask

the amount of ones in the subnet mask
from<09:10:21.660> left<09:10:21.840> to<09:10:22.140> right<09:10:22.398> so<09:10:23.398> if<09:10:23.700> we<09:10:23.878> look<09:10:24.058> at<09:10:24.360> this

from left to right so if we look at this

from left to right so if we look at this
notation<09:10:25.500> right<09:10:25.918> here<09:10:26.160> we<09:10:26.520> have

192.168.13.0.23 well the 23 means there

192.168.13.0.23 well the 23 means there
are<09:10:32.098> 23<09:10:33.000> ones<09:10:33.540> from<09:10:33.840> left<09:10:34.078> to<09:10:34.320> right<09:10:34.500> in<09:10:34.738> the

are 23 ones from left to right in the

are 23 ones from left to right in the
subnet<09:10:35.218> mask

subnet mask

subnet mask
okay<09:10:37.020> and<09:10:37.680> now<09:10:37.800> if<09:10:38.098> we<09:10:38.282> were<09:10:38.460> to<09:10:38.578> convert<09:10:39.122> that

okay and now if we were to convert that

okay and now if we were to convert that
this<09:10:40.020> allows<09:10:40.378> for<09:10:40.558> a<09:10:40.860> possible<09:10:41.160> amount<09:10:41.578> of

this allows for a possible amount of

this allows for a possible amount of
host<09:10:41.938> addresses<09:10:42.660> 2<09:10:43.558> to<09:10:43.800> the<09:10:43.918> ninth

host addresses 2 to the ninth

host addresses 2 to the ninth
minus<09:10:47.820> two

minus two

minus two
which<09:10:49.258> equals<09:10:49.738> 500

which equals 500

which equals 500
and<09:10:52.020> 10<09:10:52.340> addresses<09:10:53.340> so<09:10:54.122> this<09:10:54.300> allows<09:10:54.660> for<09:10:54.960> more

and 10 addresses so this allows for more

and 10 addresses so this allows for more
than<09:10:55.378> one<09:10:55.680> class<09:10:56.340> full<09:10:56.640> Network<09:10:57.000> to<09:10:57.660> be

than one class full Network to be

than one class full Network to be
represented<09:10:58.378> by<09:10:58.680> a<09:10:58.980> single<09:10:59.398> set<09:10:59.820> basically<09:11:00.782> we

represented by a single set basically we

represented by a single set basically we
can<09:11:01.140> now<09:11:01.258> break<09:11:01.438> it<09:11:01.680> up<09:11:01.800> further<09:11:02.098> into<09:11:02.340> smaller

can now break it up further into smaller

can now break it up further into smaller
sub<09:11:02.938> networks<09:11:03.480> if<09:11:03.898> we<09:11:04.020> look<09:11:04.140> at<09:11:04.258> three<09:11:04.438> of<09:11:04.622> the

sub networks if we look at three of the

sub networks if we look at three of the
most<09:11:04.918> easily<09:11:05.660> recognizable<09:11:06.660> ones<09:11:07.078> I'm<09:11:07.378> just

most easily recognizable ones I'm just

most easily recognizable ones I'm just
going<09:11:07.622> to<09:11:07.680> erase<09:11:07.860> this<09:11:08.040> so<09:11:08.160> we<09:11:08.218> can<09:11:08.282> get<09:11:08.398> a

going to erase this so we can get a

going to erase this so we can get a
better<09:11:08.578> look<09:11:08.820> here<09:11:09.200> uh<09:11:10.200> the<09:11:10.438> slash<09:11:10.800> eight

better look here uh the slash eight

better look here uh the slash eight
the<09:11:13.140> slash<09:11:13.438> 16<09:11:13.738> and<09:11:14.160> the<09:11:14.340> slash<09:11:14.578> 24

the slash 16 and the slash 24

the slash 16 and the slash 24
we<09:11:16.438> can<09:11:16.558> see<09:11:16.738> that<09:11:16.918> these<09:11:17.282> translate

we can see that these translate

we can see that these translate
basically<09:11:18.180> over<09:11:18.480> to<09:11:19.078> the<09:11:19.258> basic<09:11:20.160> Class<09:11:20.700> A

basically over to the basic Class A

basically over to the basic Class A
Class<09:11:21.360> B<09:11:21.598> and<09:11:21.840> Class<09:11:22.020> C<09:11:22.320> networks<09:11:22.918> right

Class B and Class C networks right

Class B and Class C networks right
because<09:11:23.878> slash<09:11:24.540> eight<09:11:24.898> Class<09:11:25.438> A<09:11:25.680> that<09:11:25.980> means

because slash eight Class A that means

because slash eight Class A that means
it's<09:11:26.398> one<09:11:26.700> one<09:11:27.058> or<09:11:27.960> one<09:11:28.258> two<09:11:28.438> three<09:11:28.738> four<09:11:29.160> five

it's one one or one two three four five

it's one one or one two three four five
six<09:11:30.058> seven<09:11:30.418> eight<09:11:31.040> dot<09:11:32.040> zero<09:11:32.640> dot<09:11:33.360> zero<09:11:33.782> dot

six seven eight dot zero dot zero dot

six seven eight dot zero dot zero dot
zero<09:11:34.738> which<09:11:35.160> would<09:11:35.398> mean

255.25.0.0.0 which is our default subnet

255.25.0.0.0 which is our default subnet
mask<09:11:41.578> for<09:11:41.878> Class<09:11:42.122> A

mask for Class A

mask for Class A
because<09:11:43.438> again

because again

because again
this<09:11:45.840> is<09:11:45.960> my<09:11:46.258> network<09:11:46.500> ID<09:11:46.860> is<09:11:47.098> the<09:11:47.282> first<09:11:47.398> octet

this is my network ID is the first octet

this is my network ID is the first octet
and<09:11:48.000> the<09:11:48.122> node<09:11:48.300> ID<09:11:48.480> are<09:11:49.378> the<09:11:49.558> last<09:11:49.680> ones<09:11:49.980> and

and the node ID are the last ones and

and the node ID are the last ones and
you<09:11:50.218> can<09:11:50.340> see<09:11:50.460> that<09:11:50.700> that<09:11:50.878> would<09:11:51.180> fall<09:11:51.960> out<09:11:52.140> for

you can see that that would fall out for

you can see that that would fall out for
the<09:11:52.558> next<09:11:52.738> ones<09:11:53.040> as<09:11:53.218> well<09:11:53.398> so<09:11:54.238> because<09:11:54.418> of<09:11:54.660> the

the next ones as well so because of the

the next ones as well so because of the
ease<09:11:55.020> by<09:11:55.258> which<09:11:55.500> it<09:11:56.040> is<09:11:56.218> we<09:11:57.000> can<09:11:57.122> subnet

ease by which it is we can subnet

ease by which it is we can subnet
networks<09:11:58.078> this<09:11:58.258> way<09:11:58.438> because<09:11:59.040> of<09:11:59.282> readability

networks this way because of readability

networks this way because of readability
and<09:12:00.360> efficiency<09:12:01.218> cider<09:12:02.218> notation<09:12:02.578> has<09:12:02.878> become

and efficiency cider notation has become

and efficiency cider notation has become
extremely<09:12:04.020> popular<09:12:04.378> and<09:12:04.680> wider<09:12:05.040> widely

extremely popular and wider widely

extremely popular and wider widely
adopted

adopted

adopted
most<09:12:07.558> of<09:12:07.680> the<09:12:07.800> internet<09:12:07.980> in<09:12:08.340> fact<09:12:08.520> has<09:12:09.058> become

most of the internet in fact has become

most of the internet in fact has become
class<09:12:10.200> less<09:12:10.558> address<09:12:11.098> space<09:12:11.520> because<09:12:12.300> of<09:12:12.540> this

class less address space because of this

class less address space because of this
meaning<09:12:12.898> that<09:12:13.140> we<09:12:13.320> don't<09:12:13.378> really<09:12:13.558> use<09:12:13.800> classes

meaning that we don't really use classes

meaning that we don't really use classes
and<09:12:14.460> we<09:12:14.640> get<09:12:14.758> to<09:12:14.878> IPv6<09:12:15.660> we're<09:12:16.200> not<09:12:16.378> going<09:12:16.500> to

and we get to IPv6 we're not going to

and we get to IPv6 we're not going to
see<09:12:16.738> it<09:12:16.860> at<09:12:17.040> all<09:12:17.160> now<09:12:17.640> again<09:12:17.820> this<09:12:18.122> is<09:12:18.238> very

see it at all now again this is very

see it at all now again this is very
complex<09:12:18.840> the<09:12:19.140> important<09:12:19.438> thing<09:12:19.558> I<09:12:19.738> just<09:12:19.800> want

complex the important thing I just want

complex the important thing I just want
you<09:12:20.040> to<09:12:20.218> remember<09:12:20.340> on<09:12:20.878> this<09:12:21.058> whole<09:12:21.180> thing<09:12:21.418> is

you to remember on this whole thing is

you to remember on this whole thing is
that<09:12:22.500> if<09:12:22.860> you<09:12:22.980> see<09:12:23.160> this<09:12:23.460> Dash<09:12:24.000> after

an address here you know exactly what

an address here you know exactly what
the<09:12:31.320> subnet<09:12:31.738> mask<09:12:31.918> is<09:12:32.418> and<09:12:33.418> then<09:12:33.660> you<09:12:34.020> can

the subnet mask is and then you can

the subnet mask is and then you can
backwards<09:12:34.800> engineer<09:12:35.282> or<09:12:35.700> forward<09:12:35.878> engineer

backwards engineer or forward engineer

backwards engineer or forward engineer
the<09:12:36.540> IP<09:12:36.840> address<09:12:37.340> or<09:12:38.340> the<09:12:38.520> network<09:12:38.640> ID<09:12:38.938> or<09:12:39.300> node

the IP address or the network ID or node

the IP address or the network ID or node
ID

ID

ID
so<09:12:40.860> just<09:12:41.098> to<09:12:41.282> review<09:12:41.460> some<09:12:41.758> of<09:12:41.878> the<09:12:42.000> points

so just to review some of the points

so just to review some of the points
that<09:12:42.480> we<09:12:42.598> covered<09:12:42.960> here<09:12:43.258> we<09:12:44.040> started<09:12:44.398> by

that we covered here we started by

that we covered here we started by
outlining<09:12:45.000> the<09:12:45.300> ipv4<09:12:46.200> addressing<09:12:47.040> scheme<09:12:47.460> we

outlining the ipv4 addressing scheme we

outlining the ipv4 addressing scheme we
looked<09:12:48.480> at<09:12:48.540> the<09:12:48.898> five<09:12:49.020> classes<09:12:49.558> the<09:12:49.738> three<09:12:49.918> I

looked at the five classes the three I

looked at the five classes the three I
really<09:12:50.282> want<09:12:50.460> you<09:12:50.578> to<09:12:50.700> be<09:12:50.758> aware<09:12:51.000> of<09:12:51.180> are<09:12:51.418> a<09:12:51.840> b

really want you to be aware of are a b

really want you to be aware of are a b
and<09:12:52.680> c<09:12:52.918> remember<09:12:53.700> a<09:12:54.360> is<09:12:55.320> anything<09:12:55.622> in<09:12:56.040> the

and c remember a is anything in the

and c remember a is anything in the
first<09:12:56.398> octet<09:12:57.058> that's<09:12:57.782> one

first octet that's one

first octet that's one
through<09:12:59.960> 127

through 127

through 127
with<09:13:02.398> class<09:13:02.578> B<09:13:03.000> we're<09:13:03.782> looking<09:13:03.960> at<09:13:04.200> anything

with class B we're looking at anything

with class B we're looking at anything
from<09:13:05.578> 128

from 128

from 128
to<09:13:08.520> 191<09:13:09.300> and<09:13:09.960> with<09:13:10.140> class<09:13:10.320> C<09:13:10.558> we're<09:13:10.738> looking<09:13:10.918> at

to 191 and with class C we're looking at

to 191 and with class C we're looking at
anything<09:13:11.218> from<09:13:11.520> 191<09:13:12.320> or<09:13:13.320> rather<09:13:13.558> 192.

to 223. anything else here we're really

to 223. anything else here we're really
looking<09:13:20.938> at<09:13:21.738> experimental<09:13:22.738> and<09:13:22.918> stuff<09:13:23.098> that

looking at experimental and stuff that

looking at experimental and stuff that
we<09:13:23.460> don't<09:13:23.520> really<09:13:23.700> need<09:13:23.938> remember<09:13:24.718> these

we don't really need remember these

we don't really need remember these
ranges<09:13:25.800> for<09:13:26.098> that<09:13:26.218> first<09:13:26.460> octet<09:13:27.000> it's<09:13:27.238> easy

ranges for that first octet it's easy

ranges for that first octet it's easy
then<09:13:27.840> to<09:13:28.438> determine<09:13:28.860> what<09:13:29.218> class<09:13:29.398> we're

then to determine what class we're

then to determine what class we're
looking<09:13:29.938> at

looking at

looking at
okay<09:13:31.320> so<09:13:31.622> we<09:13:31.800> also<09:13:32.040> described<09:13:32.398> the<09:13:32.578> reserved

okay so we also described the reserved

okay so we also described the reserved
or<09:13:33.122> restricted<09:13:33.540> IP<09:13:33.782> addresses<09:13:34.258> for<09:13:34.500> instance

or restricted IP addresses for instance

or restricted IP addresses for instance
we<09:13:35.040> can't<09:13:35.218> have<09:13:35.520> anything

we can't have anything

we can't have anything
with<09:13:37.438> a<09:13:37.622> zot<09:13:38.000> 0.0.0<09:13:39.000> or

with a zot 0.0.0 or

with a zot 0.0.0 or
with<09:13:40.860> a<09:13:41.098> 255.255.255.

because these are a multicast addresses

because these are a multicast addresses
and<09:13:48.660> we<09:13:48.840> also<09:13:49.078> can't<09:13:49.320> have<09:13:49.558> anything<09:13:49.800> with

and we also can't have anything with

and we also can't have anything with
127.0.0.1<09:13:52.438> ever

127.0.0.1 ever

127.0.0.1 ever
or

or

or
1.1.1.1<09:13:55.918> because<09:13:56.640> these<09:13:57.300> are<09:13:57.418> both<09:13:57.598> ones<09:13:57.960> the

1.1.1.1 because these are both ones the

1.1.1.1 because these are both ones the
localhost<09:13:58.500> one<09:13:58.800> is<09:13:58.918> the<09:13:59.040> who<09:13:59.160> is<09:13:59.398> address

localhost one is the who is address

localhost one is the who is address
we<09:14:01.020> then<09:14:01.200> looked<09:14:01.558> at<09:14:01.680> uh<09:14:02.340> private<09:14:03.180> IP

we then looked at uh private IP

we then looked at uh private IP
addresses<09:14:04.078> remember<09:14:04.622> we<09:14:05.098> had<09:14:05.282> three

addresses remember we had three

addresses remember we had three
different<09:14:05.758> ones<09:14:06.058> each<09:14:06.238> for<09:14:06.480> each<09:14:06.718> class<09:14:06.960> for

different ones each for each class for

different ones each for each class for
class<09:14:07.860> A<09:14:08.098> it<09:14:08.340> was<09:14:08.460> anything<09:14:08.700> 10.x.x.x

with class B it was one seven two dot

with class B it was one seven two dot
sixteen<09:14:17.218> dot<09:14:18.122> x<09:14:18.300> dot<09:14:18.718> X<09:14:18.898> through

172.31.x.x and the one you're probably

172.31.x.x and the one you're probably
most<09:14:26.098> familiar<09:14:26.460> with<09:14:26.578> is<09:14:26.820> the<09:14:27.058> class<09:14:27.238> C<09:14:27.540> which

most familiar with is the class C which

most familiar with is the class C which
is<09:14:28.378> 192.168.x.x

remember that you can see what class

remember that you can see what class
they're<09:14:35.758> in

they're in

they're in
by<09:14:37.800> looking<09:14:37.980> at<09:14:38.218> this<09:14:38.480> and<09:14:39.480> most<09:14:39.660> importantly

by looking at this and most importantly

by looking at this and most importantly
class<09:14:41.040> a<09:14:41.398> private<09:14:41.878> IP<09:14:42.180> address<09:14:42.360> can<09:14:42.660> allow<09:14:42.960> for

class a private IP address can allow for

class a private IP address can allow for
the<09:14:43.320> most<09:14:43.500> networks<09:14:44.460> the<09:14:44.700> fewest<09:14:44.938> I'm<09:14:45.300> sorry

the most networks the fewest I'm sorry

the most networks the fewest I'm sorry
the<09:14:45.660> most<09:14:45.782> nodes<09:14:46.078> the<09:14:46.320> fewest<09:14:46.558> networks<09:14:47.040> Class

the most nodes the fewest networks Class

the most nodes the fewest networks Class
C<09:14:47.758> is<09:14:47.938> going<09:14:48.058> to<09:14:48.058> be<09:14:48.122> the<09:14:48.238> complete<09:14:48.480> opposite

C is going to be the complete opposite

C is going to be the complete opposite
I'm<09:14:48.898> going<09:14:49.020> to<09:14:49.078> allow<09:14:49.258> for<09:14:49.438> the<09:14:49.738> most<09:14:50.058> nodes

I'm going to allow for the most nodes

I'm going to allow for the most nodes
the<09:14:51.480> most<09:14:51.598> networks<09:14:52.200> rather<09:14:52.500> but<09:14:52.918> the<09:14:53.098> fewest

the most networks rather but the fewest

the most networks rather but the fewest
nodes<09:14:54.058> okay<09:14:54.540> and<09:14:55.320> again<09:14:55.622> remember<09:14:56.460> these

nodes okay and again remember these

nodes okay and again remember these
ranges<09:14:57.238> because<09:14:57.418> they<09:14:57.598> will<09:14:57.718> come<09:14:57.898> up<09:14:58.078> what<09:14:58.738> is

ranges because they will come up what is

ranges because they will come up what is
make<09:14:59.282> a<09:14:59.640> private<09:14:59.878> IP<09:15:00.180> address<09:15:00.360> it<09:15:01.140> is<09:15:01.320> not

make a private IP address it is not

make a private IP address it is not
routed<09:15:02.218> past<09:15:03.180> a<09:15:03.480> router<09:15:03.840> onto<09:15:04.500> the<09:15:04.622> public

routed past a router onto the public

routed past a router onto the public
network<09:15:05.218> okay<09:15:05.878> we<09:15:06.718> also<09:15:06.898> talked<09:15:07.140> about<09:15:07.200> the

network okay we also talked about the

network okay we also talked about the
ipv4<09:15:08.460> formulas<09:15:09.058> which<09:15:09.238> allow<09:15:09.480> us<09:15:09.598> to

ipv4 formulas which allow us to

ipv4 formulas which allow us to
determine

determine

determine
how<09:15:11.700> many<09:15:11.878> hosts

how many hosts

how many hosts
or<09:15:13.558> how<09:15:13.800> many<09:15:13.918> networks<09:15:14.520> are<09:15:14.938> allowed<09:15:15.300> on<09:15:15.540> a

or how many networks are allowed on a

or how many networks are allowed on a
network<09:15:15.840> and<09:15:16.800> that<09:15:16.980> is<09:15:17.098> where<09:15:17.282> the<09:15:17.520> x<09:15:17.640> or<09:15:17.820> the<09:15:18.000> y

network and that is where the x or the y

network and that is where the x or the y
equals<09:15:18.598> the<09:15:18.718> number<09:15:18.898> of<09:15:19.140> hosts<09:15:19.622> or<09:15:19.860> network

equals the number of hosts or network

equals the number of hosts or network
bits<09:15:21.238> we<09:15:21.598> defined<09:15:21.898> the<09:15:22.140> default<09:15:22.438> gateway

bits we defined the default gateway

bits we defined the default gateway
which<09:15:23.820> is<09:15:24.000> what<09:15:24.238> I<09:15:24.418> need

to get out to the WAN it's what a local

to get out to the WAN it's what a local
device<09:15:30.300> a<09:15:30.598> node<09:15:30.840> on<09:15:30.960> the<09:15:31.078> local<09:15:31.140> area<09:15:31.378> network

device a node on the local area network

device a node on the local area network
needs<09:15:32.098> to<09:15:32.340> go<09:15:32.640> to<09:15:32.758> this<09:15:32.938> default<09:15:33.300> gateway<09:15:33.718> and

needs to go to this default gateway and

needs to go to this default gateway and
finally<09:15:34.558> we<09:15:34.800> Define<09:15:34.980> the<09:15:35.340> two<09:15:35.520> custom<09:15:35.820> IP

finally we Define the two custom IP

finally we Define the two custom IP
address<09:15:36.480> schemes<09:15:37.140> the<09:15:37.800> one<09:15:37.918> which<09:15:38.098> allows<09:15:38.398> me

address schemes the one which allows me

address schemes the one which allows me
for<09:15:38.820> variable<09:15:39.300> subnetting<09:15:40.140> and<09:15:40.800> the<09:15:41.040> other

for variable subnetting and the other

for variable subnetting and the other
cider<09:15:42.660> which<09:15:43.320> allows<09:15:43.860> me<09:15:44.040> to

cider which allows me to

cider which allows me to
use<09:15:45.782> a<09:15:46.078> slash<09:15:46.500> and<09:15:47.040> then<09:15:47.160> put<09:15:47.398> a<09:15:47.520> number<09:15:47.700> that

use a slash and then put a number that

use a slash and then put a number that
number<09:15:48.418> representing

number representing

number representing
the<09:15:50.938> number<09:15:51.122> of

the number of

the number of
Network<09:15:53.098> bits<09:15:54.180> in<09:15:54.660> the<09:15:54.782> subnet<09:15:55.140> mask

right so the most popular of course 24

right so the most popular of course 24
would<09:16:01.258> be<09:16:01.320> for<09:16:01.558> a<09:16:01.738> class<09:16:01.860> C

would be for a class C

would be for a class C
16b<09:16:04.500> for<09:16:04.738> a<09:16:04.918> class<09:16:05.098> B<09:16:05.460> and<09:16:06.238> 8<09:16:06.480> would<09:16:06.782> be<09:16:06.898> for<09:16:07.200> a

16b for a class B and 8 would be for a

16b for a class B and 8 would be for a
class<09:16:07.700> A<09:16:08.700> because<09:16:09.180> if<09:16:09.660> we<09:16:09.840> had<09:16:09.960> a<09:16:10.078> slash<09:16:10.378> eight

class A because if we had a slash eight

class A because if we had a slash eight
that<09:16:10.800> would<09:16:10.980> mean<09:16:11.098> the<09:16:11.282> subnet<09:16:11.640> mask<09:16:11.820> is

that would mean the subnet mask is

that would mean the subnet mask is
255.0.0.0

[Music]

[Music]
foreign

Network routing and IP addressing

Network routing and IP addressing
data<09:16:42.300> delivery<09:16:42.782> techniques<09:16:43.558> and<09:16:44.398> IPv6

now we've talked a lot about IP

now we've talked a lot about IP
addressing<09:16:50.282> when<09:16:50.520> it<09:16:50.640> comes<09:16:50.938> to<09:16:51.122> ipv4<09:16:52.078> or<09:16:52.980> the

addressing when it comes to ipv4 or the

addressing when it comes to ipv4 or the
Internet<09:16:53.340> Protocol<09:16:53.878> version<09:16:54.238> 4<09:16:54.660> but<09:16:55.622> fairly

Internet Protocol version 4 but fairly

Internet Protocol version 4 but fairly
recently<09:16:56.840> IPv6<09:16:57.840> or<09:16:58.200> IP<09:16:58.558> or<09:16:58.918> Internet<09:16:59.098> Protocol

recently IPv6 or IP or Internet Protocol

recently IPv6 or IP or Internet Protocol
version<09:17:00.058> 6<09:17:00.480> was<09:17:00.840> released<09:17:01.320> and<09:17:01.860> has<09:17:02.098> now<09:17:02.340> begun

version 6 was released and has now begun

version 6 was released and has now begun
to<09:17:03.480> be<09:17:03.598> implemented<09:17:04.200> across<09:17:04.918> the<09:17:05.098> world<09:17:05.340> in

to be implemented across the world in

to be implemented across the world in
every<09:17:06.180> Network<09:17:06.360> situation<09:17:07.282> so<09:17:08.282> in<09:17:08.700> this

every Network situation so in this

every Network situation so in this
module<09:17:09.540> we're<09:17:10.078> going<09:17:10.378> to<09:17:10.680> discuss<09:17:11.098> the<09:17:11.578> Core

module we're going to discuss the Core

module we're going to discuss the Core
Concepts<09:17:12.418> that<09:17:12.660> are<09:17:12.782> involved<09:17:13.258> with<09:17:13.700> IPv6

Concepts that are involved with IPv6

Concepts that are involved with IPv6
addressing<09:17:15.540> and<09:17:16.378> some<09:17:16.622> of<09:17:16.800> the<09:17:17.040> data<09:17:17.520> delivery

addressing and some of the data delivery

addressing and some of the data delivery
techniques<09:17:18.898> as<09:17:19.200> well<09:17:19.438> so<09:17:20.282> at<09:17:20.578> the<09:17:20.758> completion

techniques as well so at the completion

techniques as well so at the completion
of<09:17:21.480> this<09:17:21.718> module<09:17:22.200> we're<09:17:22.800> going<09:17:23.040> to<09:17:23.160> have<09:17:23.282> a

of this module we're going to have a

of this module we're going to have a
complete<09:17:23.878> understanding<09:17:24.598> of<09:17:25.078> the<09:17:25.500> properties

complete understanding of the properties

complete understanding of the properties
of<09:17:26.758> IP<09:17:27.300> version<09:17:27.960> 6<09:17:28.438> or<09:17:28.738> IPv6

of IP version 6 or IPv6

of IP version 6 or IPv6
and<09:17:30.898> we're<09:17:31.020> going<09:17:31.078> to<09:17:31.140> be<09:17:31.258> able<09:17:31.320> to

and we're going to be able to

and we're going to be able to
differentiate<09:17:32.160> between<09:17:32.898> IPv6<09:17:33.898> and<09:17:34.738> ipv4

differentiate between IPv6 and ipv4

differentiate between IPv6 and ipv4
which<09:17:35.938> is<09:17:36.058> the<09:17:36.180> one<09:17:36.300> we've<09:17:36.540> been<09:17:36.660> talking

which is the one we've been talking

which is the one we've been talking
about<09:17:37.140> up<09:17:37.558> into<09:17:37.738> this<09:17:38.040> point<09:17:38.282> as<09:17:38.878> a<09:17:39.058> reminder

about up into this point as a reminder

about up into this point as a reminder
ipv4<09:17:40.078> is<09:17:40.622> that<09:17:40.800> IP<09:17:41.098> address<09:17:41.540> that<09:17:42.540> is<09:17:42.718> 38-bit

ipv4 is that IP address that is 38-bit

ipv4 is that IP address that is 38-bit
32<09:17:44.282> bits<09:17:44.640> and<09:17:45.000> divided<09:17:45.480> into<09:17:45.660> four<09:17:46.258> octets

32 bits and divided into four octets

32 bits and divided into four octets
and<09:17:48.782> we're<09:17:48.898> also<09:17:49.140> going<09:17:49.258> to<09:17:49.378> outline<09:17:49.680> some<09:17:49.980> of

and we're also going to outline some of

and we're also going to outline some of
the<09:17:50.340> improvements<09:17:51.058> in<09:17:51.238> the<09:17:51.418> mechanisms<09:17:51.960> of

the improvements in the mechanisms of

the improvements in the mechanisms of
IPv6<09:17:53.460> and<09:17:54.180> why<09:17:54.360> we<09:17:54.660> needed<09:17:55.020> to<09:17:55.258> have<09:17:55.438> another

IPv6 and why we needed to have another

IPv6 and why we needed to have another
version<09:17:56.282> of<09:17:56.640> Ip<09:17:57.058> addressing

version of Ip addressing

version of Ip addressing
we're<09:17:58.622> also<09:17:58.860> going<09:17:58.980> to<09:17:59.040> cover<09:17:59.160> the<09:17:59.460> different

we're also going to cover the different

we're also going to cover the different
data<09:18:00.300> delivery<09:18:00.718> techniques<09:18:01.640> as<09:18:02.640> well<09:18:02.820> as<09:18:03.000> what

data delivery techniques as well as what

data delivery techniques as well as what
a<09:18:03.718> connection<09:18:03.898> is<09:18:04.378> different<09:18:05.160> connection

a connection is different connection

a connection is different connection
modes<09:18:06.000> and<09:18:06.122> we<09:18:06.300> touched<09:18:06.598> on<09:18:06.660> these<09:18:06.898> briefly

modes and we touched on these briefly

modes and we touched on these briefly
such<09:18:07.622> as<09:18:07.800> connection<09:18:08.040> oriented<09:18:08.820> and

such as connection oriented and

such as connection oriented and
connection<09:18:09.300> less<09:18:09.782> and<09:18:10.680> they're<09:18:11.040> transmit

connection less and they're transmit

connection less and they're transmit
types<09:18:12.020> finally<09:18:13.020> we're<09:18:13.438> going<09:18:13.622> to<09:18:13.800> go<09:18:13.918> further

types finally we're going to go further

types finally we're going to go further
into<09:18:14.640> data<09:18:15.238> flow<09:18:15.480> or<09:18:16.020> flow<09:18:16.320> control<09:18:16.558> which

into data flow or flow control which

into data flow or flow control which
we've<09:18:17.282> talked<09:18:17.578> about<09:18:17.700> a<09:18:18.122> bit<09:18:18.300> and<09:18:18.480> we've

we've talked about a bit and we've

we've talked about a bit and we've
mentioned<09:18:19.020> a<09:18:19.140> bit<09:18:19.520> buffering<09:18:20.520> and<09:18:21.238> data

mentioned a bit buffering and data

mentioned a bit buffering and data
Windows<09:18:22.200> these<09:18:22.680> are<09:18:22.800> all<09:18:23.180> techniques<09:18:24.180> that

Windows these are all techniques that

Windows these are all techniques that
allow<09:18:24.782> data<09:18:25.320> to<09:18:25.438> be<09:18:25.622> sent<09:18:25.918> over<09:18:26.398> a<09:18:27.360> network<09:18:27.660> in

allow data to be sent over a network in

allow data to be sent over a network in
varying<09:18:28.918> ways<09:18:29.398> and<09:18:30.180> finally<09:18:30.540> also<09:18:31.320> we're

varying ways and finally also we're

varying ways and finally also we're
going<09:18:31.738> to<09:18:31.860> talk<09:18:32.040> about<09:18:32.360> error<09:18:33.360> detection

going to talk about error detection

going to talk about error detection
methods<09:18:34.200> that<09:18:34.680> way<09:18:34.800> we<09:18:35.098> know<09:18:35.282> when<09:18:35.640> data

methods that way we know when data

methods that way we know when data
arrives<09:18:36.360> on<09:18:36.598> the<09:18:36.782> other<09:18:36.960> end<09:18:37.258> we<09:18:38.040> can<09:18:38.218> double

arrives on the other end we can double

arrives on the other end we can double
check<09:18:38.758> it<09:18:39.000> to<09:18:39.180> make<09:18:39.360> sure<09:18:39.418> it<09:18:39.660> is<09:18:39.718> the<09:18:39.960> data

check it to make sure it is the data

check it to make sure it is the data
that<09:18:40.378> was<09:18:40.680> in<09:18:40.918> fact<09:18:41.040> sent

that was in fact sent

that was in fact sent
so<09:18:43.500> in<09:18:44.160> the<09:18:44.282> last<09:18:44.460> module<09:18:45.122> we<09:18:45.718> learned<09:18:46.020> about

so in the last module we learned about

so in the last module we learned about
the<09:18:46.738> ipv4<09:18:47.718> addressing<09:18:48.718> scheme<09:18:49.020> and<09:18:49.140> we<09:18:49.320> talked

the ipv4 addressing scheme and we talked

the ipv4 addressing scheme and we talked
about<09:18:49.622> some<09:18:49.980> aspects<09:18:50.520> of<09:18:50.640> How<09:18:50.820> It's

about some aspects of How It's

about some aspects of How It's
implemented<09:18:51.540> now<09:18:52.140> IPv6<09:18:53.040> is<09:18:53.820> the<09:18:54.058> successor<09:18:54.540> to

implemented now IPv6 is the successor to

implemented now IPv6 is the successor to
ibv4<09:18:55.320> and<09:18:55.558> it<09:18:55.738> offers<09:18:56.160> a<09:18:56.282> lot<09:18:56.398> of<09:18:56.520> benefits

ibv4 and it offers a lot of benefits

ibv4 and it offers a lot of benefits
over<09:18:57.238> its<09:18:57.598> predecessor

over its predecessor

over its predecessor
the<09:18:59.098> first<09:18:59.218> major<09:18:59.640> Improvement<09:19:00.180> that<09:19:00.480> came

the first major Improvement that came

the first major Improvement that came
with<09:19:00.840> this<09:19:01.020> new<09:19:01.200> version<09:19:01.378> is<09:19:01.918> that<09:19:02.098> there's

with this new version is that there's

with this new version is that there's
been<09:19:02.398> an<09:19:02.758> exponential<09:19:03.660> increase<09:19:04.200> in<09:19:04.738> the

been an exponential increase in the

been an exponential increase in the
number<09:19:05.098> of<09:19:05.660> possible<09:19:06.660> addresses<09:19:07.438> that<09:19:07.680> are

number of possible addresses that are

number of possible addresses that are
available

available

available
several<09:19:09.660> other<09:19:09.840> features<09:19:10.438> were<09:19:10.800> added<09:19:11.098> to

several other features were added to

several other features were added to
this<09:19:11.398> addressing<09:19:11.878> scheme<09:19:12.122> as<09:19:12.238> well<09:19:12.360> such<09:19:12.660> as

this addressing scheme as well such as

this addressing scheme as well such as
security

security

security
improved<09:19:15.120> composition<09:19:15.540> for<09:19:15.840> what<09:19:15.960> are<09:19:16.080> called

improved composition for what are called

improved composition for what are called
unicast<09:19:16.916> addresses<09:19:17.780> header<09:19:18.780> simplification

unicast addresses header simplification

unicast addresses header simplification
and<09:19:19.860> how<09:19:20.096> they're<09:19:20.280> sent<09:19:20.660> and<09:19:21.660> a<09:19:22.080> hierarchical

and how they're sent and a hierarchical

and how they're sent and a hierarchical
addressing<09:19:23.580> for<09:19:24.180> what<09:19:24.540> some<09:19:25.256> would<09:19:25.500> suggest

addressing for what some would suggest

addressing for what some would suggest
is<09:19:26.220> easier<09:19:26.756> routing<09:19:27.240> and<09:19:28.020> there's<09:19:28.256> also<09:19:28.500> a

is easier routing and there's also a

is easier routing and there's also a
support<09:19:28.800> for<09:19:29.220> what<09:19:29.460> we<09:19:29.580> call<09:19:29.756> time<09:19:30.180> sensitive

support for what we call time sensitive

support for what we call time sensitive
traffic<09:19:31.080> or<09:19:31.436> traffic<09:19:31.620> that<09:19:31.980> needs<09:19:32.280> to<09:19:32.460> be

traffic or traffic that needs to be

traffic or traffic that needs to be
received<09:19:33.540> in<09:19:33.660> a<09:19:33.780> certain<09:19:33.900> amount<09:19:34.140> of<09:19:34.320> time

received in a certain amount of time

received in a certain amount of time
such<09:19:34.980> as<09:19:35.160> voice<09:19:35.700> over<09:19:35.936> IP<09:19:36.360> and<09:19:36.540> gaming<09:19:36.780> and

such as voice over IP and gaming and

such as voice over IP and gaming and
we're<09:19:37.020> going<09:19:37.140> to<09:19:37.200> look<09:19:37.320> at<09:19:37.436> all<09:19:37.620> this<09:19:37.916> shortly

we're going to look at all this shortly

we're going to look at all this shortly
so<09:19:39.480> the<09:19:40.520> IPv6<09:19:41.520> addressing<09:19:42.360> scheme<09:19:42.740> uses<09:19:43.740> a<09:19:44.660> 128

so the IPv6 addressing scheme uses a 128

so the IPv6 addressing scheme uses a 128
bit<09:19:46.220> binary<09:19:47.220> address<09:19:47.580> this<09:19:48.360> is<09:19:48.480> different<09:19:48.660> of

bit binary address this is different of

bit binary address this is different of
course<09:19:49.256> from<09:19:50.240> ipv4<09:19:51.240> which<09:19:51.840> again<09:19:52.020> uses<09:19:52.500> a

course from ipv4 which again uses a

course from ipv4 which again uses a
32-bit<09:19:54.120> address<09:19:54.500> so<09:19:55.500> this<09:19:55.980> means<09:19:56.340> therefore

32-bit address so this means therefore

32-bit address so this means therefore
that<09:19:57.540> there<09:19:57.780> are<09:19:57.960> two

that there are two

that there are two
to<09:19:59.660> 128<09:20:00.660> power<09:20:01.080> possible<09:20:02.120> addresses<09:20:03.120> as

to 128 power possible addresses as

to 128 power possible addresses as
opposed<09:20:04.020> to<09:20:04.080> 2<09:20:04.980> to<09:20:05.220> the<09:20:05.340> 32<09:20:05.820> power<09:20:06.180> with<09:20:07.500> um<09:20:07.500> IP

opposed to 2 to the 32 power with um IP

opposed to 2 to the 32 power with um IP
address<09:20:08.160> 4.

address 4.

address 4.
and<09:20:10.256> this<09:20:10.500> means<09:20:10.916> therefore<09:20:11.880> that<09:20:12.480> there<09:20:12.720> are

and this means therefore that there are

and this means therefore that there are
around

around

around
340

340

340
undecilion<09:20:16.860> I'm<09:20:17.400> going<09:20:17.580> to<09:20:17.640> write<09:20:17.820> that<09:20:18.060> out

undecilion I'm going to write that out

undecilion I'm going to write that out
so<09:20:18.540> that's<09:20:18.720> a<09:20:18.900> word<09:20:19.080> that<09:20:19.320> you<09:20:19.436> probably

so that's a word that you probably

so that's a word that you probably
haven't<09:20:19.800> seen<09:20:20.220> a<09:20:20.400> lot<09:20:20.520> on

decillion addresses and to put that

decillion addresses and to put that
another<09:20:29.220> way<09:20:29.520> it's<09:20:30.180> enough<09:20:30.360> for<09:20:30.840> one<09:20:31.620> trillion

another way it's enough for one trillion

another way it's enough for one trillion
people<09:20:32.340> to<09:20:33.180> each<09:20:33.416> have<09:20:33.660> a<09:20:34.500> trillion<09:20:34.916> addresses

people to each have a trillion addresses

people to each have a trillion addresses
or<09:20:36.596> for<09:20:37.140> an<09:20:37.380> IP<09:20:37.680> address<09:20:37.860> for<09:20:38.340> every<09:20:38.580> single

or for an IP address for every single

or for an IP address for every single
grain<09:20:39.180> of<09:20:39.360> sand<09:20:39.596> on<09:20:40.020> the<09:20:40.140> earth<09:20:40.520> times<09:20:41.520> a

grain of sand on the earth times a

grain of sand on the earth times a
trillion<09:20:42.360> Earths<09:20:42.840> give<09:20:43.020> or<09:20:43.200> take<09:20:43.380> a<09:20:43.560> bit<09:20:43.800> so<09:20:44.756> if

trillion Earths give or take a bit so if

trillion Earths give or take a bit so if
the<09:20:45.916> 128-bit<09:20:46.916> address<09:20:47.096> were<09:20:47.520> written<09:20:47.820> out<09:20:47.936> in

the 128-bit address were written out in

the 128-bit address were written out in
binary<09:20:48.660> it<09:20:49.020> would<09:20:49.256> be

binary it would be

binary it would be
128<09:20:51.800> ones<09:20:52.800> and<09:20:53.160> zeros<09:20:53.756> because<09:20:54.120> that<09:20:54.540> is

128 ones and zeros because that is

128 ones and zeros because that is
binary

binary

binary
and<09:20:57.360> even<09:20:57.540> in<09:20:57.840> decimal<09:20:58.256> form<09:20:58.500> that's<09:20:59.220> a<09:20:59.580> pretty

and even in decimal form that's a pretty

and even in decimal form that's a pretty
hard<09:21:00.240> to<09:21:00.540> read<09:21:00.720> and<09:21:00.960> keep<09:21:01.140> track<09:21:01.320> of<09:21:01.560> so

hard to read and keep track of so

hard to read and keep track of so
because<09:21:02.220> of<09:21:02.460> this<09:21:02.700> we<09:21:03.180> use<09:21:03.360> what's<09:21:03.960> called

because of this we use what's called

because of this we use what's called
hexadecimal

hexadecimal

hexadecimal
as<09:21:07.916> the<09:21:08.220> format<09:21:08.640> in<09:21:09.120> which<09:21:09.500> uh<09:21:10.640> IPv6<09:21:11.640> is

as the format in which uh IPv6 is

as the format in which uh IPv6 is
written<09:21:12.300> and<09:21:12.780> if<09:21:12.900> you<09:21:13.080> imagine<09:21:13.320> from<09:21:13.980> the<09:21:14.160> name

written and if you imagine from the name

written and if you imagine from the name
hex<09:21:15.436> uh<09:21:16.436> binary<09:21:17.220> is<09:21:18.120> a<09:21:18.300> base<09:21:18.416> 2<09:21:18.660> system<09:21:18.960> meaning

hex uh binary is a base 2 system meaning

hex uh binary is a base 2 system meaning
that<09:21:19.560> we<09:21:19.740> take<09:21:19.916> everything<09:21:20.160> to<09:21:20.820> the<09:21:21.000> power<09:21:21.240> of

that we take everything to the power of

that we take everything to the power of
two<09:21:21.660> so<09:21:22.256> we<09:21:22.436> have<09:21:22.620> the<09:21:23.220> ones<09:21:23.640> place<09:21:23.880> and<09:21:24.720> then

two so we have the ones place and then

two so we have the ones place and then
we<09:21:25.140> have<09:21:25.380> the<09:21:25.740> two<09:21:25.916> place<09:21:26.220> and<09:21:26.520> then<09:21:26.700> we<09:21:27.000> have

we have the two place and then we have

we have the two place and then we have
the<09:21:27.900> fourth<09:21:28.320> place<09:21:28.380> and<09:21:28.680> so<09:21:28.800> on<09:21:28.980> and<09:21:29.160> so<09:21:29.340> forth

the fourth place and so on and so forth

the fourth place and so on and so forth
with<09:21:31.020> decimal<09:21:31.680> which<09:21:32.280> is<09:21:32.460> a<09:21:33.000> base<09:21:33.180> 10<09:21:33.480> system

with decimal which is a base 10 system

with decimal which is a base 10 system
we<09:21:34.680> have<09:21:34.980> the<09:21:35.580> ones<09:21:35.756> place<09:21:36.180> the<09:21:36.900> tens<09:21:37.080> place

we have the ones place the tens place

we have the ones place the tens place
the<09:21:39.120> hundreds<09:21:39.540> place<09:21:39.780> which<09:21:40.140> is<09:21:40.256> ten<09:21:40.500> times

the hundreds place which is ten times

the hundreds place which is ten times
ten<09:21:41.096> the<09:21:41.820> thousands<09:21:42.360> place<09:21:42.660> and<09:21:42.960> so<09:21:43.140> on<09:21:43.320> with

ten the thousands place and so on with

ten the thousands place and so on with
hexadecimal<09:21:44.880> though

hexadecimal though

hexadecimal though
we're<09:21:46.500> looking<09:21:46.680> at<09:21:46.916> a<09:21:47.096> base<09:21:47.400> 16.

we're looking at a base 16.

we're looking at a base 16.
so<09:21:50.040> every<09:21:50.580> single<09:21:51.000> digit

so every single digit

so every single digit
has<09:21:52.740> a<09:21:53.160> possible<09:21:53.780> 16<09:21:54.780> different<09:21:55.620> options<09:21:56.280> so

has a possible 16 different options so

has a possible 16 different options so
we'd<09:21:57.360> have<09:21:57.596> a<09:21:58.320> ones<09:21:58.620> place<09:21:58.860> which<09:21:59.096> we<09:21:59.340> always

we'd have a ones place which we always

we'd have a ones place which we always
start<09:21:59.700> with<09:21:59.936> a<09:22:00.416> ones<09:22:00.720> place<09:22:00.900> and<09:22:01.500> then<09:22:01.680> a<09:22:02.640> 16s

start with a ones place and then a 16s

start with a ones place and then a 16s
place<09:22:03.660> and<09:22:04.560> then<09:22:04.740> so<09:22:04.980> on<09:22:05.160> and<09:22:05.460> so<09:22:05.700> forth<09:22:06.060> now

place and then so on and so forth now

place and then so on and so forth now
the<09:22:06.780> way<09:22:06.900> we<09:22:07.080> do<09:22:07.256> this<09:22:07.560> is<09:22:08.520> that<09:22:08.820> every<09:22:09.180> digit

the way we do this is that every digit

the way we do this is that every digit
as<09:22:09.720> opposed<09:22:10.020> to<09:22:10.140> decimal<09:22:10.680> where<09:22:11.040> we<09:22:11.280> have<09:22:11.460> zero

as opposed to decimal where we have zero

as opposed to decimal where we have zero
to<09:22:12.300> nine<09:22:12.596> options<09:22:13.200> for<09:22:14.040> every<09:22:14.160> digit<09:22:14.580> and

to nine options for every digit and

to nine options for every digit and
binary<09:22:16.020> where<09:22:16.380> you<09:22:16.620> have<09:22:16.800> either<09:22:17.096> zero<09:22:17.700> or<09:22:17.820> one

binary where you have either zero or one

binary where you have either zero or one
with<09:22:18.960> hexadecimal<09:22:19.800> we<09:22:20.460> can<09:22:20.580> either<09:22:20.700> have<09:22:21.000> zero

with hexadecimal we can either have zero

with hexadecimal we can either have zero
to<09:22:21.540> nine

to nine

to nine
or<09:22:23.160> a<09:22:23.460> through<09:22:23.756> F<09:22:24.000> if<09:22:24.480> we<09:22:24.660> add<09:22:24.780> this<09:22:25.020> up<09:22:25.200> we<09:22:26.096> have

or a through F if we add this up we have

or a through F if we add this up we have
10<09:22:26.400> options<09:22:26.820> here<09:22:27.180> 0<09:22:27.596> through<09:22:27.900> 9<09:22:28.080> and<09:22:28.380> then<09:22:28.500> a

10 options here 0 through 9 and then a

10 options here 0 through 9 and then a
through<09:22:28.980> F<09:22:29.280> we<09:22:29.820> have<09:22:29.936> six<09:22:30.240> so<09:22:31.140> a<09:22:31.800> hexadecimal

through F we have six so a hexadecimal

through F we have six so a hexadecimal
number<09:22:32.580> is<09:22:32.820> going<09:22:32.936> to<09:22:33.060> be<09:22:33.120> a<09:22:33.300> combination<09:22:33.776> of

number is going to be a combination of

number is going to be a combination of
anywhere<09:22:34.680> from<09:22:34.980> 0<09:22:35.276> to<09:22:36.240> f

anywhere from 0 to f

anywhere from 0 to f
uh<09:22:37.740> a<09:22:37.980> would<09:22:38.276> be<09:22:38.460> 10<09:22:38.880> B<09:22:39.416> would<09:22:39.720> be<09:22:39.900> 11<09:22:40.340> C<09:22:41.340> would

uh a would be 10 B would be 11 C would

uh a would be 10 B would be 11 C would
be<09:22:41.756> 12<09:22:42.000> and<09:22:42.360> so<09:22:42.540> on<09:22:42.660> and<09:22:42.900> so<09:22:43.080> forth<09:22:43.380> so<09:22:43.916> when<09:22:44.400> you

be 12 and so on and so forth so when you

be 12 and so on and so forth so when you
see<09:22:44.820> uh<09:22:45.300> this<09:22:45.540> written<09:22:45.776> out<09:22:45.960> that's<09:22:46.500> what<09:22:46.740> that

see uh this written out that's what that

see uh this written out that's what that
means<09:22:47.220> okay<09:22:47.520> now<09:22:48.180> the<09:22:48.596> address<09:22:48.840> is<09:22:49.620> broken<09:22:50.040> up

means okay now the address is broken up

means okay now the address is broken up
into<09:22:51.360> eight<09:22:51.900> groups<09:22:52.380> of<09:22:52.860> four<09:22:53.096> hexadecimal

into eight groups of four hexadecimal

into eight groups of four hexadecimal
digits

digits

digits
and<09:22:55.800> these<09:22:56.040> are<09:22:56.160> separated<09:22:56.580> by<09:22:56.936> colons

and these are separated by colons

and these are separated by colons
now<09:22:58.800> uh<09:22:59.276> I'm<09:22:59.520> going<09:22:59.640> to<09:22:59.700> show<09:22:59.820> you<09:22:59.936> this<09:23:00.060> in

now uh I'm going to show you this in

now uh I'm going to show you this in
just<09:23:00.416> a<09:23:00.540> second<09:23:00.720> but<09:23:01.140> there<09:23:01.320> are<09:23:01.436> also<09:23:01.680> a

just a second but there are also a

just a second but there are also a
couple<09:23:01.980> of<09:23:02.160> rules<09:23:02.460> when<09:23:02.640> it<09:23:02.756> applies<09:23:03.060> to<09:23:03.300> when

couple of rules when it applies to when

couple of rules when it applies to when
we<09:23:03.900> come<09:23:04.080> to<09:23:04.200> readability

we come to readability

we come to readability
so<09:23:06.300> the<09:23:06.720> first<09:23:06.900> rule

so the first rule

so the first rule
is<09:23:08.460> that<09:23:08.640> let's<09:23:09.000> say<09:23:09.180> this<09:23:09.596> is<09:23:09.900> our

is that let's say this is our

is that let's say this is our
hexadecimal

hexadecimal

hexadecimal
IPv6<09:23:13.860> address<09:23:14.340> you<09:23:15.180> notice<09:23:15.480> first<09:23:15.776> of<09:23:15.960> all<09:23:16.080> one

IPv6 address you notice first of all one

IPv6 address you notice first of all one
two

two

two
three

three

three
four

four

four
five

five

five
six

six

six
seven

seven

seven
eight<09:23:27.960> right<09:23:28.560> there<09:23:29.096> are<09:23:29.400> eight<09:23:29.936> groups

eight right there are eight groups

eight right there are eight groups
of<09:23:31.800> four<09:23:32.180> hexadecimal<09:23:33.180> digits<09:23:33.596> each

of four hexadecimal digits each

of four hexadecimal digits each
and<09:23:35.460> of<09:23:35.640> course<09:23:35.756> each<09:23:36.240> one<09:23:36.416> of<09:23:36.540> these<09:23:36.720> digits

and of course each one of these digits

and of course each one of these digits
has<09:23:37.740> 16<09:23:38.040> possible<09:23:38.640> values<09:23:39.120> okay<09:23:39.596> so<09:23:40.256> let's

has 16 possible values okay so let's

has 16 possible values okay so let's
look<09:23:40.560> at<09:23:40.740> two<09:23:41.040> rules<09:23:41.460> and<09:23:41.936> these<09:23:42.180> are<09:23:42.300> also<09:23:42.540> not

look at two rules and these are also not

look at two rules and these are also not
only<09:23:42.980> readability<09:23:43.980> rules<09:23:44.400> but<09:23:44.520> what<09:23:44.640> we<09:23:44.756> call

only readability rules but what we call

only readability rules but what we call
truncation<09:23:45.540> rules<09:23:46.020> meaning<09:23:46.200> this<09:23:46.436> is<09:23:46.560> how<09:23:46.740> we

truncation rules meaning this is how we

truncation rules meaning this is how we
can<09:23:47.096> shorten

can shorten

can shorten
an<09:23:48.840> IPv6<09:23:49.680> address<09:23:50.096> since<09:23:50.520> they<09:23:50.756> can<09:23:50.880> get<09:23:51.060> quite

an IPv6 address since they can get quite

an IPv6 address since they can get quite
long

long

long
the<09:23:52.860> first<09:23:53.040> rule<09:23:53.400> is<09:23:53.580> that<09:23:53.820> any<09:23:54.120> leading<09:23:54.720> zeros

the first rule is that any leading zeros

the first rule is that any leading zeros
can<09:23:55.500> be<09:23:55.680> removed<09:23:56.160> so<09:23:57.000> if<09:23:57.240> we<09:23:57.360> imagine<09:23:57.540> any

can be removed so if we imagine any

can be removed so if we imagine any
leading<09:23:58.256> zeros<09:23:58.620> I'm<09:23:59.276> going<09:23:59.400> to<09:23:59.460> circle<09:23:59.640> them

leading zeros I'm going to circle them

leading zeros I'm going to circle them
right<09:24:00.776> there

right there

right there
right<09:24:02.700> here

right here and if we wanted we could

right here and if we wanted we could
even<09:24:08.340> consider<09:24:08.880> these<09:24:09.596> leading<09:24:09.960> zeros

even consider these leading zeros

even consider these leading zeros
and<09:24:12.120> therefore<09:24:12.480> if<09:24:12.660> we<09:24:12.840> rewrite<09:24:13.256> this<09:24:13.500> out

and therefore if we rewrite this out

and therefore if we rewrite this out
below<09:24:13.980> you'll<09:24:14.340> see<09:24:14.580> we're<09:24:15.300> going<09:24:15.596> to<09:24:15.900> remove

below you'll see we're going to remove

below you'll see we're going to remove
all<09:24:18.240> the<09:24:18.360> leading<09:24:18.660> zeros

all the leading zeros

all the leading zeros
and<09:24:20.700> that<09:24:20.756> allows<09:24:21.120> us<09:24:21.240> to<09:24:21.480> shorten

and that allows us to shorten

and that allows us to shorten
our<09:24:24.300> address

our address

our address
now<09:24:27.300> we<09:24:27.596> could<09:24:27.776> also

now we could also

now we could also
if I<09:24:29.640> was<09:24:29.820> just<09:24:29.936> going<09:24:30.120> to<09:24:30.180> take<09:24:30.480> this<09:24:30.720> one

if I was just going to take this one

if I was just going to take this one
step<09:24:31.140> further

I could also shorten

I could also shorten
these<09:24:39.540> zeros<09:24:40.020> if<09:24:40.436> I<09:24:40.560> so<09:24:40.740> wished

these zeros if I so wished

these zeros if I so wished
and<09:24:43.020> just<09:24:43.200> leave<09:24:43.436> one<09:24:43.916> zero<09:24:44.340> there

now no matter how you write out

now no matter how you write out
the<09:24:50.580> address<09:24:50.756> the<09:24:51.660> rules<09:24:51.900> are<09:24:52.080> put<09:24:52.256> in<09:24:52.380> place

the address the rules are put in place

the address the rules are put in place
in<09:24:52.740> a<09:24:52.860> way<09:24:52.980> that<09:24:53.096> you<09:24:53.340> can<09:24:53.460> always<09:24:53.700> go<09:24:54.180> back<09:24:54.480> to

in a way that you can always go back to

in a way that you can always go back to
the

the

the
main<09:24:57.480> address<09:24:57.776> and<09:24:58.200> so<09:24:58.500> you<09:24:59.340> don't<09:24:59.460> have<09:24:59.580> to

main address and so you don't have to

main address and so you don't have to
worry<09:24:59.936> about<09:25:00.180> you<09:25:00.540> know<09:25:00.596> you<09:25:00.840> can<09:25:00.960> sort<09:25:01.380> of

worry about you know you can sort of

worry about you know you can sort of
pick<09:25:01.680> and<09:25:01.916> choose<09:25:02.220> there<09:25:02.520> are<09:25:02.640> best<09:25:02.820> practices

pick and choose there are best practices

pick and choose there are best practices
but<09:25:03.596> the<09:25:03.720> computer<09:25:03.840> is<09:25:04.080> always<09:25:04.200> going<09:25:04.380> to<09:25:04.436> be

but the computer is always going to be

but the computer is always going to be
able<09:25:04.620> to<09:25:04.740> figure<09:25:04.916> it<09:25:05.160> out<09:25:05.276> okay

able to figure it out okay

able to figure it out okay
now<09:25:07.140> the<09:25:07.620> second<09:25:07.800> rule<09:25:08.220> is<09:25:08.880> that<09:25:09.240> successive

now the second rule is that successive

now the second rule is that successive
zeros<09:25:11.220> or<09:25:11.820> successive<09:25:12.416> sets<09:25:12.720> of<09:25:12.776> zeros<09:25:13.140> can<09:25:13.436> be

zeros or successive sets of zeros can be

zeros or successive sets of zeros can be
removed<09:25:14.040> but<09:25:14.400> they<09:25:14.520> can<09:25:14.640> only<09:25:14.756> be<09:25:15.000> removed

removed but they can only be removed

removed but they can only be removed
once<09:25:15.840> so<09:25:16.680> any<09:25:17.096> sets<09:25:17.520> of<09:25:17.580> successive<09:25:18.120> zeros<09:25:18.480> and

once so any sets of successive zeros and

once so any sets of successive zeros and
here<09:25:18.900> we<09:25:19.140> see

here we see

here we see
one<09:25:20.580> set<09:25:20.756> or<09:25:21.000> two<09:25:21.120> sets<09:25:21.480> rather<09:25:21.720> successive

one set or two sets rather successive

one set or two sets rather successive
zeros<09:25:22.680> can<09:25:23.160> be<09:25:23.400> removed<09:25:23.820> and<09:25:24.180> replaced

zeros can be removed and replaced

zeros can be removed and replaced
with<09:25:25.680> a<09:25:25.800> double<09:25:25.916> colon

with a double colon

with a double colon
now<09:25:27.900> the<09:25:28.560> reason<09:25:28.680> we<09:25:28.980> can<09:25:29.160> only<09:25:29.276> apply<09:25:29.756> that

now the reason we can only apply that

now the reason we can only apply that
once<09:25:30.680> is<09:25:31.680> let's<09:25:32.160> say<09:25:32.400> these<09:25:32.756> zeros

once is let's say these zeros

once is let's say these zeros
were<09:25:35.040> we<09:25:35.400> had<09:25:35.520> another<09:25:35.700> set<09:25:36.000> of<09:25:36.180> zeros<09:25:36.540> over

were we had another set of zeros over

were we had another set of zeros over
here<09:25:37.500> and<09:25:38.400> we

here and we

here and we
um

um

um
truncated<09:25:40.800> those

truncated those

truncated those
we<09:25:42.720> can<09:25:42.840> add<09:25:43.020> up<09:25:43.200> right<09:25:43.436> we<09:25:43.620> know<09:25:43.740> there's<09:25:43.980> one

we can add up right we know there's one

we can add up right we know there's one
two<09:25:45.180> three<09:25:45.776> four<09:25:46.560> five<09:25:47.160> six<09:25:47.640> sets<09:25:48.180> here<09:25:48.776> so<09:25:49.256> we

two three four five six sets here so we

two three four five six sets here so we
know<09:25:49.620> that<09:25:49.860> this<09:25:50.096> represents<09:25:50.820> two<09:25:51.540> sets

know that this represents two sets

know that this represents two sets
of<09:25:53.460> missing<09:25:53.936> zeros<09:25:54.416> but<09:25:55.320> for<09:25:55.620> instance<09:25:55.860> if<09:25:56.160> we

of missing zeros but for instance if we

of missing zeros but for instance if we
had<09:25:56.580> you<09:25:56.880> know<09:25:57.000> two<09:25:57.180> other<09:25:57.416> sets

had you know two other sets

had you know two other sets
here<09:25:58.980> and<09:25:59.700> we<09:25:59.820> remove<09:26:00.000> those<09:26:00.480> we<09:26:01.020> might<09:26:01.200> not

here and we remove those we might not

here and we remove those we might not
know

know

know
whether<09:26:02.936> it's<09:26:03.180> supposed<09:26:03.300> to<09:26:03.480> be<09:26:03.660> one<09:26:04.020> set<09:26:04.320> and

whether it's supposed to be one set and

whether it's supposed to be one set and
three<09:26:05.096> sets<09:26:05.580> or<09:26:05.820> two<09:26:06.000> sets<09:26:06.360> and<09:26:06.480> two<09:26:06.596> sets<09:26:06.960> and

three sets or two sets and two sets and

three sets or two sets and two sets and
so<09:26:07.200> on<09:26:07.320> and<09:26:07.436> so<09:26:07.560> forth<09:26:07.860> so<09:26:08.340> we<09:26:08.580> can<09:26:08.700> only<09:26:08.820> do

so on and so forth so we can only do

so on and so forth so we can only do
this<09:26:09.240> once<09:26:09.540> because<09:26:09.776> when<09:26:10.140> we<09:26:10.320> add<09:26:10.860> them<09:26:11.040> back

this once because when we add them back

this once because when we add them back
there's<09:26:11.700> no<09:26:12.000> way<09:26:12.240> to<09:26:12.480> know

there's no way to know

there's no way to know
um

um

um
uh<09:26:15.180> you<09:26:15.480> know<09:26:15.540> where<09:26:16.020> that<09:26:16.380> would<09:26:16.740> sort<09:26:17.460> of<09:26:17.520> lie

uh you know where that would sort of lie

uh you know where that would sort of lie
now<09:26:19.916> uh<09:26:20.460> I'm<09:26:20.936> just<09:26:21.060> gonna<09:26:21.180> erase<09:26:21.480> this<09:26:21.660> for<09:26:21.840> a

now uh I'm just gonna erase this for a

now uh I'm just gonna erase this for a
second<09:26:22.020> because<09:26:22.500> we<09:26:23.220> can<09:26:23.340> even<09:26:23.520> truncate<09:26:24.060> this

second because we can even truncate this

second because we can even truncate this
more<09:26:24.720> we've<09:26:25.140> applied<09:26:25.500> this<09:26:25.860> rule

more we've applied this rule

more we've applied this rule
so<09:26:27.660> this<09:26:28.020> applies<09:26:28.380> this<09:26:28.620> rule<09:26:28.980> this<09:26:29.400> one<09:26:29.520> is

so this applies this rule this one is

so this applies this rule this one is
applied<09:26:29.936> this<09:26:30.120> rule<09:26:30.416> but<09:26:30.596> we<09:26:30.660> can<09:26:30.776> apply<09:26:31.020> both

applied this rule but we can apply both

applied this rule but we can apply both
rules<09:26:31.680> right<09:26:32.520> so<09:26:32.820> we<09:26:33.000> can<09:26:33.120> remove<09:26:33.360> these

rules right so we can remove these

rules right so we can remove these
leading<09:26:34.200> zeros<09:26:34.620> here<09:26:34.860> and<09:26:35.520> actually<09:26:35.700> write

leading zeros here and actually write

leading zeros here and actually write
this<09:26:36.240> out

this out

this out
as<09:26:37.620> 2001

d8

d8
eight<09:26:43.380> eight<09:26:43.436> a<09:26:44.160> three<09:26:44.540> double<09:26:45.540> colon<09:26:46.080> which

eight eight a three double colon which

eight eight a three double colon which
means<09:26:46.620> that<09:26:46.740> those<09:26:46.916> are<09:26:47.096> successive<09:26:47.580> zeros

means that those are successive zeros

means that those are successive zeros
three<09:26:50.040> e<09:26:50.520> seven<09:26:51.416> zero<09:26:52.040> seven<09:26:53.040> three<09:26:53.400> three

three e seven zero seven three three

three e seven zero seven three three
four

four

four
now<09:26:55.200> let's<09:26:55.560> just<09:26:55.800> I<09:26:56.096> just<09:26:56.220> want<09:26:56.400> to<09:26:56.640> uh<09:26:57.000> sort<09:26:57.416> of

now let's just I just want to uh sort of

now let's just I just want to uh sort of
follow<09:26:57.720> up<09:26:58.020> and<09:26:58.320> explain<09:26:58.740> write<09:26:59.460> out<09:26:59.640> what<09:26:59.880> I

follow up and explain write out what I

follow up and explain write out what I
was<09:27:00.180> just<09:27:00.360> talking<09:27:00.540> about<09:27:00.720> with<09:27:01.140> why<09:27:01.436> we<09:27:01.740> can't

was just talking about with why we can't

was just talking about with why we can't
have<09:27:02.460> more<09:27:02.700> than<09:27:02.820> two<09:27:03.060> sets<09:27:03.416> of<09:27:03.416> successive

have more than two sets of successive

have more than two sets of successive
zeros<09:27:04.320> okay<09:27:04.620> let's<09:27:05.580> say<09:27:05.936> that<09:27:06.900> we<09:27:07.140> have<09:27:07.256> zeros

zeros okay let's say that we have zeros

zeros okay let's say that we have zeros
here<09:27:09.360> as<09:27:09.540> well

here as well

here as well
okay<09:27:10.680> so<09:27:11.040> I'm<09:27:11.160> gonna<09:27:11.340> rewrite<09:27:11.820> this<09:27:12.120> out<09:27:12.300> we

okay so I'm gonna rewrite this out we

okay so I'm gonna rewrite this out we
have<09:27:13.080> zero<09:27:13.680> zero<09:27:14.040> zero<09:27:14.460> zero<09:27:14.820> colon<09:27:15.596> zero<09:27:16.380> zero

have zero zero zero zero colon zero zero

have zero zero zero zero colon zero zero
zero<09:27:17.220> zero<09:27:17.596> colon<09:27:18.680> zero<09:27:19.680> eight

zero zero colon zero eight

zero zero colon zero eight
A3<09:27:22.220> colon<09:27:23.220> zero<09:27:24.180> zero<09:27:24.480> zero<09:27:24.776> zero<09:27:25.620> zero<09:27:26.340> zero

A3 colon zero zero zero zero zero zero

A3 colon zero zero zero zero zero zero
zero<09:27:26.936> zero

zero zero

zero zero
eight<09:27:29.400> c<09:27:29.820> three<09:27:30.776> e<09:27:31.400> zero<09:27:32.400> zero<09:27:32.756> seven<09:27:32.936> zero

eight c three e zero zero seven zero

eight c three e zero zero seven zero
seven<09:27:35.220> three<09:27:35.520> three<09:27:35.880> four<09:27:36.180> okay

seven three three four okay

seven three three four okay
let's<09:27:37.740> first<09:27:37.980> apply<09:27:38.460> our<09:27:38.580> first<09:27:38.756> rule<09:27:39.060> which

let's first apply our first rule which

let's first apply our first rule which
is<09:27:39.300> that<09:27:39.480> leading<09:27:39.900> zeros<09:27:40.200> can<09:27:40.436> be<09:27:40.560> removed<09:27:40.980> so

is that leading zeros can be removed so

is that leading zeros can be removed so
we<09:27:41.756> rewrite<09:27:42.180> this<09:27:42.360> and<09:27:42.540> we're<09:27:42.660> going<09:27:42.776> to<09:27:42.840> get

we rewrite this and we're going to get

we rewrite this and we're going to get
this

okay now we're allowed to remove one set

okay now we're allowed to remove one set
of<09:28:02.340> leading<09:28:02.640> of<09:28:02.880> successive<09:28:03.416> zeros<09:28:03.776> only

of leading of successive zeros only

of leading of successive zeros only
which<09:28:04.620> is<09:28:04.740> the<09:28:04.916> second<09:28:05.096> rule<09:28:05.520> okay<09:28:05.880> but<09:28:06.360> let's

which is the second rule okay but let's

which is the second rule okay but let's
do<09:28:06.776> it<09:28:06.900> twice<09:28:07.380> and<09:28:07.680> just<09:28:07.800> see<09:28:07.916> what<09:28:08.096> happens<09:28:08.340> so

do it twice and just see what happens so

do it twice and just see what happens so
let's<09:28:09.480> say<09:28:09.660> we<09:28:09.840> have<09:28:10.200> a<09:28:10.320> double<09:28:10.436> colon<09:28:10.860> here

let's say we have a double colon here

let's say we have a double colon here
8a3<09:28:14.160> and<09:28:14.580> then<09:28:14.700> we<09:28:14.820> have<09:28:14.936> another<09:28:15.180> double

8a3 and then we have another double

8a3 and then we have another double
colon

colon

colon
8c3e

8c3e

8c3e
seven<09:28:20.520> zero

seven zero

seven zero
seven<09:28:22.500> three<09:28:22.860> three<09:28:23.160> four<09:28:23.400> now

seven three three four now

seven three three four now
let's<09:28:25.320> say<09:28:25.436> we<09:28:25.560> want<09:28:25.740> to<09:28:25.860> expand<09:28:26.400> this<09:28:26.820> back

let's say we want to expand this back

let's say we want to expand this back
out<09:28:27.240> to<09:28:27.596> its<09:28:27.900> full<09:28:28.020> version

out to its full version

out to its full version
well<09:28:29.700> if<09:28:30.540> we<09:28:30.660> have<09:28:30.776> the<09:28:31.020> successive<09:28:31.560> zeros

well if we have the successive zeros

well if we have the successive zeros
here

here

here
we<09:28:33.540> don't<09:28:34.020> know<09:28:34.320> if<09:28:34.980> this<09:28:35.160> would<09:28:35.340> be<09:28:35.460> written

we don't know if this would be written

we don't know if this would be written
out<09:28:35.936> zero<09:28:36.720> zero<09:28:37.200> zero<09:28:37.740> zero

out zero zero zero zero

out zero zero zero zero
dot<09:28:40.740> 883

because from what we're seeing here

because from what we're seeing here
theoretically<09:28:52.080> we<09:28:52.980> could<09:28:53.096> put<09:28:53.400> three<09:28:53.756> zeros

theoretically we could put three zeros

theoretically we could put three zeros
here<09:28:54.240> and<09:28:54.360> one<09:28:54.540> zero<09:28:54.900> here<09:28:55.020> right<09:28:55.860> or<09:28:56.040> we<09:28:56.160> could

here and one zero here right or we could

here and one zero here right or we could
do<09:28:56.400> it<09:28:56.460> the<09:28:56.580> other<09:28:56.640> way<09:28:56.756> around<09:28:56.880> so<09:28:57.180> the<09:28:57.360> reason

do it the other way around so the reason

do it the other way around so the reason
we<09:28:57.660> can<09:28:57.776> only<09:28:57.900> do<09:28:58.080> it<09:28:58.200> once<09:28:58.500> is<09:28:58.680> because<09:28:58.860> then

we can only do it once is because then

we can only do it once is because then
mathematically<09:28:59.936> we<09:29:00.540> know<09:29:00.660> exactly

mathematically we know exactly

mathematically we know exactly
how<09:29:03.180> many<09:29:03.300> belong<09:29:03.776> when<09:29:04.140> we<09:29:04.256> do<09:29:04.436> that<09:29:04.620> all

how many belong when we do that all

how many belong when we do that all
right<09:29:05.580> so<09:29:06.360> hopefully<09:29:06.596> that<09:29:06.660> helps<09:29:06.960> clarify

right so hopefully that helps clarify

right so hopefully that helps clarify
the<09:29:07.916> reason<09:29:08.096> behind<09:29:08.640> the<09:29:09.300> success<09:29:09.540> of<09:29:09.660> zeros

the reason behind the success of zeros

the reason behind the success of zeros
being<09:29:10.200> removed

being removed

being removed
all<09:29:12.596> right<09:29:12.776> now<09:29:13.256> uh<09:29:13.560> what<09:29:13.800> this<09:29:13.980> also<09:29:14.400> means<09:29:14.820> is

all right now uh what this also means is

all right now uh what this also means is
that<09:29:15.660> if<09:29:15.960> you<09:29:16.020> remember<09:29:16.140> a<09:29:16.436> loopback<09:29:16.800> address

that if you remember a loopback address

that if you remember a loopback address
an<09:29:17.520> ipv4

the loopback was

the loopback was
127.0.0.1<09:29:24.776> while<09:29:25.200> we<09:29:25.436> also<09:29:25.680> have<09:29:25.860> a<09:29:25.980> loop<09:29:26.276> back

127.0.0.1 while we also have a loop back

127.0.0.1 while we also have a loop back
when<09:29:26.640> it<09:29:26.756> comes<09:29:26.936> to<09:29:27.060> IPv6

when it comes to IPv6

when it comes to IPv6
that's<09:29:29.340> all<09:29:29.700> these<09:29:29.936> zeros<09:29:30.300> to<09:29:30.540> one<09:29:30.720> but

that's all these zeros to one but

that's all these zeros to one but
because<09:29:31.560> we<09:29:31.860> can<09:29:31.980> apply<09:29:32.276> all<09:29:32.580> of<09:29:32.700> these<09:29:32.880> rules

because we can apply all of these rules

because we can apply all of these rules
we<09:29:34.560> can<09:29:34.620> truncate<09:29:35.096> this<09:29:35.460> to<09:29:36.060> Simply<09:29:36.360> this

we can truncate this to Simply this

we can truncate this to Simply this
all<09:29:38.460> right

all right

all right
so<09:29:40.080> uh<09:29:40.740> this<09:29:41.096> is<09:29:41.220> important<09:29:41.580> to<09:29:41.756> remember

so uh this is important to remember

so uh this is important to remember
these<09:29:42.540> rules<09:29:42.840> are<09:29:42.960> important<09:29:43.256> to<09:29:43.320> remember

these rules are important to remember

these rules are important to remember
the<09:29:43.860> other<09:29:43.980> thing<09:29:44.160> I<09:29:44.276> want<09:29:44.400> you<09:29:44.460> to<09:29:44.580> remember

the other thing I want you to remember

the other thing I want you to remember
is<09:29:45.180> that<09:29:45.776> hexadecimal

is that hexadecimal

is that hexadecimal
zero<09:29:48.840> to<09:29:48.900> nine<09:29:49.200> a<09:29:49.980> to<09:29:50.220> f<09:29:50.880> so<09:29:51.540> they<09:29:51.960> might<09:29:52.140> show

zero to nine a to f so they might show

zero to nine a to f so they might show
you<09:29:52.560> something<09:29:52.740> and<09:29:52.980> say<09:29:53.096> which<09:29:53.276> of<09:29:53.460> these<09:29:53.640> is

you something and say which of these is

you something and say which of these is
not<09:29:54.000> a<09:29:54.300> valid<09:29:54.660> IP

not a valid IP

not a valid IP
if<09:29:56.880> it<09:29:57.060> has<09:29:57.180> a<09:29:57.360> letter<09:29:57.480> say<09:29:57.840> G<09:29:58.256> or<09:29:58.620> an<09:29:58.800> H<09:29:58.980> then

if it has a letter say G or an H then

if it has a letter say G or an H then
you<09:29:59.936> know<09:30:00.120> it's<09:30:00.840> not<09:30:01.140> going<09:30:01.256> to<09:30:01.380> be<09:30:01.436> valid<09:30:01.800> and

you know it's not going to be valid and

you know it's not going to be valid and
here<09:30:02.160> we<09:30:02.340> can<09:30:02.460> check<09:30:02.700> here's<09:30:03.240> a<09:30:03.416> d<09:30:03.540> That's<09:30:04.320> good

here we can check here's a d That's good

here we can check here's a d That's good
here's<09:30:05.220> an<09:30:05.276> a<09:30:05.460> that's<09:30:05.700> good<09:30:05.936> C<09:30:06.840> good

here's an a that's good C good

here's an a that's good C good
e<09:30:08.640> good<09:30:08.880> so<09:30:09.596> this<09:30:09.840> is<09:30:10.020> good<09:30:10.320> to<09:30:10.436> go<09:30:10.620> right<09:30:11.040> if<09:30:11.756> we

e good so this is good to go right if we

e good so this is good to go right if we
had<09:30:12.180> an<09:30:12.540> H<09:30:12.720> or<09:30:12.960> a<09:30:13.140> g<09:30:13.256> or<09:30:13.620> an<09:30:13.740> X<09:30:13.980> for<09:30:14.340> instance

had an H or a g or an X for instance

had an H or a g or an X for instance
then<09:30:14.880> we<09:30:15.120> would<09:30:15.240> know<09:30:15.480> that<09:30:16.256> the<09:30:16.860> um<09:30:17.000> IPv6<09:30:18.000> was

then we would know that the um IPv6 was

then we would know that the um IPv6 was
incorrect<09:30:18.840> because<09:30:19.080> there's<09:30:19.436> no<09:30:19.680> hexadecimal

incorrect because there's no hexadecimal

incorrect because there's no hexadecimal
symbol<09:30:20.880> X

symbol X

symbol X
so<09:30:22.256> the<09:30:22.700> ipv4<09:30:23.960> addressing<09:30:24.960> method<09:30:25.256> is<09:30:25.380> is

so the ipv4 addressing method is is

so the ipv4 addressing method is is
really<09:30:26.040> different<09:30:26.276> from<09:30:26.640> IPv6<09:30:27.416> addressing

really different from IPv6 addressing

really different from IPv6 addressing
and<09:30:28.740> it's<09:30:28.980> comparatively<09:30:29.756> it's<09:30:30.540> lacking<09:30:31.380> in

and it's comparatively it's lacking in

and it's comparatively it's lacking in
many<09:30:31.916> areas<09:30:32.340> first<09:30:33.060> as<09:30:33.300> we've<09:30:33.540> talked<09:30:33.776> about

many areas first as we've talked about

many areas first as we've talked about
we're<09:30:34.500> using<09:30:34.800> a<09:30:34.980> 32-bit<09:30:35.580> binary<09:30:36.120> address<09:30:36.480> in

we're using a 32-bit binary address in

we're using a 32-bit binary address in
ipv4<09:30:37.740> versus<09:30:38.580> a

ipv4 versus a

ipv4 versus a
128-bit<09:30:40.980> binary<09:30:41.460> address<09:30:41.960> in<09:30:42.960> IPv6<09:30:43.860> and<09:30:44.520> of

128-bit binary address in IPv6 and of

128-bit binary address in IPv6 and of
course<09:30:44.820> this<09:30:45.180> greatly<09:30:45.660> increases<09:30:46.380> the<09:30:46.916> number

course this greatly increases the number

course this greatly increases the number
of<09:30:47.580> possible<09:30:47.880> IP<09:30:48.240> addresses<09:30:48.776> I<09:30:49.680> think<09:30:49.860> around

of possible IP addresses I think around

of possible IP addresses I think around
February<09:30:50.756> of<09:30:51.000> 2011<09:30:51.660> all<09:30:52.436> of<09:30:52.560> these<09:30:52.860> IP

February of 2011 all of these IP

February of 2011 all of these IP
addresses<09:30:53.700> had<09:30:54.000> been<09:30:54.180> leased<09:30:54.776> and<09:30:55.680> uh<09:30:56.400> so

addresses had been leased and uh so

addresses had been leased and uh so
there<09:30:57.180> weren't<09:30:57.416> any<09:30:57.596> addresses<09:30:58.020> left<09:30:58.200> I<09:30:58.380> think

there weren't any addresses left I think

there weren't any addresses left I think
we<09:30:58.620> had<09:30:58.740> something<09:30:58.916> right<09:30:59.160> like<09:30:59.400> 4.8<09:31:00.060> 0.7

we had something right like 4.8 0.7

we had something right like 4.8 0.7
billion<09:31:01.380> right<09:31:01.980> and<09:31:02.160> all<09:31:02.340> those<09:31:02.460> were<09:31:02.756> gone

billion right and all those were gone

billion right and all those were gone
and<09:31:03.840> so<09:31:04.080> we<09:31:04.500> were<09:31:04.620> depleted<09:31:05.096> of<09:31:05.340> all<09:31:05.756> of<09:31:05.880> our<09:31:06.180> IP

and so we were depleted of all of our IP

and so we were depleted of all of our IP
addresses

addresses

addresses
so<09:31:08.160> this<09:31:08.340> is<09:31:08.460> why<09:31:08.580> we<09:31:08.756> had<09:31:09.000> to<09:31:09.180> transition<09:31:09.480> to

so this is why we had to transition to

so this is why we had to transition to
IPv6<09:31:10.500> because<09:31:11.220> now<09:31:11.520> we<09:31:11.820> have<09:31:11.936> that

IPv6 because now we have that

IPv6 because now we have that
undecillion<09:31:13.200> uh<09:31:13.980> address<09:31:14.160> which<09:31:14.520> again<09:31:14.756> is<09:31:15.000> if

undecillion uh address which again is if

undecillion uh address which again is if
every<09:31:15.540> there<09:31:16.200> were<09:31:16.380> a<09:31:16.436> trillion<09:31:16.740> people<09:31:16.980> they

every there were a trillion people they

every there were a trillion people they
could<09:31:17.520> each<09:31:17.700> have<09:31:17.936> a<09:31:18.300> trillion<09:31:18.660> addresses<09:31:19.256> now

could each have a trillion addresses now

could each have a trillion addresses now
another<09:31:20.520> major<09:31:21.180> difference<09:31:21.900> between<09:31:22.560> these

another major difference between these

another major difference between these
two<09:31:23.096> is<09:31:23.460> that<09:31:23.756> uh<09:31:24.360> ipv4

two is that uh ipv4

two is that uh ipv4
utilized<09:31:26.820> the<09:31:27.240> classless<09:31:28.220> inter-domain

utilized the classless inter-domain

utilized the classless inter-domain
routing<09:31:30.300> notation<09:31:30.660> if<09:31:30.900> you<09:31:31.020> remember<09:31:31.140> which

routing notation if you remember which

routing notation if you remember which
had<09:31:31.680> that<09:31:31.916> slash<09:31:32.400> and<09:31:32.580> then<09:31:32.756> a<09:31:32.880> number<09:31:33.000> of<09:31:33.180> bits

had that slash and then a number of bits

had that slash and then a number of bits
well

well

well
in<09:31:36.180> IPv6<09:31:36.960> this<09:31:37.380> isn't<09:31:37.620> necessary<09:31:38.120> and<09:31:39.120> IPv6

in IPv6 this isn't necessary and IPv6

in IPv6 this isn't necessary and IPv6
actually<09:31:40.140> has<09:31:40.436> a<09:31:40.620> subnet<09:31:41.040> size<09:31:41.340> of<09:31:41.756> 2<09:31:42.000> to<09:31:42.180> the

actually has a subnet size of 2 to the

actually has a subnet size of 2 to the
64<09:31:42.720> power<09:31:43.020> now<09:31:43.980> if<09:31:44.460> you<09:31:44.580> remember

64 power now if you remember

64 power now if you remember
that<09:31:47.096> the<09:31:47.340> total<09:31:47.580> IPv6<09:31:48.300> is<09:31:48.596> 2<09:31:48.776> to<09:31:49.020> the<09:31:49.140> 128<09:31:50.096> then

that the total IPv6 is 2 to the 128 then

that the total IPv6 is 2 to the 128 then
what<09:31:51.300> you<09:31:51.416> realize<09:31:51.720> is<09:31:51.900> that<09:31:52.200> the<09:31:52.560> first<09:31:52.800> half

what you realize is that the first half

what you realize is that the first half
of<09:31:53.880> the<09:31:54.000> IPv6<09:31:54.776> address<09:31:55.256> so<09:31:56.160> if<09:31:56.340> we<09:31:56.460> were<09:31:56.580> to

of the IPv6 address so if we were to

of the IPv6 address so if we were to
write<09:31:56.880> one<09:31:57.060> out<09:31:57.240> again<09:31:57.480> let's<09:31:58.140> say<09:31:58.460> 2<09:31:59.460> 0<09:31:59.936> 8<09:32:00.596> a

3 6 4.

3 6 4.
uh<09:32:07.140> nine<09:32:07.860> two<09:32:08.520> B

one zero zero zero right okay so then

one zero zero zero right okay so then
we're<09:32:19.020> gonna<09:32:19.080> have<09:32:19.256> four<09:32:19.500> more<09:32:19.680> on<09:32:19.860> this<09:32:20.040> side

we're gonna have four more on this side

we're gonna have four more on this side
the<09:32:20.756> first<09:32:20.936> four

the first four

the first four
which<09:32:22.620> again<09:32:22.740> is<09:32:23.040> the<09:32:23.220> first<09:32:23.340> 64<09:32:23.880> bits<09:32:24.300> that's

which again is the first 64 bits that's

which again is the first 64 bits that's
the<09:32:24.960> subnet

the subnet

the subnet
so<09:32:26.220> now<09:32:26.340> we've<09:32:26.756> integrated<09:32:27.240> the<09:32:27.480> subnet<09:32:27.840> into

so now we've integrated the subnet into

so now we've integrated the subnet into
the<09:32:28.380> IPv6<09:32:29.160> address<09:32:29.640> which<09:32:30.300> is<09:32:30.416> the<09:32:30.596> benefit

the IPv6 address which is the benefit

the IPv6 address which is the benefit
now<09:32:31.080> we<09:32:31.320> don't<09:32:31.436> have<09:32:31.620> to<09:32:31.916> sort<09:32:32.460> of<09:32:32.520> have<09:32:32.756> this

now we don't have to sort of have this

now we don't have to sort of have this
extra

extra

extra
uh<09:32:35.160> uh<09:32:35.160> written<09:32:35.820> out<09:32:36.000> cidr<09:32:36.720> thing<09:32:37.020> so<09:32:37.680> it's

uh uh written out cidr thing so it's

uh uh written out cidr thing so it's
been<09:32:38.040> standardized<09:32:38.640> it's<09:32:38.820> always<09:32:39.060> 2<09:32:39.360> to<09:32:39.480> the

been standardized it's always 2 to the

been standardized it's always 2 to the
64.<09:32:40.140> we<09:32:40.380> always<09:32:40.560> know<09:32:40.860> the<09:32:41.096> subnet<09:32:41.520> or<09:32:42.120> the

64. we always know the subnet or the

64. we always know the subnet or the
network<09:32:42.540> node<09:32:43.020> is<09:32:43.200> on<09:32:43.380> the<09:32:43.620> first

section and the node ID is on the

section and the node ID is on the
section<09:32:49.080> the<09:32:49.560> second<09:32:49.740> section<09:32:50.276> the<09:32:50.700> other<09:32:50.820> two

section the second section the other two

section the second section the other two
to<09:32:51.180> the<09:32:51.300> 64.<09:32:51.840> so<09:32:52.080> this<09:32:52.320> really<09:32:52.860> help<09:32:53.340> helps<09:32:54.060> us

to the 64. so this really help helps us

to the 64. so this really help helps us
simplify<09:32:54.660> things<09:32:54.900> to<09:32:55.140> a<09:32:55.256> great<09:32:55.380> extent<09:32:55.740> now

simplify things to a great extent now

simplify things to a great extent now
obviously<09:32:57.000> one<09:32:57.180> of<09:32:57.300> the<09:32:57.360> issues<09:32:57.660> is<09:32:57.840> we're

obviously one of the issues is we're

obviously one of the issues is we're
going<09:32:58.140> to<09:32:58.256> under<09:32:58.620> use<09:32:59.180> a<09:33:00.180> lot<09:33:00.240> of<09:33:00.416> the

going to under use a lot of the

going to under use a lot of the
addresses<09:33:01.020> we're<09:33:01.200> going<09:33:01.320> to<09:33:01.380> under<09:33:01.500> use<09:33:01.680> many

addresses we're going to under use many

addresses we're going to under use many
of<09:33:02.096> our<09:33:02.220> addresses<09:33:02.640> because<09:33:02.880> we're<09:33:03.180> never

of our addresses because we're never

of our addresses because we're never
going<09:33:03.776> to<09:33:03.900> have<09:33:03.960> to<09:33:04.080> really<09:33:04.200> use<09:33:04.436> this<09:33:04.680> many

going to have to really use this many

going to have to really use this many
subnets<09:33:05.400> or<09:33:06.000> perhaps<09:33:06.480> not<09:33:06.660> even<09:33:06.776> that<09:33:07.020> many

subnets or perhaps not even that many

subnets or perhaps not even that many
networks<09:33:07.800> right<09:33:08.040> but<09:33:09.360> um<09:33:09.416> there<09:33:10.020> are<09:33:10.140> so<09:33:10.256> many

networks right but um there are so many

networks right but um there are so many
other<09:33:10.680> benefits<09:33:11.160> that<09:33:11.460> it<09:33:11.520> has<09:33:11.700> with<09:33:11.936> routing

other benefits that it has with routing

other benefits that it has with routing
and<09:33:12.540> efficiency<09:33:13.020> and<09:33:13.916> simplified<09:33:14.340> management

and efficiency and simplified management

and efficiency and simplified management
that<09:33:15.360> it<09:33:15.660> it<09:33:15.776> sort<09:33:16.320> of

that it it sort of

that it it sort of
um<09:33:17.460> makes<09:33:18.416> up<09:33:18.660> for<09:33:18.900> it<09:33:19.080> and<09:33:19.256> so<09:33:19.436> that's<09:33:19.620> why

um makes up for it and so that's why

um makes up for it and so that's why
we're<09:33:20.580> going<09:33:20.936> to<09:33:21.000> make<09:33:21.180> that<09:33:21.480> sacrifice<09:33:22.080> now

we're going to make that sacrifice now

we're going to make that sacrifice now
in<09:33:23.220> terms<09:33:23.460> of<09:33:23.520> domain<09:33:24.000> name<09:33:24.300> systems<09:33:24.960> uh<09:33:25.560> with

in terms of domain name systems uh with

in terms of domain name systems uh with
DNS<09:33:26.880> when<09:33:27.360> we<09:33:27.480> talked<09:33:27.840> about<09:33:27.960> for<09:33:28.436> instance<09:33:28.620> a

DNS when we talked about for instance a

DNS when we talked about for instance a
google.com

going over to say you know whatever that

going over to say you know whatever that
IP<09:33:36.300> address<09:33:36.540> is

I'm making this one up obviously it's

I'm making this one up obviously it's
not<09:33:42.480> a<09:33:42.660> real<09:33:42.720> one<09:33:42.900> because<09:33:43.140> we're<09:33:43.380> in<09:33:43.560> a

not a real one because we're in a

not a real one because we're in a
private<09:33:43.916> IP

private IP

private IP
but<09:33:45.596> this<09:33:45.720> was<09:33:45.900> called<09:33:46.140> an<09:33:46.380> a<09:33:46.560> record<09:33:46.800> right<09:33:47.700> so

but this was called an a record right so

but this was called an a record right so
a<09:33:48.240> server<09:33:48.540> would<09:33:48.720> have<09:33:48.960> something<09:33:49.620> or<09:33:49.916> a<09:33:50.040> DNS

a server would have something or a DNS

a server would have something or a DNS
server<09:33:50.520> would<09:33:50.640> have<09:33:50.756> something<09:33:50.936> called<09:33:51.180> an<09:33:51.416> a

server would have something called an a

server would have something called an a
record<09:33:51.840> and<09:33:52.140> that<09:33:52.256> a<09:33:52.436> record<09:33:52.756> had<09:33:53.756> this

record and that a record had this

record and that a record had this
information<09:33:54.776> in<09:33:55.380> it

information in it

information in it
all<09:33:57.540> right<09:33:57.660> now<09:33:58.200> when<09:33:58.436> we're<09:33:58.560> dealing<09:33:58.916> with

all right now when we're dealing with

all right now when we're dealing with
IPv6<09:34:00.240> we're<09:34:00.596> utilizing

IPv6 we're utilizing

IPv6 we're utilizing
a<09:34:02.936> quad<09:34:03.300> a<09:34:03.596> record<09:34:03.840> for<09:34:04.680> this<09:34:04.860> mapping<09:34:05.276> now<09:34:05.700> we

a quad a record for this mapping now we

a quad a record for this mapping now we
can<09:34:06.060> also<09:34:06.300> use<09:34:06.416> the<09:34:06.720> same<09:34:06.900> a<09:34:07.140> record<09:34:07.320> but<09:34:07.800> this

can also use the same a record but this

can also use the same a record but this
quad<09:34:08.340> a<09:34:08.580> record<09:34:08.756> can<09:34:09.120> be<09:34:09.300> used<09:34:09.416> as<09:34:09.660> well<09:34:09.776> so<09:34:10.020> if

quad a record can be used as well so if

quad a record can be used as well so if
you<09:34:10.320> see<09:34:10.700> Four<09:34:11.700> A's<09:34:12.240> what<09:34:12.840> we<09:34:13.020> call<09:34:13.140> a<09:34:13.436> 4A

you see Four A's what we call a 4A

you see Four A's what we call a 4A
record<09:34:14.220> or<09:34:14.580> a<09:34:14.756> quad<09:34:15.060> a<09:34:15.360> record<09:34:15.596> then<09:34:16.200> you<09:34:16.380> know

record or a quad a record then you know

record or a quad a record then you know
we're<09:34:16.740> using<09:34:16.980> IPv6<09:34:17.700> it's<09:34:17.936> one<09:34:18.120> of<09:34:18.240> the

we're using IPv6 it's one of the

we're using IPv6 it's one of the
differences<09:34:18.840> and<09:34:19.320> again<09:34:19.500> these<09:34:20.096> are<09:34:20.220> the

differences and again these are the

differences and again these are the
records<09:34:20.820> that<09:34:21.120> are<09:34:21.540> used<09:34:21.776> to<09:34:22.140> map<09:34:22.320> IP

records that are used to map IP

records that are used to map IP
addresses<09:34:23.400> to<09:34:24.120> what<09:34:24.596> are<09:34:24.776> called<09:34:25.020> fully

addresses to what are called fully

addresses to what are called fully
qualified<09:34:26.400> domain<09:34:27.300> names

qualified domain names

qualified domain names
now<09:34:29.400> while<09:34:29.640> comparing<09:34:30.180> these<09:34:30.416> two<09:34:30.540> schemes

now while comparing these two schemes

now while comparing these two schemes
also

also

also
ipsec<09:34:33.360> which<09:34:33.596> stands<09:34:33.900> for<09:34:34.020> IP

ipsec which stands for IP

ipsec which stands for IP
security<09:34:35.880> is<09:34:36.660> another<09:34:36.840> aspect<09:34:37.256> that<09:34:37.436> we<09:34:37.560> need

security is another aspect that we need

security is another aspect that we need
to<09:34:37.800> consider<09:34:38.220> in<09:34:38.756> ipv4<09:34:39.800> ipsec<09:34:40.800> is<09:34:41.096> optional

to consider in ipv4 ipsec is optional

to consider in ipv4 ipsec is optional
it's<09:34:43.080> widely<09:34:43.860> used<09:34:44.160> for<09:34:44.700> secure<09:34:45.416> traffic<09:34:45.720> over

it's widely used for secure traffic over

it's widely used for secure traffic over
ipv4<09:34:47.096> Communications<09:34:47.900> but<09:34:48.900> when<09:34:49.620> we<09:34:49.800> dealt

ipv4 Communications but when we dealt

ipv4 Communications but when we dealt
with

with

with
IPv6<09:34:52.936> ipsec<09:34:53.936> was<09:34:54.240> designed<09:34:54.840> for<09:34:55.080> it<09:34:55.200> and<09:34:55.560> so<09:34:55.860> uh

IPv6 ipsec was designed for it and so uh

IPv6 ipsec was designed for it and so uh
it's<09:34:56.820> required<09:34:57.480> from<09:34:57.840> the<09:34:58.020> original

it's required from the original

it's required from the original
specification<09:34:59.160> and<09:34:59.580> therefore<09:34:59.960> all

specification and therefore all

specification and therefore all
Communications<09:35:01.500> that<09:35:02.040> are<09:35:02.220> working<09:35:02.400> over

Communications that are working over

Communications that are working over
IPv6<09:35:03.360> are<09:35:03.720> automatically<09:35:04.320> falling<09:35:04.740> under

IPv6 are automatically falling under

IPv6 are automatically falling under
ipsec<09:35:06.080> so<09:35:07.080> it<09:35:08.040> can<09:35:08.220> be<09:35:08.520> considered<09:35:09.140> in<09:35:10.140> some

ipsec so it can be considered in some

ipsec so it can be considered in some
ways<09:35:10.620> optional<09:35:11.340> I<09:35:11.580> guess<09:35:11.756> but<09:35:12.436> it<09:35:13.436> is<09:35:13.620> required

ways optional I guess but it is required

ways optional I guess but it is required
use<09:35:14.700> from<09:35:15.416> the<09:35:15.596> get-go<09:35:15.960> because<09:35:16.320> it<09:35:16.680> was<09:35:17.120> built

use from the get-go because it was built

use from the get-go because it was built
into<09:35:18.320> IPv6<09:35:19.340> now<09:35:20.340> the<09:35:20.580> IPv6<09:35:21.240> scheme<09:35:21.776> can<09:35:22.020> also

into IPv6 now the IPv6 scheme can also

into IPv6 now the IPv6 scheme can also
handle<09:35:22.800> a<09:35:23.276> much<09:35:23.400> larger<09:35:23.936> packet<09:35:24.480> size<09:35:24.660> the

handle a much larger packet size the

handle a much larger packet size the
packet<09:35:25.800> size<09:35:25.916> for<09:35:26.160> ipv4<09:35:26.820> is<09:35:27.480> 65<09:35:28.160> 535<09:35:29.160> octets

packet size for ipv4 is 65 535 octets

packet size for ipv4 is 65 535 octets
payload<09:35:30.596> when<09:35:31.380> we<09:35:31.500> get<09:35:31.680> to<09:35:31.860> IPv6<09:35:32.580> we're

payload when we get to IPv6 we're

payload when we get to IPv6 we're
dealing<09:35:33.120> with<09:35:33.240> a

dealing with a

dealing with a
4.295<09:35:35.040> billion<09:35:35.700> octets<09:35:36.240> of<09:35:36.660> payload<09:35:37.200> so

4.295 billion octets of payload so

4.295 billion octets of payload so
obviously<09:35:38.400> these<09:35:38.700> are<09:35:38.756> a<09:35:38.880> lot<09:35:39.000> bigger<09:35:39.240> these

obviously these are a lot bigger these

obviously these are a lot bigger these
are<09:35:39.596> what<09:35:39.720> we<09:35:39.900> call

are what we call

are what we call
jumbo<09:35:41.820> grams

jumbo grams

jumbo grams
as<09:35:44.040> a<09:35:44.220> result<09:35:44.340> you<09:35:44.820> can<09:35:44.880> imagine<09:35:45.120> that<09:35:45.660> if<09:35:45.776> we

as a result you can imagine that if we

as a result you can imagine that if we
want<09:35:46.140> to<09:35:46.256> deal<09:35:46.380> with<09:35:46.680> ipv4<09:35:47.520> and<09:35:47.936> we're<09:35:48.120> on<09:35:48.240> an

want to deal with ipv4 and we're on an

want to deal with ipv4 and we're on an
IPv6<09:35:48.960> Network<09:35:49.256> we're<09:35:49.800> going<09:35:49.980> to<09:35:50.096> have<09:35:50.220> to<09:35:50.400> make

IPv6 Network we're going to have to make

IPv6 Network we're going to have to make
up<09:35:50.820> for<09:35:51.060> this<09:35:51.240> now<09:35:52.020> if<09:35:52.200> you<09:35:52.320> recall<09:35:52.560> we<09:35:52.800> were

up for this now if you recall we were

up for this now if you recall we were
talking<09:35:53.040> about<09:35:53.220> ethernet<09:35:54.180> we<09:35:54.416> also<09:35:54.660> were

talking about ethernet we also were

talking about ethernet we also were
talking<09:35:54.900> about<09:35:55.140> the<09:35:55.320> header<09:35:55.620> sizes<09:35:55.980> and<09:35:56.096> all

talking about the header sizes and all

talking about the header sizes and all
the<09:35:56.400> information<09:35:56.520> that<09:35:56.880> was<09:35:57.000> contained<09:35:57.416> in

the information that was contained in

the information that was contained in
there<09:35:57.720> well<09:35:58.320> the<09:35:58.560> header<09:35:58.860> size<09:35:59.040> for<09:35:59.340> ipv4<09:36:00.240> and

there well the header size for ipv4 and

there well the header size for ipv4 and
IPv6<09:36:01.620> is<09:36:01.860> also<09:36:02.220> very<09:36:02.520> different<09:36:02.756> which

IPv6 is also very different which

IPv6 is also very different which
actually<09:36:03.960> makes<09:36:04.560> these<09:36:05.276> two

actually makes these two

actually makes these two
protocols<09:36:07.740> not<09:36:08.160> compatible<09:36:08.756> with<09:36:09.060> each<09:36:09.240> other

protocols not compatible with each other

protocols not compatible with each other
so<09:36:10.020> IPv6<09:36:10.680> is<09:36:10.980> not<09:36:11.276> compatible<09:36:11.756> with<09:36:11.936> ipv4

so IPv6 is not compatible with ipv4

so IPv6 is not compatible with ipv4
and<09:36:14.220> so<09:36:14.520> the<09:36:14.820> way<09:36:14.936> we're<09:36:15.180> going<09:36:15.300> to

and so the way we're going to

and so the way we're going to
communicate<09:36:15.960> with<09:36:16.200> an<09:36:16.380> IPv6

over an ipv4 network if we need to is by

over an ipv4 network if we need to is by
tunneling

tunneling

tunneling
the<09:36:25.800> packets<09:36:26.160> in<09:36:26.400> other<09:36:26.520> words<09:36:26.700> we<09:36:27.120> take<09:36:27.416> an

the packets in other words we take an

the packets in other words we take an
ipv4<09:36:28.320> packet<09:36:28.860> I<09:36:29.520> mean<09:36:29.640> an<09:36:30.020> IPv6<09:36:31.020> packet<09:36:31.680> and<09:36:32.400> we

ipv4 packet I mean an IPv6 packet and we

ipv4 packet I mean an IPv6 packet and we
literally<09:36:33.540> wrap

literally wrap

literally wrap
it<09:36:35.276> around

it around

it around
where<09:36:37.436> we<09:36:37.560> wrap<09:36:37.860> around<09:36:38.096> it<09:36:38.460> in<09:36:38.756> ipv4<09:36:39.416> packet

where we wrap around it in ipv4 packet

where we wrap around it in ipv4 packet
and<09:36:40.020> so<09:36:40.200> we<09:36:40.436> tunnel<09:36:40.916> the<09:36:41.160> IPv6<09:36:41.820> packet<09:36:42.300> inside

and so we tunnel the IPv6 packet inside

and so we tunnel the IPv6 packet inside
of<09:36:43.500> the<09:36:43.560> ipv4<09:36:44.220> now<09:36:45.000> this<09:36:45.240> allows<09:36:45.596> it<09:36:45.720> to

of the ipv4 now this allows it to

of the ipv4 now this allows it to
communicate<09:36:46.500> but<09:36:46.800> this<09:36:47.040> is<09:36:47.160> also<09:36:47.400> what<09:36:47.580> we

communicate but this is also what we

communicate but this is also what we
call<09:36:47.936> a<09:36:48.300> dual

call a dual

call a dual
foreign

foreign

foreign
in<09:36:53.276> some<09:36:53.400> cases<09:36:53.640> we<09:36:53.756> can<09:36:53.880> have<09:36:54.000> what's<09:36:54.120> called

in some cases we can have what's called

in some cases we can have what's called
a<09:36:54.416> dual<09:36:54.660> stack<09:36:55.020> where<09:36:55.436> we<09:36:55.980> have<09:36:56.096> an<09:36:56.400> ipv4<09:36:57.120> and

a dual stack where we have an ipv4 and

a dual stack where we have an ipv4 and
an<09:36:58.020> IPv6<09:36:58.740> and<09:36:59.040> so<09:36:59.220> we<09:36:59.400> can<09:36:59.520> choose<09:36:59.756> which<09:37:00.000> one

an IPv6 and so we can choose which one

an IPv6 and so we can choose which one
to<09:37:00.300> go<09:37:00.416> over<09:37:00.540> and<09:37:01.140> then<09:37:01.256> this<09:37:01.380> tunneling<09:37:01.800> is

to go over and then this tunneling is

to go over and then this tunneling is
not<09:37:02.160> going<09:37:02.276> to<09:37:02.400> be<09:37:02.460> necessary<09:37:02.936> now

not going to be necessary now

not going to be necessary now
we<09:37:05.520> don't<09:37:05.640> really<09:37:05.820> want<09:37:06.000> a<09:37:06.180> tunnel<09:37:06.480> because

we don't really want a tunnel because

we don't really want a tunnel because
obviously<09:37:07.140> the<09:37:07.320> payloads<09:37:07.860> are<09:37:07.980> so<09:37:08.160> much

obviously the payloads are so much

obviously the payloads are so much
different<09:37:08.460> in<09:37:08.756> size<09:37:09.000> that<09:37:09.240> it's<09:37:09.360> going<09:37:09.480> to

different in size that it's going to

different in size that it's going to
cause<09:37:09.660> all<09:37:09.840> sorts<09:37:10.140> of<09:37:10.140> trouble<09:37:10.436> so<09:37:11.340> what<09:37:11.580> we'll

cause all sorts of trouble so what we'll

cause all sorts of trouble so what we'll
try<09:37:11.936> to<09:37:12.060> do<09:37:12.180> is<09:37:12.300> create<09:37:12.540> this<09:37:12.840> dual<09:37:13.080> stack<09:37:13.500> in

try to do is create this dual stack in

try to do is create this dual stack in
which<09:37:13.916> we<09:37:14.220> have<09:37:14.400> one<09:37:15.060> network<09:37:15.360> and<09:37:16.200> the<09:37:16.380> other

which we have one network and the other

which we have one network and the other
and<09:37:16.740> they're<09:37:16.860> both<09:37:17.040> operating<09:37:17.460> sort<09:37:17.820> of<09:37:17.936> side

and they're both operating sort of side

and they're both operating sort of side
by<09:37:18.540> side<09:37:18.900> if<09:37:19.500> we<09:37:19.620> can't<09:37:19.800> do<09:37:20.040> that<09:37:20.160> then<09:37:20.400> we<09:37:20.580> have

by side if we can't do that then we have

by side if we can't do that then we have
to<09:37:20.880> use<09:37:21.120> tunneling<09:37:22.020> in<09:37:22.320> order<09:37:22.500> to<09:37:22.916> move<09:37:23.160> the

to use tunneling in order to move the

to use tunneling in order to move the
IPv6<09:37:24.360> data<09:37:24.840> over<09:37:25.020> an<09:37:25.320> ipv4<09:37:25.980> Network<09:37:26.276> which

IPv6 data over an ipv4 Network which

IPv6 data over an ipv4 Network which
might<09:37:27.300> be<09:37:27.596> necessary<09:37:28.200> even<09:37:28.860> if<09:37:29.096> the<09:37:29.220> IPv6<09:37:30.060> data

might be necessary even if the IPv6 data

might be necessary even if the IPv6 data
is<09:37:30.660> traveling<09:37:31.080> through<09:37:31.320> an<09:37:31.560> ipv4<09:37:32.160> Network

is traveling through an ipv4 Network

is traveling through an ipv4 Network
all<09:37:33.416> right<09:37:33.480> so<09:37:33.660> we've<09:37:33.900> compared<09:37:34.320> these<09:37:34.500> let's

all right so we've compared these let's

all right so we've compared these let's
talk<09:37:34.916> about<09:37:35.096> some<09:37:35.400> of<09:37:35.520> the<09:37:35.756> improvements<09:37:36.416> that

talk about some of the improvements that

talk about some of the improvements that
ipv4<09:37:37.500> did<09:37:37.980> not<09:37:38.160> have<09:37:38.400> that<09:37:38.936> IPv6<09:37:39.596> does<09:37:39.980> uh

ipv4 did not have that IPv6 does uh

ipv4 did not have that IPv6 does uh
starting<09:37:41.880> with<09:37:42.240> some<09:37:42.596> security<09:37:42.960> and<09:37:43.380> privacy

starting with some security and privacy

starting with some security and privacy
measures<09:37:44.360> if<09:37:45.360> privacy<09:37:45.900> extensions<09:37:46.756> are

measures if privacy extensions are

measures if privacy extensions are
enabled<09:37:48.300> with<09:37:48.680> IPv6<09:37:49.880> then<09:37:50.880> we<09:37:51.480> have<09:37:51.596> something

enabled with IPv6 then we have something

enabled with IPv6 then we have something
called<09:37:52.140> an<09:37:52.436> ephemeral<09:37:52.916> address<09:37:53.400> which<09:37:53.936> is

called an ephemeral address which is

called an ephemeral address which is
created

created

created
and<09:37:55.860> this<09:37:56.040> is<09:37:56.220> used<09:37:56.460> as<09:37:57.000> a<09:37:57.360> temporary<09:37:57.776> and

and this is used as a temporary and

and this is used as a temporary and
random<09:37:58.500> address<09:37:58.740> that's<09:37:59.160> used<09:37:59.400> to

random address that's used to

random address that's used to
communicate<09:38:00.060> with<09:38:00.416> external<09:38:01.020> devices<09:38:01.380> but

communicate with external devices but

communicate with external devices but
the<09:38:02.880> external<09:38:03.300> device<09:38:03.480> doesn't<09:38:03.776> know<09:38:03.960> the

the external device doesn't know the

the external device doesn't know the
true<09:38:04.380> address<09:38:04.680> of<09:38:05.096> the<09:38:05.220> internal<09:38:05.520> device<09:38:05.700> and

true address of the internal device and

true address of the internal device and
so<09:38:06.120> this<09:38:06.416> improves<09:38:06.960> the<09:38:07.680> the<09:38:08.160> privacy<09:38:09.000> and

so this improves the the privacy and

so this improves the the privacy and
security<09:38:09.480> for<09:38:10.320> the<09:38:10.500> user<09:38:10.860> and<09:38:11.220> this<09:38:11.340> is<09:38:11.400> what

security for the user and this is what

security for the user and this is what
we<09:38:11.700> call<09:38:11.820> a<09:38:12.180> privacy<09:38:12.540> extension<09:38:13.200> and<09:38:13.380> it<09:38:13.500> does

we call a privacy extension and it does

we call a privacy extension and it does
have<09:38:13.860> to<09:38:14.040> be<09:38:14.340> enabled

have to be enabled

have to be enabled
some<09:38:16.800> sort<09:38:17.040> of<09:38:17.160> a<09:38:17.220> router<09:38:17.580> point<09:38:17.756> of<09:38:17.936> view<09:38:18.120> now

some sort of a router point of view now

some sort of a router point of view now
another<09:38:19.320> Improvement<09:38:19.980> is<09:38:20.640> a<09:38:20.820> better

another Improvement is a better

another Improvement is a better
composition<09:38:21.360> of<09:38:21.596> what<09:38:21.720> we<09:38:21.840> call<09:38:22.020> the<09:38:22.320> unicast

composition of what we call the unicast

composition of what we call the unicast
address<09:38:23.400> what<09:38:24.180> this<09:38:24.300> means<09:38:24.540> is<09:38:24.660> that<09:38:24.840> IPv6

address what this means is that IPv6

address what this means is that IPv6
uses<09:38:26.096> a<09:38:26.580> unicast<09:38:27.480> addressing<09:38:28.256> structure<09:38:28.800> to

uses a unicast addressing structure to

uses a unicast addressing structure to
replace<09:38:29.820> the<09:38:30.540> classful<09:38:31.020> addresses<09:38:31.680> of<09:38:32.160> ipv4

replace the classful addresses of ipv4

replace the classful addresses of ipv4
this<09:38:34.200> offers<09:38:34.680> a<09:38:35.096> lot<09:38:35.160> more<09:38:35.340> flexibility<09:38:35.880> and

this offers a lot more flexibility and

this offers a lot more flexibility and
efficiency<09:38:36.720> with<09:38:37.380> addressing<09:38:37.980> and<09:38:38.520> depending

efficiency with addressing and depending

efficiency with addressing and depending
on<09:38:39.000> the<09:38:39.180> category<09:38:39.596> of<09:38:39.776> the<09:38:39.900> unicast<09:38:40.320> address

on the category of the unicast address

on the category of the unicast address
used<09:38:41.160> there<09:38:41.520> are<09:38:41.640> different<09:38:41.820> functions<09:38:42.480> for

used there are different functions for

used there are different functions for
each<09:38:43.020> meaning<09:38:43.860> that<09:38:44.300> there<09:38:45.300> are<09:38:45.416> different

each meaning that there are different

each meaning that there are different
types<09:38:45.960> of<09:38:46.080> addresses<09:38:46.560> that<09:38:46.800> are<09:38:46.980> used<09:38:47.160> and

types of addresses that are used and

types of addresses that are used and
that<09:38:48.000> way<09:38:48.180> the<09:38:48.596> computer<09:38:48.840> automatically

that way the computer automatically

that way the computer automatically
knows<09:38:50.040> what<09:38:50.400> the<09:38:50.520> function<09:38:50.820> is<09:38:51.060> the<09:38:51.660> first<09:38:51.776> is

knows what the function is the first is

knows what the function is the first is
called<09:38:52.256> a<09:38:52.620> global<09:38:53.160> address<09:38:53.700> which<09:38:54.480> is<09:38:54.660> sort<09:38:54.840> of

called a global address which is sort of

called a global address which is sort of
like<09:38:55.256> the<09:38:55.916> public<09:38:56.160> or<09:38:56.520> routable<09:38:56.936> addresses<09:38:57.660> uh

like the public or routable addresses uh

like the public or routable addresses uh
in<09:38:58.620> ipv4<09:38:59.276> if<09:38:59.756> you<09:38:59.936> recall<09:39:00.300> most<09:39:00.720> addresses

in ipv4 if you recall most addresses

in ipv4 if you recall most addresses
could<09:39:01.620> be<09:39:01.800> routed<09:39:02.276> those<09:39:02.820> are<09:39:03.000> what<09:39:03.060> we<09:39:03.180> call

could be routed those are what we call

could be routed those are what we call
Global<09:39:03.840> addresses

Global addresses

Global addresses
we<09:39:05.640> also<09:39:05.880> have<09:39:06.000> site<09:39:06.360> local<09:39:06.720> addresses<09:39:07.500> which

we also have site local addresses which

we also have site local addresses which
are<09:39:08.400> essentially<09:39:08.756> like<09:39:09.000> the<09:39:09.300> private

are essentially like the private

are essentially like the private
addresses<09:39:10.256> or<09:39:10.620> non-routable<09:39:11.276> addresses<09:39:11.820> that

addresses or non-routable addresses that

addresses or non-routable addresses that
are<09:39:12.180> not<09:39:12.300> routable<09:39:12.660> to<09:39:12.840> external<09:39:13.256> networks<09:39:13.680> if

are not routable to external networks if

are not routable to external networks if
you<09:39:14.220> recall

you recall

you recall
these<09:39:15.960> were<09:39:16.200> for<09:39:16.500> instance<09:39:16.800> the

these were for instance the

these were for instance the
10.0.0.0<09:39:20.220> through

10.0.0.0 through

10.0.0.0 through
10.255.255<09:39:23.880> at<09:39:24.060> 255<09:39:24.660> and<09:39:25.200> then<09:39:25.320> the

10.255.255 at 255 and then the

10.255.255 at 255 and then the
172.16-32<09:39:28.200> and<09:39:28.980> then<09:39:29.040> the<09:39:29.776> 192.168<09:39:30.776> those<09:39:31.080> are

172.16-32 and then the 192.168 those are

172.16-32 and then the 192.168 those are
the<09:39:31.380> private<09:39:31.800> addresses<09:39:32.400> well<09:39:33.060> in<09:39:33.360> IPv6<09:39:33.960> we

the private addresses well in IPv6 we

the private addresses well in IPv6 we
call<09:39:34.380> them<09:39:34.560> site<09:39:34.916> local<09:39:35.220> addresses<09:39:36.000> we<09:39:36.720> also

call them site local addresses we also

call them site local addresses we also
have<09:39:37.020> something<09:39:37.140> called<09:39:37.380> link<09:39:37.800> local

have something called link local

have something called link local
addresses<09:39:38.936> which<09:39:39.240> are<09:39:39.360> basically<09:39:39.660> comparable

addresses which are basically comparable

addresses which are basically comparable
to<09:39:41.160> a<09:39:41.640> pipa<09:39:42.360> addresses<09:39:42.840> in<09:39:43.080> ipv4<09:39:43.620> and<09:39:43.860> we're

to a pipa addresses in ipv4 and we're

to a pipa addresses in ipv4 and we're
going<09:39:44.096> to<09:39:44.160> talk<09:39:44.276> more<09:39:44.460> about<09:39:44.640> what<09:39:44.936> those<09:39:45.120> mean

going to talk more about what those mean

going to talk more about what those mean
in<09:39:45.660> just<09:39:45.840> a<09:39:46.200> little<09:39:46.680> bit<09:39:46.800> later<09:39:46.980> but<09:39:47.820> just<09:39:48.120> to

in just a little bit later but just to

in just a little bit later but just to
give<09:39:48.660> you<09:39:48.776> a<09:39:48.960> little<09:39:49.080> heads<09:39:49.680> up<09:39:49.740> and<09:39:49.916> we<09:39:50.096> have

give you a little heads up and we have

give you a little heads up and we have
talked<09:39:50.580> about<09:39:50.700> it<09:39:51.000> with<09:39:51.776> uh<09:39:52.140> uh<09:39:52.916> a<09:39:53.160> plus<09:39:53.340> if<09:39:53.580> you

talked about it with uh uh a plus if you

talked about it with uh uh a plus if you
around<09:39:53.880> for<09:39:54.180> that<09:39:54.300> this<09:39:54.960> is<09:39:55.200> automatic

around for that this is automatic

around for that this is automatic
private

private

private
IP<09:39:59.840> addressing<09:40:00.840> and<09:40:01.620> we<09:40:01.916> need<09:40:02.096> because<09:40:02.580> every

IP addressing and we need because every

IP addressing and we need because every
device<09:40:03.240> needs<09:40:03.720> an<09:40:03.960> automatic<09:40:04.436> IP<09:40:04.740> address<09:40:04.916> if

device needs an automatic IP address if

device needs an automatic IP address if
it's<09:40:05.400> not<09:40:05.640> given<09:40:05.936> one<09:40:06.120> by<09:40:06.480> a<09:40:06.660> server<09:40:06.900> then<09:40:07.256> it's

it's not given one by a server then it's

it's not given one by a server then it's
going<09:40:07.560> to<09:40:07.620> give<09:40:07.740> itself<09:40:08.040> one<09:40:08.276> what<09:40:08.520> we<09:40:08.640> call<09:40:08.756> an

going to give itself one what we call an

going to give itself one what we call an
apipa<09:40:09.480> address<09:40:09.660> and<09:40:10.380> so<09:40:10.620> in<09:40:11.096> IPv6<09:40:11.640> these<09:40:11.936> are

apipa address and so in IPv6 these are

apipa address and so in IPv6 these are
called<09:40:12.180> link<09:40:12.540> local<09:40:13.020> addresses

called link local addresses

called link local addresses
finally<09:40:15.300> there<09:40:15.720> are<09:40:15.900> IPv6<09:40:16.756> transitional

finally there are IPv6 transitional

finally there are IPv6 transitional
addresses<09:40:18.660> which<09:40:19.020> are<09:40:19.140> basically<09:40:19.436> going<09:40:19.620> to

addresses which are basically going to

addresses which are basically going to
be<09:40:19.740> used<09:40:19.916> in<09:40:20.096> the<09:40:20.276> time<09:40:20.460> being<09:40:20.756> until<09:40:21.300> we<09:40:21.720> phase

be used in the time being until we phase

be used in the time being until we phase
out<09:40:22.380> of<09:40:22.620> ipv4<09:40:23.660> these<09:40:24.660> are<09:40:24.776> used<09:40:25.020> to<09:40:25.320> Route<09:40:26.000> IPv6

out of ipv4 these are used to Route IPv6

out of ipv4 these are used to Route IPv6
traffic<09:40:27.480> across<09:40:28.380> ipv4<09:40:29.096> networks<09:40:29.640> through

traffic across ipv4 networks through

traffic across ipv4 networks through
tunneling<09:40:30.776> much<09:40:30.960> like<09:40:31.140> I've<09:40:31.380> just<09:40:31.560> described

tunneling much like I've just described

tunneling much like I've just described
in<09:40:32.276> the<09:40:32.460> previous<09:40:32.580> section

now a mechanism uh built into IPv6

now a mechanism uh built into IPv6
addresses<09:40:41.096> is<09:40:41.580> a<09:40:41.756> field<09:40:41.880> located<09:40:42.300> in<09:40:42.900> the<09:40:43.140> IP

addresses is a field located in the IP

addresses is a field located in the IP
header

that's designed to guarantee network

that's designed to guarantee network
resources<09:40:50.220> be<09:40:50.460> allowed<09:40:50.820> allocated<09:40:51.596> to

resources be allowed allocated to

resources be allowed allocated to
services<09:40:52.380> that<09:40:52.916> need<09:40:53.040> time<09:40:53.340> sensitive<09:40:53.820> data

services that need time sensitive data

services that need time sensitive data
such<09:40:54.840> as<09:40:54.960> voice<09:40:55.380> over<09:40:55.620> IP<09:40:56.160> right<09:40:56.756> we<09:40:57.120> need<09:40:57.240> that

such as voice over IP right we need that

such as voice over IP right we need that
that<09:40:57.776> is<09:40:57.960> time<09:40:58.200> sensitive<09:40:58.620> because<09:40:58.740> I'm

that is time sensitive because I'm

that is time sensitive because I'm
talking<09:40:59.160> and<09:40:59.340> I<09:40:59.520> want<09:40:59.580> the<09:40:59.700> person<09:40:59.820> to<09:41:00.060> hear

talking and I want the person to hear

talking and I want the person to hear
almost<09:41:00.480> as<09:41:00.720> soon<09:41:00.900> as<09:41:01.020> I<09:41:01.256> talk<09:41:01.380> and<09:41:01.916> so<09:41:02.040> this

almost as soon as I talk and so this

almost as soon as I talk and so this
time<09:41:02.520> sensitive<09:41:03.000> stuff<09:41:03.300> is<09:41:04.020> built<09:41:04.380> into<09:41:04.680> IPv6

time sensitive stuff is built into IPv6

time sensitive stuff is built into IPv6
one<09:41:05.640> of<09:41:05.756> the<09:41:05.820> reasons<09:41:06.060> that<09:41:06.180> we<09:41:06.360> use<09:41:06.480> it<09:41:06.660> now

one of the reasons that we use it now

one of the reasons that we use it now
another<09:41:07.740> improvement<09:41:08.460> with<09:41:08.820> this<09:41:09.060> scheme

another improvement with this scheme

another improvement with this scheme
IPv6<09:41:10.020> is<09:41:10.256> called<09:41:10.500> hierarchical<09:41:11.400> addressing

IPv6 is called hierarchical addressing

IPv6 is called hierarchical addressing
this<09:41:12.960> eliminates<09:41:13.500> the<09:41:13.860> random<09:41:14.160> allocation<09:41:14.640> of

this eliminates the random allocation of

this eliminates the random allocation of
addresses<09:41:15.680> so<09:41:16.680> connectivity<09:41:17.340> devices<09:41:17.700> such

addresses so connectivity devices such

addresses so connectivity devices such
as<09:41:18.240> top<09:41:18.540> level<09:41:18.776> routers<09:41:19.436> are<09:41:20.220> assigned<09:41:20.820> a<09:41:21.240> top

as top level routers are assigned a top

as top level routers are assigned a top
level<09:41:21.660> block<09:41:22.140> of<09:41:23.000> ivv6<09:41:24.000> addresses<09:41:24.776> and<09:41:25.380> then

level block of ivv6 addresses and then

level block of ivv6 addresses and then
segments<09:41:26.040> are<09:41:26.096> added<09:41:26.400> to<09:41:26.520> those<09:41:26.820> with<09:41:27.416> blocks

segments are added to those with blocks

segments are added to those with blocks
of<09:41:27.960> addresses<09:41:28.436> that<09:41:28.620> are<09:41:28.740> assigned<09:41:29.096> at<09:41:29.160> that

of addresses that are assigned at that

of addresses that are assigned at that
level<09:41:29.520> so<09:41:30.240> basically<09:41:30.540> it<09:41:30.900> looks<09:41:31.140> like<09:41:31.320> a

level so basically it looks like a

level so basically it looks like a
hierarchy

hierarchy

hierarchy
from<09:41:33.360> an<09:41:33.540> IPv6<09:41:34.436> standpoint

from an IPv6 standpoint

from an IPv6 standpoint
you<09:41:37.200> remember<09:41:37.320> we<09:41:37.560> looked<09:41:37.800> at<09:41:37.860> an<09:41:38.096> uh<09:41:38.580> this

you remember we looked at an uh this

you remember we looked at an uh this
sort<09:41:39.360> of<09:41:39.480> topology<09:41:39.900> earlier

sort of topology earlier

sort of topology earlier
now<09:41:42.300> ibv6<09:41:43.080> scheme<09:41:43.560> also<09:41:43.860> has<09:41:43.980> a<09:41:44.220> much

now ibv6 scheme also has a much

now ibv6 scheme also has a much
simplified<09:41:44.756> header<09:41:45.416> and<09:41:46.140> it's<09:41:46.256> going<09:41:46.436> to<09:41:46.560> make

simplified header and it's going to make

simplified header and it's going to make
addressing<09:41:47.276> a<09:41:47.460> lot<09:41:47.580> easier<09:41:47.936> to<09:41:48.180> read

addressing a lot easier to read

addressing a lot easier to read
this<09:41:49.436> improves<09:41:50.040> the<09:41:50.400> speed<09:41:50.580> packet<09:41:51.120> routing

this improves the speed packet routing

this improves the speed packet routing
on<09:41:52.080> an<09:41:52.320> individual<09:41:52.800> packet<09:41:53.276> basis<09:41:53.756> so

on an individual packet basis so

on an individual packet basis so
obviously<09:41:54.900> if<09:41:55.140> we<09:41:55.256> can

obviously if we can

obviously if we can
simplify<09:41:56.936> how<09:41:57.540> information<09:41:57.840> can<09:41:58.380> get<09:41:58.620> read

simplify how information can get read

simplify how information can get read
it's<09:41:59.580> going<09:41:59.756> to<09:41:59.756> simplify<09:42:00.180> how<09:42:00.480> routing<09:42:00.840> can

it's going to simplify how routing can

it's going to simplify how routing can
occur

occur

occur
now<09:42:02.756> data<09:42:03.540> in<09:42:04.140> transit<09:42:04.916> is<09:42:05.276> susceptible<09:42:05.756> to<09:42:06.480> a

now data in transit is susceptible to a

now data in transit is susceptible to a
variety<09:42:06.960> of<09:42:07.080> things<09:42:07.380> that<09:42:07.620> could<09:42:07.800> cause<09:42:07.916> it<09:42:08.096> to

variety of things that could cause it to

variety of things that could cause it to
be<09:42:08.340> delayed<09:42:08.880> lost<09:42:09.360> or<09:42:10.140> damaged<09:42:10.620> and<09:42:11.520> these

be delayed lost or damaged and these

be delayed lost or damaged and these
things<09:42:11.880> can<09:42:12.180> occur<09:42:12.540> on<09:42:12.960> the<09:42:13.080> transmit<09:42:13.500> side

things can occur on the transmit side

things can occur on the transmit side
and<09:42:14.640> quite<09:42:14.880> commonly<09:42:15.300> on<09:42:15.480> the<09:42:15.596> receiving<09:42:15.900> side

and quite commonly on the receiving side

and quite commonly on the receiving side
as<09:42:16.436> well<09:42:16.680> so<09:42:17.400> the<09:42:17.580> method<09:42:17.936> the<09:42:18.180> data<09:42:18.540> is

as well so the method the data is

as well so the method the data is
delivered<09:42:19.256> makes<09:42:19.560> a<09:42:19.800> huge<09:42:20.040> difference<09:42:20.220> in

delivered makes a huge difference in

delivered makes a huge difference in
whether<09:42:20.756> the<09:42:20.936> data<09:42:21.180> is<09:42:21.300> going<09:42:21.480> to<09:42:21.660> arrive<09:42:22.080> at

whether the data is going to arrive at

whether the data is going to arrive at
the<09:42:22.380> destination<09:42:22.800> correctively

the destination correctively

the destination correctively
and<09:42:25.320> efficiently

and efficiently

and efficiently
so<09:42:26.880> depending<09:42:27.300> on<09:42:27.480> the<09:42:27.660> method<09:42:27.900> of<09:42:28.020> delivery

so depending on the method of delivery

so depending on the method of delivery
there<09:42:28.560> can<09:42:28.740> be<09:42:28.860> error<09:42:29.220> detection<09:42:29.520> which<09:42:29.880> would

there can be error detection which would

there can be error detection which would
mean<09:42:30.180> we<09:42:30.416> detect<09:42:30.776> that<09:42:30.960> there<09:42:31.200> are<09:42:31.320> errors<09:42:31.560> and

mean we detect that there are errors and

mean we detect that there are errors and
error<09:42:32.640> correction<09:42:33.000> which<09:42:33.300> means<09:42:33.540> we<09:42:33.660> not<09:42:33.900> only

error correction which means we not only

error correction which means we not only
detect<09:42:34.320> but<09:42:34.560> we<09:42:34.680> fix<09:42:34.860> the<09:42:35.096> errors<09:42:35.400> when<09:42:35.756> these

detect but we fix the errors when these

detect but we fix the errors when these
recovery<09:42:36.416> mechanisms<09:42:36.900> are<09:42:37.140> used<09:42:37.320> now<09:42:37.980> an

recovery mechanisms are used now an

recovery mechanisms are used now an
important<09:42:38.640> aspect<09:42:39.120> of<09:42:39.416> the<09:42:39.540> data<09:42:39.900> delivery

important aspect of the data delivery

important aspect of the data delivery
begins<09:42:41.040> with<09:42:41.340> the<09:42:41.700> actual<09:42:42.240> connection<09:42:42.596> itself

begins with the actual connection itself

begins with the actual connection itself
so<09:42:43.740> depending<09:42:44.040> on<09:42:44.160> the<09:42:44.340> type<09:42:44.460> of<09:42:44.580> connection

so depending on the type of connection

so depending on the type of connection
service<09:42:45.240> used<09:42:45.596> is<09:42:46.020> going<09:42:46.200> to<09:42:46.436> give<09:42:46.680> us<09:42:46.916> an<09:42:47.520> idea

service used is going to give us an idea

service used is going to give us an idea
of<09:42:48.120> what<09:42:48.660> sort<09:42:48.840> of<09:42:48.900> delivery<09:42:49.436> options<09:42:49.860> are

of what sort of delivery options are

of what sort of delivery options are
available

available

available
so<09:42:53.040> a<09:42:53.460> connection<09:42:53.700> in<09:42:54.416> terms<09:42:54.720> of<09:42:54.960> networks<09:42:55.620> is

so a connection in terms of networks is

so a connection in terms of networks is
The<09:42:56.640> Logical<09:42:57.000> joining<09:42:57.540> of<09:42:57.776> two<09:42:57.960> network

The Logical joining of two network

The Logical joining of two network
devices<09:42:58.800> through<09:42:59.700> a<09:42:59.936> specified<09:43:00.300> medium<09:43:00.900> that

devices through a specified medium that

devices through a specified medium that
is<09:43:01.680> established<09:43:02.340> and<09:43:02.640> maintained<09:43:03.180> for<09:43:03.480> a

is established and maintained for a

is established and maintained for a
period<09:43:03.900> of<09:43:04.080> time<09:43:04.320> during<09:43:04.980> which<09:43:05.276> the<09:43:05.520> session

period of time during which the session

period of time during which the session
exists<09:43:06.360> in<09:43:07.020> other<09:43:07.140> words<09:43:07.320> the<09:43:08.096> connection<09:43:08.340> is

exists in other words the connection is

exists in other words the connection is
what<09:43:09.300> allows<09:43:09.720> data<09:43:10.140> to<09:43:10.200> be<09:43:10.320> transferred

what allows data to be transferred

what allows data to be transferred
between<09:43:11.340> say<09:43:11.640> my<09:43:11.880> computer<09:43:12.120> and<09:43:12.776> a<09:43:12.960> server

between say my computer and a server

between say my computer and a server
computer

computer

computer
now<09:43:14.756> in<09:43:15.000> networking<09:43:15.480> and<09:43:15.720> specifically<09:43:16.500> in<09:43:16.980> IP

now in networking and specifically in IP

now in networking and specifically in IP
networks<09:43:17.880> there<09:43:18.416> will<09:43:18.596> be<09:43:18.720> connection

networks there will be connection

networks there will be connection
services<09:43:19.800> that<09:43:20.700> attempt<09:43:21.120> to<09:43:21.300> provide<09:43:22.096> data

services that attempt to provide data

services that attempt to provide data
integrity<09:43:23.580> and<09:43:24.240> reliability<09:43:24.776> now<09:43:25.500> there<09:43:25.740> are

integrity and reliability now there are

integrity and reliability now there are
generally<09:43:26.160> three<09:43:26.700> types<09:43:27.120> of<09:43:27.240> connection

generally three types of connection

generally three types of connection
services<09:43:27.960> that<09:43:28.620> we<09:43:28.860> see<09:43:29.276> when<09:43:30.180> we<09:43:30.416> discuss

services that we see when we discuss

services that we see when we discuss
certain<09:43:31.200> protocols<09:43:31.860> and<09:43:32.160> we've<09:43:32.340> talked<09:43:32.640> about

certain protocols and we've talked about

certain protocols and we've talked about
these<09:43:33.240> in<09:43:33.776> some<09:43:34.080> way<09:43:34.256> shape<09:43:34.500> or<09:43:34.740> form<09:43:34.980> but<09:43:35.400> it

these in some way shape or form but it

these in some way shape or form but it
doesn't<09:43:35.640> hurt<09:43:35.880> to<09:43:36.060> sort<09:43:36.180> of<09:43:36.300> go<09:43:36.416> over<09:43:36.596> them<09:43:36.840> in

doesn't hurt to sort of go over them in

doesn't hurt to sort of go over them in
a<09:43:37.380> little<09:43:37.436> more<09:43:37.680> specific<09:43:38.040> detail

a little more specific detail

a little more specific detail
first<09:43:39.660> is<09:43:39.960> an<09:43:40.200> acknowledged<09:43:40.916> connectionless

first is an acknowledged connectionless

first is an acknowledged connectionless
service<09:43:42.380> in<09:43:43.380> these<09:43:43.980> the<09:43:44.640> connection<09:43:45.020> isn't

service in these the connection isn't

service in these the connection isn't
created

created

created
however<09:43:48.120> when<09:43:49.080> data<09:43:49.860> is<09:43:50.460> received<09:43:51.060> by<09:43:51.300> the

however when data is received by the

however when data is received by the
destination<09:43:51.960> there<09:43:52.916> is<09:43:53.096> a<09:43:53.520> acknowledgment<09:43:54.300> of

destination there is a acknowledgment of

destination there is a acknowledgment of
a<09:43:54.900> receipt<09:43:55.640> so<09:43:56.640> website<09:43:57.360> Communications<09:43:58.080> use

a receipt so website Communications use

a receipt so website Communications use
this<09:43:58.860> type<09:43:59.040> of<09:43:59.220> service<09:43:59.460> a<09:44:00.360> great<09:44:00.480> metaphor<09:44:01.020> to

this type of service a great metaphor to

this type of service a great metaphor to
think<09:44:01.320> about<09:44:01.500> this<09:44:01.860> would<09:44:02.580> be<09:44:02.700> for<09:44:03.000> instance<09:44:03.300> a

think about this would be for instance a

think about this would be for instance a
delivery<09:44:04.380> receipt

delivery receipt

delivery receipt
with<09:44:06.660> regular<09:44:07.140> mail

so it's not certified we're not going to

so it's not certified we're not going to
get<09:44:12.540> a<09:44:12.720> signature<09:44:13.140> but<09:44:13.680> what<09:44:13.860> we<09:44:13.980> do<09:44:14.096> is<09:44:14.220> we<09:44:14.400> get

get a signature but what we do is we get

get a signature but what we do is we get
a<09:44:14.700> receipt<09:44:15.060> that<09:44:15.360> it<09:44:15.480> has<09:44:15.660> been<09:44:15.840> delivered<09:44:16.680> now

a receipt that it has been delivered now

a receipt that it has been delivered now
with<09:44:17.640> unacknowledged<09:44:18.540> connectionless

with unacknowledged connectionless

with unacknowledged connectionless
Services<09:44:19.560> there's<09:44:20.340> no<09:44:20.700> acknowledgment<09:44:21.240> sent

Services there's no acknowledgment sent

Services there's no acknowledgment sent
unless<09:44:22.380> the<09:44:22.680> application<09:44:23.160> itself<09:44:23.640> does<09:44:24.000> this

unless the application itself does this

unless the application itself does this
this<09:44:24.960> could<09:44:25.200> also<09:44:25.436> be<09:44:25.620> considered<09:44:26.160> Simplex

this could also be considered Simplex

this could also be considered Simplex
Communications<09:44:27.596> which<09:44:28.020> we'll<09:44:28.200> talk<09:44:28.380> about<09:44:28.560> in

Communications which we'll talk about in

Communications which we'll talk about in
just<09:44:28.980> a<09:44:29.160> second<09:44:29.340> so<09:44:30.060> this<09:44:30.360> is<09:44:30.540> just<09:44:30.840> like

just a second so this is just like

just a second so this is just like
regular

regular

regular
mail

mail

mail
we<09:44:35.040> send<09:44:35.276> it<09:44:35.400> we<09:44:35.580> drop<09:44:35.700> in<09:44:35.880> the<09:44:36.060> mail<09:44:36.180> there<09:44:36.776> is

we send it we drop in the mail there is

we send it we drop in the mail there is
no<09:44:37.200> acknowledgment<09:44:37.800> okay<09:44:38.596> acknowledged<09:44:39.596> at

no acknowledgment okay acknowledged at

no acknowledgment okay acknowledged at
least<09:44:40.140> has

least has

least has
uh<09:44:41.640> and<09:44:41.756> acknowledge<09:44:42.240> that<09:44:42.480> data<09:44:42.840> has<09:44:42.960> been

uh and acknowledge that data has been

uh and acknowledge that data has been
sent<09:44:43.320> but<09:44:43.680> there<09:44:43.860> is<09:44:44.040> no<09:44:44.460> connection<09:44:44.936> made

sent but there is no connection made

sent but there is no connection made
right<09:44:46.380> there<09:44:46.860> is<09:44:46.980> no<09:44:47.276> established<09:44:48.000> session

right there is no established session

right there is no established session
made<09:44:48.776> between<09:44:49.200> the<09:44:49.680> receiver<09:44:49.980> and<09:44:50.220> the<09:44:50.340> sender

made between the receiver and the sender

made between the receiver and the sender
finally<09:44:51.720> we<09:44:51.900> have<09:44:52.080> connection<09:44:52.640> oriented

finally we have connection oriented

finally we have connection oriented
services<09:44:53.936> and<09:44:54.660> by<09:44:54.776> the<09:44:54.900> way<09:44:54.960> when<09:44:55.140> we<09:44:55.256> talked

services and by the way when we talked

services and by the way when we talked
about<09:44:55.560> these<09:44:55.980> connection<09:44:56.160> lesses<09:44:56.936> we<09:44:57.840> recall

about these connection lesses we recall

about these connection lesses we recall
this<09:44:59.820> is<09:45:00.000> like<09:45:00.720> UDP<09:45:01.140> which<09:45:01.740> is<09:45:01.860> connectionless

this is like UDP which is connectionless

this is like UDP which is connectionless
and<09:45:03.416> IP

and IP

and IP
here<09:45:05.160> connection<09:45:05.460> oriented<09:45:06.180> we're<09:45:06.360> looking

here connection oriented we're looking

here connection oriented we're looking
at<09:45:06.840> TCP

at TCP

at TCP
now<09:45:10.320> these<09:45:10.800> are<09:45:10.916> where<09:45:11.160> error<09:45:11.580> detection<09:45:11.936> and

now these are where error detection and

now these are where error detection and
correction<09:45:12.840> are<09:45:13.320> available<09:45:13.500> as<09:45:14.460> well<09:45:14.640> as<09:45:14.820> some

correction are available as well as some

correction are available as well as some
flow<09:45:15.480> controller<09:45:15.900> packet<09:45:16.256> sequencing<09:45:16.860> in

flow controller packet sequencing in

flow controller packet sequencing in
other<09:45:17.460> words<09:45:17.640> this<09:45:18.000> would<09:45:18.180> be<09:45:18.300> like<09:45:18.660> certified

other words this would be like certified

other words this would be like certified
mail

now there are also three types of

now there are also three types of
connection<09:45:24.720> modes<09:45:25.320> that<09:45:25.560> we're<09:45:25.680> typically

connection modes that we're typically

connection modes that we're typically
going<09:45:26.276> to<09:45:26.400> use<09:45:26.580> they're<09:45:27.540> Simplex<09:45:28.020> half<09:45:28.680> duplex

going to use they're Simplex half duplex

going to use they're Simplex half duplex
and<09:45:29.400> full<09:45:29.580> duplex

and full duplex

and full duplex
with<09:45:31.140> Simplex<09:45:31.560> this<09:45:32.040> is<09:45:32.220> one<09:45:32.460> way

with Simplex this is one way

with Simplex this is one way
communication<09:45:33.300> only<09:45:33.596> this<09:45:34.500> is<09:45:34.680> sort<09:45:34.860> of

communication only this is sort of

communication only this is sort of
similar<09:45:35.400> to<09:45:36.240> FM<09:45:37.140> radio<09:45:37.380> broadcast

similar to FM radio broadcast

similar to FM radio broadcast
right<09:45:39.120> you<09:45:39.416> turn<09:45:39.596> on<09:45:39.720> your<09:45:39.900> radio<09:45:40.080> you<09:45:40.620> tune<09:45:40.800> in

right you turn on your radio you tune in

right you turn on your radio you tune in
and<09:45:41.700> you<09:45:41.880> can<09:45:42.060> receive<09:45:42.840> but<09:45:43.140> you<09:45:43.380> cannot<09:45:43.680> send

and you can receive but you cannot send

and you can receive but you cannot send
data

data

data
now<09:45:47.160> we<09:45:47.340> also<09:45:47.580> have<09:45:47.700> half<09:45:47.936> duplex<09:45:48.480> this<09:45:49.380> is

now we also have half duplex this is

now we also have half duplex this is
two-way<09:45:50.096> communication<09:45:50.756> but<09:45:51.480> only<09:45:51.660> one<09:45:51.960> at<09:45:52.140> a

two-way communication but only one at a

two-way communication but only one at a
time<09:45:52.436> this<09:45:53.220> is<09:45:53.340> like<09:45:53.520> a<09:45:53.700> pair<09:45:53.820> of<09:45:53.936> regular

time this is like a pair of regular

time this is like a pair of regular
walkie-talkies<09:45:55.200> only<09:45:55.680> one<09:45:56.040> device<09:45:56.276> can

walkie-talkies only one device can

walkie-talkies only one device can
transmit<09:45:57.776> at<09:45:58.620> any<09:45:58.860> one<09:45:59.460> time<09:45:59.700> which<09:46:00.180> is<09:46:00.360> why<09:46:00.540> we

transmit at any one time which is why we

transmit at any one time which is why we
have<09:46:00.900> to<09:46:01.080> use<09:46:01.256> those<09:46:01.560> code<09:46:01.980> words<09:46:02.220> right<09:46:02.580> over

have to use those code words right over

have to use those code words right over
over<09:46:03.660> over<09:46:03.720> and<09:46:04.380> out<09:46:04.620> so<09:46:05.040> this<09:46:05.160> is<09:46:05.276> like<09:46:05.340> a

over over and out so this is like a

over over and out so this is like a
walkie-talkie<09:46:06.240> finally<09:46:06.960> we<09:46:07.140> have<09:46:07.256> full

walkie-talkie finally we have full

walkie-talkie finally we have full
duplex<09:46:07.916> which<09:46:08.220> is<09:46:08.400> two-way<09:46:08.936> and<09:46:09.540> both<09:46:09.776> ways

duplex which is two-way and both ways

duplex which is two-way and both ways
simultaneously<09:46:10.980> this<09:46:11.936> is<09:46:12.240> similar<09:46:12.660> to<09:46:13.320> the

simultaneously this is similar to the

simultaneously this is similar to the
telephone<09:46:13.756> in<09:46:14.756> which<09:46:14.936> we<09:46:15.240> can<09:46:15.416> talk<09:46:15.720> and

telephone in which we can talk and

telephone in which we can talk and
listen<09:46:16.380> at<09:46:16.680> the<09:46:16.800> same<09:46:16.980> time<09:46:17.220> in<09:46:18.060> some<09:46:18.180> ways<09:46:18.540> we

listen at the same time in some ways we

listen at the same time in some ways we
have<09:46:19.436> trouble<09:46:19.620> understanding<09:46:20.340> each<09:46:20.460> other<09:46:20.580> as

have trouble understanding each other as

have trouble understanding each other as
a<09:46:20.936> result<09:46:21.060> of<09:46:21.300> it<09:46:21.480> now<09:46:22.080> in<09:46:22.320> networking<09:46:22.860> devices

a result of it now in networking devices

a result of it now in networking devices
are<09:46:23.640> designed<09:46:24.180> to<09:46:24.900> receive<09:46:25.500> and<09:46:25.916> transmit

are designed to receive and transmit

are designed to receive and transmit
data<09:46:26.820> at<09:46:27.120> different<09:46:27.300> speeds<09:46:28.020> and<09:46:28.680> with

data at different speeds and with

data at different speeds and with
different<09:46:29.096> sizes<09:46:29.640> of<09:46:29.880> packets<09:46:30.300> as<09:46:30.596> well<09:46:30.776> so

different sizes of packets as well so

different sizes of packets as well so
certain<09:46:31.740> devices<09:46:32.096> are<09:46:32.460> not<09:46:32.640> going<09:46:32.820> to<09:46:32.936> be<09:46:33.060> able

certain devices are not going to be able

certain devices are not going to be able
to<09:46:33.300> handle<09:46:33.596> as<09:46:33.776> much<09:46:33.960> data<09:46:34.380> as<09:46:34.560> others<09:46:35.040> at<09:46:35.520> one

to handle as much data as others at one

to handle as much data as others at one
point<09:46:35.880> or<09:46:36.060> another<09:46:36.180> we<09:46:36.596> talked<09:46:36.900> about<09:46:36.960> this

point or another we talked about this

point or another we talked about this
briefly<09:46:37.560> with<09:46:37.800> mtus<09:46:38.340> and<09:46:38.580> MTU<09:46:38.936> black<09:46:39.180> holes<09:46:39.596> so

briefly with mtus and MTU black holes so

briefly with mtus and MTU black holes so
flow<09:46:40.916> control<09:46:41.220> is<09:46:42.060> the<09:46:42.240> managing<09:46:42.776> of<09:46:43.256> amounts

flow control is the managing of amounts

flow control is the managing of amounts
of<09:46:44.040> data<09:46:44.400> and<09:46:44.880> the<09:46:45.060> rate<09:46:45.180> at<09:46:45.416> which<09:46:45.596> the<09:46:45.840> data

of data and the rate at which the data

of data and the rate at which the data
is<09:46:46.200> being<09:46:46.320> transmitted<09:46:46.680> emitted<09:46:47.340> over<09:46:47.640> a

is being transmitted emitted over a

is being transmitted emitted over a
network<09:46:48.000> connection

network connection

network connection
flow<09:46:49.740> control<09:46:49.916> is<09:46:50.700> necessary<09:46:51.360> to<09:46:51.720> help

flow control is necessary to help

flow control is necessary to help
prevent<09:46:52.200> devices<09:46:52.680> from<09:46:53.460> being<09:46:53.960> overflowed

prevent devices from being overflowed

prevent devices from being overflowed
with<09:46:55.256> data<09:46:55.680> some<09:46:56.460> devices<09:46:56.820> when<09:46:57.240> there's<09:46:57.416> too

with data some devices when there's too

with data some devices when there's too
much<09:46:57.720> data<09:46:58.080> is<09:46:58.200> received<09:46:58.620> are<09:46:58.860> going<09:46:58.980> to

much data is received are going to

much data is received are going to
potentially<09:46:59.460> shut<09:46:59.820> down<09:47:00.180> to<09:47:00.840> prevent<09:47:01.140> certain

potentially shut down to prevent certain

potentially shut down to prevent certain
attacks<09:47:02.160> or<09:47:02.700> simply<09:47:03.000> are<09:47:03.180> going<09:47:03.300> to<09:47:03.416> drop

attacks or simply are going to drop

attacks or simply are going to drop
packets<09:47:04.140> that<09:47:04.436> are<09:47:04.560> too<09:47:04.800> large<09:47:05.040> because

packets that are too large because

packets that are too large because
they're<09:47:05.756> going<09:47:05.936> to<09:47:06.060> cause<09:47:06.180> delays<09:47:06.840> on<09:47:07.560> the

they're going to cause delays on the

they're going to cause delays on the
other<09:47:07.800> side<09:47:08.040> of<09:47:08.220> the<09:47:08.276> scale<09:47:08.520> if<09:47:09.000> too<09:47:09.120> little

other side of the scale if too little

other side of the scale if too little
data<09:47:09.776> is<09:47:09.900> being<09:47:10.080> received<09:47:10.500> by<09:47:10.620> the<09:47:10.800> device<09:47:10.980> it

data is being received by the device it

data is being received by the device it
may<09:47:11.820> just<09:47:12.000> be<09:47:12.120> sitting<09:47:12.540> idly<09:47:12.960> by<09:47:13.256> waiting<09:47:13.800> for

may just be sitting idly by waiting for

may just be sitting idly by waiting for
the<09:47:14.096> remaining<09:47:14.460> packets<09:47:15.300> in<09:47:15.900> this<09:47:16.020> case<09:47:16.200> it's

the remaining packets in this case it's

the remaining packets in this case it's
simply<09:47:16.916> a<09:47:17.040> matter<09:47:17.220> of<09:47:17.400> efficiency<09:47:17.936> so<09:47:18.900> there

simply a matter of efficiency so there

simply a matter of efficiency so there
are<09:47:19.200> two<09:47:19.320> main<09:47:19.500> types<09:47:19.860> of<09:47:19.980> flow<09:47:20.220> control<09:47:20.400> that

are two main types of flow control that

are two main types of flow control that
are<09:47:20.880> covered<09:47:21.120> on<09:47:21.240> the<09:47:21.416> exam<09:47:21.860> buffering<09:47:22.860> and

are covered on the exam buffering and

are covered on the exam buffering and
data<09:47:23.700> windows

data windows

data windows
buffering<09:47:25.620> is<09:47:26.220> a<09:47:26.520> flow<09:47:26.820> control<09:47:27.000> technique

buffering is a flow control technique

buffering is a flow control technique
where<09:47:27.900> a<09:47:28.256> portion<09:47:28.560> of<09:47:28.680> the<09:47:28.860> memory<09:47:29.160> either

where a portion of the memory either

where a portion of the memory either
physical<09:47:30.180> or<09:47:30.840> logical<09:47:31.200> via<09:47:31.620> software<09:47:32.040> is<09:47:32.756> used

physical or logical via software is used

physical or logical via software is used
to<09:47:33.416> temporarily<09:47:33.900> store<09:47:34.380> data<09:47:34.916> as<09:47:35.160> it's<09:47:35.340> being

to temporarily store data as it's being

to temporarily store data as it's being
received<09:47:36.180> in<09:47:36.900> order<09:47:37.020> to<09:47:37.500> regulate<09:47:38.400> the<09:47:39.060> amount

received in order to regulate the amount

received in order to regulate the amount
of<09:47:39.416> data<09:47:39.720> that's<09:47:39.900> being<09:47:40.140> processed<09:47:41.160> buffering

of data that's being processed buffering

of data that's being processed buffering
may<09:47:42.000> be<09:47:42.120> used<09:47:42.300> to<09:47:42.540> maintain<09:47:42.960> data<09:47:43.500> consistency

may be used to maintain data consistency

may be used to maintain data consistency
as<09:47:44.580> well<09:47:44.756> as<09:47:45.180> minimize<09:47:45.900> overloading<09:47:46.800> now<09:47:47.340> Ram

as well as minimize overloading now Ram

as well as minimize overloading now Ram
uses<09:47:48.120> a<09:47:48.240> type<09:47:48.416> of<09:47:48.596> buffer<09:47:49.256> when<09:47:49.740> data<09:47:50.096> is<09:47:50.160> being

uses a type of buffer when data is being

uses a type of buffer when data is being
read<09:47:50.640> from<09:47:51.000> its<09:47:51.360> cache<09:47:51.776> right<09:47:52.256> so<09:47:52.620> remember<09:47:52.800> we

read from its cache right so remember we

read from its cache right so remember we
talked<09:47:53.400> about<09:47:53.520> RAM<09:47:53.880> and<09:47:54.540> that<09:47:54.720> was<09:47:54.840> what<09:47:55.256> we

talked about RAM and that was what we

talked about RAM and that was what we
called<09:47:55.620> Cash

called Cash

called Cash
now<09:47:57.360> with<09:47:57.596> buff<09:47:57.776> bring<09:47:58.080> there<09:47:58.620> is<09:47:58.800> a<09:47:59.040> potential

now with buff bring there is a potential

now with buff bring there is a potential
concern<09:47:59.756> because<09:48:00.060> what<09:48:00.416> if<09:48:00.596> the<09:48:00.720> buffer

concern because what if the buffer

concern because what if the buffer
becomes<09:48:01.500> full<09:48:01.680> well<09:48:02.340> when<09:48:02.580> receiving<09:48:02.880> nodes

becomes full well when receiving nodes

becomes full well when receiving nodes
buffer<09:48:03.720> reaches<09:48:04.080> a<09:48:04.200> certain<09:48:04.320> capacity<09:48:04.980> it

buffer reaches a certain capacity it

buffer reaches a certain capacity it
actually<09:48:06.320> transmits<09:48:07.320> a<09:48:07.860> squelch<09:48:08.400> signal<09:48:09.000> I'm

actually transmits a squelch signal I'm

actually transmits a squelch signal I'm
going<09:48:09.720> to<09:48:09.776> write<09:48:09.900> that<09:48:10.020> out<09:48:10.200> just<09:48:10.436> not<09:48:10.560> only

going to write that out just not only

going to write that out just not only
because<09:48:10.860> it's<09:48:11.040> a<09:48:11.220> great<09:48:11.400> word

because it's a great word

because it's a great word
that<09:48:13.860> says<09:48:14.480> stops<09:48:15.480> transmission<09:48:15.776> or<09:48:16.560> slow

that says stops transmission or slow

that says stops transmission or slow
down<09:48:17.096> your<09:48:17.520> transmission<09:48:17.820> so<09:48:18.596> I<09:48:18.840> can<09:48:18.960> catch<09:48:19.380> up

down your transmission so I can catch up

down your transmission so I can catch up
now<09:48:20.400> a<09:48:20.580> commonplace<09:48:20.936> we're<09:48:21.120> going<09:48:21.240> to<09:48:21.300> see

now a commonplace we're going to see

now a commonplace we're going to see
this<09:48:21.596> type<09:48:21.720> of<09:48:21.840> flow<09:48:22.080> controls<09:48:22.560> when<09:48:22.800> we're

this type of flow controls when we're

this type of flow controls when we're
streaming<09:48:24.000> movies<09:48:24.416> you<09:48:24.900> might<09:48:25.020> have<09:48:25.200> seen

streaming movies you might have seen

streaming movies you might have seen
buffering<09:48:26.040> when<09:48:26.700> you're<09:48:26.880> using<09:48:27.240> movies<09:48:27.480> for

buffering when you're using movies for

buffering when you're using movies for
instance<09:48:28.200> on<09:48:28.980> YouTube

instance on YouTube

instance on YouTube
or<09:48:30.596> on<09:48:30.960> Netflix<09:48:31.160> or<09:48:32.160> any<09:48:32.340> of<09:48:32.460> these<09:48:32.700> sites<09:48:33.060> the

or on Netflix or any of these sites the

or on Netflix or any of these sites the
idea<09:48:34.080> is<09:48:34.320> if<09:48:34.800> there's<09:48:34.980> a<09:48:35.220> problem<09:48:35.340> with<09:48:35.640> our

idea is if there's a problem with our

idea is if there's a problem with our
communication

communication

communication
we<09:48:37.560> have<09:48:37.680> a<09:48:37.916> little<09:48:37.980> buffer<09:48:38.460> of<09:48:38.640> data<09:48:39.000> so<09:48:39.360> that

we have a little buffer of data so that

we have a little buffer of data so that
way<09:48:39.660> we're<09:48:39.900> not<09:48:40.080> going<09:48:40.256> to<09:48:40.436> see<09:48:40.680> a<09:48:41.400> dip<09:48:41.580> in

way we're not going to see a dip in

way we're not going to see a dip in
quality<09:48:42.240> of<09:48:42.416> the<09:48:42.540> film

quality of the film

quality of the film
now<09:48:43.916> another<09:48:44.220> type<09:48:44.460> of<09:48:44.640> flow<09:48:44.880> control<09:48:45.060> is

now another type of flow control is

now another type of flow control is
called<09:48:45.660> Data<09:48:46.436> windows<09:48:47.340> the<09:48:47.756> data<09:48:48.120> window

called Data windows the data window

called Data windows the data window
refers<09:48:49.080> to<09:48:49.200> the<09:48:49.320> amount<09:48:49.500> of<09:48:49.620> data<09:48:49.916> being<09:48:50.096> sent

refers to the amount of data being sent

refers to the amount of data being sent
and<09:48:51.120> it<09:48:51.180> can<09:48:51.300> either<09:48:51.416> be<09:48:51.596> a<09:48:51.776> fixed<09:48:52.080> amount<09:48:52.740> or

and it can either be a fixed amount or

and it can either be a fixed amount or
it<09:48:54.120> can<09:48:54.300> vary<09:48:54.540> and<09:48:55.140> these<09:48:55.380> are<09:48:55.500> fixed<09:48:55.860> length

it can vary and these are fixed length

it can vary and these are fixed length
windows<09:48:56.460> or<09:48:56.700> sliding<09:48:57.180> very<09:48:57.360> sliding<09:48:58.080> Windows

windows or sliding very sliding Windows

windows or sliding very sliding Windows
rather<09:48:58.620> if<09:48:58.916> you<09:48:59.096> think<09:48:59.220> about<09:48:59.340> the<09:48:59.640> window

and I put the data inside of it

and I put the data inside of it
we<09:49:05.096> can<09:49:05.160> either<09:49:05.276> have<09:49:05.580> a<09:49:05.756> window<09:49:05.880> that<09:49:06.240> is<09:49:06.360> a

we can either have a window that is a

we can either have a window that is a
specific<09:49:06.776> length<09:49:07.200> like<09:49:07.680> this

specific length like this

specific length like this
or

or

or
a<09:49:11.340> window<09:49:11.580> that<09:49:12.300> can't<09:49:12.480> possibly

a window that can't possibly

a window that can't possibly
get<09:49:14.820> smaller<09:49:15.360> based<09:49:16.200> on<09:49:16.256> the<09:49:16.380> data

get smaller based on the data

get smaller based on the data
and<09:49:18.596> that's<09:49:18.720> what<09:49:18.900> fixed<09:49:19.256> length<09:49:19.560> and<09:49:19.620> sliding

and that's what fixed length and sliding

and that's what fixed length and sliding
windows<09:49:20.220> are<09:49:20.400> so<09:49:21.180> to<09:49:21.300> go<09:49:21.416> a<09:49:21.540> little<09:49:21.596> more<09:49:21.776> in

windows are so to go a little more in

windows are so to go a little more in
depth<09:49:22.140> into<09:49:22.256> these<09:49:22.640> with<09:49:23.640> fixed<09:49:24.300> length

depth into these with fixed length

depth into these with fixed length
Windows<09:49:25.080> the<09:49:25.560> size<09:49:25.740> of<09:49:25.980> the<09:49:26.096> packet<09:49:26.400> of<09:49:26.580> the

Windows the size of the packet of the

Windows the size of the packet of the
data<09:49:27.000> being<09:49:27.180> sent<09:49:27.540> is<09:49:28.256> determined<09:49:28.916> by

data being sent is determined by

data being sent is determined by
the<09:49:30.900> sender<09:49:31.320> and<09:49:32.096> the<09:49:32.340> rate<09:49:32.520> of<09:49:32.820> transmission

the sender and the rate of transmission

the sender and the rate of transmission
is<09:49:34.436> determined<09:49:34.800> by<09:49:34.916> the<09:49:35.040> receiver<09:49:35.340> so<09:49:36.300> the

is determined by the receiver so the

is determined by the receiver so the
size<09:49:36.660> is<09:49:37.020> typically<09:49:37.256> going<09:49:37.500> to<09:49:37.620> be<09:49:37.680> pretty

size is typically going to be pretty

size is typically going to be pretty
small<09:49:38.400> and<09:49:39.180> overall<09:49:39.480> this<09:49:39.720> is<09:49:39.840> going<09:49:39.960> to<09:49:40.080> be

small and overall this is going to be

small and overall this is going to be
fairly<09:49:40.860> efficient<09:49:41.820> the<09:49:42.480> other<09:49:42.596> thing<09:49:42.776> to

fairly efficient the other thing to

fairly efficient the other thing to
remember<09:49:42.960> is<09:49:43.256> that<09:49:43.436> the<09:49:43.560> packet<09:49:43.860> size<09:49:44.040> is

remember is that the packet size is

remember is that the packet size is
always<09:49:44.520> going<09:49:44.820> to<09:49:45.060> remain<09:49:45.416> the<09:49:45.776> same<09:49:45.900> it's

always going to remain the same it's

always going to remain the same it's
never<09:49:46.380> going<09:49:46.560> to<09:49:46.740> change<09:49:46.916> so<09:49:47.820> if<09:49:48.240> I<09:49:48.416> need<09:49:48.540> to

never going to change so if I need to

never going to change so if I need to
send

send

send
10<09:49:50.220> packets<09:49:50.700> they're<09:49:51.000> all<09:49:51.240> going<09:49:51.360> to<09:49:51.540> be

10 packets they're all going to be

10 packets they're all going to be
exactly<09:49:52.380> the<09:49:52.680> same<09:49:52.916> size<09:49:53.360> or<09:49:54.360> as<09:49:54.540> much<09:49:54.776> as<09:49:54.900> I

exactly the same size or as much as I

exactly the same size or as much as I
can<09:49:55.256> draw<09:49:55.436> them<09:49:55.740> as<09:49:55.916> such

can draw them as such

can draw them as such
and<09:49:58.020> so<09:49:58.140> on<09:49:58.256> and<09:49:58.436> so<09:49:58.620> forth<09:49:59.276> now<09:49:59.700> with<09:49:59.880> a

and so on and so forth now with a

and so on and so forth now with a
sliding<09:50:00.540> window<09:50:00.840> method<09:50:01.436> it's<09:50:01.980> a<09:50:02.160> bit

sliding window method it's a bit

sliding window method it's a bit
different<09:50:02.460> the<09:50:03.180> sender<09:50:03.540> begins<09:50:03.900> to<09:50:04.020> transmit

different the sender begins to transmit

different the sender begins to transmit
data<09:50:04.860> typically<09:50:05.160> with<09:50:05.400> a<09:50:05.640> small<09:50:05.820> number<09:50:06.060> of

data typically with a small number of

data typically with a small number of
packets<09:50:06.720> and<09:50:07.500> with<09:50:07.740> each<09:50:08.040> transmission

packets and with each transmission

packets and with each transmission
it<09:50:10.256> uh<09:50:10.980> waits<09:50:11.700> for<09:50:11.820> an<09:50:12.540> acknowledgment<09:50:13.200> or<09:50:13.740> act

it uh waits for an acknowledgment or act

it uh waits for an acknowledgment or act
packet<09:50:14.640> receipt<09:50:15.660> now<09:50:16.320> with<09:50:16.620> each<09:50:16.800> receipt

packet receipt now with each receipt

packet receipt now with each receipt
this<09:50:17.580> contains<09:50:18.060> the<09:50:18.540> current<09:50:18.840> maximum

this contains the current maximum

this contains the current maximum
threshold<09:50:19.916> that<09:50:20.220> can<09:50:20.340> be<09:50:20.460> reached<09:50:20.880> and<09:50:21.540> then

threshold that can be reached and then

threshold that can be reached and then
the<09:50:22.020> transmitter<09:50:22.560> is<09:50:23.460> going<09:50:23.640> to<09:50:23.880> begin

the transmitter is going to begin

the transmitter is going to begin
increasing<09:50:25.436> the<09:50:25.680> number<09:50:25.800> of<09:50:25.980> packets<09:50:26.520> by<09:50:26.880> a

increasing the number of packets by a

increasing the number of packets by a
specified<09:50:27.416> amount<09:50:27.900> in<09:50:28.800> other<09:50:28.860> words<09:50:29.096> it's

specified amount in other words it's

specified amount in other words it's
going<09:50:29.880> to<09:50:30.000> start<09:50:30.180> sliding<09:50:30.776> that<09:50:30.960> window<09:50:31.276> from

going to start sliding that window from

going to start sliding that window from
here

here

here
over

over

over
now<09:50:35.220> it's<09:50:35.340> going<09:50:35.520> to<09:50:35.640> continue<09:50:35.756> to<09:50:36.120> increase

now it's going to continue to increase

now it's going to continue to increase
this<09:50:37.320> over<09:50:38.040> and<09:50:38.220> over<09:50:38.400> and<09:50:38.640> over

this over and over and over

this over and over and over
until<09:50:40.020> we<09:50:40.436> reach<09:50:40.740> a<09:50:41.096> maximum<09:50:41.520> potential

until we reach a maximum potential

until we reach a maximum potential
at<09:50:43.380> this<09:50:43.500> point<09:50:43.680> we're<09:50:43.916> going<09:50:44.096> to<09:50:44.096> start

at this point we're going to start

at this point we're going to start
getting<09:50:44.520> some<09:50:44.756> congestion<09:50:45.300> and<09:50:46.256> so<09:50:46.520> the

getting some congestion and so the

getting some congestion and so the
receiver<09:50:48.120> is<09:50:48.360> going<09:50:48.540> to<09:50:48.596> send<09:50:48.720> another<09:50:48.900> act

receiver is going to send another act

receiver is going to send another act
saying<09:50:49.620> listen<09:50:49.740> you<09:50:49.980> need<09:50:50.160> to<09:50:50.276> slow<09:50:50.400> down<09:50:50.580> now

saying listen you need to slow down now

saying listen you need to slow down now
and<09:50:51.540> and<09:50:51.840> this<09:50:52.320> is<09:50:52.436> a<09:50:52.620> good<09:50:52.740> rate

and and this is a good rate

and and this is a good rate
this<09:50:54.540> method<09:50:54.840> is<09:50:55.020> really<09:50:55.140> going<09:50:55.320> to<09:50:55.320> allow<09:50:55.620> for

this method is really going to allow for

this method is really going to allow for
minimal<09:50:56.276> data<09:50:56.756> traffic<09:50:57.000> congestion<09:50:57.776> and<09:50:58.560> a

minimal data traffic congestion and a

minimal data traffic congestion and a
lot<09:50:58.800> of<09:50:58.980> throughput

lot of throughput

lot of throughput
depending<09:51:00.720> on<09:51:00.776> the<09:51:00.900> amount<09:51:01.140> of<09:51:01.256> traffic<09:51:01.380> the

depending on the amount of traffic the

depending on the amount of traffic the
size<09:51:01.980> of<09:51:02.160> the<09:51:02.276> window<09:51:02.460> can<09:51:03.060> really<09:51:03.240> vary

size of the window can really vary

size of the window can really vary
dramatically<09:51:04.140> and<09:51:04.620> so<09:51:04.800> this<09:51:04.980> really<09:51:05.160> gives<09:51:05.340> us

dramatically and so this really gives us

dramatically and so this really gives us
a<09:51:05.640> lot<09:51:05.756> more<09:51:05.880> flexibility<09:51:06.596> if<09:51:07.436> you<09:51:07.560> imagine<09:51:07.740> if

a lot more flexibility if you imagine if

a lot more flexibility if you imagine if
I<09:51:08.340> have<09:51:08.520> a<09:51:08.880> home<09:51:09.000> that<09:51:09.360> has<09:51:09.480> a<09:51:09.660> whole<09:51:09.720> bunch<09:51:09.900> of

I have a home that has a whole bunch of

I have a home that has a whole bunch of
irregular<09:51:10.740> Windows<09:51:11.276> I'm<09:51:11.640> going<09:51:11.756> to<09:51:11.820> want

irregular Windows I'm going to want

irregular Windows I'm going to want
sliding<09:51:12.360> Windows<09:51:12.776> now<09:51:13.200> if<09:51:13.320> I<09:51:13.436> have<09:51:13.560> a<09:51:13.740> home

sliding Windows now if I have a home

sliding Windows now if I have a home
with<09:51:14.220> all<09:51:14.580> these<09:51:14.756> similar<09:51:15.120> Windows

with all these similar Windows

with all these similar Windows
everything<09:51:15.720> built<09:51:16.256> the<09:51:16.380> same<09:51:16.500> then<09:51:16.680> I<09:51:16.860> can<09:51:16.980> use

everything built the same then I can use

everything built the same then I can use
a<09:51:17.220> fixed<09:51:17.520> link<09:51:17.640> window<09:51:17.936> but<09:51:18.416> this<09:51:18.596> one's<09:51:18.776> going

a fixed link window but this one's going

a fixed link window but this one's going
to<09:51:19.020> give<09:51:19.140> me<09:51:19.256> a<09:51:19.436> lot<09:51:19.500> more<09:51:19.680> flexibility

to give me a lot more flexibility

to give me a lot more flexibility
now<09:51:22.200> error<09:51:22.740> detection<09:51:23.096> and<09:51:23.520> correction<09:51:23.936> is<09:51:24.540> an

now error detection and correction is an

now error detection and correction is an
important<09:51:25.020> aspect<09:51:25.380> of<09:51:25.620> how<09:51:25.860> we<09:51:26.040> know<09:51:26.220> our

important aspect of how we know our

important aspect of how we know our
information<09:51:26.756> arrives<09:51:27.596> at<09:51:27.720> the<09:51:27.900> destination

information arrives at the destination

information arrives at the destination
unhindered<09:51:29.700> and<09:51:30.060> unaltered<09:51:30.720> one<09:51:31.620> method

unhindered and unaltered one method

unhindered and unaltered one method
achieves<09:51:32.580> this<09:51:32.880> by<09:51:33.416> attaching<09:51:33.960> supplemental

achieves this by attaching supplemental

achieves this by attaching supplemental
information<09:51:35.096> at<09:51:35.580> the<09:51:35.700> end<09:51:35.756> of<09:51:35.880> the<09:51:35.936> footer

information at the end of the footer

information at the end of the footer
that<09:51:36.776> pertains<09:51:37.200> to<09:51:37.320> its<09:51:37.620> contents<09:51:38.096> and<09:51:38.756> the

that pertains to its contents and the

that pertains to its contents and the
receiving<09:51:39.120> station<09:51:39.416> is<09:51:39.660> going<09:51:39.840> to<09:51:39.840> look<09:51:40.020> at

receiving station is going to look at

receiving station is going to look at
that<09:51:40.256> data<09:51:40.560> and<09:51:40.680> compare<09:51:41.096> it<09:51:41.220> to<09:51:41.340> the<09:51:41.460> data<09:51:41.756> it

that data and compare it to the data it

that data and compare it to the data it
received

received

received
the<09:51:43.140> data<09:51:43.500> matches<09:51:43.860> it's<09:51:44.040> going<09:51:44.160> to<09:51:44.160> consider

the data matches it's going to consider

the data matches it's going to consider
it<09:51:44.700> error<09:51:45.060> free<09:51:45.240> if<09:51:45.900> not<09:51:46.080> the<09:51:46.380> data<09:51:46.680> is<09:51:46.800> going

it error free if not the data is going

it error free if not the data is going
to<09:51:47.040> be<09:51:47.096> requested<09:51:47.580> to<09:51:47.756> be<09:51:47.880> re-transmitted<09:51:48.840> now

to be requested to be re-transmitted now

to be requested to be re-transmitted now
when<09:51:49.680> an<09:51:49.860> additional<09:51:50.220> Correctional

when an additional Correctional

when an additional Correctional
component<09:51:51.480> is<09:51:51.660> added<09:51:52.020> that<09:51:52.500> allows<09:51:52.800> the<09:51:52.916> data

component is added that allows the data

component is added that allows the data
to<09:51:53.340> be<09:51:53.460> rebuilt<09:51:54.000> in<09:51:54.120> the<09:51:54.360> error<09:51:54.720> in<09:51:55.140> the<09:51:55.256> event

to be rebuilt in the error in the event

to be rebuilt in the error in the event
of<09:51:55.620> an<09:51:55.740> error<09:51:56.096> this<09:51:56.460> is<09:51:56.580> going<09:51:56.640> to<09:51:56.700> become<09:51:56.936> an

of an error this is going to become an

of an error this is going to become an
edac<09:51:57.596> or<09:51:58.140> error<09:51:58.620> detection<09:51:58.916> and<09:51:59.700> correction

edac or error detection and correction

edac or error detection and correction
now<09:52:01.680> parity<09:52:02.220> check<09:52:02.520> is<09:52:03.060> a<09:52:03.240> process<09:52:03.480> where<09:52:03.776> an

now parity check is a process where an

now parity check is a process where an
extra<09:52:04.200> bit<09:52:04.560> is<09:52:05.040> added<09:52:05.340> to<09:52:05.580> every<09:52:05.820> word<09:52:06.060> of<09:52:06.240> data

extra bit is added to every word of data

extra bit is added to every word of data
the<09:52:07.436> receiving<09:52:07.800> station<09:52:08.160> can<09:52:08.580> look<09:52:08.756> for<09:52:08.936> the

the receiving station can look for the

the receiving station can look for the
bit<09:52:09.240> on<09:52:09.660> this<09:52:09.840> word<09:52:10.140> by<09:52:10.380> word<09:52:10.620> basis<09:52:11.276> remember

bit on this word by word basis remember

bit on this word by word basis remember
we're<09:52:12.240> talking<09:52:12.416> about<09:52:12.596> words<09:52:12.960> we're<09:52:13.320> not

we're talking about words we're not

we're talking about words we're not
talking<09:52:13.800> about<09:52:14.180> uh<09:52:15.180> language<09:52:15.540> we're<09:52:15.900> talking

talking about uh language we're talking

talking about uh language we're talking
about<09:52:16.256> words<09:52:16.560> as<09:52:16.916> far<09:52:17.040> as<09:52:17.160> data<09:52:17.580> goes<09:52:17.880> and<09:52:18.596> so

about words as far as data goes and so

about words as far as data goes and so
it<09:52:18.900> can<09:52:19.020> look<09:52:19.200> at<09:52:19.380> these<09:52:19.620> and<09:52:20.220> therefore<09:52:20.520> it

it can look at these and therefore it

it can look at these and therefore it
can<09:52:20.936> determine<09:52:21.480> any<09:52:21.960> errors<09:52:22.500> that<09:52:23.040> are<09:52:23.160> built

can determine any errors that are built

can determine any errors that are built
in<09:52:23.580> because<09:52:24.416> parity<09:52:25.320> adds<09:52:25.916> this<09:52:26.160> extra<09:52:26.580> bit<09:52:27.300> to

in because parity adds this extra bit to

in because parity adds this extra bit to
every<09:52:27.900> word<09:52:28.200> this<09:52:28.860> method<09:52:29.160> takes<09:52:29.400> a<09:52:29.520> little

every word this method takes a little

every word this method takes a little
bit<09:52:29.756> of<09:52:29.880> overhead<09:52:30.416> so<09:52:31.200> it<09:52:31.320> does<09:52:31.620> ADD

not only extra resources but some more

not only extra resources but some more
data<09:52:37.320> in<09:52:37.436> there<09:52:37.560> now<09:52:38.220> with<09:52:38.400> something<09:52:38.520> called

data in there now with something called

data in there now with something called
CRC<09:52:39.300> or<09:52:39.540> cyclic<09:52:40.020> redundancy<09:52:40.916> check<09:52:41.160> a<09:52:42.120> code<09:52:42.300> is

CRC or cyclic redundancy check a code is

CRC or cyclic redundancy check a code is
added<09:52:42.900> to<09:52:43.200> every<09:52:43.620> block<09:52:43.916> of<09:52:44.340> data<09:52:44.700> through<09:52:45.120> a

added to every block of data through a

added to every block of data through a
mathematical<09:52:45.840> operation

mathematical operation

mathematical operation
which<09:52:47.880> is<09:52:48.000> also<09:52:48.240> referred<09:52:48.596> to<09:52:48.720> as<09:52:48.900> hashing

which is also referred to as hashing

which is also referred to as hashing
now<09:52:51.180> this<09:52:51.416> code<09:52:51.660> is<09:52:52.020> added<09:52:52.380> to<09:52:52.500> the<09:52:52.680> end<09:52:52.860> of<09:52:53.040> the

now this code is added to the end of the

now this code is added to the end of the
block<09:52:53.340> and<09:52:54.180> then<09:52:54.300> it's<09:52:54.540> transmitted

block and then it's transmitted

block and then it's transmitted
when<09:52:56.460> the<09:52:56.640> receiving<09:52:57.060> station<09:52:57.800> applies<09:52:58.800> this

when the receiving station applies this

when the receiving station applies this
hashing<09:52:59.640> method<09:52:59.936> this<09:53:00.180> mathematical

hashing method this mathematical

hashing method this mathematical
operation<09:53:01.140> to<09:53:01.560> the<09:53:01.740> code

operation to the code

operation to the code
then<09:53:03.240> it<09:53:03.480> can<09:53:03.660> should<09:53:03.900> get<09:53:04.256> the<09:53:05.040> same<09:53:05.220> data<09:53:05.700> and

then it can should get the same data and

then it can should get the same data and
if<09:53:06.060> it<09:53:06.240> doesn't<09:53:06.360> then<09:53:06.720> it<09:53:06.900> knows<09:53:07.140> there's<09:53:07.256> a

if it doesn't then it knows there's a

if it doesn't then it knows there's a
problem<09:53:07.680> and<09:53:08.220> it<09:53:08.400> can<09:53:08.520> request<09:53:08.880> it<09:53:09.060> to<09:53:09.300> be

problem and it can request it to be

problem and it can request it to be
resent<09:53:09.960> like<09:53:10.916> parity<09:53:11.340> CRC<09:53:11.936> is<09:53:12.120> also<09:53:12.360> going<09:53:12.480> to

resent like parity CRC is also going to

resent like parity CRC is also going to
add<09:53:12.776> a<09:53:12.960> certain<09:53:13.080> amount<09:53:13.320> of<09:53:13.500> overhead<09:53:14.040> because

add a certain amount of overhead because

add a certain amount of overhead because
it<09:53:14.880> takes<09:53:15.060> data<09:53:15.480> and<09:53:15.596> calculation<09:53:16.140> time<09:53:16.436> all

it takes data and calculation time all

it takes data and calculation time all
right<09:53:17.220> so<09:53:18.120> now<09:53:18.540> just<09:53:18.776> to<09:53:18.900> review<09:53:19.080> some<09:53:19.380> of<09:53:19.500> the

right so now just to review some of the

right so now just to review some of the
topics<09:53:19.800> we<09:53:19.980> talked<09:53:20.340> about<09:53:20.400> we<09:53:21.180> talked<09:53:21.416> about

topics we talked about we talked about

topics we talked about we talked about
the<09:53:22.096> IPv6<09:53:23.096> addressing<09:53:24.000> scheme<09:53:24.416> specifically

the IPv6 addressing scheme specifically

the IPv6 addressing scheme specifically
we<09:53:25.560> talked<09:53:25.860> to<09:53:25.916> that<09:53:26.040> it's<09:53:26.220> a<09:53:26.460> hexadecimal

we talked to that it's a hexadecimal

we talked to that it's a hexadecimal
128<09:53:29.340> bits

128 bits

128 bits
divided<09:53:31.980> into

divided into

divided into
eight<09:53:33.540> sections

eight sections

eight sections
we<09:53:35.936> also<09:53:36.180> compared<09:53:36.720> and<09:53:36.960> contrasted<09:53:37.680> IPv6

we also compared and contrasted IPv6

we also compared and contrasted IPv6
with<09:53:38.936> ipv4<09:53:39.660> we<09:53:40.380> saw<09:53:40.500> that<09:53:40.680> IPv6<09:53:41.460> for<09:53:41.756> instance

with ipv4 we saw that IPv6 for instance

with ipv4 we saw that IPv6 for instance
has<09:53:42.240> ipsec<09:53:43.140> built<09:53:43.500> in

has ipsec built in

has ipsec built in
and<09:53:44.460> has<09:53:44.880> a<09:53:45.300> whole<09:53:45.416> bunch<09:53:45.596> of<09:53:45.776> other

and has a whole bunch of other

and has a whole bunch of other
improvements<09:53:47.160> and<09:53:47.880> mechanisms<09:53:48.596> such<09:53:49.380> as<09:53:49.560> data

improvements and mechanisms such as data

improvements and mechanisms such as data
delivery<09:53:50.520> time<09:53:51.360> sensitive<09:53:52.080> and<09:53:52.680> so<09:53:52.860> on<09:53:53.040> and<09:53:53.220> so

delivery time sensitive and so on and so

delivery time sensitive and so on and so
forth<09:53:53.756> the<09:53:54.300> important<09:53:54.596> thing<09:53:54.776> I<09:53:55.020> really<09:53:55.140> want

forth the important thing I really want

forth the important thing I really want
you<09:53:55.436> to<09:53:55.620> know<09:53:55.740> about<09:53:55.860> IPv6

you to know about IPv6

you to know about IPv6
is<09:53:58.080> that<09:53:58.320> it<09:53:58.560> does<09:53:58.800> not<09:53:59.096> require

is that it does not require

is that it does not require
a<09:54:01.020> subnet

a subnet

a subnet
and<09:54:03.060> we<09:54:03.360> need<09:54:03.540> to<09:54:03.840> recall<09:54:04.320> all<09:54:04.860> of<09:54:04.980> the

and we need to recall all of the

and we need to recall all of the
truncation<09:54:06.300> or<09:54:06.596> readability<09:54:07.020> rules

truncation or readability rules

truncation or readability rules
which<09:54:09.240> include<09:54:10.160> removing<09:54:11.160> leading<09:54:12.000> zeros

which include removing leading zeros

which include removing leading zeros
and

combining successive

combining successive
sets<09:54:21.660> of<09:54:21.776> zeros

sets of zeros

sets of zeros
but<09:54:23.400> only<09:54:23.640> once

we also explained the different data

we also explained the different data
delivery<09:54:29.220> techniques<09:54:30.000> and<09:54:30.720> we<09:54:30.840> defined<09:54:31.256> a

delivery techniques and we defined a

delivery techniques and we defined a
connection<09:54:31.740> the<09:54:32.520> different<09:54:32.756> connection

connection the different connection

connection the different connection
modes<09:54:33.720> whether<09:54:33.960> they're<09:54:34.200> acknowledged

modes whether they're acknowledged

modes whether they're acknowledged
connectionless

simply unacknowledged connectionless

simply unacknowledged connectionless
or<09:54:43.560> connection<09:54:43.916> oriented

or connection oriented

or connection oriented
we<09:54:46.080> also<09:54:46.256> looked<09:54:46.500> at<09:54:46.500> the<09:54:46.560> different<09:54:46.800> transmit

we also looked at the different transmit

we also looked at the different transmit
types<09:54:48.060> including<09:54:48.960> Simplex<09:54:49.500> which<09:54:49.916> is<09:54:50.040> one<09:54:50.276> way

types including Simplex which is one way

types including Simplex which is one way
half<09:54:51.900> duplex<09:54:52.380> which<09:54:52.740> is<09:54:52.800> like<09:54:52.980> our

half duplex which is like our

half duplex which is like our
walkie-talkie

walkie-talkie

walkie-talkie
and<09:54:56.040> full<09:54:56.160> duplex

and full duplex

and full duplex
which<09:54:58.200> in<09:54:58.500> effect<09:54:58.680> doubles<09:54:59.160> our<09:54:59.340> bandwidth

which in effect doubles our bandwidth

which in effect doubles our bandwidth
we<09:55:01.500> also<09:55:01.740> explained<09:55:02.096> flow<09:55:02.580> control<09:55:02.840> buffering

we also explained flow control buffering

we also explained flow control buffering
and<09:55:04.200> data<09:55:04.560> windows<09:55:04.916> we<09:55:05.400> use<09:55:05.580> buffering<09:55:06.060> a<09:55:06.240> lot

and data windows we use buffering a lot

and data windows we use buffering a lot
when<09:55:06.596> we're<09:55:06.776> talking<09:55:06.960> about<09:55:07.080> videos<09:55:07.436> in<09:55:08.160> data

when we're talking about videos in data

when we're talking about videos in data
Windows<09:55:08.820> remember<09:55:09.000> we<09:55:09.360> talked<09:55:09.596> about<09:55:09.660> the

Windows remember we talked about the

Windows remember we talked about the
fixed

and sliding windows

and sliding windows
finally<09:55:16.860> we<09:55:17.276> outlined<09:55:17.756> error<09:55:18.300> detection

finally we outlined error detection

finally we outlined error detection
methods<09:55:19.380> including<09:55:20.340> parity<09:55:21.060> which<09:55:21.596> adds<09:55:21.900> an

methods including parity which adds an

methods including parity which adds an
extra<09:55:22.320> bit<09:55:22.800> to<09:55:23.160> every<09:55:23.340> word

extra bit to every word

extra bit to every word
and

and

and
CRC<09:55:26.640> or<09:55:27.180> cyclical<09:55:27.660> redundancy<09:55:28.560> check<09:55:28.800> which

CRC or cyclical redundancy check which

CRC or cyclical redundancy check which
uses<09:55:29.880> hashing<09:55:30.416> a<09:55:30.596> mathematical<09:55:31.200> operation<09:55:31.740> so

uses hashing a mathematical operation so

uses hashing a mathematical operation so
that<09:55:32.520> we<09:55:32.640> can<09:55:32.756> ensure<09:55:33.000> the<09:55:33.180> data<09:55:33.416> that<09:55:33.540> was

that we can ensure the data that was

that we can ensure the data that was
received<09:55:34.200> was<09:55:34.680> also<09:55:35.040> the<09:55:35.160> data<09:55:35.460> that<09:55:35.580> was<09:55:35.700> sent

welcome to module 6 lesson 4A IPv6

welcome to module 6 lesson 4A IPv6
Concepts

now we actually covered IPv6 earlier

now we actually covered IPv6 earlier
however<09:56:08.276> as<09:56:08.880> per<09:56:09.060> usual<09:56:09.360> some<09:56:09.900> new<09:56:10.256> ideas<09:56:11.040> have

however as per usual some new ideas have

however as per usual some new ideas have
been<09:56:11.520> added<09:56:11.936> to<09:56:12.776> the<09:56:12.960> syllabus<09:56:13.436> so<09:56:14.040> what<09:56:14.160> I'll

been added to the syllabus so what I'll

been added to the syllabus so what I'll
do<09:56:14.520> here<09:56:14.756> is<09:56:15.000> I'll<09:56:15.660> review<09:56:16.500> some<09:56:17.096> areas<09:56:17.880> that

do here is I'll review some areas that

do here is I'll review some areas that
you've<09:56:18.360> already<09:56:18.596> covered<09:56:19.080> with<09:56:19.560> Josh

you've already covered with Josh

you've already covered with Josh
with<09:56:21.720> my<09:56:21.960> own<09:56:22.080> take<09:56:22.320> and<09:56:22.560> then<09:56:22.740> we'll<09:56:22.980> go<09:56:23.160> into

with my own take and then we'll go into

with my own take and then we'll go into
the<09:56:23.756> new<09:56:24.060> stuff

the new stuff

the new stuff
so<09:56:25.740> IPv6<09:56:26.460> addressing<09:56:27.120> address<09:56:27.660> types

so IPv6 addressing address types

so IPv6 addressing address types
new<09:56:29.580> is<09:56:30.000> a<09:56:30.240> neighbor<09:56:30.416> Discovery<09:56:31.020> protocol

new is a neighbor Discovery protocol

new is a neighbor Discovery protocol
which<09:56:32.040> is<09:56:32.160> part<09:56:32.460> of<09:56:32.640> IPv6<09:56:33.540> built<09:56:34.200> in

which is part of IPv6 built in

which is part of IPv6 built in
the<09:56:35.520> eui<09:56:36.000> 64<09:56:36.416> addressing<09:56:37.080> is<09:56:37.436> new

the eui 64 addressing is new

the eui 64 addressing is new
tunneling<09:56:39.660> types<09:56:40.080> is<09:56:40.560> new

so ipv4 which is obviously the precursor

so ipv4 which is obviously the precursor
to<09:56:46.140> IPv6<09:56:46.936> it<09:56:47.936> created<09:56:48.300> a<09:56:48.480> long<09:56:48.540> time<09:56:48.720> before<09:56:49.080> we

to IPv6 it created a long time before we

to IPv6 it created a long time before we
had<09:56:50.040> home<09:56:50.220> computers<09:56:50.900> computers<09:56:51.900> were<09:56:52.380> pretty

had home computers computers were pretty

had home computers computers were pretty
expensive<09:56:53.400> and<09:56:53.700> big<09:56:53.880> probably<09:56:54.540> the<09:56:54.840> size<09:56:54.960> of

expensive and big probably the size of

expensive and big probably the size of
any<09:56:55.560> room<09:56:55.800> in<09:56:56.096> your<09:56:56.276> house

any room in your house

any room in your house
so<09:56:57.660> no

so no

so no
um<09:56:58.916> nobody<09:56:59.700> foresaw<09:57:00.180> that<09:57:00.360> people<09:57:00.540> would<09:57:00.776> be

um nobody foresaw that people would be

um nobody foresaw that people would be
using

using

using
uh<09:57:02.520> home<09:57:02.756> computers<09:57:03.300> just<09:57:03.720> like<09:57:03.840> when<09:57:04.020> the

uh home computers just like when the

uh home computers just like when the
telephone<09:57:04.320> was<09:57:04.740> created<09:57:05.160> I<09:57:06.120> think<09:57:06.240> uh<09:57:06.540> one<09:57:06.776> of

telephone was created I think uh one of

telephone was created I think uh one of
the<09:57:06.960> first<09:57:07.080> comments<09:57:07.436> was<09:57:07.620> why<09:57:07.800> would<09:57:08.040> I<09:57:08.276> I

the first comments was why would I I

the first comments was why would I I
don't<09:57:09.300> need<09:57:09.416> to<09:57:09.540> phone<09:57:09.660> anyone

don't need to phone anyone

don't need to phone anyone
so<09:57:11.400> uh<09:57:11.700> there<09:57:12.120> we<09:57:12.300> go

so uh there we go

so uh there we go
uh<09:57:14.096> so<09:57:14.220> it<09:57:14.460> was<09:57:14.640> just<09:57:14.756> the<09:57:15.000> scheme<09:57:15.416> was

uh so it was just the scheme was

uh so it was just the scheme was
designed<09:57:15.900> just<09:57:16.080> to<09:57:16.320> cater<09:57:16.980> for<09:57:17.160> commercial

designed just to cater for commercial

designed just to cater for commercial
Enterprises<09:57:18.180> only<09:57:18.416> so<09:57:19.080> we<09:57:19.256> didn't<09:57:19.380> think<09:57:19.560> we

Enterprises only so we didn't think we

Enterprises only so we didn't think we
were<09:57:19.860> going<09:57:19.980> to<09:57:20.096> run<09:57:20.220> out

were going to run out

were going to run out
lack<09:57:21.840> of<09:57:21.960> a<09:57:22.140> simple<09:57:22.380> Auto<09:57:22.860> configuration

lack of a simple Auto configuration

lack of a simple Auto configuration
mechanism<09:57:24.540> so<09:57:25.500> I<09:57:25.680> eventually<09:57:26.160> we<09:57:26.580> had

mechanism so I eventually we had

mechanism so I eventually we had
um<09:57:27.596> DHCP<09:57:28.560> was<09:57:29.460> uh<09:57:29.820> created

um DHCP was uh created

um DHCP was uh created
which<09:57:31.916> works<09:57:32.340> well<09:57:32.580> obviously<09:57:33.000> it's<09:57:33.180> got<09:57:33.360> some

which works well obviously it's got some

which works well obviously it's got some
drawbacks

drawbacks

drawbacks
an<09:57:36.180> ipv4<09:57:36.840> has<09:57:37.140> no<09:57:37.380> security<09:57:37.680> built<09:57:38.460> in<09:57:38.520> again

an ipv4 has no security built in again

an ipv4 has no security built in again
nobody<09:57:39.740> realized<09:57:40.740> that

nobody realized that

nobody realized that
well<09:57:42.060> there<09:57:42.240> was<09:57:42.360> no<09:57:42.480> such<09:57:42.596> thing<09:57:42.776> as<09:57:42.900> hackers

well there was no such thing as hackers

well there was no such thing as hackers
obviously<09:57:44.040> when<09:57:44.220> IP<09:57:44.580> was<09:57:44.756> brought<09:57:45.000> out

obviously when IP was brought out

obviously when IP was brought out
because<09:57:45.540> they<09:57:45.900> hadn't<09:57:46.500> been<09:57:46.620> invented<09:57:46.916> yet<09:57:47.040> so

because they hadn't been invented yet so

because they hadn't been invented yet so
nobody<09:57:47.520> thought<09:57:47.700> that<09:57:47.880> we<09:57:48.060> needed<09:57:48.360> to<09:57:48.840> have<09:57:49.020> it

nobody thought that we needed to have it

nobody thought that we needed to have it
built<09:57:49.560> in

built in

built in
ipv4<09:57:51.416> is<09:57:51.660> hard<09:57:51.840> to<09:57:51.960> use<09:57:52.140> with<09:57:52.256> mobile<09:57:52.500> devices

ipv4 is hard to use with mobile devices

ipv4 is hard to use with mobile devices
especially<09:57:54.240> when<09:57:54.776> we're<09:57:54.900> using<09:57:55.200> the<09:57:55.320> cellular

especially when we're using the cellular

especially when we're using the cellular
Networks

ipv4 needs massive writing tables

ipv4 needs massive writing tables
required<09:58:02.220> over<09:58:02.340> the<09:58:02.580> internet<09:58:02.700> internet

required over the internet internet

required over the internet internet
service<09:58:03.540> providers<09:58:04.140> have<09:58:04.436> huge<09:58:04.800> tables<09:58:05.400> for

service providers have huge tables for

service providers have huge tables for
routing<09:58:06.416> all<09:58:06.540> the<09:58:06.720> IP<09:58:07.020> traffic

routing all the IP traffic

routing all the IP traffic
uh<09:58:09.480> there's<09:58:09.660> only<09:58:09.960> around<09:58:10.200> four<09:58:10.500> million

uh there's only around four million

uh there's only around four million
addresses<09:58:11.276> available<09:58:11.520> we<09:58:12.180> actually<09:58:12.360> ran<09:58:12.720> out

addresses available we actually ran out

addresses available we actually ran out
of<09:58:12.960> ip4<09:58:13.436> addresses<09:58:13.916> some<09:58:14.096> time<09:58:14.276> ago<09:58:14.640> and

of ip4 addresses some time ago and

of ip4 addresses some time ago and
around<09:58:15.416> 50<09:58:15.720> of<09:58:16.200> the<09:58:16.320> traffic<09:58:16.560> going<09:58:17.400> over<09:58:17.640> the

around 50 of the traffic going over the

around 50 of the traffic going over the
internet<09:58:17.936> at<09:58:18.180> the<09:58:18.300> moment<09:58:18.480> is<09:58:18.900> IPv6<09:58:19.800> which<09:58:20.400> is

internet at the moment is IPv6 which is

internet at the moment is IPv6 which is
why<09:58:20.640> yeah<09:58:20.880> we<09:58:21.120> need<09:58:21.240> to<09:58:21.360> know<09:58:21.480> about<09:58:21.660> it

why yeah we need to know about it

why yeah we need to know about it
so<09:58:22.740> IPv6<09:58:23.580> uh<09:58:24.300> there's<09:58:24.480> that<09:58:24.660> many<09:58:24.840> addresses<09:58:25.380> I

so IPv6 uh there's that many addresses I

so IPv6 uh there's that many addresses I
don't<09:58:25.980> even<09:58:26.220> know<09:58:26.520> what<09:58:26.756> the<09:58:27.000> numbering

don't even know what the numbering

don't even know what the numbering
system<09:58:27.840> is<09:58:28.080> called<09:58:28.320> for<09:58:29.160> calling<09:58:29.580> out<09:58:29.700> that

system is called for calling out that

system is called for calling out that
many<09:58:30.060> but<09:58:30.300> for<09:58:30.596> every<09:58:31.020> person<09:58:31.700> alive<09:58:32.700> there's

many but for every person alive there's

many but for every person alive there's
many<09:58:33.660> millions<09:58:34.020> of<09:58:34.200> available<09:58:34.436> addresses<09:58:35.220> now

many millions of available addresses now

many millions of available addresses now
and<09:58:36.300> that<09:58:36.540> can<09:58:36.660> be<09:58:36.840> used<09:58:37.020> with<09:58:37.200> IPv6<09:58:37.980> and

and that can be used with IPv6 and

and that can be used with IPv6 and
you'll<09:58:38.580> read<09:58:38.756> some<09:58:39.120> documents<09:58:39.960> about<09:58:40.140> an<09:58:40.380> app

you'll read some documents about an app

you'll read some documents about an app
PT<09:58:41.040> not<09:58:41.880> really<09:58:42.060> used<09:58:42.360> and<09:58:42.840> there's<09:58:43.020> no<09:58:43.380> need

PT not really used and there's no need

PT not really used and there's no need
two<09:58:45.360> and<09:58:45.596> not<09:58:45.776> because<09:58:45.960> there's<09:58:46.200> just<09:58:46.436> no

two and not because there's just no

two and not because there's just no
shortage<09:58:46.980> of<09:58:47.160> addresses<09:58:47.640> really<09:58:47.960> security<09:58:48.960> is

shortage of addresses really security is

shortage of addresses really security is
built<09:58:49.800> into<09:58:49.860> one<09:58:50.160> of<09:58:50.276> the<09:58:50.340> fields<09:58:50.700> in<09:58:50.936> the<09:58:51.060> IPv6

built into one of the fields in the IPv6

built into one of the fields in the IPv6
packet

packet

packet
we<09:58:54.480> have<09:58:54.596> addressed<09:58:54.900> Auto<09:58:55.500> configuration

we have addressed Auto configuration

we have addressed Auto configuration
which<09:58:58.080> um<09:58:58.080> is<09:58:58.436> a<09:58:58.680> major<09:58:59.040> part<09:58:59.340> of<09:58:59.520> IPv6

which um is a major part of IPv6

which um is a major part of IPv6
and<09:59:01.380> it's<09:59:01.500> plug<09:59:01.740> and<09:59:01.916> play<09:59:02.096> as<09:59:02.340> well<09:59:02.520> so<09:59:03.240> things

and it's plug and play as well so things

and it's plug and play as well so things
like<09:59:03.720> when<09:59:03.960> you<09:59:04.080> enable<09:59:04.320> IPv6<09:59:05.160> on<09:59:05.400> an

like when you enable IPv6 on an

like when you enable IPv6 on an
interface<09:59:06.000> with<09:59:06.596> most<09:59:06.900> devices<09:59:07.740> now<09:59:08.240> it

interface with most devices now it

interface with most devices now it
actually<09:59:09.540> self-configures<09:59:10.380> an<09:59:10.620> IPv6<09:59:11.276> address

actually self-configures an IPv6 address

actually self-configures an IPv6 address
we<09:59:13.980> do<09:59:14.160> not<09:59:14.340> have<09:59:14.460> broadcast<09:59:14.700> and<09:59:15.120> IPv6<09:59:15.720> we'll

we do not have broadcast and IPv6 we'll

we do not have broadcast and IPv6 we'll
come<09:59:16.200> to<09:59:16.320> that<09:59:16.436> later

come to that later

come to that later
uh<09:59:18.360> it's<09:59:18.480> built<09:59:18.960> to<09:59:19.020> work<09:59:19.380> plug<09:59:19.860> and<09:59:20.040> play<09:59:20.220> with

uh it's built to work plug and play with

uh it's built to work plug and play with
mobile<09:59:20.700> devices<09:59:21.300> again<09:59:21.776> which<09:59:22.140> is<09:59:22.256> Handy

mobile devices again which is Handy

mobile devices again which is Handy
so<09:59:23.880> the<09:59:24.120> address<09:59:24.240> is<09:59:24.596> there's<09:59:24.840> several<09:59:25.140> rfcs

so the address is there's several rfcs

so the address is there's several rfcs
one<09:59:26.160> of<09:59:26.276> the<09:59:26.276> main<09:59:26.460> ones<09:59:26.700> is<09:59:27.320> 1884<09:59:28.320> if<09:59:28.620> you<09:59:28.740> want

one of the main ones is 1884 if you want

one of the main ones is 1884 if you want
to<09:59:28.980> read<09:59:29.096> it<09:59:29.276> it's<09:59:30.060> a<09:59:30.300> 128<09:59:31.080> bits<09:59:31.740> each<09:59:32.400> of<09:59:32.580> these

to read it it's a 128 bits each of these

to read it it's a 128 bits each of these
bits<09:59:33.000> is<09:59:33.180> divided<09:59:33.660> into<09:59:33.776> into<09:59:34.256> eight<09:59:34.680> groups

bits is divided into into eight groups

bits is divided into into eight groups
of<09:59:35.276> 16<09:59:35.520> bits<09:59:36.180> and<09:59:36.900> then<09:59:37.020> each<09:59:37.256> of<09:59:37.380> those<09:59:37.500> bits

of 16 bits and then each of those bits

of 16 bits and then each of those bits
is<09:59:38.096> separated<09:59:38.820> by<09:59:39.180> a<09:59:39.300> colon<09:59:39.720> which<09:59:40.080> is<09:59:40.256> a<09:59:40.860> DOT

is separated by a colon which is a DOT

is separated by a colon which is a DOT
on<09:59:41.756> top<09:59:41.936> of<09:59:42.060> a<09:59:42.240> dart

on top of a dart

on top of a dart
HEX<09:59:43.740> number<09:59:43.980> it<09:59:44.220> is<09:59:44.400> used<09:59:44.700> because<09:59:45.060> it's<09:59:45.416> just

HEX number it is used because it's just

HEX number it is used because it's just
a<09:59:45.840> lot<09:59:46.020> easier<09:59:46.560> to<09:59:46.980> write<09:59:47.520> out<09:59:47.756> that<09:59:48.060> many<09:59:48.240> bits

a lot easier to write out that many bits

a lot easier to write out that many bits
using<09:59:49.020> hex<09:59:49.320> and<09:59:49.500> it<09:59:49.680> is<09:59:49.860> in<09:59:50.340> um<09:59:50.340> binary<09:59:51.060> it

using hex and it is in um binary it

using hex and it is in um binary it
would<09:59:51.776> take<09:59:51.900> forever

would take forever

would take forever
the<09:59:53.580> address<09:59:53.700> is<09:59:53.936> when<09:59:54.120> you're<09:59:54.240> typing<09:59:54.540> them

the address is when you're typing them

the address is when you're typing them
out<09:59:54.840> on<09:59:54.960> interfaces<09:59:55.560> is<09:59:55.680> not<09:59:56.096> case<09:59:56.276> sensitive

out on interfaces is not case sensitive

out on interfaces is not case sensitive
so<09:59:57.060> you<09:59:57.300> could<09:59:57.360> use<09:59:57.596> caps<09:59:58.080> lock<09:59:58.200> or<09:59:58.620> lowercase

so you could use caps lock or lowercase

so you could use caps lock or lowercase
and<09:59:59.700> the<09:59:59.880> address<10:00:00.000> will<10:00:00.300> work<10:00:01.020> fine<10:00:01.256> and<10:00:01.500> be

and the address will work fine and be

and the address will work fine and be
accepted

accepted

accepted
here<10:00:03.360> is<10:00:03.540> an<10:00:03.840> example<10:00:04.140> of<10:00:04.500> an<10:00:04.740> IPv6<10:00:05.400> and<10:00:05.820> you

here is an example of an IPv6 and you

here is an example of an IPv6 and you
can<10:00:06.180> see

can see

can see
if<10:00:08.040> we<10:00:08.160> just<10:00:08.340> come<10:00:08.460> over<10:00:08.640> here

if we just come over here

if we just come over here
so<10:00:10.320> eight<10:00:10.620> groups<10:00:10.980> of<10:00:11.160> 16<10:00:11.340> bits<10:00:11.820> which<10:00:11.936> you'll

so eight groups of 16 bits which you'll

so eight groups of 16 bits which you'll
go<10:00:12.300> into<10:00:12.416> into<10:00:12.960> a<10:00:13.256> minute<10:00:13.520> uh<10:00:14.520> divided<10:00:15.060> here<10:00:15.300> by

go into into a minute uh divided here by

go into into a minute uh divided here by
the<10:00:15.900> colon<10:00:16.320> and<10:00:16.740> another<10:00:17.660> 16<10:00:18.660> bit<10:00:19.020> 16<10:00:19.500> 16<10:00:19.980> 16<10:00:20.096> 16

the colon and another 16 bit 16 16 16 16

the colon and another 16 bit 16 16 16 16
and<10:00:22.620> so<10:00:22.740> on

so if you wrote the address out in

so if you wrote the address out in
binary<10:00:33.060> just<10:00:33.596> for<10:00:33.900> the

binary just for the

binary just for the
I<10:00:36.720> don't<10:00:36.900> know<10:00:37.080> why<10:00:37.256> I<10:00:37.380> should<10:00:37.620> have<10:00:37.800> said<10:00:37.980> D

I don't know why I should have said D

I don't know why I should have said D
here<10:00:38.520> sorry<10:00:39.020> Eed<10:00:40.096> e<10:00:41.096> e<10:00:41.160> d<10:00:41.756> e

here sorry Eed e e d e

here sorry Eed e e d e
but<10:00:44.400> if<10:00:44.820> you<10:00:45.180> change<10:00:46.020> the<10:00:46.320> hexadecimal<10:00:47.276> here

but if you change the hexadecimal here

but if you change the hexadecimal here
so<10:00:47.880> this<10:00:48.120> is<10:00:48.240> the<10:00:48.540> hex

so this is the hex

so this is the hex
into<10:00:50.040> the<10:00:50.276> binary<10:00:50.640> value<10:00:51.020> it's<10:00:52.020> one<10:00:52.320> in<10:00:52.680> the<10:00:52.860> uh

into the binary value it's one in the uh

into the binary value it's one in the uh
if<10:00:53.640> I<10:00:53.820> go<10:00:54.060> one

if I go one

if I go one
to<10:00:56.400> I<10:00:56.640> know<10:00:56.820> you<10:00:56.936> already<10:00:57.060> know<10:00:57.360> how<10:00:57.900> um<10:00:57.900> binary

to I know you already know how um binary

to I know you already know how um binary
works<10:00:58.980> for<10:00:59.540> eight<10:01:00.540> so<10:01:01.380> one<10:01:01.680> in<10:01:01.916> the<10:01:01.980> eight

works for eight so one in the eight

works for eight so one in the eight
column<10:01:02.400> one<10:01:02.580> in<10:01:02.756> the<10:01:02.880> four<10:01:03.000> one<10:01:03.240> in<10:01:03.480> the<10:01:03.596> two<10:01:03.776> so

column one in the four one in the two so

column one in the four one in the two so
eight<10:01:04.436> plus<10:01:04.680> four

eight plus four

eight plus four
uh<10:01:07.020> it's<10:01:07.140> twelve<10:01:07.800> eight<10:01:08.640> nine<10:01:08.880> ten<10:01:09.180> eleven

uh it's twelve eight nine ten eleven

uh it's twelve eight nine ten eleven
twelve<10:01:09.900> thirteen<10:01:10.256> at<10:01:10.500> fourteen<10:01:11.060> so<10:01:12.060> the<10:01:12.480> E<10:01:12.776> is

twelve thirteen at fourteen so the E is

twelve thirteen at fourteen so the E is
number<10:01:14.096> fourteen

number fourteen

number fourteen
here<10:01:16.860> uh<10:01:17.756> 14<10:01:18.540> here<10:01:19.200> in<10:01:19.500> HEX

here uh 14 here in HEX

here uh 14 here in HEX
now<10:01:20.936> we've<10:01:21.180> got<10:01:21.360> the<10:01:21.596> D<10:01:21.900> so<10:01:22.436> we've<10:01:22.740> got<10:01:23.096> uh<10:01:23.756> one

now we've got the D so we've got uh one

now we've got the D so we've got uh one
plus<10:01:26.240> four<10:01:27.240> plus<10:01:27.900> eight<10:01:28.380> so<10:01:29.040> eight<10:01:29.400> nine<10:01:29.700> ten

plus four plus eight so eight nine ten

plus four plus eight so eight nine ten
eleven<10:01:30.416> twelve

eleven twelve

eleven twelve
thirteen<10:01:33.000> so<10:01:33.900> D<10:01:34.256> is<10:01:34.560> 13.

thirteen so D is 13.

thirteen so D is 13.
and<10:01:37.140> then<10:01:37.200> we're<10:01:37.380> back<10:01:37.560> to<10:01:37.680> another<10:01:37.800> 14.<10:01:38.756> 16

and then we're back to another 14. 16

and then we're back to another 14. 16
bits<10:01:40.140> two<10:01:40.380> bytes<10:01:40.860> in<10:01:41.096> total<10:01:41.400> so<10:01:41.756> four<10:01:42.060> bits

bits two bytes in total so four bits

bits two bytes in total so four bits
uh<10:01:44.040> four<10:01:44.220> bits<10:01:44.640> eight<10:01:44.880> and<10:01:45.360> then<10:01:45.480> another

uh four bits eight and then another

uh four bits eight and then another
eight<10:01:46.140> 16<10:01:46.620> bits<10:01:47.220> so<10:01:47.580> that's<10:01:47.756> two<10:01:48.000> bytes

eight 16 bits so that's two bytes

eight 16 bits so that's two bytes
we<10:01:50.520> can<10:01:50.640> compress<10:01:51.060> the<10:01:51.360> address

we can compress the address

we can compress the address
so<10:01:52.980> you<10:01:53.276> can<10:01:53.340> remove<10:01:53.580> the<10:01:54.000> leading<10:01:54.360> zeros

so you can remove the leading zeros

so you can remove the leading zeros
leading<10:01:55.980> zeros<10:01:56.580> are<10:01:57.480> numbers<10:01:58.080> that<10:01:58.436> appear

leading zeros are numbers that appear

leading zeros are numbers that appear
before<10:01:59.360> and<10:02:00.360> so<10:02:00.596> this<10:02:00.900> is<10:02:01.080> a<10:02:01.320> leading<10:02:01.800> zero

before and so this is a leading zero

before and so this is a leading zero
leading<10:02:03.416> zero<10:02:03.900> this<10:02:04.500> is<10:02:04.620> a<10:02:04.916> trailing<10:02:05.400> zero<10:02:05.936> so

leading zero this is a trailing zero so

leading zero this is a trailing zero so
we<10:02:06.480> can't<10:02:06.660> remove<10:02:07.436> these<10:02:07.916> because<10:02:08.096> they've

we can't remove these because they've

we can't remove these because they've
got<10:02:08.700> numbers<10:02:09.740> uh<10:02:10.740> prior<10:02:11.040> just<10:02:11.340> before<10:02:11.660> so<10:02:12.660> if

got numbers uh prior just before so if

got numbers uh prior just before so if
we<10:02:12.900> get<10:02:13.080> rid<10:02:13.200> of<10:02:13.380> the<10:02:13.640> leading<10:02:14.640> zeros<10:02:15.180> for

we get rid of the leading zeros for

we get rid of the leading zeros for
example<10:02:15.840> here<10:02:16.200> zero<10:02:17.096> zero<10:02:17.580> zero<10:02:18.360> one<10:02:18.540> becomes

example here zero zero zero one becomes

example here zero zero zero one becomes
a<10:02:19.140> one

a one

a one
zero<10:02:21.000> seven<10:02:21.120> eight<10:02:21.416> nine<10:02:21.720> becomes<10:02:22.140> seven

zero seven eight nine becomes seven

zero seven eight nine becomes seven
eight<10:02:22.620> nine<10:02:22.860> and<10:02:23.820> this<10:02:24.060> is<10:02:24.240> uh<10:02:24.480> to<10:02:24.720> save<10:02:24.960> space

eight nine and this is uh to save space

eight nine and this is uh to save space
and<10:02:26.700> for<10:02:26.820> when<10:02:27.000> we're<10:02:27.180> writing<10:02:27.596> out<10:02:27.720> the

and for when we're writing out the

and for when we're writing out the
address<10:02:28.020> is<10:02:28.320> zero<10:02:28.800> ABC<10:02:29.276> becomes<10:02:29.936> ABC<10:02:30.480> and<10:02:31.256> you

address is zero ABC becomes ABC and you

address is zero ABC becomes ABC and you
can<10:02:31.500> get<10:02:31.680> rid<10:02:31.860> of<10:02:31.980> the<10:02:32.220> trailing<10:02:32.580> zeros<10:02:32.936> here

can get rid of the trailing zeros here

can get rid of the trailing zeros here
and<10:02:33.360> just<10:02:33.596> have<10:02:33.720> one<10:02:34.020> zero<10:02:34.436> so<10:02:35.040> this<10:02:35.220> address

and just have one zero so this address

and just have one zero so this address
is<10:02:36.000> uh<10:02:36.416> legal

to write that out you could possibly

to write that out you could possibly
have<10:02:40.860> questions<10:02:41.096> in<10:02:41.400> the<10:02:41.520> exam<10:02:41.820> uh<10:02:42.660> asking<10:02:43.020> you

have questions in the exam uh asking you

have questions in the exam uh asking you
to<10:02:43.380> choose<10:02:43.620> the<10:02:43.860> correct<10:02:44.040> compressed<10:02:44.640> address

to choose the correct compressed address

to choose the correct compressed address
you<10:02:46.140> can<10:02:46.256> use<10:02:46.436> a<10:02:46.680> double<10:02:46.800> colon

you can use a double colon

you can use a double colon
wants<10:02:49.500> to<10:02:49.620> represent<10:02:49.980> consecutive<10:02:50.580> zeros<10:02:51.180> so

wants to represent consecutive zeros so

wants to represent consecutive zeros so
here<10:02:52.380> we<10:02:52.620> go<10:02:52.860> we've<10:02:53.756> got<10:02:53.936> all<10:02:54.240> these

here we go we've got all these

here we go we've got all these
consecutive<10:02:55.320> zeros<10:02:55.860> here<10:02:56.160> for<10:02:56.520> some<10:02:56.700> reason

consecutive zeros here for some reason

consecutive zeros here for some reason
well<10:02:57.900> we've<10:02:58.140> got<10:02:58.320> rid<10:02:58.500> of<10:02:58.680> them<10:02:58.800> just<10:02:59.276> by

well we've got rid of them just by

well we've got rid of them just by
having<10:02:59.700> the<10:03:00.120> double<10:03:00.596> curl<10:03:01.080> on<10:03:01.200> here

having the double curl on here

having the double curl on here
and<10:03:02.880> we've<10:03:03.120> got<10:03:03.240> a<10:03:03.360> double<10:03:03.480> coal<10:03:03.960> on<10:03:04.080> here

and we've got a double coal on here

and we've got a double coal on here
between<10:03:04.680> the<10:03:04.980> one<10:03:05.096> two<10:03:05.276> three<10:03:05.520> four

between the one two three four

between the one two three four
so<10:03:06.960> what<10:03:07.256> we've<10:03:07.500> done<10:03:07.740> is<10:03:07.980> just<10:03:08.220> compress<10:03:08.640> all

so what we've done is just compress all

so what we've done is just compress all
of<10:03:09.120> these<10:03:09.300> zeros<10:03:09.720> and<10:03:10.620> we've<10:03:10.860> done<10:03:11.040> it<10:03:11.220> again

of these zeros and we've done it again

of these zeros and we've done it again
here

and then just to we could have put it in

and then just to we could have put it in
the<10:03:18.060> second<10:03:18.240> set<10:03:18.480> of<10:03:18.660> zeros<10:03:19.020> but<10:03:19.256> just<10:03:19.436> to<10:03:19.680> save

the second set of zeros but just to save

the second set of zeros but just to save
space<10:03:20.276> we've<10:03:21.120> got<10:03:21.300> rid<10:03:21.480> of<10:03:21.660> all<10:03:21.776> these<10:03:22.020> zeros

space we've got rid of all these zeros

space we've got rid of all these zeros
here

here

here
so<10:03:24.240> practice<10:03:24.540> this<10:03:25.020> work<10:03:25.740> out<10:03:25.916> your<10:03:26.096> own

so practice this work out your own

so practice this work out your own
numbers<10:03:26.460> because<10:03:26.880> this<10:03:27.240> is<10:03:27.360> a<10:03:27.596> typical<10:03:27.840> exam

numbers because this is a typical exam

numbers because this is a typical exam
type<10:03:28.436> question

type question

type question
main

main

main
IPv6<10:03:31.800> address<10:03:32.220> types<10:03:32.756> Global<10:03:33.060> unicast<10:03:33.596> unique

IPv6 address types Global unicast unique

IPv6 address types Global unicast unique
local<10:03:34.740> link<10:03:35.700> local<10:03:36.120> and<10:03:37.020> multicast<10:03:37.560> you'll

local link local and multicast you'll

local link local and multicast you'll
note<10:03:37.980> we<10:03:38.160> don't<10:03:38.276> have<10:03:38.460> broadcast<10:03:38.700> that<10:03:39.240> isn't

note we don't have broadcast that isn't

note we don't have broadcast that isn't
a<10:03:39.660> legal<10:03:39.900> address<10:03:40.080> and<10:03:40.980> we<10:03:41.096> also<10:03:41.340> have<10:03:41.400> any

a legal address and we also have any

a legal address and we also have any
cast<10:03:41.880> which<10:03:42.240> I'm<10:03:42.360> not<10:03:42.480> sure<10:03:42.596> if<10:03:42.660> I<10:03:42.840> mentioned

cast which I'm not sure if I mentioned

cast which I'm not sure if I mentioned
here

here

here
so<10:03:45.180> the<10:03:45.416> global<10:03:45.660> unicast<10:03:46.320> the<10:03:46.916> this<10:03:47.220> is

so the global unicast the this is

so the global unicast the this is
allocated<10:03:47.880> by<10:03:48.180> the<10:03:48.360> ISP<10:03:48.900> and<10:03:49.200> then<10:03:49.380> you<10:03:49.500> will

allocated by the ISP and then you will

allocated by the ISP and then you will
get<10:03:49.860> a<10:03:50.096> mask<10:03:50.276> Associated<10:03:51.120> whatever<10:03:51.960> the<10:03:52.256> mask

get a mask Associated whatever the mask

get a mask Associated whatever the mask
may<10:03:52.740> be

these are routable on the internet so

these are routable on the internet so
you<10:03:59.096> can<10:03:59.160> send<10:03:59.400> them<10:03:59.580> out<10:03:59.756> of<10:03:59.936> your<10:04:00.416> company

you can send them out of your company

you can send them out of your company
and<10:04:03.960> um

and um

and um
they're<10:04:05.096> legal<10:04:05.756> they're<10:04:05.936> legally<10:04:06.240> recognized

they're legal they're legally recognized

they're legal they're legally recognized
the<10:04:08.160> numbers<10:04:08.276> range<10:04:08.700> from<10:04:08.880> 2000<10:04:09.660> to<10:04:09.840> 3<10:04:10.140> FFF<10:04:10.680> in

the numbers range from 2000 to 3 FFF in

the numbers range from 2000 to 3 FFF in
the<10:04:11.460> first<10:04:11.640> 16<10:04:11.936> bits

current allocation there's there's

current allocation there's there's
trillions<10:04:17.756> of<10:04:17.936> these<10:04:18.120> addresses<10:04:18.480> so<10:04:18.720> the

trillions of these addresses so the

trillions of these addresses so the
current<10:04:18.960> allocation<10:04:19.500> has<10:04:19.740> come<10:04:19.916> in<10:04:20.096> from

current allocation has come in from

current allocation has come in from
2001.<10:04:22.020> this<10:04:22.436> will<10:04:22.560> this<10:04:22.860> will<10:04:22.980> last<10:04:23.160> quite

2001. this will this will last quite

2001. this will this will last quite
some<10:04:23.580> time<10:04:23.756> obviously

some time obviously

some time obviously
there's<10:04:26.040> a<10:04:26.220> 48-bit<10:04:26.880> provider<10:04:27.660> prefix<10:04:28.256> and<10:04:28.916> if

there's a 48-bit provider prefix and if

there's a 48-bit provider prefix and if
you<10:04:29.276> uh<10:04:29.520> check<10:04:29.880> the

you uh check the

you uh check the
images<10:04:31.560> of<10:04:32.040> the<10:04:32.220> address<10:04:33.180> packet<10:04:33.840> you'll<10:04:34.620> see

images of the address packet you'll see

images of the address packet you'll see
the<10:04:34.860> 48-bit<10:04:35.756> uh<10:04:36.300> there's<10:04:36.480> a<10:04:36.596> subnet<10:04:36.960> ID

the 48-bit uh there's a subnet ID

the 48-bit uh there's a subnet ID
you<10:04:39.300> can<10:04:39.360> submit<10:04:39.720> inside<10:04:39.960> the<10:04:40.200> organization

you can submit inside the organization

you can submit inside the organization
if<10:04:41.460> you<10:04:41.640> wish<10:04:41.820> subnet<10:04:42.720> to<10:04:42.840> IPv6<10:04:43.560> is<10:04:44.160> a<10:04:44.276> topic

if you wish subnet to IPv6 is a topic

if you wish subnet to IPv6 is a topic
but<10:04:44.756> it's<10:04:44.936> not<10:04:45.060> in<10:04:45.240> the<10:04:45.360> CompTIA<10:04:45.840> it<10:04:46.680> is<10:04:46.916> in<10:04:47.276> the

but it's not in the CompTIA it is in the

but it's not in the CompTIA it is in the
Cisco<10:04:48.000> ctna<10:04:48.776> and<10:04:49.620> then<10:04:49.740> the<10:04:49.980> rest<10:04:50.160> is<10:04:50.460> the<10:04:50.756> host

Cisco ctna and then the rest is the host

Cisco ctna and then the rest is the host
portion<10:04:51.480> of<10:04:51.660> the<10:04:51.840> address

now I'm sure most equipment can actually

now I'm sure most equipment can actually
do<10:04:58.020> this<10:04:58.200> but<10:04:58.380> Cisco<10:04:58.800> routers<10:04:59.276> can

do this but Cisco routers can

do this but Cisco routers can
self-generate<10:05:00.300> this<10:05:01.020> part<10:05:01.200> here

self-generate this part here

self-generate this part here
so<10:05:03.416> what<10:05:03.660> you<10:05:03.776> would<10:05:03.900> do<10:05:04.080> is<10:05:04.200> if<10:05:04.320> you<10:05:04.380> configure

so what you would do is if you configure

so what you would do is if you configure
an<10:05:04.860> interface<10:05:05.220> you<10:05:05.460> would<10:05:05.580> you<10:05:05.936> would

an interface you would you would

an interface you would you would
basically<10:05:06.660> configure<10:05:07.140> whatever<10:05:07.436> the<10:05:07.800> address

basically configure whatever the address

basically configure whatever the address
is

dot b dot whatever whatever and then the

dot b dot whatever whatever and then the
host<10:05:13.380> portion<10:05:13.980> here<10:05:14.820> the<10:05:15.776> interface<10:05:16.140> would

host portion here the interface would

host portion here the interface would
um<10:05:17.400> self-configure

um I've issued oh this is on my um

um I've issued oh this is on my um
Windows<10:05:28.200> computer<10:05:28.380> for<10:05:28.740> the<10:05:28.860> looks<10:05:29.096> of<10:05:29.220> it

Windows computer for the looks of it

Windows computer for the looks of it
I've<10:05:30.300> just<10:05:30.480> issued<10:05:30.840> an<10:05:30.960> IP<10:05:31.320> config<10:05:31.980> or

forward slash all and I've seen the IPv6

forward slash all and I've seen the IPv6
address<10:05:39.720> that's<10:05:40.380> been<10:05:40.560> allocated<10:05:41.040> here<10:05:41.480> and<10:05:42.480> I

address that's been allocated here and I

address that's been allocated here and I
think<10:05:43.080> Windows<10:05:43.680> self-allocates<10:05:44.340> these

think Windows self-allocates these

think Windows self-allocates these
addresses<10:05:45.120> also

addresses also

addresses also
uh<10:05:48.416> link<10:05:48.596> local<10:05:48.840> address<10:05:49.140> the<10:05:49.916> prefix<10:05:50.220> for

uh link local address the prefix for

uh link local address the prefix for
link<10:05:50.520> local<10:05:50.756> addresses<10:05:51.300> are<10:05:51.540> feat<10:05:52.580> these<10:05:53.580> are

link local addresses are feat these are

link local addresses are feat these are
only<10:05:53.820> valid<10:05:54.240> between<10:05:54.416> the<10:05:54.660> link<10:05:54.776> between<10:05:55.020> two

only valid between the link between two

only valid between the link between two
IB<10:05:55.800> V6<10:05:56.276> interfaces<10:05:57.060> so<10:05:57.660> you've<10:05:57.900> got<10:05:58.140> an

IB V6 interfaces so you've got an

IB V6 interfaces so you've got an
internal<10:05:59.096> router<10:06:00.060> and<10:06:00.660> say<10:06:01.080> for<10:06:01.256> example<10:06:01.436> an

internal router and say for example an

internal router and say for example an
ethernet<10:06:02.040> connection<10:06:02.340> here

ethernet connection here

ethernet connection here
then<10:06:04.256> these<10:06:04.680> addresses<10:06:05.096> will<10:06:05.520> be<10:06:05.640> valid<10:06:06.060> and

then these addresses will be valid and

then these addresses will be valid and
these<10:06:07.140> two<10:06:07.520> IPv6<10:06:08.520> routers

can communicate with one another using

can communicate with one another using
this<10:06:15.480> link<10:06:15.660> local<10:06:15.900> address<10:06:16.256> what<10:06:17.160> it<10:06:17.340> can't<10:06:17.520> do

this link local address what it can't do

this link local address what it can't do
is<10:06:18.180> this<10:06:18.416> address<10:06:18.540> in<10:06:18.900> here<10:06:19.080> it<10:06:19.740> can't<10:06:19.916> be<10:06:20.160> used

is this address in here it can't be used

is this address in here it can't be used
to<10:06:21.060> reach<10:06:21.360> another<10:06:21.596> device<10:06:22.020> out<10:06:22.380> here

to reach another device out here

to reach another device out here
now<10:06:24.360> if<10:06:24.480> you've<10:06:24.660> got<10:06:24.776> another<10:06:24.960> device<10:06:25.380> the

now if you've got another device the

now if you've got another device the
link<10:06:26.276> local<10:06:26.580> addresses<10:06:27.200> of<10:06:28.200> these<10:06:28.436> two<10:06:28.620> facing

link local addresses of these two facing

link local addresses of these two facing
interfaces<10:06:30.000> so<10:06:30.596> for<10:06:30.776> example<10:06:31.020> fast<10:06:31.320> ethernet

interfaces so for example fast ethernet

interfaces so for example fast ethernet
here<10:06:32.220> fast<10:06:33.120> ethernet<10:06:33.480> here<10:06:33.840> they<10:06:34.320> will

here fast ethernet here they will

here fast ethernet here they will
communicate<10:06:34.980> between<10:06:35.276> one<10:06:35.640> another<10:06:35.756> here

automatically created once IPv6 is

automatically created once IPv6 is
enabled

enabled

enabled
now<10:06:43.860> these<10:06:44.096> are<10:06:44.220> used<10:06:44.340> for<10:06:44.520> writing<10:06:44.936> protocol

now these are used for writing protocol

now these are used for writing protocol
Communications<10:06:46.080> IPv6<10:06:47.040> protocols<10:06:47.756> mentioned

Communications IPv6 protocols mentioned

Communications IPv6 protocols mentioned
in<10:06:48.776> the<10:06:48.900> syllabus<10:06:49.380> but<10:06:49.740> I<10:06:50.040> don't<10:06:50.220> think<10:06:50.400> I've

in the syllabus but I don't think I've

in the syllabus but I don't think I've
left<10:06:50.880> it<10:06:51.060> out<10:06:51.120> for<10:06:51.300> now<10:06:51.480> because<10:06:51.720> looking<10:06:52.020> at

left it out for now because looking at

left it out for now because looking at
all<10:06:52.436> the<10:06:52.740> official<10:06:53.460> guides<10:06:54.060> there's<10:06:55.020> no<10:06:55.680> um

all the official guides there's no um

all the official guides there's no um
questions<10:06:55.980> yet<10:06:56.400> I<10:06:56.936> will<10:06:57.120> add<10:06:57.360> it<10:06:57.480> later<10:06:57.660> on<10:06:57.960> if

questions yet I will add it later on if

questions yet I will add it later on if
um if<10:06:59.040> that<10:06:59.220> changes<10:06:59.580> though

traffic isn't forwarded off the local

traffic isn't forwarded off the local
link<10:07:04.020> certainly<10:07:04.800> not<10:07:04.980> using<10:07:05.340> the<10:07:05.460> link<10:07:05.580> local

link certainly not using the link local

link certainly not using the link local
address

address

address
so<10:07:08.340> here's<10:07:08.700> a<10:07:08.756> configuration<10:07:09.300> for<10:07:09.660> a<10:07:09.776> Cisco

so here's a configuration for a Cisco

so here's a configuration for a Cisco
router<10:07:10.680> you<10:07:11.400> I've<10:07:11.580> enabled<10:07:12.000> IPv6<10:07:12.840> routing

router you I've enabled IPv6 routing

router you I've enabled IPv6 routing
I've<10:07:14.520> gone<10:07:14.700> to<10:07:14.880> the<10:07:15.000> faster<10:07:15.240> ethernet

I've gone to the faster ethernet

I've gone to the faster ethernet
interface<10:07:16.140> all<10:07:17.096> I've<10:07:17.340> done<10:07:17.700> is<10:07:17.880> turned<10:07:18.300> on

interface all I've done is turned on

interface all I've done is turned on
IPv6<10:07:19.380> for<10:07:19.800> this<10:07:20.096> interface<10:07:21.000> here<10:07:21.180> the<10:07:21.416> fast

IPv6 for this interface here the fast

IPv6 for this interface here the fast
ethernet<10:07:21.900> zero<10:07:22.320> slash<10:07:22.560> zero

ethernet zero slash zero

ethernet zero slash zero
I've<10:07:24.180> typed<10:07:24.596> end<10:07:24.776> and<10:07:25.380> then<10:07:25.500> it<10:07:25.680> I've<10:07:25.860> said

I've typed end and then it I've said

I've typed end and then it I've said
show<10:07:26.460> me<10:07:26.700> this<10:07:26.936> interface<10:07:27.480> it's<10:07:28.200> down<10:07:28.436> I

show me this interface it's down I

show me this interface it's down I
haven't<10:07:28.740> connected<10:07:29.160> it<10:07:29.340> to<10:07:29.460> anything<10:07:29.640> but<10:07:30.540> as

haven't connected it to anything but as

haven't connected it to anything but as
we<10:07:31.560> can<10:07:31.740> see<10:07:31.980> this<10:07:32.640> address<10:07:32.880> this<10:07:33.300> link<10:07:33.540> local

we can see this address this link local

we can see this address this link local
address<10:07:34.140> has<10:07:34.980> been<10:07:35.160> allocated

address has been allocated

address has been allocated
self-allocated<10:07:37.020> this<10:07:37.800> is<10:07:37.916> an<10:07:38.160> important<10:07:38.520> bit

self-allocated this is an important bit

self-allocated this is an important bit
here

here

here
FFF<10:07:40.916> as<10:07:41.580> we'll<10:07:41.700> see<10:07:41.820> in<10:07:41.936> a<10:07:42.060> minute<10:07:42.180> but

FFF as we'll see in a minute but

FFF as we'll see in a minute but
basically<10:07:43.200> this<10:07:43.436> is<10:07:43.500> my<10:07:43.740> IPv6<10:07:44.460> address<10:07:44.700> I<10:07:45.360> have

basically this is my IPv6 address I have

basically this is my IPv6 address I have
an<10:07:45.720> app<10:07:45.900> to<10:07:46.080> write<10:07:46.740> it<10:07:46.916> out<10:07:47.300> manually<10:07:48.300> at<10:07:48.596> all

I've already um shown you the windows

I've already um shown you the windows
one

one

one
yeah<10:07:54.596> unique<10:07:55.200> local<10:07:55.436> uh<10:07:56.276> it's<10:07:56.460> the<10:07:56.880> IPv6

yeah unique local uh it's the IPv6

yeah unique local uh it's the IPv6
version<10:07:57.840> of<10:07:58.200> private<10:07:58.620> IP<10:07:58.916> addresses<10:07:59.340> so<10:07:59.460> you

version of private IP addresses so you

version of private IP addresses so you
can<10:07:59.756> use<10:07:59.880> all<10:08:00.120> of<10:08:00.240> these<10:08:00.540> on<10:08:01.320> the<10:08:01.500> inside<10:08:01.560> of

can use all of these on the inside of

can use all of these on the inside of
your<10:08:01.916> network<10:08:02.160> you<10:08:02.820> wouldn't<10:08:02.936> be<10:08:03.120> able<10:08:03.240> to

your network you wouldn't be able to

your network you wouldn't be able to
Route<10:08:03.540> them<10:08:03.960> onto<10:08:04.500> the<10:08:04.620> internet<10:08:04.740> don't<10:08:05.460> think

Route them onto the internet don't think

Route them onto the internet don't think
these<10:08:05.880> are<10:08:06.000> used<10:08:06.120> anymore<10:08:06.360> I<10:08:06.660> think<10:08:06.776> they're

these are used anymore I think they're

these are used anymore I think they're
actually<10:08:07.080> been<10:08:07.380> depreciated

if you get a question in the exam here

if you get a question in the exam here
it<10:08:12.596> would<10:08:12.720> be<10:08:12.840> something<10:08:12.960> like<10:08:13.256> this<10:08:13.436> what

it would be something like this what

it would be something like this what
prefixes<10:08:14.340> link<10:08:14.580> local<10:08:14.880> addresses<10:08:15.416> are<10:08:16.200> taken

prefixes link local addresses are taken

prefixes link local addresses are taken
from<10:08:16.740> fc00

from fc00

from fc00
uh<10:08:19.320> forward<10:08:19.560> slash<10:08:19.860> seven<10:08:20.160> for<10:08:20.936> your<10:08:21.180> subnet

uh forward slash seven for your subnet

uh forward slash seven for your subnet
mask

mask

mask
these<10:08:24.360> depreciate<10:08:24.900> site<10:08:25.140> local<10:08:25.436> addresses<10:08:25.916> oh

these depreciate site local addresses oh

these depreciate site local addresses oh
sorry<10:08:26.276> so<10:08:26.520> site<10:08:26.880> local<10:08:27.060> addresses<10:08:27.660> that<10:08:28.200> have

sorry so site local addresses that have

sorry so site local addresses that have
been<10:08:28.436> depreciated<10:08:29.480> and<10:08:30.480> overtaken<10:08:31.080> by<10:08:31.200> link

been depreciated and overtaken by link

been depreciated and overtaken by link
local<10:08:31.680> a<10:08:32.220> unique<10:08:32.460> local<10:08:32.700> so<10:08:33.660> you'd<10:08:33.960> use<10:08:34.080> this

local a unique local so you'd use this

local a unique local so you'd use this
on<10:08:34.620> the<10:08:34.740> inside<10:08:34.860> of<10:08:35.096> your<10:08:35.220> network<10:08:35.400> if<10:08:35.700> you

on the inside of your network if you

on the inside of your network if you
want<10:08:35.936> to<10:08:36.060> do<10:08:36.180> any<10:08:36.360> internal<10:08:36.776> routing<10:08:37.320> what<10:08:37.860> you

want to do any internal routing what you

want to do any internal routing what you
couldn't<10:08:38.160> do<10:08:38.400> is<10:08:38.580> use<10:08:38.820> it<10:08:39.000> out<10:08:39.240> on<10:08:39.540> your<10:08:39.660> on<10:08:39.900> the

couldn't do is use it out on your on the

couldn't do is use it out on your on the
internet<10:08:40.140> though

internet though

internet though
multicast<10:08:42.480> addresses<10:08:43.020> are<10:08:43.256> still<10:08:43.500> used<10:08:43.620> very

multicast addresses are still used very

multicast addresses are still used very
much<10:08:44.276> in<10:08:45.320> IPv6<10:08:46.460> this<10:08:47.460> is<10:08:47.520> the<10:08:47.880> prefix<10:08:48.596> so<10:08:49.140> write

much in IPv6 this is the prefix so write

much in IPv6 this is the prefix so write
it<10:08:49.680> down<10:08:49.860> and<10:08:50.040> put<10:08:50.220> it<10:08:50.276> into<10:08:50.400> your<10:08:50.700> studying

it down and put it into your studying

it down and put it into your studying
crumb<10:08:51.720> notes

crumb notes

crumb notes
and<10:08:53.640> multicast<10:08:54.120> replaces<10:08:54.720> address

and multicast replaces address

and multicast replaces address
resolution<10:08:55.436> protocol<10:08:56.040> for<10:08:56.340> IPv6

a use for duplicate address detection so

a use for duplicate address detection so
when<10:09:02.640> you<10:09:02.880> first<10:09:03.380> fire<10:09:04.380> up<10:09:04.620> your<10:09:04.980> interface

when you first fire up your interface

when you first fire up your interface
I'll<10:09:06.596> talk<10:09:06.840> about<10:09:06.960> neighbor<10:09:07.500> Discovery<10:09:07.980> in<10:09:08.160> a

I'll talk about neighbor Discovery in a

I'll talk about neighbor Discovery in a
moment<10:09:08.520> but<10:09:09.300> I'll<10:09:09.660> say<10:09:09.900> just<10:09:10.620> to<10:09:10.800> save<10:09:10.980> space

moment but I'll say just to save space

moment but I'll say just to save space
I'll<10:09:12.120> say<10:09:12.300> this<10:09:12.596> is<10:09:12.720> the<10:09:12.900> address<10:09:13.020> obviously

I'll say this is the address obviously

I'll say this is the address obviously
it<10:09:13.740> would<10:09:13.860> be<10:09:13.980> the<10:09:14.096> IPv6<10:09:14.700> address<10:09:15.080> it<10:09:16.080> will

it would be the IPv6 address it will

it would be the IPv6 address it will
this<10:09:16.436> interface<10:09:16.800> will<10:09:17.040> advertise<10:09:17.400> out<10:09:17.640> this

this interface will advertise out this

this interface will advertise out this
address

address

address
to<10:09:20.276> um

to um

to um
the<10:09:21.900> network<10:09:22.140> this<10:09:23.096> multicast<10:09:23.640> address

the network this multicast address

the network this multicast address
saying<10:09:26.040> I<10:09:26.220> want<10:09:26.276> to<10:09:26.340> use<10:09:26.400> this<10:09:26.580> address<10:09:26.756> X<10:09:27.180> and

saying I want to use this address X and

saying I want to use this address X and
if<10:09:27.660> any<10:09:27.900> of<10:09:28.080> the<10:09:28.200> any<10:09:28.436> of<10:09:28.916> these<10:09:29.340> interfaces

if any of the any of these interfaces

if any of the any of these interfaces
are<10:09:30.300> using<10:09:30.660> that<10:09:30.900> address<10:09:31.140> so<10:09:31.800> this<10:09:32.040> is<10:09:32.096> using

are using that address so this is using

are using that address so this is using
Y<10:09:32.756> that's<10:09:33.416> using<10:09:33.840> Zed

Y that's using Zed

Y that's using Zed
it<10:09:35.276> will<10:09:35.400> come<10:09:35.520> back<10:09:35.700> and<10:09:35.820> say<10:09:35.936> no<10:09:36.120> you<10:09:36.360> can't

it will come back and say no you can't

it will come back and say no you can't
use<10:09:36.720> that<10:09:36.900> address<10:09:37.080> but<10:09:37.500> in<10:09:37.680> this<10:09:37.800> case<10:09:37.916> my

use that address but in this case my

use that address but in this case my
example<10:09:38.580> here<10:09:38.756> nobody's<10:09:39.596> using<10:09:39.960> it

example here nobody's using it

example here nobody's using it
all<10:09:41.720> routers<10:09:42.720> must<10:09:42.900> join<10:09:43.140> the<10:09:43.256> All<10:09:43.380> host

all routers must join the All host

all routers must join the All host
multicast<10:09:44.276> group<10:09:44.580> of

multicast group of

multicast group of
ff02<10:09:47.040> and<10:09:47.936> then<10:09:48.000> whatever<10:09:48.240> in<10:09:48.596> the<10:09:48.720> middle<10:09:48.840> uh

ff02 and then whatever in the middle uh

ff02 and then whatever in the middle uh
one<10:09:49.916> so<10:09:50.276> it'll<10:09:50.460> all<10:09:50.580> be<10:09:50.756> zeros<10:09:51.180> and<10:09:51.596> then<10:09:51.720> one

one so it'll all be zeros and then one

one so it'll all be zeros and then one
and<10:09:52.680> the<10:09:52.860> all<10:09:53.040> routers<10:09:53.460> multicast<10:09:54.060> group<10:09:54.360> this

and the all routers multicast group this

and the all routers multicast group this
is<10:09:54.960> how<10:09:55.140> enable<10:09:55.436> Discovery<10:09:56.040> protocol<10:09:56.276> works

is how enable Discovery protocol works

is how enable Discovery protocol works
so<10:09:56.880> it<10:09:57.060> must<10:09:57.240> be<10:09:57.416> allocated<10:09:57.840> and<10:09:58.140> listening<10:09:58.436> to

so it must be allocated and listening to

so it must be allocated and listening to
these<10:09:59.220> two<10:09:59.340> addresses

these two addresses

these two addresses
and<10:10:01.080> if<10:10:01.256> I<10:10:01.500> issue<10:10:02.040> a<10:10:02.340> show<10:10:03.300> IPv6<10:10:04.256> interface

and if I issue a show IPv6 interface

and if I issue a show IPv6 interface
fast<10:10:05.276> ethernet<10:10:05.640> 0<10:10:05.936> 0<10:10:06.540> you<10:10:07.320> can<10:10:07.436> say<10:10:07.680> you<10:10:08.160> can

fast ethernet 0 0 you can say you can

fast ethernet 0 0 you can say you can
see<10:10:08.580> that<10:10:09.120> it's<10:10:09.300> joined<10:10:09.720> these<10:10:10.080> two<10:10:10.200> groups

see that it's joined these two groups

see that it's joined these two groups
appear<10:10:10.916> the<10:10:12.180> um<10:10:12.180> the<10:10:12.596> F2<10:10:13.080> and<10:10:13.620> the<10:10:13.740> F1

eui 64 addressing is the new part in the

eui 64 addressing is the new part in the
syllabus

syllabus

syllabus
yeah<10:10:23.756> so<10:10:24.540> I've<10:10:24.660> issued<10:10:25.080> a<10:10:25.140> show<10:10:25.320> ipv

yeah so I've issued a show ipv

yeah so I've issued a show ipv
IP<10:10:27.540> interface<10:10:27.960> sorry<10:10:28.200> I've<10:10:28.916> didn't<10:10:29.220> do<10:10:29.480> IPv6

IP interface sorry I've didn't do IPv6

IP interface sorry I've didn't do IPv6
because<10:10:31.820> I<10:10:32.820> want<10:10:32.936> to<10:10:33.060> see<10:10:33.180> what<10:10:33.416> the<10:10:33.540> MAC

because I want to see what the MAC

because I want to see what the MAC
address<10:10:33.960> is

address is

address is
because<10:10:36.240> this<10:10:36.720> is<10:10:36.900> how<10:10:37.140> eui<10:10:37.740> 64<10:10:38.300> obtains<10:10:39.300> the

because this is how eui 64 obtains the

because this is how eui 64 obtains the
um<10:10:40.560> eui<10:10:41.400> 64<10:10:41.880> address

um eui 64 address

um eui 64 address
so<10:10:44.040> this<10:10:44.640> is<10:10:44.756> how<10:10:45.000> or<10:10:45.180> one<10:10:45.416> of<10:10:45.480> the<10:10:45.540> ways<10:10:45.840> you

so this is how or one of the ways you

so this is how or one of the ways you
can<10:10:46.080> self<10:10:46.256> generate<10:10:46.980> an<10:10:47.096> interface<10:10:47.520> it<10:10:47.756> uses

can self generate an interface it uses

can self generate an interface it uses
the<10:10:48.180> MAC<10:10:48.360> address

the MAC address

the MAC address
the<10:10:50.640> 48-bit<10:10:51.180> MAC<10:10:51.360> address<10:10:51.540> obviously<10:10:52.320> we<10:10:52.860> need

the 48-bit MAC address obviously we need

the 48-bit MAC address obviously we need
128<10:10:54.000> bits<10:10:54.596> 48<10:10:55.140> bits<10:10:55.560> isn't<10:10:55.916> enough<10:10:56.040> to

128 bits 48 bits isn't enough to

128 bits 48 bits isn't enough to
generate<10:10:56.880> this<10:10:57.300> address

generate this address

generate this address
but<10:10:59.160> what<10:10:59.276> it<10:10:59.460> does<10:10:59.580> it<10:10:59.756> takes<10:10:59.880> the<10:11:00.060> MAC

but what it does it takes the MAC

but what it does it takes the MAC
address

address

address
it<10:11:02.040> inverts<10:11:02.460> the<10:11:02.640> seventh<10:11:03.120> bit<10:11:03.436> and<10:11:04.436> adds<10:11:04.860> FFF

it inverts the seventh bit and adds FFF

it inverts the seventh bit and adds FFF
Fe<10:11:05.700> in<10:11:06.120> the<10:11:06.240> center<10:11:06.380> so<10:11:07.380> right<10:11:08.276> in<10:11:08.520> the<10:11:08.640> middle

Fe in the center so right in the middle

Fe in the center so right in the middle
of<10:11:09.300> the<10:11:09.480> MAC<10:11:09.596> address<10:11:09.900> it's<10:11:10.740> going<10:11:11.040> to<10:11:11.220> add

of the MAC address it's going to add

of the MAC address it's going to add
fffe<10:11:13.620> make<10:11:14.400> sure<10:11:14.520> you<10:11:14.640> take<10:11:14.820> a<10:11:14.936> note<10:11:15.060> of<10:11:15.300> this

fffe make sure you take a note of this

fffe make sure you take a note of this
for<10:11:16.500> the<10:11:16.680> exam<10:11:16.980> so

for the exam so

for the exam so
uh<10:11:18.416> we've<10:11:18.776> got<10:11:19.020> zero<10:11:19.800> zero<10:11:20.220> one<10:11:20.640> one

uh we've got zero zero one one

uh we've got zero zero one one
hold<10:11:23.040> cover<10:11:23.276> white<10:11:23.640> it<10:11:23.820> doesn't<10:11:23.936> say<10:11:24.240> zero

hold cover white it doesn't say zero

hold cover white it doesn't say zero
zero<10:11:25.200> one<10:11:25.380> one<10:11:25.620> here<10:11:26.400> and<10:11:27.000> then<10:11:27.120> here's<10:11:27.840> the<10:11:27.960> a

zero one one here and then here's the a

zero one one here and then here's the a
here

here

here
and<10:11:31.320> then<10:11:31.436> you<10:11:31.560> can<10:11:31.680> see<10:11:31.860> the<10:11:32.220> fffe<10:11:33.120> has

and then you can see the fffe has

and then you can see the fffe has
appeared<10:11:33.900> he<10:11:34.740> has<10:11:34.980> inserted<10:11:35.700> it<10:11:35.880> and<10:11:36.540> then<10:11:36.660> it

appeared he has inserted it and then it

appeared he has inserted it and then it
carries<10:11:37.140> on<10:11:37.256> with<10:11:37.380> the<10:11:37.560> rest<10:11:37.620> of<10:11:37.740> the<10:11:37.800> MAC

carries on with the rest of the MAC

carries on with the rest of the MAC
address<10:11:38.096> BB<10:11:38.820> c<10:11:39.480> c<10:11:39.720> d<10:11:39.900> d<10:11:40.140> so<10:11:40.740> b<10:11:40.980> b<10:11:41.160> c<10:11:41.400> c<10:11:41.640> c<10:11:41.756> m<10:11:42.360> c<10:11:42.840> d<10:11:43.020> so

address BB c c d d so b b c c c m c d so

address BB c c d d so b b c c c m c d so
this<10:11:43.916> is<10:11:44.096> how<10:11:44.580> it<10:11:44.756> pads<10:11:45.240> out<10:11:45.300> the<10:11:45.596> address

this is how it pads out the address

this is how it pads out the address
so<10:11:47.520> there's<10:11:47.700> two<10:11:47.936> bits<10:11:48.360> Mac<10:11:48.960> address

so there's two bits Mac address

so there's two bits Mac address
plus<10:11:51.840> this<10:11:52.200> but<10:11:52.980> then<10:11:53.220> it<10:11:53.520> does<10:11:53.700> this<10:11:53.936> other

plus this but then it does this other

plus this but then it does this other
bit<10:11:54.360> here<10:11:54.540> which<10:11:54.840> is<10:11:54.960> inverting<10:11:55.500> the<10:11:55.800> seventh

bit here which is inverting the seventh

bit here which is inverting the seventh
bit

so

so
just<10:12:01.436> to<10:12:01.560> recap<10:12:01.860> what<10:12:02.040> I've<10:12:02.160> already<10:12:02.276> said

just to recap what I've already said

just to recap what I've already said
we're<10:12:03.060> looking<10:12:03.240> at<10:12:03.480> this<10:12:03.776> part<10:12:03.960> now<10:12:04.256> zero<10:12:05.040> zero

we're looking at this part now zero zero

we're looking at this part now zero zero
one<10:12:06.000> one<10:12:06.300> well<10:12:06.960> instead<10:12:07.320> of<10:12:07.436> that<10:12:07.560> now<10:12:07.680> we've

one one well instead of that now we've

one one well instead of that now we've
got<10:12:08.040> zero<10:12:08.756> two<10:12:09.120> one<10:12:09.416> one

all right so going into the seventh

all right so going into the seventh
seventh<10:12:18.540> most<10:12:18.900> significant<10:12:19.860> bit

seventh most significant bit

seventh most significant bit
so<10:12:22.200> this<10:12:22.380> is<10:12:22.620> our<10:12:22.800> sample<10:12:23.220> address<10:12:23.460> here

so this is our sample address here

so this is our sample address here
the<10:12:26.160> first<10:12:26.276> two<10:12:26.520> nibbles<10:12:27.060> uh<10:12:28.020> or<10:12:28.320> is<10:12:28.680> one<10:12:28.980> byte

the first two nibbles uh or is one byte

the first two nibbles uh or is one byte
so<10:12:29.880> this<10:12:30.180> is<10:12:30.320> 0.0<10:12:31.320> so<10:12:31.916> a<10:12:32.220> nibble<10:12:32.720> if<10:12:33.720> we<10:12:33.900> have

so this is 0.0 so a nibble if we have

so this is 0.0 so a nibble if we have
one<10:12:34.800> two<10:12:35.096> three<10:12:35.580> four<10:12:36.080> five<10:12:37.080> six<10:12:37.380> seven<10:12:37.800> eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight
so<10:12:38.756> eight<10:12:39.180> bits<10:12:39.596> is<10:12:39.900> one<10:12:40.140> byte<10:12:40.560> which<10:12:40.740> we've

so eight bits is one byte which we've

so eight bits is one byte which we've
covered<10:12:41.400> already<10:12:41.820> oops

covered already oops

covered already oops
one<10:12:44.276> byte

one byte

one byte
one<10:12:46.620> byte<10:12:47.096> eight<10:12:48.000> bits<10:12:48.480> but<10:12:49.020> what<10:12:49.320> we<10:12:49.500> can<10:12:49.620> do

one byte eight bits but what we can do

one byte eight bits but what we can do
is<10:12:50.096> kind<10:12:50.340> of<10:12:50.460> subdivide<10:12:51.000> it<10:12:51.120> in<10:12:51.300> the<10:12:51.416> middle

is kind of subdivide it in the middle

is kind of subdivide it in the middle
here

all right so our first two nibbles one

all right so our first two nibbles one
byte<10:13:06.720> here

byte here

byte here
is<10:13:08.460> zero<10:13:09.060> zero

is zero zero

is zero zero
which<10:13:10.680> would<10:13:10.916> have<10:13:11.096> all<10:13:11.400> the<10:13:11.520> binary<10:13:11.880> bits

which would have all the binary bits

which would have all the binary bits
basically<10:13:12.960> pretty<10:13:13.860> easy<10:13:14.040> to<10:13:14.340> work<10:13:14.460> out

so this here

so this here
if<10:13:20.096> you<10:13:20.160> write<10:13:20.340> it<10:13:20.520> out<10:13:20.640> with<10:13:20.756> a<10:13:20.936> nice<10:13:21.060> uh

if you write it out with a nice uh

if you write it out with a nice uh
font<10:13:22.800> is<10:13:23.160> zero<10:13:23.700> zero<10:13:24.000> zero<10:13:24.300> zero<10:13:24.660> zero<10:13:25.080> zero

font is zero zero zero zero zero zero

font is zero zero zero zero zero zero
zero<10:13:25.680> zero<10:13:26.040> so<10:13:26.520> what<10:13:26.756> we<10:13:26.880> need<10:13:27.000> to<10:13:27.120> do<10:13:27.300> is<10:13:27.540> flip

zero zero so what we need to do is flip

zero zero so what we need to do is flip
the<10:13:28.320> seventh<10:13:28.680> most<10:13:28.980> significant<10:13:29.520> bit

the seventh most significant bit

the seventh most significant bit
so<10:13:32.276> what<10:13:32.460> we've<10:13:32.580> done<10:13:32.820> is<10:13:33.060> one<10:13:33.900> two<10:13:34.380> three<10:13:35.340> four

so what we've done is one two three four

so what we've done is one two three four
five<10:13:36.256> six<10:13:37.256> seven<10:13:37.860> eight<10:13:38.756> so<10:13:39.540> this<10:13:39.840> is<10:13:40.020> the

five six seven eight so this is the

five six seven eight so this is the
seventh<10:13:40.680> most<10:13:40.916> significant<10:13:41.460> bit<10:13:41.700> and<10:13:42.416> what

seventh most significant bit and what

seventh most significant bit and what
we've<10:13:42.840> done<10:13:43.080> is<10:13:43.320> gone<10:13:43.620> all<10:13:43.860> the<10:13:43.980> way<10:13:44.040> over<10:13:44.220> here

we've done is gone all the way over here

we've done is gone all the way over here
to<10:13:45.240> find<10:13:45.360> the<10:13:45.540> seventh<10:13:45.900> bit<10:13:46.020> and<10:13:46.560> we've

to find the seventh bit and we've

to find the seventh bit and we've
flipped<10:13:47.220> it<10:13:47.340> so<10:13:47.880> whatever<10:13:48.060> it<10:13:48.360> was<10:13:48.480> here<10:13:48.776> in

flipped it so whatever it was here in

flipped it so whatever it was here in
binary<10:13:49.620> we<10:13:49.800> flipped<10:13:50.460> it<10:13:50.580> so<10:13:51.540> one

binary we flipped it so one

binary we flipped it so one
flip<10:13:54.416> two

now if you wrote that out uh this part

now if you wrote that out uh this part
here

here

here
you'd<10:14:07.320> have<10:14:07.980> um

you'd have um

you'd have um
your<10:14:09.300> zero<10:14:09.776> would<10:14:10.020> be<10:14:10.140> covered<10:14:10.560> two<10:14:10.680> that's

your zero would be covered two that's

your zero would be covered two that's
the<10:14:11.160> one<10:14:11.460> two<10:14:12.200> four<10:14:13.200> eight<10:14:13.800> one<10:14:14.640> two<10:14:15.480> four

the one two four eight one two four

the one two four eight one two four
eight<10:14:17.040> Okay<10:14:17.820> so<10:14:18.360> we've<10:14:18.720> uh<10:14:19.080> enabled<10:14:19.860> this

eight Okay so we've uh enabled this

eight Okay so we've uh enabled this
column<10:14:20.340> here<10:14:20.580> and<10:14:21.240> our<10:14:21.480> zero<10:14:21.960> has<10:14:22.256> flipped<10:14:22.740> to

column here and our zero has flipped to

column here and our zero has flipped to
A2

and you can see here zero two one one

and you can see here zero two one one
and<10:14:29.580> then<10:14:30.240> um<10:14:30.300> this<10:14:30.660> is<10:14:30.720> the<10:14:30.840> MAC<10:14:31.020> address

and then um this is the MAC address

and then um this is the MAC address
we've<10:14:32.160> got<10:14:32.276> the<10:14:32.400> fffe<10:14:33.180> in<10:14:33.300> the<10:14:33.416> middle<10:14:33.480> and

we've got the fffe in the middle and

we've got the fffe in the middle and
then<10:14:34.200> the<10:14:34.380> rest<10:14:34.436> of<10:14:34.620> the<10:14:34.680> MAC<10:14:34.800> address<10:14:35.040> this<10:14:35.820> is

then the rest of the MAC address this is

then the rest of the MAC address this is
how<10:14:36.060> you<10:14:36.180> work<10:14:36.360> it<10:14:36.540> out<10:14:36.660> you<10:14:36.840> might<10:14:36.960> get<10:14:37.200> a

how you work it out you might get a

how you work it out you might get a
question<10:14:37.436> on<10:14:37.740> this<10:14:37.916> so<10:14:38.160> this<10:14:38.400> is<10:14:38.520> why<10:14:38.756> I

question on this so this is why I

question on this so this is why I
brought<10:14:39.480> it<10:14:39.660> to<10:14:39.776> uh<10:14:40.140> your<10:14:40.380> attention<10:14:40.680> and<10:14:41.340> you

brought it to uh your attention and you

brought it to uh your attention and you
just<10:14:41.580> need<10:14:41.700> to<10:14:41.820> practice<10:14:42.000> a<10:14:42.300> few<10:14:42.480> examples

just need to practice a few examples

just need to practice a few examples
so<10:14:45.360> what<10:14:45.660> would<10:14:45.840> this<10:14:46.020> address<10:14:46.200> be<10:14:46.680> changed<10:14:47.160> to

so what would this address be changed to

so what would this address be changed to
if<10:14:47.820> you<10:14:48.180> write<10:14:48.480> it<10:14:48.776> down

all right so I've just carried it over

all right so I've just carried it over
to<10:14:55.320> the<10:14:55.500> next<10:14:55.620> slide<10:14:55.980> here

so Charlotte IPv6 interface we've got

so Charlotte IPv6 interface we've got
this<10:15:04.620> address<10:15:04.860> here<10:15:05.520> and<10:15:06.240> we<10:15:06.480> end<10:15:06.720> up<10:15:07.040> with

this address here and we end up with

this address here and we end up with
this<10:15:08.276> global<10:15:08.700> unicass<10:15:09.300> address<10:15:09.540> here

this global unicass address here

this global unicass address here
and<10:15:11.460> you<10:15:11.700> can<10:15:11.880> see<10:15:12.240> already<10:15:12.596> we've<10:15:13.080> got<10:15:13.256> the

and you can see already we've got the

and you can see already we've got the
fffe

fffe

fffe
created<10:15:15.960> here

created here

created here
so<10:15:17.820> and<10:15:18.300> because<10:15:18.720> it's<10:15:19.080> it<10:15:19.500> might<10:15:19.740> not<10:15:19.860> show

so and because it's it might not show

so and because it's it might not show
you<10:15:20.096> another

you another

you another
vendors<10:15:21.840> but<10:15:22.436> you<10:15:22.620> can<10:15:22.740> see<10:15:22.916> here<10:15:23.160> there's<10:15:23.400> a

vendors but you can see here there's a

vendors but you can see here there's a
clue<10:15:23.700> it<10:15:23.880> says<10:15:24.060> eui<10:15:24.660> so<10:15:25.320> we<10:15:25.436> know<10:15:25.620> eui<10:15:26.160> 64<10:15:26.520> is

clue it says eui so we know eui 64 is

clue it says eui so we know eui 64 is
addressing

addressing

addressing
well<10:15:28.380> C2<10:15:28.860> in<10:15:29.040> decimal<10:15:29.460> is<10:15:29.640> 192.

well C2 in decimal is 192.

well C2 in decimal is 192.
or<10:15:33.120> um<10:15:33.120> in<10:15:33.360> binary<10:15:33.840> here<10:15:34.740> one<10:15:35.460> one<10:15:35.700> zero<10:15:36.120> zero

or um in binary here one one zero zero

or um in binary here one one zero zero
double<10:15:37.320> one<10:15:37.680> double<10:15:37.980> zero<10:15:38.580> in<10:15:39.240> hexadecimal<10:15:40.080> is

double one double zero in hexadecimal is

double one double zero in hexadecimal is
C

C

C
and<10:15:42.360> if<10:15:42.540> you've<10:15:42.720> just<10:15:42.840> got<10:15:43.020> a<10:15:43.200> one<10:15:43.436> in<10:15:43.916> the<10:15:44.160> uh

and if you've just got a one in the uh

and if you've just got a one in the uh
two<10:15:45.000> the<10:15:45.360> two<10:15:45.596> column<10:15:45.900> here<10:15:46.140> so<10:15:46.500> one<10:15:47.220> two<10:15:47.840> four

two the two column here so one two four

two the two column here so one two four
eight<10:15:49.560> you<10:15:50.276> can<10:15:50.400> see<10:15:50.640> uh<10:15:51.480> that's<10:15:51.776> a<10:15:52.080> two

eight you can see uh that's a two

eight you can see uh that's a two
see<10:15:53.880> in<10:15:54.620> hexadecimal<10:15:55.620> is<10:15:55.740> 12<10:15:55.980> so<10:15:56.340> we've<10:15:56.520> got<10:15:56.640> 8

see in hexadecimal is 12 so we've got 8

see in hexadecimal is 12 so we've got 8
9<10:15:57.660> 10<10:15:57.900> 11<10:15:58.140> 12.<10:15:58.800> so<10:15:59.520> I<10:15:59.820> think<10:15:59.936> we've<10:16:00.180> covered<10:16:00.416> hex

9 10 11 12. so I think we've covered hex

9 10 11 12. so I think we've covered hex
earlier<10:16:01.080> so<10:16:01.916> you<10:16:02.040> swap<10:16:02.340> the<10:16:02.520> seventh<10:16:02.936> bit

earlier so you swap the seventh bit

earlier so you swap the seventh bit
so<10:16:05.000> one<10:16:06.000> two<10:16:06.540> three<10:16:07.080> four<10:16:07.500> five<10:16:07.860> six<10:16:08.220> seven

so one two three four five six seven

so one two three four five six seven
this<10:16:09.240> bit<10:16:09.416> has<10:16:09.720> to<10:16:09.840> be<10:16:09.960> swapped<10:16:10.380> if<10:16:10.560> we're

this bit has to be swapped if we're

this bit has to be swapped if we're
doing<10:16:10.860> the<10:16:11.040> UI<10:16:11.400> 64.

doing the UI 64.

doing the UI 64.
and<10:16:13.860> then<10:16:14.040> it<10:16:14.340> becomes<10:16:14.820> a<10:16:15.120> zero<10:16:15.596> if<10:16:16.080> you<10:16:16.256> work

and then it becomes a zero if you work

and then it becomes a zero if you work
this<10:16:16.740> out<10:16:16.916> zero<10:16:17.460> zero<10:16:17.756> zero<10:16:18.060> zero<10:16:18.480> the<10:16:19.020> second

this out zero zero zero zero the second

this out zero zero zero zero the second
part<10:16:19.560> is<10:16:20.040> uh<10:16:20.700> C<10:16:21.120> zero<10:16:21.776> so<10:16:22.620> here<10:16:22.916> we<10:16:23.096> go<10:16:23.276> c0<10:16:24.240> and

part is uh C zero so here we go c0 and

part is uh C zero so here we go c0 and
then<10:16:25.140> it<10:16:25.320> carries<10:16:25.620> on<10:16:25.800> as<10:16:26.040> normal<10:16:26.276> zero<10:16:26.880> zero

then it carries on as normal zero zero

then it carries on as normal zero zero
instead<10:16:27.720> of<10:16:27.840> C2

instead of C2

instead of C2
so<10:16:29.640> I<10:16:29.756> know<10:16:30.000> it's<10:16:30.180> a<10:16:30.240> lot<10:16:30.360> to<10:16:30.480> get<10:16:30.660> your<10:16:30.776> head

so I know it's a lot to get your head

so I know it's a lot to get your head
around<10:16:31.140> just<10:16:31.500> practice<10:16:31.740> it<10:16:32.040> watch<10:16:32.400> this<10:16:32.580> over

around just practice it watch this over

around just practice it watch this over
a<10:16:33.000> few<10:16:33.120> times<10:16:33.300> and<10:16:33.540> then<10:16:33.660> practice<10:16:33.840> some<10:16:34.080> of

a few times and then practice some of

a few times and then practice some of
your<10:16:34.320> own<10:16:34.436> examples

your own examples

your own examples
applying<10:16:37.436> it<10:16:37.620> enter<10:16:37.916> your<10:16:38.220> desired<10:16:38.700> subnet

applying it enter your desired subnet

applying it enter your desired subnet
and<10:16:39.360> then<10:16:39.540> add<10:16:39.840> the<10:16:40.080> command<10:16:40.620> the<10:16:41.276> tag<10:16:41.596> eui<10:16:42.596> 64.

and then add the command the tag eui 64.

and then add the command the tag eui 64.
this<10:16:43.680> is<10:16:43.740> how<10:16:43.916> you<10:16:44.040> do<10:16:44.160> it<10:16:44.276> in<10:16:44.400> Cisco<10:16:44.820> you<10:16:45.180> won't

this is how you do it in Cisco you won't

this is how you do it in Cisco you won't
be<10:16:45.416> asked<10:16:45.720> about<10:16:45.776> vendors<10:16:46.436> or<10:16:47.096> how<10:16:47.276> to<10:16:47.400> apply

be asked about vendors or how to apply

be asked about vendors or how to apply
it<10:16:47.756> I'm<10:16:47.880> sure<10:16:48.060> I'm<10:16:48.240> just<10:16:48.416> telling<10:16:48.660> you<10:16:48.720> how<10:16:48.960> it

it I'm sure I'm just telling you how it

it I'm sure I'm just telling you how it
works<10:16:49.460> so<10:16:50.460> I've<10:16:50.936> added<10:16:51.360> this<10:16:51.416> address<10:16:51.596> I<10:16:51.960> want

works so I've added this address I want

works so I've added this address I want
to<10:16:52.320> say<10:16:52.500> we're<10:16:52.860> using<10:16:53.756> um

to say we're using um

to say we're using um
this<10:16:55.460> subnet<10:16:56.460> here<10:16:56.700> this<10:16:57.060> address<10:16:57.500> and<10:16:58.500> uh

this subnet here this address and uh

this subnet here this address and uh
double<10:16:59.640> colon<10:17:00.240> so<10:17:01.140> I<10:17:01.320> don't<10:17:01.560> care<10:17:01.680> what<10:17:01.860> goes

double colon so I don't care what goes

double colon so I don't care what goes
there

there

there
64<10:17:04.020> and<10:17:04.500> then<10:17:04.620> I<10:17:04.740> add<10:17:04.860> the<10:17:05.040> tag<10:17:05.276> basically

64 and then I add the tag basically

64 and then I add the tag basically
saying<10:17:06.180> you<10:17:07.560> um<10:17:07.620> you<10:17:08.460> allocate

uh using the MAC address plus the

uh using the MAC address plus the
seventh

seventh

seventh
bit<10:17:18.840> rule<10:17:19.380> which<10:17:19.860> will<10:17:20.096> swap<10:17:20.520> the<10:17:21.060> seventh

bit rule which will swap the seventh

bit rule which will swap the seventh
most<10:17:21.480> significant<10:17:21.960> bit<10:17:22.200> from<10:17:22.800> a<10:17:22.916> zero<10:17:23.340> to<10:17:23.400> one

most significant bit from a zero to one

most significant bit from a zero to one
or<10:17:24.416> one<10:17:24.776> to<10:17:24.900> a<10:17:25.080> zero

and here's the command on an actual

and here's the command on an actual
router<10:17:32.276> so<10:17:32.580> yeah<10:17:32.700> you<10:17:32.936> have<10:17:33.120> to<10:17:33.300> you<10:17:33.900> can't

router so yeah you have to you can't

router so yeah you have to you can't
just<10:17:34.200> say<10:17:34.500> create<10:17:35.160> the<10:17:35.400> entire<10:17:35.756> address<10:17:36.000> for

just say create the entire address for

just say create the entire address for
the<10:17:36.416> routable<10:17:36.776> address

the routable address

the routable address
um<10:17:38.820> you<10:17:39.416> have<10:17:39.540> to<10:17:39.660> add<10:17:39.720> this<10:17:39.960> tag<10:17:40.200> here

all right next is the neighbor Discovery

all right next is the neighbor Discovery
protocol<10:17:46.800> which<10:17:47.220> is<10:17:47.276> a<10:17:47.460> major<10:17:47.640> feature<10:17:48.180> of<10:17:48.660> uh

protocol which is a major feature of uh

protocol which is a major feature of uh
of<10:17:50.096> IPv6<10:17:50.820> this<10:17:51.596> allows<10:17:52.080> other<10:17:52.436> routers<10:17:52.980> on<10:17:53.220> the

of IPv6 this allows other routers on the

of IPv6 this allows other routers on the
link<10:17:53.460> to<10:17:53.640> be<10:17:53.820> discovered<10:17:54.240> there's<10:17:54.720> a<10:17:54.900> couple

link to be discovered there's a couple

link to be discovered there's a couple
of<10:17:55.080> messages<10:17:55.380> you<10:17:55.800> you<10:17:56.040> need<10:17:56.276> to<10:17:56.400> be<10:17:56.520> aware<10:17:56.756> of

of messages you you need to be aware of

of messages you you need to be aware of
which<10:17:57.720> is<10:17:57.900> RS<10:17:58.640> router<10:17:59.640> solicitation<10:18:00.300> like<10:18:01.200> are

which is RS router solicitation like are

which is RS router solicitation like are
are<10:18:01.800> any<10:18:02.040> routers<10:18:02.520> on<10:18:02.700> the<10:18:02.820> link<10:18:03.000> this<10:18:03.720> is<10:18:03.840> the

are any routers on the link this is the

are any routers on the link this is the
router<10:18:04.436> solicitation<10:18:05.096> message

router solicitation message

router solicitation message
and<10:18:06.596> it's<10:18:06.720> sent<10:18:06.960> out<10:18:07.200> saying<10:18:07.620> what<10:18:07.740> what<10:18:07.980> else

and it's sent out saying what what else

and it's sent out saying what what else
is<10:18:08.400> here

is here

is here
the<10:18:10.560> router<10:18:10.980> advertisement<10:18:11.660> is<10:18:12.660> the<10:18:13.140> reply

the router advertisement is the reply

the router advertisement is the reply
you'll<10:18:14.160> get<10:18:14.276> from<10:18:14.580> the<10:18:14.756> routers<10:18:15.240> IPv6<10:18:16.080> routers

you'll get from the routers IPv6 routers

you'll get from the routers IPv6 routers
uh<10:18:18.240> yep<10:18:18.840> I'm<10:18:19.080> here<10:18:19.460> R<10:18:20.460> A<10:18:20.756> I'm<10:18:21.300> here

uh yep I'm here R A I'm here

uh yep I'm here R A I'm here
it<10:18:23.460> just<10:18:23.580> give<10:18:23.756> us<10:18:23.960> prefixes<10:18:24.960> so<10:18:25.200> whatever

it just give us prefixes so whatever

it just give us prefixes so whatever
your<10:18:26.096> prefix<10:18:26.756> is<10:18:27.000> on<10:18:27.180> the<10:18:27.300> network

Etc these routers will say we're using

Etc these routers will say we're using
this<10:18:36.240> prefix<10:18:36.720> and<10:18:37.200> then<10:18:37.320> this<10:18:37.680> will<10:18:37.980> be<10:18:38.096> able

this prefix and then this will be able

this prefix and then this will be able
to<10:18:38.400> Auto<10:18:38.880> allocate<10:18:39.416> an<10:18:39.596> address<10:18:39.776> so<10:18:40.320> it<10:18:40.500> can

to Auto allocate an address so it can

to Auto allocate an address so it can
communicate<10:18:41.160> communicate<10:18:41.700> on<10:18:41.820> the<10:18:41.936> subnet

communicate communicate on the subnet

communicate communicate on the subnet
so<10:18:44.520> this<10:18:44.700> replaces<10:18:45.300> our<10:18:45.660> we<10:18:46.020> don't<10:18:46.140> have<10:18:46.320> ARP

so this replaces our we don't have ARP

so this replaces our we don't have ARP
working<10:18:47.640> on<10:18:48.120> the<10:18:48.480> uh<10:18:48.960> on<10:18:49.200> IPv6<10:18:49.860> subnets

working on the uh on IPv6 subnets

working on the uh on IPv6 subnets
also<10:18:52.560> works<10:18:52.860> to<10:18:52.916> duplicate<10:18:53.276> address

also works to duplicate address

also works to duplicate address
detection<10:18:54.000> which<10:18:54.360> I've<10:18:54.480> already<10:18:54.660> mentioned

detection which I've already mentioned

detection which I've already mentioned
the<10:18:56.160> device<10:18:56.340> the<10:18:56.640> ipvx<10:18:57.300> ibv6<10:18:58.256> device<10:18:58.500> will<10:18:58.800> say

the device the ipvx ibv6 device will say

the device the ipvx ibv6 device will say
I<10:18:59.160> want<10:18:59.340> to<10:18:59.460> use<10:18:59.580> address<10:18:59.880> X<10:19:00.360> are<10:19:01.140> any<10:19:01.380> of<10:19:01.560> you

I want to use address X are any of you

I want to use address X are any of you
using<10:19:02.096> it<10:19:02.220> and<10:19:02.460> then<10:19:02.640> there'll<10:19:02.936> be<10:19:03.000> a<10:19:03.180> reply<10:19:03.720> if

using it and then there'll be a reply if

using it and then there'll be a reply if
it<10:19:04.020> is<10:19:04.080> in<10:19:04.320> use

so there was solicitation asking for a

so there was solicitation asking for a
neighbor's<10:19:10.140> information

neighbor's information

neighbor's information
their<10:19:11.880> neighbor<10:19:12.120> advertisement<10:19:12.776> you

their neighbor advertisement you

their neighbor advertisement you
advertise<10:19:13.620> yourself<10:19:13.860> out<10:19:14.340> to<10:19:14.580> Neighbors

advertise yourself out to Neighbors

advertise yourself out to Neighbors
the<10:19:16.980> solicitation<10:19:17.880> asks<10:19:18.416> for<10:19:18.480> information

the solicitation asks for information

the solicitation asks for information
about<10:19:19.080> local<10:19:19.380> routers<10:19:19.916> these<10:19:20.160> are<10:19:20.276> the<10:19:20.340> four

about local routers these are the four

about local routers these are the four
types<10:19:20.936> that<10:19:21.120> you<10:19:21.240> need<10:19:21.360> to<10:19:21.416> know<10:19:21.540> about<10:19:21.916> router

types that you need to know about router

types that you need to know about router
advertisement<10:19:23.460> advertise<10:19:24.120> yourself<10:19:24.360> as

advertisement advertise yourself as

advertisement advertise yourself as
active<10:19:25.080> these<10:19:25.560> are<10:19:25.620> the<10:19:25.740> four<10:19:25.860> types<10:19:26.276> so<10:19:26.400> make

active these are the four types so make

active these are the four types so make
a<10:19:26.880> note<10:19:27.000> of<10:19:27.180> them

the idea I've already mentioned the

the idea I've already mentioned the
neighbor<10:19:31.620> advertisements<10:19:32.520> are<10:19:32.640> sent<10:19:32.880> to

neighbor advertisements are sent to

neighbor advertisements are sent to
check<10:19:33.300> if<10:19:33.480> your<10:19:33.720> address<10:19:34.020> is<10:19:34.320> unique<10:19:34.740> this<10:19:35.580> is

check if your address is unique this is

check if your address is unique this is
the<10:19:35.880> address<10:19:35.936> it's<10:19:36.300> sent<10:19:36.540> to<10:19:36.776> which<10:19:37.320> is<10:19:37.740> the<10:19:38.580> um

the address it's sent to which is the um

the address it's sent to which is the um
save<10:19:38.936> as<10:19:39.120> a<10:19:39.240> broadcast<10:19:39.360> address<10:19:39.720> but<10:19:40.080> we're

save as a broadcast address but we're

save as a broadcast address but we're
multi-cat<10:19:40.800> we're<10:19:41.160> multicasting<10:19:41.936> in<10:19:42.776> IPv6

multi-cat we're multicasting in IPv6

multi-cat we're multicasting in IPv6
no<10:19:45.360> reply<10:19:45.720> means<10:19:46.080> your<10:19:46.200> address<10:19:46.380> is<10:19:46.680> available

no reply means your address is available

no reply means your address is available
to<10:19:47.340> use<10:19:47.580> the<10:19:48.240> amount<10:19:48.540> of<10:19:48.660> air<10:19:48.840> seconds

should vary from vendor to vendor I

should vary from vendor to vendor I
haven't<10:19:54.480> read<10:19:54.720> the<10:19:54.840> RFC<10:19:55.320> actually<10:19:55.620> but<10:19:56.220> if<10:19:56.460> you

haven't read the RFC actually but if you

haven't read the RFC actually but if you
really<10:19:56.700> wanted<10:19:56.936> to<10:19:57.120> you<10:19:57.300> can<10:19:57.480> read<10:19:57.596> it

so you can see the advertisement is

so you can see the advertisement is
going<10:20:02.880> out<10:20:03.120> with<10:20:03.360> this<10:20:03.540> address<10:20:03.720> reply<10:20:04.620> if<10:20:04.860> you

going out with this address reply if you

going out with this address reply if you
are<10:20:05.276> this<10:20:05.700> address

are this address

are this address
using<10:20:07.800> the<10:20:07.936> icmpv6<10:20:08.936> packet

using the icmpv6 packet

using the icmpv6 packet
um<10:20:11.460> and<10:20:11.880> then<10:20:12.060> the

um and then the

um and then the
advertisement<10:20:14.756> here<10:20:15.120> I<10:20:15.660> am<10:20:15.840> this<10:20:16.320> address<10:20:16.500> so

advertisement here I am this address so

advertisement here I am this address so
basically<10:20:17.160> you<10:20:17.400> can't<10:20:17.580> use<10:20:17.820> it

DHCP version 6 is used for IPv6 this is

DHCP version 6 is used for IPv6 this is
for<10:20:25.320> auto<10:20:25.560> allocation<10:20:26.096> of<10:20:26.276> addresses

for auto allocation of addresses

for auto allocation of addresses
also<10:20:28.380> used<10:20:28.560> with<10:20:28.860> uh<10:20:29.276> it's<10:20:29.580> used<10:20:29.756> in

also used with uh it's used in

also used with uh it's used in
conjunction<10:20:30.300> with<10:20:30.596> DNS<10:20:31.080> for<10:20:31.380> IPv6

conjunction with DNS for IPv6

conjunction with DNS for IPv6
and<10:20:34.380> here's<10:20:34.740> the<10:20:34.800> RSC<10:20:35.276> if<10:20:35.460> you've<10:20:35.640> got<10:20:35.756> some

and here's the RSC if you've got some

and here's the RSC if you've got some
spare<10:20:36.180> time<10:20:36.300> in<10:20:36.540> your<10:20:36.660> hands<10:20:37.160> allocate<10:20:38.160> IPv6

spare time in your hands allocate IPv6

spare time in your hands allocate IPv6
information<10:20:39.240> to<10:20:39.660> hose<10:20:39.960> obviously<10:20:40.936> the<10:20:41.936> IPv6

information to hose obviously the IPv6

information to hose obviously the IPv6
is<10:20:43.620> um

the Gateway the the DNS server

the Gateway the the DNS server
and<10:20:51.480> another<10:20:51.900> DHCP<10:20:52.800> information

host can request it with an outgoing

host can request it with an outgoing
router<10:20:57.900> advertisement<10:20:58.436> message

router advertisement message

router advertisement message
allocated<10:21:01.320> and<10:21:01.436> requested<10:21:01.916> using<10:21:02.520> UDP<10:21:02.880> bear

allocated and requested using UDP bear

allocated and requested using UDP bear
that<10:21:03.360> in<10:21:03.480> mind<10:21:03.660> because<10:21:03.840> some<10:21:04.020> people<10:21:04.140> think

that in mind because some people think

that in mind because some people think
it's<10:21:04.500> TCP<10:21:05.220> it's<10:21:06.060> Port<10:21:06.436> 546<10:21:07.436> and<10:21:07.620> 547

the other subject you need to be aware

the other subject you need to be aware
of<10:21:12.840> now<10:21:13.200> is<10:21:13.560> if<10:21:13.800> you're<10:21:14.096> running<10:21:14.540> uh<10:21:15.916> IPv6<10:21:17.120> on

of now is if you're running uh IPv6 on

of now is if you're running uh IPv6 on
your<10:21:18.300> network<10:21:18.540> and<10:21:19.256> then<10:21:19.380> ipv4<10:21:20.096> nobody<10:21:20.880> is

your network and then ipv4 nobody is

your network and then ipv4 nobody is
going<10:21:21.300> to

going to

going to
come<10:21:22.560> into<10:21:22.680> work<10:21:23.096> one<10:21:23.936> day<10:21:24.180> and<10:21:24.596> have<10:21:24.900> ipv4

come into work one day and have ipv4

come into work one day and have ipv4
taken<10:21:26.820> off<10:21:26.936> and<10:21:27.416> only<10:21:27.596> even<10:21:27.776> in<10:21:28.020> IPv6<10:21:28.800> you're

taken off and only even in IPv6 you're

taken off and only even in IPv6 you're
going<10:21:29.700> to<10:21:29.820> have<10:21:30.000> a<10:21:30.416> transition<10:21:30.900> period<10:21:31.320> where

going to have a transition period where

going to have a transition period where
you're<10:21:31.740> running<10:21:32.000> both<10:21:33.000> of<10:21:33.180> these<10:21:33.416> protocols

you're running both of these protocols

you're running both of these protocols
so<10:21:34.020> what's<10:21:34.200> going<10:21:34.380> to<10:21:34.500> happen<10:21:34.620> is<10:21:34.860> somehow

so what's going to happen is somehow

so what's going to happen is somehow
IPv6<10:21:36.900> host<10:21:37.860> reaches<10:21:38.460> an<10:21:38.640> ipv4<10:21:39.240> router<10:21:40.320> and

IPv6 host reaches an ipv4 router and

IPv6 host reaches an ipv4 router and
what<10:21:40.980> you're<10:21:41.160> going<10:21:41.340> to<10:21:41.460> have<10:21:41.520> to<10:21:41.700> do

what you're going to have to do

what you're going to have to do
is<10:21:44.040> tunnel<10:21:44.520> the<10:21:45.360> IPv6

is tunnel the IPv6

is tunnel the IPv6
information<10:21:47.936> inside

an ipv4 packet with a header and the

an ipv4 packet with a header and the
trailer<10:21:56.096> running<10:21:56.400> ipv4

there's a few versions isotap

there's a few versions isotap
uh

uh

uh
64<10:22:04.620> to<10:22:04.980> the<10:22:05.220> link

64 to the link

64 to the link
dual<10:22:06.540> stack<10:22:06.776> is<10:22:06.960> when<10:22:07.140> you're<10:22:07.200> running<10:22:07.380> both

dual stack is when you're running both

dual stack is when you're running both
at<10:22:08.640> the<10:22:08.756> same<10:22:08.880> time

at the same time

at the same time
there's<10:22:10.436> a<10:22:10.680> static<10:22:11.040> to<10:22:11.220> null<10:22:11.520> I<10:22:12.180> think<10:22:12.480> yeah

there's a static to null I think yeah

there's a static to null I think yeah
that's<10:22:13.256> different<10:22:13.436> to<10:22:13.680> GRE<10:22:14.060> you<10:22:15.060> don't<10:22:15.120> have

that's different to GRE you don't have

that's different to GRE you don't have
to<10:22:15.360> know<10:22:15.540> the<10:22:15.720> config<10:22:16.080> so<10:22:16.320> don't<10:22:16.436> worry<10:22:16.620> about

to know the config so don't worry about

to know the config so don't worry about
it<10:22:16.980> generic<10:22:17.580> routing<10:22:17.936> encapsulation<10:22:18.540> has

it generic routing encapsulation has

it generic routing encapsulation has
been<10:22:19.080> around<10:22:19.200> a<10:22:19.436> long<10:22:19.620> time<10:22:19.800> but<10:22:20.340> you<10:22:20.520> can<10:22:20.640> use

been around a long time but you can use

been around a long time but you can use
that<10:22:21.060> for<10:22:21.596> tunnel<10:22:21.900> in

that for tunnel in

that for tunnel in
automatic<10:22:24.180> as<10:22:24.900> another<10:22:25.680> type<10:22:25.980> you<10:22:26.340> can<10:22:26.400> choose

automatic as another type you can choose

automatic as another type you can choose
from

from

from
if<10:22:28.800> you<10:22:28.916> want<10:22:29.040> to<10:22:29.160> study<10:22:29.460> more<10:22:29.580> I<10:22:29.820> recommend

if you want to study more I recommend

if you want to study more I recommend
everyone<10:22:30.596> needs<10:22:31.320> to<10:22:31.380> do<10:22:31.560> about

everyone needs to do about

everyone needs to do about
uh<10:22:33.776> four<10:22:34.020> hours

uh four hours

uh four hours
studying<10:22:36.120> to<10:22:36.300> IPv6<10:22:36.960> this<10:22:37.740> is<10:22:37.860> for<10:22:38.220> interviews

studying to IPv6 this is for interviews

studying to IPv6 this is for interviews
technical<10:22:41.276> jobs<10:22:41.936> uh<10:22:42.900> technical<10:22:43.256> interviews

technical jobs uh technical interviews

technical jobs uh technical interviews
and<10:22:44.640> just<10:22:44.880> to<10:22:45.000> do<10:22:45.240> your<10:22:45.540> day-to-day<10:22:46.080> job<10:22:46.320> you

and just to do your day-to-day job you

and just to do your day-to-day job you
do<10:22:46.680> need<10:22:46.860> to<10:22:46.980> understand<10:22:47.160> it<10:22:47.580> there's<10:22:48.360> a

do need to understand it there's a

do need to understand it there's a
course<10:22:48.900> on<10:22:49.320> them<10:22:49.500> cartoon<10:22:49.916> network.com<10:22:50.660> it's

course on them cartoon network.com it's

course on them cartoon network.com it's
16<10:22:51.960> hours<10:22:52.320> in<10:22:52.680> total<10:22:52.980> but<10:22:53.220> I<10:22:53.340> broke<10:22:53.520> it<10:22:53.700> down

16 hours in total but I broke it down

16 hours in total but I broke it down
into<10:22:54.060> I<10:22:54.360> think<10:22:54.480> the<10:22:54.660> beginner<10:22:55.256> course<10:22:55.560> is

into I think the beginner course is

into I think the beginner course is
about<10:22:56.040> three<10:22:56.580> there's<10:22:57.540> an<10:22:57.776> intermediate<10:22:58.320> with

about three there's an intermediate with

about three there's an intermediate with
loads<10:22:58.800> of<10:22:58.860> routing

loads of routing

loads of routing
and<10:23:00.776> then<10:23:00.960> maybe<10:23:01.380> I<10:23:01.980> think<10:23:02.240> five<10:23:03.240> or<10:23:03.540> I'm

and then maybe I think five or I'm

and then maybe I think five or I'm
trying<10:23:04.080> to<10:23:04.200> do<10:23:04.380> my<10:23:04.500> math<10:23:04.620> now<10:23:04.860> six<10:23:05.160> to<10:23:05.340> 12.

trying to do my math now six to 12.

trying to do my math now six to 12.
seven<10:23:06.900> hours<10:23:07.200> extra<10:23:07.980> which<10:23:08.520> is<10:23:08.700> Advanced<10:23:09.416> so

seven hours extra which is Advanced so

seven hours extra which is Advanced so
you<10:23:10.200> could<10:23:10.256> just<10:23:10.436> do<10:23:10.680> one<10:23:11.096> part<10:23:11.340> and<10:23:11.640> then<10:23:11.820> when

you could just do one part and then when

you could just do one part and then when
you<10:23:12.060> come<10:23:12.240> to<10:23:12.360> do<10:23:12.480> something<10:23:12.660> a<10:23:12.900> bit<10:23:13.020> more

you come to do something a bit more

you come to do something a bit more
difficult<10:23:13.436> do<10:23:13.680> the<10:23:13.860> second<10:23:14.040> part<10:23:14.276> and<10:23:14.820> if<10:23:14.936> you

difficult do the second part and if you

difficult do the second part and if you
want<10:23:15.180> the<10:23:15.416> third<10:23:15.596> but<10:23:16.680> um<10:23:16.680> you<10:23:17.040> really<10:23:17.160> do<10:23:17.400> need

want the third but um you really do need

want the third but um you really do need
to<10:23:17.700> know<10:23:17.820> IPv6<10:23:18.540> I've<10:23:18.776> been<10:23:18.960> talking<10:23:19.080> about

to know IPv6 I've been talking about

to know IPv6 I've been talking about
this<10:23:19.620> for<10:23:19.980> about<10:23:20.220> four<10:23:21.000> years<10:23:21.300> now<10:23:21.596> and<10:23:22.256> it's

this for about four years now and it's

this for about four years now and it's
becoming<10:23:22.860> more<10:23:23.096> and<10:23:23.276> more<10:23:23.700> urgent<10:23:23.880> so<10:23:24.120> you<10:23:24.416> I

becoming more and more urgent so you I

becoming more and more urgent so you I
used<10:23:25.080> to<10:23:25.200> recommend<10:23:25.500> it<10:23:25.740> and<10:23:25.980> now<10:23:26.220> basically

used to recommend it and now basically

used to recommend it and now basically
the<10:23:27.120> the<10:23:27.416> level<10:23:27.960> of<10:23:28.320> uh<10:23:29.160> understanding<10:23:29.700> in<10:23:30.000> the

the the level of uh understanding in the

the the level of uh understanding in the
the<10:23:30.360> level<10:23:30.596> of<10:23:30.776> adoption<10:23:31.140> is<10:23:31.380> basically<10:23:31.680> you

the level of adoption is basically you

the level of adoption is basically you
you<10:23:32.096> have<10:23:32.520> to<10:23:32.640> know<10:23:32.820> it<10:23:33.000> it's<10:23:33.660> just<10:23:33.840> like<10:23:34.020> not

you have to know it it's just like not

you have to know it it's just like not
knowing<10:23:34.560> ipv4<10:23:35.340> now<10:23:35.700> if<10:23:35.936> you<10:23:36.000> go<10:23:36.120> into<10:23:36.240> it<10:23:36.660> um<10:23:36.660> if

knowing ipv4 now if you go into it um if

knowing ipv4 now if you go into it um if
you<10:23:37.080> go<10:23:37.256> into<10:23:37.380> an<10:23:37.560> interview<10:23:37.680> so<10:23:38.640> please<10:23:38.820> do

you go into an interview so please do

you go into an interview so please do
learn<10:23:39.300> it<10:23:39.680> and<10:23:40.680> we've<10:23:41.276> covered<10:23:41.520> IPv6<10:23:42.360> address

learn it and we've covered IPv6 address

learn it and we've covered IPv6 address
types<10:23:43.560> Navy<10:23:44.160> Discovery<10:23:44.960> eui<10:23:45.960> 64<10:23:46.436> and<10:23:47.340> then

types Navy Discovery eui 64 and then

types Navy Discovery eui 64 and then
tunnel<10:23:47.880> in<10:23:48.060> that's<10:23:48.416> all<10:23:48.660> for<10:23:48.840> now<10:23:49.020> thanks<10:23:49.380> for

tunnel in that's all for now thanks for

tunnel in that's all for now thanks for
listening

[Music]

[Music]
thank<10:24:02.936> you

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP
assigning<10:24:18.596> and<10:24:18.960> addressing<10:24:19.500> methods

assigning and addressing methods

assigning and addressing methods
so<10:24:21.240> having<10:24:21.416> discussed<10:24:21.900> both<10:24:22.080> ipv4<10:24:22.916> and<10:24:23.160> IPv6

so having discussed both ipv4 and IPv6

so having discussed both ipv4 and IPv6
and<10:24:24.060> the<10:24:24.180> difference<10:24:24.360> between<10:24:24.596> these

and the difference between these

and the difference between these
different<10:24:25.560> types<10:24:25.980> of<10:24:26.096> IP<10:24:26.460> addresses<10:24:26.936> we<10:24:27.480> now

different types of IP addresses we now

different types of IP addresses we now
want<10:24:27.840> to<10:24:28.020> talk<10:24:28.200> specifically<10:24:29.096> and<10:24:29.340> in<10:24:29.580> more

want to talk specifically and in more

want to talk specifically and in more
depth<10:24:30.060> about<10:24:30.800> how<10:24:31.800> IP<10:24:32.276> addresses<10:24:32.880> are

depth about how IP addresses are

depth about how IP addresses are
assigned<10:24:33.960> to<10:24:34.436> a<10:24:34.680> specific<10:24:34.916> node<10:24:35.520> or<10:24:35.820> client<10:24:36.300> or

assigned to a specific node or client or

assigned to a specific node or client or
server<10:24:37.620> so<10:24:38.040> in<10:24:38.276> this<10:24:38.460> module<10:24:38.880> we're<10:24:39.300> going<10:24:39.480> to

server so in this module we're going to

server so in this module we're going to
look<10:24:39.776> at<10:24:40.020> the<10:24:40.256> two<10:24:40.500> different<10:24:40.740> ways<10:24:41.160> that<10:24:41.400> IP

look at the two different ways that IP

look at the two different ways that IP
addresses<10:24:42.300> are<10:24:42.900> assigned<10:24:43.436> this<10:24:44.160> involves

addresses are assigned this involves

addresses are assigned this involves
defining<10:24:45.120> the<10:24:45.416> first<10:24:45.540> static<10:24:46.320> IP<10:24:46.620> addressing

defining the first static IP addressing

defining the first static IP addressing
static<10:24:48.180> meaning<10:24:48.540> that<10:24:48.840> the<10:24:49.020> IP<10:24:49.320> address<10:24:49.500> is

static meaning that the IP address is

static meaning that the IP address is
always<10:24:50.220> the<10:24:50.580> same<10:24:50.700> and<10:24:51.540> dynamic<10:24:52.380> IP

always the same and dynamic IP

always the same and dynamic IP
addressing<10:24:53.340> which<10:24:53.880> means<10:24:54.120> that<10:24:54.300> the<10:24:54.480> IP

addressing which means that the IP

addressing which means that the IP
address<10:24:54.960> can<10:24:55.436> change<10:24:55.740> we<10:24:56.580> also<10:24:56.820> want<10:24:57.000> to<10:24:57.180> talk

address can change we also want to talk

address can change we also want to talk
about<10:24:57.720> the<10:24:58.200> strengths<10:24:58.740> and<10:24:59.160> weaknesses<10:24:59.756> of

about the strengths and weaknesses of

about the strengths and weaknesses of
each<10:25:00.660> of<10:25:00.840> these<10:25:01.020> addressing<10:25:01.620> methods<10:25:02.040> and<10:25:02.756> we

each of these addressing methods and we

each of these addressing methods and we
want<10:25:03.120> to<10:25:03.240> compare<10:25:03.660> the<10:25:04.020> features<10:25:04.436> of<10:25:04.916> one<10:25:05.220> and

want to compare the features of one and

want to compare the features of one and
the<10:25:05.580> other

the other

the other
we're<10:25:06.720> also<10:25:07.020> going<10:25:07.256> to<10:25:07.880> identify<10:25:08.880> when<10:25:09.360> we

we're also going to identify when we

we're also going to identify when we
want<10:25:09.720> to<10:25:09.900> use<10:25:10.140> Dynamic<10:25:10.800> IP<10:25:11.096> addressing<10:25:11.580> as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as
opposed<10:25:12.540> to<10:25:12.720> static<10:25:13.200> IP<10:25:13.436> addressing<10:25:14.400> and

opposed to static IP addressing and

opposed to static IP addressing and
Define<10:25:15.180> when<10:25:15.900> we're<10:25:16.020> talking<10:25:16.256> about<10:25:16.500> Dynamic

Define when we're talking about Dynamic

Define when we're talking about Dynamic
IP<10:25:17.400> addressing<10:25:17.880> the<10:25:18.300> terms<10:25:18.740> DHCP<10:25:19.740> the<10:25:20.640> server

IP addressing the terms DHCP the server

IP addressing the terms DHCP the server
and<10:25:21.240> protocol<10:25:21.596> that<10:25:22.020> are<10:25:22.200> responsible<10:25:22.740> for

and protocol that are responsible for

and protocol that are responsible for
allowing<10:25:23.520> Dynamic<10:25:24.000> IP<10:25:24.240> addressing<10:25:24.660> to<10:25:24.840> work

allowing Dynamic IP addressing to work

allowing Dynamic IP addressing to work
something<10:25:25.860> called<10:25:26.160> the<10:25:26.460> scope<10:25:26.756> which<10:25:27.596> lets

something called the scope which lets

something called the scope which lets
the<10:25:28.500> DHCP<10:25:29.460> server<10:25:30.060> know<10:25:30.540> which<10:25:30.840> IP<10:25:31.200> addresses

the DHCP server know which IP addresses

the DHCP server know which IP addresses
are<10:25:31.800> up<10:25:31.980> for<10:25:32.220> grabs<10:25:32.700> and<10:25:33.596> then<10:25:33.776> the<10:25:34.080> lease

are up for grabs and then the lease

are up for grabs and then the lease
which<10:25:35.040> just<10:25:35.276> like<10:25:35.460> the<10:25:35.640> lease<10:25:35.880> on<10:25:36.060> an

which just like the lease on an

which just like the lease on an
apartment

apartment

apartment
lets<10:25:38.040> the<10:25:38.520> both<10:25:39.060> the<10:25:39.360> server<10:25:39.660> and<10:25:39.900> the<10:25:40.080> client

lets the both the server and the client

lets the both the server and the client
know<10:25:41.220> when<10:25:41.936> a<10:25:42.540> IP<10:25:43.256> address<10:25:43.500> can<10:25:44.160> be<10:25:44.276> used<10:25:44.460> and

know when a IP address can be used and

know when a IP address can be used and
for<10:25:44.880> how<10:25:45.060> long<10:25:45.240> we<10:25:46.140> also<10:25:46.380> want<10:25:46.500> to<10:25:46.680> talk<10:25:46.860> about

for how long we also want to talk about

for how long we also want to talk about
when<10:25:47.700> static<10:25:48.180> IP<10:25:48.480> addressing<10:25:48.960> would<10:25:49.140> be

when static IP addressing would be

when static IP addressing would be
preferred<10:25:49.800> and<10:25:50.400> as<10:25:50.580> you<10:25:50.756> can<10:25:50.820> probably<10:25:51.000> tell

preferred and as you can probably tell

preferred and as you can probably tell
from<10:25:51.596> the<10:25:51.840> way<10:25:51.960> this<10:25:52.140> is<10:25:52.256> worded<10:25:52.680> we<10:25:53.220> generally

from the way this is worded we generally

from the way this is worded we generally
want<10:25:54.120> to<10:25:54.596> use<10:25:54.840> Dynamic<10:25:55.560> IP<10:25:55.860> addressing<10:25:56.276> as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as
we'll<10:25:56.640> talk<10:25:56.820> about<10:25:57.000> but<10:25:57.540> there<10:25:57.720> are<10:25:57.840> certain

we'll talk about but there are certain

we'll talk about but there are certain
instances<10:25:58.436> in<10:25:58.680> which<10:25:58.860> a<10:25:59.160> static<10:25:59.520> IP

instances in which a static IP

instances in which a static IP
addressing<10:26:00.480> is<10:26:01.380> the<10:26:01.800> best<10:26:02.340> method<10:26:02.756> for<10:26:03.000> us<10:26:03.120> and

addressing is the best method for us and

addressing is the best method for us and
we'll<10:26:03.416> talk<10:26:03.596> about<10:26:03.720> those<10:26:04.020> as<10:26:04.256> well

we'll talk about those as well

we'll talk about those as well
so<10:26:06.060> first<10:26:06.300> let's<10:26:06.480> talk<10:26:06.720> about<10:26:06.840> static<10:26:07.680> IP

so first let's talk about static IP

so first let's talk about static IP
addressing<10:26:08.660> it's<10:26:09.660> done<10:26:10.200> manually<10:26:10.740> and<10:26:11.096> that's

addressing it's done manually and that's

addressing it's done manually and that's
what<10:26:11.400> this<10:26:11.580> really<10:26:11.756> means<10:26:12.180> static<10:26:12.776> means

what this really means static means

what this really means static means
manual<10:26:13.820> assignment<10:26:14.820> which<10:26:15.596> means<10:26:15.900> that<10:26:16.140> I

manual assignment which means that I

manual assignment which means that I
literally<10:26:16.860> have<10:26:17.096> to<10:26:17.276> go<10:26:17.460> to<10:26:17.580> the<10:26:17.700> computer<10:26:17.880> and

literally have to go to the computer and

literally have to go to the computer and
type<10:26:18.840> in<10:26:19.200> what<10:26:19.740> the<10:26:19.800> IP<10:26:20.096> address<10:26:20.276> is<10:26:20.700> and<10:26:20.880> how<10:26:21.060> I

type in what the IP address is and how I

type in what the IP address is and how I
want<10:26:21.300> to<10:26:21.416> use<10:26:21.596> it<10:26:21.776> so<10:26:22.500> there<10:26:22.860> are<10:26:23.040> two<10:26:23.220> major

want to use it so there are two major

want to use it so there are two major
flaws<10:26:24.000> with<10:26:24.180> this<10:26:24.436> first<10:26:25.436> it<10:26:26.040> can<10:26:26.160> be<10:26:26.276> very

flaws with this first it can be very

flaws with this first it can be very
time<10:26:27.060> consuming<10:26:27.596> because<10:26:28.520> it<10:26:29.520> has<10:26:29.700> to<10:26:29.880> be<10:26:30.060> done

time consuming because it has to be done

time consuming because it has to be done
manually<10:26:30.720> and<10:26:31.020> each<10:26:31.256> address<10:26:31.436> has<10:26:31.800> to<10:26:31.980> be

manually and each address has to be

manually and each address has to be
entered<10:26:32.400> individually<10:26:32.936> by<10:26:33.416> hand<10:26:33.720> in<10:26:34.680> addition

entered individually by hand in addition

entered individually by hand in addition
this<10:26:35.520> takes<10:26:35.756> a<10:26:35.880> lot<10:26:36.000> of<10:26:36.180> time<10:26:36.540> and<10:26:37.020> it's<10:26:37.200> prone

this takes a lot of time and it's prone

this takes a lot of time and it's prone
to<10:26:37.860> a<10:26:38.040> lot<10:26:38.160> of<10:26:38.276> Errors

to a lot of Errors

to a lot of Errors
human<10:26:40.436> error<10:26:40.916> is<10:26:41.040> often<10:26:41.340> a<10:26:41.520> factor<10:26:41.880> when<10:26:42.416> we're

human error is often a factor when we're

human error is often a factor when we're
configuring<10:26:43.436> addresses<10:26:44.220> for<10:26:44.520> a<10:26:44.640> large<10:26:44.820> amount

configuring addresses for a large amount

configuring addresses for a large amount
of<10:26:45.240> systems<10:26:45.660> and<10:26:46.380> if<10:26:46.500> you<10:26:46.620> can<10:26:46.680> imagine<10:26:46.860> I'm

of systems and if you can imagine I'm

of systems and if you can imagine I'm
working<10:26:47.460> in<10:26:47.756> a<10:26:47.936> system<10:26:48.060> of<10:26:48.480> say<10:26:49.200> 5

working in a system of say 5

working in a system of say 5
000<10:26:50.820> computers<10:26:51.416> then<10:26:52.020> I'm<10:26:52.256> going<10:26:52.436> to<10:26:52.560> be

000 computers then I'm going to be

000 computers then I'm going to be
typing<10:26:53.096> in<10:26:53.220> IP<10:26:53.580> addresses<10:26:54.120> a<10:26:54.596> lot<10:26:54.776> now<10:26:55.500> while

typing in IP addresses a lot now while

typing in IP addresses a lot now while
this<10:26:56.040> may<10:26:56.220> be<10:26:56.340> a<10:26:56.520> worthwhile<10:26:56.936> method<10:26:57.416> when

this may be a worthwhile method when

this may be a worthwhile method when
assigning<10:26:58.020> a<10:26:58.256> very<10:26:58.380> small<10:26:58.620> amount<10:26:58.916> of

assigning a very small amount of

assigning a very small amount of
addresses<10:26:59.520> it's<10:26:59.700> obviously<10:27:00.180> not<10:27:00.360> very

addresses it's obviously not very

addresses it's obviously not very
practical<10:27:00.900> when<10:27:01.140> I'm<10:27:01.320> talking<10:27:01.500> about<10:27:01.680> large

practical when I'm talking about large

practical when I'm talking about large
quantities<10:27:02.520> and<10:27:03.180> the<10:27:03.416> other<10:27:03.540> major<10:27:03.776> flaw<10:27:04.320> is

quantities and the other major flaw is

quantities and the other major flaw is
that<10:27:05.096> it<10:27:05.340> has<10:27:05.936> to<10:27:06.120> be<10:27:06.240> reconfigured<10:27:07.080> every

that it has to be reconfigured every

that it has to be reconfigured every
time<10:27:07.680> the<10:27:08.460> address<10:27:08.700> sync<10:27:09.540> scheme<10:27:10.020> changes<10:27:10.680> so

time the address sync scheme changes so

time the address sync scheme changes so
for<10:27:11.220> instance<10:27:11.400> if<10:27:11.520> I<10:27:11.640> was<10:27:11.756> going<10:27:11.880> from<10:27:12.120> ipv4<10:27:12.776> to

for instance if I was going from ipv4 to

for instance if I was going from ipv4 to
IPv6<10:27:13.620> on<10:27:13.916> my<10:27:14.096> internal<10:27:14.520> Network<10:27:14.700> I'm<10:27:15.300> going<10:27:15.416> to

IPv6 on my internal Network I'm going to

IPv6 on my internal Network I'm going to
have<10:27:15.660> to<10:27:15.840> re-change<10:27:16.500> everything<10:27:17.596> once<10:27:18.596> I've

have to re-change everything once I've

have to re-change everything once I've
switched<10:27:19.256> over<10:27:19.436> or<10:27:20.040> let's<10:27:20.276> say<10:27:20.460> I<10:27:20.580> want<10:27:20.756> to

switched over or let's say I want to

switched over or let's say I want to
change<10:27:21.060> my<10:27:21.416> naming<10:27:21.776> system<10:27:21.960> maybe<10:27:22.320> I<10:27:22.500> want<10:27:22.620> to

change my naming system maybe I want to

change my naming system maybe I want to
go<10:27:22.916> from<10:27:23.400> a<10:27:24.120> Class<10:27:24.416> C<10:27:25.140> to<10:27:25.800> a<10:27:26.096> class<10:27:26.276> AIP

go from a Class C to a class AIP

go from a Class C to a class AIP
addressing<10:27:27.720> system<10:27:27.840> if<10:27:28.080> I'm<10:27:28.200> an<10:27:28.380> ipv4<10:27:28.980> and<10:27:29.580> in

addressing system if I'm an ipv4 and in

addressing system if I'm an ipv4 and in
this<10:27:29.880> case<10:27:30.000> I<10:27:30.240> would<10:27:30.300> have<10:27:30.480> to<10:27:30.596> then

this case I would have to then

this case I would have to then
reconfigure<10:27:31.320> everything<10:27:31.740> on<10:27:32.276> each<10:27:32.520> computer

reconfigure everything on each computer

reconfigure everything on each computer
and<10:27:33.060> you<10:27:33.180> can<10:27:33.300> imagine<10:27:33.416> the<10:27:33.660> amount<10:27:33.900> of<10:27:34.080> time

and you can imagine the amount of time

and you can imagine the amount of time
that<10:27:34.916> that's<10:27:35.096> going<10:27:35.340> to<10:27:35.460> take

that that's going to take

that that's going to take
so<10:27:37.140> due<10:27:37.800> to<10:27:37.916> its<10:27:38.220> many<10:27:38.276> flaws<10:27:38.880> we're<10:27:39.300> really

so due to its many flaws we're really

so due to its many flaws we're really
not<10:27:39.776> going<10:27:40.020> to<10:27:40.200> use<10:27:40.620> this<10:27:41.276> method<10:27:41.840> static<10:27:42.840> IP

not going to use this method static IP

not going to use this method static IP
addressing<10:27:43.800> which<10:27:44.160> means<10:27:44.580> again<10:27:44.936> manual

addressing which means again manual

addressing which means again manual
assignment<10:27:46.256> the<10:27:46.436> way<10:27:46.560> you<10:27:46.680> can<10:27:46.800> remember<10:27:46.916> that

assignment the way you can remember that

assignment the way you can remember that
is<10:27:47.340> that<10:27:47.580> static<10:27:48.120> does<10:27:48.540> not<10:27:48.776> change<10:27:49.256> right<10:27:50.160> it

is that static does not change right it

is that static does not change right it
remains<10:27:51.900> constants

and the word static meaning not changing

and the word static meaning not changing
is<10:28:00.120> what<10:28:00.360> tells<10:28:00.776> us<10:28:00.900> that<10:28:01.140> so<10:28:01.620> we're<10:28:01.740> only

is what tells us that so we're only

is what tells us that so we're only
going<10:28:02.040> to<10:28:02.040> use<10:28:02.220> that<10:28:02.340> in<10:28:02.520> specific<10:28:02.880> instances

going to use that in specific instances

going to use that in specific instances
and<10:28:03.596> I'll<10:28:03.720> talk<10:28:03.900> about<10:28:04.080> that<10:28:04.436> a<10:28:04.620> little<10:28:04.740> bit

and I'll talk about that a little bit

and I'll talk about that a little bit
later

later

later
so<10:28:06.240> as<10:28:06.480> a<10:28:06.660> result<10:28:06.776> it's<10:28:07.500> very<10:28:07.740> rarely<10:28:08.096> used

so as a result it's very rarely used

so as a result it's very rarely used
except<10:28:09.000> in<10:28:09.360> very<10:28:09.596> specific<10:28:10.020> instances<10:28:10.620> I'm

except in very specific instances I'm

except in very specific instances I'm
guessing<10:28:11.460> you've<10:28:11.700> never<10:28:11.820> had<10:28:12.060> to<10:28:12.300> enter<10:28:12.540> the

guessing you've never had to enter the

guessing you've never had to enter the
IAP<10:28:13.256> address<10:28:13.620> on<10:28:14.096> your<10:28:14.276> Soho<10:28:14.756> router<10:28:15.256> or<10:28:16.256> at

IAP address on your Soho router or at

IAP address on your Soho router or at
your<10:28:17.096> computers<10:28:17.640> at<10:28:17.936> home<10:28:18.120> and<10:28:18.416> that's

your computers at home and that's

your computers at home and that's
because<10:28:18.720> we're<10:28:19.080> going<10:28:19.200> to<10:28:19.320> use<10:28:19.380> this<10:28:19.680> other

because we're going to use this other

because we're going to use this other
method<10:28:20.276> being<10:28:21.000> Dynamic<10:28:21.900> addressing<10:28:22.620> now<10:28:23.096> as

method being Dynamic addressing now as

method being Dynamic addressing now as
the<10:28:23.460> name<10:28:23.580> Dynamic<10:28:24.416> implies<10:28:24.960> the<10:28:25.256> IP<10:28:25.620> address

the name Dynamic implies the IP address

the name Dynamic implies the IP address
can<10:28:26.400> change<10:28:26.756> which<10:28:27.300> means<10:28:27.596> that<10:28:27.720> it<10:28:27.900> is

can change which means that it is

can change which means that it is
automatically<10:28:29.160> assigned<10:28:30.540> now<10:28:31.020> this<10:28:31.256> is<10:28:31.380> a<10:28:31.560> lot

automatically assigned now this is a lot

automatically assigned now this is a lot
more<10:28:31.916> useful<10:28:32.520> of<10:28:32.936> the<10:28:33.120> of<10:28:33.416> the<10:28:33.900> two<10:28:34.256> that<10:28:34.800> we

more useful of the of the two that we

more useful of the of the two that we
have<10:28:35.160> for<10:28:35.756> many<10:28:35.936> reasons<10:28:36.480> it's<10:28:37.200> done

have for many reasons it's done

have for many reasons it's done
automatically<10:28:38.276> through<10:28:39.060> a<10:28:39.416> protocol<10:28:40.200> called

automatically through a protocol called

automatically through a protocol called
Dynamic<10:28:41.400> host<10:28:42.000> configuration<10:28:42.960> protocol<10:28:43.520> or

Dynamic host configuration protocol or

Dynamic host configuration protocol or
DHCP<10:28:46.020> so<10:28:46.500> you<10:28:46.680> ever<10:28:46.740> hear<10:28:46.980> DHCP<10:28:47.880> that<10:28:48.720> is<10:28:48.840> what

DHCP so you ever hear DHCP that is what

DHCP so you ever hear DHCP that is what
is<10:28:49.380> referred<10:28:49.860> to<10:28:49.980> when<10:28:50.220> we're<10:28:50.400> talking<10:28:50.580> about

is referred to when we're talking about

is referred to when we're talking about
Dynamic<10:28:51.776> IP<10:28:52.436> addressing<10:28:52.980> this<10:28:53.580> is<10:28:53.756> part<10:28:54.000> of

Dynamic IP addressing this is part of

Dynamic IP addressing this is part of
the<10:28:54.480> tcpip<10:28:55.200> suite<10:28:55.860> and<10:28:56.276> it<10:28:56.400> allows<10:28:56.700> a<10:28:56.936> central

the tcpip suite and it allows a central

the tcpip suite and it allows a central
system<10:28:57.596> to<10:28:58.256> provide<10:28:58.560> IP<10:28:58.980> addresses<10:28:59.520> to<10:29:00.060> client

system to provide IP addresses to client

system to provide IP addresses to client
systems<10:29:00.960> now<10:29:01.500> since<10:29:01.860> it's<10:29:02.040> done

systems now since it's done

systems now since it's done
automatically<10:29:02.756> there's<10:29:03.180> no<10:29:03.596> possibility<10:29:04.256> of

automatically there's no possibility of

automatically there's no possibility of
human<10:29:05.340> error<10:29:05.936> and<10:29:06.360> it's<10:29:06.480> also<10:29:06.776> a<10:29:06.960> lot<10:29:07.020> more

human error and it's also a lot more

human error and it's also a lot more
efficient<10:29:07.740> than<10:29:08.160> static<10:29:08.580> IP<10:29:08.936> addressing<10:29:09.480> as<10:29:10.140> a

efficient than static IP addressing as a

efficient than static IP addressing as a
result<10:29:10.500> it's<10:29:10.916> a<10:29:11.096> lot<10:29:11.220> more<10:29:11.580> common<10:29:11.820> of<10:29:12.180> a

result it's a lot more common of a

result it's a lot more common of a
method

method

method
uh<10:29:14.160> it<10:29:14.580> also<10:29:14.880> eliminates<10:29:15.540> the<10:29:15.840> need<10:29:15.960> to

uh it also eliminates the need to

uh it also eliminates the need to
reconfigure<10:29:16.860> a<10:29:17.160> system<10:29:17.400> if<10:29:18.180> the<10:29:18.416> addressing

reconfigure a system if the addressing

reconfigure a system if the addressing
scheme<10:29:19.436> is<10:29:19.860> changed<10:29:20.460> so<10:29:21.120> it's<10:29:21.416> far<10:29:21.660> more

scheme is changed so it's far more

scheme is changed so it's far more
commonly<10:29:22.320> used<10:29:22.560> because<10:29:23.220> of<10:29:23.520> all<10:29:23.756> these

commonly used because of all these

commonly used because of all these
reasons<10:29:24.416> like<10:29:24.960> we<10:29:25.140> just<10:29:25.320> said

it's more practical and more efficient

it's more practical and more efficient
because<10:29:33.120> I<10:29:33.540> don't<10:29:33.660> have<10:29:34.020> to<10:29:34.320> change<10:29:34.740> every

because I don't have to change every

because I don't have to change every
computer

all I have to do is tell the DHCP

all I have to do is tell the DHCP
service<10:29:46.140> computer<10:29:46.620> we'll<10:29:47.276> talk<10:29:47.520> about<10:29:47.640> that

service computer we'll talk about that

service computer we'll talk about that
in<10:29:48.120> a<10:29:48.240> second

in a second

in a second
that<10:29:49.800> we're<10:29:49.980> changing<10:29:50.340> everything<10:29:50.580> and<10:29:50.936> all

that we're changing everything and all

that we're changing everything and all
the<10:29:51.240> underling<10:29:51.660> computers<10:29:52.200> automatically

the underling computers automatically

the underling computers automatically
are<10:29:53.340> going<10:29:53.460> to<10:29:53.640> change

into our Windows system

into our Windows system
and<10:30:09.416> let's<10:30:09.720> go<10:30:10.080> into<10:30:10.860> our<10:30:11.520> Network

and we'll go ahead and go to change

and we'll go ahead and go to change
adapter<10:30:21.720> settings<10:30:21.900> I'm<10:30:22.740> going<10:30:22.916> to<10:30:22.980> right

adapter settings I'm going to right

adapter settings I'm going to right
click<10:30:23.460> on<10:30:23.520> this<10:30:23.700> and<10:30:23.936> go<10:30:24.120> to<10:30:24.240> properties

click on this and go to properties

click on this and go to properties
now<10:30:27.060> we'll<10:30:27.300> see<10:30:27.540> over<10:30:27.720> here<10:30:28.080> if<10:30:28.800> I<10:30:28.980> click<10:30:29.340> on

now we'll see over here if I click on

now we'll see over here if I click on
tcpi<10:30:30.900> P4<10:30:31.380> and<10:30:31.860> go<10:30:32.096> to<10:30:32.220> properties<10:30:32.640> it<10:30:33.300> says

tcpi P4 and go to properties it says

tcpi P4 and go to properties it says
obtain<10:30:34.020> an<10:30:34.140> IP<10:30:34.436> address<10:30:34.680> automatically

obtain an IP address automatically

obtain an IP address automatically
so<10:30:36.776> through<10:30:37.220> DHCP<10:30:38.220> the<10:30:38.820> IP<10:30:39.060> address<10:30:39.240> is<10:30:39.540> being

so through DHCP the IP address is being

so through DHCP the IP address is being
automatically<10:30:40.860> obtained<10:30:41.220> just<10:30:41.520> like<10:30:41.700> DNS<10:30:42.300> is

automatically obtained just like DNS is

automatically obtained just like DNS is
also<10:30:42.840> going<10:30:42.960> to<10:30:43.020> be<10:30:43.080> given<10:30:43.380> out<10:30:43.500> automatically

also going to be given out automatically

also going to be given out automatically
now<10:30:44.580> if<10:30:44.700> I<10:30:44.880> wanted<10:30:45.000> to<10:30:45.240> do<10:30:45.416> it<10:30:45.596> statically<10:30:46.140> I

now if I wanted to do it statically I

now if I wanted to do it statically I
would<10:30:46.560> have<10:30:46.740> to<10:30:46.916> manually<10:30:47.460> assign<10:30:48.000> an<10:30:48.540> IP

would have to manually assign an IP

would have to manually assign an IP
address<10:30:49.080> a<10:30:49.500> subnet<10:30:49.916> mask<10:30:50.040> and<10:30:50.400> a<10:30:50.580> default

address a subnet mask and a default

address a subnet mask and a default
gateway<10:30:51.300> for<10:30:52.080> each<10:30:52.320> device<10:30:52.620> so<10:30:53.276> you<10:30:53.400> can<10:30:53.520> see

gateway for each device so you can see

gateway for each device so you can see
where<10:30:53.936> we're<10:30:54.120> not<10:30:54.300> going<10:30:54.416> to<10:30:54.540> want<10:30:54.660> to<10:30:54.776> do<10:30:54.900> that

so let's talk a little bit more about

so let's talk a little bit more about
DHCP<10:31:00.840> or<10:31:01.256> the<10:31:01.436> dynamic<10:31:01.860> host<10:31:02.040> configuration

DHCP or the dynamic host configuration

DHCP or the dynamic host configuration
protocol

protocol

protocol
this<10:31:04.620> is<10:31:04.916> the<10:31:05.220> protocol<10:31:05.520> which<10:31:05.936> assigns<10:31:06.776> IP

this is the protocol which assigns IP

this is the protocol which assigns IP
addresses<10:31:07.800> and<10:31:07.980> it<10:31:08.096> does<10:31:08.220> this<10:31:08.400> first<10:31:08.640> by

addresses and it does this first by

addresses and it does this first by
assigning<10:31:10.140> what's<10:31:10.740> called<10:31:11.096> or<10:31:11.460> defining

assigning what's called or defining

assigning what's called or defining
rather<10:31:12.300> What's<10:31:12.596> called<10:31:12.960> the<10:31:13.320> scope<10:31:13.620> the<10:31:14.460> scope

rather What's called the scope the scope

rather What's called the scope the scope
or<10:31:15.000> the<10:31:15.240> ranges<10:31:15.660> of<10:31:15.960> all<10:31:16.256> of<10:31:16.380> the<10:31:16.560> available<10:31:16.680> IP

or the ranges of all of the available IP

or the ranges of all of the available IP
address<10:31:17.700> on<10:31:18.240> the<10:31:18.360> system<10:31:18.596> that's<10:31:19.140> running<10:31:19.500> the

address on the system that's running the

address on the system that's running the
DHCP<10:31:20.640> service<10:31:21.200> and<10:31:22.200> what<10:31:22.680> this<10:31:22.916> does<10:31:23.220> is<10:31:24.000> it

DHCP service and what this does is it

DHCP service and what this does is it
takes<10:31:24.776> one<10:31:25.320> of<10:31:25.436> the<10:31:25.500> IP<10:31:25.740> addresses<10:31:26.160> from<10:31:26.460> this

takes one of the IP addresses from this

takes one of the IP addresses from this
scope<10:31:26.880> and<10:31:27.180> assigns<10:31:28.020> it<10:31:28.140> to<10:31:28.320> a<10:31:28.500> computer<10:31:28.620> or<10:31:29.340> a

scope and assigns it to a computer or a

scope and assigns it to a computer or a
client<10:31:29.756> so<10:31:30.300> for<10:31:30.540> instance<10:31:30.840> let's<10:31:31.380> say<10:31:31.680> that

client so for instance let's say that

client so for instance let's say that
we're<10:31:32.400> dealing<10:31:32.820> for<10:31:33.300> simplicity's<10:31:34.020> sake<10:31:34.256> with

we're dealing for simplicity's sake with

we're dealing for simplicity's sake with
a<10:31:35.700> uh

a uh

a uh
192.168<10:31:38.720> Class<10:31:39.720> C<10:31:40.200> Network<10:31:40.680> so<10:31:41.400> the<10:31:41.756> scope

192.168 Class C Network so the scope

192.168 Class C Network so the scope
might<10:31:42.776> be<10:31:43.020> something<10:31:43.380> like<10:31:43.860> 192.168

dots one

dots one
dot<10:31:51.180> 10

dot 10

dot 10
through

through

through
254.<10:31:54.800> this<10:31:55.800> means<10:31:56.340> that<10:31:57.000> of<10:31:57.300> the<10:31:57.480> IP<10:31:57.776> addresses

254. this means that of the IP addresses

254. this means that of the IP addresses
it's<10:31:58.436> going<10:31:58.680> to<10:31:58.916> assign<10:31:59.340> it's<10:32:00.120> not<10:32:00.480> going<10:32:00.660> to

it's going to assign it's not going to

it's going to assign it's not going to
take<10:32:01.080> anything<10:32:01.560> in<10:32:02.460> front<10:32:02.700> of<10:32:02.936> the<10:32:03.180> 10.<10:32:03.596> so

take anything in front of the 10. so

take anything in front of the 10. so
this<10:32:04.200> gives<10:32:04.560> us<10:32:04.740> dot<10:32:05.700> 1<10:32:06.596> through<10:32:07.256> dot<10:32:07.980> 9<10:32:08.220> to<10:32:08.820> use

this gives us dot 1 through dot 9 to use

this gives us dot 1 through dot 9 to use
for<10:32:09.480> static<10:32:10.020> IP<10:32:10.380> addressing<10:32:10.980> so<10:32:11.460> what<10:32:11.820> this

for static IP addressing so what this

for static IP addressing so what this
ensures<10:32:12.596> is<10:32:13.380> that<10:32:13.680> the<10:32:14.400> DHCP<10:32:15.180> server<10:32:15.840> is<10:32:16.560> not

ensures is that the DHCP server is not

ensures is that the DHCP server is not
going<10:32:17.220> to<10:32:17.460> assign<10:32:17.820> an<10:32:18.060> IP<10:32:18.360> address<10:32:18.596> that<10:32:19.140> we

going to assign an IP address that we

going to assign an IP address that we
have<10:32:19.500> already<10:32:19.800> manually<10:32:20.520> or<10:32:20.880> statically

have already manually or statically

have already manually or statically
assigned<10:32:21.900> to<10:32:22.020> another<10:32:22.200> device<10:32:22.620> we'll<10:32:23.276> talk

assigned to another device we'll talk

assigned to another device we'll talk
about<10:32:23.580> why<10:32:24.120> we<10:32:24.300> would<10:32:24.416> want<10:32:24.596> to<10:32:24.660> do<10:32:24.776> that<10:32:24.900> in<10:32:25.080> a

about why we would want to do that in a

about why we would want to do that in a
minute<10:32:25.380> but<10:32:26.160> this<10:32:26.756> ensures<10:32:27.240> again<10:32:27.776> that<10:32:28.620> the

minute but this ensures again that the

minute but this ensures again that the
scope

scope

scope
uh<10:32:30.540> that<10:32:30.720> the<10:32:30.900> DHCP<10:32:31.680> is<10:32:32.520> not<10:32:32.820> going<10:32:33.180> to<10:32:33.596> assign

uh that the DHCP is not going to assign

uh that the DHCP is not going to assign
an<10:32:34.200> IP<10:32:34.436> address<10:32:34.620> outside<10:32:35.096> of<10:32:35.400> its<10:32:35.640> scope<10:32:36.360> then

an IP address outside of its scope then

an IP address outside of its scope then
what<10:32:37.020> it<10:32:37.140> does<10:32:37.320> it<10:32:37.740> takes<10:32:37.916> this<10:32:38.160> available

what it does it takes this available

what it does it takes this available
address<10:32:38.880> and<10:32:39.660> assigned<10:32:40.080> it<10:32:40.140> to<10:32:40.256> the<10:32:40.500> client

address and assigned it to the client

address and assigned it to the client
for<10:32:41.756> a<10:32:42.060> set<10:32:42.180> amount<10:32:42.540> of<10:32:42.660> time<10:32:42.900> and<10:32:43.500> this<10:32:43.680> is

for a set amount of time and this is

for a set amount of time and this is
called<10:32:44.096> a<10:32:44.640> lease<10:32:44.936> so<10:32:45.660> the<10:32:45.840> lease<10:32:46.140> says<10:32:46.500> how

called a lease so the lease says how

called a lease so the lease says how
long

now the reason that we had leases is

now the reason that we had leases is
because<10:32:58.080> remember<10:32:58.436> if<10:32:58.740> I<10:32:58.916> turn<10:32:59.096> off<10:32:59.276> my

because remember if I turn off my

because remember if I turn off my
computer<10:32:59.756> it<10:33:00.240> no<10:33:00.416> longer<10:33:00.660> needs<10:33:01.020> an<10:33:01.140> IP

computer it no longer needs an IP

computer it no longer needs an IP
address<10:33:01.680> it<10:33:02.580> also<10:33:02.820> means<10:33:03.180> that<10:33:03.596> let's<10:33:04.380> say<10:33:04.500> I'm

address it also means that let's say I'm

address it also means that let's say I'm
taking<10:33:04.916> a<10:33:05.160> computer<10:33:05.340> away<10:33:06.080> I<10:33:07.080> don't<10:33:07.200> if<10:33:07.436> I<10:33:07.680> have

taking a computer away I don't if I have

taking a computer away I don't if I have
a<10:33:08.276> if<10:33:08.640> it<10:33:08.756> has<10:33:08.936> a<10:33:09.120> lease<10:33:09.360> of<10:33:09.540> forever<10:33:09.960> then<10:33:10.860> that

a if it has a lease of forever then that

a if it has a lease of forever then that
computer<10:33:11.460> now<10:33:11.820> has<10:33:12.000> one<10:33:12.240> of<10:33:12.360> my<10:33:12.540> available<10:33:12.720> IP

computer now has one of my available IP

computer now has one of my available IP
addresses<10:33:13.916> so<10:33:14.520> sometimes<10:33:15.000> we'll<10:33:15.240> have<10:33:15.416> an<10:33:15.660> IP

addresses so sometimes we'll have an IP

addresses so sometimes we'll have an IP
address<10:33:16.140> with<10:33:16.560> a<10:33:16.800> 24-hour<10:33:17.460> lease<10:33:18.060> or<10:33:18.720> maybe<10:33:18.840> a

address with a 24-hour lease or maybe a

address with a 24-hour lease or maybe a
two<10:33:19.560> day<10:33:19.980> lease<10:33:20.400> but<10:33:20.880> whatever<10:33:21.000> that<10:33:21.300> lease<10:33:21.660> is

two day lease but whatever that lease is

two day lease but whatever that lease is
at<10:33:22.080> the<10:33:22.200> end<10:33:22.256> of<10:33:22.436> that<10:33:22.560> lease<10:33:22.916> it's<10:33:23.040> going<10:33:23.276> to

at the end of that lease it's going to

at the end of that lease it's going to
have<10:33:23.700> to<10:33:24.380> re-again<10:33:25.380> ask<10:33:25.740> for<10:33:26.040> another<10:33:26.340> IP

have to re-again ask for another IP

have to re-again ask for another IP
address<10:33:27.000> this<10:33:27.840> is<10:33:27.960> also<10:33:28.200> the<10:33:28.320> way<10:33:28.436> that<10:33:28.620> we<10:33:28.860> can

address this is also the way that we can

address this is also the way that we can
share<10:33:29.340> a<10:33:29.700> limited<10:33:30.060> number<10:33:30.240> of<10:33:30.480> IP<10:33:30.840> addresses

so when we had the internet we used to

so when we had the internet we used to
dial<10:33:42.596> up<10:33:43.020> to<10:33:43.436> the<10:33:43.620> to<10:33:43.916> our<10:33:44.400> ISP<10:33:45.060> or<10:33:45.300> Internet

dial up to the to our ISP or Internet

dial up to the to our ISP or Internet
service<10:33:45.900> provider<10:33:46.560> what<10:33:47.340> this<10:33:47.520> would<10:33:47.756> allow

service provider what this would allow

service provider what this would allow
is<10:33:48.720> it<10:33:48.900> allowed<10:33:49.380> our

is it allowed our

is it allowed our
uh<10:33:51.300> ISP<10:33:51.960> to<10:33:52.256> provide<10:33:52.620> us<10:33:52.860> with<10:33:53.276> one<10:33:53.400> IP<10:33:53.756> address

uh ISP to provide us with one IP address

uh ISP to provide us with one IP address
that<10:33:54.300> only<10:33:54.416> lasted<10:33:54.776> for<10:33:54.960> a<10:33:55.080> certain<10:33:55.256> amount<10:33:55.436> of

that only lasted for a certain amount of

that only lasted for a certain amount of
time<10:33:55.800> and<10:33:56.520> then<10:33:56.640> when<10:33:57.120> we<10:33:57.300> disconnected<10:33:58.200> the

time and then when we disconnected the

time and then when we disconnected the
IP<10:33:58.740> address<10:33:58.980> or<10:33:59.340> disconnected<10:33:59.936> from<10:34:00.300> the

IP address or disconnected from the

IP address or disconnected from the
server<10:34:00.900> and<10:34:01.080> therefore<10:34:01.320> didn't<10:34:01.500> need<10:34:01.680> the<10:34:01.800> IP

server and therefore didn't need the IP

server and therefore didn't need the IP
address<10:34:02.160> it<10:34:02.400> could<10:34:02.520> assign<10:34:02.820> it<10:34:02.936> to<10:34:03.000> someone

address it could assign it to someone

address it could assign it to someone
else<10:34:03.416> and<10:34:03.960> it<10:34:04.080> didn't<10:34:04.200> have<10:34:04.380> to<10:34:04.500> worry<10:34:04.740> about

else and it didn't have to worry about

else and it didn't have to worry about
us<10:34:05.096> coming<10:34:05.400> back<10:34:05.640> on<10:34:05.880> and<10:34:06.060> wanting<10:34:06.360> to<10:34:06.416> use<10:34:06.540> the

us coming back on and wanting to use the

us coming back on and wanting to use the
same<10:34:06.840> IP<10:34:07.140> address<10:34:07.380> because<10:34:08.040> remember<10:34:08.400> one<10:34:08.756> of

same IP address because remember one of

same IP address because remember one of
the<10:34:09.000> rules<10:34:09.300> is<10:34:09.900> you<10:34:10.256> cannot

have

have
two<10:34:16.436> devices

all right now let's talk about how this

all right now let's talk about how this
works<10:34:27.960> from<10:34:28.200> the<10:34:28.380> client's<10:34:28.860> point<10:34:29.040> of<10:34:29.220> view

works from the client's point of view

works from the client's point of view
basically<10:34:30.540> what<10:34:30.840> happens<10:34:31.140> is<10:34:31.740> I<10:34:31.980> have<10:34:32.160> a<10:34:32.520> DHCP

basically what happens is I have a DHCP

basically what happens is I have a DHCP
server<10:34:33.776> here<10:34:34.436> and<10:34:35.160> it<10:34:35.340> has<10:34:35.460> what's<10:34:35.756> called<10:34:36.000> a

server here and it has what's called a

server here and it has what's called a
trusted<10:34:37.020> connection<10:34:37.276> to<10:34:38.276> the<10:34:38.460> switch

trusted connection to the switch

trusted connection to the switch
we'll<10:34:39.960> defined<10:34:40.320> what<10:34:40.500> a<10:34:40.620> switch<10:34:40.740> is

we'll defined what a switch is

we'll defined what a switch is
previously<10:34:41.580> and<10:34:41.756> we'll<10:34:41.936> talk<10:34:42.120> a<10:34:42.240> bit<10:34:42.360> more

previously and we'll talk a bit more

previously and we'll talk a bit more
about<10:34:42.720> them<10:34:42.960> later<10:34:43.200> as<10:34:43.500> well<10:34:43.680> but<10:34:44.580> it<10:34:45.120> has<10:34:45.240> a

about them later as well but it has a

about them later as well but it has a
trusted<10:34:45.900> connection<10:34:46.080> this<10:34:46.980> computer<10:34:47.220> say

trusted connection this computer say

trusted connection this computer say
comes<10:34:48.480> online

comes online

comes online
and<10:34:51.000> says<10:34:51.480> hi

and says hi

and says hi
can<10:34:54.240> I<10:34:54.360> join<10:34:54.660> your<10:34:54.840> network

can I join your network

can I join your network
can<10:34:56.160> I<10:34:56.276> get<10:34:56.400> an<10:34:56.580> IP<10:34:56.880> address<10:34:57.380> it<10:34:58.380> sends<10:34:58.860> its

can I get an IP address it sends its

can I get an IP address it sends its
request<10:34:59.700> through<10:35:00.480> what's<10:35:00.776> called<10:35:01.140> an

request through what's called an

request through what's called an
untrusted<10:35:02.520> connection

untrusted connection

untrusted connection
to<10:35:03.960> wherever<10:35:04.620> the<10:35:04.800> DHCP<10:35:05.400> server<10:35:05.756> is<10:35:05.936> now<10:35:06.480> the

to wherever the DHCP server is now the

to wherever the DHCP server is now the
DHCP<10:35:07.256> server<10:35:07.680> at<10:35:07.860> some<10:35:08.040> point<10:35:08.276> finds<10:35:09.120> this

DHCP server at some point finds this

DHCP server at some point finds this
because<10:35:09.540> this<10:35:09.840> is<10:35:10.020> generally<10:35:10.380> a<10:35:10.800> broadcast

because this is generally a broadcast

because this is generally a broadcast
because<10:35:13.380> again<10:35:14.276> it's<10:35:14.640> not<10:35:14.820> a<10:35:15.000> unicast<10:35:15.360> it's<10:35:15.540> a

because again it's not a unicast it's a

because again it's not a unicast it's a
broadcast<10:35:15.840> because<10:35:16.320> this<10:35:16.620> computer<10:35:16.800> coming

broadcast because this computer coming

broadcast because this computer coming
on<10:35:17.580> doesn't<10:35:18.540> know<10:35:18.960> where<10:35:19.256> the<10:35:19.436> DHCP<10:35:19.980> server<10:35:20.340> is

on doesn't know where the DHCP server is

on doesn't know where the DHCP server is
so<10:35:20.936> it<10:35:21.120> sends<10:35:21.416> a<10:35:21.540> broadcast<10:35:21.720> message<10:35:22.200> out<10:35:22.560> the

so it sends a broadcast message out the

so it sends a broadcast message out the
DHC<10:35:23.640> per<10:35:23.936> P<10:35:24.660> server<10:35:24.960> then<10:35:25.200> responds<10:35:25.860> and

DHC per P server then responds and

DHC per P server then responds and
offers<10:35:26.936> a<10:35:27.360> lease<10:35:27.540> on<10:35:27.660> an<10:35:27.776> IP<10:35:28.080> address<10:35:28.256> at<10:35:29.160> which

offers a lease on an IP address at which

offers a lease on an IP address at which
point<10:35:29.640> this<10:35:30.000> untrusted<10:35:30.660> or<10:35:30.776> unassigned

point this untrusted or unassigned

point this untrusted or unassigned
connection<10:35:32.060> becomes<10:35:33.060> a<10:35:33.776> trusted<10:35:34.256> one<10:35:34.436> now

connection becomes a trusted one now

connection becomes a trusted one now
when<10:35:35.040> the<10:35:35.160> lease<10:35:35.400> goes<10:35:35.640> out<10:35:35.756> it's<10:35:36.000> again

when the lease goes out it's again

when the lease goes out it's again
untrusted<10:35:37.200> and<10:35:37.500> so<10:35:37.560> it<10:35:37.740> needs<10:35:37.916> to<10:35:37.980> repeat<10:35:38.160> the

untrusted and so it needs to repeat the

untrusted and so it needs to repeat the
entire<10:35:38.756> process<10:35:39.180> again

entire process again

entire process again
now<10:35:40.860> so<10:35:41.096> far<10:35:41.276> we've<10:35:41.640> been<10:35:41.936> pretty<10:35:42.720> fair<10:35:43.020> to

now so far we've been pretty fair to

now so far we've been pretty fair to
DHCP<10:35:44.096> and<10:35:44.520> expanded<10:35:45.240> on<10:35:45.416> the<10:35:45.540> benefits<10:35:46.080> for

DHCP and expanded on the benefits for

DHCP and expanded on the benefits for
dynamic<10:35:47.460> addressing<10:35:48.060> but<10:35:48.540> there<10:35:48.840> are<10:35:48.960> some

dynamic addressing but there are some

dynamic addressing but there are some
exceptions<10:35:49.560> when<10:35:49.860> a<10:35:50.040> network<10:35:50.220> is<10:35:50.520> configured

exceptions when a network is configured

exceptions when a network is configured
uh<10:35:52.380> for<10:35:52.916> DHCP<10:35:53.700> and<10:35:54.300> we<10:35:54.596> don't<10:35:54.720> want<10:35:55.020> every

uh for DHCP and we don't want every

uh for DHCP and we don't want every
single<10:35:56.096> device<10:35:56.340> to<10:35:56.820> be<10:35:57.320> automatically

single device to be automatically

single device to be automatically
assigned<10:35:58.860> an<10:35:58.916> IP<10:35:59.276> address

assigned an IP address

assigned an IP address
for<10:36:00.776> instance

for instance

for instance
um

um

um
the<10:36:03.840> DHCP<10:36:04.560> server<10:36:05.040> itself<10:36:05.596> needs<10:36:06.596> to<10:36:06.720> have<10:36:07.020> a

the DHCP server itself needs to have a

the DHCP server itself needs to have a
static<10:36:07.916> IP<10:36:08.276> address<10:36:08.520> this<10:36:09.480> is<10:36:09.660> because<10:36:09.916> we

static IP address this is because we

static IP address this is because we
don't<10:36:11.340> want<10:36:11.880> the<10:36:12.596> DHCP<10:36:13.380> server<10:36:13.916> to<10:36:14.580> be

don't want the DHCP server to be

don't want the DHCP server to be
changing<10:36:15.540> addresses<10:36:16.140> and<10:36:16.320> what's<10:36:16.436> going<10:36:16.620> to

changing addresses and what's going to

changing addresses and what's going to
happen<10:36:16.860> is<10:36:17.096> if<10:36:17.220> we<10:36:17.340> have<10:36:17.460> a<10:36:17.640> lease

happen is if we have a lease

happen is if we have a lease
theoretically<10:36:18.596> the<10:36:18.840> DHCP<10:36:19.436> server<10:36:19.916> could

theoretically the DHCP server could

theoretically the DHCP server could
change<10:36:20.936> its<10:36:21.416> IP<10:36:21.960> address<10:36:22.140> and<10:36:22.740> since<10:36:23.040> every

change its IP address and since every

change its IP address and since every
computer<10:36:24.060> on<10:36:24.416> the<10:36:24.540> network<10:36:24.660> needs<10:36:25.200> to<10:36:25.320> know

computer on the network needs to know

computer on the network needs to know
where<10:36:25.680> to<10:36:25.800> go<10:36:25.980> that's<10:36:26.640> going<10:36:26.820> to<10:36:26.936> have<10:36:27.060> to

where to go that's going to have to

where to go that's going to have to
remain<10:36:27.480> the<10:36:27.660> same<10:36:27.840> this<10:36:28.320> is<10:36:28.436> going<10:36:28.500> to<10:36:28.620> go<10:36:28.680> the

remain the same this is going to go the

remain the same this is going to go the
same<10:36:28.980> with<10:36:29.160> the<10:36:29.340> domain<10:36:29.820> name<10:36:30.120> server<10:36:30.596> so<10:36:30.776> the

same with the domain name server so the

same with the domain name server so the
DNS<10:36:31.320> server<10:36:31.800> which<10:36:32.340> allows<10:36:32.820> us<10:36:33.000> to<10:36:33.300> convert

DNS server which allows us to convert

DNS server which allows us to convert
between<10:36:33.960> say<10:36:34.500> google.com

between say google.com

between say google.com
and<10:36:37.916> the<10:36:38.096> IP<10:36:38.460> address<10:36:38.900> so<10:36:39.900> we<10:36:40.620> don't<10:36:40.800> want<10:36:41.220> to

and the IP address so we don't want to

and the IP address so we don't want to
have<10:36:41.640> to<10:36:41.936> find<10:36:42.180> this<10:36:42.480> every<10:36:42.840> single<10:36:43.140> time<10:36:43.380> and

have to find this every single time and

have to find this every single time and
we<10:36:44.220> have<10:36:44.340> to<10:36:44.580> set<10:36:44.756> it<10:36:44.936> as<10:36:45.120> something<10:36:45.360> specific

we have to set it as something specific

we have to set it as something specific
meaning<10:36:46.380> static<10:36:47.040> we're<10:36:47.700> also<10:36:47.936> going<10:36:48.000> to<10:36:48.060> put

meaning static we're also going to put

meaning static we're also going to put
our<10:36:48.300> web<10:36:48.480> server<10:36:48.916> as<10:36:49.916> some<10:36:50.460> static<10:36:50.936> IP<10:36:51.180> address

our web server as some static IP address

our web server as some static IP address
this<10:36:51.720> is<10:36:51.840> the<10:36:52.020> reason<10:36:52.140> why<10:36:52.620> if<10:36:53.276> you<10:36:53.460> wanted<10:36:53.640> to

this is the reason why if you wanted to

this is the reason why if you wanted to
get<10:36:55.080> an<10:36:55.320> account<10:36:55.560> with<10:36:55.800> your<10:36:56.040> ISP<10:36:56.520> or<10:36:56.700> internet

get an account with your ISP or internet

get an account with your ISP or internet
service<10:36:57.300> provider<10:36:58.380> and<10:36:58.860> you<10:36:59.040> wanted<10:36:59.160> to<10:36:59.460> run

service provider and you wanted to run

service provider and you wanted to run
and<10:37:00.416> web<10:37:00.840> server<10:37:01.380> from<10:37:01.860> your<10:37:02.276> computer<10:37:02.580> at

and web server from your computer at

and web server from your computer at
home<10:37:03.240> you<10:37:03.900> would<10:37:04.020> need<10:37:04.200> to<10:37:04.380> ask<10:37:04.620> for<10:37:04.980> a<10:37:05.220> static

home you would need to ask for a static

home you would need to ask for a static
IP<10:37:06.000> address<10:37:06.240> be<10:37:06.900> because

IP address be because

IP address be because
that's<10:37:09.360> the<10:37:09.596> only<10:37:09.720> way<10:37:10.020> that<10:37:10.380> someone<10:37:10.560> can

that's the only way that someone can

that's the only way that someone can
link<10:37:11.160> through<10:37:11.820> DNS

link through DNS

link through DNS
to<10:37:13.436> your<10:37:13.620> web<10:37:13.740> server<10:37:14.160> and<10:37:14.640> so<10:37:14.756> our<10:37:14.936> web

to your web server and so our web

to your web server and so our web
servers<10:37:15.540> always<10:37:15.720> has<10:37:15.960> to<10:37:16.080> be<10:37:16.200> static<10:37:16.620> because

servers always has to be static because

servers always has to be static because
when<10:37:16.980> I<10:37:17.160> type<10:37:17.276> in<10:37:17.400> google.com<10:37:17.936> I<10:37:18.360> always

when I type in google.com I always

when I type in google.com I always
wanted<10:37:18.660> to<10:37:18.900> go<10:37:19.080> to<10:37:19.256> one<10:37:19.500> of<10:37:19.620> a<10:37:19.800> few<10:37:19.980> different

wanted to go to one of a few different

wanted to go to one of a few different
IP<10:37:20.640> addresses

IP addresses

IP addresses
finally<10:37:22.500> printers<10:37:23.040> are<10:37:23.276> something<10:37:23.460> else<10:37:23.756> that

finally printers are something else that

finally printers are something else that
we<10:37:24.180> want<10:37:24.360> to<10:37:24.540> have

the printer we don't want to move around

the printer we don't want to move around
we<10:37:29.276> want<10:37:29.460> to<10:37:29.520> be<10:37:29.580> able<10:37:29.700> to<10:37:29.820> lock<10:37:30.000> it<10:37:30.180> in<10:37:30.360> when<10:37:30.660> we

we want to be able to lock it in when we

we want to be able to lock it in when we
install<10:37:31.980> it<10:37:32.276> on<10:37:32.460> the<10:37:32.580> computer<10:37:33.180> same<10:37:33.900> with<10:37:34.140> any

install it on the computer same with any

install it on the computer same with any
servers<10:37:35.120> also<10:37:36.120> routers<10:37:36.840> the<10:37:37.320> Gateway

servers also routers the Gateway

servers also routers the Gateway
computer<10:37:38.096> or<10:37:38.756> the<10:37:38.936> Gateway<10:37:39.300> device<10:37:39.660> that

computer or the Gateway device that

computer or the Gateway device that
allows<10:37:40.436> us<10:37:40.560> to<10:37:40.680> get<10:37:40.800> out<10:37:40.916> to<10:37:41.040> the<10:37:41.160> network<10:37:41.276> we

allows us to get out to the network we

allows us to get out to the network we
need<10:37:41.820> that<10:37:42.000> to<10:37:42.120> remain<10:37:42.360> the<10:37:42.540> same<10:37:42.720> so<10:37:43.256> that's

need that to remain the same so that's

need that to remain the same so that's
why<10:37:43.860> when<10:37:44.096> we<10:37:44.276> Define<10:37:44.460> the<10:37:44.880> scope<10:37:45.180> and<10:37:45.776> in

why when we Define the scope and in

why when we Define the scope and in
previous<10:37:46.080> example<10:37:46.500> we<10:37:46.680> defined<10:37:47.040> it<10:37:47.220> as<10:37:47.400> any<10:37:47.880> IP

previous example we defined it as any IP

previous example we defined it as any IP
address<10:37:48.480> between<10:37:48.840> 10<10:37:49.140> and<10:37:49.380> 254.<10:37:50.160> we<10:37:50.640> don't

address between 10 and 254. we don't

address between 10 and 254. we don't
want<10:37:50.880> it<10:37:51.000> to<10:37:51.120> change

want it to change

want it to change
because<10:37:53.340> we<10:37:53.820> want<10:37:54.000> these<10:37:54.720> nine<10:37:54.960> IP<10:37:55.320> addresses

because we want these nine IP addresses

because we want these nine IP addresses
to<10:37:55.860> be<10:37:55.980> ones<10:37:56.276> that<10:37:56.340> we<10:37:56.520> can<10:37:56.640> assign<10:37:57.000> now

to be ones that we can assign now

to be ones that we can assign now
sometimes<10:37:57.596> we're<10:37:57.720> going<10:37:57.840> to<10:37:57.900> make<10:37:58.020> this<10:37:58.140> a

sometimes we're going to make this a

sometimes we're going to make this a
little larger<10:37:58.740> so<10:37:59.460> that<10:37:59.640> way

little larger so that way

little larger so that way
we<10:38:00.960> can<10:38:01.020> assign<10:38:01.380> a<10:38:01.800> lot<10:38:02.096> more<10:38:02.460> static<10:38:02.936> IP

we can assign a lot more static IP

we can assign a lot more static IP
addresses<10:38:03.776> so<10:38:04.380> also<10:38:04.740> maybe<10:38:04.916> a<10:38:05.276> wireless

addresses so also maybe a wireless

addresses so also maybe a wireless
access<10:38:06.480> point<10:38:06.840> we<10:38:07.080> might<10:38:07.256> want<10:38:07.436> to<10:38:07.560> be<10:38:07.680> static

access point we might want to be static

access point we might want to be static
etc<10:38:09.000> etc<10:38:09.180> and<10:38:09.720> all<10:38:09.840> of<10:38:09.960> this<10:38:10.080> again<10:38:10.256> is<10:38:10.620> done

etc etc and all of this again is done

etc etc and all of this again is done
through<10:38:11.880> a<10:38:12.060> web<10:38:12.240> interface<10:38:12.776> or<10:38:13.256> through

through a web interface or through

through a web interface or through
some<10:38:15.360> sort<10:38:15.540> of

some sort of

some sort of
router

router

router
device<10:38:19.200> or<10:38:19.740> through<10:38:19.980> a<10:38:20.160> terminal<10:38:20.520> or

device or through a terminal or

device or through a terminal or
something<10:38:21.120> so<10:38:21.660> this<10:38:21.960> is<10:38:22.080> not<10:38:22.200> something<10:38:22.380> we're

something so this is not something we're

something so this is not something we're
physically<10:38:22.980> hard<10:38:23.220> wiring<10:38:23.700> onto<10:38:24.060> the<10:38:24.180> device

physically hard wiring onto the device

physically hard wiring onto the device
because<10:38:24.596> again<10:38:24.840> that's<10:38:25.200> that's<10:38:25.436> a<10:38:25.680> MAC

because again that's that's a MAC

because again that's that's a MAC
address<10:38:26.096> a<10:38:26.700> physical<10:38:27.000> address<10:38:27.360> but<10:38:27.960> this<10:38:28.140> is

address a physical address but this is

address a physical address but this is
something<10:38:28.436> that<10:38:28.620> we<10:38:28.740> want<10:38:28.916> to<10:38:29.096> set<10:38:29.520> through<10:38:30.180> a

something that we want to set through a

something that we want to set through a
software<10:38:31.140> of<10:38:31.320> some<10:38:31.500> sort

software of some sort

software of some sort
all<10:38:34.140> right<10:38:34.256> so<10:38:34.380> just<10:38:34.500> to<10:38:34.680> recap<10:38:34.916> what<10:38:35.160> we

all right so just to recap what we

all right so just to recap what we
talked<10:38:35.520> about<10:38:35.640> we<10:38:36.360> defined<10:38:36.840> static<10:38:37.560> IP

talked about we defined static IP

talked about we defined static IP
addressing<10:38:38.520> again<10:38:39.240> static<10:38:39.900> means<10:38:40.320> that<10:38:40.620> the

addressing again static means that the

addressing again static means that the
IP<10:38:41.040> address<10:38:41.300> does<10:38:42.300> not<10:38:42.840> change

IP address does not change

IP address does not change
it<10:38:45.360> also<10:38:45.660> means<10:38:46.020> that<10:38:46.500> it<10:38:46.620> had<10:38:46.800> to<10:38:46.980> have<10:38:47.096> been

it also means that it had to have been

it also means that it had to have been
manually<10:38:48.480> assigned

manually assigned

manually assigned
okay

okay

okay
now<10:38:52.560> we<10:38:52.860> also<10:38:53.096> talked<10:38:53.340> about<10:38:53.400> Dynamic<10:38:54.120> IP

now we also talked about Dynamic IP

now we also talked about Dynamic IP
addressing

addressing

addressing
which<10:38:56.220> DHCP<10:38:57.180> allows<10:38:57.776> us<10:38:57.900> to<10:38:58.140> do<10:38:58.256> and<10:38:59.220> this

which DHCP allows us to do and this

which DHCP allows us to do and this
means<10:38:59.756> that<10:39:00.240> the<10:39:00.416> IP<10:39:00.660> address<10:39:00.900> can<10:39:01.436> change

means that the IP address can change

means that the IP address can change
because<10:39:02.820> it<10:39:03.660> is<10:39:03.776> automatically<10:39:04.560> assigned

because it is automatically assigned

because it is automatically assigned
one<10:39:06.416> thing<10:39:06.596> I<10:39:06.900> didn't<10:39:07.020> specifically<10:39:07.500> talk

one thing I didn't specifically talk

one thing I didn't specifically talk
about<10:39:07.916> what<10:39:08.220> we<10:39:08.340> referenced<10:39:08.880> in<10:39:09.180> previous

about what we referenced in previous

about what we referenced in previous
modules<10:39:10.080> too<10:39:10.320> is<10:39:10.916> that<10:39:11.160> a<10:39:11.520> pipa<10:39:11.936> address

modules too is that a pipa address

modules too is that a pipa address
that<10:39:14.040> automatically<10:39:14.580> assigned<10:39:15.360> IP<10:39:16.080> address

that automatically assigned IP address

that automatically assigned IP address
which<10:39:17.580> if<10:39:17.936> the<10:39:18.180> dynamic<10:39:18.720> IP<10:39:19.080> address<10:39:19.320> system

which if the dynamic IP address system

which if the dynamic IP address system
is<10:39:20.040> not<10:39:20.220> working<10:39:20.400> so<10:39:20.640> the<10:39:20.820> DHCP<10:39:21.360> server<10:39:21.776> for

is not working so the DHCP server for

is not working so the DHCP server for
instance<10:39:22.200> is<10:39:22.380> down<10:39:22.740> and<10:39:23.400> it<10:39:23.580> can't<10:39:23.756> get<10:39:24.180> an<10:39:24.480> IP

instance is down and it can't get an IP

instance is down and it can't get an IP
address<10:39:24.960> from<10:39:25.436> the<10:39:25.560> DHCP<10:39:26.160> server<10:39:26.580> it's<10:39:26.936> going

address from the DHCP server it's going

address from the DHCP server it's going
to<10:39:27.240> assign<10:39:27.540> itself<10:39:27.900> its<10:39:28.680> own<10:39:28.860> IP<10:39:29.276> address<10:39:29.460> if

to assign itself its own IP address if

to assign itself its own IP address if
you<10:39:30.060> remember<10:39:30.180> that<10:39:30.480> was<10:39:30.916> 169<10:39:31.916> about<10:39:32.460> 254<10:39:33.320> dot

you remember that was 169 about 254 dot

you remember that was 169 about 254 dot
x<10:39:34.436> dot<10:39:34.916> X<10:39:35.096> so<10:39:35.520> if<10:39:35.700> you<10:39:35.880> see<10:39:36.180> this<10:39:36.776> is<10:39:36.900> your<10:39:37.080> IP

x dot X so if you see this is your IP

x dot X so if you see this is your IP
address<10:39:37.500> then<10:39:38.220> guess<10:39:38.460> what<10:39:38.700> your<10:39:39.480> DHCP<10:39:40.200> server

address then guess what your DHCP server

address then guess what your DHCP server
is<10:39:41.340> down

is down

is down
we<10:39:42.720> also<10:39:42.900> identify<10:39:43.256> the<10:39:43.380> strengths<10:39:43.740> and

we also identify the strengths and

we also identify the strengths and
weaknesses<10:39:44.340> of<10:39:44.520> each<10:39:44.640> of<10:39:44.756> these<10:39:44.936> so<10:39:46.320> um

weaknesses of each of these so um

weaknesses of each of these so um
we<10:39:47.700> Define<10:39:47.820> the<10:39:48.060> static<10:39:48.416> we<10:39:48.596> Define<10:39:48.776> dynamic

we Define the static we Define dynamic

we Define the static we Define dynamic
and<10:39:49.500> then<10:39:49.620> we<10:39:49.740> identify<10:39:50.096> the<10:39:50.276> strengths<10:39:50.640> and

and then we identify the strengths and

and then we identify the strengths and
weaknesses<10:39:51.180> of<10:39:51.360> each<10:39:51.480> remember<10:39:51.960> the<10:39:52.740> strength

weaknesses of each remember the strength

weaknesses of each remember the strength
of<10:39:53.820> dynamic<10:39:54.360> is<10:39:55.256> that

of dynamic is that

of dynamic is that
it's<10:39:57.240> easy

it's easy

it's easy
and<10:39:59.520> it<10:39:59.880> requires<10:40:00.416> less<10:40:00.720> work<10:40:00.960> if<10:40:01.200> we<10:40:01.380> change

and it requires less work if we change

and it requires less work if we change
anything

anything

anything
of<10:40:03.480> course<10:40:03.660> the<10:40:03.840> Dynamics<10:40:04.380> or<10:40:04.740> the<10:40:05.096> the

of course the Dynamics or the the

of course the Dynamics or the the
downside<10:40:05.880> of<10:40:06.120> it

downside of it

downside of it
could<10:40:07.320> be<10:40:07.500> this<10:40:07.680> apipa<10:40:08.756> or<10:40:09.360> we<10:40:09.660> don't<10:40:09.840> want

could be this apipa or we don't want

could be this apipa or we don't want
um<10:40:11.276> the<10:40:11.880> IP<10:40:12.120> address<10:40:12.240> to<10:40:12.596> change

um the IP address to change

um the IP address to change
we<10:40:14.340> also<10:40:14.580> talked<10:40:14.880> about<10:40:14.936> when<10:40:15.540> to<10:40:15.660> use<10:40:15.840> Dynamic

we also talked about when to use Dynamic

we also talked about when to use Dynamic
IP<10:40:16.620> addressing<10:40:17.096> which<10:40:17.756> is<10:40:17.936> in<10:40:18.180> most<10:40:18.416> cases<10:40:18.840> we

IP addressing which is in most cases we

IP addressing which is in most cases we
Define<10:40:19.620> DHCP<10:40:20.520> which<10:40:21.240> allows<10:40:21.960> a<10:40:22.436> dynamic<10:40:22.916> IP

Define DHCP which allows a dynamic IP

Define DHCP which allows a dynamic IP
addressing<10:40:23.520> to<10:40:23.700> work

addressing to work

addressing to work
scope<10:40:24.960> which<10:40:25.680> is<10:40:25.800> basically<10:40:26.096> the<10:40:26.520> range<10:40:26.880> of<10:40:27.060> IP

scope which is basically the range of IP

scope which is basically the range of IP
addresses

and the lease

and the lease
which<10:40:34.256> is<10:40:34.436> how<10:40:34.740> long<10:40:34.860> the<10:40:35.160> IP<10:40:35.400> address<10:40:35.580> is

which is how long the IP address is

which is how long the IP address is
going<10:40:36.180> to<10:40:36.416> be

going to be

going to be
sent<10:40:37.740> out<10:40:37.980> for<10:40:38.220> and<10:40:39.000> then<10:40:39.120> we<10:40:39.240> recognize<10:40:39.540> when

sent out for and then we recognize when

sent out for and then we recognize when
static<10:40:40.080> IP<10:40:40.320> addressing<10:40:40.740> is<10:40:40.860> preferred<10:40:41.276> for

static IP addressing is preferred for

static IP addressing is preferred for
instance<10:40:42.240> when<10:40:42.660> we're<10:40:42.776> dealing<10:40:43.080> with

instance when we're dealing with

instance when we're dealing with
printers

printers

printers
or<10:40:45.416> routers

or routers

or routers
or<10:40:47.520> even<10:40:47.640> the<10:40:47.936> DHCP<10:40:48.596> server<10:40:49.080> itself

or even the DHCP server itself

or even the DHCP server itself
which<10:40:51.776> we<10:40:52.020> cannot<10:40:52.380> have<10:40:52.680> change

welcome to module 6 lessons lesson 6 DNS

welcome to module 6 lessons lesson 6 DNS
the<10:41:18.180> name<10:41:18.416> naming<10:41:18.900> system

covered up we're going to cover a lot of

covered up we're going to cover a lot of
stuff<10:41:23.936> in<10:41:24.300> this<10:41:24.416> presentation<10:41:24.900> but<10:41:25.560> I'll<10:41:25.740> try

stuff in this presentation but I'll try

stuff in this presentation but I'll try
and<10:41:26.040> get<10:41:26.160> through<10:41:26.276> as<10:41:26.520> quickly<10:41:26.820> as<10:41:26.936> I<10:41:27.120> can

and get through as quickly as I can

and get through as quickly as I can
what<10:41:28.380> uh<10:41:28.560> we<10:41:28.740> need<10:41:28.800> to<10:41:28.916> know<10:41:29.040> what<10:41:29.160> DNS<10:41:29.580> is<10:41:29.820> what

what uh we need to know what DNS is what

what uh we need to know what DNS is what
our<10:41:30.300> domains<10:41:30.840> the<10:41:31.560> fully<10:41:31.860> qualified<10:41:32.220> domain

our domains the fully qualified domain

our domains the fully qualified domain
name

name

name
the<10:41:34.020> DNS<10:41:34.380> root<10:41:34.740> servers<10:41:35.160> so<10:41:35.340> what<10:41:35.580> happens<10:41:35.820> or

the DNS root servers so what happens or

the DNS root servers so what happens or
how<10:41:36.416> does<10:41:36.840> the<10:41:36.960> system<10:41:37.140> actually<10:41:37.520> how<10:41:38.520> do<10:41:38.700> we

how does the system actually how do we

how does the system actually how do we
interrogate<10:41:39.360> it<10:41:39.540> and<10:41:39.720> how<10:41:39.900> does<10:41:40.020> it<10:41:40.200> update

interrogate it and how does it update

interrogate it and how does it update
itself

itself

itself
what<10:41:42.060> are<10:41:42.240> DNS<10:41:42.596> records<10:41:43.080> as<10:41:43.200> well<10:41:43.320> this<10:41:43.620> is

what are DNS records as well this is

what are DNS records as well this is
stuff<10:41:43.980> that's<10:41:44.160> actually<10:41:44.460> in<10:41:44.880> the<10:41:45.180> syllabus

stuff that's actually in the syllabus

stuff that's actually in the syllabus
now<10:41:46.800> I'm<10:41:46.916> sure<10:41:47.096> you've<10:41:47.276> already<10:41:47.400> heard<10:41:47.640> of

now I'm sure you've already heard of

now I'm sure you've already heard of
domain<10:41:48.180> name<10:41:48.360> system<10:41:48.660> or<10:41:48.960> DNS<10:41:49.436> you<10:41:49.740> can<10:41:49.916> see<10:41:50.096> in

domain name system or DNS you can see in

domain name system or DNS you can see in
the<10:41:51.776> um<10:41:51.840> output<10:41:52.800> here<10:41:53.040> the<10:41:53.220> image<10:41:53.520> we've

the um output here the image we've

the um output here the image we've
got.com<10:41:54.620> dot<10:41:55.620> org.us<10:41:56.276> there's<10:41:56.936> actually

got.com dot org.us there's actually

got.com dot org.us there's actually
loads<10:41:57.720> and<10:41:57.840> they're<10:41:58.020> added<10:41:58.800> um<10:41:58.916> quite<10:41:59.276> rapidly

loads and they're added um quite rapidly

loads and they're added um quite rapidly
and<10:42:00.720> as<10:42:01.080> each<10:42:01.320> country<10:42:01.620> has

and as each country has

and as each country has
um<10:42:03.000> appealed<10:42:03.960> for<10:42:04.500> their<10:42:04.680> own<10:42:04.916> top<10:42:05.520> level

um appealed for their own top level

um appealed for their own top level
domain<10:42:06.180> more<10:42:06.360> and<10:42:06.540> more<10:42:06.660> have<10:42:06.776> been<10:42:06.900> added<10:42:07.200> so

domain more and more have been added so

domain more and more have been added so
there's<10:42:07.436> lots<10:42:07.740> of<10:42:07.800> countries<10:42:08.300> now<10:42:09.300> that<10:42:09.480> you

there's lots of countries now that you

there's lots of countries now that you
can<10:42:09.720> register<10:42:10.020> domain<10:42:10.436> names<10:42:10.680> for<10:42:11.040> some<10:42:11.820> of

can register domain names for some of

can register domain names for some of
them<10:42:12.060> are<10:42:12.360> protected<10:42:12.840> for<10:42:13.200> example

them are protected for example

them are protected for example
um<10:42:14.756> if<10:42:15.360> we<10:42:15.480> go<10:42:15.720> to.com

um if we go to.com

um if we go to.com
dot<10:42:19.620> a<10:42:19.740> u<10:42:19.980> for<10:42:20.640> Australia<10:42:21.180> you<10:42:22.080> actually<10:42:22.256> have

dot a u for Australia you actually have

dot a u for Australia you actually have
to<10:42:22.740> have<10:42:23.040> a<10:42:23.580> business<10:42:24.060> uh<10:42:24.776> number<10:42:25.020> so

to have a business uh number so

to have a business uh number so
even<10:42:27.180> if<10:42:27.360> you<10:42:27.540> live<10:42:27.660> in<10:42:27.776> Australia<10:42:28.400> you<10:42:29.400> must

even if you live in Australia you must

even if you live in Australia you must
have<10:42:30.060> um<10:42:30.060> it's<10:42:30.360> called<10:42:30.596> an<10:42:30.776> ABN<10:42:31.320> Australian

have um it's called an ABN Australian

have um it's called an ABN Australian
business<10:42:33.120> number<10:42:33.596> so<10:42:34.500> not<10:42:34.740> you<10:42:35.276> can't<10:42:35.460> just

business number so not you can't just

business number so not you can't just
have<10:42:35.880> anyone<10:42:36.480> having<10:42:37.200> a<10:42:37.436> DOT<10:42:37.740> com.eu<10:42:38.460> other

have anyone having a DOT com.eu other

have anyone having a DOT com.eu other
countries<10:42:39.180> have<10:42:39.360> got<10:42:39.480> restrictions<10:42:39.960> some

countries have got restrictions some

countries have got restrictions some
haven't<10:42:40.680> so<10:42:41.520> it<10:42:41.640> just<10:42:41.756> depends<10:42:42.180> on<10:42:42.480> where<10:42:43.200> you

haven't so it just depends on where you

haven't so it just depends on where you
are<10:42:43.700> so<10:42:44.700> it's<10:42:45.120> the<10:42:45.300> name<10:42:45.596> of<10:42:45.776> a<10:42:46.020> computer<10:42:46.140> it's

are so it's the name of a computer it's

are so it's the name of a computer it's
got<10:42:46.916> a<10:42:47.160> an<10:42:47.756> IP<10:42:48.060> address<10:42:48.240> on<10:42:48.540> the<10:42:48.660> internet<10:42:48.776> now

got a an IP address on the internet now

got a an IP address on the internet now
these<10:42:49.860> can<10:42:49.980> actually<10:42:50.096> be<10:42:50.276> shared<10:42:50.700> you<10:42:50.820> can

these can actually be shared you can

these can actually be shared you can
have<10:42:51.120> some<10:42:51.360> of<10:42:51.540> the<10:42:51.660> same<10:42:51.840> domain<10:42:52.200> names<10:42:52.380> if

have some of the same domain names if

have some of the same domain names if
you<10:42:52.800> buy<10:42:52.980> cheap<10:42:53.220> hosting<10:42:53.820> and<10:42:54.720> they'll<10:42:54.900> all<10:42:55.080> be

you buy cheap hosting and they'll all be

you buy cheap hosting and they'll all be
sitting<10:42:55.436> on<10:42:55.560> the<10:42:55.740> same<10:42:56.480> IP<10:42:57.480> address<10:42:57.720> but<10:42:58.200> this

sitting on the same IP address but this

sitting on the same IP address but this
DNS<10:42:58.980> can<10:42:59.160> deal<10:42:59.276> with<10:42:59.460> this

DNS can deal with this

DNS can deal with this
so<10:43:01.320> yep<10:43:01.620> that's<10:43:01.740> just<10:43:01.916> what<10:43:02.096> I've<10:43:02.220> said

so yep that's just what I've said

so yep that's just what I've said
if<10:43:03.720> you<10:43:03.900> uh

if you uh

if you uh
for<10:43:06.000> example<10:43:06.240> I<10:43:06.660> used<10:43:06.900> to<10:43:07.020> host<10:43:07.200> of<10:43:07.436> these<10:43:07.620> but

for example I used to host of these but

for example I used to host of these but
not<10:43:07.916> anymore

not anymore

not anymore
uh

uh

uh
what<10:43:10.980> was<10:43:11.220> it<10:43:11.400> called<10:43:11.460> HostGator

I'm not recommending these by the way

I'm not recommending these by the way
you<10:43:19.860> could<10:43:19.916> have<10:43:20.160> this<10:43:20.460> guy's<10:43:21.060> website

you could have this guy's website

you could have this guy's website
somebody<10:43:21.960> else's<10:43:22.560> another<10:43:23.040> person<10:43:23.460> another

somebody else's another person another

somebody else's another person another
person<10:43:24.300> but<10:43:25.140> they're<10:43:25.320> all<10:43:25.560> sharing

the same IP address but that's easily

the same IP address but that's easily
taken<10:43:33.840> care<10:43:33.960> of

taken care of

taken care of
so<10:43:35.460> what<10:43:35.640> is<10:43:35.880> it<10:43:36.060> it<10:43:36.480> resolves<10:43:36.900> the<10:43:37.020> names

so what is it it resolves the names

so what is it it resolves the names
associated<10:43:37.680> with<10:43:38.096> a<10:43:38.340> server<10:43:38.756> to<10:43:39.000> its<10:43:39.180> IP

associated with a server to its IP

associated with a server to its IP
address

so you can see on my home computer here

so you can see on my home computer here
I<10:43:46.020> issued<10:43:46.436> a<10:43:46.680> ping<10:43:47.180> cisco.com<10:43:48.380> well<10:43:49.380> this

I issued a ping cisco.com well this

I issued a ping cisco.com well this
a<10:43:51.480> URL<10:43:51.960> is<10:43:52.200> sitting<10:43:52.620> on<10:43:52.980> a<10:43:53.160> server<10:43:53.540> somewhere

a URL is sitting on a server somewhere

a URL is sitting on a server somewhere
and<10:43:55.380> probably<10:43:55.740> on<10:43:55.980> spread<10:43:56.220> among<10:43:56.520> quite<10:43:57.060> a<10:43:57.120> few

and probably on spread among quite a few

and probably on spread among quite a few
servers<10:43:57.720> actually<10:43:57.960> but<10:43:58.916> somewhere<10:43:59.520> from<10:44:00.620> my

servers actually but somewhere from my

servers actually but somewhere from my
home

home

home
wherever<10:44:03.300> I<10:44:03.596> am<10:44:03.720> I've<10:44:04.380> got<10:44:04.560> to<10:44:04.680> get<10:44:04.800> through<10:44:05.040> to

wherever I am I've got to get through to

wherever I am I've got to get through to
my

my

my
ISP<10:44:07.460> and<10:44:08.460> then<10:44:08.640> obviously<10:44:09.060> we've<10:44:09.300> got<10:44:09.480> a<10:44:09.660> whole

ISP and then obviously we've got a whole

ISP and then obviously we've got a whole
bunch<10:44:09.960> of<10:44:10.140> other<10:44:10.256> hosting<10:44:10.860> companies

bunch of other hosting companies

bunch of other hosting companies
wherever<10:44:12.240> they<10:44:12.540> may<10:44:12.720> be<10:44:12.900> and<10:44:13.500> then<10:44:13.680> finally<10:44:14.096> we

wherever they may be and then finally we

wherever they may be and then finally we
get<10:44:14.936> to<10:44:15.300> the<10:44:16.080> building

get to the building

get to the building
hmm

hmm

hmm
that<10:44:20.040> Cisco<10:44:20.900> owned<10:44:21.900> maybe<10:44:22.080> Paulo<10:44:22.620> Alto<10:44:22.980> or

that Cisco owned maybe Paulo Alto or

that Cisco owned maybe Paulo Alto or
somewhere<10:44:23.460> else<10:44:23.580> but<10:44:24.120> there<10:44:24.240> has<10:44:24.416> to<10:44:24.540> be<10:44:24.596> a

somewhere else but there has to be a

somewhere else but there has to be a
result<10:44:24.900> between<10:44:25.500> this<10:44:25.980> and<10:44:26.756> what<10:44:26.936> actually

result between this and what actually

result between this and what actually
comes<10:44:27.776> back<10:44:28.020> because<10:44:28.560> tcpip<10:44:29.400> doesn't<10:44:29.960> ping

comes back because tcpip doesn't ping

comes back because tcpip doesn't ping
names<10:44:31.500> it<10:44:32.400> pings<10:44:32.700> uh<10:44:33.416> IP<10:44:33.720> addresses<10:44:34.256> so<10:44:34.916> 172

names it pings uh IP addresses so 172

names it pings uh IP addresses so 172
163<10:44:36.680> 4.161<10:44:37.680> that<10:44:37.916> could<10:44:38.096> have<10:44:38.220> changed<10:44:38.400> but

163 4.161 that could have changed but

163 4.161 that could have changed but
something<10:44:39.240> has<10:44:39.540> to<10:44:39.720> happen<10:44:39.900> before<10:44:41.000> the<10:44:42.200> icmp

something has to happen before the icmp

something has to happen before the icmp
packet<10:44:43.740> can<10:44:44.276> be<10:44:44.460> built<10:44:44.880> and<10:44:45.360> as<10:44:45.596> you<10:44:45.776> know<10:44:45.960> from

packet can be built and as you know from

packet can be built and as you know from
other<10:44:46.380> lectures<10:44:46.800> he's<10:44:47.096> got<10:44:47.276> to<10:44:47.460> have<10:44:47.640> uh

other lectures he's got to have uh

other lectures he's got to have uh
inside<10:44:48.660> their<10:44:49.080> Source<10:44:49.700> destination<10:44:51.020> and

inside their Source destination and

inside their Source destination and
their<10:44:52.256> data<10:44:52.916> whatever<10:44:53.460> else<10:44:53.820> inside<10:44:54.240> the

their data whatever else inside the

their data whatever else inside the
packet<10:44:55.560> so<10:44:56.460> DNS<10:44:57.000> will<10:44:57.180> take<10:44:57.416> care<10:44:57.596> of<10:44:57.720> the<10:44:58.140> uh

packet so DNS will take care of the uh

packet so DNS will take care of the uh
resolve<10:44:59.276> for<10:44:59.520> us

resolve for us

resolve for us
when<10:45:02.040> we<10:45:02.220> tried<10:45:02.400> to<10:45:02.520> access<10:45:02.700> a

when we tried to access a

when we tried to access a
samplecompany.com<10:45:03.900> from<10:45:04.256> the<10:45:04.380> web<10:45:04.500> browser

samplecompany.com from the web browser

samplecompany.com from the web browser
DNS<10:45:05.660> translates<10:45:06.660> the<10:45:06.900> domain<10:45:07.200> name<10:45:07.436> into<10:45:07.860> an

DNS translates the domain name into an

DNS translates the domain name into an
IP<10:45:08.340> address

so I've just put an IP address if you're

so I've just put an IP address if you're
super<10:45:14.220> super<10:45:14.460> smart<10:45:14.756> and<10:45:14.936> got<10:45:15.120> a<10:45:15.300> great<10:45:15.416> memory

super super smart and got a great memory

super super smart and got a great memory
you<10:45:16.320> could<10:45:16.436> basically<10:45:16.800> browse<10:45:17.220> the<10:45:17.400> entire

you could basically browse the entire

you could basically browse the entire
internet<10:45:18.560> just<10:45:19.560> using<10:45:19.800> IP<10:45:20.160> addresses<10:45:20.700> however

internet just using IP addresses however

internet just using IP addresses however
if<10:45:21.596> it's<10:45:21.720> something<10:45:22.020> new<10:45:22.436> for<10:45:23.220> example<10:45:23.460> if<10:45:23.700> you

if it's something new for example if you

if it's something new for example if you
want<10:45:24.000> to<10:45:24.180> go<10:45:24.360> to

want to go to

want to go to
xyzsite.com<10:45:26.520> you're<10:45:27.416> not<10:45:27.596> going<10:45:27.720> to<10:45:27.900> know

xyzsite.com you're not going to know

xyzsite.com you're not going to know
obviously<10:45:28.380> the<10:45:28.620> IP<10:45:28.860> address<10:45:29.040> and<10:45:29.580> this<10:45:29.700> can

obviously the IP address and this can

obviously the IP address and this can
change<10:45:30.000> over<10:45:30.300> time<10:45:30.540> by<10:45:30.776> the<10:45:30.960> way<10:45:31.020> they<10:45:31.860> can

change over time by the way they can

change over time by the way they can
move<10:45:32.220> to<10:45:32.400> another<10:45:32.520> company<10:45:32.880> and<10:45:33.360> assimilate

move to another company and assimilate

move to another company and assimilate
with<10:45:34.140> someone<10:45:34.916> else<10:45:35.220> or<10:45:35.460> buy<10:45:35.700> them<10:45:35.880> out

so that IP address is used by our

so that IP address is used by our
computer<10:45:41.276> to<10:45:41.700> communicate<10:45:42.120> with<10:45:42.416> the

computer to communicate with the

computer to communicate with the
corresponding<10:45:43.256> server<10:45:43.680> on<10:45:43.980> the<10:45:44.160> network

as a database DLS knows about the

as a database DLS knows about the
relationship<10:45:49.200> between<10:45:49.500> the<10:45:49.800> domain<10:45:50.160> name<10:45:50.756> and

relationship between the domain name and

relationship between the domain name and
its<10:45:51.300> IP<10:45:51.540> address<10:45:51.980> it's<10:45:52.980> a<10:45:53.220> distributed

its IP address it's a distributed

its IP address it's a distributed
databases<10:45:54.360> spread<10:45:54.720> across<10:45:55.080> the<10:45:55.200> world<10:45:55.380> I'll

databases spread across the world I'll

databases spread across the world I'll
come<10:45:56.460> up<10:45:56.580> to<10:45:56.756> this<10:45:56.880> morning<10:45:57.060> here<10:45:57.596> but<10:45:58.020> um

come up to this morning here but um

come up to this morning here but um
you've<10:45:59.096> got<10:45:59.220> your<10:45:59.520> ISP<10:46:00.180> which<10:46:00.900> will<10:46:01.080> probably

you've got your ISP which will probably

you've got your ISP which will probably
have<10:46:01.820> several<10:46:02.820> thousand<10:46:03.180> of<10:46:03.360> the<10:46:03.480> most<10:46:03.660> common

have several thousand of the most common

have several thousand of the most common
DNS<10:46:05.096> addresses

DNS addresses

DNS addresses
and<10:46:07.740> and<10:46:08.040> mappings<10:46:08.460> in<10:46:08.700> there<10:46:08.880> if<10:46:09.416> there<10:46:09.596> isn't

and and mappings in there if there isn't

and and mappings in there if there isn't
one<10:46:10.080> there<10:46:10.320> then<10:46:10.620> when<10:46:10.800> you<10:46:11.040> do<10:46:11.276> your<10:46:11.700> search

one there then when you do your search

one there then when you do your search
at<10:46:13.080> home

at home

at home
if<10:46:14.160> it's<10:46:14.276> not<10:46:14.520> there<10:46:14.700> then<10:46:14.936> quite<10:46:15.240> quickly<10:46:15.540> it

if it's not there then quite quickly it

if it's not there then quite quickly it
will<10:46:15.900> be<10:46:16.020> forwarded<10:46:16.500> to

will be forwarded to

will be forwarded to
like<10:46:18.240> possibly<10:46:18.720> it<10:46:19.256> might<10:46:19.500> not<10:46:19.680> be<10:46:19.800> the<10:46:20.340> um<10:46:20.400> one

like possibly it might not be the um one

like possibly it might not be the um one
of<10:46:21.180> the<10:46:21.240> root<10:46:21.416> servers<10:46:21.776> which<10:46:21.900> I'll<10:46:22.140> come<10:46:22.256> to

of the root servers which I'll come to

of the root servers which I'll come to
but<10:46:22.916> it<10:46:23.096> might<10:46:23.340> be<10:46:23.520> an<10:46:24.480> authoritative<10:46:25.140> DNS

but it might be an authoritative DNS

but it might be an authoritative DNS
server<10:46:26.276> that<10:46:26.880> will<10:46:27.060> hopefully<10:46:27.660> resolve<10:46:28.620> if

server that will hopefully resolve if

server that will hopefully resolve if
not<10:46:29.160> then<10:46:29.640> it<10:46:29.820> can<10:46:30.000> carry<10:46:30.240> on

it uses UDP Port 53 just uh bear that in

it uses UDP Port 53 just uh bear that in
mind<10:46:36.360> because<10:46:36.900> you<10:46:37.200> could<10:46:37.436> come<10:46:37.620> up<10:46:37.740> in<10:46:37.916> the

mind because you could come up in the

mind because you could come up in the
exam

exam

exam
uh<10:46:40.080> just<10:46:40.620> people<10:46:41.520> argue<10:46:42.000> that<10:46:42.360> it<10:46:42.660> DNS<10:46:43.620> doesn't

uh just people argue that it DNS doesn't

uh just people argue that it DNS doesn't
use

use

use
UDP<10:46:45.240> it<10:46:45.660> does<10:46:45.840> for<10:46:46.380> our<10:46:46.500> for<10:46:46.916> our<10:46:47.040> purposes<10:46:47.840> DNS

UDP it does for our for our purposes DNS

UDP it does for our for our purposes DNS
uses<10:46:49.436> UDP<10:46:49.800> now<10:46:50.340> if<10:46:50.580> you<10:46:50.700> happen<10:46:50.880> to<10:46:51.120> be<10:46:51.240> working

uses UDP now if you happen to be working

uses UDP now if you happen to be working
for<10:46:51.720> an<10:46:51.900> internet<10:46:52.020> service<10:46:52.680> provider<10:46:53.400> then<10:46:54.776> um

for an internet service provider then um

for an internet service provider then um
TCP<10:46:56.340> is<10:46:56.756> used<10:46:57.000> but<10:46:57.540> it's<10:46:57.660> used<10:46:57.840> for<10:46:58.020> Zone

TCP is used but it's used for Zone

TCP is used but it's used for Zone
transfer<10:46:58.800> so<10:46:59.040> all<10:46:59.340> the<10:46:59.580> domain<10:46:59.880> names<10:47:00.180> that<10:47:01.380> um

transfer so all the domain names that um

transfer so all the domain names that um
will<10:47:02.640> be<10:47:02.756> transferred<10:47:03.240> across<10:47:03.480> that

will be transferred across that

will be transferred across that
obviously<10:47:03.960> has<10:47:04.080> to<10:47:04.200> be<10:47:04.256> done<10:47:04.436> reliably<10:47:04.916> or

obviously has to be done reliably or

obviously has to be done reliably or
large<10:47:06.180> requests

large requests

large requests
it<10:47:08.220> can<10:47:08.400> also<10:47:08.756> be<10:47:09.000> used<10:47:09.240> if<10:47:09.596> there's<10:47:09.776> multiple

this depends how you've got it all set

this depends how you've got it all set
up<10:47:14.756> if<10:47:15.120> there's<10:47:15.240> multiple<10:47:15.660> failures<10:47:16.080> looking

up if there's multiple failures looking

up if there's multiple failures looking
for

for

for
xyz.com<10:47:19.220> then<10:47:20.220> it<10:47:20.400> could<10:47:20.580> also<10:47:21.200> move<10:47:22.200> to<10:47:22.436> TCP

xyz.com then it could also move to TCP

xyz.com then it could also move to TCP
this<10:47:23.580> is<10:47:23.700> because<10:47:23.936> it<10:47:24.300> could<10:47:24.416> be<10:47:24.596> caused<10:47:25.080> by<10:47:25.256> a

this is because it could be caused by a

this is because it could be caused by a
UDP<10:47:25.980> dropouts<10:47:26.580> or<10:47:26.756> fragmentation

UDP dropouts or fragmentation

UDP dropouts or fragmentation
but<10:47:29.040> we<10:47:29.400> probably<10:47:29.580> wouldn't<10:47:29.756> need<10:47:30.000> to<10:47:30.120> worry

but we probably wouldn't need to worry

but we probably wouldn't need to worry
about<10:47:30.416> that<10:47:30.660> for<10:47:30.960> our<10:47:31.080> day-to-day<10:47:31.620> jobs

about that for our day-to-day jobs

about that for our day-to-day jobs
our<10:47:34.256> DNS<10:47:34.680> database<10:47:35.276> or<10:47:35.756> the<10:47:35.936> DNS<10:47:36.480> database

our DNS database or the DNS database

our DNS database or the DNS database
divided<10:47:37.500> into<10:47:37.620> sections<10:47:38.040> called<10:47:38.220> zones<10:47:38.640> these

divided into sections called zones these

divided into sections called zones these
store<10:47:39.360> name<10:47:39.596> information<10:47:39.900> about<10:47:40.380> one<10:47:40.680> or<10:47:40.860> more

store name information about one or more

store name information about one or more
domains

and the domain is included in the zone

and the domain is included in the zone
The<10:47:46.680> Zone<10:47:46.860> becomes<10:47:47.220> an<10:47:47.460> authoritative<10:47:48.000> source

The Zone becomes an authoritative source

The Zone becomes an authoritative source
of<10:47:48.596> information<10:47:48.840> about<10:47:49.500> that<10:47:49.800> domain

so as I've already said we need our

so as I've already said we need our
routers<10:47:55.980> and<10:47:56.580> multiles<10:47:57.300> which<10:47:57.540> is<10:47:57.660> we<10:47:57.900> we

routers and multiles which is we we

routers and multiles which is we we
concerned<10:47:58.860> about<10:47:58.916> IP<10:47:59.340> addresses<10:47:59.756> to<10:47:59.936> make

concerned about IP addresses to make

concerned about IP addresses to make
forwarding<10:48:00.596> decisions<10:48:00.960> so<10:48:01.500> we<10:48:01.680> had<10:48:01.860> to<10:48:01.980> have

forwarding decisions so we had to have

forwarding decisions so we had to have
this<10:48:02.340> service<10:48:02.580> created

uh you we know this stuff already

uh you we know this stuff already
difficult<10:48:09.960> to<10:48:10.140> remember<10:48:10.320> kind<10:48:10.860> of<10:48:10.980> alluded<10:48:11.460> to

difficult to remember kind of alluded to

difficult to remember kind of alluded to
it

so the IP address with the domain system

so the IP address with the domain system
we<10:48:17.936> don't<10:48:18.060> need<10:48:18.180> to<10:48:18.360> go<10:48:19.256> through<10:48:19.380> the<10:48:19.500> headache

we don't need to go through the headache

we don't need to go through the headache
of<10:48:19.916> remembering<10:48:20.400> the<10:48:20.756> IP<10:48:21.060> addresses

of remembering the IP addresses

of remembering the IP addresses
a<10:48:23.460> little<10:48:23.520> flogging<10:48:24.000> the<10:48:24.180> flogging<10:48:24.776> the<10:48:24.900> point

a little flogging the flogging the point

a little flogging the flogging the point
a<10:48:25.256> bit<10:48:25.320> here

a bit here

a bit here
so<10:48:27.300> the<10:48:27.660> DNS<10:48:28.020> name<10:48:28.200> system<10:48:28.560> is<10:48:28.800> based<10:48:29.220> upon<10:48:29.520> the

so the DNS name system is based upon the

so the DNS name system is based upon the
domain<10:48:30.120> name<10:48:30.360> space

domain name space

domain name space
collection<10:48:32.276> of<10:48:32.460> unique<10:48:32.756> names<10:48:32.936> that<10:48:33.180> denote

collection of unique names that denote

collection of unique names that denote
other<10:48:33.840> kinds<10:48:34.256> of<10:48:34.320> information<10:48:34.560> such<10:48:35.096> as<10:48:35.276> the

other kinds of information such as the

other kinds of information such as the
IP<10:48:35.700> address<10:48:35.880> now<10:48:36.840> there<10:48:37.020> has<10:48:37.200> to<10:48:37.320> be<10:48:37.436> certain

IP address now there has to be certain

IP address now there has to be certain
rules<10:48:37.980> in<10:48:38.096> place<10:48:38.340> obviously<10:48:38.936> and<10:48:39.416> these<10:48:39.660> rules

rules in place obviously and these rules

rules in place obviously and these rules
have<10:48:40.080> been<10:48:40.200> added<10:48:40.560> to<10:48:40.740> and<10:48:40.980> amended<10:48:41.520> if<10:48:42.180> you<10:48:42.416> if

have been added to and amended if you if

have been added to and amended if you if
you've<10:48:42.960> got<10:48:43.080> the<10:48:43.256> time<10:48:43.560> and<10:48:44.160> the<10:48:44.340> inclination

you've got the time and the inclination

you've got the time and the inclination
to<10:48:44.880> read<10:48:45.060> through<10:48:45.180> the<10:48:45.416> rfcs<10:48:46.200> and<10:48:46.860> certainly

to read through the rfcs and certainly

to read through the rfcs and certainly
when<10:48:47.276> we<10:48:47.460> come<10:48:47.640> to<10:48:47.880> see<10:48:48.180> Name<10:48:48.480> Records

when we come to see Name Records

when we come to see Name Records
conical<10:48:50.700> names<10:48:51.000> I'm<10:48:51.480> not<10:48:51.596> saying<10:48:51.840> that<10:48:51.960> twice

conical names I'm not saying that twice

conical names I'm not saying that twice
they<10:48:54.596> had<10:48:54.840> to<10:48:54.960> issue<10:48:55.380> an<10:48:55.916> update<10:48:56.220> on<10:48:57.180> the<10:48:57.300> RFC

they had to issue an update on the RFC

they had to issue an update on the RFC
because<10:48:58.140> people<10:48:58.500> were<10:48:58.860> getting<10:48:59.096> a<10:48:59.276> bit

because people were getting a bit

because people were getting a bit
confused<10:48:59.820> about<10:49:00.000> what<10:49:00.416> it<10:49:00.596> what<10:49:00.840> it<10:49:01.020> did<10:49:01.200> and

confused about what it what it did and

confused about what it what it did and
this<10:49:02.040> is<10:49:02.096> one<10:49:02.276> of<10:49:02.400> the<10:49:02.460> things<10:49:02.520> about<10:49:02.700> when<10:49:03.060> you

this is one of the things about when you

this is one of the things about when you
when<10:49:04.020> you<10:49:04.256> create<10:49:04.436> something<10:49:04.740> and<10:49:05.040> you<10:49:05.220> write

when you create something and you write

when you create something and you write
the<10:49:05.580> rules

the rules

the rules
of<10:49:07.020> the<10:49:07.320> documentation<10:49:07.916> you

of the documentation you

of the documentation you
you<10:49:09.660> presume<10:49:10.256> people<10:49:10.436> already<10:49:10.740> understand

you presume people already understand

you presume people already understand
stuff<10:49:11.520> because<10:49:11.640> it's<10:49:11.820> in<10:49:12.060> your<10:49:12.240> head<10:49:12.416> this<10:49:12.900> is

stuff because it's in your head this is

stuff because it's in your head this is
why<10:49:13.200> it's<10:49:13.380> handy<10:49:13.620> to<10:49:13.740> get<10:49:13.860> other<10:49:13.980> people<10:49:14.276> to

why it's handy to get other people to

why it's handy to get other people to
write<10:49:15.120> the<10:49:15.300> documentation<10:49:15.776> and<10:49:16.020> then<10:49:16.140> you

write the documentation and then you

write the documentation and then you
read<10:49:16.560> it

read it

read it
and<10:49:18.120> I'm<10:49:18.360> saying<10:49:18.776> that<10:49:18.840> because

and I'm saying that because

and I'm saying that because
documentation<10:49:19.620> is<10:49:19.800> included<10:49:20.220> in<10:49:20.520> the<10:49:20.700> network

documentation is included in the network

documentation is included in the network
plus<10:49:21.480> the<10:49:21.720> exam

plus the exam

plus the exam
so<10:49:23.400> the<10:49:23.640> namespace<10:49:24.120> is<10:49:24.416> a<10:49:24.596> hierarchically

so the namespace is a hierarchically

so the namespace is a hierarchically
there's<10:49:26.160> too<10:49:26.460> many<10:49:26.580> long<10:49:27.000> words<10:49:27.180> today

there's too many long words today

there's too many long words today
structured<10:49:28.620> and<10:49:28.980> has<10:49:29.096> rules<10:49:29.520> to<10:49:29.700> uh<10:49:30.240> that<10:49:30.416> let

structured and has rules to uh that let

structured and has rules to uh that let
the<10:49:30.720> namespace<10:49:31.080> be<10:49:31.320> divided<10:49:31.740> into<10:49:31.916> subsets

the namespace be divided into subsets

the namespace be divided into subsets
so<10:49:34.680> in<10:49:34.800> the<10:49:34.980> land<10:49:35.160> uh<10:49:35.520> the<10:49:35.820> domain<10:49:36.180> is<10:49:36.416> a<10:49:36.596> sub

so in the land uh the domain is a sub

so in the land uh the domain is a sub
Network<10:49:36.960> consisting<10:49:37.500> of<10:49:37.680> a<10:49:37.800> group<10:49:37.916> of<10:49:38.096> clients

Network consisting of a group of clients

Network consisting of a group of clients
and<10:49:38.580> servers<10:49:39.060> I'm<10:49:39.596> not<10:49:39.776> talking<10:49:39.900> about<10:49:40.140> the<10:49:41.096> um

and servers I'm not talking about the um

and servers I'm not talking about the um
your<10:49:41.460> internal

your internal

your internal
um<10:49:42.596> intranet<10:49:43.200> for<10:49:43.320> example

I'm just talking about the day-to-day

I'm just talking about the day-to-day
lands<10:49:48.240> of<10:49:48.360> IP<10:49:48.720> addresses<10:49:49.140> you<10:49:49.620> could<10:49:49.740> have<10:49:49.860> the

lands of IP addresses you could have the

lands of IP addresses you could have the
intranet<10:49:50.700> or<10:49:51.180> obviously

intranet or obviously

intranet or obviously
um<10:49:52.200> Microsoft<10:49:52.916> also<10:49:53.820> has<10:49:54.416> a<10:49:54.596> naming<10:49:54.900> system

um Microsoft also has a naming system

um Microsoft also has a naming system
the<10:49:55.436> active<10:49:55.680> directory<10:49:56.220> so<10:49:56.580> we're<10:49:57.540> not

the active directory so we're not

the active directory so we're not
talking<10:49:57.840> about<10:49:58.080> that

so Internet domain is a descriptor of

so Internet domain is a descriptor of
The<10:50:03.596> Logical<10:50:04.020> grouping<10:50:04.436> of<10:50:04.620> names<10:50:05.060> and<10:50:06.060> it

The Logical grouping of names and it

The Logical grouping of names and it
indicates<10:50:07.140> whether<10:50:07.436> the<10:50:07.620> names<10:50:07.800> belong<10:50:08.220> to

indicates whether the names belong to

indicates whether the names belong to
the<10:50:08.520> following<10:50:08.820> commercial<10:50:09.480> entities<10:50:10.340> and

the following commercial entities and

the following commercial entities and
non-non-profits<10:50:12.540> I'm<10:50:12.776> not<10:50:12.900> sure<10:50:13.020> what<10:50:13.256> the

non-non-profits I'm not sure what the

non-non-profits I'm not sure what the
non-profit<10:50:14.060> is.org<10:50:15.060> isn't<10:50:15.360> it

non-profit is.org isn't it

non-profit is.org isn't it
which<10:50:16.680> isn't<10:50:17.096> isn't<10:50:17.640> really<10:50:17.820> the<10:50:18.120> case

which isn't isn't really the case

which isn't isn't really the case
because

because

because
um I've<10:50:20.276> got<10:50:20.400> a<10:50:20.520> DOT<10:50:20.820> org<10:50:21.060> website<10:50:21.300> so<10:50:21.540> it's

um I've got a DOT org website so it's

um I've got a DOT org website so it's
not<10:50:21.900> protected<10:50:22.320> you<10:50:22.560> don't<10:50:22.740> have<10:50:22.860> to<10:50:22.980> be<10:50:23.040> a

not protected you don't have to be a

not protected you don't have to be a
registered<10:50:23.700> uh<10:50:24.480> charity

registered uh charity

registered uh charity
educational<10:50:27.360> is<10:50:27.900> dot<10:50:28.620> uh<10:50:29.220> Ed<10:50:29.580> I<10:50:30.120> don't<10:50:30.300> think

educational is dot uh Ed I don't think

educational is dot uh Ed I don't think
it's<10:50:30.480> dot<10:50:30.776> EU<10:50:31.020> it's<10:50:31.256> dot<10:50:31.800> e<10:50:32.460> d<10:50:32.880> u<10:50:33.180> now<10:50:33.840> I<10:50:34.320> you

it's dot EU it's dot e d u now I you

it's dot EU it's dot e d u now I you
can't<10:50:34.860> get<10:50:35.096> these<10:50:35.340> as<10:50:35.580> far<10:50:35.700> as<10:50:35.820> I<10:50:36.000> know

can't get these as far as I know

can't get these as far as I know
certainly<10:50:36.540> not<10:50:36.660> for<10:50:36.840> USA<10:50:37.380> you<10:50:37.980> have<10:50:38.096> to<10:50:38.220> be<10:50:38.936> um

certainly not for USA you have to be um

certainly not for USA you have to be um
a<10:50:39.660> uni

a uni

a uni
College<10:50:42.120> something<10:50:42.540> like<10:50:42.840> that<10:50:43.080> so<10:50:43.740> I<10:50:43.916> presume

College something like that so I presume

College something like that so I presume
you<10:50:44.340> have<10:50:44.460> to<10:50:44.580> have<10:50:44.640> some<10:50:44.820> sort<10:50:44.936> of

you have to have some sort of

you have to have some sort of
documentation<10:50:45.596> or<10:50:45.900> number

documentation or number

documentation or number
government<10:50:48.240> agencies.gov

government agencies.gov

government agencies.gov
and<10:50:51.720> so<10:50:51.900> on

and so on

and so on
you<10:50:54.416> can<10:50:54.540> subdivide<10:50:55.200> the<10:50:55.320> domain<10:50:55.620> into<10:50:55.800> groups

you can subdivide the domain into groups

you can subdivide the domain into groups
called<10:50:56.460> subdomain

called subdomain

called subdomain
so<10:50:59.040> the<10:50:59.880> DNS<10:51:00.300> domain<10:51:00.660> can<10:51:00.840> also<10:51:01.080> contain<10:51:01.380> hosts

so the DNS domain can also contain hosts

so the DNS domain can also contain hosts
these<10:51:02.880> refer<10:51:03.120> to<10:51:03.240> computers<10:51:03.840> and<10:51:04.020> services<10:51:04.460> so

these refer to computers and services so

these refer to computers and services so
we've<10:51:05.580> got<10:51:05.700> an<10:51:05.820> example<10:51:06.120> here

we've got an example here

we've got an example here
training.samplecompany.com

so this is the first obviously the top

so this is the first obviously the top
top<10:51:14.880> level<10:51:15.120> domain<10:51:15.660> which<10:51:15.900> we<10:51:16.200> talk<10:51:16.380> about

top level domain which we talk about

top level domain which we talk about
then<10:51:17.340> somebody's<10:51:18.200> registered<10:51:19.200> this

then somebody's registered this

then somebody's registered this
but<10:51:20.880> then<10:51:21.000> when<10:51:21.180> you<10:51:21.360> go<10:51:21.596> into<10:51:21.720> your

but then when you go into your

but then when you go into your
admin<10:51:23.580> panel

admin panel

admin panel
you<10:51:26.276> can<10:51:26.400> add<10:51:26.880> these<10:51:27.660> sub<10:51:28.020> domains<10:51:28.560> here<10:51:28.740> for

you can add these sub domains here for

you can add these sub domains here for
example<10:51:29.276> my

I think it's called rack start

I think it's called rack start
how<10:51:36.300> to

network.com I've got the same sort of

network.com I've got the same sort of
thing<10:51:42.840> I<10:51:43.800> created<10:51:44.276> this<10:51:44.580> subdomain<10:51:45.660> which<10:51:46.320> has

thing I created this subdomain which has

thing I created this subdomain which has
got<10:51:46.680> its<10:51:47.096> own<10:51:47.340> IP<10:51:48.180> address<10:51:48.360> at

got its own IP address at

got its own IP address at
howtonnetwork.com<10:51:50.160> is<10:51:50.580> sitting<10:51:50.936> somewhere

howtonnetwork.com is sitting somewhere

howtonnetwork.com is sitting somewhere
um

um

um
actually<10:51:53.820> know<10:51:54.180> where<10:51:54.416> it<10:51:54.540> is<10:51:54.660> it's<10:51:54.960> sitting

actually know where it is it's sitting

actually know where it is it's sitting
on<10:51:55.680> a<10:51:55.800> server<10:51:56.096> say<10:51:56.880> say<10:51:57.180> no

on a server say say no

on a server say say no
I<10:51:59.520> IO<10:52:00.000> the<10:52:00.660> the<10:52:01.860> um<10:52:01.860> racks<10:52:02.460> are<10:52:02.700> sitting

I IO the the um racks are sitting

I IO the the um racks are sitting
somewhere<10:52:03.540> else<10:52:03.720> because<10:52:04.080> I've<10:52:04.680> used<10:52:04.916> DNS

somewhere else because I've used DNS

somewhere else because I've used DNS
records<10:52:05.936> that<10:52:06.660> sit<10:52:06.960> in<10:52:07.200> in<10:52:07.860> um<10:52:07.860> oh

I actually remember where it is

I actually remember where it is
up<10:52:13.916> at<10:52:14.096> Nevada<10:52:14.400> just<10:52:14.880> so<10:52:15.000> you<10:52:15.120> get<10:52:15.240> the<10:52:15.300> point

up at Nevada just so you get the point

up at Nevada just so you get the point
anyway

so samplecomedy.com the.com is known as

so samplecomedy.com the.com is known as
the<10:52:22.080> TLD<10:52:22.436> top<10:52:22.860> level<10:52:23.040> domain

the TLD top level domain

the TLD top level domain
okay<10:52:24.840> so<10:52:25.140> you<10:52:25.436> could<10:52:25.500> be<10:52:25.620> asked<10:52:25.800> this<10:52:25.980> in<10:52:26.160> the

okay so you could be asked this in the

okay so you could be asked this in the
exam<10:52:26.520> this<10:52:26.640> is<10:52:26.756> ISA<10:52:27.300> the<10:52:28.200> fqdn<10:52:28.916> the<10:52:29.160> fully

exam this is ISA the fqdn the fully

exam this is ISA the fqdn the fully
qualified<10:52:29.700> domain<10:52:30.120> name<10:52:30.300> is<10:52:30.720> a<10:52:30.900> complete

qualified domain name is a complete

qualified domain name is a complete
domain<10:52:31.800> name<10:52:31.980> for<10:52:32.220> a<10:52:32.340> specific<10:52:32.640> computer<10:52:32.936> or

domain name for a specific computer or

domain name for a specific computer or
host<10:52:33.596> so<10:52:34.436> it's<10:52:34.620> got<10:52:34.800> the<10:52:34.916> host<10:52:35.096> name<10:52:35.460> and<10:52:36.300> the

host so it's got the host name and the

host so it's got the host name and the
domain<10:52:36.776> name

domain name

domain name
so<10:52:38.700> for<10:52:39.120> the<10:52:39.800> fqdn<10:52:40.800> for<10:52:41.340> a<10:52:41.460> hypothetical<10:52:41.936> main

so for the fqdn for a hypothetical main

so for the fqdn for a hypothetical main
mail<10:52:43.020> server<10:52:43.500> might<10:52:44.040> be<10:52:44.220> mail<10:52:44.520> one<10:52:44.820> and<10:52:45.596> you

mail server might be mail one and you

mail server might be mail one and you
probably<10:52:45.960> have<10:52:46.140> this<10:52:46.320> if<10:52:46.500> you're<10:52:46.680> in<10:52:46.860> a

probably have this if you're in a

probably have this if you're in a
reasonably<10:52:47.400> sized<10:52:47.820> company<10:52:47.936> that's<10:52:48.180> got<10:52:48.360> a

reasonably sized company that's got a

reasonably sized company that's got a
dedicated<10:52:48.900> Mouse<10:52:49.256> server<10:52:49.680> so<10:52:49.860> you're

dedicated Mouse server so you're

dedicated Mouse server so you're
handling<10:52:50.700> all<10:52:50.936> your<10:52:51.120> mail

handling all your mail

handling all your mail
most<10:52:52.916> of<10:52:53.160> these<10:52:53.580> services<10:52:54.120> are<10:52:54.776> named<10:52:55.380> you

most of these services are named you

most of these services are named you
know<10:52:56.096> mail<10:52:56.276> one<10:52:56.580> mail<10:52:56.880> two<10:52:57.180> whatever<10:52:57.840> and<10:52:58.800> then

know mail one mail two whatever and then

know mail one mail two whatever and then
your<10:52:59.340> company<10:52:59.580> name<10:52:59.936> so<10:53:00.480> you're<10:53:00.660> managing<10:53:01.140> all

your company name so you're managing all

your company name so you're managing all
of<10:53:01.560> your

of your

of your
um<10:53:02.756> incoming<10:53:03.300> and<10:53:03.416> outgoing<10:53:03.840> mail<10:53:04.080> which<10:53:04.740> is

um incoming and outgoing mail which is

um incoming and outgoing mail which is
probably

probably

probably
um<10:53:06.120> a<10:53:06.596> good<10:53:06.660> idea

um a good idea

um a good idea
so<10:53:08.160> you<10:53:08.340> can<10:53:08.460> Blacklist<10:53:08.880> and<10:53:09.300> and<10:53:09.860> comply<10:53:10.860> with

so you can Blacklist and and comply with

so you can Blacklist and and comply with
other<10:53:11.340> legal<10:53:11.936> requirements

so mail one is a host obviously you can

so mail one is a host obviously you can
use<10:53:18.540> more<10:53:18.776> than<10:53:18.960> one<10:53:19.200> server<10:53:19.620> you<10:53:20.400> can<10:53:20.520> use

use more than one server you can use

use more than one server you can use
virtualization<10:53:21.360> whatever<10:53:21.660> you<10:53:21.960> want<10:53:22.200> but<10:53:22.860> um

virtualization whatever you want but um

virtualization whatever you want but um
hypothetically<10:53:24.960> speaking<10:53:25.320> it's<10:53:25.500> a<10:53:25.680> a<10:53:25.916> server

hypothetically speaking it's a a server

hypothetically speaking it's a a server
dot<10:53:28.380> com<10:53:28.380> is<10:53:28.620> the<10:53:28.800> TRD<10:53:29.160> as<10:53:29.400> we<10:53:29.520> mentioned

so DNS root servers these are the

so DNS root servers these are the
contain<10:53:35.880> the<10:53:36.180> top<10:53:36.416> level<10:53:36.596> domain<10:53:37.140> registry

contain the top level domain registry

contain the top level domain registry
that<10:53:38.400> maintain<10:53:38.700> the<10:53:38.880> global<10:53:39.240> domains<10:53:39.776> so<10:53:40.436> at

that maintain the global domains so at

that maintain the global domains so at
some<10:53:40.916> point<10:53:41.040> if<10:53:41.276> you<10:53:41.460> register<10:53:41.880> a<10:53:42.540> brand<10:53:43.320> new

some point if you register a brand new

some point if you register a brand new
domain<10:53:43.916> name

domain name

domain name
you'd<10:53:45.240> register<10:53:45.540> it<10:53:45.776> with<10:53:45.960> your

you'd register it with your

you'd register it with your
um

um

um
it<10:53:48.660> could<10:53:48.840> be<10:53:49.020> with<10:53:49.200> your<10:53:49.320> hosting<10:53:49.740> company

it could be with your hosting company

it could be with your hosting company
I'll<10:53:51.300> just<10:53:51.480> put<10:53:51.596> HC<10:53:52.140> and<10:53:52.916> then<10:53:53.040> that

I'll just put HC and then that

I'll just put HC and then that
eventually<10:53:54.180> will<10:53:54.416> get<10:53:54.596> forwarded<10:53:55.256> to<10:53:55.860> the<10:53:57.000> um

eventually will get forwarded to the um

eventually will get forwarded to the um
the<10:53:58.500> TLD<10:53:58.916> and<10:53:59.640> then<10:53:59.756> that<10:53:59.936> will<10:54:00.120> be<10:54:00.240> forwarded

the TLD and then that will be forwarded

the TLD and then that will be forwarded
to<10:54:02.300> non-root<10:54:03.300> service<10:54:03.480> So<10:54:04.200> eventually<10:54:04.740> your

to non-root service So eventually your

to non-root service So eventually your
ISP<10:54:06.000> will<10:54:06.300> probably

ISP will probably

ISP will probably
get<10:54:08.700> a<10:54:08.820> copy

so as of first of August 2018 root

so as of first of August 2018 root
server<10:54:16.320> consists<10:54:16.680> of<10:54:16.936> 933<10:54:17.936> instances<10:54:18.800> these

server consists of 933 instances these

server consists of 933 instances these
are<10:54:19.916> operated<10:54:20.276> by<10:54:20.520> 12<10:54:20.756> independent<10:54:21.360> route

are operated by 12 independent route

are operated by 12 independent route
servers<10:54:22.020> if<10:54:22.320> you're<10:54:22.500> interested<10:54:22.800> in<10:54:22.860> more

servers if you're interested in more

servers if you're interested in more
information<10:54:23.276> you<10:54:23.820> can<10:54:23.880> go<10:54:24.000> to<10:54:24.120> root

information you can go to root

information you can go to root
service.org<10:54:26.040> and<10:54:26.460> have<10:54:26.640> a<10:54:26.820> read<10:54:26.936> up<10:54:27.120> and

service.org and have a read up and

service.org and have a read up and
they've<10:54:27.416> got<10:54:27.480> some<10:54:27.596> maps<10:54:27.960> on<10:54:28.080> there<10:54:28.320> of<10:54:28.680> where

they've got some maps on there of where

they've got some maps on there of where
all<10:54:29.160> these<10:54:29.276> root<10:54:29.520> servers<10:54:29.820> are

all these root servers are

all these root servers are
some<10:54:32.936> examples<10:54:33.300> of<10:54:33.916> globaldomainsr.com<10:54:34.916> or

some examples of globaldomainsr.com or

some examples of globaldomainsr.com or
netgov.edu<10:54:37.500> country<10:54:38.220> codes<10:54:38.580> US<10:54:39.120> Canada

netgov.edu country codes US Canada

netgov.edu country codes US Canada
CN

CN

CN
oh<10:54:42.540> I<10:54:42.776> don't<10:54:42.840> know<10:54:43.020> Denmark<10:54:44.300> France<10:54:45.300> Japan

oh I don't know Denmark France Japan

oh I don't know Denmark France Japan
CN<10:54:47.460> oh<10:54:47.700> that's<10:54:47.880> going<10:54:48.000> to<10:54:48.000> annoy<10:54:48.300> me<10:54:48.360> now<10:54:48.480> I'll

CN oh that's going to annoy me now I'll

CN oh that's going to annoy me now I'll
have<10:54:48.720> to<10:54:48.776> look<10:54:48.900> when<10:54:49.080> I<10:54:49.200> finish<10:54:49.320> this

have to look when I finish this

have to look when I finish this
presentation<10:54:50.040> if<10:54:50.700> he<10:54:50.880> comes<10:54:51.120> to<10:54:51.180> me<10:54:51.300> I'll<10:54:51.480> say

presentation if he comes to me I'll say

presentation if he comes to me I'll say
uh<10:54:52.800> you<10:54:53.096> wouldn't<10:54:53.160> be<10:54:53.340> tested<10:54:53.640> on<10:54:53.756> that<10:54:53.936> by<10:54:54.060> the

uh you wouldn't be tested on that by the

uh you wouldn't be tested on that by the
way<10:54:54.360> uh<10:54:55.256> DNS<10:54:55.740> root<10:54:56.096> servers<10:54:56.520> also<10:54:57.000> known<10:54:57.120> as

way uh DNS root servers also known as

way uh DNS root servers also known as
root<10:54:57.720> name<10:54:57.900> servers<10:54:58.380> if<10:54:58.560> anyone<10:54:58.860> says<10:54:59.340> that<10:54:59.460> to

root name servers if anyone says that to

root name servers if anyone says that to
you<10:54:59.880> it's<10:55:00.120> perfectly<10:55:01.256> um<10:55:01.256> fine<10:55:01.500> for<10:55:01.740> them<10:55:01.860> to

you it's perfectly um fine for them to

you it's perfectly um fine for them to
say<10:55:02.160> that<10:55:02.340> and<10:55:03.240> it<10:55:03.416> describes<10:55:03.840> where<10:55:04.140> the

say that and it describes where the

say that and it describes where the
authoritative<10:55:04.740> did<10:55:05.220> a<10:55:05.580> service<10:55:05.936> for<10:55:06.360> the<10:55:06.480> T

authoritative did a service for the T

authoritative did a service for the T
top<10:55:06.900> level<10:55:07.080> domains<10:55:07.620> are<10:55:07.740> located

please give answers for specified set of

please give answers for specified set of
zones<10:55:12.480> from<10:55:13.200> its<10:55:13.500> own<10:55:13.560> source<10:55:13.980> so<10:55:14.096> it<10:55:14.340> doesn't

zones from its own source so it doesn't

zones from its own source so it doesn't
have<10:55:14.700> anywhere<10:55:15.060> else<10:55:15.240> to<10:55:15.540> go<10:55:15.720> if<10:55:16.436> there<10:55:16.560> isn't

have anywhere else to go if there isn't

have anywhere else to go if there isn't
a<10:55:16.980> response<10:55:17.520> something's<10:55:18.480> gone<10:55:18.660> wrong

a response something's gone wrong

a response something's gone wrong
or<10:55:20.276> the<10:55:20.460> domain<10:55:20.756> doesn't<10:55:21.000> exist

or the domain doesn't exist

or the domain doesn't exist
at<10:55:23.700> the<10:55:23.820> moment<10:55:23.936> and<10:55:24.240> you'll<10:55:24.416> you'll<10:55:24.660> get<10:55:24.776> some

at the moment and you'll you'll get some

at the moment and you'll you'll get some
sort<10:55:25.140> of<10:55:25.200> timeout<10:55:25.620> message<10:55:25.860> on<10:55:26.160> your<10:55:26.276> web

sort of timeout message on your web

sort of timeout message on your web
browser

browser

browser
non-authoritative<10:55:29.460> servers<10:55:30.120> these<10:55:30.480> provide

non-authoritative servers these provide

non-authoritative servers these provide
cash<10:55:31.140> dancers<10:55:31.800> or<10:55:32.096> Cash<10:55:32.520> Aid<10:55:32.880> I<10:55:33.060> know<10:55:33.120> some

cash dancers or Cash Aid I know some

cash dancers or Cash Aid I know some
people<10:55:33.480> say<10:55:33.776> that<10:55:34.500> are<10:55:34.620> obtained<10:55:34.980> from

people say that are obtained from

people say that are obtained from
another<10:55:35.276> name<10:55:35.700> server

another name server

another name server
so<10:55:37.320> as<10:55:37.436> I<10:55:37.620> said<10:55:37.800> you've<10:55:38.040> got<10:55:38.160> the<10:55:38.520> uh<10:55:39.240> the<10:55:39.596> root

so as I said you've got the uh the root

so as I said you've got the uh the root
servers<10:55:40.860> here

servers here

servers here
and<10:55:43.800> then

and then

and then
other<10:55:45.720> companies<10:55:46.256> large<10:55:46.680> organizations<10:55:47.460> just

other companies large organizations just

other companies large organizations just
to<10:55:48.240> save<10:55:48.416> traffic<10:55:48.776> and<10:55:49.200> time<10:55:49.436> can<10:55:50.340> query<10:55:50.700> these

to save traffic and time can query these

to save traffic and time can query these
and<10:55:52.256> then<10:55:52.380> if<10:55:53.220> they<10:55:53.400> so<10:55:53.580> wish

and then if they so wish

and then if they so wish
they<10:55:55.620> could<10:55:55.800> also<10:55:56.160> be<10:55:56.400> queried<10:55:56.880> by<10:55:57.360> other

they could also be queried by other

they could also be queried by other
servers<10:55:58.436> and<10:55:58.800> so<10:55:58.916> on<10:55:59.160> and<10:55:59.400> so<10:55:59.580> on<10:55:59.756> and<10:55:59.936> so<10:56:00.120> on

the DNS is composed of a namespace this

the DNS is composed of a namespace this
is<10:56:06.180> distributed<10:56:06.900> database<10:56:07.436> it<10:56:07.860> contains<10:56:08.340> the

is distributed database it contains the

is distributed database it contains the
data<10:56:08.756> that<10:56:08.936> includes<10:56:09.240> the<10:56:09.416> host<10:56:09.596> names

data that includes the host names

data that includes the host names
if<10:56:12.300> you<10:56:12.480> recognize<10:56:12.960> the<10:56:13.140> structure<10:56:13.436> there

if you recognize the structure there

if you recognize the structure there
it's<10:56:13.800> similar<10:56:14.096> to<10:56:14.220> a<10:56:14.460> file<10:56:14.756> system<10:56:15.000> in<10:56:15.360> Unix

the name server translates the domain

the name server translates the domain
name<10:56:19.980> to<10:56:20.220> its<10:56:20.460> corresponding<10:56:20.880> IP<10:56:21.240> address<10:56:21.360> and

name to its corresponding IP address and

name to its corresponding IP address and
we've<10:56:21.900> seen<10:56:22.080> an<10:56:22.320> example<10:56:22.620> of<10:56:22.800> that

we've seen an example of that

we've seen an example of that
does<10:56:24.416> the<10:56:24.596> response<10:56:25.080> to<10:56:25.200> the<10:56:25.380> DNS<10:56:25.740> query<10:56:26.096> it

does the response to the DNS query it

does the response to the DNS query it
receives<10:56:26.640> from<10:56:26.936> resolvers<10:56:27.596> or<10:56:27.776> the<10:56:28.080> name

receives from resolvers or the name

receives from resolvers or the name
servers<10:56:28.680> I'm<10:56:28.860> going<10:56:28.980> to<10:56:29.040> talk<10:56:29.160> about

servers I'm going to talk about

servers I'm going to talk about
um

um

um
to<10:56:32.160> our<10:56:32.460> resolvers<10:56:33.000> in<10:56:33.180> a<10:56:33.360> minute<10:56:33.480> I<10:56:33.960> think<10:56:34.200> I'm

to our resolvers in a minute I think I'm

to our resolvers in a minute I think I'm
not<10:56:34.740> sure<10:56:34.800> which<10:56:34.980> slide<10:56:35.276> it<10:56:35.460> is

not sure which slide it is

not sure which slide it is
so<10:56:36.840> the<10:56:37.080> answers<10:56:37.256> to<10:56:37.500> the<10:56:37.680> DNS<10:56:38.040> queries<10:56:38.460> are

so the answers to the DNS queries are

so the answers to the DNS queries are
based<10:56:38.936> upon<10:56:39.120> the<10:56:39.240> contents<10:56:39.776> of<10:56:39.900> the<10:56:40.140> name

based upon the contents of the name

based upon the contents of the name
server<10:56:40.800> database<10:56:41.220> so<10:56:41.460> obviously<10:56:42.120> the

server database so obviously the

server database so obviously the
database<10:56:42.840> is<10:56:43.080> full<10:56:43.560> of<10:56:43.800> records<10:56:44.520> of<10:56:45.840> um

database is full of records of um

database is full of records of um
mappings<10:56:46.620> so<10:56:48.000> um

mappings so um

mappings so um
x.com<10:56:49.916> and<10:56:50.880> it<10:56:51.000> will<10:56:51.120> be<10:56:51.300> mapped<10:56:51.720> to

there's a lot more than this but as a

there's a lot more than this but as a
simplified<10:56:57.360> illustration

simplified illustration

simplified illustration
cached<10:57:00.000> information<10:57:00.180> is<10:57:00.596> learned<10:57:00.900> by<10:57:01.020> the

cached information is learned by the

cached information is learned by the
name<10:57:01.256> server<10:57:01.680> from<10:57:01.860> other<10:57:02.096> name<10:57:02.276> servers<10:57:02.880> how

name server from other name servers how

name server from other name servers how
often<10:57:04.020> they<10:57:04.080> update<10:57:04.436> the<10:57:04.620> cache<10:57:05.040> uh<10:57:05.460> just

often they update the cache uh just

often they update the cache uh just
depends<10:57:06.000> on<10:57:06.180> obviously<10:57:06.900> their<10:57:07.140> local

depends on obviously their local

depends on obviously their local
configurations

configurations

configurations
now<10:57:09.776> you<10:57:09.900> can<10:57:10.020> get<10:57:10.140> an<10:57:10.320> authoritative<10:57:10.860> answer

now you can get an authoritative answer

now you can get an authoritative answer
this<10:57:12.240> is<10:57:12.360> based<10:57:12.660> on<10:57:12.720> the<10:57:12.840> contents<10:57:13.256> of<10:57:13.380> the

this is based on the contents of the

this is based on the contents of the
name<10:57:13.620> server<10:57:13.980> database<10:57:14.460> if<10:57:15.360> it's<10:57:15.596> a<10:57:16.080> cached

name server database if it's a cached

name server database if it's a cached
answer<10:57:16.800> it's<10:57:17.700> known<10:57:17.936> as<10:57:18.200> non-authoritative

answer it's known as non-authoritative

answer it's known as non-authoritative
now<10:57:20.040> on<10:57:20.276> your<10:57:20.520> PC<10:57:21.140> you<10:57:22.140> can<10:57:22.320> issue

now on your PC you can issue

now on your PC you can issue
ip

ip

ip
config<10:57:27.776> and<10:57:28.320> this<10:57:28.436> has<10:57:28.560> worked<10:57:28.800> for<10:57:28.980> me<10:57:29.160> before

config and this has worked for me before

config and this has worked for me before
and<10:57:30.480> forward<10:57:30.960> slash

and forward slash

and forward slash
flush<10:57:34.276> DNS<10:57:35.276> say<10:57:35.756> I've<10:57:36.060> moved<10:57:36.416> my<10:57:36.660> my<10:57:36.900> website

flush DNS say I've moved my my website

flush DNS say I've moved my my website
from<10:57:38.460> one<10:57:38.640> hosting<10:57:39.000> company<10:57:39.180> which<10:57:39.596> I<10:57:39.720> have

from one hosting company which I have

from one hosting company which I have
done<10:57:40.020> in<10:57:40.200> the<10:57:40.380> past<10:57:40.580> to<10:57:41.580> another

done in the past to another

done in the past to another
I<10:57:44.276> can<10:57:44.756> um<10:57:44.756> I<10:57:45.360> can<10:57:45.540> force<10:57:45.840> a<10:57:46.020> flush<10:57:46.320> to<10:57:46.680> find<10:57:46.860> out

I can um I can force a flush to find out

I can um I can force a flush to find out
where<10:57:47.520> to<10:57:48.000> to<10:57:48.240> see<10:57:48.480> if<10:57:48.596> this

where to to see if this

where to to see if this
um<10:57:49.680> it's<10:57:50.340> been<10:57:50.520> moved<10:57:50.820> correctly

um it's been moved correctly

um it's been moved correctly
and<10:57:52.500> obviously<10:57:52.800> I<10:57:52.916> could<10:57:53.040> put<10:57:53.160> the<10:57:53.340> IP<10:57:53.580> address

and obviously I could put the IP address

and obviously I could put the IP address
in

but this is quite a stressful time if

but this is quite a stressful time if
you<10:57:59.400> own<10:57:59.520> a<10:57:59.756> business<10:57:59.936> because<10:58:00.596> you've<10:58:00.840> got

you own a business because you've got

you own a business because you've got
your<10:58:01.080> website

your website

your website
um technically<10:58:02.520> in<10:58:02.700> two<10:58:02.880> places<10:58:03.120> although

um technically in two places although

um technically in two places although
this<10:58:03.840> is<10:58:03.960> the<10:58:04.256> old<10:58:04.916> version<10:58:05.340> and<10:58:06.180> eventually

this is the old version and eventually

this is the old version and eventually
the<10:58:06.720> records<10:58:07.080> will<10:58:07.140> update<10:58:07.560> but<10:58:08.276> uh<10:58:08.580> could

the records will update but uh could

the records will update but uh could
possibly<10:58:09.480> be<10:58:09.660> asked<10:58:09.960> in<10:58:10.020> the<10:58:10.140> exam<10:58:10.320> ipconfig

possibly be asked in the exam ipconfig

possibly be asked in the exam ipconfig
uh<10:58:12.480> forward<10:58:12.660> slash<10:58:13.020> flush<10:58:13.500> DNS<10:58:13.916> and<10:58:14.160> try<10:58:14.340> it<10:58:14.520> at

uh forward slash flush DNS and try it at

uh forward slash flush DNS and try it at
home<10:58:14.936> if<10:58:15.180> you<10:58:15.300> like

home if you like

home if you like
what's<10:58:17.580> the<10:58:17.820> DNS<10:58:18.180> composed<10:58:18.720> of<10:58:18.840> as<10:58:19.560> resolvo<10:58:20.460> is

what's the DNS composed of as resolvo is

what's the DNS composed of as resolvo is
the<10:58:20.700> next<10:58:20.820> part<10:58:21.000> which<10:58:21.300> I<10:58:21.416> mentioned<10:58:21.776> it's<10:58:22.320> a

the next part which I mentioned it's a

the next part which I mentioned it's a
software<10:58:22.800> component<10:58:23.276> that<10:58:23.520> comes<10:58:23.756> bundled

software component that comes bundled

software component that comes bundled
with<10:58:24.416> your<10:58:24.540> operating<10:58:24.960> system<10:58:25.460> also<10:58:26.460> in

with your operating system also in

with your operating system also in
network<10:58:27.360> Hardware

the internet applications such as web

the internet applications such as web
browsers<10:58:33.060> and<10:58:33.240> email<10:58:33.360> clients<10:58:34.020> need<10:58:34.200> a<10:58:34.380> domain

browsers and email clients need a domain

browsers and email clients need a domain
name<10:58:34.800> lookup<10:58:35.220> so<10:58:36.180> this<10:58:36.540> is<10:58:36.840> a<10:58:37.256> piece<10:58:37.800> of

name lookup so this is a piece of

name lookup so this is a piece of
software<10:58:38.340> that<10:58:39.660> um<10:58:39.916> issues<10:58:40.916> the<10:58:41.040> DNS<10:58:41.520> request

the resolver accepts the DNS queries and

the resolver accepts the DNS queries and
if<10:58:47.096> the<10:58:47.276> required<10:58:47.700> information<10:58:47.820> is<10:58:48.360> available

if the required information is available

if the required information is available
in<10:58:49.380> the<10:58:49.560> local<10:58:49.680> cache<10:58:50.160> it<10:58:50.220> returns<10:58:50.580> that<10:58:50.700> data

in the local cache it returns that data

in the local cache it returns that data
to<10:58:51.300> the<10:58:51.416> client<10:58:51.720> so<10:58:52.680> your<10:58:52.916> PC<10:58:53.276> will<10:58:53.520> use<10:58:53.700> the

to the client so your PC will use the

to the client so your PC will use the
resolver

resolver

resolver
a<10:58:55.800> piece<10:58:56.160> of<10:58:56.276> little<10:58:56.460> piece<10:58:56.756> of<10:58:56.880> software

a piece of little piece of software

a piece of little piece of software
somewhere

then it will go out to the internet and

then it will go out to the internet and
obviously<10:59:03.900> return<10:59:04.680> it<10:59:04.916> so<10:59:05.096> then<10:59:05.340> you<10:59:05.400> can

obviously return it so then you can

obviously return it so then you can
issue<10:59:05.820> the<10:59:06.480> ping<10:59:07.020> which<10:59:07.200> we<10:59:07.380> already<10:59:07.560> saw

issue the ping which we already saw

issue the ping which we already saw
and<10:59:10.080> it's<10:59:10.200> not<10:59:10.436> available<10:59:10.560> it<10:59:10.916> sends<10:59:11.220> the

and it's not available it sends the

and it's not available it sends the
query<10:59:11.580> to<10:59:11.820> the<10:59:12.000> name<10:59:12.300> server

query to the name server

query to the name server
when<10:59:14.756> the<10:59:14.880> resolver<10:59:15.240> resumes<10:59:15.720> the<10:59:15.900> name

when the resolver resumes the name

when the resolver resumes the name
server's<10:59:16.560> response<10:59:16.980> it<10:59:17.040> hands<10:59:17.340> the<10:59:17.400> result<10:59:17.520> to

server's response it hands the result to

server's response it hands the result to
the<10:59:17.880> application<10:59:18.240> that<10:59:18.540> initiated<10:59:19.020> the

the application that initiated the

the application that initiated the
request<10:59:19.560> so<10:59:19.860> this<10:59:20.040> will<10:59:20.160> be<10:59:20.340> your<10:59:20.756> web<10:59:21.000> browser

request so this will be your web browser

request so this will be your web browser
email

email

email
um<10:59:23.340> email<10:59:23.880> package<10:59:24.360> whatever<10:59:24.540> you've<10:59:24.900> already

um email package whatever you've already

um email package whatever you've already
in<10:59:25.320> obviously<10:59:25.860> most<10:59:26.040> of<10:59:26.220> us<10:59:26.276> are<10:59:26.400> in<10:59:26.580> our<10:59:26.640> email

in obviously most of us are in our email

in obviously most of us are in our email
off<10:59:27.060> the<10:59:27.240> cloud<10:59:27.360> now<10:59:27.596> like<10:59:28.436> um

off the cloud now like um

off the cloud now like um
Gmail

Gmail

Gmail
so<10:59:31.980> internet<10:59:32.160> application<10:59:32.820> sends<10:59:33.300> a<10:59:33.360> query

so internet application sends a query

so internet application sends a query
for<10:59:34.020> translating<10:59:34.500> the<10:59:35.340> sampler<10:59:35.820> company

for translating the sampler company

for translating the sampler company
resolver<10:59:38.040> checks<10:59:38.340> the<10:59:38.460> local<10:59:38.640> cash<10:59:38.936> so<10:59:39.300> you

resolver checks the local cash so you

resolver checks the local cash so you
you<10:59:39.960> could<10:59:40.200> actually<10:59:40.436> check<10:59:40.800> your<10:59:41.096> DNS<10:59:41.460> cache

you could actually check your DNS cache

you could actually check your DNS cache
on<10:59:42.720> your<10:59:43.080> home<10:59:43.436> computer

if it's not available then it hands over

if it's not available then it hands over
to<10:59:47.580> the<10:59:47.756> result<10:59:47.880> the<10:59:48.540> resolver<10:59:48.840> hands<10:59:49.140> it<10:59:49.256> over

to the result the resolver hands it over

to the result the resolver hands it over
to<10:59:49.620> the<10:59:49.740> nearest<10:59:49.916> name<10:59:50.276> server<10:59:50.700> which<10:59:50.880> would

to the nearest name server which would

to the nearest name server which would
be<10:59:51.180> normally<10:59:51.596> your<10:59:52.140> ISP

be normally your ISP

be normally your ISP
name<10:59:54.540> serversy<10:59:55.380> determines<10:59:55.916> whether<10:59:56.096> it<10:59:56.400> can

name serversy determines whether it can

name serversy determines whether it can
provide<10:59:56.820> the<10:59:57.120> data

if it's not available then it goes all

if it's not available then it goes all
the<11:00:01.680> way<11:00:01.740> off

the way off

the way off
so<11:00:03.180> PC

so PC

so PC
resolver

which basically just checks your your

which basically just checks your your
DNS

DNS

DNS
cash<11:00:14.400> on<11:00:14.756> your<11:00:15.000> home<11:00:15.540> computer<11:00:15.860> if<11:00:16.860> not<11:00:17.096> it'll

cash on your home computer if not it'll

cash on your home computer if not it'll
go<11:00:18.240> off<11:00:18.416> to<11:00:18.660> your<11:00:18.900> ISP<11:00:19.860> if<11:00:20.520> the<11:00:20.640> ISP<11:00:21.000> doesn't

go off to your ISP if the ISP doesn't

go off to your ISP if the ISP doesn't
know

know

know
it<11:00:22.800> could<11:00:22.916> query<11:00:23.220> another<11:00:23.460> server<11:00:24.000> but<11:00:24.180> let's

it could query another server but let's

it could query another server but let's
just<11:00:24.480> say<11:00:24.660> it<11:00:24.776> goes<11:00:25.080> off<11:00:25.200> to<11:00:25.436> the<11:00:25.800> the<11:00:26.580> air

just say it goes off to the the air

just say it goes off to the the air
route<11:00:27.120> there<11:00:27.596> so<11:00:28.320> this<11:00:28.500> would<11:00:28.680> all<11:00:28.916> happen

route there so this would all happen

route there so this would all happen
pretty<11:00:30.000> quickly<11:00:30.416> obviously<11:00:31.020> you've<11:00:31.980> you<11:00:32.220> know

pretty quickly obviously you've you know

pretty quickly obviously you've you know
yourself<11:00:32.640> you've<11:00:33.120> put<11:00:33.240> in<11:00:33.416> a<11:00:33.540> URL<11:00:33.960> and<11:00:34.620> just

yourself you've put in a URL and just

yourself you've put in a URL and just
sat<11:00:34.980> there<11:00:35.756> in<11:00:36.480> how<11:00:37.200> we're<11:00:37.500> so<11:00:37.740> impatient

sat there in how we're so impatient

sat there in how we're so impatient
nowadays<11:00:38.756> you<11:00:38.880> sat<11:00:39.060> there<11:00:39.240> in<11:00:39.480> any<11:00:39.660> more<11:00:39.840> than

nowadays you sat there in any more than

nowadays you sat there in any more than
five<11:00:40.140> seconds<11:00:40.320> you<11:00:40.680> start<11:00:40.916> hitting<11:00:41.820> the

five seconds you start hitting the

five seconds you start hitting the
refresh<11:00:42.240> button

refresh button

refresh button
all<11:00:45.060> right<11:00:45.180> so<11:00:45.360> the<11:00:45.480> name<11:00:45.596> server<11:00:45.960> ask<11:00:46.140> the.com

all right so the name server ask the.com

all right so the name server ask the.com
name<11:00:46.800> server<11:00:47.220> and<11:00:47.400> gets<11:00:47.700> finally<11:00:48.000> gets<11:00:48.240> the<11:00:48.300> IP

name server and gets finally gets the IP

name server and gets finally gets the IP
address

address

address
since<11:00:50.340> the<11:00:50.520> sample<11:00:50.880> company<11:00:51.060> has<11:00:51.416> the<11:00:51.540> IP

since the sample company has the IP

since the sample company has the IP
address<11:00:51.900> in<11:00:52.200> its<11:00:52.500> own<11:00:52.560> database<11:00:53.096> uh<11:00:54.000> this<11:00:54.180> this

address in its own database uh this this

address in its own database uh this this
would<11:00:54.480> be<11:00:54.596> for<11:00:54.776> a<11:00:54.960> new<11:00:55.140> domain<11:00:55.740> I<11:00:55.916> guess<11:00:56.096> the

would be for a new domain I guess the

would be for a new domain I guess the
name<11:00:56.936> server<11:00:57.300> that<11:00:57.480> requested<11:00:57.900> the<11:00:58.020> IP

name server that requested the IP

name server that requested the IP
address<11:00:58.500> now<11:00:58.916> gets<11:00:59.276> an<11:00:59.400> authoritative<11:00:59.936> IP

address now gets an authoritative IP

address now gets an authoritative IP
address<11:01:00.776> as<11:01:01.140> the<11:01:01.380> answer

address as the answer

address as the answer
and<11:01:02.460> that's<11:01:02.580> all<11:01:02.820> finally<11:01:03.180> relayed

and that's all finally relayed

and that's all finally relayed
you<11:01:04.916> could<11:01:04.980> have<11:01:05.160> a<11:01:05.276> couple<11:01:05.400> of<11:01:05.520> query<11:01:05.880> types<11:01:06.360> a

you could have a couple of query types a

you could have a couple of query types a
query<11:01:07.140> received<11:01:07.740> by<11:01:07.860> the<11:01:08.040> name<11:01:08.160> server<11:01:08.640> this

query received by the name server this

query received by the name server this
is<11:01:09.540> a<11:01:09.720> recursive<11:01:10.380> query<11:01:10.740> this<11:01:11.220> is<11:01:11.340> received<11:01:11.880> by

is a recursive query this is received by

is a recursive query this is received by
the<11:01:12.416> uh<11:01:13.080> received<11:01:13.500> from<11:01:13.620> the<11:01:13.800> resolver

the uh received from the resolver

the uh received from the resolver
non-recursive<11:01:15.840> is<11:01:16.140> received<11:01:16.620> by<11:01:16.860> other

non-recursive is received by other

non-recursive is received by other
servers<11:01:17.700> so<11:01:18.480> they<11:01:18.660> could<11:01:18.840> just<11:01:19.020> be<11:01:19.140> doing<11:01:19.320> an

servers so they could just be doing an

servers so they could just be doing an
update<11:01:20.700> of<11:01:20.880> their<11:01:21.000> own<11:01:21.120> records

uh probably in the exam you'll be asked

uh probably in the exam you'll be asked
a<11:01:26.700> little<11:01:26.756> bit<11:01:26.880> about<11:01:27.120> what<11:01:28.020> are<11:01:28.140> DNS<11:01:28.500> records

a little bit about what are DNS records

a little bit about what are DNS records
what<11:01:29.096> do<11:01:29.220> they<11:01:29.340> consist<11:01:29.640> of

what do they consist of

what do they consist of
also<11:01:32.340> known<11:01:32.520> as<11:01:32.700> resource<11:01:33.240> records<11:01:33.660> these

also known as resource records these

also known as resource records these
have<11:01:34.200> the<11:01:34.436> information<11:01:34.620> that<11:01:35.160> we<11:01:35.340> need<11:01:35.520> to<11:01:35.756> do

have the information that we need to do

have the information that we need to do
the<11:01:36.180> resolving

the resolving

the resolving
the<11:01:38.880> records<11:01:39.240> map<11:01:39.416> a<11:01:39.660> domain<11:01:39.960> to<11:01:40.140> its<11:01:40.380> ipv4

the records map a domain to its ipv4

the records map a domain to its ipv4
address<11:01:41.340> these<11:01:42.120> are<11:01:42.240> a<11:01:42.480> records

address these are a records

address these are a records
so<11:01:44.580> this<11:01:44.820> is<11:01:44.936> the<11:01:45.120> type<11:01:45.300> of<11:01:45.416> question<11:01:45.596> you

so this is the type of question you

so this is the type of question you
might<11:01:46.140> get<11:01:46.320> asked<11:01:46.436> what<11:01:46.620> has<11:01:46.800> an<11:01:46.916> a<11:01:47.040> record<11:01:47.276> it

might get asked what has an a record it

might get asked what has an a record it
maps<11:01:48.660> The<11:01:48.840> Domain<11:01:49.200> to<11:01:49.380> its<11:01:49.560> high<11:01:49.680> people<11:01:49.916> for

maps The Domain to its high people for

maps The Domain to its high people for
address

address

address
so<11:01:52.740> here's<11:01:53.040> an<11:01:53.096> example<11:01:53.900> you<11:01:54.900> would<11:01:55.140> put<11:01:55.500> these

so here's an example you would put these

so here's an example you would put these
in<11:01:56.096> when<11:01:56.520> you<11:01:56.700> register<11:01:57.000> your<11:01:57.300> domain<11:01:57.720> name<11:01:57.900> if

in when you register your domain name if

in when you register your domain name if
you<11:01:58.916> host<11:01:59.220> with<11:01:59.580> the<11:01:59.756> same<11:01:59.880> company<11:02:00.060> that<11:02:00.416> you

you host with the same company that you

you host with the same company that you
register<11:02:00.980> so<11:02:01.980> there's<11:02:02.756> a<11:02:03.000> company<11:02:03.300> called<11:02:03.596> one

register so there's a company called one

register so there's a company called one
two<11:02:04.256> three<11:02:04.756> reg<11:02:05.756> dot<11:02:06.416> Co<11:02:06.540> dot<11:02:07.080> UK<11:02:07.436> that<11:02:07.980> I<11:02:08.096> used

two three reg dot Co dot UK that I used

two three reg dot Co dot UK that I used
to<11:02:08.460> register<11:02:09.300> my<11:02:09.540> names<11:02:09.720> with<11:02:10.020> and<11:02:10.980> host<11:02:11.220> so<11:02:11.820> I

to register my names with and host so I

to register my names with and host so I
think<11:02:12.300> it<11:02:12.480> was<11:02:12.596> all<11:02:12.720> done<11:02:12.900> for<11:02:13.140> me<11:02:13.256> there

think it was all done for me there

think it was all done for me there
now<11:02:15.840> some<11:02:16.140> of<11:02:16.256> these<11:02:16.380> domain<11:02:16.740> names

now some of these domain names

now some of these domain names
um say<11:02:18.240> in

um say in

um say in
60<11:02:20.276> days.com

I um had it registered here but it's

I um had it registered here but it's
actually<11:02:27.360> hosted<11:02:28.020> somewhere<11:02:28.620> else<11:02:28.800> now<11:02:29.096> so

actually hosted somewhere else now so

actually hosted somewhere else now so
about<11:02:29.756> to<11:02:30.000> go<11:02:30.180> in<11:02:30.360> and

about to go in and

about to go in and
um<11:02:31.916> I<11:02:32.096> actually<11:02:32.220> put<11:02:32.460> the<11:02:32.640> name<11:02:32.756> server<11:02:33.180> that's

um I actually put the name server that's

um I actually put the name server that's
the<11:02:33.540> only<11:02:33.660> part<11:02:33.960> I've<11:02:34.200> put<11:02:34.436> in<11:02:34.620> but<11:02:35.160> there's<11:02:35.400> a

the only part I've put in but there's a

the only part I've put in but there's a
there's<11:02:35.880> other<11:02:36.060> records<11:02:36.776> I<11:02:37.020> can<11:02:37.140> manipulate

there's other records I can manipulate

there's other records I can manipulate
and<11:02:38.160> as<11:02:38.276> the<11:02:38.460> owner<11:02:38.700> of<11:02:38.820> this<11:02:38.936> domain<11:02:39.360> I<11:02:40.080> can<11:02:40.200> do

and as the owner of this domain I can do

and as the owner of this domain I can do
that<11:02:40.436> but<11:02:40.860> just<11:02:41.096> be<11:02:41.220> very<11:02:41.460> careful<11:02:41.820> what<11:02:42.120> you

that but just be very careful what you

that but just be very careful what you
do<11:02:42.480> if<11:02:43.256> you<11:02:43.380> don't<11:02:43.500> know<11:02:43.560> what<11:02:43.680> you're<11:02:43.860> doing

do if you don't know what you're doing

do if you don't know what you're doing
then<11:02:44.700> you<11:02:45.060> need<11:02:45.180> to<11:02:45.240> ask<11:02:45.360> for<11:02:45.540> help<11:02:45.720> because

then you need to ask for help because

then you need to ask for help because
things<11:02:46.256> can<11:02:46.500> go<11:02:46.680> wrong<11:02:46.860> because<11:02:47.520> as<11:02:47.756> I've<11:02:47.936> told

things can go wrong because as I've told

things can go wrong because as I've told
you<11:02:48.300> you<11:02:48.540> can<11:02:48.720> split

you you can split

you you can split
your<11:02:50.756> mail

your mail

your mail
to<11:02:53.276> go<11:02:53.400> to<11:02:53.520> oneip<11:02:54.000> address<11:02:54.416> your

to go to oneip address your

to go to oneip address your
um your<11:02:57.060> web<11:02:57.240> server<11:02:58.200> can<11:02:58.680> be<11:02:58.860> hosted<11:02:59.276> on

um your web server can be hosted on

um your web server can be hosted on
another<11:02:59.640> IP<11:03:00.060> address<11:03:00.240> you've<11:03:00.596> got<11:03:00.720> to<11:03:00.900> have

another IP address you've got to have

another IP address you've got to have
records<11:03:01.620> for<11:03:01.740> all<11:03:01.916> of<11:03:02.040> this

records for all of this

records for all of this
so<11:03:04.256> example<11:03:04.740> of<11:03:04.860> an<11:03:05.040> a<11:03:05.160> record<11:03:05.400> first<11:03:06.360> is<11:03:06.720> used

so example of an a record first is used

so example of an a record first is used
to<11:03:07.140> take<11:03:07.256> care<11:03:07.436> of<11:03:07.560> situations<11:03:07.980> when<11:03:08.340> someone

to take care of situations when someone

to take care of situations when someone
tries<11:03:09.360> to<11:03:09.480> access<11:03:09.660> the<11:03:09.960> domain<11:03:10.320> name<11:03:10.500> without

tries to access the domain name without

tries to access the domain name without
typing<11:03:11.640> www<11:03:12.360> most<11:03:12.900> of<11:03:13.080> us<11:03:13.140> don't<11:03:13.320> bother<11:03:13.620> now

typing www most of us don't bother now

typing www most of us don't bother now
so<11:03:14.820> it'll<11:03:15.060> resolved<11:03:15.480> correctly<11:03:15.840> the<11:03:16.256> the

so it'll resolved correctly the the

so it'll resolved correctly the the
first<11:03:16.916> one<11:03:17.160> being

first one being

first one being
they<11:03:19.500> say<11:03:19.740> ah<11:03:20.040> sorry

they say ah sorry

they say ah sorry
so<11:03:21.416> somebody<11:03:21.660> hasn't<11:03:22.080> put<11:03:22.200> www

so somebody hasn't put www

so somebody hasn't put www
and<11:03:24.900> this<11:03:25.080> is<11:03:25.560> um<11:03:25.560> this<11:03:25.916> is<11:03:26.040> a<11:03:26.160> wild<11:03:26.276> card<11:03:26.520> so

and this is um this is a wild card so

and this is um this is a wild card so
anything<11:03:26.936> before<11:03:27.416> your<11:03:28.320> domain<11:03:28.680> name<11:03:28.916> is<11:03:29.580> just

anything before your domain name is just

anything before your domain name is just
going<11:03:30.060> to<11:03:30.180> go<11:03:30.300> to<11:03:30.480> and<11:03:31.020> whatever<11:03:31.380> server

going to go to and whatever server

going to go to and whatever server
they're<11:03:31.980> hosting<11:03:32.340> it<11:03:32.520> on<11:03:32.700> here

the second record we saw is the wild

the second record we saw is the wild
card<11:03:39.180> it<11:03:39.416> will<11:03:39.540> direct<11:03:39.720> any<11:03:40.020> subdomains<11:03:40.800> to

card it will direct any subdomains to

card it will direct any subdomains to
the<11:03:41.520> hosting<11:03:41.880> server<11:03:42.300> if<11:03:42.776> you<11:03:42.840> so<11:03:43.020> wish<11:03:43.256> you

the hosting server if you so wish you

the hosting server if you so wish you
can<11:03:43.620> then<11:03:43.740> point<11:03:44.040> it<11:03:44.276> off<11:03:44.520> somewhere<11:03:45.360> else<11:03:45.540> or

can then point it off somewhere else or

can then point it off somewhere else or
you<11:03:46.560> can<11:03:46.680> add<11:03:47.220> it<11:03:47.340> into<11:03:47.520> the<11:03:47.756> DNA<11:03:48.480> DNS<11:03:49.020> records

you can add it into the DNA DNS records

you can add it into the DNA DNS records
the<11:03:51.740> quadrupalade<11:03:52.740> if<11:03:52.980> there's<11:03:53.096> any<11:03:53.220> quick

the quadrupalade if there's any quick

the quadrupalade if there's any quick
way<11:03:53.580> of<11:03:53.756> saying<11:03:54.000> this<11:03:54.180> actually<11:03:54.360> AAA<11:03:55.276> oh<11:03:56.276> could

way of saying this actually AAA oh could

way of saying this actually AAA oh could
you<11:03:56.756> play

you play

you play
because<11:03:58.860> um<11:03:59.120> over<11:04:00.120> in<11:04:00.416> Australia<11:04:00.776> this<11:04:00.960> means

because um over in Australia this means

because um over in Australia this means
the<11:04:01.320> Australian

the Australian

the Australian
um<11:04:02.820> Automobile<11:04:03.596> Association<11:04:04.256> I<11:04:04.680> know<11:04:04.800> it's

um Automobile Association I know it's

um Automobile Association I know it's
Triple<11:04:05.276> A<11:04:05.460> we've<11:04:05.640> got<11:04:05.756> over<11:04:05.880> here<11:04:06.180> so<11:04:06.776> you're

Triple A we've got over here so you're

Triple A we've got over here so you're
just<11:04:07.140> gonna<11:04:07.256> be<11:04:07.380> careful<11:04:07.620> what<11:04:07.916> if<11:04:08.400> anyone

just gonna be careful what if anyone

just gonna be careful what if anyone
else<11:04:08.880> is<11:04:09.000> using<11:04:09.360> these<11:04:09.720> uh<11:04:10.320> letters

else is using these uh letters

else is using these uh letters
this<11:04:12.596> is<11:04:12.660> an<11:04:12.840> IPv6<11:04:13.436> address<11:04:13.680> that<11:04:14.040> maps<11:04:14.400> The

this is an IPv6 address that maps The

this is an IPv6 address that maps The
Domain<11:04:14.756> to<11:04:14.936> its<11:04:15.180> IPv6<11:04:15.900> address<11:04:16.200> obvious

Domain to its IPv6 address obvious

Domain to its IPv6 address obvious
obviously<11:04:17.580> because<11:04:18.480> um<11:04:18.480> we<11:04:18.776> need<11:04:18.960> to<11:04:19.080> be<11:04:19.276> we're

obviously because um we need to be we're

obviously because um we need to be we're
moving<11:04:20.460> to<11:04:20.640> IPv6<11:04:21.300> now

moving to IPv6 now

moving to IPv6 now
so<11:04:22.680> the<11:04:22.800> 128-bit<11:04:23.756> address

so the 128-bit address

so the 128-bit address
there's<11:04:26.220> an<11:04:26.400> MX<11:04:26.756> record<11:04:27.000> which<11:04:27.720> you<11:04:28.080> probably

there's an MX record which you probably

there's an MX record which you probably
won't<11:04:28.800> be<11:04:29.160> touching<11:04:29.580> unless<11:04:30.000> you're<11:04:30.300> doing

won't be touching unless you're doing

won't be touching unless you're doing
your<11:04:31.380> own<11:04:31.500> mail<11:04:31.740> stuff

your own mail stuff

your own mail stuff
to<11:04:33.120> Maps<11:04:33.480> the<11:04:33.540> domain<11:04:33.776> name<11:04:33.900> to<11:04:34.140> an<11:04:34.256> email

to Maps the domain name to an email

to Maps the domain name to an email
server<11:04:35.340> if<11:04:35.700> you're<11:04:35.820> working<11:04:35.936> for<11:04:36.180> a<11:04:36.300> big

server if you're working for a big

server if you're working for a big
company<11:04:36.596> they'll<11:04:37.020> take<11:04:37.200> care<11:04:37.380> of<11:04:37.500> that

company they'll take care of that

company they'll take care of that
but<11:04:38.460> looking<11:04:38.580> at<11:04:38.756> the<11:04:38.880> MX<11:04:39.120> record<11:04:39.360> we<11:04:39.660> could

but looking at the MX record we could

but looking at the MX record we could
identify<11:04:40.200> the<11:04:40.380> mail<11:04:40.500> server<11:04:40.980> to<11:04:41.160> which<11:04:41.340> the

identify the mail server to which the

identify the mail server to which the
emails<11:04:42.120> are<11:04:42.240> sent

emails are sent

emails are sent
uh<11:04:45.060> C<11:04:45.240> name<11:04:45.596> conical<11:04:46.560> name<11:04:47.220> record

uh C name conical name record

uh C name conical name record
used<11:04:49.080> to<11:04:49.256> specify<11:04:49.680> a<11:04:49.860> domain<11:04:50.096> name<11:04:50.220> or

used to specify a domain name or

used to specify a domain name or
subdomain<11:04:50.936> as<11:04:51.240> an<11:04:51.416> alias<11:04:51.900> of<11:04:52.436> another<11:04:53.160> domain

subdomain as an alias of another domain

subdomain as an alias of another domain
so<11:04:55.200> it<11:04:55.320> allows<11:04:55.800> the<11:04:55.980> mapping<11:04:56.276> of<11:04:56.400> a<11:04:56.580> domain<11:04:56.880> to

so it allows the mapping of a domain to

so it allows the mapping of a domain to
another<11:04:57.480> domain

another domain

another domain
so<11:04:59.880> for<11:05:00.180> example

so for example

so for example
um

um

um
you<11:05:03.060> complete<11:05:03.540> subdomains<11:05:04.140> such<11:05:04.380> as<11:05:04.500> the<11:05:04.800> mail

you complete subdomains such as the mail

you complete subdomains such as the mail
or<11:05:05.460> your<11:05:05.640> FTP<11:05:06.240> to<11:05:07.080> your<11:05:07.380> main<11:05:07.620> address<11:05:07.916> and<11:05:08.756> you

or your FTP to your main address and you

or your FTP to your main address and you
can<11:05:09.000> do<11:05:09.120> you<11:05:09.360> could<11:05:09.416> do<11:05:09.596> this<11:05:09.720> to<11:05:09.960> make<11:05:10.080> your

can do you could do this to make your

can do you could do this to make your
company<11:05:10.620> look<11:05:10.916> bigger

company look bigger

company look bigger
and<11:05:12.900> I<11:05:13.320> think<11:05:13.500> my<11:05:14.040> FTP<11:05:14.520> certainly<11:05:14.936> just<11:05:15.180> points

and I think my FTP certainly just points

and I think my FTP certainly just points
to<11:05:15.720> my<11:05:16.140> my<11:05:16.740> normal<11:05:17.040> server

to my my normal server

to my my normal server
yeah<11:05:19.980> but<11:05:20.220> obviously<11:05:20.820> when<11:05:21.060> you're<11:05:21.180> doing<11:05:21.300> FTP

yeah but obviously when you're doing FTP

yeah but obviously when you're doing FTP
you<11:05:22.140> need<11:05:22.256> to<11:05:22.380> specify

you need to specify

you need to specify
um<11:05:24.120> in<11:05:24.660> your<11:05:24.900> software<11:05:25.380> that<11:05:25.740> you're<11:05:26.040> using

um in your software that you're using

um in your software that you're using
FTP<11:05:27.240> so<11:05:27.480> this<11:05:27.840> that<11:05:28.140> was<11:05:28.320> that's<11:05:28.680> how<11:05:28.980> it<11:05:29.160> would

FTP so this that was that's how it would

FTP so this that was that's how it would
work

work

work
so<11:05:30.840> there<11:05:31.200> must<11:05:31.320> be<11:05:31.436> an<11:05:31.620> a<11:05:31.680> record<11:05:31.860> for<11:05:32.096> the

so there must be an a record for the

so there must be an a record for the
hosting<11:05:32.580> server<11:05:33.000> before<11:05:33.480> aliases<11:05:34.436> can<11:05:34.620> be

hosting server before aliases can be

hosting server before aliases can be
added

added

added
so<11:05:37.436> cname<11:05:38.040> aliases<11:05:38.520> must<11:05:39.000> point<11:05:39.240> to<11:05:39.416> another

so cname aliases must point to another

so cname aliases must point to another
domain

domain

domain
so<11:05:41.276> if<11:05:41.460> somebody<11:05:41.640> types

so if somebody types

so if somebody types
um

um

um
bar.example.com<11:05:45.000> there's<11:05:45.960> a<11:05:46.200> cname<11:05:46.860> record

bar.example.com there's a cname record

bar.example.com there's a cname record
that<11:05:48.416> basically<11:05:48.776> says<11:05:49.200> that<11:05:50.040> is<11:05:50.220> actually<11:05:50.520> on

that basically says that is actually on

that basically says that is actually on
um

um

um
the<11:05:53.580> C<11:05:53.756> name<11:05:54.000> is<11:05:54.140> food.example.com<11:05:55.220> then<11:05:56.220> the

the C name is food.example.com then the

the C name is food.example.com then the
the<11:05:57.060> search<11:05:57.360> takes<11:05:57.840> place<11:05:58.020> the<11:05:58.436> DNS<11:05:58.800> search

the search takes place the DNS search

the search takes place the DNS search
takes<11:05:59.460> place<11:05:59.640> for<11:06:00.436> food.example.com<11:06:01.520> there's

takes place for food.example.com there's

takes place for food.example.com there's
an<11:06:02.640> a<11:06:02.820> record<11:06:03.120> so<11:06:03.840> IP<11:06:04.500> B4<11:06:05.340> record<11:06:05.700> and<11:06:06.596> it's

an a record so IP B4 record and it's

an a record so IP B4 record and it's
saying<11:06:07.080> yeah<11:06:07.256> this<11:06:07.680> is<11:06:07.880> posted<11:06:08.880> on<11:06:09.000> this

saying yeah this is posted on this

saying yeah this is posted on this
particular<11:06:09.596> server

PTR records pointers Maps like pv4

PTR records pointers Maps like pv4
address<11:06:17.220> to<11:06:17.580> a<11:06:17.756> clinical<11:06:18.240> name<11:06:18.540> for<11:06:18.776> the

address to a clinical name for the

address to a clinical name for the
purposes<11:06:19.200> of<11:06:19.560> the<11:06:19.740> reverse<11:06:20.096> DNS<11:06:20.640> lookup

purposes of the reverse DNS lookup

purposes of the reverse DNS lookup
so<11:06:22.500> this<11:06:22.800> is<11:06:23.096> uh<11:06:23.276> the<11:06:23.580> reverse<11:06:23.880> so<11:06:24.120> normally<11:06:24.416> we

so this is uh the reverse so normally we

so this is uh the reverse so normally we
do

do

do
um

um

um
xyz.com<11:06:28.756> and<11:06:29.756> that<11:06:29.880> goes<11:06:30.300> to

but the reverse can happen somebody

but the reverse can happen somebody
could<11:06:36.240> type

could type

could type
192.1.1.1<11:06:38.276> when<11:06:38.820> you<11:06:38.936> type<11:06:39.120> that<11:06:39.300> in<11:06:39.480> your

192.1.1.1 when you type that in your

192.1.1.1 when you type that in your
browser<11:06:40.200> I<11:06:40.916> think

browser I think

browser I think
you<11:06:44.096> um

you um

you um
I<11:06:45.416> need<11:06:45.596> to<11:06:45.720> test<11:06:45.900> that<11:06:46.080> actually

I need to test that actually

I need to test that actually
it<11:06:47.756> won't<11:06:47.936> stay<11:06:48.180> so<11:06:48.416> if<11:06:48.540> you<11:06:48.840> if<11:06:49.256> you<11:06:49.436> type<11:06:49.620> that

it won't stay so if you if you type that

it won't stay so if you if you type that
you<11:06:50.400> may<11:06:50.520> well<11:06:50.756> see<11:06:51.000> it<11:06:51.180> actually<11:06:51.416> resolves<11:06:52.020> to

you may well see it actually resolves to

you may well see it actually resolves to
this

this

this
might<11:06:53.460> depend<11:06:53.756> on<11:06:53.880> your<11:06:54.060> browser<11:06:54.480> software

might depend on your browser software

might depend on your browser software
SOA<11:06:56.936> State<11:06:57.300> start<11:06:57.596> of<11:06:57.840> authority<11:06:58.200> record<11:06:58.436> it's

SOA State start of authority record it's

SOA State start of authority record it's
the<11:06:59.096> first<11:06:59.220> record<11:06:59.460> in<11:06:59.820> the<11:07:00.000> zone<11:07:00.240> file<11:07:00.540> it

the first record in the zone file it

the first record in the zone file it
declares<11:07:01.916> it<11:07:02.276> contains<11:07:02.640> the<11:07:02.936> most

declares it contains the most

declares it contains the most
authoritative<11:07:03.960> information<11:07:04.756> for<11:07:05.756> the<11:07:05.936> zone

information is the email address of the

information is the email address of the
administrator<11:07:13.020> you<11:07:13.380> normally<11:07:13.620> have<11:07:13.740> to<11:07:13.860> put

administrator you normally have to put

administrator you normally have to put
something<11:07:14.220> in<11:07:14.460> unless<11:07:14.756> you<11:07:14.880> want<11:07:15.000> it<11:07:15.120> to<11:07:15.240> be

something in unless you want it to be

something in unless you want it to be
private<11:07:15.840> the<11:07:16.800> name<11:07:16.980> of<11:07:17.160> the<11:07:17.340> primary<11:07:17.640> DNS

private the name of the primary DNS

private the name of the primary DNS
server<11:07:18.540> there's<11:07:18.960> a<11:07:19.140> serial<11:07:19.436> number<11:07:19.936> time

server there's a serial number time

server there's a serial number time
Fields<11:07:21.416> when<11:07:21.540> it<11:07:21.660> was<11:07:21.776> all<11:07:21.900> registered<11:07:22.380> and<11:07:22.680> on

Fields when it was all registered and on

Fields when it was all registered and on
their<11:07:23.160> last<11:07:23.340> updates

their last updates

their last updates
uh<11:07:25.680> two<11:07:25.860> of<11:07:25.980> the<11:07:26.096> types<11:07:26.460> of<11:07:26.640> Records<11:07:27.120> static<11:07:27.480> is

uh two of the types of Records static is

uh two of the types of Records static is
when<11:07:27.840> it's<11:07:28.080> done<11:07:28.320> manually

when it's done manually

when it's done manually
here<11:07:30.660> and<11:07:31.140> dynamic<11:07:31.740> it's<11:07:32.700> automatically

here and dynamic it's automatically

here and dynamic it's automatically
updated<11:07:33.776> there's<11:07:34.200> two<11:07:34.500> types<11:07:34.740> of<11:07:34.860> Records

and Dynamic DNS this is a process of

and Dynamic DNS this is a process of
automatically

automatically

automatically
um<11:07:43.800> updating<11:07:44.220> a<11:07:45.000> Dynamic<11:07:45.540> DNS<11:07:45.900> record<11:07:46.080> in<11:07:46.320> the

um updating a Dynamic DNS record in the

um updating a Dynamic DNS record in the
name<11:07:46.560> server<11:07:47.040> what<11:07:47.936> can<11:07:48.060> happen<11:07:48.240> is<11:07:48.480> this<11:07:48.776> is

name server what can happen is this is

name server what can happen is this is
all<11:07:49.140> almost

all almost

all almost
in<11:07:52.140> real<11:07:52.320> time

in real time

in real time
could<11:07:54.060> well<11:07:54.240> be<11:07:54.416> used<11:07:54.660> if<11:07:55.080> you're<11:07:55.380> using<11:07:56.096> cloud

could well be used if you're using cloud

could well be used if you're using cloud
computing<11:07:58.020> and<11:07:58.320> your<11:07:59.160> setting<11:07:59.880> up<11:08:00.000> servers

computing and your setting up servers

computing and your setting up servers
tearing<11:08:01.740> down<11:08:01.916> servers<11:08:02.776> moving<11:08:03.776> information

tearing down servers moving information

tearing down servers moving information
Dynamic<11:08:05.580> DNS

will update the lap information and the

will update the lap information and the
um names

so useful when the IP addresses of our

so useful when the IP addresses of our
devices<11:08:20.400> keep<11:08:20.756> changing

uh whenever a client computer using DHCP

uh whenever a client computer using DHCP
gets<11:08:28.080> a<11:08:28.080> new<11:08:28.256> IP<11:08:28.500> address<11:08:28.620> it<11:08:28.916> can<11:08:29.096> use<11:08:29.220> Dynamic

gets a new IP address it can use Dynamic

gets a new IP address it can use Dynamic
DNS

DNS

DNS
all<11:08:32.040> right<11:08:32.096> so<11:08:32.220> we<11:08:32.340> covered<11:08:32.640> a<11:08:32.756> lot<11:08:32.880> of<11:08:33.000> stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff
you<11:08:33.720> know<11:08:33.900> the<11:08:34.140> core<11:08:34.320> stuff<11:08:34.680> about<11:08:35.040> root

you know the core stuff about root

you know the core stuff about root
servers<11:08:36.000> and<11:08:36.416> AE<11:08:36.776> records<11:08:37.256> and<11:08:37.436> quadruple<11:08:37.980> a

servers and AE records and quadruple a

servers and AE records and quadruple a
records<11:08:38.700> I<11:08:38.936> think<11:08:39.120> that's<11:08:39.416> the<11:08:39.660> type<11:08:39.776> of<11:08:39.840> stuff

records I think that's the type of stuff

records I think that's the type of stuff
that<11:08:40.140> has<11:08:40.320> questions<11:08:40.560> on

that has questions on

that has questions on
DNS<11:08:43.320> domains<11:08:44.040> fully<11:08:44.520> quite<11:08:44.820> fully<11:08:45.596> qualified

DNS domains fully quite fully qualified

DNS domains fully quite fully qualified
domains<11:08:46.560> root<11:08:47.096> servers<11:08:47.900> records<11:08:48.900> a<11:08:49.860> lot<11:08:49.980> of

domains root servers records a lot of

domains root servers records a lot of
information<11:08:50.276> and<11:08:50.936> thanks<11:08:51.120> for<11:08:51.300> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<11:09:04.740> you

welcome to module 6 lesson 7 proxy

welcome to module 6 lesson 7 proxy
servers

objectives we're looking at what a proxy

objectives we're looking at what a proxy
server<11:09:20.040> is<11:09:20.276> an<11:09:20.756> introduction<11:09:21.436> uh<11:09:22.436> the<11:09:22.740> uses<11:09:23.040> of

server is an introduction uh the uses of

server is an introduction uh the uses of
proxy<11:09:23.640> servers<11:09:24.120> and<11:09:24.720> forward<11:09:24.960> proxy<11:09:25.560> servers

proxy servers and forward proxy servers

proxy servers and forward proxy servers
reverse<11:09:26.700> proxy<11:09:27.300> servers

reverse proxy servers

reverse proxy servers
so<11:09:29.700> you<11:09:29.936> may<11:09:30.060> have<11:09:30.180> actually<11:09:30.300> heard<11:09:30.540> of<11:09:30.720> these

so you may have actually heard of these

so you may have actually heard of these
before<11:09:31.140> especially<11:09:31.680> if<11:09:31.860> you've<11:09:32.040> worked<11:09:32.340> in<11:09:32.460> an

before especially if you've worked in an

before especially if you've worked in an
office<11:09:32.880> whereby

office whereby

office whereby
instead<11:09:35.220> of<11:09:35.340> connecting<11:09:35.880> directly<11:09:36.360> out<11:09:36.540> to

instead of connecting directly out to

instead of connecting directly out to
the<11:09:36.840> internet<11:09:37.020> your<11:09:37.800> settings<11:09:38.040> will<11:09:38.460> be

the internet your settings will be

the internet your settings will be
searched<11:09:39.180> that<11:09:39.300> you'll<11:09:40.020> connect<11:09:40.140> to<11:09:40.380> a<11:09:40.560> proxy

searched that you'll connect to a proxy

searched that you'll connect to a proxy
server<11:09:41.340> especially

server especially

server especially
um<11:09:43.320> for<11:09:43.560> getting<11:09:43.740> out<11:09:43.980> to<11:09:44.776> surfing<11:09:45.776> websites

um for getting out to surfing websites

um for getting out to surfing websites
the<11:09:47.096> proxy<11:09:47.520> server<11:09:47.880> will<11:09:48.120> do<11:09:48.360> a<11:09:48.540> few<11:09:48.720> things

the proxy server will do a few things

the proxy server will do a few things
which<11:09:49.980> we'll<11:09:50.220> look<11:09:50.700> at<11:09:50.756> in<11:09:50.880> a<11:09:51.060> bit

which we'll look at in a bit

which we'll look at in a bit
so<11:09:53.520> it's<11:09:53.640> in<11:09:53.936> a<11:09:54.360> mediator<11:09:55.320> or<11:09:55.860> an<11:09:56.096> intermediary

so it's in a mediator or an intermediary

so it's in a mediator or an intermediary
between<11:09:57.240> you<11:09:57.776> and<11:09:58.380> some<11:09:58.560> other<11:09:58.740> service

between you and some other service

between you and some other service
you've<11:10:01.200> got<11:10:01.320> the<11:10:01.500> client<11:10:01.620> computer<11:10:01.916> the

you've got the client computer the

you've got the client computer the
destination<11:10:02.820> server<11:10:03.360> and<11:10:03.596> then<11:10:03.720> obviously

destination server and then obviously

destination server and then obviously
the<11:10:04.080> proxy<11:10:04.436> in<11:10:04.620> the<11:10:04.740> middle

the proxy in the middle

the proxy in the middle
here's<11:10:06.180> an<11:10:06.416> illustration<11:10:06.960> here<11:10:07.380> which<11:10:07.860> we'll

here's an illustration here which we'll

here's an illustration here which we'll
talk<11:10:08.276> about<11:10:08.400> the<11:10:08.700> caching<11:10:09.060> and<11:10:09.180> web<11:10:09.360> filter<11:10:09.596> in

talk about the caching and web filter in

talk about the caching and web filter in
so<11:10:11.640> it's<11:10:12.540> mainly<11:10:13.080> uh<11:10:13.860> used<11:10:14.220> for<11:10:14.756> uh<11:10:15.180> surfing

so it's mainly uh used for uh surfing

so it's mainly uh used for uh surfing
when<11:10:16.380> you<11:10:16.500> want<11:10:16.620> to<11:10:16.740> go<11:10:16.800> out<11:10:16.916> and<11:10:17.040> surf<11:10:17.400> the<11:10:17.520> web

when you want to go out and surf the web

when you want to go out and surf the web
for<11:10:17.936> whatever<11:10:18.180> reason<11:10:18.560> it<11:10:19.560> can<11:10:19.740> then<11:10:20.040> filter

for whatever reason it can then filter

for whatever reason it can then filter
what<11:10:21.540> sites<11:10:21.960> you<11:10:22.080> can<11:10:22.256> and<11:10:22.500> can't<11:10:22.936> connect<11:10:23.936> to

what sites you can and can't connect to

what sites you can and can't connect to
it's<11:10:25.560> um

it's um

it's um
caches<11:10:27.000> some<11:10:27.240> of<11:10:27.360> the<11:10:27.480> content<11:10:27.776> so<11:10:28.020> it's<11:10:28.200> got<11:10:28.436> a

caches some of the content so it's got a

caches some of the content so it's got a
copy<11:10:29.340> of<11:10:30.060> regularly<11:10:30.540> visited<11:10:31.620> our<11:10:32.220> websites

copy of regularly visited our websites

copy of regularly visited our websites
to<11:10:33.000> speed<11:10:33.180> up<11:10:33.416> the<11:10:34.020> um

to speed up the um

to speed up the um
the<11:10:35.220> surfing<11:10:35.580> experience<11:10:36.060> for<11:10:36.660> you

the surfing experience for you

the surfing experience for you
makes<11:10:38.936> requests<11:10:39.416> on<11:10:39.720> behalf<11:10:40.080> of<11:10:40.256> the<11:10:40.436> client

makes requests on behalf of the client

makes requests on behalf of the client
computer<11:10:40.916> so<11:10:41.400> you're<11:10:41.756> sending<11:10:42.416> the<11:10:42.540> request

computer so you're sending the request

computer so you're sending the request
out<11:10:43.256> to<11:10:43.500> you<11:10:43.740> to<11:10:43.860> what<11:10:44.096> you<11:10:44.220> think<11:10:44.340> is<11:10:44.520> the

out to you to what you think is the

out to you to what you think is the
internet<11:10:44.756> but<11:10:45.180> it's<11:10:45.300> going<11:10:45.416> to<11:10:45.540> the<11:10:45.660> proxy<11:10:46.140> and

internet but it's going to the proxy and

internet but it's going to the proxy and
then<11:10:46.800> the<11:10:46.916> proxy<11:10:47.220> design<11:10:47.400> your<11:10:47.756> behalf<11:10:48.180> the

then the proxy design your behalf the

then the proxy design your behalf the
proxy<11:10:49.200> receives<11:10:49.560> a<11:10:49.800> response<11:10:50.220> from<11:10:50.400> whichever

proxy receives a response from whichever

proxy receives a response from whichever
server<11:10:51.300> say<11:10:51.596> the<11:10:51.720> web<11:10:51.900> server<11:10:52.200> on<11:10:52.436> the

server say the web server on the

server say the web server on the
internet<11:10:52.740> and<11:10:53.460> then<11:10:53.580> sends<11:10:53.936> that<11:10:54.000> information

internet and then sends that information

internet and then sends that information
back<11:10:54.720> to<11:10:54.960> you

so it intercepts the communication

so it intercepts the communication
between<11:11:01.256> the<11:11:01.620> client's<11:11:01.980> computer<11:11:02.160> and<11:11:02.700> the

between the client's computer and the

between the client's computer and the
destination<11:11:03.180> server

destination server

destination server
I've<11:11:05.096> already<11:11:05.276> mentioned<11:11:05.580> that<11:11:05.756> you<11:11:05.936> don't

I've already mentioned that you don't

I've already mentioned that you don't
actually<11:11:06.300> directly<11:11:06.720> connect<11:11:06.900> to<11:11:07.140> the

actually directly connect to the

actually directly connect to the
destination<11:11:08.060> you<11:11:09.060> can<11:11:09.240> have<11:11:09.360> different<11:11:09.540> proxy

destination you can have different proxy

destination you can have different proxy
servers<11:11:10.560> to<11:11:11.460> serve<11:11:12.060> different<11:11:12.240> traffic<11:11:12.596> needs

servers to serve different traffic needs

servers to serve different traffic needs
you<11:11:13.740> might<11:11:13.916> have<11:11:14.040> a<11:11:14.160> proxy<11:11:14.460> server<11:11:14.880> to<11:11:15.000> handle

you might have a proxy server to handle

you might have a proxy server to handle
only<11:11:15.680> HTTP<11:11:16.680> and<11:11:17.460> then<11:11:17.520> if<11:11:17.700> you're<11:11:17.820> doing<11:11:18.000> FTP

only HTTP and then if you're doing FTP

only HTTP and then if you're doing FTP
then<11:11:19.740> it<11:11:19.980> may<11:11:20.160> handle<11:11:20.580> those<11:11:20.820> requests<11:11:21.480> and<11:11:22.320> on

then it may handle those requests and on

then it may handle those requests and on
a<11:11:22.860> different<11:11:22.980> server

what does it do it increases performance

what does it do it increases performance
so

so

so
um<11:11:29.400> it's<11:11:29.700> mainly<11:11:30.000> due<11:11:30.180> to<11:11:30.360> caching<11:11:30.840> or<11:11:31.500> you<11:11:31.680> may

um it's mainly due to caching or you may

um it's mainly due to caching or you may
have<11:11:31.916> quite<11:11:32.220> a<11:11:32.400> powerful<11:11:33.140> proxy<11:11:34.140> server

have quite a powerful proxy server

have quite a powerful proxy server
that's<11:11:34.680> done<11:11:34.916> doing<11:11:35.276> all<11:11:35.460> these<11:11:35.700> requests<11:11:36.060> for

that's done doing all these requests for

that's done doing all these requests for
you

you

you
increases<11:11:38.276> security<11:11:38.580> because<11:11:39.180> what<11:11:39.776> the

increases security because what the

increases security because what the
outside<11:11:40.320> servers<11:11:41.276> on<11:11:41.400> the<11:11:41.580> web<11:11:41.700> see<11:11:42.060> is<11:11:42.596> the

outside servers on the web see is the

outside servers on the web see is the
connection<11:11:42.900> coming<11:11:43.320> from<11:11:43.620> the<11:11:43.860> proxy<11:11:44.340> are<11:11:45.180> not

connection coming from the proxy are not

connection coming from the proxy are not
actually<11:11:45.660> and<11:11:46.436> the<11:11:46.800> uh<11:11:47.400> the<11:11:47.640> client<11:11:47.820> device<11:11:48.060> or

actually and the uh the client device or

actually and the uh the client device or
the<11:11:48.480> host<11:11:48.660> device

the host device

the host device
it<11:11:50.640> also<11:11:50.880> as<11:11:51.060> I<11:11:51.240> said<11:11:51.360> caches<11:11:52.256> content<11:11:52.740> so<11:11:52.980> it

it also as I said caches content so it

it also as I said caches content so it
can<11:11:53.480> serve<11:11:54.480> up<11:11:54.800> and<11:11:55.800> saved<11:11:57.120> copies<11:11:57.900> of<11:11:58.080> a

can serve up and saved copies of a

can serve up and saved copies of a
website<11:11:58.560> it<11:11:58.800> could<11:11:58.916> be<11:11:59.040> a<11:11:59.160> News<11:11:59.340> website<11:11:59.936> or

website it could be a News website or

website it could be a News website or
something<11:12:00.540> else<11:12:00.840> that<11:12:01.320> may<11:12:01.800> not<11:12:02.520> um<11:12:02.580> be

something else that may not um be

something else that may not um be
updated<11:12:03.360> too<11:12:03.900> regularly<11:12:04.500> and<11:12:05.096> then<11:12:05.220> whatever

updated too regularly and then whatever

updated too regularly and then whatever
these<11:12:06.000> rules<11:12:06.360> are<11:12:06.596> on<11:12:06.720> that<11:12:06.960> proxy<11:12:07.320> server<11:12:07.800> it

these rules are on that proxy server it

these rules are on that proxy server it
will<11:12:08.640> refresh<11:12:09.000> that<11:12:09.240> content<11:12:09.776> at<11:12:10.620> given

will refresh that content at given

will refresh that content at given
intervals

intervals

intervals
so<11:12:13.560> you've<11:12:13.740> got<11:12:13.800> to<11:12:13.916> be<11:12:13.980> careful<11:12:14.276> sometimes

so you've got to be careful sometimes

so you've got to be careful sometimes
you<11:12:14.936> can<11:12:15.000> actually<11:12:15.120> be<11:12:15.360> served<11:12:15.776> up<11:12:15.960> a<11:12:16.380> cache<11:12:16.800> of

you can actually be served up a cache of

you can actually be served up a cache of
a<11:12:17.160> web<11:12:17.400> page<11:12:17.640> and<11:12:18.416> the<11:12:18.660> actual<11:12:18.900> live<11:12:19.200> website

a web page and the actual live website

a web page and the actual live website
has<11:12:20.640> changed<11:12:21.120> so<11:12:21.300> it's<11:12:21.416> something<11:12:21.596> to<11:12:21.840> bear<11:12:21.960> in

has changed so it's something to bear in

has changed so it's something to bear in
mind<11:12:22.256> when<11:12:22.500> you're<11:12:23.160> configuring<11:12:23.820> this<11:12:24.000> on

mind when you're configuring this on

mind when you're configuring this on
your<11:12:24.416> network<11:12:24.660> if<11:12:25.020> you<11:12:25.200> do<11:12:25.320> it

crazy security as well filters our

crazy security as well filters our
unwanted<11:12:36.240> web<11:12:36.480> traffic<11:12:36.720> malicious<11:12:37.436> files

unwanted web traffic malicious files

unwanted web traffic malicious files
before<11:12:38.460> sending<11:12:39.060> that<11:12:39.240> onto<11:12:39.720> the<11:12:40.080> end<11:12:40.256> client

before sending that onto the end client

before sending that onto the end client
if<11:12:42.300> the<11:12:42.540> client<11:12:43.200> tries<11:12:43.680> to<11:12:43.800> download<11:12:44.340> a

if the client tries to download a

if the client tries to download a
malicious<11:12:45.180> file<11:12:45.416> unknowingly<11:12:46.140> the<11:12:46.560> proxy

malicious file unknowingly the proxy

malicious file unknowingly the proxy
server<11:12:47.340> can<11:12:47.520> filter<11:12:47.700> it<11:12:48.000> out<11:12:48.180> and<11:12:48.720> you<11:12:48.900> can

server can filter it out and you can

server can filter it out and you can
have<11:12:49.140> a<11:12:49.256> firewall<11:12:49.680> in<11:12:50.580> between<11:12:50.700> your<11:12:51.180> proxy

have a firewall in between your proxy

have a firewall in between your proxy
server<11:12:51.960> and<11:12:52.380> a<11:12:52.620> client<11:12:53.096> or<11:12:53.700> between<11:12:54.240> the<11:12:54.660> proxy

server and a client or between the proxy

server and a client or between the proxy
server<11:12:55.436> and<11:12:55.560> the<11:12:55.680> internet<11:12:55.800> or<11:12:56.340> both

server and the internet or both

server and the internet or both
depending<11:12:57.776> on<11:12:57.840> what<11:12:58.080> your<11:12:58.200> requirements<11:12:58.860> are

depending on what your requirements are

depending on what your requirements are
so<11:13:00.900> already<11:13:01.380> covered<11:13:01.916> that<11:13:02.096> actually

so already covered that actually

so already covered that actually
a<11:13:03.660> forward<11:13:03.840> proxy<11:13:04.436> server<11:13:04.916> is<11:13:05.520> a<11:13:05.756> new<11:13:05.880> thing<11:13:06.180> on

a forward proxy server is a new thing on

a forward proxy server is a new thing on
this<11:13:06.480> syllabus<11:13:06.960> it<11:13:07.800> acts<11:13:08.096> on<11:13:08.220> behalf<11:13:08.520> of<11:13:08.640> a

this syllabus it acts on behalf of a

this syllabus it acts on behalf of a
client<11:13:09.120> computer<11:13:09.360> it<11:13:10.256> gets<11:13:10.500> the<11:13:10.620> requested

client computer it gets the requested

client computer it gets the requested
information<11:13:11.276> from<11:13:12.060> different<11:13:12.360> servers

information from different servers

information from different servers
servers<11:13:14.700> on<11:13:14.820> the<11:13:14.936> Internet<11:13:15.060> only<11:13:15.540> interact

servers on the Internet only interact

servers on the Internet only interact
with<11:13:16.080> the<11:13:16.256> proxy<11:13:16.620> server<11:13:17.040> and<11:13:17.276> they<11:13:17.400> don't

with the proxy server and they don't

with the proxy server and they don't
know<11:13:17.700> about<11:13:17.820> the<11:13:18.060> client's<11:13:18.416> existence<11:13:18.900> which

know about the client's existence which

know about the client's existence which
is<11:13:19.860> the<11:13:19.980> concept<11:13:20.276> we've<11:13:20.520> already<11:13:20.700> been

is the concept we've already been

is the concept we've already been
discussing<11:13:21.900> now<11:13:22.800> there's<11:13:23.040> something

discussing now there's something

discussing now there's something
um<11:13:24.060> known<11:13:24.360> as<11:13:24.540> a<11:13:24.660> reverse<11:13:25.020> proxy<11:13:25.436> server

um known as a reverse proxy server

um known as a reverse proxy server
and<11:13:27.480> the<11:13:27.660> clues<11:13:27.960> in<11:13:28.080> the<11:13:28.200> title<11:13:28.560> I<11:13:28.680> suppose<11:13:28.916> it

and the clues in the title I suppose it

and the clues in the title I suppose it
acts<11:13:29.936> on<11:13:30.000> behalf<11:13:30.360> of<11:13:30.480> the<11:13:30.720> servers<11:13:31.020> on<11:13:31.200> the

acts on behalf of the servers on the

acts on behalf of the servers on the
inside<11:13:31.380> of<11:13:31.620> an<11:13:31.740> organization<11:13:32.540> but<11:13:33.540> you<11:13:33.900> can

inside of an organization but you can

inside of an organization but you can
see<11:13:34.200> here

see here

see here
some<11:13:36.000> host<11:13:36.360> on<11:13:37.020> the<11:13:37.200> Internet<11:13:37.320> is<11:13:37.740> trying<11:13:37.980> to

some host on the Internet is trying to

some host on the Internet is trying to
access<11:13:38.340> your<11:13:38.700> web<11:13:38.936> server<11:13:39.800> internally<11:13:40.800> and

access your web server internally and

access your web server internally and
the<11:13:41.460> proxy<11:13:41.820> server<11:13:42.180> will<11:13:42.360> act<11:13:42.480> as<11:13:42.660> the

the proxy server will act as the

the proxy server will act as the
intermediary<11:13:43.380> deciding<11:13:44.040> what<11:13:44.580> does<11:13:44.756> and

intermediary deciding what does and

intermediary deciding what does and
doesn't<11:13:45.120> go<11:13:45.360> out<11:13:45.540> and<11:13:45.776> also<11:13:46.080> obviously<11:13:46.500> it

doesn't go out and also obviously it

doesn't go out and also obviously it
will<11:13:47.276> could<11:13:47.700> have<11:13:47.936> cached<11:13:48.360> copies<11:13:48.776> of<11:13:49.436> what's

will could have cached copies of what's

will could have cached copies of what's
actually<11:13:50.096> on<11:13:50.460> the<11:13:50.700> web<11:13:51.240> server<11:13:51.660> the<11:13:51.960> actual

actually on the web server the actual

actually on the web server the actual
web<11:13:52.320> server<11:13:52.680> on<11:13:52.800> the<11:13:52.916> inside

so um since the service is behind the

so um since the service is behind the
proxy<11:13:58.560> server<11:13:58.860> the<11:13:59.096> following<11:13:59.340> is<11:13:59.460> true<11:13:59.700> the

proxy server the following is true the

proxy server the following is true the
client<11:14:00.660> is<11:14:00.900> not<11:14:01.020> aware<11:14:01.256> of<11:14:01.380> the<11:14:01.500> services

client is not aware of the services

client is not aware of the services
existence<11:14:03.060> this<11:14:03.360> is<11:14:03.480> the<11:14:03.596> internet<11:14:03.776> client

existence this is the internet client

existence this is the internet client
wherever<11:14:04.620> that<11:14:04.860> may<11:14:05.040> be<11:14:05.220> and<11:14:05.880> it<11:14:06.060> treats<11:14:06.300> a

wherever that may be and it treats a

wherever that may be and it treats a
proxy<11:14:06.776> server<11:14:07.140> as<11:14:07.320> the<11:14:07.560> origin

proxy server as the origin

proxy server as the origin
foreign<11:14:10.820> it<11:14:11.820> can<11:14:11.880> also<11:14:12.060> be<11:14:12.180> used<11:14:12.300> to<11:14:12.480> balance

foreign it can also be used to balance

foreign it can also be used to balance
the<11:14:12.900> load<11:14:13.140> under<11:14:13.380> server<11:14:13.800> farm<11:14:14.096> so<11:14:14.400> it<11:14:14.580> can

the load under server farm so it can

the load under server farm so it can
pull<11:14:15.596> different<11:14:16.436> servers<11:14:17.040> at<11:14:17.520> the<11:14:17.700> same<11:14:17.820> time

pull different servers at the same time

pull different servers at the same time
or<11:14:18.480> load<11:14:18.776> balance

now the servers are considered to be on

now the servers are considered to be on
the<11:14:24.240> server<11:14:25.200> side<11:14:25.320> of<11:14:25.740> the<11:14:25.860> internet<11:14:25.916> because

the server side of the internet because

the server side of the internet because
of<11:14:26.460> the<11:14:26.520> following<11:14:26.880> The<11:14:27.596> Intercept<11:14:27.960> all<11:14:28.200> the

of the following The Intercept all the

of the following The Intercept all the
traffic<11:14:28.500> coming<11:14:28.800> from<11:14:29.040> the<11:14:29.220> internet<11:14:29.400> they

traffic coming from the internet they

traffic coming from the internet they
make<11:14:30.416> it<11:14:30.596> more<11:14:30.840> difficult<11:14:31.200> for<11:14:31.436> hackers<11:14:31.800> not

make it more difficult for hackers not

make it more difficult for hackers not
impossible<11:14:32.460> but<11:14:32.820> more<11:14:33.000> difficult<11:14:33.300> to<11:14:33.540> get<11:14:33.720> to

impossible but more difficult to get to

impossible but more difficult to get to
get<11:14:34.200> the<11:14:34.320> details<11:14:34.740> of<11:14:34.860> the<11:14:35.040> internal<11:14:35.400> Network

all right so in brief we've covered

all right so in brief we've covered
proxies<11:14:41.160> and<11:14:41.756> introduction<11:14:42.240> the<11:14:42.596> uses<11:14:42.960> of

proxies and introduction the uses of

proxies and introduction the uses of
them<11:14:43.380> forward<11:14:44.160> proxy<11:14:44.756> servers<11:14:45.300> and<11:14:45.660> reverse

them forward proxy servers and reverse

them forward proxy servers and reverse
proxy<11:14:46.436> servers

proxy servers

proxy servers
all<11:14:48.000> right<11:14:48.180> that's<11:14:48.300> all<11:14:48.480> for<11:14:48.660> now<11:14:48.840> thanks<11:14:49.256> for

all right that's all for now thanks for

all right that's all for now thanks for
watching

welcome to the lesson on network address

welcome to the lesson on network address
translation<11:15:14.700> on<11:15:15.300> Nat<11:15:15.720> for<11:15:16.200> short

and a look at what it is ipv4 addresses

and a look at what it is ipv4 addresses
IPv6<11:15:22.916> addresses

IPv6 addresses

IPv6 addresses
benefit<11:15:25.140> of<11:15:25.800> having<11:15:26.220> NASA<11:15:26.756> using<11:15:27.120> it

benefit of having NASA using it

benefit of having NASA using it
Source<11:15:28.740> Network<11:15:28.916> address<11:15:29.276> translation

Source Network address translation

Source Network address translation
destination<11:15:31.020> that<11:15:31.500> and<11:15:32.460> port<11:15:32.700> address

destination that and port address

destination that and port address
translation<11:15:33.596> or<11:15:34.320> also<11:15:35.040> called<11:15:35.160> Pat<11:15:35.580> or<11:15:36.416> Nat

translation or also called Pat or Nat

translation or also called Pat or Nat
overload

overload

overload
so<11:15:39.720> what<11:15:40.020> is<11:15:40.200> in<11:15:40.436> that

so what is in that

so what is in that
it<11:15:42.660> basically<11:15:42.960> translates<11:15:43.500> in<11:15:43.740> private<11:15:44.340> IP

it basically translates in private IP

it basically translates in private IP
addresses<11:15:45.416> into<11:15:45.840> public<11:15:46.140> IP<11:15:46.620> for<11:15:46.860> addresses

addresses into public IP for addresses

addresses into public IP for addresses
the<11:15:48.416> private<11:15:48.776> IP<11:15:49.200> for<11:15:49.620> addresses

the private IP for addresses

the private IP for addresses
um

um

um
RFC<11:15:53.580> 1918<11:15:54.300> I<11:15:54.596> think<11:15:54.776> it<11:15:54.900> is<11:15:55.560> these<11:15:56.276> provide

RFC 1918 I think it is these provide

RFC 1918 I think it is these provide
addresses<11:15:57.776> that<11:15:58.020> you<11:15:58.140> can<11:15:58.256> use<11:15:58.500> internally<11:15:59.160> on

addresses that you can use internally on

addresses that you can use internally on
your<11:15:59.520> network<11:15:59.700> but<11:16:00.120> they<11:16:00.240> can't<11:16:00.416> be<11:16:00.540> routed

your network but they can't be routed

your network but they can't be routed
over<11:16:01.200> the<11:16:01.436> Internet<11:16:01.620> so<11:16:02.520> all<11:16:02.700> of<11:16:02.820> a<11:16:02.880> sudden

over the Internet so all of a sudden

over the Internet so all of a sudden
you've<11:16:03.180> got<11:16:03.360> a<11:16:03.480> problem

you've got a problem

you've got a problem
so<11:16:05.340> this<11:16:06.180> helped<11:16:06.776> solve<11:16:07.080> the<11:16:07.200> issue<11:16:07.436> of

so this helped solve the issue of

so this helped solve the issue of
running<11:16:07.740> out<11:16:08.040> of<11:16:08.160> ipv4<11:16:08.880> addresses<11:16:09.480> however

running out of ipv4 addresses however

running out of ipv4 addresses however
then<11:16:10.436> we<11:16:10.680> have<11:16:10.800> to<11:16:10.916> resolve<11:16:11.276> the<11:16:11.400> issue<11:16:11.640> of<11:16:11.700> not

then we have to resolve the issue of not

then we have to resolve the issue of not
being<11:16:12.060> able<11:16:12.300> to<11:16:12.416> wrote<11:16:12.776> route<11:16:13.200> those

being able to wrote route those

being able to wrote route those
addresses

so and that is a router function

so and that is a router function
actually<11:16:18.660> these<11:16:18.960> routers<11:16:19.500> and<11:16:19.860> firewalls<11:16:20.640> can

actually these routers and firewalls can

actually these routers and firewalls can
do<11:16:21.300> nothing

so normally it's enabled at the boundary

so normally it's enabled at the boundary
where<11:16:26.880> your<11:16:27.060> local<11:16:27.180> area<11:16:27.480> network<11:16:27.776> meets<11:16:28.560> your

where your local area network meets your

where your local area network meets your
internet<11:16:29.340> connection

internet connection

internet connection
you<11:16:32.220> don't<11:16:32.340> need<11:16:32.460> to<11:16:32.580> bother<11:16:32.820> not<11:16:33.060> in<11:16:33.360> usually

you don't need to bother not in usually

you don't need to bother not in usually
internally<11:16:34.256> on<11:16:34.436> your<11:16:34.620> network<11:16:34.740> no<11:16:35.220> particular

internally on your network no particular

internally on your network no particular
reason<11:16:35.840> and<11:16:36.840> we<11:16:37.020> use<11:16:37.140> Nat<11:16:37.500> with<11:16:37.620> ipv4

reason and we use Nat with ipv4

reason and we use Nat with ipv4
addresses

addresses

addresses
ipv4<11:16:40.620> has<11:16:40.860> approximately<11:16:41.340> 4.3<11:16:42.180> billion

ipv4 has approximately 4.3 billion

ipv4 has approximately 4.3 billion
unfortunately<11:16:44.460> the<11:16:44.880> DraStic<11:16:45.180> growth<11:16:45.596> of<11:16:45.720> the

unfortunately the DraStic growth of the

unfortunately the DraStic growth of the
internet<11:16:46.020> due<11:16:46.436> to<11:16:46.620> affordability<11:16:47.276> of<11:16:48.256> and<11:16:49.256> and

internet due to affordability of and and

internet due to affordability of and and
user<11:16:50.040> equipment<11:16:50.840> basically<11:16:51.840> I<11:16:52.020> mean<11:16:52.200> maybe<11:16:52.680> we

user equipment basically I mean maybe we

user equipment basically I mean maybe we
were<11:16:53.040> running<11:16:53.160> out<11:16:53.400> of<11:16:53.580> ipv4<11:16:54.416> addresses

were running out of ipv4 addresses

were running out of ipv4 addresses
so<11:16:56.756> Nat<11:16:57.180> was<11:16:57.480> a<11:16:57.900> temporary<11:16:58.320> solution<11:16:58.800> to<11:16:59.340> a

so Nat was a temporary solution to a

so Nat was a temporary solution to a
permanent<11:17:00.180> problem

IPv6 is the replacement obviously for

IPv6 is the replacement obviously for
ipv<11:17:07.080> version<11:17:07.500> 4.<11:17:08.040> now<11:17:08.820> this<11:17:09.540> is<11:17:09.660> the<11:17:09.900> long-term

ipv version 4. now this is the long-term

ipv version 4. now this is the long-term
solution<11:17:10.740> there<11:17:11.700> is<11:17:11.820> a<11:17:12.060> version<11:17:12.300> of<11:17:12.596> nat

solution there is a version of nat

solution there is a version of nat
available<11:17:13.400> for<11:17:14.900> IPv6<11:17:15.916> I<11:17:16.916> don't<11:17:17.160> even<11:17:17.340> think

available for IPv6 I don't even think

available for IPv6 I don't even think
Cisco<11:17:18.060> included<11:17:18.480> on<11:17:18.660> the<11:17:18.776> syllabus<11:17:19.200> anymore

Cisco included on the syllabus anymore

Cisco included on the syllabus anymore
the<11:17:20.276> reason<11:17:20.460> is<11:17:20.756> there's<11:17:21.000> an<11:17:21.416> almost

the reason is there's an almost

the reason is there's an almost
inexhaustible

inexhaustible

inexhaustible
number<11:17:23.880> of<11:17:24.240> available<11:17:24.480> IP<11:17:25.380> version<11:17:25.680> 6

number of available IP version 6

number of available IP version 6
addresses

addresses

addresses
um<11:17:28.140> I<11:17:28.860> think<11:17:28.980> something<11:17:29.160> like<11:17:29.460> Millions<11:17:29.880> per

um I think something like Millions per

um I think something like Millions per
every<11:17:30.596> per<11:17:30.960> every<11:17:31.256> person<11:17:31.560> in<11:17:32.460> the<11:17:32.580> world<11:17:32.820> so

every per every person in the world so

every per every person in the world so
it's<11:17:33.900> pretty<11:17:34.200> much<11:17:34.320> inconceivable<11:17:35.040> that

it's pretty much inconceivable that

it's pretty much inconceivable that
we're<11:17:35.520> going<11:17:35.700> to<11:17:35.820> be<11:17:35.936> running<11:17:36.540> out<11:17:36.900> of<11:17:37.080> them

we're going to be running out of them

we're going to be running out of them
anytime<11:17:37.800> soon<11:17:38.040> certainly<11:17:38.700> within<11:17:39.060> our

anytime soon certainly within our

anytime soon certainly within our
lifetimes<11:17:39.720> anyway

lifetimes anyway

lifetimes anyway
so<11:17:41.580> it<11:17:41.820> benefits<11:17:42.360> as<11:17:42.776> well<11:17:42.960> as<11:17:43.080> using<11:17:43.436> it<11:17:43.560> so<11:17:43.740> we

so it benefits as well as using it so we

so it benefits as well as using it so we
don't<11:17:44.040> really<11:17:44.160> have<11:17:44.400> addresses<11:17:44.820> it<11:17:45.180> actually

don't really have addresses it actually

don't really have addresses it actually
hides<11:17:46.020> our<11:17:46.916> internal<11:17:47.340> addresses<11:17:47.820> on<11:17:48.000> our

hides our internal addresses on our

hides our internal addresses on our
private<11:17:48.540> network<11:17:48.776> from<11:17:49.560> the<11:17:50.220> internet<11:17:50.400> which

private network from the internet which

private network from the internet which
is<11:17:50.936> pretty<11:17:51.120> handy<11:17:51.540> so<11:17:51.840> it's<11:17:52.020> a<11:17:52.200> security

is pretty handy so it's a security

is pretty handy so it's a security
feature

feature

feature
these<11:17:54.960> are<11:17:55.080> the<11:17:55.200> private<11:17:55.560> addresses<11:17:56.040> which

these are the private addresses which

these are the private addresses which
hopefully<11:17:56.820> you're<11:17:57.000> already<11:17:57.180> familiar<11:17:57.660> with

hopefully you're already familiar with

hopefully you're already familiar with
you<11:17:58.200> need<11:17:58.320> to<11:17:58.436> know<11:17:58.740> this<11:17:59.220> range<11:17:59.520> of<11:17:59.640> addresses

you need to know this range of addresses

you need to know this range of addresses
because<11:18:00.240> this<11:18:00.480> is<11:18:00.660> a<11:18:00.840> favorite<11:18:01.276> exam<11:18:02.276> topic

because this is a favorite exam topic

because this is a favorite exam topic
for<11:18:03.660> comtier<11:18:04.200> and<11:18:04.380> also<11:18:04.620> Cisco<11:18:05.040> and<11:18:05.276> Microsoft

for comtier and also Cisco and Microsoft

for comtier and also Cisco and Microsoft
these<11:18:08.400> addresses<11:18:08.756> you<11:18:09.000> can<11:18:09.120> arbitrarily

these addresses you can arbitrarily

these addresses you can arbitrarily
inside<11:18:10.020> them<11:18:10.380> with<11:18:10.620> the<11:18:10.740> dhp<11:18:11.276> server<11:18:11.820> inside

inside them with the dhp server inside

inside them with the dhp server inside
your<11:18:12.960> network<11:18:13.320> or

your network or

your network or
um<11:18:15.416> yeah<11:18:15.960> you'll<11:18:16.256> have<11:18:16.620> DHCP<11:18:17.276> server

um yeah you'll have DHCP server

um yeah you'll have DHCP server
somewhere<11:18:18.240> usually

somewhere usually

somewhere usually
I<11:18:19.980> wouldn't<11:18:20.096> let<11:18:20.276> any<11:18:20.460> users<11:18:20.820> assign<11:18:21.120> their

I wouldn't let any users assign their

I wouldn't let any users assign their
own<11:18:21.416> IP<11:18:21.720> addresses

own IP addresses

own IP addresses
so<11:18:23.400> let's<11:18:23.460> say<11:18:23.640> we<11:18:23.820> have<11:18:23.936> a<11:18:24.060> lan<11:18:24.300> with

so let's say we have a lan with

so let's say we have a lan with
computers<11:18:24.900> that<11:18:25.080> assign<11:18:25.500> these<11:18:25.740> private<11:18:26.040> IP

computers that assign these private IP

computers that assign these private IP
addresses<11:18:26.900> and<11:18:27.900> internally<11:18:28.256> we've<11:18:28.500> got<11:18:28.620> a<11:18:28.740> PC

addresses and internally we've got a PC

addresses and internally we've got a PC
one<11:18:29.340> the<11:18:30.000> data<11:18:30.300> back<11:18:30.416> it<11:18:30.660> goes<11:18:30.900> to<11:18:30.960> our<11:18:31.140> router

one the data back it goes to our router

one the data back it goes to our router
the<11:18:32.276> router<11:18:32.640> will<11:18:32.880> Nat<11:18:33.240> to<11:18:33.480> this<11:18:33.596> address<11:18:33.776> for

the router will Nat to this address for

the router will Nat to this address for
a<11:18:34.436> routable<11:18:34.800> address<11:18:35.096> which<11:18:35.640> you've<11:18:36.000> added<11:18:36.596> to

a routable address which you've added to

a routable address which you've added to
the<11:18:36.840> configuration<11:18:37.436> somewhere

the configuration somewhere

the configuration somewhere
and<11:18:39.180> it's<11:18:39.300> one<11:18:39.480> of<11:18:39.596> the<11:18:39.596> addresses<11:18:39.960> you've

and it's one of the addresses you've

and it's one of the addresses you've
been<11:18:40.256> allocated<11:18:40.740> the<11:18:41.400> packet<11:18:41.756> goes<11:18:42.060> out<11:18:42.180> to

been allocated the packet goes out to

been allocated the packet goes out to
the<11:18:42.660> internet<11:18:42.980> somewhere<11:18:43.980> comes<11:18:44.820> back<11:18:45.000> your

the internet somewhere comes back your

the internet somewhere comes back your
router<11:18:45.720> will<11:18:45.840> have<11:18:46.020> a<11:18:46.200> table<11:18:46.320> and<11:18:46.860> that

router will have a table and that

router will have a table and that
translation<11:18:47.700> table

translation table

translation table
and<11:18:49.500> it<11:18:49.680> will<11:18:49.916> recall<11:18:50.460> which<11:18:50.756> address<11:18:51.000> on<11:18:51.240> is

and it will recall which address on is

and it will recall which address on is
on<11:18:51.720> the<11:18:51.840> inside<11:18:52.020> which<11:18:52.680> is<11:18:52.916> on<11:18:53.096> the<11:18:53.276> outside

on the inside which is on the outside

on the inside which is on the outside
and<11:18:54.416> then

and then

and then
um<11:18:55.320> re-nut<11:18:55.860> it<11:18:56.040> so<11:18:56.160> it<11:18:56.340> populates<11:18:56.700> the<11:18:56.936> packets

um re-nut it so it populates the packets

um re-nut it so it populates the packets
for<11:18:57.900> the<11:18:58.020> correct<11:18:58.200> header<11:18:58.680> and<11:18:59.160> then<11:18:59.220> forwards

for the correct header and then forwards

for the correct header and then forwards
it<11:18:59.820> back<11:19:00.060> to<11:19:00.180> the

it back to the

it back to the
um PC<11:19:02.220> on<11:19:02.520> the<11:19:02.580> inside<11:19:02.700> of<11:19:02.936> your<11:19:03.120> LAN

so in this case this is in Long longer

so in this case this is in Long longer
version<11:19:09.720> of<11:19:10.020> what<11:19:10.140> I've<11:19:10.256> said<11:19:10.500> really<11:19:10.740> this

version of what I've said really this

version of what I've said really this
case<11:19:11.880> the<11:19:12.560> hudternetwork.com<11:19:13.560> so<11:19:13.916> if<11:19:14.096> I<11:19:14.276> have

case the hudternetwork.com so if I have

case the hudternetwork.com so if I have
the<11:19:14.400> server<11:19:14.640> on<11:19:14.756> the<11:19:14.880> right<11:19:15.000> there<11:19:15.240> a<11:19:15.776> scene

the server on the right there a scene

the server on the right there a scene
that<11:19:16.200> it's<11:19:16.320> coming<11:19:16.500> from<11:19:16.740> a<11:19:16.916> routable<11:19:17.460> IP

that it's coming from a routable IP

that it's coming from a routable IP
address

address

address
it<11:19:19.800> just<11:19:19.980> wouldn't<11:19:20.096> get<11:19:20.276> routed<11:19:20.756> by<11:19:21.060> your<11:19:21.596> um

it just wouldn't get routed by your um

it just wouldn't get routed by your um
ISP<11:19:22.256> otherwise

ISP otherwise

ISP otherwise
you<11:19:24.060> can<11:19:24.240> tunnel<11:19:24.776> addresses<11:19:25.380> but<11:19:25.620> you<11:19:25.800> still

you can tunnel addresses but you still

you can tunnel addresses but you still
need<11:19:26.096> to<11:19:26.160> Tunnel<11:19:26.520> them<11:19:26.640> inside<11:19:26.756> a<11:19:27.000> routable

need to Tunnel them inside a routable

need to Tunnel them inside a routable
packet

packet

packet
Source<11:19:29.520> Network<11:19:29.700> address<11:19:29.936> translation<11:19:30.660> a<11:19:31.140> bit

Source Network address translation a bit

Source Network address translation a bit
of<11:19:31.436> a<11:19:31.500> strange<11:19:31.740> term<11:19:31.916> this<11:19:32.220> but<11:19:32.460> comps<11:19:32.880> here

of a strange term this but comps here

of a strange term this but comps here
are<11:19:33.180> coining<11:19:33.540> it

are coining it

are coining it
basically<11:19:35.160> it<11:19:35.276> means<11:19:35.640> the<11:19:36.540> um<11:19:36.540> Source<11:19:37.320> on<11:19:37.916> the

basically it means the um Source on the

basically it means the um Source on the
inside<11:19:38.160> of<11:19:38.400> your<11:19:38.460> network<11:19:38.756> is<11:19:39.180> being<11:19:39.360> nattted

inside of your network is being nattted

inside of your network is being nattted
out<11:19:40.500> to<11:19:40.680> a<11:19:40.860> routable<11:19:41.276> address<11:19:41.580> so<11:19:42.000> you're

out to a routable address so you're

out to a routable address so you're
initiating<11:19:43.256> the<11:19:43.680> connection<11:19:43.860> from<11:19:44.700> your

initiating the connection from your

initiating the connection from your
source

source

source
so<11:19:46.980> you've<11:19:47.160> got<11:19:47.220> a<11:19:47.400> 192<11:19:47.880> Network<11:19:48.180> and<11:19:48.596> it's

so you've got a 192 Network and it's

so you've got a 192 Network and it's
been<11:19:48.960> translated<11:19:49.436> to<11:19:50.096> a<11:19:50.640> range<11:19:51.120> of<11:19:51.240> addresses

been translated to a range of addresses

been translated to a range of addresses
on<11:19:51.900> this<11:19:52.080> router<11:19:52.500> probably<11:19:52.980> not<11:19:53.160> a<11:19:53.340> good<11:19:53.400> idea

on this router probably not a good idea

on this router probably not a good idea
to<11:19:53.820> have<11:19:53.936> one<11:19:54.120> routable<11:19:54.540> address<11:19:54.776> because<11:19:55.080> you

to have one routable address because you

to have one routable address because you
can<11:19:55.436> only<11:19:55.620> ever<11:19:56.400> have

can only ever have

can only ever have
uh<11:19:57.900> one<11:19:58.200> connection<11:19:58.500> live<11:19:59.340> from<11:19:59.880> the<11:20:00.060> inside

uh one connection live from the inside

uh one connection live from the inside
to<11:20:00.540> the<11:20:00.720> outside

so I've covered that and since the

so I've covered that and since the
source<11:20:05.700> private<11:20:06.000> IP<11:20:06.300> address<11:20:06.416> is<11:20:06.660> replaced

source private IP address is replaced

source private IP address is replaced
with<11:20:07.200> an<11:20:07.320> external<11:20:07.820> public<11:20:08.820> address<11:20:09.480> it's

with an external public address it's

with an external public address it's
called<11:20:10.020> sourcenat

called sourcenat

called sourcenat
to<11:20:11.820> be<11:20:11.936> honest<11:20:12.120> I've<11:20:12.360> only<11:20:12.596> heard<11:20:13.380> um<11:20:13.380> the<11:20:13.800> term

to be honest I've only heard um the term

to be honest I've only heard um the term
that's<11:20:14.340> used<11:20:14.756> in<11:20:15.300> all<11:20:15.480> my<11:20:15.596> years<11:20:15.776> on

that's used in all my years on

that's used in all my years on
networking<11:20:16.620> but<11:20:16.860> you<11:20:17.340> need<11:20:17.520> to<11:20:17.640> be<11:20:17.700> familiar

networking but you need to be familiar

networking but you need to be familiar
with<11:20:18.240> this<11:20:18.360> because<11:20:18.540> they've<11:20:18.776> put<11:20:18.900> it<11:20:19.020> in<11:20:19.140> the

with this because they've put it in the

with this because they've put it in the
syllabus<11:20:20.160> for<11:20:20.520> some<11:20:20.640> reason

okay so I've covered this the other

okay so I've covered this the other
thing<11:20:25.916> is<11:20:26.160> destination<11:20:26.936> Nat<11:20:27.720> this<11:20:28.620> is<11:20:28.740> where

thing is destination Nat this is where

thing is destination Nat this is where
the<11:20:29.096> connection<11:20:29.220> has<11:20:29.640> been<11:20:29.820> initiated<11:20:30.620> from

the connection has been initiated from

the connection has been initiated from
outside<11:20:31.980> the<11:20:32.276> network

outside the network

outside the network
and<11:20:34.080> say<11:20:34.320> you've<11:20:34.620> got<11:20:34.800> some<11:20:35.160> sort<11:20:35.400> of<11:20:35.520> internal

and say you've got some sort of internal

and say you've got some sort of internal
um<11:20:37.800> web<11:20:38.340> server<11:20:38.820> that<11:20:39.416> serves<11:20:39.720> members<11:20:40.080> of<11:20:40.140> the

um web server that serves members of the

um web server that serves members of the
public<11:20:40.436> who<11:20:40.800> want<11:20:40.980> to<11:20:41.096> find<11:20:41.276> out<11:20:41.460> more<11:20:41.640> about

public who want to find out more about

public who want to find out more about
your<11:20:42.120> company<11:20:42.360> you<11:20:43.080> normally<11:20:43.320> have<11:20:43.500> this<11:20:43.680> off

your company you normally have this off

your company you normally have this off
a<11:20:44.040> DMZ<11:20:44.640> on<11:20:45.416> a<11:20:45.540> router<11:20:46.460> interface<11:20:47.460> also<11:20:48.000> or<11:20:48.120> a

a DMZ on a router interface also or a

a DMZ on a router interface also or a
firewall<11:20:48.720> somewhere<11:20:49.200> so<11:20:49.980> this<11:20:50.160> time<11:20:50.340> the

firewall somewhere so this time the

firewall somewhere so this time the
packet<11:20:50.936> has<11:20:51.120> come<11:20:51.360> from<11:20:51.720> and<11:20:52.020> the<11:20:52.320> in<11:20:52.436> the

packet has come from and the in the

packet has come from and the in the
internet

internet

internet
and<11:20:54.480> it's<11:20:54.596> hitting<11:20:55.200> your<11:20:55.380> router<11:20:55.916> and<11:20:56.340> your

and it's hitting your router and your

and it's hitting your router and your
router<11:20:56.880> has<11:20:57.000> a<11:20:57.180> map<11:20:57.360> in<11:20:57.540> so<11:20:58.080> this<11:20:58.256> will<11:20:58.380> be<11:20:58.560> a

router has a map in so this will be a

router has a map in so this will be a
permanently<11:20:59.900> permanently<11:21:00.900> featured<11:21:01.380> address

permanently permanently featured address

permanently permanently featured address
um<11:21:02.880> a<11:21:03.240> mapping<11:21:03.660> inside<11:21:03.900> your<11:21:04.256> router<11:21:04.740> or

um a mapping inside your router or

um a mapping inside your router or
firewall

firewall

firewall
now<11:21:08.340> if<11:21:08.640> you<11:21:08.820> look<11:21:08.936> at<11:21:09.060> this<11:21:09.240> image<11:21:09.540> it's

now if you look at this image it's

now if you look at this image it's
probably<11:21:10.340> would<11:21:11.340> make<11:21:11.520> more<11:21:11.820> sense<11:21:12.060> just<11:21:12.480> to

probably would make more sense just to

probably would make more sense just to
have<11:21:12.840> a<11:21:13.080> routable<11:21:13.500> address<11:21:13.860> anyway<11:21:14.340> on<11:21:15.060> the

have a routable address anyway on the

have a routable address anyway on the
inside<11:21:15.300> of<11:21:15.776> your

inside of your

inside of your
um<11:21:17.160> Network<11:21:17.580> somewhere<11:21:18.180> in<11:21:18.480> the<11:21:18.660> DMZ

um Network somewhere in the DMZ

um Network somewhere in the DMZ
the<11:21:20.700> demilitarized<11:21:21.360> zone<11:21:21.540> which<11:21:21.900> is<11:21:22.020> a<11:21:22.200> safe

the demilitarized zone which is a safe

the demilitarized zone which is a safe
zone<11:21:22.680> for

zone for

zone for
external<11:21:24.596> hosts<11:21:25.080> to<11:21:25.620> access<11:21:26.596> that<11:21:27.596> isn't<11:21:28.140> on

external hosts to access that isn't on

external hosts to access that isn't on
the<11:21:28.916> same<11:21:29.160> interface<11:21:30.000> as<11:21:30.180> your<11:21:30.360> local<11:21:30.540> area

the same interface as your local area

the same interface as your local area
network<11:21:31.140> that<11:21:31.980> would<11:21:32.096> probably<11:21:32.276> be<11:21:32.460> a<11:21:32.580> better

network that would probably be a better

network that would probably be a better
idea<11:21:33.120> but<11:21:33.416> otherwise<11:21:33.840> this<11:21:34.500> destination<11:21:35.040> that

idea but otherwise this destination that

idea but otherwise this destination that
is<11:21:36.240> an<11:21:36.416> option<11:21:36.900> here

is an option here

is an option here
so<11:21:39.660> I've<11:21:39.840> mentioned<11:21:40.140> dmz's

so I've mentioned dmz's

so I've mentioned dmz's
uh<11:21:43.200> through<11:21:43.500> our<11:21:43.680> public<11:21:43.860> facing<11:21:44.340> server

uh through our public facing server

uh through our public facing server
Although<11:21:45.120> our<11:21:45.240> public<11:21:45.680> facing<11:21:46.680> server<11:21:46.916> has<11:21:47.040> an

Although our public facing server has an

Although our public facing server has an
internal<11:21:47.520> IP<11:21:47.756> address<11:21:47.936> the<11:21:48.480> users<11:21:48.840> on<11:21:48.960> the

internal IP address the users on the

internal IP address the users on the
internet<11:21:49.200> obviously<11:21:49.800> cannot<11:21:50.276> connect<11:21:50.400> to<11:21:50.700> it

internet obviously cannot connect to it

internet obviously cannot connect to it
which<11:21:51.120> we've<11:21:51.300> already<11:21:51.480> covered<11:21:51.900> so<11:21:52.800> dnat<11:21:53.700> to

which we've already covered so dnat to

which we've already covered so dnat to
destination<11:21:54.300> that<11:21:54.596> is<11:21:54.776> the<11:21:54.960> solution<11:21:55.320> there

destination that is the solution there

destination that is the solution there
you<11:21:57.120> can<11:21:57.180> use<11:21:57.360> destination<11:21:57.776> app<11:21:58.140> for<11:21:58.380> load

you can use destination app for load

you can use destination app for load
balancing

balancing

balancing
um<11:22:00.000> the<11:22:00.540> traffic<11:22:00.720> coming<11:22:00.960> to<11:22:01.256> servers<11:22:01.560> from

um the traffic coming to servers from

um the traffic coming to servers from
the<11:22:01.916> internet<11:22:02.040> so<11:22:02.880> you<11:22:03.000> could<11:22:03.120> have<11:22:03.300> three

the internet so you could have three

the internet so you could have three
servers<11:22:04.140> low<11:22:04.436> balancing

servers low balancing

servers low balancing
um<11:22:05.756> lots<11:22:06.120> of<11:22:06.180> web<11:22:06.360> connections<11:22:06.960> coming<11:22:07.200> in<11:22:07.436> and

um lots of web connections coming in and

um lots of web connections coming in and
there's<11:22:08.160> different<11:22:08.340> types<11:22:08.820> of<11:22:08.936> device<11:22:09.416> you

there's different types of device you

there's different types of device you
can<11:22:09.900> actually<11:22:10.080> use<11:22:10.500> for<11:22:10.740> this

can actually use for this

can actually use for this
um and<11:22:12.360> so<11:22:12.480> it's<11:22:12.660> all<11:22:12.776> getting<11:22:13.020> load<11:22:13.380> balanced

um and so it's all getting load balanced

um and so it's all getting load balanced
to<11:22:13.980> one<11:22:14.220> routerable<11:22:15.120> IP<11:22:15.416> address<11:22:15.596> but<11:22:16.080> then

to one routerable IP address but then

to one routerable IP address but then
two<11:22:16.800> three<11:22:17.096> four<11:22:17.340> or<11:22:17.700> more<11:22:17.936> and<11:22:18.840> non-routable

two three four or more and non-routable

two three four or more and non-routable
addresses<11:22:20.096> on<11:22:20.276> the<11:22:20.400> inside<11:22:20.520> of<11:22:20.820> your<11:22:20.936> network

so when the user sends a packet it

so when the user sends a packet it
changes<11:22:27.120> the<11:22:27.660> destination<11:22:28.140> public<11:22:28.560> IP

changes the destination public IP

changes the destination public IP
address<11:22:29.360> and<11:22:30.360> to<11:22:30.596> one<11:22:30.776> of<11:22:30.960> the<11:22:31.080> internal

address and to one of the internal

address and to one of the internal
private<11:22:31.800> IP<11:22:32.096> addresses

private IP addresses

private IP addresses
the<11:22:34.500> last<11:22:34.680> thing<11:22:34.860> is<11:22:34.980> Pat<11:22:35.276> which<11:22:35.640> is<11:22:35.820> actually

the last thing is Pat which is actually

the last thing is Pat which is actually
used<11:22:36.540> more<11:22:36.900> often<11:22:37.320> than<11:22:37.560> that

used more often than that

used more often than that
port<11:22:39.180> address<11:22:39.360> translation<11:22:40.080> normally<11:22:40.680> when

port address translation normally when

port address translation normally when
you<11:22:41.580> have<11:22:42.300> a<11:22:42.480> small<11:22:42.660> company<11:22:43.020> you'll<11:22:43.740> be

you have a small company you'll be

you have a small company you'll be
allocated<11:22:44.276> a<11:22:44.700> single<11:22:44.936> IP<11:22:45.300> address<11:22:45.540> but<11:22:46.320> you

allocated a single IP address but you

allocated a single IP address but you
still<11:22:46.740> want<11:22:46.916> to<11:22:47.096> do<11:22:47.220> nothing<11:22:47.480> so<11:22:48.480> what<11:22:48.660> this

still want to do nothing so what this

still want to do nothing so what this
does<11:22:48.960> is<11:22:49.140> it<11:22:49.380> uses<11:22:49.740> your<11:22:49.916> oneop<11:22:50.340> address<11:22:50.700> but

does is it uses your oneop address but

does is it uses your oneop address but
uses<11:22:51.480> port<11:22:51.720> numbers<11:22:52.096> after<11:22:53.096> the<11:22:53.340> IP<11:22:53.640> address

uses port numbers after the IP address

uses port numbers after the IP address
for<11:22:54.300> source<11:22:54.720> and<11:22:54.840> destination

for source and destination

for source and destination
so<11:22:58.080> this<11:22:58.436> is<11:22:58.620> the<11:22:59.096> this<11:22:59.400> is<11:22:59.580> the<11:22:59.820> solution

so this is the this is the solution

so this is the this is the solution
normally

normally

normally
um<11:23:02.160> for<11:23:02.756> this<11:23:02.936> solution<11:23:03.240> here<11:23:03.540> you'd<11:23:03.840> have<11:23:04.040> a

um for this solution here you'd have a

um for this solution here you'd have a
static<11:23:05.580> IP<11:23:06.540> address<11:23:06.720> in<11:23:07.140> one<11:23:07.436> to<11:23:07.620> one<11:23:07.860> but<11:23:08.400> you

static IP address in one to one but you

static IP address in one to one but you
can't<11:23:08.700> afford<11:23:09.000> that<11:23:09.120> for<11:23:09.300> whatever<11:23:09.480> reason<11:23:09.776> so

can't afford that for whatever reason so

can't afford that for whatever reason so
you've<11:23:10.256> just<11:23:10.380> got<11:23:10.500> one<11:23:10.916> IP<11:23:11.520> address

you've just got one IP address

you've just got one IP address
externally<11:23:12.300> but<11:23:12.596> several<11:23:12.960> hosts<11:23:13.320> on<11:23:13.500> the

externally but several hosts on the

externally but several hosts on the
inside

so what we have is a port number for

so what we have is a port number for
example<11:23:19.380> 192<11:23:19.980> 168<11:23:20.580> 1.3<11:23:21.240> and<11:23:22.080> then<11:23:22.200> a<11:23:22.500> port

example 192 168 1.3 and then a port

example 192 168 1.3 and then a port
number<11:23:23.416> your<11:23:24.416> connection<11:23:24.596> would<11:23:25.200> go<11:23:25.436> out

number your connection would go out

number your connection would go out
on<11:23:27.360> a<11:23:27.720> specific<11:23:28.080> port<11:23:28.860> number<11:23:29.160> for<11:23:29.400> example

on a specific port number for example

on a specific port number for example
Port<11:23:29.936> 80<11:23:30.240> if<11:23:30.596> you<11:23:30.720> were<11:23:30.776> doing<11:23:30.900> a<11:23:31.080> web

Port 80 if you were doing a web

Port 80 if you were doing a web
connection<11:23:31.436> but<11:23:32.340> it<11:23:32.520> would<11:23:32.640> come<11:23:32.880> back<11:23:33.060> in<11:23:33.300> and

connection but it would come back in and

connection but it would come back in and
then<11:23:33.960> get<11:23:34.200> changed<11:23:34.740> to<11:23:35.180> a<11:23:36.180> a<11:23:36.416> random<11:23:37.020> port

then get changed to a a random port

then get changed to a a random port
number<11:23:37.560> or<11:23:38.276> you<11:23:38.520> can<11:23:38.640> configure<11:23:39.120> a<11:23:39.300> range<11:23:39.596> of

number or you can configure a range of

number or you can configure a range of
usable<11:23:40.620> port<11:23:40.860> numbers<11:23:41.220> that<11:23:42.120> are<11:23:42.300> outside<11:23:42.480> the

usable port numbers that are outside the

usable port numbers that are outside the
well-known<11:23:43.256> port<11:23:43.500> numbers<11:23:43.800> of<11:23:44.220> m0<11:23:44.820> to<11:23:45.240> 10<11:23:46.140> 23<11:23:47.096> I

well-known port numbers of m0 to 10 23 I

well-known port numbers of m0 to 10 23 I
think<11:23:47.640> it<11:23:47.820> is

when the internal host of the private IP

when the internal host of the private IP
address<11:23:53.820> initiates<11:23:54.540> the<11:23:54.720> session<11:23:54.960> it<11:23:55.200> will

address initiates the session it will

address initiates the session it will
generate<11:23:55.680> a<11:23:55.800> TCP<11:23:56.340> or<11:23:56.700> UDP<11:23:57.060> port<11:23:57.300> and<11:23:57.840> that's

generate a TCP or UDP port and that's

generate a TCP or UDP port and that's
just<11:23:58.200> unique<11:23:58.500> to<11:23:58.680> that<11:23:58.860> session<11:23:59.160> so<11:23:59.756> you<11:23:59.936> can

just unique to that session so you can

just unique to that session so you can
see<11:24:00.180> here<11:24:00.416> internally<11:24:00.900> we've<11:24:01.200> got<11:24:01.320> Port

see here internally we've got Port

see here internally we've got Port
15345<11:24:04.020> externally<11:24:04.756> two<11:24:05.756> zero<11:24:06.120> two<11:24:06.416> zero<11:24:06.720> one

15345 externally two zero two zero one

15345 externally two zero two zero one
to<11:24:07.560> be<11:24:07.740> honest<11:24:07.916> it<11:24:08.160> would<11:24:08.340> normally<11:24:08.640> be<11:24:08.936> a

to be honest it would normally be a

to be honest it would normally be a
well-known<11:24:09.900> port<11:24:10.140> number<11:24:10.436> such<11:24:11.220> as<11:24:11.400> a<11:24:11.700> FTP<11:24:12.240> DNS

well-known port number such as a FTP DNS

well-known port number such as a FTP DNS
or<11:24:13.200> web<11:24:13.436> traffic

yeah

yeah
this<11:24:18.900> port<11:24:19.560> um<11:24:19.560> mapping<11:24:20.040> is<11:24:20.276> kept<11:24:20.580> on<11:24:20.756> a<11:24:20.880> table

this port um mapping is kept on a table

this port um mapping is kept on a table
inside<11:24:21.360> the<11:24:21.596> router<11:24:22.020> it<11:24:22.620> does<11:24:22.740> expire<11:24:23.160> after<11:24:23.400> a

inside the router it does expire after a

inside the router it does expire after a
while<11:24:23.820> just<11:24:24.180> to<11:24:24.300> clear<11:24:24.480> the<11:24:24.720> table<11:24:25.040> but

while just to clear the table but

while just to clear the table but
normally

normally

normally
um more<11:24:27.360> than<11:24:27.416> enough<11:24:27.660> time<11:24:27.960> for<11:24:28.080> you<11:24:28.200> to

um more than enough time for you to

um more than enough time for you to
complete<11:24:28.620> all<11:24:28.800> of<11:24:28.916> your<11:24:29.040> sessions<11:24:29.520> but<11:24:30.060> that

complete all of your sessions but that

complete all of your sessions but that
end<11:24:30.540> table<11:24:31.080> expiration<11:24:31.860> time<11:24:32.276> can<11:24:32.936> be<11:24:33.120> altered

end table expiration time can be altered

end table expiration time can be altered
on<11:24:33.660> the<11:24:33.776> router

all right so now at ipv4 IPv6 which is a

all right so now at ipv4 IPv6 which is a
solution<11:24:42.120> to<11:24:42.596> address<11:24:43.080> to<11:24:43.380> depletion<11:24:43.916> but<11:24:44.160> we

solution to address to depletion but we

solution to address to depletion but we
don't<11:24:44.460> really<11:24:44.640> use<11:24:45.360> that<11:24:45.660> much<11:24:46.436> at<11:24:46.740> all<11:24:46.860> with

don't really use that much at all with

don't really use that much at all with
IPv6<11:24:48.080> some<11:24:49.080> of<11:24:49.256> the<11:24:49.320> advantages<11:24:49.740> remember

IPv6 some of the advantages remember

IPv6 some of the advantages remember
security<11:24:50.820> and<11:24:51.360> also<11:24:51.720> you<11:24:52.320> get<11:24:52.436> to<11:24:52.560> use<11:24:52.680> lots<11:24:52.980> of

security and also you get to use lots of

security and also you get to use lots of
addresses<11:24:53.460> on<11:24:53.640> the<11:24:53.756> inside<11:24:53.880> of<11:24:54.120> your<11:24:54.180> network

addresses on the inside of your network

addresses on the inside of your network
and<11:24:55.500> and<11:24:55.740> up<11:24:56.040> and<11:24:56.756> and<11:24:56.936> one<11:24:57.180> address<11:24:57.360> or<11:24:57.660> more

and and up and and one address or more

and and up and and one address or more
on<11:24:58.500> the<11:24:58.620> outside<11:24:58.740> of<11:24:59.040> your<11:24:59.220> network

on the outside of your network

on the outside of your network
all<11:25:01.080> right<11:25:01.256> so<11:25:01.436> that's<11:25:01.620> all<11:25:01.800> for<11:25:02.040> now<11:25:02.220> thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks
for<11:25:02.756> watching

tcpip

tcpip
tcpip<11:25:31.200> simple<11:25:32.096> services

tcpip simple services

tcpip simple services
in<11:25:34.436> the<11:25:34.560> previous<11:25:34.680> module<11:25:35.276> and<11:25:35.400> lesson<11:25:35.756> we

in the previous module and lesson we

in the previous module and lesson we
discussed<11:25:36.960> the<11:25:37.080> way<11:25:37.320> that<11:25:37.620> IP<11:25:37.980> addresses<11:25:38.580> are

discussed the way that IP addresses are

discussed the way that IP addresses are
assigned<11:25:39.596> now<11:25:40.200> in<11:25:40.500> this<11:25:40.800> next<11:25:41.220> lesson<11:25:41.700> we're

assigned now in this next lesson we're

assigned now in this next lesson we're
going<11:25:42.060> to<11:25:42.180> be<11:25:42.240> talking<11:25:42.596> more<11:25:43.140> about<11:25:43.740> the<11:25:44.160> tcpip

going to be talking more about the tcpip

going to be talking more about the tcpip
suite<11:25:45.660> and<11:25:46.500> specifically<11:25:47.096> in<11:25:47.640> this<11:25:47.820> module<11:25:48.240> I

suite and specifically in this module I

suite and specifically in this module I
want<11:25:48.900> to<11:25:49.020> discuss<11:25:49.380> some<11:25:49.680> of<11:25:49.860> the<11:25:50.160> simple

want to discuss some of the simple

want to discuss some of the simple
services<11:25:51.860> that<11:25:52.860> are<11:25:53.160> in<11:25:53.520> the<11:25:53.820> tcpip<11:25:54.540> suite

services that are in the tcpip suite

services that are in the tcpip suite
what<11:25:55.680> they<11:25:55.860> do<11:25:56.040> and<11:25:56.880> what<11:25:57.120> some<11:25:57.416> of<11:25:57.596> the<11:25:58.020> output

what they do and what some of the output

what they do and what some of the output
might<11:25:59.160> look<11:25:59.400> like<11:25:59.580> for<11:26:00.180> some<11:26:00.360> of<11:26:00.480> the<11:26:00.596> services

might look like for some of the services

might look like for some of the services
and<11:26:01.320> why<11:26:01.500> we<11:26:01.680> might<11:26:01.800> not<11:26:01.980> see<11:26:02.220> output<11:26:02.580> for<11:26:02.880> some

and why we might not see output for some

and why we might not see output for some
of<11:26:03.180> the<11:26:03.360> other<11:26:03.480> services

of the other services

of the other services
now<11:26:05.276> you<11:26:05.520> might<11:26:05.640> see<11:26:05.820> this<11:26:06.000> on<11:26:06.180> the<11:26:06.300> exam<11:26:06.596> and

now you might see this on the exam and

now you might see this on the exam and
you<11:26:06.960> might<11:26:07.140> not<11:26:07.380> but<11:26:08.096> either<11:26:08.340> way<11:26:08.580> it's<11:26:09.480> a<11:26:09.720> good

you might not but either way it's a good

you might not but either way it's a good
thing<11:26:10.380> to<11:26:10.740> know<11:26:10.916> about<11:26:11.160> and<11:26:11.640> just<11:26:11.880> in<11:26:12.060> case

thing to know about and just in case

thing to know about and just in case
now<11:26:13.500> first<11:26:14.160> we're<11:26:14.460> going<11:26:14.580> to<11:26:14.756> talk<11:26:14.936> about<11:26:15.180> all

now first we're going to talk about all

now first we're going to talk about all
of<11:26:16.080> these<11:26:16.380> different<11:26:16.500> simple<11:26:16.980> tcpip<11:26:17.880> services

of these different simple tcpip services

of these different simple tcpip services
and<11:26:19.140> in<11:26:19.320> some<11:26:19.436> cases<11:26:19.680> we're<11:26:19.916> going<11:26:20.040> to

and in some cases we're going to

and in some cases we're going to
demonstrate<11:26:20.640> them<11:26:20.880> and<11:26:21.660> just<11:26:21.900> to<11:26:22.020> give<11:26:22.140> you<11:26:22.256> an

demonstrate them and just to give you an

demonstrate them and just to give you an
overview<11:26:22.560> of<11:26:22.680> what<11:26:22.860> these<11:26:23.096> are<11:26:23.220> these<11:26:24.000> are

overview of what these are these are

overview of what these are these are
cargen<11:26:24.720> or<11:26:25.256> charge<11:26:25.620> in<11:26:25.916> or<11:26:26.400> character

cargen or charge in or character

cargen or charge in or character
generation

generation

generation
the<11:26:29.220> daytime<11:26:29.580> service

the daytime service

the daytime service
the<11:26:31.740> discard<11:26:32.096> service

the discard service

the discard service
the<11:26:34.080> echo<11:26:34.436> service<11:26:34.756> and<11:26:35.756> quote<11:26:36.060> of<11:26:36.180> the<11:26:36.300> day

the echo service and quote of the day

the echo service and quote of the day
service<11:26:36.660> now<11:26:37.620> some<11:26:37.860> of<11:26:37.980> these<11:26:38.096> happen<11:26:38.276> in<11:26:38.520> the

service now some of these happen in the

service now some of these happen in the
background<11:26:38.936> are<11:26:39.240> sort<11:26:39.660> of<11:26:39.720> embedded<11:26:40.200> into

background are sort of embedded into

background are sort of embedded into
other<11:26:41.240> protocols<11:26:42.240> and<11:26:42.596> services<11:26:42.840> that<11:26:43.320> we

other protocols and services that we

other protocols and services that we
might<11:26:43.560> have<11:26:43.680> seen<11:26:43.916> but<11:26:44.460> these<11:26:44.640> are<11:26:44.756> important

might have seen but these are important

might have seen but these are important
again<11:26:45.300> to<11:26:45.900> know<11:26:46.020> about<11:26:46.200> in<11:26:46.620> a<11:26:46.800> sort<11:26:46.916> of<11:26:47.040> General

again to know about in a sort of General

again to know about in a sort of General
way

way

way
so

so

so
the<11:26:51.416> five<11:26:51.720> uh<11:26:52.380> simple<11:26:52.680> tcpip<11:26:53.640> services<11:26:54.180> are

the five uh simple tcpip services are

the five uh simple tcpip services are
listed<11:26:55.320> here<11:26:55.620> along<11:26:56.160> with<11:26:56.400> the<11:26:56.580> description

listed here along with the description

listed here along with the description
of<11:26:57.660> what<11:26:57.900> it<11:26:58.020> is<11:26:58.140> they<11:26:58.500> do

of what it is they do

of what it is they do
cargan<11:27:00.360> or<11:27:01.256> character<11:27:01.916> generation<11:27:02.400> or<11:27:02.756> charge

cargan or character generation or charge

cargan or character generation or charge
n<11:27:03.360> or<11:27:03.596> whatever<11:27:04.140> the<11:27:04.620> uh<11:27:05.160> preferred<11:27:05.820> way<11:27:06.596> that

n or whatever the uh preferred way that

n or whatever the uh preferred way that
you<11:27:06.960> want<11:27:07.080> to<11:27:07.200> pronounce<11:27:07.436> it<11:27:07.620> is<11:27:07.800> is

you want to pronounce it is is

you want to pronounce it is is
essentially<11:27:08.640> what<11:27:09.000> you<11:27:09.120> get<11:27:09.360> anytime<11:27:10.256> you

essentially what you get anytime you

essentially what you get anytime you
choose<11:27:10.740> the<11:27:10.916> option<11:27:11.300> send<11:27:12.300> test<11:27:12.840> page<11:27:13.320> to<11:27:13.980> a

choose the option send test page to a

choose the option send test page to a
printer<11:27:14.460> it's<11:27:15.300> made<11:27:15.596> up<11:27:15.776> of<11:27:15.960> ASCII<11:27:16.500> characters

printer it's made up of ASCII characters

printer it's made up of ASCII characters
and<11:27:17.276> ASCII<11:27:17.756> again<11:27:17.880> stands<11:27:18.416> for<11:27:18.660> the<11:27:19.560> American

and ASCII again stands for the American

and ASCII again stands for the American
Standard<11:27:21.300> code

Standard code

Standard code
for<11:27:24.540> information

for information

for information
interchange<11:27:26.520> so<11:27:27.480> this<11:27:27.840> is<11:27:28.080> usually<11:27:28.436> used<11:27:28.680> as<11:27:28.860> a

interchange so this is usually used as a

interchange so this is usually used as a
debugging<11:27:30.060> tool<11:27:30.360> when<11:27:30.596> you're<11:27:31.020> uh<11:27:31.980> creating

debugging tool when you're uh creating

debugging tool when you're uh creating
or<11:27:32.880> troubleshooting<11:27:33.540> printers<11:27:34.020> or<11:27:34.380> print

or troubleshooting printers or print

or troubleshooting printers or print
test<11:27:34.916> pages<11:27:35.340> and<11:27:36.000> so<11:27:36.116> what<11:27:36.300> it<11:27:36.416> does<11:27:36.540> it

test pages and so what it does it

test pages and so what it does it
literally<11:27:37.200> just<11:27:38.000> generates<11:27:39.000> characters<11:27:39.900> and

literally just generates characters and

literally just generates characters and
we'll<11:27:40.680> look<11:27:40.860> at<11:27:41.040> this<11:27:41.220> in<11:27:41.400> a<11:27:41.520> little<11:27:41.640> bit<11:27:41.820> the

we'll look at this in a little bit the

we'll look at this in a little bit the
next<11:27:42.720> one<11:27:42.840> is<11:27:43.020> the<11:27:43.320> daytime<11:27:43.860> service<11:27:44.220> that<11:27:44.820> ATM

next one is the daytime service that ATM

next one is the daytime service that ATM
service<11:27:45.360> is<11:27:45.596> usually<11:27:45.840> used<11:27:46.080> for<11:27:46.320> checking

service is usually used for checking

service is usually used for checking
errors<11:27:47.160> or<11:27:47.400> changes<11:27:47.880> that<11:27:48.480> happen<11:27:48.660> within<11:27:49.436> a

errors or changes that happen within a

errors or changes that happen within a
system's<11:27:50.220> internal<11:27:50.880> clock<11:27:51.240> it<11:27:52.080> presents<11:27:52.500> a

system's internal clock it presents a

system's internal clock it presents a
message<11:27:52.860> with<11:27:53.340> the<11:27:53.520> exact<11:27:53.880> time<11:27:54.300> that<11:27:54.660> a

message with the exact time that a

message with the exact time that a
change<11:27:54.960> was<11:27:55.256> made<11:27:55.500> or<11:27:56.340> an<11:27:56.640> error<11:27:57.000> occurred<11:27:57.360> and

change was made or an error occurred and

change was made or an error occurred and
we'll<11:27:57.900> look<11:27:58.080> at<11:27:58.256> this<11:27:58.500> format<11:27:59.060> in<11:28:00.060> just<11:28:00.416> a

we'll look at this format in just a

we'll look at this format in just a
minute<11:28:00.840> but<11:28:01.560> basically<11:28:01.980> what's<11:28:02.276> important

minute but basically what's important

minute but basically what's important
here<11:28:02.880> is<11:28:03.060> that<11:28:03.180> the<11:28:03.416> output<11:28:03.660> from<11:28:03.960> this<11:28:04.140> can<11:28:04.500> be

here is that the output from this can be

here is that the output from this can be
used<11:28:04.916> for<11:28:05.756> for<11:28:05.936> instance<11:28:06.300> the<11:28:06.720> Event<11:28:06.840> Viewer

used for for instance the Event Viewer

used for for instance the Event Viewer
sort<11:28:07.860> of<11:28:07.916> what<11:28:08.096> provides<11:28:08.580> information<11:28:08.936> to

sort of what provides information to

sort of what provides information to
that<11:28:09.960> and<11:28:10.436> if<11:28:10.616> we're<11:28:10.740> going<11:28:10.916> to<11:28:11.040> see<11:28:11.160> it<11:28:11.340> in<11:28:11.640> a

that and if we're going to see it in a

that and if we're going to see it in a
um<11:28:13.080> text<11:28:13.740> based<11:28:14.220> mode<11:28:14.340> you<11:28:14.580> will<11:28:14.700> see<11:28:14.936> exactly

um text based mode you will see exactly

um text based mode you will see exactly
what<11:28:15.596> that's<11:28:15.720> going<11:28:15.960> to<11:28:16.080> present<11:28:16.320> in<11:28:16.616> the<11:28:16.740> next

what that's going to present in the next

what that's going to present in the next
slide<11:28:17.700> now<11:28:18.116> the<11:28:18.300> discard<11:28:18.660> service<11:28:19.080> so<11:28:19.740> we've

slide now the discard service so we've

slide now the discard service so we've
talked<11:28:20.340> about

talked about

talked about
character<11:28:21.720> generator<11:28:22.256> and<11:28:22.916> daytime<11:28:23.340> the

character generator and daytime the

character generator and daytime the
discard<11:28:24.240> service<11:28:24.680> is<11:28:25.680> basically<11:28:25.980> used<11:28:26.160> for

discard service is basically used for

discard service is basically used for
messages<11:28:26.700> and<11:28:27.116> information<11:28:27.360> that<11:28:27.840> are<11:28:28.020> not

messages and information that are not

messages and information that are not
important<11:28:28.740> and<11:28:29.276> therefore<11:28:29.520> should<11:28:29.820> be

important and therefore should be

important and therefore should be
disposed<11:28:30.720> of<11:28:30.840> it<11:28:31.680> discards<11:28:32.276> these<11:28:32.640> messages

disposed of it discards these messages

disposed of it discards these messages
automatically<11:28:33.960> when<11:28:34.380> they<11:28:34.680> enter<11:28:34.980> this<11:28:35.820> port

automatically when they enter this port

automatically when they enter this port
or<11:28:36.540> the<11:28:36.720> port<11:28:36.840> that<11:28:37.080> discard<11:28:37.436> is<11:28:37.680> working<11:28:37.860> off

or the port that discard is working off

or the port that discard is working off
of<11:28:38.340> this<11:28:38.880> can<11:28:39.116> be<11:28:39.240> useful<11:28:39.480> when<11:28:39.720> you're

of this can be useful when you're

of this can be useful when you're
configuring<11:28:40.380> a<11:28:40.616> system<11:28:40.740> and<11:28:41.040> using<11:28:41.340> test

configuring a system and using test

configuring a system and using test
messages<11:28:41.880> that<11:28:42.480> you<11:28:42.660> don't<11:28:42.776> want<11:28:43.020> necessarily

messages that you don't want necessarily

messages that you don't want necessarily
to<11:28:43.916> display

to display

to display
so<11:28:45.540> note<11:28:45.840> that<11:28:46.140> because<11:28:46.380> the<11:28:46.680> messages<11:28:46.860> are

so note that because the messages are

so note that because the messages are
immediately<11:28:47.820> discarded<11:28:48.480> there's<11:28:49.020> really<11:28:49.320> no

immediately discarded there's really no

immediately discarded there's really no
response<11:28:50.820> message<11:28:51.000> that's<11:28:51.416> issued<11:28:51.900> and

response message that's issued and

response message that's issued and
therefore<11:28:52.740> I<11:28:53.160> can't<11:28:53.276> show<11:28:53.520> you<11:28:53.700> an<11:28:53.880> example<11:28:54.240> of

therefore I can't show you an example of

therefore I can't show you an example of
one<11:28:54.660> but<11:28:55.200> just<11:28:55.380> realize<11:28:55.980> that<11:28:56.460> discard<11:28:57.060> is

one but just realize that discard is

one but just realize that discard is
going<11:28:57.596> to<11:28:57.720> usually<11:28:58.020> be<11:28:58.256> used<11:28:58.500> for<11:28:59.160> network

going to usually be used for network

going to usually be used for network
setup<11:28:59.880> and<11:29:00.060> configuration

setup and configuration

setup and configuration
and<11:29:02.820> is<11:29:02.936> going<11:29:03.116> to<11:29:03.240> make<11:29:03.360> sure<11:29:03.480> there<11:29:03.840> is<11:29:04.080> no

and is going to make sure there is no

and is going to make sure there is no
response<11:29:05.520> or<11:29:06.000> acknowledgment

response or acknowledgment

response or acknowledgment
now<11:29:08.640> echo<11:29:09.116> or<11:29:09.480> the<11:29:09.660> echo<11:29:10.080> service<11:29:10.580> sends<11:29:11.580> an

now echo or the echo service sends an

now echo or the echo service sends an
exact<11:29:12.116> copy<11:29:12.660> or<11:29:12.900> an<11:29:13.140> echo<11:29:13.616> hence<11:29:14.276> the<11:29:14.520> name<11:29:14.776> of

exact copy or an echo hence the name of

exact copy or an echo hence the name of
any<11:29:16.380> message<11:29:16.680> that<11:29:17.096> enters<11:29:17.400> its<11:29:17.880> port<11:29:18.000> to<11:29:18.720> a

any message that enters its port to a

any message that enters its port to a
place<11:29:19.080> in<11:29:19.320> the<11:29:19.500> system<11:29:19.680> where<11:29:20.220> the<11:29:20.400> message

place in the system where the message

place in the system where the message
can<11:29:20.880> be<11:29:21.000> monitored<11:29:21.416> so<11:29:21.900> this<11:29:22.080> is<11:29:22.200> often<11:29:22.560> useful

can be monitored so this is often useful

can be monitored so this is often useful
for<11:29:23.096> when<11:29:23.580> you're<11:29:23.936> monitoring<11:29:24.596> things<11:29:24.900> that

for when you're monitoring things that

for when you're monitoring things that
are<11:29:25.200> going<11:29:25.256> on<11:29:25.500> in<11:29:25.680> a<11:29:25.800> network<11:29:26.220> because<11:29:27.000> the

are going on in a network because the

are going on in a network because the
echo<11:29:27.900> service<11:29:28.200> simply<11:29:28.860> Echoes<11:29:29.580> and<11:29:29.936> copies

echo service simply Echoes and copies

echo service simply Echoes and copies
and<11:29:30.720> forwards<11:29:31.200> any<11:29:31.320> messages<11:29:31.560> it<11:29:31.980> receives

and forwards any messages it receives

and forwards any messages it receives
there's<11:29:32.756> really<11:29:32.936> no<11:29:33.116> way<11:29:33.300> to<11:29:33.480> show<11:29:33.596> what<11:29:33.960> an

there's really no way to show what an

there's really no way to show what an
example<11:29:34.436> would<11:29:34.680> look<11:29:34.916> like<11:29:35.160> because<11:29:35.700> they

example would look like because they

example would look like because they
each<11:29:36.180> look<11:29:36.416> very<11:29:36.596> different<11:29:36.840> from<11:29:37.200> each<11:29:37.380> other

each look very different from each other

each look very different from each other
but<11:29:38.276> basically<11:29:38.640> in<11:29:39.000> many<11:29:39.116> cases<11:29:39.660> we're<11:29:40.200> going

but basically in many cases we're going

but basically in many cases we're going
to<11:29:40.500> get<11:29:40.616> some<11:29:40.860> sort<11:29:41.040> of<11:29:41.160> message<11:29:41.400> that<11:29:41.756> happens

to get some sort of message that happens

to get some sort of message that happens
internally<11:29:42.720> and<11:29:43.320> we<11:29:43.616> want<11:29:43.916> the<11:29:44.220> computer<11:29:44.400> to

internally and we want the computer to

internally and we want the computer to
tell<11:29:45.240> us<11:29:45.480> that<11:29:45.776> message<11:29:46.080> once<11:29:46.500> again<11:29:46.616> so<11:29:46.916> we

tell us that message once again so we

tell us that message once again so we
can<11:29:47.276> see<11:29:47.460> what's<11:29:47.700> going<11:29:47.936> on<11:29:48.116> internally<11:29:48.660> and

can see what's going on internally and

can see what's going on internally and
that's<11:29:49.256> when<11:29:49.436> we're<11:29:49.616> going<11:29:49.740> to<11:29:49.800> use<11:29:49.980> the<11:29:50.220> echo

that's when we're going to use the echo

that's when we're going to use the echo
service<11:29:50.840> finally<11:29:51.840> the<11:29:52.080> quote<11:29:52.320> or<11:29:52.500> the<11:29:52.680> quote

service finally the quote or the quote

service finally the quote or the quote
of<11:29:52.980> the<11:29:53.096> day<11:29:53.276> service<11:29:53.900> sends<11:29:54.900> a<11:29:55.080> short<11:29:55.200> message

of the day service sends a short message

of the day service sends a short message
that's<11:29:55.980> been<11:29:56.220> selected<11:29:56.640> by<11:29:56.936> the

that's been selected by the

that's been selected by the
administrator<11:29:58.020> of<11:29:58.320> the<11:29:58.500> system<11:29:58.740> to<11:29:59.640> a

administrator of the system to a

administrator of the system to a
client's<11:30:00.416> device<11:30:00.720> now<11:30:01.500> this<11:30:01.800> service<11:30:02.096> is<11:30:02.640> used

client's device now this service is used

client's device now this service is used
primarily<11:30:03.720> for<11:30:04.080> checking<11:30:04.500> the<11:30:04.800> connection<11:30:04.980> to

primarily for checking the connection to

primarily for checking the connection to
client<11:30:05.640> devices<11:30:06.140> so<11:30:07.140> it's<11:30:07.560> really<11:30:07.800> similar<11:30:08.096> to

client devices so it's really similar to

client devices so it's really similar to
like<11:30:08.820> Echo<11:30:09.300> the<11:30:09.960> content<11:30:10.256> of<11:30:10.380> the<11:30:10.560> message<11:30:10.680> is

like Echo the content of the message is

like Echo the content of the message is
not<11:30:11.160> this<11:30:11.340> is<11:30:11.520> not<11:30:11.756> what's<11:30:11.936> important<11:30:12.360> what's

not this is not what's important what's

not this is not what's important what's
important<11:30:13.320> is<11:30:13.916> that

important is that

important is that
it<11:30:15.300> is<11:30:15.720> sending<11:30:16.200> something<11:30:16.616> and<11:30:16.980> that<11:30:17.160> way<11:30:17.400> we

it is sending something and that way we

it is sending something and that way we
can<11:30:17.936> make<11:30:18.596> sure<11:30:18.960> that<11:30:19.616> the<11:30:19.860> service<11:30:20.096> is

can make sure that the service is

can make sure that the service is
working<11:30:21.596> and<11:30:22.436> that<11:30:22.740> the<11:30:23.400> um

working and that the um

working and that the um
troubleshooting<11:30:25.020> is<11:30:25.256> sort<11:30:25.436> of<11:30:25.560> easily

troubleshooting is sort of easily

troubleshooting is sort of easily
solved<11:30:28.140> now<11:30:28.500> as<11:30:28.616> it<11:30:28.860> mentions<11:30:29.160> here<11:30:29.460> it<11:30:30.240> can<11:30:30.360> be

solved now as it mentions here it can be

solved now as it mentions here it can be
taken<11:30:30.840> from<11:30:31.140> a<11:30:31.320> specific<11:30:31.680> file

taken from a specific file

taken from a specific file
right<11:30:34.560> in<11:30:34.740> here<11:30:34.916> which<11:30:35.460> is<11:30:35.580> where<11:30:35.880> random

right in here which is where random

right in here which is where random
quotes<11:30:36.540> can<11:30:36.900> be<11:30:37.020> taken<11:30:37.320> of<11:30:37.500> if<11:30:37.980> you<11:30:38.096> remember

quotes can be taken of if you remember

quotes can be taken of if you remember
or<11:30:39.060> if<11:30:39.240> you<11:30:39.360> know<11:30:39.480> the<11:30:39.776> hosts<11:30:40.256> file<11:30:40.560> it<11:30:40.860> is<11:30:41.040> also

or if you know the hosts file it is also

or if you know the hosts file it is also
located

located

located
in<11:30:43.680> this<11:30:43.980> folder

in this folder

in this folder
so<11:30:46.616> let's<11:30:46.980> take<11:30:47.160> a<11:30:47.276> look<11:30:47.400> at<11:30:47.700> this<11:30:48.116> character

so let's take a look at this character

so let's take a look at this character
generator<11:30:49.200> uh<11:30:49.916> and<11:30:50.096> some<11:30:50.276> output<11:30:50.580> that<11:30:50.756> it

generator uh and some output that it

generator uh and some output that it
might<11:30:51.116> give<11:30:51.300> you

now this is what a test code page would

now this is what a test code page would
look<11:30:58.436> like<11:30:58.560> these<11:30:59.400> characters<11:30:59.700> are<11:31:00.416> used<11:31:00.720> uh

look like these characters are used uh

look like these characters are used uh
and<11:31:01.980> they<11:31:02.160> are<11:31:02.340> the<11:31:02.596> 95<11:31:03.596> printable<11:31:04.460> ASCII

and they are the 95 printable ASCII

and they are the 95 printable ASCII
characters<11:31:05.700> as<11:31:06.180> you<11:31:06.360> can<11:31:06.480> see

characters as you can see

characters as you can see
from<11:31:08.700> here<11:31:08.936> and<11:31:09.596> basically<11:31:10.080> What's<11:31:10.436> Happening

from here and basically What's Happening

from here and basically What's Happening
Here<11:31:11.340> is<11:31:12.000> that<11:31:12.240> when<11:31:12.480> I<11:31:12.720> uh<11:31:13.020> for<11:31:13.320> instance<11:31:13.560> and

Here is that when I uh for instance and

Here is that when I uh for instance and
this<11:31:14.220> is<11:31:14.276> someone<11:31:14.460> going<11:31:14.756> into<11:31:15.000> telnet<11:31:15.596> so

this is someone going into telnet so

this is someone going into telnet so
they've<11:31:15.960> talented<11:31:16.320> in

they've talented in

they've talented in
they<11:31:17.820> have<11:31:18.000> connected<11:31:18.480> and<11:31:19.080> now<11:31:19.256> I've<11:31:19.500> told<11:31:19.740> it

they have connected and now I've told it

they have connected and now I've told it
basically<11:31:20.580> to<11:31:21.116> create<11:31:21.360> some<11:31:21.660> characters<11:31:21.900> and

basically to create some characters and

basically to create some characters and
that's<11:31:22.800> what<11:31:23.040> it's<11:31:23.160> doing<11:31:23.400> here<11:31:23.756> and<11:31:24.240> it's

that's what it's doing here and it's

that's what it's doing here and it's
using<11:31:24.776> all<11:31:25.020> the<11:31:25.200> characters<11:31:25.500> that<11:31:26.096> are

using all the characters that are

using all the characters that are
available<11:31:26.520> to<11:31:27.416> it<11:31:27.596> in<11:31:27.840> ASCII

and you would usually use this when

and you would usually use this when
you're<11:31:32.220> setting<11:31:32.460> up<11:31:32.520> a<11:31:32.640> printer<11:31:32.936> testing<11:31:33.900> a

you're setting up a printer testing a

you're setting up a printer testing a
connection<11:31:34.200> to<11:31:34.860> a<11:31:35.096> device<11:31:35.520> or<11:31:36.060> printer<11:31:36.480> it

connection to a device or printer it

connection to a device or printer it
doesn't<11:31:37.080> really<11:31:37.256> have<11:31:37.436> much<11:31:37.680> of<11:31:37.800> a<11:31:37.916> function

doesn't really have much of a function

doesn't really have much of a function
otherwise<11:31:38.520> you<11:31:38.756> can<11:31:38.880> see<11:31:39.060> that<11:31:39.300> the<11:31:39.720> content

otherwise you can see that the content

otherwise you can see that the content
is<11:31:40.616> not<11:31:40.800> very<11:31:41.040> important<11:31:41.460> but<11:31:41.936> all<11:31:42.116> it's<11:31:42.300> doing

is not very important but all it's doing

is not very important but all it's doing
is<11:31:42.776> basically<11:31:43.140> creating<11:31:43.860> characters<11:31:44.460> or

is basically creating characters or

is basically creating characters or
content<11:31:45.300> for<11:31:45.540> us<11:31:45.660> to<11:31:45.840> test<11:31:46.020> with

content for us to test with

content for us to test with
the<11:31:48.116> next<11:31:48.240> one<11:31:48.480> is<11:31:49.020> the<11:31:49.380> daytime<11:31:49.916> service

the next one is the daytime service

the next one is the daytime service
report<11:31:50.700> and<11:31:51.300> this<11:31:51.416> is<11:31:51.480> what<11:31:51.596> it<11:31:51.720> looks<11:31:51.960> like

report and this is what it looks like

report and this is what it looks like
and<11:31:52.616> you<11:31:52.860> can<11:31:52.980> see<11:31:53.220> that<11:31:53.460> it's<11:31:53.820> presented<11:31:54.240> in

and you can see that it's presented in

and you can see that it's presented in
the<11:31:54.540> following<11:31:54.840> order<11:31:55.020> it's<11:31:55.560> going<11:31:55.740> to<11:31:55.860> show

the following order it's going to show

the following order it's going to show
us<11:31:56.096> the<11:31:56.276> day<11:31:56.400> of<11:31:56.580> the<11:31:56.700> week

us the day of the week

us the day of the week
the<11:31:58.200> months

the months

the months
the<11:31:59.880> day

the day

the day
the<11:32:01.616> year

the year

the year
the<11:32:03.900> hours<11:32:04.200> minutes<11:32:04.860> and<11:32:05.276> seconds<11:32:05.520> in<11:32:06.300> that

the hours minutes and seconds in that

the hours minutes and seconds in that
format<11:32:06.960> and<11:32:07.860> finally<11:32:08.096> and<11:32:08.400> very<11:32:08.700> importantly

format and finally and very importantly

format and finally and very importantly
the<11:32:09.360> time<11:32:09.540> zone<11:32:09.776> the<11:32:09.960> reason<11:32:10.080> the<11:32:10.320> time<11:32:10.500> zone

the time zone the reason the time zone

the time zone the reason the time zone
is<11:32:10.860> important<11:32:11.276> is<11:32:11.820> let's<11:32:11.936> say<11:32:12.116> that<11:32:12.300> we're

is important is let's say that we're

is important is let's say that we're
looking<11:32:12.596> at<11:32:12.776> this<11:32:12.900> daytime<11:32:13.380> in<11:32:13.800> an<11:32:13.980> email<11:32:14.096> and

looking at this daytime in an email and

looking at this daytime in an email and
sometimes<11:32:14.700> the<11:32:14.880> headers<11:32:15.180> are<11:32:15.360> going<11:32:15.540> to<11:32:15.660> use

sometimes the headers are going to use

sometimes the headers are going to use
this<11:32:16.616> same<11:32:16.800> format<11:32:17.340> all<11:32:17.756> right<11:32:17.880> that's

this same format all right that's

this same format all right that's
provided<11:32:18.720> by<11:32:18.960> the<11:32:19.140> daytime<11:32:19.680> service<11:32:20.460> and

provided by the daytime service and

provided by the daytime service and
tcpap<11:32:21.416> well<11:32:22.140> I<11:32:22.500> can<11:32:22.616> see<11:32:22.800> that<11:32:22.980> oh<11:32:23.220> yeah<11:32:23.400> it<11:32:23.640> was

tcpap well I can see that oh yeah it was

tcpap well I can see that oh yeah it was
sent

sent

sent
at<11:32:25.740> 1845<11:32:26.700> which<11:32:27.240> that's<11:32:27.596> military<11:32:27.900> time<11:32:28.320> so

at 1845 which that's military time so

at 1845 which that's military time so
this<11:32:28.800> would<11:32:28.916> be<11:32:29.096> 6<11:32:29.880> 45<11:32:30.560> PM<11:32:31.560> in<11:32:32.276> sort<11:32:32.460> of<11:32:32.580> our

this would be 6 45 PM in sort of our

this would be 6 45 PM in sort of our
lingo<11:32:33.240> but<11:32:33.720> by<11:32:34.080> knowing<11:32:34.500> the<11:32:35.040> time<11:32:35.640> zone<11:32:36.300> I<11:32:36.960> can

lingo but by knowing the time zone I can

lingo but by knowing the time zone I can
actually<11:32:37.256> determine<11:32:37.680> where<11:32:37.860> in<11:32:38.040> the<11:32:38.160> world<11:32:38.220> it

actually determine where in the world it

actually determine where in the world it
was<11:32:38.520> sent<11:32:38.640> from<11:32:38.880> and<11:32:39.240> therefore<11:32:39.540> for<11:32:39.840> instance

was sent from and therefore for instance

was sent from and therefore for instance
this<11:32:40.380> was<11:32:40.560> sent<11:32:40.800> on<11:32:41.460> Pacific<11:32:41.880> Standard<11:32:42.480> time

this was sent on Pacific Standard time

this was sent on Pacific Standard time
which<11:32:43.256> is<11:32:43.380> in<11:32:43.560> the<11:32:43.740> U.S<11:32:44.040> then<11:32:44.936> uh<11:32:45.776> I<11:32:46.380> would<11:32:46.500> know

which is in the U.S then uh I would know

which is in the U.S then uh I would know
that<11:32:46.916> this<11:32:47.160> is<11:32:47.400> three<11:32:47.880> hours<11:32:48.116> later<11:32:48.540> or<11:32:48.900> 9<11:32:49.140> 45

that this is three hours later or 9 45

that this is three hours later or 9 45
in<11:32:49.980> the<11:32:50.220> Eastern<11:32:50.820> Time<11:32:51.116> Zone

now none of the other uh as we've

now none of the other uh as we've
mentioned<11:32:56.640> none<11:32:57.000> of<11:32:57.116> the<11:32:57.240> other<11:32:57.360> uh<11:32:58.200> Services

mentioned none of the other uh Services

mentioned none of the other uh Services
have<11:32:59.520> any<11:32:59.756> sort<11:32:59.936> of<11:33:00.000> output<11:33:00.300> I<11:33:00.540> can<11:33:00.720> show<11:33:00.960> you

have any sort of output I can show you

have any sort of output I can show you
but<11:33:01.916> just<11:33:02.220> to<11:33:02.460> recap

but just to recap

but just to recap
what<11:33:04.256> we've<11:33:04.436> talked<11:33:04.740> about<11:33:04.800> we<11:33:05.340> described<11:33:05.700> and

what we've talked about we described and

what we've talked about we described and
demonstrated<11:33:06.360> really<11:33:06.776> briefly<11:33:07.200> the<11:33:07.500> TCP

demonstrated really briefly the TCP

demonstrated really briefly the TCP
simple<11:33:08.520> services<11:33:08.880> and<11:33:09.660> these<11:33:09.840> again<11:33:09.960> include

simple services and these again include

simple services and these again include
a<11:33:10.560> character<11:33:10.800> generator<11:33:11.340> we're<11:33:11.880> really<11:33:12.060> going

a character generator we're really going

a character generator we're really going
to<11:33:12.360> see<11:33:12.416> this<11:33:12.596> a<11:33:12.776> lot<11:33:12.900> when<11:33:13.320> we're<11:33:13.500> dealing

to see this a lot when we're dealing

to see this a lot when we're dealing
with<11:33:13.800> printers<11:33:14.220> it's<11:33:14.580> just<11:33:14.820> generating

with printers it's just generating

with printers it's just generating
ASCII<11:33:17.040> code

ASCII code

ASCII code
we<11:33:18.840> looked<11:33:19.080> at<11:33:19.200> the<11:33:19.740> daytime<11:33:20.160> service<11:33:20.460> which

we looked at the daytime service which

we looked at the daytime service which
is<11:33:21.000> presenting<11:33:21.540> the<11:33:21.900> day

is presenting the day

is presenting the day
the<11:33:23.936> time<11:33:24.240> and<11:33:25.200> also<11:33:25.500> don't<11:33:25.680> forget<11:33:25.860> the<11:33:26.700> time

the time and also don't forget the time

the time and also don't forget the time
zone<11:33:27.480> which<11:33:28.436> is<11:33:28.680> really<11:33:28.980> important

zone which is really important

zone which is really important
we<11:33:30.720> looked<11:33:30.900> at<11:33:30.960> the<11:33:31.080> discard<11:33:31.436> service<11:33:31.680> which

we looked at the discard service which

we looked at the discard service which
automatically<11:33:32.820> deletes

automatically deletes

automatically deletes
messages<11:33:35.700> that<11:33:36.300> we<11:33:36.480> don't<11:33:36.596> need<11:33:36.776> and<11:33:37.080> so

messages that we don't need and so

messages that we don't need and so
there's<11:33:37.436> really<11:33:37.560> nothing<11:33:37.800> there

there's really nothing there

there's really nothing there
Echo<11:33:39.480> simply<11:33:40.256> repeats

Echo simply repeats

Echo simply repeats
or<11:33:42.840> Echoes<11:33:43.436> any<11:33:43.916> services<11:33:44.340> or<11:33:45.180> a<11:33:45.596> message<11:33:46.020> that

or Echoes any services or a message that

or Echoes any services or a message that
are<11:33:46.436> happening<11:33:46.740> internally<11:33:47.340> and<11:33:48.300> finally<11:33:48.596> the

are happening internally and finally the

are happening internally and finally the
quote<11:33:49.080> of<11:33:49.256> the<11:33:49.380> day<11:33:49.560> takes<11:33:50.276> a<11:33:50.520> random<11:33:50.936> quote

quote of the day takes a random quote

quote of the day takes a random quote
selected<11:33:52.020> by<11:33:52.200> the<11:33:52.320> administrator<11:33:52.800> or<11:33:53.040> taken

selected by the administrator or taken

selected by the administrator or taken
out<11:33:53.640> of<11:33:53.820> a<11:33:54.360> etc<11:33:54.540> folder<11:33:55.020> in<11:33:55.200> the<11:33:55.320> system<11:33:55.436> 32

out of a etc folder in the system 32

out of a etc folder in the system 32
quotes<11:33:57.180> area<11:33:58.140> so<11:33:58.560> that<11:33:58.740> would<11:33:58.980> be<11:33:59.160> if<11:33:59.640> we<11:33:59.820> had

quotes area so that would be if we had

quotes area so that would be if we had
the<11:34:00.416> root

and then Etc and then quotes that's

and then Etc and then quotes that's
where<11:34:14.580> it's<11:34:14.700> going<11:34:14.880> to<11:34:14.880> draw<11:34:15.060> something<11:34:15.300> from

where it's going to draw something from

where it's going to draw something from
and<11:34:16.140> again<11:34:16.256> this<11:34:16.560> is<11:34:16.680> also<11:34:16.980> used<11:34:17.220> for

and again this is also used for

and again this is also used for
troubleshooting<11:34:18.840> purposes

troubleshooting purposes

troubleshooting purposes
I<11:34:21.116> showed<11:34:21.540> you<11:34:21.660> examples<11:34:22.020> of<11:34:22.380> these<11:34:22.680> two

I showed you examples of these two

I showed you examples of these two
because<11:34:23.040> they're<11:34:23.276> the<11:34:23.400> only<11:34:23.520> ones<11:34:23.700> that<11:34:23.820> have

because they're the only ones that have

because they're the only ones that have
their<11:34:24.180> own<11:34:24.360> format<11:34:24.776> all<11:34:25.320> of<11:34:25.436> the<11:34:25.560> others<11:34:25.860> the

their own format all of the others the

their own format all of the others the
form<11:34:26.220> is<11:34:26.520> not<11:34:26.700> as<11:34:26.820> important<11:34:27.240> all<11:34:27.840> it<11:34:27.960> does<11:34:28.140> is

form is not as important all it does is

form is not as important all it does is
take<11:34:28.680> other<11:34:29.160> information<11:34:29.460> sort<11:34:30.116> of

take other information sort of

take other information sort of
regurgitate<11:34:30.900> it

now in the next module we're going to

now in the next module we're going to
take<11:34:36.180> a<11:34:36.360> step<11:34:36.540> further<11:34:36.840> and<11:34:36.960> talk<11:34:37.200> more<11:34:37.500> about

take a step further and talk more about

take a step further and talk more about
some<11:34:37.860> of<11:34:37.980> the<11:34:38.040> tcpi<11:34:38.840> tools<11:34:39.840> and<11:34:40.320> commands<11:34:40.800> and

some of the tcpi tools and commands and

some of the tcpi tools and commands and
get<11:34:41.520> into<11:34:41.700> the<11:34:42.000> operating<11:34:42.300> system<11:34:42.540> when<11:34:42.776> we<11:34:42.900> do

get into the operating system when we do

get into the operating system when we do
so

[Music]

[Music]
thank<11:34:57.240> you

tcpip

tcpip
tcpip<11:35:14.276> tools<11:35:15.060> and<11:35:15.360> commands

tcpip tools and commands

tcpip tools and commands
so<11:35:17.276> in<11:35:17.460> the<11:35:17.580> last<11:35:17.700> module<11:35:18.180> we<11:35:18.416> talked<11:35:18.660> about

so in the last module we talked about

so in the last module we talked about
the<11:35:19.140> simple<11:35:19.320> services<11:35:19.680> that<11:35:20.220> tcpip<11:35:21.000> provides

the simple services that tcpip provides

the simple services that tcpip provides
and<11:35:22.380> those<11:35:22.560> you<11:35:23.040> may<11:35:23.276> or<11:35:23.460> may<11:35:23.756> not<11:35:23.936> see<11:35:24.240> on<11:35:24.416> the

and those you may or may not see on the

and those you may or may not see on the
network<11:35:24.660> plus<11:35:24.960> exam

network plus exam

network plus exam
however<11:35:27.960> in<11:35:28.256> this<11:35:28.436> module<11:35:28.680> we're<11:35:28.860> going<11:35:28.980> to

however in this module we're going to

however in this module we're going to
talk<11:35:29.220> about<11:35:29.340> some<11:35:29.640> of<11:35:29.756> the<11:35:29.880> most<11:35:30.000> essential

talk about some of the most essential

talk about some of the most essential
tools<11:35:31.500> when<11:35:32.160> it<11:35:32.340> comes<11:35:32.640> to<11:35:32.820> the<11:35:33.000> tcpip<11:35:33.840> suite

tools when it comes to the tcpip suite

tools when it comes to the tcpip suite
and<11:35:34.860> I<11:35:34.980> can<11:35:35.040> almost<11:35:35.220> guarantee<11:35:36.000> you<11:35:36.180> you're

and I can almost guarantee you you're

and I can almost guarantee you you're
going<11:35:36.660> to<11:35:36.776> see<11:35:37.020> these<11:35:37.616> on<11:35:37.800> the<11:35:37.980> exam<11:35:38.276> so<11:35:39.116> we're

going to see these on the exam so we're

going to see these on the exam so we're
first<11:35:39.660> going<11:35:40.020> to<11:35:40.200> discuss<11:35:40.680> and<11:35:40.860> demonstrate

first going to discuss and demonstrate

first going to discuss and demonstrate
all<11:35:41.756> of<11:35:41.936> the<11:35:42.060> tcpip<11:35:42.900> tools<11:35:43.616> and<11:35:44.400> some<11:35:44.700> of<11:35:44.820> these

all of the tcpip tools and some of these

all of the tcpip tools and some of these
tools<11:35:45.416> include<11:35:45.960> the<11:35:46.680> Ping<11:35:46.980> command<11:35:47.276> and<11:35:47.460> some

tools include the Ping command and some

tools include the Ping command and some
of<11:35:47.700> these<11:35:47.756> we<11:35:47.880> might<11:35:48.060> have<11:35:48.180> seen<11:35:48.360> previously

of these we might have seen previously

of these we might have seen previously
as<11:35:49.080> well<11:35:49.256> perhaps<11:35:49.680> an<11:35:49.800> A-Plus<11:35:50.340> and<11:35:51.300> some<11:35:51.480> of

as well perhaps an A-Plus and some of

as well perhaps an A-Plus and some of
these<11:35:51.776> also<11:35:52.080> I'll<11:35:52.256> go<11:35:52.436> into<11:35:52.560> the<11:35:52.800> operating

these also I'll go into the operating

these also I'll go into the operating
system<11:35:53.340> and<11:35:53.580> show<11:35:53.756> you<11:35:53.936> so<11:35:54.596> we're<11:35:54.900> going<11:35:55.140> to

system and show you so we're going to

system and show you so we're going to
see<11:35:55.616> the<11:35:56.460> Ping<11:35:56.820> command<11:35:57.240> which<11:35:57.540> basically

see the Ping command which basically

see the Ping command which basically
tests

we're also going to look at the trace

we're also going to look at the trace
route<11:36:07.616> command<11:36:08.480> which<11:36:09.480> basically<11:36:10.700> traces<11:36:11.700> a

route command which basically traces a

route command which basically traces a
ping

ping

ping
route

route

route
and<11:36:15.116> remember<11:36:15.360> when<11:36:15.660> we<11:36:15.840> were<11:36:15.960> talking<11:36:16.256> about

and remember when we were talking about

and remember when we were talking about
um<11:36:17.820> uh<11:36:18.840> protocols<11:36:19.740> previously<11:36:20.700> we<11:36:21.240> mentioned

um uh protocols previously we mentioned

um uh protocols previously we mentioned
the<11:36:21.840> icmp<11:36:22.800> protocol

the icmp protocol

the icmp protocol
the<11:36:24.540> control<11:36:24.720> messaging<11:36:25.380> protocol<11:36:25.756> and<11:36:26.756> that

the control messaging protocol and that

the control messaging protocol and that
is<11:36:27.360> what<11:36:27.720> a<11:36:28.020> ping<11:36:28.320> and<11:36:28.616> a<11:36:28.800> trace<11:36:29.040> route<11:36:29.276> command

is what a ping and a trace route command

is what a ping and a trace route command
use<11:36:29.936> or<11:36:30.180> these<11:36:30.480> types<11:36:30.720> of<11:36:30.840> packets

use or these types of packets

use or these types of packets
so<11:36:33.060> we're<11:36:33.240> also<11:36:33.480> going<11:36:33.540> to<11:36:33.596> look<11:36:33.720> at<11:36:33.776> a

so we're also going to look at a

so we're also going to look at a
protocol<11:36:34.320> analyzer<11:36:35.276> not<11:36:36.060> necessarily<11:36:36.900> a

protocol analyzer not necessarily a

protocol analyzer not necessarily a
command<11:36:38.040> line<11:36:38.220> tool<11:36:38.700> but<11:36:38.880> something<11:36:39.116> that

command line tool but something that

command line tool but something that
allows<11:36:39.840> us<11:36:40.020> to<11:36:40.436> analyze<11:36:41.220> the<11:36:42.000> protocols<11:36:43.220> uh<11:36:44.220> or

allows us to analyze the protocols uh or

allows us to analyze the protocols uh or
rather<11:36:44.640> the<11:36:44.880> packets<11:36:45.300> that<11:36:45.480> are<11:36:45.596> going<11:36:45.776> in<11:36:45.960> and

rather the packets that are going in and

rather the packets that are going in and
out<11:36:46.320> of<11:36:46.800> a

out of a

out of a
network<11:36:49.380> or<11:36:49.740> system

network or system

network or system
we'll<11:36:51.116> get<11:36:51.360> a<11:36:51.480> port<11:36:51.596> scanner<11:36:52.140> sort<11:36:52.436> of<11:36:52.560> does

we'll get a port scanner sort of does

we'll get a port scanner sort of does
the<11:36:52.980> same<11:36:53.096> thing<11:36:53.340> we'll<11:36:53.580> talk<11:36:53.756> about<11:36:53.880> the

the same thing we'll talk about the

the same thing we'll talk about the
difference<11:36:54.360> between<11:36:54.720> these<11:36:55.140> two

difference between these two

difference between these two
we'll<11:36:56.460> also<11:36:56.700> get<11:36:56.820> something<11:36:57.000> called<11:36:57.180> nslookup

we'll also get something called nslookup

we'll also get something called nslookup
and

and

and
NS<11:37:00.116> doesn't<11:37:00.416> ring<11:37:00.720> a<11:37:00.900> bell<11:37:01.020> with<11:37:01.256> you<11:37:01.380> that<11:37:02.096> is

NS doesn't ring a bell with you that is

NS doesn't ring a bell with you that is
like<11:37:02.580> DNS<11:37:03.680> or<11:37:04.680> name<11:37:05.580> server<11:37:06.116> lookup

like DNS or name server lookup

like DNS or name server lookup
how<11:37:08.400> we<11:37:08.700> convert<11:37:09.180> between<11:37:09.800> an<11:37:10.800> IP<11:37:11.220> address

and a fully qualified domain name such

and a fully qualified domain name such
as

as

as
Google

Google

Google
we're<11:37:21.416> also<11:37:21.660> look<11:37:21.840> at<11:37:21.960> the<11:37:22.080> ARP<11:37:22.436> command<11:37:23.096> which

we're also look at the ARP command which

we're also look at the ARP command which
allows<11:37:24.180> us<11:37:24.300> just<11:37:24.776> like<11:37:24.960> NS<11:37:25.436> DNS<11:37:26.040> which<11:37:26.520> does<11:37:26.756> a

allows us just like NS DNS which does a

allows us just like NS DNS which does a
name<11:37:27.900> to<11:37:28.140> an<11:37:28.320> IP<11:37:28.560> address<11:37:28.680> ARP<11:37:29.340> is<11:37:29.580> what<11:37:29.700> is

name to an IP address ARP is what is

name to an IP address ARP is what is
responsible<11:37:30.240> for<11:37:30.596> routing<11:37:31.020> and<11:37:31.436> allowed<11:37:31.740> us

responsible for routing and allowed us

responsible for routing and allowed us
to<11:37:32.040> convert<11:37:32.460> between<11:37:32.700> an<11:37:33.000> IP<11:37:33.360> address

to convert between an IP address

to convert between an IP address
and<11:37:35.040> a<11:37:35.220> MAC<11:37:35.520> address<11:37:35.776> or<11:37:36.776> physical<11:37:37.020> address

and a MAC address or physical address

and a MAC address or physical address
so<11:37:38.756> you<11:37:38.880> can<11:37:39.000> see<11:37:39.116> where<11:37:39.300> this<11:37:39.480> is<11:37:39.660> really

so you can see where this is really

so you can see where this is really
going<11:37:40.080> to<11:37:40.256> come<11:37:40.436> into<11:37:41.276> uh<11:37:42.000> into<11:37:42.300> handy<11:37:42.720> when

going to come into uh into handy when

going to come into uh into handy when
we're<11:37:43.020> talking<11:37:43.200> about<11:37:43.256> routing<11:37:43.680> and<11:37:43.800> switches

finally we're going to look at the route

finally we're going to look at the route
command<11:37:49.860> which<11:37:50.096> can<11:37:50.340> present<11:37:50.700> us<11:37:50.880> with

command which can present us with

command which can present us with
routing<11:37:51.660> tables

routing tables

routing tables
and<11:37:54.000> it's<11:37:54.240> specifically<11:37:54.660> more<11:37:55.020> or<11:37:55.140> less<11:37:55.256> used

and it's specifically more or less used

and it's specifically more or less used
when<11:37:55.800> we're<11:37:55.916> dealing<11:37:56.160> with<11:37:56.340> routers<11:37:56.880> not<11:37:57.300> so

when we're dealing with routers not so

when we're dealing with routers not so
much<11:37:57.720> in<11:37:58.256> Windows

all right so first the Ping command the

all right so first the Ping command the
Ping<11:38:04.256> tool<11:38:04.560> in<11:38:04.680> the<11:38:04.800> Ping<11:38:04.980> command<11:38:05.276> are

Ping tool in the Ping command are

Ping tool in the Ping command are
extremely<11:38:05.936> useful<11:38:06.300> when<11:38:06.540> it<11:38:06.660> comes<11:38:06.840> to

extremely useful when it comes to

extremely useful when it comes to
troubleshooting<11:38:07.740> and<11:38:08.276> testing<11:38:08.700> connectivity

troubleshooting and testing connectivity

troubleshooting and testing connectivity
basically<11:38:10.500> what<11:38:11.040> the<11:38:11.160> tool<11:38:11.400> does<11:38:11.520> is<11:38:11.700> send<11:38:12.060> a

basically what the tool does is send a

basically what the tool does is send a
packet<11:38:12.660> of<11:38:12.960> information<11:38:13.436> in<11:38:13.916> that<11:38:14.040> packet

packet of information in that packet

packet of information in that packet
again<11:38:14.640> is<11:38:15.360> icmp

again is icmp

again is icmp
through<11:38:17.700> a<11:38:17.936> connection<11:38:18.060> and<11:38:18.540> waits<11:38:19.020> to<11:38:19.140> see<11:38:19.256> if

through a connection and waits to see if

through a connection and waits to see if
it<11:38:19.616> receives<11:38:19.916> some<11:38:20.160> packets<11:38:20.520> back<11:38:20.820> this<11:38:21.480> is

it receives some packets back this is

it receives some packets back this is
not<11:38:21.840> unlike<11:38:22.256> when<11:38:22.616> you<11:38:22.800> used<11:38:22.980> to<11:38:23.160> see<11:38:23.460> the

not unlike when you used to see the

not unlike when you used to see the
radar<11:38:24.960> screens<11:38:25.436> on<11:38:26.096> a<11:38:26.400> computer<11:38:26.460> on<11:38:26.880> a<11:38:27.000> TV<11:38:27.300> or

radar screens on a computer on a TV or

radar screens on a computer on a TV or
program<11:38:28.436> we're<11:38:28.800> talking<11:38:29.040> about<11:38:29.276> with<11:38:30.000> um<11:38:30.140> uh

program we're talking about with um uh

program we're talking about with um uh
submarines<11:38:31.680> for<11:38:31.980> instance<11:38:32.220> and<11:38:32.756> you<11:38:32.880> would

submarines for instance and you would

submarines for instance and you would
see<11:38:33.300> basically<11:38:33.840> a<11:38:34.140> submarine<11:38:34.616> here<11:38:34.860> and<11:38:35.040> you'd

see basically a submarine here and you'd

see basically a submarine here and you'd
hear<11:38:35.460> a<11:38:35.700> ping

hear a ping

hear a ping
coming<11:38:37.080> off<11:38:37.560> of<11:38:38.096> that<11:38:38.340> so<11:38:38.520> it<11:38:38.700> gets<11:38:39.000> its<11:38:39.060> name

coming off of that so it gets its name

coming off of that so it gets its name
from<11:38:39.596> that<11:38:39.776> sort<11:38:40.020> of<11:38:40.200> sound<11:38:40.560> so<11:38:41.276> the<11:38:41.460> data

from that sort of sound so the data

from that sort of sound so the data
literally<11:38:42.180> bounces<11:38:42.776> or<11:38:43.080> pings<11:38:43.380> right<11:38:43.860> back<11:38:44.096> if

literally bounces or pings right back if

literally bounces or pings right back if
there's<11:38:44.580> an<11:38:44.820> established<11:38:45.300> connection

there's an established connection

there's an established connection
can<11:38:46.860> be<11:38:46.980> also<11:38:47.276> used<11:38:47.460> to<11:38:47.756> test<11:38:48.000> the<11:38:48.416> maximum

can be also used to test the maximum

can be also used to test the maximum
transmission<11:38:49.680> unit<11:38:50.160> or<11:38:50.580> the<11:38:50.756> mtus<11:38:51.480> and

transmission unit or the mtus and

transmission unit or the mtus and
remember<11:38:52.140> we<11:38:52.436> talked<11:38:52.800> about<11:38:52.860> that<11:38:53.160> when<11:38:53.400> we

remember we talked about that when we

remember we talked about that when we
dealt<11:38:53.820> with<11:38:53.880> an<11:38:54.116> MTU<11:38:54.840> black<11:38:55.800> hole<11:38:56.820> was<11:38:57.240> in<11:38:57.480> a

dealt with an MTU black hole was in a

dealt with an MTU black hole was in a
previous<11:38:57.720> lesson<11:38:58.740> this<11:38:59.220> is<11:38:59.400> the<11:38:59.640> maximum

previous lesson this is the maximum

previous lesson this is the maximum
amount<11:39:00.116> of<11:39:00.360> data<11:39:00.840> packets<11:39:01.200> that<11:39:02.160> can<11:39:02.340> be<11:39:02.520> sent

amount of data packets that can be sent

amount of data packets that can be sent
over<11:39:03.360> a<11:39:03.596> network<11:39:03.720> at<11:39:04.080> any<11:39:04.320> one<11:39:04.560> time<11:39:04.740> or<11:39:05.040> the

over a network at any one time or the

over a network at any one time or the
maximum<11:39:05.820> size<11:39:06.240> of<11:39:06.480> that<11:39:06.596> data<11:39:07.020> packets<11:39:07.320> so

maximum size of that data packets so

maximum size of that data packets so
using<11:39:08.096> this<11:39:08.220> you<11:39:08.400> can<11:39:08.520> test<11:39:08.756> the<11:39:09.000> time<11:39:09.180> it

using this you can test the time it

using this you can test the time it
takes<11:39:09.660> in<11:39:09.900> milliseconds<11:39:10.680> for<11:39:11.276> data<11:39:11.756> to<11:39:12.180> travel

takes in milliseconds for data to travel

takes in milliseconds for data to travel
end<11:39:12.900> to<11:39:13.080> Android<11:39:13.320> to<11:39:13.800> other<11:39:13.916> devices<11:39:14.276> on<11:39:14.580> the

end to Android to other devices on the

end to Android to other devices on the
network

network

network
this<11:39:16.256> can<11:39:16.436> also<11:39:16.616> be<11:39:16.740> done<11:39:16.916> on<11:39:17.096> the<11:39:17.340> localhost

this can also be done on the localhost

this can also be done on the localhost
and<11:39:18.240> you<11:39:18.360> remember<11:39:18.540> the<11:39:18.840> localhost<11:39:19.256> is

and you remember the localhost is

and you remember the localhost is
127.0.0.1<11:39:22.080> that's<11:39:22.860> the<11:39:23.096> IP<11:39:23.460> address<11:39:23.700> for<11:39:24.060> it

and we can test this all by opening the

and we can test this all by opening the
command<11:39:28.740> prompt<11:39:29.160> and<11:39:29.640> typing<11:39:30.060> in<11:39:30.416> ping<11:39:31.320> and

command prompt and typing in ping and

command prompt and typing in ping and
then<11:39:32.276> the<11:39:32.820> IP<11:39:33.116> address

then the IP address

then the IP address
so<11:39:34.740> let's<11:39:35.040> take<11:39:35.220> a<11:39:35.340> look<11:39:35.460> at<11:39:35.700> this<11:39:35.880> uh<11:39:36.660> for<11:39:36.900> just

so let's take a look at this uh for just

so let's take a look at this uh for just
a<11:39:37.200> second

if we're here and we have our Command

if we're here and we have our Command
Prompt<11:39:43.256> and<11:39:44.040> I<11:39:44.220> wanted<11:39:44.340> to<11:39:44.520> type<11:39:44.700> for<11:39:44.880> instance

Prompt and I wanted to type for instance

Prompt and I wanted to type for instance
ping<11:39:45.540> 127.0.0.1

ping 127.0.0.1

ping 127.0.0.1
which<11:39:48.776> would<11:39:48.960> be<11:39:49.140> the<11:39:49.680> Local<11:39:49.860> Host

which would be the Local Host

which would be the Local Host
I<11:39:51.480> can<11:39:51.596> tell<11:39:51.776> that<11:39:52.500> my<11:39:52.800> time<11:39:53.040> is<11:39:53.340> less<11:39:53.580> than<11:39:53.820> one

I can tell that my time is less than one

I can tell that my time is less than one
millisecond<11:39:54.596> which<11:39:54.900> makes<11:39:55.140> complete<11:39:55.740> sense

millisecond which makes complete sense

millisecond which makes complete sense
since<11:39:56.880> there<11:39:57.300> should<11:39:57.540> be<11:39:57.720> no<11:39:58.020> loss<11:39:58.320> of<11:39:58.380> data<11:39:58.680> it

since there should be no loss of data it

since there should be no loss of data it
should<11:39:58.916> take<11:39:59.096> no<11:39:59.460> time<11:39:59.756> and<11:40:00.240> you<11:40:00.360> can<11:40:00.480> see<11:40:00.596> that

should take no time and you can see that

should take no time and you can see that
no<11:40:01.020> loss<11:40:01.320> of<11:40:01.380> data<11:40:01.740> right<11:40:02.460> here

no loss of data right here

no loss of data right here
right<11:40:03.960> because<11:40:04.320> we're<11:40:04.740> sending<11:40:05.096> it<11:40:05.220> there<11:40:05.460> and

right because we're sending it there and

right because we're sending it there and
back<11:40:05.880> and<11:40:06.596> obviously<11:40:07.080> we're<11:40:07.256> dealing<11:40:07.616> with

back and obviously we're dealing with

back and obviously we're dealing with
ourselves<11:40:08.220> the<11:40:08.640> local<11:40:08.820> host<11:40:09.180> or<11:40:09.960> the<11:40:10.700> 127.0.01

ourselves the local host or the 127.0.01

ourselves the local host or the 127.0.01
so<11:40:11.936> it<11:40:12.060> shouldn't<11:40:12.300> be<11:40:12.416> an<11:40:12.540> issue<11:40:12.776> and<11:40:13.140> if<11:40:13.320> we<11:40:13.436> do

so it shouldn't be an issue and if we do

so it shouldn't be an issue and if we do
that<11:40:13.800> notice<11:40:14.340> that<11:40:14.460> when<11:40:14.580> I<11:40:14.700> use<11:40:14.820> localhost

that notice that when I use localhost

that notice that when I use localhost
I'm<11:40:16.140> using<11:40:16.640> my<11:40:17.640> own<11:40:17.700> name<11:40:17.936> and<11:40:18.416> and<11:40:19.020> it's<11:40:19.256> also

I'm using my own name and and it's also

I'm using my own name and and it's also
giving<11:40:19.616> the<11:40:19.860> IPv6<11:40:20.580> IP<11:40:21.116> address<11:40:21.240> here<11:40:21.660> now<11:40:22.200> if<11:40:22.320> I

giving the IPv6 IP address here now if I

giving the IPv6 IP address here now if I
clear<11:40:22.616> the<11:40:22.860> screen<11:40:23.040> for<11:40:23.276> a<11:40:23.400> second<11:40:23.520> I<11:40:23.880> can<11:40:23.936> also

clear the screen for a second I can also

clear the screen for a second I can also
for<11:40:24.480> instance<11:40:24.720> ping<11:40:25.140> google.com<11:40:25.756> and<11:40:26.756> you'll

for instance ping google.com and you'll

for instance ping google.com and you'll
see<11:40:27.060> that<11:40:27.300> it<11:40:27.480> actually<11:40:27.660> sends<11:40:28.320> first<11:40:28.916> it

see that it actually sends first it

see that it actually sends first it
figures<11:40:29.700> out<11:40:29.880> what<11:40:30.000> the<11:40:30.116> IP<11:40:30.360> address<11:40:30.540> is<11:40:30.840> and

figures out what the IP address is and

figures out what the IP address is and
then<11:40:31.200> sends<11:40:31.616> that<11:40:31.800> and<11:40:32.040> it<11:40:32.160> gives<11:40:32.340> us<11:40:32.460> the<11:40:32.700> time

then sends that and it gives us the time

then sends that and it gives us the time
that<11:40:33.180> it<11:40:33.360> takes

that it takes

that it takes
to<11:40:34.616> get<11:40:34.740> there<11:40:34.860> and<11:40:35.040> back<11:40:35.220> it<11:40:35.756> also<11:40:36.000> gives<11:40:36.116> us

to get there and back it also gives us

to get there and back it also gives us
some<11:40:36.540> statistics<11:40:37.500> for<11:40:37.800> instance<11:40:38.040> it<11:40:38.340> was<11:40:38.520> sent

some statistics for instance it was sent

some statistics for instance it was sent
four<11:40:39.300> of<11:40:39.480> them<11:40:39.540> were<11:40:39.720> sent<11:40:39.900> for<11:40:40.140> them<11:40:40.320> received

four of them were sent for them received

four of them were sent for them received
zero<11:40:41.160> lost<11:40:41.340> and<11:40:42.000> so<11:40:42.180> we<11:40:42.360> know<11:40:42.540> that<11:40:42.840> on<11:40:43.800> average

zero lost and so we know that on average

zero lost and so we know that on average
this<11:40:44.400> is<11:40:44.520> taking<11:40:44.640> 13<11:40:45.000> milliseconds<11:40:45.660> to<11:40:45.840> get

this is taking 13 milliseconds to get

this is taking 13 milliseconds to get
from<11:40:46.140> us<11:40:46.320> to<11:40:46.740> Google<11:40:46.916> and<11:40:47.580> if<11:40:47.880> you<11:40:48.000> imagine

from us to Google and if you imagine

from us to Google and if you imagine
that<11:40:48.540> this<11:40:48.776> was<11:40:49.140> a<11:40:49.800> local<11:40:50.400> host<11:40:50.756> uh<11:40:51.540> or<11:40:51.720> rather

that this was a local host uh or rather

that this was a local host uh or rather
a<11:40:52.320> sorry<11:40:52.616> a<11:40:52.916> local<11:40:53.276> uh<11:40:53.936> server<11:40:54.300> on<11:40:54.480> my<11:40:54.660> network

a sorry a local uh server on my network

a sorry a local uh server on my network
and<11:40:55.560> I<11:40:55.740> was<11:40:55.916> rebooting<11:40:56.460> that<11:40:56.700> server<11:40:57.060> this

and I was rebooting that server this

and I was rebooting that server this
could<11:40:57.596> help<11:40:57.720> me<11:40:57.840> tell<11:40:58.020> whether<11:40:58.320> the<11:40:58.500> server<11:40:58.800> is

could help me tell whether the server is

could help me tell whether the server is
back<11:40:59.040> up<11:40:59.220> again<11:40:59.460> and<11:41:00.060> one<11:41:00.240> of<11:41:00.360> the<11:41:00.416> things<11:41:00.540> I

back up again and one of the things I

back up again and one of the things I
might<11:41:00.900> want<11:41:01.080> to<11:41:01.200> do<11:41:01.320> with<11:41:01.560> that<11:41:01.740> and<11:41:02.160> I'm<11:41:02.276> just

might want to do with that and I'm just

might want to do with that and I'm just
going<11:41:02.580> to<11:41:02.700> use

going to use

going to use
The<11:41:04.140> Local<11:41:04.256> Host<11:41:04.500> right<11:41:04.860> now<11:41:05.040> is<11:41:05.460> use<11:41:05.700> the

The Local Host right now is use the

The Local Host right now is use the
slash<11:41:06.900> T

slash T

slash T
um

um

um
switch<11:41:09.960> and<11:41:10.380> what<11:41:10.560> this<11:41:10.680> will<11:41:10.800> do<11:41:10.980> is<11:41:11.160> it'll

switch and what this will do is it'll

switch and what this will do is it'll
continually<11:41:12.300> ping<11:41:12.900> the<11:41:13.380> same<11:41:13.560> IP<11:41:13.916> address

continually ping the same IP address

continually ping the same IP address
over<11:41:15.116> and<11:41:15.300> over<11:41:15.480> again<11:41:15.660> now<11:41:16.320> I<11:41:16.616> so<11:41:17.096> for

over and over again now I so for

over and over again now I so for
instance<11:41:17.580> if<11:41:17.756> I<11:41:17.880> was<11:41:18.000> waiting<11:41:18.180> for<11:41:18.300> a<11:41:18.416> server

instance if I was waiting for a server

instance if I was waiting for a server
to<11:41:18.840> come<11:41:18.960> back<11:41:19.080> online<11:41:19.256> this<11:41:19.740> would<11:41:19.860> be<11:41:19.980> an

to come back online this would be an

to come back online this would be an
easy<11:41:20.276> way<11:41:20.520> for<11:41:20.700> me<11:41:20.820> to<11:41:21.060> tell<11:41:21.180> whether<11:41:21.776> it's

easy way for me to tell whether it's

easy way for me to tell whether it's
come<11:41:22.200> back<11:41:22.436> online<11:41:22.680> or<11:41:23.400> not<11:41:23.580> and<11:41:24.060> I<11:41:24.240> could<11:41:24.360> exit

come back online or not and I could exit

come back online or not and I could exit
that<11:41:25.380> by<11:41:25.616> pressing<11:41:25.980> Ctrl<11:41:26.700> C<11:41:27.300> all<11:41:27.900> right

that by pressing Ctrl C all right

that by pressing Ctrl C all right
so<11:41:28.860> the<11:41:29.040> next<11:41:29.160> one<11:41:29.340> I<11:41:29.460> want<11:41:29.580> to<11:41:29.640> talk<11:41:29.756> about<11:41:29.880> is

so the next one I want to talk about is

so the next one I want to talk about is
trace<11:41:30.660> route<11:41:30.900> which<11:41:31.256> actually<11:41:31.436> goes<11:41:31.800> hand<11:41:31.980> in

trace route which actually goes hand in

trace route which actually goes hand in
hand<11:41:32.276> with<11:41:32.520> ping<11:41:32.820> because<11:41:33.240> he<11:41:33.540> also<11:41:33.900> uses<11:41:34.256> that

hand with ping because he also uses that

hand with ping because he also uses that
icmp<11:41:36.416> data<11:41:37.380> packet<11:41:37.740> or

icmp data packet or

icmp data packet or
protocol<11:41:39.740> it<11:41:40.740> basically<11:41:41.160> tells<11:41:41.520> us<11:41:41.640> the<11:41:41.936> time

protocol it basically tells us the time

protocol it basically tells us the time
it<11:41:42.360> takes<11:41:42.540> for<11:41:42.776> a<11:41:42.900> pack<11:41:43.080> to<11:41:43.380> travel<11:41:43.616> between

it takes for a pack to travel between

it takes for a pack to travel between
different<11:41:44.700> routers<11:41:45.180> and<11:41:45.360> devices<11:41:45.720> and<11:41:46.436> we

different routers and devices and we

different routers and devices and we
call<11:41:46.860> this<11:41:47.160> the<11:41:47.700> amount<11:41:47.936> of<11:41:48.116> hops<11:41:48.840> along<11:41:49.256> the

call this the amount of hops along the

call this the amount of hops along the
uh<11:41:50.460> the<11:41:50.820> network<11:41:50.936> so<11:41:51.596> not<11:41:51.840> only<11:41:51.960> tests<11:41:52.500> where

uh the network so not only tests where

uh the network so not only tests where
connectivity<11:41:53.580> might<11:41:53.880> have<11:41:54.000> been<11:41:54.116> lost<11:41:54.360> but

connectivity might have been lost but

connectivity might have been lost but
it's<11:41:55.436> also<11:41:55.740> going<11:41:55.916> to<11:41:56.096> test

it's also going to test

it's also going to test
um

um

um
the<11:41:59.580> time<11:41:59.756> that<11:42:00.000> it<11:42:00.116> takes<11:42:00.300> to<11:42:00.480> get<11:42:00.596> from<11:42:00.960> one

the time that it takes to get from one

the time that it takes to get from one
end<11:42:01.560> to<11:42:01.860> the<11:42:02.040> other<11:42:02.160> end<11:42:02.340> of<11:42:02.580> the<11:42:02.700> connection

end to the other end of the connection

end to the other end of the connection
and<11:42:03.660> it's<11:42:03.776> also<11:42:04.080> going<11:42:04.256> to<11:42:04.436> also<11:42:04.740> show<11:42:04.860> us<11:42:05.040> the

and it's also going to also show us the

and it's also going to also show us the
number<11:42:05.400> of<11:42:05.580> hops

number of hops

number of hops
between<11:42:07.500> those<11:42:08.160> computers<11:42:08.640> so<11:42:08.936> for<11:42:09.180> instance

between those computers so for instance

between those computers so for instance
between<11:42:10.980> me<11:42:11.276> and<11:42:11.400> Google<11:42:11.520> there<11:42:11.880> might<11:42:12.060> be

between me and Google there might be

between me and Google there might be
four<11:42:12.596> different<11:42:12.840> computers<11:42:13.436> and<11:42:14.160> so

four different computers and so

four different computers and so
each<11:42:15.540> one<11:42:15.720> of<11:42:15.840> these<11:42:16.020> is<11:42:16.320> called<11:42:16.560> a<11:42:16.916> hop

and we can measure how far the packet is

and we can measure how far the packet is
traveling<11:42:22.380> before<11:42:22.860> it<11:42:23.096> gets<11:42:23.400> back<11:42:23.520> to<11:42:23.820> us

traveling before it gets back to us

traveling before it gets back to us
now<11:42:25.616> I<11:42:25.800> can<11:42:25.980> also<11:42:26.220> use<11:42:26.400> this<11:42:26.700> to<11:42:27.000> test<11:42:27.720> where<11:42:28.320> a

now I can also use this to test where a

now I can also use this to test where a
where<11:42:29.520> a<11:42:29.756> downed<11:42:30.116> router<11:42:30.480> might<11:42:30.596> be<11:42:30.776> or<11:42:30.960> where

where a downed router might be or where

where a downed router might be or where
in<11:42:31.380> the<11:42:31.500> connection<11:42:31.616> a<11:42:31.916> down<11:42:32.096> to<11:42:32.276> router<11:42:32.640> might

in the connection a down to router might

in the connection a down to router might
be<11:42:33.180> so<11:42:33.720> if<11:42:33.960> we<11:42:34.140> go<11:42:34.320> in<11:42:34.436> here<11:42:34.680> for<11:42:34.980> a<11:42:35.096> second<11:42:35.276> and

be so if we go in here for a second and

be so if we go in here for a second and
let's<11:42:36.060> take<11:42:36.300> a<11:42:36.416> look<11:42:36.596> at<11:42:37.096> the<11:42:38.096> command<11:42:38.340> prompt

let's take a look at the command prompt

let's take a look at the command prompt
here

here

here
and<11:42:40.436> let's<11:42:40.616> say<11:42:40.800> I<11:42:41.040> go<11:42:41.340> to<11:42:42.140> trace<11:42:43.140> route

and let's say I go to trace route

and let's say I go to trace route
google.com<11:42:44.720> now<11:42:45.720> what's<11:42:45.900> going<11:42:46.080> to<11:42:46.140> happen<11:42:46.256> is

google.com now what's going to happen is

google.com now what's going to happen is
it's<11:42:46.680> going<11:42:46.916> to<11:42:47.040> start<11:42:47.220> saying<11:42:47.776> all<11:42:48.776> the

it's going to start saying all the

it's going to start saying all the
different<11:42:49.020> hops<11:42:49.500> going<11:42:49.680> to<11:42:49.800> tell<11:42:49.916> me<11:42:50.040> how<11:42:50.340> long

different hops going to tell me how long

different hops going to tell me how long
it<11:42:50.640> takes<11:42:50.820> to<11:42:51.116> get<11:42:51.240> from<11:42:51.660> one<11:42:52.020> place<11:42:52.380> to<11:42:52.616> the

it takes to get from one place to the

it takes to get from one place to the
next<11:42:52.916> and<11:42:53.580> we<11:42:53.700> can<11:42:53.820> see<11:42:54.060> also<11:42:54.480> where<11:42:54.776> it's<11:42:54.960> so

next and we can see also where it's so

next and we can see also where it's so
right<11:42:55.616> here<11:42:55.740> we're<11:42:56.040> still<11:42:56.276> in<11:42:57.240> New<11:42:57.540> York<11:42:57.720> let's

right here we're still in New York let's

right here we're still in New York let's
see<11:42:58.380> NYC<11:42:59.040> I<11:42:59.820> can<11:43:00.000> probably<11:43:00.180> guess<11:43:00.480> this<11:43:00.776> is

see NYC I can probably guess this is

see NYC I can probably guess this is
some<11:43:01.200> place<11:43:01.380> in<11:43:01.616> my<11:43:01.800> ISP<11:43:02.340> and<11:43:02.936> now<11:43:03.116> it<11:43:03.300> looks

some place in my ISP and now it looks

some place in my ISP and now it looks
like<11:43:03.660> it's<11:43:03.776> starting<11:43:04.020> to<11:43:04.200> go<11:43:04.436> out<11:43:04.680> get<11:43:05.220> further

like it's starting to go out get further

like it's starting to go out get further
out<11:43:05.700> and<11:43:05.820> we<11:43:06.000> can<11:43:06.060> see<11:43:06.180> that<11:43:06.360> the<11:43:06.540> amount<11:43:06.720> of

out and we can see that the amount of

out and we can see that the amount of
time<11:43:07.020> it's<11:43:07.256> taking<11:43:07.500> is<11:43:07.800> also<11:43:08.040> more<11:43:08.276> and<11:43:08.400> more

time it's taking is also more and more

time it's taking is also more and more
so<11:43:09.720> between<11:43:09.960> getting<11:43:10.320> between<11:43:10.680> me<11:43:11.460> and<11:43:11.640> and

so between getting between me and and

so between getting between me and and
Google<11:43:12.180> you<11:43:12.900> can<11:43:13.020> see<11:43:13.200> how<11:43:13.680> far<11:43:13.800> we're<11:43:14.040> having

Google you can see how far we're having

Google you can see how far we're having
to<11:43:14.400> go<11:43:14.520> until<11:43:14.756> we<11:43:15.060> finally<11:43:15.240> get<11:43:15.416> to<11:43:15.540> the

to go until we finally get to the

to go until we finally get to the
google.com<11:43:16.276> web<11:43:17.300> uh<11:43:18.300> server<11:43:18.720> which<11:43:19.080> would<11:43:19.256> be

google.com web uh server which would be

google.com web uh server which would be
right<11:43:19.616> here<11:43:19.880> and<11:43:20.880> we<11:43:21.300> know<11:43:21.416> it<11:43:21.540> took<11:43:21.720> about<11:43:21.840> 10

right here and we know it took about 10

right here and we know it took about 10
hops

hops

hops
now<11:43:24.240> you<11:43:24.360> can<11:43:24.480> see<11:43:24.596> it<11:43:24.720> has<11:43:24.840> a<11:43:25.080> maximum<11:43:25.380> of<11:43:25.560> 30

now you can see it has a maximum of 30

now you can see it has a maximum of 30
Hops<11:43:26.220> and<11:43:26.400> we<11:43:26.580> can<11:43:26.700> actually<11:43:26.880> set<11:43:27.360> that<11:43:27.660> in<11:43:28.140> the

Hops and we can actually set that in the

Hops and we can actually set that in the
switches<11:43:28.560> if<11:43:28.740> we<11:43:28.860> need<11:43:28.980> to<11:43:29.096> but<11:43:29.400> I<11:43:29.520> wouldn't

switches if we need to but I wouldn't

switches if we need to but I wouldn't
worry<11:43:29.880> about<11:43:30.060> that<11:43:30.300> for<11:43:30.480> the<11:43:30.660> exam

worry about that for the exam

worry about that for the exam
and<11:43:32.936> just<11:43:33.060> to<11:43:33.180> show<11:43:33.360> you<11:43:33.416> what<11:43:33.660> it<11:43:33.776> looks<11:43:33.960> like

and just to show you what it looks like

and just to show you what it looks like
if<11:43:34.256> I'm<11:43:34.436> tracing<11:43:35.096> the<11:43:35.640> Local<11:43:35.756> Host<11:43:36.116> you<11:43:36.596> can

if I'm tracing the Local Host you can

if I'm tracing the Local Host you can
see<11:43:36.900> it<11:43:37.080> only<11:43:37.200> takes<11:43:37.436> one<11:43:37.980> hop<11:43:38.220> obviously

see it only takes one hop obviously

see it only takes one hop obviously
because<11:43:39.720> or<11:43:40.140> not<11:43:40.320> even<11:43:40.436> a<11:43:40.680> hop<11:43:40.860> because<11:43:41.220> it's

because or not even a hop because it's

because or not even a hop because it's
myself<11:43:42.240> I<11:43:42.776> should<11:43:43.020> be<11:43:43.320> no<11:43:43.560> route<11:43:43.800> to<11:43:44.096> get<11:43:44.220> to<11:43:44.340> me

myself I should be no route to get to me

myself I should be no route to get to me
now<11:43:46.020> going<11:43:46.200> away<11:43:46.380> from<11:43:46.560> the<11:43:46.680> command<11:43:46.916> line<11:43:47.096> for

now going away from the command line for

now going away from the command line for
a<11:43:47.520> second<11:43:47.640> I<11:43:47.936> want<11:43:48.000> to<11:43:48.116> talk<11:43:48.240> about<11:43:48.416> what's

a second I want to talk about what's

a second I want to talk about what's
called<11:43:49.020> a<11:43:49.256> protocol<11:43:49.500> analyzer<11:43:50.220> or<11:43:50.640> a<11:43:50.820> network

called a protocol analyzer or a network

called a protocol analyzer or a network
analyzer<11:43:51.720> this<11:43:52.140> is<11:43:52.320> an<11:43:52.436> essential<11:43:52.860> tool<11:43:53.160> when

analyzer this is an essential tool when

analyzer this is an essential tool when
you're<11:43:53.400> running<11:43:53.580> a<11:43:53.756> network<11:43:53.936> it<11:43:54.480> basically

you're running a network it basically

you're running a network it basically
gives<11:43:54.960> you<11:43:55.080> a<11:43:55.680> readable<11:43:56.276> report<11:43:56.700> of<11:43:57.116> virtually

gives you a readable report of virtually

gives you a readable report of virtually
everything<11:43:57.900> that's<11:43:58.200> being<11:43:58.436> sent<11:43:58.740> and

everything that's being sent and

everything that's being sent and
transferred<11:43:59.400> over<11:43:59.520> your<11:43:59.700> network<11:43:59.936> so<11:44:00.660> these

transferred over your network so these

transferred over your network so these
analyzers<11:44:01.740> will<11:44:02.340> capture<11:44:02.756> packets<11:44:03.360> that<11:44:03.596> are

analyzers will capture packets that are

analyzers will capture packets that are
going<11:44:03.900> through<11:44:04.140> the<11:44:04.320> network<11:44:04.500> and<11:44:04.980> put<11:44:05.160> them

going through the network and put them

going through the network and put them
into<11:44:05.520> a<11:44:05.820> buffer<11:44:06.416> zone<11:44:06.720> now<11:44:07.256> this<11:44:07.500> buffer<11:44:07.860> zone

into a buffer zone now this buffer zone

into a buffer zone now this buffer zone
just<11:44:08.340> like<11:44:08.520> the<11:44:08.640> buffer<11:44:08.936> zone<11:44:09.180> we're<11:44:09.300> dealing

just like the buffer zone we're dealing

just like the buffer zone we're dealing
with<11:44:09.720> YouTube<11:44:10.400> or<11:44:11.400> Netflix<11:44:11.936> and<11:44:12.660> buffering<11:44:13.436> a

with YouTube or Netflix and buffering a

with YouTube or Netflix and buffering a
video<11:44:14.000> is<11:44:15.000> going<11:44:15.180> to<11:44:15.416> hold<11:44:15.660> on<11:44:15.840> to<11:44:15.960> these

video is going to hold on to these

video is going to hold on to these
packets<11:44:16.616> and<11:44:17.400> we<11:44:17.640> can<11:44:17.820> either<11:44:18.000> capture<11:44:18.720> all

packets and we can either capture all

packets and we can either capture all
the<11:44:19.080> packets<11:44:19.436> or<11:44:20.276> we<11:44:20.640> can<11:44:20.820> capture<11:44:21.180> specific

the packets or we can capture specific

the packets or we can capture specific
packets<11:44:22.380> based<11:44:23.340> on<11:44:23.400> a<11:44:24.060> filter

it can then provide us with an easy

it can then provide us with an easy
readable<11:44:31.980> overview<11:44:32.460> of<11:44:32.640> what<11:44:32.936> is<11:44:33.060> contained

readable overview of what is contained

readable overview of what is contained
within<11:44:33.960> each<11:44:34.200> packet<11:44:34.680> this<11:44:35.220> allows<11:44:35.640> the

within each packet this allows the

within each packet this allows the
administrator<11:44:36.240> total<11:44:36.720> control<11:44:36.960> of<11:44:37.680> what<11:44:37.916> does

administrator total control of what does

administrator total control of what does
and<11:44:38.640> doesn't<11:44:38.820> pass<11:44:39.116> through<11:44:39.360> the<11:44:39.540> network<11:44:39.660> and

and doesn't pass through the network and

and doesn't pass through the network and
can<11:44:40.140> also<11:44:40.500> stop<11:44:40.880> potentially<11:44:41.880> dangerous<11:44:42.776> or

can also stop potentially dangerous or

can also stop potentially dangerous or
unwanted<11:44:44.160> pieces<11:44:44.580> of<11:44:44.756> data<11:44:45.060> to<11:44:45.300> pass<11:44:45.480> through

unwanted pieces of data to pass through

unwanted pieces of data to pass through
the<11:44:45.960> network<11:44:46.140> undetected

the network undetected

the network undetected
and<11:44:48.116> so<11:44:48.240> what<11:44:48.480> you<11:44:48.596> can<11:44:48.720> see<11:44:48.900> here<11:44:49.140> is<11:44:49.380> if<11:44:49.560> this

and so what you can see here is if this

and so what you can see here is if this
is<11:44:50.160> our<11:44:50.400> cloud<11:44:50.700> or<11:44:51.060> our<11:44:51.240> Network<11:44:51.416> we're<11:44:52.080> going

is our cloud or our Network we're going

is our cloud or our Network we're going
to<11:44:52.320> call<11:44:52.380> this<11:44:52.500> a<11:44:52.680> TCP<11:44:52.980> Network<11:44:53.400> just<11:44:53.640> because

to call this a TCP Network just because

to call this a TCP Network just because
this<11:44:54.180> is<11:44:54.360> basically<11:44:54.720> our<11:44:55.080> our<11:44:55.436> Wan<11:44:55.916> and<11:44:56.756> here

this is basically our our Wan and here

this is basically our our Wan and here
let's<11:44:57.180> say<11:44:57.360> I<11:44:57.540> have<11:44:57.660> one<11:44:58.080> Lan<11:44:58.436> and<11:44:59.276> another

let's say I have one Lan and another

let's say I have one Lan and another
land<11:44:59.756> I'm<11:45:00.060> going<11:45:00.240> to<11:45:00.416> have<11:45:00.660> a<11:45:01.436> protocol

land I'm going to have a protocol

land I'm going to have a protocol
analyzer<11:45:02.460> a<11:45:02.640> network<11:45:02.820> analyzer<11:45:03.480> in<11:45:03.840> between

analyzer a network analyzer in between

analyzer a network analyzer in between
my<11:45:04.916> network

my network

my network
in<11:45:06.960> my<11:45:07.740> land<11:45:07.980> that<11:45:08.640> way<11:45:08.756> I<11:45:08.936> can<11:45:09.000> analyze

in my land that way I can analyze

in my land that way I can analyze
exactly<11:45:09.776> what's<11:45:10.080> going<11:45:10.380> on<11:45:10.560> some<11:45:11.096> ways<11:45:11.400> this

exactly what's going on some ways this

exactly what's going on some ways this
might<11:45:11.700> also<11:45:11.936> take<11:45:12.060> the<11:45:12.300> form<11:45:12.540> of<11:45:13.436> a<11:45:13.560> firewall

might also take the form of a firewall

might also take the form of a firewall
now<11:45:15.416> this<11:45:15.596> is<11:45:15.720> different<11:45:15.900> from<11:45:16.256> what's<11:45:16.380> called

now this is different from what's called

now this is different from what's called
a<11:45:16.916> port<11:45:17.096> scanner<11:45:17.820> a<11:45:18.300> port<11:45:18.480> scanner<11:45:18.960> does

a port scanner a port scanner does

a port scanner a port scanner does
exactly<11:45:19.680> what<11:45:20.096> it<11:45:20.580> sounds<11:45:20.756> like<11:45:20.936> it<11:45:21.240> basically

exactly what it sounds like it basically

exactly what it sounds like it basically
scans<11:45:22.320> the<11:45:22.616> network<11:45:22.916> for<11:45:23.580> open<11:45:23.756> ports<11:45:24.416> either

scans the network for open ports either

scans the network for open ports either
for<11:45:25.320> malicious<11:45:25.860> or<11:45:26.756> for<11:45:27.180> safety<11:45:27.776> reasons<11:45:28.256> so

for malicious or for safety reasons so

for malicious or for safety reasons so
it's<11:45:29.460> usually<11:45:29.756> used<11:45:30.000> by<11:45:30.240> administrators<11:45:30.900> to

it's usually used by administrators to

it's usually used by administrators to
check<11:45:31.436> the<11:45:31.740> security<11:45:31.980> of<11:45:32.340> their<11:45:32.520> system<11:45:32.700> and

check the security of their system and

check the security of their system and
make<11:45:33.240> sure<11:45:33.360> nothing's<11:45:33.660> left<11:45:33.840> open<11:45:34.020> oppositely

make sure nothing's left open oppositely

make sure nothing's left open oppositely
it<11:45:35.160> can<11:45:35.340> be<11:45:35.460> used<11:45:35.580> by<11:45:35.936> attackers<11:45:36.540> for<11:45:36.900> their

it can be used by attackers for their

it can be used by attackers for their
advantage<11:45:37.560> so<11:45:38.400> uh<11:45:38.820> if<11:45:39.180> a<11:45:39.360> poor<11:45:39.596> if<11:45:39.720> I'm<11:45:39.900> on<11:45:40.080> the

advantage so uh if a poor if I'm on the

advantage so uh if a poor if I'm on the
internal<11:45:40.740> I<11:45:41.340> might<11:45:41.520> use<11:45:41.700> a<11:45:41.936> port<11:45:42.060> scanner<11:45:42.660> to

internal I might use a port scanner to

internal I might use a port scanner to
scan<11:45:43.740> my<11:45:44.400> firewall<11:45:44.936> to<11:45:45.240> see<11:45:45.416> what's<11:45:45.720> going<11:45:45.900> to

scan my firewall to see what's going to

scan my firewall to see what's going to
be<11:45:46.140> allowed<11:45:46.500> through<11:45:46.680> I<11:45:47.400> might<11:45:47.580> also<11:45:47.820> put<11:45:48.116> my

be allowed through I might also put my

be allowed through I might also put my
port<11:45:48.596> scanner<11:45:49.200> over<11:45:49.436> here<11:45:49.740> and<11:45:50.340> have<11:45:50.460> it<11:45:50.640> try

port scanner over here and have it try

port scanner over here and have it try
to<11:45:51.000> come<11:45:51.116> in<11:45:51.436> alternatively<11:45:52.436> a<11:45:52.680> hacker<11:45:53.096> could

to come in alternatively a hacker could

to come in alternatively a hacker could
use<11:45:53.640> a<11:45:53.820> port<11:45:53.880> scanner<11:45:54.416> to<11:45:54.540> go<11:45:54.660> through<11:45:54.900> and

use a port scanner to go through and

use a port scanner to go through and
scan<11:45:55.916> for<11:45:56.160> open<11:45:56.400> ports<11:45:57.000> if<11:45:57.540> there<11:45:57.720> are<11:45:57.840> any

scan for open ports if there are any

scan for open ports if there are any
open<11:45:58.320> ports<11:45:58.980> it<11:45:59.340> can<11:45:59.460> then<11:45:59.640> use<11:46:00.060> those

open ports it can then use those

open ports it can then use those
to<11:46:02.340> try<11:46:02.460> to<11:46:02.580> get<11:46:02.700> into<11:46:02.880> my<11:46:03.180> system<11:46:03.360> so<11:46:04.080> I<11:46:04.320> can

to try to get into my system so I can

to try to get into my system so I can
use<11:46:04.616> it<11:46:04.800> either<11:46:05.096> as<11:46:05.880> a<11:46:06.180> white<11:46:06.416> hat

or as a black hat

or as a black hat
white<11:46:14.400> hat<11:46:14.700> means<11:46:15.060> a<11:46:15.360> good<11:46:15.596> hacker<11:46:16.080> black<11:46:16.436> hat

white hat means a good hacker black hat

white hat means a good hacker black hat
means<11:46:17.040> a<11:46:17.220> bad<11:46:17.700> hacker

means a bad hacker

means a bad hacker
now<11:46:20.460> let's<11:46:20.580> get<11:46:20.820> back<11:46:21.000> into<11:46:21.540> uh<11:46:22.200> our<11:46:22.380> command

now let's get back into uh our command

now let's get back into uh our command
line<11:46:22.740> for<11:46:22.916> just<11:46:23.096> a<11:46:23.220> second<11:46:23.400> here<11:46:23.640> the<11:46:24.300> name

line for just a second here the name

line for just a second here the name
server<11:46:24.900> lookup<11:46:25.256> or<11:46:25.680> NS<11:46:26.276> lookup<11:46:26.640> and<11:46:26.820> again

server lookup or NS lookup and again

server lookup or NS lookup and again
whenever<11:46:27.300> you<11:46:27.480> see<11:46:27.596> NS<11:46:28.080> as<11:46:28.320> in<11:46:28.500> DNS<11:46:28.980> domain

whenever you see NS as in DNS domain

whenever you see NS as in DNS domain
name<11:46:29.580> system<11:46:29.880> you<11:46:30.480> can<11:46:30.540> think<11:46:30.660> that<11:46:30.840> has

name system you can think that has

name system you can think that has
something<11:46:31.200> to<11:46:31.320> do<11:46:31.380> with<11:46:31.560> name<11:46:31.800> server<11:46:32.276> or<11:46:32.400> name

something to do with name server or name

something to do with name server or name
system<11:46:33.140> it's<11:46:34.140> used<11:46:34.380> to<11:46:34.916> basically<11:46:35.480> find<11:46:36.480> out

system it's used to basically find out

system it's used to basically find out
uh<11:46:38.220> what<11:46:38.700> the<11:46:38.880> server<11:46:39.180> and<11:46:39.360> address

uh what the server and address

uh what the server and address
information<11:46:39.960> is<11:46:40.436> for<11:46:40.680> a<11:46:40.860> domain<11:46:41.096> that's

information is for a domain that's

information is for a domain that's
queried<11:46:41.820> it's<11:46:42.480> mostly<11:46:42.960> used<11:46:43.756> to<11:46:44.840> troubleshoot

queried it's mostly used to troubleshoot

queried it's mostly used to troubleshoot
domain<11:46:46.256> name<11:46:46.436> service<11:46:46.740> related<11:46:47.220> items<11:46:47.700> and

domain name service related items and

domain name service related items and
you<11:46:48.240> can<11:46:48.360> also<11:46:48.540> get<11:46:48.660> information<11:46:48.776> about<11:46:49.200> a

you can also get information about a

you can also get information about a
systems<11:46:49.860> configuration<11:46:50.520> now<11:46:51.240> dig<11:46:51.540> actually

systems configuration now dig actually

systems configuration now dig actually
does<11:46:52.140> the<11:46:52.436> same<11:46:52.616> thing<11:46:53.040> but<11:46:53.580> it's<11:46:53.820> a<11:46:54.060> little

does the same thing but it's a little

does the same thing but it's a little
more<11:46:54.480> detailed<11:46:55.140> and<11:46:55.436> it<11:46:55.560> only<11:46:55.680> works<11:46:56.040> with

more detailed and it only works with

more detailed and it only works with
Unix<11:46:56.700> or<11:46:56.936> Linux<11:46:57.416> systems<11:46:58.080> so<11:46:58.560> here's<11:46:58.800> an

Unix or Linux systems so here's an

Unix or Linux systems so here's an
example<11:46:59.160> of<11:46:59.340> what<11:46:59.580> the<11:46:59.756> NS<11:47:00.060> lookup<11:47:00.416> would<11:47:00.720> look

example of what the NS lookup would look

example of what the NS lookup would look
like<11:47:01.020> and<11:47:01.740> you<11:47:01.800> can<11:47:01.916> see<11:47:02.040> if<11:47:02.276> NS<11:47:02.520> look<11:47:02.700> up<11:47:02.880> here

like and you can see if NS look up here

like and you can see if NS look up here
and<11:47:03.960> then<11:47:04.140> what<11:47:04.500> did<11:47:04.616> we<11:47:04.800> do<11:47:04.916> well<11:47:05.096> we<11:47:05.340> asked<11:47:05.640> it

and then what did we do well we asked it

and then what did we do well we asked it
for<11:47:06.500> Wikipedia's<11:47:07.500> name<11:47:08.160> and<11:47:08.700> up<11:47:08.880> it<11:47:09.060> pops<11:47:09.480> the

for Wikipedia's name and up it pops the

for Wikipedia's name and up it pops the
IP<11:47:10.560> address<11:47:10.800> and<11:47:11.640> it<11:47:11.820> also<11:47:12.060> tells<11:47:12.300> us<11:47:12.360> when

IP address and it also tells us when

IP address and it also tells us when
whether<11:47:13.020> it's<11:47:13.200> authoritative<11:47:13.800> or

whether it's authoritative or

whether it's authoritative or
non-authoritative<11:47:14.900> authoritative<11:47:15.900> would<11:47:16.140> be

non-authoritative authoritative would be

non-authoritative authoritative would be
a<11:47:16.380> DNS<11:47:16.740> server<11:47:17.160> that's<11:47:17.640> somewhere<11:47:17.936> out<11:47:18.116> on<11:47:18.240> the

a DNS server that's somewhere out on the

a DNS server that's somewhere out on the
internet<11:47:18.480> that<11:47:19.256> is<11:47:19.500> definitely<11:47:19.980> has<11:47:20.340> all<11:47:20.520> the

internet that is definitely has all the

internet that is definitely has all the
information<11:47:21.020> non-authoritative<11:47:22.020> means<11:47:22.436> it

information non-authoritative means it

information non-authoritative means it
might<11:47:22.680> be<11:47:22.800> a<11:47:22.980> local<11:47:23.096> one<11:47:23.460> so<11:47:24.116> if<11:47:24.240> we<11:47:24.360> were<11:47:24.480> to

might be a local one so if we were to

might be a local one so if we were to
look<11:47:24.720> at<11:47:24.900> this<11:47:25.020> for<11:47:25.256> a<11:47:25.436> second<11:47:25.560> for<11:47:25.860> ourselves

look at this for a second for ourselves

look at this for a second for ourselves
let's<11:47:28.380> do<11:47:28.500> NS<11:47:28.916> lookup<11:47:29.276> to<11:47:29.520> go<11:47:29.700> into<11:47:30.000> the

let's do NS lookup to go into the

let's do NS lookup to go into the
utility

utility

utility
and<11:47:32.520> now<11:47:32.756> we<11:47:33.360> could<11:47:33.480> for<11:47:33.840> instance<11:47:34.140> look<11:47:34.616> up<11:47:34.860> uh

and now we could for instance look up uh

and now we could for instance look up uh
google.com

and it'll tell us all the different IP

and it'll tell us all the different IP
addresses<11:47:41.220> that<11:47:41.400> are<11:47:41.520> available<11:47:41.580> for

addresses that are available for

addresses that are available for
google.com

google.com

google.com
yahoo.com

yahoo.com

yahoo.com
maybe<11:47:45.300> even<11:47:45.540> microsoft.com

maybe even microsoft.com

maybe even microsoft.com
CNN.com

CNN.com

CNN.com
etc<11:47:49.320> etc<11:47:49.500> so<11:47:50.040> you<11:47:50.160> can<11:47:50.276> see<11:47:50.520> all<11:47:51.060> these

etc etc so you can see all these

etc etc so you can see all these
different<11:47:51.360> ones<11:47:51.660> that<11:47:51.776> are<11:47:51.900> coming<11:47:52.020> through

different ones that are coming through

different ones that are coming through
now<11:47:52.860> notice<11:47:53.160> that<11:47:53.340> CNN.com<11:47:54.000> actually

now notice that CNN.com actually

now notice that CNN.com actually
wouldn't<11:47:55.020> let<11:47:55.256> us<11:47:55.436> out<11:47:55.560> and<11:47:55.860> neither<11:47:56.096> would

wouldn't let us out and neither would

wouldn't let us out and neither would
microsoft.com<11:47:57.540> that's<11:47:57.960> because<11:47:58.200> they're

microsoft.com that's because they're

microsoft.com that's because they're
actually<11:47:59.160> blocking<11:47:59.936> the<11:48:00.720> they're<11:48:01.020> filtering

actually blocking the they're filtering

actually blocking the they're filtering
out<11:48:01.800> the<11:48:02.580> type<11:48:02.880> of<11:48:03.320> uh<11:48:04.320> ports<11:48:05.160> or<11:48:05.340> protocols

out the type of uh ports or protocols

out the type of uh ports or protocols
that<11:48:05.936> are<11:48:06.060> going<11:48:06.116> to<11:48:06.240> be<11:48:06.416> allowing<11:48:06.960> uh<11:48:07.436> that

that are going to be allowing uh that

that are going to be allowing uh that
are<11:48:07.916> going<11:48:07.980> to<11:48:08.096> allow<11:48:08.460> like<11:48:08.640> the<11:48:08.820> icmp<11:48:09.416> Ping<11:48:09.776> so

are going to allow like the icmp Ping so

are going to allow like the icmp Ping so
if<11:48:10.256> we<11:48:10.380> were<11:48:10.436> to<11:48:10.560> go<11:48:10.680> out<11:48:10.740> of<11:48:10.860> this<11:48:10.980> for<11:48:11.220> a

if we were to go out of this for a

if we were to go out of this for a
second

second

second
and<11:48:13.256> by<11:48:13.380> the<11:48:13.436> way<11:48:13.500> you<11:48:13.680> do<11:48:13.800> that<11:48:13.916> as<11:48:14.096> Ctrl<11:48:14.580> C<11:48:14.820> and

and by the way you do that as Ctrl C and

and by the way you do that as Ctrl C and
if<11:48:15.776> I<11:48:15.960> tried<11:48:16.200> pinging<11:48:16.936> microsoft.com<11:48:17.936> you'll

if I tried pinging microsoft.com you'll

if I tried pinging microsoft.com you'll
notice

notice

notice
that<11:48:20.220> it<11:48:20.400> actually<11:48:20.520> doesn't<11:48:20.820> come<11:48:21.060> back<11:48:21.360> and

that it actually doesn't come back and

that it actually doesn't come back and
that's<11:48:22.436> because<11:48:22.740> they're<11:48:23.580> actually<11:48:23.880> shutting

that's because they're actually shutting

that's because they're actually shutting
out<11:48:24.416> icmp<11:48:25.140> packets<11:48:25.560> from<11:48:25.800> going<11:48:26.040> in

now another one related somewhat is

now another one related somewhat is
what's<11:48:33.180> called<11:48:33.416> ARP<11:48:33.960> or<11:48:34.256> address<11:48:34.436> resolution

what's called ARP or address resolution

what's called ARP or address resolution
protocol<11:48:35.580> we<11:48:35.936> actually<11:48:36.060> talked<11:48:36.480> about<11:48:36.596> this

protocol we actually talked about this

protocol we actually talked about this
previously<11:48:37.500> and<11:48:38.040> it's<11:48:38.220> you<11:48:38.520> really<11:48:38.756> use<11:48:39.116> to

previously and it's you really use to

previously and it's you really use to
find<11:48:39.596> the<11:48:39.900> media<11:48:40.256> access<11:48:40.436> control<11:48:41.040> or<11:48:41.640> Mac

find the media access control or Mac

find the media access control or Mac
address<11:48:42.240> or<11:48:43.140> the<11:48:43.436> physical<11:48:44.040> address<11:48:44.640> for<11:48:45.360> an

address or the physical address for an

address or the physical address for an
IP<11:48:45.776> address<11:48:46.020> or<11:48:46.800> vice<11:48:47.160> versa<11:48:47.700> remember<11:48:48.240> this

IP address or vice versa remember this

IP address or vice versa remember this
is<11:48:48.776> the<11:48:49.080> physical

is the physical

is the physical
address<11:48:51.960> it's<11:48:52.860> hardwired<11:48:53.580> onto<11:48:54.000> the<11:48:54.116> device

address it's hardwired onto the device

address it's hardwired onto the device
the<11:48:55.256> MAC<11:48:55.436> address<11:48:55.680> is<11:48:55.980> the<11:48:56.160> system's<11:48:56.520> physical

the MAC address is the system's physical

the MAC address is the system's physical
address<11:48:57.116> and<11:48:57.840> the<11:48:57.960> IP<11:48:58.256> address<11:48:58.436> is<11:48:58.740> the<11:48:58.860> one

address and the IP address is the one

address and the IP address is the one
again<11:48:59.276> assigned<11:48:59.820> by<11:48:59.936> a<11:49:00.116> server<11:49:00.480> or<11:49:00.840> manually

again assigned by a server or manually

again assigned by a server or manually
assigned<11:49:01.916> in<11:49:02.460> a<11:49:02.640> way<11:49:02.756> this<11:49:03.116> would<11:49:03.300> be<11:49:03.480> like

assigned in a way this would be like

assigned in a way this would be like
your<11:49:04.320> phone<11:49:04.500> number

your phone number

your phone number
and<11:49:05.936> this<11:49:06.116> would<11:49:06.360> be<11:49:06.540> like<11:49:06.720> your<11:49:06.900> social

and this would be like your social

and this would be like your social
security<11:49:07.380> number<11:49:07.740> which<11:49:08.040> is<11:49:08.160> given<11:49:08.460> to<11:49:08.520> you<11:49:08.700> by

security number which is given to you by

security number which is given to you by
the<11:49:09.360> government

the government

the government
the<11:49:10.680> way<11:49:10.740> it<11:49:10.860> does<11:49:11.040> this<11:49:11.276> is<11:49:11.756> we're<11:49:11.936> actually

the way it does this is we're actually

the way it does this is we're actually
going<11:49:12.360> to<11:49:12.540> send<11:49:12.720> out<11:49:12.900> Discovery<11:49:13.616> packets<11:49:13.980> in

going to send out Discovery packets in

going to send out Discovery packets in
order<11:49:14.276> to<11:49:14.400> find<11:49:14.580> out<11:49:14.756> the<11:49:14.936> MAC<11:49:15.060> address<11:49:15.300> of<11:49:15.720> a

order to find out the MAC address of a

order to find out the MAC address of a
destination<11:49:16.320> system<11:49:16.740> and<11:49:17.340> once<11:49:17.580> it

destination system and once it

destination system and once it
establishes<11:49:18.180> that<11:49:18.416> it<11:49:18.900> sends<11:49:19.200> that<11:49:19.256> Mac

establishes that it sends that Mac

establishes that it sends that Mac
address<11:49:19.740> to<11:49:20.276> the<11:49:20.756> sending<11:49:21.116> or<11:49:21.240> receiving

address to the sending or receiving

address to the sending or receiving
computer<11:49:21.900> now<11:49:22.616> the<11:49:22.740> two<11:49:22.860> computers<11:49:23.220> can<11:49:23.460> now

computer now the two computers can now

computer now the two computers can now
communicate<11:49:24.300> using<11:49:25.020> IP<11:49:25.380> addresses<11:49:25.800> because

communicate using IP addresses because

communicate using IP addresses because
they<11:49:26.400> can<11:49:26.580> both<11:49:26.820> actually<11:49:27.240> resolve<11:49:28.020> to<11:49:28.320> IP

they can both actually resolve to IP

they can both actually resolve to IP
addresses<11:49:29.340> so<11:49:30.180> basically<11:49:30.540> I<11:49:30.840> want<11:49:31.020> to<11:49:31.140> send

addresses so basically I want to send

addresses so basically I want to send
something

something

something
right<11:49:32.880> so<11:49:33.116> what<11:49:33.240> I'm<11:49:33.300> going<11:49:33.416> to<11:49:33.416> do<11:49:33.596> is<11:49:33.660> I'm

right so what I'm going to do is I'm

right so what I'm going to do is I'm
going<11:49:33.960> to<11:49:33.960> go<11:49:34.200> out<11:49:34.380> hit<11:49:34.860> a<11:49:35.096> router<11:49:35.460> the<11:49:36.240> router

going to go out hit a router the router

going to go out hit a router the router
uses<11:49:36.900> arp<11:49:37.860> in<11:49:38.340> order<11:49:38.520> to<11:49:39.060> get<11:49:39.960> the<11:49:40.380> MAC<11:49:40.560> address

to the sending computer and now we can

to the sending computer and now we can
talk<11:49:46.320> directly

talk directly

talk directly
because<11:49:48.596> now<11:49:49.080> I<11:49:49.436> know<11:49:49.680> what<11:49:50.580> your<11:49:50.820> Mac<11:49:51.000> address

because now I know what your Mac address

because now I know what your Mac address
and<11:49:51.900> IP<11:49:52.256> address<11:49:52.436> equal

the route command is extremely handy and

the route command is extremely handy and
can<11:50:03.720> be<11:50:03.900> used

can be used

can be used
fairly<11:50:05.820> often<11:50:06.116> it<11:50:06.300> basically<11:50:06.660> just<11:50:06.960> shows<11:50:07.616> you

fairly often it basically just shows you

fairly often it basically just shows you
the<11:50:08.040> routing<11:50:08.460> table<11:50:08.840> which<11:50:09.840> is<11:50:09.960> going<11:50:10.080> to<11:50:10.140> give

the routing table which is going to give

the routing table which is going to give
you<11:50:10.320> a<11:50:10.560> list<11:50:10.740> of<11:50:11.160> all<11:50:11.340> the<11:50:11.460> routes<11:50:11.820> network

you a list of all the routes network

you a list of all the routes network
connections<11:50:13.020> and<11:50:13.200> so<11:50:13.380> on<11:50:13.560> that<11:50:14.040> the<11:50:14.160> user<11:50:14.460> has

connections and so on that the user has

connections and so on that the user has
the<11:50:14.756> option<11:50:15.116> to<11:50:15.416> then<11:50:15.596> edit<11:50:16.256> now<11:50:16.916> the<11:50:17.040> reason

the option to then edit now the reason

the option to then edit now the reason
you<11:50:17.400> might<11:50:17.520> want<11:50:17.640> to<11:50:17.820> edit<11:50:18.060> it<11:50:18.240> is<11:50:18.720> if<11:50:19.020> for

you might want to edit it is if for

you might want to edit it is if for
instance<11:50:19.500> in<11:50:19.980> your<11:50:20.220> router<11:50:20.880> you<11:50:21.596> want<11:50:21.720> to<11:50:21.840> tell

instance in your router you want to tell

instance in your router you want to tell
it<11:50:22.200> to<11:50:22.380> use<11:50:22.560> one<11:50:22.916> route<11:50:23.160> instead<11:50:23.640> of<11:50:23.756> another

it to use one route instead of another

it to use one route instead of another
so<11:50:25.200> an<11:50:25.380> example<11:50:25.740> here

so an example here

so an example here
shows<11:50:28.436> us<11:50:28.616> The<11:50:29.220> Gateway

shows us The Gateway

shows us The Gateway
the<11:50:32.096> mask

so draw these really quickly

so draw these really quickly
and<11:50:38.460> the<11:50:38.640> interface<11:50:39.116> and<11:50:39.596> the<11:50:40.140> sorry<11:50:40.320> the

and the interface and the sorry the

and the interface and the sorry the
metric

metric

metric
as<11:50:42.776> well<11:50:42.900> as<11:50:43.080> the<11:50:43.256> interface<11:50:43.560> and<11:50:43.740> these<11:50:43.916> are

as well as the interface and these are

as well as the interface and these are
all<11:50:44.096> numbers<11:50:44.340> so<11:50:44.756> these<11:50:45.000> might<11:50:45.240> not<11:50:45.480> mean<11:50:46.080> a

all numbers so these might not mean a

all numbers so these might not mean a
lot<11:50:46.436> to<11:50:46.616> you<11:50:46.800> but<11:50:46.980> if<11:50:47.096> you<11:50:47.276> had<11:50:47.400> a<11:50:47.640> guide<11:50:47.756> and

lot to you but if you had a guide and

lot to you but if you had a guide and
you<11:50:48.116> knew<11:50:48.300> where<11:50:48.416> they<11:50:48.540> were<11:50:48.660> going<11:50:48.776> if<11:50:49.080> you

you knew where they were going if you

you knew where they were going if you
knew<11:50:49.436> what<11:50:49.616> your<11:50:49.800> interface<11:50:50.160> was<11:50:50.400> for

knew what your interface was for

knew what your interface was for
instance<11:50:50.880> is<11:50:51.060> it<11:50:51.240> a<11:50:51.416> wireless<11:50:51.540> internet<11:50:51.840> base

instance is it a wireless internet base

instance is it a wireless internet base
or<11:50:52.916> was<11:50:53.096> it<11:50:53.340> a<11:50:53.640> your<11:50:54.060> wired<11:50:54.480> interface<11:50:54.840> that

or was it a your wired interface that

or was it a your wired interface that
would<11:50:55.256> prescribe<11:50:55.800> a<11:50:55.980> specific<11:50:56.340> number

would prescribe a specific number

would prescribe a specific number
the<11:50:58.080> Gateway<11:50:58.320> is<11:50:58.436> going<11:50:58.560> to<11:50:58.560> say<11:50:58.680> what<11:50:58.860> Gateway

the Gateway is going to say what Gateway

the Gateway is going to say what Gateway
you<11:50:59.700> need<11:50:59.820> to<11:50:59.936> get<11:51:00.116> out<11:51:00.300> and<11:51:01.020> the<11:51:01.140> subnet<11:51:01.560> mask

you need to get out and the subnet mask

you need to get out and the subnet mask
and<11:51:02.580> you<11:51:02.820> could<11:51:02.936> actually<11:51:03.180> add

specific information to this to create

specific information to this to create
your<11:51:09.480> own<11:51:09.596> routing<11:51:10.020> table<11:51:10.200> and<11:51:10.860> this<11:51:11.040> you

your own routing table and this you

your own routing table and this you
would<11:51:11.340> do<11:51:11.580> really<11:51:11.936> not<11:51:12.180> so<11:51:12.300> much<11:51:12.480> on<11:51:12.596> your

would do really not so much on your

would do really not so much on your
computer<11:51:12.960> but<11:51:13.560> more<11:51:13.740> if<11:51:13.916> you're<11:51:14.096> working<11:51:14.276> on<11:51:14.520> a

computer but more if you're working on a

computer but more if you're working on a
router<11:51:14.936> say<11:51:15.180> Cisco<11:51:15.660> router<11:51:16.080> so<11:51:16.200> you<11:51:16.380> can<11:51:16.560> do

router say Cisco router so you can do

router say Cisco router so you can do
to tell<11:51:17.880> it<11:51:18.000> exactly<11:51:18.540> where<11:51:18.840> you<11:51:18.960> want

to tell it exactly where you want

to tell it exactly where you want
information<11:51:19.320> to<11:51:19.740> be<11:51:19.860> routed

so just to recap we discussed and

so just to recap we discussed and
demonstrated<11:51:26.340> several<11:51:26.756> TCP<11:51:27.300> tools<11:51:28.020> including

demonstrated several TCP tools including

demonstrated several TCP tools including
ping<11:51:29.276> which<11:51:30.240> we're<11:51:30.480> really<11:51:30.720> going<11:51:31.020> to<11:51:31.200> use<11:51:31.436> to

ping which we're really going to use to

ping which we're really going to use to
test<11:51:32.400> connectivity

test connectivity

test connectivity
and<11:51:34.740> remember<11:51:34.916> you<11:51:35.340> want<11:51:35.520> to<11:51:35.756> hold<11:51:36.180> on<11:51:36.360> to<11:51:36.960> the

and remember you want to hold on to the

and remember you want to hold on to the
Slash

Slash

Slash
t-switch<11:51:39.840> which<11:51:40.800> is<11:51:40.916> going<11:51:41.096> to<11:51:41.220> do<11:51:41.400> it

t-switch which is going to do it

t-switch which is going to do it
indefinitely<11:51:42.200> trace<11:51:43.200> route<11:51:43.436> which<11:51:43.740> is<11:51:43.860> going

indefinitely trace route which is going

indefinitely trace route which is going
to<11:51:44.096> measure<11:51:44.520> the<11:51:45.060> Hops<11:51:45.480> and<11:51:45.960> can<11:51:46.080> also<11:51:46.380> tell

to measure the Hops and can also tell

to measure the Hops and can also tell
you<11:51:46.860> where

uh connection has been lost a protocol

uh connection has been lost a protocol
analyzer<11:51:54.180> which<11:51:54.360> is<11:51:54.480> going<11:51:54.660> to<11:51:54.720> look<11:51:54.900> at<11:51:55.080> or

analyzer which is going to look at or

analyzer which is going to look at or
network<11:51:55.800> protocol<11:51:56.276> analyzer<11:51:56.880> we're<11:51:57.180> going<11:51:57.360> to

network protocol analyzer we're going to

network protocol analyzer we're going to
look<11:51:57.540> at<11:51:57.596> all<11:51:57.720> the<11:51:57.840> protocols<11:51:58.256> coming<11:51:58.436> in<11:51:58.680> and

look at all the protocols coming in and

look at all the protocols coming in and
can<11:51:59.096> actually<11:51:59.460> filter<11:51:59.820> them<11:52:00.116> in<11:52:00.360> or<11:52:00.540> out<11:52:00.660> a

can actually filter them in or out a

can actually filter them in or out a
port<11:52:01.616> scanner<11:52:02.160> which<11:52:02.640> can<11:52:02.820> be<11:52:02.936> used<11:52:03.116> to<11:52:03.540> show

port scanner which can be used to show

port scanner which can be used to show
open<11:52:04.140> ports<11:52:04.740> either<11:52:05.520> as<11:52:06.360> a<11:52:06.540> security

open ports either as a security

open ports either as a security
precaution<11:52:07.500> or<11:52:08.040> if<11:52:08.220> I'm<11:52:08.340> trying<11:52:08.520> to

precaution or if I'm trying to

precaution or if I'm trying to
infiltrate<11:52:09.660> your<11:52:10.080> network<11:52:10.320> the<11:52:11.220> NS<11:52:11.520> lookup

infiltrate your network the NS lookup

infiltrate your network the NS lookup
which<11:52:12.900> is<11:52:13.020> that<11:52:13.256> name<11:52:13.436> server<11:52:13.916> could<11:52:14.340> also<11:52:14.640> be

which is that name server could also be

which is that name server could also be
dig<11:52:15.116> by<11:52:15.660> the<11:52:15.776> way<11:52:15.900> which<11:52:16.256> is<11:52:16.320> on<11:52:16.500> Unix<11:52:16.916> systems

dig by the way which is on Unix systems

dig by the way which is on Unix systems
and<11:52:18.900> this<11:52:19.080> is<11:52:19.140> going<11:52:19.256> to<11:52:19.320> allow<11:52:19.560> me<11:52:19.680> to<11:52:19.860> get<11:52:19.980> my

and this is going to allow me to get my

and this is going to allow me to get my
IP<11:52:20.580> address<11:52:21.200> to<11:52:22.200> a<11:52:22.616> fully<11:52:22.916> qualified<11:52:23.400> domain

IP address to a fully qualified domain

IP address to a fully qualified domain
name

name

name
ARP<11:52:26.040> address<11:52:26.400> resolution<11:52:27.116> protocol<11:52:27.660> which<11:52:28.560> is

ARP address resolution protocol which is

ARP address resolution protocol which is
specifically<11:52:29.340> going<11:52:29.640> from<11:52:30.060> IP<11:52:30.416> address<11:52:30.660> to

specifically going from IP address to

specifically going from IP address to
MAC<11:52:31.140> address<11:52:31.380> it<11:52:32.220> sort<11:52:32.400> of<11:52:32.520> really<11:52:32.756> allows

MAC address it sort of really allows

MAC address it sort of really allows
routing<11:52:33.660> to<11:52:33.960> occur<11:52:34.380> this<11:52:34.980> is<11:52:35.096> really<11:52:35.276> a

routing to occur this is really a

routing to occur this is really a
principle<11:52:36.000> in<11:52:36.840> routers

principle in routers

principle in routers
and<11:52:38.700> finally<11:52:39.000> the<11:52:39.480> route<11:52:40.200> command<11:52:40.800> which

and finally the route command which

and finally the route command which
allows<11:52:41.520> us<11:52:41.640> to<11:52:41.880> edit<11:52:42.720> the<11:52:43.320> routing<11:52:43.740> tables<11:52:44.220> and

allows us to edit the routing tables and

allows us to edit the routing tables and
would<11:52:44.820> be<11:52:45.060> really<11:52:45.480> useful<11:52:45.900> if<11:52:46.560> I<11:52:46.740> was<11:52:46.916> using

would be really useful if I was using

would be really useful if I was using
one<11:52:47.520> of<11:52:47.640> my<11:52:47.700> servers<11:52:48.116> as<11:52:48.480> a<11:52:48.840> router<11:52:49.560> you're<11:52:49.980> not

one of my servers as a router you're not

one of my servers as a router you're not
really<11:52:50.276> going<11:52:50.400> to<11:52:50.520> see<11:52:50.640> routing<11:52:51.180> a<11:52:51.596> route

really going to see routing a route

really going to see routing a route
command<11:52:52.580> on<11:52:53.580> the<11:52:53.880> network<11:52:54.180> plus<11:52:54.480> exam<11:52:54.840> but<11:52:55.080> I

command on the network plus exam but I

command on the network plus exam but I
guarantee<11:52:55.740> you'll<11:52:56.276> see<11:52:56.460> all<11:52:56.700> these<11:52:56.880> others

guarantee you'll see all these others

guarantee you'll see all these others
mentioned

mentioned

mentioned
so<11:53:00.480> uh<11:53:00.900> now<11:53:01.080> that<11:53:01.256> we've<11:53:01.380> finished<11:53:01.500> up<11:53:01.740> this

so uh now that we've finished up this

so uh now that we've finished up this
very<11:53:02.220> brief<11:53:02.460> lesson<11:53:02.820> on<11:53:03.060> TCP<11:53:03.560> the<11:53:04.560> tools<11:53:04.860> and

very brief lesson on TCP the tools and

very brief lesson on TCP the tools and
the<11:53:05.160> simple<11:53:05.220> Services<11:53:05.580> we're<11:53:06.240> going<11:53:06.416> to<11:53:06.540> go

the simple Services we're going to go

the simple Services we're going to go
into<11:53:06.900> Lan<11:53:07.680> Administration<11:53:08.340> and

into Lan Administration and

into Lan Administration and
implementation<11:53:09.596> a<11:53:09.960> bit<11:53:10.140> more<11:53:10.380> in<11:53:10.680> depth

[Music]

[Music]
thank<11:53:20.276> you

Network Administration and

Network Administration and
implementation

implementation

implementation
so<11:53:43.320> in<11:53:43.740> previous<11:53:43.916> lessons<11:53:44.460> we've<11:53:44.880> discussed<11:53:45.300> a

so in previous lessons we've discussed a

so in previous lessons we've discussed a
lot<11:53:45.540> of<11:53:45.660> the<11:53:45.776> tools<11:53:46.256> the<11:53:47.040> networking

lot of the tools the networking

lot of the tools the networking
fundamentals<11:53:48.360> the<11:53:48.720> theory<11:53:49.020> and<11:53:49.200> so<11:53:49.436> on<11:53:49.560> and

fundamentals the theory and so on and

fundamentals the theory and so on and
now<11:53:50.340> we're<11:53:50.820> going<11:53:51.060> to<11:53:51.360> get<11:53:51.596> into<11:53:51.960> a<11:53:52.256> little

now we're going to get into a little

now we're going to get into a little
more<11:53:52.560> of<11:53:52.680> the<11:53:52.800> Practical<11:53:53.220> side<11:53:53.520> and<11:53:53.936> that's<11:53:54.116> in

more of the Practical side and that's in

more of the Practical side and that's in
creating<11:53:54.840> and<11:53:55.140> maintaining<11:53:55.740> a<11:53:56.580> local<11:53:56.880> area

creating and maintaining a local area

creating and maintaining a local area
network<11:53:57.360> wide<11:53:57.840> area<11:53:57.960> network<11:53:58.200> and<11:53:58.436> so<11:53:58.560> on<11:53:58.740> and

network wide area network and so on and

network wide area network and so on and
so<11:53:58.980> forth<11:53:59.276> this<11:54:00.180> module<11:54:00.596> is<11:54:00.840> certainly<11:54:01.200> just

so forth this module is certainly just

so forth this module is certainly just
an<11:54:01.916> overview<11:54:02.460> of<11:54:03.240> local<11:54:03.480> area<11:54:03.720> network<11:54:03.960> and

an overview of local area network and

an overview of local area network and
some<11:54:04.380> of<11:54:04.500> the<11:54:04.560> best<11:54:04.740> practices<11:54:05.220> that<11:54:05.520> go<11:54:05.640> along

some of the best practices that go along

some of the best practices that go along
with<11:54:06.000> it<11:54:06.180> as<11:54:06.540> we<11:54:06.776> get<11:54:06.900> more<11:54:07.080> in<11:54:07.256> depth<11:54:07.500> over<11:54:07.680> the

with it as we get more in depth over the

with it as we get more in depth over the
coming<11:54:08.040> lessons<11:54:08.580> and<11:54:08.820> modules<11:54:09.240> we'll<11:54:10.020> talk

coming lessons and modules we'll talk

coming lessons and modules we'll talk
more<11:54:10.680> about<11:54:10.916> the<11:54:11.276> specifics<11:54:11.880> and<11:54:12.000> what<11:54:12.180> we

more about the specifics and what we

more about the specifics and what we
need<11:54:12.416> to<11:54:12.540> do

need to do

need to do
so<11:54:13.916> in<11:54:14.276> this<11:54:14.460> module<11:54:14.880> we're<11:54:15.360> going<11:54:15.540> to<11:54:15.776> talk

so in this module we're going to talk

so in this module we're going to talk
about<11:54:16.380> an<11:54:16.800> overview<11:54:17.096> of<11:54:17.340> a<11:54:17.520> lan<11:54:17.756> kind<11:54:18.116> of<11:54:18.300> go

about an overview of a lan kind of go

about an overview of a lan kind of go
back<11:54:18.540> over<11:54:18.720> what<11:54:19.020> it<11:54:19.200> is<11:54:19.320> and<11:54:20.096> also

back over what it is and also

back over what it is and also
um<11:54:21.380> when<11:54:22.380> we'd<11:54:22.680> probably<11:54:22.800> want<11:54:23.040> to<11:54:23.160> use<11:54:23.276> one

um when we'd probably want to use one

um when we'd probably want to use one
and<11:54:24.060> then<11:54:24.116> we're<11:54:24.240> going<11:54:24.360> to<11:54:24.416> identify<11:54:25.020> the

and then we're going to identify the

and then we're going to identify the
steps<11:54:25.860> to<11:54:26.040> setting<11:54:26.400> up<11:54:26.520> a<11:54:26.756> lan<11:54:27.060> including

steps to setting up a lan including

steps to setting up a lan including
using<11:54:28.436> a<11:54:28.560> network<11:54:28.740> plan<11:54:29.096> having<11:54:30.000> backups

using a network plan having backups

using a network plan having backups
creating<11:54:31.560> proper<11:54:31.980> documentation<11:54:33.020> auditing

creating proper documentation auditing

creating proper documentation auditing
and<11:54:34.616> security

and security

and security
so<11:54:36.776> first<11:54:36.900> what<11:54:37.200> is<11:54:37.320> a<11:54:37.436> lan<11:54:37.680> well<11:54:37.860> there<11:54:38.096> are

so first what is a lan well there are

so first what is a lan well there are
two<11:54:38.400> types<11:54:38.700> of<11:54:38.820> networks<11:54:39.180> as<11:54:39.300> you<11:54:39.480> recall<11:54:39.840> one

two types of networks as you recall one

two types of networks as you recall one
is<11:54:40.500> a<11:54:40.616> lan<11:54:40.800> and<11:54:40.916> the<11:54:41.040> other<11:54:41.160> is<11:54:41.276> a<11:54:41.400> Wan<11:54:41.700> a<11:54:42.596> land

is a lan and the other is a Wan a land

is a lan and the other is a Wan a land
stands<11:54:43.256> for<11:54:43.380> again<11:54:43.740> a<11:54:44.276> local<11:54:44.520> area<11:54:44.880> network

stands for again a local area network

stands for again a local area network
and<11:54:45.900> the<11:54:46.080> local<11:54:46.200> area<11:54:46.436> network<11:54:46.800> is<11:54:47.460> really<11:54:47.756> any

and the local area network is really any

and the local area network is really any
sort<11:54:48.960> of<11:54:49.140> local<11:54:49.860> or<11:54:50.220> geographically

sort of local or geographically

sort of local or geographically
um

um

um
uh<11:54:53.460> specific<11:54:54.436> Network<11:54:55.436> now<11:54:56.096> Wan<11:54:56.580> stands<11:54:57.000> for<11:54:57.116> a

uh specific Network now Wan stands for a

uh specific Network now Wan stands for a
wide<11:54:57.596> area<11:54:57.720> network<11:54:57.960> and<11:54:58.256> we're<11:54:58.380> going<11:54:58.436> to

wide area network and we're going to

wide area network and we're going to
talk<11:54:58.616> about<11:54:58.740> that<11:54:59.040> in<11:54:59.276> more<11:54:59.460> depth<11:54:59.756> in<11:54:59.880> the

talk about that in more depth in the

talk about that in more depth in the
future<11:55:00.180> so<11:55:00.960> because<11:55:01.140> Lan<11:55:01.560> is<11:55:01.740> restricted<11:55:02.096> to

future so because Lan is restricted to

future so because Lan is restricted to
one<11:55:02.400> geographical<11:55:03.060> location<11:55:03.540> such<11:55:04.200> as<11:55:04.320> a

one geographical location such as a

one geographical location such as a
school<11:55:04.740> or<11:55:05.040> a<11:55:05.160> small<11:55:05.340> office<11:55:05.580> building<11:55:05.880> it's<11:55:06.300> a

school or a small office building it's a

school or a small office building it's a
lot<11:55:06.596> easier<11:55:07.020> to<11:55:07.320> administer<11:55:07.800> and<11:55:08.400> requires<11:55:08.880> a

lot easier to administer and requires a

lot easier to administer and requires a
certain<11:55:09.240> specific<11:55:10.020> set<11:55:10.320> of<11:55:10.500> skills<11:55:10.980> since

certain specific set of skills since

certain specific set of skills since
it's<11:55:12.180> so<11:55:12.540> localized<11:55:13.080> it<11:55:13.200> also<11:55:13.500> has<11:55:13.680> higher

it's so localized it also has higher

it's so localized it also has higher
speed<11:55:14.400> capabilities<11:55:15.000> than<11:55:15.300> a<11:55:15.416> Wan<11:55:15.660> and<11:55:15.840> it's

speed capabilities than a Wan and it's

speed capabilities than a Wan and it's
often<11:55:16.320> a<11:55:16.500> lot<11:55:16.560> less<11:55:16.916> expensive<11:55:17.520> so<11:55:18.240> here's<11:55:18.540> an

often a lot less expensive so here's an

often a lot less expensive so here's an
example<11:55:19.020> of<11:55:19.680> a<11:55:19.980> local<11:55:20.276> area<11:55:20.700> network<11:55:21.560> the

example of a local area network the

example of a local area network the
internet<11:55:22.936> connectivity<11:55:23.936> comes<11:55:24.596> from<11:55:24.900> the

internet connectivity comes from the

internet connectivity comes from the
server

which is going to also go out

which is going to also go out
to<11:55:32.720> the<11:55:33.720> WAN<11:55:34.020> which<11:55:34.380> would<11:55:34.500> generally<11:55:34.916> be

to the WAN which would generally be

to the WAN which would generally be
represented<11:55:35.520> by<11:55:35.880> a<11:55:36.060> cloud<11:55:36.660> the<11:55:37.080> WAN<11:55:37.380> being<11:55:37.616> the

represented by a cloud the WAN being the

represented by a cloud the WAN being the
internet<11:55:38.720> and<11:55:39.720> we<11:55:39.900> can<11:55:40.020> see<11:55:40.200> that<11:55:40.436> there<11:55:40.616> is<11:55:40.800> a

internet and we can see that there is a

internet and we can see that there is a
switch<11:55:41.520> here<11:55:42.000> which<11:55:42.596> connects<11:55:43.200> each<11:55:43.500> one<11:55:43.740> of

switch here which connects each one of

switch here which connects each one of
these<11:55:44.096> PCS

these PCS

these PCS
wirelessly<11:55:46.616> perhaps<11:55:47.096> has<11:55:47.276> a<11:55:47.520> PC<11:55:47.756> connected

wirelessly perhaps has a PC connected

wirelessly perhaps has a PC connected
through<11:55:48.480> it<11:55:48.660> thanks<11:55:49.256> to<11:55:49.616> a<11:55:49.980> wireless<11:55:50.460> access

through it thanks to a wireless access

through it thanks to a wireless access
point<11:55:51.416> perhaps<11:55:51.900> connected<11:55:52.436> to<11:55:52.680> the<11:55:52.860> switch<11:55:53.040> or

point perhaps connected to the switch or

point perhaps connected to the switch or
router<11:55:53.820> by<11:55:54.360> the<11:55:54.480> way<11:55:54.540> here<11:55:54.900> this<11:55:55.436> server<11:55:55.916> is

router by the way here this server is

router by the way here this server is
acting<11:55:56.700> as<11:55:56.880> a<11:55:57.060> router<11:55:57.360> and<11:55:57.720> we<11:55:57.900> might<11:55:58.020> also

acting as a router and we might also

acting as a router and we might also
have<11:55:58.500> the<11:55:58.680> network<11:55:59.040> connected<11:55:59.580> printer<11:55:59.936> very

have the network connected printer very

have the network connected printer very
simple<11:56:00.840> but<11:56:01.616> effective<11:56:02.340> Lan<11:56:02.700> here

simple but effective Lan here

simple but effective Lan here
now<11:56:04.320> at<11:56:04.560> the<11:56:04.740> heart<11:56:04.980> of<11:56:05.340> every<11:56:05.700> network<11:56:06.116> is<11:56:07.020> a

now at the heart of every network is a

now at the heart of every network is a
server<11:56:07.616> the<11:56:08.096> server<11:56:08.460> is<11:56:08.640> really<11:56:08.820> what<11:56:09.116> powers

server the server is really what powers

server the server is really what powers
the<11:56:09.840> internet<11:56:09.960> connection<11:56:10.256> to<11:56:10.740> every<11:56:10.916> device

the internet connection to every device

the internet connection to every device
that's<11:56:11.520> on<11:56:11.700> the<11:56:11.820> network<11:56:11.936> and<11:56:12.360> provides

that's on the network and provides

that's on the network and provides
um

um

um
devices<11:56:16.740> on<11:56:17.276> the<11:56:17.400> network<11:56:17.520> with<11:56:18.000> resources

devices on the network with resources

devices on the network with resources
and<11:56:19.860> other<11:56:20.460> sorts<11:56:21.000> of<11:56:21.116> information<11:56:21.416> now<11:56:22.200> in

and other sorts of information now in

and other sorts of information now in
some<11:56:22.616> cases<11:56:22.860> we're<11:56:23.096> not<11:56:23.220> going<11:56:23.340> to<11:56:23.460> have<11:56:23.580> a

some cases we're not going to have a

some cases we're not going to have a
server<11:56:24.000> network<11:56:24.180> but<11:56:24.480> we're<11:56:24.596> going<11:56:24.720> to<11:56:24.776> assume

server network but we're going to assume

server network but we're going to assume
here<11:56:25.320> that<11:56:25.560> we're<11:56:25.680> talking<11:56:25.860> about<11:56:26.160> very

here that we're talking about very

here that we're talking about very
technical<11:56:27.180> Network<11:56:27.416> okay<11:56:27.840> and<11:56:28.680> the<11:56:28.860> first

technical Network okay and the first

technical Network okay and the first
step<11:56:29.340> to<11:56:29.820> implementing<11:56:30.300> a<11:56:30.416> local<11:56:30.540> area

step to implementing a local area

step to implementing a local area
network<11:56:31.020> is<11:56:31.560> to<11:56:31.860> generally<11:56:32.220> set<11:56:32.640> up<11:56:32.820> the

network is to generally set up the

network is to generally set up the
server<11:56:33.540> or<11:56:34.380> if<11:56:34.740> we<11:56:34.860> don't<11:56:35.040> have<11:56:35.400> a<11:56:35.700> server<11:56:36.000> to

server or if we don't have a server to

server or if we don't have a server to
set<11:56:36.360> up<11:56:36.480> the<11:56:36.776> router

set up the router

set up the router
or<11:56:38.340> the<11:56:38.580> Soho<11:56:39.000> router<11:56:39.840> in<11:56:40.500> a<11:56:40.680> small<11:56:40.860> office

or the Soho router in a small office

or the Soho router in a small office
home<11:56:41.520> office<11:56:41.756> remember<11:56:42.240> the<11:56:42.540> server<11:56:42.776> is

home office remember the server is

home office remember the server is
really<11:56:43.080> going<11:56:43.256> to<11:56:43.380> serve<11:56:43.616> up<11:56:43.740> resources

really going to serve up resources

really going to serve up resources
it's<11:56:46.500> going<11:56:46.740> to<11:56:46.800> serve<11:56:47.096> up<11:56:47.220> a<11:56:48.060> DHCP<11:56:48.720> server<11:56:49.080> so

it's going to serve up a DHCP server so

it's going to serve up a DHCP server so
on<11:56:49.680> and<11:56:49.800> so<11:56:49.916> forth<11:56:50.160> so<11:56:50.340> the<11:56:50.460> word<11:56:50.580> Server

on and so forth so the word Server

on and so forth so the word Server
doesn't<11:56:51.180> necessarily<11:56:51.596> mean<11:56:51.776> a<11:56:52.040> freestanding

doesn't necessarily mean a freestanding

doesn't necessarily mean a freestanding
personal<11:56:53.400> computer<11:56:53.820> or<11:56:54.180> a<11:56:54.480> more<11:56:54.720> powerful

personal computer or a more powerful

personal computer or a more powerful
computer<11:56:55.436> it's<11:56:56.096> really<11:56:56.276> just<11:56:56.460> the<11:56:56.700> device

computer it's really just the device

computer it's really just the device
that's<11:56:57.240> at<11:56:57.480> the<11:56:57.660> center<11:56:57.840> of<11:56:58.380> our<11:56:58.500> Network

that's at the center of our Network

that's at the center of our Network
now<11:57:00.116> usually<11:57:00.596> we're<11:57:00.776> going<11:57:00.900> to<11:57:00.960> do<11:57:01.140> this<11:57:01.320> with

now usually we're going to do this with

now usually we're going to do this with
some<11:57:02.220> sort<11:57:02.460> of<11:57:02.580> professional<11:57:02.936> setup

some sort of professional setup

some sort of professional setup
sometimes<11:57:03.660> we'll<11:57:03.776> have<11:57:03.960> someone<11:57:04.020> else<11:57:04.256> come

sometimes we'll have someone else come

sometimes we'll have someone else come
in<11:57:04.500> and<11:57:04.616> sometimes<11:57:04.860> we're<11:57:04.980> going<11:57:05.040> to<11:57:05.096> do<11:57:05.220> it

in and sometimes we're going to do it

in and sometimes we're going to do it
ourselves

ourselves

ourselves
now<11:57:06.840> the<11:57:07.200> network<11:57:07.460> topography<11:57:08.460> and<11:57:08.640> design<11:57:08.820> is

now the network topography and design is

now the network topography and design is
also<11:57:09.416> pretty<11:57:09.596> important<11:57:09.900> we<11:57:10.140> need<11:57:10.256> to<11:57:10.380> figure

also pretty important we need to figure

also pretty important we need to figure
out<11:57:10.860> how<11:57:11.340> we're<11:57:11.520> going<11:57:11.700> to<11:57:11.880> set<11:57:12.000> up<11:57:12.116> the

out how we're going to set up the

out how we're going to set up the
network<11:57:12.416> we<11:57:12.900> talked<11:57:13.140> about<11:57:13.256> different

network we talked about different

network we talked about different
topographies<11:57:14.220> previously<11:57:14.880> so<11:57:15.660> we<11:57:16.436> probably

topographies previously so we probably

topographies previously so we probably
are<11:57:16.980> going<11:57:17.096> to<11:57:17.220> want<11:57:17.400> some<11:57:17.756> sort<11:57:18.000> of<11:57:18.116> star

are going to want some sort of star

are going to want some sort of star
Network

Network

Network
if<11:57:20.580> you<11:57:20.640> recall<11:57:21.000> what<11:57:21.116> that<11:57:21.300> is<11:57:21.480> we<11:57:22.020> might<11:57:22.200> for

if you recall what that is we might for

if you recall what that is we might for
some<11:57:22.680> reason<11:57:22.916> have<11:57:23.340> a<11:57:23.520> ring<11:57:23.756> if<11:57:24.300> we<11:57:24.540> have<11:57:24.660> a

some reason have a ring if we have a

some reason have a ring if we have a
really<11:57:25.020> intense<11:57:25.500> local<11:57:26.220> area<11:57:26.520> network<11:57:26.820> all

really intense local area network all

really intense local area network all
this<11:57:27.300> is<11:57:27.480> usually<11:57:27.660> going<11:57:27.776> to<11:57:27.900> be<11:57:27.960> used<11:57:28.080> in<11:57:28.256> a

this is usually going to be used in a

this is usually going to be used in a
Wan<11:57:28.616> setting<11:57:28.980> so<11:57:29.400> really<11:57:29.520> what<11:57:29.756> we're<11:57:29.880> going

Wan setting so really what we're going

Wan setting so really what we're going
to<11:57:30.060> see<11:57:30.180> usually<11:57:30.540> is<11:57:30.916> a<11:57:31.916> star

to see usually is a star

to see usually is a star
and<11:57:34.800> as<11:57:34.980> you<11:57:35.096> can<11:57:35.220> see<11:57:35.340> everything<11:57:35.700> is

and as you can see everything is

and as you can see everything is
hardwired<11:57:36.840> and<11:57:37.500> this<11:57:37.800> is<11:57:37.980> a<11:57:38.276> bird's<11:57:38.880> eye<11:57:39.000> view

hardwired and this is a bird's eye view

hardwired and this is a bird's eye view
of<11:57:40.080> how<11:57:40.256> we're<11:57:40.436> going<11:57:40.560> to<11:57:40.680> connect<11:57:40.916> this

of how we're going to connect this

of how we're going to connect this
network

so you can see we see each device

so you can see we see each device
plugged<11:57:47.640> up<11:57:47.756> we<11:57:48.180> see<11:57:48.300> where<11:57:48.480> every<11:57:48.660> device

plugged up we see where every device

plugged up we see where every device
plugs<11:57:49.320> in<11:57:49.436> for<11:57:49.680> instance<11:57:49.860> this<11:57:50.160> printer<11:57:50.400> plugs

plugs in for instance this printer plugs

plugs in for instance this printer plugs
up<11:57:50.880> directly<11:57:51.116> to<11:57:51.240> Mike's<11:57:51.596> PC<11:57:51.900> so<11:57:52.380> if<11:57:52.560> you're

up directly to Mike's PC so if you're

up directly to Mike's PC so if you're
having<11:57:52.860> a<11:57:53.040> trouble<11:57:53.276> problem<11:57:53.640> with<11:57:53.936> the

having a trouble problem with the

having a trouble problem with the
printer<11:57:54.360> we<11:57:54.840> know<11:57:54.960> that<11:57:55.200> actually<11:57:55.380> the<11:57:56.096> PC

printer we know that actually the PC

printer we know that actually the PC
could<11:57:56.700> be<11:57:56.880> the<11:57:57.060> problem<11:57:57.240> not<11:57:57.660> necessarily

could be the problem not necessarily

could be the problem not necessarily
this<11:57:58.616> chord<11:57:58.916> here<11:57:59.220> and<11:57:59.700> so<11:57:59.880> knowing<11:58:00.360> where

this chord here and so knowing where

this chord here and so knowing where
everything<11:58:00.720> is<11:58:01.020> set<11:58:01.256> up<11:58:01.380> and<11:58:01.860> how<11:58:02.040> everything

everything is set up and how everything

everything is set up and how everything
is<11:58:02.520> set<11:58:02.756> up<11:58:02.880> is<11:58:03.180> really<11:58:03.540> important<11:58:04.020> as<11:58:04.500> you<11:58:04.680> go

is set up is really important as you go

is set up is really important as you go
forth<11:58:05.220> and<11:58:05.460> of<11:58:05.640> course<11:58:05.700> important<11:58:06.180> before<11:58:06.360> I

forth and of course important before I

forth and of course important before I
start<11:58:06.840> to<11:58:07.276> create<11:58:08.276> a<11:58:08.640> huge<11:58:09.060> Network<11:58:09.500> by<11:58:10.500> the

start to create a huge Network by the

start to create a huge Network by the
way<11:58:10.740> your<11:58:11.096> network<11:58:11.276> and<11:58:11.520> your<11:58:11.756> plan

way your network and your plan

way your network and your plan
probably<11:58:13.020> a<11:58:13.256> lot<11:58:13.320> more<11:58:13.500> complex<11:58:13.800> than<11:58:14.040> this

probably a lot more complex than this

probably a lot more complex than this
but<11:58:14.756> try<11:58:14.936> drawing<11:58:15.300> out<11:58:15.480> your<11:58:15.840> network<11:58:16.080> at<11:58:16.320> home

but try drawing out your network at home

but try drawing out your network at home
and<11:58:16.740> see<11:58:16.860> if<11:58:16.980> you<11:58:17.040> can<11:58:17.160> do<11:58:17.340> it<11:58:17.460> as<11:58:17.640> well

and see if you can do it as well

and see if you can do it as well
now<11:58:19.756> backups<11:58:20.756> are<11:58:21.240> extremely<11:58:21.660> important<11:58:22.020> when

now backups are extremely important when

now backups are extremely important when
I<11:58:22.380> have<11:58:22.560> especially<11:58:23.040> Enterprise<11:58:23.460> setup<11:58:24.180> the

I have especially Enterprise setup the

I have especially Enterprise setup the
loss<11:58:25.200> of<11:58:25.320> data<11:58:25.740> that<11:58:25.980> can<11:58:26.160> occur<11:58:26.580> could<11:58:27.000> take

loss of data that can occur could take

loss of data that can occur could take
us<11:58:27.360> out<11:58:27.720> of<11:58:27.900> operating<11:58:28.380> and<11:58:28.680> if<11:58:28.860> I'm<11:58:28.980> talking

us out of operating and if I'm talking

us out of operating and if I'm talking
about<11:58:29.580> a<11:58:30.116> network<11:58:30.900> that<11:58:31.680> is<11:58:31.800> running<11:58:31.980> Bank

about a network that is running Bank

about a network that is running Bank
information<11:58:32.700> or<11:58:33.300> health<11:58:33.660> care<11:58:33.900> then<11:58:34.560> I<11:58:34.860> really

information or health care then I really

information or health care then I really
need<11:58:35.276> to<11:58:35.580> potentially<11:58:36.180> stop<11:58:36.720> or<11:58:37.020> avoid<11:58:37.500> this

need to potentially stop or avoid this

need to potentially stop or avoid this
critical<11:58:38.276> loss<11:58:38.640> of<11:58:38.700> data<11:58:39.060> so<11:58:39.300> regular<11:58:39.660> backups

critical loss of data so regular backups

critical loss of data so regular backups
are<11:58:40.256> key<11:58:40.616> now<11:58:41.096> there<11:58:41.220> are<11:58:41.340> a<11:58:41.400> lot<11:58:41.520> of<11:58:41.640> different

are key now there are a lot of different

are key now there are a lot of different
ways<11:58:42.000> to<11:58:42.116> do<11:58:42.300> this<11:58:42.480> and<11:58:42.776> we'll<11:58:42.960> talk<11:58:43.140> about

ways to do this and we'll talk about

ways to do this and we'll talk about
specifically<11:58:44.040> some<11:58:44.756> of<11:58:44.936> the<11:58:45.180> difference

specifically some of the difference

specifically some of the difference
between<11:58:46.080> an<11:58:46.320> incremental<11:58:46.916> backup

and a differential backup

and a differential backup
disgusting<11:58:53.160> a<11:58:53.340> plus<11:58:53.520> as<11:58:53.756> well

disgusting a plus as well

disgusting a plus as well
but<11:58:55.860> there<11:58:56.160> are<11:58:56.276> some<11:58:56.400> other<11:58:56.520> Surefire<11:58:57.060> ways

but there are some other Surefire ways

but there are some other Surefire ways
that<11:58:57.540> we<11:58:57.660> want<11:58:57.776> to<11:58:57.900> do<11:58:57.960> this<11:58:58.140> first<11:58:58.380> all<11:58:59.096> users

that we want to do this first all users

that we want to do this first all users
on<11:58:59.640> the<11:58:59.756> networks<11:59:00.060> need<11:59:00.300> to<11:59:00.416> be<11:59:00.480> regularly

on the networks need to be regularly

on the networks need to be regularly
saving<11:59:01.380> and<11:59:01.500> backing<11:59:01.800> up<11:59:01.916> their<11:59:02.096> own<11:59:02.220> work

saving and backing up their own work

saving and backing up their own work
then<11:59:03.180> we<11:59:03.416> might<11:59:03.660> want<11:59:03.776> to<11:59:03.900> have<11:59:04.020> an<11:59:04.320> outside

then we might want to have an outside

then we might want to have an outside
service<11:59:05.160> also<11:59:05.756> taking<11:59:05.936> care<11:59:06.240> of<11:59:06.360> our<11:59:06.540> backups

service also taking care of our backups

service also taking care of our backups
so<11:59:07.916> I<11:59:08.220> might<11:59:08.400> want<11:59:08.640> to<11:59:08.820> have<11:59:08.936> the<11:59:09.116> backup<11:59:09.480> going

so I might want to have the backup going

so I might want to have the backup going
out

out

out
to<11:59:11.520> a<11:59:11.820> cloud<11:59:12.000> or<11:59:12.300> to<11:59:12.416> a<11:59:12.660> Wan<11:59:12.960> in<11:59:13.740> this<11:59:13.860> case<11:59:14.040> I

to a cloud or to a Wan in this case I

to a cloud or to a Wan in this case I
probably<11:59:14.756> have<11:59:15.060> and<11:59:15.240> this<11:59:15.416> computer<11:59:15.596> is

probably have and this computer is

probably have and this computer is
representing<11:59:16.380> My<11:59:16.616> Lan<11:59:16.980> all<11:59:17.756> of<11:59:17.936> the

representing My Lan all of the

representing My Lan all of the
information<11:59:18.240> going<11:59:18.900> to<11:59:19.200> a<11:59:19.320> central<11:59:19.500> service

information going to a central service

information going to a central service
and<11:59:20.580> then<11:59:20.756> going<11:59:21.060> out<11:59:21.300> if<11:59:21.720> I<11:59:21.960> have<11:59:22.080> a<11:59:22.200> server

and then going out if I have a server

and then going out if I have a server
and<11:59:23.936> all<11:59:24.116> of<11:59:24.240> the<11:59:24.360> devices<11:59:24.660> are<11:59:25.080> hooked<11:59:25.380> up

and all of the devices are hooked up

and all of the devices are hooked up
to<11:59:26.936> the<11:59:27.116> server<11:59:27.480> then<11:59:27.900> they're<11:59:28.080> going<11:59:28.256> to<11:59:28.436> feed

to the server then they're going to feed

to the server then they're going to feed
the<11:59:28.860> server<11:59:29.160> with<11:59:29.460> the<11:59:29.640> information<11:59:29.820> once

the server with the information once

the server with the information once
that<11:59:30.900> information<11:59:31.020> is<11:59:31.380> on<11:59:31.560> the<11:59:31.680> server<11:59:31.980> then<11:59:32.580> I

that information is on the server then I

that information is on the server then I
can<11:59:32.936> make<11:59:33.060> sure<11:59:33.240> that<11:59:33.416> battle<11:59:33.596> goes<11:59:34.080> out<11:59:34.140> to

can make sure that battle goes out to

can make sure that battle goes out to
the<11:59:34.436> cloud<11:59:34.560> the<11:59:35.276> important<11:59:35.520> thing<11:59:35.640> is<11:59:35.880> to

the cloud the important thing is to

the cloud the important thing is to
centralize<11:59:36.720> where<11:59:36.960> your<11:59:37.140> information<11:59:37.320> is

centralize where your information is

centralize where your information is
being<11:59:37.860> saved<11:59:38.276> if<11:59:38.936> I<11:59:39.116> have<11:59:39.360> for<11:59:39.660> instance<11:59:39.900> data

being saved if I have for instance data

being saved if I have for instance data
being<11:59:40.500> saved<11:59:41.096> to

being saved to

being saved to
various<11:59:43.616> computers<11:59:44.160> and<11:59:44.460> those<11:59:44.640> computers

various computers and those computers

various computers and those computers
don't<11:59:45.300> have<11:59:45.596> a<11:59:46.020> central<11:59:46.256> place<11:59:46.616> to<11:59:46.916> store<11:59:47.096> all

don't have a central place to store all

don't have a central place to store all
the<11:59:47.460> data<11:59:47.820> then<11:59:48.300> backing<11:59:48.840> up<11:59:49.020> simply<11:59:49.380> the

the data then backing up simply the

the data then backing up simply the
server<11:59:49.916> is<11:59:50.040> not<11:59:50.160> going<11:59:50.276> to<11:59:50.340> do<11:59:50.460> it<11:59:50.520> a<11:59:50.700> map<11:59:50.820> to<11:59:51.000> go

server is not going to do it a map to go

server is not going to do it a map to go
back<11:59:51.240> up<11:59:51.416> every<11:59:51.900> individual<11:59:52.380> computer<11:59:52.616> and

back up every individual computer and

back up every individual computer and
that<11:59:53.096> really<11:59:53.276> doesn't<11:59:53.460> work<11:59:53.820> so<11:59:54.540> what<11:59:54.776> we

that really doesn't work so what we

that really doesn't work so what we
really<11:59:55.140> want<11:59:55.380> to<11:59:55.560> have<11:59:55.740> is<11:59:56.160> a<11:59:56.520> centralized

really want to have is a centralized

really want to have is a centralized
backup<11:59:57.720> system<11:59:58.020> and<11:59:58.616> sometimes<11:59:58.980> we<11:59:59.160> want<11:59:59.340> to

backup system and sometimes we want to

backup system and sometimes we want to
have<11:59:59.700> redundancy

have redundancy

have redundancy
in<12:00:03.180> this<12:00:03.360> system

in this system

in this system
by<12:00:04.680> not<12:00:04.860> only<12:00:04.980> backing<12:00:05.340> it<12:00:05.460> up<12:00:05.580> locally<12:00:05.936> but

by not only backing it up locally but

by not only backing it up locally but
backing<12:00:06.960> it<12:00:07.140> up<12:00:07.320> out<12:00:07.800> to<12:00:08.096> the<12:00:08.340> WAN<12:00:08.700> or

backing it up out to the WAN or

backing it up out to the WAN or
alternatively<12:00:09.840> having<12:00:10.140> tapes<12:00:10.616> that<12:00:10.800> we're

alternatively having tapes that we're

alternatively having tapes that we're
going<12:00:11.096> to<12:00:11.220> take<12:00:11.400> off<12:00:11.880> site<12:00:12.180> in<12:00:12.540> case<12:00:12.840> God

going to take off site in case God

going to take off site in case God
forbid<12:00:13.740> something<12:00:14.040> happened<12:00:14.400> to<12:00:14.756> my<12:00:14.936> backup

forbid something happened to my backup

forbid something happened to my backup
plan

plan

plan
now<12:00:17.520> it's<12:00:17.640> also<12:00:17.880> important<12:00:18.116> that<12:00:18.300> we<12:00:18.480> document

now it's also important that we document

now it's also important that we document
our<12:00:19.436> Network<12:00:19.560> and<12:00:19.860> once<12:00:20.096> we've<12:00:20.340> documented<12:00:20.820> it

our Network and once we've documented it

our Network and once we've documented it
we<12:00:21.116> need<12:00:21.240> to<12:00:21.360> continually<12:00:21.720> audit<12:00:22.256> where<12:00:22.500> our

we need to continually audit where our

we need to continually audit where our
Network's<12:00:23.040> weaknesses<12:00:23.520> and<12:00:23.700> strengths<12:00:24.116> are

Network's weaknesses and strengths are

Network's weaknesses and strengths are
so<12:00:24.596> I<12:00:24.720> want<12:00:24.776> to<12:00:24.900> keep<12:00:25.020> track<12:00:25.200> of<12:00:25.436> everything

so I want to keep track of everything

so I want to keep track of everything
that's<12:00:26.160> on<12:00:26.400> the<12:00:26.580> network<12:00:26.776> including<12:00:27.776> the

that's on the network including the

that's on the network including the
hardware<12:00:28.916> the<12:00:29.520> software

hardware the software

hardware the software
diagrams<12:00:31.680> that<12:00:31.916> we<12:00:32.096> have<12:00:32.340> numbers<12:00:33.180> serial

diagrams that we have numbers serial

diagrams that we have numbers serial
numbers<12:00:34.380> Etc<12:00:34.560> we<12:00:35.276> also<12:00:35.460> need<12:00:35.580> to<12:00:35.700> audit<12:00:36.060> the

numbers Etc we also need to audit the

numbers Etc we also need to audit the
network<12:00:36.300> for<12:00:36.660> security<12:00:36.900> strengths<12:00:37.616> and

network for security strengths and

network for security strengths and
weaknesses<12:00:38.220> we<12:00:38.640> might<12:00:38.820> do<12:00:39.000> this<12:00:39.060> by<12:00:39.300> using<12:00:39.480> a

weaknesses we might do this by using a

weaknesses we might do this by using a
port<12:00:39.776> scanner

port scanner

port scanner
by<12:00:42.660> having<12:00:42.960> some<12:00:43.256> sort<12:00:43.436> of<12:00:43.560> centralized<12:00:43.980> virus

by having some sort of centralized virus

by having some sort of centralized virus
scan<12:00:44.580> program<12:00:44.880> like<12:00:45.116> we'll<12:00:45.300> see<12:00:45.540> in<12:00:45.720> a<12:00:46.680> minute

scan program like we'll see in a minute

scan program like we'll see in a minute
and<12:00:47.220> maybe<12:00:47.340> even<12:00:47.520> by<12:00:47.756> hiring<12:00:48.116> an<12:00:48.300> outside

and maybe even by hiring an outside

and maybe even by hiring an outside
security<12:00:48.840> firm<12:00:49.380> to<12:00:49.560> try<12:00:49.680> to<12:00:49.860> hack<12:00:50.096> into<12:00:50.276> my

security firm to try to hack into my

security firm to try to hack into my
system<12:00:50.820> so<12:00:51.416> I<12:00:51.596> can<12:00:51.720> see<12:00:51.960> where<12:00:52.256> the<12:00:52.436> weaknesses

system so I can see where the weaknesses

system so I can see where the weaknesses
and<12:00:53.160> strengths<12:00:53.580> are

and strengths are

and strengths are
all<12:00:55.740> this<12:00:55.860> information<12:00:56.040> is<12:00:56.520> going<12:00:56.700> to<12:00:56.820> be<12:00:57.000> key

all this information is going to be key

all this information is going to be key
in<12:00:57.900> recovering

in recovering

in recovering
in<12:01:00.300> case<12:01:00.416> of<12:01:00.660> major<12:01:00.960> data<12:01:01.436> loss

and that's the reason I want to always

and that's the reason I want to always
just<12:01:05.880> keep<12:01:06.180> a<12:01:06.540> nice<12:01:07.080> long<12:01:07.380> paper<12:01:07.800> trail

just keep a nice long paper trail

just keep a nice long paper trail
sometimes<12:01:08.700> you<12:01:08.820> might<12:01:08.936> want<12:01:09.060> to<12:01:09.116> print<12:01:09.240> this

sometimes you might want to print this

sometimes you might want to print this
stuff<12:01:09.540> off<12:01:09.720> too<12:01:09.900> because<12:01:10.200> again<12:01:10.436> the<12:01:10.800> computer

stuff off too because again the computer

stuff off too because again the computer
goes<12:01:11.400> down<12:01:11.460> I<12:01:11.640> can't<12:01:11.820> access<12:01:12.000> anything<12:01:12.416> that's

goes down I can't access anything that's

goes down I can't access anything that's
digital<12:01:13.080> or<12:01:13.500> throw<12:01:13.680> it<12:01:13.860> up<12:01:13.980> in<12:01:14.096> the<12:01:14.220> cloud<12:01:14.340> then

digital or throw it up in the cloud then

digital or throw it up in the cloud then
I<12:01:15.000> don't<12:01:15.116> have<12:01:15.240> to<12:01:15.360> worry<12:01:15.540> about<12:01:15.776> it

I don't have to worry about it

I don't have to worry about it
now<12:01:17.700> when<12:01:17.820> we<12:01:17.936> kept<12:01:18.240> the<12:01:18.300> management<12:01:18.416> and

now when we kept the management and

now when we kept the management and
troubleshooting<12:01:19.256> we<12:01:19.380> always<12:01:19.500> want<12:01:19.680> to<12:01:19.800> make

troubleshooting we always want to make

troubleshooting we always want to make
sure<12:01:19.980> the<12:01:20.160> network<12:01:20.340> is<12:01:20.640> running<12:01:20.900> smoothly<12:01:21.900> and

sure the network is running smoothly and

sure the network is running smoothly and
since<12:01:22.256> you're<12:01:22.436> the<12:01:22.680> administrator<12:01:23.220> you're

since you're the administrator you're

since you're the administrator you're
the<12:01:24.000> person<12:01:24.116> who<12:01:24.360> has<12:01:24.480> to<12:01:24.596> be<12:01:24.720> monitoring<12:01:25.320> and

the person who has to be monitoring and

the person who has to be monitoring and
managing<12:01:26.160> everything<12:01:26.400> that's<12:01:26.640> going<12:01:26.880> on<12:01:27.060> now

managing everything that's going on now

managing everything that's going on now
when<12:01:27.900> there<12:01:28.140> are<12:01:28.256> issues<12:01:28.800> you<12:01:29.340> want<12:01:29.520> to

when there are issues you want to

when there are issues you want to
troubleshoot<12:01:30.240> and<12:01:30.360> solve<12:01:30.660> the<12:01:30.776> issues<12:01:31.020> where

troubleshoot and solve the issues where

troubleshoot and solve the issues where
they<12:01:31.380> arise<12:01:31.740> using<12:01:32.400> the<12:01:32.520> OSI<12:01:32.936> model<12:01:33.300> can<12:01:33.960> be

they arise using the OSI model can be

they arise using the OSI model can be
really<12:01:34.320> helpful<12:01:34.680> in<12:01:34.916> this<12:01:35.096> case<12:01:35.276> because<12:01:35.520> you

really helpful in this case because you

really helpful in this case because you
can<12:01:35.936> determine<12:01:36.416> where<12:01:36.900> the<12:01:37.140> issue<12:01:37.380> is

can determine where the issue is

can determine where the issue is
occurring<12:01:37.916> for<12:01:38.580> instance<12:01:38.756> if<12:01:39.000> I'm<12:01:39.116> having<12:01:39.360> a

occurring for instance if I'm having a

occurring for instance if I'm having a
trouble<12:01:39.776> getting<12:01:40.500> out<12:01:40.740> to<12:01:41.276> a<12:01:42.180> certain<12:01:42.540> website

trouble getting out to a certain website

trouble getting out to a certain website
but<12:01:43.320> everyone<12:01:43.500> seems<12:01:44.040> to<12:01:44.096> be<12:01:44.220> getting<12:01:44.460> out<12:01:44.700> to

but everyone seems to be getting out to

but everyone seems to be getting out to
information<12:01:45.300> then<12:01:46.200> maybe<12:01:46.380> the<12:01:46.616> DNS<12:01:47.040> is<12:01:47.220> the

information then maybe the DNS is the

information then maybe the DNS is the
problem<12:01:47.580> if<12:01:48.240> for<12:01:48.416> instance<12:01:48.660> new<12:01:49.080> devices

problem if for instance new devices

problem if for instance new devices
can't<12:01:50.096> get<12:01:50.276> on<12:01:50.400> the<12:01:50.520> network<12:01:50.640> but<12:01:50.936> if<12:01:51.116> I

can't get on the network but if I

can't get on the network but if I
manually<12:01:51.660> assign<12:01:52.080> them<12:01:52.200> an<12:01:52.380> IP<12:01:52.616> address<12:01:52.800> it

manually assign them an IP address it

manually assign them an IP address it
does<12:01:53.276> work<12:01:53.520> well<12:01:53.936> then<12:01:54.116> probably<12:01:54.300> my<12:01:54.540> DHCP

does work well then probably my DHCP

does work well then probably my DHCP
server<12:01:55.560> is<12:01:55.740> is<12:01:56.220> getting<12:01:57.000> funky<12:01:57.480> again<12:01:58.080> this<12:01:58.380> is

server is is getting funky again this is

server is is getting funky again this is
just<12:01:58.616> an<12:01:58.740> overview<12:01:59.040> we're<12:01:59.340> going<12:01:59.460> to<12:01:59.520> talk

just an overview we're going to talk

just an overview we're going to talk
about<12:01:59.756> all<12:02:00.000> this<12:02:00.180> in<12:02:00.360> more<12:02:00.540> specifics<12:02:01.080> as<12:02:01.200> we

about all this in more specifics as we

about all this in more specifics as we
go<12:02:01.560> forward

go forward

go forward
so<12:02:03.116> I<12:02:03.300> need<12:02:03.416> to<12:02:03.540> take<12:02:03.660> a<12:02:03.776> look<12:02:03.900> at<12:02:04.020> what<12:02:04.200> the

so I need to take a look at what the

so I need to take a look at what the
error<12:02:04.616> is<12:02:04.740> figure<12:02:05.040> out<12:02:05.220> what<12:02:05.400> the<12:02:05.580> problem<12:02:05.700> is

error is figure out what the problem is

error is figure out what the problem is
and<12:02:06.840> get<12:02:07.256> to<12:02:07.500> the<12:02:07.740> root<12:02:08.096> issue<12:02:08.460> especially

and get to the root issue especially

and get to the root issue especially
because<12:02:09.360> what<12:02:09.720> I'm<12:02:09.840> really<12:02:09.960> going<12:02:10.200> for<12:02:10.380> here

because what I'm really going for here

because what I'm really going for here
is<12:02:10.740> what's<12:02:10.916> called<12:02:11.160> five<12:02:11.520> nines<12:02:11.936> which<12:02:12.360> means

is what's called five nines which means

is what's called five nines which means
I<12:02:12.720> want<12:02:12.840> to<12:02:12.960> be<12:02:13.080> up

I want to be up

I want to be up
99.999<12:02:15.240> of<12:02:16.140> the<12:02:16.320> time

99.999 of the time

99.999 of the time
that's<12:02:18.060> like<12:02:18.240> five<12:02:18.540> minutes<12:02:18.776> of<12:02:19.020> downtime<12:02:19.436> per

that's like five minutes of downtime per

that's like five minutes of downtime per
year<12:02:19.980> that<12:02:20.520> five<12:02:20.756> minutes<12:02:21.000> however<12:02:21.480> can<12:02:21.960> be

year that five minutes however can be

year that five minutes however can be
really<12:02:22.616> a<12:02:22.980> big<12:02:23.220> issue<12:02:23.640> this<12:02:24.116> also<12:02:24.416> means<12:02:24.596> I

really a big issue this also means I

really a big issue this also means I
want<12:02:24.840> to<12:02:24.960> be<12:02:25.020> updating<12:02:25.436> with<12:02:25.800> Windows<12:02:26.160> updates

want to be updating with Windows updates

want to be updating with Windows updates
and<12:02:27.116> I<12:02:27.240> want<12:02:27.360> to<12:02:27.480> be<12:02:27.540> providing<12:02:28.020> as<12:02:28.256> much

and I want to be providing as much

and I want to be providing as much
information<12:02:28.740> as<12:02:29.160> possible<12:02:29.720> to<12:02:30.720> my<12:02:31.200> network

information as possible to my network

information as possible to my network
and<12:02:31.616> my<12:02:31.800> network<12:02:31.916> staff<12:02:32.276> and<12:02:32.580> even<12:02:32.700> the

and my network staff and even the

and my network staff and even the
individuals<12:02:34.740> who<12:02:34.916> are<12:02:35.096> using<12:02:35.276> the<12:02:35.400> network<12:02:35.520> as

individuals who are using the network as

individuals who are using the network as
possible

possible

possible
finally<12:02:37.980> when<12:02:38.096> it<12:02:38.276> comes<12:02:38.400> to<12:02:38.580> security<12:02:38.756> and

finally when it comes to security and

finally when it comes to security and
virus<12:02:39.480> protection<12:02:39.840> I<12:02:40.500> want<12:02:40.616> to<12:02:40.740> make<12:02:40.800> sure<12:02:40.980> to

virus protection I want to make sure to

virus protection I want to make sure to
audit<12:02:41.460> and<12:02:41.640> protect<12:02:42.060> prevent<12:02:42.660> the<12:02:42.840> attacks

audit and protect prevent the attacks

audit and protect prevent the attacks
before<12:02:43.320> they<12:02:43.616> can<12:02:43.740> happen<12:02:43.916> so<12:02:44.520> I'm<12:02:44.700> going<12:02:44.820> to

before they can happen so I'm going to

before they can happen so I'm going to
audit<12:02:45.180> it<12:02:45.416> and<12:02:45.840> once<12:02:46.020> I<12:02:46.140> audit<12:02:46.436> I<12:02:46.680> can<12:02:46.860> see<12:02:47.040> what

audit it and once I audit I can see what

audit it and once I audit I can see what
sort<12:02:47.460> of<12:02:47.580> the<12:02:47.700> issues<12:02:48.000> are<12:02:48.180> if<12:02:48.660> I<12:02:48.776> notice<12:02:49.020> that

sort of the issues are if I notice that

sort of the issues are if I notice that
there's<12:02:49.320> no<12:02:49.560> Virus<12:02:49.980> Protection<12:02:50.340> Program<12:02:50.640> then

there's no Virus Protection Program then

there's no Virus Protection Program then
I'm<12:02:51.116> going<12:02:51.240> to<12:02:51.360> want<12:02:51.480> to<12:02:51.540> use<12:02:51.660> some<12:02:51.900> antivirus

I'm going to want to use some antivirus

I'm going to want to use some antivirus
software<12:02:52.980> if<12:02:53.700> I<12:02:53.820> notice<12:02:54.180> that<12:02:55.040> there<12:02:56.040> are<12:02:56.160> open

software if I notice that there are open

software if I notice that there are open
ports<12:02:56.936> getting<12:02:57.540> out<12:02:57.776> to<12:02:57.960> the<12:02:58.140> server<12:02:58.436> through

ports getting out to the server through

ports getting out to the server through
the<12:02:59.276> firewall<12:02:59.700> then<12:03:00.060> I'm<12:03:00.240> going<12:03:00.300> to<12:03:00.416> want<12:03:00.480> to

the firewall then I'm going to want to

the firewall then I'm going to want to
use<12:03:00.660> that<12:03:00.840> if<12:03:00.960> I<12:03:01.080> notice<12:03:01.320> there<12:03:01.436> isn't<12:03:01.680> a

use that if I notice there isn't a

use that if I notice there isn't a
firewall<12:03:02.220> I'm<12:03:02.640> going<12:03:02.756> to<12:03:02.880> want<12:03:02.936> to<12:03:03.060> have<12:03:03.180> to

firewall I'm going to want to have to

firewall I'm going to want to have to
put<12:03:03.540> a<12:03:03.660> firewall<12:03:04.080> up<12:03:04.320> so<12:03:04.860> basically<12:03:05.220> all<12:03:05.580> the

put a firewall up so basically all the

put a firewall up so basically all the
things<12:03:05.936> I<12:03:06.240> can<12:03:06.360> do<12:03:06.540> there's<12:03:06.720> no<12:03:07.020> one<12:03:07.256> size<12:03:07.616> fits

things I can do there's no one size fits

things I can do there's no one size fits
all<12:03:08.096> practice<12:03:08.400> what<12:03:08.700> you<12:03:08.880> really<12:03:09.000> have<12:03:09.116> to<12:03:09.240> do

all practice what you really have to do

all practice what you really have to do
is<12:03:09.480> use<12:03:09.720> the<12:03:09.960> skills<12:03:10.256> that<12:03:10.380> you<12:03:10.560> have<12:03:10.740> in<12:03:11.276> order

is use the skills that you have in order

is use the skills that you have in order
to<12:03:11.820> audit<12:03:12.660> the<12:03:12.840> system<12:03:13.020> and<12:03:13.560> then<12:03:13.680> prevent<12:03:14.096> the

to audit the system and then prevent the

to audit the system and then prevent the
attacks<12:03:14.640> before<12:03:14.756> they<12:03:15.060> happen<12:03:15.240> using<12:03:15.960> a

attacks before they happen using a

attacks before they happen using a
number<12:03:16.200> of<12:03:16.320> different<12:03:16.560> tools<12:03:17.040> might<12:03:17.520> even<12:03:17.640> use

number of different tools might even use

number of different tools might even use
something<12:03:18.060> called<12:03:18.300> an<12:03:18.540> IPS<12:03:18.840> or<12:03:19.140> IDs<12:03:19.680> which

something called an IPS or IDs which

something called an IPS or IDs which
would<12:03:20.580> be<12:03:20.776> uh

would be uh

would be uh
intrusion<12:03:23.520> protection<12:03:24.000> or<12:03:24.240> intrusion

intrusion protection or intrusion

intrusion protection or intrusion
detection<12:03:25.320> service<12:03:26.220> or<12:03:27.180> scanner

detection service or scanner

detection service or scanner
all<12:03:29.040> right<12:03:29.220> so<12:03:29.340> just<12:03:29.580> to<12:03:29.700> go<12:03:29.880> back<12:03:30.000> over<12:03:30.240> this

all right so just to go back over this

all right so just to go back over this
it<12:03:30.660> was<12:03:30.840> a<12:03:30.960> very<12:03:31.080> broad<12:03:31.320> overview<12:03:31.800> of<12:03:32.276> what<12:03:32.400> a

it was a very broad overview of what a

it was a very broad overview of what a
local<12:03:32.700> area<12:03:32.880> network<12:03:33.116> is<12:03:33.416> and<12:03:33.776> some<12:03:33.900> of<12:03:34.080> the

local area network is and some of the

local area network is and some of the
things<12:03:34.256> that<12:03:34.500> we<12:03:34.616> need<12:03:34.740> to<12:03:34.860> do<12:03:34.980> in<12:03:35.160> setting<12:03:35.460> up

things that we need to do in setting up

things that we need to do in setting up
maintaining<12:03:36.060> a<12:03:36.180> land<12:03:36.360> including<12:03:37.080> creating

maintaining a land including creating

maintaining a land including creating
and<12:03:37.680> having<12:03:37.980> a<12:03:38.220> network<12:03:38.340> plan<12:03:38.720> performing

and having a network plan performing

and having a network plan performing
regular<12:03:40.080> backups<12:03:40.680> providing<12:03:41.460> documentation

regular backups providing documentation

regular backups providing documentation
keeping<12:03:42.776> holding<12:03:43.140> on<12:03:43.200> to<12:03:43.380> that<12:03:43.500> documentation

keeping holding on to that documentation

keeping holding on to that documentation
auditing<12:03:45.060> our<12:03:45.180> Network<12:03:45.416> to<12:03:45.840> identify

auditing our Network to identify

auditing our Network to identify
weaknesses<12:03:47.160> which<12:03:47.520> is<12:03:47.700> the<12:03:47.820> main<12:03:47.936> reason<12:03:48.116> for

weaknesses which is the main reason for

weaknesses which is the main reason for
an<12:03:48.540> audit<12:03:48.840> we<12:03:49.436> also<12:03:49.680> might<12:03:49.800> want<12:03:50.040> to<12:03:50.276> use<12:03:50.460> the

an audit we also might want to use the

an audit we also might want to use the
audit<12:03:51.060> to

audit to

audit to
identify<12:03:52.800> bottlenecks<12:03:53.756> or<12:03:54.560> slow<12:03:55.560> issues<12:03:56.040> that

identify bottlenecks or slow issues that

identify bottlenecks or slow issues that
are<12:03:56.276> going<12:03:56.400> to<12:03:56.460> cause<12:03:56.640> speed<12:03:57.060> issues

so on and then of course having proper

so on and then of course having proper
security<12:04:03.180> such<12:04:03.660> as<12:04:03.840> virus<12:04:04.500> scan<12:04:04.680> programs

security such as virus scan programs

security such as virus scan programs
intrusion<12:04:05.936> detection<12:04:06.300> prevention<12:04:06.900> systems

intrusion detection prevention systems

intrusion detection prevention systems
firewalls<12:04:08.400> and<12:04:08.520> so<12:04:08.700> on<12:04:08.820> we're<12:04:09.416> going<12:04:09.540> to<12:04:09.660> talk

firewalls and so on we're going to talk

firewalls and so on we're going to talk
all<12:04:09.960> about<12:04:10.200> this<12:04:10.500> and<12:04:10.860> more<12:04:11.040> in<12:04:11.340> the<12:04:11.520> coming

all about this and more in the coming

all about this and more in the coming
lessons<12:04:12.116> but<12:04:12.480> this<12:04:12.660> was<12:04:12.776> just<12:04:12.900> a<12:04:13.020> broad

lessons but this was just a broad

lessons but this was just a broad
overview<12:04:13.560> to<12:04:13.980> get<12:04:14.096> a<12:04:14.220> sort<12:04:14.460> of<12:04:14.580> set<12:04:14.756> up

[Music]

[Music]
thank<12:04:29.340> you

local area networks switching

local area networks switching
so<12:04:46.256> in<12:04:46.500> the<12:04:46.560> last<12:04:46.680> module<12:04:47.096> we<12:04:47.400> talked<12:04:47.580> about

so in the last module we talked about

so in the last module we talked about
local<12:04:48.060> area<12:04:48.300> networks<12:04:48.840> in<12:04:49.020> general<12:04:49.200> what<12:04:49.800> they

local area networks in general what they

local area networks in general what they
do<12:04:50.096> how<12:04:50.400> we<12:04:50.520> set<12:04:50.700> them<12:04:50.880> up<12:04:51.060> how<12:04:51.540> we<12:04:51.660> administer

do how we set them up how we administer

do how we set them up how we administer
them<12:04:52.320> but<12:04:53.276> in<12:04:53.640> order<12:04:53.820> to<12:04:54.000> have<12:04:54.180> a<12:04:54.480> functioning

them but in order to have a functioning

them but in order to have a functioning
local<12:04:55.616> area<12:04:55.980> network<12:04:56.460> one<12:04:57.240> of<12:04:57.360> the<12:04:57.416> most

local area network one of the most

local area network one of the most
important<12:04:58.560> developments<12:04:59.520> that<12:04:59.700> we<12:04:59.880> had<12:05:00.000> was

important developments that we had was

important developments that we had was
called<12:05:00.660> switching<12:05:01.200> if<12:05:01.860> you<12:05:01.980> recall<12:05:02.340> earlier

called switching if you recall earlier

called switching if you recall earlier
on<12:05:02.936> we<12:05:03.360> talked<12:05:03.540> about<12:05:03.660> the<12:05:03.840> OSI<12:05:04.256> model<12:05:04.500> and<12:05:05.160> if

on we talked about the OSI model and if

on we talked about the OSI model and if
you<12:05:05.520> recall<12:05:05.880> the<12:05:06.416> OSI<12:05:06.840> model<12:05:07.020> went<12:05:07.256> from<12:05:07.436> level

you recall the OSI model went from level

you recall the OSI model went from level
one<12:05:08.340> all<12:05:09.116> the<12:05:09.240> way<12:05:09.240> up<12:05:09.416> to<12:05:09.596> level<12:05:09.776> seven

one all the way up to level seven

one all the way up to level seven
now<12:05:13.080> level<12:05:13.320> one<12:05:13.560> was<12:05:13.800> the<12:05:13.980> physical<12:05:14.160> layer<12:05:15.116> and

now level one was the physical layer and

now level one was the physical layer and
on<12:05:15.720> there<12:05:15.900> we<12:05:16.560> talked<12:05:16.916> briefly<12:05:17.400> about<12:05:17.640> a

on there we talked briefly about a

on there we talked briefly about a
device<12:05:18.116> called<12:05:18.776> a<12:05:18.960> hub

device called a hub

device called a hub
now<12:05:20.936> the<12:05:21.240> problem<12:05:21.360> with<12:05:21.596> the<12:05:21.840> Hub<12:05:21.960> was

now the problem with the Hub was

now the problem with the Hub was
whenever<12:05:22.916> data

whenever data

whenever data
went<12:05:25.140> from<12:05:25.436> one<12:05:25.680> computer<12:05:26.116> into<12:05:27.116> the<12:05:27.416> Hub

went from one computer into the Hub

went from one computer into the Hub
The<12:05:28.800> Hub<12:05:28.860> spouted<12:05:29.460> all<12:05:29.640> of<12:05:29.820> that<12:05:30.000> data<12:05:30.360> out

The Hub spouted all of that data out

The Hub spouted all of that data out
to<12:05:32.340> all<12:05:32.520> the<12:05:32.640> other<12:05:32.756> computers<12:05:33.240> on<12:05:33.416> the

to all the other computers on the

to all the other computers on the
network<12:05:33.720> this<12:05:34.616> created<12:05:34.980> a<12:05:35.160> lot<12:05:35.276> of<12:05:35.460> broadcast

network this created a lot of broadcast

network this created a lot of broadcast
traffic<12:05:36.416> because<12:05:37.320> the<12:05:38.220> Hub<12:05:38.820> itself<12:05:39.300> worked<12:05:40.080> on

traffic because the Hub itself worked on

traffic because the Hub itself worked on
the<12:05:40.560> physical<12:05:40.860> layer<12:05:41.400> all<12:05:42.116> it<12:05:42.240> did<12:05:42.416> was<12:05:42.720> repeat

the physical layer all it did was repeat

the physical layer all it did was repeat
all<12:05:43.680> of<12:05:43.800> the<12:05:43.916> bits<12:05:44.220> that<12:05:44.460> went<12:05:44.580> into<12:05:44.756> it<12:05:45.060> out<12:05:45.480> to

all of the bits that went into it out to

all of the bits that went into it out to
all<12:05:45.960> the<12:05:46.080> other<12:05:46.256> devices

all the other devices

all the other devices
but<12:05:47.820> now<12:05:48.116> we<12:05:48.660> have<12:05:48.840> something<12:05:49.200> and<12:05:49.500> we've<12:05:49.680> had

but now we have something and we've had

but now we have something and we've had
for<12:05:50.096> quite<12:05:50.340> a<12:05:50.460> while<12:05:50.580> a<12:05:51.300> thing<12:05:51.416> called<12:05:51.660> a

for quite a while a thing called a

for quite a while a thing called a
switch<12:05:52.200> and<12:05:52.916> this<12:05:53.040> allows<12:05:53.276> for<12:05:53.460> switching

switch and this allows for switching

switch and this allows for switching
which<12:05:54.116> operates<12:05:54.660> mostly<12:05:55.436> on<12:05:56.220> level<12:05:56.520> two

which operates mostly on level two

which operates mostly on level two
of<12:05:58.436> the<12:05:58.560> OSI<12:05:58.980> model<12:05:59.220> which<12:05:59.700> if<12:05:59.880> you<12:06:00.000> recall<12:06:00.360> is

of the OSI model which if you recall is

of the OSI model which if you recall is
the

the

the
data<12:06:02.400> link<12:06:02.460> layer

data link layer

data link layer
switching<12:06:04.740> allows<12:06:05.160> us<12:06:05.340> to<12:06:05.640> have<12:06:05.756> a<12:06:06.060> fully

switching allows us to have a fully

switching allows us to have a fully
functioning<12:06:06.840> local<12:06:07.200> area<12:06:07.500> network<12:06:07.916> because

functioning local area network because

functioning local area network because
it<12:06:09.596> allows<12:06:09.900> devices<12:06:10.256> to<12:06:10.740> talk

using the MAC address or the physical

using the MAC address or the physical
address<12:06:16.200> of<12:06:17.040> the<12:06:17.220> computer

address of the computer

address of the computer
so<12:06:19.020> in<12:06:19.320> this<12:06:19.500> module<12:06:19.860> we're<12:06:20.340> going<12:06:20.460> to<12:06:20.640> talk

so in this module we're going to talk

so in this module we're going to talk
more<12:06:21.300> in<12:06:21.480> depth<12:06:21.776> about<12:06:22.256> what<12:06:22.616> a<12:06:22.740> switch<12:06:22.916> is

more in depth about what a switch is

more in depth about what a switch is
how<12:06:24.900> a<12:06:25.080> switch<12:06:25.256> operates<12:06:25.740> which<12:06:26.040> I<12:06:26.220> just

how a switch operates which I just

how a switch operates which I just
touched<12:06:26.700> upon<12:06:26.936> a<12:06:27.116> bit<12:06:27.240> and<12:06:28.080> then<12:06:28.256> I'm<12:06:28.436> going<12:06:28.616> to

touched upon a bit and then I'm going to

touched upon a bit and then I'm going to
talk<12:06:28.860> about<12:06:29.040> a<12:06:29.880> couple<12:06:30.180> Advanced<12:06:30.960> switches

talk about a couple Advanced switches

talk about a couple Advanced switches
you<12:06:31.560> need<12:06:31.740> to<12:06:31.860> know<12:06:31.980> about<12:06:32.160> for<12:06:32.580> the<12:06:32.756> network

you need to know about for the network

you need to know about for the network
plus<12:06:33.180> exam<12:06:33.680> these<12:06:34.680> are<12:06:34.740> the<12:06:35.096> multi-layer

plus exam these are the multi-layer

plus exam these are the multi-layer
switch<12:06:35.880> also<12:06:36.480> called<12:06:36.720> a<12:06:37.080> layer<12:06:37.980> 3<12:06:38.220> switch<12:06:39.140> or<12:06:40.140> a

switch also called a layer 3 switch or a

switch also called a layer 3 switch or a
Smart<12:06:41.820> Switch

Smart Switch

Smart Switch
and<12:06:44.160> then<12:06:44.340> we're<12:06:44.460> going<12:06:44.580> to<12:06:44.640> talk<12:06:44.820> about<12:06:45.000> a

and then we're going to talk about a

and then we're going to talk about a
Content<12:06:45.840> switch<12:06:46.200> which<12:06:47.040> as<12:06:47.400> the<12:06:47.580> name<12:06:47.700> implies

Content switch which as the name implies

Content switch which as the name implies
deals<12:06:48.720> with<12:06:48.900> the<12:06:49.140> content<12:06:49.500> in<12:06:49.916> the<12:06:50.040> packet<12:06:50.400> not

deals with the content in the packet not

deals with the content in the packet not
just<12:06:51.180> relaying<12:06:51.900> the<12:06:51.960> packet<12:06:52.320> of<12:06:52.380> data<12:06:52.740> itself

so a switch is an extremely important

so a switch is an extremely important
part<12:06:58.860> of<12:06:59.096> a<12:06:59.220> functioning<12:06:59.700> Network<12:07:00.300> so<12:07:00.960> let's

part of a functioning Network so let's

part of a functioning Network so let's
look<12:07:01.320> for<12:07:01.500> a<12:07:01.616> minute<12:07:01.800> about<12:07:02.220> a<12:07:02.640> light<12:07:02.880> switch<12:07:03.116> a

look for a minute about a light switch a

look for a minute about a light switch a
light<12:07:03.900> switch<12:07:04.140> essentially<12:07:04.616> has<12:07:04.916> two<12:07:05.096> pieces

light switch essentially has two pieces

light switch essentially has two pieces
of<12:07:05.580> wire<12:07:05.960> attached<12:07:06.960> to<12:07:07.140> it<12:07:07.800> if<12:07:08.040> we<12:07:08.160> look<12:07:08.340> at

of wire attached to it if we look at

of wire attached to it if we look at
like<12:07:08.640> so

I'll put the little switch right there

I'll put the little switch right there
and<12:07:13.916> when<12:07:14.160> the<12:07:14.340> switch<12:07:14.580> is<12:07:15.116> flipped<12:07:15.540> in<12:07:15.900> One

and when the switch is flipped in One

and when the switch is flipped in One
Direction<12:07:16.320> the<12:07:17.220> circuit<12:07:17.640> is<12:07:18.180> completed<12:07:19.140> when

Direction the circuit is completed when

Direction the circuit is completed when
it's<12:07:19.740> flipped<12:07:20.096> the<12:07:20.580> other<12:07:20.700> way<12:07:21.256> then<12:07:22.256> the

it's flipped the other way then the

it's flipped the other way then the
circuit<12:07:22.800> is<12:07:22.980> sort<12:07:23.160> of<12:07:23.220> broken<12:07:23.460> and<12:07:23.936> so<12:07:24.116> the

circuit is sort of broken and so the

circuit is sort of broken and so the
light<12:07:24.480> turns<12:07:25.256> off

light turns off

light turns off
in<12:07:26.820> a<12:07:27.000> way<12:07:27.116> an<12:07:27.416> ethernet<12:07:27.720> switch<12:07:28.140> follows<12:07:28.800> the

in a way an ethernet switch follows the

in a way an ethernet switch follows the
same<12:07:29.160> principle<12:07:29.640> except<12:07:30.360> it's<12:07:30.540> not<12:07:30.776> only

same principle except it's not only

same principle except it's not only
attached<12:07:31.436> to<12:07:31.916> one<12:07:32.340> single<12:07:32.700> wire<12:07:32.936> and<12:07:33.240> cable

attached to one single wire and cable

attached to one single wire and cable
but<12:07:34.020> to<12:07:34.320> many<12:07:34.500> some<12:07:35.400> switches<12:07:35.820> can<12:07:36.000> even<12:07:36.116> have

but to many some switches can even have

but to many some switches can even have
upwards<12:07:36.840> of<12:07:37.160> 200<12:07:38.160> cables<12:07:38.700> attached<12:07:39.116> to<12:07:39.180> them

upwards of 200 cables attached to them

upwards of 200 cables attached to them
now<12:07:40.140> these<12:07:40.436> ethernet<12:07:40.860> switches<12:07:41.340> are<12:07:41.700> used<12:07:41.880> to

now these ethernet switches are used to

now these ethernet switches are used to
connect<12:07:42.300> many<12:07:42.960> if<12:07:43.560> not<12:07:43.740> all<12:07:44.096> of<12:07:44.220> the<12:07:44.340> devices

connect many if not all of the devices

connect many if not all of the devices
on<12:07:45.060> network<12:07:45.240> and<12:07:46.020> it<12:07:46.200> establishes<12:07:46.860> a<12:07:47.700> flow<12:07:48.300> of

on network and it establishes a flow of

on network and it establishes a flow of
data<12:07:49.616> between<12:07:50.096> them

data between them

data between them
this<12:07:51.840> switch<12:07:52.020> like<12:07:52.436> a<12:07:52.800> light<12:07:52.980> switch<12:07:53.220> makes<12:07:54.116> a

this switch like a light switch makes a

this switch like a light switch makes a
connection<12:07:54.480> between<12:07:55.020> two<12:07:55.436> different<12:07:55.616> cables

connection between two different cables

connection between two different cables
and<12:07:56.756> allows<12:07:57.180> the<12:07:57.596> data<12:07:57.900> to<12:07:58.020> flow<12:07:58.256> specifically

and allows the data to flow specifically

and allows the data to flow specifically
between<12:07:59.096> those<12:07:59.400> two<12:07:59.640> devices

between those two devices

between those two devices
now<12:08:01.380> Lan<12:08:02.096> switches<12:08:02.640> are<12:08:03.116> used<12:08:03.300> to<12:08:03.540> send<12:08:03.720> data

now Lan switches are used to send data

now Lan switches are used to send data
from<12:08:04.380> a<12:08:04.560> single<12:08:04.800> device<12:08:05.116> to<12:08:06.116> another

from a single device to another

from a single device to another
sometimes<12:08:07.860> uh<12:08:08.400> the<12:08:08.640> and<12:08:08.936> sometimes<12:08:09.360> even

sometimes uh the and sometimes even

sometimes uh the and sometimes even
multiple<12:08:10.140> devices<12:08:10.560> there<12:08:11.520> are<12:08:11.640> devices<12:08:12.000> as<12:08:12.240> I

multiple devices there are devices as I

multiple devices there are devices as I
said<12:08:12.480> called<12:08:12.776> hubs<12:08:13.200> but<12:08:13.436> these<12:08:13.680> do<12:08:13.860> something

said called hubs but these do something

said called hubs but these do something
different

different

different
so<12:08:15.720> what<12:08:16.256> the<12:08:16.380> switch<12:08:16.560> really<12:08:16.916> does<12:08:17.220> here<12:08:17.460> is

so what the switch really does here is

so what the switch really does here is
it<12:08:18.116> allows<12:08:18.416> data<12:08:18.776> sent<12:08:18.960> from<12:08:19.256> one<12:08:19.560> device<12:08:19.800> to

it allows data sent from one device to

it allows data sent from one device to
go<12:08:20.756> specifically

go specifically

go specifically
to<12:08:22.740> the<12:08:22.860> other<12:08:22.980> device<12:08:23.220> that<12:08:23.520> it's<12:08:23.640> meant<12:08:23.936> for

to the other device that it's meant for

to the other device that it's meant for
and<12:08:24.480> it<12:08:24.660> does<12:08:24.840> this

and it does this

and it does this
because<12:08:26.276> it<12:08:26.820> knows<12:08:27.240> the<12:08:27.660> MAC<12:08:27.776> address

because it knows the MAC address

because it knows the MAC address
that<12:08:29.756> it<12:08:29.880> wants<12:08:30.180> to<12:08:30.240> send<12:08:30.480> to<12:08:31.140> now<12:08:31.680> it<12:08:31.916> doesn't

that it wants to send to now it doesn't

that it wants to send to now it doesn't
necessarily<12:08:32.756> know<12:08:33.200> where<12:08:34.200> that<12:08:34.500> Mac<12:08:34.680> address

necessarily know where that Mac address

necessarily know where that Mac address
is<12:08:35.276> on<12:08:35.460> the<12:08:35.580> network<12:08:35.700> all<12:08:36.660> it<12:08:36.840> knows<12:08:37.200> and<12:08:37.436> it

is on the network all it knows and it

is on the network all it knows and it
puts<12:08:37.800> this<12:08:37.916> into<12:08:38.096> the<12:08:38.276> packet<12:08:38.580> remember<12:08:38.756> we

puts this into the packet remember we

puts this into the packet remember we
talked<12:08:39.360> about<12:08:39.416> that<12:08:39.660> it<12:08:39.840> puts<12:08:40.080> it<12:08:40.140> into<12:08:40.256> the

talked about that it puts it into the

talked about that it puts it into the
header<12:08:40.740> of<12:08:40.860> the<12:08:40.980> packet

header of the packet

header of the packet
the<12:08:43.020> address<12:08:43.256> which<12:08:43.680> would<12:08:43.860> be<12:08:44.040> sort<12:08:44.276> of<12:08:44.400> like

the address which would be sort of like

the address which would be sort of like
the<12:08:44.880> phone<12:08:45.060> number<12:08:45.300> or<12:08:46.020> the<12:08:46.320> social<12:08:46.436> security

the phone number or the social security

the phone number or the social security
number<12:08:47.360> of<12:08:48.360> the<12:08:48.720> computer<12:08:48.900> that<12:08:49.680> wants<12:08:49.980> to

number of the computer that wants to

number of the computer that wants to
receive<12:08:50.276> the<12:08:50.460> data<12:08:50.756> the<12:08:51.300> switch<12:08:51.480> then<12:08:51.840> has<12:08:52.560> a

receive the data the switch then has a

receive the data the switch then has a
table<12:08:53.180> that<12:08:54.180> says<12:08:54.540> in<12:08:55.020> each<12:08:55.256> port

table that says in each port

table that says in each port
so<12:08:56.880> if<12:08:57.000> we<12:08:57.180> had<12:08:57.300> Port<12:08:57.596> 1<12:08:57.960> 2<12:08:59.116> 3<12:09:00.116> 4<12:09:00.776> and<12:09:01.080> 5<12:09:01.380> it<12:09:02.220> would

so if we had Port 1 2 3 4 and 5 it would

so if we had Port 1 2 3 4 and 5 it would
say

say

say
the<12:09:04.140> MAC<12:09:04.256> address<12:09:04.500> connected<12:09:05.460> to<12:09:05.700> each<12:09:05.936> port

the MAC address connected to each port

the MAC address connected to each port
and<12:09:07.140> so<12:09:07.380> when<12:09:07.916> Port<12:09:08.160> 1<12:09:08.460> sends<12:09:09.000> data<12:09:09.300> meant<12:09:09.960> for

and so when Port 1 sends data meant for

and so when Port 1 sends data meant for
a<12:09:10.380> MAC<12:09:10.500> address

a MAC address

a MAC address
it<12:09:12.180> knows<12:09:12.540> oh<12:09:12.776> I'm<12:09:13.140> going<12:09:13.320> to<12:09:13.320> send<12:09:13.500> that<12:09:13.616> to

it knows oh I'm going to send that to

it knows oh I'm going to send that to
Port<12:09:13.916> 5.

Port 5.

Port 5.
now<12:09:15.540> it<12:09:15.720> could<12:09:15.900> also<12:09:16.080> do<12:09:16.256> this<12:09:16.436> for<12:09:16.680> multiple

now it could also do this for multiple

now it could also do this for multiple
for<12:09:17.400> instance<12:09:17.700> I'm<12:09:18.116> going<12:09:18.300> to<12:09:18.360> send<12:09:18.480> it<12:09:18.596> to

for instance I'm going to send it to

for instance I'm going to send it to
Port<12:09:18.840> 2<12:09:19.140> and<12:09:19.560> port<12:09:19.800> 5.

Port 2 and port 5.

Port 2 and port 5.
the<12:09:21.180> key<12:09:21.360> difference<12:09:21.596> here<12:09:22.020> as<12:09:22.256> I<12:09:22.500> pointed<12:09:22.800> out

the key difference here as I pointed out

the key difference here as I pointed out
in<12:09:23.276> the<12:09:23.400> very<12:09:23.580> first<12:09:23.820> slide<12:09:24.180> was<12:09:24.840> rather<12:09:25.320> than

in the very first slide was rather than

in the very first slide was rather than
a<12:09:25.740> hub

a hub

a hub
which<12:09:27.360> broadcasts<12:09:28.256> out

to all devices

to all devices
the<12:09:33.900> switch<12:09:34.160> creates<12:09:35.160> a<12:09:35.520> single<12:09:35.756> switch

between two specific devices and closes

between two specific devices and closes
a<12:09:41.276> connection

a connection

a connection
what<12:09:42.776> this<12:09:42.960> does<12:09:43.200> in<12:09:43.500> effect<12:09:43.680> therefore<12:09:44.340> is

what this does in effect therefore is

what this does in effect therefore is
reduce<12:09:45.416> broadcast<12:09:45.960> traffic<12:09:46.500> and<12:09:46.980> allow<12:09:47.276> the

reduce broadcast traffic and allow the

reduce broadcast traffic and allow the
network<12:09:47.640> to<12:09:48.116> run<12:09:48.360> much<12:09:49.020> more<12:09:49.256> efficiently

network to run much more efficiently

network to run much more efficiently
than<12:09:50.276> a<12:09:50.460> hub<12:09:50.640> allowed

than a hub allowed

than a hub allowed
now<12:09:52.800> there<12:09:53.160> was<12:09:53.276> a<12:09:53.460> time<12:09:53.700> when<12:09:54.116> networking

now there was a time when networking

now there was a time when networking
devices<12:09:55.200> only<12:09:55.680> served<12:09:56.160> one<12:09:56.460> purpose<12:09:56.820> and

devices only served one purpose and

devices only served one purpose and
their<12:09:57.596> functions<12:09:58.020> were<12:09:58.256> specific<12:09:58.616> to<12:09:58.860> that

their functions were specific to that

their functions were specific to that
type<12:09:59.276> of<12:09:59.400> device<12:09:59.640> but<12:10:00.360> over<12:10:00.480> years<12:10:00.720> things

type of device but over years things

type of device but over years things
have<12:10:01.320> evolved<12:10:01.740> so<12:10:02.040> now<12:10:02.160> devices<12:10:02.400> can<12:10:02.880> do

have evolved so now devices can do

have evolved so now devices can do
multiple<12:10:03.660> things<12:10:03.960> now<12:10:04.740> we<12:10:05.276> see<12:10:05.700> this

multiple things now we see this

multiple things now we see this
multi-layer<12:10:07.200> switch<12:10:07.380> or<12:10:07.680> what<12:10:07.916> you<12:10:08.040> might

multi-layer switch or what you might

multi-layer switch or what you might
also<12:10:08.460> see<12:10:08.640> as<12:10:08.820> a<12:10:09.060> layer<12:10:09.360> three<12:10:10.080> switch<12:10:10.436> or<12:10:10.980> a

also see as a layer three switch or a

also see as a layer three switch or a
Smart<12:10:11.700> Switch

Smart Switch

Smart Switch
what<12:10:13.380> it<12:10:13.500> does<12:10:13.616> is<12:10:13.800> it<12:10:14.040> is<12:10:14.220> not<12:10:14.400> only<12:10:14.580> a<12:10:14.820> switch

what it does is it is not only a switch

what it does is it is not only a switch
it's<12:10:15.416> also<12:10:15.776> a<12:10:16.140> router<12:10:16.916> this<12:10:17.400> is<12:10:17.460> the<12:10:17.580> reason

it's also a router this is the reason

it's also a router this is the reason
why<12:10:17.936> it's<12:10:18.116> called<12:10:18.300> a<12:10:18.480> layer<12:10:18.840> 3<12:10:19.020> switch<12:10:19.380> I

why it's called a layer 3 switch I

why it's called a layer 3 switch I
brought<12:10:19.980> up<12:10:20.096> the<12:10:20.220> OSI<12:10:20.580> model<12:10:20.820> on<12:10:21.116> the<12:10:21.240> very

brought up the OSI model on the very

brought up the OSI model on the very
first<12:10:21.540> slide

first slide

first slide
layer<12:10:23.460> 1<12:10:23.640> physical

and if you recall layer three let's use

and if you recall layer three let's use
our<12:10:33.180> mnemonic<12:10:34.140> device<12:10:34.460> please<12:10:35.460> do<12:10:36.360> not<12:10:37.020> throw

our mnemonic device please do not throw

our mnemonic device please do not throw
sausage<12:10:38.160> pizza<12:10:38.400> away<12:10:38.756> so<12:10:39.480> this<12:10:39.660> is<12:10:39.776> the

sausage pizza away so this is the

sausage pizza away so this is the
network<12:10:40.200> layer

network layer

network layer
if<12:10:42.300> you<12:10:42.480> recall<12:10:42.900> we<12:10:43.256> mentioned<12:10:43.616> briefly<12:10:43.980> that

if you recall we mentioned briefly that

if you recall we mentioned briefly that
routers<12:10:44.640> which<12:10:44.820> we'll<12:10:45.000> talk<12:10:45.180> about<12:10:45.300> in<12:10:45.596> more

routers which we'll talk about in more

routers which we'll talk about in more
depth<12:10:46.080> later

depth later

depth later
operate<12:10:47.640> on<12:10:47.820> layer<12:10:48.116> three<12:10:48.240> that's<12:10:49.080> because

operate on layer three that's because

operate on layer three that's because
IP<12:10:51.000> addresses<12:10:51.596> operate<12:10:52.320> on<12:10:52.500> layer<12:10:52.800> three<12:10:52.916> so<12:10:53.880> a

IP addresses operate on layer three so a

IP addresses operate on layer three so a
switch<12:10:54.596> can<12:10:55.140> not<12:10:55.320> only<12:10:55.436> look<12:10:55.680> at<12:10:55.860> the<12:10:56.160> MAC

switch can not only look at the MAC

switch can not only look at the MAC
address

address

address
but<12:10:59.096> a<12:10:59.400> multi-layer<12:11:00.060> switch<12:11:00.240> one<12:11:00.840> that

but a multi-layer switch one that

but a multi-layer switch one that
operates<12:11:01.436> not<12:11:01.680> only<12:11:01.800> in<12:11:01.916> Layer<12:11:02.160> Two<12:11:02.276> but<12:11:02.580> also

operates not only in Layer Two but also

operates not only in Layer Two but also
on<12:11:03.060> layer<12:11:03.416> three

on layer three

on layer three
can<12:11:04.740> also<12:11:04.980> look<12:11:05.160> at<12:11:05.340> IP<12:11:06.000> addresses

so because this switch operates as both

so because this switch operates as both
a<12:11:14.580> router<12:11:15.240> and<12:11:15.480> a<12:11:15.660> switch<12:11:15.840> it<12:11:16.680> can<12:11:16.916> send

a router and a switch it can send

a router and a switch it can send
information<12:11:17.880> between<12:11:18.540> several<12:11:19.140> different

information between several different

information between several different
networks<12:11:19.916> so<12:11:20.400> here<12:11:20.640> for<12:11:20.880> instance<12:11:21.060> I<12:11:21.240> have

networks so here for instance I have

networks so here for instance I have
Network<12:11:21.596> a<12:11:22.080> and<12:11:22.616> network<12:11:22.860> B<12:11:23.160> and<12:11:23.756> let's<12:11:23.936> see

Network a and network B and let's see

Network a and network B and let's see
this<12:11:24.480> PC<12:11:24.900> wants<12:11:25.860> to<12:11:25.980> talk<12:11:26.160> with<12:11:26.400> the<12:11:26.640> server

this PC wants to talk with the server

this PC wants to talk with the server
on<12:11:28.320> network<12:11:28.500> B<12:11:28.980> in<12:11:29.936> the<12:11:30.060> old<12:11:30.180> system<12:11:30.480> uh<12:11:31.436> unless

on network B in the old system uh unless

on network B in the old system uh unless
network<12:11:32.340> uh<12:11:33.180> unless<12:11:33.540> the<12:11:33.720> server<12:11:34.080> was

network uh unless the server was

network uh unless the server was
actually<12:11:34.740> connected<12:11:35.400> directly<12:11:35.936> to<12:11:36.240> the

actually connected directly to the

actually connected directly to the
switch<12:11:36.596> there<12:11:37.200> would<12:11:37.320> be<12:11:37.500> no<12:11:37.740> way<12:11:37.980> for<12:11:38.400> the<12:11:38.580> two

switch there would be no way for the two

switch there would be no way for the two
networks<12:11:39.180> to<12:11:39.416> sort<12:11:39.540> of<12:11:39.660> speak<12:11:39.840> to<12:11:40.020> one<12:11:40.200> another

networks to sort of speak to one another

networks to sort of speak to one another
but<12:11:41.040> because<12:11:41.220> we<12:11:41.700> have<12:11:41.820> a<12:11:42.060> device<12:11:42.240> here

but because we have a device here

but because we have a device here
that's<12:11:43.800> perhaps<12:11:44.220> operating<12:11:44.756> as<12:11:45.240> a<12:11:45.596> switch<12:11:45.800> and

that's perhaps operating as a switch and

that's perhaps operating as a switch and
a<12:11:46.980> router

a router

a router
it<12:11:49.140> can<12:11:49.380> route<12:11:50.220> the<12:11:50.520> data<12:11:50.880> onto<12:11:51.360> a<12:11:51.596> different

it can route the data onto a different

it can route the data onto a different
network<12:11:52.580> using<12:11:53.580> an<12:11:54.116> IP<12:11:54.480> address

in some ways you could think about this

in some ways you could think about this
as<12:11:59.880> the<12:12:00.116> Advent<12:12:00.240> of<12:12:00.776> the<12:12:01.256> area<12:12:01.436> code

as the Advent of the area code

as the Advent of the area code
when<12:12:04.020> we<12:12:04.200> had<12:12:04.320> a<12:12:04.500> phone<12:12:04.616> number

when we had a phone number

when we had a phone number
which<12:12:06.060> was<12:12:06.240> only

which was only

which was only
five<12:12:08.460> digits<12:12:08.936> or<12:12:09.360> uh<12:12:09.960> sorry<12:12:10.140> seven<12:12:10.680> digits

five digits or uh sorry seven digits

five digits or uh sorry seven digits
such<12:12:11.880> as

such as

such as
um seven<12:12:13.916> two<12:12:14.276> three

um seven two three

um seven two three
five<12:12:16.256> four<12:12:16.740> one<12:12:17.040> one<12:12:17.340> we<12:12:18.180> could<12:12:18.300> talk<12:12:18.596> to

five four one one we could talk to

five four one one we could talk to
anyone<12:12:19.200> within<12:12:19.916> our<12:12:20.160> local<12:12:20.460> network<12:12:20.820> if<12:12:21.360> we

anyone within our local network if we

anyone within our local network if we
knew

knew

knew
this<12:12:23.276> number<12:12:23.520> when<12:12:24.116> we<12:12:24.240> added<12:12:24.540> the<12:12:24.720> area<12:12:24.960> code

this number when we added the area code

this number when we added the area code
we<12:12:25.740> were<12:12:25.860> allowed<12:12:26.220> to<12:12:26.520> then<12:12:26.936> dial<12:12:27.240> out<12:12:27.840> to

we were allowed to then dial out to

we were allowed to then dial out to
other<12:12:28.200> states<12:12:28.640> and<12:12:29.640> then<12:12:29.756> we<12:12:30.000> were<12:12:30.116> allowed<12:12:30.416> by

other states and then we were allowed by

other states and then we were allowed by
putting<12:12:30.840> an<12:12:30.960> international<12:12:31.140> code<12:12:31.740> to<12:12:32.460> dial

putting an international code to dial

putting an international code to dial
out<12:12:33.060> to<12:12:33.240> different<12:12:33.416> countries<12:12:34.020> so<12:12:34.916> we're

out to different countries so we're

out to different countries so we're
allowed<12:12:35.460> to<12:12:35.520> go<12:12:35.640> then<12:12:35.820> outside<12:12:36.240> of<12:12:36.596> our

allowed to go then outside of our

allowed to go then outside of our
specific<12:12:37.200> Network<12:12:37.616> in<12:12:38.400> this<12:12:38.640> way<12:12:38.820> we're<12:12:39.300> not

specific Network in this way we're not

specific Network in this way we're not
just<12:12:39.660> dealing<12:12:39.900> with<12:12:40.140> Mac<12:12:40.380> addresses<12:12:40.980> we're

just dealing with Mac addresses we're

just dealing with Mac addresses we're
dealing<12:12:41.880> with<12:12:42.116> IP<12:12:42.720> addresses<12:12:43.200> and<12:12:43.380> as<12:12:43.560> we've

dealing with IP addresses and as we've

dealing with IP addresses and as we've
talked<12:12:44.220> about<12:12:44.340> IP<12:12:45.180> addresses

talked about IP addresses

talked about IP addresses
are<12:12:47.160> assigned<12:12:47.700> by<12:12:48.300> for<12:12:48.480> instance<12:12:48.596> a<12:12:48.840> DHCP

are assigned by for instance a DHCP

are assigned by for instance a DHCP
server<12:12:49.860> and<12:12:50.160> so<12:12:50.340> as<12:12:50.460> a<12:12:50.640> result<12:12:50.820> they're<12:12:51.360> more

server and so as a result they're more

server and so as a result they're more
temporary<12:12:52.020> they're<12:12:52.560> not<12:12:52.680> hardwired<12:12:53.160> onto<12:12:53.400> the

temporary they're not hardwired onto the

temporary they're not hardwired onto the
device<12:12:53.640> and<12:12:54.540> it<12:12:54.720> not<12:12:54.840> only<12:12:54.900> allows<12:12:55.200> for

device and it not only allows for

device and it not only allows for
routing<12:12:55.740> but<12:12:56.040> it<12:12:56.160> makes<12:12:56.276> it<12:12:56.460> a<12:12:56.580> little<12:12:56.580> more

routing but it makes it a little more

routing but it makes it a little more
complex<12:12:57.720> to<12:12:58.020> figure<12:12:58.140> out<12:12:58.256> where<12:12:58.560> a<12:12:58.680> device<12:12:58.800> is

complex to figure out where a device is

complex to figure out where a device is
at<12:12:59.160> any<12:12:59.340> one<12:12:59.520> time<12:12:59.700> we'll<12:13:00.116> talk<12:13:00.300> more<12:13:00.480> about

at any one time we'll talk more about

at any one time we'll talk more about
that<12:13:00.900> in<12:13:01.080> the<12:13:01.200> next<12:13:01.380> module<12:13:01.800> the<12:13:02.340> important

that in the next module the important

that in the next module the important
thing<12:13:02.756> here<12:13:02.936> to<12:13:03.180> realize<12:13:03.480> though<12:13:03.840> is<12:13:04.560> that<12:13:05.220> a

thing here to realize though is that a

thing here to realize though is that a
multi-layer<12:13:06.240> switch<12:13:06.416> operates<12:13:07.200> both<12:13:07.560> as<12:13:08.160> a

multi-layer switch operates both as a

multi-layer switch operates both as a
router

router

router
and<12:13:09.900> as<12:13:10.140> a<12:13:10.320> switch<12:13:10.500> because<12:13:11.340> it<12:13:12.116> works<12:13:12.360> on

and as a switch because it works on

and as a switch because it works on
layer<12:13:12.840> 3<12:13:13.020> and<12:13:13.980> layer<12:13:14.460> 2<12:13:14.580> which<12:13:15.360> means<12:13:15.660> it<12:13:15.840> not

layer 3 and layer 2 which means it not

layer 3 and layer 2 which means it not
only<12:13:16.140> reads

only reads

only reads
Mac<12:13:17.936> addresses

Mac addresses

Mac addresses
but<12:13:19.680> also<12:13:19.980> IP<12:13:20.880> addresses

now the next type of switch I want to

now the next type of switch I want to
mention<12:13:26.040> is<12:13:26.340> something<12:13:26.520> called<12:13:26.880> a<12:13:27.240> Content

mention is something called a Content

mention is something called a Content
switch<12:13:28.080> the<12:13:28.740> name<12:13:28.916> content<12:13:29.520> should<12:13:29.756> give<12:13:29.936> away

switch the name content should give away

switch the name content should give away
what<12:13:30.416> we're<12:13:30.596> about<12:13:30.720> to<12:13:30.900> talk<12:13:31.020> about<12:13:31.200> here<12:13:31.560> now

what we're about to talk about here now

what we're about to talk about here now
these<12:13:32.460> are<12:13:32.580> not<12:13:32.756> really<12:13:33.116> used<12:13:33.360> as<12:13:33.596> much<12:13:33.776> as<12:13:33.900> we

these are not really used as much as we

these are not really used as much as we
see<12:13:34.380> in<12:13:34.860> today's<12:13:35.040> networks<12:13:35.700> because<12:13:35.936> they're

see in today's networks because they're

see in today's networks because they're
quite<12:13:36.596> costly<12:13:37.080> but<12:13:37.800> a<12:13:38.580> Content<12:13:39.240> switch<12:13:39.480> will

quite costly but a Content switch will

quite costly but a Content switch will
actually<12:13:40.140> analyze<12:13:40.916> the<12:13:41.096> data<12:13:41.400> it<12:13:41.700> receives

actually analyze the data it receives

actually analyze the data it receives
and<12:13:42.900> forward<12:13:43.140> it<12:13:43.436> based<12:13:43.860> on<12:13:44.040> its<12:13:44.880> content<12:13:45.300> only

and forward it based on its content only

and forward it based on its content only
so<12:13:46.256> rather<12:13:46.560> than<12:13:46.680> dealing<12:13:47.640> with<12:13:48.416> simply<12:13:48.776> an<12:13:48.960> IP

so rather than dealing with simply an IP

so rather than dealing with simply an IP
address<12:13:49.436> or<12:13:49.800> Mac<12:13:49.980> address<12:13:50.220> it<12:13:50.936> actually<12:13:51.060> looks

address or Mac address it actually looks

address or Mac address it actually looks
at<12:13:51.660> what's<12:13:52.380> inside

at what's inside

at what's inside
of<12:13:54.540> the<12:13:54.660> of<12:13:55.020> the<12:13:55.320> packet<12:13:55.980> if<12:13:56.520> we<12:13:56.640> have<12:13:56.820> a<12:13:57.000> MAC

of the of the packet if we have a MAC

of the of the packet if we have a MAC
address<12:13:57.416> here<12:13:58.140> and<12:13:58.740> then<12:13:58.916> we<12:13:59.160> put<12:13:59.276> an<12:13:59.400> IP

address here and then we put an IP

address here and then we put an IP
address<12:13:59.936> on<12:14:00.240> the<12:14:00.360> outside<12:14:00.480> of<12:14:00.840> that<12:14:01.020> in<12:14:01.256> order

address on the outside of that in order

address on the outside of that in order
to<12:14:01.560> tell<12:14:01.800> where<12:14:02.096> to<12:14:02.220> go<12:14:02.340> it's<12:14:02.880> actually<12:14:03.060> going

to tell where to go it's actually going

to tell where to go it's actually going
to<12:14:03.360> look<12:14:03.540> inside<12:14:03.840> and<12:14:04.200> look<12:14:04.380> at<12:14:04.500> the<12:14:04.740> data<12:14:05.460> and

to look inside and look at the data and

to look inside and look at the data and
determine<12:14:06.416> where<12:14:07.200> that<12:14:07.436> content<12:14:07.800> is<12:14:08.040> going<12:14:08.160> to

determine where that content is going to

determine where that content is going to
go

go

go
these<12:14:09.480> switches<12:14:09.840> are<12:14:10.020> also<12:14:10.256> sometimes<12:14:10.680> called

these switches are also sometimes called

these switches are also sometimes called
load<12:14:12.360> bearing<12:14:13.200> switches

load bearing switches

load bearing switches
because<12:14:15.720> they<12:14:16.080> can<12:14:16.256> evenly<12:14:16.740> distribute<12:14:17.276> data

because they can evenly distribute data

because they can evenly distribute data
based<12:14:19.436> on<12:14:19.500> the<12:14:19.740> type<12:14:19.860> of<12:14:19.980> data<12:14:20.220> there<12:14:20.400> is<12:14:20.520> in

based on the type of data there is in

based on the type of data there is in
the<12:14:20.880> appropriate<12:14:21.240> destinations<12:14:21.720> which<12:14:22.320> can

the appropriate destinations which can

the appropriate destinations which can
alleviate<12:14:23.220> stress<12:14:23.580> on<12:14:23.820> a<12:14:24.060> single<12:14:24.300> server<12:14:24.776> or

alleviate stress on a single server or

alleviate stress on a single server or
device

device

device
so<12:14:26.700> for<12:14:26.936> instance<12:14:27.240> if<12:14:27.720> I<12:14:27.900> erase<12:14:28.140> all<12:14:28.320> this<12:14:28.500> for

so for instance if I erase all this for

so for instance if I erase all this for
a<12:14:28.740> second<12:14:28.860> let's<12:14:29.160> say<12:14:29.276> we<12:14:29.580> have

a second let's say we have

a second let's say we have
for<12:14:30.840> some<12:14:31.020> reason<12:14:31.200> and<12:14:31.616> let's<12:14:31.800> say<12:14:31.916> we<12:14:32.096> have<12:14:32.160> a

for some reason and let's say we have a

for some reason and let's say we have a
router<12:14:32.640> right<12:14:32.880> here<12:14:33.116> which<12:14:33.540> allows<12:14:33.840> us<12:14:33.960> to

router right here which allows us to

router right here which allows us to
connect<12:14:34.256> out<12:14:34.560> to<12:14:34.740> the<12:14:34.860> internet<12:14:35.040> and<12:14:35.936> then

connect out to the internet and then

connect out to the internet and then
information<12:14:36.480> comes<12:14:37.140> in<12:14:37.256> straight<12:14:37.560> from<12:14:37.740> the

information comes in straight from the

information comes in straight from the
router<12:14:38.096> to<12:14:38.220> the<12:14:38.400> content<12:14:38.756> switch<12:14:39.060> and<12:14:39.720> we

router to the content switch and we

router to the content switch and we
don't<12:14:40.020> know<12:14:40.256> where<12:14:40.616> the<12:14:40.800> information<12:14:40.980> is<12:14:41.520> set

don't know where the information is set

don't know where the information is set
for<12:14:42.000> or<12:14:42.776> let's<12:14:43.140> say<12:14:43.320> we<12:14:43.616> have

for or let's say we have

for or let's say we have
six<12:14:45.480> different<12:14:45.720> clients<12:14:46.500> or<12:14:46.916> servers<12:14:47.460> it

six different clients or servers it

six different clients or servers it
doesn't<12:14:47.700> really<12:14:47.936> matter<12:14:48.180> that<12:14:48.840> each<12:14:49.020> could

doesn't really matter that each could

doesn't really matter that each could
operate<12:14:49.740> under<12:14:50.276> the<12:14:50.640> same<12:14:50.936> sort<12:14:51.540> of<12:14:51.776> IP

operate under the same sort of IP

operate under the same sort of IP
address<12:14:52.860> for<12:14:53.400> instance<12:14:53.580> we're<12:14:53.936> going<12:14:54.116> to<12:14:54.240> put

address for instance we're going to put

address for instance we're going to put
them<12:14:54.960> all<12:14:55.080> together<12:14:55.256> or<12:14:55.616> group<12:14:55.800> them<12:14:56.040> the

them all together or group them the

them all together or group them the
content<12:14:56.880> switch<12:14:57.116> can<12:14:57.480> say<12:14:57.720> which<12:14:58.140> one<12:14:58.320> it's

content switch can say which one it's

content switch can say which one it's
going<12:14:58.740> to<12:14:58.860> go<12:14:59.040> to<12:14:59.220> based<12:15:00.060> on<12:15:00.116> the<12:15:00.240> type<12:15:00.360> of

going to go to based on the type of

going to go to based on the type of
information<12:15:00.660> it's<12:15:01.080> receiving<12:15:01.436> so<12:15:02.040> for

information it's receiving so for

information it's receiving so for
instance<12:15:02.580> email<12:15:03.060> is<12:15:03.840> probably<12:15:04.020> going<12:15:04.200> to<12:15:04.380> go

instance email is probably going to go

instance email is probably going to go
to<12:15:04.680> one<12:15:04.916> computer<12:15:05.160> whereas<12:15:06.116> web<12:15:06.540> is<12:15:07.020> going<12:15:07.200> to

to one computer whereas web is going to

to one computer whereas web is going to
go<12:15:07.320> to<12:15:07.436> another<12:15:07.616> whereas<12:15:08.096> the<12:15:08.220> FTP<12:15:08.640> might<12:15:08.820> go

go to another whereas the FTP might go

go to another whereas the FTP might go
to<12:15:09.116> another<12:15:09.300> and<12:15:10.020> the<12:15:10.256> packet<12:15:10.616> itself<12:15:10.916> doesn't

to another and the packet itself doesn't

to another and the packet itself doesn't
have<12:15:11.400> to<12:15:11.520> know<12:15:11.640> which<12:15:11.880> computer<12:15:12.060> it's<12:15:12.360> going

have to know which computer it's going

have to know which computer it's going
to<12:15:12.776> the<12:15:13.500> packet<12:15:13.860> just<12:15:14.160> has<12:15:14.400> to<12:15:14.580> have<12:15:14.820> an<12:15:15.300> IP

to the packet just has to have an IP

to the packet just has to have an IP
address<12:15:15.840> and<12:15:16.436> or<12:15:16.680> Mac<12:15:16.980> address<12:15:17.160> and<12:15:17.880> then<12:15:18.000> the

address and or Mac address and then the

address and or Mac address and then the
contents<12:15:18.660> which<12:15:18.840> itself<12:15:19.200> based<12:15:19.800> on<12:15:19.860> the

contents which itself based on the

contents which itself based on the
content<12:15:20.276> is<12:15:20.400> going<12:15:20.580> to<12:15:20.640> send<12:15:20.756> that<12:15:20.936> over

content is going to send that over

content is going to send that over
another<12:15:21.776> way<12:15:22.080> to<12:15:22.200> think<12:15:22.436> about<12:15:22.616> this<12:15:22.916> is<12:15:23.400> if

another way to think about this is if

another way to think about this is if
I'm<12:15:23.756> dealing<12:15:24.116> with<12:15:24.416> some<12:15:24.720> sort<12:15:24.900> of<12:15:25.020> firewall

I'm dealing with some sort of firewall

I'm dealing with some sort of firewall
and<12:15:27.480> I<12:15:27.720> want<12:15:27.840> the<12:15:28.140> firewall<12:15:28.756> to<12:15:29.776> put<12:15:30.776> certain

and I want the firewall to put certain

and I want the firewall to put certain
types<12:15:31.436> of<12:15:31.500> data<12:15:31.916> into<12:15:32.580> a

types of data into a

types of data into a
um

um

um
filtered

filtered

filtered
area

area

area
that<12:15:38.700> needs<12:15:38.936> to<12:15:39.000> be<12:15:39.116> scanned<12:15:39.540> for<12:15:39.776> viruses<12:15:40.320> so

that needs to be scanned for viruses so

that needs to be scanned for viruses so
this<12:15:40.916> is<12:15:40.980> really<12:15:41.160> going<12:15:41.400> to<12:15:41.520> help<12:15:41.640> me

this is really going to help me

this is really going to help me
alleviate<12:15:42.720> uh<12:15:43.140> certain<12:15:43.500> processes

alleviate uh certain processes

alleviate uh certain processes
and<12:15:46.616> also<12:15:46.800> help<12:15:46.980> keep<12:15:47.160> my<12:15:47.400> network<12:15:47.580> safer<12:15:48.416> and

and also help keep my network safer and

and also help keep my network safer and
we'll<12:15:48.776> talk<12:15:48.900> about<12:15:49.020> other<12:15:49.256> devices<12:15:49.560> that<12:15:49.800> do

we'll talk about other devices that do

we'll talk about other devices that do
this<12:15:50.160> as<12:15:50.340> well

this as well

this as well
but<12:15:51.480> when<12:15:51.596> we're<12:15:51.720> dealing<12:15:51.960> with<12:15:52.020> the<12:15:52.200> content

but when we're dealing with the content

but when we're dealing with the content
we're<12:15:53.040> dealing<12:15:53.400> with<12:15:53.580> further<12:15:53.936> up<12:15:54.116> on<12:15:54.480> the<12:15:54.540> OSI

we're dealing with further up on the OSI

we're dealing with further up on the OSI
model<12:15:55.256> so<12:15:55.616> we're<12:15:55.800> not<12:15:55.916> just<12:15:56.040> dealing<12:15:56.276> with

model so we're not just dealing with

model so we're not just dealing with
layer<12:15:56.700> one<12:15:56.880> or<12:15:57.116> two<12:15:57.360> or<12:15:58.020> three<12:15:58.320> even<12:15:58.500> we<12:15:58.800> might

layer one or two or three even we might

layer one or two or three even we might
even<12:15:59.040> be<12:15:59.160> dealing<12:15:59.340> with<12:15:59.460> layer<12:15:59.880> four<12:16:00.060> to<12:16:00.840> some

even be dealing with layer four to some

even be dealing with layer four to some
extent

extent

extent
so<12:16:03.660> just<12:16:03.900> to<12:16:04.020> recap<12:16:04.380> we<12:16:04.980> first<12:16:05.096> talked<12:16:05.460> about

so just to recap we first talked about

so just to recap we first talked about
what<12:16:06.000> a<12:16:06.116> switch<12:16:06.300> is<12:16:06.596> a<12:16:07.380> switch<12:16:07.800> again<12:16:08.360> allows

what a switch is a switch again allows

what a switch is a switch again allows
for<12:16:09.720> a<12:16:09.960> direct<12:16:10.140> connection

for a direct connection

for a direct connection
between

between

between
two<12:16:14.220> devices

or more

or more
the<12:16:22.256> important<12:16:22.500> thing<12:16:22.616> to<12:16:22.800> hear<12:16:22.916> to<12:16:23.096> realize

the important thing to hear to realize

the important thing to hear to realize
is<12:16:23.820> that<12:16:23.936> the<12:16:24.060> devices<12:16:24.300> communicate<12:16:25.020> directly

is that the devices communicate directly

is that the devices communicate directly
because<12:16:25.980> the<12:16:26.276> switch<12:16:26.460> creates<12:16:27.240> a<12:16:27.360> circuit

because the switch creates a circuit

because the switch creates a circuit
between<12:16:28.916> those<12:16:29.276> two<12:16:29.460> devices<12:16:29.756> Within

between those two devices Within

between those two devices Within
a<12:16:32.340> box<12:16:32.520> based<12:16:33.480> on<12:16:33.540> ports

a box based on ports

a box based on ports
now<12:16:36.000> how<12:16:36.180> it<12:16:36.360> does<12:16:36.540> this<12:16:36.720> is<12:16:37.080> it<12:16:37.256> creates<12:16:37.616> a

now how it does this is it creates a

now how it does this is it creates a
table

defining which ports are connected

defining which ports are connected
to<12:16:44.220> which<12:16:44.400> Mac<12:16:45.000> addresses<12:16:45.596> again<12:16:46.140> a<12:16:46.436> MAC

to which Mac addresses again a MAC

to which Mac addresses again a MAC
address<12:16:46.800> is<12:16:47.276> the<12:16:47.580> physical<12:16:47.820> address<12:16:48.660> that's

address is the physical address that's

address is the physical address that's
built<12:16:50.040> into<12:16:50.220> a<12:16:50.520> device<12:16:50.640> when<12:16:50.936> it's<12:16:51.116> made

built into a device when it's made

built into a device when it's made
this<12:16:53.340> is<12:16:53.520> different<12:16:53.700> from<12:16:54.116> a<12:16:54.300> hub<12:16:54.480> which<12:16:55.436> just

this is different from a hub which just

this is different from a hub which just
broadcasts<12:16:56.640> everything<12:16:56.936> so<12:16:57.776> if<12:16:57.900> we<12:16:58.080> were<12:16:58.140> to

broadcasts everything so if we were to

broadcasts everything so if we were to
create<12:16:58.380> an<12:16:58.616> analogy<12:16:59.160> we<12:16:59.756> could<12:16:59.820> say<12:17:00.060> broadcast

create an analogy we could say broadcast

create an analogy we could say broadcast
which<12:17:01.560> would<12:17:01.800> mean<12:17:01.916> all<12:17:02.160> the<12:17:02.340> data<12:17:02.640> going<12:17:02.820> out

which would mean all the data going out

which would mean all the data going out
to<12:17:03.240> every<12:17:03.416> other<12:17:03.596> device

to every other device

to every other device
is

is

is
to<12:17:06.596> a<12:17:06.720> hub

to a hub

to a hub
what<12:17:09.000> unicast

what unicast

what unicast
or<12:17:11.880> multicast

is

is
to<12:17:17.820> a<12:17:17.936> switch

to a switch

to a switch
we<12:17:20.040> also<12:17:20.276> looked<12:17:20.520> at<12:17:20.580> some<12:17:20.820> Advanced<12:17:21.240> switches

we also looked at some Advanced switches

we also looked at some Advanced switches
you<12:17:21.720> need<12:17:21.840> to<12:17:21.960> know<12:17:22.080> about<12:17:22.200> the<12:17:22.800> first<12:17:22.916> is<12:17:23.096> a

you need to know about the first is a

you need to know about the first is a
multi-layer<12:17:23.936> switch<12:17:24.116> which<12:17:24.960> operates<12:17:25.560> on

multi-layer switch which operates on

multi-layer switch which operates on
layer<12:17:26.276> 2<12:17:26.596> and<12:17:27.596> 3.<12:17:28.560> our<12:17:28.916> usual<12:17:29.276> switch<12:17:29.520> because

layer 2 and 3. our usual switch because

layer 2 and 3. our usual switch because
it's<12:17:30.300> only<12:17:30.480> dealing<12:17:30.840> with<12:17:31.020> Mac<12:17:31.200> addresses<12:17:31.800> is

it's only dealing with Mac addresses is

it's only dealing with Mac addresses is
dealing<12:17:32.756> with<12:17:32.936> the<12:17:33.180> data<12:17:33.480> link<12:17:33.596> layer

dealing with the data link layer

dealing with the data link layer
which<12:17:36.060> on<12:17:36.300> the<12:17:36.416> OSI<12:17:36.776> model

which on the OSI model

which on the OSI model
is<12:17:39.000> Layer<12:17:39.416> Two

is Layer Two

is Layer Two
a<12:17:40.980> multi-layer<12:17:41.520> switch<12:17:41.700> is<12:17:42.540> also<12:17:42.840> operating

a multi-layer switch is also operating

a multi-layer switch is also operating
on<12:17:43.560> layer<12:17:44.040> 3.<12:17:44.460> it<12:17:45.180> also<12:17:45.660> routes

on layer 3. it also routes

on layer 3. it also routes
so<12:17:47.820> it<12:17:48.240> is<12:17:48.900> not<12:17:49.080> just<12:17:49.256> a<12:17:49.380> switch<12:17:49.500> it's<12:17:49.740> also<12:17:50.040> a

so it is not just a switch it's also a

so it is not just a switch it's also a
router<12:17:50.460> a<12:17:51.180> Content<12:17:51.480> switch<12:17:51.720> is<12:17:51.960> even<12:17:52.080> going

router a Content switch is even going

router a Content switch is even going
further<12:17:52.680> up<12:17:52.860> the<12:17:52.980> OSI<12:17:53.400> model<12:17:53.640> and<12:17:54.480> analyzes

further up the OSI model and analyzes

further up the OSI model and analyzes
the<12:17:57.180> content

in a packet

in a packet
to<12:18:03.180> determine

to determine

to determine
where<12:18:04.800> to<12:18:04.980> send<12:18:05.220> it

where to send it

where to send it
this<12:18:07.140> is<12:18:07.380> also<12:18:07.616> why<12:18:07.800> it's<12:18:07.980> called<12:18:08.276> a<12:18:09.180> load

this is also why it's called a load

this is also why it's called a load
bearing<12:18:11.820> switch<12:18:12.060> because<12:18:12.720> it<12:18:13.020> helps<12:18:13.380> reduce

bearing switch because it helps reduce

bearing switch because it helps reduce
the<12:18:14.880> load<12:18:15.240> on<12:18:16.080> a<12:18:16.256> specific<12:18:16.500> node<12:18:17.040> by

the load on a specific node by

the load on a specific node by
sending<12:18:19.020> the<12:18:19.140> data<12:18:19.436> out<12:18:19.616> to<12:18:20.096> several

sending the data out to several

sending the data out to several
different<12:18:20.756> devices

different devices

different devices
that<12:18:22.860> can<12:18:22.980> all<12:18:23.160> deal<12:18:23.400> with<12:18:23.820> the<12:18:24.060> same<12:18:24.240> content

that can all deal with the same content

that can all deal with the same content
in<12:18:27.116> a<12:18:27.300> device

in a device

in a device
now<12:18:29.520> we're<12:18:29.936> going<12:18:30.116> to<12:18:30.240> talk<12:18:30.480> further<12:18:30.960> about

now we're going to talk further about

now we're going to talk further about
routing<12:18:31.916> in<12:18:32.340> the<12:18:32.400> next<12:18:32.520> lesson

so what is spanning tree

so what is spanning tree
it's<12:19:00.540> defined<12:19:00.960> by<12:19:01.080> the<12:19:01.256> IEEE

it's defined by the IEEE

it's defined by the IEEE
802.1d<12:19:03.660> standard

802.1d standard

802.1d standard
and<12:19:05.700> basically<12:19:05.936> it<12:19:06.116> allows<12:19:06.360> switches<12:19:06.776> to

and basically it allows switches to

and basically it allows switches to
communicate<12:19:07.740> in<12:19:08.096> order<12:19:08.220> to<12:19:08.580> prevent<12:19:09.000> loops<12:19:09.596> on

communicate in order to prevent loops on

communicate in order to prevent loops on
our<12:19:10.020> switch<12:19:10.256> Network

our switch Network

our switch Network
it<12:19:12.540> runs<12:19:12.960> a<12:19:13.320> mathematical<12:19:14.116> algorithm

it runs a mathematical algorithm

it runs a mathematical algorithm
it<12:19:16.680> finds<12:19:16.980> out<12:19:17.040> on<12:19:17.276> blocks<12:19:17.756> which<12:19:18.480> ports<12:19:19.200> would

it finds out on blocks which ports would

it finds out on blocks which ports would
be<12:19:19.740> the<12:19:20.400> possible<12:19:20.700> causes<12:19:21.480> of<12:19:21.900> layer<12:19:22.320> 2<12:19:22.500> loops

be the possible causes of layer 2 loops

be the possible causes of layer 2 loops
basically<12:19:25.380> a<12:19:25.500> loop<12:19:25.800> will<12:19:25.916> occur<12:19:26.340> on<12:19:26.756> our

basically a loop will occur on our

basically a loop will occur on our
switch<12:19:27.180> Network<12:19:27.596> when<12:19:28.380> there's<12:19:28.560> more<12:19:28.800> than

switch Network when there's more than

switch Network when there's more than
one<12:19:29.160> path<12:19:29.340> for<12:19:29.640> a<12:19:29.756> frame<12:19:30.000> to<12:19:30.180> take

one path for a frame to take

one path for a frame to take
and<12:19:31.680> this<12:19:32.096> could<12:19:32.276> cause<12:19:32.580> obviously<12:19:33.240> confusion

and this could cause obviously confusion

and this could cause obviously confusion
as<12:19:35.160> I'll<12:19:35.400> illustrate<12:19:35.820> in<12:19:36.000> a<12:19:36.180> moment<12:19:36.416> so<12:19:37.020> it's<12:19:37.200> a

as I'll illustrate in a moment so it's a

as I'll illustrate in a moment so it's a
real<12:19:37.436> simple

real simple

real simple
illustration<12:19:39.540> here<12:19:39.900> with<12:19:40.256> our<12:19:40.436> diagram

illustration here with our diagram

illustration here with our diagram
so<12:19:42.000> switch<12:19:42.180> one<12:19:42.540> for<12:19:42.840> example<12:19:43.140> will<12:19:43.380> receive<12:19:43.800> a

so switch one for example will receive a

so switch one for example will receive a
frame<12:19:44.276> on<12:19:44.400> its<12:19:44.700> fast<12:19:44.820> ethernet<12:19:45.116> zero<12:19:45.720> slash

frame on its fast ethernet zero slash

frame on its fast ethernet zero slash
one

one

one
and<12:19:47.340> it<12:19:47.520> will<12:19:47.640> flood<12:19:47.880> it<12:19:48.060> out<12:19:48.360> of<12:19:48.540> its<12:19:49.500> next

and it will flood it out of its next

and it will flood it out of its next
interface<12:19:50.096> fast<12:19:50.400> ethernet<12:19:50.700> zero<12:19:51.300> slash<12:19:51.540> two

interface fast ethernet zero slash two

interface fast ethernet zero slash two
and<12:19:52.256> remember<12:19:52.436> if<12:19:52.800> there's<12:19:52.980> 24<12:19:53.220> interfaces

and remember if there's 24 interfaces

and remember if there's 24 interfaces
then<12:19:54.776> it<12:19:54.960> would<12:19:55.080> be<12:19:55.200> flooded<12:19:55.560> in<12:19:55.616> them<12:19:55.800> out<12:19:55.916> of

then it would be flooded in them out of

then it would be flooded in them out of
all<12:19:56.220> 24.

all 24.

all 24.
now<12:19:58.616> switch<12:19:58.860> 2<12:19:59.160> would<12:19:59.400> receive<12:19:59.820> this

now switch 2 would receive this

now switch 2 would receive this
um<12:20:01.200> and<12:20:01.436> the<12:20:01.980> address

um and the address

um and the address
would<12:20:03.660> be<12:20:03.720> for<12:20:03.900> host<12:20:04.140> a<12:20:04.436> and<12:20:04.680> it<12:20:04.916> would<12:20:05.040> be

would be for host a and it would be

would be for host a and it would be
firstly<12:20:05.936> received<12:20:06.360> by<12:20:06.480> switch<12:20:06.720> a<12:20:07.020> switch<12:20:07.560> one

firstly received by switch a switch one

firstly received by switch a switch one
and<12:20:09.300> recognize<12:20:09.776> that<12:20:09.960> host<12:20:10.140> a<12:20:10.436> was<12:20:10.616> connected

and recognize that host a was connected

and recognize that host a was connected
to<12:20:10.980> fast<12:20:11.220> ethernet<12:20:11.580> 0.1<12:20:12.680> unfortunately<12:20:13.680> that

to fast ethernet 0.1 unfortunately that

to fast ethernet 0.1 unfortunately that
address<12:20:14.400> would<12:20:14.756> come<12:20:14.936> out<12:20:15.116> of<12:20:15.300> the<12:20:15.540> bottom<12:20:15.840> of

address would come out of the bottom of

address would come out of the bottom of
switch<12:20:16.256> one<12:20:16.616> go<12:20:17.520> around<12:20:17.820> and<12:20:18.180> reach<12:20:18.416> the

switch one go around and reach the

switch one go around and reach the
bottom<12:20:18.840> of<12:20:18.960> switch<12:20:19.200> two<12:20:19.500> switch<12:20:20.400> two<12:20:20.880> then

bottom of switch two switch two then

bottom of switch two switch two then
thinks<12:20:21.900> that

thinks that

thinks that
it<12:20:23.700> knows<12:20:24.060> the<12:20:24.180> way<12:20:24.300> to<12:20:24.480> get<12:20:24.660> to<12:20:25.020> host<12:20:25.320> a<12:20:26.096> and

it knows the way to get to host a and

it knows the way to get to host a and
the<12:20:27.240> direction<12:20:27.480> to<12:20:27.840> go<12:20:28.020> is<12:20:28.256> through<12:20:28.500> fast

the direction to go is through fast

the direction to go is through fast
ethernet<12:20:29.096> zero<12:20:29.640> slash<12:20:29.880> one<12:20:30.116> it<12:20:30.660> will<12:20:30.720> send

ethernet zero slash one it will send

ethernet zero slash one it will send
that<12:20:31.140> out<12:20:31.320> of<12:20:31.436> fast<12:20:31.616> ethernet<12:20:32.040> uh<12:20:32.756> sorry<12:20:32.936> first

that out of fast ethernet uh sorry first

that out of fast ethernet uh sorry first
ethernet<12:20:33.660> 0-2<12:20:34.560> and<12:20:35.040> it<12:20:35.160> will<12:20:35.276> send<12:20:35.400> that<12:20:35.520> to

ethernet 0-2 and it will send that to

ethernet 0-2 and it will send that to
zero<12:20:36.116> slash<12:20:36.360> one<12:20:36.660> now<12:20:37.320> we<12:20:37.500> have<12:20:37.680> a<12:20:37.800> problem<12:20:38.000> in

zero slash one now we have a problem in

zero slash one now we have a problem in
that<12:20:39.300> the<12:20:39.720> ports<12:20:40.256> on<12:20:40.380> the<12:20:40.500> switch<12:20:40.680> all<12:20:41.340> think

that the ports on the switch all think

that the ports on the switch all think
that<12:20:41.820> they<12:20:42.000> can<12:20:42.116> release<12:20:42.300> reach<12:20:43.020> host<12:20:43.256> a<12:20:43.520> and

that they can release reach host a and

that they can release reach host a and
that<12:20:44.880> isn't<12:20:45.180> in<12:20:45.300> fact<12:20:45.416> the<12:20:45.660> case

now there's no time to live field in

now there's no time to live field in
layer<12:20:50.460> 2<12:20:50.580> frames<12:20:51.000> so<12:20:51.180> that<12:20:51.360> would<12:20:51.480> go<12:20:51.660> around

layer 2 frames so that would go around

layer 2 frames so that would go around
around<12:20:52.140> the<12:20:52.616> network<12:20:52.800> until<12:20:53.220> every<12:20:53.520> single

around the network until every single

around the network until every single
switch<12:20:54.000> thinks<12:20:54.480> it<12:20:54.596> knows<12:20:54.840> how<12:20:54.900> to<12:20:55.020> get<12:20:55.200> to

switch thinks it knows how to get to

switch thinks it knows how to get to
host<12:20:55.560> a

host a

host a
and<12:20:56.880> it<12:20:57.180> would<12:20:57.300> bring<12:20:57.480> your<12:20:57.776> network<12:20:58.020> to<12:20:58.380> a

and it would bring your network to a

and it would bring your network to a
grinding<12:20:58.916> halt

grinding halt

grinding halt
so<12:21:00.416> there's<12:21:00.596> a<12:21:00.720> mathematical<12:21:01.640> algorithm<12:21:02.640> was

so there's a mathematical algorithm was

so there's a mathematical algorithm was
created

and it's based on two key components the

and it's based on two key components the
bridge<12:21:08.400> ID

bridge ID

bridge ID
for<12:21:10.080> bridge<12:21:10.256> ID<12:21:10.500> you<12:21:10.860> can<12:21:10.980> basically<12:21:11.276> read

for bridge ID you can basically read

for bridge ID you can basically read
switch<12:21:11.936> ID<12:21:12.240> it's<12:21:12.596> the<12:21:12.776> same<12:21:12.960> thing<12:21:13.380> and<12:21:14.040> the

switch ID it's the same thing and the

switch ID it's the same thing and the
path<12:21:14.520> cost

path cost

path cost
so<12:21:16.860> these<12:21:17.276> are<12:21:17.700> contained<12:21:18.240> inside<12:21:18.540> the<12:21:19.080> frame

so these are contained inside the frame

so these are contained inside the frame
Bridge<12:21:20.880> ideas<12:21:21.180> and<12:21:21.540> eight<12:21:21.660> byte<12:21:22.020> field

Bridge ideas and eight byte field

Bridge ideas and eight byte field
consisting<12:21:22.740> of<12:21:22.916> the<12:21:23.096> bridge<12:21:23.220> priority<12:21:23.756> and

consisting of the bridge priority and

consisting of the bridge priority and
the<12:21:25.020> MAC<12:21:25.256> address<12:21:25.756> the<12:21:26.756> base<12:21:26.880> Mac<12:21:27.116> address<12:21:27.300> of

the MAC address the base Mac address of

the MAC address the base Mac address of
the<12:21:27.840> switch

the default Bridge priority is 32768

the default Bridge priority is 32768
and<12:21:34.916> then<12:21:35.040> this<12:21:35.220> is<12:21:35.340> added<12:21:35.640> to<12:21:35.756> the<12:21:35.880> MAC

and then this is added to the MAC

and then this is added to the MAC
address<12:21:36.256> now<12:21:37.256> I've<12:21:37.436> issued<12:21:37.860> a<12:21:38.040> show<12:21:38.276> version

address now I've issued a show version

address now I've issued a show version
on<12:21:39.240> a<12:21:39.416> switch<12:21:39.740> and<12:21:40.740> it<12:21:41.040> showed<12:21:41.460> the<12:21:41.640> base<12:21:41.880> Mac

on a switch and it showed the base Mac

on a switch and it showed the base Mac
address<12:21:42.360> among<12:21:43.320> other<12:21:43.560> information<12:21:44.776> and<12:21:45.776> each

address among other information and each

address among other information and each
one<12:21:46.140> will<12:21:46.380> be<12:21:46.500> different

so the path cost is used to calculate

so the path cost is used to calculate
the<12:21:52.020> proximity<12:21:52.500> to<12:21:52.860> neighbor<12:21:53.096> switches<12:21:53.900> the

the proximity to neighbor switches the

the proximity to neighbor switches the
higher<12:21:55.200> the<12:21:55.320> bandwidth<12:21:55.860> the<12:21:56.040> lower<12:21:56.276> the

higher the bandwidth the lower the

higher the bandwidth the lower the
default<12:21:56.936> cost<12:21:57.596> so<12:21:58.380> we<12:21:58.560> can<12:21:58.680> see<12:21:58.740> the<12:21:58.916> 10

default cost so we can see the 10

default cost so we can see the 10
gigabit<12:21:59.580> connection<12:21:59.820> here<12:22:00.180> has<12:22:00.360> got<12:22:00.480> the

gigabit connection here has got the

gigabit connection here has got the
lowest<12:22:00.960> forecast<12:22:01.860> allocated<12:22:02.640> to<12:22:02.936> it

lowest forecast allocated to it

lowest forecast allocated to it
so<12:22:05.160> there's<12:22:05.400> a<12:22:05.756> four-step<12:22:06.596> path<12:22:07.020> selection

so there's a four-step path selection

so there's a four-step path selection
process

process

process
so<12:22:10.140> the<12:22:10.320> lowest<12:22:10.616> route<12:22:10.860> to<12:22:11.096> bridge<12:22:11.276> ID<12:22:11.660> the

so the lowest route to bridge ID the

so the lowest route to bridge ID the
lowest<12:22:13.080> path<12:22:13.256> cost<12:22:13.616> to<12:22:14.160> the<12:22:14.400> root<12:22:14.640> Bridge

lowest path cost to the root Bridge

lowest path cost to the root Bridge
the<12:22:16.800> lowest<12:22:17.096> sender<12:22:17.460> Bridge<12:22:17.700> ID

the lowest sender Bridge ID

the lowest sender Bridge ID
and<12:22:19.020> the<12:22:19.140> lowest<12:22:19.436> Port<12:22:19.616> ID<12:22:19.916> and<12:22:20.276> it<12:22:20.400> will<12:22:20.460> go

and the lowest Port ID and it will go

and the lowest Port ID and it will go
through<12:22:20.756> this<12:22:20.936> four<12:22:21.180> steps<12:22:21.540> until<12:22:21.720> it<12:22:22.020> makes<12:22:22.140> a

through this four steps until it makes a

through this four steps until it makes a
decision

decision

decision
this<12:22:23.880> all<12:22:24.116> happens<12:22:24.300> after<12:22:24.596> the<12:22:24.900> exchange<12:22:25.256> of

this all happens after the exchange of

this all happens after the exchange of
bridge<12:22:25.740> protocol<12:22:26.220> data<12:22:26.820> units<12:22:27.240> which<12:22:27.540> are

bridge protocol data units which are

bridge protocol data units which are
called<12:22:27.776> bpdus

so let's have a look at our diagram we

so let's have a look at our diagram we
have<12:22:33.660> three<12:22:34.080> switches<12:22:34.616> here<12:22:34.860> and<12:22:35.276> just<12:22:35.460> to

have three switches here and just to

have three switches here and just to
keep<12:22:35.756> things<12:22:35.936> simple<12:22:36.180> we've<12:22:36.660> given<12:22:36.840> them<12:22:37.020> the

keep things simple we've given them the

keep things simple we've given them the
Mac<12:22:37.256> addresses<12:22:37.680> of<12:22:37.980> all<12:22:38.096> A's<12:22:38.520> or<12:22:38.640> B's<12:22:39.060> and<12:22:39.180> all

Mac addresses of all A's or B's and all

Mac addresses of all A's or B's and all
C's

C's

C's
they're<12:22:41.276> all<12:22:41.460> connected<12:22:41.820> so<12:22:42.060> we<12:22:42.180> could

they're all connected so we could

they're all connected so we could
possibly<12:22:42.660> have<12:22:43.500> a<12:22:43.740> loop<12:22:43.980> here<12:22:44.160> unless

possibly have a loop here unless

possibly have a loop here unless
something<12:22:45.060> is<12:22:45.416> done<12:22:45.660> to<12:22:45.840> close<12:22:46.200> down<12:22:46.500> one<12:22:47.160> or

something is done to close down one or

something is done to close down one or
more<12:22:47.520> of<12:22:47.700> the<12:22:47.820> ports

more of the ports

more of the ports
so<12:22:49.320> there's<12:22:49.436> a<12:22:49.616> root<12:22:49.800> Bridge<12:22:49.980> election

so there's a root Bridge election

so there's a root Bridge election
firstly

firstly

firstly
then<12:22:52.200> there's<12:22:52.380> root<12:22:52.800> Port<12:22:52.980> selection

then there's root Port selection

then there's root Port selection
then<12:22:55.140> there's<12:22:55.320> a<12:22:55.560> designated<12:22:55.980> Port<12:22:56.400> election

then there's a designated Port election

then there's a designated Port election
the<12:22:58.680> bridge<12:22:58.860> with<12:22:59.460> the<12:22:59.700> lowest<12:23:00.000> Bridge<12:23:00.416> ID<12:23:00.720> is

the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is

the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is
selected<12:23:01.500> as<12:23:01.616> a<12:23:01.800> route<12:23:02.040> and<12:23:02.580> remember<12:23:02.756> it's<12:23:03.060> a

selected as a route and remember it's a

selected as a route and remember it's a
combination<12:23:03.540> between<12:23:03.840> the<12:23:04.200> priority<12:23:04.560> and<12:23:04.916> the

combination between the priority and the

combination between the priority and the
MAC<12:23:05.220> address<12:23:05.400> in<12:23:06.360> this<12:23:06.480> case<12:23:06.596> the<12:23:07.020> lowest<12:23:07.256> Mac

MAC address in this case the lowest Mac

MAC address in this case the lowest Mac
address<12:23:07.680> is<12:23:08.040> going<12:23:08.220> to<12:23:08.276> be<12:23:08.400> the<12:23:08.640> one<12:23:08.756> with<12:23:09.060> all

address is going to be the one with all

address is going to be the one with all
of<12:23:09.480> the<12:23:09.776> A's<12:23:10.380> because<12:23:11.096> that's<12:23:11.400> a<12:23:11.580> lower<12:23:11.756> number

of the A's because that's a lower number

of the A's because that's a lower number
in<12:23:12.240> hexadecimal

in hexadecimal

in hexadecimal
so<12:23:15.660> root<12:23:16.140> Port<12:23:16.320> is<12:23:16.800> the<12:23:17.096> port<12:23:17.276> closest<12:23:17.756> to<12:23:18.060> the

so root Port is the port closest to the

so root Port is the port closest to the
root<12:23:18.480> bridge<12:23:18.660> now<12:23:19.380> the<12:23:19.560> route<12:23:19.680> bridge<12:23:19.980> will

root bridge now the route bridge will

root bridge now the route bridge will
not<12:23:20.400> have<12:23:20.580> any<12:23:20.700> root<12:23:21.180> ports<12:23:21.480> because<12:23:21.720> it<12:23:22.080> is

not have any root ports because it is

not have any root ports because it is
the<12:23:22.320> route<12:23:22.500> Bridge<12:23:22.800> so<12:23:23.160> its<12:23:23.756> ports<12:23:24.116> will<12:23:24.240> all

the route Bridge so its ports will all

the route Bridge so its ports will all
be<12:23:24.596> known<12:23:24.960> as<12:23:25.140> designated<12:23:25.616> ports<12:23:26.580> you<12:23:27.060> can<12:23:27.116> see

be known as designated ports you can see

be known as designated ports you can see
switch<12:23:27.480> two<12:23:27.776> and<12:23:27.960> three<12:23:28.080> has<12:23:28.380> elected<12:23:28.980> its

switch two and three has elected its

switch two and three has elected its
closest<12:23:29.776> port<12:23:30.980> to<12:23:31.980> the<12:23:32.400> uh<12:23:32.700> route<12:23:33.000> Bridge<12:23:33.416> as

closest port to the uh route Bridge as

closest port to the uh route Bridge as
fast<12:23:34.380> ethernet<12:23:34.860> zero<12:23:35.220> slash<12:23:35.460> one

every bridge you set the root Bridge

every bridge you set the root Bridge
must<12:23:40.020> elect<12:23:40.256> the<12:23:40.500> root<12:23:40.740> ports<12:23:41.160> and<12:23:41.700> each

must elect the root ports and each

must elect the root ports and each
interface<12:23:42.840> adds<12:23:43.380> a<12:23:43.436> cost

interface adds a cost

interface adds a cost
so<12:23:44.700> as<12:23:44.880> it<12:23:45.060> goes<12:23:45.300> as<12:23:45.416> the<12:23:45.660> frame<12:23:45.900> goes<12:23:46.200> through

so as it goes as the frame goes through

so as it goes as the frame goes through
different<12:23:46.500> interfaces<12:23:47.220> the<12:23:47.580> cost<12:23:47.700> is<12:23:47.936> added

different interfaces the cost is added

different interfaces the cost is added
you<12:23:50.756> can<12:23:50.880> see<12:23:51.000> fast<12:23:51.300> ethernet<12:23:51.660> 0<12:23:52.020> 1<12:23:52.560> is<12:23:52.980> 19.<12:23:53.756> as

you can see fast ethernet 0 1 is 19. as

you can see fast ethernet 0 1 is 19. as
it<12:23:54.720> gets<12:23:55.020> to<12:23:55.080> fast<12:23:55.560> ethernet<12:23:55.980> 0<12:23:56.340> 2.<12:23:57.540> that<12:23:58.256> Port

it gets to fast ethernet 0 2. that Port

it gets to fast ethernet 0 2. that Port
cost<12:23:58.680> is<12:23:58.916> added<12:23:59.276> again<12:23:59.460> and<12:23:59.880> 19<12:24:00.180> plus<12:24:00.660> 19<12:24:01.220> costs

cost is added again and 19 plus 19 costs

cost is added again and 19 plus 19 costs
have<12:24:02.276> been<12:24:02.460> 19<12:24:02.700> each<12:24:03.240> uh<12:24:04.140> comes<12:24:04.436> up<12:24:04.500> as<12:24:04.680> 38.<12:24:05.400> so

have been 19 each uh comes up as 38. so

have been 19 each uh comes up as 38. so
fast<12:24:05.936> ethernet<12:24:06.300> 0<12:24:06.660> 1<12:24:07.200> wins

fast ethernet 0 1 wins

fast ethernet 0 1 wins
the<12:24:09.900> designated<12:24:10.256> Port<12:24:10.560> election<12:24:10.916> and

the designated Port election and

the designated Port election and
designated<12:24:12.060> report<12:24:12.300> sends<12:24:12.720> it<12:24:12.840> receives

designated report sends it receives

designated report sends it receives
traffic<12:24:13.256> on<12:24:13.560> the<12:24:13.680> segment<12:24:14.040> to<12:24:14.756> the<12:24:14.936> root

traffic on the segment to the root

traffic on the segment to the root
Bridge

Bridge

Bridge
only<12:24:16.680> one<12:24:17.040> designated<12:24:17.580> Port<12:24:18.000> per<12:24:18.480> segment<12:24:18.960> you

only one designated Port per segment you

only one designated Port per segment you
can<12:24:19.680> see<12:24:19.800> there's<12:24:19.980> a<12:24:20.160> segment<12:24:20.460> at<12:24:20.700> the<12:24:20.820> bottom

can see there's a segment at the bottom

can see there's a segment at the bottom
here

here

here
if<12:24:22.616> I<12:24:22.740> see<12:24:22.916> Zero<12:24:23.520> slash<12:24:23.700> two<12:24:23.880> on<12:24:24.116> switch<12:24:24.300> two

if I see Zero slash two on switch two

if I see Zero slash two on switch two
and<12:24:24.840> three

and three

and three
the<12:24:26.400> toy<12:24:26.700> goes<12:24:27.000> to<12:24:27.116> the<12:24:27.300> lowest<12:24:27.596> root<12:24:27.960> Bridge

the toy goes to the lowest root Bridge

the toy goes to the lowest root Bridge
ID<12:24:28.500> lowest<12:24:29.340> root<12:24:29.640> path<12:24:29.880> cost<12:24:30.200> lowest<12:24:31.200> sender

ID lowest root path cost lowest sender

ID lowest root path cost lowest sender
Bridge<12:24:31.860> ID<12:24:32.160> and<12:24:32.520> lowest<12:24:32.936> Port<12:24:33.060> ID

Bridge ID and lowest Port ID

Bridge ID and lowest Port ID
and<12:24:34.436> you<12:24:34.560> can<12:24:34.680> see<12:24:34.800> on<12:24:35.040> switch<12:24:35.160> two<12:24:35.400> and<12:24:35.580> three

and you can see on switch two and three

and you can see on switch two and three
the<12:24:36.000> lowest<12:24:36.300> out<12:24:36.480> of<12:24:36.596> the<12:24:36.720> two<12:24:36.900> would<12:24:37.200> be<12:24:37.320> the

the lowest out of the two would be the

the lowest out of the two would be the
switch<12:24:37.616> with<12:24:37.980> the<12:24:38.096> number<12:24:38.220> MAC<12:24:38.700> address<12:24:38.880> bb<12:24:39.480> bb

switch with the number MAC address bb bb

switch with the number MAC address bb bb
and<12:24:41.340> so<12:24:41.520> on

and so on

and so on
the<12:24:43.020> port<12:24:43.200> States<12:24:43.436> for<12:24:43.680> STP<12:24:44.220> can<12:24:44.640> only<12:24:44.820> be<12:24:45.060> one

the port States for STP can only be one

the port States for STP can only be one
of<12:24:45.416> the<12:24:45.540> five<12:24:45.660> following<12:24:46.256> it's<12:24:46.740> forwarding

of the five following it's forwarding

of the five following it's forwarding
it's<12:24:47.700> learning<12:24:48.300> it's<12:24:48.720> listening<12:24:49.200> blocking<12:24:49.980> or

it's learning it's listening blocking or

it's learning it's listening blocking or
disabled

disabled

disabled
all<12:24:52.980> right<12:24:53.096> so<12:24:53.276> we've<12:24:53.400> covered<12:24:53.700> a<12:24:53.820> fair<12:24:53.936> bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit
there<12:24:54.480> I<12:24:54.776> only<12:24:54.960> wanted<12:24:55.140> to<12:24:55.320> give<12:24:55.436> you<12:24:55.560> a<12:24:55.680> taster

there I only wanted to give you a taster

there I only wanted to give you a taster
STP<12:24:56.756> and<12:24:58.140> um<12:24:58.140> there<12:24:58.616> could<12:24:58.740> be<12:24:58.860> a<12:24:58.980> lab<12:24:59.096> on<12:24:59.400> this

STP and um there could be a lab on this

STP and um there could be a lab on this
I<12:24:59.820> haven't<12:24:59.936> decided<12:25:00.416> yet<12:25:00.740> obviously<12:25:01.740> you'll

I haven't decided yet obviously you'll

I haven't decided yet obviously you'll
be<12:25:02.040> digging<12:25:02.276> into<12:25:02.400> a<12:25:02.640> lot<12:25:02.700> more<12:25:02.820> detail<12:25:03.180> when

be digging into a lot more detail when

be digging into a lot more detail when
you<12:25:03.596> actually<12:25:03.720> come<12:25:04.020> to<12:25:04.200> do<12:25:04.380> the<12:25:04.560> CCNA<12:25:05.276> thanks

you actually come to do the CCNA thanks

you actually come to do the CCNA thanks
for<12:25:06.000> listening

welcome to modulate lesson 2B power over

welcome to modulate lesson 2B power over
ethernet

ethernet

ethernet
or<12:25:31.616> Poe

or Poe

or Poe
what<12:25:33.660> is<12:25:33.840> poe<12:25:34.616> the<12:25:35.160> benefits<12:25:35.756> components

what is poe the benefits components

what is poe the benefits components
the<12:25:37.980> power<12:25:38.160> supply<12:25:38.400> equipment<12:25:39.116> we<12:25:39.660> love<12:25:39.840> our

the power supply equipment we love our

the power supply equipment we love our
abbreviations<12:25:40.500> there<12:25:40.860> PSE

abbreviations there PSE

abbreviations there PSE
n-span<12:25:43.080> mid<12:25:43.740> span

n-span mid span

n-span mid span
power<12:25:45.300> devices

power devices

power devices
modes<12:25:47.640> in<12:25:47.936> Poe<12:25:48.680> standards<12:25:49.680> how<12:25:50.400> does<12:25:50.520> it<12:25:50.700> work

modes in Poe standards how does it work

modes in Poe standards how does it work
what<12:25:52.740> is<12:25:52.980> it<12:25:53.096> first

what is it first

what is it first
Poe<12:25:54.776> is<12:25:55.020> a<12:25:55.256> technology<12:25:55.616> that<12:25:55.980> allows<12:25:56.340> a<12:25:57.116> um<12:25:57.180> a

Poe is a technology that allows a um a

Poe is a technology that allows a um a
device<12:25:57.720> connected<12:25:58.200> to<12:25:58.320> an<12:25:58.560> ethernet<12:25:58.740> cable<12:25:59.096> to

device connected to an ethernet cable to

device connected to an ethernet cable to
receive<12:25:59.880> the<12:26:00.060> following<12:26:00.800> electrical<12:26:01.800> power

receive the following electrical power

receive the following electrical power
and<12:26:02.756> data

and data

and data
now<12:26:04.256> obviously<12:26:04.800> a<12:26:05.640> device<12:26:06.060> connected<12:26:06.480> to<12:26:06.660> an

now obviously a device connected to an

now obviously a device connected to an
ether<12:26:07.080> cable<12:26:07.380> was<12:26:07.800> already<12:26:08.276> going<12:26:08.580> to<12:26:08.700> be

ether cable was already going to be

ether cable was already going to be
receiving<12:26:09.060> data<12:26:09.596> because<12:26:09.776> that's<12:26:10.140> what<12:26:10.916> um

receiving data because that's what um

receiving data because that's what um
ethernet<12:26:11.340> was<12:26:11.580> designed<12:26:11.936> for

ethernet was designed for

ethernet was designed for
however<12:26:13.560> what<12:26:13.916> it<12:26:14.096> wasn't<12:26:14.460> initially

however what it wasn't initially

however what it wasn't initially
designed<12:26:15.480> for<12:26:15.596> and<12:26:15.900> some<12:26:16.140> very<12:26:16.320> clever<12:26:16.616> people

designed for and some very clever people

designed for and some very clever people
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
um found<12:26:18.720> or<12:26:19.020> realized<12:26:19.740> away<12:26:19.860> and<12:26:20.160> tested<12:26:20.580> it

um found or realized away and tested it

um found or realized away and tested it
is<12:26:22.020> to<12:26:22.320> deliver<12:26:22.500> power

is to deliver power

is to deliver power
and<12:26:24.416> it's<12:26:24.596> got<12:26:24.776> all<12:26:24.960> sorts<12:26:25.256> of<12:26:25.256> uses<12:26:25.740> we're

and it's got all sorts of uses we're

and it's got all sorts of uses we're
talking<12:26:26.400> in<12:26:26.756> the<12:26:26.936> context<12:26:27.660> of<12:26:27.840> networking

talking in the context of networking

talking in the context of networking
however<12:26:29.460> I<12:26:30.116> recently<12:26:30.480> bought<12:26:30.720> a<12:26:31.140> guitar

however I recently bought a guitar

however I recently bought a guitar
effects<12:26:32.340> board<12:26:32.520> that<12:26:33.416> plugs<12:26:33.720> into<12:26:33.840> the<12:26:34.080> back

effects board that plugs into the back

effects board that plugs into the back
of<12:26:34.436> my<12:26:34.680> amp<12:26:35.160> using<12:26:35.820> a<12:26:36.360> ethernet<12:26:36.840> cable<12:26:37.256> and<12:26:38.040> I

of my amp using a ethernet cable and I

of my amp using a ethernet cable and I
thought<12:26:38.400> it<12:26:38.520> was<12:26:38.640> going<12:26:38.700> to<12:26:38.756> come<12:26:39.000> with<12:26:39.116> a

thought it was going to come with a

thought it was going to come with a
power<12:26:39.416> supply<12:26:39.720> but<12:26:40.080> as<12:26:40.256> soon<12:26:40.380> as<12:26:40.436> I<12:26:40.560> plug<12:26:40.740> the

power supply but as soon as I plug the

power supply but as soon as I plug the
ethernet<12:26:41.220> cable<12:26:41.580> in<12:26:41.820> it<12:26:42.360> actually<12:26:42.540> powered<12:26:42.960> up

ethernet cable in it actually powered up

ethernet cable in it actually powered up
the<12:26:43.200> pedalboard

the pedalboard

the pedalboard
and<12:26:44.820> the<12:26:44.936> pedal<12:26:45.180> board<12:26:45.300> offers<12:26:45.660> a<12:26:45.900> whole<12:26:46.020> bunch

and the pedal board offers a whole bunch

and the pedal board offers a whole bunch
of<12:26:46.380> effects<12:26:46.980> you<12:26:47.276> can<12:26:47.460> record<12:26:47.936> about<12:26:48.720> five

of effects you can record about five

of effects you can record about five
minutes<12:26:49.256> of<12:26:49.560> Music<12:26:50.060> Loop<12:26:51.060> it<12:26:51.180> add<12:26:51.480> other

minutes of Music Loop it add other

minutes of Music Loop it add other
tracks<12:26:52.200> onto<12:26:52.560> that<12:26:52.800> Loop<12:26:53.160> and<12:26:53.700> a<12:26:53.880> whole<12:26:53.936> bunch

tracks onto that Loop and a whole bunch

tracks onto that Loop and a whole bunch
of<12:26:54.300> stuff<12:26:54.540> so<12:26:55.980> um<12:26:56.040> very<12:26:56.340> clever<12:26:56.640> technology

of stuff so um very clever technology

of stuff so um very clever technology
and<12:26:57.360> it's<12:26:57.480> got<12:26:57.720> a<12:26:57.840> multitude<12:26:58.436> of<12:26:58.680> purposes

and it's got a multitude of purposes

and it's got a multitude of purposes
and<12:27:00.116> it's<12:27:00.240> just<12:27:00.360> one<12:27:00.540> of<12:27:00.660> those<12:27:00.720> things<12:27:00.900> when

and it's just one of those things when

and it's just one of those things when
it's<12:27:01.380> invented<12:27:01.860> you<12:27:02.040> think<12:27:02.160> why<12:27:02.400> didn't

it's invented you think why didn't

it's invented you think why didn't
somebody<12:27:02.880> think<12:27:03.180> of<12:27:03.300> that<12:27:03.480> earlier

somebody think of that earlier

somebody think of that earlier
the<12:27:05.820> power<12:27:06.000> devices<12:27:06.416> that<12:27:06.776> support<12:27:07.020> Poe<12:27:07.680> only

the power devices that support Poe only

the power devices that support Poe only
operate<12:27:08.276> from<12:27:08.520> the<12:27:08.700> piracies<12:27:09.360> through<12:27:09.660> the

operate from the piracies through the

operate from the piracies through the
ethernet<12:27:10.080> cable<12:27:10.500> obviously<12:27:11.400> there's<12:27:11.580> a

ethernet cable obviously there's a

ethernet cable obviously there's a
finite<12:27:12.180> amount<12:27:12.596> of<12:27:12.720> charge<12:27:13.436> or<12:27:13.980> power<12:27:14.220> that

finite amount of charge or power that

finite amount of charge or power that
you<12:27:15.240> can<12:27:15.360> push<12:27:15.720> through<12:27:16.200> the<12:27:16.740> cable<12:27:17.220> because

you can push through the cable because

you can push through the cable because
it's<12:27:17.880> quite<12:27:18.116> a<12:27:18.300> thin<12:27:18.480> strand<12:27:18.840> of<12:27:19.020> metal

it's quite a thin strand of metal

it's quite a thin strand of metal
but<12:27:20.936> um<12:27:20.936> obviously<12:27:21.540> avoid<12:27:22.140> the<12:27:22.320> need<12:27:22.500> for

but um obviously avoid the need for

but um obviously avoid the need for
additional<12:27:23.400> electrical<12:27:24.240> wiring<12:27:24.720> are<12:27:25.200> you

additional electrical wiring are you

additional electrical wiring are you
your<12:27:25.616> power<12:27:25.860> supply<12:27:26.096> unit<12:27:26.460> and<12:27:26.820> all<12:27:27.000> the<12:27:27.180> wires

your power supply unit and all the wires

your power supply unit and all the wires
that<12:27:27.840> come<12:27:28.020> with<12:27:28.200> that<12:27:28.320> and<12:27:28.560> as<12:27:29.160> we<12:27:29.276> all<12:27:29.460> know

that come with that and as we all know

that come with that and as we all know
every<12:27:30.000> single<12:27:30.300> power<12:27:30.480> device<12:27:30.840> has<12:27:31.140> got<12:27:31.320> a

every single power device has got a

every single power device has got a
different

different

different
and<12:27:32.936> socket<12:27:33.416> a<12:27:33.596> jack<12:27:33.776> on<12:27:34.020> it<12:27:34.140> and<12:27:34.320> it<12:27:34.500> just

and socket a jack on it and it just

and socket a jack on it and it just
makes<12:27:34.740> it<12:27:34.980> very<12:27:35.096> awkward<12:27:35.520> to<12:27:35.756> keep<12:27:35.880> a<12:27:36.060> track<12:27:36.240> of

makes it very awkward to keep a track of

makes it very awkward to keep a track of
which<12:27:36.596> is<12:27:36.840> which<12:27:37.080> and<12:27:37.860> then<12:27:37.980> obviously<12:27:38.340> your

which is which and then obviously your

which is which and then obviously your
power<12:27:38.820> supply<12:27:39.116> can<12:27:39.540> die<12:27:39.776> making<12:27:40.616> our<12:27:40.916> lives<12:27:41.040> a

power supply can die making our lives a

power supply can die making our lives a
misery

misery

misery
so<12:27:43.020> what<12:27:43.256> is<12:27:43.380> it<12:27:43.500> we're<12:27:43.740> supplying<12:27:44.096> electrical

so what is it we're supplying electrical

so what is it we're supplying electrical
power<12:27:44.700> through<12:27:45.000> the<12:27:45.240> electrical<12:27:45.720> ethernet

power through the electrical ethernet

power through the electrical ethernet
cable<12:27:46.680> in<12:27:46.980> order<12:27:47.160> to<12:27:47.340> power<12:27:47.520> devices<12:27:47.936> I<12:27:48.240> know

cable in order to power devices I know

cable in order to power devices I know
I'm<12:27:48.540> stating<12:27:48.720> the<12:27:48.960> obvious<12:27:49.200> here

I'm stating the obvious here

I'm stating the obvious here
and<12:27:51.416> of<12:27:51.660> course<12:27:51.776> is<12:27:52.020> uh<12:27:52.320> designed<12:27:52.800> for

and of course is uh designed for

and of course is uh designed for
beginners<12:27:53.340> as<12:27:53.520> well<12:27:53.700> very<12:27:54.660> handy<12:27:54.960> for<12:27:55.140> voice

beginners as well very handy for voice

beginners as well very handy for voice
over<12:27:55.616> IP<12:27:56.160> uh<12:27:56.880> telephony<12:27:57.360> very<12:27:58.140> useful<12:27:58.436> indeed

over IP uh telephony very useful indeed

over IP uh telephony very useful indeed
because<12:27:58.916> it<12:27:59.220> just<12:27:59.936> um<12:28:00.000> saves<12:28:00.540> those<12:28:00.660> extra

because it just um saves those extra

because it just um saves those extra
wires<12:28:01.436> and<12:28:01.560> cables

wires and cables

wires and cables
wireless<12:28:03.360> access<12:28:03.776> points<12:28:04.380> network<12:28:04.680> cameras

wireless access points network cameras

wireless access points network cameras
um very<12:28:06.180> big<12:28:06.360> in<12:28:06.540> the<12:28:06.660> field<12:28:06.840> of<12:28:07.020> security

um very big in the field of security

um very big in the field of security
especially<12:28:07.980> industrial<12:28:08.460> security<12:28:08.820> and<12:28:09.300> shops

especially industrial security and shops

especially industrial security and shops
and<12:28:09.900> warehouses

since the devices can consume the

since the devices can consume the
required<12:28:14.936> power<12:28:15.116> from<12:28:15.360> the<12:28:15.540> ethernet<12:28:15.776> cable

required power from the ethernet cable

required power from the ethernet cable
there's<12:28:16.436> no<12:28:16.616> need<12:28:16.800> for<12:28:16.980> the<12:28:17.276> separate<12:28:18.060> local

there's no need for the separate local

there's no need for the separate local
power<12:28:18.720> supply

power supply

power supply
if<12:28:20.460> the<12:28:20.700> device<12:28:20.880> is<12:28:21.116> an<12:28:21.300> outdoor<12:28:21.660> wireless

if the device is an outdoor wireless

if the device is an outdoor wireless
access<12:28:22.500> point<12:28:22.916> or<12:28:23.220> a<12:28:23.340> WAP<12:28:23.640> it<12:28:24.240> supports<12:28:24.660> then

access point or a WAP it supports then

access point or a WAP it supports then
we<12:28:25.080> can<12:28:25.200> do<12:28:25.320> the<12:28:25.436> following<12:28:25.800> we<12:28:26.220> can<12:28:26.340> send<12:28:26.520> it

we can do the following we can send it

we can do the following we can send it
electrical<12:28:27.180> power<12:28:27.360> and<12:28:28.080> we<12:28:28.200> can<12:28:28.320> send<12:28:28.500> data

electrical power and we can send data

electrical power and we can send data
through<12:28:28.980> the<12:28:29.160> cable

through the cable

through the cable
eliminates<12:28:31.436> the<12:28:31.680> local<12:28:31.860> power<12:28:32.160> source

eliminates the local power source

eliminates the local power source
it's<12:28:33.840> saving<12:28:34.200> you<12:28:34.320> money<12:28:34.560> no<12:28:35.220> great<12:28:35.460> no<12:28:35.820> need

it's saving you money no great no need

it's saving you money no great no need
to<12:28:36.240> upgrade<12:28:36.720> the<12:28:36.960> existing<12:28:37.256> CAT5<12:28:37.800> or<12:28:38.040> coccyx

to upgrade the existing CAT5 or coccyx

to upgrade the existing CAT5 or coccyx
cabling<12:28:39.180> which<12:28:39.540> is<12:28:39.660> another<12:28:39.776> Lifesaver<12:28:40.560> and<12:28:41.160> a

cabling which is another Lifesaver and a

cabling which is another Lifesaver and a
wallet<12:28:41.580> saver<12:28:41.820> for<12:28:42.116> companies<12:28:42.500> no<12:28:43.500> need<12:28:43.680> to

wallet saver for companies no need to

wallet saver for companies no need to
purchase<12:28:44.160> the<12:28:44.460> power<12:28:44.640> outlets<12:28:45.480> electrical

purchase the power outlets electrical

purchase the power outlets electrical
wiring

wiring

wiring
I'm<12:28:48.416> not<12:28:48.540> sure<12:28:48.660> if<12:28:48.776> I'd<12:28:48.960> talk<12:28:49.200> about<12:28:49.380> that<12:28:49.616> in<12:28:49.800> a

I'm not sure if I'd talk about that in a

I'm not sure if I'd talk about that in a
moment<12:28:50.096> as<12:28:50.400> well<12:28:50.520> but<12:28:50.700> it's<12:28:50.880> just<12:28:51.060> another

moment as well but it's just another

moment as well but it's just another
thing<12:28:51.776> uh<12:28:52.436> that<12:28:52.680> that<12:28:52.980> wouldn't<12:28:53.580> possibly<12:28:54.000> go

thing uh that that wouldn't possibly go

thing uh that that wouldn't possibly go
wrong<12:28:54.416> I<12:28:54.720> can't<12:28:54.840> remember<12:28:55.020> if<12:28:55.256> I've<12:28:55.436> put<12:28:55.616> this

wrong I can't remember if I've put this

wrong I can't remember if I've put this
in<12:28:55.916> a<12:28:56.040> slide<12:28:56.276> somewhere<12:28:56.756> so<12:28:57.360> you've<12:28:57.596> got<12:28:57.720> one

in a slide somewhere so you've got one

in a slide somewhere so you've got one
less

less

less
um<12:28:58.980> point<12:28:59.276> of<12:28:59.460> failure<12:28:59.936> there

very easy to install basically you just

very easy to install basically you just
plug<12:29:05.820> it<12:29:06.000> plug<12:29:06.300> and<12:29:06.480> play<12:29:06.720> you<12:29:07.560> can<12:29:07.680> install<12:29:07.860> it

plug it plug and play you can install it

plug it plug and play you can install it
even<12:29:08.276> though<12:29:08.520> locations<12:29:08.936> that<12:29:09.116> are<12:29:09.240> hard<12:29:09.360> to

even though locations that are hard to

even though locations that are hard to
reach<12:29:09.720> because<12:29:09.960> there's<12:29:10.200> no<12:29:10.436> need<12:29:10.616> for<12:29:10.860> local

reach because there's no need for local

reach because there's no need for local
power

power

power
increase<12:29:13.616> reliability

increase reliability

increase reliability
um<12:29:15.720> less<12:29:16.436> risk<12:29:16.800> of<12:29:16.860> power<12:29:17.040> interruptions

um less risk of power interruptions

um less risk of power interruptions
caused<12:29:18.060> by<12:29:18.116> human<12:29:18.680> interference<12:29:19.880> because<12:29:20.880> the

caused by human interference because the

caused by human interference because the
device<12:29:21.360> is<12:29:21.596> essentially<12:29:22.080> powered<12:29:22.616> a<12:29:23.040> lot<12:29:23.220> of

device is essentially powered a lot of

device is essentially powered a lot of
the<12:29:23.340> time<12:29:23.460> our<12:29:23.700> networking<12:29:24.116> equipment<12:29:24.540> has<12:29:25.020> a

the time our networking equipment has a

the time our networking equipment has a
redundant<12:29:25.740> power<12:29:26.040> supplies<12:29:26.460> as<12:29:26.640> well<12:29:26.756> and

redundant power supplies as well and

redundant power supplies as well and
backup<12:29:27.300> generators<12:29:27.900> especially<12:29:28.800> if<12:29:28.916> it's<12:29:29.040> an

backup generators especially if it's an

backup generators especially if it's an
ISP

ISP

ISP
so<12:29:30.960> they'll<12:29:31.140> keep<12:29:31.380> working

so they'll keep working

so they'll keep working
enhanced<12:29:33.416> Operational<12:29:33.840> Support<12:29:34.320> and

enhanced Operational Support and

enhanced Operational Support and
monitoring<12:29:35.580> and<12:29:35.756> Remote<12:29:35.936> Management<12:29:36.240> we<12:29:36.720> can

monitoring and Remote Management we can

monitoring and Remote Management we can
do<12:29:36.960> through<12:29:37.140> SNMP<12:29:37.800> so<12:29:38.040> we<12:29:38.220> can<12:29:38.400> power<12:29:39.000> the

do through SNMP so we can power the

do through SNMP so we can power the
devices<12:29:39.720> and<12:29:40.680> perform<12:29:40.980> different<12:29:41.340> operations

devices and perform different operations

devices and perform different operations
over<12:29:42.416> the<12:29:42.660> network

over the network

over the network
very<12:29:44.400> handy<12:29:44.756> I<12:29:45.000> know<12:29:45.180> I<12:29:45.360> could<12:29:45.540> remotely

very handy I know I could remotely

very handy I know I could remotely
reboot<12:29:47.040> different<12:29:47.340> devices<12:29:48.080> on<12:29:49.080> my<12:29:49.256> remote

reboot different devices on my remote

reboot different devices on my remote
rack

rack

rack
um<12:29:51.416> if<12:29:51.660> I<12:29:51.840> couldn't<12:29:51.960> reach<12:29:52.320> it<12:29:52.436> and<12:29:52.680> I<12:29:52.800> didn't

um if I couldn't reach it and I didn't

um if I couldn't reach it and I didn't
want<12:29:53.040> to<12:29:53.160> pay<12:29:53.276> a<12:29:53.460> tech<12:29:53.640> to<12:29:53.820> go<12:29:53.936> and<12:29:54.116> power<12:29:54.300> cycle

want to pay a tech to go and power cycle

want to pay a tech to go and power cycle
stuff<12:29:54.960> I<12:29:55.616> could<12:29:55.740> just<12:29:55.916> send<12:29:56.160> a<12:29:56.400> message<12:29:57.000> for

stuff I could just send a message for

stuff I could just send a message for
the<12:29:57.840> power<12:29:58.020> unit<12:29:58.320> to<12:29:58.680> reboot<12:29:59.400> if<12:29:59.580> it<12:29:59.756> needed<12:30:00.000> to

the power unit to reboot if it needed to

the power unit to reboot if it needed to
all<12:30:02.580> right<12:30:02.756> two<12:30:02.936> basic<12:30:03.300> components<12:30:03.900> your

all right two basic components your

all right two basic components your
power<12:30:04.380> supply<12:30:04.616> equipment<12:30:05.096> and<12:30:05.520> your<12:30:05.700> powered

power supply equipment and your powered

power supply equipment and your powered
device

device

device
your<12:30:08.096> PSE<12:30:08.660> is<12:30:09.660> the<12:30:09.960> a<12:30:10.200> unit<12:30:10.500> that<12:30:10.740> adds

your PSE is the a unit that adds

your PSE is the a unit that adds
electrical<12:30:11.340> power<12:30:11.520> to<12:30:11.700> the<12:30:11.880> ethernet<12:30:12.180> cable

electrical power to the ethernet cable

electrical power to the ethernet cable
you've<12:30:13.560> got<12:30:13.680> n<12:30:13.980> Span<12:30:14.460> and<12:30:14.820> mid<12:30:15.060> span

you've got n Span and mid span

you've got n Span and mid span
the<12:30:16.740> end<12:30:16.800> span<12:30:17.160> is<12:30:17.400> it<12:30:17.520> refers<12:30:17.820> to<12:30:17.936> a<12:30:18.116> switch

the end span is it refers to a switch

the end span is it refers to a switch
that<12:30:18.540> supports<12:30:19.020> Poe<12:30:19.740> in<12:30:20.096> addition<12:30:20.400> to<12:30:20.700> its

that supports Poe in addition to its

that supports Poe in addition to its
switching<12:30:21.360> role<12:30:21.776> so<12:30:22.080> we<12:30:22.256> can<12:30:22.436> do<12:30:22.560> both<12:30:22.880> these

switching role so we can do both these

switching role so we can do both these
switches<12:30:24.240> are<12:30:24.480> capable<12:30:24.840> of<12:30:25.200> sending

switches are capable of sending

switches are capable of sending
electrical<12:30:26.276> power<12:30:26.460> and<12:30:27.000> data<12:30:27.480> to<12:30:27.596> the<12:30:28.020> device

electrical power and data to the device

electrical power and data to the device
mid-span<12:30:30.300> refers<12:30:30.660> to<12:30:30.840> a<12:30:30.960> standalone<12:30:31.436> inline

mid-span refers to a standalone inline

mid-span refers to a standalone inline
injector<12:30:32.820> that<12:30:33.116> provides<12:30:33.480> power<12:30:33.660> to<12:30:33.900> the

injector that provides power to the

injector that provides power to the
Ethernet<12:30:34.380> cable<12:30:34.680> so<12:30:35.096> it's<12:30:35.276> not<12:30:35.520> built<12:30:35.820> into<12:30:35.880> a

Ethernet cable so it's not built into a

Ethernet cable so it's not built into a
switch

switch

switch
this<12:30:37.616> is<12:30:37.740> a<12:30:37.916> situations<12:30:38.276> where<12:30:38.580> a<12:30:38.700> switch

this is a situations where a switch

this is a situations where a switch
doesn't<12:30:39.180> have<12:30:39.416> the<12:30:39.660> built-in<12:30:40.080> Poe<12:30:40.740> it<12:30:41.460> could

doesn't have the built-in Poe it could

doesn't have the built-in Poe it could
be<12:30:41.700> an<12:30:41.820> older<12:30:42.116> model<12:30:42.240> or<12:30:42.480> a<12:30:42.660> cheaper<12:30:42.960> model<12:30:43.080> for

be an older model or a cheaper model for

be an older model or a cheaper model for
whatever<12:30:43.500> reason

whatever reason

whatever reason
so<12:30:45.776> you<12:30:45.900> can<12:30:46.020> pass<12:30:46.140> the<12:30:46.380> data<12:30:46.740> coming<12:30:46.980> from<12:30:47.220> the

so you can pass the data coming from the

so you can pass the data coming from the
switch<12:30:47.580> to<12:30:47.936> the<12:30:48.116> inline<12:30:48.416> injector<12:30:49.160> and<12:30:50.160> can

switch to the inline injector and can

switch to the inline injector and can
output<12:30:50.820> the<12:30:51.060> same<12:30:51.180> data<12:30:51.720> but<12:30:51.960> it<12:30:52.140> adds<12:30:52.500> power

output the same data but it adds power

output the same data but it adds power
to<12:30:53.520> the<12:30:54.180> um

to the um

to the um
points<12:30:55.436> of<12:30:55.560> the<12:30:55.680> cable<12:30:55.860> there

points of the cable there

points of the cable there
the<12:30:57.776> power<12:30:57.900> device<12:30:58.200> supports<12:30:58.860> Poe<12:30:59.400> receives

the power device supports Poe receives

the power device supports Poe receives
the<12:31:00.180> power<12:31:00.360> via<12:31:00.720> an<12:31:00.900> ethernet<12:31:01.140> cable

the power via an ethernet cable

the power via an ethernet cable
now<12:31:03.720> in<12:31:04.140> Poe<12:31:04.740> there's<12:31:05.040> two<12:31:05.220> different<12:31:05.460> modes

now in Poe there's two different modes

now in Poe there's two different modes
for<12:31:06.116> combining<12:31:06.660> the<12:31:06.900> following<12:31:07.460> data<12:31:08.460> and

for combining the following data and

for combining the following data and
power<12:31:08.880> of<12:31:09.116> the<12:31:09.300> ethernet<12:31:09.596> cable<12:31:10.020> the<12:31:10.916> two

power of the ethernet cable the two

power of the ethernet cable the two
modes<12:31:11.580> are<12:31:12.116> not<12:31:12.596> very<12:31:12.720> imaginative

modes are not very imaginative

modes are not very imaginative
unfortunately<12:31:13.980> mode<12:31:14.520> a<12:31:14.880> and<12:31:15.240> mode<12:31:15.540> B

unfortunately mode a and mode B

unfortunately mode a and mode B
suppose<12:31:16.800> it<12:31:16.980> could<12:31:17.096> have<12:31:17.160> been<12:31:17.276> one<12:31:17.520> or<12:31:17.700> two<12:31:17.936> or

suppose it could have been one or two or

suppose it could have been one or two or
Jack<12:31:18.720> and<12:31:18.900> Jill

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill
mode<12:31:20.520> a<12:31:20.880> the<12:31:21.180> electrical<12:31:21.596> power<12:31:21.776> and<12:31:21.960> the<12:31:22.080> data

mode a the electrical power and the data

mode a the electrical power and the data
are<12:31:22.560> combined<12:31:22.916> on<12:31:23.160> the<12:31:23.276> same<12:31:23.460> wires<12:31:23.820> over<12:31:23.936> the

are combined on the same wires over the

are combined on the same wires over the
ethernet<12:31:24.416> cable

ethernet cable

ethernet cable
this<12:31:25.980> is<12:31:26.160> called<12:31:26.460> Phantom<12:31:27.000> powering

this is called Phantom powering

this is called Phantom powering
mode<12:31:28.860> B<12:31:29.160> the<12:31:29.340> electrical<12:31:29.820> power<12:31:30.116> and<12:31:30.416> data<12:31:30.776> are

mode B the electrical power and data are

mode B the electrical power and data are
carried<12:31:31.200> on<12:31:31.320> different<12:31:31.500> wires<12:31:31.980> which<12:31:32.160> is<12:31:32.340> more

carried on different wires which is more

carried on different wires which is more
common

common

common
separate<12:31:34.860> the<12:31:35.040> data<12:31:35.340> and<12:31:35.460> power<12:31:35.700> inside<12:31:36.000> the

separate the data and power inside the

separate the data and power inside the
ethernet<12:31:36.596> cable

ethernet cable

ethernet cable
so<12:31:39.116> in<12:31:39.416> the<12:31:39.540> internet<12:31:39.720> cable<12:31:40.256> if<12:31:40.560> you've<12:31:40.980> got<12:31:41.040> a

so in the internet cable if you've got a

so in the internet cable if you've got a
pair<12:31:41.400> of<12:31:41.520> wires<12:31:41.820> carried<12:31:42.240> only<12:31:42.360> the<12:31:42.540> power

pair of wires carried only the power

pair of wires carried only the power
then<12:31:43.020> the<12:31:43.200> other<12:31:43.320> pair<12:31:43.740> of<12:31:43.860> wires<12:31:44.220> would<12:31:44.400> carry

then the other pair of wires would carry

then the other pair of wires would carry
only<12:31:45.300> the<12:31:45.660> data

only the data

only the data
uh<12:31:48.416> First<12:31:48.660> International<12:31:48.900> standard<12:31:49.500> was

uh First International standard was

uh First International standard was
802.3<12:31:50.820> AF

802.3 AF

802.3 AF
ratified<12:31:52.740> a<12:31:53.040> long<12:31:53.220> time<12:31:53.400> ago<12:31:53.640> June<12:31:54.180> 2003<12:31:54.900> and

ratified a long time ago June 2003 and

ratified a long time ago June 2003 and
it<12:31:55.980> defines<12:31:56.936> um<12:31:56.936> a<12:31:57.720> power<12:31:57.840> supply<12:31:58.020> of<12:31:58.320> up<12:31:58.500> to

it defines um a power supply of up to

it defines um a power supply of up to
1.54<12:31:59.640> watts<12:32:00.116> of<12:32:00.480> DC

uses 48 volts

uses 48 volts
as<12:32:06.180> growing<12:32:06.596> demand<12:32:06.840> for<12:32:07.020> more<12:32:07.200> power<12:32:07.436> over

as growing demand for more power over

as growing demand for more power over
Ethernet<12:32:08.096> cable<12:32:08.460> so<12:32:08.756> the<12:32:08.936> standard<12:32:09.240> was

Ethernet cable so the standard was

Ethernet cable so the standard was
updated<12:32:10.040> and<12:32:11.040> 802.3

Poe Plus

Poe Plus
this<12:32:17.276> was<12:32:17.400> adopted<12:32:17.880> back<12:32:18.116> in<12:32:18.360> 2009

this was adopted back in 2009

this was adopted back in 2009
and<12:32:20.520> it<12:32:20.640> defines<12:32:21.000> the<12:32:21.060> following<12:32:21.416> a<12:32:21.660> power

and it defines the following a power

and it defines the following a power
supply<12:32:22.020> of<12:32:22.256> up<12:32:22.436> to<12:32:22.640> 34.2<12:32:23.640> watts<12:32:24.000> of<12:32:24.116> DC<12:32:24.416> power

supply of up to 34.2 watts of DC power

supply of up to 34.2 watts of DC power
using<12:32:25.560> 48<12:32:26.096> volts

using 48 volts

using 48 volts
both<12:32:28.020> the<12:32:28.380> I<12:32:29.220> um<12:32:29.596> IEEE<12:32:30.860> 802.3<12:32:31.860> AF<12:32:32.340> and<12:32:32.580> 80<12:32:32.756> are

both the I um IEEE 802.3 AF and 80 are

both the I um IEEE 802.3 AF and 80 are
now<12:32:33.300> included<12:32:33.720> in<12:32:34.020> the<12:32:34.200> ethernet<12:32:34.616> standards

now included in the ethernet standards

now included in the ethernet standards
they've<12:32:35.460> all<12:32:35.580> been<12:32:35.640> combined<12:32:36.240> together

they've all been combined together

they've all been combined together
as<12:32:38.460> we<12:32:38.640> know<12:32:38.820> from<12:32:39.240> earlier<12:32:39.776> presentations

as we know from earlier presentations

as we know from earlier presentations
the<12:32:40.916> ethernet<12:32:41.276> cable<12:32:41.460> has<12:32:41.880> four

the ethernet cable has four

the ethernet cable has four
pairs<12:32:43.980> of<12:32:44.096> Twisted<12:32:44.460> wire

pairs of Twisted wire

pairs of Twisted wire
this<12:32:45.840> is<12:32:46.020> cart<12:32:46.200> 5e<12:32:46.800> and<12:32:47.040> Cat6

this is cart 5e and Cat6

this is cart 5e and Cat6
uh<12:32:49.980> for<12:32:50.580> and<12:32:51.300> we<12:32:51.596> already<12:32:51.720> covered<12:32:52.080> earlier

uh for and we already covered earlier

uh for and we already covered earlier
that<12:32:52.500> 10<12:32:52.680> base<12:32:52.916> T<12:32:53.160> and<12:32:53.460> about<12:32:54.180> um<12:32:54.180> 100<12:32:54.596> base<12:32:54.960> T

that 10 base T and about um 100 base T

that 10 base T and about um 100 base T
ethernet<12:32:56.400> only<12:32:56.820> use<12:32:57.180> uh<12:32:58.020> two<12:32:58.200> pairs<12:32:58.560> of<12:32:58.800> wire

ethernet only use uh two pairs of wire

ethernet only use uh two pairs of wire
to<12:32:59.160> send<12:32:59.400> the<12:32:59.580> data<12:32:59.936> so<12:33:00.360> this<12:33:00.540> leaves<12:33:00.900> us<12:33:01.080> some

to send the data so this leaves us some

to send the data so this leaves us some
spare<12:33:01.980> wires<12:33:02.460> two<12:33:02.700> pairs<12:33:03.000> of<12:33:03.116> spare<12:33:03.416> wires

spare wires two pairs of spare wires

spare wires two pairs of spare wires
so<12:33:05.220> electrical<12:33:05.820> current<12:33:06.000> flows<12:33:06.480> in<12:33:06.720> the<12:33:06.900> loop

so electrical current flows in the loop

so electrical current flows in the loop
powering<12:33:07.436> the<12:33:07.560> electrical<12:33:07.860> components<12:33:08.340> such

powering the electrical components such

powering the electrical components such
as<12:33:08.700> bulbs<12:33:09.240> and<12:33:09.360> fans<12:33:09.660> the<12:33:10.436> loop<12:33:10.740> is<12:33:10.916> an

as bulbs and fans the loop is an

as bulbs and fans the loop is an
electrical<12:33:11.640> circuit

and since the electrical current flows

and since the electrical current flows
in<12:33:16.020> the<12:33:16.140> loop<12:33:16.320> we<12:33:16.500> need<12:33:16.560> two<12:33:16.740> conductors<12:33:17.220> to

in the loop we need two conductors to

in the loop we need two conductors to
deliver<12:33:17.700> power<12:33:18.060> over<12:33:18.300> an<12:33:18.596> ethernet<12:33:18.840> cable

uh typically we use 48 volts that says

uh typically we use 48 volts that says
sufficient<12:33:24.840> power<12:33:25.080> to<12:33:25.380> transfer<12:33:25.740> over<12:33:25.916> the

sufficient power to transfer over the

sufficient power to transfer over the
cable<12:33:26.340> and<12:33:27.060> it's<12:33:27.240> safe<12:33:27.416> for<12:33:27.660> users<12:33:27.960> so<12:33:28.140> it's

cable and it's safe for users so it's

cable and it's safe for users so it's
not<12:33:28.436> going<12:33:28.616> to<12:33:28.800> injure<12:33:29.640> anyone

not going to injure anyone

not going to injure anyone
now<12:33:32.580> if<12:33:32.936> you<12:33:33.240> plug<12:33:33.960> a<12:33:34.080> Poe<12:33:34.616> device<12:33:34.860> into<12:33:35.580> one

now if you plug a Poe device into one

now if you plug a Poe device into one
that<12:33:36.416> isn't<12:33:36.660> designed<12:33:37.020> for<12:33:37.200> use<12:33:37.380> with<12:33:37.560> Poe

that isn't designed for use with Poe

that isn't designed for use with Poe
then<12:33:39.060> you<12:33:39.300> could<12:33:39.480> cause<12:33:39.960> damage<12:33:40.436> and<12:33:40.680> fry<12:33:41.160> it

then you could cause damage and fry it

then you could cause damage and fry it
and

and

and
in<12:33:42.480> other<12:33:42.660> words

in other words

in other words
and<12:33:44.520> the<12:33:44.700> PSE<12:33:45.000> sends<12:33:45.480> a<12:33:45.540> lower<12:33:45.660> voltage<12:33:46.140> to<12:33:46.320> a

and the PSE sends a lower voltage to a

and the PSE sends a lower voltage to a
device<12:33:46.680> to<12:33:47.096> detect<12:33:47.400> the<12:33:47.580> characteristic

device to detect the characteristic

device to detect the characteristic
signature<12:33:49.080> of<12:33:49.200> a<12:33:49.380> compatible<12:33:49.740> PD

signature of a compatible PD

signature of a compatible PD
if<12:33:51.960> he<12:33:52.140> takes<12:33:52.436> a<12:33:52.616> signature<12:33:52.980> then<12:33:53.160> it<12:33:53.340> knows

if he takes a signature then it knows

if he takes a signature then it knows
the<12:33:53.756> 48<12:33:54.060> volts<12:33:54.416> can<12:33:54.540> be<12:33:54.660> applied

the 48 volts can be applied

the 48 volts can be applied
the<12:33:56.400> PD<12:33:56.640> lets<12:33:57.000> the<12:33:57.060> PSE<12:33:57.360> know<12:33:57.720> how<12:33:57.900> much<12:33:58.020> power

the PD lets the PSE know how much power

the PD lets the PSE know how much power
it<12:33:58.436> requires<12:33:58.800> to<12:33:58.916> operate<12:33:59.340> so<12:34:00.240> this<12:34:00.596> is<12:34:00.720> to

it requires to operate so this is to

it requires to operate so this is to
save<12:34:01.080> a<12:34:01.380> surge<12:34:01.616> basically<12:34:02.040> on<12:34:02.340> the

save a surge basically on the

save a surge basically on the
um line<12:34:03.360> now<12:34:03.540> too<12:34:03.840> much<12:34:03.960> power<12:34:04.140> has<12:34:04.320> been<12:34:04.500> sent

um line now too much power has been sent

um line now too much power has been sent
the<12:34:06.596> requirement<12:34:06.960> of<12:34:07.140> power<12:34:07.380> is<12:34:07.980> classified

the requirement of power is classified

the requirement of power is classified
in<12:34:08.936> the<12:34:09.116> power<12:34:09.300> classes<12:34:09.776> shown<12:34:10.020> below

in the power classes shown below

in the power classes shown below
probably<12:34:11.520> worth<12:34:11.756> making<12:34:12.116> a<12:34:12.360> note<12:34:12.540> of<12:34:12.720> these

probably worth making a note of these

probably worth making a note of these
write<12:34:13.080> them<12:34:13.320> down<12:34:13.616> just<12:34:14.220> in<12:34:14.400> case<12:34:14.580> it<12:34:14.756> comes<12:34:15.000> up

write them down just in case it comes up

write them down just in case it comes up
in<12:34:15.300> the<12:34:15.416> exam

difference between the following power

difference between the following power
supplied<12:34:22.980> by<12:34:23.276> the<12:34:23.520> PSE<12:34:24.060> power<12:34:25.020> received<12:34:25.560> by

supplied by the PSE power received by

supplied by the PSE power received by
the<12:34:25.860> PD<12:34:26.220> account<12:34:26.640> for<12:34:27.300> lostpower

the PD account for lostpower

the PD account for lostpower
now<12:34:29.460> there<12:34:29.640> is<12:34:29.756> a<12:34:29.936> maximum<12:34:30.300> distance<12:34:30.540> which

now there is a maximum distance which

now there is a maximum distance which
matches<12:34:31.436> in<12:34:31.616> with<12:34:31.800> the<12:34:31.980> ethernet<12:34:32.460> standards

matches in with the ethernet standards

matches in with the ethernet standards
and<12:34:33.480> maximum<12:34:34.020> support<12:34:34.380> distance<12:34:34.800> is<12:34:35.160> 100

and maximum support distance is 100

and maximum support distance is 100
meters

there's a new standard which increases

there's a new standard which increases
the<12:34:40.980> power<12:34:41.096> available<12:34:41.596> and<12:34:42.596> uses<12:34:43.380> a<12:34:43.680> wide

the power available and uses a wide

the power available and uses a wide
range<12:34:44.460> of<12:34:44.640> the<12:34:44.756> following<12:34:45.116> devices<12:34:45.500> Thin

range of the following devices Thin

range of the following devices Thin
Client<12:34:46.800> Terminals<12:34:47.520> and<12:34:48.240> pointer<12:34:48.840> sales<12:34:49.080> stuff

Client Terminals and pointer sales stuff

Client Terminals and pointer sales stuff
in<12:34:50.340> shops

in shops

in shops
video<12:34:51.960> conferencing

video conferencing

video conferencing
so<12:34:54.960> I<12:34:55.020> think<12:34:55.200> that's<12:34:55.320> all<12:34:55.500> we<12:34:55.616> need<12:34:55.800> to<12:34:55.916> know

so I think that's all we need to know

so I think that's all we need to know
we've<12:34:56.400> covered<12:34:56.700> Poe<12:34:57.360> the<12:34:57.660> benefits<12:34:58.380> the

we've covered Poe the benefits the

we've covered Poe the benefits the
components<12:34:59.400> the<12:34:59.756> PSE<12:35:00.380> end<12:35:01.380> span<12:35:01.936> mid-span<12:35:02.936> the

components the PSE end span mid-span the

components the PSE end span mid-span the
power<12:35:03.900> device<12:35:04.380> the<12:35:05.160> the<12:35:05.400> modes<12:35:05.700> for<12:35:05.936> Poe

power device the the modes for Poe

power device the the modes for Poe
which<12:35:08.520> is<12:35:08.700> a<12:35:08.936> and<12:35:09.116> b<12:35:09.300> uh<12:35:09.840> the<12:35:10.020> standards<12:35:10.560> and

which is a and b uh the standards and

which is a and b uh the standards and
how<12:35:11.040> does<12:35:11.220> it<12:35:11.340> work<12:35:11.580> so<12:35:12.240> that's<12:35:12.480> all<12:35:12.776> for<12:35:12.960> now

how does it work so that's all for now

how does it work so that's all for now
thanks<12:35:13.500> for<12:35:13.680> watching

local area Networks routing

local area Networks routing
so<12:35:46.256> in<12:35:46.500> the<12:35:46.560> previous<12:35:46.680> module<12:35:47.276> we<12:35:47.700> discussed

so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed
switches<12:35:48.960> and<12:35:49.436> as<12:35:49.560> you<12:35:49.680> remember<12:35:49.740> they're

switches and as you remember they're

switches and as you remember they're
very<12:35:50.580> important<12:35:51.116> for<12:35:51.360> the<12:35:51.540> functionality<12:35:52.140> of

very important for the functionality of

very important for the functionality of
a<12:35:53.220> local<12:35:53.520> area<12:35:53.820> network

a local area network

a local area network
now<12:35:56.220> when<12:35:56.640> we<12:35:56.820> talk<12:35:57.060> about<12:35:57.240> connecting

now when we talk about connecting

now when we talk about connecting
several<12:35:58.740> different<12:35:59.096> local<12:35:59.880> area<12:36:00.180> networks

several different local area networks

several different local area networks
together<12:36:01.080> through

together through

together through
the<12:36:03.116> internet<12:36:03.240> we<12:36:04.080> have<12:36:04.256> to<12:36:04.436> deal<12:36:04.616> with<12:36:05.340> how<12:36:05.700> a

the internet we have to deal with how a

the internet we have to deal with how a
switch<12:36:06.240> which<12:36:06.900> again

switch which again

switch which again
is<12:36:08.756> based<12:36:09.116> on<12:36:09.240> Mac<12:36:09.720> addresses<12:36:10.320> the<12:36:10.860> physical

is based on Mac addresses the physical

is based on Mac addresses the physical
address<12:36:11.400> on<12:36:11.820> a<12:36:11.936> computer

address on a computer

address on a computer
can<12:36:13.800> find<12:36:14.400> the<12:36:14.640> MAC<12:36:14.880> address<12:36:15.116> of<12:36:15.840> a<12:36:16.020> computer

can find the MAC address of a computer

can find the MAC address of a computer
halfway<12:36:17.340> across

halfway across

halfway across
the<12:36:18.776> world

the world

the world
and<12:36:20.460> the<12:36:20.580> way<12:36:20.640> it<12:36:20.820> does<12:36:20.936> this<12:36:21.180> is<12:36:21.540> by<12:36:21.776> assigning

and the way it does this is by assigning

and the way it does this is by assigning
each<12:36:22.616> Mac<12:36:22.860> address<12:36:23.480> uh<12:36:24.480> an<12:36:24.660> IP<12:36:25.020> address

each Mac address uh an IP address

each Mac address uh an IP address
now<12:36:26.400> when<12:36:26.520> we<12:36:26.640> start<12:36:26.756> dealing<12:36:27.000> with<12:36:27.116> IP

now when we start dealing with IP

now when we start dealing with IP
address<12:36:27.596> we<12:36:27.960> deal<12:36:28.080> with<12:36:28.256> a<12:36:28.500> completely

address we deal with a completely

address we deal with a completely
different<12:36:29.520> type<12:36:30.180> of<12:36:30.300> device<12:36:30.540> one<12:36:31.256> which<12:36:31.436> is

different type of device one which is

different type of device one which is
called<12:36:31.860> routing<12:36:32.580> and<12:36:33.060> the<12:36:33.300> process<12:36:33.540> of

called routing and the process of

called routing and the process of
routing<12:36:34.320> is<12:36:34.740> what<12:36:34.916> really<12:36:35.096> allows<12:36:35.520> the

routing is what really allows the

routing is what really allows the
internet<12:36:35.880> to<12:36:36.720> work<12:36:36.900> and<12:36:37.616> so<12:36:37.800> in<12:36:38.220> this<12:36:38.400> module

internet to work and so in this module

internet to work and so in this module
we're<12:36:39.000> going<12:36:39.180> to<12:36:39.300> talk<12:36:39.480> more<12:36:39.720> about<12:36:39.960> the

we're going to talk more about the

we're going to talk more about the
devices<12:36:40.740> that<12:36:41.520> allow<12:36:41.756> routing<12:36:42.180> to<12:36:42.360> work

devices that allow routing to work

devices that allow routing to work
called<12:36:43.140> routers

called routers

called routers
so<12:36:45.240> first<12:36:45.776> of<12:36:45.960> all<12:36:46.020> we're<12:36:46.256> going<12:36:46.380> to<12:36:46.560> Define

so first of all we're going to Define

so first of all we're going to Define
what<12:36:47.756> a<12:36:48.000> router<12:36:48.416> is<12:36:48.720> and<12:36:49.436> then<12:36:49.560> we're<12:36:49.740> going<12:36:49.860> to

what a router is and then we're going to

what a router is and then we're going to
talk<12:36:50.160> about<12:36:50.400> how<12:36:50.820> it<12:36:50.936> functions<12:36:51.480> which<12:36:52.256> is

talk about how it functions which is

talk about how it functions which is
also<12:36:52.800> called<12:36:53.096> routing

then we're going to identify something

then we're going to identify something
called<12:36:59.400> static<12:37:00.300> routing<12:37:00.900> just<12:37:01.560> like<12:37:01.740> we've

called static routing just like we've

called static routing just like we've
talked<12:37:02.340> about<12:37:02.460> dynamic

versus static IP addresses

versus static IP addresses
we<12:37:10.800> also<12:37:10.980> have

we also have

we also have
Dynamic<12:37:12.540> and<12:37:12.776> static<12:37:13.200> routing<12:37:13.700> obviously<12:37:14.700> one

Dynamic and static routing obviously one

Dynamic and static routing obviously one
is<12:37:15.480> more<12:37:15.980> resilient<12:37:16.980> than<12:37:17.220> the<12:37:17.400> other<12:37:17.520> but

is more resilient than the other but

is more resilient than the other but
there<12:37:18.180> are<12:37:18.300> certain<12:37:18.540> instances<12:37:18.900> in<12:37:19.140> which<12:37:19.320> we

there are certain instances in which we

there are certain instances in which we
want<12:37:19.680> to<12:37:19.860> always<12:37:20.160> go<12:37:20.460> to<12:37:20.640> the<12:37:20.936> same<12:37:21.116> location

want to always go to the same location

want to always go to the same location
and<12:37:22.560> that's<12:37:22.680> why<12:37:22.860> we're<12:37:23.040> going<12:37:23.220> to<12:37:23.276> have

and that's why we're going to have

and that's why we're going to have
static<12:37:23.880> routing<12:37:24.240> then<12:37:24.840> we<12:37:25.020> need<12:37:25.140> to<12:37:25.256> cover

static routing then we need to cover

static routing then we need to cover
some<12:37:25.800> terms<12:37:26.340> that<12:37:27.300> you<12:37:27.416> might<12:37:27.540> see<12:37:27.776> when

some terms that you might see when

some terms that you might see when
you're<12:37:28.080> dealing<12:37:28.256> with<12:37:28.380> routing<12:37:28.800> these<12:37:29.460> terms

you're dealing with routing these terms

you're dealing with routing these terms
are<12:37:30.116> hop<12:37:30.540> counts

are hop counts

are hop counts
costs

costs

costs
latency

latency

latency
and<12:37:35.936> convergence<12:37:36.596> so<12:37:37.020> we're<12:37:37.140> going<12:37:37.256> to<12:37:37.256> cover

and convergence so we're going to cover

and convergence so we're going to cover
all<12:37:37.680> those<12:37:37.860> terms<12:37:38.220> so<12:37:38.400> you<12:37:38.580> have<12:37:38.756> a<12:37:38.936> good<12:37:39.000> idea

all those terms so you have a good idea

all those terms so you have a good idea
in<12:37:39.480> case<12:37:39.660> you<12:37:39.840> see<12:37:39.960> them<12:37:40.140> on<12:37:40.256> the<12:37:40.380> exam<12:37:40.616> what

in case you see them on the exam what

in case you see them on the exam what
they're<12:37:40.980> referring<12:37:41.400> to

they're referring to

they're referring to
so<12:37:42.480> a<12:37:43.320> router<12:37:43.800> is<12:37:44.400> essentially<12:37:44.756> like<12:37:45.116> an

so a router is essentially like an

so a router is essentially like an
extension<12:37:45.776> cable<12:37:46.616> an<12:37:46.980> extension<12:37:47.340> cable

extension cable an extension cable

extension cable an extension cable
connects<12:37:48.060> two<12:37:48.180> sources<12:37:48.596> of<12:37:48.776> power<12:37:49.020> and<12:37:49.560> in

connects two sources of power and in

connects two sources of power and in
this<12:37:49.800> case<12:37:49.916> a<12:37:50.340> router<12:37:50.700> connects<12:37:51.480> to<12:37:51.660> networks

this case a router connects to networks

this case a router connects to networks
together<12:37:52.680> in<12:37:53.220> order<12:37:53.340> to<12:37:53.520> make<12:37:53.700> a<12:37:54.180> larger

together in order to make a larger

together in order to make a larger
Network

Network

Network
in<12:37:56.040> networking<12:37:56.460> the<12:37:56.640> router<12:37:57.000> is<12:37:57.116> used<12:37:57.240> to

in networking the router is used to

in networking the router is used to
connect<12:37:57.720> two<12:37:58.436> networks<12:37:59.096> together<12:37:59.340> and<12:37:59.700> give<12:37:59.880> a

connect two networks together and give a

connect two networks together and give a
clear<12:38:00.300> route<12:38:00.720> for<12:38:01.320> data<12:38:01.740> to<12:38:01.860> travel<12:38:02.096> between

clear route for data to travel between

clear route for data to travel between
these<12:38:03.840> two<12:38:04.020> devices<12:38:04.500> now<12:38:05.340> in<12:38:05.520> smaller

these two devices now in smaller

these two devices now in smaller
settings<12:38:06.180> such<12:38:06.776> as<12:38:07.020> houses<12:38:07.980> or<12:38:08.880> a<12:38:09.240> small

settings such as houses or a small

settings such as houses or a small
office<12:38:09.900> home<12:38:10.320> office<12:38:10.560> or<12:38:11.040> Soho

office home office or Soho

office home office or Soho
the<12:38:13.860> router<12:38:14.220> connects<12:38:14.700> the<12:38:14.936> device<12:38:15.180> is<12:38:15.540> to<12:38:15.776> the

the router connects the device is to the

the router connects the device is to the
Internet<12:38:16.080> so<12:38:16.916> for<12:38:17.160> instance<12:38:17.460> you<12:38:18.240> have<12:38:18.596> uh

Internet so for instance you have uh

Internet so for instance you have uh
your<12:38:19.740> computer<12:38:20.116> and<12:38:21.116> you<12:38:21.300> have<12:38:21.360> a<12:38:21.596> laptop<12:38:21.900> and

your computer and you have a laptop and

your computer and you have a laptop and
perhaps<12:38:22.560> you<12:38:22.800> have<12:38:22.980> some<12:38:23.276> sort<12:38:23.460> of<12:38:23.580> Apple<12:38:23.820> TV

perhaps you have some sort of Apple TV

perhaps you have some sort of Apple TV
device<12:38:24.720> or<12:38:25.500> some<12:38:25.680> device<12:38:25.860> that's<12:38:26.160> connecting

device or some device that's connecting

device or some device that's connecting
to<12:38:26.640> your<12:38:26.756> TV<12:38:27.000> and<12:38:27.116> the<12:38:27.300> internet<12:38:27.360> and<12:38:27.840> all<12:38:28.020> of

to your TV and the internet and all of

to your TV and the internet and all of
these<12:38:28.320> connect<12:38:28.500> through<12:38:28.860> what<12:38:29.096> you<12:38:29.220> call<12:38:29.460> your

these connect through what you call your

these connect through what you call your
router

router

router
now<12:38:31.860> this<12:38:32.220> Soho<12:38:32.880> router<12:38:33.360> is<12:38:33.480> actually<12:38:33.720> doing

now this Soho router is actually doing

now this Soho router is actually doing
several<12:38:34.500> things<12:38:34.800> it's<12:38:35.460> not<12:38:35.700> just<12:38:36.000> a<12:38:36.300> router

several things it's not just a router

several things it's not just a router
but<12:38:37.320> one<12:38:37.560> of<12:38:37.680> the<12:38:37.740> things<12:38:37.916> that<12:38:38.220> it<12:38:38.400> does<12:38:38.580> is<12:38:39.180> it

but one of the things that it does is it

but one of the things that it does is it
allows<12:38:39.840> you<12:38:40.380> to<12:38:40.616> connect<12:38:40.740> all<12:38:41.276> of<12:38:41.400> these

allows you to connect all of these

allows you to connect all of these
devices<12:38:42.480> in<12:38:43.080> your<12:38:43.320> internal<12:38:43.860> Network

devices in your internal Network

devices in your internal Network
otherwise<12:38:45.660> known<12:38:45.900> as<12:38:46.080> your<12:38:46.320> Lan<12:38:46.616> out<12:38:47.400> to<12:38:47.660> the

otherwise known as your Lan out to the

otherwise known as your Lan out to the
large<12:38:48.840> Wan<12:38:49.560> or<12:38:49.740> wide<12:38:50.096> area<12:38:50.340> network<12:38:50.756> that

large Wan or wide area network that

large Wan or wide area network that
exists<12:38:52.020> in<12:38:52.320> the<12:38:52.500> world<12:38:52.680> this<12:38:53.400> is<12:38:53.580> called<12:38:53.820> the

exists in the world this is called the

exists in the world this is called the
internet

so in a larger scale environment the

so in a larger scale environment the
routers<12:39:01.256> are<12:39:01.500> used<12:39:01.680> to<12:39:02.160> make<12:39:02.340> bigger<12:39:02.880> Network

routers are used to make bigger Network

routers are used to make bigger Network
pieces<12:39:03.776> so<12:39:04.200> if<12:39:04.320> you<12:39:04.436> can<12:39:04.616> imagine<12:39:04.800> that

pieces so if you can imagine that

pieces so if you can imagine that
instead<12:39:05.520> of<12:39:05.580> just<12:39:05.756> having<12:39:06.000> my<12:39:06.360> own<12:39:06.480> home<12:39:06.776> I

instead of just having my own home I

instead of just having my own home I
have<12:39:07.980> say<12:39:08.640> a<12:39:09.060> number<12:39:09.180> of<12:39:09.416> buildings<12:39:09.900> across<12:39:10.500> a

have say a number of buildings across a

have say a number of buildings across a
city<12:39:10.800> or<12:39:11.580> a<12:39:11.880> number<12:39:12.000> of<12:39:12.180> buildings<12:39:12.720> across<12:39:13.380> the

city or a number of buildings across the

city or a number of buildings across the
world<12:39:13.740> and<12:39:14.340> I<12:39:14.460> want<12:39:14.640> them<12:39:14.820> all<12:39:15.000> to<12:39:15.360> talk<12:39:15.540> to<12:39:15.776> one

world and I want them all to talk to one

world and I want them all to talk to one
another<12:39:16.080> and<12:39:16.800> be<12:39:17.040> able<12:39:17.220> to<12:39:17.340> locate<12:39:17.756> one

another and be able to locate one

another and be able to locate one
another<12:39:18.060> as<12:39:18.416> though<12:39:18.596> they're<12:39:18.840> sitting<12:39:19.256> right

another as though they're sitting right

another as though they're sitting right
next<12:39:19.560> to<12:39:19.740> each<12:39:19.916> other<12:39:20.040> this<12:39:20.640> is<12:39:20.756> where<12:39:21.000> routers

next to each other this is where routers

next to each other this is where routers
are<12:39:21.596> going<12:39:21.720> to<12:39:21.840> come<12:39:21.960> into<12:39:22.140> play

are going to come into play

are going to come into play
this<12:39:23.520> is<12:39:23.700> also<12:39:23.936> why<12:39:24.060> routers<12:39:24.596> do<12:39:25.080> a<12:39:25.256> lot<12:39:25.320> more

this is also why routers do a lot more

this is also why routers do a lot more
and<12:39:25.916> are<12:39:26.096> more<12:39:26.276> expensive<12:39:26.820> than<12:39:27.416> switches

and are more expensive than switches

and are more expensive than switches
it's<12:39:28.740> also<12:39:29.040> why<12:39:29.160> we<12:39:29.340> need<12:39:29.460> fewer<12:39:29.936> of<12:39:30.116> them

it's also why we need fewer of them

it's also why we need fewer of them
now<12:39:31.616> in<12:39:32.520> modern<12:39:32.756> networking<12:39:33.540> the<12:39:34.140> router<12:39:34.560> is

now in modern networking the router is

now in modern networking the router is
either<12:39:35.340> going<12:39:35.640> to<12:39:35.820> be<12:39:36.000> a<12:39:36.300> dedicated<12:39:36.720> device<12:39:37.340> or

either going to be a dedicated device or

either going to be a dedicated device or
it<12:39:39.116> could<12:39:39.240> be<12:39:39.416> a<12:39:39.720> server

it could be a server

it could be a server
with<12:39:41.936> a<12:39:42.180> routing<12:39:42.596> functionality

with a routing functionality

with a routing functionality
meaning<12:39:44.756> it's<12:39:45.360> a<12:39:45.596> large<12:39:45.900> computer<12:39:46.400> with<12:39:47.400> two

meaning it's a large computer with two

meaning it's a large computer with two
or<12:39:48.360> more<12:39:48.596> network<12:39:49.140> cards<12:39:49.616> or<12:39:49.740> Nicks<12:39:50.276> in<12:39:50.460> it<12:39:50.640> so

or more network cards or Nicks in it so

or more network cards or Nicks in it so
that<12:39:51.540> you<12:39:51.776> can<12:39:51.960> have<12:39:52.680> traffic<12:39:53.460> going<12:39:53.820> in<12:39:54.116> and

that you can have traffic going in and

that you can have traffic going in and
then<12:39:54.776> traffic<12:39:55.140> going<12:39:55.436> out

then traffic going out

then traffic going out
now<12:39:57.540> when<12:39:58.020> a<12:39:58.256> router<12:39:58.680> receives<12:39:59.340> a<12:40:00.060> packet<12:40:00.360> of

now when a router receives a packet of

now when a router receives a packet of
data<12:40:00.720> from<12:40:00.900> a<12:40:01.080> client<12:40:01.256> device<12:40:01.500> it<12:40:02.460> reads<12:40:02.820> the

data from a client device it reads the

data from a client device it reads the
information<12:40:03.500> in<12:40:04.500> the<12:40:04.740> packets<12:40:05.220> header<12:40:06.060> and

information in the packets header and

information in the packets header and
determines<12:40:06.900> what<12:40:07.256> the<12:40:07.380> destination<12:40:07.740> of<12:40:07.980> the

determines what the destination of the

determines what the destination of the
packet<12:40:08.460> is<12:40:08.720> after<12:40:09.720> it<12:40:09.960> finds<12:40:10.256> out<12:40:10.380> what<12:40:10.680> the

packet is after it finds out what the

packet is after it finds out what the
destination<12:40:11.220> address<12:40:11.580> is<12:40:12.300> it<12:40:13.020> looks<12:40:13.320> at<12:40:13.500> a

destination address is it looks at a

destination address is it looks at a
routing<12:40:14.276> table

routing table

routing table
in<12:40:16.616> the<12:40:16.800> router<12:40:17.160> in<12:40:17.880> order<12:40:18.000> to<12:40:18.300> determine

in the router in order to determine

in the router in order to determine
where<12:40:20.040> the<12:40:20.460> packet<12:40:20.820> is<12:40:21.116> going<12:40:21.300> to<12:40:21.480> go<12:40:21.660> in<12:40:21.960> its

where the packet is going to go in its

where the packet is going to go in its
next<12:40:22.320> route<12:40:22.560> so<12:40:23.340> for<12:40:23.580> instance<12:40:23.880> let's<12:40:24.596> say

next route so for instance let's say

next route so for instance let's say
this<12:40:25.500> PC<12:40:25.860> here<12:40:26.160> which<12:40:26.580> for<12:40:26.936> sake<12:40:27.300> of<12:40:27.480> ease

this PC here which for sake of ease

this PC here which for sake of ease
we'll<12:40:27.900> call<12:40:28.080> pc1<12:40:28.680> wants<12:40:29.460> to<12:40:29.580> talk<12:40:29.756> to<12:40:30.180> PC2

we'll call pc1 wants to talk to PC2

we'll call pc1 wants to talk to PC2
now<12:40:31.860> it<12:40:32.040> has<12:40:32.276> an<12:40:32.520> IP<12:40:32.820> address<12:40:33.000> in<12:40:33.416> mind<12:40:33.596> and<12:40:34.256> so

now it has an IP address in mind and so

now it has an IP address in mind and so
what<12:40:34.560> it<12:40:34.680> does<12:40:34.860> is<12:40:35.096> it<12:40:35.400> goes<12:40:35.936> perhaps<12:40:36.660> through

what it does is it goes perhaps through

what it does is it goes perhaps through
a<12:40:37.200> switch<12:40:37.380> but<12:40:37.740> eventually<12:40:38.160> to<12:40:38.580> the<12:40:38.880> router<12:40:39.240> at

a switch but eventually to the router at

a switch but eventually to the router at
the<12:40:39.540> end<12:40:39.660> of<12:40:39.776> its<12:40:40.020> LAN

and it says hey I'm looking for this

and it says hey I'm looking for this
specific<12:40:45.660> PC<12:40:46.140> now<12:40:46.980> this<12:40:47.220> router<12:40:47.640> has<12:40:48.060> what's

specific PC now this router has what's

specific PC now this router has what's
called<12:40:48.596> a<12:40:49.436> routing<12:40:49.800> table<12:40:49.980> which<12:40:50.820> sometimes

called a routing table which sometimes

called a routing table which sometimes
we're<12:40:51.300> going<12:40:51.480> to<12:40:51.540> call<12:40:51.660> an<12:40:51.900> ARP<12:40:52.320> table<12:40:52.560> because

we're going to call an ARP table because

we're going to call an ARP table because
ARP<12:40:54.000> again<12:40:54.300> the<12:40:54.660> address<12:40:54.840> resolution

ARP again the address resolution

ARP again the address resolution
protocol<12:40:56.400> is<12:40:57.116> what<12:40:57.300> allows<12:40:57.720> routing<12:40:58.140> to<12:40:58.320> occur

protocol is what allows routing to occur

protocol is what allows routing to occur
it's<12:40:59.276> this<12:40:59.640> protocol<12:41:00.116> that<12:41:00.480> we've<12:41:00.660> talked

it's this protocol that we've talked

it's this protocol that we've talked
about<12:41:01.020> which<12:41:01.740> allows<12:41:02.160> for<12:41:02.340> a<12:41:02.580> table<12:41:02.756> that

about which allows for a table that

about which allows for a table that
would<12:41:03.300> say<12:41:03.540> for<12:41:03.776> instance<12:41:03.960> one<12:41:04.400> goes<12:41:05.400> to<12:41:05.580> IP

would say for instance one goes to IP

would say for instance one goes to IP
address<12:41:06.916> 192<12:41:07.916> whatever<12:41:08.160> whatever<12:41:08.880> Etc

address 192 whatever whatever Etc

address 192 whatever whatever Etc
and<12:41:10.436> so<12:41:10.616> this<12:41:11.220> router<12:41:11.700> would<12:41:12.360> look<12:41:12.660> for<12:41:12.960> this

and so this router would look for this

and so this router would look for this
information<12:41:14.300> if<12:41:15.300> it<12:41:15.480> doesn't<12:41:15.660> know<12:41:15.840> it<12:41:16.020> it's

information if it doesn't know it it's

information if it doesn't know it it's
going<12:41:16.500> to<12:41:16.560> say<12:41:16.680> I<12:41:16.860> don't<12:41:16.980> know<12:41:17.096> it<12:41:17.220> but<12:41:17.400> I'm

going to say I don't know it but I'm

going to say I don't know it but I'm
going<12:41:17.640> to<12:41:17.640> go<12:41:17.820> to<12:41:17.936> the<12:41:18.116> next<12:41:18.360> router<12:41:18.840> that

going to go to the next router that

going to go to the next router that
might<12:41:19.400> goes<12:41:20.400> to<12:41:20.460> this<12:41:20.640> router<12:41:21.060> and<12:41:21.900> the<12:41:22.080> second

might goes to this router and the second

might goes to this router and the second
router<12:41:22.680> says<12:41:22.916> oh<12:41:23.096> yeah<12:41:23.340> I<12:41:23.880> know<12:41:24.000> where<12:41:24.180> that

router says oh yeah I know where that

router says oh yeah I know where that
computer<12:41:24.480> is

computer is

computer is
and<12:41:26.276> then<12:41:26.400> can<12:41:26.756> forward<12:41:27.000> the<12:41:27.300> packet<12:41:27.720> onto<12:41:28.380> the

and then can forward the packet onto the

and then can forward the packet onto the
computer

computer

computer
it<12:41:30.240> also<12:41:30.596> tells<12:41:31.200> this<12:41:31.680> router<12:41:32.096> the<12:41:32.520> first<12:41:32.700> one

it also tells this router the first one

it also tells this router the first one
which<12:41:33.660> we'll<12:41:33.840> call<12:41:34.020> let's<12:41:34.256> say<12:41:34.436> router<12:41:34.916> a<12:41:35.160> and

which we'll call let's say router a and

which we'll call let's say router a and
router<12:41:36.180> B

router B

router B
where<12:41:37.616> that<12:41:37.800> destination<12:41:38.220> was<12:41:38.580> so<12:41:39.060> it<12:41:39.240> can<12:41:39.360> add

where that destination was so it can add

where that destination was so it can add
it<12:41:39.720> to<12:41:40.080> its<12:41:40.380> ARP<12:41:40.740> or<12:41:41.756> routing<12:41:42.720> table

it to its ARP or routing table

it to its ARP or routing table
and<12:41:44.340> if<12:41:44.580> you<12:41:44.700> imagine<12:41:44.820> this<12:41:45.360> is<12:41:45.480> only<12:41:45.660> what<12:41:45.960> we

and if you imagine this is only what we

and if you imagine this is only what we
call<12:41:46.700> one<12:41:47.700> hop

call one hop

call one hop
because<12:41:49.020> there<12:41:49.380> is<12:41:49.560> one<12:41:50.276> hop<12:41:51.000> between<12:41:51.860> these

because there is one hop between these

because there is one hop between these
two<12:41:52.980> routers<12:41:53.400> but<12:41:53.880> you<12:41:54.000> can<12:41:54.116> imagine<12:41:54.300> in<12:41:54.660> the

two routers but you can imagine in the

two routers but you can imagine in the
entire<12:41:55.080> world<12:41:55.320> if<12:41:55.800> I'm<12:41:55.980> traveling<12:41:56.460> from<12:41:56.880> say

entire world if I'm traveling from say

entire world if I'm traveling from say
here<12:41:58.680> in<12:41:59.096> New<12:41:59.340> York<12:41:59.520> City<12:41:59.756> all<12:42:00.180> the<12:42:00.360> way<12:42:00.416> to

here in New York City all the way to

here in New York City all the way to
Australia<12:42:01.140> for<12:42:01.380> instance<12:42:01.616> I<12:42:02.040> might<12:42:02.160> have<12:42:02.340> to

Australia for instance I might have to

Australia for instance I might have to
take<12:42:02.640> several<12:42:03.060> different<12:42:03.240> Hops<12:42:03.840> and<12:42:04.436> also<12:42:04.680> if

take several different Hops and also if

take several different Hops and also if
you<12:42:04.980> imagine<12:42:05.160> there<12:42:05.700> are<12:42:05.820> probably<12:42:06.000> many

you imagine there are probably many

you imagine there are probably many
different<12:42:06.776> routes<12:42:07.380> that<12:42:07.860> I<12:42:08.096> can<12:42:08.220> take<12:42:08.460> to<12:42:09.000> get

different routes that I can take to get

different routes that I can take to get
to<12:42:09.480> a<12:42:09.720> specific<12:42:09.960> computer

to a specific computer

to a specific computer
if<12:42:11.580> we<12:42:11.700> imagine

if we imagine

if we imagine
that<12:42:14.096> the<12:42:14.340> circles<12:42:14.640> are<12:42:14.820> the<12:42:15.000> two<12:42:15.116> computers

that the circles are the two computers

that the circles are the two computers
and<12:42:18.240> the<12:42:18.596> squares<12:42:19.140> are<12:42:19.916> the<12:42:20.340> different<12:42:21.300> types

and the squares are the different types

and the squares are the different types
of<12:42:22.276> routers<12:42:23.276> and<12:42:24.116> we<12:42:24.300> have<12:42:24.416> them<12:42:24.660> connected

like so

like so
well<12:42:33.960> there<12:42:34.140> are<12:42:34.256> a<12:42:34.320> lot<12:42:34.436> of<12:42:34.500> different<12:42:34.680> routes

well there are a lot of different routes

well there are a lot of different routes
that<12:42:35.400> a<12:42:35.580> packet<12:42:35.880> can<12:42:36.060> take<12:42:36.300> to<12:42:36.960> get<12:42:37.080> from<12:42:37.256> point

that a packet can take to get from point

that a packet can take to get from point
A

A

A
to<12:42:38.640> point<12:42:38.880> B<12:42:39.116> and<12:42:39.720> so<12:42:39.900> we<12:42:40.020> were<12:42:40.140> allowed<12:42:40.436> on<12:42:40.616> WE

to point B and so we were allowed on WE

to point B and so we were allowed on WE
rely<12:42:41.640> rather<12:42:42.000> on<12:42:42.240> routers<12:42:42.660> to<12:42:42.960> tell<12:42:43.080> us<12:42:43.256> which

rely rather on routers to tell us which

rely rather on routers to tell us which
path<12:42:44.040> it's<12:42:44.276> going<12:42:44.520> to<12:42:44.580> take<12:42:44.756> it<12:42:45.360> could<12:42:45.540> take

path it's going to take it could take

path it's going to take it could take
this<12:42:45.960> path

this path

this path
or<12:42:48.960> it<12:42:49.560> could<12:42:49.740> take

this path and so on and so forth and so

this path and so on and so forth and so
uh<12:42:57.240> depending<12:42:57.840> on<12:42:58.080> the<12:42:58.200> number<12:42:58.320> of<12:42:58.500> hops<12:42:59.040> and<12:42:59.160> a

uh depending on the number of hops and a

uh depending on the number of hops and a
number<12:42:59.400> of<12:42:59.520> other<12:42:59.640> things<12:42:59.880> we'll<12:43:00.060> talk<12:43:00.240> about

number of other things we'll talk about

number of other things we'll talk about
in<12:43:00.540> just<12:43:00.720> a<12:43:00.900> minute<12:43:01.020> it'll<12:43:01.740> determine<12:43:02.160> where

in just a minute it'll determine where

in just a minute it'll determine where
the<12:43:02.756> packet<12:43:03.060> needs<12:43:03.360> to<12:43:03.416> go<12:43:03.540> in<12:43:03.720> order<12:43:03.840> to<12:43:04.080> get

the packet needs to go in order to get

the packet needs to go in order to get
from<12:43:04.500> point<12:43:04.616> A<12:43:04.800> to<12:43:04.980> point<12:43:05.160> B<12:43:05.340> some<12:43:06.060> other

from point A to point B some other

from point A to point B some other
things<12:43:06.416> it's<12:43:06.596> going<12:43:06.776> to<12:43:06.776> determine<12:43:07.140> too<12:43:07.256> or

things it's going to determine too or

things it's going to determine too or
what<12:43:07.680> if<12:43:07.860> there's<12:43:07.980> a<12:43:08.160> cut<12:43:08.276> in<12:43:08.520> the<12:43:08.640> line<12:43:08.820> well

what if there's a cut in the line well

what if there's a cut in the line well
now<12:43:09.660> it<12:43:09.900> can't<12:43:10.080> get<12:43:10.256> here

now it can't get here

now it can't get here
and<12:43:12.180> so<12:43:12.300> instead<12:43:12.596> it'll<12:43:12.776> say<12:43:12.900> well<12:43:13.020> let's<12:43:13.140> try

and so instead it'll say well let's try

and so instead it'll say well let's try
one<12:43:13.500> of<12:43:13.616> our<12:43:13.740> alternate<12:43:14.160> routes<12:43:14.400> as<12:43:14.580> well

one of our alternate routes as well

one of our alternate routes as well
now<12:43:16.560> in<12:43:16.740> the<12:43:16.916> previous<12:43:17.040> slide<12:43:17.580> I<12:43:18.060> talked<12:43:18.300> about

now in the previous slide I talked about

now in the previous slide I talked about
how<12:43:18.776> routers<12:43:19.320> might<12:43:19.560> talk<12:43:19.860> to<12:43:20.096> one<12:43:20.276> another<12:43:20.400> in

how routers might talk to one another in

how routers might talk to one another in
order<12:43:21.300> to<12:43:21.540> automatically<12:43:22.080> update<12:43:22.680> their

order to automatically update their

order to automatically update their
routing<12:43:23.520> tables<12:43:23.936> this<12:43:24.720> way<12:43:25.096> two<12:43:26.096> routers

routing tables this way two routers

routing tables this way two routers
always<12:43:26.820> know<12:43:27.116> how<12:43:27.360> to<12:43:27.540> communicate<12:43:28.020> with<12:43:28.320> each

always know how to communicate with each

always know how to communicate with each
other<12:43:28.680> or<12:43:29.520> one<12:43:29.880> computer<12:43:30.116> on<12:43:30.416> one<12:43:30.596> side<12:43:30.720> of<12:43:30.840> the

other or one computer on one side of the

other or one computer on one side of the
world<12:43:31.020> can<12:43:31.380> always<12:43:31.560> get<12:43:31.860> routed<12:43:32.400> or<12:43:33.000> the

world can always get routed or the

world can always get routed or the
information<12:43:33.480> sent<12:43:34.020> from<12:43:34.256> one<12:43:34.436> computer<12:43:34.616> on

information sent from one computer on

information sent from one computer on
one<12:43:35.096> side<12:43:35.220> of<12:43:35.340> the<12:43:35.400> world<12:43:35.460> can<12:43:35.640> always<12:43:35.756> get

one side of the world can always get

one side of the world can always get
routed<12:43:36.416> to<12:43:36.660> the<12:43:36.840> information<12:43:36.960> on<12:43:37.380> another

routed to the information on another

routed to the information on another
side<12:43:37.800> of<12:43:37.980> the<12:43:38.040> world

side of the world

side of the world
but<12:43:39.416> in<12:43:39.720> some<12:43:39.840> instances<12:43:40.320> we<12:43:41.276> want<12:43:41.580> to<12:43:42.060> tell<12:43:42.300> a

but in some instances we want to tell a

but in some instances we want to tell a
router<12:43:43.020> exactly<12:43:43.560> where<12:43:43.916> to<12:43:44.040> send<12:43:44.276> information

router exactly where to send information

router exactly where to send information
destined<12:43:45.776> for<12:43:45.900> a<12:43:46.140> specific<12:43:46.436> Network<12:43:46.800> now<12:43:47.700> it

destined for a specific Network now it

destined for a specific Network now it
might<12:43:48.060> not<12:43:48.180> always<12:43:48.360> be<12:43:48.540> the<12:43:48.720> most<12:43:48.900> practical

might not always be the most practical

might not always be the most practical
way<12:43:49.616> but<12:43:50.040> sometimes<12:43:50.400> it's<12:43:50.580> necessary<12:43:51.116> so

way but sometimes it's necessary so

way but sometimes it's necessary so
static<12:43:52.680> routing<12:43:53.340> is<12:43:53.640> when<12:43:53.936> a<12:43:54.240> routes<12:43:54.776> and

static routing is when a routes and

static routing is when a routes and
routing<12:43:55.860> information<12:43:56.116> are<12:43:57.116> entered<12:43:57.596> into

routing information are entered into

routing information are entered into
routing<12:43:58.380> tables<12:43:58.800> manually<12:43:59.400> and<12:44:00.000> this<12:44:00.240> can<12:44:00.416> be

routing tables manually and this can be

routing tables manually and this can be
time<12:44:01.140> consuming<12:44:01.740> and<12:44:02.160> because<12:44:02.400> it's<12:44:02.880> prone<12:44:03.240> to

time consuming and because it's prone to

time consuming and because it's prone to
human<12:44:03.596> error<12:44:04.020> it<12:44:04.560> can<12:44:04.740> be<12:44:05.300> error<12:44:06.300> written<12:44:06.540> and

human error it can be error written and

human error it can be error written and
can<12:44:06.840> cause<12:44:07.020> some<12:44:07.320> problems<12:44:07.800> so<12:44:08.276> this<12:44:08.460> is<12:44:08.520> why

can cause some problems so this is why

can cause some problems so this is why
it's<12:44:08.880> only<12:44:09.000> done<12:44:09.240> on<12:44:09.480> very<12:44:09.900> small<12:44:10.380> systems<12:44:11.096> or

it's only done on very small systems or

it's only done on very small systems or
on<12:44:11.936> ones<12:44:12.300> that<12:44:12.480> are<12:44:12.660> very<12:44:12.776> internal<12:44:13.380> and

on ones that are very internal and

on ones that are very internal and
controlled

controlled

controlled
now<12:44:15.360> in<12:44:15.660> order<12:44:15.776> to<12:44:16.320> statically<12:44:16.980> add<12:44:17.460> a<12:44:17.640> route

now in order to statically add a route

now in order to statically add a route
we're<12:44:18.416> usually<12:44:18.720> going<12:44:18.900> to<12:44:19.080> use<12:44:19.200> something

we're usually going to use something

we're usually going to use something
called<12:44:19.916> the<12:44:20.276> route<12:44:20.820> add<12:44:21.240> command<12:44:21.776> now<12:44:22.320> this<12:44:22.500> is

called the route add command now this is

called the route add command now this is
the<12:44:22.800> sort<12:44:22.980> of<12:44:23.040> thing<12:44:23.220> you<12:44:23.460> might<12:44:23.640> use<12:44:23.880> if<12:44:24.180> you

the sort of thing you might use if you

the sort of thing you might use if you
were<12:44:24.360> adding<12:44:24.660> a<12:44:24.776> route<12:44:24.960> to<12:44:25.200> a<12:44:25.320> Cisco<12:44:26.116> router<12:44:27.116> or

were adding a route to a Cisco router or

were adding a route to a Cisco router or
to<12:44:28.020> a<12:44:28.200> Windows<12:44:28.616> machine<12:44:28.860> for<12:44:29.340> instance<12:44:29.580> that

to a Windows machine for instance that

to a Windows machine for instance that
was<12:44:30.360> acting<12:44:30.720> as<12:44:30.840> a<12:44:31.020> router<12:44:31.320> or<12:44:31.500> even<12:44:31.616> a<12:44:31.860> Windows

was acting as a router or even a Windows

was acting as a router or even a Windows
machine<12:44:32.400> that's<12:44:32.700> at<12:44:32.936> the<12:44:33.060> edge<12:44:33.180> of<12:44:33.300> a<12:44:33.480> network

machine that's at the edge of a network

machine that's at the edge of a network
and<12:44:34.200> needs<12:44:34.436> to<12:44:34.500> go<12:44:34.616> out<12:44:34.740> to<12:44:34.860> another<12:44:35.040> the<12:44:36.000> way

and needs to go out to another the way

and needs to go out to another the way
it<12:44:36.300> works<12:44:36.720> is<12:44:37.320> we<12:44:37.560> use<12:44:37.740> the<12:44:37.916> route<12:44:38.160> add<12:44:38.640> command

it works is we use the route add command

it works is we use the route add command
with<12:44:40.740> the<12:44:41.340> network<12:44:41.520> name

and the IP address of the Gateway

and the IP address of the Gateway
so<12:44:54.480> this<12:44:55.140> tells<12:44:55.500> us<12:44:55.680> if<12:44:56.276> we<12:44:56.460> want<12:44:56.640> to<12:44:56.756> get<12:44:56.936> to

so this tells us if we want to get to

so this tells us if we want to get to
the<12:44:57.240> network<12:44:57.540> 192.168.2.1

we need to go to the subnet mask

we need to go to the subnet mask
255.255.0

255.255.0

255.255.0
and<12:45:06.960> the<12:45:07.140> Gateway

and the Gateway

and the Gateway
192.168.2.4<12:45:10.860> now<12:45:11.580> all<12:45:11.820> this<12:45:11.936> information

192.168.2.4 now all this information

192.168.2.4 now all this information
would<12:45:12.776> automatically<12:45:13.320> be<12:45:13.616> done<12:45:14.360> uh

would automatically be done uh

would automatically be done uh
dynamically<12:45:16.140> by<12:45:16.500> most<12:45:16.740> routers<12:45:17.096> but<12:45:17.340> in<12:45:17.460> some

dynamically by most routers but in some

dynamically by most routers but in some
cases<12:45:17.820> we're<12:45:18.116> going<12:45:18.240> to<12:45:18.360> want<12:45:18.480> to<12:45:18.596> add<12:45:18.776> it<12:45:18.960> or

cases we're going to want to add it or

cases we're going to want to add it or
statically<12:45:20.340> now<12:45:20.820> this<12:45:21.000> isn't<12:45:21.180> something<12:45:21.416> of

statically now this isn't something of

statically now this isn't something of
necessarily<12:45:22.320> seen<12:45:22.680> come<12:45:22.980> up<12:45:23.160> on<12:45:23.400> the<12:45:23.520> network

necessarily seen come up on the network

necessarily seen come up on the network
plus<12:45:23.936> exam<12:45:24.360> but<12:45:24.900> I<12:45:25.080> did<12:45:25.200> want<12:45:25.380> to<12:45:25.560> clarify<12:45:26.040> it

plus exam but I did want to clarify it

plus exam but I did want to clarify it
and<12:45:26.400> go<12:45:26.580> over<12:45:26.756> it<12:45:27.000> just<12:45:27.300> briefly<12:45:27.720> in<12:45:28.200> case<12:45:28.380> you

and go over it just briefly in case you

and go over it just briefly in case you
ever<12:45:28.680> saw<12:45:28.980> it<12:45:29.096> in<12:45:29.276> the<12:45:29.400> field<12:45:29.520> since<12:45:30.180> this

ever saw it in the field since this

ever saw it in the field since this
might<12:45:30.596> be<12:45:30.776> something<12:45:30.960> to<12:45:31.200> do<12:45:31.380> something<12:45:31.860> that

might be something to do something that

might be something to do something that
your<12:45:32.520> administrator<12:45:33.300> or<12:45:33.840> your<12:45:34.020> boss<12:45:34.200> asks<12:45:34.740> you

your administrator or your boss asks you

your administrator or your boss asks you
to<12:45:34.980> do<12:45:35.096> for<12:45:35.340> whatever<12:45:35.460> reason<12:45:35.756> or<12:45:36.116> maybe

to do for whatever reason or maybe

to do for whatever reason or maybe
something<12:45:36.540> you<12:45:36.776> want<12:45:36.900> to<12:45:37.020> play<12:45:37.140> around<12:45:37.320> with

something you want to play around with

something you want to play around with
if<12:45:38.276> you<12:45:38.400> need<12:45:38.520> more<12:45:38.700> information

if you need more information

if you need more information
simply<12:45:40.740> Google<12:45:41.096> the<12:45:41.520> route<12:45:41.700> add<12:45:42.000> command<12:45:42.480> but

simply Google the route add command but

simply Google the route add command but
again<12:45:43.200> I<12:45:43.680> don't<12:45:43.800> think<12:45:43.916> you'll<12:45:44.096> see<12:45:44.276> it<12:45:44.400> on<12:45:44.580> the

again I don't think you'll see it on the

again I don't think you'll see it on the
network<12:45:44.756> plus<12:45:45.060> exam

network plus exam

network plus exam
finally<12:45:48.060> I<12:45:48.360> mentioned<12:45:48.660> that<12:45:48.776> there<12:45:49.020> were<12:45:49.140> some

finally I mentioned that there were some

finally I mentioned that there were some
important<12:45:49.740> terms<12:45:50.160> we<12:45:50.520> had<12:45:50.700> to<12:45:50.880> mention<12:45:51.116> when

important terms we had to mention when

important terms we had to mention when
we<12:45:52.020> talk<12:45:52.200> about<12:45:52.380> routing<12:45:52.980> the<12:45:53.756> first<12:45:53.880> is<12:45:54.116> the

we talk about routing the first is the

we talk about routing the first is the
hop<12:45:54.596> count<12:45:54.900> this<12:45:55.680> is<12:45:55.800> the<12:45:56.040> number<12:45:56.220> of<12:45:56.580> hops<12:45:57.480> it

hop count this is the number of hops it

hop count this is the number of hops it
takes<12:45:58.256> to<12:45:58.616> reach<12:45:58.980> a<12:45:59.276> connection<12:45:59.400> or<12:46:00.060> before<12:46:00.240> an

takes to reach a connection or before an

takes to reach a connection or before an
appropriate<12:46:00.960> connection<12:46:01.200> is<12:46:01.616> made<12:46:01.860> if<12:46:02.460> you

appropriate connection is made if you

appropriate connection is made if you
remember<12:46:02.700> when<12:46:03.000> we<12:46:03.180> used<12:46:03.360> the<12:46:03.776> trace<12:46:04.140> route

remember when we used the trace route

remember when we used the trace route
command

command

command
remember<12:46:05.880> that<12:46:06.300> was<12:46:06.480> trace<12:46:07.140> route<12:46:07.400> it<12:46:08.400> went

remember that was trace route it went

remember that was trace route it went
through<12:46:08.700> a<12:46:08.936> number<12:46:09.060> of<12:46:09.240> hops<12:46:09.720> or<12:46:09.900> a<12:46:10.020> number<12:46:10.140> of

through a number of hops or a number of

through a number of hops or a number of
routers<12:46:10.860> until<12:46:11.460> it<12:46:11.700> got<12:46:11.880> from<12:46:12.180> our<12:46:12.416> computer

routers until it got from our computer

routers until it got from our computer
to<12:46:13.436> for<12:46:13.800> instance<12:46:13.980> Googles<12:46:14.580> so<12:46:15.240> if<12:46:15.660> our

to for instance Googles so if our

to for instance Googles so if our
computer<12:46:16.080> and<12:46:16.860> the<12:46:17.096> destination<12:46:17.460> computer

computer and the destination computer

computer and the destination computer
are<12:46:18.596> represented<12:46:19.200> by<12:46:19.616> these<12:46:19.860> two<12:46:19.980> circles<12:46:20.400> and

are represented by these two circles and

are represented by these two circles and
let's<12:46:21.480> say<12:46:21.720> we<12:46:22.560> have<12:46:22.740> our<12:46:23.040> internal<12:46:23.460> router<12:46:23.880> so

let's say we have our internal router so

let's say we have our internal router so
for<12:46:24.840> instance<12:46:25.080> perhaps<12:46:25.560> we<12:46:25.800> are<12:46:25.980> in<12:46:26.160> a

10.0.0.xnetwork and then they're on

10.0.0.xnetwork and then they're on
their<12:46:32.400> own<12:46:32.520> network<12:46:32.756> as<12:46:33.116> well

their own network as well

their own network as well
let's<12:46:35.880> say<12:46:36.060> that<12:46:36.360> this<12:46:36.540> is<12:46:36.840> a<12:46:37.200> for<12:46:38.040> instance<12:46:38.340> uh

124.68.24.3 Network

124.68.24.3 Network
now<12:46:47.520> we<12:46:47.936> need<12:46:48.060> to<12:46:48.240> get<12:46:48.360> from<12:46:48.660> hours<12:46:49.020> to<12:46:49.380> theirs

now we need to get from hours to theirs

now we need to get from hours to theirs
and<12:46:50.700> so<12:46:50.936> let's<12:46:51.360> say<12:46:51.540> there<12:46:52.256> are<12:46:52.320> a<12:46:52.436> number<12:46:52.560> of

and so let's say there are a number of

and so let's say there are a number of
different<12:46:52.916> routers<12:46:53.400> in<12:46:53.580> between<12:46:53.700> well<12:46:54.416> in

different routers in between well in

different routers in between well in
this<12:46:54.720> case<12:46:54.840> we<12:46:55.080> have<12:46:55.200> one<12:46:55.616> two<12:46:56.400> three<12:46:57.240> four

this case we have one two three four

this case we have one two three four
five<12:46:58.616> six<12:46:59.220> hops<12:46:59.756> between<12:47:00.300> us<12:47:00.776> and<12:47:01.320> the

five six hops between us and the

five six hops between us and the
destination

destination

destination
so<12:47:03.480> if<12:47:03.840> there<12:47:04.080> are<12:47:04.200> an<12:47:04.380> infinite<12:47:04.800> number<12:47:05.040> of

so if there are an infinite number of

so if there are an infinite number of
hops<12:47:05.756> that<12:47:06.540> means<12:47:06.840> that<12:47:07.140> the<12:47:07.320> destination<12:47:07.680> is

hops that means that the destination is

hops that means that the destination is
unreachable<12:47:08.520> or<12:47:09.416> that<12:47:09.776> for<12:47:10.020> some<12:47:10.140> reason

unreachable or that for some reason

unreachable or that for some reason
we're<12:47:10.616> getting<12:47:10.860> caught<12:47:11.160> into<12:47:11.640> some<12:47:12.060> sort<12:47:12.300> of

we're getting caught into some sort of

we're getting caught into some sort of
loop

loop

loop
so<12:47:14.400> the<12:47:14.520> Hops<12:47:14.880> keep<12:47:15.060> coming<12:47:15.300> back<12:47:15.720> to<12:47:15.960> itself

so the Hops keep coming back to itself

so the Hops keep coming back to itself
one<12:47:17.700> another<12:47:17.880> way<12:47:18.116> that<12:47:18.300> this<12:47:18.416> can<12:47:18.540> you<12:47:18.776> can

one another way that this can you can

one another way that this can you can
see<12:47:18.960> this<12:47:19.140> as<12:47:19.380> I<12:47:19.560> erase<12:47:19.800> this<12:47:20.040> is<12:47:20.640> for<12:47:21.000> instance

see this as I erase this is for instance

see this as I erase this is for instance
we<12:47:22.320> have

A system that looks something like

A system that looks something like
this<12:47:28.140> and<12:47:28.740> these<12:47:28.980> are<12:47:29.096> each<12:47:29.220> routers

this and these are each routers

this and these are each routers
so<12:47:31.500> what<12:47:31.616> might<12:47:31.800> happen

so what might happen

so what might happen
as<12:47:33.416> I<12:47:33.720> draw<12:47:34.140> out<12:47:34.320> all<12:47:34.436> the<12:47:34.560> connections

as I draw out all the connections

as I draw out all the connections
is<12:47:36.480> the<12:47:36.776> route<12:47:36.960> might<12:47:37.256> go<12:47:37.500> from<12:47:37.800> here<12:47:38.580> one<12:47:39.300> hop

is the route might go from here one hop

is the route might go from here one hop
to<12:47:40.020> here<12:47:40.256> and<12:47:41.096> then<12:47:41.160> instead<12:47:41.460> of<12:47:41.580> going<12:47:41.756> to<12:47:42.000> the

to here and then instead of going to the

to here and then instead of going to the
destination<12:47:42.916> it<12:47:43.916> simply<12:47:44.160> goes<12:47:44.460> like<12:47:44.640> this

destination it simply goes like this

destination it simply goes like this
because

because

because
this<12:47:47.160> could<12:47:47.340> be<12:47:47.520> a<12:47:47.936> valid<12:47:48.300> way<12:47:48.540> of<12:47:49.436> getting<12:47:49.616> to

this could be a valid way of getting to

this could be a valid way of getting to
the<12:47:49.980> router<12:47:50.276> right<12:47:50.520> we<12:47:51.116> could<12:47:51.240> hop<12:47:51.480> here<12:47:51.776> and

the router right we could hop here and

the router right we could hop here and
then<12:47:52.740> we<12:47:52.980> could<12:47:53.096> go<12:47:53.400> over<12:47:54.180> there<12:47:54.480> but<12:47:55.200> instead

then we could go over there but instead

then we could go over there but instead
it<12:47:55.800> hops<12:47:56.220> and<12:47:57.000> then<12:47:57.116> this<12:47:57.596> one<12:47:57.720> sends<12:47:58.200> it<12:47:58.256> along

it hops and then this one sends it along

it hops and then this one sends it along
this<12:47:59.096> route<12:47:59.276> so<12:48:00.240> we<12:48:00.416> move<12:48:00.596> here<12:48:00.900> and<12:48:01.740> basically

this route so we move here and basically

this route so we move here and basically
we<12:48:02.400> create<12:48:02.640> a<12:48:02.880> loop<12:48:03.116> in<12:48:03.900> which<12:48:04.140> the

we create a loop in which the

we create a loop in which the
destination<12:48:04.860> is<12:48:05.096> never<12:48:05.220> reachable<12:48:06.116> now<12:48:06.480> this

destination is never reachable now this

destination is never reachable now this
could<12:48:06.776> be<12:48:06.960> because<12:48:07.200> of<12:48:07.616> some<12:48:07.860> sort<12:48:08.040> of<12:48:08.160> poor<12:48:08.820> uh

could be because of some sort of poor uh

could be because of some sort of poor uh
routing<12:48:10.320> table<12:48:10.500> and<12:48:11.040> what<12:48:11.220> you<12:48:11.276> would<12:48:11.400> need<12:48:11.520> to

routing table and what you would need to

routing table and what you would need to
do<12:48:11.700> is<12:48:11.936> basically<12:48:12.240> tell<12:48:12.480> one<12:48:12.776> of<12:48:12.840> these

do is basically tell one of these

do is basically tell one of these
routers<12:48:13.436> that<12:48:13.680> the<12:48:13.916> destination<12:48:14.400> goes<12:48:15.360> over

routers that the destination goes over

routers that the destination goes over
here

here

here
the<12:48:17.096> next<12:48:17.220> term<12:48:17.460> is<12:48:18.060> What's<12:48:18.300> called<12:48:18.596> the<12:48:18.840> cost

the next term is What's called the cost

the next term is What's called the cost
this<12:48:19.740> is<12:48:19.860> the<12:48:20.160> number<12:48:20.400> of<12:48:21.060> uh<12:48:21.776> or<12:48:21.900> these<12:48:22.200> are

this is the number of uh or these are

this is the number of uh or these are
the<12:48:22.436> numbers<12:48:22.616> rather<12:48:23.220> that<12:48:23.520> are<12:48:23.640> associated

the numbers rather that are associated

the numbers rather that are associated
with<12:48:24.360> traveling<12:48:24.840> from<12:48:25.436> point<12:48:25.680> A<12:48:25.980> to<12:48:26.400> point<12:48:26.580> B

with traveling from point A to point B

with traveling from point A to point B
generally<12:48:27.960> this<12:48:28.320> means<12:48:28.680> Hops<12:48:29.340> and<12:48:29.580> several

generally this means Hops and several

generally this means Hops and several
different<12:48:30.060> links<12:48:30.540> along<12:48:30.776> the<12:48:31.020> path<12:48:31.460> the<12:48:32.460> lower

different links along the path the lower

different links along the path the lower
number<12:48:33.116> of<12:48:33.416> of

number of of

number of of
hops<12:48:35.640> the<12:48:36.480> better<12:48:36.596> we<12:48:36.960> are<12:48:37.200> so<12:48:37.860> the<12:48:38.040> cost<12:48:38.276> would

hops the better we are so the cost would

hops the better we are so the cost would
be<12:48:38.756> how<12:48:39.240> many<12:48:39.416> hops<12:48:40.080> total<12:48:40.500> we<12:48:40.860> need<12:48:41.040> to<12:48:41.160> travel

be how many hops total we need to travel

be how many hops total we need to travel
from<12:48:41.580> point<12:48:41.700> A<12:48:41.880> to<12:48:42.060> point<12:48:42.240> B<12:48:42.436> generally

from point A to point B generally

from point A to point B generally
speaking<12:48:44.040> we're<12:48:44.580> going<12:48:44.820> to<12:48:45.060> look<12:48:45.240> at<12:48:45.720> the

speaking we're going to look at the

speaking we're going to look at the
lowest<12:48:46.256> number<12:48:46.616> of<12:48:47.460> hops<12:48:47.880> possible<12:48:48.300> but<12:48:49.020> there

lowest number of hops possible but there

lowest number of hops possible but there
are<12:48:49.436> some<12:48:49.800> instances<12:48:50.400> in<12:48:51.180> which<12:48:51.416> we<12:48:51.900> could

are some instances in which we could

are some instances in which we could
want<12:48:52.320> to<12:48:52.500> go<12:48:52.700> more<12:48:53.700> hops<12:48:54.240> or<12:48:55.080> have<12:48:55.320> a<12:48:55.560> higher

want to go more hops or have a higher

want to go more hops or have a higher
cost<12:48:56.596> through<12:48:57.596> hops<12:48:58.140> in<12:48:59.040> order<12:48:59.160> to<12:48:59.400> save<12:48:59.580> on

cost through hops in order to save on

cost through hops in order to save on
something<12:49:00.000> else<12:49:00.240> for<12:49:00.540> instance<12:49:00.776> latency

something else for instance latency

something else for instance latency
latency<12:49:02.640> is<12:49:02.880> the<12:49:03.000> time<12:49:03.180> it<12:49:03.416> takes<12:49:03.540> from<12:49:03.776> a

latency is the time it takes from a

latency is the time it takes from a
packet<12:49:04.200> to<12:49:04.320> go<12:49:04.500> from<12:49:04.740> one<12:49:04.980> location<12:49:05.220> to

packet to go from one location to

packet to go from one location to
another<12:49:06.060> so<12:49:06.960> to<12:49:07.200> give<12:49:07.320> you<12:49:07.436> an<12:49:07.500> example<12:49:07.740> of

another so to give you an example of

another so to give you an example of
what<12:49:08.040> I<12:49:08.160> was<12:49:08.276> just<12:49:08.340> talking<12:49:08.520> about<12:49:08.900> sometimes

what I was just talking about sometimes

what I was just talking about sometimes
we<12:49:10.560> go<12:49:10.740> route<12:49:11.040> specific

we go route specific

we go route specific
which<12:49:12.900> means<12:49:13.256> that<12:49:13.560> it's<12:49:14.220> going<12:49:14.400> to<12:49:14.520> choose

which means that it's going to choose

which means that it's going to choose
this<12:49:15.000> route<12:49:15.180> because<12:49:15.596> this<12:49:16.380> is<12:49:16.500> only<12:49:16.800> two<12:49:17.580> hops

this route because this is only two hops

this route because this is only two hops
however

however

however
let's<12:49:22.200> say

let's say that instead of traveling this

let's say that instead of traveling this
let's<12:49:30.300> say<12:49:30.480> this<12:49:30.720> was<12:49:30.900> a<12:49:31.140> dial-up<12:49:31.560> connection

let's say this was a dial-up connection

let's say this was a dial-up connection
right<12:49:32.220> here

right here

right here
and<12:49:33.960> this<12:49:34.140> was<12:49:34.916> a<12:49:35.160> broadband<12:49:35.580> connection

and this was a broadband connection

and this was a broadband connection
well<12:49:38.040> obviously

well obviously

well obviously
even<12:49:40.080> though<12:49:40.256> we<12:49:40.500> have<12:49:40.616> to<12:49:40.740> go<12:49:40.916> one<12:49:41.340> two<12:49:41.880> three

even though we have to go one two three

even though we have to go one two three
four<12:49:43.320> hops<12:49:43.860> as<12:49:44.220> opposed<12:49:44.640> to<12:49:44.640> three<12:49:44.936> on<12:49:45.240> this

four hops as opposed to three on this

four hops as opposed to three on this
one

one

one
we<12:49:46.980> would<12:49:47.096> want<12:49:47.340> to<12:49:47.460> take<12:49:47.640> the<12:49:48.000> four<12:49:48.180> hops

we would want to take the four hops

we would want to take the four hops
because<12:49:49.020> the<12:49:49.740> latency<12:49:50.096> is<12:49:50.400> going<12:49:50.520> to<12:49:50.640> be<12:49:50.756> less

because the latency is going to be less

because the latency is going to be less
and<12:49:51.776> so<12:49:51.900> the<12:49:52.256> cost<12:49:52.436> would<12:49:52.740> be<12:49:52.860> determined

and so the cost would be determined

and so the cost would be determined
based<12:49:54.360> not<12:49:54.480> only<12:49:54.596> in<12:49:54.776> hops<12:49:55.200> but<12:49:55.380> on<12:49:55.560> latency<12:49:55.916> as

based not only in hops but on latency as

based not only in hops but on latency as
well

well

well
now<12:49:58.080> convergence<12:49:59.060> is<12:50:00.060> the<12:50:00.540> process<12:50:00.900> of

now convergence is the process of

now convergence is the process of
routers<12:50:01.680> discovering<12:50:02.460> the<12:50:03.060> network

routers discovering the network

routers discovering the network
structure<12:50:03.776> has<12:50:04.080> changed<12:50:04.560> in<12:50:05.340> this<12:50:05.460> way<12:50:05.580> it

structure has changed in this way it

structure has changed in this way it
updates<12:50:06.240> the<12:50:06.540> routing<12:50:06.900> tables<12:50:07.256> to<12:50:07.436> the

updates the routing tables to the

updates the routing tables to the
knowledge<12:50:07.800> of<12:50:07.916> the<12:50:08.040> networks<12:50:08.520> so<12:50:09.000> for

knowledge of the networks so for

knowledge of the networks so for
instance

if we have two different paths that a

if we have two different paths that a
route<12:50:14.640> could<12:50:14.936> take

route could take

route could take
it<12:50:16.860> could<12:50:16.980> either<12:50:17.096> go

it could either go

it could either go
like<12:50:19.140> this<12:50:19.860> or

like this or

like this or
like<12:50:22.980> this<12:50:23.160> we<12:50:24.000> would<12:50:24.180> want<12:50:24.360> to<12:50:24.540> know<12:50:24.720> if<12:50:25.500> one

like this we would want to know if one

like this we would want to know if one
of<12:50:25.800> the<12:50:25.860> connections<12:50:26.276> had<12:50:26.520> been<12:50:26.640> severed<12:50:27.480> and

of the connections had been severed and

of the connections had been severed and
then<12:50:28.320> this<12:50:29.276> routing<12:50:29.640> table<12:50:29.820> would<12:50:30.180> be<12:50:30.300> updated

then this routing table would be updated

then this routing table would be updated
to<12:50:31.800> know<12:50:31.980> don't<12:50:32.400> go<12:50:32.640> on<12:50:32.820> this<12:50:33.060> route<12:50:33.320> instead

to know don't go on this route instead

to know don't go on this route instead
go<12:50:34.680> on<12:50:34.860> that<12:50:35.040> route

go on that route

go on that route
the<12:50:36.180> process<12:50:36.596> of<12:50:36.776> this<12:50:37.020> happening

the process of this happening

the process of this happening
is<12:50:38.880> called<12:50:39.116> convergence

is called convergence

is called convergence
so<12:50:42.180> although<12:50:42.776> this<12:50:43.200> module<12:50:44.040> might<12:50:44.220> have<12:50:44.340> been

so although this module might have been

so although this module might have been
short<12:50:44.820> and<12:50:45.240> a<12:50:45.416> brief<12:50:45.660> overview<12:50:46.020> of<12:50:46.200> routing<12:50:46.560> we

short and a brief overview of routing we

short and a brief overview of routing we
went<12:50:47.096> over<12:50:47.276> some<12:50:47.580> key<12:50:47.820> things<12:50:48.060> first<12:50:48.416> of<12:50:48.540> all

went over some key things first of all

went over some key things first of all
we<12:50:48.776> talked<12:50:49.080> about<12:50:49.200> a<12:50:49.740> router<12:50:50.096> this<12:50:50.520> is<12:50:50.640> the

we talked about a router this is the

we talked about a router this is the
device<12:50:51.060> that<12:50:51.776> generally<12:50:52.020> allows<12:50:52.320> us<12:50:52.436> to

device that generally allows us to

device that generally allows us to
connect<12:50:52.740> our<12:50:53.220> Lan<12:50:53.580> out<12:50:54.360> to<12:50:54.596> a<12:50:55.200> Wan

connect our Lan out to a Wan

connect our Lan out to a Wan
it<12:50:56.640> does<12:50:56.820> this<12:50:57.000> by<12:50:57.240> operating<12:50:57.660> on<12:50:58.020> layer<12:50:58.436> 3<12:50:58.680> of

it does this by operating on layer 3 of

it does this by operating on layer 3 of
The<12:50:59.400> OSI<12:50:59.880> model<12:51:00.116> which<12:51:00.960> again<12:51:01.200> is<12:51:01.800> responsible

The OSI model which again is responsible

The OSI model which again is responsible
for<12:51:02.820> IP<12:51:03.240> addresses<12:51:03.840> as<12:51:04.560> opposed<12:51:04.916> to<12:51:04.980> switches

for IP addresses as opposed to switches

for IP addresses as opposed to switches
which<12:51:06.300> work<12:51:06.540> with<12:51:06.776> Mac<12:51:07.020> addresses<12:51:07.500> and

which work with Mac addresses and

which work with Mac addresses and
therefore<12:51:07.916> operate<12:51:08.340> on<12:51:08.520> layer<12:51:08.756> 2.<12:51:09.116> we<12:51:09.660> also

therefore operate on layer 2. we also

therefore operate on layer 2. we also
talked<12:51:10.140> about<12:51:10.200> how<12:51:10.740> a<12:51:10.916> router<12:51:11.276> functions<12:51:11.756> in

talked about how a router functions in

talked about how a router functions in
this<12:51:12.720> case<12:51:12.960> we<12:51:13.560> talked<12:51:13.860> about<12:51:13.916> the<12:51:14.160> fact<12:51:14.340> that

this case we talked about the fact that

this case we talked about the fact that
a<12:51:14.700> router<12:51:15.060> has<12:51:15.240> what's<12:51:15.540> called<12:51:15.840> a<12:51:16.560> routing

a router has what's called a routing

a router has what's called a routing
table

table

table
which<12:51:19.256> can<12:51:19.436> sometimes<12:51:19.800> be<12:51:20.040> called<12:51:20.276> an<12:51:20.756> ARP

which can sometimes be called an ARP

which can sometimes be called an ARP
table

table

table
the<12:51:23.340> ARP<12:51:23.640> table

the ARP table

the ARP table
tells<12:51:25.380> it<12:51:25.500> where<12:51:25.980> an<12:51:26.220> IP<12:51:26.460> address<12:51:26.900> goes<12:51:28.220> to<12:51:29.220> get

tells it where an IP address goes to get

tells it where an IP address goes to get
to<12:51:29.520> a<12:51:29.700> specific<12:51:29.936> place<12:51:30.180> so<12:51:30.480> it<12:51:30.596> Maps<12:51:31.020> basic<12:51:31.320> IPS

to a specific place so it Maps basic IPS

to a specific place so it Maps basic IPS
to<12:51:31.980> Mac<12:51:32.096> addresses<12:51:32.640> and<12:51:33.240> then<12:51:33.416> the<12:51:33.540> routing

to Mac addresses and then the routing

to Mac addresses and then the routing
table<12:51:33.960> would<12:51:34.200> say<12:51:34.436> how<12:51:34.916> many<12:51:35.096> routes<12:51:35.700> you<12:51:35.936> take

table would say how many routes you take

table would say how many routes you take
to<12:51:36.480> get<12:51:36.660> to<12:51:37.020> a<12:51:37.800> specific<12:51:38.096> node<12:51:38.700> on<12:51:38.880> the<12:51:39.060> network

to get to a specific node on the network

to get to a specific node on the network
we<12:51:40.380> also<12:51:40.616> looked<12:51:40.800> at<12:51:40.860> static<12:51:41.276> routing<12:51:41.640> which

we also looked at static routing which

we also looked at static routing which
is<12:51:42.116> manually<12:51:42.596> updating<12:51:43.140> the<12:51:43.380> routing<12:51:43.740> table

is manually updating the routing table

is manually updating the routing table
so<12:51:44.520> that<12:51:44.640> way<12:51:44.820> you<12:51:45.000> can<12:51:45.060> tell<12:51:45.300> it<12:51:45.480> where<12:51:45.720> to<12:51:45.840> go

so that way you can tell it where to go

so that way you can tell it where to go
we<12:51:47.340> also<12:51:47.580> talked<12:51:47.756> about<12:51:47.820> some<12:51:48.060> key<12:51:48.300> terms

we also talked about some key terms

we also talked about some key terms
including<12:51:49.080> hop<12:51:49.436> counts<12:51:50.040> which<12:51:50.520> would<12:51:50.640> be<12:51:50.820> like

including hop counts which would be like

including hop counts which would be like
the<12:51:51.540> number<12:51:51.720> of<12:51:51.900> places<12:51:52.200> we're<12:51:52.500> going<12:51:52.616> to<12:51:52.740> go

the number of places we're going to go

the number of places we're going to go
if<12:51:53.340> we're<12:51:53.460> going<12:51:53.580> to<12:51:53.700> take<12:51:53.880> a<12:51:54.060> trip<12:51:54.300> this<12:51:54.840> would

if we're going to take a trip this would

if we're going to take a trip this would
be<12:51:55.140> for<12:51:55.436> instance<12:51:55.860> the<12:51:56.820> miles

be for instance the miles

be for instance the miles
we<12:51:59.096> looked<12:51:59.340> at<12:51:59.400> the<12:51:59.640> cost<12:51:59.820> which<12:52:00.596> basically

we looked at the cost which basically

we looked at the cost which basically
means<12:52:01.256> we're<12:52:01.436> going<12:52:01.616> to<12:52:01.680> take<12:52:01.860> several<12:52:02.340> things

means we're going to take several things

means we're going to take several things
into<12:52:03.480> consideration<12:52:04.140> when<12:52:04.500> determining<12:52:05.096> our

into consideration when determining our

into consideration when determining our
trip

trip

trip
for<12:52:07.740> instance<12:52:08.040> if<12:52:08.936> one<12:52:09.240> has<12:52:09.660> a<12:52:09.960> highway

for instance if one has a highway

for instance if one has a highway
whereas<12:52:12.596> the<12:52:12.720> other<12:52:12.900> are<12:52:13.320> a<12:52:13.500> bunch<12:52:13.616> of<12:52:13.740> local

whereas the other are a bunch of local

whereas the other are a bunch of local
roads<12:52:14.640> with<12:52:15.416> stop<12:52:15.660> lights

roads with stop lights

roads with stop lights
then<12:52:18.116> even<12:52:18.300> though<12:52:18.540> it<12:52:18.776> might<12:52:19.020> be<12:52:19.256> more<12:52:19.800> miles

then even though it might be more miles

then even though it might be more miles
to<12:52:20.820> go<12:52:21.000> on<12:52:21.240> the<12:52:21.960> Highway<12:52:22.560> we're<12:52:23.400> going<12:52:23.580> to<12:52:23.700> go

to go on the Highway we're going to go

to go on the Highway we're going to go
there<12:52:24.000> as<12:52:24.180> opposed<12:52:24.540> to<12:52:24.540> this<12:52:24.776> one<12:52:24.960> with<12:52:25.140> the

there as opposed to this one with the

there as opposed to this one with the
stop<12:52:25.380> lights<12:52:25.560> because<12:52:25.800> we<12:52:25.980> know<12:52:26.096> we're

stop lights because we know we're

stop lights because we know we're
getting<12:52:26.400> there<12:52:26.580> faster

getting there faster

getting there faster
finally<12:52:28.320> convergence<12:52:28.980> is<12:52:29.340> keeping<12:52:29.756> all<12:52:30.000> these

finally convergence is keeping all these

finally convergence is keeping all these
routing<12:52:30.596> tables<12:52:31.020> up<12:52:31.560> to<12:52:31.680> date

routing tables up to date

routing tables up to date
that<12:52:33.300> way<12:52:33.480> we<12:52:33.776> know<12:52:34.020> which<12:52:34.500> route<12:52:34.740> is<12:52:34.980> the<12:52:35.096> most

that way we know which route is the most

that way we know which route is the most
effective<12:52:35.640> at<12:52:35.820> any<12:52:35.936> one<12:52:36.180> time

in the next module I'm going to talk

in the next module I'm going to talk
more<12:52:40.800> about<12:52:41.040> how<12:52:41.756> all<12:52:41.880> this<12:52:42.116> works<12:52:42.480> in<12:52:43.256> Dynamic

more about how all this works in Dynamic

more about how all this works in Dynamic
routing<12:52:44.276> and<12:52:44.640> the<12:52:44.756> protocols<12:52:45.300> that<12:52:45.596> are

routing and the protocols that are

routing and the protocols that are
involved<12:52:46.680> with<12:52:46.860> it

[Music]

[Music]
thank<12:53:00.416> you

welcome to module 8 lesson 3A on routing

welcome to module 8 lesson 3A on routing
metrics<12:53:11.040> or<12:53:11.340> if<12:53:11.520> you're<12:53:11.640> in<12:53:11.820> the<12:53:12.000> UK<12:53:12.360> routing

metrics or if you're in the UK routing

metrics or if you're in the UK routing
metrics

metrics

metrics
so<12:53:16.256> this<12:53:16.380> is<12:53:16.500> a<12:53:16.560> little<12:53:16.616> bit<12:53:16.800> esoteric<12:53:17.520> in<12:53:17.820> as

so this is a little bit esoteric in as

so this is a little bit esoteric in as
much<12:53:18.300> as

much as

much as
you're<12:53:19.800> better<12:53:20.040> off<12:53:20.276> configuring<12:53:20.936> routing

you're better off configuring routing

you're better off configuring routing
and<12:53:21.840> playing<12:53:22.320> with<12:53:22.616> this<12:53:22.860> and<12:53:23.160> doing<12:53:23.400> Hands-On

and playing with this and doing Hands-On

and playing with this and doing Hands-On
labs<12:53:24.900> which<12:53:25.380> you<12:53:25.500> don't<12:53:25.680> do<12:53:25.916> for<12:53:26.220> the<12:53:26.520> content

labs which you don't do for the content

labs which you don't do for the content
Network<12:53:27.300> plus<12:53:27.660> but<12:53:28.020> if<12:53:28.436> you're<12:53:28.560> doing<12:53:28.740> a<12:53:28.980> CCNA

Network plus but if you're doing a CCNA

Network plus but if you're doing a CCNA
exam<12:53:29.936> for<12:53:30.060> Cisco<12:53:30.480> for<12:53:30.720> example<12:53:30.900> you'd

exam for Cisco for example you'd

exam for Cisco for example you'd
actually<12:53:31.616> have<12:53:32.580> examples<12:53:33.000> where<12:53:33.300> you<12:53:33.416> could

actually have examples where you could

actually have examples where you could
see<12:53:33.776> this<12:53:34.140> and<12:53:34.500> been<12:53:34.860> affected<12:53:35.276> as<12:53:35.640> you

see this and been affected as you

see this and been affected as you
configure<12:53:36.416> the<12:53:37.200> different<12:53:37.380> routing

configure the different routing

configure the different routing
protocols<12:53:38.460> and<12:53:38.700> add<12:53:38.880> more<12:53:39.060> hops<12:53:39.720> or<12:53:40.020> other

protocols and add more hops or other

protocols and add more hops or other
devices

devices

devices
but<12:53:42.596> we'll<12:53:42.900> do<12:53:43.020> our<12:53:43.200> best<12:53:43.380> we're<12:53:43.980> going<12:53:44.096> to

but we'll do our best we're going to

but we'll do our best we're going to
look<12:53:44.276> at<12:53:44.400> routing<12:53:44.820> metrics<12:53:45.596> the<12:53:45.960> MTU

look at routing metrics the MTU

look at routing metrics the MTU
metric<12:53:48.596> costs<12:53:49.200> latency<12:53:50.096> load<12:53:50.820> reliability

metric costs latency load reliability

metric costs latency load reliability
so<12:53:53.040> routing<12:53:53.580> metrics<12:53:54.060> and<12:53:55.020> tables<12:53:55.500> on<12:53:55.616> a

so routing metrics and tables on a

so routing metrics and tables on a
router

router

router
and<12:53:57.776> it's<12:53:57.960> actually<12:53:58.080> the<12:53:58.320> same<12:53:58.436> for<12:53:58.616> servers

and it's actually the same for servers

and it's actually the same for servers
as<12:53:59.220> well

as well

as well
and<12:54:00.776> the<12:54:00.960> writing<12:54:01.320> table<12:54:01.500> can<12:54:01.980> contain<12:54:02.276> a

and the writing table can contain a

and the writing table can contain a
field<12:54:02.756> known<12:54:03.240> as<12:54:03.416> the<12:54:03.660> metric

field known as the metric

field known as the metric
now<12:54:05.276> a<12:54:05.400> metric<12:54:05.756> is<12:54:05.936> a<12:54:06.116> value<12:54:06.300> and<12:54:06.540> that<12:54:06.720> value

now a metric is a value and that value

now a metric is a value and that value
can<12:54:07.200> be<12:54:07.320> made<12:54:07.560> from<12:54:07.860> a<12:54:08.096> number<12:54:08.640> of<12:54:08.820> different

can be made from a number of different

can be made from a number of different
factors<12:54:10.020> depending<12:54:10.500> on<12:54:10.800> the<12:54:11.640> route<12:54:11.820> the

factors depending on the route the

factors depending on the route the
routing<12:54:12.660> protocol

routing protocol

routing protocol
this<12:54:15.060> is<12:54:15.240> used<12:54:15.900> by<12:54:16.140> the<12:54:16.320> router<12:54:16.800> when<12:54:17.276> it<12:54:17.520> runs

this is used by the router when it runs

this is used by the router when it runs
a<12:54:18.360> mathematical<12:54:19.020> algorithm<12:54:19.500> to<12:54:19.800> work<12:54:19.980> out<12:54:20.220> the

a mathematical algorithm to work out the

a mathematical algorithm to work out the
best<12:54:21.180> path<12:54:21.480> to<12:54:21.840> get<12:54:22.020> from<12:54:22.380> a<12:54:22.860> which<12:54:23.580> will<12:54:23.700> be

best path to get from a which will be

best path to get from a which will be
the<12:54:24.180> local<12:54:24.416> router<12:54:25.400> 2B<12:54:26.400> which<12:54:26.820> is<12:54:26.936> the<12:54:27.240> remote

the local router 2B which is the remote

the local router 2B which is the remote
router

router

router
now<12:54:31.080> I<12:54:31.256> issue<12:54:31.616> the<12:54:31.740> show<12:54:31.916> IP<12:54:32.640> routes<12:54:33.240> on<12:54:33.720> a

now I issue the show IP routes on a

now I issue the show IP routes on a
router<12:54:34.320> in<12:54:34.560> the<12:54:34.740> image<12:54:35.276> here<12:54:35.460> and<12:54:36.300> I<12:54:36.480> just

router in the image here and I just

router in the image here and I just
highlighted<12:54:37.436> MD<12:54:38.340> if<12:54:38.936> you<12:54:39.060> did<12:54:39.180> look<12:54:39.360> at<12:54:39.540> the

highlighted MD if you did look at the

highlighted MD if you did look at the
table<12:54:39.900> there<12:54:40.256> is<12:54:40.680> short<12:54:40.980> for<12:54:41.480> eigrp<12:54:42.680> on<12:54:43.680> Cisco

table there is short for eigrp on Cisco

table there is short for eigrp on Cisco
routing<12:54:44.640> tables<12:54:44.936> it'd<12:54:45.180> be<12:54:45.300> different<12:54:45.416> if

routing tables it'd be different if

routing tables it'd be different if
you're<12:54:45.900> using<12:54:46.256> Juniper<12:54:46.800> or<12:54:47.040> a<12:54:47.220> different

you're using Juniper or a different

you're using Juniper or a different
device<12:54:47.840> but<12:54:48.840> just<12:54:49.020> for<12:54:49.200> your<12:54:49.380> information<12:54:49.616> the

device but just for your information the

device but just for your information the
different<12:54:50.756> numbers<12:54:51.116> there<12:54:51.596> are<12:54:51.960> the<12:54:52.140> routing

different numbers there are the routing

different numbers there are the routing
metrics<12:54:53.160> the<12:54:53.840> ergrp<12:54:54.840> is<12:54:55.020> calculated<12:54:55.560> based

metrics the ergrp is calculated based

metrics the ergrp is calculated based
upon<12:54:56.340> the<12:54:56.580> location<12:54:56.756> of<12:54:57.720> the<12:54:57.960> different

upon the location of the different

upon the location of the different
networks<12:54:58.880> which<12:54:59.880> are<12:55:00.060> 34<12:55:01.160> uh

networks which are 34 uh

networks which are 34 uh
4.4.4.4<12:55:04.020> the<12:55:04.380> 23<12:55:04.860> Network<12:55:05.160> 24<12:55:05.880> and<12:55:06.776> the<12:55:07.020> 12

4.4.4.4 the 23 Network 24 and the 12

4.4.4.4 the 23 Network 24 and the 12
Network

Network

Network
don't<12:55:08.700> worry<12:55:08.880> too<12:55:09.060> much<12:55:09.240> about<12:55:09.416> that<12:55:09.596> but<12:55:09.776> I

don't worry too much about that but I

don't worry too much about that but I
just<12:55:10.080> wanted<12:55:10.200> to<12:55:10.380> show<12:55:10.560> you<12:55:10.680> that<12:55:10.800> you<12:55:11.096> can

just wanted to show you that you can

just wanted to show you that you can
actually<12:55:11.340> see<12:55:11.640> it<12:55:11.820> in<12:55:12.000> a<12:55:12.116> routing<12:55:12.416> table<12:55:12.740> and

actually see it in a routing table and

actually see it in a routing table and
the<12:55:13.916> number<12:55:14.040> 90<12:55:14.400> before<12:55:14.936> the

the number 90 before the

the number 90 before the
the<12:55:17.160> routing<12:55:17.756> metric<12:55:18.116> there<12:55:18.360> is<12:55:18.776> the

the routing metric there is the

the routing metric there is the
administrative<12:55:19.500> distance<12:55:19.980> that<12:55:21.416> um<12:55:21.416> is<12:55:22.020> is

administrative distance that um is is

administrative distance that um is is
allocated<12:55:22.800> to<12:55:23.040> the<12:55:23.160> protocol<12:55:23.580> and<12:55:24.416> for<12:55:24.596> ergrp

allocated to the protocol and for ergrp

allocated to the protocol and for ergrp
it's<12:55:26.580> um<12:55:26.580> 90<12:55:27.060> internally<12:55:27.960> ergrp

it's um 90 internally ergrp

it's um 90 internally ergrp
so<12:55:30.660> if<12:55:31.020> a<12:55:31.320> router<12:55:31.680> has<12:55:31.800> different<12:55:32.040> routes<12:55:32.400> to

so if a router has different routes to

so if a router has different routes to
the<12:55:32.700> same<12:55:32.880> network<12:55:33.116> the<12:55:33.596> routing<12:55:34.020> metric

the same network the routing metric

the same network the routing metric
helps<12:55:34.800> the<12:55:34.860> router<12:55:35.160> decide<12:55:35.580> which<12:55:36.240> of<12:55:36.416> these

helps the router decide which of these

helps the router decide which of these
routes<12:55:37.020> to<12:55:37.200> choose<12:55:37.500> because<12:55:37.800> you<12:55:38.520> could<12:55:38.700> have

routes to choose because you could have

routes to choose because you could have
30<12:55:39.300> 40<12:55:39.660> 50<12:55:40.080> plus<12:55:40.640> ways<12:55:41.640> to<12:55:41.820> get<12:55:42.000> from<12:55:42.360> A<12:55:42.840> to<12:55:43.080> B

30 40 50 plus ways to get from A to B

30 40 50 plus ways to get from A to B
and<12:55:44.400> the<12:55:44.580> writing<12:55:44.936> table<12:55:45.116> will<12:55:45.480> just<12:55:45.720> be<12:55:46.320> too

and the writing table will just be too

and the writing table will just be too
big<12:55:46.740> and<12:55:46.980> the<12:55:47.160> router<12:55:47.580> would<12:55:47.700> crash<12:55:48.060> so<12:55:48.840> it

big and the router would crash so it

big and the router would crash so it
uses<12:55:49.320> the<12:55:49.500> best<12:55:49.680> path<12:55:49.980> and<12:55:50.520> inserts<12:55:51.000> the<12:55:51.116> best

uses the best path and inserts the best

uses the best path and inserts the best
path<12:55:51.480> in<12:55:51.660> the<12:55:51.840> routing<12:55:52.140> table

path in the routing table

path in the routing table
all<12:55:54.720> right<12:55:54.900> each<12:55:55.140> writing<12:55:55.560> protocol<12:55:55.860> uses<12:55:56.340> a

all right each writing protocol uses a

all right each writing protocol uses a
different<12:55:56.640> metric<12:55:57.180> I<12:55:57.720> think<12:55:57.900> you<12:55:58.080> probably

different metric I think you probably

different metric I think you probably
need<12:55:58.436> an<12:55:58.680> overview<12:55:58.980> just<12:55:59.340> for<12:55:59.520> the<12:55:59.700> network

need an overview just for the network

need an overview just for the network
Plus

Plus

Plus
so<12:56:01.380> we've<12:56:01.500> got<12:56:01.616> two<12:56:01.860> routers<12:56:02.400> a<12:56:02.700> router<12:56:03.060> one

so we've got two routers a router one

so we've got two routers a router one
and<12:56:03.416> a<12:56:03.540> router<12:56:03.840> 11<12:56:03.960> between<12:56:04.500> these<12:56:04.980> two

and a router 11 between these two

and a router 11 between these two
routers<12:56:05.756> you've<12:56:06.416> got<12:56:06.540> nine<12:56:06.776> other<12:56:07.020> routers

routers you've got nine other routers

routers you've got nine other routers
that<12:56:08.096> connect<12:56:08.276> to<12:56:08.460> different<12:56:08.640> Networks

that connect to different Networks

that connect to different Networks
and<12:56:10.436> you<12:56:10.560> can<12:56:10.680> see<12:56:10.916> the<12:56:11.220> different<12:56:11.340> routers

and you can see the different routers

and you can see the different routers
there<12:56:12.000> path<12:56:12.416> x<12:56:12.960> y<12:56:13.256> and<12:56:13.800> z<12:56:14.096> are<12:56:14.460> the<12:56:14.640> different

there path x y and z are the different

there path x y and z are the different
paths<12:56:15.596> in<12:56:16.380> order<12:56:16.500> to<12:56:16.740> get<12:56:16.860> to<12:56:17.040> router<12:56:17.400> 11<12:56:17.580> and

paths in order to get to router 11 and

paths in order to get to router 11 and
of<12:56:18.596> course<12:56:18.720> you<12:56:18.900> could<12:56:19.020> make<12:56:19.256> it<12:56:19.380> more

of course you could make it more

of course you could make it more
complicated<12:56:20.096> by<12:56:20.460> connecting<12:56:21.000> all<12:56:21.660> of<12:56:21.776> the

complicated by connecting all of the

complicated by connecting all of the
routers<12:56:22.320> in<12:56:22.500> between<12:56:22.680> the<12:56:22.980> paths<12:56:23.276> which<12:56:23.520> may

routers in between the paths which may

routers in between the paths which may
well<12:56:23.936> be<12:56:24.180> the<12:56:24.360> case

well be the case

well be the case
so<12:56:26.580> you<12:56:26.700> want<12:56:26.880> to<12:56:27.000> get<12:56:27.060> from<12:56:27.300> router<12:56:27.720> 1<12:56:27.900> to

so you want to get from router 1 to

so you want to get from router 1 to
router<12:56:28.380> 11<12:56:28.560> and<12:56:29.220> there's<12:56:29.400> three<12:56:29.580> different

router 11 and there's three different

router 11 and there's three different
paths<12:56:30.360> to<12:56:30.540> choose<12:56:30.960> from

paths to choose from

paths to choose from
sake<12:56:33.060> of<12:56:33.240> convenience<12:56:33.660> as<12:56:34.020> I<12:56:34.200> said<12:56:34.320> x<12:56:34.560> y<12:56:34.740> and<12:56:34.916> z

sake of convenience as I said x y and z

sake of convenience as I said x y and z
are<12:56:35.220> the<12:56:35.400> different<12:56:35.520> path<12:56:35.756> names<12:56:36.200> writing

are the different path names writing

are the different path names writing
protocols<12:56:37.740> will<12:56:37.916> choose<12:56:38.400> a<12:56:39.180> route<12:56:39.480> with<12:56:39.776> the

protocols will choose a route with the

protocols will choose a route with the
lowest<12:56:40.560> metric

lowest metric

lowest metric
now<12:56:43.080> if<12:56:43.256> we<12:56:43.436> use<12:56:43.680> rip<12:56:44.096> routing<12:56:44.580> information

now if we use rip routing information

now if we use rip routing information
protocol<12:56:45.480> it<12:56:46.380> only<12:56:46.560> uses<12:56:46.980> hop<12:56:47.276> count<12:56:47.640> it

protocol it only uses hop count it

protocol it only uses hop count it
doesn't<12:56:48.720> care<12:56:48.960> about<12:56:49.200> the<12:56:49.616> speed<12:56:49.740> of<12:56:49.980> the<12:56:50.096> link

doesn't care about the speed of the link

doesn't care about the speed of the link
or<12:56:50.520> if<12:56:50.700> the<12:56:50.880> Link's<12:56:51.116> reliable<12:56:51.596> or<12:56:51.900> anything

or if the Link's reliable or anything

or if the Link's reliable or anything
like<12:56:52.500> that<12:56:52.680> it's

like that it's

like that it's
um a<12:56:54.660> fairly<12:56:54.900> old<12:56:55.380> writing<12:56:56.040> protocol<12:56:56.460> and<12:56:57.060> it

um a fairly old writing protocol and it

um a fairly old writing protocol and it
was<12:56:57.300> built<12:56:57.596> for<12:56:57.776> quite<12:56:58.020> small<12:56:58.380> networks

was built for quite small networks

was built for quite small networks
because<12:56:59.220> all<12:56:59.400> networks<12:56:59.880> were<12:57:00.060> small<12:57:00.360> at<12:57:00.540> the

because all networks were small at the

because all networks were small at the
time

time

time
and<12:57:02.936> so<12:57:03.240> you<12:57:03.660> can<12:57:03.776> see<12:57:04.020> there<12:57:04.256> that<12:57:04.560> there's<12:57:04.980> uh

and so you can see there that there's uh

and so you can see there that there's uh
one<12:57:06.300> path<12:57:06.596> has<12:57:06.776> got<12:57:06.960> three<12:57:07.200> hops<12:57:07.740> one<12:57:08.400> has<12:57:08.580> got

one path has got three hops one has got

one path has got three hops one has got
one<12:57:09.360> two<12:57:09.596> three<12:57:09.840> four<12:57:10.080> hops<12:57:10.560> in<12:57:10.860> the<12:57:10.980> middle<12:57:11.096> if

one two three four hops in the middle if

one two three four hops in the middle if
you're<12:57:11.640> not<12:57:11.820> counting<12:57:12.416> the<12:57:13.020> um<12:57:13.020> source<12:57:13.436> and

you're not counting the um source and

you're not counting the um source and
destination<12:57:14.000> the<12:57:15.000> other<12:57:15.116> has<12:57:15.480> two<12:57:15.720> routers

destination the other has two routers

destination the other has two routers
nine<12:57:16.560> and<12:57:16.800> ten<12:57:17.040> so<12:57:17.400> that's<12:57:17.580> going<12:57:17.756> to<12:57:17.820> be<12:57:17.936> the

nine and ten so that's going to be the

nine and ten so that's going to be the
shortest<12:57:18.480> amount<12:57:18.776> of<12:57:18.960> hops

so if rip chooses the route between

so if rip chooses the route between
router<12:57:29.580> 1<12:57:29.936> and<12:57:30.180> 11<12:57:30.360> it<12:57:30.660> will<12:57:30.776> choose<12:57:31.020> the<12:57:31.200> best

router 1 and 11 it will choose the best

router 1 and 11 it will choose the best
path<12:57:31.800> as<12:57:32.096> path<12:57:32.460> X

path as path X

path as path X
it's<12:57:34.740> got<12:57:34.916> the<12:57:35.040> lowest<12:57:35.340> top<12:57:35.520> count

it's got the lowest top count

it's got the lowest top count
now<12:57:37.680> I've<12:57:38.040> introduced<12:57:38.460> a<12:57:38.640> problem<12:57:38.820> here<12:57:39.116> I've

now I've introduced a problem here I've

now I've introduced a problem here I've
actually<12:57:39.720> shown<12:57:40.616> you<12:57:40.740> the<12:57:40.980> speed<12:57:41.096> of<12:57:41.276> the

actually shown you the speed of the

actually shown you the speed of the
links<12:57:41.700> and<12:57:41.880> the<12:57:42.060> speed<12:57:42.240> of<12:57:42.776> path<12:57:43.080> X<12:57:43.436> is<12:57:43.800> only

links and the speed of path X is only

links and the speed of path X is only
56k

56k

56k
which<12:57:46.256> is<12:57:46.436> a<12:57:46.680> crazy<12:57:46.916> slow<12:57:47.220> when<12:57:47.460> you<12:57:47.640> compare

which is a crazy slow when you compare

which is a crazy slow when you compare
it<12:57:48.000> to<12:57:48.180> path<12:57:48.360> Y<12:57:48.776> which<12:57:49.380> is<12:57:49.500> one<12:57:49.740> Meg<12:57:50.160> however

it to path Y which is one Meg however

it to path Y which is one Meg however
rip<12:57:51.416> won't<12:57:51.776> understand<12:57:52.080> this<12:57:52.916> now<12:57:53.520> you<12:57:53.756> can

rip won't understand this now you can

rip won't understand this now you can
configure<12:57:54.416> it

configure it

configure it
and<12:57:55.980> and<12:57:56.040> do<12:57:56.820> extra<12:57:57.000> configurations<12:57:57.660> to

and and do extra configurations to

and and do extra configurations to
um<12:57:58.980> force<12:57:59.640> it<12:57:59.756> to<12:57:59.936> take<12:58:00.300> path<12:58:00.596> y<12:58:00.900> but<12:58:01.680> by

um force it to take path y but by

um force it to take path y but by
default<12:58:02.400> it<12:58:03.776> um<12:58:03.776> it<12:58:04.320> won't<12:58:04.436> it<12:58:04.740> won't<12:58:04.916> use<12:58:05.160> path

default it um it won't it won't use path

default it um it won't it won't use path
y<12:58:05.820> because<12:58:06.300> the<12:58:06.540> volt<12:58:06.900> counts

so different routes and protocols use

so different routes and protocols use
different<12:58:13.380> metrics<12:58:14.040> and<12:58:14.580> since<12:58:14.880> the<12:58:15.300> link

different metrics and since the link

different metrics and since the link
speed<12:58:16.160> affects<12:58:17.160> the<12:58:17.340> throughput<12:58:17.960> writing

speed affects the throughput writing

speed affects the throughput writing
protocols<12:58:19.616> such<12:58:19.740> as<12:58:19.860> ergrp<12:58:20.756> which<12:58:21.000> is<12:58:21.060> an

protocols such as ergrp which is an

protocols such as ergrp which is an
advanced<12:58:21.660> writing<12:58:22.080> protocol<12:58:22.436> take<12:58:23.276> into

advanced writing protocol take into

advanced writing protocol take into
account<12:58:23.900> now<12:58:24.900> it<12:58:25.560> can<12:58:25.740> take<12:58:26.040> into<12:58:26.276> account

account now it can take into account

account now it can take into account
Cisco's<12:58:27.596> version<12:58:27.840> of<12:58:28.080> vrgrp<12:58:28.980> only<12:58:29.580> uses<12:58:30.000> two

Cisco's version of vrgrp only uses two

Cisco's version of vrgrp only uses two
of<12:58:30.360> the<12:58:30.480> possible<12:58:30.776> values

of the possible values

of the possible values
um<12:58:32.820> that<12:58:33.960> um<12:58:33.960> are<12:58:34.616> usable<12:58:35.040> Within<12:58:35.400> ergrp

um that um are usable Within ergrp

um that um are usable Within ergrp
and<12:58:37.800> Cisco<12:58:38.276> have<12:58:38.400> their<12:58:38.580> own<12:58:38.700> version<12:58:38.880> of

and Cisco have their own version of

and Cisco have their own version of
ergrp

ergrp

ergrp
now<12:58:41.700> considering<12:58:42.480> now<12:58:43.020> ergb<12:58:43.680> ergrp<12:58:44.640> can

now considering now ergb ergrp can

now considering now ergb ergrp can
actually<12:58:45.000> use<12:58:45.240> five<12:58:45.540> but<12:58:45.840> we've<12:58:46.080> only<12:58:46.200> listed

actually use five but we've only listed

actually use five but we've only listed
the<12:58:46.680> two<12:58:46.860> used<12:58:47.040> by<12:58:47.276> Cisco<12:58:47.640> devices<12:58:48.060> here<12:58:48.360> which

the two used by Cisco devices here which

the two used by Cisco devices here which
are<12:58:48.840> bandwidth<12:58:49.680> and<12:58:49.740> delay

now considering the link speeds path Y

now considering the link speeds path Y
is<12:58:54.480> better<12:58:54.720> because<12:58:55.500> we<12:58:55.800> want<12:58:55.916> to<12:58:56.040> take<12:58:56.160> the

is better because we want to take the

is better because we want to take the
faster

faster

faster
um<12:58:57.480> route<12:58:57.776> there

um route there

um route there
routine<12:58:59.820> can<12:59:00.300> be<12:59:00.416> based<12:59:00.776> on<12:59:01.080> the<12:59:01.560> following

routine can be based on the following

routine can be based on the following
factors<12:59:02.276> the<12:59:02.640> MTU

factors the MTU

factors the MTU
the<12:59:04.616> costs<12:59:05.040> cost<12:59:06.380> latency<12:59:07.400> administrative

the costs cost latency administrative

the costs cost latency administrative
distance<12:59:08.960> shortest<12:59:09.960> path<12:59:10.200> bridging

distance shortest path bridging

distance shortest path bridging
uh<12:59:13.200> the<12:59:13.436> MTU

uh the MTU

uh the MTU
um<12:59:14.936> is<12:59:15.300> one<12:59:15.416> factor<12:59:15.840> as<12:59:15.960> I've<12:59:16.080> mentioned

um is one factor as I've mentioned

um is one factor as I've mentioned
stands<12:59:16.860> for<12:59:16.980> maximum<12:59:17.400> transmission<12:59:17.640> unit

stands for maximum transmission unit

stands for maximum transmission unit
this<12:59:19.080> is<12:59:19.200> the<12:59:19.380> largest<12:59:19.680> size<12:59:19.916> of<12:59:20.096> the<12:59:20.276> packet

this is the largest size of the packet

this is the largest size of the packet
that<12:59:20.820> can<12:59:21.000> be<12:59:21.180> transmitted<12:59:21.840> across<12:59:22.256> the<12:59:22.380> link

that can be transmitted across the link

that can be transmitted across the link
without<12:59:23.520> that<12:59:23.880> packet<12:59:24.240> being<12:59:24.436> fragmented

without that packet being fragmented

without that packet being fragmented
fragmented<12:59:26.340> means<12:59:26.640> it<12:59:26.756> gets<12:59:27.000> chopped<12:59:27.360> into

fragmented means it gets chopped into

fragmented means it gets chopped into
different<12:59:27.960> sizes

different sizes

different sizes
and<12:59:30.060> numbered<12:59:30.660> sent<12:59:31.436> and<12:59:31.740> then<12:59:31.860> reassembled

and numbered sent and then reassembled

and numbered sent and then reassembled
on<12:59:32.640> the<12:59:32.820> other<12:59:32.936> side<12:59:33.180> of<12:59:33.360> the<12:59:33.596> link<12:59:33.776> and

on the other side of the link and

on the other side of the link and
obviously<12:59:34.980> this<12:59:35.340> can<12:59:35.700> introduce<12:59:36.060> the<12:59:36.240> scope

obviously this can introduce the scope

obviously this can introduce the scope
for<12:59:36.720> errors<12:59:37.080> and<12:59:37.560> obviously<12:59:37.916> there's<12:59:38.160> delay

for errors and obviously there's delay

for errors and obviously there's delay
while<12:59:39.660> this<12:59:39.900> fragmentation<12:59:40.436> takes<12:59:40.860> place

while this fragmentation takes place

while this fragmentation takes place
thank<12:59:43.200> you<12:59:43.560> also<12:59:44.276> overhead<12:59:44.640> involved<12:59:45.116> because

thank you also overhead involved because

thank you also overhead involved because
of<12:59:45.596> the<12:59:45.900> acknowledgments<12:59:46.560> each<12:59:46.800> packet<12:59:47.220> is

of the acknowledgments each packet is

of the acknowledgments each packet is
sent<12:59:47.640> and<12:59:48.540> received<12:59:49.020> as<12:59:49.140> it<12:59:49.256> goes<12:59:49.500> along<12:59:49.560> and

sent and received as it goes along and

sent and received as it goes along and
it<12:59:49.916> could<12:59:50.040> be<12:59:50.160> requested<12:59:50.700> to<12:59:50.880> be

it could be requested to be

it could be requested to be
re-transmitted<12:59:51.840> also

re-transmitted also

re-transmitted also
largest<12:59:53.820> packet<12:59:54.180> you<12:59:54.416> can<12:59:54.540> send<12:59:54.776> by<12:59:54.960> an

largest packet you can send by an

largest packet you can send by an
Ethernet<12:59:55.320> Network<12:59:55.680> because<12:59:56.096> of<12:59:56.276> the<12:59:56.400> way<12:59:56.520> the

Ethernet Network because of the way the

Ethernet Network because of the way the
technology<12:59:57.116> is<12:59:57.416> designed<12:59:57.960> is<12:59:58.680> a<12:59:59.040> 1500<12:59:59.640> byte

technology is designed is a 1500 byte

technology is designed is a 1500 byte
now<13:00:02.096> cost<13:00:02.400> I<13:00:02.880> actually<13:00:03.060> did<13:00:03.416> an<13:00:03.596> output<13:00:03.960> here

now cost I actually did an output here

now cost I actually did an output here
of<13:00:04.860> a<13:00:05.220> router<13:00:05.936> running<13:00:06.360> ospf<13:00:07.200> or<13:00:07.436> an<13:00:07.616> interface

of a router running ospf or an interface

of a router running ospf or an interface
running<13:00:08.276> ospf<13:00:08.936> here

running ospf here

running ospf here
and<13:00:10.436> you<13:00:10.616> can<13:00:10.740> see<13:00:10.980> the<13:00:11.400> other<13:00:11.520> information<13:00:11.880> is

and you can see the other information is

and you can see the other information is
irrelevant<13:00:12.840> for<13:00:13.080> our<13:00:13.200> purposes<13:00:13.560> but<13:00:13.860> the<13:00:14.096> cost

irrelevant for our purposes but the cost

irrelevant for our purposes but the cost
has<13:00:14.520> been<13:00:14.700> allocated<13:00:15.240> as<13:00:16.020> 64.<13:00:16.860> different

has been allocated as 64. different

has been allocated as 64. different
interface<13:00:18.116> speeds<13:00:18.596> are<13:00:18.776> given<13:00:19.140> different

interface speeds are given different

interface speeds are given different
costs<13:00:19.980> by<13:00:20.700> ospf

total cost so this link and the other

total cost so this link and the other
link<13:00:28.140> and<13:00:28.380> all<13:00:28.560> the<13:00:28.616> other<13:00:28.740> links<13:00:29.040> between<13:00:29.540> and

link and all the other links between and

link and all the other links between and
the<13:00:30.840> hosts<13:00:31.256> are<13:00:31.500> added<13:00:31.860> up<13:00:31.980> together<13:00:32.220> and<13:00:32.700> then

the hosts are added up together and then

the hosts are added up together and then
the<13:00:33.116> best<13:00:33.300> cast<13:00:34.200> which<13:00:34.560> is<13:00:34.680> the<13:00:34.860> lowest<13:00:35.160> one<13:00:35.400> is

the best cast which is the lowest one is

the best cast which is the lowest one is
installed<13:00:36.360> into<13:00:36.480> the<13:00:36.720> routing<13:00:37.020> table<13:00:37.320> and<13:00:38.220> the

installed into the routing table and the

installed into the routing table and the
other<13:00:38.520> costs

other costs

other costs
um<13:00:39.776> can<13:00:40.020> be<13:00:40.200> put<13:00:40.320> into<13:00:40.500> the<13:00:40.740> topology<13:00:41.160> table

um can be put into the topology table

um can be put into the topology table
for<13:00:42.720> use<13:00:42.840> if<13:00:43.140> the<13:00:43.320> best<13:00:43.560> path<13:00:43.916> goes<13:00:44.460> down<13:00:44.640> so

for use if the best path goes down so

for use if the best path goes down so
you<13:00:45.060> can<13:00:45.116> have<13:00:45.300> second<13:00:45.596> best<13:00:46.380> third<13:00:46.740> best<13:00:46.980> and

you can have second best third best and

you can have second best third best and
so<13:00:47.520> on

a router protocol can also use delay or

a router protocol can also use delay or
latency<13:00:52.800> as<13:00:53.096> a<13:00:53.220> metric

latency as a metric

latency as a metric
delay<13:00:55.436> refers<13:00:55.860> to<13:00:55.980> the<13:00:56.160> delay<13:00:56.520> of<13:00:56.700> the<13:00:56.820> links

delay refers to the delay of the links

delay refers to the delay of the links
across<13:00:57.540> the<13:00:57.660> route<13:00:57.840> so<13:00:58.256> is<13:00:59.040> there<13:00:59.160> any<13:00:59.340> delays

across the route so is there any delays

across the route so is there any delays
to<13:01:00.180> the<13:01:00.300> packets<13:01:00.596> been<13:01:00.840> sent<13:01:01.020> and<13:01:01.200> received

to the packets been sent and received

to the packets been sent and received
a<13:01:03.416> load<13:01:03.840> I've<13:01:04.020> actually<13:01:04.256> issued<13:01:04.616> a<13:01:04.740> show

a load I've actually issued a show

a load I've actually issued a show
interfaces<13:01:05.580> serial<13:01:06.180> zero<13:01:06.840> slash<13:01:07.080> one<13:01:07.320> on<13:01:07.560> this

interfaces serial zero slash one on this

interfaces serial zero slash one on this
router<13:01:08.220> and<13:01:09.000> you<13:01:09.116> can<13:01:09.240> see<13:01:09.360> some<13:01:09.540> of<13:01:09.720> the

router and you can see some of the

router and you can see some of the
metrics<13:01:10.320> that<13:01:10.980> are<13:01:11.276> allocated

metrics that are allocated

metrics that are allocated
to<13:01:13.436> this<13:01:13.740> particular<13:01:13.980> interface<13:01:14.580> the<13:01:15.416> mtus

to this particular interface the mtus

to this particular interface the mtus
1500<13:01:16.560> the<13:01:16.800> bandwidth<13:01:17.276> is<13:01:17.400> 1544<13:01:18.300> so<13:01:18.720> one<13:01:19.080> Meg

1500 the bandwidth is 1544 so one Meg

1500 the bandwidth is 1544 so one Meg
delay<13:01:22.140> and<13:01:22.860> twenty<13:01:23.460> thousand<13:01:24.000> millisecs

delay and twenty thousand millisecs

delay and twenty thousand millisecs
a<13:01:26.276> reliability<13:01:27.140> 255<13:01:28.140> out<13:01:28.436> of<13:01:28.560> 255<13:01:29.040> is<13:01:29.400> the<13:01:29.640> best

a reliability 255 out of 255 is the best

a reliability 255 out of 255 is the best
it<13:01:30.960> means<13:01:31.560> um<13:01:31.560> it's<13:01:31.860> very<13:01:32.096> reliable<13:01:32.580> and<13:01:32.936> that

it means um it's very reliable and that

it means um it's very reliable and that
if<13:01:33.360> there's<13:01:33.596> problems<13:01:34.080> then<13:01:34.380> the<13:01:34.740> number<13:01:35.520> goes

if there's problems then the number goes

if there's problems then the number goes
down<13:01:36.116> like<13:01:36.480> 10<13:01:36.776> out<13:01:37.020> of<13:01:37.140> two<13:01:37.320> five<13:01:37.616> five<13:01:37.800> is

down like 10 out of two five five is

down like 10 out of two five five is
very<13:01:38.276> bad

very bad

very bad
the<13:01:39.596> transmission<13:01:39.776> load<13:01:40.380> is<13:01:40.616> low<13:01:40.860> it's<13:01:41.220> the

the transmission load is low it's the

the transmission load is low it's the
lowest<13:01:41.700> one<13:01:42.000> out<13:01:42.180> of<13:01:42.300> two<13:01:42.416> five<13:01:42.660> five<13:01:42.900> receive

lowest one out of two five five receive

lowest one out of two five five receive
load<13:01:44.096> is<13:01:44.220> one<13:01:44.400> out<13:01:44.640> of<13:01:44.756> two<13:01:44.936> five<13:01:45.240> five

load is one out of two five five

load is one out of two five five
which<13:01:46.560> is<13:01:46.616> an<13:01:46.800> arbitrary<13:01:47.340> value

which is an arbitrary value

which is an arbitrary value
so<13:01:49.500> load<13:01:49.800> is<13:01:49.860> the<13:01:49.980> measure<13:01:50.220> of<13:01:50.340> traffic

so load is the measure of traffic

so load is the measure of traffic
consuming<13:01:51.116> the<13:01:51.300> links<13:01:51.596> we<13:01:51.840> don't<13:01:51.960> want<13:01:52.080> our

consuming the links we don't want our

consuming the links we don't want our
package<13:01:52.500> to<13:01:52.616> be<13:01:52.740> traveling<13:01:53.096> along<13:01:53.276> a<13:01:53.580> path

package to be traveling along a path

package to be traveling along a path
with<13:01:54.480> high<13:01:54.660> traffic

with high traffic

with high traffic
so<13:01:56.460> the<13:01:56.640> past<13:01:56.820> with<13:01:57.060> the<13:01:57.240> lowest<13:01:57.540> load<13:01:57.900> would

so the past with the lowest load would

so the past with the lowest load would
be<13:01:58.256> the<13:01:58.436> best<13:01:58.560> path<13:01:58.860> if<13:01:59.520> we're<13:01:59.640> using<13:01:59.936> load<13:02:00.300> as

be the best path if we're using load as

be the best path if we're using load as
a<13:02:00.540> metric<13:02:00.840> of<13:02:01.080> course

a metric of course

a metric of course
reliability<13:02:03.360> is<13:02:03.660> in<13:02:03.840> there<13:02:03.960> also<13:02:04.320> which<13:02:04.560> I've

reliability is in there also which I've

reliability is in there also which I've
discussed<13:02:05.220> we<13:02:05.820> want<13:02:05.936> to<13:02:06.116> take<13:02:06.240> into

discussed we want to take into

discussed we want to take into
consideration<13:02:07.200> the<13:02:07.500> reliability<13:02:07.980> of<13:02:08.276> the

consideration the reliability of the

consideration the reliability of the
path

path

path
reliability<13:02:10.380> metric<13:02:11.096> has<13:02:11.520> a<13:02:12.000> value<13:02:12.300> that

reliability metric has a value that

reliability metric has a value that
denotes<13:02:13.020> a<13:02:13.140> number<13:02:13.256> of<13:02:13.436> times<13:02:13.680> any<13:02:14.460> of<13:02:14.640> the

denotes a number of times any of the

denotes a number of times any of the
following<13:02:15.000> occurs<13:02:15.540> the<13:02:16.140> link<13:02:16.320> goes<13:02:16.800> down<13:02:17.040> or

following occurs the link goes down or

following occurs the link goes down or
had<13:02:17.936> errors<13:02:18.300> at<13:02:18.540> a<13:02:18.840> certain<13:02:19.020> period<13:02:19.436> of<13:02:19.616> time

the router protocol may use the

the router protocol may use the
following<13:02:24.540> one<13:02:25.080> metric<13:02:25.436> as<13:02:25.740> in<13:02:25.980> rip<13:02:26.276> multiple

following one metric as in rip multiple

following one metric as in rip multiple
link<13:02:27.616> characteristics<13:02:28.616> to<13:02:29.460> calculate<13:02:29.880> a

link characteristics to calculate a

link characteristics to calculate a
metric<13:02:30.720> for<13:02:31.616> example<13:02:32.000> ergrp<13:02:33.000> which<13:02:33.240> is

metric for example ergrp which is

metric for example ergrp which is
bandwidth<13:02:33.900> and<13:02:34.020> delay<13:02:34.256> of<13:02:34.436> the<13:02:34.616> line

ergp uses characteristics to calculate a

ergp uses characteristics to calculate a
metric<13:02:40.500> for<13:02:40.680> best<13:02:40.860> path<13:02:41.160> I've<13:02:42.116> actually

metric for best path I've actually

metric for best path I've actually
done<13:02:44.400> a<13:02:44.700> output<13:02:45.360> of<13:02:45.596> a<13:02:45.776> Cisco<13:02:46.140> router<13:02:46.616> here

done a output of a Cisco router here

done a output of a Cisco router here
for<13:02:47.756> ergrp<13:02:48.596> and<13:02:48.960> you<13:02:49.020> can<13:02:49.140> see<13:02:49.320> the<13:02:49.500> different

for ergrp and you can see the different

for ergrp and you can see the different
metrics<13:02:50.220> here<13:02:50.400> some<13:02:50.880> won't<13:02:51.180> be<13:02:51.416> used

metrics here some won't be used

metrics here some won't be used
you<13:02:53.520> can<13:02:53.580> actually<13:02:53.840> affect<13:02:54.840> this<13:02:55.140> if<13:02:55.740> you<13:02:55.860> want

you can actually affect this if you want

you can actually affect this if you want
in<13:02:56.220> the<13:02:56.340> configuration<13:02:56.820> normally<13:02:57.720> best<13:02:58.020> to

in the configuration normally best to

in the configuration normally best to
speak<13:02:58.680> to<13:02:58.916> a<13:02:59.520> Cisco<13:03:00.116> engineer<13:03:00.540> before<13:03:00.720> you<13:03:00.960> do

speak to a Cisco engineer before you do

speak to a Cisco engineer before you do
this

this

this
so<13:03:03.416> some<13:03:03.596> of<13:03:03.776> the<13:03:03.900> delay<13:03:04.200> characteristics<13:03:04.980> are

so some of the delay characteristics are

so some of the delay characteristics are
delay<13:03:06.140> bandwidth<13:03:07.140> reliability<13:03:07.800> load

delay bandwidth reliability load

delay bandwidth reliability load
and<13:03:11.160> you<13:03:11.460> can<13:03:11.580> see<13:03:11.700> others<13:03:12.180> in<13:03:12.300> there<13:03:12.480> but

and you can see others in there but

and you can see others in there but
again<13:03:13.080> it's<13:03:13.256> bandwidth<13:03:13.800> And<13:03:13.860> Delay<13:03:14.096> the<13:03:14.340> line

again it's bandwidth And Delay the line

again it's bandwidth And Delay the line
is<13:03:14.756> usually<13:03:15.180> used

uh summary so far we've covered routing

uh summary so far we've covered routing
metrics<13:03:20.700> the<13:03:21.060> MTU

metrics the MTU

metrics the MTU
metric<13:03:22.980> costs<13:03:23.480> uh<13:03:24.480> latency<13:03:24.960> load<13:03:26.060> reliability

metric costs uh latency load reliability

metric costs uh latency load reliability
so<13:03:28.020> that's<13:03:28.140> all<13:03:28.320> we<13:03:28.436> need<13:03:28.560> to<13:03:28.680> know<13:03:28.800> for<13:03:28.980> now

so that's all we need to know for now

so that's all we need to know for now
thanks<13:03:29.520> for<13:03:29.700> watching

welcome to module 8 lesson 3B routing

welcome to module 8 lesson 3B routing
tables

tables

tables
another<13:03:55.800> hard<13:03:56.160> one<13:03:56.340> to<13:03:56.520> put<13:03:56.640> in<13:03:56.820> perspective

another hard one to put in perspective

another hard one to put in perspective
if<13:03:57.540> we<13:03:57.720> don't<13:03:57.900> configure

if we don't configure

if we don't configure
live<13:03:59.520> routers<13:04:00.116> but<13:04:00.596> we'll<13:04:01.020> do<13:04:01.200> our<13:04:01.380> best<13:04:01.560> we're

live routers but we'll do our best we're

live routers but we'll do our best we're
going<13:04:01.980> to<13:04:02.040> look<13:04:02.160> at<13:04:02.276> routing<13:04:02.640> the<13:04:02.880> routing

going to look at routing the routing

going to look at routing the routing
table

table

table
static<13:04:05.220> routes<13:04:05.580> and<13:04:05.756> a<13:04:05.936> static<13:04:06.300> route<13:04:06.480> example

static routes and a static route example

static routes and a static route example
and<13:04:08.220> dynamic<13:04:08.700> routing<13:04:09.116> protocols<13:04:09.776> only<13:04:10.160> an

and dynamic routing protocols only an

and dynamic routing protocols only an
overview<13:04:11.520> really<13:04:11.880> and<13:04:12.240> then<13:04:12.360> an<13:04:12.540> example<13:04:12.960> and

overview really and then an example and

overview really and then an example and
physically<13:04:14.276> connected<13:04:14.880> Networks

physically connected Networks

physically connected Networks
so<13:04:17.096> routing<13:04:17.520> is<13:04:17.700> the<13:04:17.880> process<13:04:18.180> of<13:04:18.540> sending<13:04:19.080> a

so routing is the process of sending a

so routing is the process of sending a
packet<13:04:20.460> from<13:04:20.640> a<13:04:20.756> source<13:04:21.116> Network<13:04:21.560> to<13:04:22.560> a

packet from a source Network to a

packet from a source Network to a
destination<13:04:23.220> in<13:04:23.820> another<13:04:23.936> Network

destination in another Network

destination in another Network
we<13:04:26.096> actually<13:04:26.276> have<13:04:26.460> to<13:04:26.580> differentiate

we actually have to differentiate

we actually have to differentiate
between<13:04:27.480> routing<13:04:28.380> and<13:04:28.680> packet<13:04:29.040> switching

between routing and packet switching

between routing and packet switching
writing<13:04:30.360> is<13:04:30.540> a<13:04:30.660> process<13:04:30.900> where<13:04:31.256> the<13:04:31.436> router

writing is a process where the router

writing is a process where the router
actually<13:04:32.040> decides<13:04:32.640> the<13:04:32.756> best<13:04:33.060> route<13:04:33.416> to<13:04:34.320> get

actually decides the best route to get

actually decides the best route to get
from<13:04:34.740> A<13:04:35.096> to<13:04:35.276> Z<13:04:35.580> and<13:04:36.480> then<13:04:36.660> switching<13:04:37.320> in<13:04:37.916> the<13:04:38.040> in

from A to Z and then switching in the in

from A to Z and then switching in the in
the<13:04:38.580> context<13:04:38.880> of<13:04:39.116> sending<13:04:39.540> IP<13:04:40.020> packets<13:04:40.500> is

the context of sending IP packets is

the context of sending IP packets is
actually<13:04:41.460> pushing<13:04:42.000> the<13:04:42.300> packet<13:04:43.020> out<13:04:43.200> of<13:04:43.320> the

actually pushing the packet out of the

actually pushing the packet out of the
correct<13:04:43.616> interface<13:04:44.220> I<13:04:44.880> just<13:04:45.060> want<13:04:45.180> to<13:04:45.360> do

correct interface I just want to do

correct interface I just want to do
highlight<13:04:45.960> the<13:04:46.200> difference<13:04:46.436> between<13:04:46.916> the<13:04:47.276> two

highlight the difference between the two

highlight the difference between the two
and<13:04:49.320> obviously<13:04:49.800> we're<13:04:49.980> looking<13:04:50.276> at<13:04:50.520> Network

and obviously we're looking at Network

and obviously we're looking at Network
plus<13:04:51.060> level<13:04:51.300> stuff<13:04:51.660> here<13:04:51.900> so<13:04:52.680> there's<13:04:52.860> two

plus level stuff here so there's two

plus level stuff here so there's two
aspects<13:04:53.700> determining<13:04:54.240> the<13:04:54.416> optimal<13:04:54.900> route

aspects determining the optimal route

aspects determining the optimal route
which<13:04:55.680> is<13:04:55.800> the<13:04:55.980> routing<13:04:56.340> part<13:04:56.640> and<13:04:57.300> then

which is the routing part and then

which is the routing part and then
pushing<13:04:57.840> the<13:04:57.960> packet<13:04:58.320> through<13:04:58.560> the<13:04:58.800> network

pushing the packet through the network

pushing the packet through the network
which<13:04:59.340> is<13:04:59.520> the<13:04:59.700> switching<13:05:00.116> part

which is the switching part

which is the switching part
so<13:05:02.880> routes<13:05:03.300> are<13:05:03.416> based<13:05:03.720> on<13:05:03.776> networks<13:05:04.256> we<13:05:04.500> don't

so routes are based on networks we don't

so routes are based on networks we don't
really

really

really
um

um

um
we<13:05:07.616> don't<13:05:07.860> want<13:05:08.040> to<13:05:08.096> concern<13:05:08.400> ourselves<13:05:08.756> with

we don't want to concern ourselves with

we don't want to concern ourselves with
host<13:05:09.240> on<13:05:09.480> networks<13:05:10.080> because<13:05:10.256> if<13:05:10.500> you<13:05:10.616> can

host on networks because if you can

host on networks because if you can
imagine<13:05:11.000> even<13:05:12.000> an<13:05:12.300> Enterprise<13:05:12.480> Network<13:05:12.960> for

imagine even an Enterprise Network for

imagine even an Enterprise Network for
some<13:05:13.560> large<13:05:13.740> company<13:05:13.980> could<13:05:14.340> have<13:05:14.460> thousands

some large company could have thousands

some large company could have thousands
of<13:05:15.116> hosts

of hosts

of hosts
it'd<13:05:17.096> be<13:05:17.160> pointless<13:05:17.640> every<13:05:17.936> router<13:05:18.360> having

it'd be pointless every router having

it'd be pointless every router having
thousands<13:05:19.320> of<13:05:19.436> hosts<13:05:20.276> listed<13:05:20.640> so<13:05:20.820> what<13:05:20.936> it

thousands of hosts listed so what it

thousands of hosts listed so what it
wants<13:05:21.240> to<13:05:21.300> do<13:05:21.416> is<13:05:21.540> focus<13:05:21.840> on<13:05:22.020> Networks

wants to do is focus on Networks

wants to do is focus on Networks
and<13:05:24.060> then<13:05:24.180> it<13:05:24.416> will<13:05:24.596> then<13:05:24.840> switch<13:05:25.200> the<13:05:25.436> packet

and then it will then switch the packet

and then it will then switch the packet
to<13:05:25.860> the<13:05:26.096> correct<13:05:26.340> Network<13:05:27.300> and<13:05:28.080> another

to the correct Network and another

to the correct Network and another
router<13:05:28.860> and<13:05:29.340> then<13:05:29.460> finally<13:05:30.000> the<13:05:30.776> host<13:05:30.900> address

router and then finally the host address

router and then finally the host address
in

in

in
the<13:05:33.060> Mac<13:05:33.180> part<13:05:33.480> of<13:05:33.596> the<13:05:33.720> address<13:05:33.840> will<13:05:34.200> be

the Mac part of the address will be

the Mac part of the address will be
taken<13:05:34.740> care<13:05:34.916> of<13:05:35.040> by<13:05:35.460> the<13:05:35.700> Lan<13:05:36.300> switches

taken care of by the Lan switches

taken care of by the Lan switches
so<13:05:39.300> a<13:05:39.540> route<13:05:39.720> is<13:05:39.960> not<13:05:40.140> based<13:05:40.436> on<13:05:40.500> the<13:05:40.740> host

so a route is not based on the host

so a route is not based on the host
because<13:05:41.340> the<13:05:41.756> packets<13:05:42.180> are<13:05:42.480> routed<13:05:42.900> through

because the packets are routed through

because the packets are routed through
the<13:05:43.256> networks<13:05:43.680> it<13:05:44.220> doesn't<13:05:44.460> use<13:05:44.640> the<13:05:44.880> physical

the networks it doesn't use the physical

the networks it doesn't use the physical
Mac<13:05:45.480> address<13:05:45.660> of<13:05:46.020> the<13:05:46.200> hosts

Mac address of the hosts

Mac address of the hosts
so<13:05:49.140> here's<13:05:49.740> the<13:05:49.800> example<13:05:50.220> we've<13:05:50.520> got<13:05:50.640> a<13:05:50.936> a<13:05:51.540> few

so here's the example we've got a a few

so here's the example we've got a a few
different<13:05:52.020> I've<13:05:52.380> shrunk<13:05:53.040> down<13:05:53.276> each<13:05:53.640> switch

different I've shrunk down each switch

different I've shrunk down each switch
would<13:05:54.180> have<13:05:54.416> it<13:05:55.140> could<13:05:55.320> have<13:05:55.436> a<13:05:55.680> 12<13:05:55.980> or<13:05:56.220> 24<13:05:56.460> host

would have it could have a 12 or 24 host

would have it could have a 12 or 24 host
connected<13:05:57.416> but<13:05:57.596> I've<13:05:57.720> just<13:05:57.900> added<13:05:58.200> one<13:05:58.436> and

connected but I've just added one and

connected but I've just added one and
you<13:05:59.276> can<13:05:59.400> see<13:05:59.460> we've<13:05:59.640> got<13:05:59.820> three<13:06:00.240> different

you can see we've got three different

you can see we've got three different
networks<13:06:00.960> listed<13:06:01.256> here<13:06:01.436> the<13:06:01.560> 192<13:06:02.220> a<13:06:02.460> 10<13:06:02.700> and<13:06:02.936> a

networks listed here the 192 a 10 and a

networks listed here the 192 a 10 and a
172<13:06:03.720> Network

172 Network

172 Network
so<13:06:05.700> the<13:06:05.880> MAC<13:06:06.000> address<13:06:06.560> of<13:06:07.560> the<13:06:07.740> destination

so the MAC address of the destination

so the MAC address of the destination
host<13:06:08.400> is<13:06:08.640> only<13:06:08.880> used<13:06:09.116> for<13:06:09.300> the<13:06:09.540> final<13:06:09.660> delivery

host is only used for the final delivery

host is only used for the final delivery
so<13:06:11.580> the<13:06:12.116> switch<13:06:12.360> if<13:06:12.660> these<13:06:12.900> are<13:06:13.020> layer<13:06:13.320> 2

so the switch if these are layer 2

so the switch if these are layer 2
switches<13:06:13.980> which<13:06:14.276> are<13:06:14.400> my<13:06:14.580> examples<13:06:15.000> they<13:06:15.300> are

switches which are my examples they are

switches which are my examples they are
it<13:06:16.256> won't<13:06:16.436> understand<13:06:16.680> the<13:06:17.220> IP

it won't understand the IP

it won't understand the IP
address<13:06:19.560> portion<13:06:20.400> of<13:06:20.700> the<13:06:21.000> packet<13:06:21.480> because

address portion of the packet because

address portion of the packet because
we're<13:06:22.860> looking<13:06:23.040> inside<13:06:23.400> the<13:06:23.756> frame<13:06:24.116> and<13:06:24.960> it

we're looking inside the frame and it

we're looking inside the frame and it
will<13:06:25.320> match<13:06:25.860> the<13:06:26.400> MAC<13:06:26.880> address

will match the MAC address

will match the MAC address
to<13:06:28.916> the<13:06:29.160> correct<13:06:29.460> port<13:06:29.820> and<13:06:30.240> then<13:06:30.360> deliver<13:06:30.596> the

to the correct port and then deliver the

to the correct port and then deliver the
frame<13:06:31.680> to<13:06:31.980> that<13:06:32.220> particular<13:06:32.520> Port<13:06:32.880> this<13:06:33.416> is

frame to that particular Port this is

frame to that particular Port this is
what<13:06:33.720> our<13:06:33.840> switches<13:06:34.256> are<13:06:34.436> concerned<13:06:34.860> with

what our switches are concerned with

what our switches are concerned with
whereas<13:06:35.640> all<13:06:35.756> the<13:06:35.880> routing<13:06:36.240> between<13:06:36.416> the

whereas all the routing between the

whereas all the routing between the
three<13:06:36.900> routers<13:06:37.380> in<13:06:37.680> the<13:06:37.800> diagram<13:06:38.040> here

three routers in the diagram here

three routers in the diagram here
they're<13:06:38.936> concerned<13:06:39.360> with<13:06:39.480> which<13:06:39.720> network<13:06:40.080> or

they're concerned with which network or

they're concerned with which network or
which<13:06:40.800> Port<13:06:41.040> which<13:06:42.000> network<13:06:42.300> is<13:06:42.660> connected<13:06:43.020> to

which Port which network is connected to

which Port which network is connected to
of<13:06:43.500> the<13:06:43.616> router

of the router

of the router
so<13:06:45.540> the<13:06:46.256> switch<13:06:46.436> down<13:06:46.740> here<13:06:46.980> on<13:06:47.160> the<13:06:47.340> right<13:06:47.460> if

so the switch down here on the right if

so the switch down here on the right if
you<13:06:48.180> issue<13:06:48.416> a<13:06:48.596> show<13:06:48.840> Mac<13:06:49.436> address<13:06:49.680> table<13:06:50.040> on<13:06:50.460> a

you issue a show Mac address table on a

you issue a show Mac address table on a
Cisco<13:06:50.880> switch<13:06:51.116> at<13:06:51.416> least<13:06:51.596> you'll<13:06:52.200> see<13:06:52.380> a<13:06:52.560> map

Cisco switch at least you'll see a map

Cisco switch at least you'll see a map
in<13:06:52.980> and<13:06:53.580> you'll<13:06:53.700> see<13:06:53.936> which<13:06:54.240> Mac<13:06:54.480> address<13:06:54.720> and

in and you'll see which Mac address and

in and you'll see which Mac address and
each<13:06:55.380> one's<13:06:55.680> unique<13:06:56.040> is<13:06:56.640> connected<13:06:57.116> to<13:06:57.596> which

each one's unique is connected to which

each one's unique is connected to which
physical<13:06:58.256> ports<13:06:58.980> and<13:06:59.460> this<13:06:59.756> particular<13:07:00.000> one

physical ports and this particular one

physical ports and this particular one
they're<13:07:00.416> all<13:07:00.596> in<13:07:00.720> the<13:07:00.840> same<13:07:00.900> VLAN<13:07:01.380> because

they're all in the same VLAN because

they're all in the same VLAN because
we're<13:07:01.740> not<13:07:01.860> worried<13:07:02.096> about

we're not worried about

we're not worried about
um into<13:07:03.900> VLAN<13:07:04.500> any<13:07:05.096> any<13:07:05.340> VLAN<13:07:05.820> stuff<13:07:06.060> here<13:07:06.300> so

um into VLAN any any VLAN stuff here so

um into VLAN any any VLAN stuff here so
gigabit<13:07:08.040> zero<13:07:08.640> slash<13:07:08.880> two<13:07:09.060> zero<13:07:09.480> slash<13:07:09.720> two

gigabit zero slash two zero slash two

gigabit zero slash two zero slash two
zero<13:07:10.140> slash<13:07:10.380> two<13:07:10.500> and<13:07:10.800> fast<13:07:11.220> ethernet<13:07:11.580> zero

zero slash two and fast ethernet zero

zero slash two and fast ethernet zero
slash<13:07:12.360> one<13:07:13.020> if<13:07:13.560> you<13:07:13.740> see<13:07:13.916> more<13:07:14.160> than<13:07:14.340> one<13:07:14.520> host

slash one if you see more than one host

slash one if you see more than one host
connected<13:07:15.240> to<13:07:15.480> one<13:07:15.720> port<13:07:16.020> it<13:07:16.800> means<13:07:17.040> it's<13:07:17.340> a

connected to one port it means it's a

connected to one port it means it's a
trunk<13:07:17.880> and<13:07:18.060> it's<13:07:18.240> connected<13:07:18.596> to<13:07:18.840> another

trunk and it's connected to another

trunk and it's connected to another
switch<13:07:19.436> somebody<13:07:19.980> somewhere

switch somebody somewhere

switch somebody somewhere
so<13:07:21.900> this<13:07:22.140> switch<13:07:22.320> down<13:07:22.560> here<13:07:22.800> would<13:07:22.980> be

so this switch down here would be

so this switch down here would be
connected<13:07:23.400> to<13:07:23.640> another<13:07:23.820> switch<13:07:24.180> via<13:07:24.540> a

connected to another switch via a

connected to another switch via a
gigabit<13:07:25.140> Ethernet<13:07:25.860> port<13:07:26.160> and<13:07:26.520> it's<13:07:26.640> learned<13:07:27.000> a

gigabit Ethernet port and it's learned a

gigabit Ethernet port and it's learned a
few<13:07:27.240> host<13:07:27.540> addresses<13:07:28.500> that<13:07:28.740> are<13:07:28.860> connected<13:07:29.160> to

few host addresses that are connected to

few host addresses that are connected to
that

that

that
all<13:07:31.320> right<13:07:31.436> so<13:07:31.616> when<13:07:31.860> we<13:07:32.040> send<13:07:32.220> packets<13:07:32.580> out<13:07:32.756> to

all right so when we send packets out to

all right so when we send packets out to
the<13:07:33.060> internet<13:07:33.180> the<13:07:33.660> following<13:07:34.020> is<13:07:34.140> true<13:07:34.436> the

the internet the following is true the

the internet the following is true the
routers<13:07:35.520> have<13:07:35.820> a<13:07:36.000> database<13:07:36.416> of<13:07:36.720> routes<13:07:37.140> stored

routers have a database of routes stored

routers have a database of routes stored
in<13:07:37.916> a<13:07:38.040> table<13:07:38.276> called<13:07:38.580> a<13:07:38.756> routing<13:07:39.000> table<13:07:39.180> it

in a table called a routing table it

in a table called a routing table it
could<13:07:39.900> actually<13:07:40.140> be<13:07:40.616> a<13:07:40.740> database<13:07:41.096> consisting

could actually be a database consisting

could actually be a database consisting
of<13:07:41.880> one<13:07:42.116> route<13:07:42.416> or<13:07:43.020> just<13:07:43.256> connected<13:07:43.680> routes

of one route or just connected routes

of one route or just connected routes
depends<13:07:45.000> how<13:07:45.180> we<13:07:45.300> configure<13:07:45.720> stuff<13:07:45.960> really

depends how we configure stuff really

depends how we configure stuff really
the<13:07:47.220> writers<13:07:47.580> use<13:07:47.756> this<13:07:47.936> information<13:07:48.180> in<13:07:48.540> the

the writers use this information in the

the writers use this information in the
writing<13:07:48.960> tables<13:07:49.320> and<13:07:49.500> they<13:07:49.680> make<13:07:49.860> a<13:07:50.040> decision

writing tables and they make a decision

writing tables and they make a decision
based<13:07:50.700> upon<13:07:50.936> the<13:07:51.776> next<13:07:51.900> hop<13:07:52.200> this<13:07:52.680> is<13:07:52.740> what

based upon the next hop this is what

based upon the next hop this is what
routers<13:07:53.340> all<13:07:53.520> do<13:07:53.640> they<13:07:53.936> send<13:07:54.180> a<13:07:55.080> packet<13:07:55.500> to<13:07:55.616> the

routers all do they send a packet to the

routers all do they send a packet to the
next<13:07:55.980> hop

next hop

next hop
unless<13:07:57.660> they<13:07:57.960> are<13:07:58.140> the<13:07:58.436> the<13:07:58.800> last<13:07:59.040> hop<13:07:59.340> in<13:07:59.640> the

unless they are the the last hop in the

unless they are the the last hop in the
journey

journey

journey
so<13:08:02.276> there's<13:08:02.460> a<13:08:02.640> routing<13:08:02.936> table<13:08:03.116> here<13:08:03.660> you<13:08:04.500> can

so there's a routing table here you can

so there's a routing table here you can
see<13:08:05.096> uh<13:08:05.756> there's<13:08:05.880> a<13:08:06.116> network<13:08:06.360> been<13:08:06.776> learned

see uh there's a network been learned

see uh there's a network been learned
and

and

and
if<13:08:09.300> I<13:08:09.540> just<13:08:09.900> put<13:08:10.080> the<13:08:10.256> text<13:08:10.616> here<13:08:10.860> the<13:08:11.040> routing

if I just put the text here the routing

if I just put the text here the routing
table<13:08:11.460> contains<13:08:11.880> the<13:08:12.000> following<13:08:12.240> the<13:08:12.416> network

table contains the following the network

table contains the following the network
ID<13:08:13.220> here<13:08:14.220> the<13:08:14.520> network<13:08:14.700> is<13:08:15.540> three<13:08:15.960> zero<13:08:16.436> zero

ID here the network is three zero zero

ID here the network is three zero zero
zero<13:08:17.160> and<13:08:17.640> it's<13:08:17.756> actually<13:08:17.936> found<13:08:18.180> a<13:08:18.416> host<13:08:18.540> on

zero and it's actually found a host on

zero and it's actually found a host on
this<13:08:19.020> network

destination Network address and subnet

destination Network address and subnet
mask<13:08:23.936> I'm<13:08:24.300> not<13:08:24.416> sure<13:08:24.540> how<13:08:24.720> this<13:08:24.840> is<13:08:25.020> been

mask I'm not sure how this is been

mask I'm not sure how this is been
configured<13:08:25.980> because<13:08:26.096> I<13:08:26.340> pulled<13:08:26.640> this<13:08:26.700> one<13:08:26.880> off

configured because I pulled this one off

configured because I pulled this one off
the<13:08:27.720> um<13:08:27.776> off<13:08:28.500> the<13:08:28.680> internet<13:08:28.860> you<13:08:29.460> can<13:08:29.520> actually

the um off the internet you can actually

the um off the internet you can actually
see<13:08:29.880> at<13:08:30.060> the<13:08:30.180> bottom<13:08:30.540> 10<13:08:30.900> 10<13:08:31.400> 23<13:08:32.400> 0<13:08:32.700> is<13:08:33.116> a

see at the bottom 10 10 23 0 is a

see at the bottom 10 10 23 0 is a
network<13:08:33.480> found<13:08:33.840> by<13:08:34.140> ospf

network found by ospf

network found by ospf
and<13:08:37.320> it<13:08:37.560> will<13:08:37.740> have<13:08:37.916> the<13:08:38.160> next<13:08:38.276> top<13:08:38.580> and

and it will have the next top and

and it will have the next top and
Gateway<13:08:39.500> so<13:08:40.500> if<13:08:41.040> we<13:08:41.160> go<13:08:41.340> to<13:08:41.460> the<13:08:41.640> bottom<13:08:42.060> 10<13:08:43.020> 10

Gateway so if we go to the bottom 10 10

Gateway so if we go to the bottom 10 10
23<13:08:44.160> 0<13:08:44.840> 110<13:08:45.840> is<13:08:46.140> the<13:08:46.380> administrative<13:08:46.916> distance

23 0 110 is the administrative distance

23 0 110 is the administrative distance
for<13:08:47.640> rspf<13:08:48.300> 20<13:08:48.840> is<13:08:49.140> the<13:08:49.320> cost

for rspf 20 is the cost

for rspf 20 is the cost
and<13:08:51.000> it's<13:08:51.360> been<13:08:51.660> learned<13:08:52.200> via<13:08:52.800> the<13:08:53.460> address<13:08:53.580> 10

and it's been learned via the address 10

and it's been learned via the address 10
10<13:08:54.916> 12.2<13:08:55.916> which<13:08:56.160> will<13:08:56.276> be<13:08:56.460> another<13:08:56.580> router

10 12.2 which will be another router

10 12.2 which will be another router
interface<13:08:57.660> somewhere<13:08:58.560> connected

interface somewhere connected

interface somewhere connected
it<13:09:00.116> was<13:09:00.240> actually<13:09:00.360> learned<13:09:00.900> one<13:09:01.200> minute<13:09:01.436> and

it was actually learned one minute and

it was actually learned one minute and
17<13:09:01.860> seconds<13:09:02.220> ago<13:09:02.756> via<13:09:03.720> the<13:09:03.900> fast<13:09:04.080> ethernet<13:09:04.436> 0<13:09:04.860> 0

17 seconds ago via the fast ethernet 0 0

17 seconds ago via the fast ethernet 0 0
interface

interface

interface
all<13:09:08.460> right<13:09:08.580> so<13:09:08.756> these<13:09:09.240> the<13:09:09.480> router<13:09:09.900> has<13:09:10.080> enough

all right so these the router has enough

all right so these the router has enough
information<13:09:10.700> that<13:09:11.700> if<13:09:11.820> it<13:09:11.936> wants<13:09:12.180> to<13:09:12.240> send<13:09:12.416> any

information that if it wants to send any

information that if it wants to send any
packets<13:09:13.080> to<13:09:13.320> any<13:09:13.500> host<13:09:13.740> on<13:09:14.040> the<13:09:14.220> 10<13:09:14.400> 10<13:09:14.640> 23

packets to any host on the 10 10 23

packets to any host on the 10 10 23
Network<13:09:15.776> it<13:09:16.560> knows<13:09:16.860> where<13:09:17.040> to<13:09:17.160> send<13:09:17.400> it<13:09:17.580> and<13:09:17.936> it

Network it knows where to send it and it

Network it knows where to send it and it
also<13:09:18.360> knows<13:09:18.660> how<13:09:19.080> fresh<13:09:19.680> that<13:09:20.460> route<13:09:20.640> is

all right the metric metrics used to

all right the metric metrics used to
decide<13:09:26.880> which<13:09:27.116> route<13:09:27.360> is<13:09:27.660> to<13:09:27.776> be<13:09:27.900> taken<13:09:28.200> if<13:09:28.500> if

decide which route is to be taken if if

decide which route is to be taken if if
multiple<13:09:29.220> routes<13:09:29.580> exist<13:09:29.880> for<13:09:30.116> a<13:09:30.360> given

multiple routes exist for a given

multiple routes exist for a given
destination<13:09:31.320> Network<13:09:32.300> so<13:09:33.300> we<13:09:33.480> can<13:09:33.660> see<13:09:33.776> some

destination Network so we can see some

destination Network so we can see some
metrics<13:09:35.276> here<13:09:35.460> in<13:09:35.820> fact

metrics here in fact

metrics here in fact
um squared<13:09:37.980> in<13:09:38.160> the<13:09:38.400> yellow<13:09:38.640> highlighting

um squared in the yellow highlighting

um squared in the yellow highlighting
you<13:09:41.400> can<13:09:41.520> see<13:09:41.700> two<13:09:42.000> routes<13:09:42.360> have<13:09:42.480> been<13:09:42.660> learned

you can see two routes have been learned

you can see two routes have been learned
to<13:09:43.140> the<13:09:43.436> same<13:09:43.800> network<13:09:44.520> the<13:09:45.416> reason<13:09:45.596> is<13:09:45.900> the

to the same network the reason is the

to the same network the reason is the
metric<13:09:46.500> is<13:09:46.800> exactly<13:09:47.220> the<13:09:47.580> same<13:09:47.756> so<13:09:48.540> it<13:09:48.720> must<13:09:48.840> be

metric is exactly the same so it must be

metric is exactly the same so it must be
exactly<13:09:49.500> the<13:09:49.860> same<13:09:50.096> cost

exactly the same cost

exactly the same cost
to<13:09:53.160> reach<13:09:53.756> the<13:09:53.880> destination<13:09:54.300> via<13:09:54.900> two

to reach the destination via two

to reach the destination via two
different<13:09:55.380> IP<13:09:55.860> addresses<13:09:56.276> one<13:09:56.640> seven<13:09:56.880> two

different IP addresses one seven two

different IP addresses one seven two
twenty<13:09:57.596> four<13:09:57.720> one<13:09:58.020> two<13:09:58.256> two<13:09:58.580> and<13:09:59.580> one<13:09:59.820> seven

twenty four one two two and one seven

twenty four one two two and one seven
two<13:10:00.300> twenty<13:10:00.660> four<13:10:00.720> one<13:10:01.020> three<13:10:01.200> four<13:10:01.380> so<13:10:01.800> as

two twenty four one three four so as

two twenty four one three four so as
long<13:10:02.096> as<13:10:02.220> the<13:10:02.400> costs<13:10:02.700> are<13:10:02.936> the<13:10:03.180> same<13:10:03.500> then

long as the costs are the same then

long as the costs are the same then
ergrp<13:10:06.116> is<13:10:06.960> configured<13:10:07.616> to<13:10:07.740> load<13:10:08.040> balance<13:10:08.340> over

ergrp is configured to load balance over

ergrp is configured to load balance over
those

those

those
I<13:10:10.200> think<13:10:10.320> with<13:10:11.040> um<13:10:11.040> Cisco<13:10:12.080> ergrp

I think with um Cisco ergrp

I think with um Cisco ergrp
automatically<13:10:13.860> load<13:10:14.520> balances<13:10:14.936> over<13:10:15.116> up<13:10:15.360> to

automatically load balances over up to

automatically load balances over up to
four<13:10:15.776> links<13:10:16.256> and<13:10:16.800> you<13:10:16.916> can<13:10:17.040> change<13:10:17.220> that<13:10:17.520> value

four links and you can change that value

four links and you can change that value
up<13:10:18.000> to<13:10:18.300> 16.<13:10:19.380> but<13:10:19.860> this<13:10:20.040> could<13:10:20.220> change

up to 16. but this could change

up to 16. but this could change
depending<13:10:20.820> on<13:10:20.936> your<13:10:21.180> platform

depending on your platform

depending on your platform
all<13:10:23.880> right<13:10:24.000> so<13:10:24.180> the<13:10:24.360> administrative<13:10:24.840> distance

all right so the administrative distance

all right so the administrative distance
when<13:10:25.680> a<13:10:25.860> router's<13:10:26.220> right<13:10:26.340> running<13:10:26.580> two<13:10:26.820> roads

when a router's right running two roads

when a router's right running two roads
right<13:10:27.416> on<13:10:27.540> protocols<13:10:28.140> such<13:10:28.256> as<13:10:28.380> rip<13:10:28.616> and<13:10:28.800> SPF

right on protocols such as rip and SPF

right on protocols such as rip and SPF
and<13:10:29.580> everything<13:10:29.820> else<13:10:30.060> is<13:10:30.360> equal

and everything else is equal

and everything else is equal
so<13:10:32.520> for<13:10:32.640> example<13:10:32.880> rip<13:10:33.180> and<13:10:33.300> SPF<13:10:33.776> it<13:10:34.020> will<13:10:34.140> use

so for example rip and SPF it will use

so for example rip and SPF it will use
the<13:10:34.560> ad<13:10:34.800> administrative<13:10:35.640> distance<13:10:36.000> to

the ad administrative distance to

the ad administrative distance to
determine<13:10:37.080> which<13:10:37.380> route<13:10:37.680> to<13:10:37.916> choose<13:10:38.460> I've

determine which route to choose I've

determine which route to choose I've
configured<13:10:40.080> uh<13:10:40.560> two<13:10:40.740> routers<13:10:41.220> up<13:10:41.460> here<13:10:41.580> just

configured uh two routers up here just

configured uh two routers up here just
connected<13:10:42.840> by<13:10:42.960> a<13:10:43.200> gigabit<13:10:43.560> zero<13:10:44.040> and<13:10:44.400> zero

connected by a gigabit zero and zero

connected by a gigabit zero and zero
slash<13:10:45.000> one

slash one

slash one
the<13:10:46.436> top<13:10:46.680> Network<13:10:47.580> for<13:10:48.116> the<13:10:48.300> top<13:10:48.480> link<13:10:48.776> is<13:10:48.960> 192.

the top Network for the top link is 192.

the top Network for the top link is 192.
the<13:10:50.220> bot<13:10:50.400> and<13:10:50.700> it's<13:10:50.880> using<13:10:51.116> rip<13:10:51.360> the<13:10:51.596> bottom<13:10:51.776> is

the bot and it's using rip the bottom is

the bot and it's using rip the bottom is
rspf<13:10:52.560> and<13:10:52.800> it's<13:10:52.916> 172.<13:10:54.240> and<13:10:54.776> at<13:10:54.960> the<13:10:55.080> end<13:10:55.200> we

rspf and it's 172. and at the end we

rspf and it's 172. and at the end we
have<13:10:55.740> another<13:10:55.980> Network<13:10:56.340> a<13:10:57.000> Ted<13:10:57.240> Network<13:10:57.480> that

have another Network a Ted Network that

have another Network a Ted Network that
is<13:10:58.500> advertised<13:10:58.980> via<13:10:59.276> rip<13:10:59.580> and<13:11:00.300> ospf

is advertised via rip and ospf

is advertised via rip and ospf
so<13:11:02.276> rip<13:11:02.936> I<13:11:03.240> know<13:11:03.360> the<13:11:03.660> administrative

so rip I know the administrative

so rip I know the administrative
distance<13:11:04.560> is<13:11:04.860> 120<13:11:05.840> ospf<13:11:06.840> is<13:11:06.960> 110<13:11:07.740> so<13:11:08.340> routes<13:11:08.880> to

distance is 120 ospf is 110 so routes to

distance is 120 ospf is 110 so routes to
get<13:11:09.240> from<13:11:09.480> router<13:11:09.840> 0<13:11:10.340> to<13:11:11.340> the<13:11:11.460> 10<13:11:11.640> Network

get from router 0 to the 10 Network

get from router 0 to the 10 Network
should<13:11:13.020> use<13:11:13.320> ospf

should use ospf

should use ospf
and<13:11:15.116> if<13:11:15.300> the<13:11:15.540> ospf<13:11:16.080> network<13:11:16.320> goes<13:11:16.916> down<13:11:17.096> or<13:11:17.580> the

and if the ospf network goes down or the

and if the ospf network goes down or the
interface<13:11:18.116> is<13:11:18.300> really<13:11:18.480> no<13:11:18.720> SPF<13:11:19.256> then<13:11:19.800> the<13:11:19.980> rip

interface is really no SPF then the rip

interface is really no SPF then the rip
Network<13:11:20.580> could<13:11:21.360> be<13:11:21.596> chosen<13:11:22.080> this<13:11:23.040> is<13:11:23.160> a<13:11:23.340> part

Network could be chosen this is a part

Network could be chosen this is a part
of<13:11:23.820> the<13:11:23.936> output<13:11:24.240> from<13:11:24.416> a<13:11:24.596> show<13:11:24.776> ospf<13:11:25.740> you<13:11:26.460> can

of the output from a show ospf you can

of the output from a show ospf you can
see<13:11:26.700> 120<13:11:27.540> is<13:11:28.500> the<13:11:28.800> ad<13:11:29.096> one<13:11:30.000> is<13:11:30.300> how<13:11:30.540> many<13:11:30.720> hops

see 120 is the ad one is how many hops

see 120 is the ad one is how many hops
and<13:11:32.340> under<13:11:32.520> the<13:11:32.700> 810<13:11:33.416> is<13:11:33.596> the<13:11:33.840> ad<13:11:34.020> Slash<13:11:34.980> 2<13:11:35.160> is

and under the 810 is the ad Slash 2 is

and under the 810 is the ad Slash 2 is
the<13:11:35.700> cost<13:11:35.880> because<13:11:36.300> rspf<13:11:36.960> uses<13:11:37.320> a<13:11:37.560> cost<13:11:37.800> not<13:11:38.580> a

the cost because rspf uses a cost not a

the cost because rspf uses a cost not a
hop<13:11:39.000> value<13:11:39.360> so<13:11:40.256> it's<13:11:40.500> the<13:11:41.096> um<13:11:41.160> the<13:11:41.936> calculation

hop value so it's the um the calculation

hop value so it's the um the calculation
is<13:11:43.320> used<13:11:43.560> looking<13:11:44.340> at<13:11:44.520> the<13:11:45.060> um<13:11:45.060> speed<13:11:45.416> of<13:11:45.596> the

is used looking at the um speed of the

is used looking at the um speed of the
link<13:11:45.840> is<13:11:46.200> put<13:11:46.436> into<13:11:46.616> a<13:11:46.800> formula

link is put into a formula

link is put into a formula
and<13:11:48.840> each<13:11:48.960> link<13:11:49.200> between<13:11:49.500> source<13:11:49.980> and

and each link between source and

and each link between source and
destination<13:11:50.520> is<13:11:50.880> added<13:11:51.180> to<13:11:51.300> the<13:11:51.480> cast<13:11:51.660> so<13:11:52.380> the

destination is added to the cast so the

destination is added to the cast so the
cost<13:11:52.680> is<13:11:52.860> only<13:11:53.096> two<13:11:53.460> which<13:11:54.000> is<13:11:54.180> the<13:11:54.416> gigabit

cost is only two which is the gigabit

cost is only two which is the gigabit
Ethernet<13:11:55.256> speed<13:11:55.560> there

Ethernet speed there

Ethernet speed there
and<13:11:57.180> it'll<13:11:57.360> be<13:11:57.540> the<13:11:57.720> speed<13:11:57.840> of<13:11:58.080> the<13:11:58.256> interface

and it'll be the speed of the interface

and it'll be the speed of the interface
that<13:11:58.980> the<13:11:59.160> 10<13:11:59.340> networks<13:11:59.820> connected<13:12:00.240> to

that the 10 networks connected to

that the 10 networks connected to
so<13:12:02.040> if<13:12:02.160> if<13:12:02.460> I<13:12:02.700> try<13:12:02.880> and<13:12:03.060> Trace<13:12:03.500> traffic<13:12:04.500> going

so if if I try and Trace traffic going

so if if I try and Trace traffic going
from<13:12:05.276> router<13:12:05.700> 0<13:12:05.936> to<13:12:06.360> the<13:12:06.596> 10<13:12:06.720> Network<13:12:07.340> you<13:12:08.340> can

from router 0 to the 10 Network you can

from router 0 to the 10 Network you can
see<13:12:08.756> it's<13:12:09.180> traced<13:12:09.660> and<13:12:09.840> it's<13:12:10.020> used<13:12:10.200> the<13:12:10.500> next

see it's traced and it's used the next

see it's traced and it's used the next
hop<13:12:11.096> address<13:12:11.340> of

hop address of

hop address of
172.16.1.2<13:12:15.180> which<13:12:15.960> is<13:12:16.080> the<13:12:16.256> gigabit<13:12:17.060> uh<13:12:18.060> zero

172.16.1.2 which is the gigabit uh zero

172.16.1.2 which is the gigabit uh zero
slash<13:12:18.660> one<13:12:18.960> of<13:12:19.380> router<13:12:19.860> one

slash one of router one

slash one of router one
and<13:12:21.540> so<13:12:21.840> that's<13:12:22.080> basically<13:12:22.436> the<13:12:22.800> preferred

and so that's basically the preferred

and so that's basically the preferred
path<13:12:23.460> if<13:12:23.936> for<13:12:24.116> some<13:12:24.416> reason<13:12:24.540> that<13:12:24.900> path<13:12:25.140> went

path if for some reason that path went

path if for some reason that path went
down<13:12:25.740> it<13:12:26.220> would<13:12:26.340> start<13:12:26.520> using<13:12:27.000> the<13:12:27.300> next<13:12:27.660> best

down it would start using the next best

down it would start using the next best
a<13:12:28.320> next<13:12:28.740> best<13:12:29.096> ad<13:12:29.640> which<13:12:30.480> is<13:12:30.596> Rip

a next best ad which is Rip

a next best ad which is Rip
writing<13:12:32.580> table<13:12:32.756> writing<13:12:33.596> information<13:12:33.776> is

writing table writing information is

writing table writing information is
populated<13:12:34.860> through<13:12:35.400> a<13:12:35.756> few<13:12:35.880> different<13:12:36.060> means

populated through a few different means

populated through a few different means
it<13:12:36.596> can<13:12:36.776> be<13:12:36.900> a<13:12:37.200> connected<13:12:37.616> route<13:12:37.916> actually<13:12:38.640> a

it can be a connected route actually a

it can be a connected route actually a
static<13:12:39.960> route<13:12:40.400> I<13:12:41.400> I<13:12:41.700> suppose<13:12:41.936> I<13:12:42.180> said

static route I I suppose I said

static route I I suppose I said
connected<13:12:42.776> there<13:12:43.020> or<13:12:43.500> a<13:12:43.680> dynamic<13:12:44.040> routing

connected there or a dynamic routing

connected there or a dynamic routing
protocol<13:12:44.820> what<13:12:45.540> you<13:12:45.720> can<13:12:45.900> figure<13:12:46.080> depends<13:12:46.680> on

protocol what you can figure depends on

protocol what you can figure depends on
your<13:12:47.040> network<13:12:47.276> if<13:12:47.700> it's<13:12:47.880> a<13:12:48.116> tiny<13:12:48.360> little

your network if it's a tiny little

your network if it's a tiny little
Network<13:12:48.776> or<13:12:49.256> if<13:12:49.616> it's<13:12:49.916> in<13:12:50.276> a<13:12:50.880> remote<13:12:50.936> office

Network or if it's in a remote office

Network or if it's in a remote office
somewhere<13:12:51.840> then<13:12:52.560> you<13:12:52.740> probably<13:12:52.916> use<13:12:53.096> a<13:12:53.276> static

somewhere then you probably use a static

somewhere then you probably use a static
route<13:12:53.820> to<13:12:54.180> just<13:12:54.360> send<13:12:54.720> all<13:12:54.900> traffic<13:12:55.200> to<13:12:55.800> the

route to just send all traffic to the

route to just send all traffic to the
next<13:12:56.160> top<13:12:56.400> router

next top router

next top router
so<13:12:58.800> this<13:12:58.980> is<13:12:59.096> the<13:12:59.276> show<13:12:59.400> IP<13:12:59.820> route<13:13:00.116> and<13:13:00.596> I've

so this is the show IP route and I've

so this is the show IP route and I've
highlighted<13:13:01.320> in<13:13:01.436> red<13:13:01.616> the<13:13:01.916> connected<13:13:02.460> routes

highlighted in red the connected routes

highlighted in red the connected routes
for<13:13:04.160> router<13:13:05.160> 0.

for router 0.

for router 0.
it's<13:13:07.140> a<13:13:07.380> 17216<13:13:08.276> another<13:13:08.840> 192.1681<13:13:09.840> network<13:13:10.140> is

it's a 17216 another 192.1681 network is

it's a 17216 another 192.1681 network is
showing<13:13:11.820> as<13:13:12.116> C<13:13:12.416> connected<13:13:13.276> are<13:13:14.276> in<13:13:14.880> Cisco<13:13:15.300> at

showing as C connected are in Cisco at

showing as C connected are in Cisco at
least<13:13:15.660> that's<13:13:16.020> for<13:13:16.320> it<13:13:16.560> oh<13:13:16.860> stands<13:13:17.220> for<13:13:17.276> ospf

least that's for it oh stands for ospf

least that's for it oh stands for ospf
and<13:13:18.360> L<13:13:18.596> stands<13:13:19.080> for<13:13:19.200> local

static route is a route that is manually

static route is a route that is manually
added<13:13:26.220> to<13:13:26.340> a<13:13:26.520> router<13:13:26.820> by<13:13:27.000> administrator

added to a router by administrator

added to a router by administrator
so<13:13:29.220> you<13:13:29.400> can<13:13:29.520> see<13:13:29.700> here<13:13:29.936> router<13:13:30.416> 1<13:13:30.540> on<13:13:30.776> the<13:13:30.900> left

so you can see here router 1 on the left

so you can see here router 1 on the left
has<13:13:31.200> got<13:13:31.380> a<13:13:31.560> default<13:13:31.916> static<13:13:32.520> route

has got a default static route

has got a default static route
which<13:13:34.800> you<13:13:34.980> can<13:13:35.096> recognize<13:13:35.400> it<13:13:35.580> because<13:13:35.756> it's

which you can recognize it because it's

which you can recognize it because it's
all<13:13:36.240> zeros

all zeros

all zeros
I'll<13:13:38.700> give<13:13:38.880> you<13:13:39.000> an<13:13:39.116> example<13:13:39.416> in<13:13:39.660> a<13:13:39.776> moment<13:13:39.960> if

I'll give you an example in a moment if

I'll give you an example in a moment if
router<13:13:41.096> 1<13:13:41.276> receives<13:13:42.060> traffic<13:13:42.360> destined<13:13:43.080> to

router 1 receives traffic destined to

router 1 receives traffic destined to
any<13:13:43.380> network<13:13:43.680> other<13:13:44.400> than<13:13:44.640> a<13:13:44.820> local<13:13:45.000> one<13:13:45.300> are

any network other than a local one are

any network other than a local one are
you<13:13:45.720> one<13:13:45.900> that's<13:13:46.020> connected<13:13:46.500> it<13:13:47.160> should

you one that's connected it should

you one that's connected it should
really<13:13:47.520> know<13:13:47.756> where<13:13:48.000> to<13:13:48.116> send<13:13:48.300> that<13:13:48.540> traffic

really know where to send that traffic

really know where to send that traffic
if<13:13:49.680> there's<13:13:49.800> no<13:13:50.040> entry<13:13:50.340> listed<13:13:50.756> then<13:13:51.000> it<13:13:51.240> by

if there's no entry listed then it by

if there's no entry listed then it by
default<13:13:51.900> routers<13:13:52.380> will<13:13:52.560> drop<13:13:52.800> the<13:13:52.980> packets

default routers will drop the packets

default routers will drop the packets
since<13:13:55.740> R2<13:13:56.160> is<13:13:56.400> the<13:13:56.520> next<13:13:56.640> hop<13:13:56.820> for<13:13:57.060> router<13:13:57.416> want

since R2 is the next hop for router want

since R2 is the next hop for router want
to<13:13:57.660> reach<13:13:57.900> the<13:13:58.080> internet<13:13:58.200> what<13:13:58.916> we<13:13:59.096> can

to reach the internet what we can

to reach the internet what we can
basically<13:13:59.520> do<13:13:59.640> is<13:13:59.756> put<13:13:59.936> a<13:14:00.116> static<13:14:00.416> route<13:14:00.596> on

basically do is put a static route on

basically do is put a static route on
router<13:14:01.200> 1<13:14:01.380> saying<13:14:01.800> send<13:14:01.980> any<13:14:02.160> traffic<13:14:02.460> to<13:14:03.240> any

router 1 saying send any traffic to any

router 1 saying send any traffic to any
network<13:14:03.776> over<13:14:04.560> to<13:14:04.800> R2<13:14:05.276> and<13:14:05.756> let<13:14:05.936> R2<13:14:06.300> worry

network over to R2 and let R2 worry

network over to R2 and let R2 worry
about<13:14:06.776> where<13:14:07.200> to<13:14:07.380> send<13:14:07.616> it

about where to send it

about where to send it
when<13:14:10.020> our<13:14:10.256> one<13:14:10.436> receives<13:14:10.740> the<13:14:10.860> traffic<13:14:10.980> for<13:14:11.220> a

when our one receives the traffic for a

when our one receives the traffic for a
network<13:14:11.460> it's<13:14:11.820> not<13:14:11.936> available<13:14:12.116> it<13:14:12.596> will<13:14:12.720> now

network it's not available it will now

network it's not available it will now
send<13:14:13.080> it<13:14:13.320> out<13:14:13.616> of<13:14:13.740> its<13:14:14.040> interface<13:14:14.400> using<13:14:15.116> the

send it out of its interface using the

send it out of its interface using the
default<13:14:15.596> static<13:14:16.020> routes<13:14:16.860> I've<13:14:17.276> actually

default static routes I've actually

default static routes I've actually
configured<13:14:18.180> a<13:14:18.900> static<13:14:19.436> route<13:14:19.616> here<13:14:19.860> on<13:14:20.096> a

configured a static route here on a

configured a static route here on a
Cisco<13:14:20.580> router

Cisco router

Cisco router
iprout000<13:14:23.580> and<13:14:24.240> then<13:14:24.480> zero<13:14:24.900> zero<13:14:25.256> zero<13:14:25.560> zero

iprout000 and then zero zero zero zero

iprout000 and then zero zero zero zero
so<13:14:26.040> any

so any

so any
and<13:14:27.596> IP<13:14:28.080> address

and IP address

and IP address
and<13:14:29.880> any<13:14:30.116> network<13:14:30.416> go<13:14:31.320> out<13:14:31.500> to<13:14:31.980> our<13:14:32.520> gigabit

and any network go out to our gigabit

and any network go out to our gigabit
Ethernet<13:14:33.960> interface<13:14:34.500> instead<13:14:35.340> of<13:14:35.400> g00<13:14:35.936> I

Ethernet interface instead of g00 I

Ethernet interface instead of g00 I
could<13:14:36.776> have<13:14:36.900> put<13:14:37.020> an<13:14:37.200> IP<13:14:37.436> address<13:14:37.616> for<13:14:37.916> the

could have put an IP address for the

could have put an IP address for the
next<13:14:38.096> top<13:14:38.340> router<13:14:38.936> as<13:14:39.416> long<13:14:39.660> as<13:14:39.776> the<13:14:39.840> router

next top router as long as the router

next top router as long as the router
knows<13:14:40.380> how<13:14:40.500> to<13:14:40.616> get<13:14:40.800> there

knows how to get there

knows how to get there
and<13:14:42.776> for<13:14:43.080> the<13:14:43.256> R2<13:14:43.740> you<13:14:44.096> can<13:14:44.160> do<13:14:44.340> the<13:14:44.520> same<13:14:44.640> thing

and for the R2 you can do the same thing

and for the R2 you can do the same thing
you<13:14:45.060> could<13:14:45.180> have<13:14:45.300> a<13:14:45.480> static<13:14:45.776> route<13:14:46.020> as<13:14:46.616> long<13:14:46.740> as

you could have a static route as long as

you could have a static route as long as
you<13:14:46.980> know<13:14:47.160> your<13:14:47.460> next<13:14:47.580> hop<13:14:47.880> which<13:14:48.240> would<13:14:48.360> be

you know your next hop which would be

you know your next hop which would be
your<13:14:48.720> ISP<13:14:49.200> router<13:14:49.740> let<13:14:50.220> your<13:14:50.460> ISP<13:14:51.060> take<13:14:51.660> care

your ISP router let your ISP take care

your ISP router let your ISP take care
of<13:14:51.960> any<13:14:52.080> routing<13:14:52.560> decisions

all right Dynamic routing practicals

all right Dynamic routing practicals
this<13:15:00.240> is<13:15:00.360> a<13:15:00.540> routing<13:15:00.960> protocol<13:15:01.320> that

this is a routing protocol that

this is a routing protocol that
dynamically<13:15:02.220> builds<13:15:02.580> routing<13:15:02.936> information

dynamically builds routing information

dynamically builds routing information
such<13:15:03.720> as<13:15:03.900> the<13:15:04.140> following<13:15:04.500> the<13:15:05.160> network<13:15:05.340> the

such as the following the network the

such as the following the network the
next<13:15:05.936> harp<13:15:06.480> and<13:15:07.200> it<13:15:07.436> will<13:15:07.560> build<13:15:07.680> a<13:15:07.916> topology

next harp and it will build a topology

next harp and it will build a topology
table<13:15:09.300> and<13:15:09.660> from<13:15:09.840> the<13:15:09.960> topology<13:15:10.380> table<13:15:10.680> it

table and from the topology table it

table and from the topology table it
will<13:15:11.096> choose<13:15:11.220> the<13:15:11.520> best<13:15:11.640> route<13:15:11.936> to<13:15:12.480> put<13:15:12.596> in<13:15:12.776> the

will choose the best route to put in the

will choose the best route to put in the
routing<13:15:13.256> table<13:15:13.500> and<13:15:14.276> the<13:15:14.460> topology<13:15:15.300> table

routing table and the topology table

routing table and the topology table
can<13:15:17.276> supply<13:15:17.880> second<13:15:18.360> third<13:15:18.720> and<13:15:19.020> fourth<13:15:19.380> best

can supply second third and fourth best

can supply second third and fourth best
routes<13:15:20.220> and<13:15:20.400> so<13:15:20.580> on

routes and so on

routes and so on
static<13:15:22.256> routing<13:15:22.680> does<13:15:22.980> not<13:15:23.160> do<13:15:23.340> well<13:15:23.520> in<13:15:23.756> large

static routing does not do well in large

static routing does not do well in large
networks<13:15:24.480> because<13:15:24.720> you<13:15:24.900> would<13:15:25.020> have<13:15:25.140> to

networks because you would have to

networks because you would have to
manually<13:15:25.740> add<13:15:26.700> 5<13:15:27.540> 10<13:15:27.776> 15<13:15:28.080> 20<13:15:28.756> routes<13:15:29.756> per

manually add 5 10 15 20 routes per

manually add 5 10 15 20 routes per
router

router

router
so<13:15:32.276> you<13:15:32.400> can<13:15:32.520> imagine<13:15:32.700> you're<13:15:32.936> going<13:15:33.116> to<13:15:33.180> have

so you can imagine you're going to have

so you can imagine you're going to have
a<13:15:33.416> lot<13:15:33.540> of<13:15:33.660> work<13:15:33.840> there<13:15:34.256> if<13:15:34.740> you<13:15:34.916> decide<13:15:35.220> to

a lot of work there if you decide to

a lot of work there if you decide to
change<13:15:35.640> the<13:15:36.300> IP<13:15:36.540> address<13:15:36.720> and<13:15:36.960> or<13:15:37.200> even<13:15:37.320> add

change the IP address and or even add

change the IP address and or even add
one<13:15:37.740> device

one device

one device
so<13:15:39.840> you<13:15:40.200> don't<13:15:40.320> want<13:15:40.500> your<13:15:40.680> routers<13:15:41.040> to

so you don't want your routers to

so you don't want your routers to
automatically<13:15:41.756> learn<13:15:42.060> the<13:15:42.300> routes<13:15:42.720> update

automatically learn the routes update

automatically learn the routes update
any<13:15:43.740> changes<13:15:44.276> without<13:15:44.580> you<13:15:44.820> having<13:15:45.000> to<13:15:45.180> worry

any changes without you having to worry

any changes without you having to worry
about<13:15:45.540> it<13:15:45.900> and<13:15:46.500> this<13:15:46.616> is<13:15:46.740> where<13:15:46.860> routing

about it and this is where routing

about it and this is where routing
protocols<13:15:47.880> make<13:15:48.060> our<13:15:48.240> life<13:15:48.480> a<13:15:48.660> lot<13:15:48.776> easier

protocols make our life a lot easier

protocols make our life a lot easier
once<13:15:50.700> you've<13:15:50.820> configured<13:15:51.240> which<13:15:51.480> networks

once you've configured which networks

once you've configured which networks
you<13:15:52.020> want<13:15:52.140> to<13:15:52.256> advertise<13:15:52.860> then<13:15:53.580> depending<13:15:54.000> on

you want to advertise then depending on

you want to advertise then depending on
which<13:15:54.240> protocol<13:15:54.660> you're<13:15:54.960> using

which protocol you're using

which protocol you're using
and<13:15:56.340> the<13:15:56.520> writing<13:15:56.820> protocol<13:15:57.116> will<13:15:57.416> go<13:15:57.596> ahead

and the writing protocol will go ahead

and the writing protocol will go ahead
and<13:15:57.960> run<13:15:58.200> on<13:15:58.436> automatic<13:15:58.980> settings<13:15:59.220> unless<13:15:59.820> you

and run on automatic settings unless you

and run on automatic settings unless you
change<13:16:00.240> the<13:16:00.480> settings<13:16:00.720> for<13:16:01.020> whatever<13:16:01.436> reason

change the settings for whatever reason

change the settings for whatever reason
the<13:16:04.080> routers<13:16:04.800> use<13:16:04.980> the<13:16:05.096> router<13:16:05.340> protocols<13:16:05.820> to

the routers use the router protocols to

the routers use the router protocols to
learn<13:16:06.060> about<13:16:06.240> available<13:16:06.540> routes<13:16:07.200> to<13:16:07.500> build<13:16:07.616> a

learn about available routes to build a

learn about available routes to build a
routing<13:16:08.160> table

and the routing protocol communicates

and the routing protocol communicates
with<13:16:13.916> the<13:16:14.096> same<13:16:14.276> router<13:16:14.756> protocol<13:16:15.060> on<13:16:15.416> another

with the same router protocol on another

with the same router protocol on another
router<13:16:16.140> you<13:16:16.860> can't<13:16:16.980> have<13:16:17.160> rip<13:16:17.520> on<13:16:17.700> one<13:16:17.880> router

router you can't have rip on one router

router you can't have rip on one router
communicating<13:16:18.840> with<13:16:19.200> rspf<13:16:19.800> on<13:16:19.980> the<13:16:20.096> other

communicating with rspf on the other

communicating with rspf on the other
because<13:16:20.820> they<13:16:21.180> work<13:16:21.416> in<13:16:21.596> entirely<13:16:22.140> different

because they work in entirely different

because they work in entirely different
ways<13:16:22.800> and<13:16:23.400> use<13:16:23.640> different<13:16:24.500> protocols<13:16:25.500> and

ways and use different protocols and

ways and use different protocols and
ports

ports

ports
to<13:16:28.200> um<13:16:28.200> send<13:16:28.680> their<13:16:28.860> information

to um send their information

to um send their information
so<13:16:31.020> this<13:16:31.200> information<13:16:31.380> is<13:16:31.860> placed<13:16:32.160> in<13:16:32.220> the

so this information is placed in the

so this information is placed in the
writing<13:16:32.700> table

writing table

writing table
so<13:16:34.616> as<13:16:34.740> an<13:16:34.860> example<13:16:35.160> here<13:16:35.400> router<13:16:35.880> one<13:16:36.000> two<13:16:36.180> and

so as an example here router one two and

so as an example here router one two and
three<13:16:36.596> you've<13:16:36.840> got<13:16:36.960> some<13:16:37.200> different<13:16:37.640> networks

three you've got some different networks

three you've got some different networks
connected

connected

connected
a<13:16:41.160> pc1's<13:16:41.880> default<13:16:42.116> gateway<13:16:42.540> because<13:16:42.900> PCS

a pc1's default gateway because PCS

a pc1's default gateway because PCS
won't<13:16:43.680> do<13:16:43.860> the<13:16:43.980> routing<13:16:44.276> will<13:16:44.520> always<13:16:44.700> be

won't do the routing will always be

won't do the routing will always be
router<13:16:45.416> one<13:16:45.596> you'll<13:16:46.320> just<13:16:46.436> send<13:16:46.616> all<13:16:46.800> traffic

router one you'll just send all traffic

router one you'll just send all traffic
to<13:16:47.520> whatever<13:16:48.300> the<13:16:48.776> IP<13:16:49.680> address<13:16:49.916> is<13:16:50.160> of<13:16:50.400> the

to whatever the IP address is of the

to whatever the IP address is of the
router<13:16:50.880> there<13:16:51.060> normally<13:16:51.776> in<13:16:52.200> In<13:16:52.436> fairness<13:16:52.800> the

router there normally in In fairness the

router there normally in In fairness the
PC<13:16:53.276> is<13:16:53.460> connected<13:16:53.756> to<13:16:53.936> a<13:16:54.116> switch<13:16:54.240> and<13:16:54.480> then<13:16:54.660> a

PC is connected to a switch and then a

PC is connected to a switch and then a
router<13:16:55.200> this<13:16:55.740> is<13:16:55.916> just<13:16:56.160> a<13:16:56.520> simplified<13:16:57.180> diagram

router this is just a simplified diagram

router this is just a simplified diagram
so<13:16:59.220> if<13:16:59.400> router<13:16:59.820> one<13:16:59.936> has<13:17:00.116> two<13:17:00.300> routes<13:17:00.660> to<13:17:00.840> the

so if router one has two routes to the

so if router one has two routes to the
internet<13:17:01.080> then<13:17:01.436> it<13:17:01.560> will<13:17:01.680> choose<13:17:01.860> the<13:17:01.980> best

internet then it will choose the best

internet then it will choose the best
one<13:17:02.276> depending<13:17:02.756> on<13:17:02.880> the<13:17:03.060> routing<13:17:03.360> protocol

one depending on the routing protocol

one depending on the routing protocol
unless<13:17:04.740> you've<13:17:05.040> changed<13:17:05.460> the<13:17:05.700> settings<13:17:06.116> you

unless you've changed the settings you

unless you've changed the settings you
can<13:17:06.900> obviously<13:17:07.740> manipulate<13:17:08.340> things

can obviously manipulate things

can obviously manipulate things
if<13:17:09.960> rip<13:17:10.256> has<13:17:10.436> been<13:17:10.560> used<13:17:10.680> then<13:17:10.860> it<13:17:11.040> will<13:17:11.160> choose

if rip has been used then it will choose

if rip has been used then it will choose
a<13:17:11.936> hop<13:17:12.060> count<13:17:12.360> and<13:17:12.596> it<13:17:12.720> will<13:17:12.840> choose<13:17:12.960> the

a hop count and it will choose the

a hop count and it will choose the
lowest<13:17:13.380> top<13:17:13.560> count<13:17:13.740> so<13:17:14.096> it<13:17:14.220> will<13:17:14.276> be<13:17:14.460> router<13:17:14.880> 1

lowest top count so it will be router 1

lowest top count so it will be router 1
to<13:17:15.596> router<13:17:16.020> 3.<13:17:16.916> even<13:17:17.400> though<13:17:17.580> it's

to router 3. even though it's

to router 3. even though it's
128k<13:17:19.380> the<13:17:19.800> link<13:17:20.040> there

128k the link there

128k the link there
if<13:17:22.380> rspf<13:17:23.160> is<13:17:23.640> being<13:17:23.936> used

if rspf is being used

if rspf is being used
um<13:17:25.380> then<13:17:25.560> it<13:17:25.800> will<13:17:25.916> choose<13:17:26.220> R2

um then it will choose R2

um then it will choose R2
that<13:17:28.380> might<13:17:28.560> not<13:17:28.680> be<13:17:28.860> correct<13:17:29.096> actually<13:17:29.276> if<13:17:29.580> I

that might not be correct actually if I

that might not be correct actually if I
look<13:17:29.880> at<13:17:30.116> the<13:17:30.416> diagram

look at the diagram

look at the diagram
you'd<13:17:32.400> have<13:17:32.580> to<13:17:32.700> add<13:17:32.880> up<13:17:33.116> the<13:17:33.720> um<13:17:33.720> speed<13:17:34.140> of<13:17:34.320> the

you'd have to add up the um speed of the

you'd have to add up the um speed of the
links<13:17:34.680> but<13:17:34.860> the<13:17:35.040> speed<13:17:35.220> between<13:17:35.460> router<13:17:36.300> 2<13:17:36.416> and

links but the speed between router 2 and

links but the speed between router 2 and
router<13:17:36.776> 3<13:17:36.960> is<13:17:37.080> being<13:17:37.256> put<13:17:37.436> as<13:17:37.700> 128k<13:17:38.700> so<13:17:40.020> um<13:17:40.080> that

router 3 is being put as 128k so um that

router 3 is being put as 128k so um that
isn't<13:17:40.560> quite<13:17:40.680> correct<13:17:41.040> say<13:17:41.340> you've<13:17:41.520> got<13:17:41.640> a<13:17:41.700> one

isn't quite correct say you've got a one

isn't quite correct say you've got a one
Meg<13:17:42.116> link<13:17:42.300> between<13:17:42.596> router<13:17:43.140> one<13:17:43.380> and<13:17:43.616> two<13:17:43.860> and

Meg link between router one and two and

Meg link between router one and two and
then<13:17:44.520> two<13:17:44.756> and<13:17:45.000> three<13:17:45.180> then<13:17:45.900> ospf<13:17:46.680> should

then two and three then ospf should

then two and three then ospf should
choose<13:17:47.936> the

choose the

choose the
um<13:17:49.320> that<13:17:49.740> link<13:17:49.980> even<13:17:50.400> though<13:17:50.640> it's<13:17:50.756> more<13:17:50.936> hops

um that link even though it's more hops

um that link even though it's more hops
because<13:17:52.320> it's<13:17:52.560> only<13:17:52.800> looking<13:17:53.040> at<13:17:53.276> the<13:17:53.460> costs

because it's only looking at the costs

because it's only looking at the costs
so<13:17:56.276> Dynamic<13:17:56.756> router<13:17:57.180> protocol<13:17:57.480> also<13:17:57.840> allows<13:17:58.140> a

so Dynamic router protocol also allows a

so Dynamic router protocol also allows a
router<13:17:58.560> to<13:17:58.740> reroute<13:17:59.340> around<13:17:59.520> a<13:17:59.756> fellow<13:18:00.060> link

router to reroute around a fellow link

router to reroute around a fellow link
and<13:18:00.416> this<13:18:00.480> is<13:18:00.596> where<13:18:00.720> the<13:18:00.900> topology<13:18:01.256> table

and this is where the topology table

and this is where the topology table
will<13:18:01.916> come<13:18:02.160> in<13:18:02.340> it<13:18:02.820> will<13:18:02.936> have<13:18:03.180> a<13:18:03.900> um<13:18:03.960> ability

will come in it will have a um ability

will come in it will have a um ability
or<13:18:05.220> most<13:18:05.520> advanced<13:18:06.000> protocols<13:18:06.540> do<13:18:06.720> to<13:18:07.256> have

or most advanced protocols do to have

or most advanced protocols do to have
some<13:18:07.740> backup<13:18:08.040> routes<13:18:08.400> in<13:18:08.520> the<13:18:08.640> topology<13:18:09.000> table

some backup routes in the topology table

some backup routes in the topology table
that<13:18:09.540> will<13:18:09.720> quickly<13:18:10.080> take<13:18:10.680> over

that will quickly take over

that will quickly take over
uh<13:18:13.256> physically<13:18:13.740> connected<13:18:14.160> networks<13:18:14.880> routers

uh physically connected networks routers

uh physically connected networks routers
interfaces<13:18:15.960> physically<13:18:16.500> connected<13:18:17.340> to<13:18:17.520> a

interfaces physically connected to a

interfaces physically connected to a
network<13:18:17.820> it<13:18:18.540> obviously<13:18:18.900> knows<13:18:19.140> how<13:18:19.256> to<13:18:19.380> reach

network it obviously knows how to reach

network it obviously knows how to reach
that<13:18:19.800> Network

that Network

that Network
since<13:18:21.660> r1's<13:18:22.380> interface<13:18:22.800> is<13:18:23.040> directly

since r1's interface is directly

since r1's interface is directly
connected<13:18:23.640> to<13:18:23.820> these<13:18:24.116> networks<13:18:24.480> it<13:18:24.660> already

connected to these networks it already

connected to these networks it already
knows<13:18:25.256> how<13:18:25.380> to<13:18:25.500> reach<13:18:25.860> them

all right so we've covered routing just

all right so we've covered routing just
in<13:18:30.720> an<13:18:30.900> overview<13:18:31.256> the<13:18:31.680> routing<13:18:31.980> table

in an overview the routing table

in an overview the routing table
static<13:18:33.900> routes<13:18:34.436> an<13:18:34.860> example<13:18:35.160> of<13:18:35.400> a<13:18:35.580> static

static routes an example of a static

static routes an example of a static
route<13:18:36.436> autonomic<13:18:37.436> routing<13:18:37.916> protocols<13:18:38.580> as<13:18:38.756> an

route autonomic routing protocols as an

route autonomic routing protocols as an
example<13:18:39.300> and<13:18:39.960> then<13:18:40.140> physically<13:18:40.640> connected

example and then physically connected

example and then physically connected
Networks

Networks

Networks
now<13:18:43.740> your<13:18:43.980> physically<13:18:44.276> connected<13:18:44.640> networks

now your physically connected networks

now your physically connected networks
you<13:18:45.416> don't<13:18:45.776> have<13:18:46.020> to<13:18:46.380> advertise<13:18:47.096> but

you don't have to advertise but

you don't have to advertise but
obviously<13:18:48.180> if<13:18:48.360> you<13:18:48.480> want<13:18:48.660> traffic<13:18:48.840> to<13:18:49.080> be<13:18:49.200> able

obviously if you want traffic to be able

obviously if you want traffic to be able
to<13:18:49.436> reach<13:18:49.616> that<13:18:49.800> Network<13:18:50.040> then<13:18:50.400> you're<13:18:50.580> going

to reach that Network then you're going

to reach that Network then you're going
to<13:18:50.756> need<13:18:50.880> to<13:18:51.000> add<13:18:51.180> a<13:18:51.360> dynamic<13:18:51.840> or<13:18:52.380> static<13:18:52.800> route

to need to add a dynamic or static route

to need to add a dynamic or static route
but<13:18:54.000> that's<13:18:54.116> all<13:18:54.300> for<13:18:54.480> now<13:18:54.596> thanks<13:18:54.900> for

but that's all for now thanks for

but that's all for now thanks for
watching

local area networks Dynamic routing and

local area networks Dynamic routing and
protocols

protocols

protocols
so<13:19:27.416> in<13:19:27.596> the<13:19:27.776> previous<13:19:27.840> module<13:19:28.500> we<13:19:28.800> discussed

so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed
what<13:19:29.340> a<13:19:29.520> router<13:19:29.820> is<13:19:30.000> and<13:19:30.416> how<13:19:30.596> it<13:19:30.720> functions

what a router is and how it functions

what a router is and how it functions
and<13:19:31.616> we<13:19:31.800> discussed<13:19:32.400> static<13:19:33.300> routing<13:19:33.776> which<13:19:34.436> is

and we discussed static routing which is

and we discussed static routing which is
the<13:19:34.800> process<13:19:35.096> of<13:19:35.640> manually<13:19:36.060> creating<13:19:36.596> a

the process of manually creating a

the process of manually creating a
routing<13:19:37.200> table<13:19:37.460> so<13:19:38.460> in<13:19:38.700> this<13:19:38.880> module<13:19:39.240> we're

routing table so in this module we're

routing table so in this module we're
going<13:19:39.900> to<13:19:39.960> Define<13:19:40.140> in<13:19:40.860> more<13:19:41.040> depth

going to Define in more depth

going to Define in more depth
Dynamic<13:19:43.080> routing<13:19:43.680> which<13:19:44.400> is<13:19:44.700> what<13:19:44.936> allows

Dynamic routing which is what allows

Dynamic routing which is what allows
routing<13:19:46.320> just<13:19:47.160> like<13:19:47.400> with<13:19:48.000> DHCP<13:19:48.660> and<13:19:48.776> IP

routing just like with DHCP and IP

routing just like with DHCP and IP
addresses<13:19:49.560> to<13:19:49.980> be<13:19:50.160> dynamically<13:19:50.936> up<13:19:51.300> kept

addresses to be dynamically up kept

addresses to be dynamically up kept
which<13:19:52.140> is<13:19:52.320> going<13:19:52.436> to<13:19:52.560> allow<13:19:52.916> for

which is going to allow for

which is going to allow for
a<13:19:55.080> much<13:19:55.320> more<13:19:55.560> flexible<13:19:56.160> Network<13:19:57.060> now

a much more flexible Network now

a much more flexible Network now
although<13:19:58.436> this<13:19:58.860> title<13:19:59.276> of<13:19:59.400> this<13:19:59.580> entire

although this title of this entire

although this title of this entire
lesson<13:20:00.300> is<13:20:00.416> local<13:20:00.660> area<13:20:00.900> networks<13:20:01.436> in<13:20:01.616> some

lesson is local area networks in some

lesson is local area networks in some
ways<13:20:02.096> we<13:20:02.400> could<13:20:02.520> extend<13:20:02.936> this<13:20:03.180> to<13:20:03.360> wide<13:20:03.660> area

ways we could extend this to wide area

ways we could extend this to wide area
Networks<13:20:04.560> so<13:20:05.096> we're<13:20:05.276> going<13:20:05.400> to<13:20:05.520> talk<13:20:05.700> about

Networks so we're going to talk about

Networks so we're going to talk about
Dynamic<13:20:06.540> routing<13:20:06.960> and<13:20:07.436> then<13:20:07.500> we're<13:20:07.680> going<13:20:07.800> to

Dynamic routing and then we're going to

Dynamic routing and then we're going to
talk<13:20:08.096> about<13:20:08.276> two<13:20:09.060> different<13:20:09.300> types<13:20:09.900> of

talk about two different types of

talk about two different types of
dynamic<13:20:10.500> routing<13:20:10.916> these<13:20:11.756> are<13:20:11.936> distant<13:20:12.660> vector

dynamic routing these are distant vector

dynamic routing these are distant vector
and<13:20:13.860> Link<13:20:14.160> State<13:20:14.580> now<13:20:15.416> we<13:20:15.960> sort<13:20:16.256> of<13:20:16.380> alluded<13:20:17.096> to

and Link State now we sort of alluded to

and Link State now we sort of alluded to
the<13:20:17.640> difference<13:20:17.820> between<13:20:18.240> these<13:20:18.660> in<13:20:19.080> the

the difference between these in the

the difference between these in the
previous<13:20:19.380> module<13:20:20.040> when<13:20:20.276> I<13:20:20.460> was<13:20:20.520> discussing

previous module when I was discussing

previous module when I was discussing
Hops<13:20:21.900> and<13:20:22.616> simply<13:20:23.040> relying<13:20:23.756> on<13:20:24.000> the<13:20:24.116> number<13:20:24.300> of

Hops and simply relying on the number of

Hops and simply relying on the number of
hops<13:20:24.900> to<13:20:25.080> get<13:20:25.200> from<13:20:25.380> one<13:20:25.560> place<13:20:25.740> to<13:20:25.980> the<13:20:26.096> other

hops to get from one place to the other

hops to get from one place to the other
versus<13:20:27.116> looking<13:20:27.900> at<13:20:28.256> for<13:20:28.680> instance<13:20:28.980> if<13:20:29.820> one

versus looking at for instance if one

versus looking at for instance if one
link<13:20:30.680> was<13:20:31.680> a<13:20:31.980> dial-up<13:20:32.340> or<13:20:32.700> Broadband<13:20:33.240> or<13:20:33.596> if

link was a dial-up or Broadband or if

link was a dial-up or Broadband or if
the<13:20:33.840> link<13:20:33.960> was<13:20:34.200> even<13:20:34.436> shut<13:20:34.860> down<13:20:35.096> completely

the link was even shut down completely

the link was even shut down completely
and<13:20:36.720> so<13:20:36.960> there<13:20:37.616> are<13:20:37.860> two<13:20:38.460> different<13:20:38.640> types<13:20:39.416> of

and so there are two different types of

and so there are two different types of
protocol<13:20:40.080> sets<13:20:40.560> we're<13:20:40.680> going<13:20:40.800> to<13:20:40.860> look<13:20:41.040> at

protocol sets we're going to look at

protocol sets we're going to look at
there<13:20:41.880> are<13:20:42.000> distant<13:20:42.360> Vector<13:20:42.900> protocols<13:20:43.560> these

there are distant Vector protocols these

there are distant Vector protocols these
are<13:20:44.096> the<13:20:44.276> protocols<13:20:44.820> that<13:20:45.116> allow<13:20:45.540> distant

are the protocols that allow distant

are the protocols that allow distant
Vector<13:20:46.560> routing<13:20:46.980> and<13:20:47.580> then<13:20:47.700> there<13:20:47.936> are<13:20:48.060> link

Vector routing and then there are link

Vector routing and then there are link
State<13:20:48.720> protocols<13:20:49.436> you'll<13:20:50.160> see<13:20:50.276> them<13:20:50.400> listed

State protocols you'll see them listed

State protocols you'll see them listed
here<13:20:50.880> and<13:20:51.000> we'll<13:20:51.180> talk<13:20:51.360> about<13:20:51.540> each<13:20:51.900> one<13:20:52.020> in

here and we'll talk about each one in

here and we'll talk about each one in
depth<13:20:52.616> and<13:20:53.040> if<13:20:53.340> the<13:20:53.756> acronyms<13:20:54.416> are<13:20:54.480> already

depth and if the acronyms are already

depth and if the acronyms are already
starting<13:20:54.840> to<13:20:55.080> freak<13:20:55.380> you<13:20:55.500> out<13:20:55.680> don't<13:20:56.160> worry

starting to freak you out don't worry

starting to freak you out don't worry
about<13:20:56.580> it<13:20:56.820> what<13:20:57.416> we<13:20:57.540> want<13:20:57.660> to<13:20:57.776> do<13:20:57.960> is<13:20:58.320> just<13:20:58.616> know

about it what we want to do is just know

about it what we want to do is just know
which<13:20:59.160> ones<13:20:59.400> are<13:20:59.580> distance<13:20:59.756> vector<13:21:00.300> and<13:21:00.776> which

which ones are distance vector and which

which ones are distance vector and which
ones<13:21:01.320> are<13:21:01.560> link<13:21:01.800> state<13:21:02.160> so<13:21:03.000> as<13:21:03.240> you<13:21:03.416> can<13:21:03.540> tell

ones are link state so as you can tell

ones are link state so as you can tell
if<13:21:04.140> you<13:21:04.256> can<13:21:04.380> remember<13:21:04.560> that<13:21:04.860> these<13:21:05.220> two<13:21:05.460> are

if you can remember that these two are

if you can remember that these two are
link<13:21:06.000> State<13:21:06.360> you'll<13:21:06.840> be<13:21:06.960> fine<13:21:07.080> for<13:21:07.320> the

link State you'll be fine for the

link State you'll be fine for the
network<13:21:07.500> plus<13:21:07.800> exam<13:21:08.220> which<13:21:08.520> again<13:21:08.640> is

network plus exam which again is

network plus exam which again is
multiple<13:21:09.240> choice<13:21:09.480> and<13:21:09.720> will<13:21:09.900> ask<13:21:10.020> you<13:21:10.200> to

multiple choice and will ask you to

multiple choice and will ask you to
recognize<13:21:10.740> it<13:21:10.916> but<13:21:11.340> we'll<13:21:11.520> go<13:21:11.820> over<13:21:12.240> them<13:21:12.480> in<13:21:12.776> a

recognize it but we'll go over them in a

recognize it but we'll go over them in a
little<13:21:12.960> more<13:21:13.140> depth<13:21:13.500> than<13:21:13.680> that

little more depth than that

little more depth than that
so<13:21:15.256> Dynamic<13:21:16.256> routing<13:21:16.680> uses<13:21:17.460> a<13:21:17.756> series<13:21:17.880> of

so Dynamic routing uses a series of

so Dynamic routing uses a series of
protocols<13:21:18.960> to<13:21:19.200> establish<13:21:19.560> the<13:21:19.740> routing<13:21:20.040> table

protocols to establish the routing table

protocols to establish the routing table
as<13:21:20.880> opposed<13:21:21.300> to<13:21:21.360> the<13:21:22.140> route<13:21:22.320> add<13:21:22.680> command<13:21:23.220> all

as opposed to the route add command all

as opposed to the route add command all
of<13:21:24.180> the<13:21:24.416> routers<13:21:24.840> pass<13:21:25.256> information<13:21:25.616> about

of the routers pass information about

of the routers pass information about
themselves<13:21:26.880> along<13:21:27.480> to<13:21:27.900> the<13:21:28.140> other<13:21:28.320> routers

themselves along to the other routers

themselves along to the other routers
and<13:21:29.880> they<13:21:30.240> use<13:21:30.480> this<13:21:30.840> information<13:21:31.080> to

and they use this information to

and they use this information to
establish<13:21:32.400> a<13:21:32.880> routing<13:21:33.240> table<13:21:33.416> based<13:21:34.380> on

establish a routing table based on

establish a routing table based on
certain<13:21:34.800> specifics<13:21:35.580> of<13:21:36.000> the<13:21:36.180> other<13:21:36.360> routers

certain specifics of the other routers

certain specifics of the other routers
now<13:21:37.800> there<13:21:38.096> are<13:21:38.220> two<13:21:38.520> different<13:21:38.700> types<13:21:39.180> of

now there are two different types of

now there are two different types of
protocols<13:21:39.900> that<13:21:40.080> are<13:21:40.200> used<13:21:40.380> like<13:21:40.680> I<13:21:40.860> just

protocols that are used like I just

protocols that are used like I just
mentioned<13:21:41.520> there<13:21:42.300> are<13:21:42.480> the<13:21:42.720> distance<13:21:43.020> Vector

mentioned there are the distance Vector

mentioned there are the distance Vector
protocols<13:21:44.400> which<13:21:44.880> in<13:21:45.180> some<13:21:45.300> ways<13:21:45.660> are<13:21:46.320> older

protocols which in some ways are older

protocols which in some ways are older
and<13:21:48.596> the<13:21:48.840> link<13:21:49.020> State<13:21:49.256> protocols

and the link State protocols

and the link State protocols
which<13:21:51.240> are<13:21:51.416> newer<13:21:52.200> the<13:21:52.740> reason<13:21:52.916> being<13:21:53.640> that

which are newer the reason being that

which are newer the reason being that
distance<13:21:54.180> vector

distance vector

distance vector
looks<13:21:56.340> just<13:21:56.580> at<13:21:56.880> the<13:21:57.540> number<13:21:57.720> of<13:21:58.080> miles<13:21:58.560> we

looks just at the number of miles we

looks just at the number of miles we
have<13:21:59.096> to<13:21:59.276> travel<13:21:59.660> and<13:22:00.660> the<13:22:00.840> link<13:22:01.020> state

have to travel and the link state

have to travel and the link state
also<13:22:03.000> looks<13:22:03.240> at<13:22:03.360> the<13:22:04.320> traffic<13:22:04.580> so<13:22:05.580> it<13:22:05.820> can<13:22:05.936> tell

also looks at the traffic so it can tell

also looks at the traffic so it can tell
us<13:22:06.360> if<13:22:07.020> although<13:22:07.380> we'll<13:22:07.616> have<13:22:07.800> to<13:22:07.916> go<13:22:08.220> further

us if although we'll have to go further

us if although we'll have to go further
miles<13:22:09.240> it's<13:22:10.140> going<13:22:10.320> to<13:22:10.500> be<13:22:10.616> quicker<13:22:11.220> based<13:22:11.700> on

miles it's going to be quicker based on

miles it's going to be quicker based on
traffic<13:22:12.060> just<13:22:12.480> like<13:22:12.660> our<13:22:12.840> GPS<13:22:13.080> system

traffic just like our GPS system

traffic just like our GPS system
so

so

so
let's<13:22:16.680> talk<13:22:16.860> about<13:22:16.980> distance<13:22:17.460> Vector<13:22:18.060> first

let's talk about distance Vector first

let's talk about distance Vector first
in<13:22:19.080> distance<13:22:19.320> Vector<13:22:20.096> routing<13:22:20.580> the<13:22:21.000> routers

in distance Vector routing the routers

in distance Vector routing the routers
on<13:22:21.480> the<13:22:21.596> network<13:22:21.720> are<13:22:22.140> only<13:22:22.436> aware<13:22:22.860> of<13:22:23.460> the

on the network are only aware of the

on the network are only aware of the
routers<13:22:24.000> that<13:22:24.180> they<13:22:24.360> are<13:22:24.596> directly<13:22:25.140> connected

routers that they are directly connected

routers that they are directly connected
to<13:22:26.000> so<13:22:27.000> if<13:22:27.596> this<13:22:27.776> is<13:22:27.900> one<13:22:28.080> router<13:22:28.500> let's<13:22:28.740> call

to so if this is one router let's call

to so if this is one router let's call
this<13:22:29.040> router<13:22:29.460> one

this router one

this router one
and<13:22:31.916> there's<13:22:32.040> a<13:22:32.220> router<13:22:32.580> two

and there's a router two

and there's a router two
a<13:22:34.680> router<13:22:35.160> three

and a router four router 1 is only aware

and a router four router 1 is only aware
of<13:22:42.900> routers<13:22:43.256> two<13:22:43.500> and<13:22:44.460> three<13:22:44.640> so<13:22:45.116> these

of routers two and three so these

of routers two and three so these
routers<13:22:45.776> don't<13:22:46.020> know<13:22:46.140> anything<13:22:46.320> about<13:22:46.680> the

routers don't know anything about the

routers don't know anything about the
rest<13:22:47.160> of<13:22:47.276> the<13:22:47.400> routers<13:22:47.756> on<13:22:48.116> the<13:22:48.240> network

rest of the routers on the network

rest of the routers on the network
unless<13:22:49.140> of<13:22:49.320> course<13:22:49.436> they're<13:22:49.680> directly<13:22:50.040> linked

unless of course they're directly linked

unless of course they're directly linked
now<13:22:51.116> they<13:22:51.360> can<13:22:51.480> share<13:22:51.776> route<13:22:52.080> information

now they can share route information

now they can share route information
with<13:22:53.096> these<13:22:53.640> directly<13:22:54.060> connected<13:22:54.480> routers

with these directly connected routers

with these directly connected routers
but<13:22:55.800> the<13:22:56.096> flow<13:22:56.400> of<13:22:56.520> communication<13:22:57.060> is<13:22:57.416> limited

but the flow of communication is limited

but the flow of communication is limited
as<13:22:57.960> a<13:22:58.140> result<13:22:58.276> the<13:22:59.276> spaces<13:22:59.756> between<13:23:00.256> distance

as a result the spaces between distance

as a result the spaces between distance
Vector<13:23:01.980> routers<13:23:02.400> are<13:23:03.180> known<13:23:03.416> as<13:23:03.596> we<13:23:04.436> just

Vector routers are known as we just

Vector routers are known as we just
talked<13:23:04.916> about<13:23:04.980> this

talked about this

talked about this
hops<13:23:07.256> now<13:23:07.980> each<13:23:08.276> router<13:23:08.700> along<13:23:08.880> these<13:23:09.360> paths

hops now each router along these paths

hops now each router along these paths
represent<13:23:10.436> a<13:23:10.800> hop<13:23:10.980> for<13:23:11.756> example<13:23:12.060> a<13:23:12.720> network

represent a hop for example a network

represent a hop for example a network
with<13:23:13.256> a<13:23:13.560> five<13:23:13.980> distance<13:23:14.276> Vector<13:23:14.936> routers<13:23:15.360> has

with a five distance Vector routers has

with a five distance Vector routers has
four<13:23:16.436> hops<13:23:16.916> from<13:23:17.340> the<13:23:17.520> first<13:23:17.640> to<13:23:17.820> last<13:23:18.060> router

four hops from the first to last router

four hops from the first to last router
if<13:23:19.256> we<13:23:19.380> have<13:23:19.560> one<13:23:19.860> two<13:23:20.900> three<13:23:21.900> four<13:23:22.740> five

if we have one two three four five

if we have one two three four five
routers

routers

routers
there's<13:23:25.020> one<13:23:25.436> two<13:23:25.980> three

there's one two three

there's one two three
four<13:23:27.416> hops

four hops

four hops
it's<13:23:28.916> also<13:23:29.220> important<13:23:29.640> to<13:23:29.936> notice<13:23:30.240> that

it's also important to notice that

it's also important to notice that
convergence<13:23:31.560> that's<13:23:32.160> the<13:23:32.520> updating<13:23:32.936> of<13:23:33.720> all

convergence that's the updating of all

convergence that's the updating of all
of<13:23:34.080> the<13:23:34.256> information<13:23:34.436> to<13:23:34.980> the<13:23:35.160> router<13:23:35.460> table

is going to take longer with this set of

is going to take longer with this set of
protocols<13:23:41.756> than<13:23:42.060> with<13:23:42.240> link<13:23:42.416> state<13:23:42.660> which

protocols than with link state which

protocols than with link state which
we'll<13:23:43.020> look<13:23:43.140> at<13:23:43.256> in<13:23:43.380> a<13:23:43.560> second<13:23:43.616> this<13:23:44.340> is

we'll look at in a second this is

we'll look at in a second this is
because<13:23:44.580> the<13:23:44.880> routers<13:23:45.240> don't<13:23:45.540> have<13:23:45.900> the

because the routers don't have the

because the routers don't have the
knowledge<13:23:46.680> of<13:23:46.980> the<13:23:47.096> entire<13:23:47.400> network<13:23:47.700> so<13:23:48.300> it

knowledge of the entire network so it

knowledge of the entire network so it
takes<13:23:48.596> longer<13:23:48.960> for<13:23:49.140> them<13:23:49.256> to<13:23:49.500> become<13:23:49.800> aware<13:23:50.340> of

takes longer for them to become aware of

takes longer for them to become aware of
a<13:23:51.000> change<13:23:51.300> in<13:23:51.596> the<13:23:51.720> network

a change in the network

a change in the network
so<13:23:53.276> there<13:23:53.580> are<13:23:53.756> four<13:23:54.060> main<13:23:54.596> distance<13:23:55.020> Vector

so there are four main distance Vector

so there are four main distance Vector
protocols<13:23:56.096> that<13:23:56.220> are<13:23:56.340> still<13:23:56.460> in<13:23:56.580> use<13:23:56.756> today

protocols that are still in use today

protocols that are still in use today
the<13:23:58.020> first<13:23:58.140> one<13:23:58.380> is<13:23:59.096> called<13:23:59.400> the<13:24:00.060> routing

the first one is called the routing

the first one is called the routing
information<13:24:00.776> protocol<13:24:01.560> or<13:24:02.276> rip

information protocol or rip

information protocol or rip
routing<13:24:03.900> information<13:24:04.080> protocol<13:24:04.820> version<13:24:05.820> 2

routing information protocol version 2

routing information protocol version 2
there's<13:24:07.680> the<13:24:08.096> Border<13:24:08.520> Gateway<13:24:09.116> protocol<13:24:09.596> or

there's the Border Gateway protocol or

there's the Border Gateway protocol or
bgp<13:24:10.616> and<13:24:11.460> finally<13:24:11.700> the<13:24:12.060> enhanced<13:24:12.540> interior

bgp and finally the enhanced interior

bgp and finally the enhanced interior
Gateway<13:24:14.096> routing<13:24:14.580> protocol<13:24:14.936> or<13:24:15.800> eigrp<13:24:16.800> you

Gateway routing protocol or eigrp you

Gateway routing protocol or eigrp you
see<13:24:18.060> how<13:24:18.300> these<13:24:18.900> two<13:24:19.020> sort<13:24:19.380> of<13:24:19.436> have<13:24:19.616> some

see how these two sort of have some

see how these two sort of have some
similar

similar

similar
names<13:24:22.140> in<13:24:22.436> them<13:24:22.616> and<13:24:23.460> these<13:24:23.756> two<13:24:23.880> are

names in them and these two are

names in them and these two are
obviously<13:24:24.596> related

obviously related

obviously related
rip<13:24:27.416> or<13:24:27.776> routing<13:24:28.256> information<13:24:28.436> protocol<13:24:29.276> is

rip or routing information protocol is

rip or routing information protocol is
limited<13:24:30.360> to<13:24:30.596> only<13:24:30.916> 15<13:24:31.916> hops

limited to only 15 hops

limited to only 15 hops
originally<13:24:34.080> it<13:24:34.380> required<13:24:34.916> the<13:24:35.096> information

originally it required the information

originally it required the information
that<13:24:36.116> updated<13:24:36.596> every<13:24:37.380> 30<13:24:37.740> seconds

that updated every 30 seconds

that updated every 30 seconds
and<13:24:40.020> on<13:24:40.256> a<13:24:40.436> small<13:24:40.560> Network<13:24:40.800> this<13:24:41.220> wouldn't

and on a small Network this wouldn't

and on a small Network this wouldn't
have<13:24:41.580> been<13:24:41.700> a<13:24:41.880> problem<13:24:42.060> but<13:24:42.776> if<13:24:43.436> we're<13:24:43.560> talking

have been a problem but if we're talking

have been a problem but if we're talking
about<13:24:43.980> a<13:24:44.276> very<13:24:44.460> large<13:24:44.700> Network<13:24:45.060> which<13:24:45.416> is

about a very large Network which is

about a very large Network which is
where<13:24:45.776> networks<13:24:46.380> went<13:24:46.680> there<13:24:47.520> was<13:24:47.640> going<13:24:47.756> to

where networks went there was going to

where networks went there was going to
be<13:24:47.880> a<13:24:48.180> large<13:24:48.300> amount<13:24:48.776> of<13:24:49.020> traffic<13:24:49.256> being<13:24:49.680> sent

be a large amount of traffic being sent

be a large amount of traffic being sent
between<13:24:50.340> routers<13:24:50.936> at<13:24:51.116> any<13:24:51.300> one<13:24:51.480> time<13:24:51.720> and<13:24:52.436> so

between routers at any one time and so

between routers at any one time and so
this<13:24:52.980> became<13:24:53.400> not<13:24:54.240> very<13:24:54.480> useful<13:24:54.900> because<13:24:55.200> of

this became not very useful because of

this became not very useful because of
speed<13:24:55.680> and<13:24:56.400> also<13:24:56.640> the<13:24:57.000> protocol<13:24:57.300> itself<13:24:57.720> was

speed and also the protocol itself was

speed and also the protocol itself was
just<13:24:58.256> not<13:24:58.616> very<13:24:59.040> secure<13:24:59.880> and<13:25:00.540> it<13:25:00.660> was<13:25:00.840> very

just not very secure and it was very

just not very secure and it was very
vulnerable<13:25:01.560> to<13:25:01.800> attacks<13:25:02.340> and<13:25:03.060> it<13:25:03.360> didn't

vulnerable to attacks and it didn't

vulnerable to attacks and it didn't
support<13:25:04.160> authentication<13:25:05.160> of<13:25:05.580> any<13:25:05.756> sort<13:25:06.000> now

support authentication of any sort now

support authentication of any sort now
remember<13:25:06.960> we<13:25:07.320> want<13:25:07.560> something<13:25:07.860> like

remember we want something like

remember we want something like
authentication<13:25:08.880> which<13:25:09.596> would<13:25:09.776> be<13:25:09.960> a<13:25:10.436> username

authentication which would be a username

authentication which would be a username
and<13:25:11.040> a<13:25:11.160> password<13:25:11.340> so<13:25:11.880> I<13:25:12.000> can<13:25:12.116> make<13:25:12.360> sure<13:25:12.540> the

and a password so I can make sure the

and a password so I can make sure the
router<13:25:13.020> contacted<13:25:13.560> me<13:25:13.680> is<13:25:13.860> the<13:25:13.980> one<13:25:14.096> that<13:25:14.276> I

router contacted me is the one that I

router contacted me is the one that I
wanted<13:25:14.520> to<13:25:14.756> talk<13:25:15.000> with<13:25:15.240> so

wanted to talk with so

wanted to talk with so
rip<13:25:17.640> 2<13:25:17.880> came<13:25:18.360> out<13:25:18.560> and<13:25:19.560> this<13:25:19.916> featured

rip 2 came out and this featured

rip 2 came out and this featured
authentication<13:25:21.180> so<13:25:21.840> it<13:25:22.020> added<13:25:22.436> it<13:25:22.616> for<13:25:23.160> better

authentication so it added it for better

authentication so it added it for better
security

and it also was designed to reduce

and it also was designed to reduce
traffic<13:25:31.980> flow

but it only supported 15 hops because it

but it only supported 15 hops because it
had<13:25:39.840> to<13:25:39.960> be<13:25:40.080> backwards<13:25:40.616> compatible<13:25:41.096> with<13:25:41.756> the

had to be backwards compatible with the

had to be backwards compatible with the
previous<13:25:42.116> version<13:25:42.596> and<13:25:43.436> since<13:25:43.680> the<13:25:43.916> previous

previous version and since the previous

previous version and since the previous
version<13:25:44.520> was<13:25:44.880> only<13:25:45.060> 15<13:25:45.360> hops<13:25:45.960> so<13:25:46.560> was<13:25:46.740> this<13:25:46.916> one

version was only 15 hops so was this one

version was only 15 hops so was this one
so<13:25:47.580> again<13:25:47.756> not<13:25:48.180> very<13:25:48.360> useful<13:25:48.776> for<13:25:49.140> very<13:25:49.436> large

so again not very useful for very large

so again not very useful for very large
intense<13:25:50.756> networks<13:25:51.416> such<13:25:52.020> as<13:25:52.200> the<13:25:52.980> internet

now bgp is often associated with the

now bgp is often associated with the
internet<13:26:01.200> and<13:26:01.980> the<13:26:02.096> reason<13:26:02.276> is<13:26:02.640> because<13:26:03.060> it

internet and the reason is because it

internet and the reason is because it
can<13:26:03.416> be<13:26:03.660> used<13:26:03.900> between<13:26:04.436> internet<13:26:05.160> gateway

can be used between internet gateway

can be used between internet gateway
hosts<13:26:06.660> as<13:26:07.320> this<13:26:07.740> name

hosts as this name

hosts as this name
implies

implies

implies
so<13:26:10.980> it<13:26:11.220> examines<13:26:11.700> the<13:26:11.936> routing<13:26:12.300> table<13:26:12.540> and

so it examines the routing table and

so it examines the routing table and
decides<13:26:13.740> what<13:26:14.220> is<13:26:14.340> the<13:26:14.520> best<13:26:14.700> route<13:26:15.240> for<13:26:15.840> data

decides what is the best route for data

decides what is the best route for data
to<13:26:16.380> travel<13:26:16.640> based<13:26:17.640> on<13:26:17.700> the<13:26:17.936> connections<13:26:18.480> the

to travel based on the connections the

to travel based on the connections the
distances<13:26:19.320> and<13:26:20.040> certain<13:26:20.276> addresses

distances and certain addresses

distances and certain addresses
now<13:26:22.140> the<13:26:22.616> enhanced<13:26:23.040> interior<13:26:23.700> Gateway

now the enhanced interior Gateway

now the enhanced interior Gateway
routing<13:26:24.540> protocol<13:26:24.840> are<13:26:25.340> eigrp<13:26:26.340> draws<13:26:27.300> upon

routing protocol are eigrp draws upon

routing protocol are eigrp draws upon
information<13:26:27.840> that<13:26:28.800> its<13:26:29.276> neighboring<13:26:29.880> routers

information that its neighboring routers

information that its neighboring routers
have

have

have
so<13:26:32.220> it<13:26:32.400> would<13:26:32.460> look<13:26:32.700> at<13:26:32.880> all<13:26:33.240> the<13:26:33.360> routers

so it would look at all the routers

so it would look at all the routers
that<13:26:35.880> it's<13:26:36.000> a<13:26:36.180> neighbor<13:26:36.300> with<13:26:36.596> now<13:26:37.256> route<13:26:37.500> is

that it's a neighbor with now route is

that it's a neighbor with now route is
configured<13:26:38.160> with<13:26:38.480> eigrp<13:26:39.480> would<13:26:39.960> use<13:26:40.200> that

configured with eigrp would use that

configured with eigrp would use that
information<13:26:40.616> to<13:26:41.160> determine<13:26:41.520> the<13:26:41.756> best<13:26:41.936> path

information to determine the best path

information to determine the best path
for<13:26:42.480> data<13:26:42.900> all<13:26:43.560> determined<13:26:44.096> by<13:26:44.580> what<13:26:44.880> all

for data all determined by what all

for data all determined by what all
these<13:26:45.360> other<13:26:45.596> routers<13:26:46.080> know<13:26:46.380> so<13:26:47.040> that's<13:26:47.160> one

these other routers know so that's one

these other routers know so that's one
of<13:26:47.520> the<13:26:47.520> benefits<13:26:47.936> is<13:26:48.116> it<13:26:48.300> went<13:26:48.480> outside<13:26:48.840> of

of the benefits is it went outside of

of the benefits is it went outside of
itself

itself

itself
so<13:26:50.700> here's<13:26:51.180> an<13:26:51.300> example<13:26:51.720> of<13:26:52.080> basically

so here's an example of basically

so here's an example of basically
distance<13:26:53.936> Vector<13:26:54.596> routing<13:26:55.020> the<13:26:55.560> router<13:26:55.980> on

distance Vector routing the router on

distance Vector routing the router on
the<13:26:56.340> top<13:26:56.520> left<13:26:57.116> over<13:26:57.900> here

the top left over here

the top left over here
has<13:26:59.700> no<13:27:00.060> idea<13:27:01.040> what's<13:27:02.040> going<13:27:02.460> on

has no idea what's going on

has no idea what's going on
with<13:27:04.080> the<13:27:04.256> routers<13:27:04.680> over<13:27:05.220> here

with the routers over here

with the routers over here
it<13:27:06.660> can<13:27:06.840> only<13:27:07.020> make<13:27:07.256> a<13:27:07.436> routing<13:27:07.740> table<13:27:08.060> based

it can only make a routing table based

it can only make a routing table based
on<13:27:09.116> the<13:27:09.360> routers<13:27:09.720> it's<13:27:10.020> connected<13:27:10.560> to<13:27:10.740> just

on the routers it's connected to just

on the routers it's connected to just
like<13:27:11.460> the<13:27:11.640> one<13:27:11.700> on<13:27:11.880> the<13:27:12.000> right<13:27:12.116> can<13:27:12.480> only<13:27:12.660> make

like the one on the right can only make

like the one on the right can only make
uh

uh

uh
routing<13:27:16.020> table<13:27:16.140> based<13:27:16.616> on<13:27:16.680> the<13:27:16.800> routers<13:27:17.040> it's

routing table based on the routers it's

routing table based on the routers it's
connected<13:27:17.756> to

connected to

connected to
therefore<13:27:20.276> these<13:27:20.936> two<13:27:21.060> are<13:27:21.416> unaware<13:27:21.900> of<13:27:22.020> each

therefore these two are unaware of each

therefore these two are unaware of each
other's<13:27:22.560> dis<13:27:22.860> of<13:27:23.400> each<13:27:23.640> other's

other's dis of each other's

other's dis of each other's
existence<13:27:25.916> because<13:27:26.520> they're<13:27:26.756> not<13:27:26.936> connected

existence because they're not connected

existence because they're not connected
to<13:27:27.480> each<13:27:27.596> other

to each other

to each other
now<13:27:28.916> of<13:27:29.160> course<13:27:29.340> they<13:27:29.756> can<13:27:29.936> still<13:27:30.116> communicate

now of course they can still communicate

now of course they can still communicate
because<13:27:31.436> there's<13:27:31.860> probably<13:27:32.220> a<13:27:32.820> router<13:27:33.416> some

because there's probably a router some

because there's probably a router some
place<13:27:34.276> that<13:27:35.276> one<13:27:35.580> of<13:27:35.640> these<13:27:35.880> is<13:27:36.060> connected<13:27:36.480> to

place that one of these is connected to

place that one of these is connected to
that<13:27:37.256> will<13:27:37.380> connect<13:27:37.560> them<13:27:37.916> but<13:27:38.340> you<13:27:38.460> can<13:27:38.520> see

that will connect them but you can see

that will connect them but you can see
how<13:27:38.880> this<13:27:39.116> is<13:27:39.300> going<13:27:39.480> to<13:27:39.720> make<13:27:39.960> for<13:27:40.320> a<13:27:40.500> lot<13:27:40.616> less

how this is going to make for a lot less

how this is going to make for a lot less
efficient<13:27:41.640> routing

so unlike those distance Vector routers

so unlike those distance Vector routers
routers<13:27:48.776> configured<13:27:49.320> with<13:27:49.680> link<13:27:49.980> State

routers configured with link State

routers configured with link State
Protocols<13:27:51.060> are<13:27:51.240> aware<13:27:51.480> of<13:27:51.660> every<13:27:52.140> other

Protocols are aware of every other

Protocols are aware of every other
router<13:27:52.860> on<13:27:53.040> the<13:27:53.160> entire<13:27:53.400> network<13:27:53.700> they<13:27:54.540> use

router on the entire network they use

router on the entire network they use
each<13:27:55.020> other<13:27:55.140> to<13:27:55.436> build<13:27:55.616> an<13:27:56.160> enormous<13:27:56.756> Network

each other to build an enormous Network

each other to build an enormous Network
map

and then this network Mac is shared with

and then this network Mac is shared with
each<13:28:04.860> other<13:28:05.180> unlike<13:28:06.180> distance<13:28:06.480> Vector<13:28:07.140> link

each other unlike distance Vector link

each other unlike distance Vector link
State<13:28:07.916> routers<13:28:08.340> will<13:28:08.580> update<13:28:08.936> with<13:28:09.360> less

State routers will update with less

State routers will update with less
frequency<13:28:10.256> so<13:28:11.096> there's<13:28:11.400> less<13:28:11.756> traffic<13:28:12.116> on<13:28:12.480> the

frequency so there's less traffic on the

frequency so there's less traffic on the
network

now if a change in the Network's

now if a change in the Network's
topography<13:28:20.820> occurs<13:28:21.360> then<13:28:21.960> they

topography occurs then they

topography occurs then they
automatically<13:28:22.740> update<13:28:23.160> with<13:28:23.460> each<13:28:23.580> other<13:28:23.756> and

automatically update with each other and

automatically update with each other and
share<13:28:24.416> the<13:28:24.596> map<13:28:24.720> with<13:28:25.020> each<13:28:25.140> other<13:28:25.320> so<13:28:26.096> instead

share the map with each other so instead

share the map with each other so instead
of<13:28:26.640> Simply<13:28:27.116> updating<13:28:27.480> at<13:28:27.776> a<13:28:27.960> certain<13:28:28.140> interval

of Simply updating at a certain interval

of Simply updating at a certain interval
of<13:28:28.860> time<13:28:29.040> they're<13:28:29.580> going<13:28:29.820> to<13:28:30.116> update<13:28:30.720> whenever

of time they're going to update whenever

of time they're going to update whenever
there's<13:28:32.936> a<13:28:33.180> change

there's a change

there's a change
now<13:28:34.616> though<13:28:34.800> this<13:28:35.096> seems<13:28:35.520> like<13:28:35.936> link<13:28:36.240> state

now though this seems like link state

now though this seems like link state
has<13:28:36.840> a<13:28:36.960> better<13:28:37.080> set<13:28:37.256> of<13:28:37.436> protocols<13:28:38.040> link<13:28:38.640> State

has a better set of protocols link State

has a better set of protocols link State
routers<13:28:39.480> also<13:28:39.840> require<13:28:40.020> a<13:28:40.436> more<13:28:40.616> powerful

routers also require a more powerful

routers also require a more powerful
system<13:28:41.276> components<13:28:42.060> such<13:28:42.360> as<13:28:42.596> better<13:28:43.080> Ram

system components such as better Ram

system components such as better Ram
cetera<13:28:45.060> then<13:28:45.480> distance<13:28:45.720> vector<13:28:46.380> and<13:28:46.860> that's

cetera then distance vector and that's

cetera then distance vector and that's
why<13:28:47.220> we<13:28:47.460> still<13:28:47.580> see<13:28:47.820> distance<13:28:48.060> Vector<13:28:48.660> used

why we still see distance Vector used

why we still see distance Vector used
quite<13:28:49.256> a<13:28:49.380> bit<13:28:49.500> in<13:28:50.276> some<13:28:50.400> cases<13:28:50.700> we<13:28:50.936> don't<13:28:51.116> need

quite a bit in some cases we don't need

quite a bit in some cases we don't need
link<13:28:51.596> state

link state

link state
so<13:28:53.340> it<13:28:53.700> offers<13:28:54.000> quicker<13:28:54.540> convergence

so it offers quicker convergence

so it offers quicker convergence
as<13:28:56.276> a<13:28:56.400> result<13:28:56.580> of<13:28:57.240> this<13:28:57.480> automatically

as a result of this automatically

as a result of this automatically
updating<13:28:58.436> but<13:28:58.916> this<13:28:59.096> also<13:28:59.340> means<13:28:59.580> it<13:28:59.700> needs

updating but this also means it needs

updating but this also means it needs
more<13:29:00.116> power

more power

more power
so<13:29:01.380> there<13:29:01.560> are<13:29:01.680> two<13:29:01.800> protocols<13:29:02.276> I<13:29:02.460> want<13:29:02.580> to<13:29:02.700> go

so there are two protocols I want to go

so there are two protocols I want to go
over<13:29:03.000> with<13:29:03.360> this<13:29:03.540> the<13:29:04.080> first<13:29:04.200> is

over with this the first is

over with this the first is
the<13:29:05.580> open<13:29:05.700> shortest<13:29:06.300> path<13:29:06.540> first<13:29:06.840> or<13:29:07.080> ospf<13:29:07.800> and

the open shortest path first or ospf and

the open shortest path first or ospf and
the<13:29:08.640> second<13:29:08.756> is<13:29:09.300> the<13:29:09.596> intermediate<13:29:10.200> system<13:29:10.500> to

the second is the intermediate system to

the second is the intermediate system to
intermediate<13:29:11.520> system<13:29:11.820> protocol<13:29:12.500> these<13:29:13.500> are

intermediate system protocol these are

intermediate system protocol these are
really<13:29:14.040> similar<13:29:14.640> and<13:29:15.180> they<13:29:15.360> both<13:29:15.596> use<13:29:15.900> a

really similar and they both use a

really similar and they both use a
shortest<13:29:16.616> path<13:29:17.220> algorithm

shortest path algorithm

shortest path algorithm
to<13:29:20.160> determine<13:29:20.520> the<13:29:20.756> shortest<13:29:21.060> way<13:29:21.180> for<13:29:21.416> the

to determine the shortest way for the

to determine the shortest way for the
data<13:29:21.840> to<13:29:22.020> travel<13:29:22.220> however<13:29:23.220> we're<13:29:23.520> generally

data to travel however we're generally

data to travel however we're generally
going<13:29:24.060> to<13:29:24.116> see<13:29:24.480> this<13:29:24.900> one<13:29:25.080> the<13:29:25.980> OS<13:29:26.460> PF<13:29:27.116> on

going to see this one the OS PF on

going to see this one the OS PF on
medium<13:29:28.680> networks<13:29:29.220> and<13:29:29.880> Isis

medium networks and Isis

medium networks and Isis
on<13:29:32.096> larger<13:29:32.460> Networks

on larger Networks

on larger Networks
another<13:29:34.320> benefit<13:29:34.680> of<13:29:34.980> this<13:29:35.096> is<13:29:35.400> because<13:29:35.580> it

another benefit of this is because it

another benefit of this is because it
knows<13:29:36.360> all<13:29:36.840> of<13:29:36.960> the<13:29:37.140> routers<13:29:37.436> on<13:29:37.616> the<13:29:37.800> network

knows all of the routers on the network

knows all of the routers on the network
it<13:29:39.300> doesn't<13:29:39.416> just<13:29:39.660> think<13:29:39.840> about<13:29:40.080> distance<13:29:40.740> it

it doesn't just think about distance it

it doesn't just think about distance it
also<13:29:41.756> looks<13:29:42.060> at<13:29:42.180> what<13:29:42.900> type<13:29:43.140> of<13:29:43.256> connections

also looks at what type of connections

also looks at what type of connections
we<13:29:43.916> have<13:29:44.096> it<13:29:44.460> looks<13:29:44.756> at<13:29:44.880> the<13:29:45.180> state<13:29:45.480> of<13:29:45.720> the

we have it looks at the state of the

we have it looks at the state of the
links<13:29:46.256> and<13:29:46.860> therefore<13:29:47.160> it<13:29:47.640> can<13:29:47.756> make<13:29:47.936> give<13:29:48.240> you

links and therefore it can make give you

links and therefore it can make give you
in<13:29:48.840> some<13:29:48.960> cases<13:29:49.320> the<13:29:50.160> best<13:29:50.400> route<13:29:51.000> available

in some cases the best route available

in some cases the best route available
not<13:29:52.500> just<13:29:52.616> based<13:29:52.916> on<13:29:53.040> the<13:29:53.160> number<13:29:53.276> of<13:29:53.460> hops<13:29:53.936> but

not just based on the number of hops but

not just based on the number of hops but
on<13:29:54.660> a<13:29:54.840> lot<13:29:54.960> of<13:29:55.080> different<13:29:55.320> factors<13:29:55.916> so<13:29:56.880> here<13:29:57.116> we

on a lot of different factors so here we

on a lot of different factors so here we
can<13:29:57.960> see<13:29:58.200> what<13:29:58.740> a<13:29:59.160> link<13:29:59.460> State<13:29:59.936> protocol<13:30:00.480> might

can see what a link State protocol might

can see what a link State protocol might
look<13:30:01.436> like<13:30:01.616> the<13:30:02.340> two<13:30:02.520> different<13:30:02.700> groups

look like the two different groups

look like the two different groups
aren't<13:30:03.360> connected<13:30:03.916> directly<13:30:04.916> however

aren't connected directly however

aren't connected directly however
they're<13:30:06.000> both<13:30:06.240> aware<13:30:06.776> of<13:30:07.020> the<13:30:07.256> entire<13:30:07.560> network

they're both aware of the entire network

they're both aware of the entire network
layout<13:30:08.640> as<13:30:09.240> you<13:30:09.416> can<13:30:09.540> see<13:30:09.720> if<13:30:10.320> we<13:30:10.436> imagine<13:30:10.616> that

layout as you can see if we imagine that

layout as you can see if we imagine that
this<13:30:11.220> was<13:30:11.400> a<13:30:11.640> map<13:30:11.936> inside<13:30:12.300> of<13:30:12.596> the<13:30:12.776> router<13:30:13.140> and

this was a map inside of the router and

this was a map inside of the router and
then<13:30:13.680> they<13:30:13.860> can<13:30:13.980> then<13:30:14.160> share<13:30:14.880> that<13:30:15.116> Network

then they can then share that Network

then they can then share that Network
layout<13:30:15.900> with<13:30:16.320> all<13:30:16.560> of<13:30:16.680> their<13:30:16.860> other<13:30:17.096> routers

layout with all of their other routers

layout with all of their other routers
in<13:30:19.020> this<13:30:19.140> way<13:30:19.256> they<13:30:19.500> create<13:30:19.740> a<13:30:20.040> massive

in this way they create a massive

in this way they create a massive
Network

Network

Network
and<13:30:22.200> massive<13:30:22.740> routing<13:30:23.160> map<13:30:23.460> on<13:30:23.820> their<13:30:23.936> Network

and massive routing map on their Network

and massive routing map on their Network
and<13:30:25.080> can<13:30:25.320> communicate<13:30:25.800> much<13:30:26.040> more

and can communicate much more

and can communicate much more
efficiently<13:30:26.700> and<13:30:27.060> quickly

efficiently and quickly

efficiently and quickly
so<13:30:29.220> we've<13:30:29.820> just<13:30:29.936> talked<13:30:30.240> about<13:30:30.360> Dynamic

so we've just talked about Dynamic

so we've just talked about Dynamic
routing<13:30:31.680> which<13:30:32.160> means<13:30:32.580> basically<13:30:32.936> that<13:30:33.116> the

routing which means basically that the

routing which means basically that the
routers

routers

routers
builds

or routing table

or routing table
this<13:30:46.740> is<13:30:46.916> much<13:30:47.096> more<13:30:47.340> efficient<13:30:47.756> than<13:30:48.416> static

this is much more efficient than static

this is much more efficient than static
routing<13:30:50.096> we<13:30:50.580> also<13:30:50.820> compare<13:30:51.116> distance<13:30:51.480> Vector

routing we also compare distance Vector

routing we also compare distance Vector
to<13:30:52.200> link<13:30:52.380> State<13:30:52.680> again<13:30:53.340> distance<13:30:53.756> Vector<13:30:54.416> is

to link State again distance Vector is

to link State again distance Vector is
focused<13:30:55.320> very<13:30:55.560> much<13:30:55.740> on<13:30:56.040> Hops<13:30:56.460> and<13:30:57.000> isn't

focused very much on Hops and isn't

focused very much on Hops and isn't
aware<13:30:57.660> of<13:30:57.960> all<13:30:58.320> of<13:30:58.436> the<13:30:58.680> devices<13:30:58.980> on<13:30:59.340> the

aware of all of the devices on the

aware of all of the devices on the
network<13:30:59.580> only<13:31:00.416> direct<13:31:00.960> connections

link State on the other hand

link State on the other hand
looks<13:31:07.200> at<13:31:07.320> other<13:31:07.616> features

looks at other features

looks at other features
so<13:31:09.540> for<13:31:09.776> instance<13:31:10.080> traffic<13:31:10.680> latency<13:31:11.700> Etc

so for instance traffic latency Etc

so for instance traffic latency Etc
and<13:31:13.380> has<13:31:13.916> a<13:31:14.220> huge<13:31:14.520> Network<13:31:14.700> map

and has a huge Network map

and has a huge Network map
of<13:31:16.916> course<13:31:17.040> the<13:31:17.580> downside<13:31:18.060> is<13:31:18.840> that<13:31:19.020> distance

of course the downside is that distance

of course the downside is that distance
Vector<13:31:19.916> is<13:31:20.520> going<13:31:20.756> to<13:31:21.000> be<13:31:21.180> a<13:31:21.480> lot<13:31:21.596> more

Vector is going to be a lot more

Vector is going to be a lot more
efficient<13:31:22.256> with<13:31:22.680> the<13:31:23.040> resources<13:31:23.520> it<13:31:23.756> has<13:31:23.880> in

efficient with the resources it has in

efficient with the resources it has in
the<13:31:24.300> router<13:31:24.540> than<13:31:24.660> link<13:31:24.840> state<13:31:25.140> which

the router than link state which

the router than link state which
requires<13:31:25.916> uh<13:31:26.820> perhaps<13:31:27.300> better<13:31:27.900> or<13:31:28.800> more

requires uh perhaps better or more

requires uh perhaps better or more
powerful<13:31:30.000> system<13:31:30.300> components

powerful system components

powerful system components
we<13:31:32.220> also<13:31:32.580> finally<13:31:32.936> talked<13:31:33.360> about<13:31:33.416> the

we also finally talked about the

we also finally talked about the
different<13:31:33.840> protocols<13:31:34.616> rip<13:31:35.460> rip<13:31:35.820> version<13:31:36.000> 2

different protocols rip rip version 2

different protocols rip rip version 2
bgp<13:31:37.500> and<13:31:37.980> eigrp<13:31:38.936> were<13:31:39.720> our<13:31:40.020> disinspectors<13:31:40.916> and

bgp and eigrp were our disinspectors and

bgp and eigrp were our disinspectors and
our<13:31:41.580> two<13:31:41.700> link<13:31:41.936> States<13:31:42.240> again<13:31:42.840> ospf<13:31:43.680> is<13:31:44.040> for

our two link States again ospf is for

our two link States again ospf is for
medium<13:31:44.640> Networks

medium Networks

medium Networks
and<13:31:46.500> Isis

and Isis

and Isis
or<13:31:49.020> Isis<13:31:49.616> is<13:31:50.520> for<13:31:50.756> larger<13:31:51.116> Networks

or Isis is for larger Networks

or Isis is for larger Networks
we<13:31:53.160> still<13:31:53.340> see<13:31:53.580> all<13:31:53.820> of<13:31:53.936> these<13:31:54.180> used

we still see all of these used

we still see all of these used
but<13:31:56.700> these<13:31:57.180> are<13:31:57.300> newer

but these are newer

but these are newer
perhaps<13:31:58.860> a<13:31:59.340> faster<13:31:59.700> at<13:32:00.000> convergence

although perhaps not the most ideal for

although perhaps not the most ideal for
our<13:32:07.980> Network<13:32:08.220> or<13:32:08.640> necessary<13:32:09.060> for<13:32:09.300> the<13:32:09.416> network

our Network or necessary for the network

our Network or necessary for the network
we<13:32:09.900> have

we have

we have
so<13:32:11.880> now<13:32:12.060> that<13:32:12.180> we've<13:32:12.360> talked<13:32:12.660> about<13:32:12.776> switching

so now that we've talked about switching

so now that we've talked about switching
and<13:32:13.860> routing<13:32:14.220> I<13:32:14.640> want<13:32:14.756> to<13:32:14.880> talk<13:32:15.000> about

and routing I want to talk about

and routing I want to talk about
something<13:32:15.616> which<13:32:16.616> is<13:32:16.740> a<13:32:16.980> little<13:32:17.300> not<13:32:18.300> so<13:32:18.480> much

something which is a little not so much

something which is a little not so much
complex<13:32:19.140> but<13:32:19.616> allows<13:32:20.040> for<13:32:20.276> more<13:32:20.640> organization

complex but allows for more organization

complex but allows for more organization
within<13:32:21.540> our<13:32:21.720> Network<13:32:21.900> which<13:32:22.436> is<13:32:22.616> called<13:32:22.916> vlans

within our Network which is called vlans

within our Network which is called vlans
or<13:32:24.300> virtual<13:32:24.776> lands

welcome to module 8 lesson 4A igp and

welcome to module 8 lesson 4A igp and
EGP

all right so we're going to look uh this

all right so we're going to look uh this
is<13:32:54.900> an<13:32:55.080> overview<13:32:55.436> really<13:32:55.860> to<13:32:56.220> put<13:32:56.580> things<13:32:56.820> in

is an overview really to put things in

is an overview really to put things in
context<13:32:57.416> a<13:32:57.776> dynamic<13:32:58.200> router<13:32:58.560> protocols

context a dynamic router protocols

context a dynamic router protocols
interior<13:33:00.540> Gateway<13:33:01.020> protocols<13:33:01.800> autonomous

interior Gateway protocols autonomous

interior Gateway protocols autonomous
systems

systems

systems
bgp<13:33:04.800> in<13:33:05.276> brief<13:33:05.580> obviously<13:33:06.360> how<13:33:06.596> the<13:33:06.720> protocol

bgp in brief obviously how the protocol

bgp in brief obviously how the protocol
works<13:33:07.500> much

works much

works much
so<13:33:10.080> we<13:33:10.256> can<13:33:10.380> classify<13:33:10.916> Dynamic<13:33:11.520> writing

so we can classify Dynamic writing

so we can classify Dynamic writing
protocols<13:33:12.480> into<13:33:12.776> interior<13:33:13.740> uh<13:33:14.580> and<13:33:14.756> exterior

protocols into interior uh and exterior

protocols into interior uh and exterior
the<13:33:17.400> interior<13:33:17.820> protocols<13:33:18.540> these<13:33:18.840> are<13:33:18.900> the

the interior protocols these are the

the interior protocols these are the
ones<13:33:19.256> that<13:33:19.436> we'll<13:33:19.616> be<13:33:19.800> using<13:33:20.220> mostly<13:33:20.880> As

ones that we'll be using mostly As

ones that we'll be using mostly As
Network<13:33:21.776> Engineers<13:33:22.320> on<13:33:22.616> a<13:33:22.740> day-to-day<13:33:23.160> basis

Network Engineers on a day-to-day basis

Network Engineers on a day-to-day basis
unless<13:33:24.416> we<13:33:24.596> end<13:33:24.776> up<13:33:24.900> working<13:33:25.200> for<13:33:25.616> an<13:33:25.916> ISP<13:33:26.456> an

unless we end up working for an ISP an

unless we end up working for an ISP an
internet<13:33:26.880> service<13:33:27.240> provider

internet service provider

internet service provider
so<13:33:29.936> in<13:33:30.116> order<13:33:30.300> to<13:33:30.416> understand<13:33:30.720> what<13:33:31.080> we<13:33:31.200> mean

so in order to understand what we mean

so in order to understand what we mean
by<13:33:31.560> the<13:33:31.680> inside<13:33:31.800> of<13:33:32.096> a<13:33:32.160> network<13:33:32.276> we<13:33:32.820> actually

by the inside of a network we actually

by the inside of a network we actually
need<13:33:33.180> to<13:33:33.416> understand<13:33:33.660> the<13:33:34.080> term<13:33:34.400> autonomous

need to understand the term autonomous

need to understand the term autonomous
system<13:33:35.640> which<13:33:36.060> we<13:33:36.300> generally<13:33:36.660> shorten<13:33:37.140> as<13:33:37.380> an

system which we generally shorten as an

system which we generally shorten as an
m2as

m2as

m2as
so<13:33:41.040> an<13:33:41.220> AES<13:33:41.580> is<13:33:41.936> one<13:33:42.180> or<13:33:42.360> more<13:33:42.480> networks<13:33:42.900> that

so an AES is one or more networks that

so an AES is one or more networks that
are<13:33:43.200> governed<13:33:43.560> by<13:33:43.680> a<13:33:43.860> single<13:33:44.160> Administration

are governed by a single Administration

are governed by a single Administration
so<13:33:45.596> it<13:33:45.720> could<13:33:45.900> be<13:33:46.140> a<13:33:46.560> company<13:33:46.800> Network<13:33:47.160> or<13:33:47.700> a

so it could be a company Network or a

so it could be a company Network or a
large<13:33:48.000> company<13:33:48.240> Network<13:33:48.740> and<13:33:49.740> you<13:33:49.860> can<13:33:49.980> see

large company Network and you can see

large company Network and you can see
here<13:33:50.456> we<13:33:50.820> have<13:33:51.596> um<13:33:51.596> three<13:33:51.956> different<13:33:52.276> asses

here we have um three different asses

here we have um three different asses
now<13:33:54.360> these<13:33:54.660> as<13:33:54.776> could<13:33:55.436> actually<13:33:55.680> all<13:33:55.980> belong

now these as could actually all belong

now these as could actually all belong
to<13:33:56.400> the<13:33:56.580> same<13:33:56.756> company<13:33:57.080> and<13:33:58.080> inside<13:33:58.256> you've

to the same company and inside you've

to the same company and inside you've
got<13:33:58.800> a<13:33:58.980> different<13:33:59.160> administrative<13:33:59.880> domains

got a different administrative domains

got a different administrative domains
for<13:34:00.840> example<13:34:01.276> the<13:34:02.276> large<13:34:02.456> Cloud<13:34:02.756> as200<13:34:03.660> could

for example the large Cloud as200 could

for example the large Cloud as200 could
all<13:34:04.140> be<13:34:04.320> running<13:34:04.436> ospf<13:34:05.340> and<13:34:06.060> you<13:34:06.180> could<13:34:06.300> have

all be running ospf and you could have

all be running ospf and you could have
bought<13:34:06.660> a<13:34:06.900> company<13:34:07.020> on<13:34:07.560> the<13:34:07.680> top<13:34:07.860> left<13:34:08.096> there

bought a company on the top left there

bought a company on the top left there
that<13:34:09.720> um<13:34:09.720> is<13:34:10.080> running<13:34:10.340> ergrp<13:34:11.340> or<13:34:11.936> just<13:34:12.180> has<13:34:12.360> a

that um is running ergrp or just has a

that um is running ergrp or just has a
different<13:34:12.660> set<13:34:13.256> of<13:34:13.380> administrative

different set of administrative

different set of administrative
principle<13:34:14.700> principles<13:34:15.480> and<13:34:15.720> roles<13:34:16.616> in<13:34:17.160> this

principle principles and roles in this

principle principles and roles in this
particular<13:34:17.640> example<13:34:18.360> you<13:34:18.660> can<13:34:18.776> see<13:34:19.220> as100<13:34:20.220> on

particular example you can see as100 on

particular example you can see as100 on
the<13:34:20.700> top<13:34:20.820> left<13:34:21.000> and<13:34:21.900> as300<13:34:22.560> on<13:34:22.800> the<13:34:22.916> top<13:34:22.980> right

the top left and as300 on the top right

the top left and as300 on the top right
are<13:34:23.520> actually<13:34:23.700> isps

are actually isps

are actually isps
these<13:34:26.276> are<13:34:26.400> internet<13:34:26.580> service<13:34:26.936> providers

these are internet service providers

these are internet service providers
so

so

so
um<13:34:30.956> even<13:34:31.560> though<13:34:31.740> it<13:34:32.040> says<13:34:32.276> here<13:34:32.400> that<13:34:32.640> the<13:34:33.000> as

um even though it says here that the as

um even though it says here that the as
within<13:34:34.320> is<13:34:34.916> under<13:34:35.096> the<13:34:35.340> control<13:34:35.520> of<13:34:35.756> a<13:34:35.880> single

within is under the control of a single

within is under the control of a single
Authority<13:34:36.596> you<13:34:37.380> could<13:34:37.500> have<13:34:37.680> various<13:34:38.040> teams

Authority you could have various teams

Authority you could have various teams
managing<13:34:38.936> different<13:34:39.180> parts<13:34:39.480> of<13:34:39.720> the<13:34:39.900> network

managing different parts of the network

managing different parts of the network
however<13:34:40.980> it's<13:34:41.160> all<13:34:41.340> under<13:34:41.520> the<13:34:41.820> same

however it's all under the same

however it's all under the same
administrative<13:34:43.080> control

as is actually defined in the one of the

as is actually defined in the one of the
rfcs<13:34:49.020> 1930<13:34:49.800> if<13:34:50.160> you<13:34:50.276> wanted<13:34:50.400> to<13:34:50.640> Google<13:34:50.880> that

rfcs 1930 if you wanted to Google that

rfcs 1930 if you wanted to Google that
but<13:34:51.540> it'd<13:34:51.900> probably<13:34:52.080> be<13:34:52.256> a<13:34:52.380> fairly<13:34:52.616> long<13:34:52.800> and

but it'd probably be a fairly long and

but it'd probably be a fairly long and
boring<13:34:53.276> read<13:34:53.520> I<13:34:53.756> think

boring read I think

boring read I think
according<13:34:55.256> to<13:34:55.436> the<13:34:55.616> definition<13:34:55.800> of<13:34:56.276> the<13:34:56.456> as

according to the definition of the as

according to the definition of the as
it's<13:34:57.720> a<13:34:57.900> set<13:34:58.020> of<13:34:58.200> routers<13:34:58.560> under<13:34:58.740> a<13:34:58.980> single

it's a set of routers under a single

it's a set of routers under a single
technical<13:34:59.580> Administration<13:35:00.616> uses<13:35:01.616> an<13:35:02.040> igp

technical Administration uses an igp

technical Administration uses an igp
interior<13:35:03.360> Gateway<13:35:03.720> protocol<13:35:04.200> and<13:35:05.096> common

interior Gateway protocol and common

interior Gateway protocol and common
metrics<13:35:05.820> to<13:35:05.936> Route<13:35:06.116> packets<13:35:06.660> within<13:35:07.140> the<13:35:07.380> as

metrics to Route packets within the as

metrics to Route packets within the as
you<13:35:09.480> would<13:35:09.660> you<13:35:09.776> generally<13:35:10.140> use<13:35:10.616> an<13:35:11.220> exterior

you would you generally use an exterior

you would you generally use an exterior
Gateway<13:35:12.180> protocol<13:35:12.720> an<13:35:13.080> EGP<13:35:13.680> to<13:35:13.860> Route<13:35:14.096> package

Gateway protocol an EGP to Route package

Gateway protocol an EGP to Route package
to<13:35:14.756> other<13:35:15.000> autonomous<13:35:15.596> systems

The ROC says that the as a single and

The ROC says that the as a single and
clearly<13:35:22.140> defined<13:35:22.560> routing<13:35:22.980> policy<13:35:23.520> which

clearly defined routing policy which

clearly defined routing policy which
makes<13:35:23.936> sense<13:35:24.240> if<13:35:24.596> your<13:35:25.020> company<13:35:25.980> is<13:35:26.220> running

makes sense if your company is running

makes sense if your company is running
the<13:35:26.580> administration

the administration

the administration
now<13:35:29.276> routers<13:35:29.700> within<13:35:30.060> an<13:35:30.180> AES<13:35:30.480> use<13:35:30.776> an<13:35:30.956> igp

now routers within an AES use an igp

now routers within an AES use an igp
which<13:35:31.800> I've<13:35:31.980> already<13:35:32.160> said<13:35:32.540> so<13:35:33.540> here's<13:35:34.436> um

which I've already said so here's um

which I've already said so here's um
an<13:35:35.456> image<13:35:35.700> from<13:35:36.020> Microsoft's<13:35:37.020> tech<13:35:37.200> net<13:35:37.520> you

an image from Microsoft's tech net you

an image from Microsoft's tech net you
can<13:35:38.640> see<13:35:38.880> there's<13:35:39.240> two<13:35:39.540> different<13:35:40.220> autonomous

can see there's two different autonomous

can see there's two different autonomous
systems<13:35:41.640> here<13:35:41.880> they're<13:35:42.720> running<13:35:42.956> an<13:35:43.256> igp<13:35:43.800> and

systems here they're running an igp and

systems here they're running an igp and
is<13:35:44.340> here<13:35:44.520> we<13:35:44.640> Gateway<13:35:44.936> protocol<13:35:45.300> doing<13:35:45.720> all

is here we Gateway protocol doing all

is here we Gateway protocol doing all
their<13:35:46.456> ospf<13:35:47.456> routing<13:35:48.060> whatever<13:35:48.360> they<13:35:48.660> need<13:35:48.840> to

their ospf routing whatever they need to

their ospf routing whatever they need to
do<13:35:49.200> and<13:35:50.096> then<13:35:50.220> in<13:35:50.456> order<13:35:50.580> to<13:35:50.756> communicate<13:35:51.300> with

do and then in order to communicate with

do and then in order to communicate with
another<13:35:51.840> autonomous<13:35:52.560> system<13:35:52.740> it's<13:35:53.400> running

another autonomous system it's running

another autonomous system it's running
in<13:35:53.936> the<13:35:54.180> EGP<13:35:54.840> between<13:35:55.560> the<13:35:55.916> two<13:35:56.096> border

in the EGP between the two border

in the EGP between the two border
routers<13:35:58.020> there

you can further and divide igps into

you can further and divide igps into
distance<13:36:05.756> Vector<13:36:06.300> link<13:36:06.540> state<13:36:06.840> or<13:36:07.140> hybrid

distance Vector link state or hybrid

distance Vector link state or hybrid
some<13:36:09.000> of<13:36:09.116> the<13:36:09.240> common<13:36:09.360> ones<13:36:09.660> are<13:36:09.840> rip<13:36:10.080> or<13:36:10.380> rip

some of the common ones are rip or rip

some of the common ones are rip or rip
version<13:36:10.800> two

version two

version two
ospf<13:36:12.720> is<13:36:12.900> an<13:36:13.140> advanced<13:36:13.560> writing<13:36:13.980> protocol

ospf is an advanced writing protocol

ospf is an advanced writing protocol
Isis

Isis

Isis
ergrp<13:36:16.980> is<13:36:17.580> a<13:36:18.360> hybrid<13:36:18.956> which<13:36:19.740> is<13:36:19.860> uses<13:36:20.276> parts<13:36:20.580> of

ergrp is a hybrid which is uses parts of

ergrp is a hybrid which is uses parts of
the<13:36:21.000> distance<13:36:21.180> vector<13:36:21.840> and<13:36:22.740> part<13:36:22.916> of<13:36:23.096> the<13:36:23.220> link

the distance vector and part of the link

the distance vector and part of the link
state<13:36:24.140> igrp<13:36:25.140> is<13:36:26.160> um

state igrp is um

state igrp is um
pretty<13:36:27.416> redundant<13:36:27.956> now<13:36:28.140> to<13:36:28.380> be<13:36:28.500> honest<13:36:28.740> it's

pretty redundant now to be honest it's

pretty redundant now to be honest it's
not<13:36:29.220> very<13:36:29.456> rarely<13:36:29.820> used<13:36:30.116> because<13:36:31.020> of<13:36:31.256> its

not very rarely used because of its

not very rarely used because of its
aging<13:36:31.800> it's<13:36:31.980> not<13:36:32.276> very<13:36:32.400> flexible<13:36:32.820> at<13:36:33.116> all

uh exterior Gateway protocol is a

uh exterior Gateway protocol is a
routing<13:36:38.160> protocol<13:36:38.456> used<13:36:38.756> to<13:36:38.936> route<13:36:39.060> between<13:36:39.360> a

routing protocol used to route between a

routing protocol used to route between a
s's<13:36:40.080> which<13:36:40.256> we've<13:36:40.500> already<13:36:40.616> mentioned<13:36:41.400> if

s's which we've already mentioned if

s's which we've already mentioned if
you're<13:36:42.060> going<13:36:42.180> to<13:36:42.300> route<13:36:42.480> between<13:36:42.776> autonomous

you're going to route between autonomous

you're going to route between autonomous
systems<13:36:43.916> it's<13:36:44.160> referred<13:36:44.640> to<13:36:44.756> as<13:36:45.116> inter<13:36:45.560> as

systems it's referred to as inter as

systems it's referred to as inter as
routing

routing

routing
so<13:36:49.916> an<13:36:50.040> example<13:36:50.400> is<13:36:50.756> bgp<13:36:51.540> which<13:36:52.200> is<13:36:52.320> mentioned

so an example is bgp which is mentioned

so an example is bgp which is mentioned
in<13:36:52.800> the<13:36:52.980> syllabus<13:36:53.400> is<13:36:54.000> used<13:36:54.360> for<13:36:54.540> inter<13:36:54.720> as

in the syllabus is used for inter as

in the syllabus is used for inter as
routing<13:36:55.560> so<13:36:55.800> it's<13:36:55.916> a<13:36:56.160> route<13:36:56.276> between

routing so it's a route between

routing so it's a route between
as1<13:36:58.436> 2<13:36:58.916> and<13:36:59.160> 3<13:36:59.340> here<13:36:59.720> we've<13:37:00.720> got<13:37:00.840> an<13:37:01.140> exterior

as1 2 and 3 here we've got an exterior

as1 2 and 3 here we've got an exterior
Gateway<13:37:02.220> routing<13:37:02.820> protocol<13:37:03.180> there<13:37:03.900> is

Gateway routing protocol there is

Gateway routing protocol there is
actually<13:37:04.256> a<13:37:04.616> writing<13:37:05.220> protocol<13:37:05.580> called

actually a writing protocol called

actually a writing protocol called
interior<13:37:07.160> bgp<13:37:08.160> which<13:37:08.756> you<13:37:08.880> can<13:37:09.060> use<13:37:09.240> to<13:37:09.720> Route

interior bgp which you can use to Route

interior bgp which you can use to Route
within<13:37:10.380> an<13:37:10.616> autonomous<13:37:11.160> system<13:37:11.480> and<13:37:12.480> I<13:37:12.596> think

within an autonomous system and I think

within an autonomous system and I think
that's<13:37:13.020> mentioned<13:37:13.500> in<13:37:13.740> the<13:37:13.916> syllabus<13:37:14.340> in<13:37:14.936> any

that's mentioned in the syllabus in any

that's mentioned in the syllabus in any
detail<13:37:15.596> but<13:37:16.860> um<13:37:16.860> bgp<13:37:17.456> is<13:37:17.820> used<13:37:18.060> to<13:37:18.840> route

detail but um bgp is used to route

detail but um bgp is used to route
between<13:37:19.936> autonomous<13:37:20.936> systems<13:37:21.360> exterior<13:37:21.956> bgp

between autonomous systems exterior bgp

between autonomous systems exterior bgp
now<13:37:24.840> each<13:37:25.020> as<13:37:25.256> is<13:37:25.680> actually<13:37:25.860> given<13:37:26.276> a<13:37:26.456> unique

now each as is actually given a unique

now each as is actually given a unique
number<13:37:27.720> you<13:37:28.436> have<13:37:28.560> to<13:37:28.680> apply<13:37:28.980> for<13:37:29.160> these

number you have to apply for these

number you have to apply for these
numbers<13:37:29.580> to<13:37:30.000> your<13:37:30.300> service<13:37:30.480> provider<13:37:31.200> or<13:37:31.500> your

numbers to your service provider or your

numbers to your service provider or your
internet<13:37:32.116> registry<13:37:33.116> whoever<13:37:33.540> that<13:37:33.776> may<13:37:33.956> be

and as I said I've already said this it

and as I said I've already said this it
needs<13:37:40.380> to<13:37:40.436> be<13:37:40.500> a<13:37:40.616> unique<13:37:40.916> Asm

needs to be a unique Asm

needs to be a unique Asm
and<13:37:43.140> the<13:37:43.740> ASN<13:37:44.220> is<13:37:44.640> a<13:37:44.936> actually<13:37:45.300> supplied<13:37:46.140> by

and the ASN is a actually supplied by

and the ASN is a actually supplied by
the<13:37:46.616> internet<13:37:46.860> assigned<13:37:47.756> numbers<13:37:47.880> Authority

the internet assigned numbers Authority

the internet assigned numbers Authority
and<13:37:49.436> they'll<13:37:49.680> split<13:37:49.980> the<13:37:50.096> numbers<13:37:50.276> between

and they'll split the numbers between

and they'll split the numbers between
whoever<13:37:51.060> governs<13:37:51.596> the<13:37:51.776> numbers<13:37:52.140> within<13:37:52.916> your

whoever governs the numbers within your

whoever governs the numbers within your
country

country

country
uh<13:37:55.200> all<13:37:55.380> organizations<13:37:56.040> within<13:37:56.520> the<13:37:56.700> network

uh all organizations within the network

uh all organizations within the network
don't<13:37:57.360> need<13:37:57.596> ASN<13:37:58.320> the<13:37:58.680> Network<13:37:58.860> that<13:37:59.276> has<13:37:59.456> a

don't need ASN the Network that has a

don't need ASN the Network that has a
single<13:37:59.820> connection<13:38:00.000> to<13:38:00.300> an<13:38:00.416> ISP<13:38:00.840> and<13:38:01.080> a<13:38:01.256> single

single connection to an ISP and a single

single connection to an ISP and a single
prefix

prefix

prefix
which<13:38:03.240> is<13:38:03.360> a<13:38:03.540> subnet<13:38:03.900> mask<13:38:04.200> doesn't<13:38:05.160> need<13:38:05.456> the

which is a subnet mask doesn't need the

which is a subnet mask doesn't need the
ASM<13:38:06.060> because<13:38:06.240> the<13:38:06.480> prefix<13:38:06.776> of<13:38:06.956> that<13:38:07.140> network

ASM because the prefix of that network

ASM because the prefix of that network
is<13:38:07.560> managed<13:38:07.916> by<13:38:08.096> the<13:38:08.276> internet<13:38:08.400> service

is managed by the internet service

is managed by the internet service
provider<13:38:09.416> so<13:38:09.956> you<13:38:10.200> may<13:38:10.380> not<13:38:10.560> actually<13:38:10.740> need<13:38:11.096> to

provider so you may not actually need to

provider so you may not actually need to
worry<13:38:11.400> about<13:38:11.640> any<13:38:11.936> of<13:38:12.060> the<13:38:12.180> exterior<13:38:12.596> routing

worry about any of the exterior routing

worry about any of the exterior routing
you<13:38:13.916> could<13:38:14.040> be<13:38:14.160> really<13:38:14.340> low<13:38:14.640> SPF<13:38:15.116> all<13:38:15.300> through

you could be really low SPF all through

you could be really low SPF all through
your<13:38:15.720> network<13:38:16.040> send<13:38:17.040> your<13:38:17.456> traffic<13:38:17.820> to<13:38:18.116> your

your network send your traffic to your

your network send your traffic to your
internet<13:38:18.416> service<13:38:18.776> provider<13:38:19.436> and<13:38:19.860> let<13:38:20.096> that

internet service provider and let that

internet service provider and let that
let<13:38:20.700> them<13:38:20.880> take<13:38:21.116> care<13:38:21.300> of<13:38:21.480> any<13:38:21.776> exterior

let them take care of any exterior

let them take care of any exterior
routing

routing

routing
bgp<13:38:25.756> exterior<13:38:26.756> Gateway<13:38:27.116> protocol<13:38:27.596> and<13:38:28.080> it

bgp exterior Gateway protocol and it

bgp exterior Gateway protocol and it
routes<13:38:28.680> packets<13:38:29.040> between<13:38:29.276> the<13:38:29.640> Asus<13:38:30.416> which

routes packets between the Asus which

routes packets between the Asus which
I've<13:38:31.080> already<13:38:31.256> said<13:38:31.500> here<13:38:31.740> is<13:38:32.340> an<13:38:32.520> example<13:38:32.820> of

I've already said here is an example of

I've already said here is an example of
some<13:38:33.416> different<13:38:33.596> ases<13:38:34.200> and<13:38:34.436> on<13:38:34.560> the<13:38:34.680> bottom

some different ases and on the bottom

some different ases and on the bottom
you've<13:38:35.160> got<13:38:35.276> as1

you've got as1

you've got as1
which<13:38:37.020> has<13:38:37.200> the<13:38:38.040> um<13:38:38.096> prefix

which has the um prefix

which has the um prefix
192.020<13:38:41.240> and<13:38:42.240> the<13:38:42.840> subnet<13:38:43.560> mask<13:38:43.800> of<13:38:44.220> Slash<13:38:44.520> 24.

192.020 and the subnet mask of Slash 24.

192.020 and the subnet mask of Slash 24.
24<13:38:46.380> bits

24 bits

24 bits
according<13:38:49.740> to<13:38:49.860> the<13:38:49.980> RFC<13:38:50.580> and<13:38:51.540> bgp<13:38:52.140> is<13:38:52.500> an

according to the RFC and bgp is an

according to the RFC and bgp is an
inter-autonomous<13:38:53.400> system<13:38:53.580> router<13:38:54.116> protocol

inter-autonomous system router protocol

inter-autonomous system router protocol
it<13:38:55.320> actually<13:38:55.436> uses<13:38:55.916> TCP<13:38:56.640> so<13:38:56.880> it<13:38:57.060> uses<13:38:57.596> a

it actually uses TCP so it uses a

it actually uses TCP so it uses a
reliable<13:38:58.140> transport<13:38:58.680> method<13:38:59.160> as<13:39:00.000> opposed<13:39:00.240> to

reliable transport method as opposed to

reliable transport method as opposed to
other<13:39:00.680> protocols<13:39:01.680> it<13:39:02.096> listens<13:39:02.520> on<13:39:02.640> TC<13:39:03.000> Port

other protocols it listens on TC Port

other protocols it listens on TC Port
what<13:39:03.660> TCP<13:39:04.256> Port<13:39:04.436> 179

what TCP Port 179

what TCP Port 179
and<13:39:06.360> you<13:39:06.480> can<13:39:06.596> see<13:39:06.660> we've<13:39:06.956> caught<13:39:07.320> a<13:39:07.680> captured

and you can see we've caught a captured

and you can see we've caught a captured
a<13:39:08.276> bgp<13:39:08.756> message<13:39:09.060> with<13:39:09.480> a<13:39:10.080> a<13:39:10.616> packet<13:39:11.040> capture

a bgp message with a a packet capture

a bgp message with a a packet capture
program<13:39:11.580> looks<13:39:12.060> like<13:39:12.180> Wireshark<13:39:12.720> there's<13:39:13.020> an

program looks like Wireshark there's an

program looks like Wireshark there's an
open<13:39:13.256> message<13:39:13.616> and<13:39:13.916> you<13:39:14.040> can<13:39:14.160> see<13:39:14.220> the

open message and you can see the

open message and you can see the
destination<13:39:14.820> Port<13:39:15.116> there<13:39:15.480> is<13:39:16.080> 179<13:39:16.800> and<13:39:17.160> it's

destination Port there is 179 and it's

destination Port there is 179 and it's
using<13:39:17.640> TCP

current version is four if you could

current version is four if you could
look<13:39:24.020> further<13:39:25.020> down<13:39:25.200> inside<13:39:25.436> the<13:39:25.740> bgp<13:39:26.160> packet

look further down inside the bgp packet

look further down inside the bgp packet
it<13:39:27.116> says<13:39:27.416> version<13:39:27.660> four

it says version four

it says version four
that's<13:39:29.700> the<13:39:29.880> current<13:39:30.000> version<13:39:30.300> in<13:39:30.596> use<13:39:30.776> today

all right so CompTIA they actually list

all right so CompTIA they actually list
it<13:39:36.180> as<13:39:36.360> a<13:39:36.540> hybrid<13:39:36.840> protocol<13:39:37.320> I'm<13:39:37.680> not<13:39:37.860> sure<13:39:37.916> why

it as a hybrid protocol I'm not sure why

it as a hybrid protocol I'm not sure why
they<13:39:38.340> do<13:39:38.520> that

they do that

they do that
it's<13:39:39.900> a<13:39:40.140> path<13:39:40.320> Vector<13:39:40.860> routing<13:39:41.276> protocol

it's a path Vector routing protocol

it's a path Vector routing protocol
so<13:39:43.380> you<13:39:43.616> can<13:39:43.740> see<13:39:43.916> the<13:39:44.220> paths<13:39:44.640> here<13:39:45.020> as1<13:39:46.020> at<13:39:46.256> the

so you can see the paths here as1 at the

so you can see the paths here as1 at the
bottom<13:39:46.740> is<13:39:47.640> sending<13:39:48.116> the<13:39:48.740> nlris<13:39:49.740> network

bottom is sending the nlris network

bottom is sending the nlris network
layer<13:39:50.820> reachability<13:39:51.360> information<13:39:52.096> I.E<13:39:53.096> how

layer reachability information I.E how

layer reachability information I.E how
to<13:39:53.456> get<13:39:53.640> to<13:39:53.756> that<13:39:54.000> particular<13:39:54.300> Network<13:39:54.660> and

to get to that particular Network and

to get to that particular Network and
prefix

prefix

prefix
router<13:39:57.596> 3<13:39:57.840> appends<13:39:58.436> its<13:39:58.740> path<13:39:59.040> which<13:39:59.456> is<13:39:59.580> as3

router 3 appends its path which is as3

router 3 appends its path which is as3
and<13:40:01.020> then<13:40:01.256> when<13:40:01.560> the

and then when the

and then when the
um

um

um
network

network

network
192020<13:40:06.140> is<13:40:07.140> sent<13:40:07.380> to<13:40:07.560> as5<13:40:08.220> it's<13:40:08.520> appended<13:40:09.000> with

192020 is sent to as5 it's appended with

192020 is sent to as5 it's appended with
the<13:40:09.360> paths<13:40:09.776> four<13:40:10.020> three<13:40:10.320> and<13:40:10.500> one

the paths four three and one

the paths four three and one
as<13:40:11.820> a<13:40:12.000> reply<13:40:12.360> is<13:40:12.596> sent<13:40:12.776> the<13:40:13.320> different<13:40:13.500> paths

as a reply is sent the different paths

as a reply is sent the different paths
are<13:40:14.096> removed<13:40:14.456> so<13:40:14.580> as4<13:40:15.300> will<13:40:16.200> remove<13:40:16.500> path<13:40:17.160> four

are removed so as4 will remove path four

are removed so as4 will remove path four
and<13:40:17.640> send<13:40:17.820> it<13:40:17.936> to<13:40:18.060> three<13:40:18.300> we'll<13:40:18.776> remove<13:40:19.080> three

and send it to three we'll remove three

and send it to three we'll remove three
and<13:40:20.220> back<13:40:20.400> over<13:40:20.580> to<13:40:20.820> one

all right so we've covered an overview

all right so we've covered an overview
of<13:40:27.180> dynamic<13:40:27.720> protocols<13:40:28.436> interior<13:40:29.160> routing

of dynamic protocols interior routing

of dynamic protocols interior routing
protocols<13:40:30.480> what<13:40:31.200> an<13:40:31.380> as<13:40:31.616> is<13:40:31.980> bgp<13:40:32.756> that's<13:40:33.540> all

protocols what an as is bgp that's all

protocols what an as is bgp that's all
for<13:40:33.956> now<13:40:34.200> thanks<13:40:34.616> for<13:40:34.740> watching

log into module 8 lesson 4B routing

log into module 8 lesson 4B routing
loops

loops

loops
but<13:41:02.040> look<13:41:02.220> at<13:41:02.340> what<13:41:02.456> a<13:41:02.640> writing<13:41:02.936> loop<13:41:03.180> is<13:41:03.360> and

but look at what a writing loop is and

but look at what a writing loop is and
distance<13:41:03.776> Vector<13:41:04.320> writing<13:41:04.740> protocols

distance Vector writing protocols

distance Vector writing protocols
splitter<13:41:05.936> Eisen<13:41:06.680> and<13:41:07.680> poison<13:41:07.860> reverse<13:41:08.456> which

splitter Eisen and poison reverse which

splitter Eisen and poison reverse which
are<13:41:09.000> there<13:41:09.240> a<13:41:09.540> couple<13:41:09.660> of<13:41:09.776> the<13:41:09.956> solutions<13:41:10.256> to

are there a couple of the solutions to

are there a couple of the solutions to
prevent

prevent

prevent
routing<13:41:12.480> loops<13:41:12.840> on<13:41:13.140> a<13:41:13.380> network<13:41:13.800> layer<13:41:14.640> 3<13:41:14.820> loops

routing loops on a network layer 3 loops

routing loops on a network layer 3 loops
so<13:41:16.800> writing<13:41:17.400> Loop<13:41:17.640> is<13:41:17.820> a<13:41:17.936> network<13:41:18.116> problem

so writing Loop is a network problem

so writing Loop is a network problem
where<13:41:18.660> a<13:41:18.776> pucky<13:41:18.956> gets<13:41:19.256> routed<13:41:19.616> between<13:41:19.800> two<13:41:20.400> or

where a pucky gets routed between two or

where a pucky gets routed between two or
more<13:41:20.756> routers<13:41:21.240> endlessly

more routers endlessly

more routers endlessly
now<13:41:23.160> this<13:41:23.400> is<13:41:23.520> a<13:41:23.756> different<13:41:23.936> solution<13:41:24.416> to

now this is a different solution to

now this is a different solution to
layer<13:41:25.436> 2<13:41:26.240> Loops<13:41:27.240> where<13:41:27.660> we<13:41:27.956> have<13:41:28.080> a<13:41:28.256> spanning

layer 2 Loops where we have a spanning

layer 2 Loops where we have a spanning
tree<13:41:28.860> protocol

tree protocol

tree protocol
and<13:41:30.840> some<13:41:31.020> Advanced<13:41:31.436> versions<13:41:31.740> of<13:41:32.040> that<13:41:32.276> that

and some Advanced versions of that that

and some Advanced versions of that that
uh<13:41:33.300> there<13:41:33.720> to<13:41:33.900> stop<13:41:34.080> layer<13:41:34.800> 2<13:41:34.980> packet

uh there to stop layer 2 packet

uh there to stop layer 2 packet
circulated<13:41:35.880> because<13:41:36.180> Layer<13:41:36.540> Two<13:41:36.720> packets

circulated because Layer Two packets

circulated because Layer Two packets
don't<13:41:37.320> have<13:41:37.560> a<13:41:37.860> time<13:41:38.520> to<13:41:38.700> live<13:41:38.880> value

don't have a time to live value

don't have a time to live value
so<13:41:41.640> this<13:41:41.820> happens<13:41:42.000> when<13:41:42.300> the<13:41:42.416> writing<13:41:42.776> table

so this happens when the writing table

so this happens when the writing table
has<13:41:43.436> incorrect<13:41:43.980> information

has incorrect information

has incorrect information
as<13:41:46.200> we<13:41:46.380> know<13:41:46.820> during<13:41:47.820> the<13:41:48.000> writing<13:41:48.360> process

as we know during the writing process

as we know during the writing process
routers<13:41:49.500> forward<13:41:49.740> packets<13:41:50.220> to<13:41:50.456> various

routers forward packets to various

routers forward packets to various
destinations<13:41:51.300> these<13:41:52.200> are<13:41:52.320> based<13:41:52.500> on<13:41:52.616> the

destinations these are based on the

destinations these are based on the
entries<13:41:52.980> in<13:41:53.220> the<13:41:53.340> routing<13:41:53.700> table<13:41:53.936> now<13:41:54.900> if<13:41:55.020> one

entries in the routing table now if one

entries in the routing table now if one
of<13:41:55.320> these<13:41:55.436> entries<13:41:55.740> is<13:41:56.160> incorrect<13:41:56.640> for

of these entries is incorrect for

of these entries is incorrect for
example<13:41:57.180> a<13:41:57.416> network<13:41:57.596> goes<13:41:58.080> down

example a network goes down

example a network goes down
then<13:41:59.456> a<13:41:59.756> routing<13:42:00.180> Loop<13:42:00.540> can<13:42:00.720> occur<13:42:01.680> so<13:42:02.096> here's

then a routing Loop can occur so here's

then a routing Loop can occur so here's
an<13:42:02.456> example<13:42:02.820> I'll<13:42:03.596> go<13:42:03.776> into<13:42:03.900> more<13:42:04.140> detail<13:42:04.500> in<13:42:04.616> a

an example I'll go into more detail in a

an example I'll go into more detail in a
bit<13:42:05.160> but<13:42:05.880> for<13:42:06.360> today's<13:42:06.776> advertising

bit but for today's advertising

bit but for today's advertising
192.168.20<13:42:09.436> which<13:42:10.436> advertises<13:42:11.040> out<13:42:11.276> of<13:42:11.520> both

192.168.20 which advertises out of both

192.168.20 which advertises out of both
interfaces<13:42:12.840> there<13:42:13.140> it<13:42:13.860> goes<13:42:14.096> to<13:42:14.160> router<13:42:14.580> BM

interfaces there it goes to router BM

interfaces there it goes to router BM
router<13:42:15.720> C<13:42:16.020> both<13:42:16.860> of<13:42:17.040> which<13:42:17.160> advertise<13:42:17.640> to

router C both of which advertise to

router C both of which advertise to
router<13:42:18.300> a

router a

router a
now<13:42:19.860> rights<13:42:20.400> array<13:42:20.580> unfortunately<13:42:21.060> has<13:42:21.660> two

now rights array unfortunately has two

now rights array unfortunately has two
ways<13:42:23.300> to<13:42:24.300> send<13:42:24.480> the<13:42:24.776> packet<13:42:25.200> to<13:42:25.916> router

ways to send the packet to router

ways to send the packet to router
um<13:42:27.540> or<13:42:28.020> to<13:42:28.200> to<13:42:28.560> paths<13:42:29.040> to<13:42:29.160> see

um or to to paths to see

um or to to paths to see
uh<13:42:30.560> 192.16820<13:42:31.560> which<13:42:32.160> isn't<13:42:32.520> necessarily<13:42:33.060> a

uh 192.16820 which isn't necessarily a

uh 192.16820 which isn't necessarily a
problem<13:42:33.560> however<13:42:34.560> what<13:42:34.860> router<13:42:35.340> a<13:42:35.520> does

problem however what router a does

problem however what router a does
advertised<13:42:37.436> the<13:42:37.560> fact<13:42:37.680> that<13:42:37.800> it<13:42:37.980> knows<13:42:38.340> how<13:42:38.520> to

advertised the fact that it knows how to

advertised the fact that it knows how to
get<13:42:38.756> to<13:42:38.936> that<13:42:39.180> Network<13:42:39.360> to<13:42:39.900> router<13:42:40.380> C<13:42:40.560> to

get to that Network to router C to

get to that Network to router C to
router<13:42:41.580> B<13:42:41.756> which<13:42:42.540> then<13:42:42.776> forwards<13:42:43.200> it<13:42:43.320> to

router B which then forwards it to

router B which then forwards it to
router<13:42:44.040> D<13:42:44.520> now<13:42:45.480> router<13:42:46.020> D<13:42:46.256> is<13:42:47.160> hearing<13:42:47.520> from

router D now router D is hearing from

router D now router D is hearing from
other<13:42:47.880> routers<13:42:48.416> that<13:42:48.776> they<13:42:49.020> know<13:42:49.200> or<13:42:49.680> they

other routers that they know or they

other routers that they know or they
have<13:42:50.040> a<13:42:50.276> route<13:42:50.580> to<13:42:51.540> get<13:42:51.720> to<13:42:52.020> 192.1682.0

have a route to get to 192.1682.0

have a route to get to 192.1682.0
now<13:42:55.256> if<13:42:55.500> that<13:42:55.680> Network<13:42:55.916> goes<13:42:56.520> down<13:42:56.900> router<13:42:57.900> d

now if that Network goes down router d

now if that Network goes down router d
will<13:42:59.276> be<13:42:59.456> sending<13:42:59.756> packets<13:43:00.116> to<13:43:00.416> that<13:43:00.660> Network

will be sending packets to that Network

will be sending packets to that Network
either<13:43:02.400> to<13:43:02.700> router<13:43:03.116> C<13:43:03.300> or<13:43:03.596> router<13:43:04.020> B<13:43:04.200> because

either to router C or router B because

either to router C or router B because
it's<13:43:04.860> heard<13:43:05.220> from<13:43:05.580> those<13:43:05.880> routers<13:43:06.720> that<13:43:07.436> it

it's heard from those routers that it

it's heard from those routers that it
knows<13:43:07.860> how<13:43:08.040> to<13:43:08.160> reach<13:43:08.456> that<13:43:08.700> Network

knows how to reach that Network

knows how to reach that Network
so<13:43:10.080> this<13:43:10.320> is<13:43:10.436> how<13:43:10.800> our<13:43:11.096> writing<13:43:11.700> Loop<13:43:12.060> can

so this is how our writing Loop can

so this is how our writing Loop can
um<13:43:13.256> cause<13:43:13.860> havoc<13:43:14.276> on<13:43:14.456> your<13:43:14.640> network

um cause havoc on your network

um cause havoc on your network
so<13:43:16.080> go<13:43:16.256> go<13:43:16.436> to<13:43:16.680> a<13:43:16.800> bit<13:43:16.916> more<13:43:17.040> detail<13:43:17.400> with

so go go to a bit more detail with

so go go to a bit more detail with
another<13:43:17.756> example<13:43:18.360> here<13:43:18.660> obviously<13:43:19.380> have<13:43:19.500> a

another example here obviously have a

another example here obviously have a
detrimental<13:43:20.220> effect

detrimental effect

detrimental effect
increases<13:43:22.740> packet<13:43:23.220> loss<13:43:23.640> utilization<13:43:24.596> of<13:43:24.900> the

increases packet loss utilization of the

increases packet loss utilization of the
links<13:43:25.320> CPU<13:43:26.096> utilization<13:43:26.700> on<13:43:27.000> your<13:43:27.116> routers

links CPU utilization on your routers

links CPU utilization on your routers
because<13:43:27.720> it<13:43:27.840> has<13:43:28.020> to<13:43:28.200> process

because it has to process

because it has to process
every<13:43:30.300> time<13:43:30.540> the<13:43:30.776> packet's<13:43:31.256> received

every time the packet's received

every time the packet's received
so<13:43:33.720> in<13:43:34.200> distance<13:43:34.380> Vector<13:43:35.040> protocols<13:43:35.756> slow

so in distance Vector protocols slow

so in distance Vector protocols slow
convergence<13:43:36.720> causes<13:43:37.200> routing<13:43:37.680> Loops<13:43:38.096> this<13:43:38.580> is

convergence causes routing Loops this is

convergence causes routing Loops this is
when<13:43:38.880> other<13:43:39.416> parts<13:43:39.660> of<13:43:39.840> the<13:43:40.020> network<13:43:40.276> are

when other parts of the network are

when other parts of the network are
stabilizing<13:43:42.060> their<13:43:42.360> routing<13:43:42.720> tables<13:43:43.080> slower

stabilizing their routing tables slower

stabilizing their routing tables slower
than<13:43:44.040> other<13:43:44.340> parts<13:43:44.520> of<13:43:44.700> the<13:43:44.880> network

than other parts of the network

than other parts of the network
any<13:43:46.740> change<13:43:46.980> in<13:43:47.160> the<13:43:47.276> network<13:43:47.400> is<13:43:47.756> updated<13:43:48.116> in

any change in the network is updated in

any change in the network is updated in
the<13:43:48.540> writing<13:43:48.840> tables

so during the process the routing tables

so during the process the routing tables
have<13:43:54.240> inconsistent<13:43:55.140> entries<13:43:55.936> due<13:43:56.936> to<13:43:57.060> slow

have inconsistent entries due to slow

have inconsistent entries due to slow
convergence<13:43:57.900> this<13:43:58.200> could<13:43:58.380> be<13:43:58.500> due<13:43:58.616> to

convergence this could be due to

convergence this could be due to
bandwidth<13:43:59.340> or<13:43:59.456> pros<13:44:00.060> and<13:44:00.416> processing<13:44:01.140> speeds

bandwidth or pros and processing speeds

bandwidth or pros and processing speeds
on<13:44:01.916> your<13:44:02.220> router

on your router

on your router
the<13:44:05.276> network<13:44:05.400> is<13:44:05.640> said<13:44:05.820> to<13:44:06.000> have<13:44:06.116> converged

the network is said to have converged

the network is said to have converged
when<13:44:06.660> all<13:44:06.840> writing<13:44:07.200> tables<13:44:07.560> are<13:44:07.740> consistent

when all writing tables are consistent

when all writing tables are consistent
so<13:44:09.000> this<13:44:09.180> means<13:44:09.480> every<13:44:09.720> router's<13:44:10.320> got<13:44:10.436> the

so this means every router's got the

so this means every router's got the
same<13:44:10.980> picture<13:44:11.276> of<13:44:11.580> the<13:44:11.700> network<13:44:11.880> and<13:44:12.360> they<13:44:12.480> all

same picture of the network and they all

same picture of the network and they all
agree<13:44:12.900> on<13:44:13.140> which<13:44:13.320> networks<13:44:13.860> are<13:44:13.980> where

agree on which networks are where

agree on which networks are where
so<13:44:16.680> here<13:44:16.860> we've<13:44:17.040> got<13:44:17.160> router<13:44:17.640> C<13:44:17.756> advertising

so here we've got router C advertising

so here we've got router C advertising
the<13:44:18.900> 1011<13:44:19.860> Network

the 1011 Network

the 1011 Network
when<13:44:22.380> the<13:44:22.560> net<13:44:22.680> was<13:44:22.916> converged<13:44:23.400> all<13:44:23.640> routers

when the net was converged all routers

when the net was converged all routers
will<13:44:24.360> agree<13:44:24.720> that<13:44:25.020> that<13:44:25.140> Network<13:44:25.380> exists<13:44:26.040> and

will agree that that Network exists and

will agree that that Network exists and
they<13:44:26.520> will<13:44:26.700> agree<13:44:26.936> on<13:44:27.240> how<13:44:27.480> to<13:44:27.596> reach<13:44:28.020> that

they will agree on how to reach that

they will agree on how to reach that
Network<13:44:28.820> so<13:44:29.820> a<13:44:30.060> will<13:44:30.300> send<13:44:30.480> it<13:44:30.660> out<13:44:30.840> of<13:44:31.020> the

Network so a will send it out of the

Network so a will send it out of the
right<13:44:31.380> hand<13:44:31.560> interface<13:44:32.096> B<13:44:32.456> out<13:44:32.820> to<13:44:32.936> the<13:44:33.060> right

right hand interface B out to the right

right hand interface B out to the right
hand<13:44:33.300> interface<13:44:33.776> and<13:44:34.020> then<13:44:34.140> C<13:44:34.500> is<13:44:35.096> directly

hand interface and then C is directly

hand interface and then C is directly
connected

connected

connected
now<13:44:38.520> if<13:44:39.300> this<13:44:39.480> network<13:44:39.720> goes<13:44:40.200> down<13:44:40.320> or<13:44:40.616> the

now if this network goes down or the

now if this network goes down or the
interface<13:44:41.040> goes<13:44:41.520> down

interface goes down

interface goes down
relative<13:44:43.616> c<13:44:43.916> will<13:44:44.700> remove<13:44:44.936> that<13:44:45.240> route<13:44:45.540> to<13:44:46.140> the

relative c will remove that route to the

relative c will remove that route to the
network<13:44:46.436> from<13:44:46.800> his<13:44:46.980> writing<13:44:47.400> table<13:44:47.596> but

network from his writing table but

network from his writing table but
before<13:44:48.776> this<13:44:49.080> update<13:44:49.436> is<13:44:49.616> the<13:44:49.860> center<13:44:50.040> out<13:44:50.400> to

before this update is the center out to

before this update is the center out to
be

be

be
router<13:44:51.956> B<13:44:52.080> sends<13:44:52.560> a<13:44:52.616> periodic<13:44:53.096> update<13:44:53.520> to

router B sends a periodic update to

router B sends a periodic update to
router<13:44:54.596> C<13:44:54.776> saying<13:44:55.200> it<13:44:55.320> knows<13:44:55.560> how<13:44:55.680> to<13:44:55.800> reach

router C saying it knows how to reach

router C saying it knows how to reach
the<13:44:56.880> 10110<13:44:57.596> Network

so this update makes for how to c think

so this update makes for how to c think
that<13:45:03.060> router<13:45:03.416> B<13:45:03.540> has<13:45:03.956> an<13:45:04.200> alternative<13:45:04.560> path<13:45:04.980> to

that router B has an alternative path to

that router B has an alternative path to
get<13:45:05.400> there

get there

get there
obviously<13:45:06.956> through<13:45:07.200> some<13:45:07.500> of<13:45:07.680> the<13:45:07.800> series<13:45:08.160> of

obviously through some of the series of

obviously through some of the series of
routers<13:45:09.000> it<13:45:09.360> doesn't

routers it doesn't

routers it doesn't
uh<13:45:11.220> have<13:45:11.456> a<13:45:11.640> picture<13:45:11.756> of<13:45:11.936> the<13:45:12.060> entire<13:45:12.360> network

uh have a picture of the entire network

uh have a picture of the entire network
and<13:45:13.680> well<13:45:14.040> it's<13:45:14.400> got<13:45:14.640> this<13:45:14.820> directly

and well it's got this directly

and well it's got this directly
connected<13:45:15.540> Network<13:45:15.720> and<13:45:16.020> it<13:45:16.200> believes<13:45:16.500> what

connected Network and it believes what

connected Network and it believes what
it<13:45:16.860> has<13:45:16.980> from<13:45:17.220> other<13:45:17.400> routers

it has from other routers

it has from other routers
so<13:45:19.560> it<13:45:19.740> will<13:45:19.916> mark<13:45:20.220> this<13:45:20.756> uh<13:45:21.240> route<13:45:21.480> to<13:45:22.436> get<13:45:22.560> to

so it will mark this uh route to get to

so it will mark this uh route to get to
the<13:45:22.860> 10110<13:45:23.456> Network<13:45:24.140> as<13:45:25.140> reachable<13:45:25.860> through

the 10110 Network as reachable through

the 10110 Network as reachable through
router<13:45:26.700> B

a periodic update from RTC will contain

a periodic update from RTC will contain
that<13:45:32.040> Network<13:45:32.400> which<13:45:32.880> we've<13:45:33.060> already<13:45:33.180> said

that Network which we've already said

that Network which we've already said
router<13:45:34.616> B<13:45:34.740> assumes<13:45:35.096> it<13:45:35.220> knows<13:45:35.456> how<13:45:35.580> to<13:45:35.700> reach

router B assumes it knows how to reach

router B assumes it knows how to reach
that<13:45:36.060> Network<13:45:36.360> mentioned<13:45:37.080> in<13:45:37.200> the<13:45:37.380> update

that Network mentioned in the update

that Network mentioned in the update
now<13:45:40.200> when<13:45:40.380> router<13:45:40.800> B<13:45:40.980> receives<13:45:41.700> a<13:45:41.936> packet

now when router B receives a packet

now when router B receives a packet
destined<13:45:42.540> to<13:45:42.720> the<13:45:42.776> 10110<13:45:43.380> Network<13:45:43.860> it<13:45:44.160> will

destined to the 10110 Network it will

destined to the 10110 Network it will
forward<13:45:44.456> it<13:45:44.700> to<13:45:44.820> router<13:45:45.116> C

when Route 60 receives the packet it

when Route 60 receives the packet it
sends<13:45:50.040> it<13:45:50.096> back<13:45:50.276> to<13:45:50.456> router<13:45:50.820> B<13:45:50.936> and<13:45:51.180> this<13:45:51.300> is

sends it back to router B and this is

sends it back to router B and this is
where<13:45:51.596> the<13:45:51.720> loop<13:45:51.956> is<13:45:52.140> happening

where the loop is happening

where the loop is happening
so<13:45:54.300> unlike<13:45:54.720> switching<13:45:55.200> Loops<13:45:55.916> the<13:45:56.520> in<13:45:56.880> writing

so unlike switching Loops the in writing

so unlike switching Loops the in writing
like<13:45:57.480> the<13:45:57.660> packet<13:45:58.080> will<13:45:58.560> last<13:45:59.096> until<13:45:59.340> the<13:45:59.580> time

like the packet will last until the time

like the packet will last until the time
to<13:45:59.880> live<13:46:00.060> value<13:46:00.300> which<13:46:00.596> is<13:46:00.720> TTL<13:46:01.436> in<13:46:02.276> the<13:46:02.400> packet

to live value which is TTL in the packet

to live value which is TTL in the packet
header<13:46:03.116> reaches<13:46:03.480> zero

header reaches zero

header reaches zero
so<13:46:05.040> you<13:46:05.220> can<13:46:05.400> see<13:46:05.640> the<13:46:06.180> time<13:46:06.540> to<13:46:06.720> live<13:46:06.900> fields

so you can see the time to live fields

so you can see the time to live fields
in<13:46:08.040> this<13:46:08.220> particular<13:46:08.580> packet<13:46:09.000> here<13:46:09.180> which<13:46:09.360> is

in this particular packet here which is

in this particular packet here which is
a<13:46:09.660> bgp<13:46:10.200> packet<13:46:10.916> capture

a bgp packet capture

a bgp packet capture
once<13:46:14.040> the<13:46:14.160> time<13:46:14.340> to<13:46:14.580> live<13:46:14.880> value<13:46:15.180> reaches<13:46:15.596> zero

once the time to live value reaches zero

once the time to live value reaches zero
the<13:46:16.200> routers<13:46:16.800> then<13:46:17.040> drop<13:46:17.276> that<13:46:17.520> packet

the routers then drop that packet

the routers then drop that packet
and<13:46:20.220> disinfected<13:46:21.060> protocols<13:46:21.596> we've<13:46:21.720> got<13:46:21.840> a

and disinfected protocols we've got a

and disinfected protocols we've got a
couple<13:46:22.080> of<13:46:22.200> solutions

couple of solutions

couple of solutions
splitterizing<13:46:24.720> and<13:46:24.956> poison<13:46:25.140> reverse<13:46:25.800> so<13:46:26.700> this

splitterizing and poison reverse so this

splitterizing and poison reverse so this
is<13:46:27.000> split<13:46:27.360> Horizon<13:46:27.720> the<13:46:28.560> rule<13:46:28.800> is<13:46:28.916> that<13:46:29.160> if<13:46:29.520> an

is split Horizon the rule is that if an

is split Horizon the rule is that if an
interface<13:46:30.116> learns<13:46:30.540> a<13:46:30.720> particular<13:46:31.080> route<13:46:31.380> it

interface learns a particular route it

interface learns a particular route it
doesn't<13:46:32.456> advertise<13:46:33.000> that<13:46:33.180> route<13:46:33.416> back<13:46:33.840> out<13:46:34.020> of

doesn't advertise that route back out of

doesn't advertise that route back out of
the<13:46:34.320> same<13:46:34.500> interface<13:46:35.180> now<13:46:36.180> this<13:46:36.660> causes

the same interface now this causes

the same interface now this causes
problems<13:46:37.436> when<13:46:37.680> you<13:46:37.800> come<13:46:37.980> to<13:46:38.160> configure<13:46:38.820> a

problems when you come to configure a

problems when you come to configure a
hub<13:46:39.660> and<13:46:39.776> spoke<13:46:40.080> Network<13:46:40.380> and<13:46:41.276> there's<13:46:41.456> ways

hub and spoke Network and there's ways

hub and spoke Network and there's ways
around<13:46:41.936> it<13:46:42.116> which<13:46:42.300> we're<13:46:42.480> not<13:46:42.596> going<13:46:42.720> to<13:46:42.776> cover

around it which we're not going to cover

around it which we're not going to cover
here<13:46:43.256> with<13:46:43.860> ergrp<13:46:44.820> and<13:46:45.180> ospf<13:46:45.776> in<13:46:46.080> particular

here with ergrp and ospf in particular

here with ergrp and ospf in particular
you<13:46:47.340> can<13:46:47.456> change<13:46:47.640> this<13:46:47.880> rule<13:46:48.240> or<13:46:48.416> turn<13:46:48.596> this

you can change this rule or turn this

you can change this rule or turn this
rule<13:46:49.140> off<13:46:49.500> and<13:46:50.456> set<13:46:51.000> of<13:46:51.240> ways<13:46:51.540> to<13:46:51.660> get<13:46:51.840> around

rule off and set of ways to get around

rule off and set of ways to get around
it<13:46:52.320> so<13:46:52.436> routing<13:46:52.916> works

it so routing works

it so routing works
so<13:46:54.916> router<13:46:55.916> a<13:46:56.340> learns<13:46:56.756> about<13:46:56.880> rata<13:46:57.416> C<13:46:57.540> from

so router a learns about rata C from

so router a learns about rata C from
router<13:46:58.140> B<13:46:58.256> what<13:46:58.800> it<13:46:58.980> won't<13:46:59.160> do<13:46:59.400> then<13:46:59.580> is

router B what it won't do then is

router B what it won't do then is
advertise<13:47:00.240> the<13:47:00.416> network<13:47:00.596> back<13:47:01.020> out<13:47:01.140> of<13:47:01.320> the

advertise the network back out of the

advertise the network back out of the
same<13:47:01.560> interface<13:47:02.040> to<13:47:02.220> router<13:47:02.640> B<13:47:02.820> because<13:47:03.660> this

same interface to router B because this

same interface to router B because this
would<13:47:04.080> breach<13:47:04.380> the<13:47:04.500> split<13:47:04.740> Horizon<13:47:05.040> Rule<13:47:05.520> and

would breach the split Horizon Rule and

would breach the split Horizon Rule and
basically<13:47:06.540> route<13:47:06.956> and<13:47:07.320> the<13:47:07.560> networks

basically route and the networks

basically route and the networks
attached<13:47:08.220> to<13:47:08.276> router<13:47:08.640> C<13:47:08.880> can<13:47:09.540> be<13:47:09.660> reached<13:47:09.956> via

attached to router C can be reached via

attached to router C can be reached via
B<13:47:10.500> so<13:47:11.096> it<13:47:11.220> doesn't<13:47:11.340> need<13:47:11.580> to<13:47:11.700> be<13:47:11.820> re-advertised

B so it doesn't need to be re-advertised

B so it doesn't need to be re-advertised
back<13:47:12.660> to<13:47:12.776> router<13:47:13.200> B<13:47:13.380> and<13:47:13.560> cause<13:47:13.800> confusion

back to router B and cause confusion

back to router B and cause confusion
poison<13:47:16.400> reverses<13:47:17.400> a<13:47:17.640> form<13:47:17.756> of<13:47:18.000> split<13:47:18.416> Horizon

poison reverses a form of split Horizon

poison reverses a form of split Horizon
it<13:47:19.500> uses<13:47:19.800> a<13:47:20.096> method<13:47:20.520> to<13:47:21.360> use<13:47:22.020> um<13:47:22.020> known<13:47:22.380> as

it uses a method to use um known as

it uses a method to use um known as
route<13:47:22.916> posing<13:47:23.400> angle<13:47:23.700> poison<13:47:23.936> reverse<13:47:24.480> it

route posing angle poison reverse it

route posing angle poison reverse it
allows<13:47:25.560> the<13:47:25.680> router<13:47:25.980> to<13:47:26.096> set<13:47:26.276> a<13:47:26.456> distance<13:47:26.700> to

allows the router to set a distance to

allows the router to set a distance to
the<13:47:27.300> network<13:47:27.480> as<13:47:27.840> Infinity<13:47:28.456> this<13:47:29.456> is<13:47:29.580> for<13:47:29.820> the

the network as Infinity this is for the

the network as Infinity this is for the
um

um

um
how<13:47:31.436> many<13:47:31.616> hops<13:47:32.040> for<13:47:32.160> example<13:47:32.400> in<13:47:32.700> rip

how many hops for example in rip

how many hops for example in rip
this<13:47:34.500> allows<13:47:34.800> the<13:47:35.040> network<13:47:35.936> to<13:47:36.300> converge<13:47:36.720> so

this allows the network to converge so

this allows the network to converge so
perhaps<13:47:37.320> you've<13:47:37.500> had<13:47:37.616> some<13:47:37.800> instability

perhaps you've had some instability

perhaps you've had some instability
the<13:47:39.596> network<13:47:39.720> attached<13:47:40.436> to<13:47:40.560> router<13:47:41.456> E<13:47:41.580> network

the network attached to router E network

the network attached to router E network
5<13:47:42.116> has<13:47:42.360> gone<13:47:42.596> down<13:47:42.776> so<13:47:43.380> router<13:47:43.860> e<13:47:44.040> will<13:47:44.276> quickly

5 has gone down so router e will quickly

5 has gone down so router e will quickly
advertise<13:47:44.936> that<13:47:45.180> with<13:47:45.540> an<13:47:45.776> infinite<13:47:46.200> distance

advertise that with an infinite distance

advertise that with an infinite distance
which<13:47:47.456> is<13:47:47.580> known<13:47:47.700> as<13:47:47.880> rat<13:47:48.240> poisoning

which is known as rat poisoning

which is known as rat poisoning
so<13:47:50.936> I've<13:47:51.060> looked<13:47:51.360> at<13:47:51.416> Loops<13:47:51.900> distance<13:47:52.200> Vector

so I've looked at Loops distance Vector

so I've looked at Loops distance Vector
routing<13:47:53.276> protocols<13:47:53.936> bit<13:47:54.240> Horizon<13:47:54.720> poison

routing protocols bit Horizon poison

routing protocols bit Horizon poison
reverse<13:47:55.916> that's<13:47:56.640> all<13:47:56.936> for<13:47:57.116> now<13:47:57.300> thanks<13:47:57.660> for

reverse that's all for now thanks for

reverse that's all for now thanks for
watching

[Music]

[Music]
foreign

networks vlans and sohos

networks vlans and sohos
so<13:48:29.640> we<13:48:29.756> finished<13:48:30.000> talking<13:48:30.300> about<13:48:30.596> switching

so we finished talking about switching

so we finished talking about switching
and<13:48:32.040> routing<13:48:32.520> how<13:48:33.360> networks<13:48:34.320> communicate

and routing how networks communicate

and routing how networks communicate
with<13:48:35.040> one<13:48:35.276> another<13:48:35.456> and<13:48:36.180> so<13:48:36.300> now<13:48:36.480> we<13:48:36.720> want<13:48:36.900> to

with one another and so now we want to

with one another and so now we want to
talk<13:48:37.320> about<13:48:37.916> two<13:48:38.580> other<13:48:38.880> terms<13:48:39.480> that<13:48:39.720> we<13:48:39.840> see<13:48:39.956> a

talk about two other terms that we see a

talk about two other terms that we see a
lot<13:48:40.256> when<13:48:40.500> we<13:48:40.616> talk<13:48:40.740> about<13:48:40.860> local<13:48:41.220> area

lot when we talk about local area

lot when we talk about local area
networks<13:48:42.060> and<13:48:42.240> they're<13:48:42.480> important<13:48:42.900> to<13:48:43.080> know

networks and they're important to know

networks and they're important to know
for<13:48:43.680> the<13:48:43.800> network<13:48:43.916> plus<13:48:44.220> exam

for the network plus exam

for the network plus exam
the<13:48:45.776> first<13:48:45.956> is<13:48:46.560> called<13:48:46.800> VLAN<13:48:47.456> or<13:48:47.936> virtual

the first is called VLAN or virtual

the first is called VLAN or virtual
local<13:48:48.900> area<13:48:49.200> network<13:48:49.560> it<13:48:50.340> has<13:48:50.456> to<13:48:50.640> do<13:48:50.820> with

local area network it has to do with

local area network it has to do with
segmenting<13:48:51.840> a<13:48:52.616> physical<13:48:52.800> local<13:48:53.580> area<13:48:53.880> network

segmenting a physical local area network

segmenting a physical local area network
into<13:48:55.140> two<13:48:55.616> or<13:48:55.800> more<13:48:56.040> virtual<13:48:56.820> or<13:48:57.300> logical

into two or more virtual or logical

into two or more virtual or logical
local<13:48:58.616> area<13:48:58.916> networks<13:48:59.580> and<13:49:00.240> we're<13:49:00.416> also<13:49:00.660> going

local area networks and we're also going

local area networks and we're also going
to<13:49:00.956> discuss<13:49:01.320> what<13:49:02.096> they<13:49:02.220> do<13:49:02.456> and<13:49:03.116> how<13:49:03.416> we

to discuss what they do and how we

to discuss what they do and how we
Define<13:49:03.956> memberships<13:49:04.916> in<13:49:05.456> vlans<13:49:06.060> since<13:49:06.900> this

Define memberships in vlans since this

Define memberships in vlans since this
is<13:49:07.320> not<13:49:07.560> a<13:49:07.916> physical<13:49:08.160> distinction<13:49:08.820> but<13:49:09.540> a

is not a physical distinction but a

is not a physical distinction but a
logical<13:49:10.436> one<13:49:10.740> we're<13:49:11.580> also<13:49:11.880> going<13:49:12.060> to<13:49:12.240> discuss

logical one we're also going to discuss

logical one we're also going to discuss
a<13:49:13.560> Soho<13:49:14.096> Network<13:49:14.456> also<13:49:15.360> called<13:49:15.596> a<13:49:15.900> small

a Soho Network also called a small

a Soho Network also called a small
office<13:49:16.320> home<13:49:16.740> office<13:49:16.916> Network<13:49:17.340> we've

office home office Network we've

office home office Network we've
probably<13:49:18.300> seen<13:49:18.596> this<13:49:18.840> term<13:49:19.020> in<13:49:19.256> the<13:49:19.380> past

probably seen this term in the past

probably seen this term in the past
because<13:49:20.160> we<13:49:20.456> deal<13:49:20.700> with<13:49:20.880> it<13:49:21.000> when<13:49:21.180> we<13:49:21.360> talk

because we deal with it when we talk

because we deal with it when we talk
about<13:49:22.160> Soho<13:49:23.160> routers<13:49:23.936> which<13:49:24.360> are<13:49:24.480> those

about Soho routers which are those

about Soho routers which are those
routers<13:49:25.080> like<13:49:25.436> the<13:49:25.616> d-links<13:49:26.220> and<13:49:26.276> the<13:49:26.400> Linksys

routers like the d-links and the Linksys

routers like the d-links and the Linksys
that<13:49:27.360> you<13:49:27.540> have<13:49:27.776> at<13:49:28.320> your<13:49:28.560> home<13:49:28.740> that<13:49:29.340> allow

that you have at your home that allow

that you have at your home that allow
you<13:49:29.700> to<13:49:29.820> get<13:49:29.936> for<13:49:30.180> instance<13:49:30.416> wireless<13:49:30.720> access

you to get for instance wireless access

you to get for instance wireless access
although

although

although
these<13:49:33.720> provide<13:49:34.080> many<13:49:34.320> different<13:49:34.500> things

these provide many different things

these provide many different things
they're<13:49:35.880> distinct<13:49:36.480> from<13:49:36.840> a<13:49:37.080> regular<13:49:37.320> router<13:49:37.740> a

they're distinct from a regular router a

they're distinct from a regular router a
Soho<13:49:38.456> router<13:49:38.880> because<13:49:39.480> a<13:49:40.020> regular<13:49:40.256> router

Soho router because a regular router

Soho router because a regular router
just<13:49:40.980> does<13:49:41.160> routing<13:49:41.640> whereas<13:49:42.116> a<13:49:42.240> Soho<13:49:42.540> router

just does routing whereas a Soho router

just does routing whereas a Soho router
does<13:49:43.020> several<13:49:43.436> different<13:49:43.560> things<13:49:43.860> now<13:49:44.756> that's

does several different things now that's

does several different things now that's
an<13:49:45.116> example<13:49:45.416> of<13:49:45.660> why<13:49:45.900> a<13:49:46.140> small<13:49:46.256> office<13:49:46.436> home

an example of why a small office home

an example of why a small office home
office<13:49:47.096> is<13:49:47.880> so<13:49:48.060> such<13:49:48.360> an<13:49:48.596> important<13:49:49.020> term<13:49:49.256> when

office is so such an important term when

office is so such an important term when
it<13:49:49.800> comes<13:49:49.980> to<13:49:50.096> network<13:49:50.276> Plus

it comes to network Plus

it comes to network Plus
so<13:49:52.200> virtual<13:49:53.096> local<13:49:53.520> area<13:49:53.936> networks<13:49:54.540> or<13:49:54.776> vlans

so virtual local area networks or vlans

so virtual local area networks or vlans
are<13:49:55.916> a<13:49:56.096> type<13:49:56.276> of<13:49:56.520> local<13:49:56.756> area<13:49:57.060> network

are a type of local area network

are a type of local area network
configuration<13:49:58.400> they're<13:49:59.400> actually<13:49:59.700> somewhat

configuration they're actually somewhat

configuration they're actually somewhat
of<13:50:00.540> a<13:50:00.660> misnomer<13:50:01.256> though<13:50:01.800> the<13:50:02.040> word<13:50:02.220> virtual<13:50:02.820> is

of a misnomer though the word virtual is

of a misnomer though the word virtual is
really<13:50:03.416> the<13:50:03.956> focus<13:50:04.320> of<13:50:04.680> the<13:50:04.916> name<13:50:05.096> they're

really the focus of the name they're

really the focus of the name they're
really<13:50:06.116> more<13:50:06.480> segmented<13:50:07.380> than<13:50:07.860> virtual<13:50:08.776> VLAN

really more segmented than virtual VLAN

really more segmented than virtual VLAN
can<13:50:10.080> be<13:50:10.256> described<13:50:10.916> or<13:50:11.160> defined<13:50:11.700> as<13:50:12.240> a<13:50:12.416> group

can be described or defined as a group

can be described or defined as a group
of<13:50:12.720> computers<13:50:13.320> that<13:50:13.980> are<13:50:14.096> connected<13:50:14.520> to<13:50:14.700> one

of computers that are connected to one

of computers that are connected to one
another<13:50:15.320> although<13:50:16.320> they<13:50:16.680> function<13:50:17.096> as<13:50:17.640> though

another although they function as though

another although they function as though
they<13:50:18.060> are<13:50:18.180> on<13:50:18.360> different<13:50:18.596> networks<13:50:19.140> even

they are on different networks even

they are on different networks even
though<13:50:19.800> they<13:50:20.096> sometimes<13:50:20.580> aren't<13:50:21.300> so<13:50:22.200> the

though they sometimes aren't so the

though they sometimes aren't so the
computers<13:50:23.160> that<13:50:23.756> are<13:50:23.880> segmented<13:50:24.416> together

computers that are segmented together

computers that are segmented together
are<13:50:25.560> usually<13:50:25.916> ones<13:50:26.580> that<13:50:26.880> are<13:50:27.000> in<13:50:27.300> a<13:50:27.480> same

are usually ones that are in a same

are usually ones that are in a same
Department<13:50:28.020> as<13:50:28.436> the<13:50:28.616> others<13:50:28.980> for<13:50:29.640> example<13:50:29.936> we

Department as the others for example we

Department as the others for example we
might<13:50:30.840> have<13:50:31.256> an<13:50:31.740> office<13:50:31.980> building<13:50:32.400> with<13:50:33.840> four

might have an office building with four

might have an office building with four
floors

and the encounting employees could be on

and the encounting employees could be on
every<13:50:41.340> floor

a VLAN would allow them to all be

a VLAN would allow them to all be
connected<13:50:48.840> to<13:50:49.320> one<13:50:49.500> another

connected to one another

connected to one another
even<13:50:51.240> though<13:50:51.916> they're<13:50:52.916> really

even though they're really

even though they're really
sort<13:50:54.480> of<13:50:54.660> sharing<13:50:55.436> the<13:50:56.400> network

sort of sharing the network

sort of sharing the network
with<13:50:58.140> every<13:50:58.380> other<13:50:58.680> department<13:50:59.060> in<13:51:00.060> other

with every other department in other

with every other department in other
words

words

words
if<13:51:01.500> we<13:51:01.616> had<13:51:01.916> the<13:51:02.276> accountants<13:51:02.756> and<13:51:03.060> then<13:51:03.300> let's

if we had the accountants and then let's

if we had the accountants and then let's
say<13:51:03.900> the<13:51:04.320> managers<13:51:04.800> they<13:51:05.520> would<13:51:05.700> all<13:51:05.936> be

say the managers they would all be

say the managers they would all be
connected<13:51:07.020> to<13:51:07.320> the<13:51:07.560> same<13:51:07.860> physical<13:51:08.640> Network

connected to the same physical Network

connected to the same physical Network
in<13:51:09.720> the<13:51:09.840> building<13:51:10.080> but<13:51:10.800> we<13:51:11.096> could<13:51:11.220> segment

in the building but we could segment

in the building but we could segment
them<13:51:11.936> into<13:51:12.596> separate<13:51:13.140> virtual<13:51:14.040> local<13:51:15.000> area

them into separate virtual local area

them into separate virtual local area
networks<13:51:15.900> so<13:51:16.436> that<13:51:16.680> way<13:51:16.860> they<13:51:17.160> can

networks so that way they can

networks so that way they can
communicate<13:51:17.700> with<13:51:17.880> one<13:51:18.060> another<13:51:18.240> and<13:51:18.956> other

communicate with one another and other

communicate with one another and other
folks<13:51:19.500> can't<13:51:19.740> communicate<13:51:20.400> with<13:51:21.000> them

folks can't communicate with them

folks can't communicate with them
they<13:51:22.980> would<13:51:23.160> therefore<13:51:23.640> think<13:51:24.480> that<13:51:25.256> they

they would therefore think that they

they would therefore think that they
were<13:51:25.560> connected<13:51:26.040> physically<13:51:26.580> to<13:51:27.000> one<13:51:27.180> another

were connected physically to one another

were connected physically to one another
or<13:51:28.080> all<13:51:28.436> plugged<13:51:28.740> into<13:51:28.860> the<13:51:29.220> same<13:51:29.520> switch<13:51:30.200> even

or all plugged into the same switch even

or all plugged into the same switch even
though<13:51:31.436> were<13:51:31.916> you<13:51:32.096> really<13:51:32.400> using<13:51:32.880> four

though were you really using four

though were you really using four
different<13:51:33.776> switches<13:51:34.380> one<13:51:35.160> for<13:51:35.520> each<13:51:35.820> floor

different switches one for each floor

different switches one for each floor
now<13:51:37.500> there's<13:51:37.680> some<13:51:37.980> very<13:51:38.220> clear<13:51:38.456> benefits<13:51:39.300> to

now there's some very clear benefits to

now there's some very clear benefits to
having<13:51:40.200> VLAN<13:51:40.980> set<13:51:41.220> up

having VLAN set up

having VLAN set up
first<13:51:42.776> the<13:51:43.436> security<13:51:43.616> is<13:51:44.096> increased<13:51:44.640> this<13:51:45.180> is

first the security is increased this is

first the security is increased this is
because<13:51:45.680> when<13:51:46.680> we<13:51:47.040> segment<13:51:47.520> a<13:51:47.880> network

because when we segment a network

because when we segment a network
there<13:51:50.040> are<13:51:50.220> virtual<13:51:50.700> boundaries<13:51:51.240> and<13:51:51.900> that

there are virtual boundaries and that

there are virtual boundaries and that
makes<13:51:52.256> attacking<13:51:53.096> the<13:51:53.340> entire<13:51:53.700> network<13:51:54.000> very

makes attacking the entire network very

makes attacking the entire network very
unlikely<13:51:54.956> it<13:51:55.740> also<13:51:56.040> makes<13:51:56.220> sure<13:51:56.520> that

unlikely it also makes sure that

unlikely it also makes sure that
accounting<13:51:57.720> people<13:51:57.956> are<13:51:58.200> going<13:51:58.320> to<13:51:58.500> have<13:51:58.616> a

accounting people are going to have a

accounting people are going to have a
harder<13:51:59.160> time<13:51:59.400> getting<13:52:00.060> into<13:52:00.416> the<13:52:01.256> management

harder time getting into the management

harder time getting into the management
people's<13:52:02.160> information

people's information

people's information
so<13:52:03.900> again<13:52:04.080> even<13:52:04.740> though<13:52:04.916> they're<13:52:05.340> physically

so again even though they're physically

so again even though they're physically
connected<13:52:06.360> all<13:52:07.080> the<13:52:07.320> same<13:52:07.500> we're<13:52:08.160> giving<13:52:08.340> them

connected all the same we're giving them

connected all the same we're giving them
a<13:52:08.880> virtual<13:52:09.240> segmentation<13:52:10.140> so<13:52:10.980> that<13:52:11.160> they<13:52:11.400> are

a virtual segmentation so that they are

a virtual segmentation so that they are
separate<13:52:12.000> and<13:52:12.480> therefore<13:52:12.776> it's<13:52:13.256> a<13:52:13.500> slightly

separate and therefore it's a slightly

separate and therefore it's a slightly
more<13:52:14.160> secure

more secure

more secure
they<13:52:15.900> also<13:52:16.256> increase<13:52:16.860> the<13:52:17.756> performance<13:52:18.240> by

they also increase the performance by

they also increase the performance by
freeing<13:52:19.140> up<13:52:19.320> bandwidth<13:52:20.096> and<13:52:20.580> reducing<13:52:21.116> and

freeing up bandwidth and reducing and

freeing up bandwidth and reducing and
splitting<13:52:21.720> up<13:52:21.840> traffic<13:52:22.080> from<13:52:22.436> the<13:52:22.616> network<13:52:22.880> if

splitting up traffic from the network if

splitting up traffic from the network if
accounting<13:52:24.480> for<13:52:24.720> instance<13:52:25.020> uses<13:52:25.680> a<13:52:26.220> lot<13:52:26.340> of

accounting for instance uses a lot of

accounting for instance uses a lot of
bandwidth<13:52:27.116> and<13:52:27.480> management<13:52:27.776> doesn't<13:52:28.436> well<13:52:29.340> we

bandwidth and management doesn't well we

bandwidth and management doesn't well we
don't<13:52:29.756> want<13:52:29.936> management<13:52:30.360> to<13:52:30.956> suffer<13:52:31.320> because

don't want management to suffer because

don't want management to suffer because
accounting<13:52:32.340> is<13:52:32.580> using<13:52:32.880> QuickBooks<13:52:33.540> and<13:52:33.720> the

accounting is using QuickBooks and the

accounting is using QuickBooks and the
servers<13:52:34.380> so<13:52:34.680> much<13:52:34.860> therefore<13:52:35.820> by<13:52:36.180> segmenting

servers so much therefore by segmenting

servers so much therefore by segmenting
it<13:52:36.900> we<13:52:37.140> can<13:52:37.320> make<13:52:37.560> sure<13:52:37.800> all<13:52:38.456> of<13:52:38.580> the<13:52:38.820> traffic

it we can make sure all of the traffic

it we can make sure all of the traffic
that<13:52:39.416> accounting<13:52:39.900> is<13:52:40.080> using<13:52:40.436> is<13:52:41.096> staying<13:52:41.520> on

that accounting is using is staying on

that accounting is using is staying on
their<13:52:42.060> segment<13:52:42.480> and<13:52:43.320> management<13:52:44.180> performance

their segment and management performance

their segment and management performance
doesn't<13:52:45.660> suffer<13:52:46.200> as<13:52:46.680> a<13:52:46.860> result

doesn't suffer as a result

doesn't suffer as a result
we<13:52:48.840> can<13:52:49.020> also<13:52:49.320> group<13:52:49.616> users<13:52:50.096> that<13:52:50.400> often

we can also group users that often

we can also group users that often
communicate<13:52:51.180> and<13:52:51.360> share<13:52:51.596> data<13:52:52.080> and<13:52:52.380> so<13:52:52.616> this

communicate and share data and so this

communicate and share data and so this
network<13:52:53.700> becomes<13:52:54.596> far<13:52:54.956> more<13:52:55.140> organized<13:52:55.800> this

network becomes far more organized this

network becomes far more organized this
is<13:52:56.456> not<13:52:56.640> just<13:52:56.820> from<13:52:57.116> security<13:52:57.480> and

is not just from security and

is not just from security and
performance<13:52:58.380> perspectives<13:52:59.240> organization<13:53:00.240> is

performance perspectives organization is

performance perspectives organization is
just<13:53:00.840> from<13:53:01.080> a<13:53:01.256> logistical<13:53:01.740> perspective<13:53:02.276> as

just from a logistical perspective as

just from a logistical perspective as
well<13:53:02.756> I<13:53:03.360> can<13:53:03.480> put<13:53:03.660> someone<13:53:03.840> in<13:53:04.080> a<13:53:04.140> VLAN<13:53:04.560> and

well I can put someone in a VLAN and

well I can put someone in a VLAN and
automatically<13:53:05.276> they're<13:53:05.640> going<13:53:05.820> to<13:53:06.000> have<13:53:06.180> all

automatically they're going to have all

automatically they're going to have all
the<13:53:07.080> benefits<13:53:07.616> that<13:53:08.096> come<13:53:08.276> with<13:53:08.580> being<13:53:08.820> in

the benefits that come with being in

the benefits that come with being in
that<13:53:09.240> segmented<13:53:09.840> area<13:53:10.276> independent<13:53:11.276> of<13:53:11.456> their

that segmented area independent of their

that segmented area independent of their
physical<13:53:11.936> location

physical location

physical location
finally<13:53:15.360> it<13:53:15.776> also<13:53:16.080> makes<13:53:16.200> the

finally it also makes the

finally it also makes the
administrator's<13:53:17.276> job<13:53:17.520> a<13:53:17.820> lot<13:53:17.936> more<13:53:18.180> easier

administrator's job a lot more easier

administrator's job a lot more easier
because<13:53:19.256> when<13:53:19.680> everything<13:53:19.916> is<13:53:20.220> segmented<13:53:20.820> up

because when everything is segmented up

because when everything is segmented up
things<13:53:21.360> become<13:53:21.840> easier<13:53:22.436> to<13:53:22.740> deal<13:53:22.916> with<13:53:23.160> I

things become easier to deal with I

things become easier to deal with I
don't<13:53:24.060> have<13:53:24.480> to<13:53:24.840> create<13:53:25.436> a<13:53:26.096> specific<13:53:26.456> set<13:53:26.880> of

don't have to create a specific set of

don't have to create a specific set of
policies<13:53:27.956> or<13:53:28.616> security<13:53:28.860> for<13:53:29.640> one<13:53:29.880> individual

policies or security for one individual

policies or security for one individual
when<13:53:31.320> I<13:53:31.616> can<13:53:31.740> simply

when I can simply

when I can simply
uh<13:53:33.840> put<13:53:34.140> them<13:53:34.256> into<13:53:34.436> a<13:53:34.680> VLAN<13:53:35.040> and<13:53:35.160> let<13:53:35.340> it<13:53:35.456> all

uh put them into a VLAN and let it all

uh put them into a VLAN and let it all
sort<13:53:35.756> of<13:53:35.880> work<13:53:36.000> itself<13:53:36.360> out

sort of work itself out

sort of work itself out
so<13:53:38.160> here's<13:53:38.520> an<13:53:38.700> example<13:53:39.116> of<13:53:39.776> what<13:53:40.020> a<13:53:40.200> VLAN

so here's an example of what a VLAN

so here's an example of what a VLAN
might<13:53:40.860> look<13:53:41.040> like<13:53:41.220> as<13:53:41.700> you<13:53:41.880> can<13:53:42.000> see<13:53:42.116> there<13:53:42.416> are

might look like as you can see there are

might look like as you can see there are
four<13:53:42.720> floors<13:53:43.140> to<13:53:43.320> the<13:53:43.436> building<13:53:43.616> with

four floors to the building with

four floors to the building with
computers<13:53:44.520> on<13:53:44.700> each<13:53:44.880> of<13:53:45.000> them<13:53:45.116> and<13:53:45.720> the

computers on each of them and the

computers on each of them and the
computers<13:53:46.200> are<13:53:46.380> all<13:53:46.560> connected<13:53:46.980> to<13:53:47.160> the<13:53:47.456> same

computers are all connected to the same

computers are all connected to the same
network<13:53:48.060> I<13:53:48.956> very<13:53:49.256> much<13:53:49.380> simplified<13:53:49.980> this<13:53:50.456> in

network I very much simplified this in

network I very much simplified this in
fact<13:53:51.060> we<13:53:51.596> would<13:53:51.776> probably<13:53:52.140> have<13:53:52.680> uh<13:53:53.580> switch<13:53:53.820> on

fact we would probably have uh switch on

fact we would probably have uh switch on
every<13:53:54.480> floor

every floor

every floor
remember<13:53:55.800> this<13:53:56.220> would<13:53:56.400> be<13:53:56.520> called<13:53:56.880> the<13:53:57.300> idfs

remember this would be called the idfs

remember this would be called the idfs
and<13:54:00.480> then<13:54:00.660> they<13:54:00.900> would<13:54:01.080> all<13:54:01.320> come<13:54:01.616> together

and then they would all come together

and then they would all come together
like<13:54:02.456> we<13:54:02.640> see<13:54:02.820> here<13:54:03.116> in<13:54:03.900> one<13:54:04.200> Central<13:54:04.580> MDF<13:54:05.580> but

like we see here in one Central MDF but

like we see here in one Central MDF but
for<13:54:06.416> all<13:54:06.540> intensive<13:54:07.020> purposes<13:54:07.380> they're<13:54:08.220> all

for all intensive purposes they're all

for all intensive purposes they're all
connected<13:54:09.000> to<13:54:09.300> the<13:54:09.540> same<13:54:09.776> physical<13:54:10.200> Network

connected to the same physical Network

connected to the same physical Network
however<13:54:11.880> we<13:54:12.596> only<13:54:12.776> want<13:54:13.140> the<13:54:13.616> accounting

however we only want the accounting

however we only want the accounting
employees<13:54:14.520> to<13:54:15.480> share<13:54:15.720> data<13:54:16.080> with<13:54:16.320> themselves

employees to share data with themselves

employees to share data with themselves
not<13:54:17.520> with<13:54:17.700> the<13:54:17.936> graphic<13:54:18.300> designers<13:54:18.776> or<13:54:19.140> the

not with the graphic designers or the

not with the graphic designers or the
marketing<13:54:19.680> folks<13:54:20.040> and<13:54:20.456> we<13:54:20.580> want<13:54:20.756> them<13:54:21.060> to<13:54:21.416> have

marketing folks and we want them to have

marketing folks and we want them to have
their<13:54:21.900> own<13:54:22.020> segmented<13:54:22.680> Network<13:54:22.916> as<13:54:23.340> well

their own segmented Network as well

their own segmented Network as well
so<13:54:24.840> with<13:54:25.200> VLAN<13:54:25.680> we<13:54:26.276> can<13:54:26.456> actually<13:54:26.700> segment<13:54:27.416> out

so with VLAN we can actually segment out

so with VLAN we can actually segment out
the

the

the
counting<13:54:30.240> folks<13:54:30.720> into<13:54:31.080> their<13:54:31.380> own<13:54:31.560> virtual

counting folks into their own virtual

counting folks into their own virtual
Network<13:54:32.756> even<13:54:33.416> though<13:54:33.596> they're<13:54:33.776> on<13:54:33.956> the<13:54:34.140> same

Network even though they're on the same

Network even though they're on the same
physical<13:54:35.160> Network

physical Network

physical Network
the<13:54:37.140> same<13:54:37.256> could<13:54:37.500> go<13:54:37.680> for<13:54:37.980> the<13:54:38.456> graphic<13:54:38.756> design

the same could go for the graphic design

the same could go for the graphic design
folks<13:54:39.596> and<13:54:40.560> the<13:54:40.980> marketing<13:54:41.400> folks<13:54:41.756> they're

folks and the marketing folks they're

folks and the marketing folks they're
all<13:54:42.720> split<13:54:43.140> into<13:54:43.256> segments<13:54:43.916> with<13:54:44.276> similar

all split into segments with similar

all split into segments with similar
employees<13:54:45.300> and<13:54:45.956> we<13:54:46.080> would<13:54:46.256> actually<13:54:46.436> give

employees and we would actually give

employees and we would actually give
these<13:54:46.980> vlans<13:54:47.456> numbers<13:54:47.756> for<13:54:48.596> instance<13:54:48.776> VLAN<13:54:49.320> 1

these vlans numbers for instance VLAN 1

these vlans numbers for instance VLAN 1
2

2

2
and<13:54:52.140> three

now there are three different ways that

now there are three different ways that
VLAN<13:54:58.080> membership<13:54:58.500> can<13:54:58.860> be<13:54:59.040> assigned<13:54:59.520> a

VLAN membership can be assigned a

VLAN membership can be assigned a
membership<13:55:00.720> is<13:55:00.956> a<13:55:01.140> way<13:55:01.256> that<13:55:01.436> the<13:55:01.560> device<13:55:01.800> is

membership is a way that the device is

membership is a way that the device is
assigned<13:55:02.700> to<13:55:02.820> that<13:55:03.060> specific<13:55:03.300> VLAN<13:55:03.900> for

assigned to that specific VLAN for

assigned to that specific VLAN for
instance<13:55:04.860> the<13:55:05.096> one<13:55:05.276> two<13:55:05.520> or<13:55:05.700> three<13:55:05.880> that<13:55:06.060> we

instance the one two or three that we

instance the one two or three that we
just<13:55:06.360> mentioned<13:55:06.776> the<13:55:07.740> first<13:55:07.916> method<13:55:08.540> involves

just mentioned the first method involves

just mentioned the first method involves
protocol-based<13:55:11.040> vlans<13:55:11.640> in<13:55:12.300> this<13:55:12.416> way

protocol-based vlans in this way

protocol-based vlans in this way
computers<13:55:13.256> are<13:55:13.560> assigned<13:55:13.980> to<13:55:14.096> vlans<13:55:14.720> using

computers are assigned to vlans using

computers are assigned to vlans using
networking<13:55:16.680> protocols<13:55:17.340> that<13:55:17.520> are<13:55:17.640> in<13:55:17.756> place

networking protocols that are in place

networking protocols that are in place
such<13:55:18.360> as<13:55:18.540> the<13:55:18.776> IP<13:55:19.080> address<13:55:19.400> the<13:55:20.400> IP<13:55:20.756> number<13:55:21.180> is

such as the IP address the IP number is

such as the IP address the IP number is
only<13:55:21.660> used<13:55:21.900> to<13:55:22.140> determine<13:55:22.500> the<13:55:22.740> membership

only used to determine the membership

only used to determine the membership
but<13:55:23.820> has<13:55:24.000> nothing<13:55:24.300> to<13:55:24.540> do<13:55:24.596> with<13:55:24.956> the<13:55:25.256> routing

but has nothing to do with the routing

but has nothing to do with the routing
of<13:55:26.096> the<13:55:26.276> VLAN<13:55:26.700> Network<13:55:27.000> so<13:55:27.776> for<13:55:28.020> instance<13:55:28.256> we

of the VLAN Network so for instance we

of the VLAN Network so for instance we
could<13:55:28.680> say<13:55:28.980> all<13:55:29.640> IP<13:55:30.000> addresses<13:55:30.596> from<13:55:31.020> 1<13:55:31.380> to<13:55:31.616> 100

could say all IP addresses from 1 to 100

could say all IP addresses from 1 to 100
are<13:55:32.700> on<13:55:32.936> a<13:55:33.116> specific<13:55:33.360> VLAN<13:55:33.840> and<13:55:34.436> all<13:55:34.616> the<13:55:34.800> ones

are on a specific VLAN and all the ones

are on a specific VLAN and all the ones
from<13:55:35.276> 101<13:55:35.820> to<13:55:36.116> 200<13:55:36.660> are<13:55:37.320> in<13:55:37.560> another

from 101 to 200 are in another

from 101 to 200 are in another
another<13:55:39.720> thing<13:55:39.956> we<13:55:40.140> can<13:55:40.256> do<13:55:40.436> is<13:55:40.916> what's<13:55:41.160> called

another thing we can do is what's called

another thing we can do is what's called
Port<13:55:41.820> based<13:55:42.300> vlans

Port based vlans

Port based vlans
this<13:55:44.040> requires<13:55:44.640> that<13:55:44.880> ports<13:55:45.300> on<13:55:45.360> the<13:55:45.480> network

this requires that ports on the network

this requires that ports on the network
switch<13:55:46.080> are<13:55:46.560> assigned<13:55:47.040> to<13:55:47.220> specific<13:55:47.520> vlans<13:55:48.596> so

switch are assigned to specific vlans so

switch are assigned to specific vlans so
as<13:55:49.436> you<13:55:49.616> saw<13:55:49.800> previously<13:55:50.456> we<13:55:51.360> had<13:55:51.660> uh

as you saw previously we had uh

as you saw previously we had uh
accounting<13:55:52.980> and<13:55:53.340> marketing<13:55:53.880> and<13:55:54.360> Graphics

accounting and marketing and Graphics

accounting and marketing and Graphics
all<13:55:55.500> in<13:55:55.680> sort<13:55:55.980> of<13:55:56.096> different

all in sort of different

all in sort of different
um<13:55:57.480> physical<13:55:58.020> locations<13:55:58.680> but<13:55:58.860> they<13:55:58.980> were<13:55:59.096> all

um physical locations but they were all

um physical locations but they were all
plugged<13:55:59.520> up<13:55:59.640> to<13:55:59.880> a<13:56:00.060> central<13:56:00.360> switch

plugged up to a central switch

plugged up to a central switch
so<13:56:02.096> what<13:56:02.276> we<13:56:02.400> would<13:56:02.520> say<13:56:02.700> is<13:56:02.936> for<13:56:03.240> instance

so what we would say is for instance

so what we would say is for instance
any<13:56:04.860> computers<13:56:05.400> plugged<13:56:05.936> up<13:56:06.060> to<13:56:06.480> supports<13:56:07.080> one

any computers plugged up to supports one

any computers plugged up to supports one
through<13:56:07.680> three<13:56:07.980> are<13:56:08.700> in<13:56:08.880> VLAN<13:56:09.300> one<13:56:09.540> and<13:56:10.380> the

through three are in VLAN one and the

through three are in VLAN one and the
ports<13:56:11.040> plugged<13:56:11.456> up<13:56:11.640> to<13:56:12.116> four<13:56:12.416> and<13:56:12.660> five<13:56:12.900> or<13:56:13.140> in

ports plugged up to four and five or in

ports plugged up to four and five or in
two<13:56:13.616> and<13:56:14.220> six<13:56:14.456> and<13:56:14.640> seven<13:56:14.880> are<13:56:15.060> three<13:56:15.300> now

two and six and seven are three now

two and six and seven are three now
remember<13:56:16.020> a<13:56:16.320> lot<13:56:16.436> of<13:56:16.560> switches<13:56:16.916> can<13:56:17.220> have

remember a lot of switches can have

remember a lot of switches can have
perhaps<13:56:17.880> 200<13:56:18.596> ports<13:56:19.200> so<13:56:19.616> this<13:56:19.800> can<13:56:19.980> get<13:56:20.220> a

perhaps 200 ports so this can get a

perhaps 200 ports so this can get a
little<13:56:20.520> complex

finally there's mac address based vlans

finally there's mac address based vlans
in<13:56:28.080> this<13:56:28.256> way<13:56:28.436> you've<13:56:29.400> heard<13:56:29.640> of<13:56:30.000> the<13:56:30.540> physical

in this way you've heard of the physical

in this way you've heard of the physical
address<13:56:31.916> and<13:56:32.456> when<13:56:32.580> you<13:56:32.756> know<13:56:32.936> that<13:56:33.116> we<13:56:33.300> can

address and when you know that we can

address and when you know that we can
use<13:56:33.720> this<13:56:34.020> to<13:56:34.256> actually<13:56:34.436> filter<13:56:34.800> out

use this to actually filter out

use this to actually filter out
um using<13:56:36.540> a<13:56:36.840> what's<13:56:37.080> called<13:56:37.380> an<13:56:37.616> ACL<13:56:37.980> or

um using a what's called an ACL or

um using a what's called an ACL or
Access<13:56:38.520> Control<13:56:38.880> lists<13:56:39.416> certain<13:56:39.660> Mac

Access Control lists certain Mac

Access Control lists certain Mac
addresses<13:56:40.436> from<13:56:40.740> a<13:56:40.980> wireless<13:56:41.160> access<13:56:41.520> point

addresses from a wireless access point

addresses from a wireless access point
well<13:56:42.480> it<13:56:42.660> works<13:56:42.900> the<13:56:43.080> same<13:56:43.200> way<13:56:43.320> with<13:56:43.560> a<13:56:43.740> VLAN

well it works the same way with a VLAN

well it works the same way with a VLAN
depending<13:56:44.936> on<13:56:45.116> the<13:56:45.300> Mac<13:56:45.480> address<13:56:45.776> of<13:56:46.380> the

depending on the Mac address of the

depending on the Mac address of the
computer<13:56:46.820> that<13:56:47.820> is<13:56:47.936> being<13:56:48.300> connected<13:56:48.900> it<13:56:49.680> will

computer that is being connected it will

computer that is being connected it will
automatically<13:56:50.340> place<13:56:50.756> it<13:56:51.000> into<13:56:51.240> a<13:56:51.596> specific

automatically place it into a specific

automatically place it into a specific
VLAN<13:56:52.560> of<13:56:53.040> course<13:56:53.160> the<13:56:53.456> benefit<13:56:53.580> with<13:56:53.936> this<13:56:54.180> is

VLAN of course the benefit with this is

VLAN of course the benefit with this is
because<13:56:54.596> the<13:56:54.956> MAC<13:56:55.080> address<13:56:55.380> is<13:56:55.800> the<13:56:56.096> physical

because the MAC address is the physical

because the MAC address is the physical
address<13:56:56.700> of<13:56:57.060> the<13:56:57.240> computer<13:56:57.416> and<13:56:58.380> is<13:56:58.616> always

address of the computer and is always

address of the computer and is always
hardwired<13:56:59.640> onto<13:56:59.880> that<13:57:00.060> computer

hardwired onto that computer

hardwired onto that computer
I<13:57:01.560> can<13:57:01.740> move<13:57:01.860> the<13:57:02.096> computer<13:57:02.276> into<13:57:03.060> any

I can move the computer into any

I can move the computer into any
different<13:57:03.596> port<13:57:03.900> and<13:57:04.500> it<13:57:04.616> can<13:57:04.740> get<13:57:04.916> any

different port and it can get any

different port and it can get any
different<13:57:05.400> IP<13:57:05.820> address<13:57:06.000> and<13:57:06.480> it'll<13:57:06.720> always

different IP address and it'll always

different IP address and it'll always
remain<13:57:07.500> in<13:57:08.040> the<13:57:08.276> same<13:57:08.580> virtual<13:57:09.480> local<13:57:10.320> area

remain in the same virtual local area

remain in the same virtual local area
network

now the other term we want to talk about

now the other term we want to talk about
is<13:57:16.740> a<13:57:17.096> Soho<13:57:17.580> Network<13:57:17.880> or<13:57:18.300> a<13:57:18.596> small<13:57:19.380> office<13:57:19.616> home

is a Soho Network or a small office home

is a Soho Network or a small office home
office<13:57:20.700> Network<13:57:21.200> this<13:57:22.200> is<13:57:22.436> generally

office Network this is generally

office Network this is generally
speaking<13:57:23.640> as<13:57:23.820> the<13:57:24.000> name<13:57:24.180> implies<13:57:24.800> a<13:57:25.800> smaller

speaking as the name implies a smaller

speaking as the name implies a smaller
home<13:57:27.060> office<13:57:27.360> Network<13:57:27.776> that<13:57:28.560> serves<13:57:28.980> between

home office Network that serves between

home office Network that serves between
one<13:57:30.116> to<13:57:30.300> ten<13:57:30.540> users<13:57:30.900> on<13:57:31.080> the<13:57:31.200> network<13:57:31.380> now<13:57:32.096> you

one to ten users on the network now you

one to ten users on the network now you
can<13:57:32.456> have<13:57:32.700> more<13:57:33.060> users<13:57:33.416> or<13:57:33.720> less<13:57:33.900> users

can have more users or less users

can have more users or less users
although<13:57:35.160> I<13:57:35.276> guess<13:57:35.456> you<13:57:35.580> wouldn't<13:57:35.700> have<13:57:35.936> less

although I guess you wouldn't have less

although I guess you wouldn't have less
users<13:57:36.540> than<13:57:36.720> one<13:57:36.956> but<13:57:37.800> generally<13:57:38.276> speaking

users than one but generally speaking

users than one but generally speaking
it's<13:57:39.116> really<13:57:39.480> going<13:57:39.900> to<13:57:40.080> designate<13:57:40.500> a<13:57:40.800> very

it's really going to designate a very

it's really going to designate a very
small<13:57:41.400> Network<13:57:42.020> although<13:57:43.020> they're<13:57:43.500> smaller

small Network although they're smaller

small Network although they're smaller
in<13:57:44.580> physical<13:57:45.240> size<13:57:45.660> and<13:57:46.020> generally<13:57:46.380> smaller

in physical size and generally smaller

in physical size and generally smaller
than<13:57:46.800> the<13:57:46.916> number<13:57:46.980> of<13:57:47.160> users<13:57:47.520> they're<13:57:48.300> going

than the number of users they're going

than the number of users they're going
to<13:57:48.660> accommodate<13:57:49.320> the<13:57:50.040> network<13:57:50.160> in<13:57:50.580> the<13:57:50.756> same

to accommodate the network in the same

to accommodate the network in the same
sort<13:57:51.116> of<13:57:51.240> way<13:57:51.360> meaning<13:57:51.660> we're<13:57:51.900> going<13:57:52.020> to<13:57:52.140> use

sort of way meaning we're going to use

sort of way meaning we're going to use
some<13:57:52.560> of<13:57:52.680> the<13:57:52.860> same<13:57:53.040> protocols<13:57:53.820> and<13:57:54.240> devices

some of the same protocols and devices

some of the same protocols and devices
they're<13:57:55.020> just<13:57:55.200> going<13:57:55.256> to<13:57:55.380> be<13:57:55.500> built

they're just going to be built

they're just going to be built
differently<13:57:56.340> because<13:57:56.756> they<13:57:57.000> don't<13:57:57.116> need<13:57:57.240> to

differently because they don't need to

differently because they don't need to
be<13:57:57.540> as<13:57:57.956> powerful

be as powerful

be as powerful
so<13:57:59.880> for<13:58:00.360> instance<13:58:00.596> here<13:58:01.080> is<13:58:01.320> a<13:58:01.616> small<13:58:01.800> office

so for instance here is a small office

so for instance here is a small office
home<13:58:02.456> office<13:58:02.700> Network<13:58:03.116> you<13:58:03.900> have<13:58:04.080> two<13:58:04.320> PCS<13:58:04.860> in

home office Network you have two PCS in

home office Network you have two PCS in
it<13:58:05.160> perhaps<13:58:05.520> I<13:58:05.700> have<13:58:05.880> one<13:58:06.240> in<13:58:06.416> the<13:58:06.540> living<13:58:06.596> room

it perhaps I have one in the living room

it perhaps I have one in the living room
or<13:58:07.680> one<13:58:07.860> in<13:58:08.040> the<13:58:08.160> bedroom<13:58:08.276> and<13:58:08.700> one<13:58:08.880> in<13:58:09.060> my<13:58:09.240> home

or one in the bedroom and one in my home

or one in the bedroom and one in my home
office<13:58:09.776> and<13:58:10.560> maybe<13:58:10.860> even<13:58:11.160> we<13:58:11.520> have<13:58:11.820> a<13:58:12.180> laptop

office and maybe even we have a laptop

office and maybe even we have a laptop
as<13:58:13.080> well

as well

as well
so<13:58:14.456> maybe<13:58:14.640> we<13:58:14.880> have<13:58:15.000> three<13:58:15.240> different

so maybe we have three different

so maybe we have three different
computers<13:58:15.956> ones<13:58:16.380> for<13:58:16.500> the<13:58:16.680> kids<13:58:16.860> one's<13:58:17.700> for<13:58:17.820> my

computers ones for the kids one's for my

computers ones for the kids one's for my
wife<13:58:18.180> and<13:58:18.416> one's<13:58:18.776> for<13:58:18.900> me

wife and one's for me

wife and one's for me
now

now

now
we<13:58:21.900> have<13:58:22.200> what's<13:58:22.616> called<13:58:22.980> a<13:58:23.456> small<13:58:23.756> office

we have what's called a small office

we have what's called a small office
home<13:58:24.360> office<13:58:24.596> router

home office router

home office router
now<13:58:26.340> it's<13:58:26.520> called<13:58:26.820> just<13:58:27.300> a<13:58:27.720> router<13:58:28.140> to<13:58:28.436> many<13:58:28.616> of

now it's called just a router to many of

now it's called just a router to many of
us<13:58:28.980> but<13:58:29.456> really<13:58:29.640> this<13:58:29.880> is<13:58:30.060> a<13:58:30.300> small<13:58:30.480> office

us but really this is a small office

us but really this is a small office
home<13:58:31.020> office<13:58:31.200> router<13:58:31.680> because<13:58:31.800> it<13:58:31.980> does

home office router because it does

home office router because it does
several<13:58:32.456> things<13:58:32.700> it<13:58:33.540> has<13:58:33.720> a<13:58:33.900> built-in<13:58:34.200> DHCP

several things it has a built-in DHCP

several things it has a built-in DHCP
server

server

server
for<13:58:36.776> a<13:58:36.900> lot<13:58:37.020> of<13:58:37.140> us<13:58:37.256> it<13:58:37.680> also<13:58:37.980> is<13:58:38.220> Wireless

for a lot of us it also is Wireless

for a lot of us it also is Wireless
so<13:58:40.740> it's<13:58:40.980> a<13:58:41.160> wireless<13:58:41.400> access<13:58:41.936> point<13:58:42.360> or<13:58:42.660> WAP

so it's a wireless access point or WAP

so it's a wireless access point or WAP
it's<13:58:44.756> also<13:58:45.240> has<13:58:45.956> uh<13:58:46.256> plugs<13:58:46.680> on<13:58:46.800> the<13:58:46.916> back<13:58:47.040> so<13:58:47.340> in

it's also has uh plugs on the back so in

it's also has uh plugs on the back so in
some<13:58:47.700> ways<13:58:47.936> it<13:58:48.240> acts<13:58:48.540> as<13:58:48.660> a<13:58:48.776> switch<13:58:48.956> for<13:58:49.256> us

some ways it acts as a switch for us

some ways it acts as a switch for us
although<13:58:49.740> that's<13:58:49.916> built<13:58:50.340> into<13:58:50.456> a<13:58:50.700> router<13:58:51.000> so

although that's built into a router so

although that's built into a router so
I'm<13:58:51.240> not<13:58:51.360> going<13:58:51.480> to<13:58:51.540> write<13:58:51.660> that<13:58:51.840> separately

I'm not going to write that separately

I'm not going to write that separately
it<13:58:53.220> does<13:58:53.400> something<13:58:53.700> called<13:58:54.116> Network<13:58:54.840> address

it does something called Network address

it does something called Network address
translation<13:58:56.640> which<13:58:57.540> allows<13:58:57.956> the<13:58:58.380> IP<13:58:58.680> address

translation which allows the IP address

translation which allows the IP address
coming<13:58:59.340> from<13:58:59.756> our<13:59:00.116> internet<13:59:00.300> service

coming from our internet service

coming from our internet service
provider<13:59:01.256> on<13:59:01.500> our<13:59:01.680> modem<13:59:02.096> which<13:59:02.756> might<13:59:03.060> be

provider on our modem which might be

provider on our modem which might be
let's<13:59:03.596> say

126.43.17.3 to be shared among three

126.43.17.3 to be shared among three
different<13:59:11.660> uh<13:59:12.660> internal<13:59:13.436> devices

different uh internal devices

different uh internal devices
so<13:59:15.660> that<13:59:16.256> way<13:59:16.436> when<13:59:17.220> information<13:59:17.700> comes<13:59:18.480> in

so that way when information comes in

so that way when information comes in
from<13:59:18.776> the<13:59:18.956> internet<13:59:19.080> it<13:59:20.040> knows<13:59:20.400> which<13:59:20.700> device

from the internet it knows which device

from the internet it knows which device
to<13:59:21.540> send<13:59:21.776> it<13:59:22.200> out<13:59:22.380> to

to send it out to

to send it out to
and<13:59:24.116> also<13:59:24.416> does<13:59:24.540> a<13:59:24.720> couple<13:59:24.840> other<13:59:25.080> things<13:59:25.436> for

and also does a couple other things for

and also does a couple other things for
instance<13:59:26.040> it<13:59:26.340> might<13:59:26.520> have<13:59:26.700> a<13:59:26.936> firewall

instance it might have a firewall

instance it might have a firewall
and<13:59:29.220> to<13:59:29.340> do<13:59:29.580> some<13:59:29.700> other<13:59:29.820> stuff<13:59:30.060> we've

and to do some other stuff we've

and to do some other stuff we've
mentioned<13:59:30.900> as<13:59:31.140> well

mentioned as well

mentioned as well
no<13:59:32.756> matter<13:59:33.000> and<13:59:33.540> it<13:59:33.660> might<13:59:33.840> even<13:59:34.020> allow<13:59:34.500> for

no matter and it might even allow for

no matter and it might even allow for
vlans<13:59:35.340> actually

vlans actually

vlans actually
but<13:59:36.840> no<13:59:37.020> matter<13:59:37.200> you<13:59:37.560> can<13:59:37.680> see<13:59:37.800> that<13:59:37.980> this<13:59:38.220> one

but no matter you can see that this one

but no matter you can see that this one
device<13:59:38.820> is<13:59:39.416> taking<13:59:39.660> on<13:59:39.956> several<13:59:40.916> devices<13:59:41.220> that

device is taking on several devices that

device is taking on several devices that
we've<13:59:41.756> talked<13:59:42.060> about<13:59:42.116> previously

we've talked about previously

we've talked about previously
this<13:59:44.340> was<13:59:44.520> your<13:59:44.880> only<13:59:45.180> uh<13:59:46.256> experience<13:59:46.916> with<13:59:47.220> a

this was your only uh experience with a

this was your only uh experience with a
router<13:59:47.700> and<13:59:48.116> you<13:59:48.300> might<13:59:48.416> think<13:59:48.596> all<13:59:48.776> routers

router and you might think all routers

router and you might think all routers
operate<13:59:49.680> this<13:59:49.916> way<13:59:50.096> in<13:59:50.340> fact<13:59:50.520> they<13:59:50.756> don't<13:59:50.880> we

operate this way in fact they don't we

operate this way in fact they don't we
just<13:59:51.416> call<13:59:51.720> it<13:59:51.956> a<13:59:52.436> router<13:59:52.980> because<13:59:53.220> that's

just call it a router because that's

just call it a router because that's
probably<13:59:54.000> the<13:59:54.300> most<13:59:54.416> important<13:59:54.900> function<13:59:55.256> it

probably the most important function it

probably the most important function it
does<13:59:55.680> which<13:59:55.980> allows<13:59:56.580> us<13:59:56.700> to<13:59:56.936> get<13:59:57.060> out<13:59:57.180> to<13:59:57.300> the

does which allows us to get out to the

does which allows us to get out to the
network

network

network
but<13:59:59.040> there's<13:59:59.700> not<14:00:00.000> floors<14:00:00.596> and<14:00:00.776> floors<14:00:01.140> and

but there's not floors and floors and

but there's not floors and floors and
floors<14:00:01.680> of<14:00:01.860> stuff<14:00:02.096> going<14:00:02.400> on<14:00:02.580> here<14:00:02.880> and<14:00:03.360> this

floors of stuff going on here and this

floors of stuff going on here and this
router<14:00:03.956> wouldn't<14:00:04.140> do<14:00:04.436> very<14:00:04.740> well

router wouldn't do very well

router wouldn't do very well
is<14:00:05.936> because<14:00:06.116> it's<14:00:06.300> not<14:00:06.480> built<14:00:06.840> to<14:00:06.900> if<14:00:07.380> I<14:00:07.560> tried

is because it's not built to if I tried

is because it's not built to if I tried
plugging<14:00:08.160> a<14:00:08.456> hundred<14:00:08.700> computers<14:00:09.180> up<14:00:09.416> to<14:00:09.540> it<14:00:10.080> so

plugging a hundred computers up to it so

plugging a hundred computers up to it so
the<14:00:11.276> real<14:00:11.456> important<14:00:11.880> thing<14:00:12.116> here<14:00:12.360> is<14:00:12.540> as<14:00:12.900> you

the real important thing here is as you

the real important thing here is as you
go<14:00:13.256> forward<14:00:13.560> in<14:00:14.160> your<14:00:14.340> career<14:00:14.700> you'll

go forward in your career you'll

go forward in your career you'll
probably<14:00:15.540> be<14:00:15.660> seeing<14:00:15.956> more<14:00:16.200> and<14:00:16.380> more<14:00:16.616> of<14:00:16.740> this

probably be seeing more and more of this

probably be seeing more and more of this
and<14:00:17.096> if<14:00:17.276> you're<14:00:17.340> going<14:00:17.456> to<14:00:17.520> be<14:00:17.640> supporting

and if you're going to be supporting

and if you're going to be supporting
homes<14:00:18.300> or<14:00:18.776> really<14:00:19.320> small<14:00:19.616> businesses<14:00:20.276> then

homes or really small businesses then

homes or really small businesses then
you<14:00:21.060> want<14:00:21.116> to<14:00:21.300> know<14:00:21.480> that<14:00:21.840> perhaps<14:00:22.140> they<14:00:22.380> don't

you want to know that perhaps they don't

you want to know that perhaps they don't
need<14:00:22.740> a<14:00:23.040> separate<14:00:23.276> switch<14:00:23.520> and<14:00:23.756> router<14:00:24.180> they

need a separate switch and router they

need a separate switch and router they
just<14:00:24.840> need<14:00:25.020> one<14:00:25.320> device<14:00:25.560> that<14:00:26.276> being<14:00:26.456> said<14:00:26.700> if

just need one device that being said if

just need one device that being said if
a<14:00:27.240> company<14:00:27.596> is<14:00:27.900> growing<14:00:28.320> really<14:00:28.616> fast<14:00:28.980> perhaps

a company is growing really fast perhaps

a company is growing really fast perhaps
they<14:00:30.116> need<14:00:30.300> to<14:00:30.540> purchase<14:00:30.900> a<14:00:31.140> separate<14:00:31.436> switch

they need to purchase a separate switch

they need to purchase a separate switch
that<14:00:32.040> then<14:00:32.220> plugs<14:00:32.580> into<14:00:32.820> the<14:00:33.060> router<14:00:33.416> the

that then plugs into the router the

that then plugs into the router the
switch<14:00:34.080> therefore<14:00:34.616> can<14:00:34.916> help<14:00:35.160> work<14:00:35.756> with

switch therefore can help work with

switch therefore can help work with
traffic<14:00:36.300> internally<14:00:36.956> of<14:00:37.200> the<14:00:37.320> network<14:00:37.500> and

traffic internally of the network and

traffic internally of the network and
the<14:00:38.520> router<14:00:38.936> will<14:00:39.416> help<14:00:39.596> get<14:00:39.840> the<14:00:40.080> information

the router will help get the information

the router will help get the information
out<14:00:40.800> onto<14:00:41.096> the<14:00:41.276> network

out onto the network

out onto the network
but<14:00:42.660> it's<14:00:42.776> important<14:00:43.140> again<14:00:43.320> to<14:00:43.616> realize<14:00:43.916> that

but it's important again to realize that

but it's important again to realize that
even<14:00:44.400> though<14:00:44.700> this<14:00:45.180> is<14:00:45.300> a<14:00:45.480> small<14:00:45.596> office<14:00:45.840> home

even though this is a small office home

even though this is a small office home
office<14:00:46.500> or<14:00:47.096> Soho<14:00:47.640> that's<14:00:48.180> not<14:00:48.360> the<14:00:48.596> area<14:00:48.720> or

office or Soho that's not the area or

office or Soho that's not the area or
the<14:00:49.200> geographic<14:00:49.616> location<14:00:49.860> remember<14:00:50.340> that's

the geographic location remember that's

the geographic location remember that's
just<14:00:51.360> the<14:00:51.596> name<14:00:51.720> of<14:00:51.956> this<14:00:52.140> type<14:00:52.320> of<14:00:52.436> network

just the name of this type of network

just the name of this type of network
that<14:00:53.700> it's<14:00:54.116> going<14:00:54.300> to<14:00:54.480> have<14:00:54.720> all<14:00:55.080> the<14:00:55.256> same

that it's going to have all the same

that it's going to have all the same
principles<14:00:55.916> apply<14:00:56.400> it's<14:00:57.000> just<14:00:57.240> the<14:00:57.416> devices

principles apply it's just the devices

principles apply it's just the devices
might<14:00:58.140> be<14:00:58.320> smaller<14:00:58.800> and<14:00:59.520> less<14:00:59.756> able<14:01:00.180> to<14:01:00.300> handle

might be smaller and less able to handle

might be smaller and less able to handle
a<14:01:01.436> lot<14:01:01.560> of<14:01:01.740> people

a lot of people

a lot of people
so<14:01:04.020> we've<14:01:04.740> talked<14:01:05.096> about<14:01:05.480> uh<14:01:06.480> virtual<14:01:06.956> local

so we've talked about uh virtual local

so we've talked about uh virtual local
area<14:01:07.500> network<14:01:07.916> which<14:01:08.640> is<14:01:08.820> basically

area network which is basically

area network which is basically
segmenting

a lan or local area network into several

a lan or local area network into several
logical<14:01:17.160> partitions

logical partitions

logical partitions
but<14:01:20.040> physically<14:01:20.520> everything<14:01:21.300> is<14:01:21.900> exactly<14:01:22.560> the

but physically everything is exactly the

but physically everything is exactly the
same

we talked about how we do the

we talked about how we do the
memberships<14:01:27.180> for<14:01:27.540> these<14:01:27.776> we<14:01:28.380> can<14:01:28.500> do<14:01:28.616> it<14:01:28.740> based

memberships for these we can do it based

memberships for these we can do it based
on<14:01:29.160> the<14:01:29.340> port<14:01:29.456> it's<14:01:29.756> plugged<14:01:30.116> into

on the port it's plugged into

on the port it's plugged into
we<14:01:31.616> can<14:01:31.740> also<14:01:31.980> do<14:01:32.096> it<14:01:32.276> based<14:01:32.700> on<14:01:32.820> the<14:01:33.360> Mac

we can also do it based on the Mac

we can also do it based on the Mac
address

address

address
or<14:01:35.040> based<14:01:35.400> on<14:01:35.456> the<14:01:35.640> protocol

or based on the protocol

or based on the protocol
which<14:01:37.020> in<14:01:37.256> some<14:01:37.436> ways<14:01:37.740> would<14:01:37.916> be<14:01:38.040> linked<14:01:38.340> to

which in some ways would be linked to

which in some ways would be linked to
the<14:01:38.700> IP<14:01:39.000> address

the IP address

the IP address
finally<14:01:40.740> we<14:01:40.980> talked<14:01:41.220> about<14:01:41.340> a<14:01:41.820> Soho<14:01:42.720> Network

finally we talked about a Soho Network

finally we talked about a Soho Network
or<14:01:43.320> small<14:01:43.560> office<14:01:43.800> home<14:01:44.096> office<14:01:44.340> Network

or small office home office Network

or small office home office Network
which<14:01:45.480> the<14:01:45.660> real<14:01:45.776> reason<14:01:45.956> we<14:01:46.140> want<14:01:46.256> to<14:01:46.380> know

which the real reason we want to know

which the real reason we want to know
that<14:01:46.680> is<14:01:46.916> because<14:01:47.160> the<14:01:47.880> devices<14:01:48.320> are<14:01:49.320> going<14:01:49.500> to

that is because the devices are going to

that is because the devices are going to
be<14:01:50.000> less<14:01:51.000> powerful

be less powerful

be less powerful
okay

okay

okay
and<14:01:55.020> they're<14:01:55.680> going<14:01:55.980> to<14:01:56.520> sort<14:01:57.000> of<14:01:57.116> converge

and they're going to sort of converge

and they're going to sort of converge
meaning<14:01:58.380> that<14:01:58.616> we're<14:01:58.800> going<14:01:58.980> to<14:01:59.160> have<14:01:59.520> a

meaning that we're going to have a

meaning that we're going to have a
wireless<14:02:00.116> access<14:02:00.480> point<14:02:00.840> that's<14:02:01.200> also<14:02:01.560> a

wireless access point that's also a

wireless access point that's also a
router<14:02:02.040> that's<14:02:02.580> also<14:02:02.880> a<14:02:03.060> DHCP<14:02:03.596> server<14:02:04.020> whereas

router that's also a DHCP server whereas

router that's also a DHCP server whereas
in<14:02:04.740> a<14:02:04.860> large<14:02:04.980> Network<14:02:05.220> we<14:02:05.580> would<14:02:05.756> separate<14:02:06.116> all

in a large Network we would separate all

in a large Network we would separate all
of<14:02:06.540> this<14:02:06.776> out

of this out

of this out
so<14:02:08.880> that's<14:02:09.360> sort<14:02:09.596> of

so that's sort of

so that's sort of
finishes<14:02:11.276> our<14:02:11.520> discussion<14:02:11.936> on<14:02:12.180> local<14:02:12.360> area

finishes our discussion on local area

finishes our discussion on local area
networks<14:02:13.200> and<14:02:13.380> lands<14:02:13.860> the<14:02:14.580> next<14:02:14.700> lesson<14:02:15.300> is

networks and lands the next lesson is

networks and lands the next lesson is
going<14:02:15.956> to<14:02:16.200> talk<14:02:16.500> about<14:02:16.820> wide<14:02:17.820> area<14:02:18.000> networks

going to talk about wide area networks

going to talk about wide area networks
or<14:02:18.900> wans<14:02:19.680> which<14:02:19.980> we've<14:02:20.220> already<14:02:20.400> talked<14:02:20.700> about

or wans which we've already talked about

or wans which we've already talked about
slightly<14:02:21.540> when<14:02:21.776> dealing<14:02:22.140> with<14:02:22.200> routing<14:02:22.616> but

slightly when dealing with routing but

slightly when dealing with routing but
we're<14:02:23.096> going<14:02:23.220> to<14:02:23.340> talk<14:02:23.456> about<14:02:23.640> that<14:02:23.936> in<14:02:24.240> a<14:02:24.360> bit

we're going to talk about that in a bit

we're going to talk about that in a bit
more<14:02:24.900> depth

more depth

more depth
vlans<14:02:27.660> and<14:02:27.776> drugs

vlans and drugs

vlans and drugs
we'll<14:02:29.276> be<14:02:29.400> doing<14:02:29.580> some<14:02:29.880> Labs<14:02:30.240> on<14:02:30.416> this<14:02:30.596> as<14:02:31.320> we

we'll be doing some Labs on this as we

we'll be doing some Labs on this as we
go<14:02:31.616> through<14:02:31.740> the<14:02:31.916> course<14:02:32.096> so<14:02:32.340> don't<14:02:32.640> worry

go through the course so don't worry

go through the course so don't worry
um<14:02:33.840> if<14:02:34.200> it<14:02:34.320> doesn't<14:02:34.500> sink<14:02:34.740> in<14:02:34.916> straight<14:02:35.160> away

um if it doesn't sink in straight away

um if it doesn't sink in straight away
a<14:02:36.776> VLAN<14:02:37.320> is<14:02:37.500> a<14:02:37.680> virtual<14:02:37.980> local<14:02:38.220> area<14:02:38.520> network

a VLAN is a virtual local area network

a VLAN is a virtual local area network
so<14:02:39.240> it's<14:02:39.416> not<14:02:39.540> something<14:02:39.776> you<14:02:40.080> can<14:02:40.256> see<14:02:40.560> by

so it's not something you can see by

so it's not something you can see by
physically<14:02:41.756> looking<14:02:41.936> at<14:02:42.180> the<14:02:42.300> network<14:02:42.416> you'd

physically looking at the network you'd

physically looking at the network you'd
have<14:02:42.956> to<14:02:43.080> look<14:02:43.256> at<14:02:43.436> the<14:02:43.740> configuration<14:02:44.640> of<14:02:45.000> the

have to look at the configuration of the

have to look at the configuration of the
switches

switches

switches
it<14:02:47.160> defines<14:02:47.520> a<14:02:47.700> broadcast<14:02:47.820> domain<14:02:48.416> in<14:02:48.596> the

it defines a broadcast domain in the

it defines a broadcast domain in the
layer<14:02:49.020> 2<14:02:49.140> Network

layer 2 Network

layer 2 Network
so<14:02:51.000> just<14:02:51.596> the<14:02:51.840> same<14:02:52.020> as

so just the same as

so just the same as
local<14:02:53.880> area<14:02:54.180> network<14:02:54.416> using<14:02:54.900> the<14:02:55.020> switch

local area network using the switch

local area network using the switch
the<14:02:57.240> switch<14:02:57.416> will<14:02:57.900> forward<14:02:58.456> broadcasts

the switch will forward broadcasts

the switch will forward broadcasts
however<14:02:59.820> if<14:03:00.116> you<14:03:00.300> have<14:03:00.540> two<14:03:01.080> vlans<14:03:01.616> on<14:03:01.860> a

however if you have two vlans on a

however if you have two vlans on a
switch<14:03:02.160> for<14:03:02.520> example<14:03:02.820> the<14:03:03.180> one<14:03:03.240> on<14:03:03.416> the<14:03:03.540> top

switch for example the one on the top

switch for example the one on the top
right<14:03:03.840> diagram<14:03:04.500> there

right diagram there

right diagram there
the<14:03:05.880> broadcast<14:03:06.060> will<14:03:06.416> stop<14:03:06.720> as<14:03:06.956> far<14:03:07.140> as<14:03:07.256> the

the broadcast will stop as far as the

the broadcast will stop as far as the
VLAN<14:03:07.800> reason<14:03:08.400> is<14:03:08.700> you<14:03:08.880> need<14:03:09.060> a<14:03:09.300> layer<14:03:09.596> 3<14:03:09.720> device

VLAN reason is you need a layer 3 device

VLAN reason is you need a layer 3 device
which<14:03:11.340> is<14:03:11.456> normally<14:03:11.820> a<14:03:12.060> router<14:03:12.480> in<14:03:13.140> order<14:03:13.320> to

which is normally a router in order to

which is normally a router in order to
send<14:03:14.880> information<14:03:15.180> from<14:03:15.660> one<14:03:15.900> network<14:03:16.140> to

send information from one network to

send information from one network to
another<14:03:16.680> so<14:03:17.340> virtual<14:03:17.820> local<14:03:18.000> area<14:03:18.240> network

another so virtual local area network

another so virtual local area network
for<14:03:19.680> all<14:03:19.860> intents<14:03:20.456> and<14:03:20.580> purposes<14:03:21.060> it<14:03:21.416> follows

for all intents and purposes it follows

for all intents and purposes it follows
the<14:03:22.080> same<14:03:22.200> rule<14:03:22.500> as<14:03:22.680> a<14:03:22.980> normal<14:03:23.700> Network<14:03:24.000> or

the same rule as a normal Network or

the same rule as a normal Network or
subnet

so you can separate broadcast domains

so you can separate broadcast domains
even<14:03:30.480> though<14:03:30.596> it's<14:03:30.776> on<14:03:30.956> the<14:03:31.140> same<14:03:31.320> physical

even though it's on the same physical

even though it's on the same physical
switch<14:03:32.040> by<14:03:32.520> configuring<14:03:33.240> a<14:03:33.480> layer<14:03:33.900> 2.

a VLAN is a logical division of switch

a VLAN is a logical division of switch
ports<14:03:39.840> so<14:03:40.320> if<14:03:40.680> you<14:03:40.800> had<14:03:40.980> 20

ports so if you had 20

ports so if you had 20
switch<14:03:42.776> ports<14:03:43.320> physically<14:03:43.740> on<14:03:44.096> the<14:03:44.220> switch

switch ports physically on the switch

switch ports physically on the switch
you<14:03:44.880> could<14:03:45.060> in<14:03:45.720> theory<14:03:46.020> have<14:03:46.380> 20<14:03:46.980> different

you could in theory have 20 different

you could in theory have 20 different
um

um

um
devices<14:03:49.320> each<14:03:49.680> in<14:03:49.860> its<14:03:50.160> own<14:03:50.160> VLAN

devices each in its own VLAN

devices each in its own VLAN
you<14:03:52.800> need<14:03:52.916> a<14:03:53.096> router<14:03:53.340> to<14:03:53.520> pass<14:03:53.700> packets

you need a router to pass packets

you need a router to pass packets
between<14:03:54.416> vlans<14:03:55.080> some<14:03:55.740> switches<14:03:56.340> actually

between vlans some switches actually

between vlans some switches actually
come<14:03:56.820> with<14:03:57.116> a

come with a

come with a
a<14:03:58.436> writing<14:03:59.040> module<14:03:59.400> that<14:03:59.640> you<14:03:59.756> can<14:03:59.880> insert

a writing module that you can insert

a writing module that you can insert
which<14:04:01.860> is<14:04:02.040> a<14:04:02.820> bit<14:04:03.180> beyond<14:04:03.596> CCNA<14:04:04.320> level<14:04:04.500> to<14:04:05.220> be

which is a bit beyond CCNA level to be

which is a bit beyond CCNA level to be
honest<14:04:05.900> just<14:04:06.900> for<14:04:07.020> your<14:04:07.200> own<14:04:07.320> information<14:04:07.640> so

honest just for your own information so

honest just for your own information so
vlans<14:04:09.116> can<14:04:09.360> spun<14:04:09.660> multiple<14:04:10.080> physical

vlans can spun multiple physical

vlans can spun multiple physical
switches

switches

switches
so<14:04:12.840> we've<14:04:13.080> got<14:04:13.200> switch<14:04:13.436> one<14:04:13.740> two<14:04:13.980> and<14:04:14.160> three

so we've got switch one two and three

so we've got switch one two and three
here<14:04:14.640> and<14:04:14.880> you<14:04:15.060> can<14:04:15.180> see<14:04:15.360> we've<14:04:15.720> got<14:04:16.020> a<14:04:16.560> couple

here and you can see we've got a couple

here and you can see we've got a couple
of<14:04:17.040> different<14:04:17.220> vlans<14:04:17.820> configured

of different vlans configured

of different vlans configured
best<14:04:20.276> to<14:04:20.520> have<14:04:20.640> all<14:04:20.880> hosts<14:04:21.360> in<14:04:21.540> the<14:04:21.660> same<14:04:21.776> VLAN

best to have all hosts in the same VLAN

best to have all hosts in the same VLAN
on<14:04:22.616> the<14:04:22.800> same<14:04:22.980> subnet<14:04:23.520> that's<14:04:24.480> all<14:04:24.720> really

on the same subnet that's all really

on the same subnet that's all really
wanted<14:04:25.140> to<14:04:25.380> say<14:04:25.500> on<14:04:25.680> that<14:04:25.860> particular<14:04:26.220> subject

wanted to say on that particular subject

wanted to say on that particular subject
but<14:04:26.936> it's<14:04:27.060> just<14:04:27.300> the<14:04:27.480> best

but it's just the best

but it's just the best
um idea

um idea

um idea
no<14:04:31.020> need<14:04:31.200> for<14:04:31.436> a<14:04:31.680> variety<14:04:32.520> to<14:04:33.300> communicate<14:04:33.900> if

no need for a variety to communicate if

no need for a variety to communicate if
all<14:04:34.616> the<14:04:34.740> devices<14:04:35.040> are<14:04:35.520> all<14:04:35.700> on<14:04:36.060> the<14:04:36.180> same<14:04:36.300> VLAN

some of the benefits or why would you

some of the benefits or why would you
bother<14:04:42.360> logical<14:04:43.256> separation<14:04:43.740> just<14:04:44.096> gives<14:04:44.276> you

bother logical separation just gives you

bother logical separation just gives you
better<14:04:44.640> security

better security

better security
helps<14:04:46.680> with<14:04:47.220> the<14:04:47.520> broadcast<14:04:47.820> issues<14:04:48.540> if<14:04:48.776> you

helps with the broadcast issues if you

helps with the broadcast issues if you
do<14:04:49.020> up<14:04:49.320> on<14:04:49.560> better<14:04:50.276> utilization<14:04:51.060> of<14:04:51.360> your

do up on better utilization of your

do up on better utilization of your
bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth
Avila<14:04:54.416> marking<14:04:54.840> obviously<14:04:55.200> it<14:04:55.320> has<14:04:55.500> to<14:04:55.680> be

Avila marking obviously it has to be

Avila marking obviously it has to be
some<14:04:56.096> way<14:04:56.340> if<14:04:56.700> you're<14:04:57.000> chopping<14:04:57.540> your<14:04:57.660> network

some way if you're chopping your network

some way if you're chopping your network
into<14:04:58.200> vlans<14:04:58.800> for<14:04:59.456> the<14:04:59.520> VLAN<14:04:59.936> to<14:05:00.060> identify

into vlans for the VLAN to identify

into vlans for the VLAN to identify
itself

itself

itself
vendors<14:05:02.520> use<14:05:02.700> different<14:05:02.880> approaches<14:05:03.360> for

vendors use different approaches for

vendors use different approaches for
example<14:05:03.956> Cisco<14:05:04.616> created<14:05:05.220> ISL<14:05:05.820> into<14:05:06.180> switch

example Cisco created ISL into switch

example Cisco created ISL into switch
link<14:05:06.900> which<14:05:07.740> is<14:05:07.860> a<14:05:08.096> proprietary<14:05:08.640> for<14:05:08.936> Cisco

link which is a proprietary for Cisco

link which is a proprietary for Cisco
devices<14:05:09.840> they've<14:05:10.680> actually<14:05:10.860> moved<14:05:11.220> away<14:05:11.276> from

devices they've actually moved away from

devices they've actually moved away from
ISL<14:05:12.116> now<14:05:12.360> though<14:05:12.596> many<14:05:12.840> of<14:05:13.200> their<14:05:13.380> switches

ISL now though many of their switches

ISL now though many of their switches
still<14:05:13.980> support<14:05:14.220> it<14:05:14.520> and<14:05:15.000> they<14:05:15.180> moved<14:05:15.480> on<14:05:15.540> to

still support it and they moved on to

still support it and they moved on to
IEEE<14:05:16.500> standard<14:05:16.916> 802.1q

IEEE standard 802.1q

IEEE standard 802.1q
called<14:05:19.500> frame<14:05:19.860> tagging<14:05:20.640> frame<14:05:21.116> tagging

called frame tagging frame tagging

called frame tagging frame tagging
inserts<14:05:21.900> a<14:05:22.020> 32-bit<14:05:22.616> tag<14:05:22.860> field<14:05:23.096> into<14:05:23.400> the

inserts a 32-bit tag field into the

inserts a 32-bit tag field into the
original<14:05:23.820> frame

original frame

original frame
so<14:05:26.700> concept<14:05:27.180> of<14:05:27.416> a<14:05:27.660> native<14:05:28.256> VLAN<14:05:28.740> is<14:05:28.980> something

so concept of a native VLAN is something

so concept of a native VLAN is something
you<14:05:29.340> should<14:05:29.520> be<14:05:29.640> familiar<14:05:29.936> with<14:05:30.060> as<14:05:30.240> a<14:05:30.416> Cisco

you should be familiar with as a Cisco

you should be familiar with as a Cisco
engineer

engineer

engineer
a<14:05:32.820> native<14:05:33.360> VLAN<14:05:34.080> on<14:05:34.560> Cisco<14:05:35.276> devices<14:05:35.640> certainly

a native VLAN on Cisco devices certainly

a native VLAN on Cisco devices certainly
is<14:05:37.340> all<14:05:38.340> allocated<14:05:38.880> to<14:05:39.720> VLAN<14:05:40.560> one<14:05:40.800> by<14:05:41.580> default

is all allocated to VLAN one by default

is all allocated to VLAN one by default
all<14:05:42.240> devices<14:05:42.540> in<14:05:42.956> a<14:05:43.080> VLAN<14:05:43.500> will<14:05:43.680> be<14:05:43.740> assigned

all devices in a VLAN will be assigned

all devices in a VLAN will be assigned
to<14:05:44.160> VLAN<14:05:44.520> 1<14:05:44.700> unless<14:05:45.540> you<14:05:45.720> configure<14:05:46.320> and<14:05:46.740> then

to VLAN 1 unless you configure and then

to VLAN 1 unless you configure and then
to<14:05:47.096> be<14:05:47.220> in<14:05:47.400> a<14:05:47.520> different<14:05:47.580> VLAN

to be in a different VLAN

to be in a different VLAN
so<14:05:49.256> traffic<14:05:49.500> on<14:05:49.800> a<14:05:49.980> VLAN<14:05:50.456> on<14:05:51.180> that<14:05:51.360> on<14:05:51.540> the

so traffic on a VLAN on that on the

so traffic on a VLAN on that on the
native<14:05:51.776> VLAN<14:05:52.256> is<14:05:52.500> not<14:05:52.800> tagged<14:05:53.220> it's<14:05:53.400> not<14:05:53.580> given

native VLAN is not tagged it's not given

native VLAN is not tagged it's not given
the<14:05:54.080> 802.1<14:05:55.080> Q<14:05:55.680> tagging

the 802.1 Q tagging

the 802.1 Q tagging
well<14:05:57.596> the<14:05:57.956> reason<14:05:58.080> is<14:05:58.380> it<14:05:58.616> uh<14:05:58.980> we<14:05:59.160> have<14:05:59.276> it<14:05:59.456> is

well the reason is it uh we have it is

well the reason is it uh we have it is
it<14:05:59.820> allows<14:06:00.116> the<14:06:00.240> switch<14:06:00.416> to<14:06:00.660> communicate<14:06:01.140> with

it allows the switch to communicate with

it allows the switch to communicate with
the<14:06:01.500> device<14:06:01.616> that<14:06:01.916> doesn't<14:06:02.160> understand

the device that doesn't understand

the device that doesn't understand
802.1q

802.1q

802.1q
it<14:06:05.820> is<14:06:05.936> a<14:06:06.060> security<14:06:06.300> risk<14:06:06.840> which<14:06:07.080> we'll<14:06:07.320> cover

it is a security risk which we'll cover

it is a security risk which we'll cover
later<14:06:07.916> on

vlr membership so you can assign VLAN

vlr membership so you can assign VLAN
devices<14:06:15.000> or<14:06:15.360> ports<14:06:15.840> to<14:06:16.320> a<14:06:16.560> VLAN<14:06:16.980> statically<14:06:17.820> as

devices or ports to a VLAN statically as

devices or ports to a VLAN statically as
a<14:06:18.416> network<14:06:18.540> administrator

a network administrator

a network administrator
it<14:06:20.276> can<14:06:20.456> be<14:06:20.580> dynamic<14:06:21.116> based<14:06:21.416> upon<14:06:21.660> device<14:06:21.840> Mac

it can be dynamic based upon device Mac

it can be dynamic based upon device Mac
address

address

address
switch<14:06:23.880> ports<14:06:24.416> are<14:06:24.776> assigned<14:06:25.140> to<14:06:25.200> vlans<14:06:25.680> and

switch ports are assigned to vlans and

switch ports are assigned to vlans and
then<14:06:26.096> devices<14:06:26.340> plug<14:06:26.756> into<14:06:26.936> the<14:06:27.240> physical

then devices plug into the physical

then devices plug into the physical
ports

ports

ports
access<14:06:29.220> ports<14:06:29.820> connect<14:06:29.936> to<14:06:30.300> network<14:06:30.660> hosts

a network hosts connect to access ports

a network hosts connect to access ports
it<14:06:35.936> works<14:06:36.300> both<14:06:36.416> way<14:06:36.596> around<14:06:36.776> that<14:06:37.140> sentence

it works both way around that sentence

it works both way around that sentence
if<14:06:38.456> you<14:06:38.580> want<14:06:38.700> to<14:06:38.820> connect<14:06:38.936> to<14:06:39.116> another<14:06:39.300> switch

if you want to connect to another switch

if you want to connect to another switch
and<14:06:40.080> you're<14:06:40.256> using<14:06:40.560> multiple<14:06:40.980> vlans<14:06:41.700> then

and you're using multiple vlans then

and you're using multiple vlans then
these<14:06:42.776> connections<14:06:43.740> are<14:06:43.860> known<14:06:44.040> as<14:06:44.160> trunk

these connections are known as trunk

these connections are known as trunk
ports

ports

ports
so<14:06:46.080> trunk<14:06:46.436> ports<14:06:46.860> uh<14:06:47.700> will<14:06:48.240> connect<14:06:48.480> more<14:06:49.320> than

so trunk ports uh will connect more than

so trunk ports uh will connect more than
one<14:06:49.680> VLAN<14:06:50.160> which<14:06:50.700> is<14:06:50.936> connecting<14:06:51.660> more<14:06:52.200> than

one VLAN which is connecting more than

one VLAN which is connecting more than
one<14:06:52.436> VLAN<14:06:52.860> together

so a special Port type carries data from

so a special Port type carries data from
multiple<14:06:57.956> vlans<14:06:58.500> it<14:06:58.800> can<14:06:59.040> use<14:06:59.220> ISL<14:06:59.936> although

multiple vlans it can use ISL although

multiple vlans it can use ISL although
that's<14:07:00.540> pretty<14:07:00.776> much<14:07:00.956> been<14:07:01.500> depreciated<14:07:02.160> now

that's pretty much been depreciated now

that's pretty much been depreciated now
so<14:07:02.820> you<14:07:03.116> shouldn't<14:07:03.360> be<14:07:03.416> looking<14:07:03.540> at<14:07:03.776> it<14:07:03.900> for

so you shouldn't be looking at it for

so you shouldn't be looking at it for
the<14:07:04.256> CISCO<14:07:04.616> exams<14:07:05.040> at<14:07:05.220> least

the CISCO exams at least

the CISCO exams at least
frame<14:07:07.740> tag<14:07:08.040> in<14:07:08.220> is<14:07:08.520> transparent<14:07:09.060> to<14:07:09.240> end<14:07:09.416> hosts

frame tag in is transparent to end hosts

frame tag in is transparent to end hosts
so<14:07:10.500> the<14:07:10.916> tag<14:07:11.096> is<14:07:11.700> attached<14:07:12.116> by<14:07:12.240> the<14:07:12.416> switch

so the tag is attached by the switch

so the tag is attached by the switch
sent<14:07:13.140> to<14:07:13.380> another<14:07:13.500> switch<14:07:13.800> and<14:07:14.096> before<14:07:14.276> it

sent to another switch and before it

sent to another switch and before it
reaches<14:07:14.936> the<14:07:15.116> end<14:07:15.240> hosts<14:07:15.776> the<14:07:16.380> tag<14:07:16.616> is

reaches the end hosts the tag is

reaches the end hosts the tag is
actually<14:07:16.980> removed

actually removed

actually removed
trunkport<14:07:19.140> modes<14:07:19.980> we<14:07:20.880> can<14:07:21.116> manually<14:07:21.596> set<14:07:21.900> the

trunkport modes we can manually set the

trunkport modes we can manually set the
interface<14:07:22.560> to<14:07:22.916> trunk<14:07:23.276> with<14:07:23.520> the<14:07:23.700> command

interface to trunk with the command

interface to trunk with the command
switch<14:07:24.240> Port<14:07:24.596> mode<14:07:24.956> trunk

switch Port mode trunk

switch Port mode trunk
trunk<14:07:26.880> modes<14:07:27.240> include<14:07:27.660> on<14:07:28.020> which<14:07:28.740> is<14:07:28.860> manually

trunk modes include on which is manually

trunk modes include on which is manually
set<14:07:29.456> the<14:07:29.580> interface<14:07:29.936> to<14:07:30.180> trunk<14:07:30.480> off<14:07:31.380> you<14:07:31.680> can

set the interface to trunk off you can

set the interface to trunk off you can
tell<14:07:31.980> it<14:07:32.160> to<14:07:32.276> never<14:07:32.520> become<14:07:32.880> a<14:07:33.060> trunk

tell it to never become a trunk

tell it to never become a trunk
Auto<14:07:34.916> silently<14:07:35.580> wait<14:07:35.820> for<14:07:36.000> a<14:07:36.180> request<14:07:36.416> to

Auto silently wait for a request to

Auto silently wait for a request to
become<14:07:36.840> a<14:07:37.020> trunk<14:07:37.740> desirable<14:07:38.640> which<14:07:39.180> means

become a trunk desirable which means

become a trunk desirable which means
actively<14:07:39.956> seek<14:07:40.380> to<14:07:40.560> become<14:07:40.860> a<14:07:41.040> trunk<14:07:41.340> or<14:07:42.300> no

actively seek to become a trunk or no

actively seek to become a trunk or no
negotiate<14:07:43.320> you'll<14:07:44.040> cover<14:07:44.220> these<14:07:44.580> commands

negotiate you'll cover these commands

negotiate you'll cover these commands
in<14:07:46.320> detail<14:07:46.616> when<14:07:46.800> you<14:07:46.916> come<14:07:47.096> to<14:07:47.220> do<14:07:47.400> the<14:07:47.580> CCNA<14:07:48.240> I

in detail when you come to do the CCNA I

in detail when you come to do the CCNA I
probably<14:07:49.020> won't<14:07:49.256> be<14:07:49.436> doing

probably won't be doing

probably won't be doing
um

um

um
covering<14:07:51.660> these<14:07:51.840> commands<14:07:52.140> and<14:07:52.256> how<14:07:52.380> to

covering these commands and how to

covering these commands and how to
configure<14:07:52.916> them<14:07:53.040> for<14:07:53.400> the<14:07:53.936> primer

configure them for the primer

configure them for the primer
configuring<14:07:56.160> a<14:07:56.340> VLAN<14:07:56.700> you<14:07:57.300> need<14:07:57.416> to<14:07:57.540> manually

configuring a VLAN you need to manually

configuring a VLAN you need to manually
add<14:07:58.080> the<14:07:58.256> ports<14:07:58.560> to<14:07:58.680> vlans

add the ports to vlans

add the ports to vlans
and<14:08:00.360> you<14:08:00.480> need<14:08:00.660> to<14:08:00.720> set<14:08:00.900> your<14:08:01.080> ports<14:08:01.560> to<14:08:01.680> trunk

and you need to set your ports to trunk

and you need to set your ports to trunk
so<14:08:03.900> here's<14:08:04.320> a<14:08:04.436> configuration<14:08:04.916> I've<14:08:05.456> just<14:08:05.700> done

so here's a configuration I've just done

so here's a configuration I've just done
one<14:08:06.360> side<14:08:06.540> because<14:08:06.776> the<14:08:07.020> configuration<14:08:07.560> is

one side because the configuration is

one side because the configuration is
the<14:08:08.096> same<14:08:08.220> for<14:08:08.580> both<14:08:08.880> switches

the same for both switches

the same for both switches
I've<14:08:11.040> created<14:08:11.340> VLAN<14:08:11.880> 5<14:08:12.180> in<14:08:12.596> config<14:08:13.020> mode<14:08:13.200> by

I've created VLAN 5 in config mode by

I've created VLAN 5 in config mode by
typing<14:08:13.980> VLAN<14:08:14.456> 5.

typing VLAN 5.

typing VLAN 5.
I've<14:08:16.560> given<14:08:16.800> it<14:08:16.980> a<14:08:17.096> name<14:08:17.276> called<14:08:17.640> RND<14:08:18.416> so<14:08:19.320> you

I've given it a name called RND so you

I've given it a name called RND so you
can<14:08:19.616> name<14:08:19.800> your<14:08:19.916> vlans<14:08:20.400> it<14:08:20.820> probably<14:08:21.360> makes<14:08:21.660> it

can name your vlans it probably makes it

can name your vlans it probably makes it
easy<14:08:22.020> for<14:08:22.200> you<14:08:22.320> to<14:08:22.436> manage<14:08:22.740> interface<14:08:23.640> fast

easy for you to manage interface fast

easy for you to manage interface fast
ethernet<14:08:24.240> zero<14:08:24.660> slash<14:08:24.956> one<14:08:25.140> I've<14:08:25.560> created

ethernet zero slash one I've created

ethernet zero slash one I've created
switch<14:08:26.276> Port<14:08:26.640> access<14:08:27.596> VLAN<14:08:28.320> 5.<14:08:29.220> so<14:08:29.580> this<14:08:29.756> is

switch Port access VLAN 5. so this is

switch Port access VLAN 5. so this is
telling<14:08:30.480> the<14:08:30.776> port<14:08:31.080> that<14:08:31.380> it's<14:08:31.616> a<14:08:31.916> switch<14:08:32.276> Port

telling the port that it's a switch Port

telling the port that it's a switch Port
layer<14:08:33.116> 2<14:08:33.300> and<14:08:33.840> it<14:08:34.020> and<14:08:34.380> the<14:08:34.680> device<14:08:34.860> is<14:08:35.520> belongs

layer 2 and it and the device is belongs

layer 2 and it and the device is belongs
to<14:08:36.300> VLAN<14:08:36.660> file<14:08:36.956> that's<14:08:37.080> connected<14:08:37.436> to<14:08:37.680> it

to VLAN file that's connected to it

to VLAN file that's connected to it
I've<14:08:39.180> gone<14:08:39.360> on<14:08:39.480> to<14:08:39.596> my<14:08:39.720> fast<14:08:39.840> ethernet<14:08:40.276> 0-15

I've gone on to my fast ethernet 0-15

I've gone on to my fast ethernet 0-15
switchboard<14:08:42.540> trunk<14:08:43.020> encapsulation.1q

switchboard trunk encapsulation.1q

switchboard trunk encapsulation.1q
to<14:08:45.720> tell<14:08:45.900> it<14:08:46.080> what<14:08:46.320> encapsulation<14:08:46.860> to<14:08:47.096> use

to tell it what encapsulation to use

to tell it what encapsulation to use
that<14:08:48.000> won't<14:08:48.116> work<14:08:48.360> on<14:08:48.540> a<14:08:48.720> 2960<14:08:49.256> switch<14:08:49.616> because

that won't work on a 2960 switch because

that won't work on a 2960 switch because
2960<14:08:51.116> will<14:08:51.480> only<14:08:51.660> recognize.monkey

2960 will only recognize.monkey

2960 will only recognize.monkey
and<14:08:53.936> I've<14:08:54.060> told<14:08:54.300> it<14:08:54.416> to<14:08:54.540> become<14:08:54.776> a<14:08:54.956> trump<14:08:55.080> port

okay so you'll be labbing some of this

okay so you'll be labbing some of this
up<14:08:59.700> later<14:08:59.936> on<14:09:00.240> but<14:09:00.900> for<14:09:01.080> now<14:09:01.256> that's<14:09:01.680> the<14:09:01.860> end

up later on but for now that's the end

up later on but for now that's the end
thanks<14:09:02.160> for<14:09:02.400> listening

wide area networks implementation and

wide area networks implementation and
administration

administration

administration
in<14:09:33.776> the<14:09:33.900> previous<14:09:34.020> lesson<14:09:34.740> we<14:09:35.400> discussed

in the previous lesson we discussed

in the previous lesson we discussed
local<14:09:36.300> area<14:09:36.660> networks<14:09:37.256> or<14:09:38.040> lands<14:09:38.820> these<14:09:39.480> were

local area networks or lands these were

local area networks or lands these were
networks<14:09:39.956> that<14:09:40.140> were<14:09:40.380> restricted<14:09:40.860> to<14:09:41.456> a

networks that were restricted to a

networks that were restricted to a
specific<14:09:42.000> single<14:09:42.720> geographic<14:09:43.560> location<14:09:44.116> now

specific single geographic location now

specific single geographic location now
in<14:09:45.596> this<14:09:45.776> lesson<14:09:46.140> we're<14:09:46.560> going<14:09:46.680> to<14:09:46.800> talk<14:09:46.916> more

in this lesson we're going to talk more

in this lesson we're going to talk more
about<14:09:47.400> wide<14:09:48.240> area<14:09:48.416> networks<14:09:49.080> or<14:09:49.680> wans<14:09:50.456> we're

about wide area networks or wans we're

about wide area networks or wans we're
going<14:09:51.300> to<14:09:51.360> Define<14:09:51.540> them<14:09:52.080> and<14:09:52.616> talk<14:09:52.800> about<14:09:53.040> how

going to Define them and talk about how

going to Define them and talk about how
they<14:09:53.880> compare<14:09:54.360> to<14:09:55.080> local<14:09:55.320> area<14:09:55.616> Networks

they compare to local area Networks

they compare to local area Networks
so<14:09:57.720> we're<14:09:58.256> first<14:09:58.500> going<14:09:58.800> to<14:09:58.980> define<14:09:59.640> a<14:10:00.000> Wan

so we're first going to define a Wan

so we're first going to define a Wan
which<14:10:00.900> we've<14:10:01.140> talked<14:10:01.380> about<14:10:01.500> in<14:10:01.800> general

which we've talked about in general

which we've talked about in general
before<14:10:02.340> and<14:10:03.116> then<14:10:03.240> we're<14:10:03.360> going<14:10:03.480> to<14:10:03.596> identify

before and then we're going to identify

before and then we're going to identify
some<14:10:04.500> of<14:10:04.616> the<14:10:04.740> steps<14:10:05.040> we<14:10:05.160> would<14:10:05.276> take<14:10:05.456> to

some of the steps we would take to

some of the steps we would take to
implement<14:10:06.060> one<14:10:06.416> uh<14:10:07.200> specifically<14:10:07.740> some<14:10:07.980> of

implement one uh specifically some of

implement one uh specifically some of
the<14:10:08.160> things<14:10:08.340> that<14:10:08.580> make<14:10:08.756> it<14:10:08.936> different<14:10:09.116> from<14:10:09.660> a

the things that make it different from a

the things that make it different from a
local<14:10:10.020> area<14:10:10.256> network<14:10:10.616> or<14:10:11.160> LAN

local area network or LAN

local area network or LAN
finally<14:10:13.020> we<14:10:13.500> want<14:10:13.616> to<14:10:13.800> identify<14:10:14.340> some<14:10:14.700> of<14:10:14.820> the

finally we want to identify some of the

finally we want to identify some of the
administrative<14:10:15.660> tasks<14:10:16.320> that<14:10:16.616> go<14:10:16.860> along<14:10:17.096> with

administrative tasks that go along with

administrative tasks that go along with
or<14:10:18.240> that<14:10:18.660> challenge<14:10:19.020> us<14:10:19.380> as<14:10:19.680> Wan

or that challenge us as Wan

or that challenge us as Wan
administrators<14:10:20.840> specifically<14:10:21.840> backup<14:10:22.740> and

administrators specifically backup and

administrators specifically backup and
security

security

security
so<14:10:25.560> a<14:10:26.220> Wan<14:10:26.456> is<14:10:26.936> a<14:10:27.360> wide<14:10:27.596> area<14:10:27.776> network<14:10:28.200> and

so a Wan is a wide area network and

so a Wan is a wide area network and
though<14:10:29.160> it<14:10:29.276> functions<14:10:29.756> very<14:10:30.180> similarly<14:10:30.840> to<14:10:31.436> a

though it functions very similarly to a

though it functions very similarly to a
lan<14:10:32.040> it<14:10:32.756> is<14:10:32.936> different<14:10:33.300> in<14:10:33.840> that<14:10:34.140> it's<14:10:34.436> the<14:10:35.160> way

lan it is different in that it's the way

lan it is different in that it's the way
it's<14:10:35.520> set<14:10:35.756> up<14:10:35.880> and<14:10:36.596> the<14:10:36.840> way<14:10:36.956> it's<14:10:37.140> connected

it's set up and the way it's connected

it's set up and the way it's connected
when<14:10:38.580> is<14:10:39.116> uh<14:10:39.660> Network<14:10:39.956> that's<14:10:40.500> not<14:10:40.740> restricted

when is uh Network that's not restricted

when is uh Network that's not restricted
to<14:10:41.520> a<14:10:41.700> single<14:10:42.116> geographic<14:10:42.900> location<14:10:43.320> like<14:10:44.040> a

to a single geographic location like a

to a single geographic location like a
lan<14:10:44.580> in<14:10:45.180> fact<14:10:45.300> it's<14:10:45.540> often<14:10:45.840> made<14:10:46.020> up<14:10:46.200> of

lan in fact it's often made up of

lan in fact it's often made up of
multiple<14:10:47.096> lands<14:10:47.640> all<14:10:48.000> linked<14:10:48.416> into<14:10:48.660> one<14:10:48.956> big

multiple lands all linked into one big

multiple lands all linked into one big
win<14:10:49.436> and<14:10:50.400> these<14:10:51.116> lands<14:10:51.660> can<14:10:51.900> be<14:10:52.080> across<14:10:52.616> town

win and these lands can be across town

win and these lands can be across town
from<14:10:53.040> each<14:10:53.220> other<14:10:53.340> or<14:10:53.936> even<14:10:54.360> across<14:10:54.900> the<14:10:55.020> globe

from each other or even across the globe

from each other or even across the globe
now<14:10:55.916> we've<14:10:56.160> talked<14:10:56.456> about<14:10:56.580> some<14:10:56.936> other<14:10:57.060> terms

now we've talked about some other terms

now we've talked about some other terms
for<14:10:57.900> instance<14:10:58.200> can<14:10:58.916> like<14:10:59.276> a<14:10:59.520> campus<14:10:59.820> area

for instance can like a campus area

for instance can like a campus area
network<14:11:00.300> or<14:11:01.020> city<14:11:01.200> area<14:11:01.436> network<14:11:01.800> and<14:11:02.580> a<14:11:02.756> man

network or city area network and a man

network or city area network and a man
or<14:11:03.180> a<14:11:03.300> metropolitan<14:11:04.020> area<14:11:04.200> network<14:11:04.436> but<14:11:05.040> all

or a metropolitan area network but all

or a metropolitan area network but all
of<14:11:05.340> these<14:11:05.580> could<14:11:05.880> be<14:11:06.116> in<14:11:06.596> some<14:11:06.776> way<14:11:06.900> shape<14:11:07.200> or

of these could be in some way shape or

of these could be in some way shape or
form<14:11:07.560> are<14:11:08.340> considered<14:11:08.820> a<14:11:09.060> Wan<14:11:09.416> and<14:11:09.720> of<14:11:09.900> course

form are considered a Wan and of course

form are considered a Wan and of course
the<14:11:10.320> biggest<14:11:10.500> win<14:11:10.980> that's<14:11:11.756> out<14:11:12.000> there<14:11:12.180> is<14:11:12.900> the

the biggest win that's out there is the

the biggest win that's out there is the
internet

internet

internet
usually<14:11:15.240> referred<14:11:16.140> to<14:11:16.256> as<14:11:16.500> the<14:11:16.800> cloud<14:11:16.980> because

usually referred to as the cloud because

usually referred to as the cloud because
on<14:11:18.540> network<14:11:18.776> diagrams<14:11:19.436> a<14:11:20.340> cloud<14:11:20.520> is<14:11:20.880> used<14:11:21.116> to

on network diagrams a cloud is used to

on network diagrams a cloud is used to
represent<14:11:22.140> it

represent it

represent it
now<14:11:23.520> because<14:11:23.936> of<14:11:24.416> this<14:11:24.660> Geographic<14:11:25.616> distance

now because of this Geographic distance

now because of this Geographic distance
lands<14:11:27.116> are<14:11:27.300> generally<14:11:27.596> slower<14:11:28.200> than<14:11:28.380> lands

lands are generally slower than lands

lands are generally slower than lands
because<14:11:29.456> they<14:11:29.936> have<14:11:30.060> to<14:11:30.240> as<14:11:30.540> it<14:11:30.776> makes<14:11:30.900> sense

because they have to as it makes sense

because they have to as it makes sense
travel<14:11:31.500> a<14:11:31.860> longer<14:11:32.220> distance<14:11:32.456> to<14:11:33.180> deliver<14:11:33.360> data

travel a longer distance to deliver data

travel a longer distance to deliver data
just<14:11:34.616> like<14:11:34.860> if<14:11:35.096> I<14:11:35.276> sent<14:11:35.456> a<14:11:35.640> letter

just like if I sent a letter

just like if I sent a letter
internationally<14:11:36.720> it's<14:11:37.080> going<14:11:37.256> to<14:11:37.380> take

internationally it's going to take

internationally it's going to take
longer<14:11:37.860> to<14:11:37.980> get<14:11:38.160> there<14:11:38.340> than<14:11:38.756> one<14:11:39.000> across<14:11:39.416> town

longer to get there than one across town

longer to get there than one across town
or<14:11:39.840> even<14:11:39.956> across<14:11:40.380> the<14:11:40.500> country<14:11:40.740> that<14:11:41.520> being

or even across the country that being

or even across the country that being
said<14:11:42.060> newer<14:11:42.900> Technologies<14:11:43.616> such<14:11:44.580> as<14:11:44.756> fiber

said newer Technologies such as fiber

said newer Technologies such as fiber
optics<14:11:45.720> and<14:11:46.740> etc<14:11:47.220> etc<14:11:47.340> are<14:11:47.756> making<14:11:48.060> Wan

optics and etc etc are making Wan

optics and etc etc are making Wan
connections<14:11:49.320> faster<14:11:49.680> and<14:11:50.340> therefore<14:11:50.700> are

connections faster and therefore are

connections faster and therefore are
connecting<14:11:51.360> parts<14:11:51.660> of<14:11:51.900> the<14:11:52.020> globe<14:11:52.320> that<14:11:52.680> have

connecting parts of the globe that have

connecting parts of the globe that have
never<14:11:53.040> really<14:11:53.276> been<14:11:53.456> connected<14:11:53.880> before

never really been connected before

never really been connected before
so<14:11:55.740> here's<14:11:56.400> an<14:11:56.700> example<14:11:57.240> of<14:11:57.596> what<14:11:57.900> a<14:11:58.080> wide<14:11:58.200> area

so here's an example of what a wide area

so here's an example of what a wide area
network<14:11:58.800> might<14:11:59.340> look<14:11:59.520> like<14:11:59.640> let's<14:12:00.180> say<14:12:00.360> for

network might look like let's say for

network might look like let's say for
example<14:12:00.776> that<14:12:01.020> a<14:12:01.140> company<14:12:01.256> had<14:12:01.800> two<14:12:02.220> branches

example that a company had two branches

example that a company had two branches
one<14:12:03.480> in<14:12:03.720> New<14:12:03.956> York

one in New York

one in New York
and<14:12:05.040> the<14:12:05.160> one<14:12:05.340> in<14:12:05.456> Houston<14:12:05.640> each<14:12:06.480> of<14:12:06.660> the

and the one in Houston each of the

and the one in Houston each of the
branches<14:12:07.320> has<14:12:07.740> their<14:12:08.040> own<14:12:08.276> local<14:12:09.116> area

branches has their own local area

branches has their own local area
network

network

network
here<14:12:11.820> the<14:12:12.300> one<14:12:12.416> in<14:12:12.596> New<14:12:12.776> York<14:12:12.956> and<14:12:13.800> the<14:12:14.220> one<14:12:14.340> in

here the one in New York and the one in

here the one in New York and the one in
Houston<14:12:14.776> obviously<14:12:15.776> these<14:12:16.020> are<14:12:16.140> simplified

Houston obviously these are simplified

Houston obviously these are simplified
so<14:12:16.980> imagine<14:12:17.220> that<14:12:17.640> instead<14:12:18.240> of<14:12:18.300> just<14:12:18.480> two<14:12:18.660> PCS

so imagine that instead of just two PCS

so imagine that instead of just two PCS
on<14:12:19.380> each<14:12:19.560> there<14:12:19.916> are<14:12:20.096> maybe<14:12:20.276> five<14:12:20.820> thousand

on each there are maybe five thousand

on each there are maybe five thousand
and<14:12:21.660> instead<14:12:22.140> of<14:12:22.256> just<14:12:22.436> one<14:12:22.680> server<14:12:23.096> maybe

and instead of just one server maybe

and instead of just one server maybe
there<14:12:23.700> are<14:12:23.880> 20.<14:12:24.360> but<14:12:25.200> they<14:12:25.860> each<14:12:26.040> have<14:12:26.276> their

there are 20. but they each have their

there are 20. but they each have their
own<14:12:26.700> switch<14:12:27.060> to<14:12:27.776> talk<14:12:27.956> locally<14:12:28.616> to<14:12:29.096> one

own switch to talk locally to one

own switch to talk locally to one
another<14:12:29.456> through<14:12:30.180> Mac<14:12:30.416> addresses

another through Mac addresses

another through Mac addresses
then<14:12:33.060> there's<14:12:33.416> a<14:12:33.660> router<14:12:34.020> on<14:12:34.616> the<14:12:34.740> edge<14:12:34.916> of

then there's a router on the edge of

then there's a router on the edge of
each<14:12:35.400> Network<14:12:35.580> that<14:12:36.240> connects<14:12:36.596> it<14:12:36.720> out<14:12:36.840> to<14:12:37.380> the

each Network that connects it out to the

each Network that connects it out to the
WAN<14:12:38.096> or<14:12:38.820> the<14:12:39.180> internet

WAN or the internet

WAN or the internet
of<14:12:40.436> course<14:12:40.616> the<14:12:41.456> WAN<14:12:42.140> if<14:12:43.140> configured

of course the WAN if configured

of course the WAN if configured
correctly<14:12:44.540> can<14:12:45.540> also<14:12:46.140> connect<14:12:46.380> these<14:12:46.980> two

correctly can also connect these two

correctly can also connect these two
lands<14:12:48.240> as<14:12:48.540> though<14:12:48.720> they<14:12:49.020> seem<14:12:49.320> like<14:12:49.616> they're

lands as though they seem like they're

lands as though they seem like they're
in<14:12:50.456> the<14:12:50.640> same<14:12:50.880> location<14:12:51.360> just<14:12:51.956> like<14:12:52.140> their

in the same location just like their

in the same location just like their
next<14:12:52.616> door<14:12:52.880> now<14:12:53.880> we<14:12:54.240> could<14:12:54.480> set<14:12:55.140> up<14:12:55.256> our<14:12:55.500> own

next door now we could set up our own

next door now we could set up our own
Wan<14:12:55.980> in<14:12:56.580> other<14:12:56.700> words<14:12:56.820> we<14:12:57.240> could<14:12:57.540> have<14:12:57.900> our<14:12:58.200> own

Wan in other words we could have our own

Wan in other words we could have our own
cables<14:12:59.160> and<14:12:59.400> wires<14:12:59.820> running<14:13:00.320> through<14:13:01.320> uh<14:13:01.980> from

cables and wires running through uh from

cables and wires running through uh from
New<14:13:02.700> York<14:13:02.880> to<14:13:03.180> Houston<14:13:03.360> and<14:13:03.956> that's<14:13:04.140> going<14:13:04.320> to

New York to Houston and that's going to

New York to Houston and that's going to
get<14:13:04.500> really<14:13:04.616> expensive<14:13:05.160> and<14:13:05.520> so<14:13:05.640> we've<14:13:05.820> come

get really expensive and so we've come

get really expensive and so we've come
up<14:13:06.060> with<14:13:06.180> Technologies<14:13:06.720> to<14:13:07.080> use<14:13:07.200> the<14:13:07.560> existing

up with Technologies to use the existing

up with Technologies to use the existing
Wan<14:13:09.596> that's<14:13:09.776> out<14:13:10.020> there<14:13:10.200> I.E<14:13:11.096> the<14:13:11.640> internet

Wan that's out there I.E the internet

Wan that's out there I.E the internet
in<14:13:14.220> order<14:13:14.400> to<14:13:14.756> create<14:13:15.000> secure<14:13:15.596> connections

in order to create secure connections

in order to create secure connections
between<14:13:16.740> two<14:13:17.340> locations<14:13:17.936> without<14:13:18.540> having<14:13:18.900> to

between two locations without having to

between two locations without having to
actually<14:13:19.616> physically<14:13:20.340> lay<14:13:20.756> our<14:13:21.060> own<14:13:21.180> chords

actually physically lay our own chords

actually physically lay our own chords
however<14:13:22.560> the<14:13:23.220> idea<14:13:23.400> is<14:13:23.580> the<14:13:23.820> same<14:13:24.000> we<14:13:24.660> connect

however the idea is the same we connect

however the idea is the same we connect
two<14:13:25.200> lands<14:13:25.680> through<14:13:26.400> a<14:13:27.000> Wan

two lands through a Wan

two lands through a Wan
and<14:13:28.320> this<14:13:28.436> allows<14:13:28.916> users<14:13:29.700> in<14:13:30.116> both<14:13:30.300> locations

and this allows users in both locations

and this allows users in both locations
to<14:13:31.616> share<14:13:31.800> data<14:13:32.220> easily

to share data easily

to share data easily
a<14:13:33.480> great<14:13:33.660> example<14:13:33.956> of<14:13:34.140> how<14:13:34.320> this<14:13:34.436> is<14:13:34.616> deployed

a great example of how this is deployed

a great example of how this is deployed
worldwide<14:13:35.520> would<14:13:35.756> be<14:13:35.880> Banks<14:13:36.596> or<14:13:37.320> for<14:13:37.800> instance

worldwide would be Banks or for instance

worldwide would be Banks or for instance
American<14:13:38.456> Express<14:13:39.000> or<14:13:39.900> chase

American Express or chase

American Express or chase
you<14:13:41.580> can<14:13:41.700> buy<14:13:42.000> something<14:13:42.300> with<14:13:42.596> your<14:13:42.776> American

you can buy something with your American

you can buy something with your American
Express<14:13:43.256> card<14:13:43.680> just<14:13:44.096> about<14:13:44.276> anywhere<14:13:44.880> in<14:13:45.116> the

Express card just about anywhere in the

Express card just about anywhere in the
world<14:13:45.560> and<14:13:46.560> it<14:13:47.520> still<14:13:47.700> takes<14:13:48.000> the<14:13:48.180> money<14:13:48.360> out

world and it still takes the money out

world and it still takes the money out
of<14:13:48.720> your<14:13:48.900> bank<14:13:49.140> or<14:13:49.680> puts<14:13:49.980> it<14:13:50.096> onto<14:13:50.400> your

of your bank or puts it onto your

of your bank or puts it onto your
account<14:13:50.756> almost<14:13:51.540> instantaneously

account almost instantaneously

account almost instantaneously
now<14:13:54.116> the<14:13:54.416> process<14:13:54.720> of<14:13:55.020> establishing<14:13:55.680> a<14:13:56.160> wide

now the process of establishing a wide

now the process of establishing a wide
area<14:13:56.520> network<14:13:56.936> is<14:13:57.720> really<14:13:58.080> it<14:13:58.800> can<14:13:59.220> be<14:13:59.456> quite

area network is really it can be quite

area network is really it can be quite
complicated<14:14:00.300> although<14:14:01.200> it's<14:14:01.320> gotten<14:14:01.740> more

complicated although it's gotten more

complicated although it's gotten more
and<14:14:02.160> more<14:14:02.400> simplified<14:14:02.820> over<14:14:03.116> the<14:14:03.360> years<14:14:03.480> so

and more simplified over the years so

and more simplified over the years so
I'm<14:14:04.140> just<14:14:04.256> going<14:14:04.380> to<14:14:04.436> go<14:14:04.500> over<14:14:04.616> some<14:14:04.916> of<14:14:05.040> the

I'm just going to go over some of the

I'm just going to go over some of the
basic<14:14:05.580> steps<14:14:05.936> and<14:14:06.060> do<14:14:06.240> it<14:14:06.300> in<14:14:06.416> a<14:14:06.540> really

basic steps and do it in a really

basic steps and do it in a really
simplified<14:14:06.956> manner<14:14:07.500> uh<14:14:08.400> basically<14:14:08.936> what<14:14:09.180> you

simplified manner uh basically what you

simplified manner uh basically what you
need<14:14:09.416> to<14:14:09.596> understand<14:14:09.720> for<14:14:10.140> Network<14:14:10.320> plus<14:14:10.740> a

need to understand for Network plus a

need to understand for Network plus a
good<14:14:12.000> way<14:14:12.116> to<14:14:12.300> start<14:14:12.480> with<14:14:12.720> the<14:14:12.840> Implement

good way to start with the Implement

good way to start with the Implement
implementation<14:14:14.160> process<14:14:14.700> to<14:14:14.936> set<14:14:15.116> up<14:14:15.240> what<14:14:15.416> we

implementation process to set up what we

implementation process to set up what we
call<14:14:15.776> a<14:14:16.380> VPN<14:14:16.916> or<14:14:17.756> a<14:14:18.060> virtual

call a VPN or a virtual

call a VPN or a virtual
private

private

private
Network<14:14:23.340> so<14:14:24.000> the<14:14:24.116> name<14:14:24.240> implies<14:14:24.720> it's<14:14:25.020> not

Network so the name implies it's not

Network so the name implies it's not
actually<14:14:25.916> a<14:14:26.220> private<14:14:26.520> Network<14:14:26.700> that<14:14:27.300> would<14:14:27.480> be

actually a private Network that would be

actually a private Network that would be
one<14:14:27.776> in<14:14:27.956> which<14:14:28.140> I<14:14:28.436> actually<14:14:28.560> have<14:14:28.916> a<14:14:29.096> cord

one in which I actually have a cord

one in which I actually have a cord
stretched<14:14:30.060> across<14:14:30.480> the<14:14:30.596> country<14:14:30.776> connecting

stretched across the country connecting

stretched across the country connecting
one<14:14:32.276> computer<14:14:32.456> to<14:14:32.820> another<14:14:33.020> rather<14:14:34.020> this<14:14:34.256> is<14:14:34.380> a

one computer to another rather this is a

one computer to another rather this is a
virtual<14:14:34.916> private<14:14:35.400> Network

virtual private Network

virtual private Network
so<14:14:37.080> this<14:14:37.500> is<14:14:37.740> a<14:14:38.040> type<14:14:38.160> of<14:14:38.340> Wan<14:14:38.700> and<14:14:39.540> what<14:14:39.720> it

so this is a type of Wan and what it

so this is a type of Wan and what it
does<14:14:40.080> is<14:14:40.800> it<14:14:40.980> actually<14:14:41.540> allows<14:14:42.540> us

does is it actually allows us

does is it actually allows us
to<14:14:44.640> use<14:14:44.880> the<14:14:45.416> public<14:14:45.596> Wan<14:14:46.200> the<14:14:46.740> internet<14:14:47.060> and

to use the public Wan the internet and

to use the public Wan the internet and
create<14:14:48.300> a<14:14:48.900> tunnel<14:14:49.256> through<14:14:49.740> it

create a tunnel through it

create a tunnel through it
called<14:14:52.256> a<14:14:52.436> virtual<14:14:52.800> private<14:14:53.456> Network<14:14:53.700> that

called a virtual private Network that

called a virtual private Network that
then<14:14:54.840> makes<14:14:55.500> it<14:14:55.740> seem<14:14:56.040> like<14:14:56.700> the<14:14:56.880> two

then makes it seem like the two

then makes it seem like the two
locations<14:14:57.720> are<14:14:58.320> right<14:14:58.560> there<14:14:58.740> next<14:14:58.980> to<14:14:59.160> each

locations are right there next to each

locations are right there next to each
other<14:14:59.456> the<14:15:00.180> benefit<14:15:00.360> of<14:15:00.660> a<14:15:00.776> VPN<14:15:01.200> is<14:15:01.380> that<14:15:01.500> it

other the benefit of a VPN is that it

other the benefit of a VPN is that it
makes<14:15:01.860> it<14:15:02.096> secure

makes it secure

makes it secure
so<14:15:03.840> once<14:15:04.320> you<14:15:04.580> basically<14:15:05.580> install<14:15:06.116> the

so once you basically install the

so once you basically install the
settings<14:15:06.776> you<14:15:07.140> need<14:15:07.256> to<14:15:07.380> put<14:15:07.616> in<14:15:07.740> some

settings you need to put in some

settings you need to put in some
administrative<14:15:08.520> policies<14:15:09.180> and<14:15:09.416> rules<14:15:09.776> so<14:15:10.256> not

administrative policies and rules so not

administrative policies and rules so not
just<14:15:10.680> anyone<14:15:11.220> can<14:15:11.580> tap<14:15:11.880> into<14:15:12.000> your<14:15:12.360> tunnel

just anyone can tap into your tunnel

just anyone can tap into your tunnel
otherwise<14:15:13.436> it<14:15:13.800> wouldn't<14:15:13.916> be<14:15:14.096> very<14:15:14.276> secure<14:15:14.640> and

otherwise it wouldn't be very secure and

otherwise it wouldn't be very secure and
there<14:15:14.936> wouldn't<14:15:15.060> be<14:15:15.240> any<14:15:15.416> point<14:15:15.720> we<14:15:16.380> also<14:15:16.616> need

there wouldn't be any point we also need

there wouldn't be any point we also need
to<14:15:16.800> select<14:15:17.096> certain<14:15:17.276> users<14:15:17.880> who<14:15:18.116> are<14:15:18.240> going<14:15:18.300> to

to select certain users who are going to

to select certain users who are going to
be<14:15:18.480> able<14:15:18.540> to<14:15:18.660> get<14:15:18.776> access<14:15:19.020> to<14:15:19.436> it<14:15:19.616> and<14:15:20.096> how<14:15:20.276> we

be able to get access to it and how we

be able to get access to it and how we
want<14:15:20.580> to<14:15:20.700> allow<14:15:20.936> them<14:15:21.060> to<14:15:21.300> have<14:15:21.416> these<14:15:21.720> remote

want to allow them to have these remote

want to allow them to have these remote
capabilities<14:15:22.560> we'll<14:15:22.916> talk<14:15:23.096> about<14:15:23.220> a<14:15:23.456> VPN<14:15:23.936> in<14:15:24.116> a

capabilities we'll talk about a VPN in a

capabilities we'll talk about a VPN in a
bit<14:15:24.540> more<14:15:24.720> detail<14:15:25.080> and<14:15:25.200> we've<14:15:25.380> talked<14:15:25.616> about

bit more detail and we've talked about

bit more detail and we've talked about
it<14:15:25.860> a<14:15:25.980> bit<14:15:26.096> in<14:15:26.220> the<14:15:26.340> past

it a bit in the past

it a bit in the past
finally<14:15:28.080> we<14:15:28.320> have<14:15:28.500> to<14:15:28.740> add<14:15:29.040> the<14:15:29.700> user<14:15:30.116> accounts

finally we have to add the user accounts

finally we have to add the user accounts
to<14:15:31.140> our<14:15:31.680> local<14:15:31.916> networks

to our local networks

to our local networks
so<14:15:33.596> that<14:15:33.776> then<14:15:34.020> they<14:15:34.200> can<14:15:34.380> communicate

so that then they can communicate

so that then they can communicate
throughout<14:15:36.180> uh<14:15:36.720> the<14:15:37.020> Wan

throughout uh the Wan

throughout uh the Wan
this<14:15:38.276> can<14:15:38.400> be<14:15:38.520> configured<14:15:38.936> using<14:15:39.416> either<14:15:39.660> IP

this can be configured using either IP

this can be configured using either IP
addresses<14:15:40.916> or<14:15:41.456> Mac<14:15:41.700> addresses<14:15:42.240> or<14:15:42.840> domain

addresses or Mac addresses or domain

addresses or Mac addresses or domain
names<14:15:43.616> so<14:15:44.456> just<14:15:44.756> to<14:15:44.880> go<14:15:45.000> back<14:15:45.116> over<14:15:45.300> that<14:15:45.540> again

names so just to go back over that again

names so just to go back over that again
I<14:15:46.500> create<14:15:46.740> the<14:15:47.160> VPN<14:15:47.936> I<14:15:48.360> give<14:15:48.540> access<14:15:48.776> to<14:15:49.080> the

I create the VPN I give access to the

I create the VPN I give access to the
users<14:15:49.560> and<14:15:50.040> then<14:15:50.160> I<14:15:50.400> connect<14:15:50.580> those<14:15:51.000> users<14:15:51.300> to

users and then I connect those users to

users and then I connect those users to
the<14:15:51.720> network<14:15:52.096> perhaps<14:15:53.096> I<14:15:53.276> connect<14:15:53.456> them<14:15:53.700> to

the network perhaps I connect them to

the network perhaps I connect them to
the<14:15:53.936> network<14:15:54.116> from<14:15:54.540> home<14:15:55.040> perhaps<14:15:56.040> from<14:15:56.276> their

the network from home perhaps from their

the network from home perhaps from their
own<14:15:56.640> internet<14:15:56.936> access<14:15:57.360> at<14:15:58.140> home<14:15:58.320> or<14:15:58.800> their<14:15:59.040> own

own internet access at home or their own

own internet access at home or their own
internet<14:15:59.520> router<14:16:00.116> but<14:16:00.720> in<14:16:00.900> some<14:16:01.020> way<14:16:01.140> I<14:16:01.256> have

internet router but in some way I have

internet router but in some way I have
to<14:16:01.500> give<14:16:01.616> them<14:16:01.800> access<14:16:01.980> and<14:16:02.340> that<14:16:02.520> generally

to give them access and that generally

to give them access and that generally
involves<14:16:03.240> some<14:16:03.596> sort<14:16:03.776> of<14:16:03.900> special<14:16:04.140> software

involves some sort of special software

involves some sort of special software
or<14:16:05.340> device<14:16:05.660> and<14:16:06.660> some<14:16:07.320> sort<14:16:07.436> of

or device and some sort of

or device and some sort of
authentication<14:16:08.160> such<14:16:08.580> as<14:16:08.700> a<14:16:08.936> password<14:16:09.060> or<14:16:09.540> pin

authentication such as a password or pin

authentication such as a password or pin
number

number

number
now<14:16:11.880> being<14:16:12.480> the<14:16:12.720> administrator<14:16:13.140> for<14:16:13.436> Awan<14:16:13.800> can

now being the administrator for Awan can

now being the administrator for Awan can
actually<14:16:14.160> be<14:16:14.340> pretty<14:16:14.520> demanding<14:16:15.000> because

actually be pretty demanding because

actually be pretty demanding because
it's<14:16:15.300> not<14:16:15.480> restricted<14:16:15.900> to<14:16:16.140> a<14:16:16.320> single<14:16:16.560> location

it's not restricted to a single location

it's not restricted to a single location
the<14:16:17.456> job<14:16:17.700> involves<14:16:18.180> a<14:16:18.360> lot<14:16:18.480> more<14:16:18.776> than<14:16:19.140> being<14:16:19.320> a

the job involves a lot more than being a

the job involves a lot more than being a
land<14:16:19.616> administrator<14:16:20.220> because<14:16:20.880> you<14:16:21.240> might

land administrator because you might

land administrator because you might
have<14:16:21.596> a<14:16:21.900> land<14:16:21.956> that's<14:16:22.320> all<14:16:22.500> in<14:16:22.740> New<14:16:22.916> York<14:16:23.096> but

have a land that's all in New York but

have a land that's all in New York but
if<14:16:23.640> I<14:16:23.756> have<14:16:23.880> a<14:16:24.000> win<14:16:24.116> I<14:16:24.360> could<14:16:24.480> have<14:16:24.596> offices<14:16:24.956> all

if I have a win I could have offices all

if I have a win I could have offices all
over<14:16:25.436> the<14:16:25.680> world<14:16:25.860> so<14:16:26.456> the<14:16:26.640> main<14:16:26.820> tasks<14:16:27.300> though

over the world so the main tasks though

over the world so the main tasks though
are<14:16:27.776> still<14:16:28.020> the<14:16:28.200> same<14:16:28.380> they're<14:16:29.096> just

are still the same they're just

are still the same they're just
generally<14:16:29.520> on<14:16:29.700> a<14:16:29.820> much<14:16:29.936> larger<14:16:30.416> scale<14:16:30.776> in<14:16:31.616> fact

generally on a much larger scale in fact

generally on a much larger scale in fact
almost<14:16:32.160> every<14:16:32.580> task<14:16:32.820> that<14:16:33.240> both

almost every task that both

almost every task that both
administrators<14:16:34.200> would<14:16:35.096> share<14:16:35.456> is<14:16:35.700> just

administrators would share is just

administrators would share is just
larger<14:16:36.776> in<14:16:37.020> scale<14:16:37.320> and<14:16:37.916> just<14:16:38.040> a<14:16:38.160> little<14:16:38.276> more

larger in scale and just a little more

larger in scale and just a little more
difficult<14:16:38.756> for<14:16:39.116> the<14:16:39.180> wan<14:16:39.480> to<14:16:39.660> admin

difficult for the wan to admin

difficult for the wan to admin
so<14:16:41.276> backups<14:16:41.880> are<14:16:41.936> just<14:16:42.116> as<14:16:42.240> important<14:16:42.596> on<14:16:42.720> a

so backups are just as important on a

so backups are just as important on a
Wan<14:16:43.080> as<14:16:43.256> they<14:16:43.380> are<14:16:43.436> in<14:16:43.560> a<14:16:43.680> land<14:16:43.800> if<14:16:44.040> not<14:16:44.220> more<14:16:44.400> so

Wan as they are in a land if not more so

Wan as they are in a land if not more so
because<14:16:45.240> data<14:16:45.660> loss<14:16:45.900> of<14:16:46.020> any<14:16:46.200> kind<14:16:46.500> is

because data loss of any kind is

because data loss of any kind is
something<14:16:46.916> that<14:16:47.096> needs<14:16:47.340> to<14:16:47.400> be<14:16:47.520> avoided<14:16:48.000> it's

something that needs to be avoided it's

something that needs to be avoided it's
the<14:16:48.776> way<14:16:48.956> an<14:16:49.200> admin's<14:16:49.740> job<14:16:49.916> to<14:16:50.160> be<14:16:50.276> in<14:16:50.400> charge

the way an admin's job to be in charge

the way an admin's job to be in charge
of<14:16:50.700> backups<14:16:51.300> for<14:16:51.480> the<14:16:51.660> entire<14:16:52.020> wide<14:16:52.980> area

of backups for the entire wide area

of backups for the entire wide area
network<14:16:53.456> and<14:16:53.756> make<14:16:53.880> sure<14:16:54.000> that<14:16:54.060> everything

network and make sure that everything

network and make sure that everything
goes<14:16:54.660> well<14:16:54.840> the<14:16:55.680> actual<14:16:55.916> process<14:16:56.340> of<14:16:56.580> backing

goes well the actual process of backing

goes well the actual process of backing
up<14:16:57.116> everything<14:16:57.660> is<14:16:58.020> virtually<14:16:58.436> identical<14:16:59.040> on

up everything is virtually identical on

up everything is virtually identical on
both<14:16:59.520> networks<14:17:00.060> however<14:17:00.776> with<14:17:01.020> Wan<14:17:01.320> it's<14:17:01.560> much

both networks however with Wan it's much

both networks however with Wan it's much
more<14:17:01.980> difficult<14:17:02.340> because<14:17:03.000> as<14:17:03.180> we<14:17:03.360> said<14:17:03.540> before

more difficult because as we said before

more difficult because as we said before
lands<14:17:05.220> span<14:17:05.756> over<14:17:06.116> two<14:17:06.720> or<14:17:06.956> more<14:17:07.200> physical

lands span over two or more physical

lands span over two or more physical
locations<14:17:08.720> geographically<14:17:09.720> and<14:17:10.020> are

locations geographically and are

locations geographically and are
grouping<14:17:11.116> Lan<14:17:12.116> networks<14:17:12.660> together<14:17:12.840> so<14:17:13.680> we

grouping Lan networks together so we

grouping Lan networks together so we
need<14:17:13.980> to<14:17:14.096> not<14:17:14.276> only<14:17:14.400> back<14:17:14.700> up<14:17:14.880> stuff<14:17:15.240> at<14:17:15.416> the

need to not only back up stuff at the

need to not only back up stuff at the
individual<14:17:15.900> Land<14:17:16.140> locations<14:17:16.680> but<14:17:16.860> then<14:17:17.040> we

individual Land locations but then we

individual Land locations but then we
need<14:17:17.340> to<14:17:17.456> put<14:17:17.756> all<14:17:17.936> that<14:17:18.116> together<14:17:18.360> into<14:17:19.020> one

need to put all that together into one

need to put all that together into one
big<14:17:19.980> huge<14:17:20.820> backup<14:17:21.360> of<14:17:22.080> course<14:17:22.200> one<14:17:22.500> of<14:17:22.560> the

big huge backup of course one of the

big huge backup of course one of the
main<14:17:22.800> differences<14:17:23.220> we<14:17:23.520> mentioned<14:17:23.880> at<14:17:24.000> the

main differences we mentioned at the

main differences we mentioned at the
outset<14:17:24.480> is<14:17:24.720> speed<14:17:25.140> and<14:17:25.980> so<14:17:26.220> when<14:17:27.116> we're<14:17:27.300> trying

outset is speed and so when we're trying

outset is speed and so when we're trying
to<14:17:27.720> back<14:17:27.840> stuff<14:17:28.140> up<14:17:28.380> to<14:17:29.160> a<14:17:29.340> wan<14:17:29.640> to<14:17:29.820> the

to back stuff up to a wan to the

to back stuff up to a wan to the
internet

internet

internet
speed<14:17:31.380> becomes<14:17:31.740> an<14:17:31.860> issue<14:17:32.096> I<14:17:32.220> can<14:17:32.400> back

speed becomes an issue I can back

speed becomes an issue I can back
something<14:17:32.820> up<14:17:33.060> really<14:17:33.240> quickly<14:17:33.660> if<14:17:34.020> I<14:17:34.200> plug<14:17:34.320> it

something up really quickly if I plug it

something up really quickly if I plug it
into<14:17:34.560> the<14:17:34.800> computer<14:17:34.980> when<14:17:35.580> I<14:17:35.700> start<14:17:35.820> going

into the computer when I start going

into the computer when I start going
over<14:17:36.180> the<14:17:36.360> network<14:17:36.540> that's<14:17:36.900> a<14:17:37.080> little<14:17:37.140> slower

over the network that's a little slower

over the network that's a little slower
and<14:17:38.040> then<14:17:38.160> when<14:17:38.400> I<14:17:38.520> start<14:17:38.640> going<14:17:38.936> over<14:17:39.240> a<14:17:39.660> Wan

and then when I start going over a Wan

and then when I start going over a Wan
it's<14:17:40.140> going<14:17:40.320> to<14:17:40.380> get<14:17:40.436> a<14:17:40.560> little<14:17:40.680> bit<14:17:40.800> slower

it's going to get a little bit slower

it's going to get a little bit slower
too<14:17:41.276> so<14:17:41.880> full<14:17:42.240> backups<14:17:42.840> can<14:17:43.200> take<14:17:43.500> days

too so full backups can take days

too so full backups can take days
depending<14:17:44.400> on<14:17:44.520> the<14:17:44.700> size<14:17:44.820> of<14:17:45.000> the<14:17:45.116> WAN<14:17:45.360> and

depending on the size of the WAN and

depending on the size of the WAN and
obviously<14:17:46.200> the<14:17:46.320> issue<14:17:46.560> with<14:17:46.680> that<14:17:46.860> is<14:17:47.040> if<14:17:47.220> it

obviously the issue with that is if it

obviously the issue with that is if it
takes<14:17:47.580> days<14:17:47.880> for<14:17:48.116> me<14:17:48.240> to<14:17:48.360> back<14:17:48.480> something<14:17:48.720> up

takes days for me to back something up

takes days for me to back something up
and<14:17:49.140> I'm<14:17:49.320> working<14:17:49.500> on<14:17:49.800> it<14:17:49.916> then<14:17:50.340> by<14:17:50.580> the<14:17:50.700> time

and I'm working on it then by the time

and I'm working on it then by the time
it's<14:17:51.060> backed<14:17:51.360> up<14:17:51.480> it's<14:17:51.776> actually<14:17:51.956> hasn't

it's backed up it's actually hasn't

it's backed up it's actually hasn't
gotten<14:17:52.980> the<14:17:53.096> backup<14:17:53.340> at<14:17:53.580> all<14:17:53.700> and<14:17:54.300> so<14:17:54.416> we<14:17:54.596> have

gotten the backup at all and so we have

gotten the backup at all and so we have
to<14:17:54.776> deal<14:17:54.900> with<14:17:55.200> all<14:17:55.380> sorts<14:17:55.680> of<14:17:55.800> stuff<14:17:55.980> when

to deal with all sorts of stuff when

to deal with all sorts of stuff when
we're<14:17:56.400> doing<14:17:56.580> this

we're doing this

we're doing this
so<14:17:58.140> as<14:17:58.500> you<14:17:58.680> can<14:17:58.800> see<14:17:59.040> here<14:17:59.400> I<14:17:59.880> generally<14:18:00.116> might

so as you can see here I generally might

so as you can see here I generally might
have<14:18:00.720> some<14:18:01.140> sort<14:18:01.380> of<14:18:01.560> off-site

have some sort of off-site

have some sort of off-site
backup<14:18:04.200> area<14:18:04.616> that<14:18:05.340> all<14:18:05.520> the<14:18:05.700> data<14:18:05.936> would<14:18:06.180> sort

backup area that all the data would sort

backup area that all the data would sort
of<14:18:06.480> Route<14:18:06.720> into<14:18:07.340> sometimes<14:18:08.340> what<14:18:08.520> we'll<14:18:08.700> do<14:18:08.880> is

of Route into sometimes what we'll do is

of Route into sometimes what we'll do is
we'll<14:18:09.720> actually<14:18:09.956> back<14:18:10.740> stuff<14:18:10.980> onto<14:18:11.700> a<14:18:12.000> local

we'll actually back stuff onto a local

we'll actually back stuff onto a local
backup

backup

backup
and<14:18:13.860> then<14:18:13.916> the<14:18:14.220> local<14:18:14.340> backup<14:18:14.820> will<14:18:15.060> be<14:18:15.240> backed

and then the local backup will be backed

and then the local backup will be backed
up<14:18:15.776> to<14:18:16.140> a<14:18:16.380> cloud<14:18:16.560> backup<14:18:17.096> or<14:18:17.276> a<14:18:17.456> Wan<14:18:17.756> backup

up to a cloud backup or a Wan backup

up to a cloud backup or a Wan backup
so<14:18:19.616> we<14:18:19.860> have<14:18:19.980> to<14:18:20.160> deal<14:18:20.340> with<14:18:20.640> space<14:18:20.880> issues<14:18:21.500> and

so we have to deal with space issues and

so we have to deal with space issues and
we<14:18:23.040> also<14:18:23.276> have<14:18:23.456> to<14:18:23.640> deal<14:18:23.880> with<14:18:24.300> speed<14:18:25.080> issues

we also have to deal with speed issues

we also have to deal with speed issues
now<14:18:26.756> when<14:18:26.936> it<14:18:27.116> comes<14:18:27.300> to<14:18:27.416> backups<14:18:27.900> as<14:18:28.080> you<14:18:28.200> can

now when it comes to backups as you can

now when it comes to backups as you can
imagine<14:18:28.436> that's<14:18:29.040> some<14:18:29.276> pretty<14:18:29.456> important

imagine that's some pretty important

imagine that's some pretty important
data<14:18:30.180> that's<14:18:30.360> flying<14:18:30.840> over<14:18:31.020> the<14:18:31.256> network<14:18:31.436> and

data that's flying over the network and

data that's flying over the network and
so<14:18:32.400> I<14:18:32.640> also<14:18:32.880> need<14:18:33.000> to<14:18:33.180> make<14:18:33.360> sure<14:18:33.540> not<14:18:33.840> only<14:18:33.956> my

so I also need to make sure not only my

so I also need to make sure not only my
backups<14:18:34.616> but<14:18:34.740> my<14:18:34.860> entire<14:18:35.160> network<14:18:35.456> are<14:18:36.060> secure

backups but my entire network are secure

backups but my entire network are secure
and<14:18:36.956> this<14:18:37.140> is<14:18:37.256> a<14:18:37.380> massive<14:18:37.740> job<14:18:37.916> for<14:18:38.220> the

and this is a massive job for the

and this is a massive job for the
administrator<14:18:38.756> of<14:18:38.880> Rowan<14:18:39.300> in<14:18:39.540> fact<14:18:39.720> generally

administrator of Rowan in fact generally

administrator of Rowan in fact generally
when<14:18:41.060> administrators<14:18:42.060> don't<14:18:42.180> do<14:18:42.360> this<14:18:42.416> they

when administrators don't do this they

when administrators don't do this they
hire<14:18:42.840> someone<14:18:43.140> else<14:18:43.500> to<14:18:43.860> specifically<14:18:44.340> focus

hire someone else to specifically focus

hire someone else to specifically focus
on<14:18:45.000> security<14:18:45.596> again<14:18:46.560> the<14:18:46.800> big<14:18:46.916> difference

on security again the big difference

on security again the big difference
with<14:18:47.456> Wan<14:18:47.820> is<14:18:48.416> that<14:18:48.596> the<14:18:48.840> network<14:18:48.956> is<14:18:49.256> not

with Wan is that the network is not

with Wan is that the network is not
limited<14:18:49.740> to<14:18:49.916> a<14:18:50.040> single<14:18:50.340> location<14:18:50.520> so<14:18:51.300> there

limited to a single location so there

limited to a single location so there
are<14:18:51.596> many<14:18:51.720> more<14:18:51.900> points<14:18:52.256> for<14:18:52.500> Access<14:18:52.800> for

are many more points for Access for

are many more points for Access for
people<14:18:53.700> who<14:18:54.180> might<14:18:54.416> have<14:18:54.596> nefarious<14:18:55.380> uh

people who might have nefarious uh

people who might have nefarious uh
purposes<14:18:56.756> to<14:18:57.116> get<14:18:57.240> into<14:18:57.416> our<14:18:57.660> Network

purposes to get into our Network

purposes to get into our Network
this<14:18:59.160> means<14:18:59.520> the<14:18:59.700> administrators<14:19:00.180> not<14:19:00.540> only

this means the administrators not only

this means the administrators not only
controlling<14:19:01.616> the<14:19:01.740> security<14:19:01.980> at<14:19:02.580> each

controlling the security at each

controlling the security at each
physical<14:19:03.000> location<14:19:03.416> but<14:19:04.380> also<14:19:04.680> the<14:19:04.916> security

physical location but also the security

physical location but also the security
of<14:19:05.936> the<14:19:06.300> entire<14:19:06.660> network<14:19:06.900> as<14:19:07.200> a<14:19:07.380> whole

of the entire network as a whole

of the entire network as a whole
theoretically<14:19:09.060> if<14:19:09.776> an<14:19:10.020> attacker<14:19:10.380> were<14:19:10.560> to

theoretically if an attacker were to

theoretically if an attacker were to
infiltrate<14:19:11.160> one<14:19:11.456> of<14:19:11.580> the<14:19:11.700> lands<14:19:12.060> it<14:19:12.240> could

infiltrate one of the lands it could

infiltrate one of the lands it could
infect<14:19:12.720> the<14:19:13.020> rest<14:19:13.256> of<14:19:13.436> the<14:19:13.680> WAN<14:19:13.916> so<14:19:14.520> we<14:19:14.700> have<14:19:14.820> to

infect the rest of the WAN so we have to

infect the rest of the WAN so we have to
have<14:19:15.116> a<14:19:15.300> lot<14:19:15.360> of<14:19:15.540> fault<14:19:15.900> sort<14:19:16.200> of<14:19:16.256> safety

have a lot of fault sort of safety

have a lot of fault sort of safety
measures<14:19:17.220> in<14:19:17.520> there<14:19:17.640> as<14:19:17.820> well<14:19:18.000> it<14:19:18.720> makes<14:19:18.900> our

measures in there as well it makes our

measures in there as well it makes our
job<14:19:19.320> really<14:19:19.740> difficult<14:19:20.096> and<14:19:21.060> we<14:19:21.240> not<14:19:21.480> only

job really difficult and we not only

job really difficult and we not only
have<14:19:21.840> to<14:19:22.080> spread<14:19:22.680> against<14:19:22.800> these<14:19:23.340> attacks<14:19:23.756> but

have to spread against these attacks but

have to spread against these attacks but
also<14:19:24.480> the<14:19:24.776> spread<14:19:25.256> of<14:19:25.860> attacks<14:19:26.400> if<14:19:27.060> one<14:19:27.540> site

also the spread of attacks if one site

also the spread of attacks if one site
gets<14:19:28.380> infiltrated<14:19:28.916> well<14:19:29.700> I<14:19:29.936> can't<14:19:30.000> do

gets infiltrated well I can't do

gets infiltrated well I can't do
anything<14:19:30.416> about<14:19:30.720> that<14:19:30.956> at<14:19:31.140> that<14:19:31.320> point<14:19:31.380> but<14:19:31.616> I

anything about that at that point but I

anything about that at that point but I
want<14:19:31.800> to<14:19:31.916> make<14:19:31.980> sure<14:19:32.096> all<14:19:32.276> my<14:19:32.400> other<14:19:32.520> sites

want to make sure all my other sites

want to make sure all my other sites
don't<14:19:32.936> get<14:19:33.060> infiltrated<14:19:33.540> as<14:19:33.840> well

don't get infiltrated as well

don't get infiltrated as well
so<14:19:35.340> here<14:19:35.580> we<14:19:35.756> see<14:19:35.880> the<14:19:36.240> same<14:19:36.360> wind<14:19:36.660> from

so here we see the same wind from

so here we see the same wind from
earlier<14:19:37.320> but<14:19:38.096> unfortunately<14:19:38.700> a<14:19:39.596> virus<14:19:40.020> has

earlier but unfortunately a virus has

earlier but unfortunately a virus has
been<14:19:40.560> sent<14:19:40.800> by<14:19:41.040> a<14:19:41.220> hacker<14:19:41.520> and<14:19:41.700> it's<14:19:41.880> making

been sent by a hacker and it's making

been sent by a hacker and it's making
its<14:19:42.720> way<14:19:42.900> through<14:19:43.380> the<14:19:43.740> wan<14:19:44.040> to<14:19:44.456> the<14:19:44.580> other

its way through the wan to the other

its way through the wan to the other
land<14:19:45.140> this<14:19:46.140> is<14:19:46.380> an<14:19:46.560> example<14:19:47.116> of<14:19:48.116> something<14:19:48.776> an

land this is an example of something an

land this is an example of something an
admin<14:19:49.616> would<14:19:49.860> have<14:19:50.040> to<14:19:50.160> be<14:19:50.276> diligent<14:19:50.820> about<14:19:51.200> in

admin would have to be diligent about in

admin would have to be diligent about in
some<14:19:52.320> ways<14:19:52.616> what<14:19:52.800> we<14:19:52.980> want<14:19:53.160> to<14:19:53.276> do<14:19:53.400> is<14:19:53.580> create

some ways what we want to do is create

some ways what we want to do is create
some<14:19:54.240> sort<14:19:54.416> of<14:19:54.596> wall<14:19:55.020> here<14:19:55.500> so<14:19:56.040> that<14:19:56.276> way<14:19:56.520> the

some sort of wall here so that way the

some sort of wall here so that way the
virus<14:19:57.776> or<14:19:58.140> the<14:19:58.320> logic<14:19:58.680> bomb<14:19:58.800> in<14:19:59.096> this<14:19:59.276> case

virus or the logic bomb in this case

virus or the logic bomb in this case
couldn't<14:20:00.060> make<14:20:00.416> its<14:20:00.720> way<14:20:00.776> over<14:20:01.080> and<14:20:01.616> just<14:20:01.860> got

couldn't make its way over and just got

couldn't make its way over and just got
stuck<14:20:02.400> and<14:20:02.640> stayed<14:20:02.936> in<14:20:03.060> Houston<14:20:03.240> while<14:20:04.020> it's

stuck and stayed in Houston while it's

stuck and stayed in Houston while it's
still<14:20:04.380> a<14:20:04.560> pretty<14:20:04.680> bad<14:20:04.916> scenario<14:20:05.520> at<14:20:06.116> least<14:20:06.300> New

still a pretty bad scenario at least New

still a pretty bad scenario at least New
York<14:20:06.840> hasn't<14:20:07.500> gotten<14:20:07.800> infected

York hasn't gotten infected

York hasn't gotten infected
so<14:20:09.900> in<14:20:10.380> this<14:20:10.500> module<14:20:10.860> I<14:20:11.096> really<14:20:11.220> briefly

so in this module I really briefly

so in this module I really briefly
talked<14:20:12.180> about<14:20:12.300> a<14:20:12.596> Wan<14:20:12.956> or<14:20:13.500> a<14:20:13.916> wide<14:20:14.276> area

talked about a Wan or a wide area

talked about a Wan or a wide area
network

network

network
remember<14:20:16.500> a<14:20:16.916> Wan<14:20:17.220> is<14:20:18.000> comprised<14:20:18.840> of<14:20:19.256> several

remember a Wan is comprised of several

remember a Wan is comprised of several
lands<14:20:20.456> that<14:20:21.116> are<14:20:21.240> connected

lands that are connected

lands that are connected
over<14:20:22.916> a<14:20:23.160> geographic<14:20:23.756> area

over a geographic area

over a geographic area
in<14:20:25.080> some<14:20:25.200> cases<14:20:25.680> we're<14:20:26.580> going<14:20:26.880> to<14:20:27.180> connect

in some cases we're going to connect

in some cases we're going to connect
them<14:20:27.776> through<14:20:28.436> the<14:20:28.740> use<14:20:28.916> of<14:20:29.580> what's<14:20:29.700> called<14:20:30.060> a

them through the use of what's called a

them through the use of what's called a
VPN

VPN

VPN
well<14:20:32.340> we<14:20:32.520> have<14:20:32.640> a<14:20:32.820> VPN<14:20:33.300> or<14:20:33.720> a<14:20:34.020> virtual<14:20:34.616> private

well we have a VPN or a virtual private

well we have a VPN or a virtual private
Network<14:20:35.456> it<14:20:36.416> creates<14:20:36.720> a<14:20:37.080> tunnel<14:20:37.436> over<14:20:38.096> the

Network it creates a tunnel over the

Network it creates a tunnel over the
Internet<14:20:38.640> which<14:20:39.240> is<14:20:39.360> our<14:20:39.660> public<14:20:40.140> switched

Internet which is our public switched

Internet which is our public switched
Network<14:20:40.916> or<14:20:41.340> our<14:20:41.580> public<14:20:41.756> network<14:20:42.616> and<14:20:43.616> we

Network or our public network and we

Network or our public network and we
create<14:20:44.096> a<14:20:44.456> private<14:20:44.820> Network<14:20:45.000> within<14:20:45.480> that

create a private Network within that

create a private Network within that
using<14:20:46.080> all<14:20:46.200> sorts<14:20:46.500> of<14:20:46.560> protocols<14:20:47.040> we'll

using all sorts of protocols we'll

using all sorts of protocols we'll
discuss<14:20:47.640> so<14:20:48.300> that<14:20:48.416> way<14:20:48.596> these<14:20:49.140> two<14:20:49.200> lands<14:20:49.616> can

discuss so that way these two lands can

discuss so that way these two lands can
communicate<14:20:50.220> as<14:20:50.456> though<14:20:50.640> they<14:20:51.116> are<14:20:51.300> actually

communicate as though they are actually

communicate as though they are actually
one<14:20:52.256> Lan<14:20:52.680> or<14:20:53.040> they're<14:20:53.220> right<14:20:53.400> next<14:20:53.580> to<14:20:53.756> each

one Lan or they're right next to each

one Lan or they're right next to each
other<14:20:54.060> we<14:20:54.840> also<14:20:55.020> need<14:20:55.200> to<14:20:55.320> have<14:20:55.500> user<14:20:56.040> accounts

other we also need to have user accounts

other we also need to have user accounts
so<14:20:57.116> that<14:20:57.416> way<14:20:57.800> the<14:20:58.800> users

so that way the users

so that way the users
can't<14:21:00.540> just<14:21:00.776> not<14:21:01.256> anyone<14:21:01.616> can<14:21:01.800> get<14:21:01.980> onto<14:21:02.220> a

can't just not anyone can get onto a

can't just not anyone can get onto a
network<14:21:02.400> they<14:21:02.756> have<14:21:02.880> to<14:21:03.000> have<14:21:03.180> a<14:21:03.360> specific

network they have to have a specific

network they have to have a specific
password<14:21:04.020> authentication<14:21:05.096> Etc<14:21:05.276> and<14:21:05.880> those

password authentication Etc and those

password authentication Etc and those
users<14:21:06.360> also<14:21:06.660> have<14:21:06.840> to<14:21:07.020> have<14:21:07.256> access<14:21:08.300> somehow

users also have to have access somehow

users also have to have access somehow
whether<14:21:09.900> that's<14:21:10.140> through<14:21:10.380> the<14:21:10.560> internet<14:21:10.880> or

whether that's through the internet or

whether that's through the internet or
they<14:21:12.360> actually<14:21:12.540> are<14:21:12.720> physically<14:21:13.020> connected

they actually are physically connected

they actually are physically connected
through<14:21:13.740> our<14:21:13.980> land<14:21:14.160> site

through our land site

through our land site
we<14:21:15.540> also<14:21:15.720> talked<14:21:15.956> about<14:21:16.020> some<14:21:16.256> of<14:21:16.380> the

we also talked about some of the

we also talked about some of the
administrative<14:21:16.800> tasks<14:21:17.276> that<14:21:17.456> can<14:21:17.640> be

administrative tasks that can be

administrative tasks that can be
difficult<14:21:18.060> for<14:21:18.300> lands<14:21:18.776> specifically<14:21:19.560> backup

difficult for lands specifically backup

difficult for lands specifically backup
where<14:21:20.936> we're<14:21:21.116> dealing<14:21:21.416> not<14:21:21.660> only<14:21:21.840> with<14:21:22.320> speed

where we're dealing not only with speed

where we're dealing not only with speed
but<14:21:23.936> also<14:21:24.180> with<14:21:24.480> amount<14:21:24.900> of<14:21:25.020> data

but also with amount of data

but also with amount of data
and<14:21:27.660> we<14:21:27.900> talked<14:21:28.140> about<14:21:28.200> security<14:21:28.680> we're<14:21:29.580> not

and we talked about security we're not

and we talked about security we're not
just<14:21:30.140> stopping<14:21:31.140> intrusions

just stopping intrusions

just stopping intrusions
but<14:21:33.360> we<14:21:33.660> also<14:21:34.020> need<14:21:34.916> to<14:21:35.220> limit<14:21:35.580> the<14:21:36.360> spread<14:21:36.776> of

but we also need to limit the spread of

but we also need to limit the spread of
an<14:21:37.200> attack

wide area networks Wan transmission

wide area networks Wan transmission
technologies

technologies

technologies
so<14:22:07.800> in<14:22:07.980> the<14:22:08.220> last<14:22:08.340> module<14:22:09.000> we<14:22:09.416> talked<14:22:09.916> very<14:22:10.916> uh

so in the last module we talked very uh

so in the last module we talked very uh
briefly<14:22:12.300> and<14:22:13.256> in<14:22:13.680> an<14:22:13.916> overview<14:22:14.220> sense<14:22:14.580> about

briefly and in an overview sense about

briefly and in an overview sense about
the<14:22:15.116> implementation<14:22:15.660> and<14:22:15.956> administration<14:22:16.680> of

the implementation and administration of

the implementation and administration of
wide<14:22:17.580> area<14:22:17.756> networks<14:22:18.360> now<14:22:18.840> the<14:22:18.956> reason<14:22:19.080> we

wide area networks now the reason we

wide area networks now the reason we
didn't<14:22:19.436> get<14:22:19.560> into<14:22:19.680> too<14:22:19.980> much<14:22:20.160> detail<14:22:20.640> is

didn't get into too much detail is

didn't get into too much detail is
because<14:22:21.300> it<14:22:22.256> gets<14:22:22.800> quite<14:22:23.096> complicated<14:22:23.700> when

because it gets quite complicated when

because it gets quite complicated when
we<14:22:24.180> talk<14:22:24.416> not<14:22:24.720> only<14:22:24.900> about<14:22:25.080> connecting

we talk not only about connecting

we talk not only about connecting
computers<14:22:26.220> together<14:22:26.456> in<14:22:26.756> a<14:22:26.880> local<14:22:27.000> area

computers together in a local area

computers together in a local area
network<14:22:27.540> but<14:22:28.256> in<14:22:28.560> a<14:22:28.740> wide<14:22:28.860> area<14:22:29.096> network<14:22:29.400> and

network but in a wide area network and

network but in a wide area network and
as<14:22:30.180> a<14:22:30.360> result<14:22:30.480> the<14:22:30.900> Technologies<14:22:31.500> become<14:22:32.220> more

as a result the Technologies become more

as a result the Technologies become more
and<14:22:32.820> more<14:22:33.060> complex<14:22:33.416> and<14:22:34.380> just<14:22:34.860> like<14:22:34.980> we<14:22:35.160> have

and more complex and just like we have

and more complex and just like we have
people<14:22:35.520> who<14:22:35.756> specialize<14:22:36.116> in<14:22:36.300> lands<14:22:36.596> they're

people who specialize in lands they're

people who specialize in lands they're
people<14:22:36.956> who<14:22:37.140> specialize<14:22:37.500> in<14:22:37.616> lands<14:22:38.160> since<14:22:38.756> the

people who specialize in lands since the

people who specialize in lands since the
purpose<14:22:39.300> of<14:22:39.480> network<14:22:39.660> plus<14:22:39.956> is<14:22:40.200> to<14:22:40.320> give<14:22:40.436> you

purpose of network plus is to give you

purpose of network plus is to give you
an<14:22:40.616> overview<14:22:40.860> of<14:22:41.040> all<14:22:41.276> the<14:22:41.456> stuff<14:22:41.640> we<14:22:42.180> just

an overview of all the stuff we just

an overview of all the stuff we just
want<14:22:42.480> to<14:22:42.596> get<14:22:42.720> you<14:22:42.900> familiar<14:22:43.380> with<14:22:43.560> certain

want to get you familiar with certain

want to get you familiar with certain
terms<14:22:44.340> so<14:22:45.000> in<14:22:45.180> case<14:22:45.360> you<14:22:45.596> were<14:22:45.776> to<14:22:45.900> come<14:22:46.020> across

terms so in case you were to come across

terms so in case you were to come across
them<14:22:46.616> you<14:22:47.040> would<14:22:47.160> sort<14:22:47.340> of<14:22:47.520> know<14:22:47.756> where<14:22:48.540> to

them you would sort of know where to

them you would sort of know where to
look<14:22:48.956> or<14:22:49.380> what<14:22:49.980> to<14:22:50.160> start<14:22:50.340> with<14:22:50.580> when<14:22:50.880> you<14:22:51.000> look

look or what to start with when you look

look or what to start with when you look
for<14:22:51.240> more<14:22:51.480> information<14:22:51.740> now<14:22:52.740> in<14:22:53.096> this<14:22:53.220> module

for more information now in this module

for more information now in this module
we're<14:22:53.700> going<14:22:53.820> to<14:22:53.880> talk<14:22:54.000> a<14:22:54.180> little<14:22:54.300> more

we're going to talk a little more

we're going to talk a little more
specifically<14:22:54.956> about<14:22:55.380> Wan<14:22:56.160> transmission

specifically about Wan transmission

specifically about Wan transmission
techniques<14:22:57.416> again<14:22:58.080> we're<14:22:58.320> going<14:22:58.500> to<14:22:58.560> look<14:22:58.680> at

techniques again we're going to look at

techniques again we're going to look at
this<14:22:58.980> from<14:22:59.220> a<14:22:59.340> mile<14:22:59.520> high<14:22:59.880> view<14:23:00.116> so<14:23:00.900> the

this from a mile high view so the

this from a mile high view so the
techniques<14:23:02.040> then<14:23:02.220> the<14:23:02.520> transmission

techniques then the transmission

techniques then the transmission
technologies<14:23:03.596> we're<14:23:03.900> going<14:23:04.020> to<14:23:04.140> talk<14:23:04.320> about

technologies we're going to talk about

technologies we're going to talk about
are<14:23:04.800> specifically<14:23:05.540> ISDN<14:23:06.540> which<14:23:06.900> you<14:23:06.956> might

are specifically ISDN which you might

are specifically ISDN which you might
remember<14:23:07.616> if<14:23:07.916> you've<14:23:08.096> been<14:23:08.220> around<14:23:08.400> for<14:23:08.756> a

remember if you've been around for a

remember if you've been around for a
while<14:23:08.880> it's<14:23:09.180> mostly<14:23:09.596> been<14:23:09.916> supplanted<14:23:10.916> by<14:23:11.220> DSL

while it's mostly been supplanted by DSL

while it's mostly been supplanted by DSL
and<14:23:12.660> cable<14:23:13.080> to<14:23:13.500> this<14:23:13.800> uh<14:23:14.400> nowadays<14:23:15.240> as

and cable to this uh nowadays as

and cable to this uh nowadays as
actually<14:23:16.080> you<14:23:16.320> have<14:23:16.560> most<14:23:16.980> of<14:23:17.220> these

actually you have most of these

actually you have most of these
Technologies<14:23:18.116> but<14:23:18.596> some<14:23:18.660> of<14:23:18.776> these<14:23:18.900> are<14:23:19.020> still

Technologies but some of these are still

Technologies but some of these are still
around<14:23:19.320> and<14:23:19.560> you<14:23:19.740> probably<14:23:19.860> have<14:23:20.040> heard<14:23:20.220> of

around and you probably have heard of

around and you probably have heard of
them<14:23:20.520> so<14:23:20.820> ISDN<14:23:21.360> is<14:23:21.480> the<14:23:21.596> first<14:23:21.720> we're<14:23:21.900> going<14:23:22.020> to

them so ISDN is the first we're going to

them so ISDN is the first we're going to
talk<14:23:22.200> about<14:23:22.380> we're<14:23:22.860> also<14:23:23.096> going<14:23:23.220> to<14:23:23.276> talk

talk about we're also going to talk

talk about we're also going to talk
about<14:23:23.700> t<14:23:24.060> carrier<14:23:24.540> and<14:23:24.660> if<14:23:24.776> you've<14:23:24.956> ever<14:23:25.080> seen

about t carrier and if you've ever seen

about t carrier and if you've ever seen
the<14:23:25.980> term<14:23:26.096> a<14:23:26.640> T1<14:23:27.060> or<14:23:27.480> T3<14:23:27.956> line<14:23:28.256> that's<14:23:28.500> what

the term a T1 or T3 line that's what

the term a T1 or T3 line that's what
this<14:23:28.860> is<14:23:29.040> referring<14:23:29.400> to<14:23:29.640> we're<14:23:30.300> going<14:23:30.416> to<14:23:30.540> talk

this is referring to we're going to talk

this is referring to we're going to talk
about<14:23:30.720> Sonet<14:23:31.320> which<14:23:31.860> is<14:23:32.580> responsible<14:23:33.240> for<14:23:33.660> a

about Sonet which is responsible for a

about Sonet which is responsible for a
different<14:23:33.956> type<14:23:34.380> of<14:23:34.680> classification<14:23:35.400> it's

different type of classification it's

different type of classification it's
also<14:23:36.596> using<14:23:36.840> some<14:23:37.080> Optics<14:23:37.560> which<14:23:38.096> is<14:23:38.220> why<14:23:38.456> it's

also using some Optics which is why it's

also using some Optics which is why it's
a<14:23:38.936> bit<14:23:39.416> faster<14:23:39.776> and<14:23:40.020> required<14:23:40.500> a<14:23:40.680> completely

a bit faster and required a completely

a bit faster and required a completely
different<14:23:41.220> form<14:23:41.756> of<14:23:42.300> rating<14:23:43.080> the<14:23:43.860> cabling<14:23:44.276> and

different form of rating the cabling and

different form of rating the cabling and
the<14:23:44.936> speeds<14:23:45.300> and<14:23:46.080> then<14:23:46.140> we're<14:23:46.256> going<14:23:46.380> to<14:23:46.436> look

the speeds and then we're going to look

the speeds and then we're going to look
at<14:23:46.740> some<14:23:47.040> technologies<14:23:47.580> that<14:23:47.936> allow<14:23:48.240> the<14:23:48.416> data

at some technologies that allow the data

at some technologies that allow the data
to<14:23:49.400> transmit<14:23:50.400> over<14:23:50.756> this<14:23:51.596> stuff<14:23:52.256> these<14:23:52.680> T

to transmit over this stuff these T

to transmit over this stuff these T
carrier<14:23:53.220> and<14:23:53.276> sonets<14:23:53.776> including<14:23:54.776> x25<14:23:55.560> and

carrier and sonets including x25 and

carrier and sonets including x25 and
frame<14:23:56.160> relay<14:23:56.660> x25<14:23:57.660> was<14:23:58.020> supplanted<14:23:58.616> by<14:23:58.860> frame

frame relay x25 was supplanted by frame

frame relay x25 was supplanted by frame
relay<14:23:59.520> and<14:24:00.240> ATM<14:24:00.776> which<14:24:01.020> is<14:24:01.140> not<14:24:01.380> the<14:24:01.616> thing<14:24:01.740> you

relay and ATM which is not the thing you

relay and ATM which is not the thing you
put<14:24:02.220> your<14:24:02.700> card<14:24:03.180> into<14:24:03.360> to<14:24:03.660> get<14:24:03.776> money<14:24:03.956> out<14:24:04.200> of

put your card into to get money out of

put your card into to get money out of
but<14:24:04.680> rather<14:24:04.980> a<14:24:05.276> technology<14:24:05.640> of<14:24:06.180> protocol<14:24:06.540> that

but rather a technology of protocol that

but rather a technology of protocol that
allows<14:24:07.020> us<14:24:07.200> to<14:24:07.800> communicate<14:24:08.400> over<14:24:08.580> when

allows us to communicate over when

allows us to communicate over when
Networks

Networks

Networks
so<14:24:10.680> the<14:24:10.800> first<14:24:10.916> one<14:24:11.040> we're<14:24:11.160> going<14:24:11.276> to<14:24:11.340> talk

so the first one we're going to talk

so the first one we're going to talk
about<14:24:11.640> here<14:24:11.936> is<14:24:12.300> the<14:24:12.660> integrated<14:24:13.140> Services

about here is the integrated Services

about here is the integrated Services
digital<14:24:14.276> Network<14:24:14.520> or

digital Network or

digital Network or
ISDN<14:24:17.700> now<14:24:18.660> uh<14:24:19.140> the<14:24:19.800> ISDN<14:24:20.276> is<14:24:20.520> very<14:24:21.000> high<14:24:21.240> speed

ISDN now uh the ISDN is very high speed

ISDN now uh the ISDN is very high speed
but<14:24:21.840> it's<14:24:22.020> also<14:24:22.380> high<14:24:22.740> cost<14:24:23.040> and<14:24:24.000> the<14:24:24.240> reason

but it's also high cost and the reason

but it's also high cost and the reason
for<14:24:24.720> that<14:24:24.840> is<14:24:25.080> because<14:24:25.256> in<14:24:25.500> order<14:24:25.680> to<14:24:25.916> use<14:24:26.160> ISDN

for that is because in order to use ISDN

for that is because in order to use ISDN
a<14:24:27.180> special<14:24:27.360> phone<14:24:27.776> line<14:24:28.020> is<14:24:28.256> required<14:24:28.680> to<14:24:28.800> set

a special phone line is required to set

a special phone line is required to set
it<14:24:29.220> up<14:24:29.400> now<14:24:30.180> the<14:24:30.480> line<14:24:30.660> is<14:24:30.840> paid<14:24:31.080> for<14:24:31.320> monthly

it up now the line is paid for monthly

it up now the line is paid for monthly
just<14:24:32.040> like<14:24:32.220> with<14:24:32.640> any<14:24:32.880> phone<14:24:33.180> line<14:24:33.416> and<14:24:34.020> this

just like with any phone line and this

just like with any phone line and this
is<14:24:34.256> where<14:24:34.500> the<14:24:34.740> high<14:24:35.040> costs<14:24:35.520> come<14:24:35.756> in<14:24:35.936> because

is where the high costs come in because

is where the high costs come in because
the<14:24:36.480> service<14:24:36.720> is<14:24:37.080> pretty<14:24:37.256> expensive<14:24:37.740> to<14:24:37.916> pay

the service is pretty expensive to pay

the service is pretty expensive to pay
for<14:24:38.220> every<14:24:38.400> month<14:24:39.116> in<14:24:39.596> order<14:24:39.840> to<14:24:40.080> set<14:24:40.256> up<14:24:40.380> a

for every month in order to set up a

for every month in order to set up a
connection<14:24:40.740> the<14:24:41.456> phone<14:24:41.580> line<14:24:41.820> has<14:24:42.300> to<14:24:42.776> dial

connection the phone line has to dial

connection the phone line has to dial
the<14:24:43.380> address<14:24:43.560> of<14:24:43.800> the<14:24:43.980> receiving<14:24:44.160> computer

the address of the receiving computer

the address of the receiving computer
very<14:24:45.360> similar<14:24:45.720> to<14:24:45.900> the<14:24:46.080> process<14:24:46.436> of<14:24:46.680> calling<14:24:47.096> a

very similar to the process of calling a

very similar to the process of calling a
phone<14:24:47.520> on<14:24:48.060> the<14:24:48.180> other<14:24:48.240> end<14:24:48.416> and<14:24:48.900> once<14:24:49.140> the

phone on the other end and once the

phone on the other end and once the
connection<14:24:49.436> is<14:24:49.740> established<14:24:50.220> you<14:24:50.400> can<14:24:50.520> drop

connection is established you can drop

connection is established you can drop
it<14:24:50.880> by<14:24:51.060> just<14:24:51.240> hanging<14:24:51.660> it<14:24:51.776> up<14:24:51.956> so<14:24:52.860> if<14:24:53.520> we<14:24:53.700> were

it by just hanging it up so if we were

it by just hanging it up so if we were
to<14:24:53.936> consider<14:24:54.416> this<14:24:54.776> for<14:24:55.080> instance<14:24:55.380> to<14:24:55.740> be<14:24:55.980> our

to consider this for instance to be our

to consider this for instance to be our
um<14:24:57.480> uh<14:24:58.640> ISDN<14:24:59.640> line<14:24:59.820> you<14:25:00.060> would<14:25:00.180> notice<14:25:00.416> there

um uh ISDN line you would notice there

um uh ISDN line you would notice there
is<14:25:00.900> sort<14:25:01.140> of<14:25:01.200> a<14:25:01.436> box<14:25:02.096> here<14:25:02.340> and<14:25:02.520> that's<14:25:02.640> because

is sort of a box here and that's because

is sort of a box here and that's because
we<14:25:03.060> need<14:25:03.180> a<14:25:03.360> special<14:25:03.480> box<14:25:03.776> to<14:25:04.080> allow<14:25:04.380> the<14:25:04.500> istn

we need a special box to allow the istn

we need a special box to allow the istn
to<14:25:05.220> communicate<14:25:05.640> and<14:25:06.060> it<14:25:06.180> would<14:25:06.360> then

to communicate and it would then

to communicate and it would then
communicate<14:25:07.140> onto<14:25:07.980> the<14:25:08.096> other<14:25:08.220> side<14:25:08.400> to<14:25:08.640> the

communicate onto the other side to the

communicate onto the other side to the
ISP<14:25:09.300> now<14:25:09.840> what's<14:25:10.020> interesting<14:25:10.380> here<14:25:10.616> is<14:25:10.800> this

ISP now what's interesting here is this

ISP now what's interesting here is this
is<14:25:11.220> actually<14:25:11.456> a<14:25:12.000> plain<14:25:12.180> old<14:25:12.480> telephone<14:25:12.776> system

is actually a plain old telephone system

is actually a plain old telephone system
line<14:25:13.640> or<14:25:14.640> uh<14:25:15.416> by<14:25:15.900> the<14:25:15.956> way<14:25:16.020> Plano<14:25:16.560> telephone

line or uh by the way Plano telephone

line or uh by the way Plano telephone
system<14:25:17.580> or<14:25:18.000> pstn<14:25:18.660> public<14:25:18.900> switch<14:25:19.140> telephone

system or pstn public switch telephone

system or pstn public switch telephone
Network<14:25:19.916> so<14:25:20.520> this<14:25:20.700> is<14:25:20.820> using<14:25:21.300> uh<14:25:21.956> old

Network so this is using uh old

Network so this is using uh old
telephone<14:25:23.640> technology<14:25:24.480> but<14:25:24.900> the<14:25:25.200> difference

telephone technology but the difference

telephone technology but the difference
is<14:25:25.740> instead<14:25:26.160> of<14:25:26.220> using<14:25:26.520> the<14:25:26.640> one<14:25:26.756> that's

is instead of using the one that's

is instead of using the one that's
already<14:25:27.416> been<14:25:27.980> installed<14:25:28.980> into<14:25:29.096> your<14:25:29.340> home<14:25:29.456> or

already been installed into your home or

already been installed into your home or
to<14:25:29.820> your<14:25:29.936> office<14:25:30.116> it's<14:25:30.416> actually<14:25:30.660> another<14:25:31.080> one

to your office it's actually another one

to your office it's actually another one
that<14:25:31.680> has<14:25:31.800> to<14:25:31.980> be<14:25:32.096> laid<14:25:32.400> down<14:25:32.580> which<14:25:32.820> is<14:25:32.880> how

that has to be laid down which is how

that has to be laid down which is how
it's<14:25:33.180> different<14:25:33.416> from<14:25:33.720> DSL<14:25:34.320> now<14:25:34.916> there<14:25:35.096> are

it's different from DSL now there are

it's different from DSL now there are
actually<14:25:35.276> two<14:25:35.520> different<14:25:35.756> types<14:25:36.416> of<14:25:36.596> ISDN

actually two different types of ISDN

actually two different types of ISDN
we've<14:25:38.160> talked<14:25:38.400> about<14:25:38.456> these<14:25:38.756> in<14:25:38.880> a<14:25:39.000> plus<14:25:39.180> as

we've talked about these in a plus as

we've talked about these in a plus as
well<14:25:39.660> one<14:25:40.140> is<14:25:40.320> the<14:25:40.500> Bri<14:25:41.040> and<14:25:41.700> the<14:25:41.820> other<14:25:42.000> is<14:25:42.720> PRI

well one is the Bri and the other is PRI

well one is the Bri and the other is PRI
Bri<14:25:44.700> by<14:25:44.936> the<14:25:45.060> way<14:25:45.116> stands<14:25:45.480> for<14:25:45.720> basic

rate interface and this one stands for

rate interface and this one stands for
primary<14:25:52.916> rate<14:25:53.880> interface<14:25:54.480> primary<14:25:55.436> is<14:25:55.680> a<14:25:55.860> bit

primary rate interface primary is a bit

primary rate interface primary is a bit
faster

faster

faster
but<14:25:57.900> it's<14:25:58.020> also<14:25:58.256> a<14:25:58.436> little<14:25:58.500> bit<14:25:58.616> more

but it's also a little bit more

but it's also a little bit more
expensive<14:25:59.276> now<14:26:00.116> there<14:26:00.360> are<14:26:00.480> certain<14:26:00.660> speeds

expensive now there are certain speeds

expensive now there are certain speeds
these<14:26:01.740> operate<14:26:02.040> at<14:26:02.276> generally<14:26:02.756> 64<14:26:03.360> kilobits

these operate at generally 64 kilobits

these operate at generally 64 kilobits
per<14:26:04.680> second<14:26:04.916> or<14:26:05.340> 128<14:26:05.880> kilobits<14:26:06.480> per<14:26:06.596> second

per second or 128 kilobits per second

per second or 128 kilobits per second
again<14:26:07.740> that's<14:26:08.520> pretty<14:26:08.880> slow<14:26:09.180> when<14:26:09.480> we<14:26:09.660> compare

again that's pretty slow when we compare

again that's pretty slow when we compare
it<14:26:10.080> to<14:26:10.256> modern<14:26:10.436> day<14:26:10.740> DSL<14:26:11.456> or<14:26:12.000> modern<14:26:12.180> day<14:26:12.480> cable

it to modern day DSL or modern day cable

it to modern day DSL or modern day cable
Technologies<14:26:13.436> but<14:26:13.680> this<14:26:13.860> was<14:26:14.040> a<14:26:14.276> dedicated

Technologies but this was a dedicated

Technologies but this was a dedicated
line<14:26:15.000> specifically<14:26:15.596> from<14:26:15.956> you<14:26:16.200> to<14:26:17.160> uh<14:26:17.756> the<14:26:18.360> ISP

line specifically from you to uh the ISP

line specifically from you to uh the ISP
which<14:26:19.380> is<14:26:19.500> the<14:26:19.740> reason<14:26:19.860> why<14:26:20.340> even<14:26:20.756> though<14:26:20.936> it

which is the reason why even though it

which is the reason why even though it
was<14:26:21.180> a<14:26:21.300> little<14:26:21.416> less<14:26:21.660> fast<14:26:21.956> it<14:26:22.320> was<14:26:22.380> still<14:26:22.616> used

was a little less fast it was still used

was a little less fast it was still used
although<14:26:23.580> nowadays<14:26:24.060> we<14:26:24.360> don't<14:26:24.480> see<14:26:24.776> it<14:26:24.956> used

although nowadays we don't see it used

although nowadays we don't see it used
as<14:26:25.560> much<14:26:25.740> because<14:26:26.040> it<14:26:26.276> requires<14:26:26.756> special

as much because it requires special

as much because it requires special
technology<14:26:27.540> special<14:26:28.256> boxes<14:26:28.800> special

technology special boxes special

technology special boxes special
equipment<14:26:29.520> and<14:26:29.700> so<14:26:29.880> on<14:26:30.000> and<14:26:30.180> so<14:26:30.360> forth

equipment and so on and so forth

equipment and so on and so forth
now<14:26:32.040> the<14:26:32.220> next<14:26:32.340> technology<14:26:32.700> I<14:26:32.936> want<14:26:33.060> to<14:26:33.180> talk

now the next technology I want to talk

now the next technology I want to talk
about<14:26:33.416> are<14:26:33.720> called<14:26:33.956> t<14:26:34.436> carrier<14:26:34.916> lines<14:26:35.220> T

about are called t carrier lines T

about are called t carrier lines T
carrier<14:26:36.060> lines<14:26:36.240> are<14:26:36.360> dedicated<14:26:36.840> digital

carrier lines are dedicated digital

carrier lines are dedicated digital
lines<14:26:37.860> that<14:26:38.400> are<14:26:38.520> leased<14:26:38.936> from<14:26:39.180> the<14:26:39.300> telephone

lines that are leased from the telephone

lines that are leased from the telephone
companies<14:26:40.080> much<14:26:40.380> like<14:26:40.560> ISDN<14:26:41.220> but<14:26:41.936> they're

companies much like ISDN but they're

companies much like ISDN but they're
high<14:26:42.660> speed<14:26:42.900> and<14:26:43.500> they<14:26:43.616> establish<14:26:43.980> a<14:26:44.160> stable

high speed and they establish a stable

high speed and they establish a stable
connection<14:26:44.700> on<14:26:45.116> both<14:26:45.300> sides<14:26:45.660> just<14:26:46.140> like<14:26:46.256> ISDN

connection on both sides just like ISDN

connection on both sides just like ISDN
now<14:26:47.520> these<14:26:47.936> connections<14:26:48.360> are<14:26:48.660> always<14:26:48.900> open

now these connections are always open

now these connections are always open
unlike<14:26:49.860> isdns<14:26:50.700> so<14:26:50.936> communication<14:26:51.540> can<14:26:51.840> be

unlike isdns so communication can be

unlike isdns so communication can be
made<14:26:52.140> between<14:26:52.436> the<14:26:52.740> two<14:26:52.860> ends<14:26:53.220> whenever<14:26:53.700> it's

made between the two ends whenever it's

made between the two ends whenever it's
needed<14:26:54.180> there's<14:26:54.480> no<14:26:54.776> hanging<14:26:55.380> up<14:26:55.500> in<14:26:55.680> other

needed there's no hanging up in other

needed there's no hanging up in other
words<14:26:56.040> because<14:26:56.700> they<14:26:57.060> provide<14:26:57.416> such<14:26:57.956> a<14:26:58.256> good

words because they provide such a good

words because they provide such a good
dedicated<14:26:59.276> link<14:26:59.580> they're<14:27:00.180> also<14:27:00.540> expensive<14:27:01.380> to

dedicated link they're also expensive to

dedicated link they're also expensive to
use<14:27:01.800> on<14:27:02.096> lands<14:27:02.520> although<14:27:03.360> they<14:27:03.720> were<14:27:03.900> faster

use on lands although they were faster

use on lands although they were faster
and<14:27:04.916> so<14:27:05.040> we<14:27:05.276> saw<14:27:05.400> a<14:27:05.640> lot<14:27:05.700> of<14:27:05.820> companies<14:27:06.240> used<14:27:06.540> to

and so we saw a lot of companies used to

and so we saw a lot of companies used to
have<14:27:06.776> T1<14:27:07.256> or<14:27:07.500> T3<14:27:07.800> connections<14:27:08.400> and<14:27:08.580> they<14:27:08.880> might

have T1 or T3 connections and they might

have T1 or T3 connections and they might
still<14:27:09.416> do<14:27:09.740> now<14:27:10.740> there<14:27:10.916> are<14:27:11.040> different<14:27:11.220> types

still do now there are different types

still do now there are different types
of<14:27:12.300> T<14:27:12.540> connections<14:27:13.080> available<14:27:13.256> depending<14:27:13.980> on

of T connections available depending on

of T connections available depending on
the<14:27:14.276> speed<14:27:14.400> you<14:27:14.640> require<14:27:14.880> the<14:27:15.776> first<14:27:15.980> T1<14:27:16.980> is

the speed you require the first T1 is

the speed you require the first T1 is
the<14:27:17.820> slowest<14:27:18.180> of<14:27:18.416> the<14:27:18.596> four<14:27:18.720> types<14:27:19.200> now

the slowest of the four types now

the slowest of the four types now
like<14:27:21.956> the<14:27:22.200> other<14:27:22.380> three<14:27:22.800> it<14:27:23.756> does<14:27:24.000> create

like the other three it does create

like the other three it does create
dedicated<14:27:24.900> ends<14:27:25.436> and<14:27:25.740> it's<14:27:26.220> secure

dedicated ends and it's secure

dedicated ends and it's secure
and<14:27:28.860> t1s<14:27:29.340> are<14:27:29.456> generally<14:27:29.640> going<14:27:29.756> to<14:27:29.880> be<14:27:29.936> used

and t1s are generally going to be used

and t1s are generally going to be used
to<14:27:30.800> connect<14:27:31.800> lands<14:27:32.580> together<14:27:32.840> so<14:27:33.840> for

to connect lands together so for

to connect lands together so for
instance<14:27:34.380> if<14:27:34.860> I<14:27:35.096> have<14:27:35.276> my<14:27:35.640> Lan<14:27:36.000> on<14:27:36.900> in<14:27:37.080> one<14:27:37.320> side

instance if I have my Lan on in one side

instance if I have my Lan on in one side
of<14:27:37.560> the<14:27:37.680> city<14:27:37.740> and<14:27:37.980> you<14:27:38.096> have<14:27:38.220> another<14:27:38.340> one<14:27:38.580> we

of the city and you have another one we

of the city and you have another one we
might<14:27:38.936> get<14:27:39.300> or<14:27:39.660> lease<14:27:40.020> a<14:27:40.200> line<14:27:40.380> from<14:27:40.560> the

might get or lease a line from the

might get or lease a line from the
telephone<14:27:40.800> company<14:27:41.160> to<14:27:41.456> directly<14:27:41.820> connect

telephone company to directly connect

telephone company to directly connect
them<14:27:42.360> if<14:27:42.660> we<14:27:42.776> don't<14:27:42.840> want<14:27:42.956> to<14:27:43.080> use<14:27:43.256> the

them if we don't want to use the

them if we don't want to use the
internet<14:27:43.860> nowadays<14:27:44.756> we<14:27:44.936> have<14:27:45.060> the<14:27:45.180> internet

internet nowadays we have the internet

internet nowadays we have the internet
so<14:27:45.596> a<14:27:45.776> lot<14:27:45.900> of<14:27:46.020> organizations<14:27:46.616> are<14:27:46.860> going<14:27:46.980> to

so a lot of organizations are going to

so a lot of organizations are going to
use<14:27:47.096> that<14:27:47.220> and<14:27:47.400> just<14:27:47.520> get<14:27:47.700> a<14:27:47.880> very<14:27:48.060> fast

use that and just get a very fast

use that and just get a very fast
connection<14:27:48.596> perhaps<14:27:49.436> a<14:27:49.560> T1<14:27:49.860> or<14:27:50.040> T3<14:27:50.340> line

connection perhaps a T1 or T3 line

connection perhaps a T1 or T3 line
between<14:27:51.180> them<14:27:51.660> and<14:27:52.560> their<14:27:52.740> ISP<14:27:53.220> your<14:27:53.400> internet

between them and their ISP your internet

between them and their ISP your internet
service<14:27:54.000> provider<14:27:54.596> you<14:27:55.140> might<14:27:55.256> sometimes<14:27:55.680> see

service provider you might sometimes see

service provider you might sometimes see
this<14:27:56.096> by<14:27:56.276> the<14:27:56.400> way<14:27:56.456> referred<14:27:57.000> to<14:27:57.116> as<14:27:57.540> Digital

this by the way referred to as Digital

this by the way referred to as Digital
Signal<14:27:59.040> one<14:27:59.520> or<14:28:00.416> DS1

Signal one or DS1

Signal one or DS1
so<14:28:03.480> if<14:28:03.596> you<14:28:03.720> ever<14:28:03.776> see<14:28:04.080> DS<14:28:04.500> it's<14:28:04.800> the<14:28:04.980> same

so if you ever see DS it's the same

so if you ever see DS it's the same
thing<14:28:05.160> as<14:28:05.400> a<14:28:05.580> t<14:28:05.700> line<14:28:06.000> now<14:28:06.900> T2<14:28:07.320> as<14:28:07.616> you<14:28:07.740> can

thing as a t line now T2 as you can

thing as a t line now T2 as you can
imagine<14:28:07.980> are<14:28:08.456> slightly<14:28:08.880> faster<14:28:09.240> than<14:28:09.480> T1

imagine are slightly faster than T1

imagine are slightly faster than T1
lines<14:28:10.200> they're<14:28:10.680> not<14:28:10.860> much<14:28:11.040> different<14:28:11.220> they're

lines they're not much different they're

lines they're not much different they're
for<14:28:12.116> some<14:28:12.240> reason<14:28:12.416> used<14:28:12.840> a<14:28:13.436> little<14:28:13.560> less<14:28:13.860> it's

for some reason used a little less it's

for some reason used a little less it's
probably<14:28:14.400> because<14:28:14.580> the<14:28:14.880> speed<14:28:15.116> is<14:28:15.416> not<14:28:15.660> worth

probably because the speed is not worth

probably because the speed is not worth
the<14:28:16.740> uh<14:28:16.980> upgrade<14:28:17.456> uh<14:28:18.240> and<14:28:18.480> because

the uh upgrade uh and because

the uh upgrade uh and because
the<14:28:20.820> T3<14:28:21.180> is<14:28:21.540> actually<14:28:21.776> even<14:28:22.080> faster<14:28:22.500> than<14:28:22.740> T1

the T3 is actually even faster than T1

the T3 is actually even faster than T1
and<14:28:23.640> 2<14:28:23.820> T2<14:28:24.360> put<14:28:24.720> together<14:28:24.956> so<14:28:25.800> if<14:28:26.040> we<14:28:26.220> add<14:28:26.400> both

and 2 T2 put together so if we add both

and 2 T2 put together so if we add both
of<14:28:26.756> those<14:28:26.880> together<14:28:27.116> we'll<14:28:27.416> get<14:28:27.540> a<14:28:27.660> T3<14:28:28.020> this<14:28:28.740> is

of those together we'll get a T3 this is

of those together we'll get a T3 this is
sometimes<14:28:29.220> also<14:28:29.580> called<14:28:29.820> a<14:28:31.096> DS3<14:28:32.096> and<14:28:33.000> t1s

sometimes also called a DS3 and t1s

sometimes also called a DS3 and t1s
and<14:28:35.040> t3s

and t3s

and t3s
are<14:28:37.140> the<14:28:37.380> most<14:28:37.500> commonly<14:28:37.980> one<14:28:38.276> used<14:28:39.000> T<14:28:39.480> lines

are the most commonly one used T lines

are the most commonly one used T lines
that<14:28:40.020> you'll<14:28:40.256> probably<14:28:40.436> see<14:28:40.680> out<14:28:40.916> in<14:28:41.040> the

that you'll probably see out in the

that you'll probably see out in the
field

field

field
T4<14:28:42.776> is<14:28:43.200> even<14:28:43.380> faster<14:28:43.916> in<14:28:44.400> fact<14:28:44.580> it<14:28:45.060> is<14:28:45.416> a

T4 is even faster in fact it is a

T4 is even faster in fact it is a
combination<14:28:46.080> of<14:28:46.500> all<14:28:47.096> of<14:28:47.340> the<14:28:47.640> top<14:28:48.180> ones

combination of all of the top ones

combination of all of the top ones
meaning<14:28:48.776> it's<14:28:49.020> faster<14:28:49.916> than<14:28:50.096> all<14:28:50.340> of<14:28:50.456> them

meaning it's faster than all of them

meaning it's faster than all of them
combined<14:28:51.240> but<14:28:51.660> it's<14:28:51.840> also<14:28:52.140> pretty<14:28:52.320> expensive

combined but it's also pretty expensive

combined but it's also pretty expensive
and<14:28:53.040> for<14:28:53.276> most<14:28:53.400> part<14:28:53.640> we're<14:28:53.936> going<14:28:54.060> to<14:28:54.180> see<14:28:54.300> if

and for most part we're going to see if

and for most part we're going to see if
you<14:28:54.660> really<14:28:54.776> want<14:28:55.020> to<14:28:55.140> fast<14:28:55.380> line<14:28:55.560> a<14:28:55.800> T3<14:28:56.160> and<14:28:57.116> if

you really want to fast line a T3 and if

you really want to fast line a T3 and if
not<14:28:57.540> you'll<14:28:57.956> probably<14:28:58.080> see<14:28:58.320> a<14:28:58.560> T1<14:28:58.860> out<14:28:59.160> in<14:28:59.276> the

not you'll probably see a T1 out in the

not you'll probably see a T1 out in the
field<14:28:59.520> a<14:29:00.060> lot<14:29:00.240> of<14:29:00.360> companies<14:29:00.720> maybe<14:29:00.900> 10<14:29:01.140> 15

field a lot of companies maybe 10 15

field a lot of companies maybe 10 15
years<14:29:01.680> ago<14:29:01.860> used<14:29:02.096> to<14:29:02.276> connect<14:29:02.400> via<14:29:03.116> a<14:29:03.540> T1<14:29:03.900> or<14:29:04.320> a

years ago used to connect via a T1 or a

years ago used to connect via a T1 or a
T3

T3

T3
sometimes<14:29:06.416> you'll<14:29:06.720> still<14:29:06.840> see<14:29:07.080> that<14:29:07.200> if<14:29:07.380> it's

sometimes you'll still see that if it's

sometimes you'll still see that if it's
a<14:29:07.680> very<14:29:07.800> large<14:29:07.980> company<14:29:08.340> otherwise<14:29:08.880> they're

a very large company otherwise they're

a very large company otherwise they're
going<14:29:09.240> to<14:29:09.300> connect<14:29:09.416> via<14:29:09.900> perhaps<14:29:10.320> a<14:29:10.500> DSL<14:29:11.160> or

going to connect via perhaps a DSL or

going to connect via perhaps a DSL or
cable<14:29:12.180> connection<14:29:12.480> generally<14:29:13.380> commercially

cable connection generally commercially

cable connection generally commercially
again<14:29:14.936> this<14:29:15.300> was<14:29:15.540> before<14:29:15.900> you<14:29:16.740> had<14:29:17.096> cable<14:29:17.700> and

again this was before you had cable and

again this was before you had cable and
DSL<14:29:18.360> at<14:29:18.540> everyone's<14:29:18.900> homes<14:29:19.080> so<14:29:19.680> now<14:29:19.860> the

DSL at everyone's homes so now the

DSL at everyone's homes so now the
technology<14:29:20.520> has<14:29:20.880> shifted<14:29:21.300> a<14:29:21.416> bit<14:29:21.540> but<14:29:21.720> it's

technology has shifted a bit but it's

technology has shifted a bit but it's
important<14:29:22.080> to<14:29:22.256> know<14:29:22.380> about<14:29:22.500> this<14:29:22.680> for<14:29:22.860> Network

important to know about this for Network

important to know about this for Network
plus<14:29:23.400> because<14:29:23.880> they're<14:29:24.116> testing<14:29:24.540> knowledge

plus because they're testing knowledge

plus because they're testing knowledge
that<14:29:25.140> you<14:29:25.256> might<14:29:25.436> see<14:29:25.616> even<14:29:25.860> Legacy

that you might see even Legacy

that you might see even Legacy
information<14:29:26.660> meaning<14:29:27.660> old<14:29:28.200> information<14:29:28.436> that

information meaning old information that

information meaning old information that
you<14:29:28.980> might<14:29:29.096> run<14:29:29.276> into<14:29:29.520> or<14:29:29.756> encounter<14:29:30.300> at<14:29:30.900> an

you might run into or encounter at an

you might run into or encounter at an
office<14:29:31.256> or<14:29:31.560> a<14:29:31.740> building

office or a building

office or a building
now<14:29:33.240> in<14:29:33.720> 1984<14:29:34.756> if<14:29:35.756> you<14:29:35.880> recall<14:29:36.240> your<14:29:36.480> history

now in 1984 if you recall your history

now in 1984 if you recall your history
or<14:29:37.020> if<14:29:37.140> you<14:29:37.320> were<14:29:37.436> around<14:29:37.500> then<14:29:38.040> you<14:29:38.580> might

or if you were around then you might

or if you were around then you might
recall<14:29:38.936> that<14:29:39.116> 18t<14:29:39.596> in<14:29:39.776> the<14:29:39.840> United<14:29:39.900> States

recall that 18t in the United States

recall that 18t in the United States
held<14:29:40.616> a<14:29:40.680> monopoly<14:29:41.220> on<14:29:41.400> the<14:29:41.580> network<14:29:41.756> carrier

held a monopoly on the network carrier

held a monopoly on the network carrier
industry<14:29:42.956> I.E<14:29:43.680> phones<14:29:44.160> so<14:29:44.700> preceding<14:29:45.116> this

industry I.E phones so preceding this

industry I.E phones so preceding this
smaller<14:29:45.840> companies<14:29:46.256> were<14:29:46.860> given<14:29:47.220> a<14:29:47.340> chance

smaller companies were given a chance

smaller companies were given a chance
and<14:29:47.936> a<14:29:48.116> challenge<14:29:48.300> to<14:29:48.660> come<14:29:48.776> up<14:29:48.900> with<14:29:49.020> a<14:29:49.256> system

and a challenge to come up with a system

and a challenge to come up with a system
that<14:29:50.096> was<14:29:50.220> going<14:29:50.400> to<14:29:50.456> rival<14:29:50.820> a<14:29:51.240> t<14:29:51.416> that<14:29:52.320> the<14:29:52.560> one

that was going to rival a t that the one

that was going to rival a t that the one
that<14:29:52.800> they<14:29:52.980> had<14:29:53.220> so<14:29:54.060> a<14:29:54.360> company<14:29:54.480> called<14:29:54.776> Bell

that they had so a company called Bell

that they had so a company called Bell
Communications<14:29:55.740> which<14:29:56.096> you<14:29:56.276> might<14:29:56.456> have

Communications which you might have

Communications which you might have
heard<14:29:57.240> of<14:29:57.416> came<14:29:58.080> up<14:29:58.256> with<14:29:58.616> this<14:29:58.980> called<14:29:59.220> the

heard of came up with this called the

heard of came up with this called the
synchronous<14:29:59.936> Optical<14:30:00.416> Network<14:30:00.660> or<14:30:01.616> Sonet<14:30:02.456> now

synchronous Optical Network or Sonet now

synchronous Optical Network or Sonet now
sonnet<14:30:03.300> is<14:30:03.596> fiber<14:30:04.436> optic<14:30:04.916> okay<14:30:05.456> so<14:30:06.060> rather

sonnet is fiber optic okay so rather

sonnet is fiber optic okay so rather
than<14:30:06.480> being<14:30:06.660> copper<14:30:07.200> we're<14:30:07.560> dealing<14:30:07.860> with

than being copper we're dealing with

than being copper we're dealing with
fiber<14:30:08.520> optics<14:30:08.880> which<14:30:09.240> uses<14:30:09.540> plastic<14:30:09.956> or<14:30:10.200> glass

fiber optics which uses plastic or glass

fiber optics which uses plastic or glass
and<14:30:11.276> delivers<14:30:11.820> information<14:30:12.616> and<14:30:13.616> either

and delivers information and either

and delivers information and either
voice<14:30:14.276> data<14:30:14.936> and<14:30:15.300> Video<14:30:15.480> in<14:30:15.900> much<14:30:16.080> higher

voice data and Video in much higher

voice data and Video in much higher
speeds<14:30:16.800> as<14:30:16.916> a<14:30:17.160> result<14:30:17.276> because<14:30:18.180> it's<14:30:18.660> using

speeds as a result because it's using

speeds as a result because it's using
light<14:30:19.320> pulses

light pulses

light pulses
now<14:30:21.000> this<14:30:21.360> achievement<14:30:21.900> was<14:30:22.616> so<14:30:22.860> great<14:30:22.980> that

now this achievement was so great that

now this achievement was so great that
it<14:30:23.400> sparked<14:30:23.756> a<14:30:24.060> new<14:30:24.180> system<14:30:24.416> of<14:30:24.660> defining<14:30:25.020> data

it sparked a new system of defining data

it sparked a new system of defining data
rates<14:30:25.560> meaning<14:30:26.276> that<14:30:27.116> the<14:30:27.720> old<14:30:27.900> systems<14:30:28.436> uh

rates meaning that the old systems uh

rates meaning that the old systems uh
just<14:30:30.060> didn't

just didn't

just didn't
it<14:30:31.436> was<14:30:31.680> so<14:30:31.980> slow<14:30:32.220> in<14:30:32.520> comparison<14:30:32.936> there<14:30:33.240> was

it was so slow in comparison there was

it was so slow in comparison there was
nothing<14:30:33.540> that<14:30:33.900> could<14:30:34.256> sort<14:30:34.980> of<14:30:35.096> uh<14:30:35.756> uh<14:30:35.956> counter

nothing that could sort of uh uh counter

nothing that could sort of uh uh counter
this<14:30:37.200> and<14:30:37.436> so<14:30:37.616> we<14:30:37.800> start<14:30:37.980> seeing<14:30:38.340> the<14:30:38.580> OC

this and so we start seeing the OC

this and so we start seeing the OC
levels<14:30:39.416> like<14:30:39.720> for<14:30:40.020> instance<14:30:40.256> one<14:30:40.740> you<14:30:40.916> might

levels like for instance one you might

levels like for instance one you might
have<14:30:41.220> seen<14:30:41.400> is

have seen is

have seen is
oc9<14:30:43.320> and<14:30:43.860> that<14:30:43.980> would<14:30:44.160> be<14:30:44.340> really<14:30:44.756> really<14:30:44.936> fast

oc9 and that would be really really fast

oc9 and that would be really really fast
now<14:30:45.596> don't<14:30:45.840> worry<14:30:46.080> about<14:30:46.320> knowing<14:30:46.800> the

now don't worry about knowing the

now don't worry about knowing the
specific<14:30:47.340> speeds<14:30:47.880> for<14:30:48.060> the<14:30:48.180> network<14:30:48.240> plus

specific speeds for the network plus

specific speeds for the network plus
exam<14:30:48.840> that's<14:30:49.080> why<14:30:49.200> I'm<14:30:49.320> not<14:30:49.500> covering<14:30:49.916> them

exam that's why I'm not covering them

exam that's why I'm not covering them
what<14:30:50.520> you<14:30:50.756> just<14:30:50.880> want<14:30:51.060> to<14:30:51.180> make<14:30:51.300> sure<14:30:51.540> of<14:30:51.720> is<14:30:51.900> if

what you just want to make sure of is if

what you just want to make sure of is if
you<14:30:52.200> see<14:30:52.500> OC<14:30:53.340> versus<14:30:53.580> like<14:30:53.880> a<14:30:54.000> T1<14:30:54.240> or<14:30:54.416> T3<14:30:54.720> you

you see OC versus like a T1 or T3 you

you see OC versus like a T1 or T3 you
want<14:30:55.080> to<14:30:55.200> know<14:30:55.256> that<14:30:55.436> the<14:30:55.560> OC<14:30:55.860> is<14:30:56.096> generally

want to know that the OC is generally

want to know that the OC is generally
going<14:30:56.580> to<14:30:56.700> be<14:30:56.756> faster<14:30:57.116> because<14:30:57.596> again<14:30:57.900> look<14:30:58.140> at

going to be faster because again look at

going to be faster because again look at
this<14:30:58.500> word<14:30:58.616> Optical<14:30:59.276> carrier<14:30:59.880> levels

this word Optical carrier levels

this word Optical carrier levels
now<14:31:01.800> in<14:31:02.220> the<14:31:02.400> mid

now in the mid

now in the mid
um<14:31:03.560> 1970s<14:31:04.560> we<14:31:05.096> had<14:31:05.220> something<14:31:05.456> called<14:31:05.756> x25

um 1970s we had something called x25

um 1970s we had something called x25
which<14:31:07.020> was<14:31:07.756> everywhere<14:31:08.756> and<14:31:09.480> this<14:31:09.660> was

which was everywhere and this was

which was everywhere and this was
technology<14:31:10.256> that<14:31:10.616> was<14:31:10.740> developed<14:31:11.096> as<14:31:11.220> a<14:31:11.456> way

technology that was developed as a way

technology that was developed as a way
to<14:31:11.756> send<14:31:11.936> data<14:31:12.416> over<14:31:12.840> copper<14:31:13.436> wiring<14:31:13.800> so<14:31:14.040> not

to send data over copper wiring so not

to send data over copper wiring so not
that<14:31:14.400> OC<14:31:14.756> stuff<14:31:15.060> but<14:31:15.300> more<14:31:15.416> the<14:31:15.596> t1s<14:31:16.320> ETC<14:31:16.436> and

that OC stuff but more the t1s ETC and

that OC stuff but more the t1s ETC and
isdns<14:31:17.936> but<14:31:18.300> during<14:31:18.596> its<14:31:18.900> creation<14:31:19.200> everyone

isdns but during its creation everyone

isdns but during its creation everyone
in<14:31:19.980> the<14:31:20.096> networking<14:31:20.400> Communications<14:31:20.880> world

in the networking Communications world

in the networking Communications world
had<14:31:21.540> a<14:31:21.720> part<14:31:21.840> in<14:31:21.956> creating<14:31:22.320> and<14:31:22.500> implementing

had a part in creating and implementing

had a part in creating and implementing
it<14:31:23.220> you<14:31:23.700> might<14:31:23.880> see<14:31:24.180> x25<14:31:24.956> or<14:31:25.320> terms<14:31:25.860> and<14:31:26.096> you

it you might see x25 or terms and you

it you might see x25 or terms and you
used<14:31:27.116> to<14:31:27.480> talk<14:31:27.720> about<14:31:27.840> how<14:31:28.256> they<14:31:28.500> would<14:31:28.740> take

used to talk about how they would take

used to talk about how they would take
data<14:31:29.936> and<14:31:30.660> send<14:31:30.900> it<14:31:31.080> over<14:31:31.200> these<14:31:31.860> uh<14:31:32.400> this

data and send it over these uh this

data and send it over these uh this
technologies<14:31:33.660> that<14:31:34.020> it<14:31:34.436> had<14:31:34.680> and<14:31:35.220> its<14:31:35.580> format

technologies that it had and its format

technologies that it had and its format
was<14:31:36.240> virtually<14:31:36.840> Universal<14:31:37.500> however<14:31:38.220> it<14:31:38.580> was

was virtually Universal however it was

was virtually Universal however it was
really<14:31:38.936> limited<14:31:39.360> by<14:31:39.660> speeds<14:31:40.256> because<14:31:40.560> of<14:31:40.860> the

really limited by speeds because of the

really limited by speeds because of the
copper<14:31:41.276> wiring<14:31:41.580> and<14:31:41.756> just<14:31:41.936> because<14:31:42.060> of<14:31:42.240> the

copper wiring and just because of the

copper wiring and just because of the
way<14:31:42.480> that<14:31:42.720> the<14:31:42.840> protocol<14:31:43.140> worked<14:31:43.700> uh<14:31:44.700> which

way that the protocol worked uh which

way that the protocol worked uh which
I'll<14:31:45.240> write<14:31:45.480> up<14:31:45.660> here

and so it was replaced by something

and so it was replaced by something
called<14:31:51.540> frame<14:31:52.380> relay<14:31:53.040> now<14:31:53.640> frame<14:31:54.000> relay<14:31:54.416> is<14:31:54.660> a

called frame relay now frame relay is a

called frame relay now frame relay is a
protocol<14:31:55.020> that<14:31:55.320> was<14:31:55.436> developed<14:31:55.916> basically<14:31:56.640> to

protocol that was developed basically to

protocol that was developed basically to
transfer<14:31:57.540> between<14:31:58.256> LAN

transfer between LAN

transfer between LAN
and<14:32:00.900> Wan<14:32:01.256> end<14:32:01.560> points<14:32:02.096> in<14:32:02.520> other<14:32:02.580> words

and Wan end points in other words

and Wan end points in other words
between<14:32:03.060> My<14:32:03.540> Lan<14:32:03.900> and<14:32:04.320> the<14:32:04.500> ISP<14:32:05.096> or<14:32:05.756> my<14:32:06.000> larger

between My Lan and the ISP or my larger

between My Lan and the ISP or my larger
wide<14:32:06.776> area<14:32:06.956> network<14:32:07.256> the<14:32:08.160> way<14:32:08.276> it<14:32:08.400> functions

wide area network the way it functions

wide area network the way it functions
is<14:32:09.000> not<14:32:09.240> important<14:32:09.660> just<14:32:09.956> know<14:32:10.140> that<14:32:10.320> it

is not important just know that it

is not important just know that it
functions<14:32:10.860> similarly<14:32:11.580> to<14:32:12.240> x25<14:32:13.140> but<14:32:13.916> it's

functions similarly to x25 but it's

functions similarly to x25 but it's
faster

and it has a more modern build behind it

and it has a more modern build behind it
they're<14:32:22.020> also<14:32:22.380> both<14:32:22.560> called<14:32:22.980> packet

they're also both called packet

they're also both called packet
switching<14:32:24.060> Technologies<14:32:24.660> and<14:32:25.380> we'll<14:32:25.800> talk

switching Technologies and we'll talk

switching Technologies and we'll talk
about<14:32:26.160> that<14:32:26.400> later<14:32:26.640> but<14:32:27.416> frame<14:32:28.140> relay<14:32:28.560> can<14:32:29.160> can

about that later but frame relay can can

about that later but frame relay can can
send<14:32:30.320> smaller<14:32:31.320> packets<14:32:31.800> and<14:32:32.340> it<14:32:32.456> can<14:32:32.580> send

send smaller packets and it can send

send smaller packets and it can send
them<14:32:32.936> faster

we'll talk more about uh packet

we'll talk more about uh packet
switching<14:32:40.200> in<14:32:40.980> the<14:32:41.456> next<14:32:41.820> module

switching in the next module

switching in the next module
finally<14:32:44.040> I<14:32:44.160> want<14:32:44.276> to<14:32:44.400> talk<14:32:44.520> about

finally I want to talk about

finally I want to talk about
asynchronous<14:32:45.720> transfer<14:32:46.200> mode<14:32:46.456> or<14:32:47.660> ATMs<14:32:48.660> if

asynchronous transfer mode or ATMs if

asynchronous transfer mode or ATMs if
you<14:32:48.956> ever<14:32:49.020> see<14:32:49.200> ATM<14:32:49.616> on<14:32:49.800> the<14:32:49.916> test<14:32:50.040> this<14:32:50.276> is

you ever see ATM on the test this is

you ever see ATM on the test this is
what<14:32:50.520> they're<14:32:50.640> referring<14:32:51.000> to<14:32:51.180> a<14:32:51.900> wide<14:32:52.140> area

what they're referring to a wide area

what they're referring to a wide area
network<14:32:52.740> uh<14:32:53.700> transmission<14:32:54.060> or<14:32:54.540> transfer<14:32:55.080> mode

network uh transmission or transfer mode

network uh transmission or transfer mode
it<14:32:55.916> was<14:32:55.980> introduced<14:32:56.340> in<14:32:56.456> the<14:32:56.640> 90s<14:32:57.000> as<14:32:57.240> a

it was introduced in the 90s as a

it was introduced in the 90s as a
successor<14:32:57.956> two<14:32:58.320> frame<14:32:58.680> relay<14:32:59.096> and<14:32:59.640> it<14:32:59.820> was

successor two frame relay and it was

successor two frame relay and it was
really<14:33:00.180> considered<14:33:00.660> a<14:33:00.840> breakthrough<14:33:01.320> because

really considered a breakthrough because

really considered a breakthrough because
it<14:33:02.580> was<14:33:03.116> what<14:33:03.360> they<14:33:03.540> call<14:33:03.720> an<14:33:04.140> end-to-end

it was what they call an end-to-end

it was what they call an end-to-end
solution<14:33:05.400> that<14:33:06.000> could<14:33:06.180> work<14:33:06.360> either<14:33:06.776> desk

solution that could work either desk

solution that could work either desk
from<14:33:07.980> the<14:33:08.160> desktop<14:33:08.520> or<14:33:09.000> remotely<14:33:09.416> what<14:33:09.956> this

from the desktop or remotely what this

from the desktop or remotely what this
meant<14:33:10.436> is<14:33:10.680> that<14:33:11.276> it<14:33:11.520> could<14:33:11.640> work<14:33:11.936> on<14:33:12.416> a<14:33:12.956> Wan<14:33:13.200> a

meant is that it could work on a Wan a

meant is that it could work on a Wan a
wide<14:33:13.560> area<14:33:13.680> network<14:33:13.916> and<14:33:14.400> within<14:33:14.936> the<14:33:15.180> land

wide area network and within the land

wide area network and within the land
however<14:33:16.616> this<14:33:16.980> sort<14:33:17.160> of<14:33:17.276> proves<14:33:17.640> not<14:33:17.936> really

however this sort of proves not really

however this sort of proves not really
to<14:33:18.300> be<14:33:18.416> true<14:33:18.596> because<14:33:18.956> the<14:33:19.380> technology<14:33:19.860> sort

to be true because the technology sort

to be true because the technology sort
of<14:33:20.820> got

of got

of got
for<14:33:22.560> lack<14:33:22.800> of<14:33:22.860> a<14:33:23.040> better<14:33:23.096> word<14:33:23.340> pushed<14:33:24.180> out<14:33:24.360> of

for lack of a better word pushed out of

for lack of a better word pushed out of
the<14:33:24.956> land<14:33:25.140> market<14:33:25.436> because<14:33:25.800> other

the land market because other

the land market because other
technologists<14:33:26.756> came<14:33:26.936> around<14:33:27.116> that<14:33:27.300> were<14:33:27.480> just

technologists came around that were just

technologists came around that were just
better<14:33:27.840> it<14:33:28.560> was<14:33:28.740> actually<14:33:28.916> pretty<14:33:29.456> expensive

better it was actually pretty expensive

better it was actually pretty expensive
to<14:33:30.660> use<14:33:30.840> but<14:33:31.320> it<14:33:31.436> did<14:33:31.616> have<14:33:31.740> some<14:33:31.916> benefits<14:33:32.640> one

to use but it did have some benefits one

to use but it did have some benefits one
of<14:33:33.000> the<14:33:33.116> main<14:33:33.240> ones<14:33:33.660> just<14:33:34.140> like<14:33:34.256> with<14:33:34.436> the<14:33:34.680> T

of the main ones just like with the T

of the main ones just like with the T
aligns<14:33:35.456> is<14:33:35.700> it<14:33:35.936> could<14:33:36.300> transfer<14:33:36.956> data<14:33:37.436> voice

aligns is it could transfer data voice

aligns is it could transfer data voice
and<14:33:38.400> video<14:33:38.820> it's<14:33:39.480> also<14:33:39.840> a<14:33:39.956> packet<14:33:40.256> switching

and video it's also a packet switching

and video it's also a packet switching
technology<14:33:40.916> something<14:33:41.220> we're<14:33:41.456> going<14:33:41.580> to<14:33:41.640> talk

technology something we're going to talk

technology something we're going to talk
about<14:33:41.936> and<14:33:42.596> it's<14:33:42.720> pretty<14:33:42.956> fast<14:33:43.256> and<14:33:43.800> one<14:33:43.980> of

about and it's pretty fast and one of

about and it's pretty fast and one of
the<14:33:44.160> major<14:33:44.340> things<14:33:44.640> we're<14:33:44.936> going<14:33:45.060> to<14:33:45.116> talk

the major things we're going to talk

the major things we're going to talk
about<14:33:45.416> with<14:33:45.660> it<14:33:45.840> is<14:33:46.020> that<14:33:46.200> it<14:33:46.320> used<14:33:46.500> what<14:33:46.800> are

about with it is that it used what are

about with it is that it used what are
called<14:33:47.160> cells<14:33:48.000> and<14:33:48.480> the<14:33:48.660> cells<14:33:49.080> were<14:33:49.616> 53<14:33:50.276> bytes

called cells and the cells were 53 bytes

called cells and the cells were 53 bytes
long<14:33:51.116> which<14:33:51.480> is<14:33:51.596> fairly<14:33:52.020> large<14:33:52.256> for<14:33:52.680> a<14:33:52.860> packet

long which is fairly large for a packet

long which is fairly large for a packet
of<14:33:53.276> data<14:33:53.640> and<14:33:54.360> I<14:33:54.540> shouldn't<14:33:54.776> say<14:33:54.900> even<14:33:55.080> pack<14:33:55.436> it

of data and I shouldn't say even pack it

of data and I shouldn't say even pack it
because<14:33:56.096> what<14:33:56.520> it<14:33:56.640> really<14:33:56.756> we're<14:33:57.000> talking

because what it really we're talking

because what it really we're talking
about<14:33:57.360> is<14:33:57.720> it<14:33:58.256> was<14:33:58.380> replaced<14:33:58.800> by<14:33:58.980> cells<14:33:59.456> so

about is it was replaced by cells so

about is it was replaced by cells so
these<14:34:00.180> cells<14:34:00.540> have<14:34:01.500> proven<14:34:01.860> to<14:34:02.160> work<14:34:02.340> more

these cells have proven to work more

these cells have proven to work more
efficiently<14:34:03.240> for<14:34:03.596> transferring<14:34:04.256> than

efficiently for transferring than

efficiently for transferring than
packets<14:34:05.456> that<14:34:05.700> were<14:34:05.820> used<14:34:06.000> by<14:34:06.300> frame<14:34:06.596> relay

packets that were used by frame relay

packets that were used by frame relay
and<14:34:07.436> this<14:34:07.616> is<14:34:07.800> really<14:34:08.040> sort<14:34:08.276> of<14:34:08.400> the<14:34:08.520> legacy<14:34:08.936> of

and this is really sort of the legacy of

and this is really sort of the legacy of
ATM<14:34:09.480> was<14:34:09.720> using<14:34:10.020> these<14:34:10.380> cells<14:34:10.740> that<14:34:11.160> had<14:34:11.400> a<14:34:11.520> lot

ATM was using these cells that had a lot

ATM was using these cells that had a lot
more<14:34:11.820> information<14:34:12.116> in<14:34:12.720> them<14:34:12.900> than<14:34:13.256> the<14:34:13.436> frame

more information in them than the frame

more information in them than the frame
relay<14:34:14.040> packets<14:34:14.400> which<14:34:14.640> were<14:34:14.756> much<14:34:14.936> smaller

relay packets which were much smaller

relay packets which were much smaller
obviously<14:34:15.956> the<14:34:16.080> more<14:34:16.200> information<14:34:16.380> we<14:34:16.680> could

obviously the more information we could

obviously the more information we could
cram<14:34:17.040> into<14:34:17.220> a<14:34:17.400> packet<14:34:17.640> the<14:34:17.820> faster<14:34:18.060> we<14:34:18.240> could

cram into a packet the faster we could

cram into a packet the faster we could
send<14:34:18.540> it<14:34:18.720> the<14:34:19.020> quicker<14:34:19.380> we<14:34:19.500> can<14:34:19.616> get

send it the quicker we can get

send it the quicker we can get
information<14:34:19.916> to<14:34:20.456> the<14:34:20.640> other<14:34:20.880> side

information to the other side

information to the other side
of<14:34:22.256> a<14:34:22.560> network<14:34:22.680> or<14:34:23.096> a<14:34:23.276> wide<14:34:23.520> area<14:34:23.700> network

of a network or a wide area network

of a network or a wide area network
and<14:34:25.436> if<14:34:25.500> we<14:34:25.680> just<14:34:25.800> look<14:34:25.980> at<14:34:26.096> this<14:34:26.340> this<14:34:26.756> is<14:34:26.880> just

and if we just look at this this is just

and if we just look at this this is just
to<14:34:27.180> show<14:34:27.300> us<14:34:27.480> that<14:34:27.776> it<14:34:28.020> has<14:34:28.256> again<14:34:28.860> voice

to show us that it has again voice

to show us that it has again voice
data<14:34:31.200> and<14:34:32.040> video

data and video

data and video
all<14:34:33.720> in<14:34:33.956> one

all in one

all in one
cell<14:34:35.880> which<14:34:36.416> was<14:34:36.596> sort<14:34:36.840> of<14:34:36.900> the<14:34:37.200> amazing<14:34:37.680> thing

cell which was sort of the amazing thing

cell which was sort of the amazing thing
that<14:34:39.360> this<14:34:39.596> technology<14:34:40.080> ATM<14:34:40.860> did<14:34:41.096> good<14:34:41.580> way<14:34:41.756> to

that this technology ATM did good way to

that this technology ATM did good way to
remember<14:34:42.000> it<14:34:42.240> is<14:34:42.360> to<14:34:42.480> think<14:34:42.596> about<14:34:42.720> going<14:34:43.020> to

remember it is to think about going to

remember it is to think about going to
the<14:34:43.380> ATM<14:34:43.740> you<14:34:43.980> can<14:34:44.040> check<14:34:44.220> your<14:34:44.400> balance<14:34:44.700> you

the ATM you can check your balance you

the ATM you can check your balance you
can<14:34:45.060> get<14:34:45.180> money<14:34:45.360> you<14:34:45.596> can<14:34:45.660> pull<14:34:45.776> out<14:34:45.956> of<14:34:46.080> your

can get money you can pull out of your

can get money you can pull out of your
savings<14:34:46.380> you<14:34:46.616> can<14:34:46.680> pull<14:34:46.800> out<14:34:46.916> of<14:34:47.096> your

savings you can pull out of your

savings you can pull out of your
checking<14:34:47.520> and<14:34:47.936> so<14:34:48.116> it<14:34:48.240> sort<14:34:48.480> of<14:34:48.540> does<14:34:48.660> a<14:34:48.840> lot<14:34:48.900> of

checking and so it sort of does a lot of

checking and so it sort of does a lot of
things<14:34:49.140> when<14:34:49.320> it<14:34:49.436> comes<14:34:49.560> to<14:34:49.680> your<14:34:49.860> bank<14:34:50.040> same

things when it comes to your bank same

things when it comes to your bank same
with<14:34:51.000> the<14:34:51.180> ATM<14:34:51.596> cell

with the ATM cell

with the ATM cell
all<14:34:53.580> right<14:34:53.756> so<14:34:54.240> those<14:34:54.840> are<14:34:54.956> all<14:34:55.080> the<14:34:55.256> WAN

all right so those are all the WAN

all right so those are all the WAN
transmission<14:34:55.740> technologies<14:34:56.400> I<14:34:56.580> just<14:34:56.700> want<14:34:56.820> to

transmission technologies I just want to

transmission technologies I just want to
briefly<14:34:57.180> go<14:34:57.360> over<14:34:57.480> obviously<14:34:58.140> we<14:34:58.560> took<14:34:58.740> a<14:34:58.860> very

briefly go over obviously we took a very

briefly go over obviously we took a very
cursory<14:34:59.456> overview<14:34:59.880> of<14:35:00.000> them<14:35:00.240> and<14:35:00.416> and<14:35:00.660> you

cursory overview of them and and you

cursory overview of them and and you
could<14:35:01.436> probably<14:35:01.560> Google<14:35:01.800> and<14:35:02.040> find<14:35:02.160> a<14:35:02.340> lot

could probably Google and find a lot

could probably Google and find a lot
more<14:35:02.580> information<14:35:02.820> that's<14:35:03.180> going<14:35:03.416> to<14:35:03.416> go<14:35:03.540> over

more information that's going to go over

more information that's going to go over
your<14:35:03.900> head<14:35:04.080> and<14:35:04.436> you<14:35:04.560> don't<14:35:04.616> need<14:35:04.740> to<14:35:04.860> know

your head and you don't need to know

your head and you don't need to know
that<14:35:05.096> for<14:35:05.276> Network<14:35:05.400> plus<14:35:05.700> but<14:35:06.000> what<14:35:06.180> I<14:35:06.300> want

that for Network plus but what I want

that for Network plus but what I want
you<14:35:06.480> to<14:35:06.596> remember<14:35:06.720> again<14:35:07.140> is<14:35:07.800> that<14:35:07.980> ISDN<14:35:08.700> was

you to remember again is that ISDN was

you to remember again is that ISDN was
used<14:35:09.116> it<14:35:09.596> really<14:35:09.776> either<14:35:10.436> came<14:35:10.680> in<14:35:10.916> that<14:35:11.160> BPI

used it really either came in that BPI

used it really either came in that BPI
or<14:35:13.080> rather<14:35:13.256> Bri<14:35:13.860> or<14:35:14.416> PRI<14:35:15.416> modes<14:35:16.080> PR<14:35:16.436> was

or rather Bri or PRI modes PR was

or rather Bri or PRI modes PR was
slightly<14:35:17.276> faster<14:35:17.640> it<14:35:18.300> was<14:35:18.416> either<14:35:18.540> in<14:35:18.776> 64

slightly faster it was either in 64

slightly faster it was either in 64
kilobits<14:35:19.740> per<14:35:19.860> second<14:35:20.040> or<14:35:20.340> 128<14:35:20.880> kilobits<14:35:21.416> per

kilobits per second or 128 kilobits per

kilobits per second or 128 kilobits per
second<14:35:21.720> it<14:35:22.436> worked<14:35:22.680> over<14:35:22.860> the<14:35:23.160> existing<14:35:23.580> pots

second it worked over the existing pots

second it worked over the existing pots
or<14:35:25.020> pstn<14:35:25.800> phone<14:35:26.040> system<14:35:26.540> but<14:35:27.540> it<14:35:27.720> was<14:35:27.840> still

or pstn phone system but it was still

or pstn phone system but it was still
relatively<14:35:28.560> slow<14:35:28.740> we<14:35:28.980> don't<14:35:29.160> see<14:35:29.276> it<14:35:29.456> much

relatively slow we don't see it much

relatively slow we don't see it much
anymore<14:35:29.880> although<14:35:30.416> it<14:35:30.540> was<14:35:30.660> pretty<14:35:30.900> big<14:35:31.080> maybe

anymore although it was pretty big maybe

anymore although it was pretty big maybe
15<14:35:31.616> years<14:35:31.980> ago<14:35:32.340> the<14:35:33.000> T<14:35:33.116> carriers<14:35:33.540> the<14:35:33.720> big<14:35:33.840> ones

15 years ago the T carriers the big ones

15 years ago the T carriers the big ones
you're<14:35:34.140> going<14:35:34.256> to<14:35:34.256> see<14:35:34.380> are<14:35:34.616> T1<14:35:34.980> and<14:35:35.756> T3

you're going to see are T1 and T3

you're going to see are T1 and T3
remember<14:35:36.776> that<14:35:37.140> T3<14:35:37.616> is<14:35:38.456> faster<14:35:38.820> than<14:35:39.180> T1<14:35:39.860> Sonet

remember that T3 is faster than T1 Sonet

remember that T3 is faster than T1 Sonet
as<14:35:41.160> well<14:35:41.340> was<14:35:41.880> introduced

as well was introduced

as well was introduced
excuse<14:35:44.096> me<14:35:44.276> it<14:35:44.936> replaced

excuse me it replaced

excuse me it replaced
the<14:35:47.340> sort<14:35:47.640> of<14:35:47.756> tea<14:35:48.000> way<14:35:48.416> of<14:35:48.596> looking<14:35:48.900> at<14:35:49.200> speeds

the sort of tea way of looking at speeds

the sort of tea way of looking at speeds
with<14:35:50.040> the<14:35:50.220> OC

with the OC

with the OC
system<14:35:52.020> OC

system OC

system OC
is<14:35:55.080> fiber<14:35:55.500> optic<14:35:55.800> and<14:35:56.040> if<14:35:56.220> you<14:35:56.340> think<14:35:56.580> about

is fiber optic and if you think about

is fiber optic and if you think about
the<14:35:57.116> O<14:35:57.360> in<14:35:57.840> there<14:35:58.020> being<14:35:58.200> optic<14:35:58.680> that's<14:35:58.980> why<14:35:59.340> it

the O in there being optic that's why it

the O in there being optic that's why it
was<14:35:59.820> faster<14:36:00.560> x25<14:36:01.560> and<14:36:01.800> frame<14:36:02.160> relay<14:36:02.580> both<14:36:03.240> ways

was faster x25 and frame relay both ways

was faster x25 and frame relay both ways
of<14:36:04.080> transferring

of transferring

of transferring
when<14:36:06.480> data<14:36:07.080> this<14:36:07.616> was<14:36:07.800> replaced<14:36:08.400> mostly<14:36:08.756> by

when data this was replaced mostly by

when data this was replaced mostly by
ATM<14:36:09.840> both<14:36:10.380> of<14:36:10.560> these<14:36:10.680> are<14:36:10.800> what<14:36:10.980> we<14:36:11.096> call

ATM both of these are what we call

ATM both of these are what we call
packet<14:36:12.300> switching<14:36:12.840> which<14:36:13.740> we<14:36:13.916> will<14:36:14.096> look<14:36:14.276> at

packet switching which we will look at

packet switching which we will look at
in<14:36:15.060> the<14:36:15.180> next<14:36:15.360> module

in the next module

in the next module
and<14:36:17.456> the<14:36:17.640> important<14:36:17.880> thing<14:36:18.000> with<14:36:18.180> ATM<14:36:18.660> again

and the important thing with ATM again

and the important thing with ATM again
not<14:36:20.040> the<14:36:20.340> thing<14:36:20.456> that<14:36:20.700> you<14:36:20.820> put<14:36:20.936> your<14:36:21.116> money

not the thing that you put your money

not the thing that you put your money
into<14:36:21.540> but<14:36:22.140> rather<14:36:22.380> a<14:36:22.680> Wan<14:36:22.980> technology<14:36:23.456> it<14:36:24.180> was

into but rather a Wan technology it was

into but rather a Wan technology it was
marketed<14:36:24.776> as<14:36:24.956> being

marketed as being

marketed as being
end<14:36:26.936> to<14:36:27.116> end<14:36:27.360> meaning<14:36:27.956> it<14:36:28.200> could<14:36:28.380> work<14:36:28.616> from

end to end meaning it could work from

end to end meaning it could work from
the<14:36:29.400> computer<14:36:29.700> to<14:36:30.060> the<14:36:30.180> computer<14:36:30.360> although

the computer to the computer although

the computer to the computer although
nowadays<14:36:31.560> we<14:36:31.860> really<14:36:31.980> use<14:36:32.220> it<14:36:32.400> in<14:36:32.700> Wan

nowadays we really use it in Wan

nowadays we really use it in Wan
Technologies<14:36:33.596> from<14:36:34.320> a<14:36:34.500> land<14:36:34.680> to<14:36:34.980> a<14:36:35.096> land

Technologies from a land to a land

Technologies from a land to a land
endpoint<14:36:36.000> and<14:36:36.540> the<14:36:36.720> other<14:36:36.776> thing<14:36:36.900> it<14:36:37.020> really

endpoint and the other thing it really

endpoint and the other thing it really
introduced<14:36:37.680> was<14:36:37.860> that<14:36:38.096> 53<14:36:38.580> byte<14:36:39.240> long<14:36:39.956> info

introduced was that 53 byte long info

introduced was that 53 byte long info
cell

cell

cell
which<14:36:43.916> again<14:36:44.040> can<14:36:44.340> hold<14:36:44.520> video<14:36:45.080> voice<14:36:46.080> and

which again can hold video voice and

which again can hold video voice and
data<14:36:46.916> in<14:36:47.040> it

[Music]

[Music]
thank<14:37:00.776> you

look at the module 9 lesson 2A least

look at the module 9 lesson 2A least
lines

lines

lines
I'm<14:37:11.640> gonna<14:37:11.820> look<14:37:12.000> at<14:37:12.180> T1<14:37:12.660> E1<14:37:13.380> T3<14:37:14.040> E3<14:37:15.200> and<14:37:16.200> sonnet

I'm gonna look at T1 E1 T3 E3 and sonnet

I'm gonna look at T1 E1 T3 E3 and sonnet
synchronized<14:37:17.820> Optical<14:37:18.180> networking

synchronized Optical networking

synchronized Optical networking
these<14:37:20.580> are<14:37:20.700> a<14:37:20.820> syllabus<14:37:21.240> talking<14:37:21.480> points<14:37:22.020> so

these are a syllabus talking points so

these are a syllabus talking points so
kind<14:37:22.500> of<14:37:22.616> need<14:37:22.740> to<14:37:22.860> cover<14:37:22.980> some<14:37:23.220> of<14:37:23.340> the<14:37:23.400> things

kind of need to cover some of the things

kind of need to cover some of the things
I<14:37:23.820> think<14:37:23.936> could<14:37:24.116> come<14:37:24.360> up<14:37:24.500> it's<14:37:25.500> uh<14:37:25.740> Ali<14:37:26.276> you've

I think could come up it's uh Ali you've

I think could come up it's uh Ali you've
got<14:37:26.580> a<14:37:26.936> lot<14:37:27.000> of<14:37:27.116> choices<14:37:27.480> when<14:37:27.840> you<14:37:28.140> want<14:37:28.380> to

got a lot of choices when you want to

got a lot of choices when you want to
connect<14:37:28.740> your<14:37:29.400> small<14:37:29.640> office<14:37:29.880> or<14:37:30.240> even<14:37:30.360> a

connect your small office or even a

connect your small office or even a
larger<14:37:30.840> office

larger office

larger office
across<14:37:33.000> to<14:37:33.116> the<14:37:33.240> internet<14:37:33.416> or<14:37:33.956> to<14:37:34.200> another

across to the internet or to another

across to the internet or to another
remote<14:37:35.040> office<14:37:35.456> somewhere<14:37:36.000> else<14:37:36.116> that<14:37:36.416> you

remote office somewhere else that you

remote office somewhere else that you
own

now one of these options is a lease line

now one of these options is a lease line
which<14:37:42.000> is<14:37:42.060> a<14:37:42.300> dedicated<14:37:42.720> telecoms<14:37:43.616> line

which is a dedicated telecoms line

which is a dedicated telecoms line
now<14:37:44.936> you<14:37:45.240> don't<14:37:45.360> install<14:37:45.660> the<14:37:46.020> line<14:37:46.200> it'll<14:37:46.616> be

now you don't install the line it'll be

now you don't install the line it'll be
the<14:37:47.880> roads<14:37:48.180> will<14:37:48.300> be<14:37:48.480> dug<14:37:48.660> up<14:37:48.900> or<14:37:49.320> wherever

the roads will be dug up or wherever

the roads will be dug up or wherever
they<14:37:49.916> put<14:37:50.096> their<14:37:50.340> cables<14:37:50.936> will<14:37:51.596> be

they put their cables will be

they put their cables will be
um<14:37:52.436> all<14:37:52.980> laid<14:37:53.340> by<14:37:53.820> telecoms<14:37:54.720> company<14:37:54.900> and

um all laid by telecoms company and

um all laid by telecoms company and
you'll<14:37:55.980> release<14:37:56.160> that<14:37:56.520> line<14:37:56.756> for<14:37:57.060> a<14:37:57.240> fixed<14:37:57.720> fee

you'll release that line for a fixed fee

you'll release that line for a fixed fee
usually<14:37:58.436> monthly<14:37:58.860> and<14:37:59.096> you<14:37:59.276> have<14:37:59.640> to<14:37:59.820> sign<14:38:00.060> a

usually monthly and you have to sign a

usually monthly and you have to sign a
contract<14:38:00.660> this<14:38:01.320> lease<14:38:01.680> line<14:38:01.916> is<14:38:02.400> available<14:38:02.640> to

contract this lease line is available to

contract this lease line is available to
you<14:38:03.180> all<14:38:03.480> of<14:38:03.660> the<14:38:03.840> time<14:38:04.020> 24<14:38:04.916> 7.

you all of the time 24 7.

you all of the time 24 7.
so<14:38:07.200> since<14:38:07.560> this<14:38:07.740> dedicated<14:38:08.160> line<14:38:08.400> it's<14:38:08.700> not

so since this dedicated line it's not

so since this dedicated line it's not
shared<14:38:09.240> with<14:38:09.300> other<14:38:09.540> users<14:38:10.160> here's<14:38:11.160> an

shared with other users here's an

shared with other users here's an
illustration<14:38:11.820> it's<14:38:12.180> an<14:38:12.480> image<14:38:12.776> from

illustration it's an image from

illustration it's an image from
Wikipedia<14:38:13.680> at<14:38:14.640> the<14:38:14.756> bottom<14:38:14.936> you've<14:38:15.240> got

Wikipedia at the bottom you've got

Wikipedia at the bottom you've got
remote<14:38:15.660> users<14:38:16.320> using<14:38:17.096> the<14:38:17.456> public<14:38:17.820> uh<14:38:19.256> switch

remote users using the public uh switch

remote users using the public uh switch
telephone<14:38:20.040> Network<14:38:20.520> they're<14:38:21.060> dialing<14:38:21.480> in

telephone Network they're dialing in

telephone Network they're dialing in
I<14:38:22.800> suppose<14:38:22.980> nowadays<14:38:23.456> they'd<14:38:23.756> be<14:38:23.880> using

I suppose nowadays they'd be using

I suppose nowadays they'd be using
broadband<14:38:24.720> and<14:38:25.560> um<14:38:25.560> vpns<14:38:26.456> they<14:38:26.700> could<14:38:26.880> be

broadband and um vpns they could be

broadband and um vpns they could be
working<14:38:27.116> from<14:38:27.416> anywhere

working from anywhere

working from anywhere
but<14:38:28.740> you've<14:38:28.916> got<14:38:29.040> two<14:38:29.340> Regional<14:38:29.756> Offices<14:38:30.116> on

but you've got two Regional Offices on

but you've got two Regional Offices on
the<14:38:30.480> left<14:38:30.596> that<14:38:30.840> need<14:38:31.020> a<14:38:31.256> dedicated

the left that need a dedicated

the left that need a dedicated
connection<14:38:32.040> of<14:38:32.456> 24<14:38:32.820> 7.<14:38:33.480> they'll<14:38:34.320> go<14:38:34.500> through

connection of 24 7. they'll go through

connection of 24 7. they'll go through
the<14:38:34.800> telecoms<14:38:35.400> network<14:38:35.580> using<14:38:36.300> a<14:38:36.540> lease<14:38:36.900> line

the telecoms network using a lease line

the telecoms network using a lease line
foreign

foreign

foreign
based<14:38:41.640> on<14:38:41.700> the<14:38:41.880> technology<14:38:42.180> the<14:38:42.480> bandwidth<14:38:43.020> of

based on the technology the bandwidth of

based on the technology the bandwidth of
a<14:38:43.320> lease<14:38:43.500> line<14:38:43.680> varies<14:38:44.096> typically<14:38:44.700> between

a lease line varies typically between

a lease line varies typically between
56k<14:38:46.140> and<14:38:46.500> 2<14:38:46.680> Meg<14:38:47.096> to<14:38:47.756> be<14:38:47.880> honest<14:38:48.116> there's

56k and 2 Meg to be honest there's

56k and 2 Meg to be honest there's
unlikely<14:38:48.956> be<14:38:49.256> using<14:38:49.500> 56k<14:38:50.220> unless<14:38:50.700> you<14:38:50.820> just

unlikely be using 56k unless you just

unlikely be using 56k unless you just
wanted<14:38:51.240> to<14:38:51.660> have

wanted to have

wanted to have
um<14:38:53.220> like<14:38:53.580> some<14:38:53.820> sort<14:38:54.000> of<14:38:54.116> keyless<14:38:54.480> entry

um like some sort of keyless entry

um like some sort of keyless entry
system<14:38:55.200> perhaps<14:38:55.800> for<14:38:56.096> a<14:38:56.276> gym<14:38:56.456> where<14:38:57.180> it<14:38:57.360> just

system perhaps for a gym where it just

system perhaps for a gym where it just
needs<14:38:57.776> to<14:38:57.916> authenticate<14:38:58.916> people<14:38:59.220> but<14:39:00.060> even

needs to authenticate people but even

needs to authenticate people but even
then<14:39:00.480> the<14:39:00.720> costs<14:39:01.020> are<14:39:01.080> so<14:39:01.256> low<14:39:01.436> now<14:39:01.740> that<14:39:02.400> um

then the costs are so low now that um

then the costs are so low now that um
it's<14:39:03.000> unlikely<14:39:03.480> to<14:39:03.596> be<14:39:03.720> that<14:39:03.956> slow

it's unlikely to be that slow

it's unlikely to be that slow
okay<14:39:05.756> some<14:39:06.116> advantages<14:39:06.540> we've<14:39:07.080> already<14:39:07.256> said

okay some advantages we've already said

okay some advantages we've already said
it's<14:39:07.860> it's<14:39:07.980> your<14:39:08.400> connection<14:39:08.700> dedicated<14:39:09.480> to

it's it's your connection dedicated to

it's it's your connection dedicated to
you<14:39:09.956> and<14:39:10.380> you<14:39:10.560> can<14:39:10.680> choose<14:39:10.916> how<14:39:11.160> you<14:39:11.276> allocate

you and you can choose how you allocate

you and you can choose how you allocate
that<14:39:11.880> bandwidth<14:39:12.480> if<14:39:13.080> you<14:39:13.140> want<14:39:13.256> to<14:39:13.436> use<14:39:13.500> it

that bandwidth if you want to use it

that bandwidth if you want to use it
mainly<14:39:13.916> for<14:39:14.096> video<14:39:14.276> conferencing<14:39:15.116> or<14:39:15.720> some<14:39:16.680> of

mainly for video conferencing or some of

mainly for video conferencing or some of
the<14:39:16.980> some<14:39:17.340> of<14:39:17.580> the<14:39:17.700> use<14:39:18.140> disadvantage<14:39:19.140> they

the some of the use disadvantage they

the some of the use disadvantage they
are<14:39:19.616> quite<14:39:19.860> expensive

are quite expensive

are quite expensive
and<14:39:23.220> typically<14:39:23.756> used<14:39:24.180> to<14:39:24.956> connect<14:39:25.080> businesses

and typically used to connect businesses

and typically used to connect businesses
that<14:39:25.980> have<14:39:26.160> a<14:39:26.400> geographically<14:39:27.000> distant

that have a geographically distant

that have a geographically distant
offices<14:39:27.840> so<14:39:28.320> they<14:39:28.860> tend<14:39:29.096> to<14:39:29.220> be<14:39:29.820> um<14:39:29.820> Somewhere

offices so they tend to be um Somewhere

offices so they tend to be um Somewhere
Out<14:39:30.540> In<14:39:30.660> The<14:39:30.840> Sticks

Out In The Sticks

Out In The Sticks
and<14:39:32.640> a<14:39:32.820> bit<14:39:33.000> more<14:39:33.180> difficult<14:39:33.540> to<14:39:34.080> use<14:39:34.980> other

and a bit more difficult to use other

and a bit more difficult to use other
connections<14:39:35.756> for<14:39:36.060> example<14:39:36.300> a<14:39:36.776> broadband

connections for example a broadband

connections for example a broadband
connection<14:39:38.276> with<14:39:38.700> a<14:39:38.880> VPN

connection with a VPN

connection with a VPN
always<14:39:40.380> active<14:39:40.860> and<14:39:41.040> like<14:39:41.160> a<14:39:41.340> dial-up

always active and like a dial-up

always active and like a dial-up
connection<14:39:41.936> dial-ups<14:39:42.776> are<14:39:42.956> fairly<14:39:43.320> old

connection dial-ups are fairly old

connection dial-ups are fairly old
technology<14:39:44.340> now

technology now

technology now
and<14:39:45.900> quite<14:39:46.256> expensive

and quite expensive

and quite expensive
okay<14:39:48.360> the<14:39:48.900> telecoms<14:39:49.616> company<14:39:49.740> will<14:39:50.040> charge

okay the telecoms company will charge

okay the telecoms company will charge
you<14:39:50.456> monthly<14:39:50.880> for<14:39:51.660> use<14:39:51.840> of<14:39:52.020> the<14:39:52.140> lease<14:39:52.380> line

you monthly for use of the lease line

you monthly for use of the lease line
fee<14:39:54.000> varies<14:39:54.540> based<14:39:54.900> upon<14:39:55.140> the<14:39:55.436> distant<14:39:55.860> speed

fee varies based upon the distant speed

fee varies based upon the distant speed
of<14:39:56.400> the<14:39:56.520> connection<14:39:56.776> also<14:39:57.776> where<14:39:58.020> you<14:39:58.140> are<14:39:58.256> in

of the connection also where you are in

of the connection also where you are in
the<14:39:58.616> world

the world

the world
um<14:39:59.580> some<14:39:59.880> places<14:40:00.060> the<14:40:00.416> Technologies<14:40:00.956> still

um some places the Technologies still

um some places the Technologies still
emerging

emerging

emerging
some<14:40:03.240> places<14:40:03.416> still<14:40:03.720> established

some places still established

some places still established
so<14:40:06.596> level<14:40:06.840> level<14:40:06.956> of<14:40:07.500> quality<14:40:07.860> is<14:40:08.040> assured

so level level of quality is assured

so level level of quality is assured
it's<14:40:08.700> not<14:40:08.880> as<14:40:09.000> if<14:40:09.116> you<14:40:09.300> can<14:40:09.480> use<14:40:09.720> more

it's not as if you can use more

it's not as if you can use more
bandwidth<14:40:10.680> at<14:40:10.800> certain<14:40:11.040> times<14:40:11.220> of<14:40:11.456> the<14:40:11.580> day

bandwidth at certain times of the day

bandwidth at certain times of the day
like<14:40:12.000> frame<14:40:12.416> relay<14:40:12.776> and<14:40:13.500> lesser<14:40:13.860> others

like frame relay and lesser others

like frame relay and lesser others
uh<14:40:16.080> quite<14:40:16.380> uh<14:40:16.860> old<14:40:17.220> technology<14:40:17.700> still<14:40:18.116> in

uh quite uh old technology still in

uh quite uh old technology still in
quite<14:40:19.200> prominent<14:40:19.616> use<14:40:19.916> but<14:40:20.400> the<14:40:21.000> technology

quite prominent use but the technology

quite prominent use but the technology
is<14:40:21.416> quite<14:40:21.720> old<14:40:21.956> originally<14:40:22.916> used<14:40:23.096> to<14:40:23.276> connect

is quite old originally used to connect

is quite old originally used to connect
your<14:40:23.700> mainframes<14:40:24.360> to<14:40:25.080> remote<14:40:25.320> sites

your mainframes to remote sites

your mainframes to remote sites
so<14:40:26.880> a<14:40:27.000> few<14:40:27.116> examples<14:40:27.540> that<14:40:27.776> they<14:40:27.956> mentioned<14:40:28.256> in

so a few examples that they mentioned in

so a few examples that they mentioned in
the<14:40:28.500> syllabus<14:40:28.860> the<14:40:29.160> T<14:40:29.400> carrier<14:40:29.936> and<14:40:30.540> e-carrier

the syllabus the T carrier and e-carrier

the syllabus the T carrier and e-carrier
T<14:40:31.860> carrier<14:40:32.400> one<14:40:32.580> e<14:40:32.880> carrier<14:40:33.240> one<14:40:33.416> and<14:40:33.776> then<14:40:33.900> T3

T carrier one e carrier one and then T3

T carrier one e carrier one and then T3
and<14:40:34.680> E3

and E3

and E3
the<14:40:37.256> T1<14:40:37.616> transmission<14:40:37.916> system<14:40:38.900> originally

the T1 transmission system originally

the T1 transmission system originally
developed<14:40:40.320> by<14:40:40.500> a<14:40:40.800> t

1 induced introduced back in 1961.

1 induced introduced back in 1961.
originally<14:40:48.660> uh<14:40:49.256> developed<14:40:49.740> to<14:40:49.860> to<14:40:50.220> transmit

originally uh developed to to transmit

originally uh developed to to transmit
24<14:40:51.240> phone<14:40:51.776> signals<14:40:52.560> at<14:40:52.740> the<14:40:52.860> same<14:40:53.040> time<14:40:53.480> over

24 phone signals at the same time over

24 phone signals at the same time over
uh<14:40:55.200> the<14:40:55.640> copper<14:40:56.640> wire

uh the copper wire

uh the copper wire
he<14:40:58.680> uses<14:40:58.980> something<14:40:59.160> called<14:40:59.400> TDM<14:41:00.000> time

he uses something called TDM time

he uses something called TDM time
divisional<14:41:00.956> multiplexing<14:41:01.800> this<14:41:02.400> mixes<14:41:02.756> up

divisional multiplexing this mixes up

divisional multiplexing this mixes up
the<14:41:03.116> signal<14:41:03.480> in<14:41:04.200> order<14:41:04.320> to<14:41:04.500> use

the signal in order to use

the signal in order to use
um<14:41:05.700> multiple<14:41:06.116> signals<14:41:06.596> over<14:41:06.720> the<14:41:06.956> same

um multiple signals over the same

um multiple signals over the same
physical<14:41:07.380> link

physical link

physical link
I<14:41:09.060> don't<14:41:09.240> think<14:41:09.360> they<14:41:09.540> go<14:41:09.660> into<14:41:09.776> any<14:41:10.020> detail<14:41:10.436> on

I don't think they go into any detail on

I don't think they go into any detail on
TDM<14:41:11.640> in<14:41:11.936> the<14:41:12.180> exam<14:41:13.140> there

TDM in the exam there

TDM in the exam there
so<14:41:15.660> T1<14:41:16.200> will<14:41:16.500> give<14:41:16.680> you<14:41:16.800> a<14:41:16.860> bandwidth<14:41:17.456> of<14:41:17.900> 1.544

so T1 will give you a bandwidth of 1.544

so T1 will give you a bandwidth of 1.544
Meg<14:41:19.936> upstream<14:41:20.936> and<14:41:21.116> downstream<14:41:21.900> so

Meg upstream and downstream so

Meg upstream and downstream so
synchronous<14:41:23.240> T1<14:41:24.240> system<14:41:24.596> is<14:41:24.840> used<14:41:25.020> in<14:41:25.200> America

synchronous T1 system is used in America

synchronous T1 system is used in America
Japan<14:41:25.800> and<14:41:26.160> South<14:41:26.340> Korea<14:41:26.820> e<14:41:27.416> the<14:41:27.840> e-system<14:41:28.256> is

Japan and South Korea e the e-system is

Japan and South Korea e the e-system is
generally<14:41:28.860> used<14:41:29.096> in<14:41:29.400> Europe

the bandwidth level of T1 was originally

the bandwidth level of T1 was originally
called<14:41:35.096> the<14:41:35.580> digital<14:41:36.116> signal<14:41:36.540> level<14:41:36.720> 1<14:41:37.080> or<14:41:37.380> DS1

called the digital signal level 1 or DS1

called the digital signal level 1 or DS1
I<14:41:39.300> mentioned<14:41:39.596> before<14:41:39.776> the<14:41:40.020> T1<14:41:40.320> line<14:41:40.616> has<14:41:40.916> 24

I mentioned before the T1 line has 24

I mentioned before the T1 line has 24
channels<14:41:41.936> each<14:41:42.540> channel<14:41:42.720> is<14:41:42.900> called<14:41:43.080> a<14:41:43.320> ds0

channels each channel is called a ds0

channels each channel is called a ds0
and<14:41:46.256> you<14:41:46.436> could<14:41:46.560> have<14:41:46.740> one<14:41:47.220> two<14:41:47.640> three<14:41:48.000> of

and you could have one two three of

and you could have one two three of
these<14:41:48.720> channels<14:41:49.080> or<14:41:49.380> all<14:41:49.616> of<14:41:49.800> the<14:41:49.860> channels

these channels or all of the channels

these channels or all of the channels
depending<14:41:50.640> on<14:41:50.756> how<14:41:51.540> much<14:41:51.596> you<14:41:51.776> want<14:41:51.900> to<14:41:52.080> pay

depending on how much you want to pay

depending on how much you want to pay
and<14:41:52.320> how<14:41:52.500> much<14:41:52.560> bandwidth<14:41:52.980> you<14:41:53.220> need

and how much bandwidth you need

and how much bandwidth you need
each<14:41:54.480> channel<14:41:54.720> is<14:41:54.956> capable<14:41:55.436> of<14:41:55.680> transmitting

each channel is capable of transmitting

each channel is capable of transmitting
data<14:41:56.880> at<14:41:57.000> up<14:41:57.180> to<14:41:57.360> 64k

uh lease line T1 multiple channels

uh lease line T1 multiple channels
provide<14:42:04.380> flexibility<14:42:05.180> so<14:42:06.180> I've<14:42:06.300> said<14:42:06.540> you

provide flexibility so I've said you

provide flexibility so I've said you
could<14:42:06.840> already<14:42:06.956> choose<14:42:07.380> some<14:42:07.616> channels<14:42:08.040> or

could already choose some channels or

could already choose some channels or
all<14:42:08.456> the<14:42:08.640> channels<14:42:09.200> E1<14:42:10.200> is<14:42:10.740> the<14:42:11.160> European

all the channels E1 is the European

all the channels E1 is the European
version<14:42:11.936> of<14:42:12.540> T1<14:42:13.200> however<14:42:13.680> because<14:42:13.916> of<14:42:14.220> the

version of T1 however because of the

version of T1 however because of the
infrastructure<14:42:15.540> that<14:42:16.256> was<14:42:16.380> in<14:42:16.500> place<14:42:16.680> at<14:42:16.860> the

infrastructure that was in place at the

infrastructure that was in place at the
time<14:42:17.160> you<14:42:17.400> could<14:42:17.520> get<14:42:17.700> up<14:42:17.880> to<14:42:18.180> two<14:42:18.596> Meg

time you could get up to two Meg

time you could get up to two Meg
2.048<14:42:20.756> mag

2.048 mag

2.048 mag
this<14:42:22.860> has<14:42:23.040> 32<14:42:23.520> channels<14:42:24.000> in<14:42:24.240> each<14:42:24.360> Channel's

this has 32 channels in each Channel's

this has 32 channels in each Channel's
capable<14:42:25.740> of<14:42:25.916> transmitting<14:42:26.520> data<14:42:26.880> up<14:42:27.000> to<14:42:27.116> 64k

capable of transmitting data up to 64k

capable of transmitting data up to 64k
you<14:42:28.800> can<14:42:28.980> add<14:42:29.096> them<14:42:29.340> all<14:42:29.456> up<14:42:29.640> and<14:42:29.820> then<14:42:29.936> there's

you can add them all up and then there's

you can add them all up and then there's
a<14:42:30.720> um<14:42:30.720> a<14:42:31.256> signaling<14:42:31.740> Channel<14:42:31.980> also

a um a signaling Channel also

a um a signaling Channel also
T3<14:42:34.436> is<14:42:35.096> equivalent<14:42:35.820> to<14:42:36.000> bundling<14:42:36.416> together<14:42:36.740> 28

T3 is equivalent to bundling together 28

T3 is equivalent to bundling together 28
T1<14:42:38.400> line<14:42:38.700> so<14:42:38.936> much<14:42:39.300> faster

T1 line so much faster

T1 line so much faster
also<14:42:41.276> referred<14:42:41.520> to<14:42:41.640> as<14:42:41.820> DS3

also referred to as DS3

also referred to as DS3
since<14:42:44.520> there<14:42:44.880> are<14:42:45.060> 24<14:42:45.596> channels<14:42:46.256> the<14:42:46.916> T3<14:42:47.276> is

since there are 24 channels the T3 is

since there are 24 channels the T3 is
capable<14:42:47.820> of<14:42:47.936> carrying<14:42:48.800> 672<14:42:49.936> T1<14:42:50.936> circuits<14:42:51.660> so

capable of carrying 672 T1 circuits so

capable of carrying 672 T1 circuits so
multiple<14:42:52.916> companies<14:42:53.276> will<14:42:53.456> be<14:42:53.580> using<14:42:53.880> these

multiple companies will be using these

multiple companies will be using these
it's<14:42:54.180> not<14:42:54.360> likely<14:42:54.660> that<14:42:54.776> B1<14:42:55.256> companies

so you get up to

so you get up to
44.736<14:43:02.220> megabits<14:43:02.880> per<14:43:03.000> second<14:43:03.116> with<14:43:03.416> the<14:43:03.596> T3

44.736 megabits per second with the T3

44.736 megabits per second with the T3
lease<14:43:04.380> line<14:43:04.560> if<14:43:04.860> you<14:43:04.980> add<14:43:05.096> the<14:43:05.276> whole<14:43:05.400> line

lease line if you add the whole line

lease line if you add the whole line
30<14:43:07.680> times<14:43:07.980> faster<14:43:08.400> than<14:43:08.700> T1

30 times faster than T1

30 times faster than T1
E1<14:43:10.616> is<14:43:10.860> the<14:43:11.040> equivalent<14:43:11.456> to<14:43:11.640> 16<14:43:12.000> or<14:43:12.596> E3<14:43:12.956> sorry

E1 is the equivalent to 16 or E3 sorry

E1 is the equivalent to 16 or E3 sorry
equivalent<14:43:13.800> to<14:43:13.980> 16<14:43:14.400> E1<14:43:15.360> lines

equivalent to 16 E1 lines

equivalent to 16 E1 lines
512<14:43:17.580> E1<14:43:18.060> channels<14:43:18.660> so<14:43:19.080> you<14:43:19.256> get<14:43:19.320> up<14:43:19.500> to<14:43:20.000> 34.4

512 E1 channels so you get up to 34.4

512 E1 channels so you get up to 34.4
mag<14:43:21.300> there

mag there

mag there
so<14:43:23.820> T3<14:43:24.300> has<14:43:24.660> more<14:43:24.840> bandwidth<14:43:25.256> than<14:43:25.500> E3

so T3 has more bandwidth than E3

so T3 has more bandwidth than E3
sonnet<14:43:28.256> I<14:43:28.500> think<14:43:28.616> is<14:43:28.800> mentioned<14:43:29.276> in<14:43:29.400> the

sonnet I think is mentioned in the

sonnet I think is mentioned in the
syllabus<14:43:29.936> which<14:43:30.116> is<14:43:30.240> why<14:43:30.416> we've<14:43:30.660> got<14:43:30.840> it<14:43:31.020> here

syllabus which is why we've got it here

syllabus which is why we've got it here
synchronous<14:43:32.456> Optical<14:43:32.820> networking<14:43:33.660> this<14:43:34.320> can

synchronous Optical networking this can

synchronous Optical networking this can
be<14:43:34.616> used<14:43:34.740> as<14:43:34.916> lease<14:43:35.276> lines<14:43:35.456> also<14:43:35.820> but<14:43:36.060> it<14:43:36.180> uses

be used as lease lines also but it uses

be used as lease lines also but it uses
fiber<14:43:36.900> cabling<14:43:37.320> instead<14:43:37.916> of<14:43:37.980> copper

fiber cabling instead of copper

fiber cabling instead of copper
you<14:43:39.480> get<14:43:39.840> um<14:43:39.840> higher<14:43:40.256> bandwidth<14:43:40.680> for<14:43:40.800> that

you get um higher bandwidth for that

you get um higher bandwidth for that
obviously<14:43:41.220> because<14:43:41.340> it's<14:43:41.580> using<14:43:41.880> fiber<14:43:42.300> optic

um the transmission of solid fiber

um the transmission of solid fiber
networks<14:43:47.880> is<14:43:48.116> specified<14:43:48.720> as<14:43:49.020> Optical<14:43:49.380> carrier

networks is specified as Optical carrier

networks is specified as Optical carrier
or<14:43:50.400> OC<14:43:50.936> transmission<14:43:51.776> rates

or OC transmission rates

or OC transmission rates
oc1<14:43:54.720> is<14:43:55.080> a<14:43:55.200> transmission<14:43:55.380> line<14:43:55.860> with<14:43:56.400> speeds

oc1 is a transmission line with speeds

oc1 is a transmission line with speeds
of<14:43:56.820> up<14:43:56.936> to<14:43:57.320> 51.84<14:43:58.320> Meg

of up to 51.84 Meg

of up to 51.84 Meg
oc3<14:44:00.360> you<14:44:00.660> get<14:44:00.776> up<14:44:00.900> to<14:44:01.080> 155.52

oc3 you get up to 155.52

oc3 you get up to 155.52
and<14:44:04.080> then<14:44:04.200> OC<14:44:04.560> 12<14:44:04.800> you<14:44:05.160> get<14:44:05.340> up<14:44:05.456> to<14:44:05.900> 622

and then OC 12 you get up to 622

and then OC 12 you get up to 622
megabits<14:44:07.980> per<14:44:08.096> second

uh the oc-12 is typically used by your

uh the oc-12 is typically used by your
isps<14:44:14.400> as<14:44:14.756> a<14:44:15.000> wide<14:44:15.116> area<14:44:15.300> connection<14:44:15.660> you

isps as a wide area connection you

isps as a wide area connection you
wouldn't<14:44:16.140> be<14:44:16.320> using<14:44:16.560> it<14:44:16.680> in<14:44:16.860> a

wouldn't be using it in a

wouldn't be using it in a
and<14:44:18.240> small<14:44:18.596> company<14:44:18.900> for<14:44:19.616> sure

and small company for sure

and small company for sure
so<14:44:20.700> we've<14:44:20.820> looked<14:44:21.116> at<14:44:21.180> T1<14:44:21.660> E1<14:44:22.436> T1<14:44:23.160> T3<14:44:23.880> and<14:44:24.060> E3

so we've looked at T1 E1 T1 T3 and E3

so we've looked at T1 E1 T1 T3 and E3
and<14:44:25.140> also<14:44:25.380> solid<14:44:25.800> networking

and also solid networking

and also solid networking
thanks<14:44:27.776> for<14:44:27.956> watching

[Music]

[Music]
foreign

module 9 lesson 2B wavelength division

module 9 lesson 2B wavelength division
multiplexing<14:44:54.900> bit<14:44:55.560> of<14:44:55.680> a<14:44:55.800> mouthful<14:44:56.160> but<14:44:56.880> it's

multiplexing bit of a mouthful but it's

multiplexing bit of a mouthful but it's
a<14:44:57.300> new<14:44:57.900> um

a new um

a new um
objective<14:44:59.160> in<14:44:59.276> the<14:44:59.456> network<14:44:59.520> plus<14:44:59.880> exam

objective in the network plus exam

objective in the network plus exam
we'll<14:45:01.256> look<14:45:01.436> at<14:45:01.560> what<14:45:01.740> is<14:45:01.916> a<14:45:02.096> wdm

that he said wmd wdm system course

that he said wmd wdm system course
length<14:45:09.300> division<14:45:09.900> multiplexing<14:45:10.820> cwdm<14:45:11.840> again

length division multiplexing cwdm again

length division multiplexing cwdm again
we<14:45:13.140> love<14:45:13.200> our<14:45:13.436> abbreviations<14:45:14.040> here<14:45:14.400> a<14:45:15.060> dense

we love our abbreviations here a dense

we love our abbreviations here a dense
wavelength<14:45:16.020> division<14:45:16.380> multiplexing

so what is it basically the idea is to

so what is it basically the idea is to
get<14:45:23.520> the<14:45:24.240> most<14:45:24.480> you<14:45:25.200> can<14:45:25.380> out<14:45:26.096> of<14:45:26.220> what<14:45:26.456> you've

get the most you can out of what you've

get the most you can out of what you've
got<14:45:26.880> and<14:45:27.660> this

got and this

got and this
um<14:45:28.860> instance<14:45:29.340> what<14:45:29.756> we've<14:45:30.000> got<14:45:30.180> is<14:45:30.480> a<14:45:30.720> single

um instance what we've got is a single

um instance what we've got is a single
optical<14:45:31.380> fiber<14:45:32.040> and<14:45:32.700> what<14:45:32.936> we<14:45:33.116> need<14:45:33.300> to<14:45:33.480> do<14:45:33.596> is

optical fiber and what we need to do is

optical fiber and what we need to do is
is<14:45:34.140> get<14:45:35.096> as<14:45:35.340> many<14:45:35.580> signals<14:45:36.300> to<14:45:37.080> cross<14:45:37.256> this

is get as many signals to cross this

is get as many signals to cross this
fiber<14:45:38.040> at<14:45:38.936> the<14:45:39.060> same<14:45:39.240> time<14:45:39.480> as<14:45:39.840> possible<14:45:40.256> if

fiber at the same time as possible if

fiber at the same time as possible if
you<14:45:41.160> just<14:45:41.276> had<14:45:41.400> one<14:45:41.640> signal<14:45:42.000> pass<14:45:42.660> in<14:45:42.776> then

you just had one signal pass in then

you just had one signal pass in then
um<14:45:44.340> so<14:45:44.880> the<14:45:45.180> internet<14:45:45.240> would<14:45:45.480> grow<14:45:45.660> into<14:45:45.776> a

um so the internet would grow into a

um so the internet would grow into a
whole<14:45:46.080> basically<14:45:46.560> it<14:45:47.456> allows<14:45:47.820> bi-directional

whole basically it allows bi-directional

whole basically it allows bi-directional
Communications<14:45:49.200> over<14:45:49.560> a<14:45:49.860> single<14:45:50.096> fiber<14:45:50.520> so

Communications over a single fiber so

Communications over a single fiber so
two<14:45:51.480> directions

two directions

two directions
uh<14:45:53.936> wdm<14:45:54.720> uses<14:45:55.436> a<14:45:56.240> multiplexer<14:45:57.240> which<14:45:57.900> is<14:45:58.320> um

uh wdm uses a multiplexer which is um

uh wdm uses a multiplexer which is um
you'll<14:45:58.680> often<14:45:58.916> see<14:45:59.040> it<14:45:59.220> referred<14:45:59.580> to<14:45:59.756> in

you'll often see it referred to in

you'll often see it referred to in
diagrams<14:46:00.540> as<14:46:00.776> mux<14:46:01.500> mux<14:46:02.220> and<14:46:03.000> then<14:46:03.116> a<14:46:03.300> d

diagrams as mux mux and then a d

diagrams as mux mux and then a d
multiplexer<14:46:04.080> on<14:46:04.320> the<14:46:04.436> other<14:46:04.500> side<14:46:04.740> dmux

multiplexer on the other side dmux

multiplexer on the other side dmux
d-e-m-u-x

so this um if we just go back sorry it

so this um if we just go back sorry it
um

um

um
the<14:46:15.416> multiplexers<14:46:16.080> that<14:46:16.320> the<14:46:16.436> transmitter<14:46:16.860> to

the multiplexers that the transmitter to

the multiplexers that the transmitter to
combine<14:46:17.520> multiple<14:46:17.900> obstacle<14:46:18.900> signals<14:46:19.436> of

combine multiple obstacle signals of

combine multiple obstacle signals of
different<14:46:20.040> wavelengths<14:46:20.820> and<14:46:21.416> at<14:46:21.596> the<14:46:21.720> other

different wavelengths and at the other

different wavelengths and at the other
side<14:46:22.020> this<14:46:22.320> needs<14:46:22.560> to<14:46:22.616> be<14:46:22.820> demultiplexed<14:46:23.820> back

side this needs to be demultiplexed back

side this needs to be demultiplexed back
to<14:46:24.416> the<14:46:24.540> original<14:46:24.680> separate<14:46:25.680> signals

to the original separate signals

to the original separate signals
wdm<14:46:29.040> systems<14:46:29.456> mostly<14:46:29.820> used<14:46:29.936> by<14:46:30.116> telecoms

wdm systems mostly used by telecoms

wdm systems mostly used by telecoms
companies<14:46:31.020> because<14:46:31.256> of<14:46:31.500> the<14:46:31.616> capacity<14:46:32.040> of<14:46:32.400> the

companies because of the capacity of the

companies because of the capacity of the
network<14:46:32.956> and<14:46:33.956> the<14:46:34.200> again<14:46:34.560> the<14:46:34.800> idea<14:46:35.096> is<14:46:35.340> and

network and the again the idea is and

network and the again the idea is and
getting<14:46:36.000> more<14:46:36.300> out<14:46:36.540> of<14:46:36.720> less<14:46:36.900> so<14:46:37.140> they<14:46:37.380> can

getting more out of less so they can

getting more out of less so they can
expand<14:46:38.096> the<14:46:38.276> network<14:46:38.400> without<14:46:38.820> having<14:46:39.116> to<14:46:39.360> lay

expand the network without having to lay

expand the network without having to lay
more<14:46:40.320> fiber<14:46:40.800> optic<14:46:41.040> cables<14:46:41.456> which<14:46:41.700> obviously

more fiber optic cables which obviously

more fiber optic cables which obviously
take<14:46:42.540> uh<14:46:43.140> takes<14:46:43.560> a<14:46:43.680> lot<14:46:43.740> of<14:46:43.916> time<14:46:44.276> and<14:46:44.640> money

take uh takes a lot of time and money

take uh takes a lot of time and money
wdm<14:46:47.840> they're<14:46:48.840> divided<14:46:49.256> into<14:46:49.380> two<14:46:49.740> types<14:46:50.220> and

wdm they're divided into two types and

wdm they're divided into two types and
these<14:46:50.820> are<14:46:50.880> based<14:46:51.180> on<14:46:51.300> the<14:46:51.416> wavelength

these are based on the wavelength

these are based on the wavelength
patterns<14:46:52.320> that<14:46:52.500> are<14:46:52.616> used<14:46:52.800> CWD

patterns that are used CWD

patterns that are used CWD
um<14:46:55.200> and<14:46:55.616> DWD<14:46:56.880> um

um and DWD um

um and DWD um
wavelength<14:46:59.700> division<14:47:00.000> multiplexing<14:47:00.840> through

wavelength division multiplexing through

wavelength division multiplexing through
um<14:47:02.776> dwdm<14:47:03.776> and<14:47:04.020> cwdm<14:47:04.916> these<14:47:05.400> they<14:47:05.936> use<14:47:06.116> multiple

um dwdm and cwdm these they use multiple

um dwdm and cwdm these they use multiple
wavelengths<14:47:07.140> or<14:47:07.256> lights<14:47:07.436> but<14:47:08.040> they<14:47:08.220> differ<14:47:08.400> in

wavelengths or lights but they differ in

wavelengths or lights but they differ in
the<14:47:09.480> spacing<14:47:10.020> I'll<14:47:10.860> show<14:47:10.980> a<14:47:11.220> diagram<14:47:11.400> actually

the spacing I'll show a diagram actually

the spacing I'll show a diagram actually
in<14:47:11.936> a<14:47:12.060> moment

in a moment

in a moment
um<14:47:13.980> so<14:47:14.456> in<14:47:14.580> the<14:47:14.700> following<14:47:15.000> factors<14:47:15.300> a

um so in the following factors a

um so in the following factors a
wavelength<14:47:16.020> on<14:47:16.080> the<14:47:16.256> number<14:47:16.320> of<14:47:16.560> channels<14:47:16.980> the

wavelength on the number of channels the

wavelength on the number of channels the
ability<14:47:17.520> to<14:47:17.936> amplify<14:47:18.416> the<14:47:18.776> multiplex<14:47:19.380> signals

ability to amplify the multiplex signals

ability to amplify the multiplex signals
in<14:47:20.040> the<14:47:20.160> optical<14:47:20.456> space

in the optical space

in the optical space
cwdm<14:47:23.400> uses<14:47:24.060> a<14:47:24.360> smaller<14:47:24.720> number<14:47:24.900> of<14:47:25.080> channels

you can use four or eight channels with

you can use four or eight channels with
large<14:47:31.020> space<14:47:31.320> in<14:47:31.560> between<14:47:31.740> the<14:47:32.096> channels<14:47:32.520> the

large space in between the channels the

large space in between the channels the
bandwidth<14:47:33.720> of<14:47:33.776> each<14:47:33.956> channel<14:47:34.256> is

bandwidth of each channel is

bandwidth of each channel is
3.125<14:47:36.480> gigabits

so here's an example of cwdm used to

so here's an example of cwdm used to
transporting<14:47:45.300> data<14:47:45.660> within<14:47:45.956> 100<14:47:46.080> kilometers

transporting data within 100 kilometers

transporting data within 100 kilometers
So<14:47:47.640> within<14:47:48.360> a<14:47:48.540> metropolis<14:47:49.140> area

an example of cwdm is 10 base lx4

an example of cwdm is 10 base lx4
Network<14:47:57.116> it<14:47:57.660> can<14:47:57.840> transmit<14:47:58.380> data<14:47:58.980> at<14:47:59.220> up<14:47:59.520> to<14:47:59.840> 10

Network it can transmit data at up to 10

Network it can transmit data at up to 10
gigabits<14:48:01.436> per<14:48:01.560> second

gigabits per second

gigabits per second
cwdm<14:48:04.500> cable<14:48:04.916> televisions<14:48:05.520> actually<14:48:05.756> use<14:48:06.060> this

cwdm cable televisions actually use this

cwdm cable televisions actually use this
where<14:48:06.596> different<14:48:06.840> wavelengths<14:48:07.436> are<14:48:07.560> used<14:48:07.680> for

where different wavelengths are used for

where different wavelengths are used for
the<14:48:08.040> downstream<14:48:08.640> and<14:48:09.180> Upstream<14:48:09.776> signals

a dense wave then dense wave length

a dense wave then dense wave length
division<14:48:15.956> multiplexing<14:48:16.680> dwdm<14:48:17.640> uses<14:48:18.060> a<14:48:18.240> large

division multiplexing dwdm uses a large

division multiplexing dwdm uses a large
number<14:48:18.540> of<14:48:18.720> channels<14:48:19.140> it<14:48:19.616> could<14:48:19.800> be<14:48:19.916> 40<14:48:20.276> 80<14:48:20.700> or

number of channels it could be 40 80 or

number of channels it could be 40 80 or
160<14:48:21.660> but<14:48:22.560> they<14:48:22.800> have<14:48:22.980> small<14:48:23.220> spacing<14:48:23.820> between

160 but they have small spacing between

160 but they have small spacing between
the<14:48:24.360> channels<14:48:24.840> and<14:48:25.380> here<14:48:25.560> we<14:48:25.740> go<14:48:25.800> is<14:48:25.980> an

the channels and here we go is an

the channels and here we go is an
example<14:48:26.456> from<14:48:27.000> I'll<14:48:27.776> put<14:48:27.956> the<14:48:28.080> link<14:48:28.200> in<14:48:28.436> down

example from I'll put the link in down

example from I'll put the link in down
here<14:48:28.916> you<14:48:29.700> can<14:48:29.820> see<14:48:29.936> the<14:48:30.116> difference<14:48:30.240> here

here you can see the difference here

here you can see the difference here
between<14:48:30.776> the<14:48:31.140> spacing<14:48:31.560> and<14:48:32.400> obviously<14:48:32.640> the

between the spacing and obviously the

between the spacing and obviously the
numbers

numbers

numbers
um

um

um
the<14:48:35.456> numbers<14:48:35.580> are<14:48:35.820> shown<14:48:36.000> in<14:48:36.116> the<14:48:36.300> diagrams

the numbers are shown in the diagrams

the numbers are shown in the diagrams
there<14:48:37.220> cwdm<14:48:38.220> you<14:48:38.340> can<14:48:38.456> see<14:48:38.580> the<14:48:38.700> spacing<14:48:39.116> where

there cwdm you can see the spacing where

there cwdm you can see the spacing where
it's<14:48:39.416> DW<14:48:39.776> DM

it's DW DM

it's DW DM
um<14:48:41.400> very<14:48:41.700> hard<14:48:41.936> to<14:48:42.116> see<14:48:42.240> any<14:48:42.480> spacing<14:48:42.956> between

um very hard to see any spacing between

um very hard to see any spacing between
the<14:48:43.916> channels

okay the high number of channels was the

okay the high number of channels was the
reason<14:48:48.840> for<14:48:49.080> the<14:48:49.256> name<14:48:49.380> dense<14:48:49.800> wave

typical dwdm system would use one of the

typical dwdm system would use one of the
following<14:48:56.640> 40<14:48:57.116> channels<14:48:57.660> at<14:48:57.776> 100<14:48:58.096> gigahertz

following 40 channels at 100 gigahertz

following 40 channels at 100 gigahertz
spacing<14:48:59.700> 80<14:49:00.660> Channels<14:49:01.200> with<14:49:01.436> 50<14:49:01.616> gigahertz

spacing 80 Channels with 50 gigahertz

spacing 80 Channels with 50 gigahertz
space<14:49:02.520> in

space in

space in
the<14:49:04.080> bandwidth<14:49:04.500> of<14:49:04.616> a<14:49:04.800> single<14:49:05.040> channel<14:49:05.340> is<14:49:05.640> 100

the bandwidth of a single channel is 100

the bandwidth of a single channel is 100
Gig

used for transporting data over long

used for transporting data over long
distances<14:49:12.180> mainly<14:49:12.660> used<14:49:12.840> as<14:49:13.080> the<14:49:13.320> internet

distances mainly used as the internet

distances mainly used as the internet
background<14:49:14.040> so<14:49:14.340> this<14:49:14.520> cable<14:49:14.820> will<14:49:15.180> be<14:49:15.360> laid

background so this cable will be laid

background so this cable will be laid
over<14:49:16.436> long<14:49:16.916> stretches<14:49:17.520> and<14:49:18.660> um<14:49:18.720> under<14:49:19.020> the

over long stretches and um under the

over long stretches and um under the
ocean

ocean

ocean
into<14:49:21.800> interconnects<14:49:22.800> large<14:49:22.916> strategic

into interconnects large strategic

into interconnects large strategic
computer<14:49:23.640> networks<14:49:24.240> and<14:49:24.480> core<14:49:24.720> routers

computer networks and core routers

computer networks and core routers
all<14:49:26.456> right<14:49:26.580> so<14:49:26.700> we<14:49:26.820> looked<14:49:27.060> at<14:49:27.060> what<14:49:27.300> is<14:49:27.416> wdm

all right so we looked at what is wdm

all right so we looked at what is wdm
the<14:49:28.980> system<14:49:29.220> and<14:49:30.060> cwdm

the system and cwdm

the system and cwdm
dndm<14:49:33.116> no<14:49:33.596> dwdm<14:49:34.436> sorry<14:49:34.680> typo

dndm no dwdm sorry typo

dndm no dwdm sorry typo
all<14:49:36.840> right<14:49:36.956> that's<14:49:37.080> all<14:49:37.320> for<14:49:37.436> now<14:49:37.616> thanks<14:49:37.980> for

all right that's all for now thanks for

all right that's all for now thanks for
watching

welcome to module 9 lesson 2C uh

welcome to module 9 lesson 2C uh
multi-protocol<14:50:03.840> label<14:50:04.380> switching<14:50:04.860> mpls

so what is it a label switch path

so what is it a label switch path
benefits<14:50:12.540> tunneling

benefits tunneling

benefits tunneling
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
it's<14:50:15.660> just<14:50:15.776> an<14:50:15.956> overview<14:50:16.256> really<14:50:16.616> because

it's just an overview really because

it's just an overview really because
they<14:50:17.160> mention<14:50:17.400> it<14:50:17.756> once<14:50:18.596> in<14:50:19.200> brief<14:50:19.500> in<14:50:19.860> the

they mention it once in brief in the

they mention it once in brief in the
syllabus

syllabus

syllabus
but<14:50:21.720> an<14:50:21.900> mperls<14:50:22.800> Network<14:50:23.040> it<14:50:23.700> provides<14:50:24.116> one

but an mperls Network it provides one

but an mperls Network it provides one
connectivity<14:50:25.020> between<14:50:25.500> two<14:50:25.800> geographically

connectivity between two geographically

connectivity between two geographically
distant<14:50:27.000> offices<14:50:27.480> so<14:50:28.080> it's<14:50:28.256> one<14:50:28.500> of<14:50:28.680> a<14:50:28.800> number

distant offices so it's one of a number

distant offices so it's one of a number
of<14:50:29.660> methods<14:50:30.660> for<14:50:30.840> connecting<14:50:31.340> across<14:50:32.340> a<14:50:32.456> wide

of methods for connecting across a wide

of methods for connecting across a wide
area<14:50:32.820> network<14:50:33.180> and<14:50:33.540> obviously<14:50:33.840> each<14:50:33.956> has<14:50:34.200> its

area network and obviously each has its

area network and obviously each has its
pros<14:50:34.980> and<14:50:35.096> cons<14:50:35.540> which<14:50:36.540> we'll<14:50:36.720> go<14:50:37.140> into<14:50:37.756> mpls

pros and cons which we'll go into mpls

pros and cons which we'll go into mpls
it's<14:50:39.060> high<14:50:39.300> performance<14:50:39.720> it's<14:50:40.020> packet

it's high performance it's packet

it's high performance it's packet
switching<14:50:41.096> a<14:50:41.820> packet<14:50:42.180> forward<14:50:42.360> in<14:50:42.720> it<14:50:43.320> uses

switching a packet forward in it uses

switching a packet forward in it uses
labels<14:50:44.040> to<14:50:44.220> address<14:50:44.400> packets<14:50:44.936> in<14:50:45.180> the

labels to address packets in the

labels to address packets in the
telecoms<14:50:45.840> network

now uh it's called label switching

now uh it's called label switching
because<14:50:50.756> it<14:50:51.000> makes<14:50:51.116> forwarding<14:50:51.720> decisions<14:50:52.140> of

because it makes forwarding decisions of

because it makes forwarding decisions of
the<14:50:52.980> packets<14:50:53.400> based<14:50:53.936> upon<14:50:54.240> the<14:50:54.720> values<14:50:55.020> of<14:50:55.200> the

the packets based upon the values of the

the packets based upon the values of the
labels<14:50:55.756> and<14:50:56.756> as<14:50:57.060> opposed<14:50:57.416> to<14:50:57.480> the<14:50:57.720> usual<14:50:58.020> way

labels and as opposed to the usual way

labels and as opposed to the usual way
which<14:50:58.500> is<14:50:58.616> looking<14:50:58.800> at<14:50:59.040> the<14:50:59.220> IP<14:50:59.640> headers

which is looking at the IP headers

which is looking at the IP headers
so<14:51:01.500> this<14:51:01.616> avoids<14:51:02.040> having<14:51:02.276> to<14:51:02.840> look<14:51:03.840> at<14:51:04.020> the

so this avoids having to look at the

so this avoids having to look at the
routing<14:51:04.800> table<14:51:04.980> lookups<14:51:05.580> and<14:51:05.756> all<14:51:05.936> of<14:51:06.116> the

routing table lookups and all of the

routing table lookups and all of the
problems<14:51:07.256> associated<14:51:08.116> associated<14:51:09.116> with<14:51:09.616> uh

problems associated associated with uh

problems associated associated with uh
routing<14:51:11.096> table<14:51:11.276> lookups

routing table lookups

routing table lookups
cool<14:51:13.680> concept<14:51:14.160> is<14:51:14.340> labels<14:51:14.820> are<14:51:15.000> assigned<14:51:15.480> or

cool concept is labels are assigned or

cool concept is labels are assigned or
pushed<14:51:16.200> into<14:51:16.560> Data<14:51:17.096> packets<14:51:17.456> this<14:51:18.240> is<14:51:18.480> the

pushed into Data packets this is the

pushed into Data packets this is the
packets<14:51:18.840> are<14:51:18.956> labeled<14:51:19.320> the<14:51:19.560> routers<14:51:19.980> in<14:51:20.160> the

packets are labeled the routers in the

packets are labeled the routers in the
impulse<14:51:20.700> Network<14:51:21.000> make<14:51:21.776> forwarding

impulse Network make forwarding

impulse Network make forwarding
decisions<14:51:22.916> based<14:51:23.640> upon<14:51:23.820> that<14:51:24.060> label

decisions based upon that label

decisions based upon that label
you're<14:51:25.616> still<14:51:25.800> without<14:51:25.980> having<14:51:26.276> to<14:51:26.456> examine

you're still without having to examine

you're still without having to examine
the<14:51:27.060> actual<14:51:27.300> packet<14:51:27.840> it's<14:51:27.956> only<14:51:28.256> the<14:51:28.500> label

the actual packet it's only the label

the actual packet it's only the label
has<14:51:29.220> to<14:51:29.400> be<14:51:29.580> examined

so say remote office say what's the same

so say remote office say what's the same
package<14:51:35.700> to<14:51:35.880> remote<14:51:36.116> office<14:51:36.416> B

package to remote office B

package to remote office B
and<14:51:38.640> the<14:51:38.820> data<14:51:39.060> sent<14:51:39.180> by<14:51:39.416> a<14:51:39.660> reaches<14:51:40.200> the<14:51:40.320> mpls

and the data sent by a reaches the mpls

and the data sent by a reaches the mpls
network<14:51:41.040> the<14:51:41.520> data<14:51:41.756> will<14:51:41.880> be<14:51:42.060> labeled<14:51:42.480> just

network the data will be labeled just

network the data will be labeled just
like<14:51:43.256> how<14:51:43.500> we'd<14:51:43.860> label

like how we'd label

like how we'd label
um<14:51:44.936> a<14:51:45.180> packet<14:51:45.540> if<14:51:45.720> we<14:51:45.840> were<14:51:45.956> sending<14:51:46.320> it<14:51:46.436> by

um a packet if we were sending it by

um a packet if we were sending it by
shipping

shipping

shipping
and<14:51:48.900> then<14:51:49.020> the<14:51:49.200> routers<14:51:49.500> in<14:51:49.616> the<14:51:49.740> mpls<14:51:50.220> network

and then the routers in the mpls network

and then the routers in the mpls network
will<14:51:50.580> act<14:51:50.880> like<14:51:51.000> a<14:51:51.180> courier<14:51:51.480> service<14:51:51.720> the

will act like a courier service the

will act like a courier service the
routers<14:51:53.040> do<14:51:53.340> not<14:51:53.520> open<14:51:54.240> the<14:51:54.480> packet<14:51:54.900> they<14:51:55.200> just

routers do not open the packet they just

routers do not open the packet they just
look<14:51:55.500> at<14:51:55.680> the<14:51:55.860> label<14:51:56.220> and<14:51:56.580> decide<14:51:57.116> where<14:51:57.416> to

look at the label and decide where to

look at the label and decide where to
send<14:51:57.720> it<14:51:57.900> for<14:51:58.500> the<14:51:58.680> next<14:51:58.800> destination

send it for the next destination

send it for the next destination
process<14:52:00.900> continues<14:52:01.436> until<14:52:01.616> you<14:52:02.096> reach<14:52:02.340> the

process continues until you reach the

process continues until you reach the
edge<14:52:02.880> of<14:52:03.116> the<14:52:03.300> mpls<14:52:03.840> network<14:52:04.080> when<14:52:04.500> the<14:52:04.680> label

edge of the mpls network when the label

edge of the mpls network when the label
is<14:52:05.096> removed<14:52:05.580> or<14:52:05.936> popped<14:52:06.416> before<14:52:07.020> being

is removed or popped before being

is removed or popped before being
forwarded<14:52:07.740> to<14:52:07.980> the<14:52:08.096> remote<14:52:08.220> office<14:52:08.880> B

forwarded to the remote office B

forwarded to the remote office B
here's<14:52:10.616> an<14:52:10.680> example<14:52:11.040> of<14:52:11.456> a<14:52:11.700> mpls<14:52:12.300> network<14:52:12.616> from

here's an example of a mpls network from

here's an example of a mpls network from
netcerts.net

netcerts.net

netcerts.net
the<14:52:16.740> labels<14:52:17.040> in<14:52:17.276> the<14:52:17.400> mpls<14:52:17.820> network<14:52:18.060> have<14:52:18.416> the

the labels in the mpls network have the

the labels in the mpls network have the
information<14:52:18.776> that<14:52:19.320> tells<14:52:19.616> the<14:52:19.740> routers<14:52:20.096> where

information that tells the routers where

information that tells the routers where
to<14:52:20.520> forward<14:52:20.640> the<14:52:20.936> packets<14:52:21.240> this<14:52:22.020> is<14:52:22.140> a

to forward the packets this is a

to forward the packets this is a
simplified<14:52:22.680> diagram<14:52:23.276> where<14:52:23.936> the<14:52:24.180> IP<14:52:24.916> packet

simplified diagram where the IP packet

simplified diagram where the IP packet
has<14:52:26.096> gone<14:52:26.276> across<14:52:26.640> to<14:52:26.756> two<14:52:27.000> routers<14:52:27.416> and<14:52:28.080> then

has gone across to two routers and then

has gone across to two routers and then
it's<14:52:28.320> hitting<14:52:28.740> the<14:52:28.860> mpls<14:52:29.580> network<14:52:29.820> at<14:52:30.180> router

it's hitting the mpls network at router

it's hitting the mpls network at router
p<14:52:31.200> e<14:52:31.436> a<14:52:31.680> which<14:52:31.980> adds<14:52:32.276> a<14:52:32.456> label<14:52:32.756> and<14:52:33.660> then<14:52:33.776> the

p e a which adds a label and then the

p e a which adds a label and then the
label<14:52:34.500> is<14:52:34.616> finally<14:52:34.980> removed<14:52:35.700> at<14:52:36.360> router<14:52:37.256> p<14:52:37.500> e

label is finally removed at router p e

label is finally removed at router p e
Zed

Zed

Zed
so<14:52:39.360> there's<14:52:39.596> only<14:52:39.720> three<14:52:39.900> routers<14:52:40.320> involved

so there's only three routers involved

so there's only three routers involved
in<14:52:40.800> the<14:52:40.916> mpls<14:52:41.456> network<14:52:41.820> here

so as I said this is different to the

so as I said this is different to the
traditional<14:52:48.776> routing<14:52:49.256> where<14:52:49.500> each<14:52:49.740> packet's

traditional routing where each packet's

traditional routing where each packet's
header<14:52:50.640> has<14:52:51.240> to<14:52:51.360> be<14:52:51.480> examined<14:52:51.956> each<14:52:52.320> router

header has to be examined each router

header has to be examined each router
step<14:52:53.520> by<14:52:53.700> step<14:52:53.936> has<14:52:54.180> to<14:52:54.360> do<14:52:54.480> complex<14:52:54.840> lookups

step by step has to do complex lookups

step by step has to do complex lookups
and<14:52:56.040> obviously<14:52:56.340> deal<14:52:56.520> with<14:52:56.700> all<14:52:56.880> the<14:52:57.180> other

and obviously deal with all the other

and obviously deal with all the other
issues<14:52:57.840> associated<14:52:58.500> with<14:52:59.400> routing

issues associated with routing

issues associated with routing
a<14:53:01.500> label<14:53:01.860> switch<14:53:01.980> pass<14:53:02.340> the<14:53:02.756> data

a label switch pass the data

a label switch pass the data
transmission<14:53:03.596> in<14:53:04.200> an<14:53:04.380> mpls<14:53:04.800> Network<14:53:05.096> occurs

transmission in an mpls Network occurs

transmission in an mpls Network occurs
through<14:53:06.240> a<14:53:06.416> path<14:53:06.596> called<14:53:06.776> the<14:53:06.956> label<14:53:07.256> switch

through a path called the label switch

through a path called the label switch
paths

paths

paths
this<14:53:10.080> is<14:53:10.200> the<14:53:10.380> sequence<14:53:10.680> of<14:53:10.800> labels<14:53:11.160> that<14:53:11.340> each

this is the sequence of labels that each

this is the sequence of labels that each
and<14:53:11.700> every<14:53:11.820> nose<14:53:12.116> along<14:53:12.360> the<14:53:12.596> path<14:53:12.776> that

and every nose along the path that

and every nose along the path that
establishes<14:53:13.980> between<14:53:14.520> the<14:53:14.820> source<14:53:15.116> and<14:53:15.360> the

establishes between the source and the

establishes between the source and the
destination<14:53:16.020> this<14:53:16.860> is<14:53:16.980> all<14:53:17.160> actually<14:53:17.340> set<14:53:17.640> up

destination this is all actually set up

destination this is all actually set up
before<14:53:17.936> the<14:53:18.240> data<14:53:18.596> is<14:53:18.720> transmitted

before the data is transmitted

before the data is transmitted
multi-protocol<14:53:21.840> basically<14:53:22.380> means<14:53:22.680> a<14:53:22.800> number

multi-protocol basically means a number

multi-protocol basically means a number
of<14:53:23.096> protocols<14:53:23.756> can<14:53:23.936> be<14:53:24.060> used<14:53:24.300> really<14:53:25.020> the<14:53:25.256> only

of protocols can be used really the only

of protocols can be used really the only
protocol<14:53:25.800> left<14:53:26.160> to<14:53:26.456> send<14:53:26.756> over<14:53:27.060> mpls<14:53:27.660> is<14:53:27.956> IP

protocol left to send over mpls is IP

protocol left to send over mpls is IP
and<14:53:29.580> ipx<14:53:30.300> SPX<14:53:31.020> and<14:53:31.436> other<14:53:31.740> such<14:53:32.520> protocols<14:53:33.300> or

and ipx SPX and other such protocols or

and ipx SPX and other such protocols or
apple<14:53:33.660> talk<14:53:33.900> aren't<14:53:34.256> used<14:53:34.500> anymore<14:53:34.800> at<14:53:35.220> all

apple talk aren't used anymore at all

apple talk aren't used anymore at all
npls<14:53:38.040> is<14:53:38.220> often<14:53:38.520> referred<14:53:38.880> to<14:53:39.000> as<14:53:39.300> layer<14:53:39.660> 2.5

npls is often referred to as layer 2.5

npls is often referred to as layer 2.5
because<14:53:40.616> it<14:53:40.860> sits<14:53:41.220> between<14:53:41.340> layers<14:53:42.060> 2<14:53:42.360> and

because it sits between layers 2 and

because it sits between layers 2 and
layer<14:53:43.616> 3<14:53:43.860> of<14:53:44.820> The<14:53:45.116> OSI

layer 3 of The OSI

layer 3 of The OSI
some<14:53:47.456> of<14:53:47.580> the<14:53:47.700> benefits<14:53:48.240> not<14:53:48.660> dependent<14:53:49.080> on

some of the benefits not dependent on

some of the benefits not dependent on
layer<14:53:49.680> two<14:53:49.936> technologies<14:53:50.936> such<14:53:51.300> as<14:53:51.416> ATMs

layer two technologies such as ATMs

layer two technologies such as ATMs
sonnet<14:53:52.500> and<14:53:52.680> ethernet

sonnet and ethernet

sonnet and ethernet
it<14:53:54.116> can<14:53:54.180> be<14:53:54.300> used<14:53:54.416> to<14:53:54.596> carry<14:53:54.956> different<14:53:55.256> types

it can be used to carry different types

it can be used to carry different types
of<14:53:55.740> traffic

of traffic

of traffic
and

and

and
ATMs<14:53:59.220> on<14:53:59.340> it<14:53:59.580> and<14:53:59.820> ethernet<14:54:00.240> frames

tunneling mpls can control the entire

tunneling mpls can control the entire
path<14:54:07.740> of<14:54:07.980> a<14:54:08.160> packet<14:54:08.580> by<14:54:08.756> tunneling<14:54:09.180> through

path of a packet by tunneling through

path of a packet by tunneling through
the<14:54:09.480> intermediate<14:54:10.020> routers<14:54:10.500> that<14:54:11.160> span

the intermediate routers that span

the intermediate routers that span
multiple<14:54:11.936> segments

this is a unique feature of mpls it's

this is a unique feature of mpls it's
used<14:54:18.540> in<14:54:18.840> provisioning<14:54:19.616> in<14:54:19.740> mpls<14:54:20.456> based<14:54:21.060> vpns

used in provisioning in mpls based vpns

used in provisioning in mpls based vpns
which<14:54:21.776> is<14:54:21.900> actually<14:54:22.140> outside<14:54:22.580> the<14:54:23.580> syllabus

which is actually outside the syllabus

which is actually outside the syllabus
all<14:54:25.800> right<14:54:25.980> so<14:54:26.040> we've<14:54:26.220> looked<14:54:26.456> at<14:54:26.520> mpls<14:54:27.680> LSPs

all right so we've looked at mpls LSPs

all right so we've looked at mpls LSPs
some<14:54:29.096> of<14:54:29.276> the<14:54:29.340> benefits<14:54:29.880> and<14:54:30.300> we've<14:54:30.720> mentioned

some of the benefits and we've mentioned

some of the benefits and we've mentioned
tunneling<14:54:31.616> we<14:54:31.800> haven't<14:54:31.916> gone<14:54:32.096> into<14:54:32.220> any

tunneling we haven't gone into any

tunneling we haven't gone into any
detail<14:54:32.880> obviously<14:54:33.360> that's<14:54:34.256> all<14:54:34.500> for<14:54:34.680> now

detail obviously that's all for now

detail obviously that's all for now
thanks<14:54:35.160> for<14:54:35.340> watching

welcome to module 9 lesson 2D an

welcome to module 9 lesson 2D an
overview<14:55:00.360> of<14:55:00.660> GSM<14:55:01.320> CDMA<14:55:02.096> and<14:55:02.640> Y<14:55:02.880> Max<14:55:03.116> again

overview of GSM CDMA and Y Max again

overview of GSM CDMA and Y Max again
we're<14:55:04.080> just<14:55:04.256> hitting<14:55:04.560> a<14:55:04.680> few<14:55:05.000> syllabus<14:55:06.000> topics

we're just hitting a few syllabus topics

we're just hitting a few syllabus topics
that<14:55:06.840> comment<14:55:07.436> here<14:55:07.560> kind<14:55:07.860> of<14:55:07.980> mentioned<14:55:08.220> in

that comment here kind of mentioned in

that comment here kind of mentioned in
passing<14:55:08.756> really<14:55:09.000> but<14:55:09.300> they<14:55:09.480> are<14:55:09.596> marked<14:55:09.956> down

passing really but they are marked down

passing really but they are marked down
there

there

there
look<14:55:11.756> at<14:55:11.936> what<14:55:12.240> is<14:55:12.416> 2G

look at what is 2G

look at what is 2G
um<14:55:13.916> you<14:55:14.160> may<14:55:14.340> have<14:55:14.520> be<14:55:14.880> familiar<14:55:15.300> with<14:55:15.360> it<14:55:15.480> if

um you may have be familiar with it if

um you may have be familiar with it if
you've<14:55:15.840> had<14:55:15.956> a<14:55:16.256> a<14:55:16.916> mobile<14:55:17.160> phone<14:55:17.580> or<14:55:18.116> I<14:55:18.360> think

you've had a a mobile phone or I think

you've had a a mobile phone or I think
you<14:55:18.596> call<14:55:18.776> them<14:55:18.900> cellular<14:55:19.320> phones<14:55:20.040> in<14:55:20.700> um

you call them cellular phones in um

you call them cellular phones in um
America<14:55:21.596> perhaps

America perhaps

America perhaps
enhanced<14:55:23.580> rates<14:55:23.880> for<14:55:24.116> GSM

enhanced rates for GSM

enhanced rates for GSM
LTE<14:55:26.520> long-term<14:55:27.300> Evolution<14:55:27.720> and<14:55:28.200> CDMA

LTE long-term Evolution and CDMA

LTE long-term Evolution and CDMA
so<14:55:31.140> what<14:55:31.320> is<14:55:31.500> it<14:55:31.680> it<14:55:32.400> stands<14:55:32.820> for<14:55:32.880> global

so what is it it stands for global

so what is it it stands for global
system<14:55:33.596> for<14:55:34.080> mobile<14:55:34.320> Communications

system for mobile Communications

system for mobile Communications
I<14:55:36.416> used<14:55:36.540> to<14:55:36.720> actually<14:55:36.840> be<14:55:37.080> able<14:55:37.320> to<14:55:37.436> plug<14:55:37.916> an

I used to actually be able to plug an

I used to actually be able to plug an
adapter

adapter

adapter
into<14:55:40.740> your

into your

into your
um<14:55:42.596> a<14:55:43.436> laptop

um a laptop

um a laptop
and<14:55:45.480> use<14:55:45.840> a<14:55:46.080> GSM<14:55:46.616> card<14:55:47.040> for<14:55:48.000> accessing<14:55:48.596> the

and use a GSM card for accessing the

and use a GSM card for accessing the
internet<14:55:49.380> but<14:55:49.800> it<14:55:49.916> was<14:55:50.096> pretty<14:55:50.756> slow<14:55:51.116> my

internet but it was pretty slow my

internet but it was pretty slow my
experience<14:55:52.020> was<14:55:52.256> pretty<14:55:52.500> unreliable<14:55:53.040> and

experience was pretty unreliable and

experience was pretty unreliable and
pretty<14:55:53.900> expensive<14:55:54.900> so<14:55:55.200> not<14:55:55.436> fantastic<14:55:55.860> but<14:55:56.700> um

pretty expensive so not fantastic but um

pretty expensive so not fantastic but um
if<14:55:57.060> you<14:55:57.180> were<14:55:57.300> desperate<14:55:57.596> it<14:55:57.840> kind<14:55:58.200> of<14:55:58.256> did<14:55:58.436> the

if you were desperate it kind of did the

if you were desperate it kind of did the
job<14:55:58.800> developed<14:55:59.700> by<14:55:59.820> European<14:56:00.720> Telecom

job developed by European Telecom

job developed by European Telecom
standards<14:56:01.916> Institute

standards Institute

standards Institute
Etsy

Etsy

Etsy
and<14:56:04.560> this<14:56:04.800> is<14:56:04.860> the<14:56:05.096> protocols<14:56:05.700> for<14:56:05.756> second

and this is the protocols for second

and this is the protocols for second
generation<14:56:06.596> the<14:56:07.020> 2G<14:56:07.380> cellular<14:56:08.000> networks

generation the 2G cellular networks

generation the 2G cellular networks
digital<14:56:09.416> used<14:56:09.956> by<14:56:10.200> mobiles

digital used by mobiles

digital used by mobiles
the<14:56:12.480> original<14:56:12.660> standard<14:56:13.200> was<14:56:13.320> for<14:56:13.500> 2G

the original standard was for 2G

the original standard was for 2G
Wireless<14:56:14.096> telephone<14:56:14.520> technology<14:56:15.180> and<14:56:15.596> it

Wireless telephone technology and it

Wireless telephone technology and it
became<14:56:15.956> the<14:56:16.080> global<14:56:16.436> standard<14:56:16.860> for<14:56:17.340> mobile

became the global standard for mobile

became the global standard for mobile
Communications<14:56:18.416> a<14:56:19.020> bit<14:56:19.140> left<14:56:19.320> behind<14:56:19.680> now

Communications a bit left behind now

Communications a bit left behind now
so<14:56:22.380> GSM<14:56:22.860> is<14:56:23.040> a<14:56:23.160> cellular<14:56:23.400> network<14:56:23.756> that<14:56:24.060> uses

so GSM is a cellular network that uses

so GSM is a cellular network that uses
radio<14:56:24.596> signals<14:56:25.256> for<14:56:25.500> mobile<14:56:25.680> and<14:56:26.456> mobile

radio signals for mobile and mobile

radio signals for mobile and mobile
comms

comms

comms
the<14:56:28.800> cellular<14:56:29.160> network<14:56:29.400> is<14:56:29.700> a<14:56:29.880> mobile<14:56:30.000> network

the cellular network is a mobile network

the cellular network is a mobile network
that<14:56:30.596> is<14:56:30.776> spread<14:56:31.020> across<14:56:31.320> the<14:56:31.436> land<14:56:31.616> area

that is spread across the land area

that is spread across the land area
called<14:56:32.220> cells

called cells

called cells
one<14:56:34.140> or<14:56:34.320> more<14:56:34.500> fixed<14:56:34.860> transceivers<14:56:35.456> or<14:56:35.640> base

one or more fixed transceivers or base

one or more fixed transceivers or base
stations<14:56:36.360> were<14:56:36.660> probably<14:56:36.900> more<14:56:37.200> familiar

stations were probably more familiar

stations were probably more familiar
with<14:56:37.980> they<14:56:38.640> provide<14:56:38.936> each<14:56:39.116> cell<14:56:39.360> with<14:56:39.596> network

with they provide each cell with network

with they provide each cell with network
coverage<14:56:40.380> obviously

coverage obviously

coverage obviously
the<14:56:42.360> further<14:56:42.596> away<14:56:42.720> you<14:56:42.956> are<14:56:43.140> from<14:56:43.256> these<14:56:43.500> base

the further away you are from these base

the further away you are from these base
stations<14:56:44.160> the<14:56:44.340> poorier<14:56:44.756> signal<14:56:45.180> light<14:56:45.360> is

stations the poorier signal light is

stations the poorier signal light is
until<14:56:45.776> at<14:56:46.080> some<14:56:46.256> point<14:56:46.500> you'll<14:56:47.040> have<14:56:47.160> no

until at some point you'll have no

until at some point you'll have no
signal<14:56:47.700> at<14:56:47.936> all

um we commonly call them mobile phones

um we commonly call them mobile phones
during<14:56:53.640> the<14:56:53.880> cellular<14:56:54.300> network<14:56:54.900> calls

all right so what is 2G second

all right so what is 2G second
generation<14:57:01.616> as<14:57:01.916> we've<14:57:02.220> said<14:57:02.340> they<14:57:03.060> use<14:57:03.240> radio

generation as we've said they use radio

generation as we've said they use radio
signals<14:57:04.020> developed<14:57:04.500> as<14:57:04.616> a<14:57:04.800> replacement<14:57:04.916> for

signals developed as a replacement for

signals developed as a replacement for
the<14:57:05.700> old<14:57:06.116> cellular<14:57:06.956> network<14:57:07.320> they<14:57:07.680> used

the old cellular network they used

the old cellular network they used
um<14:57:08.640> analog<14:57:09.480> radio<14:57:09.776> signals<14:57:10.560> so<14:57:11.040> that<14:57:11.160> was<14:57:11.340> a

um analog radio signals so that was a

um analog radio signals so that was a
real<14:57:11.580> old<14:57:11.820> school<14:57:12.060> and<14:57:13.020> stuff

real old school and stuff

real old school and stuff
they<14:57:14.936> were<14:57:15.116> quite<14:57:15.240> easily<14:57:15.596> hacked<14:57:16.200> into<14:57:16.320> at

they were quite easily hacked into at

they were quite easily hacked into at
the<14:57:17.520> time<14:57:17.756> you<14:57:18.060> if<14:57:18.416> you<14:57:18.596> had<14:57:18.660> the<14:57:18.776> equipment

the time you if you had the equipment

the time you if you had the equipment
you<14:57:19.256> could<14:57:19.380> listen<14:57:19.560> to<14:57:19.740> people's

you could listen to people's

you could listen to people's
um<14:57:21.660> telephone<14:57:21.840> conversations<14:57:22.680> with<14:57:23.096> a

um telephone conversations with a

um telephone conversations with a
scanner

the original GSM standard was actually

the original GSM standard was actually
designed<14:57:28.560> for<14:57:28.800> full<14:57:28.980> duplex<14:57:29.580> voice<14:57:29.880> telephony

designed for full duplex voice telephony

designed for full duplex voice telephony
it<14:57:31.256> was<14:57:31.436> just<14:57:31.616> adopted<14:57:32.096> for<14:57:32.276> data<14:57:32.700> later<14:57:32.820> on

it was just adopted for data later on

it was just adopted for data later on
originally<14:57:34.140> operated<14:57:34.560> at<14:57:34.860> 96<14:57:35.700> bits<14:57:36.360> per

originally operated at 96 bits per

originally operated at 96 bits per
second

second

second
which<14:57:37.800> is<14:57:37.916> pretty<14:57:38.160> darn<14:57:38.400> slow<14:57:38.720> evolved<14:57:39.720> over

which is pretty darn slow evolved over

which is pretty darn slow evolved over
time<14:57:40.080> to<14:57:40.256> allow<14:57:40.500> Datacom<14:57:41.096> through<14:57:41.400> an

time to allow Datacom through an

time to allow Datacom through an
enhanced<14:57:42.000> GSM<14:57:42.540> technology<14:57:43.140> called<14:57:43.616> Edge<14:57:44.580> or

enhanced GSM technology called Edge or

enhanced GSM technology called Edge or
enhanced<14:57:45.360> data<14:57:45.776> rates<14:57:45.900> for<14:57:46.140> GSM<14:57:46.680> evolution

this was considered a pre-3g radio

this was considered a pre-3g radio
technology

technology

technology
it's<14:57:54.900> part<14:57:55.200> of<14:57:55.380> the<14:57:55.560> itu's<14:57:56.276> 3G<14:57:56.700> definition<14:57:57.740> and

it's part of the itu's 3G definition and

it's part of the itu's 3G definition and
the<14:57:58.916> idea<14:57:59.276> is<14:57:59.400> it<14:57:59.640> delivers<14:57:59.936> higher<14:58:00.300> rate<14:58:00.416> bits

the idea is it delivers higher rate bits

the idea is it delivers higher rate bits
per<14:58:01.436> radio<14:58:01.740> channel<14:58:02.096> so<14:58:02.880> it's<14:58:03.060> three<14:58:03.300> times

per radio channel so it's three times

per radio channel so it's three times
faster<14:58:03.840> than<14:58:04.160> ordinary<14:58:05.160> GSM<14:58:05.820> also<14:58:06.596> used<14:58:06.720> for

faster than ordinary GSM also used for

faster than ordinary GSM also used for
internet<14:58:07.200> connections

internet connections

internet connections
a<14:58:10.200> long-term<14:58:10.740> Evolution<14:58:11.040> LTE<14:58:11.880> is<14:58:12.416> today's

a long-term Evolution LTE is today's

a long-term Evolution LTE is today's
mobile<14:58:13.080> networks<14:58:13.680> used<14:58:13.916> something<14:58:14.096> called<14:58:14.936> um

mobile networks used something called um

mobile networks used something called um
LTE

LTE

LTE
commonly<14:58:17.580> marketed<14:58:18.116> as<14:58:18.416> 4G<14:58:18.900> you<14:58:19.256> may<14:58:19.436> have

commonly marketed as 4G you may have

commonly marketed as 4G you may have
heard<14:58:19.740> 4G<14:58:20.276> LTE

high-speed data rate access based on the

high-speed data rate access based on the
edge<14:58:26.096> and<14:58:26.340> HSPA<14:58:27.240> network<14:58:27.480> Technologies<14:58:28.256> which

edge and HSPA network Technologies which

edge and HSPA network Technologies which
are<14:58:29.160> Legacy

are Legacy

are Legacy
download<14:58:30.776> speed<14:58:31.256> is<14:58:31.500> 300<14:58:31.860> Meg<14:58:32.220> upload<14:58:32.756> is<14:58:33.180> 75

download speed is 300 Meg upload is 75

download speed is 300 Meg upload is 75
so<14:58:34.500> it's<14:58:34.680> asynchronous

so it's asynchronous

so it's asynchronous
CDMA<14:58:37.980> is<14:58:38.456> code<14:58:38.756> division<14:58:39.680> multiple<14:58:40.680> access

CDMA is code division multiple access

CDMA is code division multiple access
this<14:58:42.660> uses<14:58:42.956> a<14:58:43.200> special<14:58:43.500> spread<14:58:44.220> Spectrum

this uses a special spread Spectrum

this uses a special spread Spectrum
technology<14:58:45.480> and<14:58:46.320> basically<14:58:46.680> the<14:58:46.860> idea<14:58:47.340> is

technology and basically the idea is

technology and basically the idea is
multiple<14:58:47.936> users<14:58:48.416> can<14:58:48.660> communicate

multiple users can communicate

multiple users can communicate
independently<14:58:49.860> but<14:58:50.400> using<14:58:50.756> the<14:58:50.936> same

independently but using the same

independently but using the same
bandwidth<14:58:51.596> and<14:58:51.720> they<14:58:51.956> shouldn't<14:58:52.320> in<14:58:53.096> theory

bandwidth and they shouldn't in theory

bandwidth and they shouldn't in theory
be<14:58:53.580> any<14:58:53.936> interference<14:58:54.480> on<14:58:54.720> the<14:58:54.840> connection

be any interference on the connection

be any interference on the connection
uh<14:58:57.116> represents<14:58:57.776> a<14:58:57.956> second<14:58:58.500> generation<14:58:59.360> 2G

uh represents a second generation 2G

uh represents a second generation 2G
Digital<14:59:00.900> radio<14:59:01.320> solution

Digital radio solution

Digital radio solution
uses<14:59:04.380> the<14:59:04.680> spectrally<14:59:05.276> efficient<14:59:05.936> technology

uses the spectrally efficient technology

uses the spectrally efficient technology
for<14:59:06.956> mobile<14:59:07.256> communication

for mobile communication

for mobile communication
all<14:59:09.840> right<14:59:10.020> moving<14:59:10.320> on<14:59:10.436> to<14:59:10.616> Y<14:59:10.800> Max

all right moving on to Y Max

all right moving on to Y Max
worldwide<14:59:12.956> interrupt<14:59:13.936> interoperability<14:59:14.936> for

worldwide interrupt interoperability for

worldwide interrupt interoperability for
microwave<14:59:16.020> access<14:59:16.320> now<14:59:16.740> what<14:59:16.980> do<14:59:17.096> they've

microwave access now what do they've

microwave access now what do they've
shortened<14:59:17.640> that<14:59:17.756> one<14:59:18.320> technology<14:59:19.320> is<14:59:19.560> based

shortened that one technology is based

shortened that one technology is based
on<14:59:20.060> 802.16<14:59:21.060> standard<14:59:21.480> which<14:59:21.776> you<14:59:21.956> can<14:59:22.200> look<14:59:22.320> up

on 802.16 standard which you can look up

on 802.16 standard which you can look up
in<14:59:22.680> your<14:59:22.800> own<14:59:22.980> time

in your own time

in your own time
it<14:59:24.540> delivers<14:59:25.140> a<14:59:25.436> wireless<14:59:25.680> Broadband

it delivers a wireless Broadband

it delivers a wireless Broadband
Services<14:59:26.700> anytime<14:59:27.540> and<14:59:27.840> anywhere

Services anytime and anywhere

Services anytime and anywhere
here's<14:59:29.456> an<14:59:29.580> image<14:59:29.820> from<14:59:30.240> conique.com

here's an image from conique.com

here's an image from conique.com
of<14:59:33.000> indirect<14:59:33.540> access<14:59:33.956> with<14:59:34.500> the<14:59:34.880> outdoor

of indirect access with the outdoor

of indirect access with the outdoor
customer<14:59:36.060> premise<14:59:36.660> equipment<14:59:37.020> connecting

customer premise equipment connecting

customer premise equipment connecting
through<14:59:38.340> a<14:59:38.520> base<14:59:38.640> station<14:59:38.880> when<14:59:39.180> you've<14:59:39.360> got<14:59:39.480> a

through a base station when you've got a

through a base station when you've got a
poor

poor

poor
um<14:59:40.800> connectivity<14:59:41.580> and<14:59:42.360> but<14:59:42.540> you've<14:59:42.720> got<14:59:42.776> the

um connectivity and but you've got the

um connectivity and but you've got the
signal<14:59:43.256> goes<14:59:43.560> through<14:59:43.616> multiple<14:59:44.040> paths

signal goes through multiple paths

signal goes through multiple paths
uh<14:59:46.680> the<14:59:46.800> 802.16<14:59:47.700> standard<14:59:48.060> is<14:59:48.300> developed<14:59:48.596> for

uh the 802.16 standard is developed for

uh the 802.16 standard is developed for
providing<14:59:49.320> an<14:59:49.560> online<14:59:49.740> science<14:59:50.400> connectivity

providing an online science connectivity

providing an online science connectivity
so<14:59:51.956> it'd<14:59:52.140> be<14:59:52.256> quite<14:59:52.436> useful<14:59:52.740> in<14:59:53.400> um

so it'd be quite useful in um

so it'd be quite useful in um
areas<14:59:55.380> where<14:59:55.560> there's<14:59:55.680> a<14:59:55.860> lot<14:59:55.916> of<14:59:56.040> buildings

areas where there's a lot of buildings

areas where there's a lot of buildings
and<14:59:57.000> things<14:59:57.660> in<14:59:57.900> the<14:59:58.080> way<14:59:58.200> trees<14:59:58.800> and<14:59:58.980> other

and things in the way trees and other

and things in the way trees and other
buildings<14:59:59.520> and<14:59:59.756> antennas

buildings and antennas

buildings and antennas
why<15:00:01.436> Max<15:00:01.740> is<15:00:01.980> sometimes<15:00:02.340> referred<15:00:02.700> to<15:00:02.756> as

why Max is sometimes referred to as

why Max is sometimes referred to as
Wi-Fi<15:00:03.300> on<15:00:03.596> steroids<15:00:04.276> similar<15:00:05.276> to<15:00:05.456> Wi-Fi<15:00:05.756> but

Wi-Fi on steroids similar to Wi-Fi but

Wi-Fi on steroids similar to Wi-Fi but
can<15:00:06.660> provide<15:00:06.956> Broadband<15:00:07.380> access<15:00:07.616> to<15:00:07.916> a<15:00:08.096> large

can provide Broadband access to a large

can provide Broadband access to a large
area<15:00:08.720> supports<15:00:09.720> Communications<15:00:10.256> over<15:00:10.800> a

area supports Communications over a

area supports Communications over a
maximum<15:00:11.820> of<15:00:12.000> 30<15:00:12.240> mile<15:00:12.540> radius

there are other available for fixed

there are other available for fixed
usage<15:00:18.300> or<15:00:18.720> mobile

so why Max is the standard which we've

so why Max is the standard which we've
already<15:00:24.416> said<15:00:24.720> download<15:00:25.380> speed<15:00:25.860> is<15:00:26.160> up<15:00:26.340> to<15:00:26.456> 37

already said download speed is up to 37

already said download speed is up to 37
Meg<15:00:27.596> and<15:00:27.776> the<15:00:27.900> upload<15:00:28.200> speed<15:00:28.436> is<15:00:28.680> up<15:00:28.916> to<15:00:29.160> 17.

mobile y next is based on the

mobile y next is based on the
802.16a<15:00:37.680> standard<15:00:38.340> from<15:00:38.580> 2005.<15:00:40.080> and<15:00:40.560> this<15:00:40.800> the

802.16a standard from 2005. and this the

802.16a standard from 2005. and this the
got<15:00:41.456> a<15:00:41.580> throughput<15:00:41.880> of<15:00:42.180> up<15:00:42.360> to<15:00:42.596> 100<15:00:42.840> Meg

got a throughput of up to 100 Meg

got a throughput of up to 100 Meg
so<15:00:45.000> we've<15:00:45.116> covered<15:00:45.416> in<15:00:45.596> brief<15:00:45.900> GSM<15:00:46.500> 2G

so we've covered in brief GSM 2G

so we've covered in brief GSM 2G
enhanced<15:00:47.756> data<15:00:48.060> rates<15:00:48.240> for<15:00:48.416> GSM

enhanced data rates for GSM

enhanced data rates for GSM
LTE<15:00:50.596> CDMA<15:00:51.596> and<15:00:52.436> Y<15:00:52.616> Max<15:00:52.916> that's<15:00:53.700> all<15:00:53.880> for<15:00:54.060> now

LTE CDMA and Y Max that's all for now

LTE CDMA and Y Max that's all for now
thanks<15:00:54.720> for<15:00:54.840> listening

wide area networks Wan connectivity and

wide area networks Wan connectivity and
voice<15:01:24.060> over<15:01:24.360> IP

voice over IP

voice over IP
in<15:01:26.456> the<15:01:26.580> last<15:01:26.700> module<15:01:27.180> we<15:01:27.660> discussed<15:01:28.080> the

in the last module we discussed the

in the last module we discussed the
different<15:01:28.436> types<15:01:28.860> of<15:01:29.096> Wan<15:01:29.580> switching<15:01:30.116> and<15:01:30.540> the

different types of Wan switching and the

different types of Wan switching and the
different<15:01:30.900> transmission<15:01:31.520> technologies<15:01:32.520> some

different transmission technologies some

different transmission technologies some
of<15:01:33.360> which<15:01:33.480> are<15:01:33.596> going<15:01:33.776> to<15:01:33.900> reappear<15:01:34.320> in<15:01:34.560> this

of which are going to reappear in this

of which are going to reappear in this
module<15:01:35.220> that's<15:01:35.820> because<15:01:36.320> uh<15:01:37.320> transmission

module that's because uh transmission

module that's because uh transmission
technologies<15:01:38.936> and<15:01:39.596> connectivity<15:01:40.256> options

technologies and connectivity options

technologies and connectivity options
are<15:01:40.800> going<15:01:40.916> to<15:01:41.040> go<15:01:41.220> hand<15:01:41.520> in<15:01:41.700> hand<15:01:41.956> so<15:01:42.956> we're

are going to go hand in hand so we're

are going to go hand in hand so we're
going<15:01:43.436> to<15:01:43.616> talk<15:01:43.860> about<15:01:44.456> some<15:01:44.820> of<15:01:44.936> the<15:01:45.060> WAN

going to talk about some of the WAN

going to talk about some of the WAN
connectivity<15:01:46.080> options<15:01:46.500> that<15:01:46.740> we<15:01:46.916> have

connectivity options that we have

connectivity options that we have
including<15:01:48.116> a<15:01:48.480> least<15:01:48.660> line

including a least line

including a least line
packet<15:01:50.640> switching<15:01:51.116> which<15:01:51.900> is<15:01:52.200> different<15:01:52.436> from

packet switching which is different from

packet switching which is different from
circuit<15:01:53.756> switching<15:01:54.116> we've<15:01:54.360> seen<15:01:54.480> in<15:01:54.660> the<15:01:54.776> past

circuit switching we've seen in the past

circuit switching we've seen in the past
something<15:01:56.820> called<15:01:57.180> cell<15:01:57.776> relay<15:01:58.320> which<15:01:58.980> is<15:01:59.220> the

something called cell relay which is the

something called cell relay which is the
name<15:01:59.700> implies<15:02:00.416> it's<15:02:00.720> related<15:02:01.080> to<15:02:01.436> ATM

name implies it's related to ATM

name implies it's related to ATM
and<15:02:03.480> then<15:02:03.596> we're<15:02:03.720> going<15:02:03.900> to<15:02:03.956> discuss<15:02:04.380> briefly

and then we're going to discuss briefly

and then we're going to discuss briefly
voice<15:02:05.756> over<15:02:06.060> IP<15:02:06.540> which<15:02:06.900> is<15:02:06.956> something<15:02:07.140> that

voice over IP which is something that

voice over IP which is something that
will<15:02:07.436> come<15:02:07.616> up<15:02:07.740> again<15:02:08.040> but<15:02:08.640> which<15:02:08.936> is<15:02:09.116> more<15:02:09.300> and

will come up again but which is more and

will come up again but which is more and
more<15:02:09.596> become<15:02:09.956> a<15:02:10.140> necessary<15:02:10.616> part<15:02:11.160> of<15:02:11.640> our

more become a necessary part of our

more become a necessary part of our
networks<15:02:12.300> that<15:02:12.840> is<15:02:13.140> making<15:02:13.980> phone<15:02:14.340> calls<15:02:14.880> over

networks that is making phone calls over

networks that is making phone calls over
our<15:02:16.500> internet<15:02:16.980> Network<15:02:17.580> or<15:02:18.060> our<15:02:18.300> ethernet

our internet Network or our ethernet

our internet Network or our ethernet
Network<15:02:19.096> rather<15:02:20.096> than<15:02:20.276> over<15:02:20.880> the<15:02:21.300> plain<15:02:21.596> old

Network rather than over the plain old

Network rather than over the plain old
telephone<15:02:22.436> system<15:02:22.980> or<15:02:23.700> public<15:02:24.360> switch

telephone system or public switch

telephone system or public switch
telephone<15:02:25.320> Network<15:02:25.800> and<15:02:26.640> just<15:02:26.936> to<15:02:27.240> recall

telephone Network and just to recall

telephone Network and just to recall
that's<15:02:28.436> either<15:02:28.680> called<15:02:28.980> pots<15:02:29.640> or<15:02:30.240> pstn<15:02:31.200> that

that's either called pots or pstn that

that's either called pots or pstn that
was<15:02:31.980> the<15:02:32.160> phone<15:02:32.276> network<15:02:32.580> we<15:02:33.000> used<15:02:33.116> for<15:02:33.596> lots

was the phone network we used for lots

was the phone network we used for lots
and<15:02:34.380> lots<15:02:34.616> of<15:02:34.680> years<15:02:34.860> until<15:02:35.520> we<15:02:35.880> started

and lots of years until we started

and lots of years until we started
getting<15:02:36.416> more<15:02:36.720> into<15:02:36.956> a<15:02:37.436> why<15:02:38.360> internet<15:02:39.740> wide

getting more into a why internet wide

getting more into a why internet wide
world

world

world
so

so

so
when<15:02:44.756> we<15:02:44.880> talk<15:02:45.060> about<15:02:45.240> voice<15:02:45.540> over<15:02:45.776> IP<15:02:46.200> I<15:02:46.436> want

when we talk about voice over IP I want

when we talk about voice over IP I want
to<15:02:46.680> bring<15:02:46.800> up<15:02:46.980> a<15:02:47.276> very<15:02:47.456> important<15:02:48.000> protocol

to bring up a very important protocol

to bring up a very important protocol
called<15:02:49.200> sip<15:02:49.740> if<15:02:50.400> you<15:02:50.580> see<15:02:50.756> sip<15:02:51.116> on<15:02:51.480> the<15:02:51.660> test<15:02:51.776> it

called sip if you see sip on the test it

called sip if you see sip on the test it
is<15:02:52.320> going<15:02:52.500> to<15:02:52.680> be<15:02:52.800> directly<15:02:53.276> related<15:02:53.640> to<15:02:53.936> voice

is going to be directly related to voice

is going to be directly related to voice
over<15:02:54.596> IP

over IP

over IP
now<15:02:57.360> one<15:02:57.540> of<15:02:57.660> the<15:02:57.776> ways<15:02:58.200> in<15:02:58.380> which<15:02:58.560> wide<15:02:58.800> area

now one of the ways in which wide area

now one of the ways in which wide area
networks<15:02:59.520> can<15:02:59.700> gain<15:02:59.880> connectivity<15:03:00.480> is

networks can gain connectivity is

networks can gain connectivity is
through<15:03:01.020> a<15:03:01.200> leased<15:03:01.500> line<15:03:01.680> we've<15:03:02.160> seen<15:03:02.400> this<15:03:02.640> in

through a leased line we've seen this in

through a leased line we've seen this in
the<15:03:03.060> past<15:03:03.180> module<15:03:03.776> at<15:03:04.436> least<15:03:04.616> line<15:03:05.040> is<15:03:05.820> sold<15:03:06.180> to

the past module at least line is sold to

the past module at least line is sold to
a<15:03:06.840> company<15:03:07.020> for<15:03:07.500> a<15:03:07.560> set<15:03:07.740> amount<15:03:07.980> of<15:03:08.160> time<15:03:08.400> thus

a company for a set amount of time thus

a company for a set amount of time thus
the<15:03:09.660> word<15:03:09.840> least

the word least

the word least
now<15:03:12.360> a<15:03:12.596> least<15:03:12.776> line<15:03:13.640> provides<15:03:14.640> steady

now a least line provides steady

now a least line provides steady
permanently<15:03:16.500> set<15:03:16.740> up<15:03:16.916> connection<15:03:17.160> such<15:03:18.060> as<15:03:18.300> a

permanently set up connection such as a

permanently set up connection such as a
T1<15:03:19.020> connection<15:03:19.380> or<15:03:20.276> perhaps<15:03:20.640> even<15:03:20.820> a<15:03:21.116> T3

T1 connection or perhaps even a T3

T1 connection or perhaps even a T3
connection<15:03:21.660> or<15:03:22.140> oc9<15:03:22.680> connection<15:03:22.980> this

connection or oc9 connection this

connection or oc9 connection this
connection<15:03:24.000> usually<15:03:24.660> allows<15:03:25.140> data<15:03:26.040> voice<15:03:26.956> and

connection usually allows data voice and

connection usually allows data voice and
internet<15:03:28.200> connectivity<15:03:29.040> to<15:03:29.880> pass<15:03:30.060> through<15:03:30.300> it

internet connectivity to pass through it

internet connectivity to pass through it
now<15:03:31.020> typically<15:03:31.380> these<15:03:31.740> are<15:03:31.860> used<15:03:31.980> for

now typically these are used for

now typically these are used for
establishing<15:03:32.880> a<15:03:33.240> Wan<15:03:33.540> and<15:03:34.080> connecting<15:03:34.616> two

establishing a Wan and connecting two

establishing a Wan and connecting two
different<15:03:35.756> geographical<15:03:36.540> locations<15:03:37.320> to<15:03:38.040> One

different geographical locations to One

different geographical locations to One
Network<15:03:38.640> though<15:03:39.480> this<15:03:39.720> connection<15:03:39.840> is

Network though this connection is

Network though this connection is
permanently<15:03:40.740> there<15:03:40.980> it<15:03:41.220> can<15:03:41.400> only<15:03:41.520> be

permanently there it can only be

permanently there it can only be
accessed<15:03:42.300> as<15:03:42.540> long<15:03:42.660> as<15:03:42.776> the<15:03:42.956> customer<15:03:43.140> is

accessed as long as the customer is

accessed as long as the customer is
paying<15:03:43.860> the<15:03:44.096> lease<15:03:44.400> for<15:03:44.580> it<15:03:44.756> this<15:03:45.300> is<15:03:45.416> where

paying the lease for it this is where

paying the lease for it this is where
the<15:03:45.720> disadvantage<15:03:46.320> to<15:03:46.500> it<15:03:46.740> is<15:03:46.916> this<15:03:47.580> can<15:03:47.700> be

the disadvantage to it is this can be

the disadvantage to it is this can be
pretty<15:03:48.060> expensive<15:03:48.596> to<15:03:48.900> buy<15:03:49.020> a<15:03:49.200> lease<15:03:49.380> for

pretty expensive to buy a lease for

pretty expensive to buy a lease for
because<15:03:50.096> again<15:03:50.820> if<15:03:51.240> I<15:03:51.480> have<15:03:51.596> an<15:03:51.720> office<15:03:51.956> in

because again if I have an office in

because again if I have an office in
let's<15:03:53.096> say<15:03:53.480> Manhattan<15:03:54.500> and<15:03:55.500> I<15:03:55.860> have<15:03:56.096> an<15:03:56.640> office

let's say Manhattan and I have an office

let's say Manhattan and I have an office
in<15:03:58.740> Houston<15:03:59.040> the<15:03:59.880> idea<15:04:00.180> is<15:04:00.360> I'm<15:04:00.660> leasing<15:04:01.140> a

in Houston the idea is I'm leasing a

in Houston the idea is I'm leasing a
direct<15:04:01.680> line

direct line

direct line
between<15:04:03.776> the<15:04:04.200> two<15:04:04.320> and<15:04:04.560> as<15:04:04.740> you<15:04:04.860> can<15:04:04.980> imagine

between the two and as you can imagine

between the two and as you can imagine
because<15:04:05.580> I<15:04:05.880> have<15:04:06.060> my<15:04:06.360> own<15:04:06.540> line<15:04:06.720> that's<15:04:07.020> going

because I have my own line that's going

because I have my own line that's going
between<15:04:07.436> these<15:04:07.800> it's<15:04:07.980> pretty<15:04:08.160> expensive<15:04:08.640> the

between these it's pretty expensive the

between these it's pretty expensive the
reason<15:04:09.300> I<15:04:09.480> lease<15:04:09.720> it<15:04:09.840> again<15:04:10.020> is<15:04:10.256> because<15:04:10.436> I'm

reason I lease it again is because I'm

reason I lease it again is because I'm
not<15:04:11.160> a<15:04:11.340> telecommunications<15:04:11.936> company<15:04:12.300> I<15:04:12.596> can't

not a telecommunications company I can't

not a telecommunications company I can't
just<15:04:13.020> lay<15:04:13.380> this<15:04:13.680> cord<15:04:13.916> I<15:04:14.220> need<15:04:14.400> them<15:04:14.640> to<15:04:14.880> lay<15:04:15.000> it

just lay this cord I need them to lay it

just lay this cord I need them to lay it
for<15:04:15.360> me<15:04:15.480> and<15:04:15.956> then<15:04:16.080> I'm<15:04:16.200> going<15:04:16.320> to<15:04:16.436> lease<15:04:16.740> it

for me and then I'm going to lease it

for me and then I'm going to lease it
from<15:04:17.520> them

from them

from them
so<15:04:19.256> the<15:04:20.040> upside<15:04:20.880> to<15:04:21.116> this<15:04:21.240> although<15:04:21.660> that's

so the upside to this although that's

so the upside to this although that's
the<15:04:22.020> downside<15:04:22.436> is<15:04:23.096> that<15:04:23.340> it's<15:04:23.880> the<15:04:24.240> most

the downside is that it's the most

the downside is that it's the most
secure<15:04:24.900> connection<15:04:25.200> that<15:04:26.096> we<15:04:26.276> have

secure connection that we have

secure connection that we have
now<15:04:27.596> in<15:04:27.720> the<15:04:27.900> last<15:04:27.956> module<15:04:28.380> we<15:04:28.616> talked<15:04:28.916> about<15:04:29.060> a

now in the last module we talked about a

now in the last module we talked about a
t<15:04:30.480> carrier<15:04:31.080> lines<15:04:31.436> and<15:04:32.340> a<15:04:32.700> T1<15:04:33.060> line<15:04:33.416> can<15:04:33.840> be

t carrier lines and a T1 line can be

t carrier lines and a T1 line can be
leased<15:04:34.560> and<15:04:34.916> provides<15:04:35.276> a<15:04:35.456> secure<15:04:35.756> connection

leased and provides a secure connection

leased and provides a secure connection
so<15:04:36.776> therefore<15:04:37.200> it<15:04:37.740> is<15:04:37.980> a<15:04:38.936> leased<15:04:39.416> line

and we also talked about in previous

and we also talked about in previous
lessons<15:04:50.456> switching<15:04:51.180> we<15:04:51.660> talked<15:04:51.956> about<15:04:52.020> how

lessons switching we talked about how

lessons switching we talked about how
important<15:04:52.860> switches<15:04:53.456> were<15:04:53.700> to<15:04:53.880> the

important switches were to the

important switches were to the
functionality<15:04:54.540> of<15:04:54.776> a<15:04:54.956> local<15:04:55.080> area<15:04:55.380> network

functionality of a local area network

functionality of a local area network
they<15:04:56.400> provide<15:04:56.700> a<15:04:56.820> communication<15:04:57.300> path

they provide a communication path

they provide a communication path
between<15:04:58.020> two<15:04:58.500> endpoints<15:04:59.276> and<15:04:59.640> they<15:04:59.820> manage

between two endpoints and they manage

between two endpoints and they manage
that<15:05:00.300> flow<15:05:00.596> of<15:05:00.720> data<15:05:01.080> so<15:05:01.256> that<15:05:01.380> way<15:05:01.560> we<15:05:01.800> don't

that flow of data so that way we don't

that flow of data so that way we don't
have<15:05:02.096> a<15:05:02.340> bunch<15:05:02.456> of<15:05:02.580> traffic<15:05:03.000> going<15:05:03.480> on<15:05:03.776> in

have a bunch of traffic going on in

have a bunch of traffic going on in
effect<15:05:04.860> they<15:05:05.456> basically<15:05:05.820> make<15:05:06.116> sure<15:05:06.360> that

effect they basically make sure that

effect they basically make sure that
packet<15:05:07.080> going<15:05:07.256> from<15:05:07.436> one<15:05:07.680> location<15:05:07.936> gets<15:05:08.936> to

packet going from one location gets to

packet going from one location gets to
the<15:05:09.180> other<15:05:09.300> and<15:05:09.900> doesn't<15:05:10.200> sort<15:05:10.800> of<15:05:10.916> interrupt

the other and doesn't sort of interrupt

the other and doesn't sort of interrupt
the<15:05:11.520> flow<15:05:11.820> of<15:05:11.936> all<15:05:12.116> the<15:05:12.240> other<15:05:12.360> packets<15:05:12.720> that

the flow of all the other packets that

the flow of all the other packets that
are<15:05:13.020> going<15:05:13.200> on<15:05:13.436> now<15:05:14.220> in<15:05:14.456> Lan<15:05:14.880> these<15:05:15.180> two

are going on now in Lan these two

are going on now in Lan these two
endpoints<15:05:15.776> aren't<15:05:15.956> very<15:05:16.140> far<15:05:16.380> away<15:05:16.500> from<15:05:16.800> each

endpoints aren't very far away from each

endpoints aren't very far away from each
other<15:05:17.160> however<15:05:17.880> on<15:05:18.180> a<15:05:18.360> Wan<15:05:18.596> or<15:05:18.840> a<15:05:18.956> wide<15:05:19.200> area

other however on a Wan or a wide area

other however on a Wan or a wide area
network<15:05:19.680> these<15:05:20.276> endpoints<15:05:20.756> could<15:05:21.000> be<15:05:21.116> on

network these endpoints could be on

network these endpoints could be on
opposite<15:05:21.660> sides

opposite sides

opposite sides
the<15:05:23.880> globe<15:05:24.360> and<15:05:24.900> that's<15:05:25.080> why<15:05:25.256> switching<15:05:25.680> is

the globe and that's why switching is

the globe and that's why switching is
such<15:05:25.980> an<15:05:26.096> important<15:05:26.400> topic<15:05:26.700> to<15:05:26.880> understand

such an important topic to understand

such an important topic to understand
now<15:05:27.900> when<15:05:28.080> it<15:05:28.256> comes<15:05:28.436> to<15:05:28.616> a<15:05:28.740> win<15:05:28.860> or<15:05:29.096> a<15:05:29.220> wide

now when it comes to a win or a wide

now when it comes to a win or a wide
area<15:05:29.456> network<15:05:29.700> there<15:05:30.060> are<15:05:30.180> two<15:05:30.300> different

area network there are two different

area network there are two different
types<15:05:30.776> of<15:05:30.840> switching<15:05:31.740> there's<15:05:32.220> packet

types of switching there's packet

types of switching there's packet
switching<15:05:33.116> and<15:05:33.900> there's<15:05:34.080> circuit<15:05:34.436> switching

switching and there's circuit switching

switching and there's circuit switching
packet<15:05:36.116> switching<15:05:36.596> is<15:05:37.200> when<15:05:37.500> the<15:05:37.980> data<15:05:38.880> is

packet switching is when the data is

packet switching is when the data is
broken<15:05:39.596> up<15:05:39.900> into<15:05:40.380> smaller<15:05:41.096> chunks

or

or
pockets

pockets

pockets
and<15:05:47.520> then<15:05:47.640> they're<15:05:47.820> assigned<15:05:48.360> a<15:05:48.540> source<15:05:49.020> and<15:05:49.256> a

and then they're assigned a source and a

and then they're assigned a source and a
destination<15:05:49.860> and<15:05:50.700> they<15:05:50.936> stop<15:05:51.116> at<15:05:51.360> different

destination and they stop at different

destination and they stop at different
nodes<15:05:52.020> along<15:05:52.256> the<15:05:52.500> way

nodes along the way

nodes along the way
every<15:05:53.936> packet<15:05:54.480> has<15:05:54.900> these<15:05:55.256> assigned<15:05:55.740> to<15:05:55.860> it

every packet has these assigned to it

every packet has these assigned to it
because<15:05:56.220> they<15:05:56.456> don't<15:05:56.580> always<15:05:56.756> stay<15:05:57.116> in<15:05:57.540> the

because they don't always stay in the

because they don't always stay in the
same<15:05:57.900> path<15:05:58.256> as<15:05:58.916> the<15:05:59.160> other<15:05:59.340> packet<15:05:59.756> and<15:05:59.936> I'll

same path as the other packet and I'll

same path as the other packet and I'll
show<15:06:00.180> you<15:06:00.300> a<15:06:00.416> visual<15:06:00.660> to<15:06:00.900> clarify<15:06:01.320> this<15:06:01.436> in

show you a visual to clarify this in

show you a visual to clarify this in
just<15:06:01.800> a<15:06:01.916> second<15:06:02.096> they're<15:06:02.756> usually<15:06:03.060> going<15:06:03.240> to

just a second they're usually going to

just a second they're usually going to
split<15:06:04.140> up<15:06:04.320> which<15:06:04.680> paths<15:06:05.220> they're<15:06:05.340> going<15:06:05.520> to

split up which paths they're going to

split up which paths they're going to
take<15:06:05.700> in<15:06:06.000> order<15:06:06.116> to<15:06:06.416> avoid<15:06:06.840> colliding<15:06:07.500> with

take in order to avoid colliding with

take in order to avoid colliding with
each<15:06:07.740> other<15:06:07.860> and<15:06:08.520> to<15:06:08.640> make<15:06:08.820> it<15:06:08.936> much<15:06:09.116> faster

this principle of packet switching is

this principle of packet switching is
sort<15:06:17.276> of<15:06:17.456> similar<15:06:17.820> to<15:06:18.180> a<15:06:18.416> torrent<15:06:18.900> if<15:06:19.560> you

sort of similar to a torrent if you

sort of similar to a torrent if you
remember<15:06:19.860> a<15:06:20.520> torrent<15:06:20.880> file<15:06:21.116> if<15:06:21.300> you've<15:06:21.416> ever

remember a torrent file if you've ever

remember a torrent file if you've ever
used<15:06:22.020> one

used one

used one
it<15:06:23.820> contains<15:06:24.480> information<15:06:25.436> about<15:06:26.160> data<15:06:26.756> like

it contains information about data like

it contains information about data like
files<15:06:27.540> and<15:06:27.660> folders<15:06:28.020> that<15:06:28.256> can<15:06:28.380> be

files and folders that can be

files and folders that can be
distributed<15:06:28.980> now<15:06:29.520> if<15:06:29.700> someone<15:06:29.880> torrents<15:06:30.596> a

distributed now if someone torrents a

distributed now if someone torrents a
file<15:06:31.320> the<15:06:31.860> folders<15:06:32.220> and<15:06:32.340> files<15:06:32.640> within<15:06:32.936> that

file the folders and files within that

file the folders and files within that
torrent<15:06:33.540> are<15:06:33.776> downloaded<15:06:34.320> to<15:06:34.680> the<15:06:34.860> user's

torrent are downloaded to the user's

torrent are downloaded to the user's
computer<15:06:35.400> but<15:06:36.300> the<15:06:36.416> torrents<15:06:36.840> are

computer but the torrents are

computer but the torrents are
peer-to-peer<15:06:37.616> sharing<15:06:38.040> system<15:06:38.276> they<15:06:39.000> Mark

peer-to-peer sharing system they Mark

peer-to-peer sharing system they Mark
almost<15:06:39.480> exactly<15:06:39.956> like<15:06:40.080> packet<15:06:40.560> switching

almost exactly like packet switching

almost exactly like packet switching
does<15:06:41.160> torrents<15:06:42.060> collects<15:06:42.480> packets<15:06:42.900> of<15:06:43.080> data

does torrents collects packets of data

does torrents collects packets of data
from<15:06:43.500> wherever<15:06:43.740> the<15:06:43.916> data<15:06:44.220> is<15:06:44.400> available<15:06:44.580> and

from wherever the data is available and

from wherever the data is available and
then<15:06:45.180> reassemble<15:06:45.900> it<15:06:46.020> in<15:06:46.256> the<15:06:46.436> whole<15:06:46.560> file<15:06:46.916> on

then reassemble it in the whole file on

then reassemble it in the whole file on
your<15:06:47.456> computer

your computer

your computer
in<15:06:48.956> other<15:06:49.080> words<15:06:49.256> you<15:06:50.096> can<15:06:50.220> be<15:06:50.400> downloading

in other words you can be downloading

in other words you can be downloading
information<15:06:51.416> for<15:06:52.140> the<15:06:52.500> movie<15:06:52.680> you're

information for the movie you're

information for the movie you're
torrenting<15:06:53.640> or<15:06:54.480> of<15:06:54.776> course<15:06:54.900> the<15:06:55.080> movie<15:06:55.200> that

torrenting or of course the movie that

torrenting or of course the movie that
you<15:06:55.616> own<15:06:55.680> that<15:06:55.916> you're<15:06:56.040> torrent<15:06:56.400> and<15:06:56.580> we

you own that you're torrent and we

you own that you're torrent and we
wouldn't<15:06:56.820> want<15:06:57.060> to<15:06:57.116> say<15:06:57.240> to<15:06:57.416> do<15:06:57.596> anything

wouldn't want to say to do anything

wouldn't want to say to do anything
illegal<15:06:58.320> and<15:06:58.740> what<15:06:58.916> you're<15:06:59.040> doing<15:06:59.220> is<15:06:59.520> you're

illegal and what you're doing is you're

illegal and what you're doing is you're
actually<15:07:00.000> taking<15:07:00.360> that<15:07:00.660> information<15:07:01.276> from

actually taking that information from

actually taking that information from
say<15:07:02.756> 5<15:07:03.480> or<15:07:03.776> 10<15:07:04.080> or<15:07:04.500> 100<15:07:04.936> different<15:07:05.936> systems

say 5 or 10 or 100 different systems

say 5 or 10 or 100 different systems
that<15:07:06.776> are<15:07:06.900> out<15:07:07.080> there<15:07:07.256> they're<15:07:07.800> all<15:07:08.040> coming

that are out there they're all coming

that are out there they're all coming
down<15:07:08.580> into<15:07:09.360> your<15:07:09.840> system<15:07:10.220> and<15:07:11.220> then<15:07:11.400> you're

down into your system and then you're

down into your system and then you're
compiling<15:07:12.416> it<15:07:12.596> all<15:07:12.720> together

compiling it all together

compiling it all together
to<15:07:14.340> make

to make

to make
one<15:07:16.500> movie

one movie

one movie
this<15:07:18.116> isn't<15:07:18.360> unlike<15:07:18.660> Willy<15:07:19.080> Wonka<15:07:19.436> where<15:07:19.616> the

this isn't unlike Willy Wonka where the

this isn't unlike Willy Wonka where the
information<15:07:20.000> goes<15:07:21.000> up<15:07:21.116> into<15:07:21.300> the<15:07:21.480> Wonka

information goes up into the Wonka

information goes up into the Wonka
vision<15:07:22.160> gets<15:07:23.160> split<15:07:23.340> up<15:07:23.456> into<15:07:23.640> a<15:07:23.820> whole<15:07:23.820> bunch

vision gets split up into a whole bunch

vision gets split up into a whole bunch
of<15:07:24.116> little<15:07:24.240> pieces<15:07:24.596> and<15:07:24.840> then<15:07:25.020> gets<15:07:25.380> brought

of little pieces and then gets brought

of little pieces and then gets brought
back<15:07:25.800> to<15:07:26.040> you<15:07:26.220> except<15:07:26.880> all<15:07:27.000> the<15:07:27.180> little<15:07:27.300> pieces

back to you except all the little pieces

back to you except all the little pieces
don't<15:07:27.900> have<15:07:28.080> to<15:07:28.256> be<15:07:28.436> sent<15:07:28.616> from<15:07:29.040> all<15:07:29.276> the<15:07:29.456> same

don't have to be sent from all the same

don't have to be sent from all the same
place

place

place
so<15:07:32.040> the<15:07:32.880> benefit<15:07:33.116> of<15:07:33.480> this<15:07:33.596> is<15:07:33.776> that<15:07:33.956> it<15:07:34.080> can<15:07:34.200> go

so the benefit of this is that it can go

so the benefit of this is that it can go
a<15:07:34.500> lot<15:07:34.616> faster<15:07:34.980> that's<15:07:35.640> with<15:07:35.880> packet

a lot faster that's with packet

a lot faster that's with packet
switching<15:07:36.660> the<15:07:37.080> downside<15:07:37.380> of<15:07:37.616> course<15:07:37.800> is<15:07:38.040> that

switching the downside of course is that

switching the downside of course is that
there's<15:07:38.700> a<15:07:39.000> good<15:07:39.116> chance<15:07:39.416> that<15:07:39.956> the<15:07:40.380> packets

there's a good chance that the packets

there's a good chance that the packets
can<15:07:41.040> be<15:07:41.220> lost<15:07:41.456> along<15:07:41.880> the<15:07:42.180> way<15:07:42.300> now<15:07:43.200> the<15:07:43.320> second

can be lost along the way now the second

can be lost along the way now the second
type<15:07:43.740> of<15:07:44.040> switching<15:07:44.456> is<15:07:44.820> called<15:07:45.116> circuit

type of switching is called circuit

type of switching is called circuit
switching<15:07:46.200> this<15:07:46.800> method<15:07:47.096> of<15:07:47.220> switching

switching this method of switching

switching this method of switching
requires<15:07:48.116> dedicated

requires dedicated

requires dedicated
physical<15:07:50.220> connections<15:07:51.116> so<15:07:51.480> whereas<15:07:51.980> packet

physical connections so whereas packet

physical connections so whereas packet
we're<15:07:53.220> dealing<15:07:53.640> with<15:07:54.256> data<15:07:55.256> in<15:07:55.560> circuit<15:07:55.980> we're

we're dealing with data in circuit we're

we're dealing with data in circuit we're
dealing<15:07:56.400> with<15:07:56.520> physical<15:07:56.756> connections<15:07:57.596> that

dealing with physical connections that

dealing with physical connections that
allow<15:08:00.240> data<15:08:00.660> to<15:08:00.720> be<15:08:00.840> transferred<15:08:01.380> now<15:08:01.980> it<15:08:02.160> can

allow data to be transferred now it can

allow data to be transferred now it can
be<15:08:02.400> difficult<15:08:02.580> to<15:08:02.880> establish<15:08:03.300> these

be difficult to establish these

be difficult to establish these
connections<15:08:04.020> but<15:08:04.380> the<15:08:04.500> results<15:08:04.616> are<15:08:04.916> a<15:08:05.040> lot

connections but the results are a lot

connections but the results are a lot
more<15:08:05.276> reliable<15:08:05.936> than<15:08:06.300> with<15:08:06.540> packet<15:08:06.900> switching

more reliable than with packet switching

more reliable than with packet switching
with<15:08:07.740> circuit<15:08:08.096> switching<15:08:08.400> the<15:08:08.580> connection

with circuit switching the connection

with circuit switching the connection
that's<15:08:09.116> made<15:08:09.540> is<15:08:10.380> dedicated<15:08:10.980> for<15:08:11.276> that

that's made is dedicated for that

that's made is dedicated for that
purpose<15:08:11.880> only<15:08:12.116> in<15:08:12.720> other<15:08:12.840> words<15:08:13.020> I<15:08:13.500> create

purpose only in other words I create

purpose only in other words I create
switch<15:08:15.300> over<15:08:16.080> which<15:08:16.380> all<15:08:17.220> the<15:08:17.400> data<15:08:17.700> is<15:08:18.060> going

to be sent once I'm done with that and

to be sent once I'm done with that and
the<15:08:25.080> transfer<15:08:25.380> is<15:08:25.560> complete<15:08:25.980> I<15:08:26.520> no<15:08:26.756> longer

the transfer is complete I no longer

the transfer is complete I no longer
need<15:08:27.300> this<15:08:27.540> circuit<15:08:27.956> and<15:08:28.140> so<15:08:28.256> it<15:08:28.380> might<15:08:28.560> be

need this circuit and so it might be

need this circuit and so it might be
switched<15:08:29.096> to<15:08:29.276> allow<15:08:29.580> another<15:08:29.820> computer<15:08:30.180> or

switched to allow another computer or

switched to allow another computer or
system<15:08:30.840> to<15:08:31.140> talk<15:08:31.320> to<15:08:31.436> one<15:08:31.616> another<15:08:31.740> now

system to talk to one another now

system to talk to one another now
there's<15:08:32.640> a<15:08:32.880> very<15:08:33.000> small<15:08:33.240> chance<15:08:33.480> of<15:08:33.720> the<15:08:33.776> data

there's a very small chance of the data

there's a very small chance of the data
getting<15:08:34.140> lost<15:08:34.380> or<15:08:34.740> along<15:08:35.040> the<15:08:35.276> way<15:08:35.400> because

getting lost or along the way because

getting lost or along the way because
the<15:08:36.000> circuit<15:08:36.300> switching<15:08:36.776> establishes<15:08:37.740> a

the circuit switching establishes a

the circuit switching establishes a
consistent<15:08:39.060> data<15:08:39.540> transfer<15:08:39.956> however<15:08:40.740> the

consistent data transfer however the

consistent data transfer however the
downside<15:08:41.456> is<15:08:41.756> I<15:08:42.000> can't<15:08:42.116> take<15:08:42.416> it<15:08:42.660> from<15:08:43.200> say<15:08:43.500> 10

downside is I can't take it from say 10

downside is I can't take it from say 10
different<15:08:43.980> sources<15:08:44.580> instead<15:08:45.416> I<15:08:45.720> have<15:08:45.840> to<15:08:46.020> have

different sources instead I have to have

different sources instead I have to have
one<15:08:46.616> sender<15:08:47.096> one<15:08:47.640> receiver<15:08:48.000> and<15:08:48.596> in<15:08:48.776> this<15:08:48.956> case

one sender one receiver and in this case

one sender one receiver and in this case
because<15:08:49.860> I<15:08:50.456> can't<15:08:50.520> split<15:08:50.880> it<15:08:51.000> up<15:08:51.116> it<15:08:51.360> might

because I can't split it up it might

because I can't split it up it might
take<15:08:51.720> longer<15:08:52.200> to<15:08:52.380> find<15:08:52.560> that<15:08:52.916> one<15:08:53.096> connection

take longer to find that one connection

take longer to find that one connection
although<15:08:54.116> once<15:08:54.416> that<15:08:54.540> connection<15:08:54.720> is

although once that connection is

although once that connection is
established<15:08:55.500> it's<15:08:55.680> a<15:08:55.860> lot<15:08:55.980> stronger<15:08:56.820> so

established it's a lot stronger so

established it's a lot stronger so
here's<15:08:57.900> an<15:08:58.020> example<15:08:58.320> of<15:08:58.680> what<15:08:58.980> packet

here's an example of what packet

here's an example of what packet
switching<15:09:00.000> might<15:09:00.240> look<15:09:00.480> like<15:09:00.596> the<15:09:01.320> packets

switching might look like the packets

switching might look like the packets
that<15:09:01.800> are<15:09:01.916> traveling<15:09:02.220> across<15:09:02.580> the<15:09:02.640> network

that are traveling across the network

that are traveling across the network
are<15:09:03.116> all<15:09:03.360> going<15:09:03.596> on<15:09:03.900> different<15:09:04.080> paths<15:09:04.616> right

are all going on different paths right

are all going on different paths right
one<15:09:05.640> might<15:09:05.880> be<15:09:06.060> going<15:09:06.800> like<15:09:07.800> this

one might be going like this

one might be going like this
one<15:09:10.256> might<15:09:10.560> be<15:09:10.740> going<15:09:11.040> like<15:09:11.700> this<15:09:11.936> the<15:09:12.360> other

one might be going like this the other

one might be going like this the other
might<15:09:12.720> be<15:09:12.900> going<15:09:13.140> like<15:09:13.680> this

might be going like this

might be going like this
etc<15:09:15.720> etc

etc etc

etc etc
they're<15:09:17.220> all<15:09:17.400> going<15:09:17.520> to<15:09:17.640> reach<15:09:17.820> the

they're all going to reach the

they're all going to reach the
destination<15:09:18.500> on<15:09:19.500> the<15:09:19.616> right<15:09:20.276> but<15:09:20.880> they're

destination on the right but they're

destination on the right but they're
going<15:09:21.240> to<15:09:21.360> do<15:09:21.540> so<15:09:21.660> in<15:09:21.900> a<15:09:22.020> different<15:09:22.140> way<15:09:22.320> if<15:09:22.616> we

going to do so in a different way if we

going to do so in a different way if we
say<15:09:22.916> that<15:09:23.096> this<15:09:23.276> is<15:09:23.456> the<15:09:23.640> source

say that this is the source

say that this is the source
and<15:09:25.256> this<15:09:25.436> is<15:09:25.680> the<15:09:25.860> destination

this is going to alleviate traffic

this is going to alleviate traffic
Network<15:09:31.340> because<15:09:32.340> as<15:09:32.820> you<15:09:33.000> can<15:09:33.116> imagine

I don't have to require everything to go

I don't have to require everything to go
across<15:09:40.200> this<15:09:40.500> one

across this one

across this one
dedicated<15:09:42.596> line<15:09:42.900> instead<15:09:43.320> it<15:09:43.436> can<15:09:43.560> use

dedicated line instead it can use

dedicated line instead it can use
whichever<15:09:43.916> line<15:09:44.220> has<15:09:44.700> the<15:09:44.880> least<15:09:44.936> traffic<15:09:45.240> on

whichever line has the least traffic on

whichever line has the least traffic on
it<15:09:45.660> at<15:09:45.776> that<15:09:45.956> time<15:09:46.200> and<15:09:46.800> therefore

it at that time and therefore

it at that time and therefore
everything's<15:09:47.400> going<15:09:47.580> to<15:09:47.640> get<15:09:47.880> there<15:09:48.060> without

everything's going to get there without

everything's going to get there without
with<15:09:49.080> the<15:09:49.200> least<15:09:49.320> amount<15:09:49.616> of<15:09:49.740> traffic<15:09:49.916> however

with the least amount of traffic however

with the least amount of traffic however
it's<15:09:50.880> also<15:09:51.180> not<15:09:51.300> the<15:09:51.540> most<15:09:51.660> secure<15:09:52.080> way

it's also not the most secure way

it's also not the most secure way
because<15:09:53.040> obviously<15:09:53.820> there<15:09:54.060> are<15:09:54.240> a<15:09:54.300> lot<15:09:54.416> more

because obviously there are a lot more

because obviously there are a lot more
points<15:09:55.080> for<15:09:55.380> someone<15:09:55.560> to<15:09:55.916> enter<15:09:56.096> in<15:09:56.400> and

points for someone to enter in and

points for someone to enter in and
perhaps<15:09:57.480> steal<15:09:57.956> information<15:09:58.200> or<15:09:58.800> sniff

perhaps steal information or sniff

perhaps steal information or sniff
information<15:09:59.776> and<15:10:00.776> this<15:10:01.200> packet<15:10:01.560> for<15:10:01.800> instance

information and this packet for instance

information and this packet for instance
might<15:10:02.340> have<15:10:02.456> been<15:10:02.580> gobbled<15:10:03.060> up<15:10:03.180> by<15:10:03.720> a<15:10:04.200> hacker

might have been gobbled up by a hacker

might have been gobbled up by a hacker
someone<15:10:04.800> who<15:10:05.040> wanted<15:10:05.220> to<15:10:05.596> get<15:10:06.596> the

someone who wanted to get the

someone who wanted to get the
information<15:10:06.900> or<15:10:07.256> it<15:10:07.500> somehow<15:10:07.860> just<15:10:08.040> got<15:10:08.220> lost

information or it somehow just got lost

information or it somehow just got lost
so<15:10:09.116> this<15:10:09.180> is<15:10:09.300> where<15:10:09.416> the<15:10:09.596> issues<15:10:09.900> with<15:10:10.080> packet

so this is where the issues with packet

so this is where the issues with packet
switching<15:10:10.916> come<15:10:11.220> in

switching come in

switching come in
now<15:10:13.080> in<15:10:13.380> the<15:10:13.500> last<15:10:13.560> module<15:10:14.040> we<15:10:14.276> talked<15:10:14.520> about

now in the last module we talked about

now in the last module we talked about
many<15:10:15.000> of<15:10:15.116> the<15:10:15.180> different<15:10:15.300> transmission

many of the different transmission

many of the different transmission
technologies<15:10:16.436> that<15:10:16.800> Wan<15:10:17.040> has<15:10:17.340> in<15:10:17.520> one<15:10:17.700> of

technologies that Wan has in one of

technologies that Wan has in one of
those<15:10:17.936> if<15:10:18.180> you<15:10:18.300> recall<15:10:18.660> was<15:10:19.560> ATM<15:10:20.456> or

those if you recall was ATM or

those if you recall was ATM or
asynchronous<15:10:23.340> transfer<15:10:23.756> mode<15:10:23.936> and<15:10:24.480> imagine

asynchronous transfer mode and imagine

asynchronous transfer mode and imagine
that<15:10:25.256> name<15:10:25.436> asynchronous

that name asynchronous

that name asynchronous
that's<15:10:28.436> important<15:10:28.916> because<15:10:29.220> it's<15:10:29.456> not<15:10:29.640> at<15:10:29.756> the

that's important because it's not at the

that's important because it's not at the
same<15:10:30.000> time<15:10:30.116> it's<15:10:30.416> asynchronous<15:10:31.256> now<15:10:32.096> ATM

same time it's asynchronous now ATM

same time it's asynchronous now ATM
splits<15:10:33.540> data<15:10:33.956> packets<15:10:34.256> into<15:10:34.916> these<15:10:35.400> cells<15:10:36.060> and

splits data packets into these cells and

splits data packets into these cells and
these<15:10:36.776> cells<15:10:37.080> again<15:10:37.200> are<15:10:37.560> 53<15:10:37.916> bytes<15:10:38.456> in<15:10:39.180> order

these cells again are 53 bytes in order

these cells again are 53 bytes in order
to<15:10:39.540> send<15:10:39.720> them<15:10:39.956> now<15:10:40.616> this<15:10:40.800> made<15:10:40.980> data<15:10:41.340> flow

to send them now this made data flow

to send them now this made data flow
simple<15:10:41.700> and<15:10:42.000> it<15:10:42.116> did<15:10:42.240> not<15:10:42.416> back<15:10:42.720> up<15:10:42.900> the<15:10:43.080> system

simple and it did not back up the system

simple and it did not back up the system
and<15:10:43.560> didn't<15:10:43.740> cause<15:10:43.980> too<15:10:44.160> much<15:10:44.340> traffic<15:10:44.640> so

and didn't cause too much traffic so

and didn't cause too much traffic so
very<15:10:45.776> similar<15:10:46.080> to<15:10:46.380> ATM<15:10:46.860> is<15:10:47.276> what<15:10:47.456> we<15:10:47.580> call<15:10:47.756> cell

very similar to ATM is what we call cell

very similar to ATM is what we call cell
relay

relay

relay
so<15:10:50.456> relay<15:10:51.000> is<15:10:51.240> a<15:10:51.416> connectivity<15:10:51.956> method<15:10:52.436> that

so relay is a connectivity method that

so relay is a connectivity method that
breaks<15:10:53.160> data<15:10:53.640> up<15:10:53.820> into<15:10:54.720> equal<15:10:55.140> size<15:10:55.500> cells<15:10:55.980> and

breaks data up into equal size cells and

breaks data up into equal size cells and
then<15:10:56.220> sends<15:10:56.520> them<15:10:56.580> to<15:10:56.700> the<15:10:56.820> destination<15:10:57.300> now

then sends them to the destination now

then sends them to the destination now
unlike<15:10:58.740> ATM<15:10:59.400> these<15:10:59.820> cells<15:11:00.116> aren't

unlike ATM these cells aren't

unlike ATM these cells aren't
necessarily<15:11:01.200> 53<15:11:01.980> bytes<15:11:02.456> but<15:11:03.060> they're<15:11:03.300> all

necessarily 53 bytes but they're all

necessarily 53 bytes but they're all
even<15:11:03.720> with<15:11:03.956> each<15:11:04.200> other

even with each other

even with each other
so<15:11:05.640> they're<15:11:06.180> all<15:11:06.300> sent<15:11:06.480> across<15:11:06.840> the<15:11:06.956> network

so they're all sent across the network

so they're all sent across the network
and<15:11:07.616> they<15:11:07.916> all

and they all

and they all
are<15:11:09.956> even<15:11:10.200> meaning<15:11:10.560> they<15:11:10.916> each<15:11:11.096> have<15:11:11.276> the<15:11:11.580> same

are even meaning they each have the same

are even meaning they each have the same
amount<15:11:11.820> of<15:11:12.060> bytes<15:11:12.480> now<15:11:13.080> the<15:11:13.256> data<15:11:13.560> itself<15:11:13.800> is

amount of bytes now the data itself is

amount of bytes now the data itself is
transferred<15:11:14.640> very<15:11:14.820> similar<15:11:15.180> to<15:11:15.300> a<15:11:15.480> method

transferred very similar to a method

transferred very similar to a method
that<15:11:16.140> we<15:11:16.256> just<15:11:16.380> talked<15:11:16.616> about<15:11:16.740> in<15:11:16.980> packet

that we just talked about in packet

that we just talked about in packet
switching<15:11:17.880> the<15:11:18.416> difference<15:11:18.540> is<15:11:18.720> that<15:11:18.900> packet

switching the difference is that packet

switching the difference is that packet
switching<15:11:19.616> doesn't<15:11:19.800> evenly<15:11:20.220> break<15:11:20.340> up<15:11:20.520> the

switching doesn't evenly break up the

switching doesn't evenly break up the
packs<15:11:21.116> which<15:11:21.596> could<15:11:21.776> cause<15:11:22.020> some<15:11:22.256> Network

packs which could cause some Network

packs which could cause some Network
traffic<15:11:22.800> so<15:11:23.400> cell<15:11:23.580> relay<15:11:23.936> is<15:11:24.180> good<15:11:24.480> for

traffic so cell relay is good for

traffic so cell relay is good for
simultaneous<15:11:25.616> transfer<15:11:26.220> of<15:11:26.340> data<15:11:26.700> and<15:11:26.820> voice

simultaneous transfer of data and voice

simultaneous transfer of data and voice
meaning<15:11:27.900> it<15:11:28.256> allows<15:11:28.560> me<15:11:28.680> to<15:11:28.916> do<15:11:29.096> voice<15:11:29.776> and

meaning it allows me to do voice and

meaning it allows me to do voice and
data

data

data
at<15:11:32.820> the<15:11:32.936> same<15:11:33.116> time<15:11:33.360> however<15:11:34.320> just<15:11:35.040> like<15:11:35.220> with

at the same time however just like with

at the same time however just like with
packet<15:11:35.756> switching<15:11:36.116> it's<15:11:36.300> not<15:11:36.540> very<15:11:36.776> secure

packet switching it's not very secure

packet switching it's not very secure
and<15:11:37.800> some<15:11:38.040> of<15:11:38.096> the<15:11:38.220> cells<15:11:38.520> could<15:11:38.700> also<15:11:38.936> be

and some of the cells could also be

and some of the cells could also be
easily<15:11:39.480> lost<15:11:39.776> along<15:11:40.256> the<15:11:40.500> way<15:11:40.616> now<15:11:41.276> as<15:11:41.456> we<15:11:41.580> all

easily lost along the way now as we all

easily lost along the way now as we all
know<15:11:41.880> voice<15:11:42.360> over<15:11:42.660> IP<15:11:43.340> has<15:11:44.340> sort<15:11:44.756> of<15:11:44.880> taken<15:11:45.416> the

know voice over IP has sort of taken the

know voice over IP has sort of taken the
World<15:11:45.660> by<15:11:45.956> storm<15:11:46.200> international<15:11:46.740> calling<15:11:47.456> can

World by storm international calling can

World by storm international calling can
be<15:11:48.000> really<15:11:48.540> really<15:11:48.776> expensive<15:11:49.560> and<15:11:49.980> so<15:11:50.096> voice

be really really expensive and so voice

be really really expensive and so voice
over<15:11:50.580> IP<15:11:51.000> is<15:11:51.240> a<15:11:51.480> way<15:11:51.596> to<15:11:51.720> make<15:11:51.840> calls<15:11:52.200> through

over IP is a way to make calls through

over IP is a way to make calls through
IP<15:11:52.860> packets<15:11:53.400> or<15:11:54.060> using<15:11:54.480> the<15:11:54.596> internet<15:11:54.720> you

IP packets or using the internet you

IP packets or using the internet you
recall<15:11:55.680> IP<15:11:56.160> packets<15:11:56.640> are<15:11:56.820> part<15:11:57.000> of<15:11:57.060> the<15:11:57.180> TCP

recall IP packets are part of the TCP

recall IP packets are part of the TCP
Suite<15:11:58.500> they<15:11:59.040> involve<15:11:59.400> giving<15:11:59.700> every<15:12:00.180> single

Suite they involve giving every single

Suite they involve giving every single
device<15:12:00.776> on<15:12:01.140> a<15:12:01.256> network<15:12:01.436> and<15:12:01.740> IP<15:12:02.160> address<15:12:02.400> which

device on a network and IP address which

device on a network and IP address which
is<15:12:02.936> just<15:12:03.116> like<15:12:03.300> a<15:12:03.660> phone<15:12:03.840> number<15:12:04.020> in<15:12:04.320> an<15:12:04.500> old

is just like a phone number in an old

is just like a phone number in an old
system<15:12:05.060> and<15:12:06.060> uh<15:12:06.900> this<15:12:07.320> would<15:12:07.500> allow<15:12:07.980> us<15:12:08.700> to

system and uh this would allow us to

system and uh this would allow us to
save<15:12:09.116> money<15:12:09.360> on<15:12:09.720> international<15:12:10.140> calls<15:12:11.096> it's

save money on international calls it's

save money on international calls it's
by<15:12:12.000> far<15:12:12.240> cheaper<15:12:12.840> alternative<15:12:13.200> to<15:12:13.436> a<15:12:13.616> phone

by far cheaper alternative to a phone

by far cheaper alternative to a phone
service<15:12:14.040> because<15:12:14.400> unlike<15:12:15.000> a<15:12:15.240> phone<15:12:15.416> service

service because unlike a phone service

service because unlike a phone service
there<15:12:16.740> are<15:12:16.916> no<15:12:17.160> monthly<15:12:17.520> bills<15:12:17.936> to<15:12:18.060> pay<15:12:18.180> and

there are no monthly bills to pay and

there are no monthly bills to pay and
there<15:12:18.720> are<15:12:18.900> no<15:12:19.140> long<15:12:19.380> distance<15:12:19.680> charges<15:12:20.520> to

there are no long distance charges to

there are no long distance charges to
deal<15:12:20.880> with<15:12:21.060> so<15:12:21.660> VoIP<15:12:22.140> uses<15:12:22.860> the<15:12:23.096> existing

deal with so VoIP uses the existing

deal with so VoIP uses the existing
internet<15:12:23.700> infrastructure<15:12:24.480> that's<15:12:24.660> already

internet infrastructure that's already

internet infrastructure that's already
in<15:12:25.140> place<15:12:25.320> to<15:12:25.916> make<15:12:26.040> connections<15:12:26.640> for<15:12:26.936> calls

in place to make connections for calls

in place to make connections for calls
and<15:12:27.660> what<15:12:27.840> it<15:12:27.956> does<15:12:28.080> is<15:12:28.320> it

and what it does is it

and what it does is it
basically<15:12:29.936> puts<15:12:30.480> the<15:12:30.660> information<15:12:30.840> from<15:12:31.616> your

basically puts the information from your

basically puts the information from your
voice<15:12:32.040> into<15:12:32.580> packets<15:12:33.116> and<15:12:33.480> streams<15:12:33.956> those

voice into packets and streams those

voice into packets and streams those
across<15:12:35.160> a<15:12:35.276> network<15:12:35.456> now<15:12:36.116> like<15:12:36.416> almost

across a network now like almost

across a network now like almost
everything<15:12:37.200> in<15:12:37.500> Computing<15:12:37.860> there<15:12:38.096> is<15:12:38.220> a

everything in Computing there is a

everything in Computing there is a
protocol<15:12:38.700> that<15:12:39.116> allows<15:12:39.480> this<15:12:39.776> to<15:12:39.956> work<15:12:40.140> and

protocol that allows this to work and

protocol that allows this to work and
that<15:12:40.916> is<15:12:41.096> called<15:12:41.540> the<15:12:42.540> session<15:12:42.776> initiation

that is called the session initiation

that is called the session initiation
protocol

protocol

protocol
or<15:12:45.840> sip

or sip

or sip
write<15:12:47.160> that<15:12:47.340> out

now if you see sip on the test or if you

now if you see sip on the test or if you
see<15:12:55.456> voice<15:12:56.456> over<15:12:56.640> IP<15:12:57.116> on<15:12:57.360> the<15:12:57.540> test<15:12:57.660> you<15:12:58.080> can<15:12:58.200> be

see voice over IP on the test you can be

see voice over IP on the test you can be
guaranteed<15:12:59.220> they're<15:12:59.700> related<15:13:00.116> the<15:13:00.596> other

guaranteed they're related the other

guaranteed they're related the other
thing<15:13:00.840> you're<15:13:00.956> going<15:13:01.140> to<15:13:01.256> see<15:13:01.320> when<15:13:01.560> it<15:13:01.680> comes

thing you're going to see when it comes

thing you're going to see when it comes
to<15:13:03.060> voice<15:13:03.240> over<15:13:03.416> p<15:13:03.776> is<15:13:04.140> called<15:13:04.436> qos<15:13:05.400> or<15:13:06.000> quality

of

of
service<15:13:11.520> the<15:13:12.180> reason<15:13:12.300> is<15:13:12.540> we<15:13:12.776> want<15:13:12.900> to<15:13:13.020> make

service the reason is we want to make

service the reason is we want to make
sure<15:13:13.256> the<15:13:13.436> quality<15:13:13.800> is<15:13:13.916> pretty<15:13:14.160> good

sure the quality is pretty good

sure the quality is pretty good
otherwise<15:13:15.000> if<15:13:15.240> we're<15:13:15.416> getting<15:13:15.660> the<15:13:16.256> packet<15:13:16.680> at

otherwise if we're getting the packet at

otherwise if we're getting the packet at
the<15:13:17.220> end<15:13:17.340> you<15:13:17.700> know<15:13:17.820> if<15:13:17.880> we're<15:13:17.936> getting<15:13:18.116> uh<15:13:18.480> if

the end you know if we're getting uh if

the end you know if we're getting uh if
I<15:13:19.080> say<15:13:19.200> a<15:13:19.320> sentence<15:13:19.560> and<15:13:19.740> I<15:13:19.860> get<15:13:19.980> the<15:13:20.040> end<15:13:20.160> of

I say a sentence and I get the end of

I say a sentence and I get the end of
the<15:13:20.400> sentence<15:13:20.640> before<15:13:20.756> I<15:13:20.936> get<15:13:21.000> the<15:13:21.116> beginning

the sentence before I get the beginning

the sentence before I get the beginning
of<15:13:21.416> the<15:13:21.480> sentence<15:13:21.720> then<15:13:21.956> the<15:13:22.080> quality<15:13:22.380> is<15:13:22.500> not

of the sentence then the quality is not

of the sentence then the quality is not
really<15:13:22.800> good<15:13:23.040> and<15:13:23.340> I<15:13:23.456> can't<15:13:23.580> really<15:13:23.756> rely<15:13:24.180> on

really good and I can't really rely on

really good and I can't really rely on
this<15:13:24.900> so<15:13:25.380> getting<15:13:25.680> back<15:13:25.916> to<15:13:26.040> sip<15:13:26.276> for<15:13:26.520> a<15:13:26.640> second

this so getting back to sip for a second

this so getting back to sip for a second
this<15:13:27.480> is<15:13:27.596> the<15:13:27.956> protocol<15:13:28.256> that's<15:13:28.616> designed<15:13:28.980> to

this is the protocol that's designed to

this is the protocol that's designed to
set<15:13:29.220> up<15:13:29.400> and<15:13:29.640> maintain<15:13:30.060> internet<15:13:30.596> multimedia

set up and maintain internet multimedia

set up and maintain internet multimedia
sessions<15:13:32.220> such<15:13:32.756> as<15:13:33.000> voice<15:13:33.540> calls<15:13:34.080> it's<15:13:34.680> also

sessions such as voice calls it's also

sessions such as voice calls it's also
responsible<15:13:35.400> for<15:13:35.820> communication<15:13:36.416> that's

responsible for communication that's

responsible for communication that's
used<15:13:37.020> in<15:13:37.680> video<15:13:38.040> and<15:13:38.456> audio<15:13:38.700> conferencing

used in video and audio conferencing

used in video and audio conferencing
online<15:13:40.200> games<15:13:40.740> voice<15:13:41.276> Chats<15:13:41.756> on<15:13:41.880> the<15:13:42.000> internet

online games voice Chats on the internet

online games voice Chats on the internet
and<15:13:42.416> so<15:13:42.596> on<15:13:42.720> so<15:13:43.200> it's<15:13:43.500> extremely<15:13:44.276> important

and so on so it's extremely important

and so on so it's extremely important
and<15:13:44.820> without<15:13:45.060> it<15:13:45.360> basically<15:13:45.776> VoIP<15:13:46.380> wouldn't

and without it basically VoIP wouldn't

and without it basically VoIP wouldn't
function

function

function
so<15:13:48.240> here's<15:13:48.660> an<15:13:48.956> example<15:13:49.320> of<15:13:49.560> what<15:13:49.800> VoIP<15:13:50.220> might

so here's an example of what VoIP might

so here's an example of what VoIP might
look<15:13:50.880> like<15:13:51.060> as<15:13:51.660> you<15:13:51.840> can<15:13:51.900> see<15:13:52.080> there's<15:13:52.680> both<15:13:53.040> a

look like as you can see there's both a

look like as you can see there's both a
phone<15:13:54.360> and<15:13:54.776> a<15:13:54.956> computer<15:13:55.080> that<15:13:55.436> are<15:13:55.560> connected

phone and a computer that are connected

phone and a computer that are connected
to<15:13:56.040> this<15:13:56.220> network<15:13:56.400> on<15:13:56.820> the<15:13:57.000> top<15:13:57.116> end

to this network on the top end

to this network on the top end
PC<15:13:58.560> connects<15:13:59.096> through<15:13:59.276> a<15:13:59.456> modem<15:13:59.756> or<15:14:00.480> perhaps

PC connects through a modem or perhaps

PC connects through a modem or perhaps
even<15:14:01.140> a<15:14:01.560> network<15:14:01.860> card

even a network card

even a network card
and<15:14:03.900> the<15:14:04.140> telephone<15:14:04.580> connects<15:14:05.580> through<15:14:05.756> some

and the telephone connects through some

and the telephone connects through some
sort<15:14:06.180> of<15:14:06.300> adapter<15:14:06.840> and<15:14:07.380> they<15:14:07.560> both<15:14:07.680> connect

sort of adapter and they both connect

sort of adapter and they both connect
through<15:14:08.276> the<15:14:08.520> internet<15:14:08.700> generally<15:14:09.300> there's

through the internet generally there's

through the internet generally there's
also<15:14:10.020> one<15:14:10.256> box<15:14:10.500> that<15:14:10.916> everything<15:14:11.220> sort<15:14:11.580> of

also one box that everything sort of

also one box that everything sort of
connects<15:14:12.060> into<15:14:12.180> and<15:14:12.956> that<15:14:13.140> sends<15:14:13.500> it<15:14:13.616> out<15:14:13.800> into

connects into and that sends it out into

connects into and that sends it out into
the<15:14:15.416> internet<15:14:15.776> out<15:14:16.256> to<15:14:16.436> your<15:14:16.860> internet

the internet out to your internet

the internet out to your internet
service<15:14:17.400> provider<15:14:18.060> and<15:14:18.596> again<15:14:18.776> the<15:14:19.200> important

service provider and again the important

service provider and again the important
thing<15:14:19.680> here<15:14:19.860> is<15:14:20.040> that<15:14:20.220> everything<15:14:20.456> is<15:14:20.820> being

thing here is that everything is being

thing here is that everything is being
captured<15:14:21.540> into<15:14:21.776> IP<15:14:22.256> packets<15:14:22.740> so<15:14:23.160> your<15:14:23.400> voice

captured into IP packets so your voice

captured into IP packets so your voice
is<15:14:23.700> being<15:14:23.936> turned<15:14:24.480> into<15:14:25.020> for<15:14:25.800> lack<15:14:26.096> of<15:14:26.160> a

is being turned into for lack of a

is being turned into for lack of a
better<15:14:26.400> term<15:14:26.580> data<15:14:27.240> in<15:14:27.540> an<15:14:27.660> IP<15:14:27.956> packet<15:14:28.320> which

better term data in an IP packet which

better term data in an IP packet which
can<15:14:28.680> then<15:14:28.800> be<15:14:28.980> sent<15:14:29.276> over<15:14:29.820> the<15:14:30.180> internet

can then be sent over the internet

can then be sent over the internet
great<15:14:32.276> so<15:14:32.640> now<15:14:32.820> we've<15:14:33.060> identified<15:14:33.540> some<15:14:33.900> Wan

great so now we've identified some Wan

great so now we've identified some Wan
connectivity<15:14:34.800> options<15:14:35.160> including<15:14:35.756> a<15:14:35.936> leased

connectivity options including a leased

connectivity options including a leased
line<15:14:36.416> which<15:14:36.720> is<15:14:36.900> a<15:14:37.200> line<15:14:37.436> that<15:14:37.800> you<15:14:37.980> lease

line which is a line that you lease

line which is a line that you lease
between<15:14:39.180> two<15:14:39.900> places<15:14:40.320> an<15:14:40.740> example<15:14:40.980> of<15:14:41.160> that

between two places an example of that

between two places an example of that
would<15:14:41.520> be<15:14:41.640> that<15:14:41.820> T1<15:14:42.300> or<15:14:42.956> that<15:14:43.140> T3<15:14:43.560> line<15:14:43.860> the

would be that T1 or that T3 line the

would be that T1 or that T3 line the
reason<15:14:44.400> it's<15:14:44.580> leased<15:14:44.880> is<15:14:44.936> we<15:14:45.116> don't<15:14:45.240> actually

reason it's leased is we don't actually

reason it's leased is we don't actually
put<15:14:45.596> it<15:14:45.720> in<15:14:45.840> the<15:14:46.020> Telecommunications<15:14:46.680> Company

put it in the Telecommunications Company

put it in the Telecommunications Company
does<15:14:47.340> that<15:14:47.520> for<15:14:47.700> us<15:14:47.880> we<15:14:48.360> simply<15:14:48.660> lease<15:14:48.900> it<15:14:49.020> for

does that for us we simply lease it for

does that for us we simply lease it for
a<15:14:49.256> certain<15:14:49.380> amount<15:14:49.616> of<15:14:49.740> time<15:14:49.860> it's<15:14:50.400> very

a certain amount of time it's very

a certain amount of time it's very
expensive<15:14:51.300> and<15:14:51.480> so<15:14:51.596> a<15:14:51.720> lot<15:14:51.840> of<15:14:51.956> companies

expensive and so a lot of companies

expensive and so a lot of companies
don't<15:14:52.560> use<15:14:52.680> lease<15:14:53.040> lines<15:14:53.276> unless<15:14:53.580> they

don't use lease lines unless they

don't use lease lines unless they
require<15:14:53.936> one<15:14:54.300> what<15:14:54.720> they<15:14:54.840> use<15:14:55.020> instead<15:14:55.320> is<15:14:55.436> a

require one what they use instead is a

require one what they use instead is a
connection<15:14:55.680> to<15:14:55.916> the<15:14:56.096> internet<15:14:56.276> and<15:14:56.880> then<15:14:57.000> they

connection to the internet and then they

connection to the internet and then they
will<15:14:57.360> have<15:14:57.720> uh<15:14:58.616> basically<15:14:58.980> virtual<15:14:59.700> private

will have uh basically virtual private

will have uh basically virtual private
networks<15:15:00.540> and<15:15:00.720> software<15:15:01.140> and<15:15:01.320> other<15:15:01.500> Hardware

networks and software and other Hardware

networks and software and other Hardware
that<15:15:02.276> create<15:15:02.580> a<15:15:03.360> virtual<15:15:03.800> leased<15:15:04.800> line<15:15:04.980> over<15:15:05.400> a

that create a virtual leased line over a

that create a virtual leased line over a
public<15:15:06.060> line<15:15:06.480> we<15:15:07.200> also<15:15:07.436> talked<15:15:07.560> about<15:15:07.616> packet

public line we also talked about packet

public line we also talked about packet
switching<15:15:08.520> which<15:15:09.000> was<15:15:09.116> important<15:15:09.540> different

switching which was important different

switching which was important different
from<15:15:10.340> circuit<15:15:11.340> switching<15:15:11.756> which<15:15:11.936> is<15:15:12.060> sort<15:15:12.240> of

from circuit switching which is sort of

from circuit switching which is sort of
what<15:15:12.480> switches<15:15:12.900> do<15:15:13.140> pocket<15:15:13.860> switching<15:15:14.220> would

what switches do pocket switching would

what switches do pocket switching would
allow<15:15:14.700> me<15:15:14.820> to<15:15:15.060> send

allow me to send

allow me to send
data<15:15:17.160> and<15:15:17.756> if<15:15:17.936> I<15:15:18.116> had<15:15:18.300> many<15:15:18.596> different<15:15:18.840> routes

data and if I had many different routes

data and if I had many different routes
for<15:15:19.436> that<15:15:19.616> data<15:15:19.980> to<15:15:20.160> take<15:15:20.400> it<15:15:21.116> could<15:15:21.300> take<15:15:21.596> any

for that data to take it could take any

for that data to take it could take any
one<15:15:22.200> of<15:15:22.256> those<15:15:22.380> pack<15:15:22.680> those<15:15:23.160> those<15:15:23.160> data

one of those pack those those data

one of those pack those those data
packets<15:15:24.256> run<15:15:25.256> in<15:15:25.560> sort<15:15:25.740> of<15:15:25.860> any<15:15:26.096> different

packets run in sort of any different

packets run in sort of any different
configuration<15:15:27.060> I<15:15:27.360> wanted<15:15:27.540> it<15:15:27.776> to<15:15:27.956> and<15:15:28.800> it

configuration I wanted it to and it

configuration I wanted it to and it
would<15:15:29.160> all<15:15:29.340> arrive<15:15:29.640> at<15:15:29.756> the<15:15:29.880> enemy<15:15:30.180> put<15:15:30.360> back

would all arrive at the enemy put back

would all arrive at the enemy put back
together<15:15:30.840> so<15:15:31.560> the<15:15:31.680> packets<15:15:32.096> all<15:15:32.640> basically

together so the packets all basically

together so the packets all basically
get<15:15:33.240> broken<15:15:33.480> up<15:15:33.720> sent<15:15:34.140> out

get broken up sent out

get broken up sent out
shuffled<15:15:36.240> sent<15:15:36.480> in<15:15:36.840> whatever<15:15:36.956> order<15:15:37.256> they

shuffled sent in whatever order they

shuffled sent in whatever order they
need<15:15:37.740> in<15:15:38.520> the<15:15:38.700> packet<15:15:39.060> each<15:15:39.300> packet<15:15:39.720> has<15:15:40.140> the

need in the packet each packet has the

need in the packet each packet has the
source<15:15:41.220> and<15:15:42.116> the<15:15:42.416> destination<15:15:42.900> and<15:15:43.740> also<15:15:44.040> it

source and the destination and also it

source and the destination and also it
has<15:15:44.520> a<15:15:44.936> number<15:15:45.116> basically

so that way at the end it knows how to

so that way at the end it knows how to
put<15:15:50.820> it<15:15:50.936> back<15:15:51.060> together<15:15:51.240> in<15:15:51.540> the<15:15:51.660> correct

put it back together in the correct

put it back together in the correct
order<15:15:52.020> this<15:15:52.740> is<15:15:52.860> somewhat<15:15:53.160> similar<15:15:53.456> to<15:15:53.640> cell

order this is somewhat similar to cell

order this is somewhat similar to cell
relay<15:15:54.180> the<15:15:54.416> difference<15:15:54.596> with<15:15:54.900> cell<15:15:55.080> relay

relay the difference with cell relay

relay the difference with cell relay
which<15:15:55.740> is<15:15:55.860> linked<15:15:56.160> sormal<15:15:56.580> to<15:15:56.756> ATM<15:15:57.116> is<15:15:57.720> that

which is linked sormal to ATM is that

which is linked sormal to ATM is that
all<15:15:58.256> packets

all packets

all packets
are<15:16:00.776> the<15:16:01.080> same

size

size
we<15:16:05.276> also<15:16:05.520> briefly<15:16:05.936> which<15:16:06.180> we'll<15:16:06.300> talk<15:16:06.540> about

we also briefly which we'll talk about

we also briefly which we'll talk about
more<15:16:07.020> discussed<15:16:07.616> VoIP<15:16:08.096> or<15:16:08.456> voice<15:16:08.820> over<15:16:09.256> IP

more discussed VoIP or voice over IP

more discussed VoIP or voice over IP
which<15:16:10.800> allows<15:16:11.160> us<15:16:11.276> to<15:16:11.520> make

phone calls or voice calls

phone calls or voice calls
over<15:16:18.180> the<15:16:18.900> Internet<15:16:19.020> or<15:16:19.740> using<15:16:20.160> ethernet

over the Internet or using ethernet

over the Internet or using ethernet
technology<15:16:21.180> the<15:16:22.080> protocol<15:16:22.380> that<15:16:22.800> allows<15:16:23.096> us

technology the protocol that allows us

technology the protocol that allows us
to<15:16:23.520> occur<15:16:23.936> is<15:16:24.540> called<15:16:24.840> sip<15:16:25.400> or<15:16:26.400> the<15:16:27.000> session

initiation

initiation
protocol<15:16:34.680> again<15:16:35.340> if<15:16:35.640> you<15:16:35.756> see<15:16:35.936> sip<15:16:36.360> on<15:16:36.540> the

protocol again if you see sip on the

protocol again if you see sip on the
test<15:16:36.840> you<15:16:37.200> can<15:16:37.320> guarantee<15:16:37.800> that<15:16:38.040> it<15:16:38.160> has<15:16:38.340> to<15:16:38.456> do

test you can guarantee that it has to do

test you can guarantee that it has to do
with<15:16:38.756> VoIP<15:16:39.180> or<15:16:39.360> voice<15:16:39.660> over<15:16:39.900> IP<15:16:40.500> now<15:16:41.276> in<15:16:41.456> the

with VoIP or voice over IP now in the

with VoIP or voice over IP now in the
net<15:16:41.756> next<15:16:42.060> lesson<15:16:42.596> we're<15:16:42.956> going<15:16:43.140> to<15:16:43.256> talk<15:16:43.380> more

net next lesson we're going to talk more

net next lesson we're going to talk more
about<15:16:43.860> remote<15:16:44.400> networking<15:16:45.180> obviously

about remote networking obviously

about remote networking obviously
something<15:16:45.956> more<15:16:46.256> and<15:16:46.380> more<15:16:46.560> of<15:16:46.680> us<15:16:46.800> need<15:16:46.980> to<15:16:47.040> do

something more and more of us need to do

something more and more of us need to do
with<15:16:47.340> telecommuting<15:16:48.060> and<15:16:48.480> also<15:16:48.720> something

with telecommuting and also something

with telecommuting and also something
that<15:16:49.256> would<15:16:49.436> allow<15:16:49.740> us<15:16:49.800> to<15:16:49.980> replace<15:16:50.096> for

that would allow us to replace for

that would allow us to replace for
instance<15:16:50.756> a<15:16:51.060> leased<15:16:51.416> line<15:16:51.540> with<15:16:52.080> more<15:16:52.256> of<15:16:52.380> a

instance a leased line with more of a

instance a leased line with more of a
temporary<15:16:52.916> solution

[Music]

[Music]
thank<15:17:07.436> you

welcome to module 9 lesson 4.1

welcome to module 9 lesson 4.1
practicals<15:17:17.880> and<15:17:18.000> services<15:17:18.436> uh<15:17:19.436> as<15:17:19.680> usual

practicals and services uh as usual

practicals and services uh as usual
covering<15:17:20.340> the<15:17:20.520> things<15:17:20.640> we<15:17:20.880> haven't<15:17:21.060> already

covering the things we haven't already

covering the things we haven't already
gone<15:17:21.720> over

gone over

gone over
it's<15:17:24.180> a<15:17:24.480> wonder<15:17:24.596> wide<15:17:24.956> area<15:17:25.140> network<15:17:25.500> still

it's a wonder wide area network still

it's a wonder wide area network still
we're<15:17:26.640> in<15:17:26.936> brief<15:17:27.360> I.E<15:17:28.080> the<15:17:28.256> stuff<15:17:28.436> I<15:17:28.616> think<15:17:28.740> you

we're in brief I.E the stuff I think you

we're in brief I.E the stuff I think you
need<15:17:29.096> to<15:17:29.276> know<15:17:29.456> because<15:17:29.820> there's<15:17:30.060> entire

need to know because there's entire

need to know because there's entire
books<15:17:30.956> on<15:17:31.080> some<15:17:31.256> of<15:17:31.380> these<15:17:31.616> protocols<15:17:32.400> PPP

books on some of these protocols PPP

books on some of these protocols PPP
PPP<15:17:35.756> over<15:17:36.300> ethernet

PPP over ethernet

PPP over ethernet
Dynamic<15:17:39.416> multi-point<15:17:39.956> VPN<15:17:40.616> which<15:17:40.860> has

Dynamic multi-point VPN which has

Dynamic multi-point VPN which has
actually<15:17:41.160> just<15:17:41.400> been<15:17:41.580> brought<15:17:41.820> into<15:17:42.000> the

actually just been brought into the

actually just been brought into the
Cisco<15:17:42.980> CCNA<15:17:43.980> syllabus

Cisco CCNA syllabus

Cisco CCNA syllabus
sip<15:17:45.956> trunks<15:17:46.380> uh<15:17:47.096> Josh<15:17:47.276> talked<15:17:47.756> about<15:17:47.880> sip

sip trunks uh Josh talked about sip

sip trunks uh Josh talked about sip
trunks<15:17:48.720> earlier

trunks earlier

trunks earlier
uh<15:17:50.640> briefly<15:17:51.060> it<15:17:51.596> he<15:17:52.080> actually<15:17:52.256> wrote<15:17:52.616> it<15:17:52.740> onto

uh briefly it he actually wrote it onto

uh briefly it he actually wrote it onto
one<15:17:53.096> of<15:17:53.220> the<15:17:53.276> slides<15:17:53.580> when<15:17:53.700> he<15:17:53.880> talked<15:17:54.060> about

one of the slides when he talked about

one of the slides when he talked about
voice<15:17:54.480> so<15:17:54.900> I'll<15:17:55.080> just<15:17:55.256> cover<15:17:55.560> an<15:17:55.800> extra<15:17:55.980> little

voice so I'll just cover an extra little

voice so I'll just cover an extra little
bit

bit

bit
PPP<15:17:58.380> very<15:17:58.980> popular<15:17:59.220> over<15:17:59.640> dedicated<15:18:00.360> and

PPP very popular over dedicated and

PPP very popular over dedicated and
circuit<15:18:01.320> switch<15:18:01.500> links<15:18:02.040> for<15:18:02.456> wide<15:18:02.756> area

circuit switch links for wide area

circuit switch links for wide area
connection

connection

connection
now<15:18:05.880> where<15:18:06.240> the<15:18:06.416> typical<15:18:06.720> question<15:18:07.140> you<15:18:07.560> would

now where the typical question you would

now where the typical question you would
get<15:18:07.980> certainly<15:18:08.580> for<15:18:08.700> Cisco<15:18:09.116> is<15:18:09.416> if<15:18:09.840> you're

get certainly for Cisco is if you're

get certainly for Cisco is if you're
collecting<15:18:10.320> a<15:18:10.500> Cisco<15:18:10.860> to<15:18:11.040> a<15:18:11.276> device<15:18:11.540> over<15:18:12.540> a

collecting a Cisco to a device over a

collecting a Cisco to a device over a
wide<15:18:12.900> area<15:18:13.080> network<15:18:13.436> to<15:18:13.740> a<15:18:13.916> non-cisco<15:18:14.456> device

wide area network to a non-cisco device

wide area network to a non-cisco device
what<15:18:15.060> protocol<15:18:15.480> would<15:18:16.020> you<15:18:16.200> use<15:18:16.380> you'd

what protocol would you use you'd

what protocol would you use you'd
probably<15:18:17.340> use<15:18:17.700> PPP

probably use PPP

probably use PPP
because<15:18:20.416> it's<15:18:21.416> a<15:18:21.720> vendor<15:18:22.680> neutral<15:18:23.456> anyone<15:18:24.060> can

because it's a vendor neutral anyone can

because it's a vendor neutral anyone can
use<15:18:24.416> it<15:18:24.596> whereas<15:18:24.956> Cisco<15:18:25.380> has<15:18:26.160> a<15:18:26.456> their<15:18:26.640> own<15:18:26.820> set

use it whereas Cisco has a their own set

use it whereas Cisco has a their own set
of<15:18:27.180> protocols<15:18:27.900> that<15:18:28.140> you<15:18:28.256> can<15:18:28.380> choose<15:18:28.680> from

of protocols that you can choose from

of protocols that you can choose from
for<15:18:29.640> your<15:18:29.820> server-wide<15:18:30.300> area<15:18:30.480> networks<15:18:31.220> also

for your server-wide area networks also

for your server-wide area networks also
works<15:18:32.520> over<15:18:32.640> many<15:18:32.936> different<15:18:33.180> link<15:18:33.480> types<15:18:33.956> so

works over many different link types so

works over many different link types so
synchronous<15:18:35.660> ISDN<15:18:36.680> asynchronous<15:18:37.680> DSL<15:18:39.000> Etc

synchronous ISDN asynchronous DSL Etc

synchronous ISDN asynchronous DSL Etc
two<15:18:40.380> components<15:18:41.040> inside

two components inside

two components inside
PPP<15:18:43.436> you've<15:18:44.220> got<15:18:44.276> your<15:18:44.456> ncps<15:18:45.000> which<15:18:45.360> show<15:18:45.540> your

PPP you've got your ncps which show your

PPP you've got your ncps which show your
network<15:18:45.900> control<15:18:46.256> protocols<15:18:47.220> these

network control protocols these

network control protocols these
interface<15:18:48.360> with<15:18:48.596> the<15:18:48.776> TCP<15:18:49.380> or<15:18:49.980> network<15:18:50.276> layer

interface with the TCP or network layer

interface with the TCP or network layer
talking<15:18:51.596> about<15:18:51.776> OSI<15:18:52.380> and<15:18:53.040> then<15:18:53.160> you've<15:18:53.276> got

talking about OSI and then you've got

talking about OSI and then you've got
link<15:18:53.520> control<15:18:53.756> protocols<15:18:54.540> this<15:18:55.020> manages<15:18:55.436> the

link control protocols this manages the

link control protocols this manages the
data<15:18:56.276> link<15:18:56.400> sessions<15:18:57.000> and<15:18:57.540> connections

data link sessions and connections

data link sessions and connections
that'd<15:18:59.160> be<15:18:59.276> a<15:18:59.456> typical<15:18:59.700> exam<15:19:00.300> type<15:19:00.660> question

the other thing about PPP is it offers

the other thing about PPP is it offers
authentication<15:19:06.180> built<15:19:06.720> in<15:19:06.776> which<15:19:07.020> is<15:19:07.140> very

authentication built in which is very

authentication built in which is very
useful

useful

useful
now<15:19:09.596> you've<15:19:09.776> got<15:19:09.900> two<15:19:10.140> types<15:19:10.616> pap

now you've got two types pap

now you've got two types pap
and<15:19:12.776> chap

and chap

and chap
uh<15:19:15.000> unfortunately<15:19:15.480> if<15:19:16.080> we<15:19:16.320> go<15:19:16.500> over<15:19:16.680> to

uh unfortunately if we go over to

uh unfortunately if we go over to
password<15:19:17.880> authenticate<15:19:18.660> Authentication

password authenticate Authentication

password authenticate Authentication
Protocol

Protocol

Protocol
your<15:19:21.840> password<15:19:22.080> if<15:19:22.500> you<15:19:22.680> sniffed<15:19:23.220> the<15:19:23.820> packet

your password if you sniffed the packet

your password if you sniffed the packet
been<15:19:24.596> sent<15:19:24.840> over<15:19:25.200> the<15:19:25.500> line

been sent over the line

been sent over the line
uh<15:19:26.820> the<15:19:27.000> fields<15:19:27.360> you<15:19:27.840> would<15:19:28.020> see

password it doesn't encrypt the password

password it doesn't encrypt the password
chap

chap

chap
actually<15:19:40.916> sends<15:19:41.640> a<15:19:42.060> hashed<15:19:42.540> value

actually sends a hashed value

actually sends a hashed value
of

of

of
characters<15:19:46.340> whatever<15:19:47.340> they<15:19:47.756> may<15:19:47.936> be

so you don't actually see the password

so you don't actually see the password
so<15:19:52.560> this<15:19:52.860> is<15:19:52.980> the<15:19:53.220> one<15:19:53.340> you're<15:19:53.640> going<15:19:53.756> to<15:19:53.880> want

so this is the one you're going to want

so this is the one you're going to want
to<15:19:54.180> use<15:19:54.360> no<15:19:54.720> one<15:19:54.900> really<15:19:55.020> is<15:19:55.200> going<15:19:55.380> to<15:19:55.436> use<15:19:55.560> Pap

to use no one really is going to use Pap

to use no one really is going to use Pap
anymore<15:19:56.096> unless<15:19:56.580> it's<15:19:57.116> um<15:19:57.116> you<15:19:57.720> can<15:19:57.840> configure

anymore unless it's um you can configure

anymore unless it's um you can configure
it<15:19:58.500> if<15:19:59.040> for<15:19:59.220> any<15:19:59.340> reason<15:19:59.580> chap<15:20:00.060> goes<15:20:00.900> down<15:20:01.200> you

it if for any reason chap goes down you

it if for any reason chap goes down you
can<15:20:02.160> configure<15:20:02.700> it's<15:20:03.240> a<15:20:03.540> it's<15:20:03.900> called<15:20:04.140> a<15:20:04.436> full

can configure it's a it's called a full

can configure it's a it's called a full
back<15:20:04.860> PPP<15:20:05.520> fullback<15:20:06.060> but<15:20:06.900> really<15:20:07.140> you'd

back PPP fullback but really you'd

back PPP fullback but really you'd
probably<15:20:08.096> rather<15:20:08.456> just<15:20:08.700> have<15:20:08.936> your<15:20:09.360> PPP<15:20:10.020> line

probably rather just have your PPP line

probably rather just have your PPP line
go<15:20:10.560> down<15:20:10.740> and<15:20:10.980> you<15:20:11.160> troubleshoot<15:20:11.756> it

go down and you troubleshoot it

go down and you troubleshoot it
but<15:20:12.956> search<15:20:13.200> up<15:20:13.436> is<15:20:13.616> what<15:20:13.740> you<15:20:13.860> will<15:20:13.980> want<15:20:14.096> to

but search up is what you will want to

but search up is what you will want to
use<15:20:14.340> because<15:20:14.580> it<15:20:14.820> offers<15:20:15.180> the<15:20:15.480> encryption

use because it offers the encryption

use because it offers the encryption
there's<15:20:16.980> a<15:20:17.160> three-way<15:20:17.520> handshake<15:20:18.000> this<15:20:18.300> is

there's a three-way handshake this is

there's a three-way handshake this is
another<15:20:18.540> typical<15:20:18.956> exam<15:20:19.380> question

another typical exam question

another typical exam question
um<15:20:21.000> and<15:20:21.300> you<15:20:21.360> can<15:20:21.480> see<15:20:21.596> it<15:20:21.720> in<15:20:21.840> the<15:20:21.900> diagram

um and you can see it in the diagram

um and you can see it in the diagram
here<15:20:22.560> there's<15:20:23.160> a<15:20:23.400> challenge<15:20:23.820> a<15:20:24.240> response<15:20:24.776> and

here there's a challenge a response and

here there's a challenge a response and
then<15:20:25.200> it's<15:20:25.436> accepted<15:20:25.860> or<15:20:26.040> rejected<15:20:26.456> if<15:20:26.640> it's

then it's accepted or rejected if it's

then it's accepted or rejected if it's
accepted<15:20:27.180> then<15:20:27.900> the<15:20:28.140> line<15:20:28.320> comes<15:20:28.740> up<15:20:28.860> and<15:20:29.640> you

accepted then the line comes up and you

accepted then the line comes up and you
can<15:20:29.880> pass<15:20:30.060> then<15:20:30.360> your<15:20:30.660> data<15:20:31.140> if<15:20:32.520> um<15:20:32.580> it's

can pass then your data if um it's

can pass then your data if um it's
rejected<15:20:33.660> then<15:20:34.200> obviously<15:20:34.500> the<15:20:34.740> PPP<15:20:35.220> session

rejected then obviously the PPP session

rejected then obviously the PPP session
uh<15:20:36.480> won't<15:20:36.720> come<15:20:36.956> up<15:20:37.140> and<15:20:37.380> I<15:20:37.740> spent<15:20:38.040> some<15:20:38.520> time

uh won't come up and I spent some time

uh won't come up and I spent some time
debugging<15:20:39.956> this<15:20:40.080> when<15:20:40.200> I<15:20:40.320> work<15:20:40.436> for<15:20:40.680> Cisco

debugging this when I work for Cisco

debugging this when I work for Cisco
Systems

Systems

Systems
a<15:20:43.140> continual<15:20:43.680> authentication<15:20:44.400> so<15:20:44.640> it<15:20:44.820> doesn't

a continual authentication so it doesn't

a continual authentication so it doesn't
just<15:20:45.116> do<15:20:45.300> it<15:20:45.480> once<15:20:45.956> I'm<15:20:46.860> not<15:20:46.980> sure<15:20:47.096> you'd<15:20:47.276> have

just do it once I'm not sure you'd have

just do it once I'm not sure you'd have
to<15:20:47.520> read<15:20:47.580> the<15:20:47.820> RFC<15:20:48.300> and<15:20:48.596> see<15:20:48.840> how<15:20:49.140> it's<15:20:49.256> been

to read the RFC and see how it's been

to read the RFC and see how it's been
implemented<15:20:49.916> but<15:20:50.160> there's<15:20:50.400> regular

implemented but there's regular

implemented but there's regular
challenges<15:20:51.240> take<15:20:51.540> place<15:20:51.776> during<15:20:52.616> the<15:20:52.860> session

challenges take place during the session

challenges take place during the session
uh<15:20:54.116> usually<15:20:54.480> there's<15:20:54.900> a<15:20:55.080> a<15:20:55.320> host<15:20:55.680> name<15:20:55.860> and

uh usually there's a a host name and

uh usually there's a a host name and
password<15:20:56.276> for<15:20:56.820> example<15:20:57.060> the<15:20:57.660> host<15:20:57.840> name<15:20:58.080> of

password for example the host name of

password for example the host name of
this<15:20:58.436> router<15:20:58.800> is<15:20:58.980> router<15:20:59.400> B

this router is router B

this router is router B
and<15:21:00.776> you<15:21:00.956> would<15:21:01.080> configure<15:21:01.616> on<15:21:02.040> this<15:21:02.220> side

and you would configure on this side

and you would configure on this side
here<15:21:02.700> you<15:21:03.060> would<15:21:03.180> say<15:21:03.360> the<15:21:03.660> host<15:21:03.956> the<15:21:04.320> username

here you would say the host the username

here you would say the host the username
that's<15:21:04.916> permitted<15:21:05.520> is<15:21:06.240> router<15:21:06.720> a<15:21:06.956> and<15:21:07.320> I've

that's permitted is router a and I've

that's permitted is router a and I've
just<15:21:07.680> used<15:21:07.860> a<15:21:08.040> simple<15:21:08.160> password<15:21:08.456> so<15:21:09.116> what

just used a simple password so what

just used a simple password so what
happens<15:21:09.480> is<15:21:09.776> this<15:21:10.080> router's<15:21:10.616> host<15:21:10.800> name<15:21:11.040> acts

happens is this router's host name acts

happens is this router's host name acts
as<15:21:11.520> the<15:21:11.700> Authentication

as the Authentication

as the Authentication
a<15:21:13.800> hostname<15:21:14.456> it<15:21:15.000> calls<15:21:15.480> using<15:21:16.436> its<15:21:17.096> um<15:21:17.300> host

a hostname it calls using its um host

a hostname it calls using its um host
name<15:21:18.596> here<15:21:19.560> and<15:21:20.276> its<15:21:20.640> password<15:21:20.756> and<15:21:21.540> in<15:21:21.720> the

name here and its password and in the

name here and its password and in the
database<15:21:22.320> over<15:21:22.740> here<15:21:23.040> you've<15:21:23.580> configured

database over here you've configured

database over here you've configured
that<15:21:24.596> as<15:21:24.776> the<15:21:25.020> parameters<15:21:25.560> that's<15:21:25.800> going<15:21:26.040> to

that as the parameters that's going to

that as the parameters that's going to
be<15:21:26.220> permitted

be permitted

be permitted
you<15:21:28.320> can<15:21:28.380> do<15:21:28.500> it<15:21:28.616> in<15:21:28.740> a<15:21:28.916> lot<15:21:29.040> more<15:21:29.220> complicated

you can do it in a lot more complicated

you can do it in a lot more complicated
ways

ways

ways
the<15:21:31.700> commands<15:21:32.700> on<15:21:32.820> a<15:21:33.000> Cisco<15:21:33.240> router<15:21:33.660> are<15:21:33.776> PPP

the commands on a Cisco router are PPP

the commands on a Cisco router are PPP
authentication<15:21:34.860> chap<15:21:35.480> uh<15:21:36.480> or<15:21:36.660> if<15:21:36.840> you<15:21:36.900> want<15:21:37.020> to

authentication chap uh or if you want to

authentication chap uh or if you want to
use<15:21:37.800> um<15:21:37.916> and

use um and

use um and
um<15:21:39.240> your<15:21:39.480> clear<15:21:39.720> text<15:21:39.900> is<15:21:40.200> pap

um your clear text is pap

um your clear text is pap
moving<15:21:42.776> on<15:21:42.900> to<15:21:43.340> pppoe<15:21:44.340> it<15:21:45.300> allows

moving on to pppoe it allows

moving on to pppoe it allows
encapsulating<15:21:46.320> PPP<15:21:47.040> inside<15:21:48.000> ethernet<15:21:48.540> frames

encapsulating PPP inside ethernet frames

encapsulating PPP inside ethernet frames
no<15:21:49.320> surprise<15:21:49.616> really<15:21:49.860> because<15:21:50.096> the<15:21:50.340> clues<15:21:50.700> in

no surprise really because the clues in

no surprise really because the clues in
the<15:21:51.000> name<15:21:51.240> there<15:21:51.900> often<15:21:52.560> used<15:21:52.680> with<15:21:52.916> your<15:21:53.096> DSL

the name there often used with your DSL

the name there often used with your DSL
connections<15:21:54.300> and<15:21:54.480> it<15:21:54.660> tunnels<15:21:55.020> to<15:21:55.200> the<15:21:55.380> your

connections and it tunnels to the your

connections and it tunnels to the your
internet<15:21:55.740> service<15:21:56.300> provider<15:21:57.300> I'm<15:21:58.140> just

internet service provider I'm just

internet service provider I'm just
thinking<15:21:58.560> of<15:21:58.740> questions<15:21:58.916> of<15:21:59.400> the<15:21:59.580> last

thinking of questions of the last

thinking of questions of the last
because<15:22:00.180> you're<15:22:00.720> not<15:22:00.840> going<15:22:00.956> to<15:22:01.080> have<15:22:01.200> to

because you're not going to have to

because you're not going to have to
configure<15:22:01.740> this<15:22:02.060> so<15:22:03.060> they<15:22:03.300> may<15:22:03.540> ask<15:22:03.840> a

configure this so they may ask a

configure this so they may ask a
question<15:22:04.200> what<15:22:04.560> are<15:22:04.740> the<15:22:05.000> pppoe<15:22:06.000> stage<15:22:06.360> is

question what are the pppoe stage is

question what are the pppoe stage is
there's<15:22:07.080> a<15:22:07.380> discovery<15:22:08.060> which<15:22:09.060> is<15:22:09.180> obviously

there's a discovery which is obviously

there's a discovery which is obviously
the<15:22:10.140> um<15:22:10.140> building<15:22:10.436> up<15:22:10.740> the<15:22:10.860> connection

the um building up the connection

the um building up the connection
between<15:22:11.520> the<15:22:11.820> two<15:22:12.000> devices<15:22:12.360> and<15:22:13.140> then<15:22:13.200> the

between the two devices and then the

between the two devices and then the
actual<15:22:13.680> session<15:22:13.980> where<15:22:14.700> the<15:22:14.880> data<15:22:15.180> is<15:22:15.300> going

actual session where the data is going

actual session where the data is going
to<15:22:15.540> be<15:22:15.596> sent<15:22:15.776> across<15:22:16.256> the<15:22:16.380> line

to be sent across the line

to be sent across the line
this<15:22:17.700> is<15:22:17.880> the<15:22:18.000> same<15:22:18.116> with<15:22:18.300> most<15:22:18.540> protocols<15:22:19.200> as

this is the same with most protocols as

this is the same with most protocols as
you<15:22:19.500> know

you know

you know
moving<15:22:21.900> on<15:22:22.080> to<15:22:22.380> Dynamic<15:22:23.160> multi-point<15:22:23.936> vpm

moving on to Dynamic multi-point vpm

moving on to Dynamic multi-point vpm
this<15:22:26.580> allows<15:22:26.936> your<15:22:27.060> remote<15:22:27.300> VPN<15:22:27.776> connections

this allows your remote VPN connections

this allows your remote VPN connections
to<15:22:28.740> bypass<15:22:29.580> your<15:22:29.936> your<15:22:30.300> headquarters<15:22:30.956> VPN<15:22:31.500> so

to bypass your your headquarters VPN so

to bypass your your headquarters VPN so
in<15:22:32.160> your<15:22:32.340> traditional

in your traditional

in your traditional
VPN<15:22:35.240> service<15:22:36.240> your<15:22:37.200> spoke<15:22:37.500> router<15:22:37.916> over<15:22:38.096> here

VPN service your spoke router over here

VPN service your spoke router over here
say

say

say
um<15:22:40.140> say<15:22:40.380> it's<15:22:40.500> in<15:22:40.680> Las<15:22:40.916> Vegas<15:22:41.360> this<15:22:42.360> is<15:22:42.540> in<15:22:42.840> LA

um say it's in Las Vegas this is in LA

um say it's in Las Vegas this is in LA
and

and

and
um this<15:22:45.596> is<15:22:45.720> in

um this is in

um this is in
where<15:22:47.820> can<15:22:48.000> we<15:22:48.180> have<15:22:48.240> this<15:22:48.416> Atlanta

a bit of a pain your branch office would

a bit of a pain your branch office would
have<15:22:55.380> to<15:22:55.500> communicate<15:22:56.040> to<15:22:56.456> your<15:22:57.320> headquarters

have to communicate to your headquarters

have to communicate to your headquarters
in<15:22:59.520> order<15:22:59.640> for<15:23:00.000> the<15:23:00.240> the<15:23:00.900> tunnel<15:23:01.380> to<15:23:01.560> actually

in order for the the tunnel to actually

in order for the the tunnel to actually
take<15:23:02.096> place<15:23:02.340> but<15:23:02.580> it'll<15:23:02.756> be<15:23:02.880> routed<15:23:03.300> from<15:23:03.776> here

take place but it'll be routed from here

take place but it'll be routed from here
to<15:23:04.140> here<15:23:04.380> and<15:23:04.980> obviously<15:23:05.456> if<15:23:06.060> there's

to here and obviously if there's

to here and obviously if there's
problems<15:23:06.596> in<15:23:06.840> your<15:23:07.080> headquarters<15:23:07.740> office<15:23:07.916> for

problems in your headquarters office for

problems in your headquarters office for
whatever<15:23:08.340> reason<15:23:08.640> or<15:23:09.000> the<15:23:09.116> line<15:23:09.360> is<15:23:09.540> congested

whatever reason or the line is congested

whatever reason or the line is congested
your<15:23:11.040> connection<15:23:11.400> won't<15:23:11.756> take<15:23:11.936> place<15:23:12.180> so<15:23:12.776> the

your connection won't take place so the

your connection won't take place so the
point<15:23:13.140> of

point of

point of
um Dynamic<15:23:14.580> multiple<15:23:14.936> in<15:23:15.060> VPN<15:23:15.480> is<15:23:15.720> your

um Dynamic multiple in VPN is your

um Dynamic multiple in VPN is your
Branch<15:23:18.180> offices<15:23:18.540> your<15:23:18.900> spoke<15:23:19.140> routers<15:23:19.616> can

Branch offices your spoke routers can

Branch offices your spoke routers can
directly<15:23:20.456> make<15:23:20.640> a<15:23:20.880> connection<15:23:21.060> and<15:23:21.900> it

directly make a connection and it

directly make a connection and it
bypasses<15:23:22.560> your<15:23:23.180> vpn's<15:23:24.180> router

bypasses your vpn's router

bypasses your vpn's router
you<15:23:26.756> do<15:23:26.880> require<15:23:27.060> a<15:23:27.360> hub<15:23:27.480> and<15:23:27.660> spoke<15:23:27.900> topology

you do require a hub and spoke topology

you do require a hub and spoke topology
which<15:23:28.800> we<15:23:28.916> spoke<15:23:29.220> about<15:23:29.400> earlier<15:23:30.000> in<15:23:30.900> our

which we spoke about earlier in our

which we spoke about earlier in our
topology

topology

topology
topology<15:23:33.416> sessions

topology sessions

topology sessions
um<15:23:35.700> oh<15:23:36.116> that<15:23:36.720> shouldn't<15:23:36.900> be<15:23:37.020> in<15:23:37.140> there<15:23:37.256> sorry

um oh that shouldn't be in there sorry

um oh that shouldn't be in there sorry
about<15:23:37.680> that

about that

about that
left<15:23:39.360> that<15:23:39.596> in<15:23:39.720> from<15:23:39.900> my<15:23:40.140> last<15:23:40.740> slide

all right and finally I've got this

all right and finally I've got this
slide<15:23:46.980> here<15:23:47.220> this<15:23:47.520> image<15:23:47.880> from

slide here this image from

slide here this image from
um<15:23:49.140> my

um my

um my
netphone.com.au<15:23:51.480> this<15:23:52.320> explains<15:23:52.916> basically

netphone.com.au this explains basically

netphone.com.au this explains basically
how<15:23:54.020> citrunks<15:23:55.020> work<15:23:55.140> especially<15:23:55.916> an

how citrunks work especially an

how citrunks work especially an
initiation<15:23:56.456> protocol<15:23:57.000> if<15:23:57.540> you<15:23:57.660> ever<15:23:57.776> hear<15:23:58.020> sip

initiation protocol if you ever hear sip

initiation protocol if you ever hear sip
or<15:23:58.680> a<15:23:58.800> session<15:23:59.096> initiative<15:23:59.640> initiation

or a session initiative initiation

or a session initiative initiation
protocol<15:24:00.660> which<15:24:00.956> Josh<15:24:01.200> mentioned<15:24:01.800> you

protocol which Josh mentioned you

protocol which Josh mentioned you
immediately<15:24:03.116> think<15:24:03.480> voice<15:24:04.320> over<15:24:04.616> IP<15:24:05.096> this<15:24:05.520> is

immediately think voice over IP this is

immediately think voice over IP this is
what<15:24:05.756> enables<15:24:06.116> voice<15:24:06.416> over<15:24:06.900> IP<15:24:07.320> to<15:24:07.500> work

what enables voice over IP to work

what enables voice over IP to work
trunks<15:24:09.840> enable<15:24:10.080> your<15:24:10.740> PBX<15:24:11.700> to<15:24:11.880> send<15:24:12.060> and

trunks enable your PBX to send and

trunks enable your PBX to send and
receive<15:24:12.480> calls<15:24:12.900> via<15:24:13.200> the<15:24:13.320> Internet<15:24:13.500> so<15:24:14.160> what

receive calls via the Internet so what

receive calls via the Internet so what
it<15:24:14.580> does<15:24:14.756> is<15:24:15.000> it<15:24:15.240> takes<15:24:15.540> your

it does is it takes your

it does is it takes your
um<15:24:16.616> the<15:24:17.220> phone<15:24:17.340> your<15:24:17.700> typical<15:24:18.060> phone

um the phone your typical phone

um the phone your typical phone
connection

connection

connection
and<15:24:20.276> acts<15:24:20.580> as<15:24:20.700> a<15:24:20.936> bridge<15:24:21.060> between<15:24:21.540> the

and acts as a bridge between the

and acts as a bridge between the
internet

internet

internet
that's<15:24:24.956> the

that's the

that's the
um<15:24:25.980> the<15:24:26.220> point<15:24:26.400> of<15:24:26.640> this<15:24:27.060> the<15:24:27.480> SIP<15:24:27.776> trunk

um the point of this the SIP trunk

um the point of this the SIP trunk
so<15:24:29.276> digital<15:24:29.700> equivalent<15:24:30.240> of<15:24:30.416> a<15:24:30.596> phone<15:24:30.776> line

so digital equivalent of a phone line

so digital equivalent of a phone line
enables<15:24:32.820> you<15:24:32.936> to<15:24:33.116> make<15:24:33.360> and<15:24:34.080> voice<15:24:34.916> and<15:24:35.220> or

enables you to make and voice and or

enables you to make and voice and or
video<15:24:35.700> calls<15:24:36.240> video<15:24:36.416> conferencing<15:24:37.020> calls<15:24:37.380> via

video calls video conferencing calls via

video calls video conferencing calls via
the<15:24:38.276> Internet

acts as a bridge between your PBX which

acts as a bridge between your PBX which
is<15:24:43.980> your<15:24:44.340> phone<15:24:44.776> system<15:24:45.776> that<15:24:46.256> you'd<15:24:46.436> have<15:24:46.560> at

is your phone system that you'd have at

is your phone system that you'd have at
your<15:24:47.580> um<15:24:47.580> corporate<15:24:48.116> office<15:24:48.540> there<15:24:48.956> and<15:24:49.800> IP

your um corporate office there and IP

your um corporate office there and IP
telephony

telephony

telephony
all<15:24:51.956> right<15:24:52.080> so<15:24:52.200> we<15:24:52.380> covered<15:24:52.616> a<15:24:52.740> lot<15:24:52.860> of<15:24:53.040> stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff
but<15:24:53.936> I<15:24:54.116> think<15:24:54.416> only<15:24:54.596> what<15:24:54.840> you<15:24:54.900> need<15:24:55.020> today<15:24:55.200> and

but I think only what you need today and

but I think only what you need today and
it<15:24:55.560> is<15:24:55.680> covered<15:24:55.860> in<15:24:55.980> other<15:24:56.160> presentations<15:24:56.756> as

it is covered in other presentations as

it is covered in other presentations as
well<15:24:57.360> uh<15:24:57.900> by<15:24:58.200> Josh<15:24:58.380> PPP

well uh by Josh PPP

well uh by Josh PPP
pppoe<15:25:00.720> Dynamic<15:25:01.500> multi-point<15:25:01.980> VPN<15:25:02.400> and<15:25:02.640> zip

pppoe Dynamic multi-point VPN and zip

pppoe Dynamic multi-point VPN and zip
Trunks<15:25:03.300> and<15:25:03.480> I've<15:25:03.660> highlighted<15:25:04.436> what<15:25:04.616> I<15:25:04.740> think

Trunks and I've highlighted what I think

Trunks and I've highlighted what I think
would<15:25:05.096> be<15:25:05.220> the<15:25:05.340> typical<15:25:05.700> exam<15:25:06.480> questions<15:25:06.740> so

would be the typical exam questions so

would be the typical exam questions so
that's<15:25:07.860> all<15:25:08.040> for<15:25:08.220> now<15:25:08.400> thanks<15:25:08.756> for<15:25:08.936> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<15:25:22.436> you

remote access remote networking

remote access remote networking
fundamentals

fundamentals

fundamentals
in<15:25:43.860> the<15:25:44.040> last<15:25:44.160> lesson<15:25:44.640> we<15:25:45.060> talked<15:25:45.540> about<15:25:45.596> wide

in the last lesson we talked about wide

in the last lesson we talked about wide
area<15:25:46.616> networks<15:25:47.340> we<15:25:48.060> talked<15:25:48.360> about<15:25:48.416> how<15:25:48.900> they

area networks we talked about how they

area networks we talked about how they
can<15:25:49.140> be<15:25:49.256> implemented<15:25:49.800> what<15:25:50.160> their<15:25:50.340> benefits

can be implemented what their benefits

can be implemented what their benefits
are<15:25:51.116> how<15:25:51.900> they<15:25:52.080> transfer<15:25:52.436> information<15:25:52.756> some

are how they transfer information some

are how they transfer information some
of<15:25:53.880> the<15:25:53.936> Technologies<15:25:54.416> we<15:25:54.840> use<15:25:55.020> and<15:25:55.500> so<15:25:55.616> on<15:25:55.740> and

of the Technologies we use and so on and

of the Technologies we use and so on and
so<15:25:56.040> forth<15:25:56.340> now<15:25:57.000> in<15:25:57.240> this<15:25:57.416> lesson<15:25:57.720> we're<15:25:57.900> going

so forth now in this lesson we're going

so forth now in this lesson we're going
to<15:25:58.200> talk<15:25:58.320> more<15:25:58.680> about<15:25:59.040> remote<15:25:59.756> networking

to talk more about remote networking

to talk more about remote networking
access<15:26:00.980> remote<15:26:01.980> networking<15:26:02.700> in<15:26:02.880> wands

access remote networking in wands

access remote networking in wands
actually<15:26:03.660> really<15:26:03.840> go<15:26:04.140> hand<15:26:04.380> in<15:26:04.560> hand<15:26:04.800> and<15:26:05.756> if

actually really go hand in hand and if

actually really go hand in hand and if
you<15:26:06.060> think<15:26:06.300> about<15:26:06.416> it<15:26:06.720> more<15:26:07.200> of<15:26:07.320> what<15:26:07.500> we<15:26:07.616> do

you think about it more of what we do

you think about it more of what we do
now<15:26:08.040> more<15:26:08.400> than<15:26:08.520> ever<15:26:08.756> allows<15:26:09.720> us<15:26:09.840> to<15:26:10.256> remote

now more than ever allows us to remote

now more than ever allows us to remote
in<15:26:11.220> from<15:26:11.936> home<15:26:12.300> to<15:26:13.140> the<15:26:13.380> Wan

in from home to the Wan

in from home to the Wan
the<15:26:15.000> largest<15:26:15.240> land<15:26:15.416> in<15:26:15.720> the<15:26:15.776> world<15:26:15.900> being<15:26:16.380> the

the largest land in the world being the

the largest land in the world being the
wide<15:26:17.820> area<15:26:18.000> network<15:26:18.416> of<15:26:18.900> the<15:26:19.140> internet<15:26:19.580> and

wide area network of the internet and

wide area network of the internet and
then<15:26:20.756> access

then access

then access
our<15:26:23.160> lands<15:26:23.640> at<15:26:24.000> work<15:26:24.240> this<15:26:25.200> really<15:26:25.436> allows<15:26:25.800> us

our lands at work this really allows us

our lands at work this really allows us
to<15:26:26.456> not<15:26:26.756> only<15:26:26.880> get<15:26:27.116> stuff<15:26:27.360> done<15:26:27.596> but<15:26:27.840> is

to not only get stuff done but is

to not only get stuff done but is
changing<15:26:28.500> the<15:26:28.800> landscape<15:26:29.400> of<15:26:30.060> how<15:26:31.040> networking

changing the landscape of how networking

changing the landscape of how networking
the<15:26:32.340> internet<15:26:32.456> and<15:26:32.880> security<15:26:33.180> have

the internet and security have

the internet and security have
been<15:26:36.180> created<15:26:36.540> and<15:26:37.320> how<15:26:37.500> we<15:26:37.680> continue<15:26:37.860> to<15:26:38.096> work

been created and how we continue to work

been created and how we continue to work
with<15:26:38.456> them<15:26:38.640> so<15:26:39.540> we're<15:26:39.956> going<15:26:40.140> to<15:26:40.256> talk<15:26:40.380> about

with them so we're going to talk about

with them so we're going to talk about
this<15:26:40.860> in<15:26:41.160> this<15:26:41.340> module<15:26:41.700> and<15:26:41.820> in<15:26:42.000> the<15:26:42.116> next

this in this module and in the next

this in this module and in the next
couple<15:26:42.480> but<15:26:43.140> for<15:26:43.320> this<15:26:43.436> one<15:26:43.560> the<15:26:43.916> first<15:26:44.040> thing

couple but for this one the first thing

couple but for this one the first thing
we<15:26:44.276> want<15:26:44.400> to<15:26:44.520> do<15:26:44.580> is<15:26:44.756> Define<15:26:45.000> what<15:26:45.540> remote

we want to do is Define what remote

we want to do is Define what remote
networking<15:26:46.380> really<15:26:46.680> is<15:26:47.000> then<15:26:48.000> we<15:26:48.360> want<15:26:48.480> to

networking really is then we want to

networking really is then we want to
identify<15:26:49.140> some<15:26:49.500> of<15:26:49.616> the<15:26:49.800> technologies<15:26:50.340> that

identify some of the technologies that

identify some of the technologies that
we<15:26:50.880> see<15:26:51.000> in<15:26:51.240> place<15:26:51.416> when<15:26:51.720> we<15:26:51.900> discuss<15:26:52.256> remote

we see in place when we discuss remote

we see in place when we discuss remote
networking<15:26:53.220> these<15:26:53.880> include<15:26:54.320> VPN<15:26:55.320> which<15:26:55.616> we've

networking these include VPN which we've

networking these include VPN which we've
already<15:26:55.860> discussed<15:26:56.400> in<15:26:56.820> some<15:26:57.180> raw<15:26:58.020> detail<15:26:58.380> or

already discussed in some raw detail or

already discussed in some raw detail or
a<15:26:59.520> virtual

a virtual

a virtual
private

radius which allows us to authenticate

radius which allows us to authenticate
users<15:27:14.640> once<15:27:15.116> they<15:27:15.360> connect<15:27:15.980> and<15:27:16.980> Tech<15:27:17.276> acts

users once they connect and Tech acts

users once they connect and Tech acts
which<15:27:18.360> allows<15:27:18.900> us<15:27:19.080> to<15:27:19.380> keep<15:27:19.616> its<15:27:20.040> all<15:27:20.096> secure

which allows us to keep its all secure

which allows us to keep its all secure
so<15:27:21.480> these<15:27:21.840> three<15:27:22.020> are<15:27:22.500> used<15:27:22.800> in<15:27:23.276> Enterprise

so these three are used in Enterprise

so these three are used in Enterprise
settings<15:27:24.300> to<15:27:24.720> allow<15:27:25.020> someone<15:27:25.320> to<15:27:26.160> remote<15:27:26.400> in

settings to allow someone to remote in

settings to allow someone to remote in
from<15:27:27.300> home<15:27:27.596> and<15:27:28.200> connect<15:27:28.436> to<15:27:29.160> the<15:27:29.276> network<15:27:29.456> at

from home and connect to the network at

from home and connect to the network at
work

work

work
so<15:27:31.680> wands<15:27:32.276> are<15:27:32.400> networks<15:27:32.820> that<15:27:33.060> are<15:27:33.240> not

so wands are networks that are not

so wands are networks that are not
restrained<15:27:34.080> to<15:27:34.380> one<15:27:34.860> single<15:27:35.220> physical

restrained to one single physical

restrained to one single physical
location<15:27:35.900> they're<15:27:36.900> typically<15:27:37.256> as<15:27:37.436> we've

location they're typically as we've

location they're typically as we've
discussed<15:27:38.096> many<15:27:38.520> local<15:27:38.820> area<15:27:39.060> networks<15:27:39.596> that

discussed many local area networks that

discussed many local area networks that
are<15:27:39.956> joined<15:27:40.320> together<15:27:40.560> to<15:27:40.916> create<15:27:41.096> one<15:27:41.520> big

are joined together to create one big

are joined together to create one big
Wham<15:27:42.300> however<15:27:42.956> this<15:27:43.436> isn't<15:27:43.680> the<15:27:43.800> only

Wham however this isn't the only

Wham however this isn't the only
configuration<15:27:44.400> they<15:27:44.640> can<15:27:44.820> have<15:27:44.936> and<15:27:45.180> remote

configuration they can have and remote

configuration they can have and remote
networking<15:27:46.020> is<15:27:46.200> something<15:27:46.320> that<15:27:46.560> ties<15:27:46.860> in

networking is something that ties in

networking is something that ties in
really<15:27:47.340> well<15:27:47.580> with<15:27:47.880> wide<15:27:48.060> area<15:27:48.240> Networks<15:27:49.020> you

really well with wide area Networks you

really well with wide area Networks you
see<15:27:49.500> remote<15:27:49.680> networking<15:27:50.276> is<15:27:50.520> the<15:27:50.756> process<15:27:51.116> of

see remote networking is the process of

see remote networking is the process of
connecting<15:27:52.140> to<15:27:52.500> a<15:27:52.680> network<15:27:52.800> without<15:27:53.520> being

connecting to a network without being

connecting to a network without being
directly<15:27:54.596> attached<15:27:55.320> to<15:27:55.616> it<15:27:55.800> or<15:27:56.400> physically

directly attached to it or physically

directly attached to it or physically
present<15:27:57.300> at<15:27:57.720> the<15:27:57.900> site<15:27:58.080> in<15:27:58.800> other<15:27:58.916> words<15:27:59.096> a

present at the site in other words a

present at the site in other words a
user<15:28:00.240> or<15:28:00.416> group<15:28:00.660> of<15:28:00.776> users<15:28:01.200> can<15:28:01.680> remotely

user or group of users can remotely

user or group of users can remotely
connect<15:28:02.756> to<15:28:03.240> a<15:28:03.416> network<15:28:03.540> without<15:28:04.200> actually

connect to a network without actually

connect to a network without actually
being<15:28:04.980> where<15:28:05.456> the<15:28:05.640> network<15:28:05.756> is<15:28:06.116> established

being where the network is established

being where the network is established
so<15:28:07.436> if<15:28:07.916> I<15:28:08.160> were<15:28:08.340> at<15:28:08.580> home<15:28:08.756> and<15:28:09.000> wanted<15:28:09.240> to

so if I were at home and wanted to

so if I were at home and wanted to
connect<15:28:09.596> to<15:28:09.900> a<15:28:10.080> network<15:28:10.256> say<15:28:10.616> in<15:28:10.916> China<15:28:11.160> I

connect to a network say in China I

connect to a network say in China I
could<15:28:12.060> actually<15:28:12.300> connect<15:28:12.840> as<15:28:13.256> though<15:28:13.436> I<15:28:13.616> were

could actually connect as though I were

could actually connect as though I were
sitting<15:28:14.096> right<15:28:14.456> in<15:28:14.640> an<15:28:14.820> office<15:28:15.000> in<15:28:15.300> China

sitting right in an office in China

sitting right in an office in China
without<15:28:15.956> actually<15:28:16.256> physically<15:28:16.740> being

without actually physically being

without actually physically being
present<15:28:17.520> this<15:28:18.300> type<15:28:18.480> of<15:28:18.596> thing<15:28:18.720> comes<15:28:19.140> in

present this type of thing comes in

present this type of thing comes in
handy<15:28:19.740> quite<15:28:20.040> a<15:28:20.160> bit

handy quite a bit

handy quite a bit
now<15:28:21.240> remote<15:28:21.416> networking<15:28:21.900> isn't<15:28:22.380> always

now remote networking isn't always

now remote networking isn't always
happen<15:28:23.400> between<15:28:23.756> two<15:28:24.240> very<15:28:24.480> distant

happen between two very distant

happen between two very distant
locations<15:28:25.500> in<15:28:26.160> fact<15:28:26.276> it<15:28:26.456> can<15:28:26.580> be<15:28:26.700> used<15:28:26.756> within

locations in fact it can be used within

locations in fact it can be used within
the<15:28:27.240> same<15:28:27.416> building<15:28:27.776> the<15:28:28.380> same<15:28:28.616> room<15:28:29.116> while

the same building the same room while

the same building the same room while
traveling<15:28:30.720> and<15:28:31.256> remote<15:28:31.436> networking<15:28:32.096> not<15:28:32.276> only

traveling and remote networking not only

traveling and remote networking not only
works<15:28:32.880> on<15:28:33.360> a<15:28:33.596> long<15:28:33.720> distance<15:28:33.956> level<15:28:34.320> but<15:28:34.740> on<15:28:35.040> a

works on a long distance level but on a

works on a long distance level but on a
local<15:28:35.276> network<15:28:35.580> as<15:28:35.936> well<15:28:36.060> for<15:28:36.720> instance

local network as well for instance

local network as well for instance
suppose<15:28:37.436> that<15:28:37.860> I'm<15:28:38.276> an<15:28:38.456> administrator<15:28:39.000> in<15:28:39.480> my

suppose that I'm an administrator in my

suppose that I'm an administrator in my
office<15:28:40.256> and<15:28:40.916> I<15:28:41.040> want<15:28:41.160> to<15:28:41.340> access<15:28:41.520> the<15:28:41.936> contents

office and I want to access the contents

office and I want to access the contents
of<15:28:42.480> a<15:28:42.660> user's<15:28:42.956> computer<15:28:43.080> where<15:28:43.740> I<15:28:43.860> want<15:28:44.040> to

of a user's computer where I want to

of a user's computer where I want to
restart<15:28:44.340> a<15:28:44.756> server<15:28:45.060> well<15:28:45.660> instead<15:28:46.080> of<15:28:46.200> having

restart a server well instead of having

restart a server well instead of having
to<15:28:46.616> get<15:28:46.740> up<15:28:46.860> walk<15:28:47.160> up<15:28:47.340> to<15:28:47.520> the<15:28:47.640> fourth<15:28:47.936> floor<15:28:48.116> or

to get up walk up to the fourth floor or

to get up walk up to the fourth floor or
down<15:28:48.660> to<15:28:48.776> the<15:28:48.900> basement<15:28:49.080> wherever<15:28:49.616> the<15:28:49.800> server

down to the basement wherever the server

down to the basement wherever the server
is<15:28:50.276> I<15:28:51.000> could<15:28:51.116> simply<15:28:51.480> remote<15:28:51.776> in<15:28:52.320> to<15:28:52.616> the

is I could simply remote in to the

is I could simply remote in to the
server<15:28:53.096> and<15:28:53.456> reboot<15:28:53.880> it<15:28:54.000> from<15:28:54.180> there<15:28:54.360> so<15:28:55.140> you

server and reboot it from there so you

server and reboot it from there so you
can<15:28:55.380> see<15:28:55.500> that<15:28:55.740> it's<15:28:55.980> a<15:28:56.220> huge<15:28:56.640> time<15:28:56.820> saving

can see that it's a huge time saving

can see that it's a huge time saving
device<15:28:57.540> however<15:28:58.320> it<15:28:58.740> also<15:28:59.040> opens<15:28:59.400> up<15:28:59.520> a<15:29:00.000> lot<15:29:00.060> of

device however it also opens up a lot of

device however it also opens up a lot of
possibilities<15:29:00.776> for<15:29:01.320> security<15:29:01.616> issues<15:29:02.340> and<15:29:02.520> so

possibilities for security issues and so

possibilities for security issues and so
on<15:29:02.820> so<15:29:03.540> here<15:29:04.020> is<15:29:04.200> an<15:29:04.380> example<15:29:04.680> of<15:29:05.040> what<15:29:05.400> remote

on so here is an example of what remote

on so here is an example of what remote
network<15:29:06.416> connectivity<15:29:07.140> could<15:29:07.500> look<15:29:07.800> like<15:29:07.980> the

network connectivity could look like the

network connectivity could look like the
user<15:29:08.880> is<15:29:09.000> in<15:29:09.240> China<15:29:09.416> on<15:29:09.900> the<15:29:10.020> right<15:29:10.140> and<15:29:10.320> they

user is in China on the right and they

user is in China on the right and they
need<15:29:10.680> to<15:29:10.860> connect<15:29:11.300> into<15:29:12.300> the<15:29:12.776> network<15:29:12.956> in<15:29:13.320> New

need to connect into the network in New

need to connect into the network in New
York<15:29:13.680> here<15:29:14.040> on<15:29:14.220> the<15:29:14.400> left<15:29:14.520> so<15:29:15.480> they're<15:29:15.840> sitting

York here on the left so they're sitting

York here on the left so they're sitting
at<15:29:16.380> one<15:29:16.616> physical<15:29:16.860> location<15:29:17.276> and<15:29:18.240> they

at one physical location and they

at one physical location and they
connect<15:29:18.720> through<15:29:19.320> a<15:29:19.616> Wan<15:29:19.980> which<15:29:20.456> we're<15:29:20.580> going

connect through a Wan which we're going

connect through a Wan which we're going
to<15:29:20.880> called<15:29:21.360> the<15:29:21.596> internet<15:29:21.776> the<15:29:22.320> largest<15:29:22.616> Wan

to called the internet the largest Wan

to called the internet the largest Wan
in<15:29:23.640> the<15:29:23.820> entire<15:29:24.180> world<15:29:24.540> and<15:29:25.500> they<15:29:25.800> remotely

in the entire world and they remotely

in the entire world and they remotely
connect<15:29:26.400> in<15:29:27.360> some<15:29:27.540> sort<15:29:27.660> of<15:29:27.776> way<15:29:27.840> which<15:29:28.080> we'll

connect in some sort of way which we'll

connect in some sort of way which we'll
talk<15:29:28.436> about<15:29:28.560> usually<15:29:28.980> through<15:29:29.160> something

talk about usually through something

talk about usually through something
called<15:29:29.700> a<15:29:30.060> VPN<15:29:31.020> using<15:29:31.800> all<15:29:32.040> sorts<15:29:32.340> of<15:29:32.456> public

called a VPN using all sorts of public

called a VPN using all sorts of public
networks<15:29:35.160> and<15:29:35.880> eventually<15:29:36.300> they<15:29:36.900> reach<15:29:37.256> the

networks and eventually they reach the

networks and eventually they reach the
router<15:29:38.096> at<15:29:38.880> their<15:29:39.180> corporate<15:29:39.660> office

router at their corporate office

router at their corporate office
and<15:29:42.116> then<15:29:42.300> it's<15:29:42.776> as<15:29:43.080> if<15:29:43.320> they<15:29:44.220> are<15:29:44.400> actually

and then it's as if they are actually

and then it's as if they are actually
sitting<15:29:45.116> there<15:29:45.360> connected<15:29:45.956> into<15:29:46.320> the<15:29:46.560> network

sitting there connected into the network

sitting there connected into the network
they<15:29:47.400> can<15:29:47.580> now<15:29:47.756> access<15:29:48.060> resources<15:29:48.956> on<15:29:49.256> local

they can now access resources on local

they can now access resources on local
clients<15:29:49.980> or<15:29:50.640> even<15:29:50.820> on<15:29:51.060> the<15:29:51.180> server<15:29:51.480> and<15:29:52.020> all

clients or even on the server and all

clients or even on the server and all
without<15:29:52.380> physically<15:29:52.916> being<15:29:53.276> at<15:29:54.000> the<15:29:54.240> location

without physically being at the location

without physically being at the location
in<15:29:55.380> New<15:29:55.560> York<15:29:55.740> now<15:29:56.220> there<15:29:56.520> are<15:29:56.580> a<15:29:56.640> lot<15:29:56.700> of<15:29:56.880> terms

in New York now there are a lot of terms

in New York now there are a lot of terms
we<15:29:57.416> hear<15:29:57.660> when<15:29:57.956> we<15:29:58.140> talk<15:29:58.320> about<15:29:59.000> remote

we hear when we talk about remote

we hear when we talk about remote
networking<15:30:00.596> and<15:30:00.720> remote<15:30:00.956> access<15:30:01.320> most<15:30:02.096> of

networking and remote access most of

networking and remote access most of
them<15:30:02.340> end<15:30:02.700> up<15:30:02.820> being<15:30:03.060> acronyms<15:30:03.900> for<15:30:04.320> the<15:30:04.616> sake

them end up being acronyms for the sake

them end up being acronyms for the sake
of<15:30:04.980> time<15:30:05.096> and<15:30:05.340> convenience<15:30:05.820> but<15:30:06.660> there<15:30:06.840> are

of time and convenience but there are

of time and convenience but there are
three<15:30:07.140> that<15:30:07.320> I<15:30:07.500> want<15:30:07.616> to<15:30:07.740> specifically<15:30:08.160> talk

three that I want to specifically talk

three that I want to specifically talk
about<15:30:08.700> here<15:30:09.060> that<15:30:09.300> we're<15:30:09.416> going<15:30:09.540> to<15:30:09.596> talk

about here that we're going to talk

about here that we're going to talk
about<15:30:09.840> in<15:30:10.320> more<15:30:10.500> detail<15:30:10.860> in<15:30:11.096> the<15:30:11.220> coming

about in more detail in the coming

about in more detail in the coming
modules<15:30:11.900> the<15:30:12.900> first<15:30:13.020> is<15:30:13.436> VPN<15:30:14.220> or<15:30:14.640> virtual

modules the first is VPN or virtual

modules the first is VPN or virtual
private<15:30:15.540> network<15:30:15.720> is<15:30:16.380> this<15:30:16.560> something<15:30:16.680> we've

private network is this something we've

private network is this something we've
talked<15:30:17.160> before<15:30:17.276> and<15:30:17.456> we'll<15:30:17.640> talk<15:30:17.756> about<15:30:17.936> late

talked before and we'll talk about late

talked before and we'll talk about late
a<15:30:18.776> little<15:30:18.900> bit<15:30:19.020> later<15:30:19.200> but<15:30:19.800> in<15:30:19.980> essence<15:30:20.340> it

a little bit later but in essence it

a little bit later but in essence it
extends<15:30:21.300> a<15:30:21.540> lan<15:30:21.840> or<15:30:22.020> a<15:30:22.200> local<15:30:22.320> area<15:30:22.560> network<15:30:22.916> by

extends a lan or a local area network by

extends a lan or a local area network by
adding<15:30:23.880> the<15:30:24.000> ability<15:30:24.240> to<15:30:24.540> have<15:30:24.660> remote<15:30:24.900> users

adding the ability to have remote users

adding the ability to have remote users
connect<15:30:25.560> to<15:30:25.800> it<15:30:25.916> the<15:30:26.520> way<15:30:26.640> it<15:30:26.756> does<15:30:26.936> this<15:30:27.180> is<15:30:27.660> by

connect to it the way it does this is by

connect to it the way it does this is by
using<15:30:28.560> what's<15:30:28.916> called<15:30:29.220> tunneling<15:30:30.416> it

using what's called tunneling it

using what's called tunneling it
basically<15:30:31.500> creates<15:30:32.220> a<15:30:32.580> tunnel<15:30:33.020> in<15:30:34.020> a<15:30:34.560> through

basically creates a tunnel in a through

basically creates a tunnel in a through
the<15:30:35.640> wide<15:30:36.000> area<15:30:36.180> network

the wide area network

the wide area network
the<15:30:38.580> internet

the internet

the internet
that<15:30:39.956> then<15:30:40.200> I<15:30:40.616> can<15:30:40.800> connect<15:30:41.040> to<15:30:41.520> and<15:30:41.756> through

that then I can connect to and through

that then I can connect to and through
so<15:30:42.900> all<15:30:43.560> of<15:30:43.740> my<15:30:43.980> data<15:30:44.340> is<15:30:44.700> traveling<15:30:45.240> through

so all of my data is traveling through

so all of my data is traveling through
this<15:30:45.720> tunnel<15:30:46.140> between<15:30:46.800> the<15:30:47.400> server<15:30:47.756> or<15:30:48.300> the

this tunnel between the server or the

this tunnel between the server or the
corporate<15:30:49.020> office<15:30:49.200> and<15:30:50.040> the<15:30:50.220> client<15:30:50.456> computer

corporate office and the client computer

corporate office and the client computer
this<15:30:51.956> way<15:30:52.080> I<15:30:52.380> can<15:30:52.500> make<15:30:52.680> sure<15:30:52.916> that<15:30:53.160> no<15:30:53.456> one

this way I can make sure that no one

this way I can make sure that no one
outside<15:30:54.000> the<15:30:54.360> tunnel<15:30:54.720> or<15:30:55.080> anyone<15:30:55.380> else<15:30:55.500> on<15:30:55.680> the

outside the tunnel or anyone else on the

outside the tunnel or anyone else on the
network<15:30:55.980> can<15:30:56.640> get<15:30:56.880> in<15:30:57.060> and<15:30:57.540> I<15:30:57.660> can<15:30:57.776> be<15:30:57.900> sure

network can get in and I can be sure

network can get in and I can be sure
that<15:30:58.320> all<15:30:58.436> of<15:30:58.560> my<15:30:58.740> data<15:30:59.096> is<15:30:59.276> kept<15:30:59.640> secure<15:31:00.060> this

that all of my data is kept secure this

that all of my data is kept secure this
is<15:31:00.900> why<15:31:01.140> it's<15:31:01.380> called<15:31:01.616> a<15:31:02.220> virtual

is why it's called a virtual

is why it's called a virtual
private<15:31:04.080> Network<15:31:04.560> it's<15:31:05.096> virtual<15:31:05.520> it's<15:31:05.880> not

private Network it's virtual it's not

private Network it's virtual it's not
real<15:31:06.300> it's<15:31:06.540> not<15:31:06.776> physical<15:31:07.020> it's<15:31:07.980> definitely

real it's not physical it's definitely

real it's not physical it's definitely
private<15:31:08.820> because<15:31:09.060> the<15:31:09.360> tunnel<15:31:09.660> makes<15:31:09.840> sure<15:31:10.020> to

private because the tunnel makes sure to

private because the tunnel makes sure to
keep<15:31:10.380> everything<15:31:10.616> out<15:31:11.340> now<15:31:11.756> the<15:31:11.880> next<15:31:12.000> term<15:31:12.180> we

keep everything out now the next term we

keep everything out now the next term we
want<15:31:12.480> to<15:31:12.596> talk<15:31:12.720> about<15:31:12.840> is<15:31:13.256> called<15:31:13.560> radius

want to talk about is called radius

want to talk about is called radius
radius<15:31:15.540> by<15:31:15.840> the<15:31:16.020> way<15:31:16.140> stands<15:31:16.916> for<15:31:17.096> remote

radius by the way stands for remote

radius by the way stands for remote
authentication<15:31:18.560> dial<15:31:19.560> in<15:31:20.040> user<15:31:20.700> service<15:31:20.880> I'm

authentication dial in user service I'm

authentication dial in user service I'm
going<15:31:21.776> to<15:31:21.840> write<15:31:22.020> that<15:31:22.200> out<15:31:22.380> here<15:31:22.680> remote

going to write that out here remote

going to write that out here remote
Authentication

dial

dial
in

U-verse user service now if you notice

U-verse user service now if you notice
there's<15:31:37.380> a<15:31:37.560> dial<15:31:37.740> in<15:31:38.040> well<15:31:38.880> remote<15:31:39.660> can

there's a dial in well remote can

there's a dial in well remote can
actually<15:31:40.560> be<15:31:40.916> uh

actually be uh

actually be uh
dialing<15:31:42.956> in<15:31:43.080> using<15:31:43.436> a<15:31:43.560> modem<15:31:43.860> we<15:31:44.276> don't<15:31:44.400> use

dialing in using a modem we don't use

dialing in using a modem we don't use
that<15:31:44.820> much<15:31:45.000> anymore<15:31:45.300> but<15:31:46.080> this<15:31:46.320> is<15:31:46.616> an<15:31:46.916> older

that much anymore but this is an older

that much anymore but this is an older
service<15:31:47.640> what<15:31:48.540> this<15:31:48.660> does<15:31:48.900> is<15:31:49.080> it<15:31:49.200> allows<15:31:49.616> us

service what this does is it allows us

service what this does is it allows us
to<15:31:50.040> have<15:31:50.276> centralized<15:31:51.180> authorization

to have centralized authorization

to have centralized authorization
authentication<15:31:53.116> and<15:31:54.116> accounting<15:31:54.840> management

authentication and accounting management

authentication and accounting management
for<15:31:55.800> computers<15:31:56.220> and<15:31:56.400> users<15:31:56.756> on<15:31:57.300> a<15:31:57.596> remote

for computers and users on a remote

for computers and users on a remote
Network

Network

Network
in<15:31:59.160> other<15:31:59.276> words<15:31:59.456> it<15:32:00.060> allows<15:32:00.416> me<15:32:00.540> to<15:32:00.840> have<15:32:01.020> one

in other words it allows me to have one

in other words it allows me to have one
server<15:32:02.096> that's<15:32:02.580> going<15:32:02.756> to<15:32:02.880> be<15:32:03.000> responsible

server that's going to be responsible

server that's going to be responsible
and<15:32:03.840> we're<15:32:04.020> going<15:32:04.140> to<15:32:04.200> call<15:32:04.380> this<15:32:04.616> the<15:32:05.040> radius

and we're going to call this the radius

and we're going to call this the radius
server

server

server
that's<15:32:07.560> responsible<15:32:08.096> for<15:32:08.400> making<15:32:08.580> sure<15:32:08.880> once

that's responsible for making sure once

that's responsible for making sure once
a<15:32:09.480> VPN<15:32:09.900> is<15:32:10.140> established

a VPN is established

a VPN is established
that<15:32:12.180> the<15:32:12.360> person<15:32:12.480> on<15:32:12.776> the<15:32:12.900> other<15:32:13.020> end<15:32:13.256> is

that the person on the other end is

that the person on the other end is
actually<15:32:13.800> someone<15:32:14.160> who<15:32:14.580> should<15:32:14.820> be

actually someone who should be

actually someone who should be
connecting<15:32:15.540> to<15:32:15.720> my<15:32:15.900> network<15:32:16.080> remember<15:32:16.860> I

connecting to my network remember I

connecting to my network remember I
don't<15:32:17.400> want<15:32:17.520> to<15:32:17.640> just<15:32:17.700> let<15:32:17.880> anyone<15:32:18.360> connect<15:32:18.596> I

don't want to just let anyone connect I

don't want to just let anyone connect I
want<15:32:19.140> to<15:32:19.256> make<15:32:19.380> sure<15:32:19.616> the<15:32:19.800> person<15:32:19.980> who

want to make sure the person who

want to make sure the person who
connects<15:32:20.520> is<15:32:20.640> someone<15:32:20.820> who<15:32:21.000> belongs<15:32:21.300> to<15:32:21.416> my

connects is someone who belongs to my

connects is someone who belongs to my
network<15:32:21.720> generally<15:32:22.616> what<15:32:22.740> we'll<15:32:22.916> do<15:32:23.160> is<15:32:23.640> we'll

network generally what we'll do is we'll

network generally what we'll do is we'll
have<15:32:24.180> active<15:32:24.720> directories

have active directories

have active directories
which<15:32:26.936> is<15:32:27.116> what<15:32:27.480> Microsoft<15:32:27.956> uses

to create for instance usernames and

to create for instance usernames and
passwords<15:32:33.300> and<15:32:34.020> we'll<15:32:34.200> link<15:32:34.500> that<15:32:34.800> up<15:32:34.980> or<15:32:35.400> sync

passwords and we'll link that up or sync

passwords and we'll link that up or sync
it<15:32:35.880> with<15:32:36.360> the<15:32:36.660> radius<15:32:36.956> server<15:32:37.380> sometimes<15:32:38.096> this

it with the radius server sometimes this

it with the radius server sometimes this
is<15:32:38.456> done<15:32:38.640> on<15:32:39.116> a<15:32:39.360> separate<15:32:40.140> um<15:32:40.436> a<15:32:40.740> separate

is done on a separate um a separate

is done on a separate um a separate
server<15:32:41.820> sometimes<15:32:42.240> it's<15:32:42.360> done<15:32:42.596> on<15:32:42.776> the<15:32:43.080> same

server sometimes it's done on the same

server sometimes it's done on the same
server<15:32:43.680> either<15:32:44.220> way<15:32:44.456> once<15:32:45.240> you<15:32:45.360> connect<15:32:45.540> the

server either way once you connect the

server either way once you connect the
VPN<15:32:46.320> the<15:32:46.740> VPN<15:32:47.160> then<15:32:47.520> goes<15:32:47.880> to<15:32:48.000> the<15:32:48.180> radius

VPN the VPN then goes to the radius

VPN the VPN then goes to the radius
server<15:32:48.900> the<15:32:49.380> radius<15:32:49.680> server<15:32:50.040> checks<15:32:50.456> the

server the radius server checks the

server the radius server checks the
active<15:32:50.880> directory<15:32:51.360> and<15:32:51.840> now<15:32:51.956> I<15:32:52.140> can<15:32:52.256> make<15:32:52.436> sure

active directory and now I can make sure

active directory and now I can make sure
that<15:32:52.800> only<15:32:52.980> users<15:32:53.276> of<15:32:53.456> the<15:32:53.580> network<15:32:53.700> are

that only users of the network are

that only users of the network are
allowed<15:32:54.240> onto<15:32:54.540> my<15:32:54.596> network

allowed onto my network

allowed onto my network
finally<15:32:56.096> we<15:32:56.520> have<15:32:56.640> something<15:32:56.880> called<15:32:57.116> tacax

finally we have something called tacax

finally we have something called tacax
or<15:32:58.020> terminal<15:32:58.436> Access<15:32:58.740> Controller<15:32:59.580> access

or terminal Access Controller access

or terminal Access Controller access
control<15:33:00.416> system<15:33:00.900> it's<15:33:01.616> really<15:33:01.916> long<15:33:02.096> I'm<15:33:02.340> not

control system it's really long I'm not

control system it's really long I'm not
going<15:33:02.580> to<15:33:02.700> write<15:33:02.820> it<15:33:03.000> out<15:33:03.180> this<15:33:03.776> is<15:33:03.900> actually<15:33:04.200> a

going to write it out this is actually a

going to write it out this is actually a
replacement<15:33:04.880> for<15:33:05.880> radius<15:33:06.300> there<15:33:06.840> was<15:33:06.956> another

replacement for radius there was another

replacement for radius there was another
replacement<15:33:08.160> for<15:33:08.640> radius<15:33:09.000> by<15:33:09.180> the<15:33:09.300> way<15:33:09.360> it<15:33:09.480> was

replacement for radius by the way it was

replacement for radius by the way it was
called<15:33:09.840> diameter<15:33:10.616> and<15:33:10.916> if<15:33:11.096> you're<15:33:11.220> a<15:33:11.456> math

called diameter and if you're a math

called diameter and if you're a math
whiz<15:33:12.000> you'll<15:33:12.360> notice<15:33:12.660> that<15:33:13.020> radius<15:33:13.520> is<15:33:14.520> half

whiz you'll notice that radius is half

whiz you'll notice that radius is half
of<15:33:15.480> a<15:33:15.596> diameter<15:33:16.020> when<15:33:16.200> we<15:33:16.380> talk<15:33:16.500> about<15:33:16.616> circles

of a diameter when we talk about circles

of a diameter when we talk about circles
but<15:33:17.880> diameter<15:33:18.480> wasn't<15:33:18.660> really<15:33:18.840> used<15:33:19.140> much

but diameter wasn't really used much

but diameter wasn't really used much
tacx<15:33:20.580> on<15:33:20.756> the<15:33:20.820> other<15:33:20.880> hand<15:33:21.000> is<15:33:21.360> a<15:33:21.540> security

tacx on the other hand is a security

tacx on the other hand is a security
protocol<15:33:22.320> it<15:33:23.040> allows<15:33:23.276> us<15:33:23.400> to<15:33:23.640> validate

protocol it allows us to validate

protocol it allows us to validate
information<15:33:24.360> with<15:33:25.020> the<15:33:25.256> network

information with the network

information with the network
administrator<15:33:26.160> or<15:33:26.400> server<15:33:26.820> and<15:33:27.416> the

administrator or server and the

administrator or server and the
validation<15:33:28.020> is<15:33:28.380> tested<15:33:28.740> when<15:33:28.980> we<15:33:29.220> try<15:33:29.340> to

validation is tested when we try to

validation is tested when we try to
connect<15:33:29.700> just<15:33:30.116> like<15:33:30.240> with<15:33:30.480> radius<15:33:30.840> of<15:33:31.380> course

connect just like with radius of course

connect just like with radius of course
the<15:33:31.740> benefit<15:33:31.860> is<15:33:32.220> tacx<15:33:32.820> is<15:33:33.300> newer

the benefit is tacx is newer

the benefit is tacx is newer
and

and

and
more<15:33:37.140> secure<15:33:37.860> than<15:33:38.340> radius<15:33:38.820> so<15:33:39.660> it<15:33:40.020> basically

more secure than radius so it basically

more secure than radius so it basically
does<15:33:40.500> the<15:33:40.800> same<15:33:40.916> thing<15:33:41.160> it's<15:33:41.700> just<15:33:41.936> a<15:33:42.360> little

does the same thing it's just a little

does the same thing it's just a little
more<15:33:43.020> powerful

more powerful

more powerful
all<15:33:44.936> right<15:33:45.060> so<15:33:45.596> this<15:33:45.720> was<15:33:45.900> short<15:33:46.080> but<15:33:46.380> I<15:33:46.500> just

all right so this was short but I just

all right so this was short but I just
wanted<15:33:46.740> to<15:33:46.916> give<15:33:47.040> us<15:33:47.160> an<15:33:47.340> overview<15:33:47.756> of<15:33:47.880> remote

wanted to give us an overview of remote

wanted to give us an overview of remote
networking<15:33:48.660> and<15:33:48.900> we're<15:33:49.020> going<15:33:49.140> to<15:33:49.200> talk<15:33:49.380> more

networking and we're going to talk more

networking and we're going to talk more
about<15:33:49.740> that<15:33:49.916> in<15:33:50.096> the<15:33:50.220> coming<15:33:50.340> modules<15:33:50.880> so<15:33:51.240> we

about that in the coming modules so we

about that in the coming modules so we
talked<15:33:51.596> about<15:33:51.660> remote<15:33:51.956> networking<15:33:52.500> what<15:33:52.740> it

talked about remote networking what it

talked about remote networking what it
is<15:33:53.096> allowing<15:33:53.880> us

is allowing us

is allowing us
to<15:33:56.220> access<15:33:56.456> a<15:33:57.240> lan

to access a lan

to access a lan
basically<15:33:58.980> through

basically through

basically through
a<15:34:00.660> Wham<15:34:01.020> whether<15:34:01.680> that<15:34:01.860> Wan<15:34:02.220> is<15:34:02.456> the<15:34:02.580> internet

a Wham whether that Wan is the internet

a Wham whether that Wan is the internet
or<15:34:03.060> public<15:34:03.360> switch<15:34:03.596> telephone<15:34:03.840> Network<15:34:04.256> it

or public switch telephone Network it

or public switch telephone Network it
also<15:34:05.400> allows<15:34:05.700> us<15:34:05.820> to<15:34:06.060> access<15:34:06.240> the<15:34:06.720> LAN

physical

physical
location

we can also identify three remote

we can also identify three remote
networking<15:34:22.616> Technologies<15:34:23.160> the<15:34:23.880> first

networking Technologies the first

networking Technologies the first
virtual<15:34:26.276> private

virtual private

virtual private
Network

creates a tunnel

creates a tunnel
over<15:34:33.840> the<15:34:34.140> win

through which we create a virtual

through which we create a virtual
Network<15:34:39.540> that<15:34:39.956> is<15:34:40.080> also<15:34:40.380> private<15:34:40.740> we<15:34:41.520> also

Network that is also private we also

Network that is also private we also
talked<15:34:42.060> about<15:34:42.180> radius<15:34:42.840> and<15:34:43.200> tachs<15:34:43.860> both<15:34:44.276> of

talked about radius and tachs both of

talked about radius and tachs both of
these<15:34:44.756> allow<15:34:45.596> for<15:34:45.776> authentication<15:34:46.500> so<15:34:47.276> we<15:34:47.456> can

these allow for authentication so we can

these allow for authentication so we can
make<15:34:47.756> sure<15:34:47.936> the<15:34:48.240> person<15:34:48.416> who<15:34:48.776> establishes<15:34:49.320> the

make sure the person who establishes the

make sure the person who establishes the
VPN<15:34:49.916> is<15:34:50.220> actually<15:34:50.400> allowed<15:34:50.820> on<15:34:50.936> our<15:34:51.116> Network

[Music]

[Music]
thank<15:35:04.500> you

remote access remote access and

remote access remote access and
implementation

we've now talked about some of the basic

we've now talked about some of the basic
information<15:35:23.456> when<15:35:23.880> it<15:35:24.060> comes<15:35:24.300> to<15:35:24.480> remote

information when it comes to remote

information when it comes to remote
networking<15:35:25.320> and<15:35:25.800> with<15:35:26.040> that<15:35:26.340> base<15:35:26.820> knowledge

networking and with that base knowledge

networking and with that base knowledge
it's<15:35:27.596> going<15:35:27.840> to<15:35:27.840> come<15:35:27.956> into<15:35:28.140> play<15:35:28.380> in<15:35:28.740> this

it's going to come into play in this

it's going to come into play in this
module<15:35:29.340> we're<15:35:29.580> going<15:35:29.700> to<15:35:29.820> talk<15:35:30.060> more<15:35:30.480> about

module we're going to talk more about

module we're going to talk more about
remote<15:35:31.380> access<15:35:31.740> and<15:35:32.160> how<15:35:32.400> to<15:35:32.580> implement<15:35:32.936> it

remote access and how to implement it

remote access and how to implement it
some<15:35:33.660> of<15:35:33.776> the<15:35:33.840> stuff<15:35:33.956> we're<15:35:34.140> going<15:35:34.256> to<15:35:34.320> talk

some of the stuff we're going to talk

some of the stuff we're going to talk
about<15:35:34.560> is<15:35:34.916> overview<15:35:35.400> and<15:35:35.756> some<15:35:35.936> of<15:35:36.060> it<15:35:36.180> is

about is overview and some of it is

about is overview and some of it is
still<15:35:36.480> pretty<15:35:36.720> basic<15:35:37.200> again<15:35:37.680> you're<15:35:37.860> not

still pretty basic again you're not

still pretty basic again you're not
going<15:35:38.160> to<15:35:38.160> take<15:35:38.520> this<15:35:38.820> information<15:35:39.000> and<15:35:39.540> just

going to take this information and just

going to take this information and just
Implement<15:35:40.320> a<15:35:40.680> network<15:35:40.860> or<15:35:41.276> remote<15:35:41.580> access<15:35:41.880> to

Implement a network or remote access to

Implement a network or remote access to
a<15:35:42.480> network<15:35:42.596> that<15:35:43.256> would<15:35:43.436> take<15:35:43.560> a<15:35:43.740> little<15:35:43.860> more

a network that would take a little more

a network that would take a little more
leg<15:35:45.900> work<15:35:46.140> and<15:35:46.436> a<15:35:46.616> little<15:35:46.680> more<15:35:46.800> research<15:35:47.640> what

leg work and a little more research what

leg work and a little more research what
this<15:35:48.540> is<15:35:48.660> really<15:35:48.840> giving<15:35:49.080> us<15:35:49.320> is<15:35:49.560> an<15:35:49.800> overview

this is really giving us is an overview

this is really giving us is an overview
of<15:35:50.400> how<15:35:50.580> it<15:35:50.700> all<15:35:50.880> functions<15:35:51.300> and<15:35:51.480> what<15:35:51.596> you

of how it all functions and what you

of how it all functions and what you
need<15:35:51.840> to<15:35:51.956> know<15:35:52.080> for<15:35:52.256> the<15:35:52.436> exam<15:35:52.740> so<15:35:53.640> we're<15:35:53.880> going

need to know for the exam so we're going

need to know for the exam so we're going
to<15:35:54.180> talk<15:35:54.300> about<15:35:54.480> remote<15:35:54.900> access<15:35:55.256> as<15:35:55.680> opposed

to talk about remote access as opposed

to talk about remote access as opposed
to remote<15:35:56.340> networking<15:35:57.180> remember<15:35:57.596> remote

to remote networking remember remote

to remote networking remember remote
networking<15:35:58.740> is<15:35:59.160> sort<15:35:59.340> of<15:35:59.456> the<15:35:59.580> act<15:35:59.756> of

networking is sort of the act of

networking is sort of the act of
creating<15:36:00.360> the<15:36:00.660> network<15:36:00.840> to<15:36:01.560> allow<15:36:02.456> remote

creating the network to allow remote

creating the network to allow remote
access<15:36:03.240> so<15:36:04.020> we're<15:36:04.140> going<15:36:04.256> to<15:36:04.320> talk<15:36:04.436> about<15:36:04.560> what

access so we're going to talk about what

access so we're going to talk about what
it<15:36:04.980> is<15:36:05.116> what<15:36:06.116> it<15:36:06.240> does<15:36:06.480> and<15:36:07.436> the<15:36:07.680> benefits<15:36:08.096> for

it is what it does and the benefits for

it is what it does and the benefits for
it<15:36:08.400> we're<15:36:08.880> then<15:36:09.060> going<15:36:09.300> to<15:36:09.360> discuss<15:36:09.840> the<15:36:10.320> steps

it we're then going to discuss the steps

it we're then going to discuss the steps
of<15:36:10.800> implementing<15:36:11.700> a<15:36:12.240> remote<15:36:12.360> access<15:36:12.900> policy

of implementing a remote access policy

of implementing a remote access policy
or<15:36:14.580> remote<15:36:14.820> access<15:36:15.180> Technologies

or remote access Technologies

or remote access Technologies
so<15:36:17.400> remote<15:36:17.936> access<15:36:18.360> is<15:36:18.840> a<15:36:19.080> practice<15:36:19.256> that's

so remote access is a practice that's

so remote access is a practice that's
extremely<15:36:20.640> useful<15:36:21.000> and<15:36:21.180> becoming<15:36:21.540> more<15:36:21.720> and

extremely useful and becoming more and

extremely useful and becoming more and
more<15:36:22.020> popular<15:36:22.256> constantly<15:36:23.096> All<15:36:23.456> Around<15:36:23.580> the

more popular constantly All Around the

more popular constantly All Around the
World<15:36:24.000> in<15:36:24.596> every<15:36:24.840> I.T<15:36:25.200> situation<15:36:25.740> as<15:36:26.700> we've

World in every I.T situation as we've

World in every I.T situation as we've
mentioned<15:36:27.416> it's<15:36:27.776> a<15:36:27.956> way<15:36:28.080> for<15:36:28.200> someone<15:36:28.380> to

mentioned it's a way for someone to

mentioned it's a way for someone to
connect<15:36:28.740> to<15:36:29.040> a<15:36:29.220> corporate<15:36:29.520> land<15:36:29.700> from<15:36:30.000> outs

connect to a corporate land from outs

connect to a corporate land from outs
from<15:36:30.540> an<15:36:30.596> outside<15:36:30.720> location<15:36:31.140> it's<15:36:32.096> not<15:36:32.276> always

from an outside location it's not always

from an outside location it's not always
used<15:36:32.756> in<15:36:32.936> a<15:36:33.060> corporate<15:36:33.360> setting<15:36:33.776> but<15:36:34.140> for<15:36:34.256> the

used in a corporate setting but for the

used in a corporate setting but for the
most<15:36:34.500> part<15:36:34.740> that<15:36:35.040> is<15:36:35.160> its<15:36:35.520> main<15:36:35.580> use<15:36:35.840> however

most part that is its main use however

most part that is its main use however
for<15:36:37.200> instance<15:36:37.436> perhaps<15:36:37.800> you<15:36:37.916> wanted<15:36:38.096> to

for instance perhaps you wanted to

for instance perhaps you wanted to
remote<15:36:38.456> into<15:36:38.880> your<15:36:39.360> home<15:36:40.020> network<15:36:40.436> or<15:36:40.860> a<15:36:40.980> home

remote into your home network or a home

remote into your home network or a home
computer<15:36:41.400> from<15:36:42.060> the<15:36:42.240> office<15:36:42.416> or<15:36:43.020> you<15:36:43.200> wanted

computer from the office or you wanted

computer from the office or you wanted
to<15:36:43.500> remote<15:36:43.616> in<15:36:43.980> from<15:36:44.340> outside<15:36:45.180> your<15:36:45.840> home

to remote in from outside your home

to remote in from outside your home
these<15:36:46.616> are<15:36:46.680> things<15:36:46.800> you<15:36:46.980> could<15:36:47.096> set<15:36:47.276> up<15:36:47.456> as

these are things you could set up as

these are things you could set up as
well

well

well
with<15:36:48.776> remote<15:36:48.956> access<15:36:49.320> you<15:36:49.800> then<15:36:49.980> have<15:36:50.160> the

with remote access you then have the

with remote access you then have the
ability<15:36:50.580> to<15:36:50.936> connect<15:36:51.060> to<15:36:51.300> a<15:36:51.480> physical<15:36:51.596> Network

ability to connect to a physical Network

ability to connect to a physical Network
without<15:36:52.680> having<15:36:53.040> to<15:36:53.160> be<15:36:53.400> anywhere<15:36:54.060> near<15:36:54.480> the

without having to be anywhere near the

without having to be anywhere near the
network<15:36:54.900> in<15:36:55.560> fact<15:36:55.740> you<15:36:55.860> could<15:36:55.980> be<15:36:56.096> on<15:36:56.160> the

network in fact you could be on the

network in fact you could be on the
other<15:36:56.340> side<15:36:56.456> of<15:36:56.580> the<15:36:56.700> world<15:36:56.880> and<15:36:57.180> still

other side of the world and still

other side of the world and still
connect<15:36:57.540> as<15:36:57.900> though<15:36:58.080> you're<15:36:58.320> sitting<15:36:58.616> at<15:36:58.740> a

connect as though you're sitting at a

connect as though you're sitting at a
desktop<15:36:59.276> PC<15:36:59.880> on<15:37:00.300> your<15:37:00.416> land<15:37:00.596> now<15:37:01.500> you<15:37:01.916> can

desktop PC on your land now you can

desktop PC on your land now you can
imagine<15:37:02.220> how<15:37:02.700> this<15:37:02.936> is<15:37:03.060> even<15:37:03.180> going<15:37:03.480> to<15:37:03.596> take

imagine how this is even going to take

imagine how this is even going to take
it<15:37:03.900> to<15:37:04.020> another<15:37:04.200> step<15:37:04.616> where<15:37:05.160> we<15:37:05.340> could<15:37:05.520> start

it to another step where we could start

it to another step where we could start
to<15:37:06.000> have<15:37:06.240> computers<15:37:06.956> that<15:37:07.616> are<15:37:07.800> on<15:37:08.096> a<15:37:08.580> lan<15:37:09.060> or<15:37:09.240> a

to have computers that are on a lan or a

to have computers that are on a lan or a
land<15:37:09.540> that<15:37:09.900> we<15:37:10.020> don't<15:37:10.140> even<15:37:10.320> control<15:37:10.740> or<15:37:11.520> have

land that we don't even control or have

land that we don't even control or have
any<15:37:11.936> physical<15:37:12.180> access<15:37:12.480> to<15:37:12.776> at<15:37:12.956> all<15:37:13.140> instead

any physical access to at all instead

any physical access to at all instead
all<15:37:14.456> of<15:37:14.640> our<15:37:14.756> Computing<15:37:15.180> will<15:37:15.416> be<15:37:15.540> done

all of our Computing will be done

all of our Computing will be done
remotely<15:37:16.436> this<15:37:17.040> is<15:37:17.160> already<15:37:17.340> coming<15:37:17.640> into

remotely this is already coming into

remotely this is already coming into
play<15:37:18.060> when<15:37:18.300> we<15:37:18.480> talk<15:37:18.660> about<15:37:18.840> cloud<15:37:19.200> computing

play when we talk about cloud computing

play when we talk about cloud computing
and<15:37:20.340> things<15:37:20.520> like<15:37:20.880> Amazon's<15:37:21.800> elastic<15:37:22.800> cloud

and things like Amazon's elastic cloud

and things like Amazon's elastic cloud
which<15:37:24.660> allows<15:37:25.080> you<15:37:25.140> to<15:37:25.320> set<15:37:25.436> up<15:37:25.616> a<15:37:26.160> virtual

which allows you to set up a virtual

which allows you to set up a virtual
computer<15:37:26.820> on<15:37:27.660> a<15:37:27.840> remote<15:37:27.956> system<15:37:28.436> and<15:37:28.980> then

computer on a remote system and then

computer on a remote system and then
remote<15:37:29.340> into<15:37:29.700> it<15:37:30.060> and<15:37:30.180> through<15:37:30.416> remote<15:37:30.596> access

remote into it and through remote access

remote into it and through remote access
and<15:37:31.616> connect<15:37:31.980> to<15:37:32.276> it<15:37:32.456> just<15:37:32.640> like<15:37:32.756> you<15:37:32.936> would<15:37:33.116> be

and connect to it just like you would be

and connect to it just like you would be
connecting<15:37:33.596> to<15:37:33.900> the<15:37:34.380> computers<15:37:34.680> though<15:37:34.916> you

connecting to the computers though you

connecting to the computers though you
were<15:37:35.220> sitting<15:37:35.456> in<15:37:35.580> front<15:37:35.700> of<15:37:35.820> an<15:37:36.060> actual

were sitting in front of an actual

were sitting in front of an actual
computer<15:37:36.596> now<15:37:37.256> this<15:37:37.680> obviously<15:37:38.160> speaks<15:37:38.700> to

computer now this obviously speaks to

computer now this obviously speaks to
not<15:37:39.596> only<15:37:39.776> a<15:37:40.380> greatly<15:37:40.980> reduct<15:37:41.400> reduced<15:37:42.000> amount

not only a greatly reduct reduced amount

not only a greatly reduct reduced amount
of<15:37:42.360> cost<15:37:42.596> but<15:37:42.956> also<15:37:43.256> a<15:37:43.380> lot<15:37:43.500> more<15:37:43.616> flexibility

of cost but also a lot more flexibility

of cost but also a lot more flexibility
because<15:37:45.180> now<15:37:45.776> I<15:37:46.256> can<15:37:46.380> set<15:37:46.616> up<15:37:46.740> a<15:37:46.916> computer

because now I can set up a computer

because now I can set up a computer
anywhere<15:37:47.880> in<15:37:48.060> the<15:37:48.180> world<15:37:48.360> and<15:37:49.200> for<15:37:49.500> instance

anywhere in the world and for instance

anywhere in the world and for instance
if<15:37:49.916> I<15:37:50.096> had<15:37:50.276> 20<15:37:50.520> computers<15:37:51.060> I<15:37:51.240> could<15:37:51.360> remotely

if I had 20 computers I could remotely

if I had 20 computers I could remotely
access<15:37:52.080> them<15:37:52.500> and<15:37:52.916> I<15:37:53.040> would<15:37:53.160> only<15:37:53.340> need<15:37:53.700> one

access them and I would only need one

access them and I would only need one
monitor<15:37:55.616> keyboard<15:37:56.160> and<15:37:56.700> mouse

monitor keyboard and mouse

monitor keyboard and mouse
so<15:37:58.080> you<15:37:58.320> can<15:37:58.500> see<15:37:58.616> where<15:37:58.796> this<15:37:58.980> is<15:37:59.160> really

so you can see where this is really

so you can see where this is really
going<15:37:59.580> to<15:37:59.700> come<15:37:59.820> into<15:38:00.060> major<15:38:00.416> play

going to come into major play

going to come into major play
now<15:38:01.916> we've<15:38:02.160> already<15:38:02.276> seen<15:38:02.456> this<15:38:02.640> before<15:38:02.756> but

now we've already seen this before but

now we've already seen this before but
here's<15:38:03.360> another<15:38:03.480> example<15:38:04.020> of<15:38:04.616> what<15:38:04.916> remote

here's another example of what remote

here's another example of what remote
access<15:38:05.756> might<15:38:06.180> look<15:38:06.416> like<15:38:06.596> I'm<15:38:07.200> at<15:38:07.436> home<15:38:07.640> and<15:38:08.640> I

access might look like I'm at home and I

access might look like I'm at home and I
want<15:38:09.180> to<15:38:09.296> access<15:38:09.540> the<15:38:10.020> office<15:38:10.200> computer<15:38:10.580> so<15:38:11.580> I

want to access the office computer so I

want to access the office computer so I
connect<15:38:12.116> through<15:38:12.540> the<15:38:12.840> internet<15:38:13.020> to<15:38:13.916> the

connect through the internet to the

connect through the internet to the
router<15:38:14.640> over<15:38:14.936> at<15:38:15.116> the<15:38:15.296> office<15:38:15.480> through

router over at the office through

router over at the office through
something<15:38:16.616> called<15:38:17.096> a<15:38:17.756> VPN

something called a VPN

something called a VPN
and<15:38:19.500> now<15:38:19.680> it<15:38:20.040> says<15:38:20.220> though<15:38:20.400> I'm<15:38:20.580> sitting<15:38:21.000> there

and now it says though I'm sitting there

and now it says though I'm sitting there
working<15:38:22.256> at<15:38:22.860> the<15:38:23.040> office<15:38:23.220> in<15:38:23.756> fact<15:38:24.000> if<15:38:24.240> it

working at the office in fact if it

working at the office in fact if it
wasn't<15:38:24.480> for<15:38:24.720> the<15:38:24.900> fact<15:38:25.020> the<15:38:25.380> boss<15:38:25.560> had<15:38:25.916> to<15:38:26.160> see

wasn't for the fact the boss had to see

wasn't for the fact the boss had to see
my<15:38:26.756> face<15:38:27.060> they<15:38:27.840> would<15:38:28.020> think<15:38:28.200> that<15:38:28.436> I<15:38:28.616> was

my face they would think that I was

my face they would think that I was
actually<15:38:28.916> there

actually there

actually there
so<15:38:30.480> the<15:38:30.720> first<15:38:30.840> step<15:38:31.080> in<15:38:31.380> implementing<15:38:32.160> on

so the first step in implementing on

so the first step in implementing on
remote<15:38:33.480> access<15:38:33.916> is<15:38:34.916> assessing<15:38:35.456> it<15:38:35.640> we<15:38:36.360> need<15:38:36.480> to

remote access is assessing it we need to

remote access is assessing it we need to
before<15:38:36.840> we<15:38:37.140> can<15:38:37.200> set<15:38:37.320> anything<15:38:37.500> up<15:38:37.740> we<15:38:37.980> need<15:38:38.096> to

before we can set anything up we need to

before we can set anything up we need to
know<15:38:38.400> what<15:38:39.000> exactly<15:38:39.480> we<15:38:39.776> are<15:38:39.956> going<15:38:40.200> to<15:38:40.380> set<15:38:40.560> up

know what exactly we are going to set up

know what exactly we are going to set up
so<15:38:41.040> first<15:38:41.220> you<15:38:41.400> need<15:38:41.520> to<15:38:41.580> review<15:38:41.756> and

so first you need to review and

so first you need to review and
determine<15:38:42.596> all<15:38:42.840> the<15:38:42.956> connections<15:38:43.380> that<15:38:43.500> are

determine all the connections that are

determine all the connections that are
going<15:38:43.740> in<15:38:43.980> and<15:38:44.096> out<15:38:44.220> of<15:38:44.340> the<15:38:44.520> Lan<15:38:44.756> this<15:38:45.360> means

going in and out of the Lan this means

going in and out of the Lan this means
deciding<15:38:46.140> how<15:38:46.380> remote<15:38:46.560> users<15:38:47.040> are<15:38:47.096> going<15:38:47.220> to

deciding how remote users are going to

deciding how remote users are going to
connect<15:38:47.400> to<15:38:47.580> the<15:38:47.756> network<15:38:47.880> for<15:38:48.596> instance<15:38:48.900> if<15:38:49.560> I

connect to the network for instance if I

connect to the network for instance if I
want<15:38:50.160> someone<15:38:50.400> to<15:38:50.880> dial<15:38:51.116> in<15:38:51.416> directly<15:38:52.020> they

want someone to dial in directly they

want someone to dial in directly they
could<15:38:52.320> use<15:38:52.436> a<15:38:52.560> modem<15:38:52.916> this<15:38:53.276> is<15:38:53.400> going<15:38:53.580> to<15:38:53.700> go

could use a modem this is going to go

could use a modem this is going to go
over<15:38:54.000> the<15:38:54.360> public<15:38:54.596> switch<15:38:54.956> telephone<15:38:55.320> Network

over the public switch telephone Network

over the public switch telephone Network
or<15:38:56.220> pots<15:38:57.060> the

or pots the

or pots the
plain<15:38:58.860> old<15:38:59.096> telephone<15:38:59.400> system<15:39:00.080> alternatively

plain old telephone system alternatively

plain old telephone system alternatively
let's<15:39:01.380> say<15:39:01.560> I<15:39:01.796> have<15:39:01.916> a<15:39:02.096> T3<15:39:02.456> connection

let's say I have a T3 connection

let's say I have a T3 connection
connecting<15:39:03.360> to<15:39:03.480> corporate<15:39:03.840> Lan<15:39:04.140> out<15:39:04.916> to<15:39:05.096> an

connecting to corporate Lan out to an

connecting to corporate Lan out to an
ISP<15:39:06.116> well<15:39:06.900> then<15:39:07.200> as<15:39:07.560> long<15:39:07.680> as<15:39:07.796> people<15:39:07.980> at<15:39:08.276> home

ISP well then as long as people at home

ISP well then as long as people at home
have<15:39:08.756> internet<15:39:09.000> access<15:39:09.360> which<15:39:09.956> today<15:39:10.436> they

have internet access which today they

have internet access which today they
basically<15:39:11.456> would<15:39:11.700> and<15:39:11.880> most<15:39:12.060> of<15:39:12.180> them<15:39:12.240> have

basically would and most of them have

basically would and most of them have
Broadband<15:39:12.776> access<15:39:13.020> they'd<15:39:13.740> be<15:39:13.860> able<15:39:14.096> to

Broadband access they'd be able to

Broadband access they'd be able to
connect<15:39:14.456> back<15:39:14.880> through<15:39:15.116> their<15:39:15.360> ISP<15:39:15.840> to<15:39:16.560> the

connect back through their ISP to the

connect back through their ISP to the
network

network

network
second<15:39:18.240> we<15:39:18.840> have<15:39:19.080> to<15:39:19.320> understand<15:39:19.616> know

second we have to understand know

second we have to understand know
exactly<15:39:20.640> what<15:39:20.820> applications<15:39:21.296> and<15:39:21.660> systems

exactly what applications and systems

exactly what applications and systems
they're<15:39:22.200> going<15:39:22.320> to<15:39:22.500> need<15:39:22.560> for<15:39:23.400> instance<15:39:23.640> I<15:39:24.296> can

they're going to need for instance I can

they're going to need for instance I can
give<15:39:24.840> them<15:39:24.956> access<15:39:25.320> to<15:39:26.160> their<15:39:26.580> computer<15:39:27.080> which

give them access to their computer which

give them access to their computer which
might<15:39:28.436> be<15:39:28.616> one<15:39:28.860> way<15:39:28.980> to<15:39:29.160> do<15:39:29.276> it<15:39:29.456> but<15:39:29.880> if<15:39:30.116> I<15:39:30.240> have

might be one way to do it but if I have

might be one way to do it but if I have
a<15:39:30.540> lot<15:39:30.660> of<15:39:30.776> people<15:39:30.956> logging<15:39:31.500> in<15:39:31.680> constantly

a lot of people logging in constantly

a lot of people logging in constantly
remotely<15:39:33.296> and<15:39:33.480> I<15:39:33.660> need<15:39:33.720> to<15:39:33.900> give<15:39:34.020> them<15:39:34.200> access

remotely and I need to give them access

remotely and I need to give them access
to<15:39:34.680> their<15:39:34.860> computer<15:39:35.040> that's<15:39:35.340> going<15:39:35.520> to<15:39:35.520> be

to their computer that's going to be

to their computer that's going to be
pretty<15:39:35.880> difficult<15:39:36.240> to<15:39:36.540> set<15:39:36.660> up<15:39:36.840> and<15:39:37.500> quite

pretty difficult to set up and quite

pretty difficult to set up and quite
um

uncentralized so what I might do is

uncentralized so what I might do is
create<15:39:45.060> one<15:39:45.660> remote<15:39:46.020> access<15:39:46.500> server<15:39:47.220> RS<15:39:47.840> in

create one remote access server RS in

create one remote access server RS in
which<15:39:49.080> uh<15:39:49.740> everyone<15:39:49.980> can<15:39:50.400> connect<15:39:50.640> and<15:39:51.180> get

which uh everyone can connect and get

which uh everyone can connect and get
their<15:39:51.720> profile<15:39:52.200> or<15:39:52.560> information<15:39:52.916> this<15:39:53.880> also

their profile or information this also

their profile or information this also
goes<15:39:54.480> with<15:39:54.660> something<15:39:54.900> called

goes with something called

goes with something called
virtualization<15:39:56.400> or

virtualization or

virtualization or
cloud<15:39:58.500> computing<15:39:59.220> so<15:40:00.180> basically<15:40:00.660> they<15:40:00.900> would

cloud computing so basically they would

cloud computing so basically they would
log<15:40:01.256> on<15:40:01.500> to<15:40:01.680> this<15:40:01.980> very<15:40:02.276> powerful<15:40:02.756> server<15:40:03.180> and

log on to this very powerful server and

log on to this very powerful server and
they<15:40:03.776> would<15:40:03.956> see<15:40:04.140> what<15:40:04.436> looks<15:40:04.796> like<15:40:04.980> their

they would see what looks like their

they would see what looks like their
computer<15:40:05.756> in<15:40:06.480> fact<15:40:06.596> if<15:40:06.956> I<15:40:07.256> was<15:40:07.500> basically

computer in fact if I was basically

computer in fact if I was basically
doing<15:40:08.160> this<15:40:08.400> all<15:40:08.580> the<15:40:08.700> time<15:40:08.820> I<15:40:09.296> might<15:40:09.416> just<15:40:09.596> do

doing this all the time I might just do

doing this all the time I might just do
this<15:40:10.020> for<15:40:10.500> when<15:40:10.616> they<15:40:10.796> sit<15:40:10.916> at<15:40:11.096> the<15:40:11.220> office

this for when they sit at the office

this for when they sit at the office
they<15:40:11.820> just<15:40:12.116> sit<15:40:12.240> at<15:40:12.416> a<15:40:12.540> terminal<15:40:12.900> sort<15:40:13.256> of

they just sit at a terminal sort of

they just sit at a terminal sort of
thing<15:40:13.560> turn<15:40:14.400> on<15:40:14.580> the<15:40:14.700> computer<15:40:14.880> and<15:40:15.360> they're

thing turn on the computer and they're

thing turn on the computer and they're
connecting<15:40:16.020> actually<15:40:16.320> to<15:40:16.680> a<15:40:16.860> server<15:40:17.096> that's

connecting actually to a server that's

connecting actually to a server that's
not<15:40:17.520> even<15:40:17.640> located<15:40:17.936> in<15:40:18.296> the<15:40:18.480> building

not even located in the building

not even located in the building
finally<15:40:20.640> I<15:40:20.820> want<15:40:20.936> to<15:40:21.060> determine<15:40:21.360> the<15:40:21.540> number

finally I want to determine the number

finally I want to determine the number
of<15:40:21.840> remote<15:40:22.020> users<15:40:22.436> if<15:40:22.616> I'm<15:40:22.740> only<15:40:22.916> giving<15:40:23.160> this

of remote users if I'm only giving this

of remote users if I'm only giving this
to<15:40:23.820> say<15:40:24.140> uh<15:40:25.140> the<15:40:25.560> top<15:40:25.860> hun<15:40:26.400> shows<15:40:26.880> at<15:40:27.060> the<15:40:27.180> firm

to say uh the top hun shows at the firm

to say uh the top hun shows at the firm
that's<15:40:28.320> one<15:40:28.616> thing<15:40:28.796> that's<15:40:29.220> going<15:40:29.456> to<15:40:29.580> be<15:40:29.700> for

that's one thing that's going to be for

that's one thing that's going to be for
everyone<15:40:30.296> in<15:40:30.660> the<15:40:30.900> entire<15:40:31.080> operation<15:40:31.860> I'm

everyone in the entire operation I'm

everyone in the entire operation I'm
going<15:40:32.276> to<15:40:32.400> need<15:40:32.456> to<15:40:32.580> spend<15:40:32.820> a<15:40:32.936> lot<15:40:33.000> more<15:40:33.116> time

going to need to spend a lot more time

going to need to spend a lot more time
and<15:40:33.540> resources<15:40:34.080> devoted<15:40:34.796> to<15:40:35.520> setting<15:40:35.936> up

and resources devoted to setting up

and resources devoted to setting up
remote<15:40:36.240> access

remote access

remote access
now<15:40:38.160> the<15:40:38.340> next<15:40:38.400> thing<15:40:38.520> I<15:40:38.640> have<15:40:38.756> to<15:40:38.880> do<15:40:38.936> is<15:40:39.060> think

now the next thing I have to do is think

now the next thing I have to do is think
about<15:40:39.360> the<15:40:39.660> considerations<15:40:40.256> and<15:40:40.680> the<15:40:40.860> things

about the considerations and the things

about the considerations and the things
that<15:40:41.160> are<15:40:41.340> necessary<15:40:41.820> for<15:40:42.480> remote<15:40:42.720> access<15:40:43.020> in

that are necessary for remote access in

that are necessary for remote access in
order<15:40:43.500> to<15:40:43.616> implement<15:40:43.980> for<15:40:44.820> instance<15:40:45.000> the

order to implement for instance the

order to implement for instance the
first<15:40:45.360> step<15:40:45.596> is<15:40:45.776> to<15:40:46.020> make<15:40:46.380> sure<15:40:46.560> that<15:40:46.916> the

first step is to make sure that the

first step is to make sure that the
remote<15:40:47.160> access<15:40:47.456> solution<15:40:47.936> you<15:40:48.116> create<15:40:48.296> is

remote access solution you create is

remote access solution you create is
flexible<15:40:49.020> enough<15:40:49.256> to<15:40:49.740> support<15:40:49.860> all<15:40:50.096> those

flexible enough to support all those

flexible enough to support all those
connections<15:40:50.640> and<15:40:50.820> the<15:40:51.000> users<15:40:51.240> that<15:40:51.360> are<15:40:51.540> that

connections and the users that are that

connections and the users that are that
you've<15:40:51.900> just<15:40:52.080> established<15:40:52.616> for<15:40:53.276> example<15:40:53.520> if

you've just established for example if

you've just established for example if
one<15:40:54.180> remote<15:40:54.360> user<15:40:55.020> is<15:40:55.080> connected<15:40:55.380> to<15:40:55.500> a<15:40:55.680> T1

one remote user is connected to a T1

one remote user is connected to a T1
Line<15:40:56.220> and<15:40:56.700> other<15:40:56.880> ones<15:40:57.060> can't<15:40:57.240> get<15:40:57.416> through

Line and other ones can't get through

Line and other ones can't get through
dial<15:40:57.776> up<15:40:58.020> your<15:40:58.680> solution<15:40:58.916> is<15:40:59.096> going<15:40:59.276> to<15:40:59.340> need

dial up your solution is going to need

dial up your solution is going to need
to<15:40:59.520> be<15:40:59.640> able<15:40:59.756> to<15:40:59.880> accommodate<15:41:00.360> both<15:41:00.596> of<15:41:00.720> them

to be able to accommodate both of them

to be able to accommodate both of them
of<15:41:01.916> course<15:41:02.040> nowadays<15:41:02.580> that's<15:41:02.820> not<15:41:03.060> such<15:41:03.240> an

of course nowadays that's not such an

of course nowadays that's not such an
issue<15:41:03.720> because<15:41:03.956> everyone<15:41:04.256> has

issue because everyone has

issue because everyone has
um Broadband<15:41:06.596> connections<15:41:07.200> but<15:41:07.860> if<15:41:08.220> they're

um Broadband connections but if they're

um Broadband connections but if they're
not<15:41:08.640> connecting<15:41:09.116> in<15:41:09.416> the<15:41:09.540> same<15:41:09.660> way<15:41:09.840> or<15:41:10.080> one

not connecting in the same way or one

not connecting in the same way or one
person<15:41:10.560> is<15:41:10.796> going<15:41:10.916> to<15:41:11.040> be<15:41:11.040> connect<15:41:11.220> traveling

person is going to be connect traveling

person is going to be connect traveling
around<15:41:12.000> while<15:41:12.296> most<15:41:12.480> people<15:41:12.660> are<15:41:12.776> going<15:41:12.840> to<15:41:12.956> be

around while most people are going to be

around while most people are going to be
coming<15:41:13.140> from<15:41:13.436> home<15:41:13.680> well<15:41:14.220> and<15:41:14.400> those<15:41:14.580> are<15:41:14.700> all

coming from home well and those are all

coming from home well and those are all
things<15:41:14.936> I<15:41:15.060> need<15:41:15.180> to<15:41:15.296> take<15:41:15.416> into<15:41:15.660> account

things I need to take into account

things I need to take into account
next<15:41:17.340> need<15:41:18.180> to<15:41:18.360> establish<15:41:18.900> some<15:41:19.140> sort<15:41:19.320> of

next need to establish some sort of

next need to establish some sort of
centralized<15:41:20.040> access<15:41:20.276> point<15:41:20.700> meaning<15:41:21.540> when

centralized access point meaning when

centralized access point meaning when
they<15:41:22.436> hit<15:41:22.616> that<15:41:23.040> router<15:41:23.580> uh<15:41:24.240> if<15:41:24.416> they're

they hit that router uh if they're

they hit that router uh if they're
coming<15:41:24.720> out<15:41:25.020> of<15:41:25.200> the<15:41:25.436> internet<15:41:25.880> into<15:41:26.880> the

coming out of the internet into the

coming out of the internet into the
router<15:41:27.416> I<15:41:27.596> need<15:41:27.776> something<15:41:28.080> here<15:41:28.500> that<15:41:28.916> is

router I need something here that is

router I need something here that is
going<15:41:29.340> to<15:41:29.580> centralize<15:41:30.180> all<15:41:30.596> of<15:41:30.720> the<15:41:30.840> stuff

going to centralize all of the stuff

going to centralize all of the stuff
coming<15:41:31.256> in<15:41:31.500> I<15:41:31.980> also<15:41:32.220> don't<15:41:32.276> want<15:41:32.456> to<15:41:32.580> just<15:41:32.640> give

coming in I also don't want to just give

coming in I also don't want to just give
them<15:41:33.000> access<15:41:33.180> to<15:41:33.416> the<15:41:33.480> network<15:41:33.596> I<15:41:33.956> might<15:41:34.080> want

them access to the network I might want

them access to the network I might want
to<15:41:34.380> send<15:41:34.560> them<15:41:34.740> into<15:41:35.040> a<15:41:35.456> separate

to send them into a separate

to send them into a separate
Network<15:41:38.340> temporarily<15:41:39.240> while<15:41:39.776> I<15:41:39.956> make<15:41:40.140> sure

Network temporarily while I make sure

Network temporarily while I make sure
that<15:41:40.436> they<15:41:40.616> get<15:41:40.740> authenticated<15:41:41.400> perhaps<15:41:41.880> a

that they get authenticated perhaps a

that they get authenticated perhaps a
virtual<15:41:42.416> Lan<15:41:42.776> or<15:41:43.200> a<15:41:43.640> Honeypot<15:41:44.640> or<15:41:44.880> something

virtual Lan or a Honeypot or something

virtual Lan or a Honeypot or something
so<15:41:45.956> it's<15:41:46.560> important<15:41:46.860> or<15:41:47.040> demilitarized<15:41:47.880> zone

so it's important or demilitarized zone

so it's important or demilitarized zone
so<15:41:48.900> it's<15:41:49.200> important<15:41:49.560> that<15:41:49.796> I<15:41:49.980> have<15:41:50.160> some<15:41:50.400> area

so it's important that I have some area

so it's important that I have some area
where<15:41:50.936> they<15:41:51.116> can<15:41:51.240> go<15:41:51.416> and<15:41:51.900> understand<15:41:52.020> what

where they can go and understand what

where they can go and understand what
the<15:41:52.560> central<15:41:52.740> device<15:41:53.040> is<15:41:53.276> going<15:41:53.456> to<15:41:53.580> be<15:41:53.700> in

the central device is going to be in

the central device is going to be in
some<15:41:54.540> cases<15:41:54.840> we<15:41:55.140> could<15:41:55.320> call<15:41:55.560> this<15:41:55.860> a<15:41:56.400> VPN

some cases we could call this a VPN

some cases we could call this a VPN
concentrator

concentrator

concentrator
which<15:42:00.720> is<15:42:01.020> basically<15:42:01.380> a<15:42:01.616> device<15:42:01.796> that<15:42:02.160> helps

which is basically a device that helps

which is basically a device that helps
set<15:42:02.520> up<15:42:02.700> vpns<15:42:03.900> finally<15:42:04.380> I<15:42:04.560> need<15:42:04.740> to<15:42:04.860> consider

set up vpns finally I need to consider

set up vpns finally I need to consider
security<15:42:05.580> when<15:42:06.060> I'm<15:42:06.180> establishing<15:42:06.660> this

security when I'm establishing this

security when I'm establishing this
remote<15:42:07.020> system<15:42:07.380> as<15:42:07.980> I<15:42:08.096> mentioned<15:42:08.340> I<15:42:08.520> don't

remote system as I mentioned I don't

remote system as I mentioned I don't
just<15:42:08.756> want<15:42:08.880> to<15:42:09.000> give<15:42:09.060> people<15:42:09.296> access<15:42:09.540> to<15:42:09.776> the

just want to give people access to the

just want to give people access to the
network<15:42:10.080> I<15:42:10.380> want<15:42:10.560> to<15:42:10.680> make<15:42:10.740> sure<15:42:10.860> the<15:42:10.980> people

network I want to make sure the people

network I want to make sure the people
on<15:42:11.400> my<15:42:11.640> network<15:42:11.820> connecting<15:42:12.540> wirelessly<15:42:13.256> or

on my network connecting wirelessly or

on my network connecting wirelessly or
remotely<15:42:14.456> or<15:42:15.180> physically<15:42:15.840> connecting<15:42:16.256> can

remotely or physically connecting can

remotely or physically connecting can
all<15:42:16.740> connect<15:42:16.916> securely<15:42:17.520> I<15:42:18.180> don't<15:42:18.296> want

all connect securely I don't want

all connect securely I don't want
someone<15:42:18.900> to<15:42:19.256> tap<15:42:19.560> into<15:42:19.740> their<15:42:20.220> connection<15:42:20.400> on

someone to tap into their connection on

someone to tap into their connection on
my<15:42:21.416> end<15:42:21.596> or<15:42:22.200> on<15:42:22.436> their<15:42:22.560> end<15:42:22.796> so<15:42:23.340> it's<15:42:23.520> really

my end or on their end so it's really

my end or on their end so it's really
important<15:42:24.060> we<15:42:24.240> take<15:42:24.416> security<15:42:24.596> into<15:42:24.956> account

important we take security into account

important we take security into account
nowadays<15:42:26.276> we<15:42:26.580> have<15:42:26.700> a<15:42:27.060> lot<15:42:27.180> of<15:42:27.360> uh

nowadays we have a lot of uh

nowadays we have a lot of uh
authentication<15:42:28.740> methods<15:42:29.340> that<15:42:29.580> would

authentication methods that would

authentication methods that would
provide<15:42:29.936> you<15:42:30.116> with<15:42:30.416> say<15:42:30.660> a<15:42:31.320> key<15:42:31.436> ring<15:42:31.740> and<15:42:32.040> on

provide you with say a key ring and on

provide you with say a key ring and on
that<15:42:32.400> key<15:42:32.580> ring<15:42:32.880> you'll<15:42:33.296> have<15:42:33.480> it<15:42:33.596> what's

that key ring you'll have it what's

that key ring you'll have it what's
called<15:42:33.956> a<15:42:34.256> token

called a token

called a token
the<15:42:35.820> token<15:42:36.180> provides<15:42:36.540> you<15:42:36.660> with<15:42:36.900> say<15:42:37.080> a<15:42:37.256> six

the token provides you with say a six

the token provides you with say a six
digit<15:42:37.740> number<15:42:37.916> that<15:42:38.580> randomly<15:42:39.000> alternates

digit number that randomly alternates

digit number that randomly alternates
every<15:42:39.776> minute<15:42:40.020> unless<15:42:40.616> you<15:42:40.860> have<15:42:41.040> the<15:42:41.276> token

every minute unless you have the token

every minute unless you have the token
and<15:42:41.880> that<15:42:42.060> token<15:42:42.416> is<15:42:42.540> set<15:42:42.720> up<15:42:42.840> with<15:42:43.140> your

and that token is set up with your

and that token is set up with your
computer<15:42:43.500> you<15:42:44.040> won't<15:42:44.096> be<15:42:44.276> able<15:42:44.340> to<15:42:44.456> get<15:42:44.580> access

computer you won't be able to get access

computer you won't be able to get access
to<15:42:45.060> the<15:42:45.180> internet<15:42:45.416> these<15:42:46.380> things<15:42:46.500> we've

to the internet these things we've

to the internet these things we've
talked<15:42:47.040> about<15:42:47.096> in<15:42:47.340> a<15:42:47.456> plus<15:42:47.640> but<15:42:47.936> I'm<15:42:48.060> just

talked about in a plus but I'm just

talked about in a plus but I'm just
reviewing<15:42:48.540> them<15:42:48.720> a<15:42:48.900> bit<15:42:49.020> more

reviewing them a bit more

reviewing them a bit more
now<15:42:50.580> I<15:42:50.700> also<15:42:50.880> need<15:42:51.000> to<15:42:51.116> have<15:42:51.240> some<15:42:51.360> procedures

now I also need to have some procedures

now I also need to have some procedures
and<15:42:51.956> policies<15:42:52.380> in<15:42:52.680> place<15:42:52.796> so<15:42:53.220> that<15:42:53.456> people

and policies in place so that people

and policies in place so that people
understand<15:42:54.060> how<15:42:54.596> they're<15:42:54.720> going<15:42:54.840> to<15:42:54.900> be<15:42:55.020> able

understand how they're going to be able

understand how they're going to be able
to<15:42:55.256> access<15:42:55.320> and<15:42:55.616> what<15:42:55.740> they're<15:42:55.860> going<15:42:55.980> to<15:42:56.040> be

to access and what they're going to be

to access and what they're going to be
able<15:42:56.220> to<15:42:56.340> do

able to do

able to do
the<15:42:57.540> policies<15:42:57.956> ensure<15:42:58.380> that<15:42:58.740> the<15:42:59.040> procedures

the policies ensure that the procedures

the policies ensure that the procedures
are<15:42:59.756> followed<15:43:00.180> and<15:43:00.540> the<15:43:00.720> procedures<15:43:01.080> ensure

are followed and the procedures ensure

are followed and the procedures ensure
that<15:43:01.980> the<15:43:02.220> safety<15:43:02.640> is<15:43:03.180> used<15:43:03.480> when<15:43:03.900> remoting

that the safety is used when remoting

that the safety is used when remoting
into<15:43:04.980> the<15:43:05.340> system<15:43:05.580> so<15:43:06.296> designing<15:43:06.776> these

into the system so designing these

into the system so designing these
policies<15:43:07.436> is<15:43:07.680> up<15:43:07.980> to<15:43:08.220> the<15:43:08.700> network

policies is up to the network

policies is up to the network
administrator<15:43:09.660> and<15:43:10.256> perhaps<15:43:10.616> this<15:43:11.160> Central

administrator and perhaps this Central

administrator and perhaps this Central
information<15:43:11.756> officer<15:43:12.540> or<15:43:13.140> the<15:43:13.320> CIO<15:43:13.796> or<15:43:14.756> the

information officer or the CIO or the

information officer or the CIO or the
Chief<15:43:15.240> Information<15:43:15.540> officer<15:43:16.860> now<15:43:17.276> it's

Chief Information officer now it's

Chief Information officer now it's
common<15:43:17.580> to<15:43:17.756> have<15:43:17.880> a<15:43:18.000> system<15:43:18.116> configuration

common to have a system configuration

common to have a system configuration
that<15:43:19.680> does<15:43:19.860> not<15:43:20.040> allow<15:43:20.340> users<15:43:20.820> to<15:43:21.000> remotely

that does not allow users to remotely

that does not allow users to remotely
access<15:43:21.596> uh<15:43:22.500> the<15:43:22.796> system<15:43:22.980> after<15:43:23.276> a<15:43:23.456> certain

access uh the system after a certain

access uh the system after a certain
time<15:43:23.820> at<15:43:23.936> night<15:43:24.116> I<15:43:24.360> might<15:43:24.480> want<15:43:24.596> to<15:43:24.660> do<15:43:24.776> this

time at night I might want to do this

time at night I might want to do this
for<15:43:25.020> a<15:43:25.140> number<15:43:25.256> of<15:43:25.380> reasons<15:43:26.276> however<15:43:26.820> the

for a number of reasons however the

for a number of reasons however the
policies<15:43:27.776> need<15:43:28.020> to<15:43:28.140> be<15:43:28.256> whatever<15:43:28.436> they<15:43:28.796> are

policies need to be whatever they are

policies need to be whatever they are
well<15:43:29.520> documented<15:43:30.180> and<15:43:30.416> easy<15:43:30.660> to<15:43:30.900> understand<15:43:31.520> I

well documented and easy to understand I

well documented and easy to understand I
need<15:43:32.640> to<15:43:32.756> know<15:43:32.936> exactly<15:43:33.360> how<15:43:33.596> I'm<15:43:33.720> going<15:43:33.840> to

need to know exactly how I'm going to

need to know exactly how I'm going to
access<15:43:34.020> stuff<15:43:34.436> otherwise<15:43:35.040> what's<15:43:35.220> going<15:43:35.400> to

access stuff otherwise what's going to

access stuff otherwise what's going to
happen<15:43:35.520> is<15:43:35.640> you're<15:43:35.820> going<15:43:35.936> to<15:43:35.936> say<15:43:36.060> hey<15:43:36.180> we

happen is you're going to say hey we

happen is you're going to say hey we
have<15:43:36.416> remote<15:43:36.596> access<15:43:36.956> and<15:43:37.680> suddenly<15:43:38.040> people

have remote access and suddenly people

have remote access and suddenly people
are<15:43:38.400> going<15:43:38.520> to<15:43:38.580> start<15:43:38.700> calling<15:43:38.936> the<15:43:39.060> help<15:43:39.180> desk

are going to start calling the help desk

are going to start calling the help desk
saying<15:43:39.720> it's<15:43:39.776> not<15:43:39.956> working<15:43:40.200> properly

saying it's not working properly

saying it's not working properly
we<15:43:41.756> also<15:43:42.000> want<15:43:42.116> to<15:43:42.240> make<15:43:42.296> sure<15:43:42.480> that<15:43:42.660> they're

we also want to make sure that they're

we also want to make sure that they're
accountable<15:43:43.256> if<15:43:43.500> they<15:43:43.680> don't<15:43:43.860> follow

accountable if they don't follow

accountable if they don't follow
specific<15:43:44.640> rules<15:43:45.060> policies<15:43:46.140> Etc<15:43:46.320> so<15:43:47.040> I<15:43:47.160> need<15:43:47.340> to

specific rules policies Etc so I need to

specific rules policies Etc so I need to
say<15:43:47.520> if<15:43:47.700> someone<15:43:47.880> remotes<15:43:48.360> in<15:43:48.480> or<15:43:48.660> loses<15:43:49.080> their

say if someone remotes in or loses their

say if someone remotes in or loses their
token<15:43:49.680> they<15:43:50.096> could<15:43:50.276> be<15:43:50.596> possibly<15:43:51.596> fired

token they could be possibly fired

token they could be possibly fired
because<15:43:52.500> that's<15:43:52.860> a<15:43:52.980> huge<15:43:53.276> security<15:43:53.400> breach

because that's a huge security breach

because that's a huge security breach
just<15:43:54.416> like<15:43:54.540> I<15:43:54.660> don't<15:43:54.720> want<15:43:54.840> to<15:43:54.900> give<15:43:55.020> my<15:43:55.200> laptop

just like I don't want to give my laptop

just like I don't want to give my laptop
or<15:43:55.740> my<15:43:55.980> token<15:43:56.276> to<15:43:56.400> someone<15:43:56.640> even<15:43:57.296> if<15:43:57.480> it's<15:43:57.540> some

or my token to someone even if it's some

or my token to someone even if it's some
within<15:43:58.020> the<15:43:58.140> network<15:43:58.256> if<15:43:58.500> I've<15:43:58.616> been<15:43:58.796> told

within the network if I've been told

within the network if I've been told
specifically<15:43:59.520> to<15:43:59.756> keep<15:43:59.880> it<15:44:00.060> same<15:44:00.416> with

specifically to keep it same with

specifically to keep it same with
passwords<15:44:01.140> usernames<15:44:01.740> basically<15:44:02.400> the<15:44:02.520> idea

passwords usernames basically the idea

passwords usernames basically the idea
is<15:44:02.880> the<15:44:03.296> more<15:44:03.416> ability<15:44:04.200> I<15:44:04.500> give<15:44:04.680> people<15:44:04.860> the

is the more ability I give people the

is the more ability I give people the
flexibility<15:44:05.520> I<15:44:05.756> get<15:44:05.880> people<15:44:06.000> to<15:44:06.240> connect<15:44:06.360> it

flexibility I get people to connect it

flexibility I get people to connect it
also<15:44:07.256> makes<15:44:07.436> it<15:44:07.740> much<15:44:08.640> more<15:44:08.820> of<15:44:08.936> a<15:44:09.116> security

also makes it much more of a security

also makes it much more of a security
hazard

hazard

hazard
finally<15:44:11.160> you<15:44:11.520> need<15:44:11.580> to<15:44:11.700> make<15:44:11.820> sure<15:44:12.000> Human

finally you need to make sure Human

finally you need to make sure Human
Resources<15:44:12.900> is<15:44:13.080> behind<15:44:13.436> all<15:44:13.680> of<15:44:13.796> your<15:44:13.980> policies

Resources is behind all of your policies

Resources is behind all of your policies
they're<15:44:14.936> the<15:44:15.180> ones<15:44:15.296> who<15:44:15.480> are<15:44:15.540> going<15:44:15.660> to<15:44:15.776> be

they're the ones who are going to be

they're the ones who are going to be
training<15:44:16.320> everyone<15:44:16.560> and<15:44:17.220> so<15:44:17.340> if<15:44:17.520> HR<15:44:17.936> isn't

training everyone and so if HR isn't

training everyone and so if HR isn't
behind<15:44:18.540> you<15:44:18.660> you're<15:44:18.900> going<15:44:19.020> to<15:44:19.080> be<15:44:19.200> in<15:44:19.320> major

behind you you're going to be in major

behind you you're going to be in major
issues<15:44:20.096> and<15:44:20.400> they're<15:44:20.520> going<15:44:20.700> to<15:44:20.820> fight<15:44:20.936> you

issues and they're going to fight you

issues and they're going to fight you
the<15:44:21.296> whole<15:44:21.480> way<15:44:21.596> speaking<15:44:22.560> of<15:44:22.680> Human

the whole way speaking of Human

the whole way speaking of Human
Resources<15:44:23.456> I<15:44:23.936> bet<15:44:24.180> it's<15:44:24.360> pretty<15:44:24.540> fair<15:44:24.720> to<15:44:24.956> say

Resources I bet it's pretty fair to say

Resources I bet it's pretty fair to say
that<15:44:25.680> not<15:44:25.980> everyone<15:44:26.276> is<15:44:26.580> going<15:44:26.756> to<15:44:26.820> be

that not everyone is going to be

that not everyone is going to be
qualified<15:44:27.416> or<15:44:27.840> knowledgeable<15:44:28.320> to<15:44:29.220> enough<15:44:29.456> to

qualified or knowledgeable to enough to

qualified or knowledgeable to enough to
connect<15:44:30.116> to<15:44:30.416> remote<15:44:30.660> access<15:44:30.956> so<15:44:31.740> it's<15:44:32.040> really

connect to remote access so it's really

connect to remote access so it's really
important<15:44:32.756> that<15:44:33.296> we<15:44:33.596> train<15:44:33.900> the<15:44:34.140> end<15:44:34.320> users<15:44:34.680> on

important that we train the end users on

important that we train the end users on
what's<15:44:35.096> happening<15:44:35.520> on<15:44:35.700> their<15:44:35.820> end<15:44:36.060> and<15:44:36.480> how

what's happening on their end and how

what's happening on their end and how
the<15:44:36.720> connection<15:44:36.900> works<15:44:37.500> it's<15:44:37.916> a<15:44:38.096> good<15:44:38.220> idea<15:44:38.456> to

the connection works it's a good idea to

the connection works it's a good idea to
have<15:44:38.756> the<15:44:38.880> remote<15:44:39.000> users<15:44:39.416> learn<15:44:39.660> about<15:44:39.840> what's

have the remote users learn about what's

have the remote users learn about what's
actually<15:44:40.436> happening<15:44:40.916> when<15:44:41.160> they<15:44:41.340> connect<15:44:41.520> and

actually happening when they connect and

actually happening when they connect and
how<15:44:42.360> to<15:44:42.480> set<15:44:42.596> up<15:44:42.720> their<15:44:42.900> ends<15:44:43.200> of<15:44:43.256> the

how to set up their ends of the

how to set up their ends of the
connections<15:44:43.860> otherwise<15:44:44.520> your<15:44:44.756> help<15:44:44.936> desk<15:44:45.116> is

connections otherwise your help desk is

connections otherwise your help desk is
going<15:44:45.540> to<15:44:45.660> be<15:44:45.720> inundated<15:44:46.256> with<15:44:46.560> calls<15:44:46.980> and<15:44:47.276> not

going to be inundated with calls and not

going to be inundated with calls and not
only<15:44:47.580> that<15:44:47.700> but<15:44:47.880> you're<15:44:48.000> gonna<15:44:48.060> have<15:44:48.180> a<15:44:48.240> lot<15:44:48.360> of

only that but you're gonna have a lot of

only that but you're gonna have a lot of
people<15:44:48.540> upset<15:44:48.900> when<15:44:49.140> things<15:44:49.320> aren't<15:44:49.500> working

people upset when things aren't working

people upset when things aren't working
properly<15:44:50.096> even<15:44:50.580> if<15:44:50.756> it's<15:44:50.880> something<15:44:51.060> that

properly even if it's something that

properly even if it's something that
they<15:44:51.416> could<15:44:51.540> easily<15:44:51.900> fix

they could easily fix

they could easily fix
so<15:44:53.340> like<15:44:53.700> the<15:44:53.936> job<15:44:54.180> of<15:44:54.840> an<15:44:55.256> admin<15:44:55.560> in<15:44:55.740> any<15:44:55.860> other

so like the job of an admin in any other

so like the job of an admin in any other
case<15:44:56.276> it<15:44:56.580> falls<15:44:56.756> upon<15:44:57.180> your<15:44:57.540> shoulders<15:44:57.900> to

case it falls upon your shoulders to

case it falls upon your shoulders to
help<15:44:58.680> users<15:44:59.096> when<15:44:59.400> there's<15:44:59.520> any<15:44:59.756> sort<15:44:59.936> of

help users when there's any sort of

help users when there's any sort of
issue<15:45:00.480> this<15:45:01.080> will<15:45:01.256> become<15:45:01.436> a<15:45:01.616> lot<15:45:01.680> more

issue this will become a lot more

issue this will become a lot more
difficult<15:45:02.220> when<15:45:02.520> the<15:45:02.700> admin<15:45:03.116> doesn't<15:45:03.480> go<15:45:04.080> over

difficult when the admin doesn't go over

difficult when the admin doesn't go over
to<15:45:04.500> the<15:45:04.616> user's<15:45:04.916> desk<15:45:05.040> and<15:45:05.276> help<15:45:05.456> them<15:45:05.640> out<15:45:05.820> or

to the user's desk and help them out or

to the user's desk and help them out or
doesn't<15:45:06.596> have<15:45:06.776> the<15:45:06.956> time<15:45:07.080> to<15:45:07.320> go<15:45:07.436> over

doesn't have the time to go over

doesn't have the time to go over
hundreds<15:45:08.040> people<15:45:08.220> desks<15:45:08.820> you<15:45:09.480> have<15:45:09.596> to

hundreds people desks you have to

hundreds people desks you have to
connect<15:45:09.900> with<15:45:10.256> the<15:45:10.436> user<15:45:10.740> in<15:45:10.860> some<15:45:11.096> other<15:45:11.220> way

connect with the user in some other way

connect with the user in some other way
though<15:45:11.756> perhaps<15:45:12.180> it's<15:45:12.360> through<15:45:12.540> a<15:45:12.720> handout<15:45:13.080> or

though perhaps it's through a handout or

though perhaps it's through a handout or
through<15:45:13.796> an<15:45:14.040> email<15:45:14.276> or<15:45:15.060> perhaps<15:45:15.360> you<15:45:15.540> remotely

through an email or perhaps you remotely

through an email or perhaps you remotely
access<15:45:16.256> their<15:45:16.680> computer<15:45:17.000> or<15:45:18.000> even<15:45:18.180> give<15:45:18.596> the

access their computer or even give the

access their computer or even give the
computers<15:45:19.200> to<15:45:19.380> them<15:45:19.560> set<15:45:19.796> up<15:45:19.916> already<15:45:20.276> to<15:45:20.820> to

computers to them set up already to to

computers to them set up already to to
remotely<15:45:22.380> connect<15:45:22.560> or<15:45:23.160> talk<15:45:23.340> to<15:45:23.456> HR<15:45:23.820> about

remotely connect or talk to HR about

remotely connect or talk to HR about
creating<15:45:24.416> some<15:45:24.660> sort<15:45:24.900> of<15:45:25.020> training<15:45:25.860> program

creating some sort of training program

creating some sort of training program
that's<15:45:26.580> going<15:45:26.756> to<15:45:26.880> help<15:45:27.000> support<15:45:27.240> all<15:45:27.596> of<15:45:27.776> this

that's going to help support all of this

that's going to help support all of this
finally<15:45:29.276> once<15:45:29.700> we've<15:45:29.820> set<15:45:30.000> all<15:45:30.116> this<15:45:30.296> up<15:45:30.416> we

finally once we've set all this up we

finally once we've set all this up we
need<15:45:30.776> to<15:45:30.956> monitor<15:45:31.320> the<15:45:31.560> network<15:45:31.740> to<15:45:32.220> make<15:45:32.456> sure

need to monitor the network to make sure

need to monitor the network to make sure
the<15:45:33.240> remote<15:45:33.416> access<15:45:33.660> is<15:45:34.020> working<15:45:34.256> as<15:45:34.740> intended

the remote access is working as intended

the remote access is working as intended
the<15:45:36.116> first<15:45:36.360> step<15:45:36.596> towards<15:45:37.020> doing<15:45:37.200> this<15:45:37.436> is<15:45:37.680> to

the first step towards doing this is to

the first step towards doing this is to
manage<15:45:38.160> all<15:45:38.640> of<15:45:38.756> the<15:45:38.936> entry<15:45:39.296> points<15:45:39.720> that<15:45:40.320> any

manage all of the entry points that any

manage all of the entry points that any
of<15:45:40.616> the<15:45:40.740> users<15:45:41.040> could<15:45:41.276> use<15:45:41.520> it<15:45:42.296> should<15:45:42.480> be<15:45:42.596> kept

of the users could use it should be kept

of the users could use it should be kept
down<15:45:42.956> to<15:45:43.200> one<15:45:43.680> single<15:45:44.160> access<15:45:44.456> point<15:45:45.000> and

down to one single access point and

down to one single access point and
that's<15:45:45.540> important<15:45:45.956> because<15:45:46.200> obviously<15:45:46.740> it's

that's important because obviously it's

that's important because obviously it's
easier<15:45:47.276> to<15:45:47.400> manage<15:45:47.700> one<15:45:47.880> access<15:45:48.116> point<15:45:48.480> than

easier to manage one access point than

easier to manage one access point than
several<15:45:49.320> father<15:45:50.040> users<15:45:50.700> enter<15:45:51.000> the<15:45:51.240> network

several father users enter the network

several father users enter the network
in<15:45:51.596> the<15:45:51.776> same<15:45:51.900> place<15:45:52.140> it's<15:45:52.436> going<15:45:52.796> to<15:45:52.916> be<15:45:52.980> a<15:45:53.096> lot

in the same place it's going to be a lot

in the same place it's going to be a lot
easier<15:45:53.400> to<15:45:53.580> monitor<15:45:53.880> them

easier to monitor them

easier to monitor them
next<15:45:55.200> we<15:45:55.380> need<15:45:55.560> to<15:45:55.616> make<15:45:55.796> sure<15:45:55.916> that<15:45:56.160> the

next we need to make sure that the

next we need to make sure that the
policies<15:45:56.756> and<15:45:56.880> procedures<15:45:57.240> are<15:45:57.480> followed<15:45:57.840> so

policies and procedures are followed so

policies and procedures are followed so
when<15:45:58.436> users<15:45:58.740> start<15:45:58.916> using<15:45:59.220> wrong<15:45:59.400> procedures

when users start using wrong procedures

when users start using wrong procedures
don't<15:46:00.180> follow<15:46:00.416> the<15:46:00.660> policies<15:46:01.140> there's<15:46:01.680> a

don't follow the policies there's a

don't follow the policies there's a
really<15:46:01.980> good<15:46:02.096> chance<15:46:02.276> something's<15:46:02.700> going<15:46:02.880> to

really good chance something's going to

really good chance something's going to
go<15:46:03.060> wrong<15:46:03.180> and<15:46:03.900> it's<15:46:04.020> important<15:46:04.380> to<15:46:04.560> have<15:46:04.680> the

go wrong and it's important to have the

go wrong and it's important to have the
remote<15:46:05.040> users<15:46:05.520> follow<15:46:05.820> a<15:46:06.240> strict<15:46:06.540> procedure

remote users follow a strict procedure

remote users follow a strict procedure
in<15:46:07.200> order<15:46:07.320> to<15:46:07.500> avoid<15:46:07.796> any<15:46:08.096> problems<15:46:08.520> and<15:46:09.000> to

in order to avoid any problems and to

in order to avoid any problems and to
help<15:46:09.296> take<15:46:09.480> the<15:46:09.720> load<15:46:10.020> off<15:46:10.256> of<15:46:10.380> you<15:46:10.560> and<15:46:10.796> the

help take the load off of you and the

help take the load off of you and the
help<15:46:11.096> desk

help desk

help desk
it's<15:46:12.776> also<15:46:13.200> very<15:46:13.560> important<15:46:13.916> to<15:46:14.040> understand

it's also very important to understand

it's also very important to understand
everything<15:46:15.060> that's<15:46:15.416> going<15:46:15.660> on<15:46:15.840> within<15:46:16.320> the

everything that's going on within the

everything that's going on within the
network<15:46:16.616> you<15:46:17.220> have<15:46:17.400> to<15:46:17.520> know<15:46:17.580> where<15:46:17.820> the

network you have to know where the

network you have to know where the
connections<15:46:18.416> are<15:46:18.540> what<15:46:18.956> they're<15:46:19.140> doing<15:46:19.380> what

connections are what they're doing what

connections are what they're doing what
the<15:46:20.456> users<15:46:20.756> are<15:46:20.936> up<15:46:21.116> to<15:46:21.296> you<15:46:21.840> have<15:46:22.020> to<15:46:22.080> keep

the users are up to you have to keep

the users are up to you have to keep
track<15:46:22.500> of<15:46:22.740> all<15:46:22.980> of<15:46:23.096> this<15:46:23.276> stuff<15:46:23.520> and<15:46:23.756> there<15:46:23.880> are

track of all of this stuff and there are

track of all of this stuff and there are
different<15:46:24.116> ways<15:46:24.480> to<15:46:24.660> do<15:46:24.776> this<15:46:24.956> different

different ways to do this different

different ways to do this different
devices<15:46:25.680> we<15:46:25.980> can<15:46:26.096> deploy<15:46:26.400> and<15:46:26.580> software<15:46:27.000> that

devices we can deploy and software that

devices we can deploy and software that
we'll<15:46:27.360> talk<15:46:27.596> about

we'll talk about

we'll talk about
so<15:46:29.580> just<15:46:29.936> to<15:46:30.180> recap<15:46:30.540> we've<15:46:31.080> defined<15:46:31.320> what

so just to recap we've defined what

so just to recap we've defined what
remote<15:46:31.680> access<15:46:32.040> is<15:46:32.456> what<15:46:33.240> it<15:46:33.416> is<15:46:33.616> what<15:46:34.616> it<15:46:34.796> does

remote access is what it is what it does

remote access is what it is what it does
and<15:46:35.700> its<15:46:36.000> benefits<15:46:36.416> all<15:46:36.956> in<15:46:37.140> all<15:46:37.320> it<15:46:37.860> allows<15:46:38.220> us

and its benefits all in all it allows us

and its benefits all in all it allows us
to<15:46:38.880> again<15:46:39.140> be<15:46:40.220> geographically<15:46:41.220> at<15:46:41.640> a

to again be geographically at a

to again be geographically at a
different<15:46:42.000> location

to the lamp

to the lamp
we<15:46:54.720> also<15:46:54.900> talked<15:46:55.140> about<15:46:55.200> lots<15:46:55.560> of<15:46:55.616> the<15:46:55.740> steps

we also talked about lots of the steps

we also talked about lots of the steps
of<15:46:56.160> implementation<15:46:56.756> and<15:46:57.660> although<15:46:57.956> this

of implementation and although this

of implementation and although this
isn't<15:46:58.500> very<15:46:58.680> technical<15:46:59.040> all<15:46:59.340> this<15:46:59.456> stuff

isn't very technical all this stuff

isn't very technical all this stuff
comes<15:46:59.880> up<15:46:59.936> on<15:47:00.116> the<15:47:00.240> network<15:47:00.360> plus<15:47:00.660> exam<15:47:01.140> you

comes up on the network plus exam you

comes up on the network plus exam you
have<15:47:01.796> to<15:47:01.916> know<15:47:02.096> what<15:47:02.400> it<15:47:02.520> is<15:47:02.640> you're<15:47:02.820> supposed

have to know what it is you're supposed

have to know what it is you're supposed
to<15:47:03.180> do<15:47:03.296> so<15:47:03.840> remember<15:47:03.956> we<15:47:04.256> talked<15:47:04.560> about<15:47:04.616> some

to do so remember we talked about some

to do so remember we talked about some
policies<15:47:05.700> procedures

policies procedures

policies procedures
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
training

and monitoring

and monitoring
now<15:47:17.096> in<15:47:17.340> the<15:47:17.456> next<15:47:17.520> module<15:47:17.880> we're<15:47:18.000> going<15:47:18.116> to

now in the next module we're going to

now in the next module we're going to
talk<15:47:18.296> more<15:47:18.540> specifically<15:47:18.900> about<15:47:19.080> how<15:47:19.436> we<15:47:19.560> set

talk more specifically about how we set

talk more specifically about how we set
some<15:47:19.916> of<15:47:20.040> this<15:47:20.160> stuff<15:47:20.276> up<15:47:20.520> and<15:47:20.820> what<15:47:20.936> we're

some of this stuff up and what we're

some of this stuff up and what we're
going<15:47:21.240> to<15:47:21.360> do<15:47:21.480> to<15:47:22.080> make<15:47:22.200> sure<15:47:22.320> it<15:47:22.436> works

going to do to make sure it works

going to do to make sure it works
properly

welcome to module 10 lesson 2A a remote

welcome to module 10 lesson 2A a remote
access<15:47:49.140> methods

access methods

access methods
so<15:47:51.296> remote<15:47:51.480> access<15:47:51.776> is<15:47:52.140> all<15:47:52.320> about<15:47:52.500> how<15:47:52.916> you

so remote access is all about how you

so remote access is all about how you
can<15:47:53.220> reach<15:47:53.580> various<15:47:54.000> network<15:47:54.240> devices<15:47:54.900> when

can reach various network devices when

can reach various network devices when
you're<15:47:55.796> not<15:47:55.916> at<15:47:56.276> the<15:47:56.520> physical<15:47:56.756> location

you're not at the physical location

you're not at the physical location
look<15:47:59.700> at<15:47:59.820> RDP<15:48:00.416> SSH<15:48:01.380> VNC

look at RDP SSH VNC

look at RDP SSH VNC
telnet<15:48:04.580> management<15:48:05.580> through<15:48:06.000> the<15:48:06.180> https

telnet management through the https

telnet management through the https
and<15:48:09.540> file<15:48:09.776> access<15:48:10.160> and<15:48:11.160> then<15:48:11.276> outer<15:48:11.700> band

and file access and then outer band

and file access and then outer band
RDP<15:48:13.616> this<15:48:14.400> is<15:48:14.580> uh<15:48:15.416> proprietary<15:48:15.956> to<15:48:16.200> Microsoft

RDP this is uh proprietary to Microsoft

RDP this is uh proprietary to Microsoft
so<15:48:16.860> they've<15:48:17.276> come<15:48:17.580> up<15:48:17.700> with<15:48:17.820> this<15:48:18.060> software

so they've come up with this software

so they've come up with this software
you<15:48:19.200> may<15:48:19.320> have<15:48:19.436> seen<15:48:19.560> it<15:48:19.680> before<15:48:19.860> when<15:48:20.276> you<15:48:20.520> can

you may have seen it before when you can

you may have seen it before when you can
um<15:48:21.360> if<15:48:21.720> you<15:48:21.776> check<15:48:21.956> on<15:48:22.140> your<15:48:22.320> Windows<15:48:22.680> machine

um if you check on your Windows machine

um if you check on your Windows machine
you<15:48:23.936> can<15:48:24.000> normally

you can normally

you can normally
and<15:48:25.740> find<15:48:26.040> the<15:48:26.340> uh

and find the uh

and find the uh
the<15:48:28.560> button<15:48:28.796> to<15:48:28.980> click<15:48:29.340> that<15:48:30.000> it<15:48:30.180> will<15:48:30.296> allow

the button to click that it will allow

the button to click that it will allow
you<15:48:30.720> to<15:48:30.900> connect<15:48:31.140> to<15:48:31.320> a<15:48:31.500> remote<15:48:31.616> computer<15:48:31.916> and

you to connect to a remote computer and

you to connect to a remote computer and
you<15:48:32.340> might<15:48:32.400> use<15:48:32.580> this<15:48:32.700> if<15:48:32.880> you<15:48:33.000> work<15:48:33.116> in<15:48:33.296> a<15:48:33.416> harp

you might use this if you work in a harp

you might use this if you work in a harp
desk<15:48:33.840> if<15:48:34.560> you<15:48:34.680> need<15:48:34.796> to<15:48:35.096> support<15:48:35.520> a<15:48:36.000> remote

desk if you need to support a remote

desk if you need to support a remote
user

user

user
you<15:48:38.820> can<15:48:38.880> have<15:48:39.000> remote<15:48:39.296> access<15:48:39.660> and<15:48:40.200> control

you can have remote access and control

you can have remote access and control
via<15:48:40.980> screen<15:48:41.220> sharing

via screen sharing

via screen sharing
this<15:48:43.740> is<15:48:43.860> actually<15:48:44.040> how<15:48:44.220> a<15:48:44.400> lot<15:48:44.520> of<15:48:44.640> scammers

this is actually how a lot of scammers

this is actually how a lot of scammers
will

will

will
get<15:48:47.520> people<15:48:47.756> to<15:48:48.296> hand<15:48:48.596> over<15:48:48.840> remote<15:48:49.140> control

get people to hand over remote control

get people to hand over remote control
they'll<15:48:49.916> phone<15:48:50.220> somebody<15:48:50.596> who's<15:48:51.596> a<15:48:51.840> bit<15:48:51.956> naive

they'll phone somebody who's a bit naive

they'll phone somebody who's a bit naive
and<15:48:52.560> say<15:48:53.160> um<15:48:53.160> we've<15:48:53.580> found<15:48:53.756> a<15:48:53.936> technical<15:48:54.180> floor

and say um we've found a technical floor

and say um we've found a technical floor
in<15:48:54.720> your<15:48:54.840> computer<15:48:55.160> and<15:48:56.160> Handover<15:48:56.640> can<15:48:57.540> you

in your computer and Handover can you

in your computer and Handover can you
hand<15:48:57.776> over<15:48:57.956> access<15:48:58.200> so<15:48:58.500> we<15:48:58.680> can<15:48:58.796> fix<15:48:59.040> it

hand over access so we can fix it

hand over access so we can fix it
typical<15:49:01.200> exam<15:49:01.560> question<15:49:01.796> would<15:49:02.276> be<15:49:02.456> what<15:49:03.180> port

typical exam question would be what port

typical exam question would be what port
does<15:49:03.720> it<15:49:03.900> use<15:49:04.020> it's<15:49:04.320> TCP<15:49:04.916> it<15:49:05.096> has<15:49:05.276> to<15:49:05.400> be

does it use it's TCP it has to be

does it use it's TCP it has to be
reliable<15:49:05.880> obviously<15:49:06.416> and<15:49:07.080> the<15:49:07.256> port<15:49:07.380> is<15:49:07.680> three

reliable obviously and the port is three

reliable obviously and the port is three
three<15:49:08.096> eight<15:49:08.340> nine

three eight nine

three eight nine
you<15:49:09.776> need<15:49:09.900> to<15:49:10.020> know<15:49:10.140> this<15:49:10.320> kind<15:49:10.436> of<15:49:10.560> stuff<15:49:10.680> if

you need to know this kind of stuff if

you need to know this kind of stuff if
you<15:49:11.040> need<15:49:11.220> to<15:49:11.400> permit<15:49:11.820> this<15:49:12.360> through<15:49:12.660> your

you need to permit this through your

you need to permit this through your
firewall

firewall

firewall
or<15:49:14.520> deny<15:49:14.820> obviously

or deny obviously

or deny obviously
now<15:49:16.616> the<15:49:16.796> client<15:49:17.040> side<15:49:17.276> can<15:49:17.640> be<15:49:17.820> Windows<15:49:18.596> Mac

now the client side can be Windows Mac

now the client side can be Windows Mac
or<15:49:19.140> Linux<15:49:19.500> there's<15:49:19.740> a<15:49:19.980> few<15:49:20.096> different

or Linux there's a few different

or Linux there's a few different
operating<15:49:21.480> systems<15:49:21.900> that<15:49:22.080> are<15:49:22.256> supported

operating systems that are supported

operating systems that are supported
SSH

SSH

SSH
this<15:49:27.540> allows<15:49:28.200> remote<15:49:28.680> terminal<15:49:29.340> access<15:49:29.580> by

this allows remote terminal access by

this allows remote terminal access by
terminal<15:49:30.360> we<15:49:30.776> mean<15:49:31.020> a<15:49:31.740> window<15:49:32.096> like<15:49:32.520> this

terminal we mean a window like this

terminal we mean a window like this
where<15:49:33.060> you've<15:49:33.296> got<15:49:33.480> command<15:49:33.900> line<15:49:34.080> access<15:49:34.820> to

where you've got command line access to

where you've got command line access to
a<15:49:36.296> remote<15:49:36.900> computer<15:49:37.380> server

a remote computer server

a remote computer server
or<15:49:39.840> in<15:49:40.256> this<15:49:40.380> case<15:49:40.500> I'm<15:49:40.680> not<15:49:40.740> sure<15:49:40.916> what<15:49:41.040> this

or in this case I'm not sure what this

or in this case I'm not sure what this
is<15:49:41.340> actually<15:49:41.580> it<15:49:41.880> could<15:49:42.000> be<15:49:42.180> a<15:49:42.416> Cisco<15:49:43.140> device

is actually it could be a Cisco device

is actually it could be a Cisco device
of<15:49:43.680> some<15:49:43.860> sort

of some sort

of some sort
it<15:49:46.140> encrypts<15:49:46.560> communication<15:49:46.980> between<15:49:47.340> the

it encrypts communication between the

it encrypts communication between the
endpoint<15:49:48.000> so<15:49:48.500> most<15:49:49.500> places<15:49:49.796> now<15:49:50.456> you<15:49:51.296> can't

endpoint so most places now you can't

endpoint so most places now you can't
tell<15:49:51.956> Nets<15:49:52.436> across<15:49:52.740> the<15:49:52.796> network

tell Nets across the network

tell Nets across the network
you<15:49:55.020> uh<15:49:55.256> because<15:49:55.436> it's<15:49:55.740> all<15:49:56.220> traffic<15:49:56.456> is<15:49:56.700> sent

you uh because it's all traffic is sent

you uh because it's all traffic is sent
in<15:49:57.060> clear<15:49:57.180> text<15:49:57.416> you<15:49:57.720> have<15:49:57.900> to<15:49:58.020> use<15:49:58.200> secure

in clear text you have to use secure

in clear text you have to use secure
shell<15:49:58.980> as<15:49:59.276> part<15:49:59.456> of<15:49:59.640> the<15:49:59.956> policy<15:50:00.956> the<15:50:01.796> network

shell as part of the policy the network

shell as part of the policy the network
policy

policy

policy
in<15:50:04.256> order<15:50:04.380> to<15:50:04.680> use<15:50:04.916> the<15:50:05.160> Kershaw<15:50:05.820> you<15:50:06.540> have<15:50:06.720> to

in order to use the Kershaw you have to

in order to use the Kershaw you have to
enable<15:50:07.080> it<15:50:07.256> on<15:50:07.500> your<15:50:07.680> server<15:50:08.040> router<15:50:08.456> or

enable it on your server router or

enable it on your server router or
switch<15:50:08.820> it<15:50:09.116> isn't<15:50:09.540> usually<15:50:09.956> enabled<15:50:10.796> by

switch it isn't usually enabled by

switch it isn't usually enabled by
default

default

default
the<15:50:12.840> client<15:50:13.020> software<15:50:13.500> you<15:50:13.796> install<15:50:14.040> on<15:50:14.820> your

the client software you install on your

the client software you install on your
computer

computer

computer
the<15:50:17.456> one<15:50:17.520> I<15:50:17.700> use<15:50:17.936> mostly<15:50:18.740> to<15:50:19.740> get<15:50:19.980> my<15:50:20.220> remote

the one I use mostly to get my remote

the one I use mostly to get my remote
secure<15:50:21.240> uh<15:50:22.140> shell<15:50:22.860> sessions<15:50:23.220> is<15:50:23.580> putty<15:50:24.180> it's<15:50:24.660> a

secure uh shell sessions is putty it's a

secure uh shell sessions is putty it's a
free<15:50:24.956> download<15:50:25.200> if<15:50:25.980> you<15:50:26.160> Google<15:50:26.340> putty<15:50:26.880> I

free download if you Google putty I

free download if you Google putty I
think<15:50:27.116> it's<15:50:27.180> pretty.org<15:50:28.080> you<15:50:28.380> got<15:50:28.500> to<15:50:28.616> you<15:50:28.980> get

think it's pretty.org you got to you get

think it's pretty.org you got to you get
taken<15:50:29.456> to

taken to

taken to
BNC<15:50:32.040> I<15:50:32.276> used<15:50:32.456> this<15:50:32.640> a<15:50:32.756> while<15:50:32.880> ago<15:50:33.180> when<15:50:33.240> I<15:50:33.416> was

BNC I used this a while ago when I was

BNC I used this a while ago when I was
at<15:50:33.596> holiday<15:50:33.776> and<15:50:34.080> needed<15:50:34.380> to<15:50:34.500> connect<15:50:35.276> to<15:50:35.520> my

at holiday and needed to connect to my

at holiday and needed to connect to my
work<15:50:36.416> computer<15:50:36.860> this<15:50:37.860> is<15:50:37.980> platform

work computer this is platform

work computer this is platform
independent<15:50:39.116> it's<15:50:40.020> a<15:50:40.256> GUI<15:50:40.616> based

which is pretty handy if you're not too

which is pretty handy if you're not too
familiar<15:50:46.436> with<15:50:46.616> command<15:50:47.040> line<15:50:47.160> desktop

familiar with command line desktop

familiar with command line desktop
sharing<15:50:48.596> it<15:50:49.436> uses<15:50:49.680> remote<15:50:49.980> frame<15:50:50.456> buffer<15:50:50.820> to<15:50:51.360> a

sharing it uses remote frame buffer to a

sharing it uses remote frame buffer to a
remote<15:50:51.956> controller<15:50:52.560> computer

all right you get the TCP Port basic uh

all right you get the TCP Port basic uh
the<15:50:58.500> port<15:50:58.616> is<15:50:59.276> um<15:50:59.276> 5900<15:51:00.180> and<15:51:00.480> then<15:51:00.596> there's<15:51:00.776> a

the port is um 5900 and then there's a

the port is um 5900 and then there's a
number<15:51:01.080> the<15:51:01.436> number<15:51:01.616> will<15:51:01.916> you<15:51:02.220> check<15:51:02.456> the

number the number will you check the

number the number will you check the
documentation<15:51:03.060> but<15:51:03.360> there's<15:51:03.540> various

documentation but there's various

documentation but there's various
numbers<15:51:04.276> you<15:51:05.276> will<15:51:05.700> be<15:51:05.880> using<15:51:06.116> depending<15:51:06.540> on

numbers you will be using depending on

numbers you will be using depending on
what<15:51:07.020> you're<15:51:07.980> connecting<15:51:08.520> to<15:51:08.700> and<15:51:08.936> how<15:51:09.116> you

what you're connecting to and how you

what you're connecting to and how you
want<15:51:09.360> to<15:51:09.480> connect

now telnet is uh TCP protocol is used

now telnet is uh TCP protocol is used
for<15:51:16.796> remote<15:51:16.916> access<15:51:17.276> I<15:51:17.756> did<15:51:17.936> mention<15:51:18.116> SSH<15:51:18.660> so

for remote access I did mention SSH so

for remote access I did mention SSH so
really<15:51:19.640> tell<15:51:20.640> net<15:51:20.880> you'd<15:51:21.240> use<15:51:21.360> it<15:51:21.540> at<15:51:21.720> home<15:51:21.956> if

really tell net you'd use it at home if

really tell net you'd use it at home if
you've<15:51:22.980> got<15:51:23.220> a<15:51:23.640> rack<15:51:24.060> or<15:51:24.296> something<15:51:24.480> you<15:51:24.720> want

you've got a rack or something you want

you've got a rack or something you want
to<15:51:24.956> troubleshoot<15:51:25.560> you<15:51:25.980> would<15:51:26.096> never<15:51:26.276> use<15:51:26.456> this

to troubleshoot you would never use this

to troubleshoot you would never use this
in<15:51:26.820> a<15:51:26.936> corporate<15:51:27.240> environment<15:51:27.660> now<15:51:27.900> you'd<15:51:28.436> if

in a corporate environment now you'd if

in a corporate environment now you'd if
you<15:51:29.340> went<15:51:29.520> and<15:51:29.756> did<15:51:30.180> some<15:51:30.480> configuration<15:51:31.380> or

you went and did some configuration or

you went and did some configuration or
network<15:51:32.040> installation<15:51:32.640> for<15:51:32.936> a<15:51:33.060> company<15:51:33.180> and

network installation for a company and

network installation for a company and
left<15:51:33.596> town<15:51:33.776> to<15:51:34.020> open<15:51:34.200> then<15:51:34.860> I<15:51:35.040> think<15:51:35.220> you're

left town to open then I think you're

left town to open then I think you're
probably

probably

probably
um be<15:51:36.720> in<15:51:36.840> trouble<15:51:37.020> legally<15:51:37.500> because<15:51:37.740> you've

um be in trouble legally because you've

um be in trouble legally because you've
left<15:51:38.096> a<15:51:38.276> big<15:51:38.400> hole<15:51:39.116> in<15:51:39.180> their<15:51:39.296> Network<15:51:39.540> for

left a big hole in their Network for

left a big hole in their Network for
other<15:51:40.020> people<15:51:40.200> to<15:51:40.436> connect

other people to connect

other people to connect
it<15:51:42.296> requires<15:51:42.840> client<15:51:43.320> software<15:51:43.680> just<15:51:44.276> uh

it requires client software just uh

it requires client software just uh
something<15:51:45.180> like<15:51:45.360> putty<15:51:45.776> used<15:51:45.956> to<15:51:46.080> have<15:51:46.200> hyper

something like putty used to have hyper

something like putty used to have hyper
terminal<15:51:47.116> with<15:51:48.116> a<15:51:48.360> Microsoft<15:51:48.900> they<15:51:49.860> stopped<15:51:50.276> a

terminal with a Microsoft they stopped a

terminal with a Microsoft they stopped a
bundle<15:51:51.000> in<15:51:51.240> it<15:51:51.360> with<15:51:51.480> the<15:51:51.660> software<15:51:51.956> I<15:51:52.256> think

bundle in it with the software I think

bundle in it with the software I think
um about<15:51:53.520> four<15:51:53.756> or<15:51:53.936> five<15:51:54.060> years<15:51:54.296> ago

um about four or five years ago

um about four or five years ago
you<15:51:55.616> could<15:51:55.740> still<15:51:55.916> enable<15:51:56.220> it<15:51:56.580> but<15:51:57.296> you<15:51:57.480> had<15:51:57.596> to

you could still enable it but you had to

you could still enable it but you had to
go<15:51:57.840> into<15:51:58.020> the<15:51:58.436> back<15:51:58.860> end<15:51:59.040> and<15:51:59.700> um<15:51:59.700> I<15:52:00.000> think<15:52:00.180> you

go into the back end and um I think you

go into the back end and um I think you
have<15:52:00.360> to<15:52:00.480> download<15:52:00.660> some<15:52:00.956> extra<15:52:01.140> software<15:52:01.616> but

have to download some extra software but

have to download some extra software but
um it<15:52:03.000> didn't<15:52:03.296> work<15:52:03.480> it<15:52:03.660> doesn't<15:52:03.900> work<15:52:04.140> too

um it didn't work it doesn't work too

um it didn't work it doesn't work too
well<15:52:04.436> anyway<15:52:04.756> uh<15:52:05.756> uses<15:52:06.180> TCP<15:52:06.720> Port<15:52:07.020> 23<15:52:07.740> make<15:52:08.400> a

well anyway uh uses TCP Port 23 make a

well anyway uh uses TCP Port 23 make a
note<15:52:08.640> of<15:52:08.880> that<15:52:09.000> all<15:52:09.900> traffic<15:52:10.200> isn't<15:52:10.616> encrypted

note of that all traffic isn't encrypted

note of that all traffic isn't encrypted
not<15:52:11.340> secure<15:52:11.580> which<15:52:11.880> is<15:52:12.000> why<15:52:12.180> we<15:52:12.416> don't

not secure which is why we don't

not secure which is why we don't
recommend<15:52:12.900> you<15:52:13.080> use<15:52:13.380> it

I've already mentioned this bundle

I've already mentioned this bundle
blocked

blocked

blocked
https<15:52:20.400> management

https management

https management
this<15:52:22.500> gives<15:52:22.796> you<15:52:22.916> the<15:52:23.220> graphical<15:52:23.640> uh<15:52:25.140> access

this gives you the graphical uh access

this gives you the graphical uh access
method<15:52:26.220> for<15:52:26.456> a<15:52:26.580> device<15:52:26.756> when<15:52:27.540> you<15:52:27.720> first<15:52:28.020> buy

method for a device when you first buy

method for a device when you first buy
for<15:52:28.796> example<15:52:28.980> a<15:52:29.220> Cisco<15:52:29.580> router<15:52:30.060> and<15:52:30.540> say<15:52:30.720> you

for example a Cisco router and say you

for example a Cisco router and say you
don't<15:52:31.080> know<15:52:31.200> how<15:52:31.380> to<15:52:31.560> configure<15:52:32.040> it<15:52:32.220> you<15:52:33.000> can

don't know how to configure it you can

don't know how to configure it you can
get<15:52:33.240> the<15:52:33.480> router<15:52:33.900> you<15:52:34.560> basically<15:52:34.860> plug<15:52:35.276> in<15:52:35.540> an

get the router you basically plug in an

get the router you basically plug in an
ethernet<15:52:36.900> cable<15:52:37.320> here

ethernet cable here

ethernet cable here
you<15:52:39.000> connect<15:52:39.180> your

you connect your

you connect your
PC<15:52:41.340> or<15:52:41.640> laptop<15:52:42.000> and<15:52:42.660> in<15:52:42.776> the<15:52:42.900> documentation

PC or laptop and in the documentation

PC or laptop and in the documentation
that<15:52:44.220> will<15:52:44.400> come<15:52:44.640> on<15:52:44.936> a<15:52:45.060> CD-ROM<15:52:45.660> or<15:52:45.840> you<15:52:46.020> get<15:52:46.140> a

that will come on a CD-ROM or you get a

that will come on a CD-ROM or you get a
little<15:52:46.380> card<15:52:46.740> it<15:52:47.456> will<15:52:47.640> basically<15:52:48.000> say<15:52:48.380> in

little card it will basically say in

little card it will basically say in
your<15:52:49.616> browser<15:52:50.160> window<15:52:50.340> you<15:52:50.820> put

your browser window you put

your browser window you put
HTTP<15:52:53.340> possibly<15:52:54.296> https<15:52:55.400> and<15:52:56.400> then<15:52:56.580> you<15:52:56.756> will

HTTP possibly https and then you will

HTTP possibly https and then you will
put<15:52:57.240> a<15:52:57.660> number<15:52:58.020> so<15:52:58.796> say<15:52:59.040> for<15:52:59.220> example<15:52:59.400> your

put a number so say for example your

put a number so say for example your
home<15:52:59.936> router<15:53:00.416> will<15:53:00.720> normally<15:53:01.080> be<15:53:01.380> something

home router will normally be something

home router will normally be something
like<15:53:02.520> this<15:53:02.756> 192.168.0.1

and then that will result that will

and then that will result that will
resolve<15:53:08.700> it<15:53:09.296> doesn't<15:53:09.480> need<15:53:09.660> to<15:53:09.776> use<15:53:09.840> DNS

resolve it doesn't need to use DNS

resolve it doesn't need to use DNS
because<15:53:10.616> it's<15:53:10.860> uh<15:53:11.096> the<15:53:11.276> using<15:53:11.640> an<15:53:11.756> IP<15:53:12.060> address

because it's uh the using an IP address

because it's uh the using an IP address
it<15:53:13.080> will<15:53:13.200> resolve<15:53:13.680> them<15:53:13.860> to<15:53:14.456> this<15:53:14.700> management

it will resolve them to this management

it will resolve them to this management
window<15:53:15.740> and<15:53:16.740> on<15:53:16.980> my<15:53:17.220> route<15:53:17.700> up<15:53:18.060> on<15:53:18.296> my<15:53:18.596> home

window and on my route up on my home

window and on my route up on my home
router<15:53:19.256> you've<15:53:19.860> got<15:53:20.040> a<15:53:20.220> whole<15:53:20.340> bunch<15:53:20.520> of<15:53:20.640> menus

router you've got a whole bunch of menus

router you've got a whole bunch of menus
here<15:53:21.480> you<15:53:22.200> can<15:53:22.380> configure<15:53:22.980> the<15:53:23.640> firewall<15:53:24.116> you

here you can configure the firewall you

here you can configure the firewall you
can<15:53:24.720> reboot

can reboot

can reboot
you<15:53:26.820> can<15:53:26.936> check<15:53:27.180> your<15:53:27.540> DNS<15:53:28.020> settings<15:53:28.456> you<15:53:29.456> can

you can check your DNS settings you can

you can check your DNS settings you can
permit<15:53:30.116> or<15:53:30.360> deny<15:53:30.720> different<15:53:31.020> devices<15:53:31.436> if<15:53:31.740> you

permit or deny different devices if you

permit or deny different devices if you
want<15:53:32.040> your<15:53:32.276> kids<15:53:32.520> to<15:53:33.480> access<15:53:33.660> the<15:53:34.200> internet<15:53:34.500> or

want your kids to access the internet or

want your kids to access the internet or
you<15:53:35.040> want<15:53:35.160> to<15:53:35.276> block<15:53:35.456> them<15:53:35.900> and<15:53:36.900> you<15:53:37.616> can<15:53:37.740> you

you want to block them and you can you

you want to block them and you can you
can<15:53:38.820> configure<15:53:39.360> that

can configure that

can configure that
um

um

um
firmware<15:53:43.320> etc<15:53:43.616> etc<15:53:43.740> anyway<15:53:44.040> you<15:53:44.276> get<15:53:44.340> you<15:53:44.520> get

firmware etc etc anyway you get you get

firmware etc etc anyway you get you get
the<15:53:44.820> idea<15:53:45.240> so<15:53:46.020> this<15:53:46.320> is<15:53:46.436> your<15:53:46.796> way<15:53:47.160> of<15:53:47.340> managing

the idea so this is your way of managing

the idea so this is your way of managing
your<15:53:48.000> device<15:53:48.180> it's<15:53:49.020> a<15:53:49.200> security<15:53:49.436> issue<15:53:50.160> if

your device it's a security issue if

your device it's a security issue if
enabled<15:53:51.480> by<15:53:51.660> default

enabled by default

enabled by default
I'm<15:53:53.580> trying<15:53:53.756> to<15:53:53.936> remember<15:53:54.060> now<15:53:54.416> I<15:53:54.776> think<15:53:54.956> uh

I'm trying to remember now I think uh

I'm trying to remember now I think uh
Cisco<15:53:55.616> devices<15:53:55.980> is<15:53:56.276> disabled<15:53:56.820> by<15:53:57.000> default<15:53:57.360> but

Cisco devices is disabled by default but

Cisco devices is disabled by default but
sometimes<15:53:58.436> you<15:53:58.740> can<15:53:58.860> have<15:53:59.040> different

sometimes you can have different

sometimes you can have different
versions<15:53:59.880> of<15:54:00.116> iOS

versions of iOS

versions of iOS
where<15:54:02.096> all<15:54:02.880> enabled<15:54:03.360> and<15:54:03.596> then<15:54:03.720> there's

where all enabled and then there's

where all enabled and then there's
something<15:54:04.160> there's<15:54:05.160> some<15:54:05.456> change<15:54:05.640> happens

something there's some change happens

something there's some change happens
and<15:54:07.380> the<15:54:08.220> command<15:54:08.520> changes<15:54:09.060> or<15:54:09.480> the<15:54:09.720> default

and the command changes or the default

and the command changes or the default
setting<15:54:10.380> changes<15:54:10.740> this<15:54:11.276> is<15:54:11.400> for<15:54:11.640> routing

setting changes this is for routing

setting changes this is for routing
commands<15:54:12.840> security<15:54:13.500> commands<15:54:14.360> how<15:54:15.360> to<15:54:15.540> switch

commands security commands how to switch

commands security commands how to switch
traffic<15:54:16.140> packet<15:54:16.796> switching<15:54:17.220> and<15:54:17.520> track<15:54:17.756> and

traffic packet switching and track and

traffic packet switching and track and
frame<15:54:18.360> switching

frame switching

frame switching
so<15:54:20.640> um<15:54:20.640> check<15:54:21.000> what<15:54:21.296> device<15:54:21.540> you're<15:54:21.776> on<15:54:22.020> and<15:54:22.140> if

so um check what device you're on and if

so um check what device you're on and if
it's<15:54:22.436> enabled<15:54:22.980> or<15:54:23.096> disabled<15:54:23.520> by<15:54:23.640> default

it's enabled or disabled by default

it's enabled or disabled by default
generally<15:54:24.660> you'll<15:54:24.956> want<15:54:25.140> it<15:54:25.320> uh<15:54:25.560> disabled

generally you'll want it uh disabled

generally you'll want it uh disabled
otherwise<15:54:27.900> you've<15:54:28.080> got<15:54:28.200> to<15:54:28.320> configure

otherwise you've got to configure

otherwise you've got to configure
Advanced<15:54:29.096> usernames<15:54:29.700> and<15:54:29.820> passwords<15:54:30.416> so<15:54:31.200> put

Advanced usernames and passwords so put

Advanced usernames and passwords so put
the<15:54:31.560> IP<15:54:31.796> address<15:54:31.980> into<15:54:32.340> the<15:54:32.700> browser<15:54:33.180> bar

the IP address into the browser bar

the IP address into the browser bar
remote<15:54:35.116> file<15:54:36.116> access

remote file access

remote file access
FTP<15:54:38.040> is<15:54:38.220> used<15:54:38.400> to<15:54:38.756> upload<15:54:39.116> and<15:54:39.360> download<15:54:39.540> large

FTP is used to upload and download large

FTP is used to upload and download large
files<15:54:40.500> in<15:54:40.980> securely

files in securely

files in securely
so<15:54:42.540> this<15:54:42.840> represents<15:54:43.680> a<15:54:43.860> problem

SFTP this is a protocol in its own right

SFTP this is a protocol in its own right
so<15:54:49.796> it's<15:54:49.980> not<15:54:50.160> as<15:54:50.340> if<15:54:50.456> you've<15:54:50.700> got<15:54:50.820> FTP<15:54:51.416> and

so it's not as if you've got FTP and

so it's not as if you've got FTP and
added<15:54:52.500> something<15:54:52.740> to<15:54:53.096> it<15:54:53.276> this<15:54:53.936> is<15:54:54.116> its<15:54:54.480> own

added something to it this is its own

added something to it this is its own
protocol

protocol

protocol
so<15:54:56.340> just<15:54:56.580> be<15:54:56.756> careful<15:54:57.060> it's<15:54:57.720> encrypts<15:54:58.380> a

so just be careful it's encrypts a

so just be careful it's encrypts a
secures<15:54:59.640> an<15:54:59.700> eclipse<15:55:00.000> traffic<15:55:00.180> it<15:55:00.416> uses<15:55:00.720> SSH

secures an eclipse traffic it uses SSH

secures an eclipse traffic it uses SSH
which<15:55:01.680> is<15:55:01.796> port<15:55:01.980> 22.

which is port 22.

which is port 22.
so<15:55:04.740> um<15:55:04.740> don't<15:55:04.980> think<15:55:05.220> that<15:55:05.400> it's<15:55:05.640> an<15:55:05.880> FTP<15:55:06.480> with

so um don't think that it's an FTP with

so um don't think that it's an FTP with
some<15:55:07.616> little<15:55:07.860> extra<15:55:08.160> bit<15:55:08.820> on<15:55:09.060> here

some little extra bit on here

some little extra bit on here
security<15:55:10.560> bit<15:55:11.060> security<15:55:12.060> issue<15:55:12.776> if<15:55:13.320> enabled

security bit security issue if enabled

security bit security issue if enabled
by<15:55:13.980> default<15:55:14.340> this<15:55:14.700> is<15:55:15.116> um<15:55:15.116> again<15:55:15.596> I've<15:55:15.900> done

by default this is um again I've done

by default this is um again I've done
that<15:55:16.256> again<15:55:16.380> sorry<15:55:16.740> I've<15:55:17.276> left<15:55:17.580> it<15:55:17.756> from<15:55:17.936> the

that again sorry I've left it from the

that again sorry I've left it from the
last<15:55:18.240> slide

last slide

last slide
your<15:55:20.880> other<15:55:21.116> file<15:55:21.660> transfer<15:55:22.140> method<15:55:22.500> is

your other file transfer method is

your other file transfer method is
Trivial<15:55:23.756> file<15:55:24.060> transfer<15:55:24.540> protocol<15:55:24.900> which<15:55:25.200> I

Trivial file transfer protocol which I

Trivial file transfer protocol which I
think<15:55:25.436> we've<15:55:25.616> mentioned<15:55:25.916> earlier<15:55:26.220> if<15:55:26.700> you've

think we've mentioned earlier if you've

think we've mentioned earlier if you've
got<15:55:27.000> a<15:55:27.180> small<15:55:27.360> file<15:55:27.776> that<15:55:28.680> you<15:55:28.860> want<15:55:28.980> to<15:55:29.296> send

got a small file that you want to send

got a small file that you want to send
over<15:55:30.480> your<15:55:30.776> network<15:55:31.096> again<15:55:32.096> please<15:55:32.520> don't<15:55:32.756> use

over your network again please don't use

over your network again please don't use
this<15:55:33.360> this<15:55:33.540> is<15:55:33.720> just<15:55:33.956> what<15:55:34.256> it's<15:55:34.436> used<15:55:34.616> for<15:55:34.796> if

this this is just what it's used for if

this this is just what it's used for if
you've<15:55:35.520> got<15:55:35.700> a<15:55:35.820> router<15:55:36.240> and<15:55:36.660> you<15:55:36.776> want<15:55:36.900> to<15:55:37.020> back

you've got a router and you want to back

you've got a router and you want to back
up<15:55:37.256> the<15:55:37.380> configuration<15:55:37.980> you've<15:55:38.756> got<15:55:38.880> a<15:55:39.116> tiny

up the configuration you've got a tiny

up the configuration you've got a tiny
little<15:55:39.660> file<15:55:40.020> like<15:55:40.980> about

little file like about

little file like about
a<15:55:42.660> by<15:55:43.020> uh<15:55:43.500> eight<15:55:43.740> bytes<15:55:44.220> whatever<15:55:44.540> or<15:55:45.540> eight

a by uh eight bytes whatever or eight

a by uh eight bytes whatever or eight
kilobytes<15:55:46.320> probably

kilobytes probably

kilobytes probably
um<15:55:47.880> you'll<15:55:48.296> you'll<15:55:48.596> back<15:55:48.720> it<15:55:48.840> up<15:55:49.020> here<15:55:49.256> using

um you'll you'll back it up here using

um you'll you'll back it up here using
tftp

tftp

tftp
but<15:55:52.796> again<15:55:53.040> this<15:55:53.400> file<15:55:53.640> really<15:55:54.060> is<15:55:54.540> sensitive

but again this file really is sensitive

but again this file really is sensitive
because<15:55:55.320> it's<15:55:55.560> got<15:55:55.740> IP<15:55:56.040> addresses<15:55:56.520> passwords

because it's got IP addresses passwords

because it's got IP addresses passwords
and<15:55:57.240> heaven<15:55:57.480> knows<15:55:57.840> what<15:55:58.020> so<15:55:58.980> really<15:55:59.400> using

and heaven knows what so really using

and heaven knows what so really using
tftp<15:56:00.900> it<15:56:01.616> shouldn't<15:56:02.040> be<15:56:02.096> done<15:56:02.276> anymore<15:56:02.580> if

tftp it shouldn't be done anymore if

tftp it shouldn't be done anymore if
you're<15:56:03.480> at<15:56:03.720> home<15:56:03.900> you've<15:56:04.500> got<15:56:04.560> your<15:56:04.740> little

you're at home you've got your little

you're at home you've got your little
home<15:56:05.096> network<15:56:05.340> and<15:56:05.640> you<15:56:05.820> want<15:56:05.880> to<15:56:06.000> have<15:56:06.116> a<15:56:06.240> play

home network and you want to have a play

home network and you want to have a play
with<15:56:06.596> your<15:56:06.776> software<15:56:07.140> fine<15:56:07.916> and<15:56:08.820> if<15:56:09.060> you're<15:56:09.180> in

with your software fine and if you're in

with your software fine and if you're in
a<15:56:09.480> corporate<15:56:09.840> environment<15:56:10.456> no<15:56:11.456> I<15:56:11.880> I<15:56:12.116> think

a corporate environment no I I think

a corporate environment no I I think
it's<15:56:12.480> a<15:56:12.596> really<15:56:12.720> bad<15:56:12.900> idea

it's a really bad idea

it's a really bad idea
out<15:56:15.060> of<15:56:15.180> band<15:56:15.416> access<15:56:15.720> outer<15:56:16.380> band<15:56:16.500> basically

out of band access outer band basically

out of band access outer band basically
um

um

um
it's<15:56:19.080> not<15:56:19.200> within<15:56:19.560> your<15:56:19.860> normal<15:56:20.040> ethernet

it's not within your normal ethernet

it's not within your normal ethernet
connection

connection

connection
so<15:56:22.560> say<15:56:22.796> you've<15:56:22.980> got<15:56:23.160> a<15:56:23.340> router<15:56:23.756> you've<15:56:24.296> got<15:56:24.480> a

so say you've got a router you've got a

so say you've got a router you've got a
fast<15:56:24.900> ethernet<15:56:25.256> port<15:56:25.680> here<15:56:26.040> and<15:56:26.640> then<15:56:26.756> you've

fast ethernet port here and then you've

fast ethernet port here and then you've
got<15:56:27.116> your<15:56:27.660> again<15:56:28.436> your<15:56:29.276> PC<15:56:29.880> or<15:56:30.180> whatever<15:56:30.296> you

got your again your PC or whatever you

got your again your PC or whatever you
use<15:56:30.720> to<15:56:30.900> connect

use to connect

use to connect
so<15:56:32.160> this<15:56:32.340> will<15:56:32.520> be<15:56:32.700> your<15:56:33.000> in-band

out of band would be something like a

out of band would be something like a
modem<15:56:40.320> connection<15:56:40.860> so<15:56:41.640> you've<15:56:42.480> got<15:56:42.596> your

modem connection so you've got your

modem connection so you've got your
router

router

router
and<15:56:45.060> your

and your

and your
your<15:56:47.160> you've<15:56:47.820> got<15:56:47.936> your<15:56:48.296> telephone

your you've got your telephone

your you've got your telephone
connection<15:56:49.020> here<15:56:49.680> and<15:56:50.400> then<15:56:50.580> a<15:56:50.820> modem

which is connected to your computer so

which is connected to your computer so
out<15:56:56.880> of<15:56:57.116> band

out of band

out of band
used<15:56:58.860> for<15:56:59.096> emergency<15:56:59.520> access<15:57:00.000> normally<15:57:00.660> if

used for emergency access normally if

used for emergency access normally if
you're<15:57:01.200> connecting<15:57:01.616> out<15:57:01.860> a<15:57:02.096> band<15:57:02.276> something

you're connecting out a band something

you're connecting out a band something
has<15:57:03.540> gone<15:57:03.776> wrong

has gone wrong

has gone wrong
now<15:57:06.116> it<15:57:06.240> looks<15:57:06.540> like<15:57:06.596> this<15:57:06.840> is<15:57:06.956> a<15:57:07.200> modem<15:57:07.560> here

now it looks like this is a modem here

now it looks like this is a modem here
and<15:57:08.700> you<15:57:08.936> can<15:57:09.000> connect<15:57:09.240> uh<15:57:09.956> over<15:57:10.436> the<15:57:10.616> Internet

and you can connect uh over the Internet

and you can connect uh over the Internet
so<15:57:11.040> you<15:57:11.220> could<15:57:11.340> connect<15:57:11.520> to<15:57:11.820> the<15:57:12.000> modem<15:57:12.360> and

so you could connect to the modem and

so you could connect to the modem and
then<15:57:13.080> there's<15:57:13.320> a<15:57:13.616> a<15:57:14.040> modem<15:57:14.640> Port<15:57:14.820> here

then there's a a modem Port here

then there's a a modem Port here
normally<15:57:15.720> on<15:57:15.900> Cisco<15:57:16.320> devices<15:57:16.740> it's<15:57:17.160> got<15:57:17.340> aux

normally on Cisco devices it's got aux

normally on Cisco devices it's got aux
written<15:57:18.240> on<15:57:18.416> it<15:57:18.540> again<15:57:19.080> check<15:57:19.380> your

written on it again check your

written on it again check your
documentation<15:57:20.096> because<15:57:20.340> things<15:57:20.756> change<15:57:21.296> over

documentation because things change over

documentation because things change over
time

time

time
so<15:57:23.040> attach<15:57:23.276> your<15:57:23.456> mode<15:57:23.640> and<15:57:23.820> support<15:57:24.000> what<15:57:24.776> you

so attach your mode and support what you

so attach your mode and support what you
would<15:57:25.020> normally<15:57:25.320> do<15:57:25.616> is<15:57:26.040> this<15:57:26.340> wouldn't<15:57:26.520> be

would normally do is this wouldn't be

would normally do is this wouldn't be
connected<15:57:27.180> say<15:57:27.480> you're<15:57:27.660> in<15:57:27.776> a<15:57:28.020> corporate

connected say you're in a corporate

connected say you're in a corporate
environment<15:57:29.220> so<15:57:29.456> this<15:57:29.700> is<15:57:29.820> in<15:57:30.060> your<15:57:30.296> corporate

environment so this is in your corporate

environment so this is in your corporate
Network

Network

Network
and<15:57:32.640> you've<15:57:33.000> got<15:57:33.296> a<15:57:34.320> um

you've got your remote hands so this is

you've got your remote hands so this is
like<15:57:39.956> your<15:57:40.436> help<15:57:40.616> desk<15:57:40.916> team<15:57:41.220> they're<15:57:41.936> not

like your help desk team they're not

like your help desk team they're not
they're<15:57:42.480> not<15:57:42.720> that<15:57:43.020> technical<15:57:43.380> say<15:57:43.796> they're

they're not that technical say they're

they're not that technical say they're
level<15:57:44.220> one<15:57:44.580> but<15:57:45.360> you've<15:57:45.596> got<15:57:45.720> people<15:57:46.020> who<15:57:46.380> if

level one but you've got people who if

level one but you've got people who if
you<15:57:46.680> send<15:57:46.796> them<15:57:46.916> in<15:57:47.160> the<15:57:47.276> instructions<15:57:47.936> to<15:57:48.840> go

you send them in the instructions to go

you send them in the instructions to go
to<15:57:49.436> rack

to rack

to rack
one<15:57:51.980> and

one and

one and
um<15:57:53.580> find

um find

um find
say<15:57:55.740> Row<15:57:56.220> three<15:57:56.400> or<15:57:56.580> whatever<15:57:56.776> and<15:57:57.776> ask<15:57:58.140> them

say Row three or whatever and ask them

say Row three or whatever and ask them
to<15:57:58.500> plug<15:57:58.616> in<15:57:58.796> the<15:57:58.916> cable<15:57:59.160> and<15:57:59.340> you'll<15:57:59.456> have<15:57:59.580> the

to plug in the cable and you'll have the

to plug in the cable and you'll have the
cable<15:57:59.880> sitting<15:58:00.240> there<15:58:00.360> but<15:58:00.540> not<15:58:00.660> plugged<15:58:01.080> in

cable sitting there but not plugged in

cable sitting there but not plugged in
you'll<15:58:01.916> do<15:58:02.040> the<15:58:02.276> fix<15:58:02.456> bring<15:58:03.416> the<15:58:03.596> router<15:58:03.900> back

you'll do the fix bring the router back

you'll do the fix bring the router back
up<15:58:04.200> so<15:58:04.436> all<15:58:04.680> the<15:58:04.796> other<15:58:04.916> ports<15:58:05.340> are<15:58:05.456> working

up so all the other ports are working

up so all the other ports are working
and<15:58:06.296> then<15:58:06.540> they<15:58:06.900> will<15:58:07.020> disconnect<15:58:07.320> that<15:58:08.040> again

and then they will disconnect that again

and then they will disconnect that again
and<15:58:09.296> you'll<15:58:09.720> normally<15:58:09.900> have<15:58:10.080> obviously<15:58:10.500> a

and you'll normally have obviously a

and you'll normally have obviously a
ticketing<15:58:11.096> system<15:58:11.340> of<15:58:11.640> some<15:58:11.880> sort<15:58:12.060> where

ticketing system of some sort where

ticketing system of some sort where
you'll<15:58:12.900> say<15:58:13.080> plug<15:58:13.740> it<15:58:13.980> in<15:58:14.160> and<15:58:14.640> then<15:58:14.756> confirm

you'll say plug it in and then confirm

you'll say plug it in and then confirm
that<15:58:15.360> they<15:58:15.480> have<15:58:15.660> unplugged<15:58:16.080> it<15:58:16.140> because<15:58:16.320> it's

that they have unplugged it because it's

that they have unplugged it because it's
a<15:58:16.796> security

a security

a security
um<15:58:18.360> issue<15:58:18.840> so<15:58:19.500> just<15:58:19.680> be<15:58:19.860> careful

um issue so just be careful

um issue so just be careful
so<15:58:22.080> I've<15:58:22.256> mentioned<15:58:22.560> remote<15:58:22.740> hands<15:58:23.700> um<15:58:23.820> you

so I've mentioned remote hands um you

so I've mentioned remote hands um you
can<15:58:24.060> use<15:58:24.180> a<15:58:24.360> console<15:58:24.720> oh<15:58:25.020> you<15:58:25.256> can<15:58:25.380> use<15:58:25.500> a

can use a console oh you can use a

can use a console oh you can use a
console<15:58:26.040> router<15:58:26.456> for<15:58:26.640> multiple<15:58:27.060> out<15:58:27.776> of<15:58:27.956> band

console router for multiple out of band

console router for multiple out of band
devices<15:58:28.560> so<15:58:29.276> say<15:58:29.520> you've<15:58:29.880> got<15:58:30.000> this<15:58:30.480> is

devices so say you've got this is

devices so say you've got this is
normally<15:58:31.080> we<15:58:31.616> used<15:58:31.796> to<15:58:31.916> do<15:58:32.040> this<15:58:32.160> when<15:58:32.400> we<15:58:32.580> were

normally we used to do this when we were

normally we used to do this when we were
practicing<15:58:33.116> for<15:58:33.360> Cisco<15:58:33.720> exams<15:58:34.200> you<15:58:34.916> out<15:58:35.160> of<15:58:35.340> a

practicing for Cisco exams you out of a

practicing for Cisco exams you out of a
rack<15:58:35.936> of<15:58:36.776> all<15:58:37.020> of<15:58:37.140> these<15:58:37.380> different<15:58:37.616> routers

rack of all of these different routers

rack of all of these different routers
say<15:58:39.660> router<15:58:40.140> 1<15:58:40.380> router<15:58:41.096> 2<15:58:41.400> router<15:58:42.060> 3<15:58:42.296> switch

say router 1 router 2 router 3 switch

say router 1 router 2 router 3 switch
one

one

one
switch<15:58:45.240> to<15:58:45.540> and<15:58:46.500> you<15:58:46.740> haven't<15:58:46.860> got<15:58:47.096> ethernet

switch to and you haven't got ethernet

switch to and you haven't got ethernet
access<15:58:47.756> for<15:58:48.180> whatever<15:58:48.296> reason<15:58:48.680> so<15:58:49.680> what<15:58:49.916> you

access for whatever reason so what you

access for whatever reason so what you
do<15:58:50.700> is<15:58:51.240> you'd<15:58:51.540> have<15:58:51.720> this<15:58:52.080> uh<15:58:52.616> a<15:58:53.340> console

do is you'd have this uh a console

do is you'd have this uh a console
router<15:58:54.240> I<15:58:54.416> can't<15:58:54.480> fit<15:58:54.776> it<15:58:54.900> all<15:58:54.956> in<15:58:55.140> a<15:58:55.560> console

router I can't fit it all in a console

router I can't fit it all in a console
router

router

router
which<15:58:58.140> basically<15:58:58.500> connects<15:58:58.916> to<15:58:59.040> the<15:58:59.276> console

which basically connects to the console

which basically connects to the console
ports<15:59:00.116> of<15:59:00.240> all<15:59:00.416> these<15:59:00.720> devices<15:59:01.080> now<15:59:01.916> console

ports of all these devices now console

ports of all these devices now console
connections<15:59:02.880> don't<15:59:03.060> work<15:59:03.360> over<15:59:03.660> the<15:59:04.140> Internet

connections don't work over the Internet

connections don't work over the Internet
it's<15:59:04.796> an<15:59:04.980> out<15:59:05.160> of<15:59:05.276> band<15:59:05.520> thing<15:59:06.416> so<15:59:06.900> what<15:59:07.080> you

it's an out of band thing so what you

it's an out of band thing so what you
would<15:59:07.380> do<15:59:07.560> would<15:59:07.916> would<15:59:08.340> tell<15:59:08.640> net<15:59:08.820> to<15:59:09.060> this

would do would would tell net to this

would do would would tell net to this
device<15:59:09.416> here

device here

device here
and<15:59:11.040> then<15:59:11.276> through<15:59:11.640> this<15:59:11.880> router<15:59:12.240> here<15:59:12.416> it

and then through this router here it

and then through this router here it
would<15:59:12.776> have<15:59:13.020> the<15:59:13.680> telnet<15:59:14.400> the<15:59:14.936> software<15:59:15.180> the

would have the telnet the software the

would have the telnet the software the
client<15:59:15.660> software<15:59:16.080> that<15:59:16.916> you<15:59:17.096> could<15:59:17.340> configure

client software that you could configure

client software that you could configure
all<15:59:18.296> of<15:59:18.416> these<15:59:18.596> devices<15:59:18.840> through<15:59:19.200> a<15:59:19.380> command

all of these devices through a command

all of these devices through a command
line

line

line
and<15:59:21.840> um<15:59:21.840> really<15:59:22.140> handy<15:59:22.436> way<15:59:22.616> of<15:59:22.740> connecting<15:59:23.040> to

and um really handy way of connecting to

and um really handy way of connecting to
remote<15:59:23.400> racks<15:59:23.936> but<15:59:24.116> you<15:59:24.296> could<15:59:24.416> have<15:59:24.540> this<15:59:24.776> for

remote racks but you could have this for

remote racks but you could have this for
your<15:59:25.200> corporate<15:59:26.160> Network

your corporate Network

your corporate Network
this<15:59:27.900> is<15:59:28.020> an<15:59:28.200> example<15:59:28.436> of<15:59:28.680> one<15:59:28.860> this<15:59:29.340> is<15:59:29.580> a<15:59:30.116> the

this is an example of one this is a the

this is an example of one this is a the
the<15:59:30.360> models<15:59:31.140> of<15:59:31.256> routers<15:59:31.616> for<15:59:31.796> Cisco<15:59:32.220> are<15:59:32.580> 25

the models of routers for Cisco are 25

the models of routers for Cisco are 25
11<15:59:33.740> and<15:59:34.740> 25

11 and 25

11 and 25
21.<15:59:36.596> now<15:59:36.776> you<15:59:36.956> can<15:59:37.020> see<15:59:37.256> how<15:59:37.500> old<15:59:37.680> this<15:59:37.916> is<15:59:38.096> this

21. now you can see how old this is this

21. now you can see how old this is this
is<15:59:38.580> your<15:59:38.880> ethernet<15:59:39.296> connection<15:59:39.540> look<15:59:39.956> at<15:59:40.140> that

is your ethernet connection look at that

is your ethernet connection look at that
the<15:59:40.796> aui

the aui

the aui
so<15:59:42.480> what<15:59:42.660> you<15:59:42.776> do<15:59:42.956> we've<15:59:43.200> all<15:59:43.320> we've<15:59:43.616> talked

so what you do we've all we've talked

so what you do we've all we've talked
about<15:59:43.980> transceivers<15:59:44.820> already<15:59:45.000> you<15:59:45.296> think<15:59:45.480> but

about transceivers already you think but

about transceivers already you think but
you'd<15:59:46.200> have<15:59:46.380> this<15:59:46.560> transceiver<15:59:47.096> that's<15:59:47.820> got<15:59:48.060> a

you'd have this transceiver that's got a

you'd have this transceiver that's got a
an<15:59:48.540> ethernet<15:59:48.840> port<15:59:49.200> in<15:59:49.436> here<15:59:49.560> so<15:59:49.740> you<15:59:49.860> could

an ethernet port in here so you could

an ethernet port in here so you could
connect<15:59:50.096> an<15:59:50.340> Ethernet<15:59:50.700> cable<15:59:51.116> to<15:59:51.776> another

connect an Ethernet cable to another

connect an Ethernet cable to another
device<15:59:52.616> which<15:59:53.220> then<15:59:53.456> lets<15:59:53.756> you<15:59:53.820> get<15:59:54.060> in<15:59:54.320> at<15:59:55.320> 10

device which then lets you get in at 10

device which then lets you get in at 10
Meg

Meg

Meg
um<15:59:57.956> so<15:59:58.436> pretty<15:59:58.860> slow<15:59:59.160> uh<15:59:59.936> old-fashioned

um so pretty slow uh old-fashioned

um so pretty slow uh old-fashioned
serial<16:00:00.840> connection<16:00:01.140> there<16:00:01.740> I<16:00:02.520> said<16:00:02.756> db60

serial connection there I said db60

serial connection there I said db60
and<16:00:05.220> then<16:00:05.340> your<16:00:05.580> console<16:00:06.000> port<16:00:06.240> for<16:00:06.480> console

and then your console port for console

and then your console port for console
connections<16:00:07.500> this<16:00:08.096> is<16:00:08.220> your<16:00:08.400> modem<16:00:08.756> I've

connections this is your modem I've

connections this is your modem I've
talked<16:00:09.296> about

talked about

talked about
your<16:00:11.340> uh<16:00:11.640> for<16:00:11.880> your<16:00:12.116> outer<16:00:12.360> band<16:00:12.480> access

your uh for your outer band access

your uh for your outer band access
and<16:00:14.520> what<16:00:14.820> this<16:00:15.060> is<16:00:15.240> is<16:00:15.596> a<16:00:15.900> bunch<16:00:16.020> of<16:00:16.256> console

and what this is is a bunch of console

and what this is is a bunch of console
connections<16:00:17.400> so<16:00:17.640> you<16:00:17.880> can<16:00:18.000> see<16:00:18.240> one<16:00:18.540> here

connections so you can see one here

connections so you can see one here
they've<16:00:19.080> all<16:00:19.256> got<16:00:19.380> numbers<16:00:19.616> on

they've all got numbers on

they've all got numbers on
and<16:00:21.000> it's<16:00:21.240> numbered<16:00:21.660> one<16:00:21.840> to<16:00:22.080> eight<16:00:22.320> here<16:00:23.040> and

and it's numbered one to eight here and

and it's numbered one to eight here and
then<16:00:23.756> if<16:00:23.880> you<16:00:24.000> plugged<16:00:24.296> in<16:00:24.360> the<16:00:24.480> second<16:00:24.660> one<16:00:24.900> if

then if you plugged in the second one if

then if you plugged in the second one if
you<16:00:25.320> needed<16:00:26.040> um<16:00:26.040> up<16:00:26.340> to<16:00:26.400> 16<16:00:26.580> devices<16:00:27.256> then

you needed um up to 16 devices then

you needed um up to 16 devices then
these<16:00:28.616> numbers<16:00:28.980> I<16:00:29.276> won't<16:00:29.400> tell<16:00:29.640> you<16:00:29.756> how<16:00:29.880> to

these numbers I won't tell you how to

these numbers I won't tell you how to
configure<16:00:30.296> it<16:00:30.416> I've<16:00:30.540> got<16:00:30.720> a<16:00:30.840> video<16:00:30.956> on<16:00:31.200> YouTube

configure it I've got a video on YouTube

configure it I've got a video on YouTube
if<16:00:31.740> you<16:00:31.860> want<16:00:31.980> to<16:00:32.160> look<16:00:32.936> that<16:00:33.116> up<16:00:33.240> under<16:00:33.540> my

if you want to look that up under my

if you want to look that up under my
name<16:00:33.956> Paul<16:00:34.200> Browning

name Paul Browning

name Paul Browning
and<16:00:36.240> you<16:00:36.480> could<16:00:36.540> connect<16:00:36.720> these<16:00:37.020> from<16:00:37.256> a<16:00:37.500> load

and you could connect these from a load

and you could connect these from a load
of<16:00:37.740> other<16:00:37.796> devices<16:00:38.160> so<16:00:38.820> really<16:00:39.000> what<16:00:39.360> you<16:00:39.480> were

of other devices so really what you were

of other devices so really what you were
doing<16:00:39.720> is<16:00:39.900> connecting<16:00:40.380> to<16:00:40.560> this<16:00:40.796> device

doing is connecting to this device

doing is connecting to this device
whatever<16:00:41.520> this<16:00:42.000> modeler<16:00:42.596> switch<16:00:42.776> is

whatever this modeler switch is

whatever this modeler switch is
but<16:00:44.520> you're<16:00:44.700> doing<16:00:44.936> it<16:00:45.116> you're<16:00:45.360> telnetting<16:00:46.080> or

but you're doing it you're telnetting or

but you're doing it you're telnetting or
get<16:00:46.560> all<16:00:46.740> rem<16:00:47.096> or<16:00:48.000> connected<16:00:48.540> through<16:00:48.776> a<16:00:49.080> modem

get all rem or connected through a modem

get all rem or connected through a modem
connection<16:00:49.796> to<16:00:50.160> this<16:00:50.400> device<16:00:50.720> and<16:00:51.720> then<16:00:51.900> from

connection to this device and then from

connection to this device and then from
here<16:00:53.096> you're<16:00:53.640> choosing<16:00:54.000> whatever<16:00:54.116> console

here you're choosing whatever console

here you're choosing whatever console
line<16:00:55.020> is<16:00:55.380> free<16:00:55.616> so<16:00:56.400> for<16:00:56.640> example<16:00:56.880> one<16:00:57.240> and<16:00:57.660> then

line is free so for example one and then

line is free so for example one and then
you<16:00:57.956> can<16:00:58.140> actually<16:00:58.256> configure<16:00:58.740> this<16:00:59.040> device

you can actually configure this device

you can actually configure this device
so<16:01:00.416> it's<16:01:00.540> a<16:01:00.660> slightly<16:01:01.080> longer<16:01:01.380> way<16:01:01.500> of<16:01:01.680> doing

so it's a slightly longer way of doing

so it's a slightly longer way of doing
things<16:01:02.096> but

things but

things but
um<16:01:03.720> that<16:01:04.140> saves<16:01:04.500> you<16:01:04.616> having<16:01:05.160> to<16:01:05.400> configure

um that saves you having to configure

um that saves you having to configure
tile<16:01:06.000> net<16:01:06.240> connections

tile net connections

tile net connections
to<16:01:08.640> 16<16:01:09.000> different<16:01:09.360> devices<16:01:09.840> so<16:01:10.436> pretty<16:01:10.796> handy

to 16 different devices so pretty handy

to 16 different devices so pretty handy
so<16:01:12.416> we<16:01:12.540> covered<16:01:12.840> a<16:01:12.956> load<16:01:13.140> of<16:01:13.256> stuff<16:01:13.436> RDP<16:01:14.276> SSH

so we covered a load of stuff RDP SSH

so we covered a load of stuff RDP SSH
VNC<16:01:15.540> telnet

VNC telnet

VNC telnet
https<16:01:17.936> for<16:01:18.480> your<16:01:18.660> GUI<16:01:19.080> uh

https for your GUI uh

https for your GUI uh
access<16:01:21.180> here<16:01:21.596> file<16:01:22.560> access<16:01:22.796> and<16:01:23.220> then<16:01:23.400> outer

access here file access and then outer

access here file access and then outer
band<16:01:23.880> so<16:01:24.116> it<16:01:24.240> covered<16:01:24.480> a<16:01:24.596> lot<16:01:24.660> of<16:01:24.776> stuff<16:01:24.956> so

band so it covered a lot of stuff so

band so it covered a lot of stuff so
thanks<16:01:26.160> for<16:01:26.340> listening<16:01:26.580> I'll<16:01:26.936> see<16:01:27.060> you<16:01:27.180> on<16:01:27.240> the

thanks for listening I'll see you on the

thanks for listening I'll see you on the
next<16:01:27.480> presentation

remote access

remote access
vpns<16:01:54.480> and<16:01:55.020> their<16:01:55.200> protocols

vpns and their protocols

vpns and their protocols
in<16:01:57.540> the<16:01:57.720> last<16:01:57.840> two<16:01:58.080> modules<16:01:58.500> we<16:01:58.860> discussed

in the last two modules we discussed

in the last two modules we discussed
remote<16:01:59.700> access<16:02:00.616> and<16:02:01.616> remote<16:02:02.160> networking<16:02:03.060> both

remote access and remote networking both

remote access and remote networking both
are<16:02:04.140> basically<16:02:04.500> around<16:02:04.616> the<16:02:04.860> same<16:02:05.040> concept

are basically around the same concept

are basically around the same concept
remote<16:02:05.936> networking<16:02:06.596> meaning<16:02:06.900> that<16:02:07.320> I<16:02:07.680> can

remote networking meaning that I can

remote networking meaning that I can
create<16:02:07.980> a<16:02:08.220> network<16:02:08.400> that<16:02:09.116> exists<16:02:09.596> in<16:02:09.900> two<16:02:10.140> very

create a network that exists in two very

create a network that exists in two very
different<16:02:10.560> geographical<16:02:11.220> locations<16:02:11.880> and

different geographical locations and

different geographical locations and
remote<16:02:12.596> access<16:02:13.020> meaning<16:02:13.560> that<16:02:13.796> I<16:02:14.040> can<16:02:14.220> access

remote access meaning that I can access

remote access meaning that I can access
a<16:02:15.540> computer<16:02:15.720> or<16:02:16.380> a<16:02:16.560> network<16:02:16.796> from<16:02:17.700> one

a computer or a network from one

a computer or a network from one
geographic<16:02:18.540> location<16:02:18.776> to<16:02:19.200> another<16:02:19.380> so

geographic location to another so

geographic location to another so
they're<16:02:19.916> both<16:02:20.160> basically<16:02:20.520> the<16:02:20.640> same<16:02:20.820> thing

they're both basically the same thing

they're both basically the same thing
but<16:02:21.596> how<16:02:21.776> we<16:02:21.956> accomplish<16:02:22.500> this<16:02:22.860> in<16:02:23.220> a<16:02:23.400> secure

but how we accomplish this in a secure

but how we accomplish this in a secure
fashion<16:02:24.180> is<16:02:24.660> what<16:02:24.840> we're<16:02:24.956> going<16:02:25.080> to<16:02:25.200> talk

fashion is what we're going to talk

fashion is what we're going to talk
about<16:02:25.500> in<16:02:26.040> this<16:02:26.220> module<16:02:26.640> and<16:02:27.060> that<16:02:27.180> revolves

about in this module and that revolves

about in this module and that revolves
around<16:02:27.720> this<16:02:28.140> term<16:02:28.320> VPN<16:02:29.220> a<16:02:29.820> VPN<16:02:30.240> I've<16:02:30.480> talked

around this term VPN a VPN I've talked

around this term VPN a VPN I've talked
about<16:02:30.840> a<16:02:31.080> bit<16:02:31.200> in<16:02:31.320> the<16:02:31.500> future<16:02:31.680> in<16:02:32.096> the<16:02:32.276> past

about a bit in the future in the past

about a bit in the future in the past
rather<16:02:32.820> and<16:02:33.540> it<16:02:33.900> stands<16:02:34.320> for<16:02:34.740> virtual

rather and it stands for virtual

rather and it stands for virtual
private

private

private
Network<16:02:39.240> and<16:02:39.660> as<16:02:39.840> that<16:02:40.140> term<16:02:40.320> implies<16:02:40.860> and

Network and as that term implies and

Network and as that term implies and
like<16:02:41.276> we've<16:02:41.580> discussed<16:02:42.000> it<16:02:42.660> creates<16:02:43.020> a<16:02:43.500> tunnel

like we've discussed it creates a tunnel

like we've discussed it creates a tunnel
through<16:02:45.540> the<16:02:46.256> net<16:02:46.380> the<16:02:46.740> internet<16:02:46.916> the<16:02:47.756> wide

through the net the internet the wide

through the net the internet the wide
area<16:02:48.240> network<16:02:48.596> in<16:02:49.560> which<16:02:49.740> we<16:02:50.040> can<16:02:50.220> securely

area network in which we can securely

area network in which we can securely
send<16:02:51.776> uh<16:02:52.500> data<16:02:52.916> between<16:02:53.400> two<16:02:53.756> locations<16:02:54.416> and

send uh data between two locations and

send uh data between two locations and
why<16:02:55.320> the<16:02:55.560> tunnel<16:02:55.860> well<16:02:56.040> that's<16:02:56.220> what<16:02:56.456> keeps<16:02:56.756> it

why the tunnel well that's what keeps it

why the tunnel well that's what keeps it
secure<16:02:57.296> and<16:02:57.480> private<16:02:57.900> from<16:02:58.140> everyone<16:02:58.256> else<16:02:58.560> on

secure and private from everyone else on

secure and private from everyone else on
the<16:02:58.980> internet<16:02:59.160> and<16:02:59.820> this<16:02:59.936> is<16:03:00.060> how<16:03:00.240> we've<16:03:00.596> been

the internet and this is how we've been

the internet and this is how we've been
able<16:03:00.956> to<16:03:01.080> allow<16:03:01.860> remote<16:03:02.040> networking<16:03:02.580> to

able to allow remote networking to

able to allow remote networking to
become<16:03:03.000> so<16:03:03.240> ubiquitous<16:03:03.900> in<16:03:04.200> our<16:03:04.320> world

become so ubiquitous in our world

become so ubiquitous in our world
because<16:03:05.220> I<16:03:05.580> no<16:03:05.756> longer<16:03:06.000> have<16:03:06.240> to<16:03:06.360> have<16:03:06.660> a

because I no longer have to have a

because I no longer have to have a
direct<16:03:07.020> T3<16:03:07.500> or<16:03:07.740> T1<16:03:08.040> line<16:03:08.276> between<16:03:08.580> my<16:03:09.000> office

direct T3 or T1 line between my office

direct T3 or T1 line between my office
and<16:03:10.140> my<16:03:10.380> home<16:03:10.560> instead<16:03:11.160> I<16:03:11.276> can<16:03:11.400> use<16:03:11.520> the

and my home instead I can use the

and my home instead I can use the
internet<16:03:11.820> which<16:03:12.360> is<16:03:12.480> fairly<16:03:12.776> ubiquitous

internet which is fairly ubiquitous

internet which is fairly ubiquitous
these<16:03:13.680> days<16:03:13.796> and<16:03:14.580> create<16:03:14.820> a<16:03:15.116> virtual<16:03:15.540> private

these days and create a virtual private

these days and create a virtual private
Network<16:03:16.320> again<16:03:16.860> virtual<16:03:17.580> being<16:03:17.880> the<16:03:18.116> key<16:03:18.240> word

Network again virtual being the key word

Network again virtual being the key word
there<16:03:18.660> because<16:03:18.900> it's<16:03:19.140> not<16:03:19.320> actually<16:03:19.500> a

there because it's not actually a

there because it's not actually a
private<16:03:19.980> Network<16:03:20.160> it's<16:03:20.400> a<16:03:20.580> virtual<16:03:20.756> private

private Network it's a virtual private

private Network it's a virtual private
Network<16:03:21.296> because<16:03:21.956> of<16:03:22.140> this<16:03:22.380> sort<16:03:22.500> of

Network because of this sort of

Network because of this sort of
tunneling<16:03:23.096> concept<16:03:23.456> that<16:03:23.700> we're<16:03:23.820> going<16:03:23.936> to

tunneling concept that we're going to

tunneling concept that we're going to
talk<16:03:24.180> about

talk about

talk about
so<16:03:25.560> what<16:03:25.680> we're<16:03:25.860> going<16:03:25.980> to<16:03:26.040> talk<16:03:26.160> about<16:03:26.276> in

so what we're going to talk about in

so what we're going to talk about in
this<16:03:26.820> module<16:03:27.296> is<16:03:27.900> first<16:03:28.080> to<16:03:28.320> Define<16:03:28.500> virtual

this module is first to Define virtual

this module is first to Define virtual
private<16:03:29.456> networks<16:03:29.820> a<16:03:29.936> bit<16:03:30.060> more<16:03:30.240> and<16:03:30.840> then

private networks a bit more and then

private networks a bit more and then
talk<16:03:31.200> about<16:03:31.320> the<16:03:31.560> different<16:03:31.680> scene<16:03:31.916> of<16:03:32.160> VPN

talk about the different scene of VPN

talk about the different scene of VPN
client<16:03:32.820> and<16:03:33.060> VPN<16:03:33.480> server<16:03:33.840> we've<16:03:34.320> seen<16:03:34.500> the

client and VPN server we've seen the

client and VPN server we've seen the
terms<16:03:34.916> client<16:03:35.220> and<16:03:35.400> server<16:03:35.700> in<16:03:35.820> the<16:03:35.936> past<16:03:36.000> so

terms client and server in the past so

terms client and server in the past so
these<16:03:36.720> shouldn't<16:03:37.140> be<16:03:37.320> too<16:03:37.616> new<16:03:37.860> for<16:03:38.096> you

these shouldn't be too new for you

these shouldn't be too new for you
then<16:03:39.360> I<16:03:39.840> want<16:03:39.956> to<16:03:40.080> talk<16:03:40.256> about<16:03:40.500> the<16:03:40.860> VPN

then I want to talk about the VPN

then I want to talk about the VPN
protocols<16:03:42.296> there<16:03:42.596> are<16:03:42.720> two<16:03:42.900> specific<16:03:43.200> ones

protocols there are two specific ones

protocols there are two specific ones
that<16:03:44.096> you<16:03:44.220> need<16:03:44.400> to<16:03:44.520> know<16:03:44.640> about<16:03:44.820> for<16:03:45.240> the<16:03:45.416> exam

that you need to know about for the exam

that you need to know about for the exam
one<16:03:46.320> is<16:03:46.500> called<16:03:47.000> pptp<16:03:48.000> and<16:03:48.660> the<16:03:48.840> other<16:03:48.956> is<16:03:49.580> l2tp

one is called pptp and the other is l2tp

one is called pptp and the other is l2tp
notice<16:03:51.480> the<16:03:51.900> T<16:03:52.080> in<16:03:52.380> there<16:03:52.560> for<16:03:52.980> tunneling

notice the T in there for tunneling

notice the T in there for tunneling
so<16:03:54.660> we're<16:03:54.720> going<16:03:54.900> to<16:03:54.900> discuss<16:03:55.200> both<16:03:55.436> of<16:03:55.616> those

so we're going to discuss both of those

so we're going to discuss both of those
and<16:03:56.276> how<16:03:56.520> they<16:03:56.700> all<16:03:56.820> work<16:03:57.116> all<16:03:57.900> right<16:03:58.500> so<16:03:58.916> first

and how they all work all right so first

and how they all work all right so first
virtual<16:03:59.640> private<16:04:00.180> networks<16:04:00.596> a<16:04:00.840> virtual

virtual private networks a virtual

virtual private networks a virtual
private<16:04:01.680> Network<16:04:01.860> or<16:04:02.220> a<16:04:02.340> VPN<16:04:02.756> is<16:04:02.936> is<16:04:03.240> nowadays

private Network or a VPN is is nowadays

private Network or a VPN is is nowadays
an<16:04:04.140> essential<16:04:04.500> part<16:04:04.680> of<16:04:04.860> networking<16:04:05.340> it's

an essential part of networking it's

an essential part of networking it's
basically<16:04:06.416> used<16:04:06.720> anytime<16:04:07.256> a<16:04:07.560> network<16:04:07.860> is

basically used anytime a network is

basically used anytime a network is
extended<16:04:08.880> Beyond<16:04:09.360> a<16:04:10.140> lan<16:04:10.380> or<16:04:10.560> local<16:04:10.796> area

extended Beyond a lan or local area

extended Beyond a lan or local area
network<16:04:11.456> so<16:04:12.360> it<16:04:12.480> establishes<16:04:13.080> a<16:04:13.380> remote

network so it establishes a remote

network so it establishes a remote
connection<16:04:14.060> through<16:04:15.060> a<16:04:15.540> public<16:04:15.720> network<16:04:16.020> such

connection through a public network such

connection through a public network such
as<16:04:16.560> the<16:04:16.740> internet<16:04:16.916> in<16:04:17.640> order<16:04:17.756> to<16:04:18.116> extend<16:04:18.596> the

as the internet in order to extend the

as the internet in order to extend the
Lan<16:04:19.200> and<16:04:19.436> I'll<16:04:19.560> show<16:04:19.680> you<16:04:19.796> a<16:04:19.980> graphic<16:04:20.276> of<16:04:20.400> this

Lan and I'll show you a graphic of this

Lan and I'll show you a graphic of this
in<16:04:20.700> just<16:04:20.820> a<16:04:20.936> second<16:04:21.540> once<16:04:22.500> the<16:04:22.616> extension<16:04:23.040> is

in just a second once the extension is

in just a second once the extension is
made<16:04:23.520> a<16:04:24.416> dedicated<16:04:25.160> point-to-point<16:04:26.160> link

made a dedicated point-to-point link

made a dedicated point-to-point link
point

to point link which you might also have

to point link which you might also have
seen<16:04:34.140> P2P<16:04:35.096> a<16:04:36.060> dedicated<16:04:36.480> point-to-point<16:04:37.140> link

seen P2P a dedicated point-to-point link

seen P2P a dedicated point-to-point link
is<16:04:37.740> created<16:04:38.096> between<16:04:38.400> two<16:04:38.880> points<16:04:39.296> using<16:04:39.660> the

is created between two points using the

is created between two points using the
same<16:04:39.900> IP<16:04:40.320> network<16:04:40.580> meaning<16:04:41.580> that<16:04:42.180> even<16:04:42.360> though

same IP network meaning that even though

same IP network meaning that even though
we<16:04:42.840> are<16:04:42.956> on<16:04:43.256> two<16:04:43.500> very<16:04:43.796> different<16:04:44.096> IP<16:04:44.580> networks

we are on two very different IP networks

we are on two very different IP networks
I<16:04:45.596> might<16:04:45.720> not<16:04:45.900> be<16:04:46.020> on<16:04:46.140> my<16:04:46.256> land<16:04:46.500> you<16:04:46.796> might<16:04:46.916> be

I might not be on my land you might be

I might not be on my land you might be
on<16:04:47.220> yours<16:04:47.640> we<16:04:48.360> can<16:04:48.540> create<16:04:48.776> a<16:04:49.200> virtual

on yours we can create a virtual

on yours we can create a virtual
point-to-point<16:04:50.456> connection<16:04:50.820> between<16:04:51.360> the

point-to-point connection between the

point-to-point connection between the
two<16:04:51.840> using<16:04:52.320> tunneling<16:04:52.860> that<16:04:53.456> makes<16:04:53.640> it<16:04:53.820> as

two using tunneling that makes it as

two using tunneling that makes it as
though<16:04:54.116> we<16:04:54.360> are<16:04:54.540> on<16:04:54.840> the<16:04:55.080> same<16:04:55.320> point-to-point

though we are on the same point-to-point

though we are on the same point-to-point
network<16:04:56.160> the<16:04:57.000> same<16:04:57.180> IP<16:04:57.540> network<16:04:57.776> and<16:04:58.140> I'll

network the same IP network and I'll

network the same IP network and I'll
show<16:04:58.860> you<16:04:58.980> that<16:04:59.096> in<16:04:59.220> just<16:04:59.340> a<16:04:59.456> second<16:04:59.640> now<16:05:00.596> the

show you that in just a second now the

show you that in just a second now the
extension<16:05:01.380> of<16:05:01.500> the<16:05:01.680> Lan<16:05:01.916> are<16:05:02.160> sometimes<16:05:02.456> the

extension of the Lan are sometimes the

extension of the Lan are sometimes the
linking<16:05:03.180> of<16:05:03.596> two<16:05:04.020> lands

linking of two lands

linking of two lands
creates<16:05:06.240> a<16:05:06.596> new<16:05:06.776> wide<16:05:07.140> area<16:05:07.380> network<16:05:07.740> so<16:05:08.340> you

creates a new wide area network so you

creates a new wide area network so you
could<16:05:08.580> say<16:05:08.700> that<16:05:08.880> anytime<16:05:09.296> a<16:05:09.540> VPN<16:05:10.020> is

could say that anytime a VPN is

could say that anytime a VPN is
established

and a new land sort of added on a new

and a new land sort of added on a new
Wan<16:05:19.140> is<16:05:19.500> created<16:05:19.916> don't<16:05:20.520> worry<16:05:20.700> too<16:05:20.880> much

Wan is created don't worry too much

Wan is created don't worry too much
about<16:05:21.180> that<16:05:21.480> concept<16:05:21.840> but<16:05:22.140> the<16:05:22.380> idea<16:05:22.680> again<16:05:22.980> is

about that concept but the idea again is

about that concept but the idea again is
if<16:05:23.756> I<16:05:23.936> have<16:05:24.180> the<16:05:25.020> office<16:05:25.200> slam

if I have the office slam

if I have the office slam
and<16:05:27.956> let's<16:05:28.256> say<16:05:28.380> either<16:05:28.616> another<16:05:28.980> office

and let's say either another office

and let's say either another office
and<16:05:30.840> then<16:05:30.956> perhaps<16:05:31.436> a<16:05:31.740> remote<16:05:31.860> user

all connecting through VPN

all connecting through VPN
over<16:05:39.360> the<16:05:40.140> internet

over the internet

over the internet
I<16:05:41.700> now<16:05:41.880> have<16:05:42.060> created<16:05:42.416> an<16:05:43.140> effect

a wide area network out of three very

a wide area network out of three very
distinct<16:05:49.500> local<16:05:49.796> area<16:05:50.160> networks<16:05:50.700> but<16:05:51.360> I

distinct local area networks but I

distinct local area networks but I
haven't<16:05:51.596> used<16:05:51.900> any<16:05:52.320> different

haven't used any different

haven't used any different
infrastructure<16:05:53.340> than<16:05:53.640> something<16:05:53.880> that<16:05:54.180> was

infrastructure than something that was

infrastructure than something that was
already<16:05:54.720> there

already there

already there
now<16:05:56.096> vpns<16:05:56.756> are<16:05:56.936> actually<16:05:57.240> a<16:05:57.900> type<16:05:58.140> of<16:05:58.380> remote

now vpns are actually a type of remote

now vpns are actually a type of remote
access<16:05:58.980> probably<16:05:59.700> the<16:06:00.060> most<16:06:00.240> popular<16:06:00.540> one

access probably the most popular one

access probably the most popular one
they<16:06:01.680> share<16:06:01.860> similarities<16:06:02.456> to<16:06:02.640> all<16:06:02.820> the

they share similarities to all the

they share similarities to all the
different<16:06:03.060> remote<16:06:03.296> access<16:06:03.796> for<16:06:04.796> instance

different remote access for instance

different remote access for instance
you<16:06:06.416> might<16:06:06.596> think<16:06:06.840> of<16:06:07.080> dialing<16:06:07.740> via<16:06:08.160> modem<16:06:08.580> but

you might think of dialing via modem but

you might think of dialing via modem but
vpns<16:06:09.596> are<16:06:09.860> inexpensive<16:06:10.860> way<16:06:11.096> to<16:06:11.400> extend<16:06:11.700> your

vpns are inexpensive way to extend your

vpns are inexpensive way to extend your
network<16:06:12.060> because<16:06:12.480> it<16:06:12.720> uses<16:06:12.956> the<16:06:13.200> internet<16:06:13.320> so

network because it uses the internet so

network because it uses the internet so
you<16:06:13.796> don't<16:06:13.916> need<16:06:14.096> to<16:06:14.276> purchase<16:06:14.580> a<16:06:14.936> leased<16:06:15.296> line

you don't need to purchase a leased line

you don't need to purchase a leased line
service<16:06:15.900> now<16:06:16.740> remote<16:06:16.916> users<16:06:17.456> just<16:06:17.700> Connect

service now remote users just Connect

service now remote users just Connect
using<16:06:18.480> the<16:06:18.660> VPN<16:06:19.140> to<16:06:20.180> their<16:06:21.180> remote<16:06:21.596> office

using the VPN to their remote office

using the VPN to their remote office
through<16:06:22.980> the<16:06:23.400> internet

through the internet

through the internet
and<16:06:24.660> so<16:06:24.840> that's<16:06:25.080> really<16:06:25.320> the<16:06:25.560> key<16:06:25.740> here<16:06:26.040> is<16:06:26.640> it

and so that's really the key here is it

and so that's really the key here is it
uses<16:06:27.240> the<16:06:27.596> internet<16:06:27.720> as<16:06:28.380> its<16:06:28.740> platform

uses the internet as its platform

uses the internet as its platform
so

so

so
this<16:06:32.700> is<16:06:32.820> what<16:06:33.116> access<16:06:33.416> through<16:06:33.840> a<16:06:34.140> VPN<16:06:34.616> might

this is what access through a VPN might

this is what access through a VPN might
look<16:06:35.096> like<16:06:35.276> the<16:06:36.116> remote<16:06:36.296> users

look like the remote users

look like the remote users
connect<16:06:39.000> let's<16:06:39.480> say<16:06:39.596> from<16:06:39.956> home<16:06:40.200> through<16:06:41.040> the

connect let's say from home through the

connect let's say from home through the
internet<16:06:41.660> and<16:06:42.660> then<16:06:42.900> there<16:06:43.680> is<16:06:43.916> a

internet and then there is a

internet and then there is a
authentication<16:06:45.956> server<16:06:46.500> that<16:06:46.860> verifies<16:06:47.520> that

authentication server that verifies that

authentication server that verifies that
this<16:06:48.360> user<16:06:48.660> is<16:06:48.776> allowed<16:06:49.080> on<16:06:49.200> the<16:06:49.320> network<16:06:49.436> once

this user is allowed on the network once

this user is allowed on the network once
you<16:06:50.400> pass<16:06:50.580> through<16:06:50.820> that<16:06:51.060> it<16:06:51.360> puts<16:06:51.596> you<16:06:51.660> into<16:06:51.956> a

you pass through that it puts you into a

you pass through that it puts you into a
switch<16:06:52.500> which<16:06:53.220> then<16:06:53.520> makes<16:06:53.820> it<16:06:54.000> as<16:06:54.180> though

switch which then makes it as though

switch which then makes it as though
both<16:06:55.740> of<16:06:55.916> these<16:06:56.160> computers

both of these computers

both of these computers
are<16:06:58.560> on<16:06:58.860> this<16:06:59.340> LAN

are on this LAN

are on this LAN
so<16:07:01.500> in<16:07:01.740> effect<16:07:01.916> I've<16:07:02.400> created<16:07:02.880> a<16:07:03.840> new<16:07:04.320> Wan

so in effect I've created a new Wan

so in effect I've created a new Wan
without<16:07:06.116> having<16:07:06.480> to<16:07:06.660> lay<16:07:06.840> down<16:07:07.080> any<16:07:07.500> extra

without having to lay down any extra

without having to lay down any extra
line<16:07:08.160> because<16:07:09.000> I'm<16:07:09.296> again<16:07:09.480> using<16:07:10.140> the

line because I'm again using the

line because I'm again using the
internet<16:07:10.680> now

internet now

internet now
say<16:07:12.660> that<16:07:12.840> this<16:07:13.080> was<16:07:13.320> an<16:07:13.680> office<16:07:13.796> building

say that this was an office building

say that this was an office building
it<16:07:15.900> could<16:07:16.080> have<16:07:16.256> an<16:07:16.436> office<16:07:16.616> building<16:07:16.916> here

it could have an office building here

it could have an office building here
perhaps<16:07:18.480> another<16:07:18.660> one<16:07:19.020> and<16:07:19.380> these<16:07:19.680> can<16:07:19.860> be<16:07:20.040> any

perhaps another one and these can be any

perhaps another one and these can be any
place<16:07:20.700> in<16:07:20.936> the<16:07:21.116> world

and because I'm using tunneling through

and because I'm using tunneling through
the<16:07:26.936> virtual<16:07:27.240> private<16:07:27.660> Network

I create an effect a tunnel which allows

I create an effect a tunnel which allows
all<16:07:34.860> of<16:07:34.980> these<16:07:35.276> to<16:07:35.640> each<16:07:35.820> create<16:07:36.296> a

all of these to each create a

all of these to each create a
point-to-point<16:07:37.140> connection

point-to-point connection

point-to-point connection
between<16:07:39.360> themselves<16:07:40.040> and<16:07:41.040> this

between themselves and this

between themselves and this
authentication<16:07:41.936> server<16:07:42.480> that<16:07:43.200> then

authentication server that then

authentication server that then
basically<16:07:43.916> puts<16:07:44.340> them

basically puts them

basically puts them
onto<16:07:46.140> this<16:07:46.320> Lan<16:07:46.680> so<16:07:47.340> any<16:07:47.756> one<16:07:48.000> of<16:07:48.180> these

onto this Lan so any one of these

onto this Lan so any one of these
offices<16:07:48.720> is<16:07:49.140> now<16:07:49.380> part<16:07:49.796> of

offices is now part of

offices is now part of
the<16:07:51.416> land<16:07:51.540> and<16:07:51.840> in<16:07:52.020> effect<16:07:52.200> then<16:07:52.560> making<16:07:52.860> a

the land and in effect then making a

the land and in effect then making a
brand<16:07:53.400> new<16:07:53.640> Wan<16:07:54.416> or<16:07:54.660> wide<16:07:54.956> area<16:07:55.140> network

now there are a lot of things we need in

now there are a lot of things we need in
order<16:07:59.880> to<16:08:00.116> set<16:08:00.416> up<16:08:00.660> a<16:08:00.900> VPN<16:08:01.380> connection<16:08:01.680> and

order to set up a VPN connection and

order to set up a VPN connection and
some<16:08:02.640> of<16:08:02.756> them<16:08:02.936> are

some of them are

some of them are
more<16:08:04.740> important<16:08:05.040> than<16:08:05.160> others<16:08:05.456> but<16:08:05.640> I'm<16:08:05.756> just

more important than others but I'm just

more important than others but I'm just
going<16:08:06.116> to<16:08:06.296> key<16:08:06.660> in<16:08:06.900> on<16:08:07.080> the<16:08:07.200> the<16:08:07.380> main<16:08:08.340> things

going to key in on the the main things

going to key in on the the main things
we<16:08:08.936> need

we need

we need
first<16:08:10.680> we<16:08:11.160> need<16:08:11.276> a<16:08:11.520> VPN<16:08:12.116> client<16:08:12.900> now<16:08:13.436> the

first we need a VPN client now the

first we need a VPN client now the
client<16:08:13.916> is<16:08:14.160> the<16:08:14.456> remote<16:08:14.640> access<16:08:15.116> user<16:08:15.900> without

client is the remote access user without

client is the remote access user without
this<16:08:16.680> user<16:08:17.040> there's<16:08:17.276> no<16:08:17.520> point<16:08:17.756> in<16:08:17.936> setting<16:08:18.240> up

this user there's no point in setting up

this user there's no point in setting up
a<16:08:18.416> VPN<16:08:18.840> so<16:08:19.080> why<16:08:19.256> bother<16:08:19.616> if<16:08:19.860> no<16:08:20.040> one<16:08:20.160> needs<16:08:20.456> to

a VPN so why bother if no one needs to

a VPN so why bother if no one needs to
connect<16:08:21.020> they<16:08:22.020> are<16:08:22.380> one<16:08:22.796> of<16:08:22.916> the<16:08:23.040> most

connect they are one of the most

connect they are one of the most
important<16:08:23.640> clients<16:08:24.116> or<16:08:24.540> the<16:08:24.776> ways<16:08:25.080> that<16:08:25.200> we

important clients or the ways that we

important clients or the ways that we
components<16:08:26.820> rather<16:08:27.060> and<16:08:27.720> what's<16:08:27.956> interesting

components rather and what's interesting

components rather and what's interesting
about<16:08:28.436> a<16:08:28.616> VPN<16:08:29.040> client<16:08:29.400> is<16:08:29.640> it<16:08:29.820> can<16:08:29.936> either<16:08:30.116> be

about a VPN client is it can either be

about a VPN client is it can either be
software

software

software
or<16:08:33.840> Hardware

or Hardware

or Hardware
if<16:08:36.480> it's<16:08:36.720> software<16:08:37.320> then<16:08:38.160> it's

if it's software then it's

if it's software then it's
built<16:08:40.616> into<16:08:40.680> the<16:08:40.980> operating<16:08:41.400> system

built into the operating system

built into the operating system
generally<16:08:42.240> or<16:08:42.480> into<16:08:42.596> the<16:08:42.776> networking<16:08:43.200> package

generally or into the networking package

generally or into the networking package
of<16:08:43.796> the<16:08:43.980> operating<16:08:44.276> system<16:08:44.640> if<16:08:45.416> it's<16:08:45.540> Hardware

of the operating system if it's Hardware

of the operating system if it's Hardware
it's<16:08:47.096> generally<16:08:47.580> either<16:08:47.880> built

it's generally either built

it's generally either built
into<16:08:50.096> the<16:08:50.400> router

into the router

into the router
or<16:08:53.340> it's<16:08:53.700> a<16:08:53.936> separate<16:08:54.296> device

which is generally called

which is generally called
VPN<16:09:00.776> concentrator

now the benefit is

now the benefit is
if<16:09:06.480> I<16:09:06.720> have<16:09:07.020> for<16:09:07.680> instance<16:09:07.980> two<16:09:08.936> offices

if I have for instance two offices

if I have for instance two offices
we'll<16:09:11.400> call<16:09:11.580> them<16:09:11.756> office<16:09:11.936> one<16:09:12.240> and<16:09:12.480> office

we'll call them office one and office

we'll call them office one and office
two<16:09:12.956> and<16:09:13.560> they<16:09:13.740> are<16:09:13.916> located<16:09:14.096> in<16:09:14.340> different

two and they are located in different

two and they are located in different
parts<16:09:14.756> of<16:09:14.936> the<16:09:15.060> world

parts of the world

parts of the world
but<16:09:16.380> they<16:09:16.616> both<16:09:16.796> connect<16:09:17.040> to<16:09:17.340> the<16:09:17.580> internet

but they both connect to the internet

but they both connect to the internet
then<16:09:19.256> I<16:09:19.916> don't<16:09:20.040> want<16:09:20.276> each<16:09:20.820> so<16:09:21.360> let's<16:09:21.540> say<16:09:21.720> each

then I don't want each so let's say each

then I don't want each so let's say each
of<16:09:22.020> these<16:09:22.140> offices<16:09:22.436> has<16:09:22.980> we'll<16:09:23.580> put<16:09:23.820> four

of these offices has we'll put four

of these offices has we'll put four
users<16:09:24.416> for<16:09:24.596> now<16:09:24.840> but<16:09:25.380> let's<16:09:25.560> say<16:09:25.740> these<16:09:26.040> four

users for now but let's say these four

users for now but let's say these four
really<16:09:26.456> represent<16:09:26.880> 4<16:09:27.776> 000<16:09:27.956> users<16:09:28.500> I<16:09:29.160> don't

really represent 4 000 users I don't

really represent 4 000 users I don't
want<16:09:29.400> each<16:09:29.640> one<16:09:29.820> of<16:09:29.936> these<16:09:30.180> people<16:09:30.416> to<16:09:30.840> have<16:09:31.020> to

want each one of these people to have to

want each one of these people to have to
set<16:09:32.580> up<16:09:32.756> on<16:09:33.360> their<16:09:33.540> computers<16:09:34.080> a<16:09:34.380> piece<16:09:34.616> of

set up on their computers a piece of

set up on their computers a piece of
software<16:09:35.096> that's<16:09:35.340> going<16:09:35.520> to<16:09:35.640> allow<16:09:35.880> them<16:09:36.060> to

software that's going to allow them to

software that's going to allow them to
connect

connect

connect
through<16:09:39.000> this<16:09:39.240> tunnel<16:09:39.660> so<16:09:40.200> instead<16:09:40.560> what<16:09:40.796> I've

through this tunnel so instead what I've

through this tunnel so instead what I've
done

done

done
is<16:09:42.900> I<16:09:43.080> do<16:09:43.320> something<16:09:43.616> on<16:09:44.580> the<16:09:44.700> network<16:09:44.880> side<16:09:45.180> of

is I do something on the network side of

is I do something on the network side of
the<16:09:45.596> office<16:09:45.720> for<16:09:46.500> instance<16:09:46.680> in<16:09:46.860> the<16:09:46.980> router<16:09:47.340> or

the office for instance in the router or

the office for instance in the router or
with<16:09:47.820> a<16:09:48.116> device<16:09:48.740> that<16:09:49.740> automatically<16:09:50.400> creates

with a device that automatically creates

with a device that automatically creates
this<16:09:51.240> tunnel<16:09:51.596> between<16:09:51.956> the<16:09:52.320> two<16:09:52.436> offices

this tunnel between the two offices

this tunnel between the two offices
and<16:09:54.480> then<16:09:54.740> these<16:09:55.740> members<16:09:56.096> don't<16:09:56.340> have<16:09:56.520> to<16:09:56.580> do

and then these members don't have to do

and then these members don't have to do
anything<16:09:57.020> now<16:09:58.020> if<16:09:58.320> I<16:09:58.560> am<16:09:58.796> a<16:09:59.700> lone<16:09:59.880> user<16:10:00.320> at<16:10:01.320> home

then I'm probably it's going to be

then I'm probably it's going to be
easier<16:10:06.180> for<16:10:06.416> me<16:10:06.540> instead<16:10:06.900> of<16:10:07.020> buying<16:10:07.380> a<16:10:07.616> device

easier for me instead of buying a device

easier for me instead of buying a device
that's<16:10:08.160> going<16:10:08.340> to<16:10:08.520> allow<16:10:08.820> a<16:10:08.936> network<16:10:09.180> to

that's going to allow a network to

that's going to allow a network to
always<16:10:09.660> set<16:10:09.900> up<16:10:10.080> to<16:10:10.616> just<16:10:10.860> plug<16:10:11.340> in<16:10:11.580> through<16:10:11.880> my

always set up to just plug in through my

always set up to just plug in through my
computer<16:10:12.296> and<16:10:13.140> put<16:10:13.320> it<16:10:13.436> into<16:10:13.680> the<16:10:14.040> software

computer and put it into the software

computer and put it into the software
whenever<16:10:14.700> I<16:10:14.936> need

whenever I need

whenever I need
and<16:10:16.140> if<16:10:16.256> I<16:10:16.436> go<16:10:16.616> into<16:10:16.860> Windows<16:10:17.820> 7<16:10:17.936> real<16:10:18.240> quickly

and if I go into Windows 7 real quickly

and if I go into Windows 7 real quickly
go<16:10:19.256> over<16:10:19.560> here<16:10:19.796> into

go over here into

go over here into
our<16:10:22.256> Network<16:10:22.380> and<16:10:22.680> Sharing

our Network and Sharing

our Network and Sharing
and<16:10:24.540> say<16:10:24.720> we<16:10:24.956> were<16:10:25.080> going<16:10:25.256> to<16:10:25.560> set<16:10:25.796> up<16:10:25.980> a<16:10:26.456> new

and say we were going to set up a new

and say we were going to set up a new
network<16:10:26.936> you<16:10:27.360> can<16:10:27.480> see<16:10:27.596> right<16:10:27.776> here<16:10:28.020> it<16:10:28.200> says

network you can see right here it says

network you can see right here it says
set<16:10:28.616> up<16:10:28.740> a<16:10:28.916> VPN<16:10:29.400> connection<16:10:29.700> and<16:10:30.480> if<16:10:30.596> we<16:10:30.720> go<16:10:30.776> and

set up a VPN connection and if we go and

set up a VPN connection and if we go and
do<16:10:31.080> this<16:10:31.256> you<16:10:31.740> can<16:10:31.860> actually<16:10:31.980> connect<16:10:32.400> to<16:10:32.640> a

do this you can actually connect to a

do this you can actually connect to a
workplace<16:10:33.240> now<16:10:33.540> connecting<16:10:33.900> to<16:10:34.020> a<16:10:34.200> workplace

workplace now connecting to a workplace

workplace now connecting to a workplace
what<16:10:34.616> they<16:10:34.796> really<16:10:34.916> mean<16:10:35.160> is<16:10:35.400> setting<16:10:35.700> up<16:10:35.756> a

what they really mean is setting up a

what they really mean is setting up a
VPN<16:10:36.360> connection<16:10:36.660> so<16:10:37.320> I'm<16:10:37.436> going<16:10:37.560> to<16:10:37.616> click

VPN connection so I'm going to click

VPN connection so I'm going to click
next

next

next
now<16:10:39.116> you<16:10:39.240> can<16:10:39.360> see<16:10:39.416> I<16:10:39.596> can<16:10:39.660> either<16:10:39.776> dial

now you can see I can either dial

now you can see I can either dial
directly<16:10:40.680> which<16:10:41.096> is<16:10:41.220> something<16:10:41.400> that<16:10:41.580> we

directly which is something that we

directly which is something that we
might<16:10:41.756> have<16:10:41.880> done<16:10:42.000> years<16:10:42.180> ago<16:10:42.416> or<16:10:42.720> one<16:10:42.956> the<16:10:43.140> one

might have done years ago or one the one

might have done years ago or one the one
we're<16:10:43.320> going<16:10:43.436> to<16:10:43.500> use<16:10:43.560> more<16:10:43.796> likely<16:10:44.700> now<16:10:44.880> is

we're going to use more likely now is

we're going to use more likely now is
the<16:10:45.416> through<16:10:45.900> the<16:10:46.140> internet<16:10:46.256> connection

the through the internet connection

the through the internet connection
again<16:10:46.980> creating<16:10:47.400> that<16:10:47.520> VPN

again creating that VPN

again creating that VPN
we<16:10:49.200> could<16:10:49.320> call<16:10:49.500> this<16:10:49.680> whatever<16:10:49.916> now<16:10:50.276> one

we could call this whatever now one

we could call this whatever now one
thing<16:10:50.640> we<16:10:50.820> would<16:10:50.936> need<16:10:51.116> here<16:10:51.360> is<16:10:51.776> the<16:10:52.200> server

thing we would need here is the server

thing we would need here is the server
address<16:10:52.916> we'll<16:10:53.340> talk<16:10:53.520> about<16:10:53.640> that<16:10:53.880> but<16:10:54.540> why<16:10:54.840> in

address we'll talk about that but why in

address we'll talk about that but why in
just<16:10:55.560> a<16:10:55.740> second<16:10:55.796> but<16:10:56.040> we<16:10:56.220> are<16:10:56.340> the<16:10:56.456> client<16:10:56.756> and

just a second but we are the client and

just a second but we are the client and
we<16:10:57.060> need<16:10:57.180> to<16:10:57.240> connect<16:10:57.360> to<16:10:57.596> a<16:10:57.776> server<16:10:58.140> so<16:10:58.616> this

we need to connect to a server so this

we need to connect to a server so this
is<16:10:58.916> where<16:10:59.340> for<16:11:00.000> instance<16:11:00.296> that

is where for instance that

is where for instance that
server<16:11:03.296> address<16:11:03.480> is<16:11:03.720> going<16:11:03.900> to<16:11:04.020> go<16:11:04.140> now<16:11:04.560> you

server address is going to go now you

server address is going to go now you
know<16:11:04.916> this<16:11:05.220> IP<16:11:05.580> address<16:11:05.756> wouldn't<16:11:06.116> work

know this IP address wouldn't work

know this IP address wouldn't work
because<16:11:06.776> this<16:11:07.200> is<16:11:07.380> a<16:11:07.616> private<16:11:07.980> IP<16:11:08.276> address<16:11:08.456> but

because this is a private IP address but

because this is a private IP address but
we're<16:11:08.880> just<16:11:09.060> using<16:11:09.296> this<16:11:09.480> for<16:11:09.840> the<16:11:10.436> time<16:11:10.616> being

we're just using this for the time being

we're just using this for the time being
right<16:11:11.096> here<16:11:11.340> you<16:11:12.060> can<16:11:12.180> use<16:11:12.360> sharing<16:11:13.560> Etc<16:11:13.680> but

right here you can use sharing Etc but

right here you can use sharing Etc but
for<16:11:14.400> right<16:11:14.580> now<16:11:14.700> let's<16:11:14.880> just<16:11:15.000> go<16:11:15.116> ahead<16:11:15.240> and

for right now let's just go ahead and

for right now let's just go ahead and
click<16:11:15.596> next

click next

click next
let's<16:11:17.520> say<16:11:17.700> our<16:11:17.820> username

let's say our username

let's say our username
so<16:11:19.740> let's<16:11:19.916> say<16:11:20.096> user<16:11:20.580> and<16:11:20.936> then<16:11:21.060> we<16:11:21.416> have<16:11:21.596> a

so let's say user and then we have a

so let's say user and then we have a
password<16:11:21.956> I'm<16:11:22.436> just<16:11:22.616> going<16:11:22.796> to<16:11:22.860> do<16:11:23.220> password

password I'm just going to do password

password I'm just going to do password
we<16:11:24.060> can<16:11:24.180> have<16:11:24.296> it<16:11:24.480> remember<16:11:24.596> the<16:11:24.956> password<16:11:25.140> or

we can have it remember the password or

we can have it remember the password or
not<16:11:25.616> you<16:11:25.860> might<16:11:25.980> have<16:11:26.160> a<16:11:26.400> domain<16:11:26.640> if<16:11:26.820> you're

not you might have a domain if you're

not you might have a domain if you're
connecting<16:11:27.240> to<16:11:27.360> a<16:11:27.540> Windows<16:11:27.776> computer<16:11:27.956> and

connecting to a Windows computer and

connecting to a Windows computer and
then<16:11:28.796> you<16:11:28.980> click<16:11:29.276> connect

then you click connect

then you click connect
the<16:11:30.840> next<16:11:30.900> thing<16:11:31.080> I<16:11:31.256> need<16:11:31.436> obviously<16:11:31.980> is

the next thing I need obviously is

the next thing I need obviously is
something<16:11:32.340> for<16:11:32.640> the<16:11:33.000> VPN<16:11:33.596> client<16:11:34.020> to<16:11:34.320> connect

something for the VPN client to connect

something for the VPN client to connect
to<16:11:34.740> and<16:11:35.096> this<16:11:35.276> is<16:11:35.400> the<16:11:35.580> VPN<16:11:36.060> server<16:11:36.720> the<16:11:37.320> VPN

to and this is the VPN server the VPN

to and this is the VPN server the VPN
server<16:11:38.220> not<16:11:39.000> only<16:11:39.180> allows<16:11:39.596> the<16:11:39.720> connection<16:11:39.840> to

server not only allows the connection to

server not only allows the connection to
take<16:11:40.320> place<16:11:40.616> but<16:11:41.400> is<16:11:41.640> also<16:11:42.060> going<16:11:42.776> to

take place but is also going to

take place but is also going to
authenticate

now this might be done through again

now this might be done through again
some<16:11:53.700> sort<16:11:53.880> of<16:11:53.936> device<16:11:54.180> like<16:11:54.660> this<16:11:54.840> VPN

some sort of device like this VPN

some sort of device like this VPN
concentrator<16:11:56.040> I've<16:11:56.276> mentioned<16:11:56.700> or<16:11:57.416> through<16:11:57.840> a

concentrator I've mentioned or through a

concentrator I've mentioned or through a
separate<16:11:58.320> server<16:11:58.680> that<16:11:58.980> has<16:11:59.220> software<16:11:59.700> hooked

separate server that has software hooked

separate server that has software hooked
up<16:12:00.180> on<16:12:00.360> it<16:12:00.540> either<16:12:01.200> way<16:12:01.500> I<16:12:02.276> need<16:12:02.456> some<16:12:02.880> sort<16:12:03.060> of

up on it either way I need some sort of

up on it either way I need some sort of
device

device

device
that<16:12:05.936> allows

that allows

that allows
outside

clients

clients
to<16:12:13.256> connect<16:12:13.436> in<16:12:13.916> to<16:12:14.276> the<16:12:14.456> network<16:12:14.640> basically

to connect in to the network basically

to connect in to the network basically
to<16:12:15.480> give<16:12:15.596> them<16:12:15.776> permission<16:12:16.140> act<16:12:16.380> as<16:12:16.616> sort<16:12:16.860> of<16:12:16.980> a

to give them permission act as sort of a

to give them permission act as sort of a
a<16:12:17.640> controller<16:12:18.360> or<16:12:18.540> or<16:12:18.660> a<16:12:19.020> Gates<16:12:19.256> person

a controller or or a Gates person

a controller or or a Gates person
uh<16:12:21.240> there<16:12:21.776> are<16:12:21.900> different<16:12:22.020> ways<16:12:22.320> of<16:12:22.380> setting

uh there are different ways of setting

uh there are different ways of setting
this<16:12:22.860> up<16:12:22.980> and<16:12:23.160> you<16:12:23.340> remember<16:12:23.456> I<16:12:23.820> mentioned

this up and you remember I mentioned

this up and you remember I mentioned
something<16:12:24.480> called<16:12:24.720> an<16:12:24.956> Ras<16:12:25.320> remote<16:12:26.160> access

something called an Ras remote access

something called an Ras remote access
server<16:12:27.540> and<16:12:28.140> the<16:12:28.256> specific<16:12:28.500> one<16:12:28.740> we<16:12:28.916> mentioned

server and the specific one we mentioned

server and the specific one we mentioned
previously<16:12:30.000> was<16:12:30.296> a<16:12:30.596> radius<16:12:30.956> server

previously was a radius server

previously was a radius server
which<16:12:33.660> was<16:12:33.900> a<16:12:34.140> remote<16:12:34.380> access<16:12:34.980> dial-in<16:12:35.900> uh

which was a remote access dial-in uh

which was a remote access dial-in uh
server<16:12:37.320> and

server and

server and
although<16:12:39.840> this<16:12:40.080> was<16:12:40.200> for<16:12:40.436> dial<16:12:40.680> up<16:12:40.980> it<16:12:41.276> still

although this was for dial up it still

although this was for dial up it still
does<16:12:42.720> the<16:12:43.020> same<16:12:43.140> thing<16:12:43.256> which<16:12:43.500> is<16:12:43.616> it<16:12:43.796> allows

does the same thing which is it allows

does the same thing which is it allows
someone<16:12:44.456> to<16:12:45.180> remotely<16:12:45.596> access<16:12:46.380> the<16:12:47.340> local

someone to remotely access the local

someone to remotely access the local
network<16:12:47.820> so<16:12:48.416> we<16:12:48.540> have<16:12:48.660> some<16:12:48.900> sort<16:12:49.080> of<16:12:49.140> Ras<16:12:49.680> and

network so we have some sort of Ras and

network so we have some sort of Ras and
again<16:12:50.756> an<16:12:51.180> Ras<16:12:51.680> stands<16:12:52.680> for<16:12:52.796> let<16:12:52.980> me<16:12:53.040> just

again an Ras stands for let me just

again an Ras stands for let me just
write<16:12:53.400> that<16:12:53.580> out<16:12:53.756> remote

write that out remote

write that out remote
access

access

access
server

now the access method is also pretty

now the access method is also pretty
important<16:13:05.480> without<16:13:06.480> a<16:13:06.900> connection<16:13:07.020> there's

important without a connection there's

important without a connection there's
no<16:13:07.680> way<16:13:07.860> for<16:13:07.980> a<16:13:08.096> user<16:13:08.340> to<16:13:08.456> get<16:13:08.580> onto<16:13:08.880> the

no way for a user to get onto the

no way for a user to get onto the
network<16:13:09.116> so<16:13:09.480> most<16:13:09.660> of<16:13:09.840> the<16:13:09.900> time<16:13:10.140> this

network so most of the time this

network so most of the time this
connection<16:13:10.980> comes<16:13:11.520> from<16:13:11.580> the<16:13:11.756> internet<16:13:11.880> but

connection comes from the internet but

connection comes from the internet but
it's<16:13:12.660> not<16:13:12.900> uncommon<16:13:13.380> for<16:13:13.616> a<16:13:13.740> VPN

it's not uncommon for a VPN

it's not uncommon for a VPN
implementation<16:13:14.756> to<16:13:15.000> actually<16:13:15.240> come<16:13:15.480> through

implementation to actually come through

implementation to actually come through
a<16:13:15.956> private<16:13:16.796> intranet<16:13:17.520> as<16:13:17.756> well<16:13:17.936> so<16:13:18.596> we<16:13:18.776> have

a private intranet as well so we have

a private intranet as well so we have
the<16:13:19.200> internet<16:13:19.436> which<16:13:20.096> is<16:13:20.220> the<16:13:20.520> public<16:13:20.700> version

the internet which is the public version

the internet which is the public version
but<16:13:21.840> there's<16:13:22.020> also<16:13:22.256> something<16:13:22.500> called<16:13:22.796> the

but there's also something called the

but there's also something called the
intranet<16:13:24.116> if<16:13:24.360> you<16:13:24.480> recall<16:13:24.840> the<16:13:25.020> internet<16:13:25.140> is

intranet if you recall the internet is

intranet if you recall the internet is
like<16:13:25.616> a<16:13:25.916> private<16:13:26.340> internet<16:13:26.720> and<16:13:27.720> sometimes<16:13:28.256> we

like a private internet and sometimes we

like a private internet and sometimes we
might<16:13:28.980> actually<16:13:29.340> have<16:13:29.936> a<16:13:30.360> private<16:13:30.660> leased

might actually have a private leased

might actually have a private leased
line<16:13:31.256> or<16:13:31.860> we<16:13:32.040> have<16:13:32.220> several<16:13:32.756> different<16:13:33.000> sub

line or we have several different sub

line or we have several different sub
networks<16:13:34.020> within<16:13:34.380> a<16:13:34.560> larger<16:13:34.860> Network<16:13:35.160> and<16:13:35.756> so

networks within a larger Network and so

networks within a larger Network and so
it's<16:13:36.116> important<16:13:36.480> to<16:13:36.660> know<16:13:36.840> where<16:13:37.380> your<16:13:37.560> people

it's important to know where your people

it's important to know where your people
are<16:13:37.916> connecting<16:13:38.340> from<16:13:38.580> most<16:13:39.296> the<16:13:39.540> time<16:13:39.660> you're

are connecting from most the time you're

are connecting from most the time you're
not<16:13:40.020> going<16:13:40.140> to<16:13:40.320> see<16:13:40.380> the<16:13:40.616> intranet<16:13:41.160> it's<16:13:41.340> all

not going to see the intranet it's all

not going to see the intranet it's all
going<16:13:41.580> to<16:13:41.700> be<16:13:41.756> through<16:13:41.936> the<16:13:42.180> internet<16:13:42.416> and

going to be through the internet and

going to be through the internet and
sometimes<16:13:43.380> you'll<16:13:43.560> also<16:13:43.740> have<16:13:43.796> people

sometimes you'll also have people

sometimes you'll also have people
dialing<16:13:44.520> up<16:13:44.700> so<16:13:45.000> it's<16:13:45.180> all<16:13:45.360> important<16:13:45.776> to<16:13:45.956> know

dialing up so it's all important to know

dialing up so it's all important to know
even<16:13:46.796> though<16:13:46.916> internet<16:13:47.096> is<16:13:47.456> the<16:13:47.640> most<16:13:47.820> popular

even though internet is the most popular

even though internet is the most popular
sometimes<16:13:48.596> we're<16:13:48.776> going<16:13:48.900> to<16:13:48.956> be<16:13:49.020> doing<16:13:49.200> it

sometimes we're going to be doing it

sometimes we're going to be doing it
internally<16:13:49.796> through<16:13:50.040> an<16:13:50.220> intranet<16:13:50.756> and

internally through an intranet and

internally through an intranet and
finally<16:13:51.840> there<16:13:52.256> are<16:13:52.380> two<16:13:52.680> protocols<16:13:53.456> that<16:13:53.640> we

finally there are two protocols that we

finally there are two protocols that we
need<16:13:53.880> to<16:13:54.000> know<16:13:54.116> about<16:13:54.296> and<16:13:54.596> the<16:13:54.776> generally<16:13:55.020> are

need to know about and the generally are

need to know about and the generally are
set<16:13:55.436> up<16:13:55.560> on<16:13:56.096> the<16:13:56.220> server<16:13:56.520> side<16:13:56.700> and<16:13:56.936> the<16:13:57.116> client

set up on the server side and the client

set up on the server side and the client
needs<16:13:57.660> to<16:13:57.720> be<16:13:57.840> configured<16:13:58.320> to<16:13:58.560> set<16:13:58.680> up<16:13:58.860> through

needs to be configured to set up through

needs to be configured to set up through
the<16:13:59.756> first<16:13:59.956> is<16:14:00.956> PP<16:14:01.740> TP<16:14:02.580> which<16:14:03.116> we're<16:14:03.296> going<16:14:03.416> to

the first is PP TP which we're going to

the first is PP TP which we're going to
talk<16:14:03.540> about<16:14:03.660> in<16:14:03.840> a<16:14:04.020> minute<16:14:04.140> and<16:14:04.436> this<16:14:04.616> stands

talk about in a minute and this stands

talk about in a minute and this stands
for

for

for
point

point

point
two<16:14:08.220> point

two point

two point
tunneling

protocol

protocol
the<16:14:16.020> other<16:14:16.220> is

the other is

the other is
l2tp<16:14:18.956> which<16:14:19.740> stands<16:14:20.096> for<16:14:20.340> Layer<16:14:21.116> Two

l2tp which stands for Layer Two

l2tp which stands for Layer Two
tunneling

tunneling

tunneling
protocol

protocol

protocol
and<16:14:26.640> if<16:14:26.756> you<16:14:26.880> remember<16:14:27.060> talking<16:14:27.480> about<16:14:27.660> the<16:14:27.840> OS

and if you remember talking about the OS

and if you remember talking about the OS
and<16:14:28.380> I<16:14:28.680> and<16:14:28.916> the<16:14:29.096> tcpip<16:14:29.756> models<16:14:30.360> that's<16:14:30.776> what

and I and the tcpip models that's what

and I and the tcpip models that's what
that<16:14:31.200> layer<16:14:31.436> 2<16:14:31.560> refers<16:14:31.980> to

that layer 2 refers to

that layer 2 refers to
so<16:14:33.540> let's<16:14:33.776> talk<16:14:33.956> a<16:14:34.080> little<16:14:34.200> bit<16:14:34.320> more<16:14:34.560> about

so let's talk a little bit more about

so let's talk a little bit more about
these<16:14:35.340> protocols<16:14:36.000> the<16:14:36.660> VPN<16:14:37.020> Protocols<16:14:37.616> are

these protocols the VPN Protocols are

these protocols the VPN Protocols are
really<16:14:38.160> important<16:14:38.700> to<16:14:38.880> the<16:14:39.060> security<16:14:39.240> and

really important to the security and

really important to the security and
efficiency<16:14:40.200> of<16:14:40.436> VPN<16:14:40.980> so<16:14:41.456> the<16:14:41.756> protocols

efficiency of VPN so the protocols

efficiency of VPN so the protocols
manage<16:14:43.616> establish<16:14:44.480> and<16:14:45.480> secure<16:14:46.140> the<16:14:46.436> data

manage establish and secure the data

manage establish and secure the data
that's<16:14:46.980> going<16:14:47.276> on<16:14:47.520> through<16:14:47.936> that<16:14:48.180> VPN

that's going on through that VPN

that's going on through that VPN
connection<16:14:49.040> so<16:14:50.040> pptp<16:14:51.000> and<16:14:51.416> l2tp<16:14:52.320> are<16:14:53.160> the<16:14:53.340> two

connection so pptp and l2tp are the two

connection so pptp and l2tp are the two
most<16:14:53.936> common<16:14:54.680> protocols<16:14:55.680> that<16:14:55.860> are<16:14:55.980> out<16:14:56.160> there

most common protocols that are out there

most common protocols that are out there
they<16:14:56.820> function<16:14:57.116> pretty<16:14:57.416> differently<16:14:57.776> but

they function pretty differently but

they function pretty differently but
their<16:14:58.256> jobs<16:14:58.380> are<16:14:58.680> fairly<16:14:58.980> similar<16:14:59.756> they

their jobs are fairly similar they

their jobs are fairly similar they
enable

encryption

encryption
which<16:15:06.660> means<16:15:06.900> the<16:15:07.140> data<16:15:07.436> isn't<16:15:07.796> sent<16:15:08.096> in<16:15:08.700> its

which means the data isn't sent in its

which means the data isn't sent in its
sort<16:15:09.116> of<16:15:09.180> plain<16:15:09.540> text<16:15:09.776> format<16:15:10.320> it's<16:15:10.616> sent<16:15:10.860> in<16:15:11.096> a

sort of plain text format it's sent in a

sort of plain text format it's sent in a
way<16:15:11.276> that<16:15:11.520> if<16:15:11.700> you<16:15:11.880> were<16:15:11.936> just<16:15:12.116> to<16:15:12.296> see<16:15:12.480> it<16:15:12.660> it

way that if you were just to see it it

way that if you were just to see it it
would<16:15:13.020> look<16:15:13.200> like<16:15:13.320> it's<16:15:13.560> all<16:15:13.740> gobbley

would look like it's all gobbley

would look like it's all gobbley
and<16:15:15.180> so<16:15:15.296> what<16:15:15.540> happens<16:15:15.720> it's<16:15:16.080> set<16:15:16.256> on<16:15:16.380> one<16:15:16.560> end

and so what happens it's set on one end

and so what happens it's set on one end
in<16:15:16.916> a<16:15:16.980> code<16:15:17.160> and<16:15:17.340> then<16:15:17.456> received<16:15:17.880> and<16:15:18.000> decode

in a code and then received and decode

in a code and then received and decode
on<16:15:18.540> the<16:15:18.660> other<16:15:18.776> end<16:15:18.900> and<16:15:19.436> it<16:15:19.616> also<16:15:19.796> provides

on the other end and it also provides

on the other end and it also provides
authentication<16:15:20.880> so<16:15:21.660> only<16:15:21.900> those<16:15:22.320> who<16:15:22.560> are

authentication so only those who are

authentication so only those who are
allowed<16:15:23.040> on<16:15:23.160> the<16:15:23.340> network<16:15:23.456> actually<16:15:24.060> get<16:15:24.480> on

allowed on the network actually get on

allowed on the network actually get on
the<16:15:25.796> authentication<16:15:26.660> it<16:15:27.660> also<16:15:27.956> establishes

the authentication it also establishes

the authentication it also establishes
the<16:15:28.860> identities<16:15:29.220> of<16:15:29.456> the<16:15:29.580> people<16:15:29.700> in<16:15:29.880> the

the identities of the people in the

the identities of the people in the
network<16:15:30.116> so<16:15:30.540> we<16:15:30.720> can<16:15:30.840> audit<16:15:31.200> them<16:15:31.380> it's<16:15:31.860> a<16:15:32.040> way

network so we can audit them it's a way

network so we can audit them it's a way
for<16:15:32.340> the<16:15:32.520> clients<16:15:33.116> and<16:15:33.540> the<16:15:33.720> servers<16:15:34.020> to<16:15:34.200> be<16:15:34.320> on

for the clients and the servers to be on

for the clients and the servers to be on
the<16:15:34.500> same<16:15:34.616> page<16:15:34.796> about<16:15:35.096> who<16:15:35.520> is<16:15:35.820> on<16:15:36.060> the

the same page about who is on the

the same page about who is on the
network

network

network
and<16:15:37.560> like<16:15:37.796> I<16:15:37.980> mentioned<16:15:38.276> encryption<16:15:38.936> is

and like I mentioned encryption is

and like I mentioned encryption is
really<16:15:39.776> for<16:15:40.080> the<16:15:40.256> data<16:15:40.616> protection<16:15:40.980> so

really for the data protection so

really for the data protection so
because<16:15:42.360> we're<16:15:43.200> going<16:15:43.500> through<16:15:43.916> the<16:15:44.276> internet

because we're going through the internet

because we're going through the internet
which<16:15:44.820> is<16:15:44.936> public<16:15:45.240> this<16:15:46.020> is<16:15:46.140> really<16:15:46.320> at<16:15:46.500> risk

which is public this is really at risk

which is public this is really at risk
for<16:15:46.980> attackers<16:15:47.456> and<16:15:47.700> so<16:15:47.880> the<16:15:48.180> encryption

for attackers and so the encryption

for attackers and so the encryption
protects<16:15:49.140> that<16:15:49.380> data<16:15:49.740> that's<16:15:50.160> traveling

protects that data that's traveling

protects that data that's traveling
through<16:15:50.820> the<16:15:51.000> network<16:15:51.116> and<16:15:51.416> prevents<16:15:51.776> these

through the network and prevents these

through the network and prevents these
issues<16:15:52.200> from<16:15:52.380> happening<16:15:53.220> generally<16:15:53.820> speaking

issues from happening generally speaking

issues from happening generally speaking
we're<16:15:54.840> going<16:15:55.020> to<16:15:55.140> prefer<16:15:55.520> l2tp<16:15:56.520> over<16:15:57.240> pptp

we're going to prefer l2tp over pptp

we're going to prefer l2tp over pptp
just<16:15:59.096> because<16:15:59.276> it's<16:15:59.640> a<16:15:59.756> more<16:15:59.936> advanced

just because it's a more advanced

just because it's a more advanced
protocol<16:16:00.660> and<16:16:01.020> uses<16:16:01.256> a<16:16:01.380> different<16:16:01.500> form<16:16:01.740> of

protocol and uses a different form of

protocol and uses a different form of
encryption

encryption

encryption
I<16:16:03.776> think<16:16:04.020> in<16:16:04.436> fact

I think in fact

I think in fact
Windows<16:16:06.000> 7<16:16:06.116> and<16:16:06.416> Vista<16:16:06.900> only<16:16:07.560> allows<16:16:07.980> lttdp

Windows 7 and Vista only allows lttdp

Windows 7 and Vista only allows lttdp
now<16:16:09.060> it<16:16:09.240> doesn't<16:16:09.360> even<16:16:09.540> allow<16:16:09.840> pptp<16:16:10.680> as<16:16:10.916> we

now it doesn't even allow pptp as we

now it doesn't even allow pptp as we
just<16:16:11.276> saw<16:16:11.400> when<16:16:11.640> we<16:16:11.756> looked<16:16:12.000> into<16:16:12.060> windows

just saw when we looked into windows

just saw when we looked into windows
all<16:16:14.820> right<16:16:15.000> so<16:16:15.416> just<16:16:15.840> to<16:16:16.080> recap<16:16:16.380> what<16:16:16.560> we<16:16:16.680> just

all right so just to recap what we just

all right so just to recap what we just
talked<16:16:17.040> about<16:16:17.096> first<16:16:17.520> we<16:16:17.820> mentioned<16:16:18.240> virtual

talked about first we mentioned virtual

talked about first we mentioned virtual
private<16:16:19.200> networks<16:16:19.560> which<16:16:19.740> you'll<16:16:20.040> never<16:16:20.220> see

private networks which you'll never see

private networks which you'll never see
referred<16:16:20.756> to<16:16:20.820> as<16:16:20.936> virtual<16:16:21.180> private<16:16:21.480> networks

referred to as virtual private networks

referred to as virtual private networks
you'll<16:16:22.256> see<16:16:22.436> them<16:16:22.560> referred<16:16:22.860> to<16:16:22.916> as<16:16:23.660> vpns<16:16:24.660> and

you'll see them referred to as vpns and

you'll see them referred to as vpns and
those<16:16:25.740> basically<16:16:26.276> create<16:16:26.640> a<16:16:26.880> tunnel

those basically create a tunnel

those basically create a tunnel
through<16:16:29.900> generally<16:16:31.160> the<16:16:32.160> internet<16:16:32.340> sometimes

through generally the internet sometimes

through generally the internet sometimes
the<16:16:33.480> Intranet

the Intranet

the Intranet
to<16:16:36.416> connect

to connect

to connect
lands<16:16:39.240> together<16:16:39.616> and<16:16:40.616> in<16:16:40.796> effect<16:16:41.040> then

lands together and in effect then

lands together and in effect then
creating<16:16:42.200> one<16:16:43.200> large<16:16:43.500> Wan<16:16:44.096> now<16:16:44.276> this<16:16:44.400> can<16:16:44.520> be

creating one large Wan now this can be

creating one large Wan now this can be
done<16:16:44.820> between<16:16:45.180> office<16:16:45.660> and<16:16:45.956> office<16:16:46.256> or<16:16:47.040> say<16:16:47.220> a

done between office and office or say a

done between office and office or say a
home<16:16:47.640> user<16:16:48.060> in<16:16:48.180> an<16:16:48.296> office<16:16:48.480> and<16:16:49.436> either<16:16:49.680> way

home user in an office and either way

home user in an office and either way
you<16:16:50.276> have<16:16:50.400> a<16:16:50.520> VPN<16:16:51.000> client<16:16:51.720> which<16:16:52.320> would<16:16:52.500> be<16:16:52.616> the

you have a VPN client which would be the

you have a VPN client which would be the
one<16:16:53.040> connecting<16:16:53.640> to<16:16:54.116> the<16:16:54.596> server<16:16:54.956> and

one connecting to the server and

one connecting to the server and
remember<16:16:55.860> we<16:16:56.400> have<16:16:56.640> either<16:16:57.180> software

remember we have either software

remember we have either software
or<16:17:00.720> Hardware<16:17:01.080> we<16:17:01.796> looked<16:17:02.160> at<16:17:02.160> the<16:17:02.340> software

or Hardware we looked at the software

or Hardware we looked at the software
that<16:17:02.936> was<16:17:03.116> built<16:17:03.480> into<16:17:03.540> windows<16:17:04.380> we<16:17:04.740> also<16:17:04.980> have

that was built into windows we also have

that was built into windows we also have
Hardware<16:17:05.276> the<16:17:05.756> generally<16:17:06.060> the<16:17:06.360> thing<16:17:06.480> that

Hardware the generally the thing that

Hardware the generally the thing that
you'll<16:17:06.776> see<16:17:06.900> with<16:17:07.080> there<16:17:07.256> is<16:17:07.500> something

you'll see with there is something

you'll see with there is something
called<16:17:07.860> a<16:17:08.096> VPN<16:17:08.580> concentrator<16:17:09.360> it<16:17:10.080> could<16:17:10.200> also

called a VPN concentrator it could also

called a VPN concentrator it could also
be<16:17:10.560> for<16:17:10.796> instance<16:17:10.980> built<16:17:11.340> into<16:17:11.400> your<16:17:11.580> Soho

be for instance built into your Soho

be for instance built into your Soho
router<16:17:12.416> or<16:17:13.140> be<16:17:13.380> built<16:17:13.680> into<16:17:13.740> a<16:17:14.096> Cisco<16:17:14.400> router

router or be built into a Cisco router

router or be built into a Cisco router
of<16:17:14.820> some<16:17:15.000> sort<16:17:15.180> as<16:17:15.360> well<16:17:15.540> we<16:17:16.140> also<16:17:16.380> discussed

of some sort as well we also discussed

of some sort as well we also discussed
the<16:17:16.980> two<16:17:17.276> VPN<16:17:17.880> protocols<16:17:18.720> remember<16:17:19.380> these

the two VPN protocols remember these

the two VPN protocols remember these
were<16:17:20.096> the<16:17:20.340> point-to-point<16:17:21.180> tunneling

were the point-to-point tunneling

were the point-to-point tunneling
protocol<16:17:22.200> and<16:17:22.860> the<16:17:23.040> layer<16:17:23.276> 2<16:17:23.456> tunneling

protocol and the layer 2 tunneling

protocol and the layer 2 tunneling
protocol<16:17:24.360> notice<16:17:25.200> that<16:17:25.380> these<16:17:25.680> both<16:17:25.916> you<16:17:26.520> know

protocol notice that these both you know

protocol notice that these both you know
are<16:17:26.936> VPN<16:17:27.360> protocols<16:17:27.840> because<16:17:28.080> of<16:17:28.320> this<16:17:28.500> T<16:17:28.796> the

are VPN protocols because of this T the

are VPN protocols because of this T the
tunneling<16:17:29.880> protocol<16:17:30.180> generally<16:17:30.956> speaking

tunneling protocol generally speaking

tunneling protocol generally speaking
we're<16:17:31.436> going<16:17:31.560> to<16:17:31.616> see<16:17:31.740> l2tp<16:17:32.580> used<16:17:32.820> more<16:17:33.180> than

we're going to see l2tp used more than

we're going to see l2tp used more than
pptp<16:17:34.616> and<16:17:35.276> what<16:17:35.520> these<16:17:35.880> really<16:17:36.000> are

pptp and what these really are

pptp and what these really are
responsible<16:17:36.596> for<16:17:36.776> is<16:17:37.080> defining<16:17:37.560> how

responsible for is defining how

responsible for is defining how
encryption<16:17:39.060> takes<16:17:39.416> place

and authentication which is something

and authentication which is something
that<16:17:45.360> works<16:17:45.720> in<16:17:45.956> conjunction<16:17:46.320> with<16:17:47.160> the<16:17:47.400> VPN

that works in conjunction with the VPN

that works in conjunction with the VPN
server<16:17:48.180> to<16:17:48.480> accomplish

welcome to module 10 lesson 4 gra SSL

welcome to module 10 lesson 4 gra SSL
VPN<16:18:12.720> and<16:18:12.956> VPN<16:18:13.560> concentrators

we look at them

we look at them
secure<16:18:19.256> sockets<16:18:19.680> for<16:18:19.980> VPN<16:18:20.936> also

secure sockets for VPN also

secure sockets for VPN also
what<16:18:22.436> is<16:18:22.616> SSL

what is SSL

what is SSL
VPN<16:18:24.900> concentrators<16:18:25.616> ipsec<16:18:26.520> this<16:18:27.116> is<16:18:27.240> just<16:18:27.416> an

VPN concentrators ipsec this is just an

VPN concentrators ipsec this is just an
overview

overview

overview
as<16:18:29.340> usual<16:18:29.520> there's<16:18:29.880> a<16:18:30.060> whole<16:18:30.320> entire<16:18:31.740> um<16:18:31.880> exams

as usual there's a whole entire um exams

as usual there's a whole entire um exams
for<16:18:33.180> security<16:18:33.360> stuff<16:18:33.840> like<16:18:34.080> this<16:18:34.256> in<16:18:34.500> more

for security stuff like this in more

for security stuff like this in more
detail<16:18:34.980> like<16:18:35.220> the<16:18:36.116> CompTIA<16:18:36.596> Security<16:18:36.776> Plus

detail like the CompTIA Security Plus

detail like the CompTIA Security Plus
which<16:18:37.680> we<16:18:37.860> host<16:18:38.220> on<16:18:38.640> howturnetwork.com<16:18:40.040> and

which we host on howturnetwork.com and

which we host on howturnetwork.com and
the<16:18:41.400> CCNA<16:18:42.000> security<16:18:42.240> also

the CCNA security also

the CCNA security also
GRE<16:18:44.096> stands<16:18:44.756> for<16:18:44.820> generic<16:18:45.240> routing

GRE stands for generic routing

GRE stands for generic routing
encapsulation<16:18:46.256> and<16:18:46.616> it<16:18:46.740> was<16:18:46.860> actually

encapsulation and it was actually

encapsulation and it was actually
developed<16:18:47.456> by<16:18:47.580> Cisco<16:18:48.060> Systems<16:18:48.596> as<16:18:48.956> a

developed by Cisco Systems as a

developed by Cisco Systems as a
tunneling<16:18:50.096> protocol<16:18:50.580> and<16:18:51.360> I<16:18:51.540> totally<16:18:51.776> in

tunneling protocol and I totally in

tunneling protocol and I totally in
protocol<16:18:52.580> tunnels<16:18:53.580> something<16:18:54.360> else<16:18:54.660> another

protocol tunnels something else another

protocol tunnels something else another
Prodigy<16:18:55.680> call<16:18:56.116> within<16:18:57.116> a<16:18:57.360> protocol

Prodigy call within a protocol

Prodigy call within a protocol
so<16:19:00.416> it<16:19:00.596> allows<16:19:00.956> Network<16:19:01.200> users<16:19:01.616> to<16:19:01.796> access<16:19:01.860> the

so it allows Network users to access the

so it allows Network users to access the
network<16:19:02.340> service<16:19:02.640> it's<16:19:02.936> not<16:19:03.116> supported<16:19:03.540> by

network service it's not supported by

network service it's not supported by
the<16:19:03.840> underlying<16:19:04.320> Network<16:19:04.436> so<16:19:05.040> you<16:19:05.276> can

the underlying Network so you can

the underlying Network so you can
actually<16:19:05.520> tunnel

actually tunnel

actually tunnel
um<16:19:06.776> lots<16:19:07.200> of<16:19:07.256> different<16:19:07.380> things<16:19:07.616> you<16:19:07.860> can<16:19:07.980> sort

um lots of different things you can sort

um lots of different things you can sort
of<16:19:08.276> IP<16:19:08.700> version<16:19:09.596> 4<16:19:09.900> inside<16:19:10.700> IPv6<16:19:11.776> if<16:19:12.776> the<16:19:13.320> um

of IP version 4 inside IPv6 if the um

of IP version 4 inside IPv6 if the um
hop<16:19:14.820> by<16:19:15.360> hot<16:19:15.596> pair<16:19:15.956> devices<16:19:16.320> don't<16:19:16.680> support<16:19:16.980> it

hop by hot pair devices don't support it

hop by hot pair devices don't support it
here<16:19:18.660> is<16:19:18.956> an<16:19:19.200> image<16:19:19.436> of<16:19:19.560> a<16:19:19.740> GRE<16:19:19.860> tunnel<16:19:20.640> going

here is an image of a GRE tunnel going

here is an image of a GRE tunnel going
across<16:19:21.596> an<16:19:21.776> internet

across an internet

across an internet
Source<16:19:23.580> interface<16:19:24.060> or<16:19:24.296> IP<16:19:24.596> address

Source interface or IP address

Source interface or IP address
destination<16:19:25.560> IP<16:19:25.980> address<16:19:26.160> of<16:19:26.456> the<16:19:26.640> tunnel<16:19:27.060> an

destination IP address of the tunnel an

destination IP address of the tunnel an
IP<16:19:27.956> address<16:19:28.080> of<16:19:28.380> the<16:19:28.560> tunnel<16:19:28.860> that's<16:19:29.160> part<16:19:29.340> of

IP address of the tunnel that's part of

IP address of the tunnel that's part of
the<16:19:29.580> configuration<16:19:30.116> you<16:19:30.480> don't<16:19:30.540> really<16:19:30.720> need

the configuration you don't really need

the configuration you don't really need
to<16:19:31.080> worry<16:19:31.256> about<16:19:31.560> that

to worry about that

to worry about that
but<16:19:33.000> the<16:19:33.240> traffic<16:19:33.596> will<16:19:33.900> pass<16:19:34.080> through<16:19:34.320> the

but the traffic will pass through the

but the traffic will pass through the
GRE<16:19:34.680> to<16:19:35.220> Norm

GRE to Norm

GRE to Norm
and<16:19:36.720> the<16:19:36.840> device<16:19:37.080> is<16:19:37.380> actually<16:19:37.560> sending<16:19:38.040> the

and the device is actually sending the

and the device is actually sending the
traffic<16:19:38.456> will<16:19:39.296> only<16:19:39.540> examine<16:19:40.080> the<16:19:40.320> header<16:19:40.860> of

traffic will only examine the header of

traffic will only examine the header of
the<16:19:41.520> GRE<16:19:42.020> packet<16:19:43.020> which<16:19:43.436> is<16:19:43.860> um<16:19:43.860> wrapping<16:19:44.520> the

the GRE packet which is um wrapping the

the GRE packet which is um wrapping the
uh<16:19:45.596> the<16:19:46.080> traditional<16:19:46.500> IP<16:19:46.916> traffic

uh the traditional IP traffic

uh the traditional IP traffic
so<16:19:49.740> we<16:19:50.160> already<16:19:50.400> know<16:19:50.640> we<16:19:50.820> can<16:19:50.880> run<16:19:51.060> a<16:19:51.180> protocol

so we already know we can run a protocol

so we already know we can run a protocol
every<16:19:51.840> Network<16:19:52.140> you<16:19:52.616> can<16:19:52.740> actually<16:19:52.916> run

every Network you can actually run

every Network you can actually run
non-routable<16:19:54.116> addresses<16:19:54.596> as<16:19:54.776> well<16:19:54.956> so<16:19:55.140> inside

non-routable addresses as well so inside

non-routable addresses as well so inside
that<16:19:55.680> tunnel<16:19:56.096> you<16:19:56.700> could<16:19:56.820> have<16:19:56.936> a<16:19:57.116> 192<16:19:57.660> address

that tunnel you could have a 192 address

that tunnel you could have a 192 address
and<16:19:58.740> as<16:19:58.860> long<16:19:58.980> as<16:19:59.040> the<16:19:59.220> tunnel<16:19:59.580> is<16:19:59.700> going<16:19:59.880> via

and as long as the tunnel is going via

and as long as the tunnel is going via
routable<16:20:00.660> IP<16:20:01.020> addresses<16:20:01.500> you'll<16:20:02.276> be<16:20:02.456> fine

routable IP addresses you'll be fine

routable IP addresses you'll be fine
a<16:20:04.500> gra<16:20:05.040> creates<16:20:05.276> a<16:20:05.456> virtual<16:20:05.756> point-to-point

a gra creates a virtual point-to-point

a gra creates a virtual point-to-point
link<16:20:06.540> and<16:20:06.776> encapsulates<16:20:07.320> a<16:20:07.560> variety<16:20:07.796> of

link and encapsulates a variety of

link and encapsulates a variety of
network<16:20:08.340> protocols

network protocols

network protocols
uh

uh

uh
yeah<16:20:12.776> I've<16:20:12.900> already<16:20:13.020> mentioned<16:20:13.380> the<16:20:13.500> private

yeah I've already mentioned the private

yeah I've already mentioned the private
IP<16:20:14.400> addresses<16:20:14.936> it's<16:20:15.416> used<16:20:15.596> in<16:20:15.776> conjunction

IP addresses it's used in conjunction

IP addresses it's used in conjunction
often<16:20:16.796> with<16:20:17.096> pptp<16:20:18.000> point-to-point<16:20:18.956> tunneling

often with pptp point-to-point tunneling

often with pptp point-to-point tunneling
protocol<16:20:19.740> and<16:20:20.520> ipsec<16:20:21.296> if<16:20:21.900> you<16:20:22.020> want<16:20:22.200> to<16:20:22.320> create

protocol and ipsec if you want to create

protocol and ipsec if you want to create
a<16:20:22.740> VPN<16:20:23.276> and<16:20:24.000> there's<16:20:24.180> an<16:20:24.480> image<16:20:24.776> there<16:20:24.956> for

a VPN and there's an image there for

a VPN and there's an image there for
with<16:20:25.380> the<16:20:25.500> GRE<16:20:25.616> tunnel<16:20:26.400> also<16:20:27.000> working<16:20:27.180> with<16:20:27.416> an

with the GRE tunnel also working with an

with the GRE tunnel also working with an
IP<16:20:27.840> sector<16:20:28.256> null<16:20:28.616> from<16:20:29.160> networkstraining.com

uh VPN

uh VPN
a<16:20:35.580> virtual<16:20:36.000> Network<16:20:36.296> a<16:20:36.776> virtual<16:20:37.080> private

a virtual Network a virtual private

a virtual Network a virtual private
network<16:20:37.560> is<16:20:37.916> a<16:20:38.096> full<16:20:38.276> term<16:20:38.456> it's<16:20:39.060> built<16:20:39.360> on<16:20:39.480> top

network is a full term it's built on top

network is a full term it's built on top
of<16:20:39.776> an<16:20:39.900> existing<16:20:40.320> public<16:20:40.500> network<16:20:40.936> obviously

of an existing public network obviously

of an existing public network obviously
very<16:20:42.240> handy<16:20:42.596> if<16:20:42.840> we<16:20:42.956> need<16:20:43.140> to<16:20:43.320> securely

very handy if we need to securely

very handy if we need to securely
connect<16:20:44.040> over<16:20:44.456> the<16:20:44.640> internet<16:20:44.820> from

connect over the internet from

connect over the internet from
um two<16:20:46.980> different<16:20:47.220> network<16:20:47.700> locations

um two different network locations

um two different network locations
often<16:20:49.740> used<16:20:49.860> by<16:20:50.040> companies<16:20:50.520> because<16:20:50.880> they

often used by companies because they

often used by companies because they
don't<16:20:51.900> want<16:20:52.080> to<16:20:52.200> buy<16:20:52.320> a<16:20:52.500> dedicated<16:20:52.916> lease<16:20:53.400> line

don't want to buy a dedicated lease line

don't want to buy a dedicated lease line
so<16:20:54.180> they'll<16:20:54.480> just<16:20:54.660> use<16:20:54.916> existing<16:20:55.916> security

so they'll just use existing security

so they'll just use existing security
technology

technology

technology
you<16:20:59.096> have<16:20:59.276> a<16:20:59.520> secure<16:20:59.756> Communications<16:21:00.540> between

you have a secure Communications between

you have a secure Communications between
two<16:21:01.256> private<16:21:01.740> Networks

two private Networks

two private Networks
SSL<16:21:03.720> VPN<16:21:04.320> this<16:21:04.980> is<16:21:05.096> a<16:21:05.276> secure<16:21:05.520> sockets<16:21:05.936> layer

SSL VPN this is a secure sockets layer

SSL VPN this is a secure sockets layer
virtual<16:21:06.900> private<16:21:07.256> Network

virtual private Network

virtual private Network
it<16:21:08.880> provides<16:21:09.360> encrypted<16:21:09.840> communication

it provides encrypted communication

it provides encrypted communication
between<16:21:10.680> a<16:21:11.040> clients<16:21:11.520> and<16:21:11.640> server<16:21:12.000> one<16:21:12.840> example

between a clients and server one example

between a clients and server one example
is<16:21:13.436> SSL<16:21:14.040> equips<16:21:14.580> communication<16:21:15.180> between<16:21:15.480> a

is SSL equips communication between a

is SSL equips communication between a
web<16:21:15.956> browser<16:21:16.500> and<16:21:17.096> a<16:21:17.276> web<16:21:17.400> server<16:21:17.880> and<16:21:18.480> your

web browser and a web server and your

web browser and a web server and your
browser<16:21:19.080> will<16:21:19.320> be<16:21:19.500> a<16:21:20.340> Google<16:21:20.580> Chrome<16:21:20.936> or

browser will be a Google Chrome or

browser will be a Google Chrome or
whatever<16:21:21.360> you're<16:21:21.596> running<16:21:21.776> on<16:21:22.080> your<16:21:22.380> laptop

whatever you're running on your laptop

whatever you're running on your laptop
or<16:21:22.916> PC

or PC

or PC
the<16:21:25.080> user<16:21:25.320> connects<16:21:25.680> to<16:21:25.740> VPN<16:21:26.160> devices<16:21:26.520> using

the user connects to VPN devices using

the user connects to VPN devices using
their<16:21:27.296> web<16:21:27.540> browsers<16:21:28.020> traffic<16:21:28.860> between<16:21:29.220> the

their web browsers traffic between the

their web browsers traffic between the
web<16:21:29.580> browser<16:21:29.936> and<16:21:30.060> the<16:21:30.180> VPN<16:21:30.480> is<16:21:30.660> encrypted

web browser and the VPN is encrypted

web browser and the VPN is encrypted
with<16:21:31.320> the<16:21:31.500> SSL<16:21:31.916> protocol

so as a result you've got a secure

so as a result you've got a secure
access<16:21:37.740> to<16:21:38.096> web<16:21:38.276> applications<16:21:38.880> and<16:21:39.296> client

access to web applications and client

access to web applications and client
server<16:21:39.956> applications

server applications

server applications
you'll<16:21:42.180> see<16:21:42.360> this<16:21:42.596> working<16:21:42.776> with<16:21:43.256> the<16:21:43.796> um

you'll see this working with the um

you'll see this working with the um
green<16:21:44.340> padlock<16:21:44.936> when<16:21:45.660> you're<16:21:45.916> browsing

green padlock when you're browsing

green padlock when you're browsing
different<16:21:47.160> websites<16:21:47.936> built<16:21:48.776> into<16:21:48.840> all

different websites built into all

different websites built into all
standard<16:21:49.500> web<16:21:49.680> browsers<16:21:50.160> you'd<16:21:50.640> have<16:21:50.756> to<16:21:50.880> add

standard web browsers you'd have to add

standard web browsers you'd have to add
anything<16:21:51.240> extra<16:21:51.660> on<16:21:51.956> you<16:21:52.616> don't<16:21:52.740> have<16:21:52.860> to

anything extra on you don't have to

anything extra on you don't have to
configure<16:21:53.580> or<16:21:53.756> install<16:21:53.880> any<16:21:54.296> client<16:21:54.596> software

configure or install any client software

configure or install any client software
anymore<16:21:55.320> you<16:21:55.980> used<16:21:56.220> to<16:21:56.340> have<16:21:56.456> to<16:21:56.640> that<16:21:57.360> was<16:21:57.540> a

anymore you used to have to that was a

anymore you used to have to that was a
few<16:21:57.776> years<16:21:57.900> ago<16:21:58.140> now<16:21:58.380> and<16:21:58.560> it's<16:21:58.680> all<16:21:58.796> built

few years ago now and it's all built

few years ago now and it's all built
into<16:21:59.220> the<16:21:59.456> web<16:21:59.580> browsers

into the web browsers

into the web browsers
uh<16:22:01.916> the<16:22:02.040> SSL<16:22:02.456> VPN<16:22:02.880> can<16:22:03.180> be<16:22:03.296> accessed<16:22:03.596> from

uh the SSL VPN can be accessed from

uh the SSL VPN can be accessed from
anywhere<16:22:04.080> including<16:22:04.616> airport<16:22:04.796> hotel<16:22:05.276> rooms

anywhere including airport hotel rooms

anywhere including airport hotel rooms
coffee<16:22:06.000> shops<16:22:06.416> as<16:22:06.596> long<16:22:07.020> as<16:22:07.140> you've<16:22:07.320> got<16:22:07.436> web

coffee shops as long as you've got web

coffee shops as long as you've got web
connectivity<16:22:08.956> and<16:22:09.956> the<16:22:10.140> user<16:22:10.380> has<16:22:10.500> a<16:22:10.680> standard

connectivity and the user has a standard

connectivity and the user has a standard
SSL<16:22:11.400> client<16:22:11.700> that's<16:22:11.936> used<16:22:12.116> with<16:22:12.360> that

SSL client that's used with that

SSL client that's used with that
particular<16:22:12.916> SSL<16:22:13.916> VPN

particular SSL VPN

particular SSL VPN
uh<16:22:16.680> SSL<16:22:17.220> VPN<16:22:17.756> products<16:22:18.116> usually<16:22:18.480> Standalone

uh SSL VPN products usually Standalone

uh SSL VPN products usually Standalone
Hardware<16:22:19.380> Appliances<16:22:20.096> and<16:22:20.936> other<16:22:21.180> software

Hardware Appliances and other software

Hardware Appliances and other software
Solutions<16:22:22.436> available<16:22:23.116> speak<16:22:24.116> to<16:22:24.360> uh<16:22:24.776> whatever

Solutions available speak to uh whatever

Solutions available speak to uh whatever
the<16:22:25.380> whoever<16:22:25.796> the<16:22:25.980> sales<16:22:26.160> representative<16:22:26.936> is

the whoever the sales representative is

the whoever the sales representative is
for<16:22:27.596> Cisco<16:22:28.080> or<16:22:28.320> whoever<16:22:28.680> you're<16:22:29.340> using<16:22:29.640> for

for Cisco or whoever you're using for

for Cisco or whoever you're using for
the<16:22:30.116> technology

the technology

the technology
you<16:22:32.096> also<16:22:32.276> get<16:22:32.456> common<16:22:32.640> security<16:22:33.000> services

you also get common security services

you also get common security services
such<16:22:34.080> as<16:22:34.256> authentication<16:22:35.596> encryption

such as authentication encryption

such as authentication encryption
Integrity<16:22:37.500> protection<16:22:38.040> Access<16:22:38.880> Control<16:22:39.296> who

Integrity protection Access Control who

Integrity protection Access Control who
can<16:22:39.956> access

can access

can access
even<16:22:41.580> how<16:22:41.880> long<16:22:42.000> they<16:22:42.240> can<16:22:42.360> access<16:22:42.540> for

even how long they can access for

even how long they can access for
security<16:22:44.276> and<16:22:45.060> endpoint<16:22:45.480> security<16:22:45.776> controls

security and endpoint security controls

security and endpoint security controls
in<16:22:47.580> choosing<16:22:48.000> prevention<16:22:48.416> IPS

authentication as we know I'm sure is

authentication as we know I'm sure is
just<16:22:54.540> authenticating<16:22:55.200> that<16:22:55.560> particular

just authenticating that particular

just authenticating that particular
person<16:22:56.096> to<16:22:56.520> verify<16:22:56.936> they<16:22:57.180> are<16:22:57.360> who<16:22:57.776> they<16:22:57.956> say

person to verify they are who they say

person to verify they are who they say
they<16:22:58.380> are<16:22:58.980> encryption<16:22:59.756> encryption<16:23:00.296> protects

they are encryption encryption protects

they are encryption encryption protects
the<16:23:01.080> con

the con

the con
confidentiality<16:23:03.416> of<16:23:03.660> the<16:23:03.840> data<16:23:04.256> as<16:23:04.740> it<16:23:04.980> passes

confidentiality of the data as it passes

confidentiality of the data as it passes
through<16:23:05.456> through<16:23:05.820> the<16:23:06.060> internet

Integrity ensures that the data is not

Integrity ensures that the data is not
altered<16:23:11.096> so

altered so

altered so
um there's<16:23:12.720> a<16:23:12.840> whole<16:23:13.436> bunch<16:23:13.680> of<16:23:13.796> ways<16:23:14.220> to<16:23:14.820> um

um there's a whole bunch of ways to um

um there's a whole bunch of ways to um
showing<16:23:15.720> and<16:23:16.320> offer<16:23:16.680> Integrity<16:23:17.096> of<16:23:17.640> the<16:23:17.936> data

showing and offer Integrity of the data

showing and offer Integrity of the data
as<16:23:18.660> it's<16:23:18.900> sent<16:23:19.436> from<16:23:19.796> the<16:23:20.276> source<16:23:20.640> and

as it's sent from the source and

as it's sent from the source and
received<16:23:21.116> at<16:23:21.240> the<16:23:21.416> destination

received at the destination

received at the destination
Access<16:23:23.456> Control<16:23:23.820> gives<16:23:24.240> restricted<16:23:24.776> access

Access Control gives restricted access

Access Control gives restricted access
and<16:23:25.380> that<16:23:25.560> can<16:23:25.680> be<16:23:25.796> based<16:23:26.220> upon<16:23:26.456> a<16:23:26.756> number<16:23:26.880> of

and that can be based upon a number of

and that can be based upon a number of
things<16:23:27.360> and<16:23:27.956> the<16:23:28.140> access<16:23:28.256> control<16:23:28.680> is<16:23:28.980> then

things and the access control is then

things and the access control is then
associated<16:23:30.480> with<16:23:30.776> whatever<16:23:31.020> privilege<16:23:31.616> is

associated with whatever privilege is

associated with whatever privilege is
you<16:23:32.400> wanted<16:23:32.520> to<16:23:32.756> give<16:23:32.936> that<16:23:33.240> particular<16:23:33.540> user

you wanted to give that particular user

you wanted to give that particular user
the<16:23:36.360> endpoint<16:23:36.660> security<16:23:36.840> controls<16:23:37.500> checks

the endpoint security controls checks

the endpoint security controls checks
the<16:23:37.916> user<16:23:38.220> system<16:23:38.400> for<16:23:38.700> compliance<16:23:39.180> whenever

the user system for compliance whenever

the user system for compliance whenever
the<16:23:39.776> user<16:23:40.080> attempts<16:23:40.616> to<16:23:40.916> use<16:23:41.700> the<16:23:41.936> SSL<16:23:42.480> VPN

intrusion prevention checks the data for

intrusion prevention checks the data for
any<16:23:47.700> Potential<16:23:48.116> Threat<16:23:48.416> after<16:23:48.660> it's<16:23:48.900> been

any Potential Threat after it's been

any Potential Threat after it's been
decrypted

decrypted

decrypted
VPN<16:23:51.480> concentrators<16:23:52.256> these<16:23:52.980> were<16:23:53.400> supported

VPN concentrators these were supported

VPN concentrators these were supported
originally<16:23:54.596> when<16:23:55.320> I<16:23:55.436> worked<16:23:55.680> at<16:23:55.740> Cisco<16:23:56.096> by<16:23:56.340> the

originally when I worked at Cisco by the

originally when I worked at Cisco by the
security<16:23:56.700> team

security team

security team
they<16:23:58.380> provide<16:23:58.680> a<16:23:58.796> remote<16:23:58.980> user<16:23:59.400> with<16:23:59.520> secure

they provide a remote user with secure

they provide a remote user with secure
access<16:24:00.116> to<16:24:00.416> the<16:24:00.660> organization's<16:24:01.500> resources

access to the organization's resources

access to the organization's resources
and<16:24:02.756> the<16:24:02.880> concentrator<16:24:03.480> is<16:24:03.720> basically<16:24:04.020> an

and the concentrator is basically an

and the concentrator is basically an
endpoint<16:24:04.616> for<16:24:04.916> multiple<16:24:05.540> VPN<16:24:06.540> connections<16:24:07.080> so

endpoint for multiple VPN connections so

endpoint for multiple VPN connections so
there's<16:24:07.436> maybe<16:24:07.680> lots<16:24:08.096> of<16:24:08.160> Home<16:24:08.400> users<16:24:08.820> or

there's maybe lots of Home users or

there's maybe lots of Home users or
people<16:24:09.180> dialing<16:24:09.720> in<16:24:09.900> and

people dialing in and

people dialing in and
Mobile<16:24:12.776> sales<16:24:13.200> people<16:24:13.616> that<16:24:14.520> need<16:24:14.700> to<16:24:14.820> connect

Mobile sales people that need to connect

Mobile sales people that need to connect
from<16:24:15.240> certain<16:24:15.480> places<16:24:15.776> and<16:24:16.020> the<16:24:16.200> VPN

from certain places and the VPN

from certain places and the VPN
concentrator<16:24:17.160> will<16:24:17.756> be<16:24:17.936> the<16:24:18.060> point<16:24:18.180> where

concentrator will be the point where

concentrator will be the point where
their<16:24:18.596> connection<16:24:18.776> is<16:24:19.200> terminated

all right uh the concentrate is a device

all right uh the concentrate is a device
it<16:24:25.200> can<16:24:25.320> handle<16:24:25.616> multiple<16:24:25.916> tunnels<16:24:26.340> coming<16:24:26.580> in

it can handle multiple tunnels coming in

it can handle multiple tunnels coming in
a<16:24:29.096> VPN<16:24:29.580> they<16:24:29.936> provide<16:24:30.296> VPN<16:24:31.080> encryption<16:24:31.500> either

a VPN they provide VPN encryption either

a VPN they provide VPN encryption either
by<16:24:31.980> using<16:24:32.220> ipsec<16:24:33.060> or<16:24:33.296> SSL

by using ipsec or SSL

by using ipsec or SSL
again<16:24:35.096> check<16:24:35.400> with<16:24:35.640> your<16:24:36.080> vendor<16:24:37.080> for

again check with your vendor for

again check with your vendor for
documentation

documentation

documentation
ipsec<16:24:39.660> is<16:24:39.840> IP<16:24:40.200> security<16:24:40.520> provides<16:24:41.520> a<16:24:41.640> high

ipsec is IP security provides a high

ipsec is IP security provides a high
level<16:24:41.936> of<16:24:42.180> security<16:24:42.480> and<16:24:42.956> encryption<16:24:43.580> and

level of security and encryption and

level of security and encryption and
because<16:24:44.936> client<16:24:45.360> software<16:24:45.776> to<16:24:46.020> establish<16:24:46.680> the

because client software to establish the

because client software to establish the
VPN<16:24:47.340> tunnel

ipsec is better for fixed locations SSR

ipsec is better for fixed locations SSR
when<16:24:53.276> the<16:24:53.400> remote<16:24:53.520> users<16:24:54.000> need<16:24:54.180> to<16:24:54.296> connect

when the remote users need to connect

when the remote users need to connect
from<16:24:54.956> various<16:24:55.580> locations<16:24:56.580> for<16:24:56.880> example

from various locations for example

from various locations for example
they're<16:24:57.416> a<16:24:57.720> traveling<16:24:58.500> salesperson

they're a traveling salesperson

they're a traveling salesperson
and<16:25:01.500> nowadays<16:25:02.096> VPN<16:25:02.580> concentrators<16:25:03.240> are<16:25:03.480> not

and nowadays VPN concentrators are not

and nowadays VPN concentrators are not
manufactured<16:25:04.320> as<16:25:04.796> separate<16:25:05.520> devices<16:25:05.936> they

manufactured as separate devices they

manufactured as separate devices they
normally<16:25:07.020> combined<16:25:07.436> with<16:25:07.500> devices<16:25:07.860> that<16:25:08.160> also

normally combined with devices that also

normally combined with devices that also
provide<16:25:08.756> firewall<16:25:09.296> protection<16:25:09.720> if<16:25:10.380> you<16:25:10.500> go<16:25:10.616> to

provide firewall protection if you go to

provide firewall protection if you go to
cisco.com<16:25:11.340> and<16:25:11.640> then<16:25:11.756> click<16:25:11.936> on<16:25:12.180> I<16:25:12.660> think<16:25:12.776> it's

cisco.com and then click on I think it's

cisco.com and then click on I think it's
sales<16:25:13.256> or<16:25:13.616> products<16:25:14.220> you'll<16:25:14.820> see<16:25:15.000> the<16:25:15.180> type<16:25:15.296> of

sales or products you'll see the type of

sales or products you'll see the type of
devices<16:25:15.720> that<16:25:16.080> are<16:25:16.200> available<16:25:16.380> and<16:25:16.796> what<16:25:16.980> they

devices that are available and what they

devices that are available and what they
do

do

do
all<16:25:18.956> right<16:25:19.080> so<16:25:19.140> we've<16:25:19.320> covered<16:25:19.560> a<16:25:19.740> fair<16:25:19.860> bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit
GRE<16:25:21.020> tunneling<16:25:22.020> VPN<16:25:22.796> SSL

Security Services of SSL VPN and a VPN

Security Services of SSL VPN and a VPN
concentrator<16:25:30.116> on<16:25:30.956> ipsec

concentrator on ipsec

concentrator on ipsec
that's<16:25:32.640> all<16:25:32.880> for<16:25:33.060> now<16:25:33.180> thanks<16:25:33.596> for<16:25:33.776> watching

Network management Network

Network management Network
Administration

Administration

Administration
in<16:26:04.380> the<16:26:04.436> previous<16:26:04.560> lessons<16:26:05.040> we've<16:26:05.400> talked

in the previous lessons we've talked

in the previous lessons we've talked
about<16:26:05.756> a<16:26:06.000> lot<16:26:06.116> of<16:26:06.240> the<16:26:06.360> technical<16:26:06.720> aspects<16:26:07.500> of

about a lot of the technical aspects of

about a lot of the technical aspects of
networking<16:26:08.640> including<16:26:09.296> remote<16:26:09.596> networking

networking including remote networking

networking including remote networking
remote<16:26:10.680> access<16:26:11.296> virtual<16:26:12.296> private<16:26:12.776> networks

remote access virtual private networks

remote access virtual private networks
local<16:26:13.500> area<16:26:13.796> networks<16:26:14.276> wide<16:26:14.520> area<16:26:14.756> networks

local area networks wide area networks

local area networks wide area networks
and<16:26:15.480> so<16:26:15.660> on<16:26:15.840> there's<16:26:16.436> someone<16:26:16.680> who's<16:26:16.980> required

and so on there's someone who's required

and so on there's someone who's required
to<16:26:17.520> sort<16:26:17.820> of<16:26:17.936> put<16:26:18.416> all<16:26:18.596> of<16:26:18.776> this<16:26:18.956> into<16:26:19.140> place

to sort of put all of this into place

to sort of put all of this into place
and<16:26:19.980> that's<16:26:20.160> where<16:26:20.340> an<16:26:20.520> administrator<16:26:21.060> comes

and that's where an administrator comes

and that's where an administrator comes
in<16:26:21.596> so<16:26:22.320> in<16:26:22.740> this<16:26:22.916> lesson<16:26:23.400> and<16:26:23.580> in<16:26:23.756> the

in so in this lesson and in the

in so in this lesson and in the
following<16:26:24.296> modules<16:26:24.720> I<16:26:25.256> want<16:26:25.380> to<16:26:25.560> talk<16:26:25.796> about

following modules I want to talk about

following modules I want to talk about
what<16:26:27.116> an<16:26:27.360> administrator<16:26:28.080> is<16:26:28.680> and<16:26:29.160> some<16:26:29.340> of<16:26:29.456> the

what an administrator is and some of the

what an administrator is and some of the
tasks<16:26:30.000> they<16:26:30.180> have<16:26:30.360> to<16:26:30.480> do<16:26:30.660> in<16:26:31.380> this<16:26:31.560> module<16:26:31.860> in

tasks they have to do in this module in

tasks they have to do in this module in
specific<16:26:32.340> we're<16:26:32.580> going<16:26:32.700> to<16:26:32.820> start<16:26:32.936> by

specific we're going to start by

specific we're going to start by
defining<16:26:33.900> an<16:26:34.200> administrator<16:26:34.796> or<16:26:35.096> network

defining an administrator or network

defining an administrator or network
administrator<16:26:36.180> now<16:26:36.776> there<16:26:37.080> can<16:26:37.200> be<16:26:37.380> several

administrator now there can be several

administrator now there can be several
administrators<16:26:38.400> at<16:26:38.640> any<16:26:38.756> one's<16:26:39.060> site<16:26:39.240> but

administrators at any one's site but

administrators at any one's site but
we're<16:26:39.540> going<16:26:39.660> to<16:26:39.720> give<16:26:39.840> an<16:26:40.020> overview<16:26:40.436> of<16:26:40.616> what

we're going to give an overview of what

we're going to give an overview of what
an<16:26:40.980> administrator<16:26:41.456> no<16:26:41.756> matter<16:26:41.880> what<16:26:42.240> their

an administrator no matter what their

an administrator no matter what their
specific<16:26:42.720> role<16:26:43.200> is<16:26:43.256> going<16:26:43.436> to<16:26:43.616> do<16:26:43.796> then<16:26:44.640> we're

specific role is going to do then we're

specific role is going to do then we're
going<16:26:45.000> to<16:26:45.116> identify<16:26:45.540> some<16:26:45.840> of<16:26:45.956> the<16:26:46.080> key<16:26:46.380> admin

going to identify some of the key admin

going to identify some of the key admin
duties<16:26:47.340> and<16:26:48.060> these<16:26:48.296> might<16:26:48.480> be<16:26:48.596> documentation

duties and these might be documentation

duties and these might be documentation
and<16:26:50.700> monitoring<16:26:51.416> we'll<16:26:51.840> talk<16:26:52.020> more<16:26:52.320> about

and monitoring we'll talk more about

and monitoring we'll talk more about
these<16:26:52.860> in<16:26:53.096> further<16:26:53.400> modules<16:26:53.820> and<16:26:54.060> we've

these in further modules and we've

these in further modules and we've
probably<16:26:54.480> already<16:26:54.596> mentioned<16:26:55.080> already

probably already mentioned already

probably already mentioned already
mentioned<16:26:56.276> these<16:26:56.640> to<16:26:57.060> some<16:26:57.240> degree<16:26:57.596> so<16:26:58.080> some

mentioned these to some degree so some

mentioned these to some degree so some
of<16:26:58.380> this<16:26:58.560> might<16:26:58.860> be<16:26:59.040> recap<16:26:59.580> in<16:27:00.180> some<16:27:00.296> cases<16:27:00.596> it

of this might be recap in some cases it

of this might be recap in some cases it
might<16:27:01.020> be<16:27:01.140> overview<16:27:01.560> but<16:27:02.040> a<16:27:02.160> lot<16:27:02.220> of<16:27:02.340> what's<16:27:02.456> on

might be overview but a lot of what's on

might be overview but a lot of what's on
the<16:27:02.820> network<16:27:02.936> plus<16:27:03.240> exam<16:27:03.660> is<16:27:03.900> is<16:27:04.436> sort<16:27:04.796> of

the network plus exam is is sort of

the network plus exam is is sort of
applying<16:27:05.756> not<16:27:06.720> just<16:27:06.900> having<16:27:07.256> knowledge<16:27:07.740> but

applying not just having knowledge but

applying not just having knowledge but
applying<16:27:08.340> the<16:27:08.456> knowledge<16:27:08.820> in<16:27:09.360> certain

applying the knowledge in certain

applying the knowledge in certain
administrator<16:27:10.140> roles<16:27:10.560> since<16:27:10.740> that's<16:27:10.916> what

administrator roles since that's what

administrator roles since that's what
they<16:27:11.276> assume<16:27:11.700> you're<16:27:11.880> going<16:27:12.000> to<16:27:12.116> do<16:27:12.240> with<16:27:12.540> your

they assume you're going to do with your

they assume you're going to do with your
certification

certification

certification
so<16:27:14.756> there's<16:27:15.180> no<16:27:15.416> doubt<16:27:15.776> that<16:27:16.020> we<16:27:16.256> have<16:27:16.436> used

so there's no doubt that we have used

so there's no doubt that we have used
administrator<16:27:17.580> or<16:27:18.360> admin<16:27:18.956> for<16:27:19.380> short

administrator or admin for short

administrator or admin for short
in<16:27:22.256> uh<16:27:22.680> hundreds<16:27:23.096> of<16:27:23.220> times<16:27:23.456> by<16:27:24.000> now<16:27:24.180> so<16:27:24.540> it

in uh hundreds of times by now so it

in uh hundreds of times by now so it
might<16:27:25.140> be<16:27:25.256> useful<16:27:25.560> to<16:27:25.860> stop<16:27:26.040> for<16:27:26.400> a<16:27:26.456> minute<16:27:26.580> and

might be useful to stop for a minute and

might be useful to stop for a minute and
actually<16:27:27.000> take<16:27:27.660> time<16:27:27.840> to<16:27:28.020> talk<16:27:28.200> about<16:27:28.320> what

actually take time to talk about what

actually take time to talk about what
this<16:27:28.796> term<16:27:28.980> means<16:27:29.456> so<16:27:30.060> the<16:27:30.180> administrator<16:27:30.596> of

this term means so the administrator of

this term means so the administrator of
a<16:27:30.900> network<16:27:31.080> is<16:27:31.560> the<16:27:32.096> most<16:27:32.456> important<16:27:33.000> person

a network is the most important person

a network is the most important person
involved<16:27:33.956> in<16:27:34.200> network<16:27:34.520> it<16:27:35.520> they<16:27:35.936> are<16:27:36.060> in

involved in network it they are in

involved in network it they are in
charge<16:27:36.296> of<16:27:36.540> everything<16:27:36.900> that<16:27:37.380> happens<16:27:37.560> on<16:27:37.916> the

charge of everything that happens on the

charge of everything that happens on the
network<16:27:38.480> and<16:27:39.480> know<16:27:39.776> what<16:27:40.320> all<16:27:40.616> of<16:27:40.740> the<16:27:40.860> users

network and know what all of the users

network and know what all of the users
are<16:27:41.340> doing<16:27:41.580> in<16:27:42.116> charge<16:27:42.296> of<16:27:42.480> security<16:27:42.776> and<16:27:43.200> they

are doing in charge of security and they

are doing in charge of security and they
can<16:27:43.500> be<16:27:43.616> held<16:27:43.916> responsible<16:27:44.456> for<16:27:44.820> everything

can be held responsible for everything

can be held responsible for everything
that<16:27:45.240> happens<16:27:45.416> on<16:27:45.900> their<16:27:46.020> Network<16:27:46.256> so<16:27:46.916> not

that happens on their Network so not

that happens on their Network so not
only<16:27:47.220> are<16:27:47.456> they<16:27:47.640> responsible<16:27:48.000> for<16:27:48.296> sort<16:27:48.480> of

only are they responsible for sort of

only are they responsible for sort of
creating<16:27:48.900> the<16:27:49.140> network<16:27:49.320> but<16:27:50.040> if<16:27:50.276> someone

creating the network but if someone

creating the network but if someone
misuses<16:27:51.296> the<16:27:51.416> network<16:27:51.596> the<16:27:52.080> really<16:27:52.256> acts<16:27:52.616> is

misuses the network the really acts is

misuses the network the really acts is
going<16:27:52.860> to<16:27:52.980> fall<16:27:53.096> on<16:27:53.340> them<16:27:53.936> more<16:27:54.480> than<16:27:54.596> that

going to fall on them more than that

going to fall on them more than that
they're<16:27:55.020> in<16:27:55.200> control<16:27:55.380> of<16:27:55.616> all<16:27:55.916> the<16:27:56.096> accounts

they're in control of all the accounts

they're in control of all the accounts
the<16:27:56.880> resources<16:27:57.480> the<16:27:57.900> data<16:27:58.200> that<16:27:58.380> users<16:27:58.680> have

the resources the data that users have

the resources the data that users have
access<16:27:59.096> to<16:27:59.520> the<16:28:00.296> administrator<16:28:00.720> is<16:28:00.900> the<16:28:01.200> only

access to the administrator is the only

access to the administrator is the only
person<16:28:01.616> that<16:28:01.980> has<16:28:02.160> access<16:28:02.456> to<16:28:02.936> everything<16:28:03.296> in

person that has access to everything in

person that has access to everything in
the<16:28:03.720> network<16:28:03.900> and<16:28:04.436> can<16:28:04.616> control<16:28:04.796> what<16:28:05.220> others

the network and can control what others

the network and can control what others
can<16:28:05.700> access<16:28:05.880> even<16:28:06.660> if<16:28:06.900> they<16:28:07.080> give<16:28:07.200> access<16:28:07.500> to

can access even if they give access to

can access even if they give access to
say<16:28:08.160> an<16:28:08.456> assistant<16:28:08.580> administrator<16:28:09.480> in<16:28:10.200> the

say an assistant administrator in the

say an assistant administrator in the
end<16:28:10.436> if<16:28:10.680> that<16:28:10.860> assistant<16:28:10.980> administrator

end if that assistant administrator

end if that assistant administrator
screws<16:28:12.116> something<16:28:12.240> up<16:28:12.596> it<16:28:13.080> was<16:28:13.256> the

screws something up it was the

screws something up it was the
administrator<16:28:13.980> who<16:28:14.276> gave<16:28:14.456> them<16:28:14.640> access<16:28:14.936> in

administrator who gave them access in

administrator who gave them access in
the<16:28:15.596> first<16:28:15.720> place<16:28:16.020> so<16:28:16.796> clearly<16:28:17.096> this<16:28:17.340> is<16:28:17.520> a

the first place so clearly this is a

the first place so clearly this is a
really<16:28:18.000> important<16:28:18.596> person<16:28:18.956> and<16:28:19.616> are

really important person and are

really important person and are
essential<16:28:20.276> to<16:28:20.580> managing<16:28:21.060> and<16:28:21.240> monitoring<16:28:21.660> the

essential to managing and monitoring the

essential to managing and monitoring the
network<16:28:22.020> without<16:28:22.436> them<16:28:22.740> there<16:28:22.980> really

network without them there really

network without them there really
wouldn't<16:28:23.456> be<16:28:24.200> anyone<16:28:25.200> with<16:28:25.500> enough<16:28:25.680> knowledge

wouldn't be anyone with enough knowledge

wouldn't be anyone with enough knowledge
or<16:28:26.400> ability<16:28:26.700> to<16:28:27.060> manage<16:28:27.416> how<16:28:27.776> these<16:28:28.200> networks

or ability to manage how these networks

or ability to manage how these networks
and<16:28:28.916> you<16:28:29.340> can<16:28:29.400> see<16:28:29.640> how<16:28:30.000> large<16:28:30.240> they<16:28:30.660> get

and you can see how large they get

and you can see how large they get
sometimes

sometimes

sometimes
so<16:28:32.640> here<16:28:32.936> is<16:28:33.116> essentially<16:28:33.540> what<16:28:33.956> an

so here is essentially what an

so here is essentially what an
administrator's<16:28:35.040> view<16:28:35.276> might<16:28:36.000> be<16:28:36.240> like<16:28:36.480> they

administrator's view might be like they

administrator's view might be like they
have<16:28:37.320> a<16:28:37.436> view<16:28:37.616> of<16:28:37.796> everything<16:28:38.096> that<16:28:38.400> happens

have a view of everything that happens

have a view of everything that happens
going<16:28:39.180> in<16:28:39.360> right<16:28:39.596> they<16:28:39.840> know<16:28:40.020> all<16:28:40.616> of<16:28:40.796> the

going in right they know all of the

going in right they know all of the
nodes<16:28:41.400> all<16:28:42.296> of<16:28:42.416> the<16:28:42.660> servers<16:28:43.020> and<16:28:43.200> this<16:28:43.320> is

nodes all of the servers and this is

nodes all of the servers and this is
very<16:28:43.740> simplified<16:28:44.160> all<16:28:44.880> of<16:28:45.000> the<16:28:45.060> routers<16:28:45.416> and

very simplified all of the routers and

very simplified all of the routers and
switches<16:28:45.900> this<16:28:46.080> is<16:28:46.140> what<16:28:46.256> we<16:28:46.380> might<16:28:46.500> call<16:28:46.680> a

switches this is what we might call a

switches this is what we might call a
network<16:28:47.160> diagram<16:28:47.700> we<16:28:48.480> might<16:28:48.660> also<16:28:48.956> have

network diagram we might also have

network diagram we might also have
printers

printers

printers
and<16:28:51.956> if<16:28:52.200> this<16:28:52.436> is<16:28:52.616> a<16:28:52.916> cloud<16:28:53.096> environment<16:28:53.756> as<16:28:54.116> it

and if this is a cloud environment as it

and if this is a cloud environment as it
seems<16:28:54.660> to<16:28:54.840> be<16:28:55.020> then<16:28:55.796> they're<16:28:56.040> going<16:28:56.160> to<16:28:56.276> be

seems to be then they're going to be

seems to be then they're going to be
aware<16:28:56.580> of<16:28:56.756> all<16:28:56.936> the<16:28:57.116> virtual<16:28:57.596> sort<16:28:58.080> of<16:28:58.200> stuff

aware of all the virtual sort of stuff

aware of all the virtual sort of stuff
that<16:28:58.980> is<16:28:59.096> set<16:28:59.340> up

that is set up

that is set up
they're<16:29:01.436> going<16:29:01.616> to<16:29:01.796> beware<16:29:02.160> of<16:29:03.116> all<16:29:03.540> of<16:29:03.660> the

they're going to beware of all of the

they're going to beware of all of the
user<16:29:04.740> accounts

user accounts

user accounts
the<16:29:08.160> network<16:29:08.400> security

they're also going to be dealing with

they're also going to be dealing with
all<16:29:14.040> the<16:29:14.220> remote<16:29:14.520> access

if there is this going out to the

if there is this going out to the
internet<16:29:20.340> are<16:29:21.060> there<16:29:21.296> firewalls

internet are there firewalls

internet are there firewalls
are<16:29:24.596> there<16:29:24.776> intrusion<16:29:25.436> systems<16:29:26.456> etc<16:29:27.060> etc<16:29:27.240> so

are there intrusion systems etc etc so

are there intrusion systems etc etc so
they<16:29:28.256> really<16:29:28.436> have<16:29:28.740> an<16:29:28.980> overview<16:29:29.340> of

they really have an overview of

they really have an overview of
everything<16:29:29.880> they<16:29:30.180> have<16:29:30.416> to<16:29:30.540> maintain

everything they have to maintain

everything they have to maintain
everything<16:29:31.256> as<16:29:31.560> well<16:29:31.740> you<16:29:32.220> can<16:29:32.340> see<16:29:32.456> how

everything as well you can see how

everything as well you can see how
complicated<16:29:33.116> this<16:29:33.360> can<16:29:33.480> get<16:29:33.596> which<16:29:33.776> is<16:29:33.956> the

complicated this can get which is the

complicated this can get which is the
reason<16:29:34.200> why<16:29:34.500> one<16:29:34.740> network<16:29:35.040> administrator

reason why one network administrator

reason why one network administrator
might<16:29:35.880> have<16:29:36.060> several<16:29:36.416> under<16:29:36.916> administrators

might have several under administrators

might have several under administrators
to<16:29:38.160> help<16:29:38.340> them<16:29:38.640> they<16:29:39.480> not<16:29:39.840> only<16:29:40.020> log<16:29:40.616> when

to help them they not only log when

to help them they not only log when
someone<16:29:41.400> comes<16:29:41.820> in<16:29:41.936> or<16:29:42.060> out<16:29:42.240> they<16:29:42.540> can<16:29:42.660> see

someone comes in or out they can see

someone comes in or out they can see
when<16:29:43.140> someone<16:29:43.436> visits<16:29:44.096> a<16:29:44.276> specific<16:29:44.520> website

when someone visits a specific website

when someone visits a specific website
when<16:29:46.020> they're<16:29:46.320> sending<16:29:46.680> or<16:29:46.796> where<16:29:47.040> they're

when they're sending or where they're

when they're sending or where they're
sending<16:29:47.580> data<16:29:47.880> what<16:29:48.180> the<16:29:48.360> type<16:29:48.660> of<16:29:48.776> data<16:29:49.140> is<16:29:49.320> we

sending data what the type of data is we

sending data what the type of data is we
might<16:29:50.340> also<16:29:50.700> have<16:29:50.936> for<16:29:51.296> instance<16:29:51.540> an<16:29:51.956> exchange

might also have for instance an exchange

might also have for instance an exchange
server<16:29:52.796> which<16:29:53.040> would<16:29:53.220> be<16:29:53.340> for<16:29:53.580> email<16:29:53.880> in<16:29:54.596> which

server which would be for email in which

server which would be for email in which
case<16:29:54.900> we<16:29:55.200> need<16:29:55.320> someone<16:29:55.500> to<16:29:55.796> manage<16:29:56.040> that<16:29:56.276> as

case we need someone to manage that as

case we need someone to manage that as
well<16:29:56.640> for<16:29:57.240> instance<16:29:57.416> what<16:29:57.720> if<16:29:57.900> someone<16:29:58.200> sends

well for instance what if someone sends

well for instance what if someone sends
a<16:29:59.040> 50<16:29:59.220> megabyte<16:29:59.936> or<16:30:00.116> 50<16:30:00.296> gigabyte<16:30:00.900> file<16:30:01.200> by

a 50 megabyte or 50 gigabyte file by

a 50 megabyte or 50 gigabyte file by
email<16:30:01.860> or<16:30:02.096> they<16:30:02.340> try<16:30:02.580> to<16:30:02.756> that's<16:30:03.296> going<16:30:03.480> to<16:30:03.540> log

email or they try to that's going to log

email or they try to that's going to log
up<16:30:03.900> the<16:30:04.140> entire<16:30:04.436> network

up the entire network

up the entire network
so<16:30:06.240> one<16:30:06.540> of<16:30:06.660> the<16:30:06.776> first<16:30:07.020> duties<16:30:07.500> of<16:30:07.740> an

so one of the first duties of an

so one of the first duties of an
administrator<16:30:08.276> is<16:30:08.580> documentation<16:30:09.240> there's<16:30:09.720> a

administrator is documentation there's a

administrator is documentation there's a
couple<16:30:10.020> reasons<16:30:10.500> why<16:30:10.860> this<16:30:11.220> is<16:30:11.400> so<16:30:11.700> important

couple reasons why this is so important

couple reasons why this is so important
when<16:30:12.900> it<16:30:13.080> comes<16:30:13.380> to<16:30:13.680> managing<16:30:14.340> and<16:30:15.116> running<16:30:15.416> a

when it comes to managing and running a

when it comes to managing and running a
network<16:30:15.840> it's<16:30:16.616> going<16:30:16.796> to<16:30:16.796> be<16:30:16.916> the<16:30:17.040> focus<16:30:17.400> of

network it's going to be the focus of

network it's going to be the focus of
its<16:30:18.360> own<16:30:18.416> module<16:30:18.900> but<16:30:19.140> it's<16:30:19.256> good<16:30:19.436> to<16:30:19.560> get<16:30:19.680> a

its own module but it's good to get a

its own module but it's good to get a
basic<16:30:20.096> understanding<16:30:20.580> right<16:30:20.820> now<16:30:21.000> because

basic understanding right now because

basic understanding right now because
the<16:30:21.900> process<16:30:22.200> of<16:30:22.500> documenting<16:30:22.980> everything

the process of documenting everything

the process of documenting everything
can<16:30:23.520> be<16:30:23.756> really<16:30:24.060> time<16:30:24.416> consuming<16:30:24.840> but<16:30:25.080> it's

can be really time consuming but it's

can be really time consuming but it's
also<16:30:25.560> really<16:30:25.740> worth<16:30:26.040> it<16:30:26.220> can<16:30:26.640> save<16:30:26.880> you<16:30:27.000> a<16:30:27.180> lot

also really worth it can save you a lot

also really worth it can save you a lot
of<16:30:27.416> time<16:30:27.596> trouble<16:30:28.020> and<16:30:28.320> money<16:30:28.560> when<16:30:29.096> things

of time trouble and money when things

of time trouble and money when things
are<16:30:29.456> well<16:30:29.700> documented<16:30:30.360> and<16:30:30.480> no<16:30:30.660> one<16:30:30.776> has<16:30:30.956> to<16:30:31.140> go

are well documented and no one has to go

are well documented and no one has to go
searching<16:30:31.740> for<16:30:32.040> them<16:30:32.240> especially<16:30:33.240> if<16:30:33.480> the

searching for them especially if the

searching for them especially if the
administrator<16:30:34.140> is<16:30:34.380> out<16:30:34.616> of<16:30:34.740> town<16:30:34.916> or<16:30:35.456> if<16:30:35.640> we

administrator is out of town or if we

administrator is out of town or if we
switch<16:30:36.000> administrators<16:30:36.720> we<16:30:36.900> want<16:30:37.020> to<16:30:37.140> make

switch administrators we want to make

switch administrators we want to make
sure<16:30:37.320> that<16:30:37.560> the<16:30:37.740> network<16:30:37.916> can<16:30:38.340> still<16:30:38.520> live<16:30:38.756> on

sure that the network can still live on

sure that the network can still live on
its<16:30:39.240> own<16:30:39.296> now<16:30:39.956> there<16:30:40.200> are<16:30:40.320> no<16:30:40.436> shortage<16:30:40.740> of

its own now there are no shortage of

its own now there are no shortage of
things<16:30:41.040> to<16:30:41.276> handle<16:30:41.520> for<16:30:41.756> the<16:30:41.880> administrator

things to handle for the administrator

things to handle for the administrator
and<16:30:42.540> documentation<16:30:43.200> is<16:30:43.560> OB<16:30:44.160> usually<16:30:45.060> the

and documentation is OB usually the

and documentation is OB usually the
thing<16:30:45.540> that's<16:30:45.956> going<16:30:46.200> to<16:30:46.256> get<16:30:46.436> pushed<16:30:46.860> aside

thing that's going to get pushed aside

thing that's going to get pushed aside
and<16:30:47.340> forgotten<16:30:47.820> about<16:30:48.000> but<16:30:48.660> there<16:30:48.840> are<16:30:48.956> some

and forgotten about but there are some

and forgotten about but there are some
really<16:30:49.200> key<16:30:49.500> items<16:30:49.916> that<16:30:50.456> we<16:30:50.820> can<16:30:50.936> look<16:30:51.360> over

really key items that we can look over

really key items that we can look over
that<16:30:51.900> are<16:30:52.080> helpful<16:30:52.380> to<16:30:52.560> be<16:30:52.680> dealt<16:30:53.276> with<16:30:53.340> first

that are helpful to be dealt with first

that are helpful to be dealt with first
of<16:30:54.240> all<16:30:54.296> properly<16:30:54.776> documenting<16:30:55.560> information

of all properly documenting information

of all properly documenting information
is<16:30:56.936> useful<16:30:57.360> when<16:30:57.660> training<16:30:58.140> new<16:30:58.380> admins<16:30:58.916> it's

is useful when training new admins it's

is useful when training new admins it's
not<16:30:59.640> uncommon<16:31:00.000> for<16:31:00.180> the<16:31:00.296> old<16:31:00.416> administrator

not uncommon for the old administrator

not uncommon for the old administrator
to<16:31:01.200> leave<16:31:01.380> and<16:31:01.980> then<16:31:02.096> have<16:31:02.340> to<16:31:02.520> train<16:31:02.700> a<16:31:02.880> new

to leave and then have to train a new

to leave and then have to train a new
one<16:31:03.180> is<16:31:03.296> their<16:31:03.540> replacement<16:31:03.776> however<16:31:04.436> the<16:31:04.616> new

one is their replacement however the new

one is their replacement however the new
admin<16:31:05.040> doesn't<16:31:05.160> have<16:31:05.276> time<16:31:05.400> to<16:31:05.520> learn<16:31:05.880> the

admin doesn't have time to learn the

admin doesn't have time to learn the
topography<16:31:06.660> the<16:31:06.840> cable<16:31:07.080> connections

topography the cable connections

topography the cable connections
everything<16:31:08.220> about<16:31:08.456> the<16:31:08.640> network<16:31:08.756> from

everything about the network from

everything about the network from
scratch<16:31:09.296> so<16:31:09.540> this<16:31:09.720> is<16:31:09.776> where<16:31:10.020> proper

scratch so this is where proper

scratch so this is where proper
documentation<16:31:11.040> is<16:31:11.340> really<16:31:11.580> helpful<16:31:12.000> it<16:31:12.540> can

documentation is really helpful it can

documentation is really helpful it can
save<16:31:12.900> the<16:31:13.080> new<16:31:13.256> administrator<16:31:13.796> a<16:31:14.160> lot<16:31:14.220> of<16:31:14.340> time

save the new administrator a lot of time

save the new administrator a lot of time
and<16:31:14.640> effort<16:31:14.936> especially<16:31:15.720> if<16:31:16.080> even<16:31:16.500> if<16:31:16.740> you're

and effort especially if even if you're

and effort especially if even if you're
not<16:31:16.980> leaving<16:31:17.220> if<16:31:17.756> you<16:31:17.880> bring<16:31:18.060> on<16:31:18.180> someone<16:31:18.360> to

not leaving if you bring on someone to

not leaving if you bring on someone to
assist<16:31:18.776> you<16:31:19.080> allowing<16:31:19.616> them<16:31:19.680> to<16:31:19.860> look<16:31:19.980> at

assist you allowing them to look at

assist you allowing them to look at
documentation<16:31:20.640> is<16:31:20.936> going<16:31:21.060> to<16:31:21.116> save<16:31:21.296> the<16:31:22.080> super

documentation is going to save the super

documentation is going to save the super
administrator<16:31:23.276> time<16:31:23.520> from<16:31:23.756> having<16:31:24.000> to<16:31:24.296> teach

administrator time from having to teach

administrator time from having to teach
the<16:31:24.720> new<16:31:24.900> administrator

the new administrator

the new administrator
it's<16:31:26.580> also<16:31:26.936> going<16:31:27.480> to<16:31:27.720> help<16:31:27.956> us<16:31:28.140> when<16:31:28.616> we

it's also going to help us when we

it's also going to help us when we
troubleshoot<16:31:29.640> problems<16:31:30.180> on<16:31:30.360> the<16:31:30.480> network<16:31:30.596> it

troubleshoot problems on the network it

troubleshoot problems on the network it
can<16:31:31.320> save<16:31:31.500> time<16:31:31.860> and<16:31:32.040> money<16:31:32.220> because<16:31:32.456> we<16:31:32.700> can

can save time and money because we can

can save time and money because we can
eliminate<16:31:33.180> the<16:31:33.360> time<16:31:33.540> it<16:31:33.776> takes<16:31:33.900> to<16:31:34.200> test

eliminate the time it takes to test

eliminate the time it takes to test
every<16:31:34.860> possible<16:31:35.276> problem<16:31:35.640> because<16:31:36.296> we<16:31:36.720> can

every possible problem because we can

every possible problem because we can
now<16:31:37.080> isolate<16:31:37.616> where<16:31:37.796> the<16:31:37.980> potential<16:31:38.276> problems

now isolate where the potential problems

now isolate where the potential problems
are<16:31:38.936> for<16:31:39.596> instance<16:31:39.840> if<16:31:40.080> I<16:31:40.256> have<16:31:40.380> an<16:31:40.616> overview

are for instance if I have an overview

are for instance if I have an overview
of<16:31:41.276> where<16:31:41.640> things<16:31:41.880> are<16:31:42.296> set<16:31:42.776> on<16:31:43.020> the<16:31:43.080> network

of where things are set on the network

of where things are set on the network
and<16:31:43.436> I<16:31:43.616> know<16:31:43.680> one<16:31:43.916> side<16:31:44.040> of<16:31:44.220> the<16:31:44.220> Network's<16:31:44.520> not

and I know one side of the Network's not

and I know one side of the Network's not
working<16:31:44.880> then<16:31:45.480> I<16:31:45.720> can<16:31:45.840> automatically<16:31:46.436> sort<16:31:46.740> of

working then I can automatically sort of

working then I can automatically sort of
go<16:31:46.980> to<16:31:47.096> that<16:31:47.276> side<16:31:47.456> of<16:31:47.640> the<16:31:47.700> network<16:31:47.820> and<16:31:48.116> not

go to that side of the network and not

go to that side of the network and not
have<16:31:48.416> to<16:31:48.540> worry<16:31:48.660> about<16:31:48.840> the<16:31:49.140> other<16:31:49.256> side

have to worry about the other side

have to worry about the other side
finally<16:31:50.520> it's<16:31:50.936> also<16:31:51.296> really<16:31:51.540> important<16:31:52.020> when

finally it's also really important when

finally it's also really important when
I'm<16:31:53.000> bringing<16:31:54.000> in<16:31:54.116> outside<16:31:54.480> workers<16:31:55.080> to<16:31:55.320> make

I'm bringing in outside workers to make

I'm bringing in outside workers to make
changes<16:31:55.916> to<16:31:56.096> the<16:31:56.220> network<16:31:56.340> they<16:31:56.936> need

changes to the network they need

changes to the network they need
accurate<16:31:57.540> and<16:31:57.660> up-to-date<16:31:58.080> information

accurate and up-to-date information

accurate and up-to-date information
about<16:31:59.276> the<16:31:59.640> network<16:31:59.820> its<16:32:00.660> layout<16:32:01.020> and<16:32:01.796> if

about the network its layout and if

about the network its layout and if
they<16:32:03.720> don't<16:32:03.900> have<16:32:04.200> an<16:32:04.436> idea<16:32:04.680> of<16:32:04.796> how<16:32:05.040> my

they don't have an idea of how my

they don't have an idea of how my
network<16:32:05.340> looks<16:32:05.936> and<16:32:06.180> I<16:32:06.296> just<16:32:06.480> start<16:32:06.660> to<16:32:06.776> tell

network looks and I just start to tell

network looks and I just start to tell
them<16:32:07.080> to<16:32:07.436> fix<16:32:07.740> things<16:32:08.040> they're<16:32:08.400> going<16:32:08.580> to<16:32:08.700> have

them to fix things they're going to have

them to fix things they're going to have
major<16:32:09.116> issues<16:32:09.540> and<16:32:09.720> one<16:32:09.900> of<16:32:10.020> the<16:32:10.080> things

major issues and one of the things

major issues and one of the things
that's<16:32:10.320> really<16:32:10.616> big<16:32:10.860> these<16:32:11.276> days<16:32:11.400> is<16:32:12.060> having<16:32:12.296> a

that's really big these days is having a

that's really big these days is having a
contractor<16:32:13.140> come<16:32:13.500> in<16:32:13.680> because<16:32:14.220> we're<16:32:14.580> sort<16:32:14.756> of

contractor come in because we're sort of

contractor come in because we're sort of
going<16:32:15.000> to<16:32:15.180> Outsource<16:32:15.776> a<16:32:16.020> lot<16:32:16.200> of<16:32:16.380> our<16:32:16.560> network

going to Outsource a lot of our network

going to Outsource a lot of our network
administrator<16:32:17.400> duties<16:32:17.880> or<16:32:18.296> sometimes<16:32:18.660> the

administrator duties or sometimes the

administrator duties or sometimes the
administrator<16:32:19.380> is<16:32:19.796> not<16:32:20.096> a<16:32:20.880> specialist<16:32:21.480> in

administrator is not a specialist in

administrator is not a specialist in
something<16:32:21.900> Sprints<16:32:22.560> in<16:32:22.616> security<16:32:22.796> and<16:32:23.220> so

something Sprints in security and so

something Sprints in security and so
they<16:32:23.400> need<16:32:23.580> to<16:32:23.700> bring<16:32:23.756> in<16:32:23.936> contractors<16:32:24.480> to

they need to bring in contractors to

they need to bring in contractors to
implement<16:32:25.020> a<16:32:25.256> better<16:32:25.436> security<16:32:25.740> plan

implement a better security plan

implement a better security plan
now<16:32:27.660> monitoring<16:32:28.320> is<16:32:28.616> also<16:32:28.916> an<16:32:29.096> extremely

now monitoring is also an extremely

now monitoring is also an extremely
important<16:32:29.456> job<16:32:29.820> for<16:32:30.060> the<16:32:30.180> administrator<16:32:30.660> it's

important job for the administrator it's

important job for the administrator it's
necessary<16:32:31.436> to<16:32:31.680> monitor<16:32:31.980> a<16:32:32.160> network<16:32:32.340> for<16:32:32.640> a<16:32:32.820> lot

necessary to monitor a network for a lot

necessary to monitor a network for a lot
of<16:32:33.060> reasons<16:32:33.480> and<16:32:33.776> again<16:32:33.956> we're<16:32:34.140> going<16:32:34.320> to<16:32:34.380> talk

of reasons and again we're going to talk

of reasons and again we're going to talk
talk<16:32:34.916> about<16:32:35.160> this<16:32:35.456> in<16:32:35.756> its<16:32:36.060> own<16:32:36.116> module<16:32:36.540> but

talk about this in its own module but

talk about this in its own module but
it's<16:32:36.840> good<16:32:37.080> to<16:32:37.200> understand<16:32:37.380> it<16:32:37.740> a<16:32:37.860> little<16:32:37.980> bit

it's good to understand it a little bit

it's good to understand it a little bit
right<16:32:38.340> now<16:32:38.520> so<16:32:39.180> when<16:32:39.296> you<16:32:39.480> monitor<16:32:39.956> a<16:32:40.320> network

right now so when you monitor a network

right now so when you monitor a network
the<16:32:41.880> administrator<16:32:42.480> can<16:32:42.720> almost<16:32:42.900> always<16:32:43.256> find

the administrator can almost always find

the administrator can almost always find
faults<16:32:44.400> in<16:32:44.520> the<16:32:44.640> system<16:32:44.820> and<16:32:45.116> find<16:32:45.296> out<16:32:45.416> where

faults in the system and find out where

faults in the system and find out where
they<16:32:45.900> are<16:32:46.140> there<16:32:46.680> are<16:32:46.860> tools<16:32:47.040> that<16:32:47.160> help<16:32:47.276> the

they are there are tools that help the

they are there are tools that help the
administrator<16:32:47.936> check<16:32:48.240> all<16:32:48.416> the<16:32:48.596> devices<16:32:48.840> to

administrator check all the devices to

administrator check all the devices to
find<16:32:49.680> out<16:32:49.796> where<16:32:49.980> the<16:32:50.096> faults<16:32:50.400> are<16:32:50.456> and<16:32:50.580> how

find out where the faults are and how

find out where the faults are and how
they<16:32:50.820> can<16:32:50.936> be<16:32:51.060> fixed<16:32:51.296> and<16:32:51.360> I<16:32:51.540> think<16:32:51.660> we've

they can be fixed and I think we've

they can be fixed and I think we've
looked<16:32:52.200> at<16:32:52.320> some<16:32:52.500> of<16:32:52.616> those<16:32:52.740> and<16:32:52.916> we<16:32:53.040> might

looked at some of those and we might

looked at some of those and we might
look<16:32:53.340> at<16:32:53.456> it<16:32:53.580> a<16:32:53.756> couple<16:32:53.820> more<16:32:54.060> but<16:32:54.776> some<16:32:54.956> of<16:32:55.080> the

look at it a couple more but some of the

look at it a couple more but some of the
tools<16:32:55.560> the<16:32:55.796> Ping<16:32:56.096> trace<16:32:56.580> route<16:32:57.240> Etc<16:32:57.416> looking

tools the Ping trace route Etc looking

tools the Ping trace route Etc looking
at<16:32:58.256> routing<16:32:58.680> tables<16:32:59.040> looking<16:32:59.400> at<16:32:59.640> broadcast

at routing tables looking at broadcast

at routing tables looking at broadcast
all<16:33:01.080> this<16:33:01.256> stuff<16:33:01.436> and<16:33:02.220> also<16:33:02.400> performance

all this stuff and also performance

all this stuff and also performance
detection<16:33:03.416> is<16:33:03.956> very<16:33:04.380> important<16:33:04.860> when<16:33:05.340> we're

detection is very important when we're

detection is very important when we're
involved<16:33:05.820> with<16:33:05.936> network<16:33:06.116> monitoring<16:33:06.720> when<16:33:07.200> an

involved with network monitoring when an

involved with network monitoring when an
administrator<16:33:07.796> monitors<16:33:08.220> performance

administrator monitors performance

administrator monitors performance
they're<16:33:09.240> able<16:33:09.480> to<16:33:09.596> find<16:33:09.720> some<16:33:10.140> very<16:33:10.380> useful

they're able to find some very useful

they're able to find some very useful
data<16:33:11.160> they<16:33:11.520> can<16:33:11.640> discover<16:33:11.756> Network<16:33:12.180> usage

data they can discover Network usage

data they can discover Network usage
data<16:33:13.080> how<16:33:13.320> each<16:33:13.560> user<16:33:13.980> has<16:33:14.160> been<16:33:14.340> using<16:33:14.756> the

data how each user has been using the

data how each user has been using the
network<16:33:15.060> and<16:33:15.660> make<16:33:15.840> sure<16:33:15.956> that<16:33:16.200> the<16:33:16.380> bandwidth

network and make sure that the bandwidth

network and make sure that the bandwidth
is<16:33:16.980> load<16:33:17.340> balanced<16:33:17.756> properly<16:33:18.320> a<16:33:19.320> term<16:33:19.740> that<16:33:20.096> we

is load balanced properly a term that we

is load balanced properly a term that we
have<16:33:20.700> seen<16:33:21.000> a<16:33:21.180> bit<16:33:21.296> and<16:33:21.720> we're<16:33:21.900> probably<16:33:22.080> going

have seen a bit and we're probably going

have seen a bit and we're probably going
to<16:33:22.320> see<16:33:22.436> a<16:33:22.560> little<16:33:22.616> more

to see a little more

to see a little more
and<16:33:24.540> also<16:33:24.840> we<16:33:25.020> can<16:33:25.140> make<16:33:25.380> sure<16:33:25.680> that<16:33:26.400> nothing

and also we can make sure that nothing

and also we can make sure that nothing
if<16:33:27.000> there's<16:33:27.180> not<16:33:27.360> too<16:33:27.596> much<16:33:27.720> traffic<16:33:28.020> on<16:33:28.380> the

if there's not too much traffic on the

if there's not too much traffic on the
system<16:33:28.680> obviously<16:33:29.276> too<16:33:29.456> much<16:33:29.580> traffic<16:33:29.820> slows

system obviously too much traffic slows

system obviously too much traffic slows
things<16:33:30.596> down<16:33:30.840> and<16:33:31.080> makes<16:33:31.320> everyone<16:33:31.560> miserable

things down and makes everyone miserable

things down and makes everyone miserable
finally<16:33:33.180> security<16:33:33.660> monitoring<16:33:34.380> is<16:33:34.796> really

finally security monitoring is really

finally security monitoring is really
essential<16:33:35.700> because<16:33:36.560> uh<16:33:37.560> one<16:33:37.916> thing<16:33:38.040> we<16:33:38.340> don't

essential because uh one thing we don't

essential because uh one thing we don't
want<16:33:38.700> is<16:33:38.880> someone<16:33:39.180> outside<16:33:39.540> of<16:33:39.840> our<16:33:39.956> Network

want is someone outside of our Network

want is someone outside of our Network
getting<16:33:40.380> access<16:33:40.616> to<16:33:40.916> all<16:33:41.096> the<16:33:41.220> stuff<16:33:41.340> we<16:33:41.456> set

getting access to all the stuff we set

getting access to all the stuff we set
up<16:33:41.756> it's<16:33:41.880> really<16:33:42.060> going<16:33:42.180> to<16:33:42.296> make<16:33:42.416> your<16:33:42.540> bosses

up it's really going to make your bosses

up it's really going to make your bosses
upset<16:33:43.380> too<16:33:43.560> and<16:33:43.916> we're<16:33:44.096> not<16:33:44.220> just<16:33:44.340> talking

upset too and we're not just talking

upset too and we're not just talking
about<16:33:44.700> hackers<16:33:45.180> we're<16:33:45.296> talking<16:33:45.480> about

about hackers we're talking about

about hackers we're talking about
viruses<16:33:46.256> attackers<16:33:46.860> any<16:33:47.520> of<16:33:47.700> this<16:33:47.820> stuff<16:33:48.060> so

viruses attackers any of this stuff so

viruses attackers any of this stuff so
when<16:33:48.540> we're<16:33:48.720> monitoring<16:33:49.140> security<16:33:49.436> an

when we're monitoring security an

when we're monitoring security an
administrator<16:33:50.400> can<16:33:50.700> find<16:33:50.880> holes<16:33:51.416> in<16:33:51.596> the

administrator can find holes in the

administrator can find holes in the
system<16:33:51.956> and<16:33:52.560> then<16:33:52.680> take<16:33:52.860> preventative

system and then take preventative

system and then take preventative
actions<16:33:54.060> in<16:33:54.240> order<16:33:54.416> to<16:33:54.660> stop<16:33:54.840> the<16:33:55.080> attacks

actions in order to stop the attacks

actions in order to stop the attacks
before<16:33:55.560> they<16:33:55.916> happen<16:33:56.096> one<16:33:56.700> thing<16:33:56.880> that's

before they happen one thing that's

before they happen one thing that's
going<16:33:57.180> to<16:33:57.240> help<16:33:57.360> with<16:33:57.540> this<16:33:57.720> are<16:33:58.140> two<16:33:58.320> devices

going to help with this are two devices

going to help with this are two devices
called<16:33:58.916> an<16:33:59.096> IPS<16:33:59.456> or<16:33:59.820> an<16:34:00.060> IDs<16:34:00.660> an<16:34:01.560> intrusion

detection system

detection system
and<16:34:09.000> then<16:34:09.116> an<16:34:09.416> intrusion

prevention system

prevention system
these<16:34:16.140> are<16:34:16.200> actually<16:34:16.380> two<16:34:16.616> different<16:34:16.796> things

these are actually two different things

these are actually two different things
as<16:34:17.400> you<16:34:17.520> can<16:34:17.640> see<16:34:17.756> from<16:34:18.000> the<16:34:18.180> name<16:34:18.240> intrusion

as you can see from the name intrusion

as you can see from the name intrusion
detection<16:34:19.140> just<16:34:19.560> detects<16:34:20.040> when<16:34:20.220> something

detection just detects when something

detection just detects when something
happens<16:34:21.000> intrusion<16:34:21.900> prevention<16:34:22.256> is<16:34:22.380> actually

happens intrusion prevention is actually

happens intrusion prevention is actually
going<16:34:22.740> to<16:34:22.860> stop<16:34:23.040> it<16:34:23.220> in<16:34:23.400> its<16:34:23.700> tracks<16:34:24.000> so<16:34:24.660> that

going to stop it in its tracks so that

going to stop it in its tracks so that
was<16:34:24.900> just<16:34:25.080> a<16:34:25.380> broad<16:34:25.500> overview<16:34:26.040> of<16:34:26.700> defining

was just a broad overview of defining

was just a broad overview of defining
what<16:34:27.416> an<16:34:27.540> administrator<16:34:27.956> does<16:34:28.256> the<16:34:28.560> person

what an administrator does the person

what an administrator does the person
who<16:34:29.040> overview<16:34:29.520> who<16:34:30.180> has<16:34:30.296> a<16:34:30.540> complete<16:34:30.840> overview

who overview who has a complete overview

who overview who has a complete overview
of<16:34:32.880> the<16:34:33.116> network

of the network

of the network
and<16:34:34.500> then<16:34:34.616> we<16:34:34.860> looked<16:34:35.160> at<16:34:35.276> a<16:34:35.580> couple<16:34:35.700> of<16:34:35.820> the

and then we looked at a couple of the

and then we looked at a couple of the
reasons<16:34:36.540> why<16:34:37.140> their<16:34:37.500> admin<16:34:37.860> duties<16:34:38.220> of<16:34:38.400> the

reasons why their admin duties of the

reasons why their admin duties of the
documentation<16:34:39.116> monitoring<16:34:39.660> are<16:34:39.776> so

documentation monitoring are so

documentation monitoring are so
important<16:34:40.456> documentation<16:34:41.456> for<16:34:42.240> training<16:34:42.776> new

important documentation for training new

important documentation for training new
people

people

people
tech<16:34:45.000> support

and also monitoring not just for uh

and also monitoring not just for uh
security<16:34:56.820> reasons

security reasons

security reasons
but<16:34:59.160> also<16:34:59.456> for<16:34:59.756> performance

but also for performance

but also for performance
because<16:35:01.500> obviously<16:35:01.980> if<16:35:02.096> we<16:35:02.220> have<16:35:02.340> a<16:35:02.520> slow

because obviously if we have a slow

because obviously if we have a slow
Network<16:35:02.936> it's<16:35:03.480> going<16:35:03.660> to<16:35:03.840> result<16:35:04.320> in<16:35:04.740> everyone

Network it's going to result in everyone

Network it's going to result in everyone
being<16:35:05.400> unhappy<16:35:05.936> and<16:35:06.296> your<16:35:06.480> boss<16:35:06.660> is<16:35:06.840> not<16:35:07.080> being

being unhappy and your boss is not being

being unhappy and your boss is not being
able<16:35:07.560> to<16:35:07.680> be<16:35:08.276> able<16:35:08.820> to<16:35:08.880> accomplish<16:35:09.240> the<16:35:09.480> work

able to be able to accomplish the work

able to be able to accomplish the work
they<16:35:09.840> need<16:35:09.956> not<16:35:10.320> to<16:35:10.500> mention<16:35:10.740> if<16:35:11.456> we<16:35:11.580> talk

they need not to mention if we talk

they need not to mention if we talk
about<16:35:11.880> one<16:35:12.296> extra<16:35:12.480> minute<16:35:12.776> in<16:35:13.080> work<16:35:13.256> time<16:35:13.500> that

about one extra minute in work time that

about one extra minute in work time that
can<16:35:14.096> actually<16:35:14.340> cost<16:35:15.116> us<16:35:15.296> quite<16:35:15.540> a<16:35:15.660> bit<16:35:15.776> of

can actually cost us quite a bit of

can actually cost us quite a bit of
money<16:35:16.140> in<16:35:16.380> the<16:35:16.436> real<16:35:16.560> world<16:35:16.796> so<16:35:17.456> having<16:35:17.580> giving

money in the real world so having giving

money in the real world so having giving
us<16:35:18.060> a<16:35:18.240> broad<16:35:18.360> overview<16:35:18.776> of<16:35:18.956> this<16:35:19.200> we're<16:35:19.500> going

us a broad overview of this we're going

us a broad overview of this we're going
to<16:35:19.796> talk<16:35:19.980> more<16:35:20.276> about<16:35:20.900> uh<16:35:21.980> optimizing<16:35:22.980> a

to talk more about uh optimizing a

to talk more about uh optimizing a
network<16:35:23.340> Performance<16:35:23.880> Based<16:35:24.360> on<16:35:24.480> the

network Performance Based on the

network Performance Based on the
monitoring<16:35:25.080> that<16:35:25.320> we<16:35:25.500> do

[Music]

[Music]
thank<16:35:39.416> you

Network management optimizing Network

Network management optimizing Network
performance

performance

performance
we're<16:35:54.540> going<16:35:54.660> to<16:35:54.720> be<16:35:54.776> covering<16:35:55.080> a<16:35:55.200> lot<16:35:55.320> in<16:35:55.500> this

we're going to be covering a lot in this

we're going to be covering a lot in this
module<16:35:55.980> it's<16:35:56.096> all<16:35:56.276> about<16:35:56.400> the<16:35:57.000> optimization

module it's all about the optimization

module it's all about the optimization
of<16:35:58.616> a<16:35:58.860> network<16:35:59.040> and<16:35:59.456> its<16:35:59.756> performance<16:36:00.060> and

of a network and its performance and

of a network and its performance and
there's<16:36:00.776> a<16:36:00.956> lot<16:36:01.080> that<16:36:01.320> we<16:36:01.500> have<16:36:01.680> to<16:36:01.796> do<16:36:01.916> as

there's a lot that we have to do as

there's a lot that we have to do as
administrators<16:36:02.700> when<16:36:02.880> it<16:36:03.000> comes<16:36:03.240> to<16:36:03.360> that

administrators when it comes to that

administrators when it comes to that
we're<16:36:04.320> going<16:36:04.616> to<16:36:04.796> specifically<16:36:05.276> focus<16:36:05.700> on

we're going to specifically focus on

we're going to specifically focus on
strategies<16:36:06.776> to<16:36:07.256> optimize<16:36:07.916> network<16:36:08.340> speed<16:36:08.820> and

strategies to optimize network speed and

strategies to optimize network speed and
efficiency

efficiency

efficiency
so<16:36:11.580> first<16:36:11.820> we're<16:36:12.180> going<16:36:12.360> to<16:36:12.596> give<16:36:12.900> an<16:36:13.080> overview

so first we're going to give an overview

so first we're going to give an overview
of<16:36:13.560> what<16:36:13.860> network<16:36:14.040> optimization<16:36:14.820> is<16:36:15.180> and<16:36:15.900> then

of what network optimization is and then

of what network optimization is and then
we're<16:36:16.140> going<16:36:16.256> to<16:36:16.320> define<16:36:16.436> something<16:36:16.860> called

we're going to define something called

we're going to define something called
quality<16:36:18.000> of<16:36:18.596> service<16:36:18.840> qos<16:36:19.680> which<16:36:20.340> I<16:36:20.456> want<16:36:20.580> to

quality of service qos which I want to

quality of service qos which I want to
point<16:36:20.756> out<16:36:20.936> right<16:36:21.240> now<16:36:21.480> you're<16:36:21.900> going<16:36:22.080> to<16:36:22.140> see

point out right now you're going to see

point out right now you're going to see
anytime<16:36:22.740> we<16:36:22.980> talk<16:36:23.160> about<16:36:23.340> voice<16:36:23.756> over<16:36:24.060> IP<16:36:24.660> this

anytime we talk about voice over IP this

anytime we talk about voice over IP this
is<16:36:25.320> the<16:36:25.436> name<16:36:25.560> implies<16:36:25.980> what<16:36:26.580> we're<16:36:26.700> doing<16:36:26.880> is

is the name implies what we're doing is

is the name implies what we're doing is
trying<16:36:28.020> to<16:36:28.256> make<16:36:28.500> sure<16:36:28.740> the<16:36:29.276> service<16:36:29.456> provided

trying to make sure the service provided

trying to make sure the service provided
on<16:36:30.180> our<16:36:30.360> network<16:36:30.540> has<16:36:31.080> a<16:36:31.256> high<16:36:31.380> degree<16:36:31.740> of

on our network has a high degree of

on our network has a high degree of
quality<16:36:32.220> and<16:36:32.520> when<16:36:32.700> it<16:36:32.820> comes<16:36:33.000> to<16:36:33.116> voice<16:36:33.480> over

quality and when it comes to voice over

quality and when it comes to voice over
IP<16:36:34.320> we<16:36:34.796> need<16:36:34.860> to<16:36:34.980> make<16:36:35.040> sure<16:36:35.160> the<16:36:35.340> quality<16:36:35.700> is

IP we need to make sure the quality is

IP we need to make sure the quality is
pretty<16:36:36.116> high

pretty high

pretty high
there<16:36:37.500> are<16:36:37.616> two<16:36:37.740> ways<16:36:37.980> to<16:36:38.096> do<16:36:38.220> this<16:36:38.400> one<16:36:39.000> is

there are two ways to do this one is

there are two ways to do this one is
called<16:36:39.480> latency<16:36:40.200> sensitive<16:36:40.980> and<16:36:41.160> the<16:36:41.276> other

called latency sensitive and the other

called latency sensitive and the other
is<16:36:41.580> latency<16:36:42.240> insensitive<16:36:43.020> and<16:36:43.200> we'll<16:36:43.320> Define

is latency insensitive and we'll Define

is latency insensitive and we'll Define
that<16:36:43.796> a<16:36:43.980> bit<16:36:44.096> more

that a bit more

that a bit more
we're<16:36:45.240> also<16:36:45.480> going<16:36:45.596> to<16:36:45.596> talk<16:36:45.720> about<16:36:45.840> something

we're also going to talk about something

we're also going to talk about something
called<16:36:46.616> traffic<16:36:47.220> shaping<16:36:47.936> and<16:36:48.776> methods<16:36:49.256> in

called traffic shaping and methods in

called traffic shaping and methods in
which<16:36:49.500> we<16:36:49.680> do<16:36:49.796> this<16:36:49.980> and<16:36:50.756> finally<16:36:51.060> caching

which we do this and finally caching

which we do this and finally caching
engines<16:36:52.256> which<16:36:52.916> help<16:36:53.220> speed<16:36:53.580> up<16:36:53.820> Network

engines which help speed up Network

engines which help speed up Network
performance<16:36:54.720> as<16:36:54.900> well

performance as well

performance as well
so

so

so
bandwidth<16:36:58.320> is<16:36:58.500> essentially<16:36:58.980> the<16:36:59.456> amount<16:36:59.756> of

bandwidth is essentially the amount of

bandwidth is essentially the amount of
data<16:37:00.360> that<16:37:00.720> can<16:37:00.840> be<16:37:00.956> transferred<16:37:01.560> and

data that can be transferred and

data that can be transferred and
utilized<16:37:02.276> at<16:37:02.400> any<16:37:02.580> given<16:37:02.936> time<16:37:03.180> this<16:37:03.900> amount

utilized at any given time this amount

utilized at any given time this amount
is<16:37:04.380> usually<16:37:04.616> expressed<16:37:05.040> in<16:37:05.400> bits<16:37:05.820> per<16:37:06.000> second

is usually expressed in bits per second

is usually expressed in bits per second
so<16:37:07.080> if<16:37:07.320> you<16:37:07.380> remember<16:37:07.560> we<16:37:08.096> see<16:37:08.340> for<16:37:08.936> instance

so if you remember we see for instance

so if you remember we see for instance
mega<16:37:09.540> bits<16:37:10.140> per<16:37:10.320> second<16:37:10.560> with<16:37:11.400> the<16:37:11.700> small<16:37:12.116> B

mega bits per second with the small B

mega bits per second with the small B
and<16:37:12.956> I<16:37:13.080> want<16:37:13.200> to<16:37:13.256> point<16:37:13.380> out<16:37:13.500> again<16:37:13.680> that<16:37:13.916> this

and I want to point out again that this

and I want to point out again that this
is<16:37:14.160> not<16:37:14.276> megabytes<16:37:15.060> per<16:37:15.296> second<16:37:15.480> as<16:37:16.080> you

is not megabytes per second as you

is not megabytes per second as you
recall<16:37:16.560> there<16:37:17.220> are<16:37:17.400> eight<16:37:17.700> bits

recall there are eight bits

recall there are eight bits
in<16:37:19.796> every<16:37:20.040> bite

in every bite

in every bite
so<16:37:22.320> we<16:37:22.796> would<16:37:22.916> really<16:37:23.096> need<16:37:23.456> eight

mega bits per second to equal one

mega bits per second to equal one
megabyte<16:37:30.540> per<16:37:31.320> second<16:37:31.560> just<16:37:32.096> something<16:37:32.276> to

megabyte per second just something to

megabyte per second just something to
keep<16:37:32.640> in<16:37:32.756> mind<16:37:32.936> as<16:37:33.840> you<16:37:34.256> purchase<16:37:34.980> uh<16:37:35.456> perhaps

keep in mind as you purchase uh perhaps

keep in mind as you purchase uh perhaps
a<16:37:36.000> broadband<16:37:36.540> connection<16:37:36.980> now<16:37:37.980> how<16:37:38.160> the

a broadband connection now how the

a broadband connection now how the
bandwidth<16:37:39.060> flows<16:37:39.900> is<16:37:40.320> dependent<16:37:40.916> on<16:37:41.456> how<16:37:41.640> many

bandwidth flows is dependent on how many

bandwidth flows is dependent on how many
people<16:37:41.880> are<16:37:42.116> using<16:37:42.416> it<16:37:42.540> at<16:37:42.720> once<16:37:42.900> and<16:37:43.200> for<16:37:43.436> what

people are using it at once and for what

people are using it at once and for what
purpose<16:37:43.980> so<16:37:44.640> everything<16:37:44.880> in<16:37:45.180> today's<16:37:45.360> world

purpose so everything in today's world

purpose so everything in today's world
is<16:37:46.080> expected<16:37:46.500> to<16:37:46.680> be<16:37:46.796> fast<16:37:47.096> and<16:37:47.340> we<16:37:47.520> can<16:37:47.640> settle

is expected to be fast and we can settle

is expected to be fast and we can settle
for<16:37:48.060> no<16:37:48.296> less<16:37:48.480> than<16:37:48.720> the<16:37:49.080> fastest<16:37:49.436> it<16:37:50.096> will

for no less than the fastest it will

for no less than the fastest it will
become<16:37:50.520> really<16:37:50.880> impatient<16:37:51.360> with<16:37:51.660> network

become really impatient with network

become really impatient with network
speeds<16:37:52.560> very<16:37:52.916> easily<16:37:53.220> and<16:37:53.520> unfortunately

speeds very easily and unfortunately

speeds very easily and unfortunately
they<16:37:54.116> fluctuate<16:37:54.540> fairly<16:37:54.900> easily<16:37:55.200> too

they fluctuate fairly easily too

they fluctuate fairly easily too
especially<16:37:56.276> in<16:37:56.580> a<16:37:56.756> corporate<16:37:57.060> environment

especially in a corporate environment

especially in a corporate environment
where<16:37:58.200> there<16:37:58.380> are<16:37:58.500> a<16:37:58.616> lot<16:37:58.740> of<16:37:58.860> people<16:37:58.980> using

where there are a lot of people using

where there are a lot of people using
and<16:37:59.580> taking<16:37:59.756> up<16:38:00.060> the<16:38:00.240> same<16:38:00.416> bandwidth<16:38:01.020> just

and taking up the same bandwidth just

and taking up the same bandwidth just
imagine<16:38:01.740> how<16:38:02.700> frustrated<16:38:03.296> workers<16:38:03.840> are<16:38:04.320> going

imagine how frustrated workers are going

imagine how frustrated workers are going
to<16:38:04.616> become<16:38:04.916> with<16:38:05.456> uh<16:38:05.820> when<16:38:06.660> they<16:38:06.900> can<16:38:07.080> access

to become with uh when they can access

to become with uh when they can access
something<16:38:07.616> really<16:38:07.796> fast<16:38:08.040> one<16:38:08.456> second<16:38:08.700> and

something really fast one second and

something really fast one second and
very<16:38:09.296> slow<16:38:09.480> the<16:38:09.720> next<16:38:09.840> you<16:38:10.080> can<16:38:10.200> imagine<16:38:10.380> this

very slow the next you can imagine this

very slow the next you can imagine this
at<16:38:10.860> home<16:38:11.040> as<16:38:11.220> well

at home as well

at home as well
so<16:38:12.596> the<16:38:13.140> purpose<16:38:13.500> of<16:38:13.860> network<16:38:14.040> optimization

so the purpose of network optimization

so the purpose of network optimization
is<16:38:15.116> really<16:38:15.296> to<16:38:15.480> help<16:38:15.660> control<16:38:16.020> the<16:38:16.916> traffic<16:38:17.096> on

is really to help control the traffic on

is really to help control the traffic on
a<16:38:17.700> network<16:38:17.820> the<16:38:18.596> large<16:38:18.840> group<16:38:19.020> of<16:38:19.200> people<16:38:19.380> are

a network the large group of people are

a network the large group of people are
trying<16:38:19.860> to<16:38:20.040> enter<16:38:20.220> a<16:38:20.456> building<16:38:20.640> through<16:38:21.116> one

trying to enter a building through one

trying to enter a building through one
door<16:38:21.660> the<16:38:22.200> flow<16:38:22.380> is<16:38:22.500> going<16:38:22.616> to<16:38:22.680> be<16:38:22.796> a<16:38:22.916> lot

door the flow is going to be a lot

door the flow is going to be a lot
slower<16:38:23.520> than<16:38:24.000> if<16:38:24.180> there<16:38:24.416> are<16:38:24.596> multiple<16:38:25.320> doors

slower than if there are multiple doors

slower than if there are multiple doors
and<16:38:26.456> the<16:38:26.756> same<16:38:26.880> principle<16:38:27.360> applies<16:38:27.776> to

and the same principle applies to

and the same principle applies to
networks<16:38:28.320> if<16:38:28.500> the<16:38:28.740> network<16:38:28.916> is<16:38:29.276> laid<16:38:29.580> out<16:38:29.756> and

networks if the network is laid out and

networks if the network is laid out and
run<16:38:30.240> in<16:38:30.480> an<16:38:30.660> optimal<16:38:31.140> way<16:38:31.320> there<16:38:31.980> is<16:38:32.096> less

run in an optimal way there is less

run in an optimal way there is less
chance<16:38:32.640> of<16:38:33.060> blockage<16:38:33.540> so<16:38:34.380> in<16:38:34.560> addition<16:38:34.796> to

chance of blockage so in addition to

chance of blockage so in addition to
network<16:38:35.640> traffic<16:38:36.200> optimization<16:38:37.200> Works<16:38:37.560> to

network traffic optimization Works to

network traffic optimization Works to
utilize<16:38:38.096> bandwidth<16:38:38.820> in<16:38:39.000> the<16:38:39.240> best<16:38:39.416> possible

utilize bandwidth in the best possible

utilize bandwidth in the best possible
way<16:38:40.080> so<16:38:40.680> that<16:38:40.860> everyone<16:38:41.040> can<16:38:41.340> use<16:38:41.580> it<16:38:41.756> at<16:38:42.180> the

way so that everyone can use it at the

way so that everyone can use it at the
same<16:38:42.480> time<16:38:42.776> this<16:38:43.680> would<16:38:43.860> be<16:38:44.040> also<16:38:44.700> called

same time this would be also called

same time this would be also called
throughput

throughput

throughput
so<16:38:47.340> whereas<16:38:47.820> bandwidth

so whereas bandwidth

so whereas bandwidth
is<16:38:51.360> our<16:38:51.660> ideal<16:38:52.256> or<16:38:52.796> possible

is the actual

is the actual
in<16:39:01.200> other<16:39:01.320> words<16:39:01.500> what<16:39:02.220> actually<16:39:02.520> makes<16:39:02.880> it

in other words what actually makes it

in other words what actually makes it
through<16:39:03.296> the<16:39:03.540> bandwidth

through the bandwidth

through the bandwidth
so<16:39:04.916> here's<16:39:05.160> a<16:39:05.276> representation<16:39:05.756> of<16:39:06.060> what

so here's a representation of what

so here's a representation of what
bandwidth<16:39:06.840> might<16:39:07.020> look<16:39:07.256> like<16:39:07.380> imagine<16:39:08.040> the

bandwidth might look like imagine the

bandwidth might look like imagine the
bandwidth<16:39:08.820> capabilities<16:39:09.360> are<16:39:09.956> like<16:39:10.500> tubes

bandwidth capabilities are like tubes

bandwidth capabilities are like tubes
and<16:39:11.456> the<16:39:11.640> bigger<16:39:11.880> the<16:39:12.000> tube<16:39:12.360> the<16:39:12.720> more<16:39:12.840> that<16:39:13.080> is

and the bigger the tube the more that is

and the bigger the tube the more that is
free<16:39:13.436> to<16:39:13.680> throw<16:39:13.860> flow<16:39:14.700> through<16:39:14.936> it<16:39:15.180> so<16:39:15.776> here

free to throw flow through it so here

free to throw flow through it so here
you<16:39:16.020> can<16:39:16.140> see<16:39:16.256> there's<16:39:16.500> much<16:39:16.740> more<16:39:17.040> ability<16:39:17.340> to

you can see there's much more ability to

you can see there's much more ability to
flow<16:39:17.880> through<16:39:18.240> the<16:39:18.416> tube<16:39:18.660> on<16:39:18.776> the<16:39:18.900> right

flow through the tube on the right

flow through the tube on the right
because<16:39:19.256> it's<16:39:19.436> a<16:39:19.560> lot<16:39:19.680> bigger<16:39:20.040> than<16:39:20.700> the<16:39:21.180> tube

because it's a lot bigger than the tube

because it's a lot bigger than the tube
on<16:39:21.720> the<16:39:21.776> left<16:39:21.900> that<16:39:22.860> being<16:39:23.040> said<16:39:23.340> only<16:39:24.180> because

on the left that being said only because

on the left that being said only because
our<16:39:25.080> bandwidth<16:39:25.680> is<16:39:26.160> for<16:39:26.340> instance<16:39:26.580> 90

our bandwidth is for instance 90

our bandwidth is for instance 90
megabits<16:39:27.720> per<16:39:27.900> second<16:39:28.400> or<16:39:29.400> one<16:39:29.756> gigabit<16:39:30.240> per

megabits per second or one gigabit per

megabits per second or one gigabit per
second<16:39:30.720> doesn't<16:39:31.680> mean<16:39:31.980> that<16:39:32.220> the<16:39:32.400> throughput

second doesn't mean that the throughput

second doesn't mean that the throughput
is<16:39:33.240> actually<16:39:33.540> going<16:39:33.776> to<16:39:33.900> be<16:39:34.080> that<16:39:34.320> I'm<16:39:35.040> sure

is actually going to be that I'm sure

is actually going to be that I'm sure
that<16:39:35.456> you<16:39:36.060> have<16:39:36.296> at<16:39:37.020> home<16:39:37.340> uh<16:39:38.340> bandwidth<16:39:39.000> or

that you have at home uh bandwidth or

that you have at home uh bandwidth or
broadband<16:39:40.320> internet

broadband internet

broadband internet
and<16:39:41.880> it<16:39:42.060> probably<16:39:42.180> says<16:39:42.480> it<16:39:42.660> has<16:39:42.776> up<16:39:43.020> to

and it probably says it has up to

and it probably says it has up to
perhaps<16:39:43.680> maybe<16:39:43.916> 15<16:39:44.220> megabits<16:39:44.936> per<16:39:45.116> second<16:39:45.296> if

perhaps maybe 15 megabits per second if

perhaps maybe 15 megabits per second if
you're<16:39:46.020> on<16:39:46.140> cable<16:39:46.436> but<16:39:47.096> sometimes<16:39:47.400> you're<16:39:47.520> not

you're on cable but sometimes you're not

you're on cable but sometimes you're not
always<16:39:47.820> getting<16:39:48.000> 15<16:39:48.296> megabits<16:39:48.900> per<16:39:49.020> second

always getting 15 megabits per second

always getting 15 megabits per second
you<16:39:49.436> might<16:39:49.616> be<16:39:49.740> getting<16:39:50.116> five<16:39:51.116> or<16:39:51.360> eight

you might be getting five or eight

you might be getting five or eight
megabits<16:39:52.200> per<16:39:52.380> second<16:39:52.560> and<16:39:53.160> you<16:39:53.456> can<16:39:53.580> test

megabits per second and you can test

megabits per second and you can test
this<16:39:54.240> using<16:39:54.596> different<16:39:54.776> sort<16:39:55.140> of<16:39:55.256> online

this using different sort of online

this using different sort of online
speed<16:39:56.456> test<16:39:56.936> uh<16:39:57.720> utilities<16:39:58.140> but<16:39:59.096> only<16:39:59.276> because

speed test uh utilities but only because

speed test uh utilities but only because
we<16:39:59.936> have<16:40:00.180> a<16:40:00.540> certain<16:40:00.660> amount<16:40:00.776> of<16:40:00.956> bandwidth

we have a certain amount of bandwidth

we have a certain amount of bandwidth
doesn't<16:40:01.500> mean<16:40:01.740> our<16:40:01.916> throughput<16:40:02.340> is<16:40:02.756> going<16:40:02.936> to

doesn't mean our throughput is going to

doesn't mean our throughput is going to
equal<16:40:03.296> that<16:40:03.596> which<16:40:04.140> is<16:40:04.256> an<16:40:04.500> important

equal that which is an important

equal that which is an important
distinction

distinction

distinction
to<16:40:07.380> make

what we want to do is get the bandwidth

what we want to do is get the bandwidth
and<16:40:14.096> throughput<16:40:14.456> to<16:40:14.640> equal<16:40:14.820> as<16:40:15.240> close<16:40:15.416> as

and throughput to equal as close as

and throughput to equal as close as
possible<16:40:15.900> to<16:40:16.140> one<16:40:16.256> another

possible to one another

possible to one another
so<16:40:17.936> there<16:40:18.540> are<16:40:18.720> strategies<16:40:19.256> used<16:40:19.560> to<16:40:19.860> increase

so there are strategies used to increase

so there are strategies used to increase
the<16:40:20.400> use<16:40:20.640> and<16:40:21.000> optimization<16:40:21.596> of<16:40:21.840> bandwidth<16:40:22.380> on

the use and optimization of bandwidth on

the use and optimization of bandwidth on
a<16:40:22.980> network

a network

a network
these<16:40:24.360> strategies<16:40:24.776> are<16:40:25.200> called<16:40:25.700> quality<16:40:26.700> of

these strategies are called quality of

these strategies are called quality of
service<16:40:27.116> or<16:40:28.080> short-term<16:40:28.616> qos

service or short-term qos

service or short-term qos
now<16:40:30.660> they<16:40:30.840> have<16:40:31.020> a<16:40:31.320> lot<16:40:31.500> to<16:40:31.740> do<16:40:31.916> with

now they have a lot to do with

now they have a lot to do with
information<16:40:33.320> and<16:40:34.320> helping<16:40:34.916> it<16:40:35.040> optimize<16:40:35.520> the

information and helping it optimize the

information and helping it optimize the
network<16:40:35.880> so<16:40:36.660> qos<16:40:37.200> allows<16:40:37.796> administrators<16:40:38.640> to

network so qos allows administrators to

network so qos allows administrators to
predict<16:40:39.360> the<16:40:39.720> bandwidth<16:40:40.256> use<16:40:40.436> on<16:40:40.680> their

predict the bandwidth use on their

predict the bandwidth use on their
Network<16:40:41.180> monitor<16:40:42.180> the<16:40:42.360> use<16:40:42.540> of<16:40:42.720> it<16:40:42.840> and<16:40:43.320> then

Network monitor the use of it and then

Network monitor the use of it and then
control<16:40:43.680> it<16:40:44.040> this<16:40:44.700> is<16:40:44.820> done<16:40:44.936> to<16:40:45.116> make<16:40:45.296> sure

control it this is done to make sure

control it this is done to make sure
that<16:40:45.660> there<16:40:45.776> is<16:40:46.020> available<16:40:46.320> bandwidth<16:40:47.096> for

that there is available bandwidth for

that there is available bandwidth for
any<16:40:47.456> one<16:40:47.700> application<16:40:48.180> that<16:40:48.596> requires<16:40:49.020> it<16:40:49.200> the

any one application that requires it the

any one application that requires it the
applications<16:40:50.276> that<16:40:50.580> need<16:40:50.756> this<16:40:50.936> bandwidth

applications that need this bandwidth

applications that need this bandwidth
are<16:40:51.776> generally<16:40:52.020> split<16:40:52.320> into<16:40:52.436> two<16:40:52.680> different

are generally split into two different

are generally split into two different
categories

categories

categories
latency<16:40:55.040> sensitive<16:40:56.456> and

latency sensitive and

latency sensitive and
latency<16:40:58.680> insensitive<16:40:59.456> latency<16:41:00.416> sensitive

latency insensitive latency sensitive

latency insensitive latency sensitive
applications<16:41:01.616> are<16:41:01.980> appropriately<16:41:02.400> named

applications are appropriately named

applications are appropriately named
these<16:41:03.596> are<16:41:03.720> applications<16:41:04.200> that<16:41:04.616> are<16:41:04.740> affected

these are applications that are affected

these are applications that are affected
by<16:41:05.756> latency<16:41:06.680> or<16:41:07.680> a<16:41:08.276> delay<16:41:08.520> caused<16:41:09.000> by<16:41:09.180> a<16:41:09.360> device

by latency or a delay caused by a device

by latency or a delay caused by a device
so<16:41:11.160> latency<16:41:11.700> is<16:41:12.596> sort<16:41:12.840> of<16:41:13.020> the<16:41:13.436> slowness<16:41:13.980> with

so latency is sort of the slowness with

so latency is sort of the slowness with
which<16:41:14.520> bandwidth<16:41:15.296> occurs<16:41:15.720> or<16:41:16.436> not<16:41:16.740> living<16:41:16.980> up

which bandwidth occurs or not living up

which bandwidth occurs or not living up
to<16:41:17.340> its<16:41:17.580> full<16:41:17.640> potential

to its full potential

to its full potential
so<16:41:19.796> an<16:41:20.096> application<16:41:20.456> that<16:41:20.700> needs<16:41:20.936> bandwidth

so an application that needs bandwidth

so an application that needs bandwidth
because<16:41:21.660> of<16:41:21.900> its<16:41:22.256> Effectiveness<16:41:22.980> is<16:41:23.700> impacted

because of its Effectiveness is impacted

because of its Effectiveness is impacted
by<16:41:24.416> lag<16:41:24.660> time<16:41:24.900> for<16:41:25.256> example<16:41:25.560> applications

by lag time for example applications

by lag time for example applications
that<16:41:26.756> use<16:41:27.000> VoIP<16:41:27.596> fall<16:41:28.140> into<16:41:28.380> this<16:41:28.680> category<16:41:29.160> or

that use VoIP fall into this category or

that use VoIP fall into this category or
voice<16:41:29.520> over<16:41:29.756> IP<16:41:30.240> they're<16:41:30.840> latency<16:41:31.200> sensitive

voice over IP they're latency sensitive

voice over IP they're latency sensitive
because<16:41:32.040> lag<16:41:32.400> time<16:41:32.640> could<16:41:33.060> disrupt<16:41:33.596> a<16:41:33.840> video

because lag time could disrupt a video

because lag time could disrupt a video
or<16:41:34.740> a<16:41:34.916> phone<16:41:35.096> call<16:41:35.416> latency<16:41:36.416> insensitive

or a phone call latency insensitive

or a phone call latency insensitive
applications<16:41:37.860> still<16:41:38.640> require<16:41:38.820> bandwidth<16:41:39.416> but

applications still require bandwidth but

applications still require bandwidth but
for<16:41:39.660> a<16:41:39.776> very<16:41:39.900> different<16:41:40.140> reason<16:41:40.380> these<16:41:41.220> don't

for a very different reason these don't

for a very different reason these don't
have<16:41:41.580> video<16:41:42.060> or<16:41:42.540> voice<16:41:42.776> transfer<16:41:43.380> so<16:41:43.916> the

have video or voice transfer so the

have video or voice transfer so the
bandwidth<16:41:44.640> is<16:41:44.936> just<16:41:45.240> as<16:41:45.720> important<16:41:46.320> to<16:41:46.560> them

bandwidth is just as important to them

bandwidth is just as important to them
but<16:41:47.400> the<16:41:48.060> latency<16:41:48.480> doesn't<16:41:48.840> really<16:41:49.080> matter

but the latency doesn't really matter

but the latency doesn't really matter
these<16:41:50.400> applications<16:41:50.700> are<16:41:50.936> those<16:41:51.116> that<16:41:51.360> are

these applications are those that are

these applications are those that are
used<16:41:51.660> to<16:41:51.840> transfer<16:41:52.256> large<16:41:52.436> amount<16:41:52.740> of<16:41:52.860> data

used to transfer large amount of data

used to transfer large amount of data
like<16:41:53.640> during<16:41:53.880> backup<16:41:54.416> or<16:41:55.140> FTP

like during backup or FTP

like during backup or FTP
just<16:41:56.820> to<16:41:57.000> cover<16:41:57.116> this<16:41:57.360> one<16:41:57.596> more<16:41:57.776> time<16:41:58.020> and

just to cover this one more time and

just to cover this one more time and
perhaps<16:41:58.916> say<16:41:59.040> it<16:41:59.220> in<16:41:59.276> a<16:41:59.400> different<16:41:59.520> way

perhaps say it in a different way

perhaps say it in a different way
latency<16:42:00.720> sensitive<16:42:01.320> would<16:42:01.680> be<16:42:01.860> meaning<16:42:02.220> that

latency sensitive would be meaning that

latency sensitive would be meaning that
if<16:42:03.116> something<16:42:03.480> for<16:42:03.840> some<16:42:04.020> reason<16:42:04.200> I<16:42:04.500> have<16:42:04.680> a

if something for some reason I have a

if something for some reason I have a
huge<16:42:05.160> uh<16:42:05.880> amount<16:42:06.296> of<16:42:06.416> traffic<16:42:06.660> then<16:42:07.616> I'm<16:42:07.980> going

huge uh amount of traffic then I'm going

huge uh amount of traffic then I'm going
to<16:42:08.340> start<16:42:08.580> seeing<16:42:09.000> a<16:42:09.240> degradation<16:42:09.776> in<16:42:10.020> service

to start seeing a degradation in service

to start seeing a degradation in service
when<16:42:10.980> it<16:42:11.160> comes<16:42:11.400> to<16:42:11.580> my<16:42:11.820> latency<16:42:12.240> sensitive

when it comes to my latency sensitive

when it comes to my latency sensitive
applications<16:42:13.320> such<16:42:13.860> as<16:42:13.980> VoIP<16:42:14.400> for<16:42:15.000> instance<16:42:15.180> I

applications such as VoIP for instance I

applications such as VoIP for instance I
need<16:42:15.480> to<16:42:15.596> make<16:42:15.776> sure<16:42:16.080> that<16:42:16.680> no<16:42:16.916> matter<16:42:17.040> when

need to make sure that no matter when

need to make sure that no matter when
I'm<16:42:17.520> talking<16:42:17.820> over<16:42:18.540> my<16:42:18.840> VoIP<16:42:19.200> phone<16:42:19.436> it's

I'm talking over my VoIP phone it's

I'm talking over my VoIP phone it's
still<16:42:20.400> reaching<16:42:20.880> the<16:42:21.240> end<16:42:21.360> person<16:42:21.660> in<16:42:22.256> the

still reaching the end person in the

still reaching the end person in the
same<16:42:22.616> degree<16:42:23.096> of<16:42:23.276> quality<16:42:23.700> it<16:42:24.180> can't<16:42:24.360> be

same degree of quality it can't be

same degree of quality it can't be
dropping<16:42:24.900> a<16:42:25.020> lot<16:42:25.140> of<16:42:25.256> packets<16:42:25.616> because<16:42:25.860> if<16:42:26.096> it

dropping a lot of packets because if it

dropping a lot of packets because if it
is<16:42:26.340> then<16:42:26.580> they're<16:42:26.756> not<16:42:26.880> going<16:42:27.000> to<16:42:27.060> be<16:42:27.180> able<16:42:27.296> to

is then they're not going to be able to

is then they're not going to be able to
hear<16:42:27.540> my<16:42:27.776> voice<16:42:27.956> very<16:42:28.256> clearly<16:42:28.560> with<16:42:29.276> latency

hear my voice very clearly with latency

hear my voice very clearly with latency
insensitive<16:42:30.480> the<16:42:31.080> traffic<16:42:31.256> can<16:42:31.616> modulate

insensitive the traffic can modulate

insensitive the traffic can modulate
quite<16:42:32.456> a<16:42:32.700> degree<16:42:33.116> because<16:42:33.776> as<16:42:34.080> long<16:42:34.256> as<16:42:34.380> the

quite a degree because as long as the

quite a degree because as long as the
files<16:42:34.980> get<16:42:35.160> from<16:42:35.400> one<16:42:35.580> end<16:42:35.700> to<16:42:35.880> the<16:42:36.060> other<16:42:36.180> if

files get from one end to the other if

files get from one end to the other if
at<16:42:36.900> one<16:42:37.080> point<16:42:37.256> it's<16:42:37.500> transferring<16:42:38.040> at<16:42:38.220> 90

at one point it's transferring at 90

at one point it's transferring at 90
megabits<16:42:39.360> per<16:42:39.480> second<16:42:39.596> and<16:42:39.900> the<16:42:40.080> next<16:42:40.140> the

megabits per second and the next the

megabits per second and the next the
transmit<16:42:40.740> one<16:42:40.916> gigabit<16:42:41.220> per<16:42:41.400> second<16:42:41.580> it's

transmit one gigabit per second it's

transmit one gigabit per second it's
still<16:42:42.480> going<16:42:42.720> to<16:42:43.140> get<16:42:43.560> over<16:42:43.796> to<16:42:44.040> the<16:42:44.160> other

still going to get over to the other

still going to get over to the other
place<16:42:44.580> but<16:42:45.116> it<16:42:45.240> doesn't<16:42:45.296> really<16:42:45.540> matter<16:42:45.776> if<16:42:46.020> I

place but it doesn't really matter if I

place but it doesn't really matter if I
don't<16:42:46.320> receive<16:42:46.560> the<16:42:46.796> packets<16:42:47.160> in<16:42:47.580> a<16:42:47.756> sort<16:42:47.880> of

don't receive the packets in a sort of

don't receive the packets in a sort of
steady<16:42:48.360> stream<16:42:48.720> so<16:42:49.380> in<16:42:49.616> this<16:42:49.740> case<16:42:49.980> the

steady stream so in this case the

steady stream so in this case the
latency<16:42:50.820> doesn't<16:42:51.240> really<16:42:51.720> matter<16:42:51.956> as<16:42:52.320> much<16:42:52.436> as

latency doesn't really matter as much as

latency doesn't really matter as much as
the<16:42:52.740> fact<16:42:52.916> that<16:42:53.160> it<16:42:53.276> simply<16:42:53.520> gets<16:42:53.820> from<16:42:53.936> one

the fact that it simply gets from one

the fact that it simply gets from one
place<16:42:54.296> to<16:42:54.480> the<16:42:54.660> other<16:42:54.776> it<16:42:55.436> within<16:42:55.796> a<16:42:55.916> certain

place to the other it within a certain

place to the other it within a certain
degree<16:42:56.160> of<16:42:56.340> time

degree of time

degree of time
so<16:42:58.140> a<16:42:58.680> very<16:42:58.860> important<16:42:59.480> qos<16:43:00.480> strategy<16:43:01.140> to<16:43:01.616> help

so a very important qos strategy to help

so a very important qos strategy to help
exist<16:43:02.660> to<16:43:03.660> help<16:43:03.776> control<16:43:04.200> the<16:43:04.616> flow<16:43:04.860> of<16:43:04.980> data

exist to help control the flow of data

exist to help control the flow of data
through<16:43:05.520> a<16:43:05.700> network<16:43:05.820> is<16:43:06.660> called<16:43:06.956> traffic

through a network is called traffic

through a network is called traffic
shaping

shaping

shaping
its<16:43:09.060> main<16:43:09.180> purpose<16:43:09.596> is<16:43:09.900> to<16:43:10.140> reduce<16:43:10.436> latency

its main purpose is to reduce latency

its main purpose is to reduce latency
which<16:43:11.756> it<16:43:11.880> does<16:43:12.060> by<16:43:12.296> controlling<16:43:12.900> the<16:43:13.140> amount

which it does by controlling the amount

which it does by controlling the amount
of<16:43:13.500> data<16:43:13.860> passing<16:43:14.400> through<16:43:14.520> a<16:43:14.756> network<16:43:14.900> data

of data passing through a network data

of data passing through a network data
traffic<16:43:16.020> is<16:43:16.616> sort<16:43:16.860> of<16:43:17.040> split<16:43:17.400> into<16:43:17.640> different

traffic is sort of split into different

traffic is sort of split into different
categories<16:43:18.540> and<16:43:19.200> put<16:43:19.380> put<16:43:19.616> in<16:43:19.796> something

categories and put put in something

categories and put put in something
called<16:43:20.456> a<16:43:21.060> queue<16:43:21.416> a<16:43:22.020> queue<16:43:22.320> by<16:43:22.436> the<16:43:22.616> way<16:43:22.680> would

called a queue a queue by the way would

called a queue a queue by the way would
be<16:43:23.700> something<16:43:23.936> like<16:43:24.360> a<16:43:24.660> line<16:43:25.276> basically<16:43:26.276> I'm

be something like a line basically I'm

be something like a line basically I'm
going<16:43:26.700> to<16:43:26.756> put<16:43:27.060> certain<16:43:27.480> types<16:43:27.840> of

going to put certain types of

going to put certain types of
information<16:43:28.140> into<16:43:28.680> one<16:43:29.040> queue<16:43:29.456> and<16:43:29.820> certain

information into one queue and certain

information into one queue and certain
it<16:43:30.180> to<16:43:30.360> another<16:43:30.480> and<16:43:31.200> those<16:43:31.380> cues<16:43:31.796> are<16:43:32.096> going

it to another and those cues are going

it to another and those cues are going
to<16:43:32.340> be<16:43:32.456> given<16:43:32.756> priority

to be given priority

to be given priority
so<16:43:34.560> my<16:43:34.796> voice<16:43:34.980> application<16:43:35.456> is<16:43:35.700> going<16:43:35.880> to<16:43:36.000> have

so my voice application is going to have

so my voice application is going to have
the<16:43:36.296> highest<16:43:36.596> priority<16:43:36.956> whereas<16:43:37.796> maybe<16:43:38.160> my

the highest priority whereas maybe my

the highest priority whereas maybe my
FTP<16:43:38.880> will<16:43:39.540> have<16:43:39.776> a<16:43:39.956> bit<16:43:40.020> of<16:43:40.140> a<16:43:40.256> lower<16:43:40.380> priority

FTP will have a bit of a lower priority

FTP will have a bit of a lower priority
now<16:43:41.820> there<16:43:42.116> are<16:43:42.240> quite<16:43:42.360> a<16:43:42.480> few<16:43:42.596> different<16:43:42.776> ways

now there are quite a few different ways

now there are quite a few different ways
to<16:43:43.500> use<16:43:43.740> traffic<16:43:44.040> shaping<16:43:44.580> and<16:43:44.880> each<16:43:45.060> method

to use traffic shaping and each method

to use traffic shaping and each method
has<16:43:45.596> its<16:43:45.900> own<16:43:45.956> benefit<16:43:46.200> and<16:43:47.040> needs<16:43:47.276> to<16:43:47.340> be

has its own benefit and needs to be

has its own benefit and needs to be
chosen<16:43:47.820> based<16:43:48.180> on<16:43:48.296> the<16:43:48.540> circumstances<16:43:49.200> of<16:43:49.916> the

chosen based on the circumstances of the

chosen based on the circumstances of the
situation<16:43:50.520> now<16:43:51.180> here<16:43:51.480> are<16:43:51.660> a<16:43:51.840> couple<16:43:52.080> of<16:43:52.320> the

situation now here are a couple of the

situation now here are a couple of the
common<16:43:53.276> methods<16:43:53.820> actually<16:43:53.936> three

common methods actually three

common methods actually three
first<16:43:55.436> is<16:43:55.680> shaping<16:43:56.096> by<16:43:56.276> application

first is shaping by application

first is shaping by application
this<16:43:58.380> is<16:43:58.436> a<16:43:58.616> strategy<16:43:58.916> that<16:43:59.220> involves<16:43:59.580> the

this is a strategy that involves the

this is a strategy that involves the
administrator<16:44:00.360> allowing<16:44:01.020> only<16:44:01.500> a<16:44:01.796> certain

administrator allowing only a certain

administrator allowing only a certain
amount<16:44:02.160> of<16:44:02.276> bandwidth<16:44:02.820> to<16:44:02.936> be<16:44:03.060> used<16:44:03.240> by<16:44:03.660> a

amount of bandwidth to be used by a

amount of bandwidth to be used by a
certain<16:44:03.956> application<16:44:04.500> for<16:44:05.276> instance<16:44:05.520> an

certain application for instance an

certain application for instance an
admin<16:44:06.296> only<16:44:06.540> allows<16:44:07.080> a<16:44:07.500> VoIP<16:44:07.796> application<16:44:08.340> to

admin only allows a VoIP application to

admin only allows a VoIP application to
use<16:44:09.596> for<16:44:10.256> instance<16:44:10.436> six<16:44:10.740> megabits<16:44:11.276> per<16:44:11.400> second

use for instance six megabits per second

use for instance six megabits per second
and<16:44:11.880> it<16:44:12.000> can't<16:44:12.180> use<16:44:12.416> any<16:44:12.720> more<16:44:12.900> than<16:44:13.080> that<16:44:13.256> so

and it can't use any more than that so

and it can't use any more than that so
in<16:44:14.160> some<16:44:14.340> ways<16:44:14.936> we<16:44:15.180> set<16:44:15.416> a<16:44:16.080> limit

in some ways we set a limit

in some ways we set a limit
to<16:44:17.936> the<16:44:18.116> bandwidth<16:44:18.660> that's<16:44:19.200> going<16:44:19.436> to<16:44:19.560> be<16:44:19.740> used

to the bandwidth that's going to be used

to the bandwidth that's going to be used
by<16:44:21.240> a<16:44:21.416> certain<16:44:21.540> protocol<16:44:21.956> or<16:44:22.616> a<16:44:22.740> certain

by a certain protocol or a certain

by a certain protocol or a certain
application

application

application
the<16:44:24.596> next<16:44:24.720> which<16:44:25.256> is<16:44:25.436> called<16:44:25.680> shaping<16:44:26.520> Network

the next which is called shaping Network

the next which is called shaping Network
traffic<16:44:27.296> per<16:44:27.720> user<16:44:28.200> allows<16:44:28.980> the

traffic per user allows the

traffic per user allows the
administrator<16:44:29.756> to<16:44:29.936> limit<16:44:30.060> the<16:44:30.296> bandwidth

administrator to limit the bandwidth

administrator to limit the bandwidth
that<16:44:30.840> any<16:44:31.020> individual<16:44:31.500> user<16:44:31.980> can<16:44:32.160> use<16:44:32.340> now

that any individual user can use now

that any individual user can use now
shaving<16:44:33.540> by<16:44:33.660> application<16:44:34.200> is<16:44:34.560> something<16:44:34.680> that

shaving by application is something that

shaving by application is something that
we're<16:44:34.980> going<16:44:35.096> to<16:44:35.220> be<16:44:35.276> seeing<16:44:35.700> a<16:44:35.880> lot<16:44:36.000> now<16:44:36.240> on

we're going to be seeing a lot now on

we're going to be seeing a lot now on
airplanes<16:44:37.380> and<16:44:38.096> trains<16:44:38.700> we<16:44:39.296> don't<16:44:39.416> want<16:44:39.660> to

airplanes and trains we don't want to

airplanes and trains we don't want to
let<16:44:40.020> for<16:44:40.740> instance<16:44:40.980> people<16:44:41.220> use<16:44:41.520> Netflix<16:44:41.900> and

let for instance people use Netflix and

let for instance people use Netflix and
YouTube<16:44:43.200> on<16:44:43.560> the<16:44:43.740> plane<16:44:43.916> because<16:44:44.160> there<16:44:44.340> are

YouTube on the plane because there are

YouTube on the plane because there are
other<16:44:44.520> people<16:44:44.640> who<16:44:44.820> need<16:44:45.000> to<16:44:45.116> be<16:44:45.180> using<16:44:45.480> email

other people who need to be using email

other people who need to be using email
and<16:44:46.140> so<16:44:46.320> we're<16:44:46.436> just<16:44:46.560> going<16:44:46.680> to<16:44:46.740> say<16:44:46.916> if<16:44:47.400> you

and so we're just going to say if you

and so we're just going to say if you
want<16:44:47.580> to<16:44:47.700> do<16:44:47.820> bandwidth<16:44:48.480> for<16:44:48.720> video<16:44:49.080> we're<16:44:49.560> not

want to do bandwidth for video we're not

want to do bandwidth for video we're not
going<16:44:49.796> to<16:44:49.916> allow<16:44:50.220> that<16:44:50.400> as<16:44:50.756> much<16:44:50.880> as<16:44:51.116> bandwidth

going to allow that as much as bandwidth

going to allow that as much as bandwidth
for<16:44:51.840> say

for say

for say
email<16:44:54.000> or<16:44:54.776> for<16:44:55.200> text<16:44:55.616> messaging<16:44:56.520> for<16:44:56.820> instance

email or for text messaging for instance

email or for text messaging for instance
but<16:44:57.776> when<16:44:58.020> I'm<16:44:58.320> talking<16:44:58.560> about<16:44:58.796> Network

but when I'm talking about Network

but when I'm talking about Network
traffic<16:44:59.400> per<16:44:59.820> user<16:45:00.240> I'm<16:45:00.956> allowing<16:45:01.500> specific

traffic per user I'm allowing specific

traffic per user I'm allowing specific
users<16:45:02.340> to<16:45:02.520> have<16:45:02.700> a<16:45:02.880> certain<16:45:03.000> amount<16:45:03.240> of

users to have a certain amount of

users to have a certain amount of
bandwidth<16:45:03.900> so<16:45:04.436> some<16:45:04.680> users<16:45:04.980> might<16:45:05.160> use<16:45:05.276> more

bandwidth so some users might use more

bandwidth so some users might use more
bandwidth<16:45:05.880> than<16:45:06.000> others<16:45:06.240> and<16:45:06.360> sometimes<16:45:06.720> it

bandwidth than others and sometimes it

bandwidth than others and sometimes it
isn't<16:45:07.256> all<16:45:07.436> for<16:45:07.616> work<16:45:07.860> reasons<16:45:08.340> for<16:45:08.880> instance

isn't all for work reasons for instance

isn't all for work reasons for instance
let's<16:45:09.240> say<16:45:09.416> that<16:45:09.540> Anthony<16:45:09.776> from<16:45:10.140> sales<16:45:10.320> is

let's say that Anthony from sales is

let's say that Anthony from sales is
constantly<16:45:10.980> streaming<16:45:11.400> video<16:45:11.580> or<16:45:11.880> audio<16:45:12.060> to

constantly streaming video or audio to

constantly streaming video or audio to
his<16:45:12.480> computer<16:45:12.720> this<16:45:13.436> is<16:45:13.560> using<16:45:13.796> a<16:45:13.916> lot<16:45:13.980> of

his computer this is using a lot of

his computer this is using a lot of
bandwidth<16:45:14.640> so<16:45:15.000> now<16:45:15.116> the<16:45:15.296> discipline<16:45:15.596> part<16:45:15.900> of

bandwidth so now the discipline part of

bandwidth so now the discipline part of
this<16:45:16.200> may<16:45:16.436> not<16:45:16.616> be<16:45:16.740> up<16:45:16.916> to<16:45:17.096> the<16:45:17.220> administrator

this may not be up to the administrator

this may not be up to the administrator
but<16:45:18.360> he<16:45:18.956> or<16:45:19.140> she<16:45:19.320> can<16:45:19.616> certainly<16:45:19.980> limit<16:45:20.276> the

but he or she can certainly limit the

but he or she can certainly limit the
amount<16:45:20.820> of<16:45:20.880> bandwidth<16:45:21.360> Anthony<16:45:21.540> is<16:45:21.900> allowed

amount of bandwidth Anthony is allowed

amount of bandwidth Anthony is allowed
to<16:45:22.380> use<16:45:22.616> so<16:45:23.340> if<16:45:23.640> each<16:45:23.820> and<16:45:24.060> visual<16:45:24.720> for

to use so if each and visual for

to use so if each and visual for
instance<16:45:25.740> Anthony<16:45:26.040> is<16:45:26.400> limited<16:45:26.880> to<16:45:27.116> 256

instance Anthony is limited to 256

instance Anthony is limited to 256
kilobits<16:45:28.560> per<16:45:28.680> second<16:45:28.916> it's<16:45:29.520> not<16:45:29.700> going<16:45:29.880> to

kilobits per second it's not going to

kilobits per second it's not going to
access<16:45:30.240> what<16:45:30.956> he<16:45:31.140> can<16:45:31.320> access<16:45:31.500> just<16:45:32.040> how<16:45:32.276> fast

access what he can access just how fast

access what he can access just how fast
he's<16:45:32.640> able<16:45:32.936> to<16:45:33.060> access<16:45:33.296> it<16:45:33.660> so<16:45:34.200> whereas<16:45:34.500> this

he's able to access it so whereas this

he's able to access it so whereas this
is<16:45:34.796> really<16:45:35.040> doing<16:45:35.276> it<16:45:35.456> shipping<16:45:35.936> by

is really doing it shipping by

is really doing it shipping by
application<16:45:36.480> based<16:45:36.956> on<16:45:37.080> the<16:45:37.380> type<16:45:37.616> of

application based on the type of

application based on the type of
information<16:45:38.240> shaping<16:45:39.240> the<16:45:39.296> network<16:45:39.416> traffic

information shaping the network traffic

information shaping the network traffic
per<16:45:40.080> user

per user

per user
is<16:45:41.640> on<16:45:41.936> an<16:45:42.060> individual<16:45:42.480> basis<16:45:42.900> and<16:45:43.380> this<16:45:43.560> way<16:45:43.740> I

is on an individual basis and this way I

is on an individual basis and this way I
can<16:45:44.160> give<16:45:44.340> each<16:45:44.580> user

can give each user

can give each user
let's<16:45:46.916> say<16:45:47.096> Anthony<16:45:47.456> Maria

Amy each a certain degree

Amy each a certain degree
of<16:45:55.740> bandwidth

so that no person can use one more than

so that no person can use one more than
the<16:46:01.200> other<16:46:01.320> of<16:46:01.916> course<16:46:02.040> a<16:46:02.276> downside<16:46:02.700> with<16:46:02.936> this

the other of course a downside with this

the other of course a downside with this
is<16:46:03.360> if<16:46:03.540> Amy's<16:46:03.900> only<16:46:04.140> using<16:46:04.680> let's<16:46:05.160> say<16:46:05.340> 10

is if Amy's only using let's say 10

is if Amy's only using let's say 10
kilobits<16:46:06.180> per<16:46:06.360> second<16:46:06.540> to<16:46:06.956> send<16:46:07.140> emails<16:46:07.680> and

kilobits per second to send emails and

kilobits per second to send emails and
Maria<16:46:08.820> is<16:46:09.416> on<16:46:09.660> the<16:46:09.956> video<16:46:10.380> team<16:46:10.740> and<16:46:11.340> is<16:46:11.520> trying

Maria is on the video team and is trying

Maria is on the video team and is trying
to<16:46:12.116> use<16:46:12.480> all<16:46:12.900> of<16:46:13.020> her<16:46:13.200> 256<16:46:14.060> she<16:46:15.060> might<16:46:15.240> be<16:46:15.360> able

to use all of her 256 she might be able

to use all of her 256 she might be able
to<16:46:15.596> use<16:46:15.720> some<16:46:15.840> of<16:46:16.020> Amy's<16:46:16.320> but<16:46:16.560> because<16:46:16.680> of<16:46:16.916> the

to use some of Amy's but because of the

to use some of Amy's but because of the
way<16:46:17.096> we've<16:46:17.276> shaped<16:46:17.640> this<16:46:17.756> per<16:46:18.180> user<16:46:18.596> Marie

way we've shaped this per user Marie

way we've shaped this per user Marie
doesn't<16:46:19.500> get<16:46:19.680> any<16:46:19.860> more<16:46:20.096> and<16:46:20.820> sometimes<16:46:21.240> what

doesn't get any more and sometimes what

doesn't get any more and sometimes what
we'll<16:46:21.540> do<16:46:21.720> is<16:46:21.776> give<16:46:22.080> people<16:46:22.320> in<16:46:22.860> certain<16:46:23.580> roles

we'll do is give people in certain roles

we'll do is give people in certain roles
the<16:46:24.360> company<16:46:24.776> a<16:46:25.680> little<16:46:25.916> more<16:46:26.220> traffic<16:46:26.520> or

the company a little more traffic or

the company a little more traffic or
bandwidth<16:46:27.296> allowability<16:46:27.840> than<16:46:28.616> some<16:46:28.916> of<16:46:28.980> the

bandwidth allowability than some of the

bandwidth allowability than some of the
others<16:46:29.400> for<16:46:29.640> instance<16:46:29.820> accounting<16:46:30.360> probably

others for instance accounting probably

others for instance accounting probably
doesn't<16:46:30.840> need<16:46:31.080> as<16:46:31.256> much<16:46:31.436> as<16:46:32.096> our<16:46:32.400> Graphics

doesn't need as much as our Graphics

doesn't need as much as our Graphics
team

team

team
finally<16:46:34.436> we<16:46:34.680> have<16:46:34.796> something<16:46:35.040> called

finally we have something called

finally we have something called
priority<16:46:35.880> shaping<16:46:36.480> which<16:46:37.020> is<16:46:37.140> the<16:46:37.380> way<16:46:37.560> to

priority shaping which is the way to

priority shaping which is the way to
allow<16:46:38.040> more<16:46:38.340> bandwidth<16:46:38.820> to<16:46:39.000> to<16:46:39.180> those<16:46:39.416> who

allow more bandwidth to to those who

allow more bandwidth to to those who
require<16:46:39.840> it<16:46:40.140> most<16:46:40.320> sort<16:46:40.740> of<16:46:40.860> what<16:46:40.980> I'm

require it most sort of what I'm

require it most sort of what I'm
referring<16:46:41.520> to

referring to

referring to
here<16:46:42.776> for<16:46:43.436> example<16:46:43.680> in<16:46:43.916> a<16:46:44.040> school<16:46:44.160> system<16:46:44.400> the

here for example in a school system the

here for example in a school system the
teachers<16:46:45.000> need<16:46:45.240> more<16:46:45.416> bandwidth<16:46:45.900> in<16:46:46.020> the

teachers need more bandwidth in the

teachers need more bandwidth in the
students<16:46:46.436> so<16:46:46.860> the<16:46:46.980> network<16:46:47.096> admin<16:46:47.640> shapes<16:46:48.180> the

students so the network admin shapes the

students so the network admin shapes the
traffic<16:46:48.660> again<16:46:49.616> we<16:46:49.916> have<16:46:50.040> that<16:46:50.220> great<16:46:50.456> term

traffic again we have that great term

traffic again we have that great term
priority<16:46:51.540> shaping<16:46:52.256> so<16:46:52.796> that<16:46:52.916> it's<16:46:53.096> dedicated

priority shaping so that it's dedicated

priority shaping so that it's dedicated
more<16:46:53.756> to<16:46:53.936> the<16:46:54.116> teachers<16:46:54.416> but<16:46:54.776> the<16:46:54.900> students

more to the teachers but the students

more to the teachers but the students
can<16:46:55.380> still<16:46:55.500> use<16:46:55.680> it<16:46:55.796> at<16:46:55.916> a<16:46:56.096> slower<16:46:56.340> speed<16:46:56.580> so

can still use it at a slower speed so

can still use it at a slower speed so
when<16:46:57.416> the<16:46:57.540> teachers<16:46:57.900> don't<16:46:58.256> need<16:46:58.500> the

when the teachers don't need the

when the teachers don't need the
bandwidth<16:46:59.220> the<16:46:59.580> students<16:46:59.820> are<16:46:59.936> able<16:47:00.180> to

bandwidth the students are able to

bandwidth the students are able to
access<16:47:00.416> it<16:47:00.720> at<16:47:00.900> faster<16:47:01.200> speeds<16:47:01.680> so<16:47:02.160> we're

access it at faster speeds so we're

access it at faster speeds so we're
really<16:47:02.520> taking<16:47:02.756> this<16:47:03.540> sort<16:47:03.720> of<16:47:03.840> concept

really taking this sort of concept

really taking this sort of concept
and<16:47:06.480> allowing<16:47:06.840> it<16:47:06.956> to<16:47:07.140> be<16:47:07.256> a<16:47:07.436> little<16:47:07.560> more

and allowing it to be a little more

and allowing it to be a little more
flexible

now another technique used is something

now another technique used is something
called<16:47:13.500> a<16:47:13.796> caching<16:47:14.220> engine

called a caching engine

called a caching engine
caching<16:47:15.480> is<16:47:15.776> essentially<16:47:16.380> temporary<16:47:17.276> storage

caching is essentially temporary storage

caching is essentially temporary storage
although<16:47:18.596> the<16:47:18.776> storing<16:47:19.140> of<16:47:19.500> what<16:47:19.980> is<16:47:20.400> changing

although the storing of what is changing

although the storing of what is changing
every<16:47:21.240> single<16:47:21.540> time

every single time

every single time
in<16:47:22.980> the<16:47:23.160> case<16:47:23.340> of<16:47:23.756> caching<16:47:24.240> engines<16:47:24.840> the

in the case of caching engines the

in the case of caching engines the
temporarily<16:47:26.456> storage<16:47:26.880> of<16:47:27.240> data<16:47:27.596> is<16:47:27.900> actually

temporarily storage of data is actually

temporarily storage of data is actually
web<16:47:28.436> data<16:47:28.860> that<16:47:28.980> can<16:47:29.096> be<16:47:29.276> used<16:47:29.456> in<16:47:29.936> the<16:47:30.000> future

web data that can be used in the future

web data that can be used in the future
so<16:47:30.900> this<16:47:31.080> is<16:47:31.256> happening<16:47:31.680> through<16:47:31.916> something

so this is happening through something

so this is happening through something
called<16:47:32.580> a<16:47:33.020> proxy<16:47:34.020> server

basically what's happening is without

basically what's happening is without
going<16:47:39.720> too<16:47:40.020> far<16:47:40.200> in<16:47:40.320> depth<16:47:40.616> into<16:47:40.680> it<16:47:40.916> is<16:47:41.340> that<16:47:41.580> a

going too far in depth into it is that a

going too far in depth into it is that a
proxy<16:47:42.116> server<16:47:42.480> caches<16:47:43.020> web<16:47:43.256> data<16:47:43.616> for<16:47:43.796> future

proxy server caches web data for future

proxy server caches web data for future
uses<16:47:44.400> by<16:47:44.580> others<16:47:44.936> so<16:47:45.776> if<16:47:46.560> I<16:47:46.796> have<16:47:47.040> let's<16:47:47.400> say

uses by others so if I have let's say

uses by others so if I have let's say
three<16:47:47.880> users

three users

three users
and<16:47:50.340> the<16:47:50.640> first<16:47:50.756> user<16:47:51.240> and<16:47:51.840> I<16:47:51.956> have<16:47:52.080> a<16:47:52.320> proxy

and the first user and I have a proxy

and the first user and I have a proxy
server<16:47:53.400> in<16:47:53.640> between<16:47:53.820> them<16:47:54.180> before<16:47:55.080> it<16:47:55.616> goes

server in between them before it goes

server in between them before it goes
out<16:47:55.980> to<16:47:56.160> the<16:47:56.340> internet

and the first user requests

and the first user requests
CNN

CNN

CNN
the<16:48:05.700> proxy<16:48:06.116> server<16:48:06.480> which<16:48:06.900> holds<16:48:07.256> a<16:48:07.436> cache

the proxy server which holds a cache

the proxy server which holds a cache
or<16:48:09.240> sort<16:48:09.540> of<16:48:09.660> copies<16:48:10.080> of<16:48:10.500> everything

or sort of copies of everything

or sort of copies of everything
we'll<16:48:11.880> first<16:48:12.116> say<16:48:12.360> hey<16:48:12.596> I<16:48:12.840> have<16:48:12.956> the<16:48:13.140> latest

we'll first say hey I have the latest

we'll first say hey I have the latest
CNN<16:48:13.680> or<16:48:13.860> I<16:48:13.980> don't<16:48:14.096> have<16:48:14.220> the<16:48:14.400> latest<16:48:14.520> CNN<16:48:15.000> it'll

CNN or I don't have the latest CNN it'll

CNN or I don't have the latest CNN it'll
then<16:48:15.900> go<16:48:16.080> out<16:48:16.256> to<16:48:16.380> the<16:48:16.560> internet

then go out to the internet

then go out to the internet
get<16:48:18.416> the<16:48:18.956> latest<16:48:19.140> CNN

get the latest CNN

get the latest CNN
and<16:48:22.140> hold<16:48:22.320> that

and hold that

and hold that
in<16:48:24.480> its<16:48:24.776> proxy<16:48:25.140> now<16:48:25.860> when<16:48:26.160> the<16:48:26.340> second<16:48:26.456> user

in its proxy now when the second user

in its proxy now when the second user
five<16:48:27.240> seconds<16:48:27.480> later<16:48:27.776> says<16:48:28.200> Hey<16:48:28.380> I<16:48:29.096> want<16:48:29.220> the

five seconds later says Hey I want the

five seconds later says Hey I want the
latest<16:48:29.640> CNN<16:48:30.180> the<16:48:30.480> proxy<16:48:30.776> server<16:48:31.140> does<16:48:31.380> not

latest CNN the proxy server does not

latest CNN the proxy server does not
have<16:48:31.860> to<16:48:32.040> go<16:48:32.220> out<16:48:32.456> to<16:48:32.640> the<16:48:32.756> internet<16:48:32.880> we<16:48:33.180> can

have to go out to the internet we can

have to go out to the internet we can
basically<16:48:33.596> cut<16:48:33.900> out<16:48:34.140> this<16:48:34.916> entire<16:48:35.276> process

basically cut out this entire process

basically cut out this entire process
and<16:48:37.140> instead<16:48:37.436> it<16:48:37.680> just<16:48:37.860> Returns<16:48:38.400> what<16:48:39.060> it<16:48:39.240> is

and instead it just Returns what it is

and instead it just Returns what it is
already<16:48:39.660> cached<16:48:40.616> it<16:48:40.980> can<16:48:41.096> do<16:48:41.220> this<16:48:41.340> with<16:48:41.520> as

already cached it can do this with as

already cached it can do this with as
many<16:48:41.820> uses<16:48:42.180> as<16:48:42.360> possible<16:48:42.660> and<16:48:43.200> what<16:48:43.380> we'll

many uses as possible and what we'll

many uses as possible and what we'll
generally<16:48:43.796> say<16:48:44.096> is<16:48:44.456> that<16:48:44.756> every<16:48:45.360> minute<16:48:45.840> or

generally say is that every minute or

generally say is that every minute or
every<16:48:46.320> few<16:48:46.560> seconds<16:48:46.860> it's<16:48:47.456> going<16:48:47.700> to<16:48:47.820> update

every few seconds it's going to update

every few seconds it's going to update
the<16:48:48.416> proxy<16:48:48.776> server<16:48:49.020> is<16:48:49.140> going<16:48:49.256> to<16:48:49.320> update<16:48:49.616> its

the proxy server is going to update its

the proxy server is going to update its
information<16:48:50.040> that<16:48:50.640> way<16:48:50.820> we<16:48:50.936> can<16:48:51.060> make<16:48:51.240> sure

information that way we can make sure

information that way we can make sure
that<16:48:51.540> it's<16:48:51.660> still<16:48:51.840> the<16:48:52.020> most<16:48:52.140> up-to-date

that it's still the most up-to-date

that it's still the most up-to-date
information<16:48:53.040> which<16:48:53.880> is<16:48:54.060> one<16:48:54.360> of<16:48:54.416> the

information which is one of the

information which is one of the
downsides<16:48:54.956> of<16:48:55.140> using<16:48:55.380> proxy<16:48:55.860> servers<16:48:56.220> and

downsides of using proxy servers and

downsides of using proxy servers and
caching<16:48:56.820> is<16:48:57.360> that<16:48:57.540> sometimes

caching is that sometimes

caching is that sometimes
um<16:48:59.160> it's<16:48:59.700> not<16:48:59.880> going<16:49:00.000> to<16:49:00.060> have<16:49:00.116> the<16:49:00.296> most

um it's not going to have the most

um it's not going to have the most
up-to-date<16:49:00.840> information<16:49:01.080> but<16:49:01.796> it<16:49:01.916> certainly

up-to-date information but it certainly

up-to-date information but it certainly
speeds<16:49:02.580> things<16:49:02.700> up<16:49:02.936> by<16:49:03.240> cutting<16:49:03.596> out<16:49:03.720> this

speeds things up by cutting out this

speeds things up by cutting out this
whole<16:49:04.256> process<16:49:04.560> of<16:49:04.740> having<16:49:04.860> to<16:49:04.980> go<16:49:05.096> out<16:49:05.220> to<16:49:05.340> the

whole process of having to go out to the

whole process of having to go out to the
Internet<16:49:05.520> by<16:49:06.000> keeping<16:49:06.296> it<16:49:06.416> locally

Internet by keeping it locally

Internet by keeping it locally
now<16:49:08.456> this<16:49:08.700> all<16:49:08.880> saves<16:49:09.360> bandwidth<16:49:10.140> because

now this all saves bandwidth because

now this all saves bandwidth because
obviously<16:49:11.580> I'm<16:49:11.756> not<16:49:11.936> having<16:49:12.116> to<16:49:12.240> go<16:49:12.360> out<16:49:12.480> to

obviously I'm not having to go out to

obviously I'm not having to go out to
the<16:49:12.720> internet<16:49:12.840> and<16:49:13.500> therefore<16:49:13.796> I<16:49:14.096> can<16:49:14.220> reserve

the internet and therefore I can reserve

the internet and therefore I can reserve
that<16:49:15.180> bandwidth<16:49:15.956> speed<16:49:16.140> that<16:49:16.380> would<16:49:16.500> have

that bandwidth speed that would have

that bandwidth speed that would have
been<16:49:16.796> used<16:49:17.160> for<16:49:17.820> video<16:49:18.116> or<16:49:18.416> something<16:49:18.660> else

been used for video or something else

been used for video or something else
that's<16:49:19.200> new<16:49:19.436> uh<16:49:20.340> instead<16:49:20.700> of<16:49:20.756> having<16:49:20.880> to<16:49:21.060> use

that's new uh instead of having to use

that's new uh instead of having to use
it<16:49:21.296> for<16:49:21.480> information<16:49:21.660> that<16:49:22.140> I'm<16:49:22.256> gathering

it for information that I'm gathering

it for information that I'm gathering
over<16:49:23.160> and<16:49:23.340> over<16:49:23.520> and<16:49:23.756> over<16:49:23.936> again<16:49:24.240> you<16:49:24.840> can

over and over and over again you can

over and over and over again you can
imagine<16:49:25.140> in<16:49:25.500> a<16:49:25.680> corporation<16:49:26.040> of<16:49:26.400> thousands<16:49:26.936> or

imagine in a corporation of thousands or

imagine in a corporation of thousands or
hundreds<16:49:27.480> of<16:49:27.596> thousands<16:49:27.900> of<16:49:28.020> people<16:49:28.140> this<16:49:28.560> is

hundreds of thousands of people this is

hundreds of thousands of people this is
really<16:49:29.040> going<16:49:29.340> to<16:49:29.520> save<16:49:29.700> us<16:49:29.880> a<16:49:30.000> lot<16:49:30.116> of<16:49:30.240> time

all right so just to recap we talked

all right so just to recap we talked
about<16:49:34.740> Network<16:49:35.276> optimization<16:49:36.116> there<16:49:36.416> were<16:49:36.540> a

about Network optimization there were a

about Network optimization there were a
couple<16:49:36.720> terms<16:49:37.020> we<16:49:37.140> mentioned<16:49:37.560> first<16:49:38.220> was

couple terms we mentioned first was

couple terms we mentioned first was
bandwidth<16:49:39.360> bandwidth<16:49:40.140> is<16:49:40.380> the<16:49:40.680> highest

bandwidth bandwidth is the highest

bandwidth bandwidth is the highest
possible<16:49:41.520> speed<16:49:42.000> that<16:49:42.480> we<16:49:42.660> have<16:49:42.776> on<16:49:42.900> our<16:49:43.080> data

possible speed that we have on our data

possible speed that we have on our data
connection<16:49:43.500> we<16:49:44.456> also<16:49:44.700> talked<16:49:44.936> about

connection we also talked about

connection we also talked about
something<16:49:45.296> called<16:49:45.660> throughput<16:49:46.400> whereas

something called throughput whereas

something called throughput whereas
bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth
is<16:49:49.560> the<16:49:49.860> ideal<16:49:50.276> or<16:49:51.000> potential

is the ideal or potential

is the ideal or potential
speed

speed

speed
throughput

throughput

throughput
is<16:49:56.756> the<16:49:57.060> actual<16:49:57.360> speed<16:49:57.596> how<16:49:57.956> much<16:49:58.080> is<16:49:58.320> actually

is the actual speed how much is actually

is the actual speed how much is actually
traveling<16:49:59.276> and<16:49:59.880> what<16:50:00.000> we<16:50:00.116> want<16:50:00.296> to<16:50:00.416> do<16:50:00.596> is<16:50:01.200> get

traveling and what we want to do is get

traveling and what we want to do is get
these<16:50:01.680> two<16:50:01.796> to<16:50:02.040> equal<16:50:02.276> one<16:50:02.820> another<16:50:03.000> as<16:50:03.296> much

these two to equal one another as much

these two to equal one another as much
as<16:50:03.540> possible<16:50:03.900> however<16:50:04.740> we<16:50:05.096> also<16:50:05.400> want<16:50:05.700> to<16:50:05.880> make

as possible however we also want to make

as possible however we also want to make
sure<16:50:06.296> to<16:50:06.416> make<16:50:06.596> good<16:50:06.840> use<16:50:07.140> of<16:50:07.560> our<16:50:07.740> bandwidth

sure to make good use of our bandwidth

sure to make good use of our bandwidth
so<16:50:08.820> that<16:50:08.936> everyone<16:50:09.116> can<16:50:09.480> get<16:50:09.720> information

so that everyone can get information

so that everyone can get information
they<16:50:10.616> need<16:50:10.796> when<16:50:10.980> they<16:50:11.160> need<16:50:11.276> it<16:50:11.880> so<16:50:12.060> then<16:50:12.240> we

they need when they need it so then we

they need when they need it so then we
talked<16:50:12.596> about<16:50:12.660> something<16:50:12.900> called<16:50:13.200> quality<16:50:13.860> of

talked about something called quality of

talked about something called quality of
service<16:50:14.456> quality<16:50:15.240> of<16:50:15.416> service<16:50:15.660> make<16:50:16.256> sure

service quality of service make sure

service quality of service make sure
that<16:50:16.740> we're<16:50:16.916> using<16:50:17.340> our<16:50:17.880> bandwidth<16:50:18.480> in<16:50:18.840> a<16:50:18.956> way

that we're using our bandwidth in a way

that we're using our bandwidth in a way
that's<16:50:19.256> going<16:50:19.560> to<16:50:19.740> promote<16:50:20.096> good<16:50:20.520> quality<16:50:20.936> we

that's going to promote good quality we

that's going to promote good quality we
talked<16:50:21.840> about<16:50:21.900> two<16:50:22.256> different<16:50:22.500> types<16:50:22.916> of

talked about two different types of

talked about two different types of
applications<16:50:23.456> in<16:50:23.880> ways<16:50:24.180> that<16:50:24.360> we<16:50:24.660> use<16:50:25.140> quality

applications in ways that we use quality

applications in ways that we use quality
of<16:50:25.680> service<16:50:25.860> first<16:50:26.400> we<16:50:26.580> look<16:50:26.756> at<16:50:26.880> latency

of service first we look at latency

of service first we look at latency
sensitive<16:50:28.020> applications<16:50:28.436> these<16:50:28.796> are<16:50:28.860> the

sensitive applications these are the

sensitive applications these are the
applications<16:50:29.456> that<16:50:30.360> where<16:50:30.540> there<16:50:30.720> is<16:50:30.900> latency

applications that where there is latency

applications that where there is latency
or

or

or
another<16:50:33.240> word<16:50:33.540> for<16:50:33.720> this<16:50:33.900> might<16:50:34.080> be<16:50:34.256> traffic

another word for this might be traffic

another word for this might be traffic
it's<16:50:36.360> going<16:50:36.540> to<16:50:36.660> reduce<16:50:36.840> the<16:50:37.140> speed<16:50:37.320> on<16:50:37.500> the

it's going to reduce the speed on the

it's going to reduce the speed on the
network<16:50:37.756> the<16:50:38.756> quality<16:50:39.180> of<16:50:39.540> the<16:50:39.840> service<16:50:40.080> is

network the quality of the service is

network the quality of the service is
going<16:50:40.680> to<16:50:40.860> start<16:50:40.980> degrading<16:50:41.580> so<16:50:41.936> voice<16:50:42.180> over

going to start degrading so voice over

going to start degrading so voice over
IP<16:50:42.720> is<16:50:42.900> a<16:50:43.020> great<16:50:43.140> example<16:50:43.436> of<16:50:43.616> this<16:50:43.796> if<16:50:44.220> there's

IP is a great example of this if there's

IP is a great example of this if there's
a<16:50:44.520> lot<16:50:44.640> of<16:50:44.820> things<16:50:45.060> going<16:50:45.296> on<16:50:45.480> in<16:50:45.596> the<16:50:45.720> network

a lot of things going on in the network

a lot of things going on in the network
then<16:50:46.740> our<16:50:47.220> voice<16:50:47.456> over<16:50:47.640> IP<16:50:48.116> isn't<16:50:48.540> going<16:50:48.660> to

then our voice over IP isn't going to

then our voice over IP isn't going to
work<16:50:48.900> as<16:50:49.140> effectively<16:50:49.680> and<16:50:50.096> then<16:50:50.220> I<16:50:50.520> can't

work as effectively and then I can't

work as effectively and then I can't
count<16:50:50.880> on<16:50:51.180> voice<16:50:51.296> over<16:50:51.540> IP<16:50:51.900> as<16:50:52.140> a<16:50:52.320> good

count on voice over IP as a good

count on voice over IP as a good
technology<16:50:52.740> so<16:50:53.340> it's<16:50:53.456> important<16:50:53.820> that<16:50:54.060> I<16:50:54.296> make

technology so it's important that I make

technology so it's important that I make
sure<16:50:54.596> Voiceover<16:50:55.200> IP<16:50:55.616> always<16:50:56.160> has<16:50:56.580> a<16:50:56.880> certain

sure Voiceover IP always has a certain

sure Voiceover IP always has a certain
degree<16:50:57.560> of<16:50:58.560> say<16:50:58.796> bandwidth<16:50:59.520> with<16:51:00.116> latency

degree of say bandwidth with latency

degree of say bandwidth with latency
insensitive<16:51:01.320> applications<16:51:01.860> we're<16:51:02.160> looking

insensitive applications we're looking

insensitive applications we're looking
at<16:51:02.580> stuff<16:51:02.820> where<16:51:03.180> the<16:51:03.660> speed<16:51:03.900> although<16:51:04.616> it

at stuff where the speed although it

at stuff where the speed although it
still<16:51:04.916> needs<16:51:05.160> to<16:51:05.220> be<16:51:05.276> fast<16:51:05.456> doesn't<16:51:05.820> matter<16:51:06.060> if

still needs to be fast doesn't matter if

still needs to be fast doesn't matter if
there's<16:51:06.540> latency<16:51:06.900> one<16:51:07.200> second<16:51:07.436> and<16:51:07.616> no

there's latency one second and no

there's latency one second and no
latency<16:51:08.096> the<16:51:08.400> next<16:51:08.520> when<16:51:09.180> we're<16:51:09.360> transferring

latency the next when we're transferring

latency the next when we're transferring
high<16:51:10.520> high<16:51:11.520> or<16:51:12.180> large<16:51:12.480> files<16:51:13.256> such<16:51:13.436> as<16:51:13.560> through

high high or large files such as through

high high or large files such as through
FTP<16:51:14.276> then<16:51:15.240> we<16:51:15.660> don't<16:51:15.776> need<16:51:15.956> to<16:51:16.140> make<16:51:16.320> sure<16:51:16.500> that

FTP then we don't need to make sure that

FTP then we don't need to make sure that
we're<16:51:16.860> not<16:51:17.040> modulating<16:51:17.456> between<16:51:17.756> 90<16:51:18.000> kilobits

we're not modulating between 90 kilobits

we're not modulating between 90 kilobits
per<16:51:18.720> second<16:51:18.840> and<16:51:19.080> 90<16:51:19.200> megabits<16:51:19.740> per<16:51:19.860> second<16:51:19.980> or

per second and 90 megabits per second or

per second and 90 megabits per second or
one<16:51:20.400> gigabit<16:51:20.700> per<16:51:20.880> second<16:51:21.060> as<16:51:21.596> long<16:51:21.720> as<16:51:21.776> the

one gigabit per second as long as the

one gigabit per second as long as the
data<16:51:22.256> gets<16:51:22.560> to<16:51:22.616> where<16:51:22.796> it<16:51:22.916> needs<16:51:23.160> to<16:51:23.220> go

data gets to where it needs to go

data gets to where it needs to go
I<16:51:24.416> don't<16:51:24.540> need<16:51:24.660> to<16:51:24.776> make<16:51:24.956> sure<16:51:25.256> that<16:51:25.740> it's

I don't need to make sure that it's

I don't need to make sure that it's
getting<16:51:26.096> there<16:51:26.276> at<16:51:26.520> the<16:51:26.640> exact<16:51:26.936> time<16:51:27.180> because

getting there at the exact time because

getting there at the exact time because
for<16:51:27.956> instance<16:51:28.140> with<16:51:28.320> voice<16:51:28.500> over<16:51:28.680> IP<16:51:29.040> if<16:51:29.700> I'm

for instance with voice over IP if I'm

for instance with voice over IP if I'm
talking<16:51:30.240> it<16:51:30.660> needs<16:51:30.900> to<16:51:30.956> be<16:51:31.020> able<16:51:31.140> to<16:51:31.320> reach<16:51:31.560> the

talking it needs to be able to reach the

talking it needs to be able to reach the
person<16:51:31.980> sort<16:51:32.456> of<16:51:32.580> the<16:51:32.640> degree<16:51:32.756> that<16:51:33.060> I'm

person sort of the degree that I'm

person sort of the degree that I'm
talking<16:51:33.360> but<16:51:33.900> with<16:51:34.080> FTP<16:51:34.616> it<16:51:34.860> doesn't<16:51:35.040> really

talking but with FTP it doesn't really

talking but with FTP it doesn't really
matter<16:51:35.400> if<16:51:35.700> it's<16:51:35.880> getting<16:51:36.180> there<16:51:36.540> in<16:51:36.956> the<16:51:37.080> same

matter if it's getting there in the same

matter if it's getting there in the same
instant

instant

instant
we<16:51:38.580> also<16:51:38.756> talked<16:51:39.000> about<16:51:39.060> traffic<16:51:39.540> shaping

we also talked about traffic shaping

we also talked about traffic shaping
which<16:51:40.916> is<16:51:41.040> one<16:51:41.276> of<16:51:41.400> the<16:51:41.456> ways<16:51:41.756> that<16:51:41.880> we<16:51:42.060> use

which is one of the ways that we use

which is one of the ways that we use
quality<16:51:42.596> of<16:51:42.720> service<16:51:42.900> and<16:51:43.200> we<16:51:43.320> shape

quality of service and we shape

quality of service and we shape
the<16:51:45.360> bandwidth<16:51:46.020> so<16:51:46.200> that<16:51:46.500> it<16:51:47.096> is<16:51:47.456> used<16:51:47.756> in<16:51:48.116> an

the bandwidth so that it is used in an

the bandwidth so that it is used in an
appropriate<16:51:48.596> way<16:51:48.840> we<16:51:49.500> talked<16:51:49.740> about<16:51:49.860> three

appropriate way we talked about three

appropriate way we talked about three
different<16:51:50.580> ways<16:51:51.000> of<16:51:51.296> doing<16:51:51.480> this

different ways of doing this

different ways of doing this
the<16:51:53.040> first<16:51:53.220> we<16:51:53.456> talked<16:51:53.820> about<16:51:53.880> was<16:51:54.480> based<16:51:54.900> on

the first we talked about was based on

the first we talked about was based on
application<16:51:55.616> so<16:51:56.580> for<16:51:56.820> instance<16:51:57.000> I'm<16:51:57.296> going<16:51:57.480> to

application so for instance I'm going to

application so for instance I'm going to
give<16:51:57.840> a<16:51:58.256> certain<16:51:58.380> degree<16:51:58.740> of<16:51:58.916> bandwidth<16:51:59.520> to

give a certain degree of bandwidth to

give a certain degree of bandwidth to
one<16:52:00.416> application<16:52:00.900> and<16:52:01.380> a<16:52:01.560> certain<16:52:01.680> to<16:52:01.916> another

one application and a certain to another

one application and a certain to another
once<16:52:03.240> all<16:52:03.416> the<16:52:03.596> voice<16:52:03.720> over<16:52:03.956> IP<16:52:04.400> bandwidth<16:52:05.400> is

once all the voice over IP bandwidth is

once all the voice over IP bandwidth is
used<16:52:05.756> that's<16:52:06.180> it<16:52:06.360> once<16:52:07.256> all<16:52:07.436> the<16:52:07.560> FTP

used that's it once all the FTP

used that's it once all the FTP
bandwidth<16:52:08.936> is<16:52:09.000> used<16:52:09.180> I<16:52:09.720> don't<16:52:09.776> have<16:52:09.900> any<16:52:10.080> more

bandwidth is used I don't have any more

bandwidth is used I don't have any more
and<16:52:10.796> so<16:52:10.980> I'm<16:52:11.160> only<16:52:11.340> giving<16:52:11.700> if<16:52:12.180> I<16:52:12.296> have<16:52:12.480> a<16:52:12.776> large

and so I'm only giving if I have a large

and so I'm only giving if I have a large
bandwidth<16:52:13.380> let's<16:52:13.500> say<16:52:13.616> this<16:52:13.860> box<16:52:14.096> represents

bandwidth let's say this box represents

bandwidth let's say this box represents
bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth
then<16:52:16.680> I'm<16:52:16.860> going<16:52:17.096> to<16:52:17.340> sort<16:52:17.700> of<16:52:17.820> divide<16:52:18.480> this

then I'm going to sort of divide this

then I'm going to sort of divide this
into<16:52:19.080> layers

into layers

into layers
so<16:52:20.580> FTP<16:52:21.116> gets<16:52:21.480> some

so FTP gets some

so FTP gets some
HTTP<16:52:23.880> gets<16:52:24.360> some<16:52:24.596> voice<16:52:25.200> over<16:52:25.380> IP<16:52:25.796> gets<16:52:26.160> some

HTTP gets some voice over IP gets some

HTTP gets some voice over IP gets some
Etc

Etc

Etc
we<16:52:27.900> also<16:52:28.140> talked<16:52:28.320> about<16:52:28.436> user<16:52:28.916> specific

we also talked about user specific

we also talked about user specific
which<16:52:30.596> means<16:52:30.956> that<16:52:31.380> instead<16:52:31.616> of<16:52:31.680> dividing

which means that instead of dividing

which means that instead of dividing
things<16:52:32.276> up

things up

things up
based<16:52:34.140> on<16:52:34.436> the<16:52:35.160> application<16:52:35.580> I'm<16:52:35.880> going<16:52:36.060> to

based on the application I'm going to

based on the application I'm going to
divide<16:52:36.480> it<16:52:36.596> up<16:52:36.720> based<16:52:37.020> on<16:52:37.080> the<16:52:37.256> individual

divide it up based on the individual

divide it up based on the individual
so<16:52:39.000> Maria<16:52:39.360> gets<16:52:39.956> a<16:52:40.020> certain<16:52:40.140> amount

so Maria gets a certain amount

so Maria gets a certain amount
Anthony<16:52:41.820> gets<16:52:42.296> a<16:52:42.360> certain<16:52:42.480> amount

Anthony gets a certain amount

Anthony gets a certain amount
and<16:52:44.400> Amy<16:52:44.756> gets<16:52:45.000> a<16:52:45.060> certain<16:52:45.116> amount

and Amy gets a certain amount

and Amy gets a certain amount
finally<16:52:46.980> we<16:52:47.520> looked<16:52:47.820> at<16:52:48.080> priority<16:52:49.080> shaping

finally we looked at priority shaping

finally we looked at priority shaping
which<16:52:50.160> is<16:52:50.400> a<16:52:50.520> really<16:52:50.700> cool<16:52:50.880> term

which is a really cool term

which is a really cool term
and<16:52:53.400> what<16:52:53.520> this<16:52:53.700> means<16:52:54.000> is<16:52:54.240> I<16:52:54.480> can<16:52:54.660> give

and what this means is I can give

and what this means is I can give
certain<16:52:55.256> priority<16:52:55.796> to<16:52:56.340> certain<16:52:56.520> individuals

certain priority to certain individuals

certain priority to certain individuals
or<16:52:57.596> groups<16:52:57.956> so<16:52:58.616> for<16:52:58.860> instance<16:52:59.040> we<16:52:59.276> use<16:52:59.456> the

or groups so for instance we use the

or groups so for instance we use the
teachers<16:53:00.840> versus<16:53:01.020> students<16:53:01.756> comparison

teachers versus students comparison

teachers versus students comparison
teachers<16:53:03.480> we<16:53:03.660> want<16:53:03.840> to<16:53:03.956> have<16:53:04.140> a<16:53:04.320> lot<16:53:04.436> more<16:53:04.740> than

teachers we want to have a lot more than

teachers we want to have a lot more than
the<16:53:05.580> students<16:53:05.936> so<16:53:06.416> students<16:53:06.840> get<16:53:07.080> a<16:53:07.256> very

the students so students get a very

the students so students get a very
small<16:53:07.616> amount<16:53:08.040> whereas<16:53:08.580> teachers<16:53:08.820> get<16:53:09.000> a<16:53:09.116> very

small amount whereas teachers get a very

small amount whereas teachers get a very
large<16:53:09.360> amount<16:53:09.720> same<16:53:10.436> with<16:53:10.680> on<16:53:10.916> a<16:53:11.096> corporate

large amount same with on a corporate

large amount same with on a corporate
Network<16:53:11.520> perhaps<16:53:12.000> I<16:53:12.180> want<16:53:12.296> a<16:53:12.480> management<16:53:12.660> or

Network perhaps I want a management or

Network perhaps I want a management or
my<16:53:13.680> Graphics<16:53:14.096> team<16:53:14.276> to<16:53:14.700> have<16:53:14.820> a<16:53:15.000> lot<16:53:15.116> more<16:53:15.360> than

my Graphics team to have a lot more than

my Graphics team to have a lot more than
say<16:53:16.080> my<16:53:16.256> accounting<16:53:16.680> team<16:53:16.916> or<16:53:17.276> lower

say my accounting team or lower

say my accounting team or lower
management<16:53:17.936> or<16:53:18.360> the<16:53:18.596> secretaries<16:53:19.560> finally<16:53:20.220> we

management or the secretaries finally we

management or the secretaries finally we
talked<16:53:20.700> about<16:53:20.756> caching<16:53:21.416> engines<16:53:21.840> and<16:53:22.140> we<16:53:22.320> use

talked about caching engines and we use

talked about caching engines and we use
the<16:53:22.616> word<16:53:22.796> proxy<16:53:23.456> server<16:53:24.240> this<16:53:24.660> is<16:53:24.776> going<16:53:24.900> to

the word proxy server this is going to

the word proxy server this is going to
save<16:53:25.256> us<16:53:25.436> time<16:53:25.740> because<16:53:26.456> whenever<16:53:27.116> I<16:53:27.360> go<16:53:27.480> out

save us time because whenever I go out

save us time because whenever I go out
to<16:53:27.720> get<16:53:27.840> information<16:53:28.080> from<16:53:28.500> a<16:53:28.616> website<16:53:28.980> I

to get information from a website I

to get information from a website I
don't<16:53:29.700> have<16:53:29.880> to<16:53:30.060> go<16:53:30.240> get<16:53:30.480> the<16:53:30.660> information

don't have to go get the information

don't have to go get the information
fresh<16:53:31.436> every<16:53:31.916> time<16:53:32.220> instead<16:53:33.060> I'm<16:53:33.360> going<16:53:33.540> to

fresh every time instead I'm going to

fresh every time instead I'm going to
use<16:53:33.900> the<16:53:34.080> proxy<16:53:34.500> server<16:53:34.860> to<16:53:35.700> hold<16:53:35.880> a<16:53:36.180> copy<16:53:36.540> or<16:53:37.200> a

use the proxy server to hold a copy or a

use the proxy server to hold a copy or a
cached<16:53:38.276> version<16:53:38.720> of<16:53:39.720> my<16:53:39.956> website<16:53:40.320> and<16:53:40.916> that

cached version of my website and that

cached version of my website and that
way<16:53:41.160> I<16:53:41.340> don't<16:53:41.400> have<16:53:41.580> to<16:53:41.640> go<16:53:41.756> out<16:53:41.880> to<16:53:42.000> the

way I don't have to go out to the

way I don't have to go out to the
internet<16:53:42.240> every<16:53:42.540> time<16:53:42.776> and<16:53:43.020> I<16:53:43.140> can<16:53:43.256> reserve

internet every time and I can reserve

internet every time and I can reserve
that<16:53:43.860> bandwidth<16:53:44.400> for<16:53:44.640> other<16:53:44.820> things<16:53:45.000> I<16:53:45.296> might

that bandwidth for other things I might

that bandwidth for other things I might
need<16:53:45.540> to<16:53:45.720> use

[Music]

[Music]
thank<16:53:59.220> you

okay welcome to module 11 lesson 3

okay welcome to module 11 lesson 3
Network<16:54:08.220> documentation<16:54:09.200> a<16:54:10.200> little<16:54:10.380> bit<16:54:11.040> um<16:54:11.040> of

Network documentation a little bit um of

Network documentation a little bit um of
a<16:54:12.116> harder<16:54:12.416> on<16:54:12.596> this<16:54:12.720> it's<16:54:13.020> just<16:54:13.200> a<16:54:13.320> bit

a harder on this it's just a bit

a harder on this it's just a bit
easier<16:54:14.700> Terry<16:54:14.880> can<16:54:15.116> wishy-washy

easier Terry can wishy-washy

easier Terry can wishy-washy
um although<16:54:16.860> it's<16:54:17.040> obviously<16:54:17.520> important

um although it's obviously important

um although it's obviously important
but<16:54:19.140> just<16:54:19.380> to<16:54:19.560> discuss<16:54:19.860> and<16:54:20.456> what<16:54:20.640> is<16:54:21.116> it<16:54:21.240> I'm

but just to discuss and what is it I'm

but just to discuss and what is it I'm
sure<16:54:21.720> you<16:54:21.840> could<16:54:21.956> actually<16:54:22.140> work<16:54:22.380> out<16:54:22.616> well

sure you could actually work out well

sure you could actually work out well
one<16:54:23.520> network<16:54:23.640> documentation<16:54:24.416> is<16:54:24.720> why<16:54:25.500> do<16:54:25.680> we

one network documentation is why do we

one network documentation is why do we
why<16:54:26.160> do<16:54:26.340> we<16:54:26.456> have<16:54:26.640> it<16:54:26.820> importance<16:54:27.540> of<16:54:27.776> it

why do we have it importance of it

why do we have it importance of it
parts<16:54:29.400> of<16:54:29.640> it

parts of it

parts of it
and<16:54:31.436> many<16:54:31.616> General<16:54:31.860> assets<16:54:32.276> and<16:54:32.456> our<16:54:32.640> Network

and many General assets and our Network

and many General assets and our Network
diagrams

diagrams

diagrams
RFID<16:54:35.400> which<16:54:35.820> we<16:54:36.060> go<16:54:36.180> into

RFID which we go into

RFID which we go into
tracking<16:54:38.400> our<16:54:38.520> IP<16:54:38.880> address<16:54:39.000> utilization

tracking our IP address utilization

tracking our IP address utilization
which<16:54:40.200> is<16:54:40.320> quite<16:54:40.500> a<16:54:40.616> handy<16:54:40.860> thing<16:54:41.040> to<16:54:41.276> have

which is quite a handy thing to have

which is quite a handy thing to have
actually<16:54:41.776> information<16:54:42.776> about<16:54:43.200> vendors<16:54:43.740> and

actually information about vendors and

actually information about vendors and
contractors<16:54:44.456> and<16:54:44.820> all<16:54:44.936> of<16:54:45.060> our<16:54:45.240> policies<16:54:46.020> and

contractors and all of our policies and

contractors and all of our policies and
procedures

procedures

procedures
so<16:54:48.840> the<16:54:48.956> whole<16:54:49.140> principle<16:54:49.740> behind<16:54:50.096> Network

so the whole principle behind Network

so the whole principle behind Network
documentation<16:54:51.596> is<16:54:51.840> professionalism<16:54:52.616> really

documentation is professionalism really

documentation is professionalism really
and<16:54:53.276> business<16:54:53.520> continuity<16:54:54.416> and<16:54:55.080> it's<16:54:55.616> um<16:54:55.616> an

and business continuity and it's um an

and business continuity and it's um an
emerging<16:54:56.456> field

emerging field

emerging field
and<16:54:58.740> in<16:54:58.980> the<16:54:59.096> world<16:54:59.220> of<16:54:59.456> I.T<16:54:59.820> non-technical

and in the world of I.T non-technical

and in the world of I.T non-technical
but<16:55:01.320> looking<16:55:01.560> at<16:55:01.860> audit<16:55:02.520> trails<16:55:03.060> and<16:55:04.380> um<16:55:04.860> yeah

but looking at audit trails and um yeah

but looking at audit trails and um yeah
in<16:55:05.640> the<16:55:05.880> context<16:55:06.180> of<16:55:06.360> documentation<16:55:06.956> really

in the context of documentation really

in the context of documentation really
and<16:55:07.560> all<16:55:07.740> of<16:55:07.860> our<16:55:07.980> procedures

so critical role and especially when

so critical role and especially when
there's<16:55:13.980> a<16:55:14.160> problem<16:55:14.340> because<16:55:14.756> people<16:55:15.116> start

there's a problem because people start

there's a problem because people start
scrambling<16:55:15.840> looking<16:55:16.200> for<16:55:16.560> what<16:55:17.400> to<16:55:17.580> do<16:55:17.820> in

scrambling looking for what to do in

scrambling looking for what to do in
terms<16:55:18.840> of<16:55:18.900> procedures<16:55:19.436> and<16:55:19.680> policies<16:55:20.160> who

terms of procedures and policies who

terms of procedures and policies who
does<16:55:21.296> what

does what

does what
um<16:55:22.916> where<16:55:23.276> to<16:55:23.400> find<16:55:23.580> them<16:55:23.820> how<16:55:24.240> to<16:55:24.296> contact

um where to find them how to contact

um where to find them how to contact
them<16:55:25.020> and

them and

them and
um where<16:55:27.240> the<16:55:27.416> technology<16:55:27.776> is<16:55:28.080> and<16:55:28.256> how<16:55:28.436> to

um where the technology is and how to

um where the technology is and how to
fix<16:55:28.740> here<16:55:28.980> there's<16:55:29.220> a<16:55:29.340> whole<16:55:29.456> bunch<16:55:29.700> of

fix here there's a whole bunch of

fix here there's a whole bunch of
procedures<16:55:31.020> and<16:55:31.560> documents<16:55:32.220> that<16:55:32.456> have<16:55:32.640> to

procedures and documents that have to

procedures and documents that have to
all<16:55:33.116> be<16:55:33.720> easily<16:55:34.020> accessible<16:55:34.436> and<16:55:34.616> come

all be easily accessible and come

all be easily accessible and come
together<16:55:35.040> and<16:55:35.756> bear<16:55:35.936> in<16:55:36.116> mind<16:55:36.296> that<16:55:37.080> um<16:55:37.080> the

together and bear in mind that um the

together and bear in mind that um the
network<16:55:37.740> could<16:55:38.340> be<16:55:38.520> down<16:55:38.700> there<16:55:38.880> could<16:55:39.000> be<16:55:39.116> an

network could be down there could be an

network could be down there could be an
outage<16:55:39.540> so<16:55:39.900> if<16:55:40.436> it's<16:55:40.560> contained<16:55:41.040> on<16:55:41.096> a<16:55:41.276> service

outage so if it's contained on a service

outage so if it's contained on a service
somewhere<16:55:41.880> then<16:55:42.116> that<16:55:42.956> might<16:55:43.140> not<16:55:43.256> be<16:55:43.860> um

somewhere then that might not be um

somewhere then that might not be um
ideal<16:55:44.700> if<16:55:44.936> it's<16:55:45.116> only<16:55:45.296> kept<16:55:45.596> on<16:55:45.720> the<16:55:45.840> server

ideal if it's only kept on the server

ideal if it's only kept on the server
anyway

anyway

anyway
so<16:55:48.360> um<16:55:48.360> you<16:55:48.596> can't<16:55:48.720> remember<16:55:48.900> everything

so um you can't remember everything

so um you can't remember everything
especially<16:55:49.980> if<16:55:50.160> it's<16:55:50.276> a<16:55:50.456> large<16:55:50.580> Network<16:55:50.936> or

especially if it's a large Network or

especially if it's a large Network or
even<16:55:51.776> worse<16:55:52.020> if<16:55:52.200> it's<16:55:52.380> a<16:55:52.560> small<16:55:52.740> company<16:55:53.000> and

even worse if it's a small company and

even worse if it's a small company and
somebody<16:55:54.180> leaves<16:55:54.660> the<16:55:54.776> business<16:55:54.956> and<16:55:55.916> you

somebody leaves the business and you

somebody leaves the business and you
take<16:55:56.340> over<16:55:56.520> from<16:55:56.820> them<16:55:57.000> if<16:55:57.240> there's<16:55:57.416> no

take over from them if there's no

take over from them if there's no
documentation<16:55:58.200> then<16:55:58.436> it<16:55:58.680> causes<16:55:59.096> a<16:55:59.340> lot<16:55:59.456> of

documentation then it causes a lot of

documentation then it causes a lot of
Heartache

um and yeah if you're the one to have

um and yeah if you're the one to have
joined<16:56:05.276> it's<16:56:05.756> um<16:56:05.756> it's<16:56:06.240> pretty<16:56:06.360> difficult

joined it's um it's pretty difficult

joined it's um it's pretty difficult
because<16:56:06.840> you've<16:56:07.080> got<16:56:07.140> to<16:56:07.256> learn<16:56:07.380> the<16:56:07.500> network

because you've got to learn the network

because you've got to learn the network
from<16:56:08.160> scratch

from scratch

from scratch
and<16:56:10.616> it's<16:56:10.796> not<16:56:10.916> possible<16:56:11.220> to<16:56:11.400> go<16:56:11.520> and<16:56:11.640> search<16:56:11.756> a

and it's not possible to go and search a

and it's not possible to go and search a
network<16:56:12.180> organization<16:56:12.956> administrators

network organization administrators

network organization administrators
who've<16:56:14.096> quit

who've quit

who've quit
don't<16:56:15.840> believe<16:56:16.020> they<16:56:16.200> have<16:56:16.320> their<16:56:16.500> phones

don't believe they have their phones

don't believe they have their phones
taken<16:56:17.040> off<16:56:17.160> them<16:56:17.340> or<16:56:17.456> they're<16:56:17.640> just<16:56:17.756> going<16:56:17.880> a

taken off them or they're just going a

taken off them or they're just going a
long<16:56:18.240> vacation<16:56:18.596> so<16:56:18.956> you<16:56:19.020> don't<16:56:19.200> got<16:56:19.320> to<16:56:19.500> find

long vacation so you don't got to find

long vacation so you don't got to find
them

them

them
so<16:56:21.840> it<16:56:22.140> gives<16:56:22.436> Network<16:56:22.740> administrators

so it gives Network administrators

so it gives Network administrators
information<16:56:23.880> about<16:56:24.660> the<16:56:25.140> network<16:56:25.640> appearance

information about the network appearance

information about the network appearance
logical<16:56:27.116> versus<16:56:27.416> physical

logical versus physical

logical versus physical
baselines<16:56:29.456> how<16:56:29.700> it's<16:56:29.880> performing<16:56:30.296> I<16:56:30.540> should

baselines how it's performing I should

baselines how it's performing I should
perform<16:56:30.840> to<16:56:31.256> see<16:56:31.380> if<16:56:31.500> there's<16:56:31.616> anything

perform to see if there's anything

perform to see if there's anything
um out<16:56:33.060> of<16:56:33.180> the<16:56:33.296> ordinary

um out of the ordinary

um out of the ordinary
um<16:56:34.796> where<16:56:34.980> to<16:56:35.096> begin<16:56:35.220> troubleshooting

um where to begin troubleshooting

um where to begin troubleshooting
so<16:56:37.380> the<16:56:37.500> main<16:56:37.680> purpose<16:56:38.040> is<16:56:38.276> to<16:56:38.456> keep<16:56:38.520> the

so the main purpose is to keep the

so the main purpose is to keep the
network<16:56:38.880> running<16:56:39.240> smoothly<16:56:39.776> so<16:56:39.956> we've<16:56:40.140> got

network running smoothly so we've got

network running smoothly so we've got
that<16:56:40.436> five<16:56:40.680> nines

that five nines

that five nines
99.99<16:56:43.040> uptime<16:56:44.040> ideally

99.99 uptime ideally

99.99 uptime ideally
it's<16:56:46.080> important<16:56:46.436> to<16:56:46.616> maintain<16:56:46.860> the

it's important to maintain the

it's important to maintain the
documentation<16:56:47.640> and<16:56:48.360> keep<16:56:48.900> it<16:56:49.080> while

documentation and keep it while

documentation and keep it while
maintaining<16:56:49.860> means<16:56:50.220> keep<16:56:50.456> it<16:56:50.580> up<16:56:50.756> to<16:56:50.880> date

maintaining means keep it up to date

maintaining means keep it up to date
because<16:56:51.360> out<16:56:52.320> of<16:56:52.500> date<16:56:52.680> documentation

because out of date documentation

because out of date documentation
actually<16:56:53.580> causes<16:56:54.116> more<16:56:54.360> problems<16:56:54.720> than<16:56:54.956> it

actually causes more problems than it

actually causes more problems than it
fixes<16:56:55.560> because<16:56:56.040> all<16:56:56.340> of<16:56:56.456> a<16:56:56.520> sudden<16:56:56.580> you're

fixes because all of a sudden you're

fixes because all of a sudden you're
looking<16:56:56.880> at<16:56:57.060> the<16:56:57.240> wrong<16:56:57.360> devices<16:56:57.720> or<16:56:58.080> the

looking at the wrong devices or the

looking at the wrong devices or the
wrong<16:56:58.380> ports<16:56:58.740> or<16:56:58.860> the<16:56:58.980> wrong<16:56:59.096> IP<16:56:59.456> addresses

wrong ports or the wrong IP addresses

wrong ports or the wrong IP addresses
and<16:57:00.840> I've<16:57:00.956> been<16:57:01.200> there

and I've been there

and I've been there
um so<16:57:03.540> yeah<16:57:03.660> that's<16:57:03.840> what<16:57:04.080> I've<16:57:04.200> said

um so yeah that's what I've said

um so yeah that's what I've said
essential<16:57:04.916> Parts<16:57:05.160> include<16:57:05.580> Network<16:57:05.756> diagrams

essential Parts include Network diagrams

essential Parts include Network diagrams
Asset<16:57:06.900> Management<16:57:07.080> IP<16:57:07.860> address<16:57:08.416> utilization

Asset Management IP address utilization

Asset Management IP address utilization
you<16:57:10.256> could<16:57:10.320> have<16:57:10.500> more<16:57:10.740> or<16:57:10.860> less<16:57:11.040> depending<16:57:11.520> on

you could have more or less depending on

you could have more or less depending on
your<16:57:11.880> organization<16:57:12.480> and<16:57:12.840> the<16:57:12.956> size<16:57:13.140> of<16:57:13.320> it<16:57:13.916> you

your organization and the size of it you

your organization and the size of it you
did<16:57:14.456> information<16:57:14.820> about<16:57:15.240> the<16:57:15.540> vendors<16:57:15.900> and

did information about the vendors and

did information about the vendors and
contractors<16:57:17.296> procedures<16:57:18.296> and<16:57:18.480> policies<16:57:19.080> who

contractors procedures and policies who

contractors procedures and policies who
should<16:57:20.040> be<16:57:20.160> doing<16:57:20.340> what<16:57:20.580> and<16:57:20.820> when<16:57:21.000> and<16:57:21.900> also

should be doing what and when and also

should be doing what and when and also
logical<16:57:22.616> and

logical and

logical and
um<16:57:24.180> physical<16:57:24.980> this<16:57:25.980> is<16:57:26.160> a

um physical this is a

um physical this is a
a<16:57:28.740> topology<16:57:29.340> diagram<16:57:29.936> of<16:57:30.416> all<16:57:30.540> the<16:57:30.720> hardware

a topology diagram of all the hardware

a topology diagram of all the hardware
and<16:57:31.740> the<16:57:31.860> connections<16:57:32.340> we<16:57:32.520> haven't<16:57:32.580> named<16:57:32.936> the

and the connections we haven't named the

and the connections we haven't named the
ports<16:57:33.360> on<16:57:33.480> this<16:57:33.660> particular<16:57:33.956> diagram<16:57:34.436> it's

ports on this particular diagram it's

ports on this particular diagram it's
copyright<16:57:35.756> as<16:57:36.116> Scott<16:57:36.360> McDonald

copyright as Scott McDonald

copyright as Scott McDonald
uh<16:57:38.400> just<16:57:38.520> to<16:57:38.700> give<16:57:38.756> you<16:57:38.880> an<16:57:39.000> idea<16:57:39.240> this<16:57:39.416> looks

uh just to give you an idea this looks

uh just to give you an idea this looks
like<16:57:39.776> it<16:57:39.956> was<16:57:40.080> done<16:57:40.256> in<16:57:40.436> Vizio<16:57:40.916> which<16:57:41.340> is<16:57:41.456> a

like it was done in Vizio which is a

like it was done in Vizio which is a
Cisco<16:57:42.296> Network<16:57:43.020> creation

Cisco Network creation

Cisco Network creation
um<16:57:44.416> diagramming<16:57:45.416> tool<16:57:45.660> there's<16:57:45.840> others<16:57:46.200> out

um diagramming tool there's others out

um diagramming tool there's others out
there<16:57:46.560> it's<16:57:47.276> a<16:57:47.520> free<16:57:47.700> to<16:57:47.880> troll<16:57:48.116> or<16:57:48.480> some<16:57:48.596> are

there it's a free to troll or some are

there it's a free to troll or some are
free<16:57:48.840> to<16:57:49.080> use

free to use

free to use
and<16:57:50.640> it<16:57:50.756> shows<16:57:51.000> you<16:57:51.060> all<16:57:51.180> your<16:57:51.296> different

and it shows you all your different

and it shows you all your different
devices

devices

devices
The<16:57:53.936> Logical<16:57:54.240> provides<16:57:55.020> the<16:57:55.436> logical<16:57:55.796> view<16:57:55.980> of

The Logical provides the logical view of

The Logical provides the logical view of
how<16:57:56.400> the<16:57:56.580> network<16:57:56.756> sees<16:57:57.296> itself<16:57:57.596> not<16:57:58.380> how<16:57:58.680> we

how the network sees itself not how we

how the network sees itself not how we
will<16:57:58.980> physically<16:57:59.340> see<16:57:59.520> the<16:57:59.756> network<16:57:59.880> in<16:58:00.240> the

will physically see the network in the

will physically see the network in the
server<16:58:00.776> room

server room

server room
uh<16:58:03.296> indicates<16:58:03.720> how<16:58:03.900> the<16:58:04.080> traffic<16:58:04.200> flows

uh indicates how the traffic flows

uh indicates how the traffic flows
between<16:58:04.860> devices<16:58:05.276> in<16:58:05.640> the<16:58:05.820> network<16:58:05.936> so<16:58:06.360> you'll

between devices in the network so you'll

between devices in the network so you'll
see<16:58:06.720> all<16:58:06.956> of<16:58:07.080> your<16:58:07.200> vlans<16:58:07.860> routing

see all of your vlans routing

see all of your vlans routing
redistribution<16:58:10.040> all<16:58:11.040> these<16:58:11.220> kind<16:58:11.340> of<16:58:11.456> things

redistribution all these kind of things

redistribution all these kind of things
bgp<16:58:12.240> if<16:58:12.480> you<16:58:12.660> have<16:58:12.776> it

bgp if you have it

bgp if you have it
a<16:58:14.580> logical<16:58:14.936> net<16:58:15.180> Network<16:58:15.840> diagrams<16:58:16.436> include

a logical net Network diagrams include

a logical net Network diagrams include
domain<16:58:17.220> names<16:58:17.400> IP<16:58:17.936> addresses<16:58:18.480> and<16:58:18.956> the<16:58:19.500> tasks

domain names IP addresses and the tasks

domain names IP addresses and the tasks
performed<16:58:20.160> by<16:58:20.340> each<16:58:20.640> different<16:58:20.880> device

performed by each different device

performed by each different device
logically<16:58:23.580> includes<16:58:24.540> how<16:58:24.956> devices

logically includes how devices

logically includes how devices
communicate<16:58:26.096> with<16:58:26.276> each<16:58:26.520> other<16:58:26.700> which

communicate with each other which

communicate with each other which
direction<16:58:27.776> the<16:58:28.140> traffic<16:58:28.320> flows

direction the traffic flows

direction the traffic flows
and<16:58:30.596> how<16:58:30.776> all<16:58:30.956> these<16:58:31.200> devices<16:58:31.380> work<16:58:31.740> together

and how all these devices work together

and how all these devices work together
the<16:58:33.720> physical<16:58:33.840> network<16:58:34.200> shows<16:58:34.740> the<16:58:34.860> actual

the physical network shows the actual

the physical network shows the actual
physical<16:58:35.400> connection<16:58:35.880> so<16:58:36.296> you<16:58:36.416> can<16:58:36.540> look<16:58:36.660> at

physical connection so you can look at

physical connection so you can look at
the<16:58:37.020> diagram<16:58:37.320> of<16:58:38.160> a<16:58:38.340> certain<16:58:38.456> router<16:58:39.116> and<16:58:39.596> you

the diagram of a certain router and you

the diagram of a certain router and you
can<16:58:39.840> see<16:58:40.020> which<16:58:40.380> ports

can see which ports

can see which ports
are<16:58:42.360> on<16:58:42.540> the<16:58:42.660> router<16:58:43.020> how<16:58:43.256> many<16:58:43.436> and<16:58:43.680> what<16:58:43.860> it's

are on the router how many and what it's

are on the router how many and what it's
actually<16:58:44.220> physically<16:58:44.700> connected<16:58:45.480> to<16:58:46.200> and<16:58:46.740> a

actually physically connected to and a

actually physically connected to and a
lot<16:58:46.980> of<16:58:47.096> companies<16:58:47.400> use<16:58:47.580> the<16:58:47.756> concept<16:58:48.060> of

lot of companies use the concept of

lot of companies use the concept of
remote<16:58:48.596> hands<16:58:49.140> so<16:58:49.740> you<16:58:49.916> can<16:58:49.980> use<16:58:50.160> these

remote hands so you can use these

remote hands so you can use these
diagrams<16:58:50.880> to<16:58:51.116> tell<16:58:51.240> the<16:58:51.416> remote<16:58:51.660> hands<16:58:52.256> where

diagrams to tell the remote hands where

diagrams to tell the remote hands where
to<16:58:52.980> find<16:58:53.160> the<16:58:53.400> device<16:58:53.596> and<16:58:54.596> which<16:58:54.776> cable<16:58:55.140> to

to find the device and which cable to

to find the device and which cable to
plug<16:58:56.400> unplug<16:58:57.296> Etc

physical network is the physical layout

physical network is the physical layout
that<16:59:03.060> I've<16:59:03.240> mentioned<16:59:04.040> so<16:59:05.040> here's<16:59:05.820> a<16:59:05.936> typical

that I've mentioned so here's a typical

that I've mentioned so here's a typical
diagram<16:59:06.776> above<16:59:07.616> is<16:59:07.796> the<16:59:08.040> physical<16:59:08.220> topology

diagram above is the physical topology

diagram above is the physical topology
and<16:59:09.840> below<16:59:10.140> is<16:59:10.320> logical<16:59:10.740> topology

and below is logical topology

and below is logical topology
so<16:59:12.840> you<16:59:13.020> might<16:59:13.200> not<16:59:13.380> necessarily<16:59:13.980> see<16:59:14.400> all<16:59:15.296> of

so you might not necessarily see all of

so you might not necessarily see all of
the<16:59:15.540> hardware<16:59:15.660> devices<16:59:16.256> you're<16:59:16.680> going<16:59:16.796> to<16:59:16.916> see

the hardware devices you're going to see

the hardware devices you're going to see
things<16:59:17.220> like<16:59:17.400> vlans<16:59:18.060> connections<16:59:18.660> going<16:59:18.840> out

things like vlans connections going out

things like vlans connections going out
to<16:59:19.200> isps

to isps

to isps
and<16:59:21.480> hot<16:59:21.720> standby<16:59:22.200> routing<16:59:22.680> protocol<16:59:23.160> all

and hot standby routing protocol all

and hot standby routing protocol all
this<16:59:23.820> kind<16:59:24.060> of<16:59:24.180> thing

this kind of thing

this kind of thing
uh<16:59:25.560> you<16:59:25.796> won't<16:59:25.916> generally<16:59:26.276> see<16:59:26.520> end<16:59:26.880> devices

uh you won't generally see end devices

uh you won't generally see end devices
on<16:59:28.020> the<16:59:28.200> topology<16:59:28.680> diagram<16:59:29.220> so<16:59:29.580> this<16:59:29.756> is<16:59:29.936> a

on the topology diagram so this is a

on the topology diagram so this is a
very<16:59:30.240> small<16:59:30.416> Network<16:59:30.776> or<16:59:31.500> unless<16:59:31.796> one<16:59:31.980> of<16:59:32.096> the

very small Network or unless one of the

very small Network or unless one of the
end<16:59:32.276> devices<16:59:32.640> happens<16:59:33.416> to<16:59:33.660> be<16:59:33.840> your<16:59:34.200> network

end devices happens to be your network

end devices happens to be your network
management<16:59:34.740> server<16:59:35.400> or<16:59:35.580> something<16:59:35.936> like<16:59:36.296> that

so your documentation should include

so your documentation should include
notes<16:59:41.580> about<16:59:41.700> Asset<16:59:42.180> Management<16:59:42.740> a<16:59:43.740> whole

notes about Asset Management a whole

notes about Asset Management a whole
bunch<16:59:44.040> of<16:59:44.160> things<16:59:44.340> name<16:59:44.880> model<16:59:45.240> number

bunch of things name model number

bunch of things name model number
manufacturer<16:59:46.500> data<16:59:47.040> purchase<16:59:47.456> a<16:59:48.240> version<16:59:48.480> of

manufacturer data purchase a version of

manufacturer data purchase a version of
software<16:59:49.020> running<16:59:49.256> does<16:59:49.616> it<16:59:49.796> need<16:59:49.916> updating

software running does it need updating

software running does it need updating
is<16:59:51.660> there<16:59:51.900> problems<16:59:52.200> of<16:59:52.380> that<16:59:52.616> particular

is there problems of that particular

is there problems of that particular
release<16:59:53.456> of<16:59:53.880> software<16:59:54.660> updates<16:59:55.160> location

release of software updates location

release of software updates location
warranty<16:59:56.936> and<16:59:57.116> who<16:59:57.296> has<16:59:57.480> it<16:59:57.596> who's

warranty and who has it who's

warranty and who has it who's
responsible<16:59:58.380> for<16:59:58.680> it<16:59:58.796> if<16:59:59.456> you're<16:59:59.520> sitting

responsible for it if you're sitting

responsible for it if you're sitting
under<17:00:00.000> some<17:00:00.596> under<17:00:00.900> somebody's<17:00:01.320> desk<17:00:01.560> and

under some under somebody's desk and

under some under somebody's desk and
nobody<17:00:02.160> knows<17:00:02.456> and<17:00:02.640> it<17:00:02.756> doesn't<17:00:02.880> serve<17:00:03.180> any

nobody knows and it doesn't serve any

nobody knows and it doesn't serve any
purpose

purpose

purpose
so<17:00:05.040> you<17:00:05.220> should<17:00:05.400> keep<17:00:05.756> track<17:00:05.936> of<17:00:06.116> all<17:00:06.296> your

so you should keep track of all your

so you should keep track of all your
assets<17:00:06.776> and<17:00:07.380> eventually<17:00:07.740> there's<17:00:08.096> normally<17:00:08.640> a

assets and eventually there's normally a

assets and eventually there's normally a
disposal

disposal

disposal
a<17:00:10.320> procedure<17:00:10.796> as<17:00:10.916> well<17:00:11.096> where<17:00:11.340> the<17:00:11.520> devices

a procedure as well where the devices

a procedure as well where the devices
are<17:00:12.480> wiped<17:00:13.580> and<17:00:14.776> fragmented<17:00:15.776> defragmented

are wiped and fragmented defragmented

are wiped and fragmented defragmented
whatever<17:00:16.796> and<17:00:17.640> whatever<17:00:17.880> type<17:00:18.660> of<17:00:19.140> um

whatever and whatever type of um

whatever and whatever type of um
scrubbing<17:00:21.480> is<17:00:21.596> done<17:00:21.776> on<17:00:21.956> their<17:00:22.080> drives<17:00:22.436> if

scrubbing is done on their drives if

scrubbing is done on their drives if
necessary<17:00:23.160> so<17:00:23.456> there's<17:00:23.700> no<17:00:23.880> data<17:00:24.660> that's

necessary so there's no data that's

necessary so there's no data that's
important<17:00:25.640> devices<17:00:26.640> are<17:00:27.240> tagged<17:00:27.660> with<17:00:27.776> the

important devices are tagged with the

important devices are tagged with the
barcodes<17:00:28.380> or<17:00:28.616> RFID<17:00:29.340> is<17:00:30.116> an<17:00:30.360> example<17:00:30.660> of<17:00:30.900> one

barcodes or RFID is an example of one

barcodes or RFID is an example of one
here<17:00:31.560> these<17:00:32.276> are<17:00:32.400> normally<17:00:32.640> read<17:00:32.820> by<17:00:33.060> little

here these are normally read by little

here these are normally read by little
um reader<17:00:34.500> gun<17:00:34.616> like<17:00:34.796> you<17:00:34.980> find<17:00:35.160> in

um reader gun like you find in

um reader gun like you find in
supermarkets<17:00:36.060> if<17:00:36.840> it's<17:00:37.020> been<17:00:37.200> tagged<17:00:37.436> with<17:00:37.500> a

supermarkets if it's been tagged with a

supermarkets if it's been tagged with a
barcode<17:00:38.096> a<17:00:38.340> barcode<17:00:38.700> scanner<17:00:39.000> will<17:00:39.116> help

barcode a barcode scanner will help

barcode a barcode scanner will help
retrieve<17:00:39.596> information

retrieve information

retrieve information
and<17:00:41.580> the<17:00:41.756> RFID<17:00:42.180> stands<17:00:42.840> for<17:00:42.956> radio<17:00:43.200> frequency

and the RFID stands for radio frequency

and the RFID stands for radio frequency
ID<17:00:44.096> tags<17:00:44.936> that<17:00:45.060> normally<17:00:45.360> have<17:00:45.596> electrically

ID tags that normally have electrically

ID tags that normally have electrically
stored<17:00:46.980> information<17:00:47.240> and<17:00:48.240> the<17:00:48.416> readers<17:00:48.720> are

stored information and the readers are

stored information and the readers are
used<17:00:48.956> to<17:00:49.140> track<17:00:49.320> devices<17:00:49.740> this<17:00:50.400> would

used to track devices this would

used to track devices this would
obviously<17:00:50.756> be<17:00:50.936> on<17:00:51.116> a<17:00:51.296> pretty<17:00:51.416> big<17:00:51.596> Network

obviously be on a pretty big Network

obviously be on a pretty big Network
um

um

um
yeah<17:00:55.080> Network<17:00:55.740> documentation<17:00:56.456> should

yeah Network documentation should

yeah Network documentation should
include<17:00:57.116> your<17:00:57.480> IP<17:00:57.776> address<17:00:57.956> utilization

include your IP address utilization

include your IP address utilization
there's<17:00:59.700> normally<17:01:00.000> one<17:01:00.296> or<17:01:00.480> two<17:01:00.660> people<17:01:00.900> in

there's normally one or two people in

there's normally one or two people in
charge<17:01:01.616> of<17:01:01.916> allocating<17:01:02.520> addresses<17:01:03.360> or<17:01:03.596> blocks

charge of allocating addresses or blocks

charge of allocating addresses or blocks
of<17:01:04.080> addresses

of addresses

of addresses
because<17:01:05.700> they're<17:01:06.116> aware<17:01:06.540> of<17:01:06.900> which<17:01:07.200> addresses

because they're aware of which addresses

because they're aware of which addresses
should<17:01:08.040> be<17:01:08.160> where<17:01:08.400> which<17:01:08.640> subnets<17:01:09.180> and<17:01:09.840> which

should be where which subnets and which

should be where which subnets and which
addresses<17:01:10.560> are<17:01:10.980> summarized

addresses are summarized

addresses are summarized
and<17:01:12.956> this<17:01:13.140> helps<17:01:13.680> with<17:01:13.740> all<17:01:13.980> of<17:01:14.096> our<17:01:14.220> routing

and this helps with all of our routing

and this helps with all of our routing
updates<17:01:15.000> I<17:01:15.956> have<17:01:16.080> seen<17:01:16.320> problems<17:01:16.680> in<17:01:16.860> the<17:01:17.040> in

updates I have seen problems in the in

updates I have seen problems in the in
the<17:01:17.456> past<17:01:17.820> and<17:01:18.360> people<17:01:18.596> should<17:01:18.900> know<17:01:19.080> better

the past and people should know better

the past and people should know better
in<17:01:19.740> fact<17:01:19.860> have<17:01:20.700> manually<17:01:21.116> allocated<17:01:21.776> IP

in fact have manually allocated IP

in fact have manually allocated IP
addresses<17:01:22.680> to<17:01:22.860> their<17:01:23.040> devices<17:01:23.220> for<17:01:23.700> whatever

addresses to their devices for whatever

addresses to their devices for whatever
reason<17:01:24.540> and<17:01:25.380> it's<17:01:25.560> caused<17:01:25.916> Network

reason and it's caused Network

reason and it's caused Network
instability

instability

instability
so<17:01:28.140> Network<17:01:28.380> administrators<17:01:29.160> should<17:01:29.400> keep

so Network administrators should keep

so Network administrators should keep
track<17:01:29.756> of<17:01:29.936> the<17:01:30.060> number<17:01:30.180> of<17:01:30.296> IP<17:01:30.596> addresses<17:01:31.140> that

track of the number of IP addresses that

track of the number of IP addresses that
have<17:01:31.500> been<17:01:31.560> allocated<17:01:31.980> to<17:01:32.276> the<17:01:32.400> network<17:01:32.580> how

have been allocated to the network how

have been allocated to the network how
many<17:01:33.596> have<17:01:33.776> been<17:01:33.956> in<17:01:34.080> user<17:01:34.436> it'll<17:01:34.740> normally

many have been in user it'll normally

many have been in user it'll normally
Flagger<17:01:35.400> pay<17:01:35.520> alert<17:01:36.240> if<17:01:36.480> you're<17:01:36.596> running

Flagger pay alert if you're running

Flagger pay alert if you're running
short

short

short
if<17:01:38.700> a<17:01:38.880> subnet<17:01:39.240> grows<17:01:39.720> the<17:01:39.956> number<17:01:40.080> of<17:01:40.256> IP

if a subnet grows the number of IP

if a subnet grows the number of IP
addresses<17:01:41.040> assigned<17:01:41.456> to<17:01:41.580> it<17:01:41.700> you're<17:01:42.116> likely

addresses assigned to it you're likely

addresses assigned to it you're likely
to<17:01:42.540> have<17:01:42.660> a<17:01:42.840> problem

to have a problem

to have a problem
okay<17:01:45.296> all<17:01:45.720> important<17:01:46.200> to<17:01:46.380> keep<17:01:46.560> uh<17:01:46.980> you<17:01:47.220> know

okay all important to keep uh you know

okay all important to keep uh you know
the<17:01:47.580> utilization<17:01:48.116> as<17:01:48.416> I've<17:01:48.540> said<17:01:48.720> in<17:01:48.900> case<17:01:49.020> we

the utilization as I've said in case we

the utilization as I've said in case we
need<17:01:49.320> to<17:01:49.436> run<17:01:49.560> out<17:01:49.680> or<17:01:49.860> buy<17:01:49.980> some<17:01:50.220> more<17:01:50.340> order

need to run out or buy some more order

need to run out or buy some more order
them<17:01:50.936> in<17:01:51.116> advance

them in advance

them in advance
you<17:01:52.320> should<17:01:52.436> also<17:01:52.740> have<17:01:52.916> information<17:01:53.160> about

you should also have information about

you should also have information about
vendors<17:01:54.296> and<17:01:54.596> contractors

that should include vendor names their

that should include vendor names their
services<17:02:01.680> the<17:02:02.160> cost<17:02:02.340> contact<17:02:02.756> information<17:02:03.180> we

services the cost contact information we

services the cost contact information we
normally<17:02:03.956> get<17:02:04.140> our<17:02:04.320> point<17:02:04.436> of<17:02:04.616> contact<17:02:04.880> and

normally get our point of contact and

normally get our point of contact and
the<17:02:06.116> support<17:02:06.360> hours

the support hours

the support hours
or<17:02:07.860> should<17:02:08.096> have<17:02:08.640> um

or should have um

or should have um
documentation<17:02:10.020> about<17:02:10.256> all<17:02:10.616> of<17:02:10.740> our<17:02:10.916> policies

documentation about all of our policies

documentation about all of our policies
and<17:02:11.756> standards<17:02:12.180> well<17:02:12.360> worth<17:02:12.596> looking<17:02:12.840> into<17:02:13.276> a

and standards well worth looking into a

and standards well worth looking into a
project<17:02:14.520> management<17:02:14.880> and<17:02:15.416> also<17:02:15.720> ITIL<17:02:16.380> exams

project management and also ITIL exams

project management and also ITIL exams
so<17:02:17.700> change<17:02:18.116> management<17:02:18.480> and<17:02:19.080> managing<17:02:19.436> all

so change management and managing all

so change management and managing all
your<17:02:19.796> processes<17:02:20.340> and<17:02:20.580> procedures<17:02:21.060> and

your processes and procedures and

your processes and procedures and
problems<17:02:22.380> and<17:02:22.796> on<17:02:22.980> the<17:02:23.160> network

problems and on the network

problems and on the network
uh<17:02:26.340> provides<17:02:26.756> for<17:02:26.880> example<17:02:27.116> the<17:02:27.360> list<17:02:27.480> of

uh provides for example the list of

uh provides for example the list of
people<17:02:27.776> who<17:02:28.020> should<17:02:28.200> be<17:02:28.320> contacted<17:02:28.860> certainly

people who should be contacted certainly

people who should be contacted certainly
when<17:02:29.756> I<17:02:29.880> worked<17:02:30.180> on<17:02:30.296> a<17:02:30.480> pretty<17:02:30.660> large<17:02:30.840> Network

when I worked on a pretty large Network

when I worked on a pretty large Network
there<17:02:31.616> was<17:02:31.796> a<17:02:31.980> number<17:02:32.160> of<17:02:32.340> key<17:02:32.640> people<17:02:32.880> so<17:02:33.180> you

there was a number of key people so you

there was a number of key people so you
have<17:02:33.540> thousands<17:02:34.080> in<17:02:34.256> the<17:02:34.380> organization<17:02:35.000> that

have thousands in the organization that

have thousands in the organization that
you<17:02:36.180> would<17:02:36.296> contact<17:02:36.540> four<17:02:37.020> or<17:02:37.256> five<17:02:37.436> or<17:02:37.616> six

you would contact four or five or six

you would contact four or five or six
key<17:02:38.220> people<17:02:38.660> and<17:02:39.660> they<17:02:40.020> would<17:02:40.140> each<17:02:40.380> have<17:02:40.500> a

key people and they would each have a

key people and they would each have a
role<17:02:40.916> of<17:02:40.980> who's<17:02:41.160> going<17:02:41.400> to<17:02:41.520> communicate<17:02:41.936> to

role of who's going to communicate to

role of who's going to communicate to
who<17:02:42.480> who's<17:02:42.840> going<17:02:43.140> to<17:02:43.256> tell<17:02:43.380> the<17:02:43.560> boss<17:02:43.880> and<17:02:44.880> do

who who's going to tell the boss and do

who who's going to tell the boss and do
the<17:02:45.360> does<17:02:45.720> the<17:02:45.956> press<17:02:46.080> or<17:02:46.320> other<17:02:46.500> customers

the does the press or other customers

the does the press or other customers
need<17:02:47.220> to<17:02:47.340> be<17:02:47.520> informed<17:02:48.296> of<17:02:48.416> what's<17:02:48.596> going<17:02:48.840> on

need to be informed of what's going on

need to be informed of what's going on
this<17:02:49.616> is<17:02:49.740> to<17:02:49.980> stop<17:02:50.220> uh<17:02:50.580> confusion<17:02:51.116> and<17:02:51.360> also

this is to stop uh confusion and also

this is to stop uh confusion and also
track<17:02:52.380> back<17:02:52.616> as<17:02:52.796> to<17:02:52.980> who<17:02:53.096> should<17:02:53.276> have<17:02:53.400> been

track back as to who should have been

track back as to who should have been
doing<17:02:53.700> what

doing what

doing what
policies<17:02:55.916> require<17:02:56.160> compliance<17:02:56.880> and<17:02:57.116> in<17:02:57.296> their

policies require compliance and in their

policies require compliance and in their
enforce<17:02:57.956> discipline<17:02:58.380> or<17:02:58.500> disciplinary

enforce discipline or disciplinary

enforce discipline or disciplinary
actions<17:02:59.756> or<17:03:00.060> obviously<17:03:00.480> training<17:03:00.956> if<17:03:01.200> a

actions or obviously training if a

actions or obviously training if a
person<17:03:01.500> hasn't<17:03:01.860> been<17:03:02.040> given<17:03:02.700> sufficient

person hasn't been given sufficient

person hasn't been given sufficient
training

training

training
and<17:03:04.436> normally<17:03:04.680> an<17:03:04.860> acceptable<17:03:05.220> use<17:03:05.456> policy

and normally an acceptable use policy

and normally an acceptable use policy
which<17:03:06.240> new<17:03:06.540> people<17:03:06.776> will<17:03:07.080> sign<17:03:07.320> and<17:03:07.740> everyone

which new people will sign and everyone

which new people will sign and everyone
has<17:03:08.340> to<17:03:08.456> sign<17:03:08.640> if<17:03:08.880> there's<17:03:09.000> any<17:03:09.180> changes<17:03:09.660> you

has to sign if there's any changes you

has to sign if there's any changes you
standards<17:03:11.340> of<17:03:11.456> acceptable<17:03:11.936> behavior<17:03:12.776> on<17:03:12.956> the

standards of acceptable behavior on the

standards of acceptable behavior on the
network

network

network
for<17:03:15.840> example<17:03:16.080> creating<17:03:16.560> strong<17:03:16.820> passwords<17:03:17.820> is

for example creating strong passwords is

for example creating strong passwords is
a<17:03:18.060> very<17:03:18.180> good<17:03:18.360> one<17:03:18.540> and<17:03:19.256> obviously<17:03:19.560> not

a very good one and obviously not

a very good one and obviously not
putting<17:03:20.160> it<17:03:20.220> on<17:03:20.400> a<17:03:20.520> Post-It<17:03:20.820> note<17:03:21.000> and

putting it on a Post-It note and

putting it on a Post-It note and
sticking<17:03:21.540> it<17:03:21.660> on<17:03:21.776> your<17:03:21.956> monitor

sticking it on your monitor

sticking it on your monitor
so<17:03:23.820> we've<17:03:24.000> covered<17:03:24.360> Network<17:03:24.540> documentation

so we've covered Network documentation

so we've covered Network documentation
why<17:03:26.040> the<17:03:26.456> importance<17:03:26.936> parts<17:03:27.900> of<17:03:28.140> it<17:03:28.340> diagrams

why the importance parts of it diagrams

why the importance parts of it diagrams
Asset<17:03:29.880> Management<17:03:30.320> the<17:03:31.320> RFID

Asset Management the RFID

Asset Management the RFID
and<17:03:33.060> monitoring<17:03:33.596> your<17:03:33.720> IP<17:03:33.956> addresses<17:03:34.500> vendors

and monitoring your IP addresses vendors

and monitoring your IP addresses vendors
and<17:03:35.580> contractors<17:03:36.180> all<17:03:36.900> your<17:03:37.020> internal

and contractors all your internal

and contractors all your internal
policies<17:03:37.916> and<17:03:38.160> procedures

policies and procedures

policies and procedures
all<17:03:39.720> right<17:03:39.840> so<17:03:40.080> that's<17:03:40.256> all<17:03:40.680> for<17:03:40.860> now<17:03:41.040> thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks
for<17:03:41.456> listening

welcome to module 11 lesson 4 Network

welcome to module 11 lesson 4 Network
troubleshooting<17:04:05.276> model

troubleshooting model

troubleshooting model
he'll<17:04:07.256> actually<17:04:07.500> develop<17:04:07.916> your<17:04:08.160> own<17:04:08.340> model<17:04:08.580> as

he'll actually develop your own model as

he'll actually develop your own model as
you<17:04:09.060> get<17:04:09.240> some<17:04:09.480> experience<17:04:10.080> and<17:04:10.860> obviously

you get some experience and obviously

you get some experience and obviously
depends<17:04:11.700> on<17:04:11.936> your<17:04:12.660> Network<17:04:13.380> whatever<17:04:13.860> your

depends on your Network whatever your

depends on your Network whatever your
network<17:04:14.580> or<17:04:15.000> if<17:04:15.180> you're<17:04:15.296> managing<17:04:15.720> just<17:04:15.900> a

network or if you're managing just a

network or if you're managing just a
small<17:04:16.200> part<17:04:16.436> of<17:04:16.616> the<17:04:16.740> network<17:04:17.000> and<17:04:18.000> if<17:04:18.240> you're

small part of the network and if you're

small part of the network and if you're
managing<17:04:18.840> a<17:04:19.080> certain<17:04:19.456> OSI<17:04:20.456> layout<17:04:20.880> for

managing a certain OSI layout for

managing a certain OSI layout for
example<17:04:21.416> firewalls<17:04:22.380> or<17:04:22.796> you're<17:04:23.220> a<17:04:23.400> hardware

example firewalls or you're a hardware

example firewalls or you're a hardware
engineer<17:04:24.416> something<17:04:24.720> like<17:04:24.956> that<17:04:25.140> so<17:04:25.380> it<17:04:25.616> could

engineer something like that so it could

engineer something like that so it could
vary<17:04:26.240> this<17:04:27.240> is<17:04:27.360> the<17:04:27.660> generic<17:04:28.140> kind<17:04:28.740> of<17:04:28.860> stuff

vary this is the generic kind of stuff

vary this is the generic kind of stuff
that<17:04:29.220> CompTIA<17:04:29.756> want<17:04:30.000> you<17:04:30.180> to<17:04:30.360> know<17:04:31.200> and

that CompTIA want you to know and

that CompTIA want you to know and
understand<17:04:31.616> and<17:04:31.980> follow<17:04:32.276> so<17:04:33.060> we'll<17:04:33.180> identify

understand and follow so we'll identify

understand and follow so we'll identify
the<17:04:33.840> problem<17:04:34.096> establish<17:04:35.096> a<17:04:35.276> theory<17:04:35.580> of

the problem establish a theory of

the problem establish a theory of
probable<17:04:36.060> cause

probable cause

probable cause
normally<17:04:38.400> Whoever<17:04:38.820> has<17:04:39.540> just<17:04:39.776> made<17:04:39.956> a<17:04:40.140> change

normally Whoever has just made a change

normally Whoever has just made a change
or<17:04:40.616> plugged<17:04:40.980> or<17:04:41.096> unplugged<17:04:41.640> something<17:04:41.756> has

or plugged or unplugged something has

or plugged or unplugged something has
broken<17:04:42.296> it<17:04:42.596> in<17:04:43.200> my<17:04:43.380> experience

broken it in my experience

broken it in my experience
test<17:04:45.480> the<17:04:45.720> theory<17:04:46.020> to<17:04:46.200> determine<17:04:46.500> the<17:04:46.680> cause

test the theory to determine the cause

test the theory to determine the cause
establish<17:04:47.520> a<17:04:47.640> plan<17:04:47.820> of<17:04:48.000> action

establish a plan of action

establish a plan of action
and<17:04:49.740> then<17:04:49.916> implement<17:04:50.276> the<17:04:50.456> solution<17:04:50.820> sort<17:04:51.240> of

and then implement the solution sort of

and then implement the solution sort of
Common<17:04:51.540> Sense<17:04:51.840> stuff<17:04:52.080> really

Common Sense stuff really

Common Sense stuff really
uh<17:04:54.180> verification<17:04:54.776> documentation

uh verification documentation

uh verification documentation
all<17:04:57.416> right<17:04:57.540> so<17:04:57.720> we'll<17:04:57.900> normally<17:04:58.200> gather

all right so we'll normally gather

all right so we'll normally gather
information

information

information
duplicate<17:05:01.020> the<17:05:01.200> problem<17:05:01.380> if<17:05:01.680> possible<17:05:02.040> you'll

duplicate the problem if possible you'll

duplicate the problem if possible you'll
normally<17:05:03.060> duplicate<17:05:03.660> it<17:05:03.840> if<17:05:04.140> it's<17:05:04.380> some<17:05:04.680> sort

normally duplicate it if it's some sort

normally duplicate it if it's some sort
of<17:05:04.980> bug<17:05:05.276> and<17:05:05.700> you<17:05:05.880> want<17:05:06.060> to<17:05:06.180> recreate<17:05:06.840> it<17:05:06.956> so

of bug and you want to recreate it so

of bug and you want to recreate it so
you<17:05:07.320> can<17:05:07.380> send<17:05:07.560> the<17:05:07.740> information<17:05:07.916> to<17:05:09.020> the

you can send the information to the

you can send the information to the
vendor<17:05:10.560> to<17:05:11.456> release<17:05:11.700> some<17:05:12.060> sort<17:05:12.240> of<17:05:12.360> update

vendor to release some sort of update

vendor to release some sort of update
uh<17:05:14.820> question<17:05:15.116> users<17:05:15.776> users<17:05:16.320> you've<17:05:16.560> got<17:05:16.616> to<17:05:16.740> be

uh question users users you've got to be

uh question users users you've got to be
very<17:05:16.980> careful<17:05:17.276> obviously<17:05:17.700> because<17:05:17.820> they<17:05:18.060> can

very careful obviously because they can

very careful obviously because they can
give<17:05:18.480> you<17:05:18.660> the<17:05:19.380> wrong<17:05:19.500> information<17:05:19.880> or<17:05:20.880> a<17:05:21.480> lot

give you the wrong information or a lot

give you the wrong information or a lot
of<17:05:21.720> users<17:05:22.080> think<17:05:22.380> they<17:05:22.560> know<17:05:22.796> what<17:05:22.916> the

of users think they know what the

of users think they know what the
solution<17:05:23.340> is<17:05:23.580> so<17:05:23.756> they'll<17:05:24.000> just<17:05:24.180> give<17:05:24.480> you

solution is so they'll just give you

solution is so they'll just give you
answers<17:05:24.956> to<17:05:25.200> questions

answers to questions

answers to questions
that<17:05:27.720> um<17:05:27.720> that<17:05:28.140> they<17:05:28.320> think<17:05:28.500> you<17:05:28.860> they<17:05:29.580> think

that um that they think you they think

that um that they think you they think
will<17:05:30.000> direct<17:05:30.180> you<17:05:30.416> to<17:05:30.596> what<17:05:30.840> they<17:05:31.020> think<17:05:31.140> the

will direct you to what they think the

will direct you to what they think the
issue<17:05:31.860> is<17:05:32.040> so<17:05:32.880> you'd<17:05:33.060> have<17:05:33.240> to<17:05:33.360> be<17:05:33.480> careful<17:05:33.720> and

issue is so you'd have to be careful and

issue is so you'd have to be careful and
question<17:05:34.080> more<17:05:34.380> than<17:05:34.500> one<17:05:34.616> user<17:05:34.980> if<17:05:35.096> you<17:05:35.220> can

question more than one user if you can

question more than one user if you can
identify<17:05:36.900> symptoms<17:05:37.520> determine<17:05:38.520> if<17:05:38.700> anything

identify symptoms determine if anything

identify symptoms determine if anything
has<17:05:39.180> changed<17:05:39.596> normally<17:05:39.956> there<17:05:40.256> has<17:05:40.436> been<17:05:40.616> a

has changed normally there has been a

has changed normally there has been a
change<17:05:40.980> almost<17:05:41.340> always<17:05:41.900> not<17:05:42.900> every<17:05:43.080> case<17:05:43.380> but

change almost always not every case but

change almost always not every case but
almost<17:05:43.860> always<17:05:44.416> approach<17:05:45.416> multiple<17:05:45.956> problems

almost always approach multiple problems

almost always approach multiple problems
individually

individually

individually
so<17:05:48.416> dividing<17:05:48.900> conquer<17:05:49.320> kind<17:05:49.560> of<17:05:50.160> approach

so dividing conquer kind of approach

so dividing conquer kind of approach
okay<17:05:52.380> question<17:05:52.796> the<17:05:53.096> obvious<17:05:53.400> it's<17:05:53.700> nearly

okay question the obvious it's nearly

okay question the obvious it's nearly
always<17:05:54.240> something<17:05:54.596> that's<17:05:55.080> pretty<17:05:55.796> obvious

always something that's pretty obvious

always something that's pretty obvious
I've<17:05:56.820> seen<17:05:57.540> people<17:05:57.776> waste<17:05:58.200> a<17:05:58.256> lot<17:05:58.380> of<17:05:58.500> time<17:05:58.680> and

I've seen people waste a lot of time and

I've seen people waste a lot of time and
energy

energy

energy
troubleshooting<17:06:00.776> less<17:06:01.320> likely<17:06:01.740> issues<17:06:02.160> when

troubleshooting less likely issues when

troubleshooting less likely issues when
it's<17:06:02.640> almost<17:06:02.936> always<17:06:03.296> the<17:06:03.720> most<17:06:03.840> obvious

it's almost always the most obvious

it's almost always the most obvious
thing<17:06:04.980> that's<17:06:05.160> wrong

thing that's wrong

thing that's wrong
consider<17:06:06.776> multiple<17:06:07.200> approaches

an example is a top to bottom or bottom

an example is a top to bottom or bottom
to<17:06:12.776> top<17:06:12.956> using<17:06:13.320> the<17:06:13.436> OSI<17:06:13.916> is<17:06:14.520> it<17:06:14.700> an

to top using the OSI is it an

to top using the OSI is it an
application<17:06:15.240> problem<17:06:15.596> and<17:06:15.900> then<17:06:16.080> moving<17:06:16.436> down

application problem and then moving down

application problem and then moving down
or<17:06:17.220> is<17:06:17.340> it<17:06:17.520> a<17:06:17.640> physical<17:06:17.756> problem<17:06:18.180> moving<17:06:18.720> up

or is it a physical problem moving up

or is it a physical problem moving up
and<17:06:19.380> it<17:06:19.500> depends<17:06:19.796> on<17:06:19.916> what<17:06:20.096> the<17:06:20.220> users<17:06:20.520> are

and it depends on what the users are

and it depends on what the users are
telling<17:06:21.000> you<17:06:21.060> and<17:06:21.240> what<17:06:21.416> the<17:06:21.540> symptoms<17:06:21.720> are

telling you and what the symptoms are

telling you and what the symptoms are
obviously

obviously

obviously
I<17:06:23.700> mentioned<17:06:24.000> divide<17:06:24.360> and<17:06:24.480> conquer

I mentioned divide and conquer

I mentioned divide and conquer
and<17:06:26.580> this<17:06:27.000> all<17:06:27.116> depends<17:06:27.660> on<17:06:27.840> your<17:06:28.020> network

and this all depends on your network

and this all depends on your network
really<17:06:28.680> but<17:06:29.096> it<17:06:29.340> could<17:06:29.456> be<17:06:29.820> um<17:06:29.820> dividing<17:06:30.360> it

really but it could be um dividing it

really but it could be um dividing it
into<17:06:30.720> Hardware<17:06:31.140> all<17:06:31.680> Hardware<17:06:32.480> or<17:06:33.480> and<17:06:34.020> all

into Hardware all Hardware or and all

into Hardware all Hardware or and all
layer<17:06:35.340> 7<17:06:35.720> issues<17:06:36.720> or<17:06:37.080> all<17:06:37.436> cabling<17:06:37.860> issues

layer 7 issues or all cabling issues

layer 7 issues or all cabling issues
something<17:06:38.456> like<17:06:38.820> that<17:06:39.000> it<17:06:39.540> just<17:06:39.660> depends<17:06:40.080> all

something like that it just depends all

something like that it just depends all
the<17:06:40.740> Divine<17:06:41.040> and<17:06:41.220> concrete<17:06:41.580> could<17:06:41.700> be

the Divine and concrete could be

the Divine and concrete could be
segments<17:06:42.296> in<17:06:42.416> your<17:06:42.540> network<17:06:42.776> so<17:06:43.500> looking<17:06:43.680> if<17:06:43.980> a

segments in your network so looking if a

segments in your network so looking if a
particular<17:06:44.400> vlans<17:06:44.936> affected

particular vlans affected

particular vlans affected
or<17:06:46.380> all<17:06:46.500> vlans<17:06:47.040> test<17:06:48.000> the<17:06:48.180> theory<17:06:48.540> once<17:06:49.020> it's

or all vlans test the theory once it's

or all vlans test the theory once it's
confirmed<17:06:50.456> and<17:06:50.880> determine<17:06:51.480> the<17:06:51.596> next<17:06:51.776> steps

confirmed and determine the next steps

confirmed and determine the next steps
to<17:06:52.256> resolve<17:06:52.616> the<17:06:52.680> problem<17:06:52.860> for<17:06:53.756> example<17:06:53.936> if

to resolve the problem for example if

to resolve the problem for example if
it's<17:06:54.360> an<17:06:54.596> email<17:06:54.720> issue<17:06:55.200> then<17:06:55.500> try<17:06:56.160> sending<17:06:56.580> an

it's an email issue then try sending an

it's an email issue then try sending an
email<17:06:56.936> try<17:06:57.360> it<17:06:57.540> from<17:06:57.660> a<17:06:57.900> different<17:06:58.020> users

email try it from a different users

email try it from a different users
um device<17:07:00.416> to<17:07:00.776> see<17:07:00.956> if<17:07:01.140> there's<17:07:01.256> more<17:07:01.436> than

um device to see if there's more than

um device to see if there's more than
one<17:07:01.740> person<17:07:01.860> affected<17:07:02.456> if<17:07:03.416> the<17:07:03.540> theory<17:07:03.840> is<17:07:03.956> not

one person affected if the theory is not

one person affected if the theory is not
confirmed<17:07:04.616> you<17:07:04.796> start<17:07:05.040> at<17:07:05.160> the<17:07:05.276> beginning

confirmed you start at the beginning

confirmed you start at the beginning
plan<17:07:07.200> of<17:07:07.500> action<17:07:07.796> obviously<17:07:08.700> and<17:07:09.540> if<17:07:09.720> you<17:07:09.840> can

plan of action obviously and if you can

plan of action obviously and if you can
fix<17:07:10.140> it<17:07:10.320> there<17:07:10.500> and<17:07:10.680> then<17:07:10.860> fix<17:07:11.160> it<17:07:11.400> if<17:07:11.580> it's

fix it there and then fix it if it's

fix it there and then fix it if it's
requiring<17:07:12.240> a<17:07:12.480> network<17:07:12.776> downtime<17:07:13.560> then<17:07:14.220> you're

requiring a network downtime then you're

requiring a network downtime then you're
going<17:07:14.700> to<17:07:14.820> need<17:07:14.880> to<17:07:15.060> schedule<17:07:15.240> an<17:07:15.540> outage<17:07:15.900> if

going to need to schedule an outage if

going to need to schedule an outage if
you're<17:07:16.256> working<17:07:16.380> on<17:07:16.680> a<17:07:16.796> production<17:07:17.096> Network

you're working on a production Network

you're working on a production Network
again<17:07:18.796> and<17:07:19.796> generally<17:07:20.096> this<17:07:20.276> sort<17:07:20.456> of<17:07:20.520> issue

again and generally this sort of issue

again and generally this sort of issue
is<17:07:20.936> decided<17:07:21.416> by<17:07:21.596> this<17:07:22.320> seniority<17:07:22.916> manager<17:07:23.456> or

is decided by this seniority manager or

is decided by this seniority manager or
network<17:07:23.820> manager

network manager

network manager
potential<17:07:26.220> effects<17:07:26.700> what's<17:07:26.820> going<17:07:27.060> to<17:07:27.116> happen

potential effects what's going to happen

potential effects what's going to happen
is<17:07:27.540> it<17:07:27.660> going<17:07:27.776> to<17:07:27.956> cause<17:07:28.140> make<17:07:28.436> the<17:07:28.616> problem

is it going to cause make the problem

is it going to cause make the problem
worse<17:07:29.276> is<17:07:29.400> it<17:07:29.580> going<17:07:29.700> to<17:07:29.820> fix<17:07:29.936> it<17:07:30.116> is<17:07:30.296> it<17:07:30.480> going

worse is it going to fix it is it going

worse is it going to fix it is it going
to<17:07:30.660> cause<17:07:30.776> a<17:07:30.956> different<17:07:31.140> problem<17:07:31.436> somewhere

to cause a different problem somewhere

to cause a different problem somewhere
else

else

else
when<17:07:33.596> you<17:07:33.720> implement<17:07:34.020> the<17:07:34.256> solution<17:07:34.616> escalate

when you implement the solution escalate

when you implement the solution escalate
is<17:07:35.580> necessary<17:07:36.140> again<17:07:37.140> you<17:07:37.380> normally<17:07:37.616> need

is necessary again you normally need

is necessary again you normally need
verification<17:07:39.060> of<17:07:39.360> somebody<17:07:39.596> else<17:07:40.436> a<17:07:40.680> senior

verification of somebody else a senior

verification of somebody else a senior
manager<17:07:41.400> that<17:07:41.936> this<17:07:42.180> is<17:07:42.660> um

manager that this is um

manager that this is um
the<17:07:43.680> correct<17:07:43.916> course<17:07:44.160> of<17:07:44.340> action

the correct course of action

the correct course of action
verifiable<17:07:46.916> system<17:07:47.340> functionality

verifiable system functionality

verifiable system functionality
speak<17:07:49.796> to<17:07:49.980> the<17:07:50.160> user<17:07:50.520> who<17:07:50.700> actually<17:07:50.880> logged

speak to the user who actually logged

speak to the user who actually logged
the<17:07:51.416> issue<17:07:51.720> and<17:07:52.140> see<17:07:52.560> if<17:07:52.680> it's<17:07:52.796> resolved<17:07:53.220> for

the issue and see if it's resolved for

the issue and see if it's resolved for
them<17:07:53.456> and<17:07:53.756> whoever<17:07:54.180> else<17:07:54.360> was<17:07:54.540> experiencing

them and whoever else was experiencing

them and whoever else was experiencing
it<17:07:55.740> if<17:07:56.096> applicable<17:07:56.640> Implement<17:07:57.180> preventative

it if applicable Implement preventative

it if applicable Implement preventative
measures<17:07:58.700> document<17:07:59.700> the<17:08:00.000> outcomes<17:08:00.616> findings

measures document the outcomes findings

measures document the outcomes findings
and<17:08:02.276> actions

and actions

and actions
this<17:08:04.560> is<17:08:04.680> basically<17:08:04.980> useful<17:08:05.340> if<17:08:05.580> somebody

this is basically useful if somebody

this is basically useful if somebody
else<17:08:06.240> deals<17:08:07.080> with<17:08:07.140> the<17:08:07.320> same<17:08:07.500> problem<17:08:07.740> I<17:08:08.580> know

else deals with the same problem I know

else deals with the same problem I know
when<17:08:08.936> I<17:08:09.116> worked<17:08:09.360> at<17:08:09.416> Cisco<17:08:09.776> attack<17:08:09.956> you<17:08:10.380> could

when I worked at Cisco attack you could

when I worked at Cisco attack you could
often<17:08:10.680> put<17:08:10.916> in

often put in

often put in
error<17:08:12.416> messages<17:08:12.596> and<17:08:13.560> similar<17:08:14.400> things<17:08:14.640> or

error messages and similar things or

error messages and similar things or
look<17:08:15.060> at<17:08:15.180> certain<17:08:15.360> model<17:08:15.596> numbers<17:08:15.956> and<17:08:16.616> you'd

look at certain model numbers and you'd

look at certain model numbers and you'd
often<17:08:17.040> find<17:08:17.340> somebody<17:08:17.580> else<17:08:17.820> that<17:08:17.936> had<17:08:18.180> the

often find somebody else that had the

often find somebody else that had the
same<17:08:18.480> problem<17:08:18.916> and<17:08:19.916> you<17:08:20.096> could<17:08:20.220> see<17:08:20.400> how<17:08:20.580> they

same problem and you could see how they

same problem and you could see how they
fixed<17:08:21.116> it<17:08:21.240> or<17:08:21.416> if<17:08:21.540> they'd<17:08:21.776> established<17:08:22.140> that<17:08:22.256> a

fixed it or if they'd established that a

fixed it or if they'd established that a
bug<17:08:22.680> had<17:08:23.520> been<17:08:23.700> found<17:08:23.880> and<17:08:24.116> then<17:08:24.240> if<17:08:24.416> that

bug had been found and then if that

bug had been found and then if that
bug's<17:08:24.840> been<17:08:24.956> fixed<17:08:25.436> in<17:08:25.616> another<17:08:26.040> iOS

bug's been fixed in another iOS

bug's been fixed in another iOS
all<17:08:28.320> right<17:08:28.500> so<17:08:28.680> pretty<17:08:28.980> Common<17:08:29.220> Sense<17:08:29.456> stuff

all right so pretty Common Sense stuff

all right so pretty Common Sense stuff
hopefully<17:08:30.180> but<17:08:30.540> we've<17:08:30.840> put<17:08:31.080> it<17:08:31.200> into<17:08:31.436> writing

hopefully but we've put it into writing

hopefully but we've put it into writing
now<17:08:32.400> so<17:08:32.640> you've<17:08:32.820> got<17:08:33.000> uh<17:08:33.296> some<17:08:33.540> sort<17:08:33.660> of<17:08:33.776> method

now so you've got uh some sort of method

now so you've got uh some sort of method
to<17:08:34.256> follow<17:08:34.580> I'd<17:08:35.580> identify<17:08:36.416> the<17:08:36.596> problem

to follow I'd identify the problem

to follow I'd identify the problem
establish<17:08:37.380> your<17:08:37.560> theory<17:08:37.916> test<17:08:38.276> it<17:08:38.520> plan<17:08:39.296> of

establish your theory test it plan of

establish your theory test it plan of
action<17:08:40.096> implement<17:08:41.096> the<17:08:41.276> solution<17:08:41.840> verify

action implement the solution verify

action implement the solution verify
document<17:08:44.000> you<17:08:45.000> need<17:08:45.240> to<17:08:45.360> write<17:08:45.480> that<17:08:45.660> down<17:08:45.840> a

document you need to write that down a

document you need to write that down a
few<17:08:46.200> times<17:08:46.320> you<17:08:46.560> get<17:08:46.680> the<17:08:46.796> correct<17:08:46.980> order<17:08:47.220> in

few times you get the correct order in

few times you get the correct order in
case<17:08:47.700> it's<17:08:47.880> a<17:08:48.180> drag<17:08:48.776> and<17:08:48.956> drop<17:08:49.080> type<17:08:49.380> question

case it's a drag and drop type question

case it's a drag and drop type question
all<17:08:50.700> right<17:08:50.880> so<17:08:51.060> that's<17:08:51.240> the<17:08:51.416> end<17:08:51.596> thanks<17:08:51.956> for

all right so that's the end thanks for

all right so that's the end thanks for
listening

[Music]

[Music]
thank<17:09:08.756> you

foreign

foreign
network<17:09:20.400> security<17:09:21.020> security<17:09:22.020> fundamentals

network security security fundamentals

network security security fundamentals
in<17:09:24.660> the<17:09:24.776> last<17:09:24.900> lesson<17:09:25.256> we<17:09:25.500> discussed<17:09:26.220> managing

in the last lesson we discussed managing

in the last lesson we discussed managing
a<17:09:27.060> network<17:09:27.240> and<17:09:27.540> administering<17:09:28.140> a<17:09:28.256> network

a network and administering a network

a network and administering a network
this<17:09:29.220> ranged<17:09:29.580> everywhere<17:09:29.880> from

this ranged everywhere from

this ranged everywhere from
troubleshooting<17:09:30.900> to<17:09:31.320> speed<17:09:31.616> optimization

troubleshooting to speed optimization

troubleshooting to speed optimization
and<17:09:33.296> in<17:09:33.596> this<17:09:33.720> lesson<17:09:34.140> in<17:09:34.560> the<17:09:34.740> next<17:09:34.860> four

and in this lesson in the next four

and in this lesson in the next four
modules<17:09:35.580> we're<17:09:35.820> going<17:09:35.936> to<17:09:36.116> discuss<17:09:36.416> security

modules we're going to discuss security

modules we're going to discuss security
now<17:09:37.860> just<17:09:38.160> like<17:09:38.340> with<17:09:38.700> a<17:09:38.880> plus<17:09:39.116> we<17:09:39.540> talked

now just like with a plus we talked

now just like with a plus we talked
about<17:09:39.840> networking<17:09:40.680> and<17:09:41.400> Security<17:09:42.020> in<17:09:43.020> network

about networking and Security in network

about networking and Security in network
plus<17:09:43.560> we're<17:09:43.916> going<17:09:44.040> to<17:09:44.160> talk<17:09:44.340> about<17:09:44.580> security

plus we're going to talk about security

plus we're going to talk about security
with<17:09:46.436> the<17:09:46.680> understanding<17:09:47.400> that<17:09:47.936> there<17:09:48.180> is<17:09:48.360> a

with the understanding that there is a

with the understanding that there is a
whole<17:09:48.660> other<17:09:48.840> certification<17:09:49.500> and<17:09:49.796> a<17:09:49.980> whole

whole other certification and a whole

whole other certification and a whole
other<17:09:50.220> lesson<17:09:50.700> that<17:09:51.116> revolves<17:09:51.596> specifically

other lesson that revolves specifically

other lesson that revolves specifically
around<17:09:52.880> this<17:09:53.880> uh<17:09:54.360> concept<17:09:54.840> so<17:09:55.616> we're<17:09:55.916> just

around this uh concept so we're just

around this uh concept so we're just
going<17:09:56.276> to<17:09:56.400> sort<17:09:56.580> of<17:09:56.700> brush<17:09:57.060> over<17:09:57.240> the

going to sort of brush over the

going to sort of brush over the
important<17:09:57.840> things<17:09:58.020> that<17:09:58.320> we<17:09:58.500> need<17:09:58.616> to<17:09:58.796> know<17:09:59.000> in

important things that we need to know in

important things that we need to know in
a<17:10:00.296> network<17:10:00.416> Plus<17:10:00.776> or<17:10:01.080> network<17:10:01.380> Administration

a network Plus or network Administration

a network Plus or network Administration
environment<17:10:02.776> so<17:10:03.776> to<17:10:04.140> start<17:10:04.320> us<17:10:04.500> off<17:10:04.680> we're

environment so to start us off we're

environment so to start us off we're
going<17:10:05.160> to<17:10:05.276> talk<17:10:05.456> about<17:10:05.700> the<17:10:06.360> basis<17:10:06.776> of<17:10:07.020> network

going to talk about the basis of network

going to talk about the basis of network
security<17:10:07.560> and<17:10:07.916> the<17:10:08.096> fundamentals<17:10:08.700> that<17:10:09.060> we're

security and the fundamentals that we're

security and the fundamentals that we're
going<17:10:09.296> to<17:10:09.360> discuss<17:10:09.540> in<17:10:09.776> the<17:10:09.900> next<17:10:10.020> three

going to discuss in the next three

going to discuss in the next three
modules

modules

modules
so<17:10:12.116> this<17:10:12.416> involves<17:10:12.840> discussing<17:10:13.380> network

so this involves discussing network

so this involves discussing network
security<17:10:14.040> and<17:10:14.456> identifying<17:10:15.116> exactly<17:10:15.540> what<17:10:15.776> it

security and identifying exactly what it

security and identifying exactly what it
is<17:10:16.080> when<17:10:16.500> we<17:10:16.680> talk<17:10:16.796> about<17:10:16.916> the<17:10:17.220> basics<17:10:17.580> then

is when we talk about the basics then

is when we talk about the basics then
we're<17:10:18.416> going<17:10:18.540> to<17:10:18.596> go<17:10:18.720> over<17:10:18.840> some<17:10:19.080> of<17:10:19.200> the

we're going to go over some of the

we're going to go over some of the
things<17:10:19.436> that<17:10:19.740> are<17:10:19.860> fundamental<17:10:20.456> to<17:10:20.756> having<17:10:21.060> a

things that are fundamental to having a

things that are fundamental to having a
secure<17:10:21.660> network<17:10:21.900> these<17:10:22.740> include<17:10:23.040> keeping<17:10:23.640> the

secure network these include keeping the

secure network these include keeping the
network<17:10:23.880> up<17:10:24.240> to<17:10:24.360> date

network up to date

network up to date
strong<17:10:26.340> passwords

strong passwords

strong passwords
having<17:10:28.380> a<17:10:28.740> secure<17:10:29.096> VPN<17:10:29.700> virtual<17:10:30.180> private

having a secure VPN virtual private

having a secure VPN virtual private
Network

Network

Network
administrating<17:10:33.020> user<17:10:34.020> access<17:10:34.200> in<17:10:34.740> a<17:10:34.860> proper

administrating user access in a proper

administrating user access in a proper
way

way

way
and<17:10:36.900> making<17:10:37.380> sure<17:10:37.616> to<17:10:37.796> remove<17:10:37.980> any<17:10:38.580> inactive

and making sure to remove any inactive

and making sure to remove any inactive
accounts<17:10:39.596> now<17:10:40.200> the<17:10:40.320> reason<17:10:40.500> I<17:10:40.680> focus<17:10:40.916> on<17:10:41.096> these

accounts now the reason I focus on these

accounts now the reason I focus on these
fundamentals<17:10:41.880> are<17:10:42.000> these<17:10:42.180> are<17:10:42.296> the<17:10:42.416> things

fundamentals are these are the things

fundamentals are these are the things
that<17:10:42.900> we'll<17:10:43.020> see<17:10:43.256> on<17:10:43.500> the<17:10:43.616> network<17:10:43.740> plus<17:10:44.040> exam

that we'll see on the network plus exam

that we'll see on the network plus exam
now<17:10:45.956> the<17:10:46.320> word<17:10:46.436> security<17:10:46.796> means<17:10:47.520> the<17:10:47.756> same

now the word security means the same

now the word security means the same
thing<17:10:48.060> just<17:10:48.296> about<17:10:48.480> anywhere<17:10:48.956> you<17:10:49.140> look<17:10:49.380> when

thing just about anywhere you look when

thing just about anywhere you look when
it<17:10:50.040> comes<17:10:50.220> to<17:10:50.400> homes<17:10:50.640> it<17:10:51.180> may<17:10:51.296> refer<17:10:51.596> to<17:10:51.776> Locks

it comes to homes it may refer to Locks

it comes to homes it may refer to Locks
and<17:10:52.256> alarm<17:10:52.436> systems<17:10:53.040> but<17:10:53.340> when<17:10:53.456> it<17:10:53.640> comes<17:10:53.820> to

and alarm systems but when it comes to

and alarm systems but when it comes to
networks<17:10:54.480> it<17:10:54.660> refers<17:10:54.956> to<17:10:55.080> a<17:10:55.320> lot<17:10:55.436> of<17:10:55.560> different

networks it refers to a lot of different

networks it refers to a lot of different
methods<17:10:56.400> but<17:10:56.700> the<17:10:56.936> concept<17:10:57.360> is<17:10:57.596> still<17:10:57.840> the

methods but the concept is still the

methods but the concept is still the
same<17:10:58.200> the<17:10:58.916> point<17:10:59.040> of<17:10:59.220> security<17:10:59.400> regardless<17:11:00.060> of

same the point of security regardless of

same the point of security regardless of
where<17:11:00.596> it<17:11:00.776> is<17:11:00.900> or<17:11:01.140> what<17:11:01.380> it's<17:11:01.500> protecting<17:11:01.916> is

where it is or what it's protecting is

where it is or what it's protecting is
to<17:11:02.700> keep<17:11:02.820> the<17:11:03.000> threats<17:11:03.416> out<17:11:03.720> and<17:11:04.080> the

to keep the threats out and the

to keep the threats out and the
valuables<17:11:04.680> in<17:11:04.916> think<17:11:05.456> of<17:11:05.640> a<17:11:05.756> bank<17:11:05.880> vault<17:11:06.240> the

valuables in think of a bank vault the

valuables in think of a bank vault the
door<17:11:06.776> to<17:11:06.900> a<17:11:07.080> bank<17:11:07.256> fault<17:11:07.616> is<17:11:08.040> a<17:11:08.520> few<17:11:08.820> feet<17:11:09.116> thick

door to a bank fault is a few feet thick

door to a bank fault is a few feet thick
it's<17:11:10.080> made<17:11:10.320> of<17:11:10.500> very<17:11:10.680> sturdy<17:11:11.040> metal<17:11:11.220> and<17:11:11.756> this

it's made of very sturdy metal and this

it's made of very sturdy metal and this
is<17:11:12.000> because<17:11:12.240> the<17:11:13.200> bank<17:11:13.560> needs<17:11:13.980> to<17:11:14.040> keep<17:11:14.220> the

is because the bank needs to keep the

is because the bank needs to keep the
money<17:11:14.580> invaluable<17:11:15.180> securely<17:11:15.900> inside<17:11:16.320> while

money invaluable securely inside while

money invaluable securely inside while
also<17:11:17.340> keeping<17:11:17.580> the<17:11:17.756> potential<17:11:18.116> threats

also keeping the potential threats

also keeping the potential threats
outside<17:11:19.200> now<17:11:20.096> if<17:11:20.400> someone<17:11:20.580> really<17:11:21.000> wants<17:11:21.360> to

outside now if someone really wants to

outside now if someone really wants to
break<17:11:21.540> into<17:11:21.776> a<17:11:22.020> bank<17:11:22.140> and<17:11:22.320> steal<17:11:22.560> the<17:11:22.740> money

break into a bank and steal the money

break into a bank and steal the money
they're<17:11:23.340> going<17:11:23.520> to<17:11:23.640> be<17:11:23.700> able<17:11:23.880> to<17:11:24.060> what<17:11:24.540> we<17:11:24.720> want

they're going to be able to what we want

they're going to be able to what we want
to<17:11:24.956> do<17:11:25.020> is<17:11:25.140> make<17:11:25.380> it<17:11:25.500> as<17:11:25.680> hard<17:11:25.980> as<17:11:26.220> possible<17:11:26.640> for

to do is make it as hard as possible for

to do is make it as hard as possible for
them<17:11:27.060> to<17:11:27.296> come<17:11:27.416> in<17:11:27.596> and<17:11:27.720> steal<17:11:27.956> the<17:11:28.140> money

them to come in and steal the money

them to come in and steal the money
nothing<17:11:28.860> is<17:11:29.220> beyond<17:11:29.956> anyone's<17:11:30.956> purview<17:11:31.380> it's

nothing is beyond anyone's purview it's

nothing is beyond anyone's purview it's
simply<17:11:32.520> that<17:11:32.880> we<17:11:33.060> want<17:11:33.180> to<17:11:33.296> make<17:11:33.416> it<17:11:33.596> as

simply that we want to make it as

simply that we want to make it as
difficult<17:11:33.956> as<17:11:34.200> possible<17:11:34.560> for<17:11:34.860> these<17:11:35.160> thieves

difficult as possible for these thieves

difficult as possible for these thieves
hackers<17:11:36.060> or<17:11:36.240> whoever<17:11:36.480> to<17:11:36.720> get<17:11:36.900> in<17:11:37.020> and<17:11:37.200> take<17:11:37.380> it

hackers or whoever to get in and take it

hackers or whoever to get in and take it
now<17:11:38.096> the<17:11:38.276> same<17:11:38.400> principle<17:11:38.820> applies<17:11:39.180> to

now the same principle applies to

now the same principle applies to
network<17:11:39.540> security<17:11:39.840> on<17:11:40.796> a<17:11:40.916> network<17:11:41.096> data<17:11:41.700> can

network security on a network data can

network security on a network data can
sometimes<17:11:42.240> be<17:11:42.416> more<17:11:42.720> valuable<17:11:43.200> than<17:11:43.500> money<17:11:43.796> in

sometimes be more valuable than money in

sometimes be more valuable than money in
fact<17:11:44.640> I<17:11:44.880> know<17:11:45.000> a<17:11:45.116> lot<17:11:45.240> of<17:11:45.416> CEO<17:11:46.380> cios<17:11:47.160> CFOs<17:11:47.880> out

fact I know a lot of CEO cios CFOs out

fact I know a lot of CEO cios CFOs out
there<17:11:48.296> who<17:11:48.720> would<17:11:48.840> much<17:11:49.020> prefer<17:11:49.320> that<17:11:49.560> you

there who would much prefer that you

there who would much prefer that you
steal<17:11:49.916> some<17:11:50.040> of<17:11:50.220> their<17:11:50.276> money<17:11:50.520> rather<17:11:51.240> than

steal some of their money rather than

steal some of their money rather than
steal<17:11:51.776> their<17:11:51.900> data<17:11:52.200> especially<17:11:52.500> when<17:11:52.616> it

steal their data especially when it

steal their data especially when it
comes<17:11:52.916> to<17:11:53.096> user<17:11:53.580> data<17:11:53.936> or<17:11:54.660> to<17:11:55.020> private<17:11:55.916> or

comes to user data or to private or

comes to user data or to private or
privileged<17:11:56.700> information<17:11:57.020> because<17:11:58.020> this

privileged information because this

privileged information because this
stuff<17:11:58.616> is<17:11:58.860> literally<17:11:59.160> Priceless<17:11:59.700> this<17:12:00.416> is<17:12:00.480> why

stuff is literally Priceless this is why

stuff is literally Priceless this is why
it's<17:12:00.900> really<17:12:01.256> important<17:12:01.616> to<17:12:01.796> have<17:12:01.980> a<17:12:02.220> properly

it's really important to have a properly

it's really important to have a properly
secured<17:12:03.000> Network<17:12:03.240> and<17:12:03.660> make<17:12:03.900> sure<17:12:04.140> that<17:12:04.380> it

secured Network and make sure that it

secured Network and make sure that it
stays<17:12:05.096> that<17:12:05.276> way<17:12:05.400> and<17:12:05.880> these<17:12:06.116> are<17:12:06.180> two

stays that way and these are two

stays that way and these are two
different<17:12:06.416> things<17:12:06.720> securing<17:12:07.436> it<17:12:07.560> and<17:12:07.860> then

different things securing it and then

different things securing it and then
monitoring<17:12:08.456> it<17:12:08.640> to<17:12:08.820> make<17:12:09.000> sure<17:12:09.180> it<17:12:09.416> remains

monitoring it to make sure it remains

monitoring it to make sure it remains
secured

secured

secured
now<17:12:11.936> it's<17:12:12.060> very<17:12:12.240> important<17:12:12.480> to<17:12:12.660> make<17:12:12.776> sure

now it's very important to make sure

now it's very important to make sure
that<17:12:13.080> everything<17:12:13.256> on<17:12:13.616> the<17:12:13.740> network<17:12:13.980> is<17:12:14.640> kept

that everything on the network is kept

that everything on the network is kept
up<17:12:15.240> to<17:12:15.416> date<17:12:15.596> when<17:12:16.256> programs<17:12:16.796> and<17:12:17.040> patches

up to date when programs and patches

up to date when programs and patches
have<17:12:17.640> been<17:12:17.820> used<17:12:17.936> for<17:12:18.296> a<17:12:18.416> long<17:12:18.540> time<17:12:18.776> and

have been used for a long time and

have been used for a long time and
they're<17:12:19.320> well<17:12:19.500> known<17:12:19.740> the<17:12:20.456> attackers<17:12:20.936> who've

they're well known the attackers who've

they're well known the attackers who've
had<17:12:21.416> an<17:12:21.596> opportunity<17:12:21.956> to<17:12:22.200> find<17:12:22.380> holes<17:12:22.796> with

had an opportunity to find holes with

had an opportunity to find holes with
them<17:12:23.160> begin<17:12:24.060> to<17:12:24.840> make<17:12:25.436> use<17:12:25.680> of<17:12:25.860> those<17:12:26.040> holes

them begin to make use of those holes

them begin to make use of those holes
and<17:12:26.700> hack<17:12:26.936> through<17:12:27.180> them

and hack through them

and hack through them
so<17:12:28.436> the<17:12:28.616> longer<17:12:28.860> something<17:12:29.040> is<17:12:29.276> out<17:12:29.456> there<17:12:29.580> and

so the longer something is out there and

so the longer something is out there and
being<17:12:30.000> used<17:12:30.296> without<17:12:30.776> a<17:12:31.140> new<17:12:31.256> version<17:12:31.500> the

being used without a new version the

being used without a new version the
more<17:12:32.400> times<17:12:32.700> attackers<17:12:33.660> have<17:12:34.020> to<17:12:34.256> find

more times attackers have to find

more times attackers have to find
exploits<17:12:35.160> within<17:12:35.580> the<17:12:35.820> program<17:12:36.000> or<17:12:36.416> the<17:12:36.596> patch

exploits within the program or the patch

exploits within the program or the patch
this<17:12:37.560> is<17:12:37.616> why<17:12:37.860> as<17:12:38.160> Network<17:12:38.400> admins<17:12:39.000> we<17:12:39.240> need<17:12:39.360> to

this is why as Network admins we need to

this is why as Network admins we need to
make<17:12:39.596> sure<17:12:39.900> that<17:12:40.436> all<17:12:40.616> the<17:12:40.796> programs<17:12:41.220> and

make sure that all the programs and

make sure that all the programs and
patches<17:12:41.700> are<17:12:41.880> kept<17:12:42.180> up<17:12:42.296> to<17:12:42.416> date<17:12:42.796> programs

patches are kept up to date programs

patches are kept up to date programs
that<17:12:43.980> get<17:12:44.220> used<17:12:44.520> often<17:12:45.180> should<17:12:45.540> be<17:12:45.720> updated<17:12:46.200> as

that get used often should be updated as

that get used often should be updated as
soon<17:12:46.916> as<17:12:47.160> there<17:12:47.400> is<17:12:47.580> a<17:12:47.756> new<17:12:47.880> version<17:12:48.116> or<17:12:48.776> as

soon as there is a new version or as

soon as there is a new version or as
soon<17:12:49.080> as<17:12:49.140> a<17:12:49.320> new<17:12:49.436> version<17:12:49.616> proves<17:12:50.096> to<17:12:50.276> not<17:12:50.520> be

soon as a new version proves to not be

soon as a new version proves to not be
buggy<17:12:51.240> now<17:12:51.776> when<17:12:52.020> running<17:12:52.200> a<17:12:52.380> device<17:12:52.500> on

buggy now when running a device on

buggy now when running a device on
Windows<17:12:53.220> the<17:12:53.700> admin<17:12:54.000> should<17:12:54.240> always<17:12:54.480> check<17:12:54.776> to

Windows the admin should always check to

Windows the admin should always check to
see<17:12:55.140> if<17:12:55.256> there's<17:12:55.380> anything<17:12:55.560> available<17:12:55.980> in

see if there's anything available in

see if there's anything available in
Windows<17:12:57.060> Live<17:12:57.296> update<17:12:57.720> or<17:12:57.900> Microsoft<17:12:58.320> update

Windows Live update or Microsoft update

Windows Live update or Microsoft update
which<17:12:59.456> we<17:12:59.756> have<17:12:59.936> talked<17:13:00.480> about<17:13:00.596> in<17:13:00.956> a<17:13:01.200> plus

which we have talked about in a plus

which we have talked about in a plus
quite<17:13:01.796> a<17:13:01.916> bit<17:13:02.040> now<17:13:02.880> usually<17:13:03.180> this<17:13:03.480> can<17:13:03.660> install

quite a bit now usually this can install

quite a bit now usually this can install
new<17:13:04.200> drivers<17:13:04.560> in<17:13:04.740> patches<17:13:05.040> that<17:13:05.276> have<17:13:05.400> been

new drivers in patches that have been

new drivers in patches that have been
updated<17:13:05.880> for<17:13:06.240> performance<17:13:06.660> and<17:13:06.840> security<17:13:07.140> but

updated for performance and security but

updated for performance and security but
other<17:13:07.980> things<17:13:08.160> we<17:13:08.340> need<17:13:08.456> to<17:13:08.520> be<17:13:08.640> aware<17:13:08.820> of<17:13:09.000> are

other things we need to be aware of are

other things we need to be aware of are
Adobe<17:13:09.776> products<17:13:10.256> Java<17:13:11.096> which<17:13:11.220> is<17:13:11.340> integrated

Adobe products Java which is integrated

Adobe products Java which is integrated
into<17:13:12.000> a<17:13:12.416> lot<17:13:12.540> of<17:13:12.660> browsers<17:13:13.140> and<17:13:13.980> the<17:13:14.160> browsers

into a lot of browsers and the browsers

into a lot of browsers and the browsers
themselves<17:13:15.000> to<17:13:15.360> make<17:13:15.480> sure<17:13:15.596> that<17:13:15.840> they're<17:13:15.956> all

themselves to make sure that they're all

themselves to make sure that they're all
tight<17:13:16.500> and<17:13:16.616> secure<17:13:16.980> once<17:13:17.880> again<17:13:18.000> we<17:13:18.360> don't

tight and secure once again we don't

tight and secure once again we don't
want<17:13:18.596> to<17:13:18.720> update<17:13:18.956> things<17:13:19.200> immediately

want to update things immediately

want to update things immediately
because<17:13:20.276> maybe<17:13:20.640> they'll<17:13:21.000> bring<17:13:21.180> down<17:13:21.416> the

because maybe they'll bring down the

because maybe they'll bring down the
system<17:13:21.840> but<17:13:22.740> we<17:13:22.916> need<17:13:23.040> to<17:13:23.160> weigh<17:13:23.400> this<17:13:23.520> against

system but we need to weigh this against

system but we need to weigh this against
the<17:13:24.060> fact<17:13:24.180> that<17:13:24.660> if<17:13:24.776> a<17:13:24.956> patch<17:13:25.256> goes<17:13:25.500> out<17:13:25.560> there

the fact that if a patch goes out there

the fact that if a patch goes out there
to<17:13:25.980> to<17:13:26.820> plug<17:13:27.540> up<17:13:27.900> a<17:13:28.500> security<17:13:28.680> flaw<17:13:29.340> that<17:13:29.820> as

to to plug up a security flaw that as

to to plug up a security flaw that as
soon<17:13:30.116> as<17:13:30.240> it<17:13:30.360> goes<17:13:30.596> out<17:13:30.776> there<17:13:30.956> the<17:13:31.436> hackers

soon as it goes out there the hackers

soon as it goes out there the hackers
now<17:13:32.220> know<17:13:32.640> oh<17:13:33.180> look<17:13:33.360> there<17:13:33.776> was<17:13:33.900> a<17:13:34.020> security

now know oh look there was a security

now know oh look there was a security
flaw<17:13:34.616> and<17:13:35.096> now<17:13:35.220> they<17:13:35.456> can<17:13:35.640> begin<17:13:35.880> to<17:13:36.416> make<17:13:36.660> use

flaw and now they can begin to make use

flaw and now they can begin to make use
of<17:13:37.140> that<17:13:37.320> security<17:13:37.436> flaw<17:13:37.980> until<17:13:38.400> you<17:13:39.296> update

of that security flaw until you update

of that security flaw until you update
things<17:13:39.956> so<17:13:40.436> what<17:13:40.616> we're<17:13:40.740> really<17:13:40.860> looking<17:13:41.096> to

things so what we're really looking to

things so what we're really looking to
do<17:13:41.456> is<17:13:42.296> balance

buggy Updates this is an important thing

buggy Updates this is an important thing
to<17:13:55.860> keep<17:13:56.040> in<17:13:56.220> mind

now it's very important that we keep

now it's very important that we keep
another<17:14:02.340> aspect<17:14:03.116> of<17:14:03.660> security<17:14:04.080> in<17:14:04.436> mind<17:14:04.560> when

another aspect of security in mind when

another aspect of security in mind when
it<17:14:04.916> comes<17:14:05.160> not<17:14:05.276> just<17:14:05.400> to<17:14:05.520> our<17:14:05.640> networks<17:14:06.060> but<17:14:06.180> to

it comes not just to our networks but to

it comes not just to our networks but to
just<17:14:06.660> about<17:14:06.776> anything<17:14:07.436> we're<17:14:07.860> dealing<17:14:08.160> with

just about anything we're dealing with

just about anything we're dealing with
on<17:14:08.456> devices<17:14:08.756> and<17:14:09.116> this<17:14:09.240> is<17:14:09.360> our<17:14:09.540> passport<17:14:09.956> our

on devices and this is our passport our

on devices and this is our passport our
passwords<17:14:10.980> people<17:14:11.580> tend<17:14:11.820> to<17:14:11.936> think<17:14:12.000> that<17:14:12.116> just

passwords people tend to think that just

passwords people tend to think that just
because<17:14:12.416> something<17:14:12.776> is<17:14:12.956> password<17:14:13.140> protected

because something is password protected

because something is password protected
that<17:14:14.040> means<17:14:14.400> it's<17:14:14.580> safe<17:14:14.820> but<17:14:15.180> this<17:14:15.776> really

that means it's safe but this really

that means it's safe but this really
isn't<17:14:16.560> true<17:14:16.796> something<17:14:17.340> that's<17:14:17.520> protected<17:14:18.000> by

isn't true something that's protected by

isn't true something that's protected by
a<17:14:18.360> password<17:14:18.540> is<17:14:18.900> ultimately<17:14:19.340> safer<17:14:20.340> than

a password is ultimately safer than

a password is ultimately safer than
something<17:14:20.756> that's<17:14:21.000> not<17:14:21.296> but<17:14:21.660> a<17:14:21.900> password<17:14:22.080> is

something that's not but a password is

something that's not but a password is
nearly<17:14:23.096> useless<17:14:23.456> unless<17:14:23.756> it's<17:14:23.936> a<17:14:24.116> strong<17:14:24.296> one

nearly useless unless it's a strong one

nearly useless unless it's a strong one
think<17:14:24.900> about<17:14:25.080> all<17:14:25.320> the<17:14:25.616> movies<17:14:26.340> in<17:14:26.640> which

think about all the movies in which

think about all the movies in which
someone<17:14:26.936> has<17:14:27.180> to<17:14:27.296> figure<17:14:27.480> out<17:14:27.660> someone's

someone has to figure out someone's

someone has to figure out someone's
password<17:14:28.256> looks<17:14:29.160> around<17:14:29.276> the<17:14:29.456> room<17:14:29.580> sees<17:14:30.060> a

password looks around the room sees a

password looks around the room sees a
picture<17:14:30.296> types<17:14:30.840> in<17:14:30.956> the<17:14:31.080> name<17:14:31.200> of<17:14:31.380> that<17:14:31.500> person

picture types in the name of that person

picture types in the name of that person
and<17:14:31.980> Bam<17:14:32.276> they're<17:14:32.520> in<17:14:32.840> attackers<17:14:33.840> can<17:14:34.080> use

and Bam they're in attackers can use

and Bam they're in attackers can use
things<17:14:34.500> called<17:14:34.980> key<17:14:35.640> loggers<17:14:36.596> in<17:14:37.256> order<17:14:37.436> to

things called key loggers in order to

things called key loggers in order to
log<17:14:38.220> uh<17:14:39.060> what<17:14:39.660> passwords<17:14:40.380> you<17:14:40.560> are<17:14:40.680> entering

log uh what passwords you are entering

log uh what passwords you are entering
on<17:14:41.340> your<17:14:41.520> computer<17:14:41.640> and<17:14:42.180> then<17:14:42.360> send<17:14:42.596> that<17:14:42.840> over

on your computer and then send that over

on your computer and then send that over
to<17:14:43.500> the<17:14:43.616> hacker<17:14:44.040> they<17:14:44.580> can<17:14:44.756> then<17:14:44.936> take<17:14:45.180> the

to the hacker they can then take the

to the hacker they can then take the
letters<17:14:45.660> symbols<17:14:46.256> Etc<17:14:46.380> and<17:14:46.680> being<17:14:46.860> used<17:14:47.096> and

letters symbols Etc and being used and

letters symbols Etc and being used and
try<17:14:47.756> to<17:14:47.880> piece<17:14:48.180> together<17:14:48.296> what<17:14:48.660> the<17:14:48.776> password

try to piece together what the password

try to piece together what the password
could<17:14:49.380> be<17:14:49.560> depending<17:14:50.340> on<17:14:50.400> the<17:14:50.580> attacker<17:14:50.936> they

could be depending on the attacker they

could be depending on the attacker they
might<17:14:51.480> be<17:14:51.840> really<17:14:52.140> successful<17:14:52.616> at<17:14:52.796> stealing

might be really successful at stealing

might be really successful at stealing
your<17:14:53.276> password<17:14:53.456> simply<17:14:54.416> by<17:14:54.540> just<17:14:54.900> observing

your password simply by just observing

your password simply by just observing
what<17:14:55.740> you<17:14:55.916> type<17:14:56.040> in<17:14:56.276> this<17:14:56.936> is<17:14:57.060> called<17:14:57.360> shoulder

what you type in this is called shoulder

what you type in this is called shoulder
surfing

surfing

surfing
and<17:15:00.956> it<17:15:01.320> is<17:15:01.500> a<17:15:01.796> big<17:15:01.860> problem<17:15:02.096> when<17:15:02.340> we<17:15:02.456> think

and it is a big problem when we think

and it is a big problem when we think
about<17:15:02.756> ATMs<17:15:03.540> people<17:15:03.776> typing<17:15:04.256> at<17:15:04.560> their<17:15:05.040> office

about ATMs people typing at their office

about ATMs people typing at their office
and<17:15:05.580> so<17:15:05.756> on<17:15:06.416> this<17:15:06.956> is<17:15:07.080> a<17:15:07.200> huge<17:15:07.436> problem<17:15:07.616> in

and so on this is a huge problem in

and so on this is a huge problem in
general<17:15:08.040> but<17:15:08.340> it's<17:15:08.700> really<17:15:09.060> problematic<17:15:09.720> if

general but it's really problematic if

general but it's really problematic if
you<17:15:10.080> use<17:15:10.256> the<17:15:10.560> same<17:15:10.740> password<17:15:11.040> for<17:15:11.400> more<17:15:11.520> than

you use the same password for more than

you use the same password for more than
one<17:15:11.936> thing<17:15:12.116> think<17:15:12.776> about<17:15:12.956> it<17:15:13.200> as<17:15:13.796> soon<17:15:13.980> as<17:15:14.040> they

one thing think about it as soon as they

one thing think about it as soon as they
get<17:15:14.340> one<17:15:14.520> password<17:15:14.756> they<17:15:15.180> have<17:15:15.296> access<17:15:15.540> to

get one password they have access to

get one password they have access to
everything<17:15:16.200> especially<17:15:17.160> if<17:15:17.276> they<17:15:17.400> get<17:15:17.640> access

everything especially if they get access

everything especially if they get access
to<17:15:18.296> your<17:15:18.480> email<17:15:18.840> they<17:15:19.436> now<17:15:19.560> have<17:15:19.796> access<17:15:20.096> to

to your email they now have access to

to your email they now have access to
your<17:15:20.640> entire<17:15:20.936> life<17:15:21.180> because<17:15:21.540> they<17:15:21.776> can<17:15:21.900> reset

your entire life because they can reset

your entire life because they can reset
everything<17:15:22.616> through<17:15:23.340> your<17:15:23.520> email<17:15:23.700> so<17:15:24.416> it's

everything through your email so it's

everything through your email so it's
really<17:15:24.956> important<17:15:25.380> to<17:15:25.560> keep<17:15:25.680> different

really important to keep different

really important to keep different
passwords<17:15:26.820> for<17:15:27.720> each<17:15:28.020> sort<17:15:28.380> of<17:15:28.500> service<17:15:28.796> that

passwords for each sort of service that

passwords for each sort of service that
you<17:15:29.456> access<17:15:29.700> in<17:15:30.596> a<17:15:30.776> general<17:15:30.900> rule<17:15:31.320> you

you access in a general rule you

you access in a general rule you
shouldn't<17:15:31.860> use<17:15:32.096> the<17:15:32.340> same<17:15:32.456> password<17:15:32.700> for<17:15:33.060> more

shouldn't use the same password for more

shouldn't use the same password for more
than<17:15:33.360> one<17:15:33.596> thing<17:15:33.776> this<17:15:34.436> can<17:15:34.680> end<17:15:34.796> up<17:15:34.860> becoming

than one thing this can end up becoming

than one thing this can end up becoming
really<17:15:35.340> confusing<17:15:35.936> if<17:15:36.360> you're<17:15:36.480> dealing<17:15:36.720> with

really confusing if you're dealing with

really confusing if you're dealing with
a<17:15:36.900> lot<17:15:37.020> of<17:15:37.080> different<17:15:37.256> accounts<17:15:37.680> that<17:15:37.860> require

a lot of different accounts that require

a lot of different accounts that require
many<17:15:38.400> different<17:15:38.640> passwords<17:15:39.240> so<17:15:39.720> there<17:15:39.900> are

many different passwords so there are

many different passwords so there are
some<17:15:40.320> programs<17:15:40.796> that<17:15:41.040> act<17:15:41.276> as<17:15:41.580> basically

some programs that act as basically

some programs that act as basically
password<17:15:42.596> vaults<17:15:43.380> and<17:15:43.860> they<17:15:44.096> require<17:15:44.276> one

password vaults and they require one

password vaults and they require one
master<17:15:45.116> password<17:15:45.596> to<17:15:46.320> access<17:15:46.500> them<17:15:46.860> and<17:15:47.096> then

master password to access them and then

master password to access them and then
you<17:15:47.400> have<17:15:47.580> all<17:15:47.880> of<17:15:48.000> your<17:15:48.116> information<17:15:48.296> stored

you have all of your information stored

you have all of your information stored
inside<17:15:49.080> of<17:15:49.436> those<17:15:49.560> but<17:15:50.520> I<17:15:51.480> think<17:15:51.596> some<17:15:51.900> of

inside of those but I think some of

inside of those but I think some of
those<17:15:52.200> just<17:15:52.680> have<17:15:52.796> as<17:15:52.980> many<17:15:53.160> problems<17:15:53.640> as

those just have as many problems as

those just have as many problems as
regular<17:15:54.116> passwords<17:15:54.660> all<17:15:55.080> you<17:15:55.256> need<17:15:55.380> to<17:15:55.436> do<17:15:55.560> is

regular passwords all you need to do is

regular passwords all you need to do is
get<17:15:55.980> access<17:15:56.160> to<17:15:56.580> the<17:15:56.880> one<17:15:57.296> program<17:15:57.660> and

get access to the one program and

get access to the one program and
suddenly<17:15:58.860> you<17:15:59.400> have<17:15:59.580> access<17:15:59.820> to<17:16:00.240> all<17:16:00.596> of<17:16:00.720> the

suddenly you have access to all of the

suddenly you have access to all of the
password<17:16:01.080> programs<17:16:01.860> so<17:16:02.640> it's<17:16:03.000> important

password programs so it's important

password programs so it's important
sometimes<17:16:04.140> for<17:16:04.500> you<17:16:04.616> to<17:16:04.860> create<17:16:05.040> a<17:16:05.520> long

sometimes for you to create a long

sometimes for you to create a long
random<17:16:06.060> password<17:16:06.360> word<17:16:06.840> that<17:16:07.320> can<17:16:07.500> contain

random password word that can contain

random password word that can contain
special<17:16:08.096> characters<17:16:08.520> like<17:16:08.936> slashes

special characters like slashes

special characters like slashes
ampersands<17:16:10.436> Etc<17:16:10.560> these<17:16:11.220> programs<17:16:11.580> can<17:16:11.700> do

ampersands Etc these programs can do

ampersands Etc these programs can do
that<17:16:11.936> as<17:16:12.060> well<17:16:12.240> but<17:16:12.776> the<17:16:12.900> problem<17:16:13.020> with<17:16:13.200> that

that as well but the problem with that

that as well but the problem with that
is<17:16:13.616> we're<17:16:14.276> also<17:16:14.580> not<17:16:14.700> going<17:16:14.820> to<17:16:14.880> be<17:16:14.936> able<17:16:15.000> to

is we're also not going to be able to

is we're also not going to be able to
memorize<17:16:15.480> that

memorize that

memorize that
so<17:16:16.980> and<17:16:17.520> another<17:16:17.756> important<17:16:18.720> aspect<17:16:19.080> of

so and another important aspect of

so and another important aspect of
password<17:16:19.436> Corrections<17:16:20.276> uh<17:16:21.060> protection

password Corrections uh protection

password Corrections uh protection
rather<17:16:21.956> when<17:16:22.140> it<17:16:22.320> comes<17:16:22.500> to<17:16:22.680> strong<17:16:22.916> passwords

rather when it comes to strong passwords

rather when it comes to strong passwords
is<17:16:24.060> to<17:16:24.240> use<17:16:24.416> random<17:16:24.900> letters<17:16:25.320> symbols<17:16:26.700> Etc<17:16:26.880> and

is to use random letters symbols Etc and

is to use random letters symbols Etc and
long<17:16:27.956> passwords<17:16:28.560> which<17:16:28.680> are<17:16:28.796> always<17:16:28.916> better

long passwords which are always better

long passwords which are always better
than<17:16:29.456> short<17:16:29.756> ones

than short ones

than short ones
for<17:16:31.500> instance<17:16:31.740> using<17:16:32.456> the<17:16:32.640> password

for instance using the password

for instance using the password
password123<17:16:35.096> is<17:16:35.340> really<17:16:35.640> weak<17:16:36.240> whereas<17:16:36.956> this

password123 is really weak whereas this

password123 is really weak whereas this
one<17:16:37.560> on<17:16:37.980> the<17:16:38.096> right<17:16:38.220> which<17:16:38.700> I<17:16:38.936> can't<17:16:39.060> even

one on the right which I can't even

one on the right which I can't even
pronounce<17:16:39.540> is<17:16:39.776> really<17:16:40.080> strong<17:16:40.380> now<17:16:40.916> of<17:16:41.096> course

pronounce is really strong now of course

pronounce is really strong now of course
the<17:16:41.756> problem<17:16:41.936> with<17:16:42.180> this<17:16:42.416> is<17:16:42.660> it's<17:16:43.200> difficult

the problem with this is it's difficult

the problem with this is it's difficult
to<17:16:43.860> memorize<17:16:44.220> and<17:16:45.000> if<17:16:45.116> it's<17:16:45.240> difficult<17:16:45.540> to

to memorize and if it's difficult to

to memorize and if it's difficult to
memorize<17:16:46.080> you're<17:16:46.436> probably<17:16:46.616> going<17:16:46.796> to<17:16:46.980> have

memorize you're probably going to have

memorize you're probably going to have
to<17:16:47.340> write<17:16:47.640> it<17:16:47.880> down<17:16:48.116> if<17:16:48.660> you<17:16:48.840> write<17:16:48.956> it<17:16:49.140> down

to write it down if you write it down

to write it down if you write it down
that<17:16:49.560> gives<17:16:49.680> someone<17:16:49.916> something<17:16:50.340> to<17:16:50.640> steal<17:16:50.936> or

that gives someone something to steal or

that gives someone something to steal or
you<17:16:51.596> put<17:16:51.720> it<17:16:51.840> in<17:16:51.956> a<17:16:52.140> password<17:16:52.256> Vault<17:16:52.740> or<17:16:53.220> this

you put it in a password Vault or this

you put it in a password Vault or this
is<17:16:53.580> maybe<17:16:53.936> made<17:16:54.296> up<17:16:54.480> automatically<17:16:55.200> but<17:16:55.980> in

is maybe made up automatically but in

is maybe made up automatically but in
all<17:16:56.340> these<17:16:56.520> cases<17:16:56.880> one<17:16:57.360> password<17:16:57.596> can<17:16:58.020> get

all these cases one password can get

all these cases one password can get
access<17:16:58.436> to<17:16:58.916> all<17:16:59.096> the<17:16:59.220> passwords<17:16:59.700> and<17:17:00.240> so<17:17:00.416> it's

access to all the passwords and so it's

access to all the passwords and so it's
important<17:17:01.200> again<17:17:01.796> we<17:17:02.160> talked<17:17:02.456> in<17:17:02.580> the

important again we talked in the

important again we talked in the
previous<17:17:02.820> one<17:17:03.116> about<17:17:03.416> we<17:17:03.900> sort<17:17:04.140> of<17:17:04.256> have<17:17:04.500> to

previous one about we sort of have to

previous one about we sort of have to
decide<17:17:06.240> whether<17:17:06.416> we<17:17:06.660> want<17:17:06.720> to<17:17:06.840> update

decide whether we want to update

decide whether we want to update
something<17:17:07.256> immediately<17:17:07.796> or<17:17:08.456> whether<17:17:08.640> we<17:17:08.880> want

something immediately or whether we want

something immediately or whether we want
to<17:17:09.180> update<17:17:09.540> it<17:17:09.720> you<17:17:10.560> know<17:17:10.680> after<17:17:11.096> a<17:17:11.340> little<17:17:11.456> bit

to update it you know after a little bit

to update it you know after a little bit
after<17:17:11.820> it's<17:17:12.000> been<17:17:12.180> tested<17:17:12.480> the<17:17:12.776> same<17:17:12.900> sort<17:17:13.080> of

after it's been tested the same sort of

after it's been tested the same sort of
thing<17:17:13.256> with<17:17:13.436> passwords<17:17:13.980> we<17:17:14.340> don't<17:17:14.456> want

thing with passwords we don't want

thing with passwords we don't want
something<17:17:14.820> too<17:17:15.180> weak<17:17:15.540> but<17:17:16.020> we<17:17:16.256> also<17:17:16.500> don't

something too weak but we also don't

something too weak but we also don't
want<17:17:16.860> something<17:17:17.160> too<17:17:17.580> strong<17:17:17.756> that<17:17:18.060> we<17:17:18.360> can't

want something too strong that we can't

want something too strong that we can't
remember<17:17:18.840> so<17:17:19.680> the<17:17:19.796> best<17:17:19.980> thing<17:17:20.220> I<17:17:20.520> think<17:17:20.700> is<17:17:21.116> to

remember so the best thing I think is to

remember so the best thing I think is to
think<17:17:21.480> about<17:17:21.660> for<17:17:22.500> instance<17:17:22.796> a<17:17:23.700> pass<17:17:24.436> a<17:17:25.436> code

think about for instance a pass a code

think about for instance a pass a code
that<17:17:26.340> for<17:17:26.580> yourself<17:17:26.820> so<17:17:27.720> for<17:17:27.956> instance<17:17:28.256> a

that for yourself so for instance a

that for yourself so for instance a
common<17:17:28.916> one<17:17:29.160> with<17:17:29.520> the<17:17:29.820> term<17:17:30.000> password<17:17:30.616> is<17:17:31.616> to

common one with the term password is to

common one with the term password is to
replace

the A's with ATS and the O's with zeros

the A's with ATS and the O's with zeros
if<17:17:38.400> you<17:17:38.520> think<17:17:38.700> about<17:17:38.880> creating<17:17:39.480> your<17:17:40.020> own

if you think about creating your own

if you think about creating your own
password<17:17:40.500> we<17:17:40.916> could<17:17:41.096> do<17:17:41.276> this<17:17:41.456> for<17:17:42.180> instance

password we could do this for instance

password we could do this for instance
let's<17:17:42.660> say<17:17:42.776> we<17:17:42.956> wanted<17:17:43.140> to<17:17:43.380> turn<17:17:43.616> this<17:17:44.040> secure

let's say we wanted to turn this secure

let's say we wanted to turn this secure
and<17:17:44.700> organized<17:17:45.360> into<17:17:45.720> a<17:17:45.956> password<17:17:46.160> well<17:17:47.160> I

and organized into a password well I

and organized into a password well I
could<17:17:47.820> replace<17:17:48.240> the<17:17:48.720> S<17:17:48.900> with<17:17:49.140> fives

could replace the S with fives

could replace the S with fives
I<17:17:50.756> could<17:17:50.880> replace<17:17:51.060> the<17:17:51.360> ease<17:17:51.660> with<17:17:51.956> threes

I can replace the A's with and

I can replace the A's with and
ampersands

even an I replace that with a

even an I replace that with a
exclamation<17:18:07.980> point<17:18:08.160> or<17:18:08.456> the<17:18:08.580> number<17:18:08.756> one

and voila I've just created what looks

and voila I've just created what looks
to<17:18:15.360> the<17:18:15.660> plane<17:18:15.956> eye

to the plane eye

to the plane eye
as<17:18:17.520> a<17:18:17.936> pretty<17:18:18.116> s<17:18:18.720> complex<17:18:19.560> password<17:18:19.980> that<17:18:20.936> a

as a pretty s complex password that a

as a pretty s complex password that a
computer<17:18:21.296> wouldn't<17:18:21.596> be<17:18:21.840> able<17:18:21.956> to<17:18:22.140> necessarily

computer wouldn't be able to necessarily

computer wouldn't be able to necessarily
break<17:18:22.796> but<17:18:23.756> you<17:18:24.360> remember<17:18:24.540> it<17:18:24.840> because<17:18:25.020> you've

break but you remember it because you've

break but you remember it because you've
come<17:18:25.500> up<17:18:25.616> with<17:18:25.740> your<17:18:25.916> own<17:18:26.040> code<17:18:26.276> of<17:18:26.580> how<17:18:26.820> you're

come up with your own code of how you're

come up with your own code of how you're
going<17:18:27.116> to<17:18:27.180> replace<17:18:27.416> certain<17:18:28.380> symbols<17:18:28.980> and

going to replace certain symbols and

going to replace certain symbols and
numbers<17:18:29.640> and<17:18:30.596> it<17:18:30.840> wouldn't<17:18:30.956> hurt<17:18:31.200> to<17:18:31.500> throw<17:18:31.616> in

numbers and it wouldn't hurt to throw in

numbers and it wouldn't hurt to throw in
a<17:18:32.220> couple<17:18:32.360> uppercase<17:18:33.360> letters<17:18:33.900> there<17:18:34.080> as<17:18:34.320> well

a couple uppercase letters there as well

a couple uppercase letters there as well
now<17:18:35.580> with<17:18:35.820> virtual<17:18:36.180> private<17:18:36.596> networks

now with virtual private networks

now with virtual private networks
there's<17:18:37.256> a<17:18:37.500> lot<17:18:37.616> that<17:18:37.796> can<17:18:37.980> go<17:18:38.096> wrong<17:18:38.276> security

there's a lot that can go wrong security

there's a lot that can go wrong security
wise<17:18:39.180> because<17:18:39.660> it<17:18:39.956> travels<17:18:40.320> over<17:18:40.680> a<17:18:41.220> public

wise because it travels over a public

wise because it travels over a public
network<17:18:41.640> in<17:18:41.936> order<17:18:42.116> to<17:18:42.296> collect<17:18:42.540> connect<17:18:42.776> to

network in order to collect connect to

network in order to collect connect to
your<17:18:43.436> local<17:18:43.616> land<17:18:43.980> and<17:18:44.640> the<17:18:44.756> users<17:18:45.000> remotely

your local land and the users remotely

your local land and the users remotely
connect<17:18:45.720> an<17:18:46.380> attack<17:18:46.560> can<17:18:46.860> happen<17:18:47.040> from

connect an attack can happen from

connect an attack can happen from
literally<17:18:47.820> anywhere<17:18:48.416> so<17:18:49.140> in<17:18:49.256> order<17:18:49.380> to<17:18:49.560> help

literally anywhere so in order to help

literally anywhere so in order to help
stop<17:18:49.916> attacks<17:18:50.520> the<17:18:50.700> admin<17:18:51.116> needs<17:18:51.416> to<17:18:51.540> require

stop attacks the admin needs to require

stop attacks the admin needs to require
remote<17:18:52.380> users<17:18:52.980> to<17:18:53.456> have<17:18:53.700> multiple<17:18:54.116> points<17:18:54.540> of

remote users to have multiple points of

remote users to have multiple points of
identification<17:18:55.456> remember<17:18:56.456> in<17:18:57.240> a<17:18:57.416> plus<17:18:57.596> we

identification remember in a plus we

identification remember in a plus we
talked<17:18:58.320> about<17:18:58.380> having<17:18:58.796> multi-authentication

and remember authentication we have

and remember authentication we have
three<17:19:06.416> different<17:19:06.596> things

three different things

three different things
something<17:19:08.220> you<17:19:08.520> know

something you know

something you know
something<17:19:10.860> you<17:19:11.160> have

something you have

something you have
it's<17:19:12.900> something<17:19:13.200> you<17:19:13.740> are

it's something you are

it's something you are
so<17:19:15.956> if<17:19:16.320> we're<17:19:16.380> going<17:19:16.616> to<17:19:16.680> use<17:19:16.860> multiple<17:19:17.456> forms

so if we're going to use multiple forms

so if we're going to use multiple forms
of<17:19:17.936> identification

of identification

of identification
maybe<17:19:20.640> one<17:19:20.936> thing<17:19:21.060> we<17:19:21.240> want<17:19:21.360> to<17:19:21.480> do<17:19:21.596> is<17:19:21.720> have<17:19:21.956> a

maybe one thing we want to do is have a

maybe one thing we want to do is have a
standard<17:19:22.380> username<17:19:22.796> and<17:19:22.916> password<17:19:23.160> and<17:19:23.880> also

standard username and password and also

standard username and password and also
a<17:19:24.240> pin<17:19:24.540> or<17:19:24.720> security<17:19:24.900> question<17:19:25.436> they<17:19:25.860> would

a pin or security question they would

a pin or security question they would
have<17:19:26.220> to<17:19:26.456> answer<17:19:26.700> these<17:19:27.416> both<17:19:27.540> fall<17:19:27.720> under

have to answer these both fall under

have to answer these both fall under
something<17:19:28.256> you<17:19:28.500> know<17:19:28.680> we<17:19:29.276> could<17:19:29.400> also<17:19:29.640> give

something you know we could also give

something you know we could also give
them<17:19:29.936> a<17:19:30.180> fob<17:19:30.480> key<17:19:30.660> that<17:19:31.020> has<17:19:31.140> a<17:19:31.436> rotating

them a fob key that has a rotating

them a fob key that has a rotating
password<17:19:32.160> on<17:19:32.520> it<17:19:32.640> this<17:19:32.880> would<17:19:33.060> be<17:19:33.116> something

password on it this would be something

password on it this would be something
they<17:19:33.720> have<17:19:33.956> it<17:19:34.560> makes<17:19:34.740> it<17:19:34.916> more<17:19:35.096> difficult<17:19:35.400> if

they have it makes it more difficult if

they have it makes it more difficult if
I<17:19:36.000> use<17:19:36.240> multiple<17:19:36.956> forms<17:19:37.500> of<17:19:37.916> this

I use multiple forms of this

I use multiple forms of this
authentication<17:19:38.700> and<17:19:39.596> that<17:19:39.840> way<17:19:40.096> it's<17:19:41.096> not

authentication and that way it's not

authentication and that way it's not
just<17:19:41.400> things<17:19:41.640> that<17:19:42.000> are<17:19:42.240> written<17:19:42.480> down<17:19:42.596> or

just things that are written down or

just things that are written down or
known<17:19:43.020> it's<17:19:43.436> also<17:19:43.740> things<17:19:43.916> that<17:19:44.096> are<17:19:44.276> have<17:19:44.456> had

known it's also things that are have had

known it's also things that are have had
or<17:19:45.776> even<17:19:46.020> better<17:19:46.200> things<17:19:46.616> that<17:19:46.916> you<17:19:47.096> are<17:19:47.276> for

or even better things that you are for

or even better things that you are for
instance<17:19:47.820> a<17:19:48.000> retinal<17:19:48.296> scan<17:19:48.660> fingerprint

instance a retinal scan fingerprint

instance a retinal scan fingerprint
voice<17:19:50.160> recognition

voice recognition

voice recognition
Etc<17:19:51.480> the<17:19:52.320> point<17:19:52.500> is<17:19:52.680> the<17:19:53.040> more<17:19:53.276> of<17:19:53.400> these<17:19:53.700> you

Etc the point is the more of these you

Etc the point is the more of these you
have<17:19:54.436> the<17:19:55.436> easier<17:19:55.916> it<17:19:56.220> is<17:19:56.340> for<17:19:57.180> you<17:19:57.416> to<17:19:57.596> keep

have the easier it is for you to keep

have the easier it is for you to keep
your<17:19:57.956> stuff<17:19:58.140> secure<17:19:58.560> however<17:19:59.220> it's<17:19:59.756> also<17:20:00.180> more

your stuff secure however it's also more

your stuff secure however it's also more
difficult<17:20:01.380> to<17:20:02.220> log<17:20:02.340> in<17:20:02.520> and<17:20:02.700> it's<17:20:02.880> going<17:20:03.000> to

difficult to log in and it's going to

difficult to log in and it's going to
take<17:20:03.180> more<17:20:03.480> time<17:20:03.720> so<17:20:04.320> again<17:20:04.436> we're<17:20:04.796> dealing

take more time so again we're dealing

take more time so again we're dealing
with<17:20:05.400> time

with time

with time
and<17:20:07.140> ease

and ease

and ease
versus<17:20:09.240> security<17:20:09.956> and<17:20:10.380> we<17:20:10.500> have<17:20:10.616> to<17:20:10.740> find<17:20:10.916> the

versus security and we have to find the

versus security and we have to find the
right<17:20:11.220> balance

right balance

right balance
because<17:20:12.540> we<17:20:12.776> don't<17:20:12.840> want<17:20:12.956> people<17:20:13.200> to<17:20:13.380> get<17:20:13.560> so

because we don't want people to get so

because we don't want people to get so
turned<17:20:14.160> off<17:20:14.276> by<17:20:15.180> all<17:20:15.480> the<17:20:15.596> heightened

turned off by all the heightened

turned off by all the heightened
security<17:20:16.200> that<17:20:16.980> then<17:20:17.096> they<17:20:17.276> can't<17:20:17.400> use<17:20:17.640> our

security that then they can't use our

security that then they can't use our
product

product

product
it<17:20:19.200> also<17:20:19.436> might<17:20:19.560> be<17:20:19.680> necessary<17:20:19.980> to<17:20:20.220> have<17:20:20.456> a

it also might be necessary to have a

it also might be necessary to have a
firewall<17:20:21.296> between<17:20:21.660> the<17:20:21.956> VPN<17:20:22.320> and<17:20:22.500> the

firewall between the VPN and the

firewall between the VPN and the
physical<17:20:22.740> Network<17:20:23.160> the<17:20:24.000> firewall<17:20:24.416> acts<17:20:24.776> as<17:20:24.840> a

physical Network the firewall acts as a

physical Network the firewall acts as a
sort<17:20:25.140> of<17:20:25.200> last<17:20:25.436> line<17:20:25.680> of<17:20:25.916> defense<17:20:26.276> and<17:20:26.520> if

sort of last line of defense and if

sort of last line of defense and if
somehow<17:20:27.060> an<17:20:27.296> attacker<17:20:27.956> manages<17:20:28.320> to<17:20:28.560> get

somehow an attacker manages to get

somehow an attacker manages to get
through<17:20:29.040> the<17:20:29.580> points<17:20:29.880> of<17:20:29.936> identification<17:20:30.540> the

through the points of identification the

through the points of identification the
firewall<17:20:31.680> might<17:20:31.916> be<17:20:32.040> able<17:20:32.160> to<17:20:32.276> stop<17:20:32.456> them<17:20:32.700> from

firewall might be able to stop them from

firewall might be able to stop them from
connecting<17:20:33.360> to<17:20:33.596> the<17:20:33.776> network<17:20:33.900> based<17:20:34.380> on<17:20:34.436> where

connecting to the network based on where

connecting to the network based on where
they<17:20:34.796> are<17:20:34.980> the<17:20:35.160> information<17:20:35.340> they're<17:20:35.756> trying

they are the information they're trying

they are the information they're trying
to<17:20:36.116> transmit<17:20:36.596> if<17:20:37.256> they're<17:20:37.380> using<17:20:37.680> an<17:20:37.916> unknown

to transmit if they're using an unknown

to transmit if they're using an unknown
or<17:20:38.520> untrusted

or untrusted

or untrusted
IP<17:20:40.680> address<17:20:40.860> the<17:20:41.456> firewall<17:20:41.820> may<17:20:42.060> be<17:20:42.180> able<17:20:42.296> to

IP address the firewall may be able to

IP address the firewall may be able to
stop<17:20:42.660> them<17:20:42.900> before<17:20:43.140> they<17:20:43.560> connect<17:20:43.680> the<17:20:44.160> local

stop them before they connect the local

stop them before they connect the local
area<17:20:44.580> network

area network

area network
now<17:20:46.916> it's<17:20:47.096> often<17:20:47.400> the<17:20:47.520> case<17:20:47.640> that<17:20:47.936> users<17:20:48.296> have

now it's often the case that users have

now it's often the case that users have
to<17:20:48.776> access<17:20:48.956> things<17:20:49.436> that<17:20:49.740> they<17:20:49.916> have<17:20:50.220> no

to access things that they have no

to access things that they have no
business<17:20:50.756> accessing<17:20:51.596> for<17:20:52.256> example<17:20:52.500> someone

business accessing for example someone

business accessing for example someone
in<17:20:52.980> the<17:20:53.040> graphic<17:20:53.340> design<17:20:53.520> part<17:20:53.880> of<17:20:54.060> the

in the graphic design part of the

in the graphic design part of the
company<17:20:54.296> has<17:20:54.596> no<17:20:54.840> need<17:20:55.080> to<17:20:55.320> access<17:20:55.436> the

company has no need to access the

company has no need to access the
accounting<17:20:56.160> records<17:20:56.520> of<17:20:56.640> the<17:20:56.756> company<17:20:56.936> and

accounting records of the company and

accounting records of the company and
sometimes<17:20:58.020> however<17:20:58.380> users<17:20:59.160> are<17:20:59.340> given

sometimes however users are given

sometimes however users are given
permissions<17:21:00.296> to<17:21:00.596> access<17:21:00.720> data<17:21:01.256> like<17:21:01.380> this

permissions to access data like this

permissions to access data like this
simply<17:21:01.860> because<17:21:02.040> it's<17:21:02.340> overlooked<17:21:02.936> by<17:21:03.116> the

simply because it's overlooked by the

simply because it's overlooked by the
administrator<17:21:03.776> so<17:21:04.500> this<17:21:04.616> is<17:21:04.796> a<17:21:04.980> huge<17:21:05.276> security

administrator so this is a huge security

administrator so this is a huge security
issue<17:21:06.000> and<17:21:06.116> one<17:21:06.360> that's<17:21:06.480> easy<17:21:06.776> to<17:21:07.020> fix<17:21:07.200> and

issue and one that's easy to fix and

issue and one that's easy to fix and
needs<17:21:07.916> to<17:21:08.040> be<17:21:08.096> looked<17:21:08.400> after<17:21:08.456> with<17:21:08.756> care<17:21:09.060> the

needs to be looked after with care the

needs to be looked after with care the
admin<17:21:10.256> should<17:21:10.500> only<17:21:10.740> make<17:21:11.276> sure<17:21:11.456> that<17:21:11.700> users

admin should only make sure that users

admin should only make sure that users
are<17:21:12.060> given<17:21:12.416> only<17:21:13.200> access<17:21:13.680> to<17:21:14.040> the<17:21:14.276> data<17:21:14.640> they

are given only access to the data they

are given only access to the data they
need<17:21:15.180> to<17:21:15.360> do<17:21:15.540> their<17:21:15.776> job<17:21:15.956> this<17:21:16.796> is<17:21:17.040> what<17:21:17.220> we

need to do their job this is what we

need to do their job this is what we
call<17:21:17.720> the<17:21:18.720> principle<17:21:19.140> of<17:21:19.980> least

privilege now this change can be made by

privilege now this change can be made by
password<17:21:25.796> protecting

or it can be made

or it can be made
using<17:21:31.860> group<17:21:32.160> policy

using group policy

using group policy
meaning<17:21:34.020> that<17:21:34.380> we<17:21:34.560> have<17:21:34.680> an<17:21:34.796> Accounting<17:21:35.220> Group

meaning that we have an Accounting Group

meaning that we have an Accounting Group
and<17:21:37.140> we<17:21:37.436> have<17:21:37.740> a<17:21:38.276> Marketing<17:21:38.820> Group<17:21:39.000> if<17:21:39.360> you're

and we have a Marketing Group if you're

and we have a Marketing Group if you're
placed<17:21:39.840> into<17:21:39.900> one<17:21:40.200> of<17:21:40.256> those<17:21:40.320> groups<17:21:40.860> then

placed into one of those groups then

placed into one of those groups then
you're<17:21:41.756> not<17:21:41.936> going<17:21:42.060> to<17:21:42.180> be<17:21:42.296> able<17:21:42.480> to<17:21:43.040> uh<17:21:44.040> access

you're not going to be able to uh access

you're not going to be able to uh access
anything<17:21:44.880> except<17:21:45.360> for<17:21:45.480> what<17:21:45.720> your<17:21:45.900> group<17:21:46.080> has

anything except for what your group has

anything except for what your group has
access<17:21:46.680> to

access to

access to
now<17:21:49.020> the<17:21:49.200> other<17:21:49.256> thing<17:21:49.436> we<17:21:49.616> want<17:21:49.740> to<17:21:49.860> do<17:21:49.916> is

now the other thing we want to do is

now the other thing we want to do is
make<17:21:50.400> sure<17:21:50.640> to<17:21:50.936> clean<17:21:51.116> up<17:21:51.296> inactive<17:21:51.900> accounts

make sure to clean up inactive accounts

make sure to clean up inactive accounts
when<17:21:53.096> a<17:21:53.276> worker<17:21:53.580> leaves<17:21:54.000> the<17:21:54.240> company<17:21:54.416> the

when a worker leaves the company the

when a worker leaves the company the
first<17:21:55.080> thing<17:21:55.320> the<17:21:55.500> admin<17:21:55.796> needs<17:21:56.096> to<17:21:56.160> do<17:21:56.340> is<17:21:56.820> to

first thing the admin needs to do is to

first thing the admin needs to do is to
change<17:21:57.180> the<17:21:57.416> password<17:21:57.540> to<17:21:57.900> the<17:21:58.020> user's

change the password to the user's

change the password to the user's
account<17:21:58.500> or<17:21:59.400> what<17:21:59.820> we<17:21:59.936> call<17:22:00.256> deactivate<17:22:01.256> the

account or what we call deactivate the

account or what we call deactivate the
account<17:22:01.680> it'll<17:22:02.456> be<17:22:02.520> a<17:22:02.640> very<17:22:02.756> bad<17:22:02.936> thing<17:22:03.116> if<17:22:03.360> a

account it'll be a very bad thing if a

account it'll be a very bad thing if a
for<17:22:03.720> former<17:22:04.256> employee<17:22:04.680> were<17:22:04.916> to<17:22:05.096> access<17:22:05.276> the

for former employee were to access the

for former employee were to access the
company's<17:22:06.000> files<17:22:06.416> and<17:22:06.660> who<17:22:07.080> knows<17:22:07.256> what<17:22:07.436> they

company's files and who knows what they

company's files and who knows what they
could<17:22:07.680> do<17:22:07.796> with<17:22:07.980> those<17:22:08.160> especially<17:22:08.640> if<17:22:08.820> they

could do with those especially if they

could do with those especially if they
were<17:22:09.180> fired<17:22:09.596> so<17:22:10.140> once<17:22:10.436> the<17:22:10.500> passwords<17:22:10.916> has

were fired so once the passwords has

were fired so once the passwords has
been<17:22:11.220> changed<17:22:11.580> there's<17:22:11.820> no<17:22:12.000> way<17:22:12.116> for<17:22:12.296> them<17:22:12.360> to

been changed there's no way for them to

been changed there's no way for them to
access<17:22:12.720> the<17:22:13.140> account<17:22:13.320> but<17:22:13.980> it's<17:22:14.160> not

access the account but it's not

access the account but it's not
necessary<17:22:14.880> for<17:22:15.296> the<17:22:15.540> admin<17:22:16.020> to<17:22:16.200> delete<17:22:16.320> the

necessary for the admin to delete the

necessary for the admin to delete the
account<17:22:16.680> right<17:22:17.040> away<17:22:17.220> if<17:22:17.936> the<17:22:18.180> employee<17:22:18.660> was

account right away if the employee was

account right away if the employee was
to<17:22:19.020> come<17:22:19.140> back<17:22:19.320> to<17:22:19.436> the<17:22:19.616> company<17:22:19.796> soon<17:22:20.220> after

to come back to the company soon after

to come back to the company soon after
and<17:22:20.700> needed<17:22:21.000> to<17:22:21.060> access<17:22:21.180> their<17:22:21.416> old<17:22:21.540> files

and needed to access their old files

and needed to access their old files
they<17:22:22.320> could<17:22:22.500> be<17:22:22.616> given<17:22:22.860> a<17:22:23.040> temporary<17:22:23.400> password

they could be given a temporary password

they could be given a temporary password
and<17:22:24.116> then<17:22:24.296> monitored<17:22:24.840> to<17:22:25.200> make<17:22:25.256> sure<17:22:25.380> they

and then monitored to make sure they

and then monitored to make sure they
could<17:22:25.680> get<17:22:25.916> their<17:22:26.340> old<17:22:26.520> information<17:22:27.140> however

could get their old information however

could get their old information however
if<17:22:28.680> an<17:22:28.860> account<17:22:29.040> has<17:22:29.340> been<17:22:29.520> inactive<17:22:30.240> for<17:22:30.540> a

if an account has been inactive for a

if an account has been inactive for a
while<17:22:30.776> it<17:22:31.500> should<17:22:31.740> be<17:22:31.980> deleted<17:22:32.580> or

while it should be deleted or

while it should be deleted or
discontinued<17:22:34.256> an<17:22:34.860> idle<17:22:35.160> account<17:22:35.340> is<17:22:35.756> really

discontinued an idle account is really

discontinued an idle account is really
dangerous<17:22:36.480> thing<17:22:36.660> to<17:22:36.840> have<17:22:37.020> on<17:22:37.140> your<17:22:37.256> network

dangerous thing to have on your network

dangerous thing to have on your network
if<17:22:37.980> an<17:22:38.160> attacker<17:22:38.520> is<17:22:38.700> about<17:22:38.820> to<17:22:39.060> access<17:22:39.360> this

if an attacker is about to access this

if an attacker is about to access this
account<17:22:39.900> they<17:22:40.200> could<17:22:40.380> easily<17:22:40.740> slip<17:22:41.040> past

account they could easily slip past

account they could easily slip past
unnoticed<17:22:42.060> on<17:22:42.116> the<17:22:42.296> network<17:22:42.416> until<17:22:43.200> something

unnoticed on the network until something

unnoticed on the network until something
actually<17:22:43.916> happens<17:22:44.220> we<17:22:44.580> wouldn't<17:22:44.756> really<17:22:44.936> know

actually happens we wouldn't really know

actually happens we wouldn't really know
that<17:22:45.360> there's<17:22:45.540> a<17:22:45.660> problem<17:22:45.900> so<17:22:46.560> in<17:22:46.616> order<17:22:46.796> to

that there's a problem so in order to

that there's a problem so in order to
prevent<17:22:47.096> this<17:22:47.276> we<17:22:47.520> really<17:22:47.640> want<17:22:47.820> to<17:22:47.936> delete

prevent this we really want to delete

prevent this we really want to delete
accounts<17:22:48.596> soon<17:22:49.320> as<17:22:49.796> the<17:22:49.980> users<17:22:50.220> do<17:22:50.400> not<17:22:50.580> need

accounts soon as the users do not need

accounts soon as the users do not need
them<17:22:50.880> anymore<17:22:51.060> this<17:22:51.720> is<17:22:51.776> why<17:22:52.020> generally<17:22:52.436> HR

them anymore this is why generally HR

them anymore this is why generally HR
and<17:22:53.160> IT<17:22:53.340> talk<17:22:53.700> to<17:22:53.880> one<17:22:54.000> another<17:22:54.180> so<17:22:54.660> we<17:22:54.776> can

and IT talk to one another so we can

and IT talk to one another so we can
make<17:22:55.080> sure<17:22:55.320> once<17:22:55.860> we<17:22:56.040> let<17:22:56.400> a<17:22:56.756> person<17:22:57.180> go<17:22:57.540> or

make sure once we let a person go or

make sure once we let a person go or
fire<17:22:58.020> someone<17:22:58.520> their<17:22:59.520> account<17:22:59.700> is<17:23:00.116> turned<17:23:00.416> off

fire someone their account is turned off

fire someone their account is turned off
almost<17:23:00.776> immediately

almost immediately

almost immediately
all<17:23:02.936> right<17:23:03.116> so<17:23:03.540> these<17:23:03.720> are<17:23:03.776> some<17:23:03.956> of<17:23:04.080> the

all right so these are some of the

all right so these are some of the
fundamentals<17:23:04.796> we<17:23:05.040> talked<17:23:05.276> about<17:23:05.340> the

fundamentals we talked about the

fundamentals we talked about the
necessity<17:23:06.360> of<17:23:06.540> network<17:23:06.776> security<17:23:07.140> remember

necessity of network security remember

necessity of network security remember
data<17:23:09.180> can<17:23:09.956> sometimes<17:23:10.380> be<17:23:10.616> more<17:23:10.980> important

data can sometimes be more important

data can sometimes be more important
than<17:23:11.880> money<17:23:12.180> because<17:23:12.840> it's<17:23:13.080> going<17:23:13.256> to<17:23:13.380> cost<17:23:13.560> a

than money because it's going to cost a

than money because it's going to cost a
lot<17:23:13.916> of<17:23:14.096> money<17:23:14.340> in<17:23:14.936> order<17:23:15.000> to<17:23:15.296> recover<17:23:15.596> or<17:23:15.956> make

lot of money in order to recover or make

lot of money in order to recover or make
up<17:23:16.256> for<17:23:16.500> the<17:23:16.616> loss<17:23:16.860> of<17:23:16.916> data<17:23:17.700> we<17:23:18.116> also

up for the loss of data we also

up for the loss of data we also
identified<17:23:18.660> some<17:23:18.900> of<17:23:19.020> the<17:23:19.080> fundamentals<17:23:19.560> of<17:23:19.740> a

identified some of the fundamentals of a

identified some of the fundamentals of a
secure<17:23:20.096> network<17:23:20.340> first<17:23:21.116> of<17:23:21.296> all<17:23:21.360> we<17:23:21.540> talked

secure network first of all we talked

secure network first of all we talked
about<17:23:21.900> keeping<17:23:22.320> things<17:23:22.436> up<17:23:22.680> to<17:23:22.796> date<17:23:22.980> we

about keeping things up to date we

about keeping things up to date we
talked<17:23:23.936> about<17:23:24.000> keeping<17:23:24.540> up<17:23:24.720> the<17:23:25.020> firmware

talked about keeping up the firmware

talked about keeping up the firmware
drivers

operating systems

operating systems
patches<17:23:32.456> to<17:23:33.060> Software

patches to Software

patches to Software
Etc<17:23:35.096> and<17:23:36.060> we're<17:23:36.296> always<17:23:36.416> dealing<17:23:36.720> with<17:23:36.900> a

Etc and we're always dealing with a

Etc and we're always dealing with a
balancing<17:23:37.500> act<17:23:37.680> here<17:23:37.916> are<17:23:38.820> we

balancing act here are we

balancing act here are we
doing<17:23:40.200> things<17:23:40.560> immediately

or are we going to wait and possibly uh

or are we going to wait and possibly uh
be<17:23:49.980> susceptible<17:23:50.456> but<17:23:51.116> we<17:23:51.540> might<17:23:51.660> have<17:23:51.840> buggy

be susceptible but we might have buggy

be susceptible but we might have buggy
updates

updates

updates
so<17:23:54.660> we<17:23:54.900> sort<17:23:55.140> of<17:23:55.256> want<17:23:55.500> to<17:23:55.680> find<17:23:55.980> a<17:23:56.520> good<17:23:56.700> medium

so we sort of want to find a good medium

so we sort of want to find a good medium
middle<17:23:57.596> of<17:23:57.840> the<17:23:57.900> road<17:23:58.080> solution<17:23:58.616> there

middle of the road solution there

middle of the road solution there
realizing<17:23:59.640> the<17:23:59.820> longer<17:24:00.116> we<17:24:00.240> wait<17:24:00.480> the<17:24:01.256> more

realizing the longer we wait the more

realizing the longer we wait the more
susceptible<17:24:01.980> we<17:24:02.160> are<17:24:02.276> to<17:24:02.400> attacks<17:24:02.936> we<17:24:03.660> also

susceptible we are to attacks we also

susceptible we are to attacks we also
want<17:24:03.956> to<17:24:04.080> make<17:24:04.140> sure<17:24:04.320> to<17:24:04.500> have<17:24:04.740> strong

want to make sure to have strong

want to make sure to have strong
passwords

passwords

passwords
remember<17:24:07.436> a<17:24:07.916> strong<17:24:08.096> password<17:24:08.540> generally

remember a strong password generally

remember a strong password generally
means<17:24:10.340> it's<17:24:11.340> 15<17:24:12.000> characters<17:24:12.660> or<17:24:13.256> more<17:24:13.436> the

means it's 15 characters or more the

means it's 15 characters or more the
longer<17:24:14.040> the<17:24:14.160> better

longer the better

longer the better
we<17:24:15.840> have<17:24:16.140> numbers

we have numbers

we have numbers
symbols

symbols

symbols
lowercase<17:24:22.140> letters

lowercase letters

lowercase letters
uppercase<17:24:24.240> letters

uppercase letters

uppercase letters
and<17:24:27.060> we<17:24:27.660> want<17:24:27.776> to<17:24:27.900> use<17:24:28.080> them<17:24:28.380> in<17:24:28.860> a<17:24:29.040> varied

and we want to use them in a varied

and we want to use them in a varied
random<17:24:29.820> combination

random combination

random combination
we<17:24:31.980> also<17:24:32.220> want<17:24:32.400> to<17:24:32.520> make<17:24:32.700> sure<17:24:32.936> that<17:24:33.720> we're<17:24:33.956> not

we also want to make sure that we're not

we also want to make sure that we're not
reusing<17:24:35.240> the<17:24:36.240> same<17:24:36.416> passwords

reusing the same passwords

reusing the same passwords
and<17:24:38.936> don't<17:24:39.360> write<17:24:39.540> them<17:24:39.840> down<17:24:40.020> that's<17:24:40.500> always

and don't write them down that's always

and don't write them down that's always
a<17:24:40.980> problem

a problem

a problem
now<17:24:43.320> of<17:24:43.500> course<17:24:43.616> again<17:24:43.916> we<17:24:44.220> have<17:24:44.276> a<17:24:44.456> balancing

now of course again we have a balancing

now of course again we have a balancing
act<17:24:45.000> here<17:24:45.240> because<17:24:45.840> the<17:24:46.256> more<17:24:46.380> difficult<17:24:46.796> it

act here because the more difficult it

act here because the more difficult it
is

is

is
the

the

the
more<17:24:51.360> difficult<17:24:51.540> to<17:24:51.776> password<17:24:51.956> rather<17:24:52.436> than

more difficult to password rather than

more difficult to password rather than
the<17:24:53.096> more<17:24:53.220> likely<17:24:53.520> someone's<17:24:53.880> going<17:24:54.060> to<17:24:54.116> write

the more likely someone's going to write

the more likely someone's going to write
it<17:24:54.416> down<17:24:54.596> and<17:24:55.200> so<17:24:55.380> we<17:24:55.740> need<17:24:55.916> to<17:24:56.096> also<17:24:56.456> make<17:24:56.640> sure

it down and so we need to also make sure

it down and so we need to also make sure
that<17:24:57.060> the<17:24:57.296> passwords<17:24:57.840> are<17:24:58.080> have<17:24:58.680> a<17:24:58.860> certain

that the passwords are have a certain

that the passwords are have a certain
degree<17:24:59.276> of<17:24:59.400> ease<17:24:59.756> of<17:24:59.820> use

degree of ease of use

degree of ease of use
we<17:25:01.200> also<17:25:01.436> are<17:25:01.560> probably<17:25:01.740> going<17:25:01.916> to<17:25:02.040> want<17:25:02.160> the

we also are probably going to want the

we also are probably going to want the
passwords<17:25:02.700> to<17:25:02.880> expire<17:25:03.360> every<17:25:03.596> once<17:25:03.900> in<17:25:03.956> a

passwords to expire every once in a

passwords to expire every once in a
while

while

while
and<17:25:05.276> so<17:25:05.400> on<17:25:05.520> and<17:25:05.640> so<17:25:05.820> forth<17:25:06.416> with<17:25:06.840> a<17:25:07.020> VPN<17:25:07.436> we

and so on and so forth with a VPN we

and so on and so forth with a VPN we
need<17:25:08.160> to<17:25:08.340> make<17:25:08.520> sure<17:25:08.700> that<17:25:08.936> there<17:25:09.116> are

need to make sure that there are

need to make sure that there are
multiple<17:25:09.480> forms<17:25:09.776> of<17:25:09.956> Authentication

remember the three things we have when

remember the three things we have when
it<17:25:16.380> comes<17:25:16.500> to<17:25:16.680> authentication<17:25:17.276> something<17:25:18.180> you

it comes to authentication something you

it comes to authentication something you
have

have

have
like<17:25:20.340> a<17:25:20.580> fob<17:25:20.936> something<17:25:21.240> you<17:25:21.540> know<17:25:21.660> like<17:25:21.956> a

like a fob something you know like a

like a fob something you know like a
password<17:25:22.320> and<17:25:23.160> something<17:25:23.340> you<17:25:23.580> are<17:25:23.700> like<17:25:23.820> a

password and something you are like a

password and something you are like a
retinal<17:25:24.296> scan<17:25:24.660> or<17:25:25.380> a<17:25:25.500> biometrics

retinal scan or a biometrics

retinal scan or a biometrics
when<17:25:27.596> it<17:25:27.720> comes<17:25:27.900> to<17:25:28.020> user<17:25:28.380> access<17:25:28.560> we<17:25:29.276> want<17:25:29.456> to

when it comes to user access we want to

when it comes to user access we want to
practice<17:25:29.880> the<17:25:30.660> principle<17:25:31.020> of<17:25:31.320> least

practice the principle of least

practice the principle of least
privilege<17:25:32.700> meaning<17:25:33.296> you're<17:25:33.840> only<17:25:34.020> going<17:25:34.200> to

privilege meaning you're only going to

privilege meaning you're only going to
be<17:25:34.380> given<17:25:34.680> access<17:25:35.000> to<17:25:36.000> that<17:25:36.180> which<17:25:36.416> you<17:25:36.660> need

be given access to that which you need

be given access to that which you need
access<17:25:37.020> to<17:25:37.256> to<17:25:37.436> do<17:25:37.560> your<17:25:37.740> job<17:25:37.916> accounting<17:25:38.756> does

access to to do your job accounting does

access to to do your job accounting does
not<17:25:39.116> need<17:25:39.296> access<17:25:39.596> to<17:25:40.020> marketing<17:25:40.380> and<17:25:40.616> vice

not need access to marketing and vice

not need access to marketing and vice
versa<17:25:41.700> finally<17:25:42.480> we<17:25:42.900> want<17:25:43.020> to<17:25:43.200> make<17:25:43.380> sure<17:25:43.616> to

versa finally we want to make sure to

versa finally we want to make sure to
disable

disable

disable
or<17:25:45.660> delete<17:25:46.220> inactive<17:25:47.220> accounts<17:25:47.756> keeping<17:25:48.416> in

or delete inactive accounts keeping in

or delete inactive accounts keeping in
mind<17:25:48.776> of<17:25:49.140> course<17:25:49.320> that<17:25:49.860> someone<17:25:50.160> who<17:25:50.456> leaves

mind of course that someone who leaves

mind of course that someone who leaves
the<17:25:50.820> company<17:25:51.000> might<17:25:51.360> need<17:25:51.540> to<17:25:51.660> come<17:25:51.840> back<17:25:52.080> and

the company might need to come back and

the company might need to come back and
therefore<17:25:52.680> we<17:25:53.040> might<17:25:53.160> want<17:25:53.276> to<17:25:53.400> make<17:25:53.456> it<17:25:53.580> easy

therefore we might want to make it easy

therefore we might want to make it easy
for<17:25:54.000> them<17:25:54.116> to<17:25:54.296> have<17:25:54.416> access<17:25:54.660> to<17:25:54.900> their<17:25:55.080> old

for them to have access to their old

for them to have access to their old
stuff

network security authentication

network security authentication
authorization<17:26:24.900> and<17:26:25.560> accounting

authorization and accounting

authorization and accounting
in<17:26:27.900> the<17:26:28.020> last<17:26:28.140> module<17:26:28.560> we<17:26:28.740> started<17:26:29.040> off<17:26:29.160> this

in the last module we started off this

in the last module we started off this
lesson<17:26:29.756> by<17:26:30.060> discussing<17:26:30.596> the<17:26:31.020> fundamentals<17:26:31.680> of

lesson by discussing the fundamentals of

lesson by discussing the fundamentals of
network<17:26:32.040> security<17:26:32.400> Now<17:26:33.180> a<17:26:33.480> big<17:26:33.596> portion<17:26:34.080> of

network security Now a big portion of

network security Now a big portion of
network<17:26:34.436> security<17:26:34.860> has<17:26:35.456> to<17:26:35.640> do<17:26:35.820> with<17:26:36.540> AAA<17:26:37.096> or

network security has to do with AAA or

network security has to do with AAA or
authentication<17:26:39.080> authorization<17:26:40.080> and

authentication authorization and

authentication authorization and
accounting

accounting

accounting
AAA<17:26:42.596> server<17:26:43.080> on<17:26:43.256> a<17:26:43.436> network<17:26:43.560> is<17:26:44.096> probably<17:26:44.276> one

AAA server on a network is probably one

AAA server on a network is probably one
of<17:26:44.756> the<17:26:44.756> most<17:26:45.000> important<17:26:45.660> things<17:26:45.956> when<17:26:46.256> it

of the most important things when it

of the most important things when it
comes<17:26:46.616> to<17:26:46.796> security<17:26:46.980> and<17:26:47.640> it's<17:26:47.820> quite<17:26:48.060> a<17:26:48.180> bit

comes to security and it's quite a bit

comes to security and it's quite a bit
of<17:26:48.416> work<17:26:48.596> so<17:26:49.560> in<17:26:49.916> this<17:26:50.096> module<17:26:50.520> we're<17:26:50.936> going<17:26:51.116> to

of work so in this module we're going to

of work so in this module we're going to
Define<17:26:52.200> and<17:26:52.916> discuss<17:26:53.340> these<17:26:54.000> three<17:26:54.180> A's

Define and discuss these three A's

Define and discuss these three A's
Authentication

Authentication

Authentication
authorization

authorization

authorization
and<17:26:59.040> accounting<17:26:59.640> in<17:27:00.360> further<17:27:00.660> detail<17:27:01.020> so<17:27:01.500> we

and accounting in further detail so we

and accounting in further detail so we
know<17:27:01.860> not<17:27:02.160> just<17:27:02.340> what<17:27:02.640> they<17:27:02.820> are<17:27:03.000> but<17:27:03.416> how

know not just what they are but how

know not just what they are but how
they're<17:27:03.840> implemented<17:27:04.380> in<17:27:04.616> a<17:27:04.740> very<17:27:04.860> general

they're implemented in a very general

they're implemented in a very general
way

way

way
authentication<17:27:07.796> is<17:27:08.096> the<17:27:08.340> first<17:27:08.520> a<17:27:08.880> it's<17:27:09.660> used

authentication is the first a it's used

authentication is the first a it's used
to<17:27:10.860> identify<17:27:11.580> the<17:27:11.880> user<17:27:12.240> and<17:27:12.720> make<17:27:12.900> sure<17:27:13.020> that

to identify the user and make sure that

to identify the user and make sure that
the<17:27:13.500> user<17:27:13.796> is<17:27:14.160> legitimate<17:27:14.700> sometimes

the user is legitimate sometimes

the user is legitimate sometimes
attackers<17:27:16.200> and<17:27:16.740> Bots<17:27:17.220> will<17:27:17.880> try<17:27:18.180> to<17:27:18.416> access

attackers and Bots will try to access

attackers and Bots will try to access
the<17:27:19.320> network<17:27:19.560> or<17:27:19.916> secure<17:27:20.276> data<17:27:20.756> by<17:27:21.296> acting

the network or secure data by acting

the network or secure data by acting
like<17:27:22.140> they're<17:27:22.436> a<17:27:22.616> legitimate<17:27:23.040> user<17:27:23.456> this<17:27:24.116> is

like they're a legitimate user this is

like they're a legitimate user this is
where<17:27:24.480> authentication<17:27:25.200> comes<17:27:25.680> into<17:27:25.740> play

where authentication comes into play

where authentication comes into play
any<17:27:27.416> secure<17:27:27.776> network<17:27:28.020> is<17:27:28.380> going<17:27:28.500> to<17:27:28.680> require

any secure network is going to require

any secure network is going to require
something<17:27:29.936> like<17:27:30.296> a<17:27:30.720> username<17:27:31.140> and<17:27:31.380> password

something like a username and password

something like a username and password
to<17:27:31.980> log<17:27:32.160> in<17:27:32.400> and<17:27:33.000> any<17:27:33.180> data<17:27:33.540> that's<17:27:33.720> really

to log in and any data that's really

to log in and any data that's really
important<17:27:34.500> or<17:27:34.796> secure<17:27:35.160> needs<17:27:35.820> to<17:27:35.880> be

important or secure needs to be

important or secure needs to be
protected<17:27:36.416> now<17:27:37.020> there<17:27:37.256> are<17:27:37.380> ways<17:27:37.680> of<17:27:37.796> course

protected now there are ways of course

protected now there are ways of course
for<17:27:38.276> these<17:27:38.456> attackers<17:27:38.880> to<17:27:39.240> gather<17:27:39.480> the

for these attackers to gather the

for these attackers to gather the
password<17:27:40.020> and<17:27:40.320> username<17:27:40.740> information<17:27:40.980> but

password and username information but

password and username information but
the<17:27:42.060> smart<17:27:42.240> thing<17:27:42.480> for<17:27:42.720> us<17:27:42.840> to<17:27:43.020> do<17:27:43.140> is<17:27:43.380> to

the smart thing for us to do is to

the smart thing for us to do is to
change<17:27:43.860> passwords<17:27:44.580> for<17:27:44.820> all<17:27:45.000> users<17:27:45.416> on<17:27:45.776> a

change passwords for all users on a

change passwords for all users on a
network<17:27:46.080> frequently<17:27:46.860> probably<17:27:47.700> every<17:27:48.240> 30<17:27:48.840> to

network frequently probably every 30 to

network frequently probably every 30 to
90<17:27:49.436> days<17:27:49.880> again<17:27:50.880> we<17:27:51.240> have<17:27:51.360> to<17:27:51.596> balance<17:27:51.900> that

90 days again we have to balance that

90 days again we have to balance that
with<17:27:52.560> how<17:27:52.860> easy<17:27:53.160> it<17:27:53.400> is<17:27:53.520> for<17:27:53.756> someone<17:27:53.880> to<17:27:54.116> come

with how easy it is for someone to come

with how easy it is for someone to come
up<17:27:54.360> with<17:27:54.480> a<17:27:54.660> new<17:27:54.776> password<17:27:55.020> and<17:27:55.980> they're<17:27:56.220> going

up with a new password and they're going

up with a new password and they're going
to<17:27:56.456> remember<17:27:56.640> the<17:27:56.936> new<17:27:57.060> password<17:27:57.240> they<17:27:57.596> come

to remember the new password they come

to remember the new password they come
up<17:27:57.840> with<17:27:57.956> we<17:27:58.616> need<17:27:58.796> to<17:27:58.860> make<17:27:58.980> sure<17:27:59.160> that<17:27:59.340> the

up with we need to make sure that the

up with we need to make sure that the
passwords<17:27:59.880> are<17:28:00.000> documented<17:28:00.660> in<17:28:01.256> some<17:28:01.500> way

passwords are documented in some way

passwords are documented in some way
although<17:28:02.640> we<17:28:02.756> want<17:28:02.936> to<17:28:03.060> be<17:28:03.116> careful<17:28:03.416> again

although we want to be careful again

although we want to be careful again
because<17:28:03.956> when<17:28:04.256> we<17:28:04.436> write<17:28:04.616> them<17:28:04.796> down<17:28:04.916> and

because when we write them down and

because when we write them down and
document<17:28:05.400> them<17:28:05.700> that<17:28:06.116> opens<17:28:06.416> up<17:28:06.480> another<17:28:06.596> way

document them that opens up another way

document them that opens up another way
they<17:28:07.080> can<17:28:07.200> be<17:28:07.380> stolen<17:28:07.740> and<17:28:08.160> we<17:28:08.276> want<17:28:08.400> to<17:28:08.520> make

they can be stolen and we want to make

they can be stolen and we want to make
sure<17:28:08.700> that<17:28:08.820> they're<17:28:09.000> all<17:28:09.180> secure<17:28:09.540> if<17:28:10.200> an

sure that they're all secure if an

sure that they're all secure if an
attacker<17:28:10.740> has<17:28:10.916> an<17:28:11.160> outdated<17:28:11.520> password<17:28:11.936> it's

attacker has an outdated password it's

attacker has an outdated password it's
going<17:28:12.480> to<17:28:12.660> do<17:28:12.776> them<17:28:13.020> no<17:28:13.500> good<17:28:13.820> so<17:28:14.820> if<17:28:15.060> we<17:28:15.296> can

going to do them no good so if we can

going to do them no good so if we can
put<17:28:15.596> this<17:28:15.720> in<17:28:15.900> another<17:28:16.020> way

put this in another way

put this in another way
authentication<17:28:18.320> verifies<17:28:19.400> identity<17:28:20.400> this<17:28:21.360> is

authentication verifies identity this is

authentication verifies identity this is
sort<17:28:21.776> of<17:28:21.900> like<17:28:22.200> you<17:28:22.860> have<17:28:23.360> a<17:28:24.360> ID<17:28:25.020> card<17:28:25.436> or

sort of like you have a ID card or

sort of like you have a ID card or
driver's<17:28:26.276> license<17:28:26.936> that<17:28:27.660> provides<17:28:28.200> your

driver's license that provides your

driver's license that provides your
identity<17:28:28.980> and<17:28:29.276> authenticates<17:28:29.820> you<17:28:30.060> are<17:28:30.240> who

identity and authenticates you are who

identity and authenticates you are who
you<17:28:30.540> are<17:28:30.720> one<17:28:31.256> of<17:28:31.380> the<17:28:31.436> reasons<17:28:31.740> we<17:28:31.860> have

you are one of the reasons we have

you are one of the reasons we have
pictures<17:28:32.276> on<17:28:32.820> our<17:28:32.936> driver's<17:28:33.360> license<17:28:33.540> or

pictures on our driver's license or

pictures on our driver's license or
government<17:28:34.200> issued<17:28:34.680> IDs<17:28:35.096> is<17:28:35.580> so<17:28:35.756> that<17:28:35.880> people

government issued IDs is so that people

government issued IDs is so that people
can<17:28:36.296> look<17:28:36.540> at<17:28:36.720> it<17:28:36.840> and<17:28:37.020> guarantee<17:28:37.436> We<17:28:37.740> Are<17:28:37.860> Who

can look at it and guarantee We Are Who

can look at it and guarantee We Are Who
We<17:28:38.220> Are<17:28:38.400> this<17:28:38.880> used<17:28:39.060> to<17:28:39.180> be<17:28:39.240> done<17:28:39.416> with

We Are this used to be done with

We Are this used to be done with
signatures<17:28:40.200> they<17:28:40.616> would<17:28:40.796> look<17:28:40.980> at<17:28:41.160> two

signatures they would look at two

signatures they would look at two
signatures<17:28:42.000> make<17:28:42.296> sure<17:28:42.416> they<17:28:42.660> were<17:28:42.776> identical

signatures make sure they were identical

signatures make sure they were identical
and<17:28:43.860> then<17:28:43.980> we<17:28:44.276> could<17:28:44.400> authenticate<17:28:45.180> the

and then we could authenticate the

and then we could authenticate the
person<17:28:45.720> was<17:28:46.140> actually<17:28:46.380> us<17:28:46.740> now<17:28:47.276> we've<17:28:47.456> moved

person was actually us now we've moved

person was actually us now we've moved
way<17:28:48.000> past<17:28:48.240> this<17:28:48.540> now<17:28:48.720> we<17:28:48.956> can<17:28:49.080> even<17:28:49.256> use<17:28:49.436> things

way past this now we can even use things

way past this now we can even use things
like<17:28:49.860> fingerprints<17:28:50.700> which<17:28:51.116> more<17:28:51.416> or<17:28:51.540> less

like fingerprints which more or less

like fingerprints which more or less
authenticate<17:28:52.680> that<17:28:52.916> we<17:28:53.220> are<17:28:53.400> who<17:28:53.640> we<17:28:53.880> say<17:28:54.060> we

authenticate that we are who we say we

authenticate that we are who we say we
are

are

are
so<17:28:55.916> here<17:28:56.160> is<17:28:56.276> another<17:28:56.456> form<17:28:56.700> of

so here is another form of

so here is another form of
authentication<17:28:57.480> you<17:28:57.840> may<17:28:57.956> have<17:28:58.140> encountered

authentication you may have encountered

authentication you may have encountered
this<17:28:59.040> one<17:28:59.220> before<17:28:59.400> when<17:28:59.820> you're<17:28:59.936> trying<17:29:00.116> to

this one before when you're trying to

this one before when you're trying to
access<17:29:00.480> things<17:29:00.840> on<17:29:01.080> the<17:29:01.200> internet<17:29:01.320> this<17:29:02.096> is

access things on the internet this is

access things on the internet this is
called<17:29:02.580> or<17:29:02.820> looks<17:29:03.180> like<17:29:03.360> a<17:29:04.140> captcha<17:29:04.680> and<17:29:05.160> it's

called or looks like a captcha and it's

called or looks like a captcha and it's
used<17:29:05.520> to<17:29:05.756> stop<17:29:06.000> Bots<17:29:06.480> from<17:29:06.776> accessing<17:29:07.380> secure

used to stop Bots from accessing secure

used to stop Bots from accessing secure
data<17:29:08.220> or<17:29:08.520> infiltrating<17:29:08.936> someone's<17:29:09.416> account

data or infiltrating someone's account

data or infiltrating someone's account
or<17:29:09.900> making<17:29:10.140> an<17:29:10.380> account<17:29:10.500> when<17:29:11.040> we<17:29:11.220> don't<17:29:11.276> want

or making an account when we don't want

or making an account when we don't want
them<17:29:11.580> to<17:29:11.820> so<17:29:12.480> the<17:29:12.720> text<17:29:12.840> in<17:29:13.140> the<17:29:13.320> gray<17:29:13.436> box<17:29:13.740> is

them to so the text in the gray box is

them to so the text in the gray box is
difficult<17:29:14.820> to<17:29:15.180> read<17:29:15.360> for<17:29:15.720> a<17:29:15.900> bot<17:29:16.200> it's

difficult to read for a bot it's

difficult to read for a bot it's
actually<17:29:17.040> a<17:29:17.700> picture<17:29:17.880> and<17:29:18.840> it's<17:29:19.256> very

actually a picture and it's very

actually a picture and it's very
difficult<17:29:19.796> for<17:29:20.160> robots<17:29:20.580> to<17:29:21.256> read<17:29:22.256> this<17:29:22.500> and

difficult for robots to read this and

difficult for robots to read this and
know<17:29:22.860> exactly<17:29:23.276> what<17:29:23.456> to<17:29:23.640> type<17:29:23.756> in

know exactly what to type in

know exactly what to type in
so<17:29:25.140> because<17:29:25.436> of<17:29:25.740> this<17:29:25.916> the<17:29:26.276> captcha<17:29:26.640> is

so because of this the captcha is

so because of this the captcha is
usually<17:29:27.116> made<17:29:27.416> different<17:29:28.080> fonts<17:29:28.560> distorted

usually made different fonts distorted

usually made different fonts distorted
text<17:29:29.276> pictures<17:29:30.116> Etc<17:29:30.240> and<17:29:30.956> it<17:29:31.080> can<17:29:31.200> be<17:29:31.380> slightly

text pictures Etc and it can be slightly

text pictures Etc and it can be slightly
different<17:29:31.860> for<17:29:32.220> a<17:29:32.400> human<17:29:32.580> to<17:29:32.880> read<17:29:33.060> but<17:29:33.720> not<17:29:33.900> so

different for a human to read but not so

different for a human to read but not so
difficult<17:29:34.560> for<17:29:35.276> them<17:29:35.456> that<17:29:35.700> they<17:29:35.936> can't

difficult for them that they can't

difficult for them that they can't
actually<17:29:36.416> type<17:29:36.660> it<17:29:36.900> in<17:29:37.020> when<17:29:37.560> you<17:29:37.680> type<17:29:37.860> in<17:29:38.096> the

actually type it in when you type in the

actually type it in when you type in the
image<17:29:38.700> into<17:29:39.000> here<17:29:39.296> is<17:29:39.540> text<17:29:39.860> then<17:29:40.860> you<17:29:41.400> can

image into here is text then you can

image into here is text then you can
basically<17:29:42.000> ensure<17:29:42.776> that<17:29:43.320> you<17:29:43.500> are<17:29:43.680> who<17:29:43.916> you

basically ensure that you are who you

basically ensure that you are who you
say<17:29:44.276> you<17:29:44.456> are<17:29:44.700> that<17:29:45.060> you<17:29:45.296> are<17:29:45.480> a<17:29:45.900> human<17:29:46.140> rather

say you are that you are a human rather

say you are that you are a human rather
than<17:29:46.860> a<17:29:47.160> bot<17:29:47.340> now<17:29:48.180> authorization<17:29:48.956> is<17:29:49.436> the<17:29:49.740> next

than a bot now authorization is the next

than a bot now authorization is the next
security<17:29:50.160> level<17:29:50.456> after<17:29:50.880> authentication<17:29:51.720> it's

security level after authentication it's

security level after authentication it's
the<17:29:52.500> second<17:29:52.680> a<17:29:52.980> so<17:29:53.640> once<17:29:53.936> a<17:29:54.000> user<17:29:54.360> has<17:29:54.540> been

the second a so once a user has been

the second a so once a user has been
determined<17:29:55.256> authentic<17:29:55.916> we've<17:29:56.640> authenticated

determined authentic we've authenticated

determined authentic we've authenticated
their<17:29:58.320> identity<17:29:58.860> they're<17:29:59.340> going<17:29:59.456> to<17:29:59.520> be

their identity they're going to be

their identity they're going to be
allowed<17:29:59.880> onto<17:30:00.116> the<17:30:00.296> network<17:30:00.416> but<17:30:01.256> they<17:30:01.560> can't

allowed onto the network but they can't

allowed onto the network but they can't
just<17:30:01.860> have<17:30:02.096> free<17:30:02.340> reign<17:30:02.700> and<17:30:02.880> do<17:30:03.060> whatever

just have free reign and do whatever

just have free reign and do whatever
they<17:30:03.900> want<17:30:04.140> we<17:30:04.680> want<17:30:04.796> to<17:30:04.980> make<17:30:05.096> sure<17:30:05.340> that<17:30:05.520> they

they want we want to make sure that they

they want we want to make sure that they
can<17:30:05.820> only<17:30:06.000> access<17:30:06.360> specific<17:30:07.020> things<17:30:07.436> remember

can only access specific things remember

can only access specific things remember
that<17:30:08.520> concept<17:30:09.116> of<17:30:09.416> least<17:30:09.660> privilege<17:30:10.200> well<17:30:10.740> we

that concept of least privilege well we

that concept of least privilege well we
want<17:30:11.160> to<17:30:11.340> make<17:30:11.456> sure<17:30:11.700> that<17:30:11.936> the<17:30:12.180> person<17:30:12.360> who's

want to make sure that the person who's

want to make sure that the person who's
on<17:30:13.020> there<17:30:13.200> is<17:30:13.380> only<17:30:13.560> going<17:30:13.740> to<17:30:13.860> access<17:30:13.980> stuff

on there is only going to access stuff

on there is only going to access stuff
that<17:30:14.640> they<17:30:14.820> are<17:30:14.936> allowed<17:30:15.180> to<17:30:15.296> access<17:30:15.680> so

that they are allowed to access so

that they are allowed to access so
you're<17:30:17.220> authorized<17:30:17.936> to<17:30:18.180> access<17:30:18.596> only<17:30:19.256> certain

you're authorized to access only certain

you're authorized to access only certain
things<17:30:19.980> now<17:30:20.700> there<17:30:21.180> are<17:30:21.416> users<17:30:22.256> such<17:30:22.796> as<17:30:23.040> the

things now there are users such as the

things now there are users such as the
admin<17:30:24.540> who<17:30:25.020> can<17:30:25.200> generally<17:30:25.500> access<17:30:25.796> a<17:30:26.160> quiet

admin who can generally access a quiet

admin who can generally access a quiet
deal<17:30:26.580> more<17:30:26.880> but<17:30:27.360> we<17:30:27.596> don't<17:30:27.720> want<17:30:28.020> for<17:30:28.560> instance

deal more but we don't want for instance

deal more but we don't want for instance
the<17:30:28.980> administrator<17:30:29.520> to<17:30:29.820> have<17:30:30.000> access<17:30:30.296> to<17:30:30.720> the

the administrator to have access to the

the administrator to have access to the
partner's<17:30:31.436> private<17:30:31.916> email<17:30:32.096> in<17:30:32.456> a<17:30:32.640> law<17:30:32.820> firm

partner's private email in a law firm

partner's private email in a law firm
and<17:30:33.596> we<17:30:33.840> don't<17:30:33.956> want<17:30:34.320> someone<17:30:34.740> who<17:30:35.160> works<17:30:35.456> in

and we don't want someone who works in

and we don't want someone who works in
accounting<17:30:36.060> to<17:30:36.296> have<17:30:36.416> access<17:30:36.660> to<17:30:36.956> marketing

accounting to have access to marketing

accounting to have access to marketing
so<17:30:37.796> authorization<17:30:38.580> basically<17:30:39.180> provides<17:30:39.720> the

so authorization basically provides the

so authorization basically provides the
information<17:30:40.500> on<17:30:41.040> what<17:30:41.640> the<17:30:42.116> person<17:30:42.360> or<17:30:42.660> the<17:30:42.840> ID

information on what the person or the ID

information on what the person or the ID
person<17:30:43.740> who<17:30:44.096> has<17:30:44.220> been<17:30:44.400> authenticated<17:30:45.060> is

person who has been authenticated is

person who has been authenticated is
authorized<17:30:46.680> to<17:30:47.640> get<17:30:48.296> access<17:30:48.660> to<17:30:49.140> now

authorized to get access to now

authorized to get access to now
authorization<17:30:50.520> procedures<17:30:51.240> can<17:30:51.720> stop<17:30:51.956> users

authorization procedures can stop users

authorization procedures can stop users
from<17:30:52.616> accessing<17:30:53.096> certain<17:30:53.400> datas<17:30:53.880> Services

from accessing certain datas Services

from accessing certain datas Services
programs<17:30:55.740> Etc<17:30:55.916> and<17:30:56.580> can<17:30:56.700> even<17:30:56.880> stop<17:30:57.116> users

programs Etc and can even stop users

programs Etc and can even stop users
from<17:30:57.720> accessing<17:30:58.200> certain<17:30:58.436> web<17:30:58.680> pages<17:30:58.916> for

from accessing certain web pages for

from accessing certain web pages for
instance<17:31:00.000> we<17:31:00.480> sometimes<17:31:00.956> have<17:31:01.256> filters<17:31:01.916> that

instance we sometimes have filters that

instance we sometimes have filters that
make<17:31:02.276> sure<17:31:02.456> our<17:31:02.700> kids<17:31:02.936> don't<17:31:03.240> access<17:31:03.860> very

make sure our kids don't access very

make sure our kids don't access very
specific<17:31:05.276> information<17:31:05.640> unless<17:31:06.416> they<17:31:06.596> can

specific information unless they can

specific information unless they can
type<17:31:06.956> in<17:31:07.200> a<17:31:07.860> password<17:31:08.040> that<17:31:08.640> would

type in a password that would

type in a password that would
authenticate<17:31:09.296> that<17:31:09.540> they're<17:31:09.720> an<17:31:09.840> adult<17:31:10.020> so

authenticate that they're an adult so

authenticate that they're an adult so
here's<17:31:11.160> an<17:31:11.340> example<17:31:11.640> of<17:31:12.060> what<17:31:12.296> a<17:31:12.480> denied<17:31:12.840> web

here's an example of what a denied web

here's an example of what a denied web
page<17:31:13.616> might<17:31:13.980> look<17:31:14.220> like<17:31:14.400> as<17:31:14.936> you<17:31:15.060> can<17:31:15.116> see<17:31:15.240> the

page might look like as you can see the

page might look like as you can see the
user<17:31:15.840> is<17:31:15.900> being<17:31:16.080> told<17:31:16.200> that<17:31:16.500> an<17:31:16.680> error<17:31:17.040> 403<17:31:17.520> has

user is being told that an error 403 has

user is being told that an error 403 has
occurred<17:31:18.416> other<17:31:19.020> words<17:31:19.256> the<17:31:20.096> web<17:31:20.400> page<17:31:20.880> has

occurred other words the web page has

occurred other words the web page has
been<17:31:21.596> forbidden<17:31:22.200> it<17:31:22.796> requires<17:31:23.400> you<17:31:23.880> to<17:31:24.060> log<17:31:24.240> on

been forbidden it requires you to log on

been forbidden it requires you to log on
and<17:31:24.480> you<17:31:24.900> have<17:31:25.020> not<17:31:25.200> logged<17:31:25.560> on<17:31:25.616> successfully

and you have not logged on successfully

and you have not logged on successfully
so<17:31:27.000> you<17:31:27.180> have<17:31:27.360> not<17:31:27.480> authenticated<17:31:28.200> who<17:31:28.500> you

so you have not authenticated who you

so you have not authenticated who you
are<17:31:28.796> and<17:31:29.340> therefore<17:31:29.640> you<17:31:29.880> are<17:31:30.060> not<17:31:30.240> authorized

are and therefore you are not authorized

are and therefore you are not authorized
to<17:31:31.080> have<17:31:31.380> access<17:31:31.680> to<17:31:32.220> specific<17:31:32.580> degree<17:31:33.000> of

to have access to specific degree of

to have access to specific degree of
information

information

information
now<17:31:34.860> users<17:31:35.456> other<17:31:35.756> than<17:31:35.936> the<17:31:36.116> administrator

now users other than the administrator

now users other than the administrator
will<17:31:37.020> most<17:31:37.256> likely<17:31:37.560> not<17:31:37.860> be<17:31:38.096> authorized<17:31:38.640> to

will most likely not be authorized to

will most likely not be authorized to
run<17:31:39.060> commands<17:31:39.660> in<17:31:39.900> the<17:31:40.080> command<17:31:40.380> prompt<17:31:40.680> and

run commands in the command prompt and

run commands in the command prompt and
we've<17:31:41.400> looked<17:31:41.640> at<17:31:41.700> this<17:31:41.880> with<17:31:42.060> a<17:31:42.240> plus<17:31:42.480> running

we've looked at this with a plus running

we've looked at this with a plus running
things<17:31:43.320> in<17:31:43.680> an<17:31:43.860> administrator<17:31:44.400> mode<17:31:44.756> if<17:31:45.480> the

things in an administrator mode if the

things in an administrator mode if the
user<17:31:45.900> does<17:31:46.080> they're<17:31:46.380> probably<17:31:46.616> going<17:31:46.796> to

user does they're probably going to

user does they're probably going to
receive<17:31:47.096> an<17:31:47.276> error<17:31:47.580> that<17:31:47.880> looks<17:31:48.240> like<17:31:48.360> this

receive an error that looks like this

receive an error that looks like this
this<17:31:49.320> command<17:31:49.680> prompt<17:31:49.980> has<17:31:50.160> been<17:31:50.400> disabled<17:31:50.936> by

this command prompt has been disabled by

this command prompt has been disabled by
your<17:31:51.296> administrator<17:31:51.900> the<17:31:52.616> administrator<17:31:53.040> can

your administrator the administrator can

your administrator the administrator can
deny<17:31:53.756> every<17:31:54.116> other<17:31:54.360> user<17:31:54.660> on<17:31:54.840> the<17:31:54.900> network<17:31:55.020> the

deny every other user on the network the

deny every other user on the network the
ability<17:31:55.616> to<17:31:55.916> use<17:31:56.040> the<17:31:56.276> command<17:31:56.580> prompt

ability to use the command prompt

ability to use the command prompt
because<17:31:57.360> they<17:31:57.596> could<17:31:57.776> do<17:31:57.900> something<17:31:58.140> that

because they could do something that

because they could do something that
they<17:31:58.680> are<17:31:58.796> not<17:31:58.916> authorized<17:31:59.700> to<17:31:59.880> do<17:32:00.060> so<17:32:00.596> it's<17:32:00.720> up

they are not authorized to do so it's up

they are not authorized to do so it's up
to<17:32:01.020> the<17:32:01.140> administrator<17:32:01.616> to<17:32:01.860> make<17:32:02.040> sure<17:32:02.160> that

to the administrator to make sure that

to the administrator to make sure that
only<17:32:02.640> authorized<17:32:03.360> users<17:32:03.720> can<17:32:04.320> access<17:32:04.500> the

only authorized users can access the

only authorized users can access the
command<17:32:05.220> prompt<17:32:05.640> or<17:32:06.116> do<17:32:06.480> other<17:32:06.720> things<17:32:07.020> on<17:32:07.380> the

command prompt or do other things on the

command prompt or do other things on the
computer<17:32:07.680> or<17:32:07.980> on<17:32:08.096> the<17:32:08.220> network<17:32:08.400> for<17:32:09.116> instance

computer or on the network for instance

computer or on the network for instance
rebooting<17:32:10.020> computers<17:32:10.500> accessing<17:32:11.220> servers

rebooting computers accessing servers

rebooting computers accessing servers
and<17:32:12.000> so<17:32:12.180> on

and so on

and so on
now<17:32:13.860> the<17:32:14.096> final<17:32:14.276> a<17:32:14.700> we<17:32:15.296> talked<17:32:15.596> about

now the final a we talked about

now the final a we talked about
authorization<17:32:16.860> and<17:32:17.340> authentication<17:32:18.080> is

authorization and authentication is

authorization and authentication is
accounting<17:32:20.480> accounting<17:32:21.480> is<17:32:21.956> not<17:32:22.256> the<17:32:22.560> same<17:32:22.680> as

accounting accounting is not the same as

accounting accounting is not the same as
in<17:32:23.276> bookkeeping<17:32:24.060> it's<17:32:24.956> Accounting<17:32:25.616> in<17:32:25.740> the

in bookkeeping it's Accounting in the

in bookkeeping it's Accounting in the
sense<17:32:26.040> that<17:32:26.220> everything<17:32:26.520> a<17:32:26.756> user<17:32:27.060> does<17:32:27.180> while

sense that everything a user does while

sense that everything a user does while
on<17:32:27.596> the<17:32:27.776> network<17:32:27.900> has<17:32:28.256> to<17:32:28.436> be<17:32:28.560> accounted<17:32:29.096> for

on the network has to be accounted for

on the network has to be accounted for
and<17:32:29.640> carefully<17:32:30.060> watched<17:32:30.540> this<17:32:31.140> is<17:32:31.320> sometimes

and carefully watched this is sometimes

and carefully watched this is sometimes
also<17:32:32.096> called<17:32:32.400> auditing

also called auditing

also called auditing
another<17:32:34.980> term<17:32:35.880> that<17:32:36.360> gets<17:32:37.020> back<17:32:37.200> to

another term that gets back to

another term that gets back to
accounting<17:32:38.936> in<17:32:39.240> a<17:32:39.416> sort<17:32:39.596> of<17:32:39.720> financial<17:32:39.956> sense

accounting in a sort of financial sense

accounting in a sort of financial sense
but<17:32:40.796> it<17:32:40.916> means<17:32:41.160> something<17:32:41.276> different<17:32:41.640> the

but it means something different the

but it means something different the
users<17:32:42.840> on<17:32:43.080> a<17:32:43.200> network<17:32:43.520> uh<17:32:44.520> can<17:32:44.820> often<17:32:45.180> be<17:32:45.360> one

users on a network uh can often be one

users on a network uh can often be one
of<17:32:45.720> the<17:32:45.900> biggest<17:32:46.140> of<17:32:46.796> our<17:32:47.220> security<17:32:47.400> concerns

of the biggest of our security concerns

of the biggest of our security concerns
most<17:32:48.840> of<17:32:49.020> the<17:32:49.140> time<17:32:49.320> someone<17:32:49.796> is<17:32:50.096> going<17:32:50.276> to

most of the time someone is going to

most of the time someone is going to
hack<17:32:50.580> our<17:32:50.756> network<17:32:50.936> from<17:32:51.360> inside<17:32:51.596> rather<17:32:52.140> than

hack our network from inside rather than

hack our network from inside rather than
outside<17:32:52.740> and<17:32:53.640> so<17:32:53.820> keeping<17:32:54.180> track<17:32:54.360> of<17:32:54.540> how

outside and so keeping track of how

outside and so keeping track of how
users<17:32:55.140> spend<17:32:55.500> their<17:32:55.616> time<17:32:55.796> is<17:32:56.040> one<17:32:56.220> of<17:32:56.340> the

users spend their time is one of the

users spend their time is one of the
most<17:32:56.520> important<17:32:56.936> aspects<17:32:57.416> of<17:32:57.540> network

most important aspects of network

most important aspects of network
security<17:32:58.160> the<17:32:59.160> accounting<17:32:59.580> function<17:32:59.880> of<17:33:00.116> the

security the accounting function of the

security the accounting function of the
AAA<17:33:00.660> servers<17:33:01.020> to<17:33:01.200> do<17:33:01.320> exactly<17:33:01.680> that<17:33:01.916> it

AAA servers to do exactly that it

AAA servers to do exactly that it
watches<17:33:03.000> all<17:33:03.360> of<17:33:03.480> the<17:33:03.596> users<17:33:03.840> and<17:33:04.020> monitors

watches all of the users and monitors

watches all of the users and monitors
their<17:33:04.680> activity<17:33:05.096> as<17:33:05.756> well<17:33:05.936> as<17:33:06.116> all<17:33:06.360> the

their activity as well as all the

their activity as well as all the
resources<17:33:07.256> they're<17:33:07.560> using<17:33:07.916> these<17:33:08.700> resources

resources they're using these resources

resources they're using these resources
could<17:33:09.360> include<17:33:09.660> stuff<17:33:09.900> like<17:33:10.080> bandwidth<17:33:10.616> CPU

could include stuff like bandwidth CPU

could include stuff like bandwidth CPU
usage<17:33:11.580> and<17:33:11.880> a<17:33:12.000> lot<17:33:12.116> more<17:33:12.360> not<17:33:12.900> to<17:33:13.080> mention<17:33:13.320> what

usage and a lot more not to mention what

usage and a lot more not to mention what
websites<17:33:14.400> they're<17:33:14.580> accessing<17:33:15.060> and<17:33:15.360> so<17:33:15.480> on<17:33:15.660> now

websites they're accessing and so on now

websites they're accessing and so on now
some<17:33:16.380> people<17:33:16.500> say<17:33:16.796> hey<17:33:17.096> wait<17:33:17.340> you're

some people say hey wait you're

some people say hey wait you're
infringing<17:33:18.116> on<17:33:18.296> my<17:33:18.540> right<17:33:18.776> to<17:33:18.956> use<17:33:19.140> the

infringing on my right to use the

infringing on my right to use the
internet<17:33:19.436> but<17:33:20.040> if<17:33:20.220> you<17:33:20.400> are<17:33:20.580> at<17:33:20.880> your<17:33:21.116> company

internet but if you are at your company

internet but if you are at your company
using<17:33:21.776> your<17:33:21.956> company's<17:33:22.320> internet<17:33:22.560> then<17:33:23.400> you

using your company's internet then you

using your company's internet then you
have<17:33:23.936> signed<17:33:24.480> most<17:33:24.720> likely<17:33:25.020> an<17:33:25.200> agreement

have signed most likely an agreement

have signed most likely an agreement
saying<17:33:25.916> you're<17:33:26.040> only<17:33:26.160> going<17:33:26.276> to<17:33:26.340> use<17:33:26.456> it<17:33:26.640> for

saying you're only going to use it for

saying you're only going to use it for
specific<17:33:27.000> purposes<17:33:27.540> and<17:33:27.956> you've<17:33:28.200> probably

specific purposes and you've probably

specific purposes and you've probably
also<17:33:28.616> signed<17:33:28.916> an<17:33:29.096> agreement<17:33:29.580> whether<17:33:29.880> you

also signed an agreement whether you

also signed an agreement whether you
know<17:33:30.116> it<17:33:30.296> or<17:33:30.416> not<17:33:30.540> that<17:33:31.020> allows<17:33:31.320> them<17:33:31.500> to

know it or not that allows them to

know it or not that allows them to
monitor<17:33:32.160> you<17:33:32.400> while<17:33:32.820> you're<17:33:33.000> using<17:33:33.296> the

monitor you while you're using the

monitor you while you're using the
internet

internet

internet
so<17:33:35.340> here's<17:33:35.880> representation<17:33:36.416> of<17:33:36.720> what<17:33:36.956> the

so here's representation of what the

so here's representation of what the
accounting<17:33:37.436> function<17:33:37.680> of<17:33:37.860> AAA<17:33:38.456> server<17:33:38.820> does

accounting function of AAA server does

accounting function of AAA server does
it<17:33:39.660> oversees<17:33:40.200> everything<17:33:40.916> the<17:33:41.160> users<17:33:41.456> are

it oversees everything the users are

it oversees everything the users are
doing<17:33:41.756> and<17:33:41.936> keeps<17:33:42.296> track<17:33:42.480> of<17:33:42.776> what<17:33:43.020> the

doing and keeps track of what the

doing and keeps track of what the
resources<17:33:43.680> are<17:33:43.860> those<17:33:44.340> users<17:33:44.700> are<17:33:44.820> taking<17:33:45.000> up

resources are those users are taking up

resources are those users are taking up
and<17:33:45.776> how<17:33:45.956> they're<17:33:46.140> spending<17:33:46.560> their<17:33:46.740> time

and how they're spending their time

and how they're spending their time
now<17:33:49.020> this<17:33:49.320> was<17:33:49.500> a<17:33:49.740> short<17:33:49.860> module<17:33:50.276> but<17:33:50.456> it

now this was a short module but it

now this was a short module but it
discussed<17:33:51.000> the<17:33:51.180> AAA<17:33:51.660> and<17:33:52.200> these<17:33:52.380> are<17:33:52.436> three

discussed the AAA and these are three

discussed the AAA and these are three
really<17:33:52.980> important<17:33:53.340> Concepts<17:33:53.820> you<17:33:54.060> need<17:33:54.180> to

really important Concepts you need to

really important Concepts you need to
know<17:33:54.540> and<17:33:54.776> understand<17:33:54.956> for<17:33:55.380> Network<17:33:55.560> plus

know and understand for Network plus

know and understand for Network plus
first<17:33:56.756> we<17:33:57.000> looked<17:33:57.296> at<17:33:57.360> authentication

first we looked at authentication

first we looked at authentication
authentication<17:33:59.276> make<17:34:00.060> sure<17:34:00.296> that<17:34:01.200> the

authentication make sure that the

authentication make sure that the
identity<17:34:01.980> has<17:34:02.400> been<17:34:02.580> verified<17:34:03.020> this<17:34:04.020> is<17:34:04.140> just

identity has been verified this is just

identity has been verified this is just
like<17:34:04.680> in<17:34:05.160> a<17:34:05.340> metaphor<17:34:05.720> your<17:34:06.720> driver's<17:34:07.140> license

like in a metaphor your driver's license

like in a metaphor your driver's license
which<17:34:08.756> has<17:34:09.000> a<17:34:09.296> picture<17:34:09.416> ID

next we talked about authorization this

next we talked about authorization this
is<17:34:16.200> what<17:34:16.796> you<17:34:17.040> are<17:34:17.220> allowed<17:34:17.756> to<17:34:18.720> do

is what you are allowed to do

is what you are allowed to do
this<17:34:21.116> could<17:34:21.240> be<17:34:21.416> just<17:34:21.720> like<17:34:21.956> you're

this could be just like you're

this could be just like you're
authorized<17:34:22.916> if<17:34:23.160> you<17:34:23.276> have<17:34:23.400> your<17:34:23.580> driver's

authorized if you have your driver's

authorized if you have your driver's
license<17:34:24.180> and<17:34:24.900> you're<17:34:25.140> 21<17:34:25.320> and<17:34:25.796> up<17:34:25.980> in<17:34:26.756> the

license and you're 21 and up in the

license and you're 21 and up in the
United<17:34:27.000> States<17:34:27.560> to<17:34:28.560> drink

so

so
authentication<17:34:34.616> is<17:34:34.860> provided<17:34:35.220> by<17:34:35.400> the

authentication is provided by the

authentication is provided by the
driver's<17:34:35.880> license<17:34:36.060> you<17:34:36.296> are<17:34:36.480> who<17:34:36.660> you<17:34:36.776> say<17:34:36.956> you

driver's license you are who you say you

driver's license you are who you say you
are<17:34:37.320> and<17:34:37.680> then<17:34:37.796> authorization<17:34:38.400> says<17:34:38.820> whether

are and then authorization says whether

are and then authorization says whether
or<17:34:39.240> not<17:34:39.296> you're<17:34:39.540> allowed<17:34:39.776> to<17:34:39.900> drink<17:34:40.140> or<17:34:40.500> even

or not you're allowed to drink or even

or not you're allowed to drink or even
drive<17:34:41.360> depending<17:34:42.360> on<17:34:42.660> your<17:34:43.140> age<17:34:43.380> and<17:34:43.740> a

drive depending on your age and a

drive depending on your age and a
variety<17:34:44.160> of<17:34:44.276> other<17:34:44.756> circumstances<17:34:45.740> finally

variety of other circumstances finally

variety of other circumstances finally
accounting<17:34:47.820> is<17:34:48.360> basically<17:34:48.720> a<17:34:49.140> log

accounting is basically a log

accounting is basically a log
of<17:34:50.640> what<17:34:50.820> you<17:34:51.000> do

if you get in trouble with the law

if you get in trouble with the law
that's<17:34:55.616> put<17:34:55.796> on<17:34:55.980> a<17:34:56.096> record<17:34:56.220> that<17:34:56.936> way<17:34:57.116> if

that's put on a record that way if

that's put on a record that way if
you're<17:34:57.416> pulled<17:34:57.776> over<17:34:57.840> by<17:34:58.140> a<17:34:58.320> policeman<17:34:58.616> let's

you're pulled over by a policeman let's

you're pulled over by a policeman let's
say<17:34:59.040> for<17:34:59.220> speeding<17:34:59.700> they<17:35:00.180> can<17:35:00.416> scan<17:35:00.776> your

say for speeding they can scan your

say for speeding they can scan your
driver's<17:35:01.436> license<17:35:01.616> and<17:35:02.456> see<17:35:02.580> if<17:35:02.756> you<17:35:02.936> have<17:35:03.116> any

driver's license and see if you have any

driver's license and see if you have any
outstanding<17:35:03.900> warrants<17:35:04.320> or<17:35:04.680> if<17:35:04.916> you've<17:35:05.040> been

outstanding warrants or if you've been

outstanding warrants or if you've been
pulled<17:35:05.580> over<17:35:05.640> in<17:35:05.936> the<17:35:06.116> past<17:35:06.240> in<17:35:07.140> this<17:35:07.256> way

pulled over in the past in this way

pulled over in the past in this way
accounting<17:35:08.756> provides<17:35:09.416> a<17:35:09.776> background

accounting provides a background

accounting provides a background
information<17:35:10.680> on<17:35:11.220> you<17:35:11.340> and<17:35:11.640> can<17:35:11.820> make<17:35:12.000> sure

information on you and can make sure

information on you and can make sure
that<17:35:12.720> we<17:35:12.840> know<17:35:12.956> what<17:35:13.200> you're<17:35:13.320> doing<17:35:13.500> on<17:35:13.740> the

that we know what you're doing on the

that we know what you're doing on the
network<17:35:13.980> what<17:35:14.456> information<17:35:14.700> you're

network what information you're

network what information you're
accessing<17:35:15.660> and<17:35:16.256> also<17:35:16.500> make<17:35:16.740> sure<17:35:16.980> when<17:35:17.340> you're

accessing and also make sure when you're

accessing and also make sure when you're
accessing<17:35:18.000> it<17:35:18.180> and<17:35:18.360> so<17:35:18.540> on<17:35:18.720> let's<17:35:19.256> say<17:35:19.436> that<17:35:19.740> we

accessing it and so on let's say that we

accessing it and so on let's say that we
have<17:35:20.220> someone<17:35:20.520> rob<17:35:21.000> our<17:35:21.480> store<17:35:21.860> at<17:35:22.860> midnight

have someone rob our store at midnight

have someone rob our store at midnight
and<17:35:24.240> the<17:35:24.416> store<17:35:24.596> is<17:35:24.776> closed<17:35:25.200> well<17:35:25.796> if<17:35:26.220> your

and the store is closed well if your

and the store is closed well if your
security<17:35:26.756> card<17:35:27.180> was<17:35:27.660> used<17:35:27.840> to<17:35:28.140> get<17:35:28.320> access<17:35:28.560> to

security card was used to get access to

security card was used to get access to
the<17:35:29.096> store<17:35:29.276> then<17:35:29.820> we<17:35:30.060> know<17:35:30.240> that<17:35:30.416> either<17:35:30.660> you

the store then we know that either you

the store then we know that either you
rob<17:35:31.200> the<17:35:31.436> store<17:35:31.680> or<17:35:32.040> someone<17:35:32.276> who<17:35:32.520> stole<17:35:32.756> your

rob the store or someone who stole your

rob the store or someone who stole your
security<17:35:33.240> card<17:35:33.596> robbed<17:35:34.080> your<17:35:34.200> store

[Music]

[Music]
thank<17:35:48.540> you

network security system security tools

network security system security tools
in<17:36:05.040> the<17:36:05.220> last<17:36:05.276> module<17:36:05.820> we<17:36:06.240> talked<17:36:06.480> about<17:36:06.596> the

in the last module we talked about the

in the last module we talked about the
AAA<17:36:07.456> authentication<17:36:08.660> authorization<17:36:09.660> and

AAA authentication authorization and

AAA authentication authorization and
accounting<17:36:10.860> there's<17:36:11.820> three<17:36:12.180> aspects<17:36:12.720> of

accounting there's three aspects of

accounting there's three aspects of
security<17:36:13.140> are<17:36:13.680> really<17:36:13.980> important<17:36:14.276> to<17:36:14.456> running

security are really important to running

security are really important to running
a<17:36:14.936> safe<17:36:15.060> and<17:36:15.240> secure<17:36:15.540> network<17:36:15.840> but<17:36:16.560> there<17:36:16.796> are

a safe and secure network but there are

a safe and secure network but there are
also<17:36:17.160> some<17:36:17.520> security<17:36:17.880> tools<17:36:18.720> and<17:36:19.080> programs

also some security tools and programs

also some security tools and programs
that<17:36:20.096> prove<17:36:20.456> really<17:36:20.640> useful<17:36:21.000> when<17:36:21.296> we're

that prove really useful when we're

that prove really useful when we're
trying<17:36:21.596> to<17:36:21.776> put<17:36:21.900> these<17:36:22.080> into<17:36:22.256> action<17:36:22.740> most

trying to put these into action most

trying to put these into action most
notably<17:36:24.116> we're<17:36:24.660> going<17:36:24.900> to<17:36:25.080> talk<17:36:25.380> in<17:36:26.096> this

notably we're going to talk in this

notably we're going to talk in this
module<17:36:26.880> about<17:36:27.380> firewalls<17:36:28.380> and<17:36:28.616> antivirus

module about firewalls and antivirus

module about firewalls and antivirus
software<17:36:29.580> there<17:36:30.180> are<17:36:30.296> a<17:36:30.296> lot<17:36:30.416> of<17:36:30.480> other<17:36:30.596> tools

software there are a lot of other tools

software there are a lot of other tools
and<17:36:31.616> pieces<17:36:32.096> of<17:36:32.276> software<17:36:32.640> that<17:36:32.880> we<17:36:33.000> can<17:36:33.116> use

and pieces of software that we can use

and pieces of software that we can use
and<17:36:33.540> we'll<17:36:33.660> talk<17:36:33.840> about<17:36:34.020> these<17:36:34.500> in<17:36:34.860> a<17:36:35.040> bit<17:36:35.160> but

and we'll talk about these in a bit but

and we'll talk about these in a bit but
these<17:36:36.720> two<17:36:36.840> come<17:36:37.080> up<17:36:37.256> quite<17:36:37.436> a<17:36:37.560> bit<17:36:37.680> on<17:36:37.796> the

these two come up quite a bit on the

these two come up quite a bit on the
network<17:36:37.980> plus<17:36:38.276> exam<17:36:38.756> especially<17:36:39.360> because

network plus exam especially because

network plus exam especially because
they're<17:36:39.840> the<17:36:40.080> two<17:36:40.200> most<17:36:40.436> prevalent<17:36:40.980> that<17:36:41.160> we

they're the two most prevalent that we

they're the two most prevalent that we
see<17:36:41.520> in<17:36:41.700> the<17:36:41.880> field<17:36:42.000> especially<17:36:42.956> from<17:36:43.256> a

see in the field especially from a

see in the field especially from a
consumer's<17:36:44.040> point<17:36:44.160> of<17:36:44.340> view

consumer's point of view

consumer's point of view
so<17:36:45.660> in<17:36:45.900> this<17:36:46.080> module<17:36:46.500> we're<17:36:46.860> going<17:36:47.096> to<17:36:47.340> Define

so in this module we're going to Define

so in this module we're going to Define
what<17:36:48.060> a<17:36:48.240> firewall<17:36:48.596> is<17:36:48.900> and<17:36:49.320> then<17:36:49.436> identify<17:36:50.040> its

what a firewall is and then identify its

what a firewall is and then identify its
importance<17:36:50.756> and<17:36:51.000> how<17:36:51.240> it<17:36:51.360> works<17:36:51.660> we're<17:36:52.436> also

importance and how it works we're also

importance and how it works we're also
going<17:36:52.860> to<17:36:52.980> Define<17:36:53.180> anti-virus<17:36:54.180> software<17:36:54.596> and

going to Define anti-virus software and

going to Define anti-virus software and
identify<17:36:55.916> its<17:36:56.400> importance<17:36:56.700> and<17:36:56.936> how<17:36:57.240> it<17:36:57.480> works

identify its importance and how it works

identify its importance and how it works
so<17:36:59.276> let's<17:36:59.400> start<17:36:59.640> by<17:36:59.880> talking<17:37:00.116> about<17:37:00.416> a

so let's start by talking about a

so let's start by talking about a
firewall<17:37:01.436> this<17:37:01.740> is<17:37:01.916> something<17:37:02.040> you've

firewall this is something you've

firewall this is something you've
probably<17:37:02.520> heard<17:37:02.820> about<17:37:03.000> you<17:37:03.480> might<17:37:03.720> even<17:37:03.900> have

probably heard about you might even have

probably heard about you might even have
on<17:37:04.796> your<17:37:04.980> computer<17:37:05.160> or<17:37:05.456> on<17:37:05.640> your<17:37:05.820> home<17:37:05.936> network

on your computer or on your home network

on your computer or on your home network
a<17:37:07.020> firewall<17:37:07.380> is<17:37:07.616> an<17:37:07.796> essential<17:37:08.220> part<17:37:08.520> of<17:37:08.936> any

a firewall is an essential part of any

a firewall is an essential part of any
secure<17:37:09.720> network<17:37:09.956> especially<17:37:10.560> in<17:37:10.680> today's<17:37:10.860> day

secure network especially in today's day

secure network especially in today's day
and<17:37:11.340> age<17:37:11.520> and<17:37:12.000> a<17:37:12.180> network<17:37:12.240> would<17:37:12.540> just<17:37:12.720> be<17:37:12.840> at

and age and a network would just be at

and age and a network would just be at
risk<17:37:13.740> almost<17:37:14.096> constantly<17:37:14.756> without<17:37:15.060> it<17:37:15.776> it's

risk almost constantly without it it's

risk almost constantly without it it's
basically<17:37:16.680> a<17:37:16.980> security<17:37:17.160> system<17:37:17.700> that<17:37:18.240> serves

basically a security system that serves

basically a security system that serves
as<17:37:18.660> a<17:37:18.900> barrier<17:37:19.320> between<17:37:19.916> the<17:37:20.400> local<17:37:20.520> network

as a barrier between the local network

as a barrier between the local network
and<17:37:21.480> the<17:37:21.660> wide<17:37:21.900> Network<17:37:22.200> or<17:37:22.916> VPN<17:37:23.580> it<17:37:24.360> analyzes

and the wide Network or VPN it analyzes

and the wide Network or VPN it analyzes
the<17:37:25.256> data<17:37:25.560> packets<17:37:25.916> that<17:37:26.160> are<17:37:26.340> trying<17:37:26.520> to

the data packets that are trying to

the data packets that are trying to
enter<17:37:27.000> the<17:37:27.296> local<17:37:27.416> network<17:37:27.776> and<17:37:28.560> exit<17:37:28.980> the

enter the local network and exit the

enter the local network and exit the
local<17:37:29.276> network<17:37:29.580> and<17:37:30.116> determines<17:37:30.596> whether

local network and determines whether

local network and determines whether
it's<17:37:31.080> safe<17:37:31.256> to<17:37:31.500> let<17:37:31.616> them<17:37:31.796> in<17:37:32.040> or<17:37:32.700> out<17:37:32.880> or<17:37:33.240> not

it's safe to let them in or out or not

it's safe to let them in or out or not
in<17:37:34.140> a<17:37:34.256> more<17:37:34.380> General<17:37:34.560> sense<17:37:34.980> a<17:37:35.400> firewall<17:37:35.936> is

in a more General sense a firewall is

in a more General sense a firewall is
set<17:37:36.956> up<17:37:37.080> between<17:37:37.436> local<17:37:38.220> private<17:37:38.936> Network<17:37:39.116> and

set up between local private Network and

set up between local private Network and
a<17:37:39.776> public<17:37:39.956> network<17:37:40.320> like<17:37:40.860> the<17:37:41.160> internet<17:37:41.340> so

a public network like the internet so

a public network like the internet so
internet<17:37:42.360> protection<17:37:42.956> is<17:37:43.436> actually<17:37:43.616> a<17:37:43.916> large

internet protection is actually a large

internet protection is actually a large
part<17:37:44.340> of<17:37:44.640> what<17:37:44.880> the<17:37:45.000> firewall<17:37:45.360> is<17:37:45.596> used<17:37:45.776> for

part of what the firewall is used for

part of what the firewall is used for
now<17:37:46.680> the<17:37:46.980> reason<17:37:47.096> it's<17:37:47.400> called<17:37:47.700> a<17:37:48.060> firewall<17:37:48.540> is

now the reason it's called a firewall is

now the reason it's called a firewall is
because<17:37:49.020> if<17:37:49.436> you<17:37:49.560> think<17:37:49.740> about<17:37:49.860> it<17:37:50.096> the<17:37:50.700> fire

because if you think about it the fire

because if you think about it the fire
is<17:37:51.480> going<17:37:51.660> to<17:37:51.776> burn<17:37:51.900> up<17:37:52.080> all<17:37:52.320> the<17:37:52.436> bad<17:37:52.616> stuff

is going to burn up all the bad stuff

is going to burn up all the bad stuff
but<17:37:53.160> not<17:37:53.276> the<17:37:53.520> good<17:37:53.640> stuff

but not the good stuff

but not the good stuff
as<17:37:54.956> opposed<17:37:55.320> to<17:37:55.380> a<17:37:55.860> brick<17:37:56.160> wall<17:37:56.340> which

as opposed to a brick wall which

as opposed to a brick wall which
wouldn't<17:37:57.360> let<17:37:57.720> anything<17:37:58.080> in<17:37:58.436> so<17:37:58.740> the<17:37:58.860> name

wouldn't let anything in so the name

wouldn't let anything in so the name
sort<17:37:59.340> of<17:37:59.400> describes<17:37:59.820> what<17:38:00.060> it<17:38:00.240> does<17:38:00.416> people

sort of describes what it does people

sort of describes what it does people
often<17:38:01.916> establish<17:38:02.456> firewalls<17:38:03.240> as<17:38:03.596> their<17:38:03.840> main

often establish firewalls as their main

often establish firewalls as their main
line<17:38:04.256> of<17:38:04.436> defense<17:38:04.740> from<17:38:05.040> internet<17:38:05.220> attacks

line of defense from internet attacks

line of defense from internet attacks
and<17:38:06.540> they<17:38:06.720> can<17:38:06.900> be<17:38:07.140> configured<17:38:07.740> to<17:38:08.096> not<17:38:08.276> allow

and they can be configured to not allow

and they can be configured to not allow
access<17:38:08.880> to<17:38:09.240> certain<17:38:09.480> websites<17:38:10.200> as<17:38:10.680> well<17:38:10.916> as

access to certain websites as well as

access to certain websites as well as
not<17:38:11.220> allow<17:38:11.520> downloads<17:38:12.116> from<17:38:12.296> certain

not allow downloads from certain

not allow downloads from certain
websites<17:38:13.140> or<17:38:13.560> certain<17:38:13.860> ports<17:38:14.276> to<17:38:14.400> be<17:38:14.580> open

websites or certain ports to be open

websites or certain ports to be open
we'll<17:38:15.720> use<17:38:16.020> something<17:38:16.320> called<17:38:16.916> a<17:38:17.400> port

we'll use something called a port

we'll use something called a port
scanner<17:38:18.180> to<17:38:18.956> see<17:38:19.140> if<17:38:19.436> there<17:38:19.616> are<17:38:19.796> any<17:38:19.916> open

scanner to see if there are any open

scanner to see if there are any open
ports<17:38:20.880> on<17:38:21.180> our<17:38:21.360> Network<17:38:21.540> that<17:38:21.840> are<17:38:21.956> going<17:38:22.080> to

ports on our Network that are going to

ports on our Network that are going to
let<17:38:22.380> bad<17:38:23.276> stuff<17:38:23.580> in<17:38:24.000> and<17:38:24.596> what<17:38:24.776> we<17:38:24.900> can<17:38:25.080> do<17:38:25.256> is

let bad stuff in and what we can do is

let bad stuff in and what we can do is
actually<17:38:25.980> set<17:38:26.580> the<17:38:26.880> firewall<17:38:27.360> to<17:38:28.256> allow

actually set the firewall to allow

actually set the firewall to allow
inbound

inbound

inbound
and<17:38:31.500> outbound<17:38:32.096> ports

and outbound ports

and outbound ports
now<17:38:34.080> I<17:38:34.980> know<17:38:35.096> inbound<17:38:35.640> probably<17:38:36.060> makes<17:38:36.296> more

now I know inbound probably makes more

now I know inbound probably makes more
sense<17:38:37.080> than<17:38:38.040> outbound<17:38:38.640> but<17:38:39.296> if<17:38:39.480> you<17:38:39.596> think

sense than outbound but if you think

sense than outbound but if you think
about<17:38:39.840> it<17:38:40.080> if<17:38:40.320> somehow<17:38:40.680> I<17:38:40.980> get<17:38:41.096> a<17:38:41.276> virus<17:38:41.640> into

about it if somehow I get a virus into

about it if somehow I get a virus into
my<17:38:42.240> computer<17:38:42.416> and<17:38:43.380> it<17:38:43.616> starts<17:38:43.980> sending

my computer and it starts sending

my computer and it starts sending
information<17:38:44.456> out<17:38:45.240> I<17:38:45.660> want<17:38:45.776> to<17:38:45.900> make<17:38:45.956> sure<17:38:46.140> to

information out I want to make sure to

information out I want to make sure to
keep<17:38:46.436> that<17:38:46.680> information<17:38:46.916> in<17:38:47.580> so<17:38:48.180> that<17:38:48.360> I<17:38:48.660> don't

keep that information in so that I don't

keep that information in so that I don't
release<17:38:49.080> any<17:38:50.040> say<17:38:50.276> private<17:38:50.820> information

release any say private information

release any say private information
about<17:38:51.416> my<17:38:51.720> network

about my network

about my network
now<17:38:52.860> the<17:38:53.096> term<17:38:53.220> firewall<17:38:53.820> as<17:38:54.000> I<17:38:54.116> was<17:38:54.296> just

now the term firewall as I was just

now the term firewall as I was just
talking<17:38:54.596> about<17:38:54.840> comes<17:38:55.380> from<17:38:55.560> the<17:38:56.220> physical

talking about comes from the physical

talking about comes from the physical
firewalls<17:38:57.480> or<17:38:57.660> doors<17:38:57.956> that<17:38:58.140> a<17:38:58.320> lot<17:38:58.436> of

firewalls or doors that a lot of

firewalls or doors that a lot of
buildings<17:38:59.040> contain<17:38:59.456> these<17:39:00.416> doors<17:39:00.720> are

buildings contain these doors are

buildings contain these doors are
fireproof<17:39:01.500> and<17:39:01.616> they<17:39:01.860> contain<17:39:02.276> a<17:39:03.000> fire<17:39:03.180> to<17:39:03.416> one

fireproof and they contain a fire to one

fireproof and they contain a fire to one
area<17:39:03.900> stop<17:39:04.616> it<17:39:04.796> from<17:39:04.916> spreading<17:39:05.400> elsewhere

area stop it from spreading elsewhere

area stop it from spreading elsewhere
which<17:39:06.480> is<17:39:06.540> another<17:39:06.660> way<17:39:06.956> we<17:39:07.200> get<17:39:07.320> that<17:39:07.500> term

which is another way we get that term

which is another way we get that term
they're<17:39:08.580> also<17:39:08.880> meant<17:39:09.060> to<17:39:09.240> block<17:39:09.416> out<17:39:09.840> fires<17:39:10.320> so

they're also meant to block out fires so

they're also meant to block out fires so
this<17:39:11.220> is<17:39:11.340> what<17:39:11.520> a<17:39:11.700> network<17:39:11.880> firewall<17:39:12.480> does<17:39:12.900> but

this is what a network firewall does but

this is what a network firewall does but
with<17:39:13.916> threats<17:39:14.276> from<17:39:14.456> outside<17:39:14.700> and<17:39:15.000> inside<17:39:15.240> of

with threats from outside and inside of

with threats from outside and inside of
the<17:39:15.596> network

the network

the network
so<17:39:16.796> think<17:39:16.980> about<17:39:17.096> a<17:39:17.340> firewall<17:39:17.700> if<17:39:18.000> we<17:39:18.116> can<17:39:18.240> use

so think about a firewall if we can use

so think about a firewall if we can use
a<17:39:18.596> metaphor<17:39:18.956> as<17:39:19.740> the<17:39:20.040> moat<17:39:20.400> and<17:39:20.936> the<17:39:21.060> stone

a metaphor as the moat and the stone

a metaphor as the moat and the stone
walls<17:39:21.660> around<17:39:21.776> a<17:39:22.080> castle<17:39:22.200> everything<17:39:22.980> within

walls around a castle everything within

walls around a castle everything within
the<17:39:23.520> castle<17:39:23.640> walls<17:39:24.116> is<17:39:24.240> really<17:39:24.416> contained<17:39:24.900> and

the castle walls is really contained and

the castle walls is really contained and
localized<17:39:25.680> outside<17:39:26.340> the<17:39:26.580> walls<17:39:26.880> however

localized outside the walls however

localized outside the walls however
there's<17:39:27.360> a<17:39:27.596> public<17:39:27.720> domain<17:39:28.256> the<17:39:28.500> internet

there's a public domain the internet

there's a public domain the internet
walls<17:39:30.060> in<17:39:30.180> the<17:39:30.296> mode<17:39:30.416> of<17:39:30.596> the<17:39:30.720> castle<17:39:30.900> are<17:39:31.616> the

walls in the mode of the castle are the

walls in the mode of the castle are the
last<17:39:32.096> line<17:39:32.400> of<17:39:32.700> a<17:39:32.880> large-scale<17:39:33.360> defense

last line of a large-scale defense

last line of a large-scale defense
before<17:39:34.200> an<17:39:34.560> attack<17:39:34.680> can<17:39:35.040> infiltrate<17:39:35.580> so<17:39:36.116> this

before an attack can infiltrate so this

before an attack can infiltrate so this
is<17:39:36.360> exactly<17:39:36.660> what<17:39:36.776> a<17:39:36.956> firewall<17:39:37.256> does<17:39:37.436> it<17:39:37.680> keeps

is exactly what a firewall does it keeps

is exactly what a firewall does it keeps
the<17:39:38.096> public<17:39:38.276> network<17:39:38.640> and<17:39:39.060> the<17:39:39.240> private

the public network and the private

the public network and the private
Network<17:39:39.660> separate<17:39:40.200> from<17:39:40.320> each<17:39:40.500> other<17:39:40.616> now<17:39:41.276> the

Network separate from each other now the

Network separate from each other now the
castle<17:39:41.580> much<17:39:41.936> like<17:39:42.116> a<17:39:42.240> firewall<17:39:42.596> does<17:39:42.776> allow

castle much like a firewall does allow

castle much like a firewall does allow
certain<17:39:43.200> things<17:39:43.500> inside<17:39:43.916> this<17:39:44.400> is<17:39:44.520> like<17:39:44.756> the

certain things inside this is like the

certain things inside this is like the
drawbridge<17:39:45.596> of<17:39:45.900> the<17:39:46.080> castle<17:39:46.256> so<17:39:47.040> when<17:39:47.220> the

drawbridge of the castle so when the

drawbridge of the castle so when the
walls<17:39:47.700> and<17:39:47.880> the<17:39:48.000> moat<17:39:48.240> keep<17:39:48.540> unwanted<17:39:49.140> things

walls and the moat keep unwanted things

walls and the moat keep unwanted things
out<17:39:49.560> but<17:39:50.276> then<17:39:50.456> things<17:39:50.700> are<17:39:50.936> trusted<17:39:51.416> so<17:39:51.660> they

out but then things are trusted so they

out but then things are trusted so they
are<17:39:52.020> allowed<17:39:52.320> in<17:39:52.560> through<17:39:53.160> the<17:39:53.756> drawbridge<17:39:54.180> so

are allowed in through the drawbridge so

are allowed in through the drawbridge so
firewalls<17:39:55.436> do<17:39:55.560> the<17:39:55.616> same<17:39:55.796> thing<17:39:55.860> with<17:39:56.096> packets

firewalls do the same thing with packets

firewalls do the same thing with packets
of<17:39:56.700> data<17:39:57.000> they<17:39:57.480> only<17:39:57.596> allow<17:39:57.900> the<17:39:58.020> ones<17:39:58.256> that

of data they only allow the ones that

of data they only allow the ones that
they<17:39:58.616> trust<17:39:58.916> to<17:39:59.220> enter<17:39:59.400> the<17:39:59.640> network<17:39:59.820> and<17:40:00.540> we

they trust to enter the network and we

they trust to enter the network and we
do<17:40:00.900> this<17:40:01.080> again<17:40:01.436> by<17:40:02.220> allowing<17:40:02.640> or<17:40:02.820> not

do this again by allowing or not

do this again by allowing or not
allowing<17:40:03.416> certain<17:40:03.720> ports<17:40:04.140> now<17:40:04.616> of<17:40:04.860> course<17:40:04.980> one

allowing certain ports now of course one

allowing certain ports now of course one
of<17:40:05.400> the<17:40:05.456> downsides<17:40:05.936> of<17:40:06.116> a<17:40:06.240> firewall<17:40:06.660> is<17:40:07.436> it<17:40:07.860> can

of the downsides of a firewall is it can

of the downsides of a firewall is it can
block<17:40:08.400> good<17:40:09.296> stuff

block good stuff

block good stuff
so<17:40:12.360> for<17:40:12.540> instance<17:40:12.776> if<17:40:13.080> I<17:40:13.256> have<17:40:13.436> Quickbooks<17:40:14.160> on

so for instance if I have Quickbooks on

so for instance if I have Quickbooks on
my<17:40:15.360> computer<17:40:15.660> and<17:40:16.020> it's<17:40:16.200> trying<17:40:16.380> to<17:40:16.560> access

my computer and it's trying to access

my computer and it's trying to access
its<17:40:17.580> download<17:40:17.700> server<17:40:18.240> to<17:40:18.416> update<17:40:18.776> the

its download server to update the

its download server to update the
program<17:40:19.500> I<17:40:20.456> could<17:40:20.700> block<17:40:21.416> the<17:40:22.020> inbound<17:40:22.380> Port

program I could block the inbound Port

program I could block the inbound Port
by<17:40:23.040> accident<17:40:23.220> through<17:40:23.700> my<17:40:23.880> firewall<17:40:24.296> and

by accident through my firewall and

by accident through my firewall and
um<17:40:26.400> then<17:40:27.000> it<17:40:27.240> wouldn't<17:40:27.360> be<17:40:27.596> able<17:40:27.720> to<17:40:27.840> get

um then it wouldn't be able to get

um then it wouldn't be able to get
updates<17:40:28.436> so<17:40:29.096> this<17:40:29.276> is<17:40:29.456> one<17:40:29.820> of<17:40:29.936> the<17:40:30.060> issues<17:40:30.480> now

updates so this is one of the issues now

updates so this is one of the issues now
firewalls<17:40:31.680> can<17:40:31.980> be<17:40:32.220> either<17:40:32.820> software

firewalls can be either software

firewalls can be either software
or<17:40:35.040> Hardware

or Hardware

or Hardware
you<17:40:37.796> probably<17:40:37.980> without<17:40:38.220> even<17:40:38.520> realizing<17:40:38.936> it

you probably without even realizing it

you probably without even realizing it
or<17:40:39.240> maybe<17:40:39.360> you<17:40:39.540> do<17:40:39.720> have<17:40:40.140> a<17:40:40.500> software<17:40:40.796> firewall

or maybe you do have a software firewall

or maybe you do have a software firewall
built<17:40:42.360> into<17:40:42.480> your<17:40:42.776> I<17:40:43.020> OS

built into your I OS

built into your I OS
so<17:40:45.776> if<17:40:45.956> you<17:40:46.140> have<17:40:46.320> Windows<17:40:46.796> 7<17:40:46.916> Windows<17:40:47.340> 8

so if you have Windows 7 Windows 8

so if you have Windows 7 Windows 8
Windows<17:40:47.880> Vista<17:40:48.240> then<17:40:48.956> you<17:40:49.320> actually<17:40:49.436> have<17:40:49.680> a

Windows Vista then you actually have a

Windows Vista then you actually have a
firewall<17:40:50.220> built<17:40:50.640> in<17:40:50.700> now<17:40:51.660> you<17:40:51.900> could<17:40:52.020> also

firewall built in now you could also

firewall built in now you could also
have<17:40:52.560> a<17:40:52.980> hardware<17:40:53.160> firewall<17:40:53.880> which<17:40:54.660> if<17:40:54.956> we're

have a hardware firewall which if we're

have a hardware firewall which if we're
talking<17:40:55.320> about<17:40:55.616> your<17:40:56.096> home<17:40:56.220> network<17:40:56.520> is

talking about your home network is

talking about your home network is
generally<17:40:57.480> built<17:40:57.900> into<17:40:58.020> your<17:40:58.380> Soho<17:40:58.796> router

generally built into your Soho router

generally built into your Soho router
that's<17:40:59.936> right<17:41:00.116> your<17:41:00.480> Soho<17:41:00.840> router<17:41:01.320> contains<17:41:01.980> a

that's right your Soho router contains a

that's right your Soho router contains a
firewall<17:41:03.240> built<17:41:03.596> in<17:41:03.660> and<17:41:04.020> will<17:41:04.200> allow<17:41:04.500> or<17:41:04.680> not

firewall built in and will allow or not

firewall built in and will allow or not
allow<17:41:05.096> certain<17:41:05.340> ports<17:41:05.820> to<17:41:06.000> come<17:41:06.180> in<17:41:06.360> this

allow certain ports to come in this

allow certain ports to come in this
awfuls<17:41:07.740> us

awfuls us

awfuls us
two<17:41:08.936> levels

two levels

two levels
of<17:41:11.456> security

of security

of security
one<17:41:14.160> through<17:41:14.456> the<17:41:14.640> hardware<17:41:14.820> and<17:41:15.416> once<17:41:15.660> it

one through the hardware and once it

one through the hardware and once it
gets<17:41:15.956> through<17:41:16.080> indoor<17:41:16.560> Network<17:41:16.740> then<17:41:17.096> we<17:41:17.340> have

gets through indoor Network then we have

gets through indoor Network then we have
one<17:41:17.756> on<17:41:18.060> our<17:41:18.240> computer

one on our computer

one on our computer
now<17:41:20.456> like<17:41:20.700> we<17:41:20.820> said<17:41:20.936> before<17:41:21.200> firewalls<17:41:22.200> are

now like we said before firewalls are

now like we said before firewalls are
mostly<17:41:23.160> used<17:41:23.456> to<17:41:23.880> block<17:41:24.180> uh<17:41:25.140> attacks<17:41:25.680> from<17:41:25.860> the

mostly used to block uh attacks from the

mostly used to block uh attacks from the
outside<17:41:26.296> but<17:41:27.296> it's<17:41:27.480> not<17:41:27.660> the<17:41:27.900> only<17:41:28.080> use<17:41:28.380> see

outside but it's not the only use see

outside but it's not the only use see
there<17:41:29.040> are<17:41:29.160> quite<17:41:29.276> a<17:41:29.456> few<17:41:29.580> actually<17:41:29.820> as<17:41:30.416> we

there are quite a few actually as we

there are quite a few actually as we
already<17:41:30.720> talked<17:41:31.140> about<17:41:31.200> they<17:41:31.916> keep<17:41:32.160> attacks

already talked about they keep attacks

already talked about they keep attacks
out<17:41:32.820> by<17:41:33.180> monitoring<17:41:33.660> everything<17:41:34.020> that<17:41:34.320> tries

out by monitoring everything that tries

out by monitoring everything that tries
to<17:41:34.860> enter<17:41:35.040> if<17:41:35.700> something<17:41:35.936> isn't<17:41:36.296> trustworthy

to enter if something isn't trustworthy

to enter if something isn't trustworthy
it's<17:41:37.140> not<17:41:37.320> going<17:41:37.436> to<17:41:37.500> let<17:41:37.616> it<17:41:37.796> through<17:41:37.980> now

it's not going to let it through now

it's not going to let it through now
though<17:41:38.936> this<17:41:39.180> might<17:41:39.296> be<17:41:39.540> the<17:41:39.840> most<17:41:39.956> recognized

though this might be the most recognized

though this might be the most recognized
use<17:41:40.740> there<17:41:41.040> are<17:41:41.160> some<17:41:41.400> other<17:41:41.520> important

use there are some other important

use there are some other important
aspects<17:41:42.480> that<17:41:42.660> we<17:41:42.776> want<17:41:42.900> to<17:41:43.020> talk<17:41:43.140> about<17:41:43.700> for

aspects that we want to talk about for

aspects that we want to talk about for
instance<17:41:44.936> the<17:41:45.296> firewall<17:41:45.660> acts<17:41:45.956> as<17:41:46.080> a<17:41:46.256> barrier

instance the firewall acts as a barrier

instance the firewall acts as a barrier
which<17:41:46.796> not<17:41:46.980> only<17:41:47.096> keeps<17:41:47.456> things<17:41:47.640> out<17:41:47.880> but<17:41:48.240> it

which not only keeps things out but it

which not only keeps things out but it
makes<17:41:48.540> sure<17:41:48.720> that<17:41:49.020> important<17:41:49.740> things<17:41:49.916> inside

makes sure that important things inside

makes sure that important things inside
the<17:41:50.640> network<17:41:50.820> don't<17:41:51.240> get<17:41:51.416> out<17:41:51.596> which<17:41:52.436> in

the network don't get out which in

the network don't get out which in
effect<17:41:52.860> keeps<17:41:53.340> the<17:41:53.400> data<17:41:53.756> secure<17:41:54.116> this<17:41:54.660> is

effect keeps the data secure this is

effect keeps the data secure this is
what<17:41:54.900> I<17:41:55.080> was<17:41:55.140> talking<17:41:55.380> about<17:41:55.616> without<17:41:56.580> bound

what I was talking about without bound

what I was talking about without bound
ports

ports

ports
for<17:42:00.840> example<17:42:01.160> if<17:42:02.160> secure<17:42:02.520> data<17:42:03.000> is<17:42:03.296> being

for example if secure data is being

for example if secure data is being
accessed<17:42:04.020> and<17:42:04.140> taken<17:42:04.436> from<17:42:04.500> someone<17:42:04.680> on<17:42:04.916> the

accessed and taken from someone on the

accessed and taken from someone on the
outside<17:42:05.276> then<17:42:06.000> we<17:42:06.296> can<17:42:06.416> make<17:42:06.720> sure<17:42:06.956> that<17:42:07.796> the

outside then we can make sure that the

outside then we can make sure that the
data<17:42:08.400> can't<17:42:08.580> get<17:42:08.880> out<17:42:09.296> through<17:42:09.660> our<17:42:09.840> Network

data can't get out through our Network

data can't get out through our Network
it's<17:42:10.320> going<17:42:10.500> to<17:42:10.616> be<17:42:10.680> stopped<17:42:11.096> just<17:42:11.340> like

it's going to be stopped just like

it's going to be stopped just like
containing<17:42:11.936> the<17:42:12.116> fire<17:42:12.296> within<17:42:13.256> the<17:42:13.680> building

containing the fire within the building

containing the fire within the building
this<17:42:14.580> is<17:42:14.700> really<17:42:14.880> important<17:42:15.240> to<17:42:15.416> businesses

this is really important to businesses

this is really important to businesses
and<17:42:15.956> organizations<17:42:16.500> where<17:42:17.276> data<17:42:17.700> really

and organizations where data really

and organizations where data really
equals<17:42:18.360> money<17:42:18.540> or<17:42:18.776> more<17:42:18.956> than<17:42:19.080> money<17:42:19.740> now<17:42:20.040> for

equals money or more than money now for

equals money or more than money now for
individuals<17:42:20.880> it<17:42:21.060> can<17:42:21.240> help<17:42:21.416> secure<17:42:21.916> important

individuals it can help secure important

individuals it can help secure important
information<17:42:23.160> like<17:42:23.700> your<17:42:23.880> social<17:42:24.060> security

information like your social security

information like your social security
number<17:42:24.720> credit<17:42:25.080> card<17:42:25.320> information

number credit card information

number credit card information
Etc<17:42:26.296> these<17:42:27.296> aren't<17:42:27.416> things<17:42:27.776> that<17:42:28.020> you<17:42:28.200> want<17:42:28.320> in

Etc these aren't things that you want in

Etc these aren't things that you want in
the<17:42:28.616> hands<17:42:28.796> of<17:42:28.860> attackers<17:42:29.340> so<17:42:29.936> a<17:42:30.116> firewall<17:42:30.480> can

the hands of attackers so a firewall can

the hands of attackers so a firewall can
actually<17:42:30.900> prevent<17:42:31.256> these<17:42:31.560> problems<17:42:31.916> that<17:42:32.220> an

actually prevent these problems that an

actually prevent these problems that an
attack<17:42:32.520> might<17:42:32.936> cause

attack might cause

attack might cause
just<17:42:34.916> as<17:42:35.096> a<17:42:35.276> matter<17:42:35.340> of<17:42:35.520> example<17:42:35.936> I'm<17:42:36.480> here<17:42:36.720> in

just as a matter of example I'm here in

just as a matter of example I'm here in
Windows<17:42:37.200> 7<17:42:37.320> and<17:42:38.096> let's<17:42:38.340> go<17:42:38.580> ahead<17:42:38.756> and<17:42:38.880> check

Windows 7 and let's go ahead and check

Windows 7 and let's go ahead and check
out<17:42:39.416> the<17:42:39.660> Windows<17:42:40.020> firewall

out the Windows firewall

out the Windows firewall
now<17:42:41.756> I<17:42:42.000> actually<17:42:42.116> have<17:42:42.296> two<17:42:42.416> options<17:42:42.720> here<17:42:42.900> one

now I actually have two options here one

now I actually have two options here one
is<17:42:43.256> far<17:42:43.436> with<17:42:43.680> Advanced<17:42:44.160> security<17:42:44.340> and<17:42:44.756> the

is far with Advanced security and the

is far with Advanced security and the
plain<17:42:45.060> old<17:42:45.180> Windows<17:42:45.596> firewall

plain old Windows firewall

plain old Windows firewall
if<17:42:47.040> we<17:42:47.096> go<17:42:47.220> into<17:42:47.340> plan<17:42:47.580> we'll<17:42:47.820> win<17:42:47.936> this<17:42:48.116> far

if we go into plan we'll win this far

if we go into plan we'll win this far
well<17:42:48.480> you<17:42:48.720> can<17:42:48.840> see<17:42:48.956> the<17:42:49.256> firewall<17:42:49.680> is<17:42:49.796> on<17:42:50.160> and

well you can see the firewall is on and

well you can see the firewall is on and
it's<17:42:51.240> working<17:42:51.480> on<17:42:51.840> this<17:42:52.080> network<17:42:52.320> and<17:42:53.160> if<17:42:53.340> I<17:42:53.520> go

it's working on this network and if I go

it's working on this network and if I go
over<17:42:53.820> here<17:42:54.180> I<17:42:54.900> can<17:42:55.020> choose<17:42:55.256> whether<17:42:55.560> or<17:42:55.740> not<17:42:55.740> to

over here I can choose whether or not to

over here I can choose whether or not to
turn<17:42:56.160> the<17:42:56.340> firewall<17:42:56.756> off<17:42:57.180> or<17:42:57.776> on

turn the firewall off or on

turn the firewall off or on
now<17:42:58.916> if<17:42:58.980> we<17:42:59.096> go<17:42:59.220> to<17:42:59.340> those<17:42:59.456> advanced<17:42:59.936> settings

now if we go to those advanced settings

now if we go to those advanced settings
I<17:43:00.596> referred<17:43:01.020> to<17:43:01.136> earlier

I referred to earlier

I referred to earlier
you<17:43:02.700> can<17:43:02.820> see<17:43:03.000> that<17:43:03.116> I<17:43:03.296> have<17:43:03.416> inbound<17:43:03.900> rules

you can see that I have inbound rules

you can see that I have inbound rules
and<17:43:05.160> outbound<17:43:05.520> rules

and outbound rules

and outbound rules
there<17:43:06.956> are<17:43:07.136> inbound<17:43:07.380> rules<17:43:07.796> that<17:43:08.276> allow<17:43:08.756> and

there are inbound rules that allow and

there are inbound rules that allow and
disallow<17:43:09.596> certain<17:43:09.840> information

disallow certain information

disallow certain information
for<17:43:11.756> instance<17:43:12.000> this<17:43:12.540> rule<17:43:12.840> which<17:43:12.956> says<17:43:13.200> file

for instance this rule which says file

for instance this rule which says file
and<17:43:13.560> print<17:43:13.740> sharing<17:43:14.220> Echo<17:43:14.756> request<17:43:15.116> allows

and print sharing Echo request allows

and print sharing Echo request allows
the<17:43:16.080> connection<17:43:16.256> to<17:43:16.680> be<17:43:16.796> made<17:43:17.040> for<17:43:17.756> icmp

the connection to be made for icmp

the connection to be made for icmp
packets<17:43:19.080> which<17:43:19.500> is<17:43:19.680> basically<17:43:20.040> for<17:43:20.276> Ping<17:43:20.636> now

packets which is basically for Ping now

packets which is basically for Ping now
I<17:43:21.480> can<17:43:21.596> choose<17:43:21.840> to<17:43:22.136> disable<17:43:22.500> a<17:43:22.860> rule<17:43:23.096> or<17:43:24.000> create

I can choose to disable a rule or create

I can choose to disable a rule or create
a<17:43:24.720> new<17:43:24.840> rule<17:43:25.256> for<17:43:25.860> instance<17:43:26.096> if<17:43:26.340> I<17:43:26.520> have<17:43:26.636> a

a new rule for instance if I have a

a new rule for instance if I have a
specific<17:43:27.116> program<17:43:27.540> or<17:43:28.136> Port<17:43:28.380> that<17:43:28.740> I<17:43:28.860> know

specific program or Port that I know

specific program or Port that I know
needs<17:43:29.456> to<17:43:29.580> have<17:43:29.756> access

needs to have access

needs to have access
you<17:43:31.860> remember<17:43:31.980> the<17:43:32.400> ports<17:43:32.820> that<17:43:33.000> we<17:43:33.116> talked

you remember the ports that we talked

you remember the ports that we talked
about<17:43:33.540> previously<17:43:34.320> and<17:43:34.916> this<17:43:35.040> is<17:43:35.160> an<17:43:35.340> example

about previously and this is an example

about previously and this is an example
of<17:43:36.296> how<17:43:36.540> you<17:43:36.720> would<17:43:36.900> use<17:43:37.080> that<17:43:37.320> now<17:43:37.796> I<17:43:37.980> also

of how you would use that now I also

of how you would use that now I also
have<17:43:38.276> outbound<17:43:38.700> rules<17:43:39.116> so<17:43:39.660> for<17:43:39.900> instance

have outbound rules so for instance

have outbound rules so for instance
instead<17:43:40.616> of<17:43:40.680> allowing<17:43:41.096> information<17:43:41.400> into<17:43:42.000> the

instead of allowing information into the

instead of allowing information into the
system<17:43:42.360> I<17:43:42.776> want<17:43:42.840> to<17:43:43.020> talk<17:43:43.080> about<17:43:43.256> information

system I want to talk about information

system I want to talk about information
I<17:43:44.160> want<17:43:44.276> to<17:43:44.400> let<17:43:44.520> out<17:43:44.756> so<17:43:45.660> for<17:43:45.900> instance

I want to let out so for instance

I want to let out so for instance
Windows<17:43:46.616> Media<17:43:46.980> Player<17:43:47.400> has<17:43:48.060> a<17:43:48.416> number<17:43:48.540> of

Windows Media Player has a number of

Windows Media Player has a number of
rules<17:43:49.080> that<17:43:49.320> are<17:43:49.436> here<17:43:49.616> notice<17:43:50.340> that<17:43:50.456> none<17:43:50.700> of

rules that are here notice that none of

rules that are here notice that none of
them<17:43:50.936> are<17:43:51.180> enabled

them are enabled

them are enabled
so<17:43:52.796> if<17:43:53.040> we<17:43:53.220> were<17:43:53.400> to<17:43:53.520> check<17:43:53.700> this<17:43:53.936> one<17:43:54.060> out<17:43:54.296> for

so if we were to check this one out for

so if we were to check this one out for
instance<17:43:54.776> it<17:43:55.200> says<17:43:55.500> there's<17:43:55.680> an<17:43:55.980> outbound

instance it says there's an outbound

instance it says there's an outbound
rule<17:43:56.756> to<17:43:57.416> allow<17:43:57.660> the<17:43:57.840> sharing<17:43:58.256> service<17:43:58.860> for<17:43:59.756> a

rule to allow the sharing service for a

rule to allow the sharing service for a
Windows<17:44:00.360> Media<17:44:00.660> Player<17:44:00.956> now<17:44:01.616> I<17:44:01.980> could<17:44:02.040> enable

Windows Media Player now I could enable

Windows Media Player now I could enable
this<17:44:02.636> and<17:44:02.820> that<17:44:03.000> would<17:44:03.116> allow<17:44:03.416> it<17:44:03.596> to<17:44:03.776> occur

this and that would allow it to occur

this and that would allow it to occur
but<17:44:04.560> because<17:44:04.796> it<17:44:05.096> is<17:44:05.276> disabled<17:44:05.820> to<17:44:05.936> this

but because it is disabled to this

but because it is disabled to this
moment<17:44:06.416> it's<17:44:06.776> actually<17:44:06.956> not<17:44:07.200> going<17:44:07.380> to<17:44:07.500> allow

moment it's actually not going to allow

moment it's actually not going to allow
any<17:44:07.916> of<17:44:08.160> that<17:44:08.276> information<17:44:08.520> out<17:44:09.116> so<17:44:09.720> this<17:44:09.900> is

any of that information out so this is

any of that information out so this is
how<17:44:10.436> very<17:44:11.096> quickly

how very quickly

how very quickly
the<17:44:12.660> firewall<17:44:13.136> works<17:44:13.616> on<17:44:14.276> your<17:44:14.456> software<17:44:14.820> but

the firewall works on your software but

the firewall works on your software but
it<17:44:15.416> would<17:44:15.540> also<17:44:15.776> work<17:44:15.956> the<17:44:16.200> same<17:44:16.380> way<17:44:16.500> if<17:44:16.680> you

it would also work the same way if you

it would also work the same way if you
had<17:44:17.040> a<17:44:17.276> hardware<17:44:17.456> device<17:44:17.880> too<17:44:18.296> you<17:44:19.020> can<17:44:19.080> also

had a hardware device too you can also

had a hardware device too you can also
have<17:44:19.616> it<17:44:19.860> monitor<17:44:20.820> what's<17:44:21.360> going<17:44:21.596> on<17:44:21.900> so<17:44:22.740> for

have it monitor what's going on so for

have it monitor what's going on so for
instance<17:44:23.276> this<17:44:23.580> is<17:44:23.700> telling<17:44:24.000> me<17:44:24.116> that<17:44:24.360> the

instance this is telling me that the

instance this is telling me that the
inbound<17:44:24.900> connections<17:44:25.560> aren't<17:44:25.860> matching<17:44:26.340> a

inbound connections aren't matching a

inbound connections aren't matching a
rule<17:44:27.180> so<17:44:27.596> that<17:44:27.720> I<17:44:27.900> could<17:44:28.020> go<17:44:28.200> in<17:44:28.320> and<17:44:28.500> check<17:44:28.740> out

rule so that I could go in and check out

rule so that I could go in and check out
exactly<17:44:29.456> what<17:44:29.820> that<17:44:30.060> is

exactly what that is

exactly what that is
and<17:44:31.680> it's<17:44:31.916> also<17:44:32.220> telling<17:44:32.520> me<17:44:32.580> I<17:44:32.936> can<17:44:33.060> see<17:44:33.296> all

and it's also telling me I can see all

and it's also telling me I can see all
the<17:44:33.776> active<17:44:34.400> rules<17:44:35.400> and<17:44:35.700> so<17:44:35.820> on<17:44:36.000> that<17:44:36.540> are

the active rules and so on that are

the active rules and so on that are
going<17:44:36.900> on<17:44:37.136> here<17:44:37.380> now<17:44:37.916> here's<17:44:38.220> an<17:44:38.340> example<17:44:38.636> of

going on here now here's an example of

going on here now here's an example of
what<17:44:39.000> a<17:44:39.116> fire<17:44:39.240> mole<17:44:39.720> might<17:44:39.840> do<17:44:40.020> as<17:44:40.436> you<17:44:40.616> can<17:44:40.680> see

what a fire mole might do as you can see

what a fire mole might do as you can see
it's<17:44:41.756> separating<17:44:42.240> the<17:44:42.840> WAN<17:44:43.200> which<17:44:44.160> usually

it's separating the WAN which usually

it's separating the WAN which usually
would<17:44:46.740> be<17:44:47.276> shown<17:44:48.116> by<17:44:49.080> a<17:44:49.320> cloud

would be shown by a cloud

would be shown by a cloud
which<17:44:51.900> we<17:44:52.080> could<17:44:52.256> call<17:44:52.616> the<17:44:53.340> internet

which we could call the internet

which we could call the internet
and<17:44:55.500> the<17:44:55.740> users<17:44:56.040> on<17:44:56.276> the<17:44:56.400> WAN<17:44:56.700> have<17:44:57.000> to<17:44:57.116> be

and the users on the WAN have to be

and the users on the WAN have to be
authenticated<17:44:57.900> and<17:44:58.616> allowed<17:44:58.980> before<17:44:59.220> their

authenticated and allowed before their

authenticated and allowed before their
go<17:44:59.820> past<17:45:00.116> this<17:45:00.540> firewall<17:45:01.080> this<17:45:01.796> is<17:45:01.860> useful

go past this firewall this is useful

go past this firewall this is useful
because<17:45:02.276> an<17:45:02.580> attack<17:45:02.700> could<17:45:03.000> very<17:45:03.240> possibly

because an attack could very possibly

because an attack could very possibly
infiltrate<17:45:04.320> the<17:45:04.560> WAN<17:45:04.860> and<17:45:05.276> try<17:45:05.400> to<17:45:05.520> get<17:45:05.700> access

infiltrate the WAN and try to get access

infiltrate the WAN and try to get access
to<17:45:06.116> the<17:45:06.240> local<17:45:06.416> network<17:45:06.720> but<17:45:07.256> if<17:45:07.560> they're<17:45:07.680> not

to the local network but if they're not

to the local network but if they're not
recognized<17:45:08.276> not<17:45:08.580> given<17:45:08.880> permission<17:45:09.180> by<17:45:09.360> the

recognized not given permission by the

recognized not given permission by the
firewall<17:45:09.840> they're<17:45:10.020> not<17:45:10.136> going<17:45:10.256> to<17:45:10.320> be<17:45:10.380> able<17:45:10.436> to

firewall they're not going to be able to

firewall they're not going to be able to
enter<17:45:10.740> the<17:45:10.980> land<17:45:11.636> sometimes<17:45:12.360> what<17:45:12.596> we'll<17:45:12.720> also

enter the land sometimes what we'll also

enter the land sometimes what we'll also
have<17:45:13.256> is<17:45:13.616> a<17:45:13.796> separate<17:45:14.096> Network<17:45:14.276> that<17:45:14.636> they'll

have is a separate Network that they'll

have is a separate Network that they'll
be<17:45:14.936> allowed<17:45:15.296> into

be allowed into

be allowed into
that's<17:45:16.796> sort<17:45:17.220> of<17:45:17.340> not<17:45:17.580> between<17:45:17.880> the<17:45:18.240> firewall

that's sort of not between the firewall

that's sort of not between the firewall
in<17:45:19.436> some<17:45:19.560> cases<17:45:19.860> even<17:45:20.096> if<17:45:20.340> I<17:45:20.456> erase<17:45:20.756> this<17:45:20.936> we'll

in some cases even if I erase this we'll

in some cases even if I erase this we'll
actually<17:45:21.416> have

actually have

actually have
two<17:45:23.160> firewalls

one which allows a lot of stuff in and

one which allows a lot of stuff in and
creates<17:45:29.276> sort<17:45:29.580> of<17:45:29.700> a<17:45:30.200> demilitarized<17:45:31.200> zone

creates sort of a demilitarized zone

creates sort of a demilitarized zone
which<17:45:33.000> then<17:45:33.296> we<17:45:33.900> can<17:45:34.080> either<17:45:34.256> put<17:45:34.740> a<17:45:35.456> test

which then we can either put a test

which then we can either put a test
server<17:45:36.060> on<17:45:36.240> or<17:45:36.480> a<17:45:36.596> test<17:45:36.720> computer<17:45:37.040> sometimes

server on or a test computer sometimes

server on or a test computer sometimes
we'll<17:45:38.220> call<17:45:38.456> this

we'll call this

we'll call this
a<17:45:39.776> Honeypot<17:45:40.320> will<17:45:41.160> allow<17:45:41.580> a<17:45:41.756> lot<17:45:41.880> of<17:45:42.000> stuff<17:45:42.240> in

a Honeypot will allow a lot of stuff in

a Honeypot will allow a lot of stuff in
through<17:45:42.776> the<17:45:43.020> first<17:45:43.136> firewall

through the first firewall

through the first firewall
and<17:45:45.000> then<17:45:45.240> when<17:45:45.776> the<17:45:45.956> hackers<17:45:46.320> find<17:45:46.616> stuff

and then when the hackers find stuff

and then when the hackers find stuff
they're<17:45:47.220> going<17:45:47.400> to<17:45:47.520> start<17:45:47.580> attacking<17:45:48.000> this

they're going to start attacking this

they're going to start attacking this
Honeypot

Honeypot

Honeypot
Honeypot<17:45:50.096> being<17:45:50.340> sort<17:45:50.636> of<17:45:50.756> like<17:45:50.880> bees<17:45:51.296> go<17:45:51.540> into

Honeypot being sort of like bees go into

Honeypot being sort of like bees go into
honey<17:45:51.900> we<17:45:52.740> can<17:45:52.860> then<17:45:52.980> see<17:45:53.276> what<17:45:53.636> they're

honey we can then see what they're

honey we can then see what they're
looking<17:45:53.936> at<17:45:54.180> what<17:45:54.480> they're<17:45:54.660> trying<17:45:54.840> to<17:45:54.956> get

looking at what they're trying to get

looking at what they're trying to get
access<17:45:55.256> to<17:45:55.860> Etc<17:45:56.040> and<17:45:56.636> this<17:45:56.756> gives<17:45:57.000> us<17:45:57.116> a<17:45:57.360> sense

access to Etc and this gives us a sense

access to Etc and this gives us a sense
of<17:45:57.900> testing<17:45:58.256> the<17:45:58.436> network<17:45:58.560> security

of testing the network security

of testing the network security
then<17:46:00.180> once<17:46:01.020> they<17:46:01.080> get<17:46:01.200> into<17:46:01.320> the

then once they get into the

then once they get into the
demilitarized<17:46:02.276> zone<17:46:02.456> they<17:46:02.700> have<17:46:02.820> to<17:46:02.936> pass

demilitarized zone they have to pass

demilitarized zone they have to pass
another<17:46:03.480> set<17:46:03.776> of<17:46:03.900> protocols<17:46:04.320> to<17:46:04.560> get<17:46:04.680> in<17:46:05.040> to

another set of protocols to get in to

another set of protocols to get in to
our<17:46:05.636> Network<17:46:05.820> and<17:46:06.480> as<17:46:06.596> we<17:46:06.776> mentioned<17:46:07.200> there

our Network and as we mentioned there

our Network and as we mentioned there
might<17:46:07.980> also<17:46:08.340> be<17:46:08.520> firewalls

might also be firewalls

might also be firewalls
on<17:46:11.340> each<17:46:11.636> one<17:46:11.936> of<17:46:12.660> these<17:46:12.900> computers<17:46:13.320> if<17:46:13.680> you

on each one of these computers if you

on each one of these computers if you
can<17:46:13.916> pardon<17:46:14.400> my<17:46:14.936> awful<17:46:15.240> drawing

can pardon my awful drawing

can pardon my awful drawing
so<17:46:17.580> we're<17:46:17.756> going<17:46:17.880> to<17:46:17.936> have<17:46:18.116> software

so we're going to have software

so we're going to have software
firewalls<17:46:19.200> just<17:46:19.320> like<17:46:19.436> we<17:46:19.616> have<17:46:19.740> Hardware

firewalls just like we have Hardware

firewalls just like we have Hardware
firewalls<17:46:20.820> in<17:46:21.296> fact<17:46:21.416> this<17:46:21.720> might<17:46:21.956> be<17:46:22.080> a<17:46:22.436> device

firewalls in fact this might be a device

firewalls in fact this might be a device
or<17:46:24.360> it<17:46:24.480> could<17:46:24.596> be<17:46:24.776> a<17:46:25.080> server

or it could be a server

or it could be a server
with<17:46:27.240> firewall<17:46:27.776> software<17:46:28.200> built<17:46:28.616> in

with firewall software built in

with firewall software built in
now<17:46:29.756> anti-virus<17:46:30.720> software<17:46:31.256> is<17:46:31.500> everywhere

now anti-virus software is everywhere

now anti-virus software is everywhere
and<17:46:32.220> there<17:46:32.400> are<17:46:32.520> more<17:46:32.636> companies<17:46:32.936> and

and there are more companies and

and there are more companies and
softwares<17:46:33.660> that<17:46:33.840> protect<17:46:34.200> against<17:46:34.740> attacks

softwares that protect against attacks

softwares that protect against attacks
than<17:46:35.636> you<17:46:35.820> can<17:46:35.936> count<17:46:36.180> some<17:46:36.900> of<17:46:37.020> the<17:46:37.080> ones<17:46:37.256> you

than you can count some of the ones you

than you can count some of the ones you
might<17:46:37.500> even<17:46:37.680> know<17:46:37.980> are<17:46:38.456> for<17:46:39.240> instance<17:46:39.596> McAfee

might even know are for instance McAfee

might even know are for instance McAfee
and<17:46:42.416> Norton<17:46:43.080> two<17:46:43.500> big<17:46:43.740> ones<17:46:44.096> there's<17:46:44.700> also<17:46:45.000> AVG

and Norton two big ones there's also AVG

and Norton two big ones there's also AVG
which<17:46:45.900> offers<17:46:46.200> a<17:46:46.436> free<17:46:46.560> one<17:46:47.000> Trend<17:46:48.000> and<17:46:48.776> the

which offers a free one Trend and the

which offers a free one Trend and the
list<17:46:49.080> goes<17:46:49.436> on<17:46:49.500> and<17:46:49.680> on<17:46:49.860> and<17:46:49.980> on<17:46:50.160> now<17:46:50.636> in

list goes on and on and on now in

list goes on and on and on now in
general<17:46:50.936> most<17:46:51.296> of<17:46:51.480> the<17:46:51.596> software<17:46:51.956> is<17:46:52.136> pretty

general most of the software is pretty

general most of the software is pretty
similar<17:46:52.860> and<17:46:53.276> they<17:46:53.400> all<17:46:53.580> do<17:46:53.700> the<17:46:53.880> same<17:46:54.060> types

similar and they all do the same types

similar and they all do the same types
of<17:46:54.480> things<17:46:54.660> some<17:46:54.956> more<17:46:55.200> expensive<17:46:55.616> than<17:46:55.740> the

of things some more expensive than the

of things some more expensive than the
others<17:46:56.160> some<17:46:56.636> are<17:46:56.820> more<17:46:57.000> for<17:46:57.416> Enterprises

others some are more for Enterprises

others some are more for Enterprises
they<17:46:58.740> have<17:46:58.916> a<17:46:59.096> server<17:46:59.400> set<17:46:59.636> up<17:46:59.820> so<17:47:00.060> you<17:47:00.240> could

they have a server set up so you could

they have a server set up so you could
monitor<17:47:00.776> your<17:47:01.136> entire<17:47:01.380> network<17:47:01.740> without

monitor your entire network without

monitor your entire network without
having<17:47:03.060> to<17:47:03.540> go<17:47:03.840> to<17:47:03.956> each<17:47:04.136> individual<17:47:04.560> computer

having to go to each individual computer

having to go to each individual computer
but<17:47:05.400> in<17:47:05.520> effect<17:47:05.636> they<17:47:06.060> all<17:47:06.180> do<17:47:06.360> the<17:47:06.660> same<17:47:06.840> thing

but in effect they all do the same thing

but in effect they all do the same thing
so<17:47:07.860> although<17:47:08.096> a<17:47:08.220> firewall<17:47:08.580> is<17:47:08.700> a<17:47:08.820> really<17:47:08.880> good

so although a firewall is a really good

so although a firewall is a really good
resource<17:47:09.360> against<17:47:09.540> attacks<17:47:10.136> there's<17:47:10.256> nothing

resource against attacks there's nothing

resource against attacks there's nothing
it<17:47:10.740> can<17:47:10.916> do<17:47:11.180> once<17:47:12.180> the<17:47:12.360> attack<17:47:12.540> has<17:47:13.020> already

it can do once the attack has already

it can do once the attack has already
taken<17:47:13.616> place<17:47:13.860> once<17:47:14.820> the<17:47:15.136> system<17:47:16.136> is<17:47:16.436> already

taken place once the system is already

taken place once the system is already
infiltrated<17:47:17.276> so<17:47:18.180> attacks<17:47:18.660> are<17:47:18.720> not<17:47:18.900> always

infiltrated so attacks are not always

infiltrated so attacks are not always
obvious<17:47:19.560> and<17:47:19.916> sometimes<17:47:20.276> attacks<17:47:20.820> are<17:47:20.880> so

obvious and sometimes attacks are so

obvious and sometimes attacks are so
subtle<17:47:21.360> they<17:47:21.480> happen<17:47:21.660> right<17:47:21.956> under<17:47:22.136> our<17:47:22.380> noses

subtle they happen right under our noses

subtle they happen right under our noses
you<17:47:23.340> might<17:47:23.400> not<17:47:23.580> even<17:47:23.700> know<17:47:23.936> you<17:47:24.296> have<17:47:24.540> a<17:47:24.776> virus

you might not even know you have a virus

you might not even know you have a virus
until<17:47:25.380> it's<17:47:25.680> already<17:47:25.796> done<17:47:26.040> damage<17:47:26.456> so<17:47:27.116> even

until it's already done damage so even

until it's already done damage so even
though<17:47:27.540> firewall<17:47:27.956> protects<17:47:28.436> the<17:47:28.616> attack<17:47:28.796> it

though firewall protects the attack it

though firewall protects the attack it
can't<17:47:29.520> get<17:47:29.700> rid<17:47:29.820> of<17:47:29.936> the<17:47:30.000> malicious<17:47:30.416> things

can't get rid of the malicious things

can't get rid of the malicious things
that<17:47:30.776> have<17:47:30.900> gotten<17:47:31.200> through<17:47:31.320> this<17:47:31.860> is<17:47:31.980> where

that have gotten through this is where

that have gotten through this is where
antivirus<17:47:32.756> comes<17:47:33.116> in

antivirus comes in

antivirus comes in
this<17:47:34.916> software<17:47:35.276> has<17:47:35.456> many<17:47:35.700> functions<17:47:36.240> one<17:47:36.956> of

this software has many functions one of

this software has many functions one of
the<17:47:37.080> more<17:47:37.256> important<17:47:37.616> ones<17:47:37.916> is<17:47:38.160> that<17:47:38.276> it

the more important ones is that it

the more important ones is that it
offers<17:47:38.820> real-time<17:47:39.776> protection<17:47:40.436> the<17:47:41.096> software

offers real-time protection the software

offers real-time protection the software
is<17:47:41.580> constantly<17:47:42.000> on<17:47:42.116> the<17:47:42.180> lookout<17:47:42.416> for<17:47:42.596> attacks

is constantly on the lookout for attacks

is constantly on the lookout for attacks
and<17:47:43.136> malicious<17:47:43.560> things<17:47:43.796> software<17:47:44.340> that

and malicious things software that

and malicious things software that
doesn't<17:47:44.636> look<17:47:44.880> right<17:47:45.116> and<17:47:45.720> firewalls<17:47:46.256> merely

doesn't look right and firewalls merely

doesn't look right and firewalls merely
block<17:47:46.740> the<17:47:47.040> attacks<17:47:47.340> whereas<17:47:47.700> antivirus

block the attacks whereas antivirus

block the attacks whereas antivirus
software<17:47:48.660> will<17:47:48.776> go<17:47:49.020> after<17:47:49.320> an<17:47:49.680> attack<17:47:49.860> before

software will go after an attack before

software will go after an attack before
it<17:47:50.820> goes<17:47:51.136> before<17:47:52.136> it<17:47:52.560> can<17:47:52.680> get<17:47:52.916> through<17:47:53.096> the

it goes before it can get through the

it goes before it can get through the
firewall<17:47:53.820> now<17:47:54.596> uh<17:47:55.320> this<17:47:55.616> software<17:47:55.916> can<17:47:56.096> also

firewall now uh this software can also

firewall now uh this software can also
scan<17:47:56.756> for<17:47:56.936> viruses<17:47:57.416> and<17:47:57.660> remove<17:47:57.840> them<17:47:58.020> once

scan for viruses and remove them once

scan for viruses and remove them once
they're<17:47:58.500> found<17:47:58.740> now<17:47:59.340> sometimes<17:47:59.700> this<17:47:59.880> can<17:48:00.000> be

they're found now sometimes this can be

they're found now sometimes this can be
tricky<17:48:00.540> because<17:48:01.436> just<17:48:02.096> like<17:48:02.400> if<17:48:02.880> I<17:48:03.000> install

tricky because just like if I install

tricky because just like if I install
the<17:48:03.596> antivirus<17:48:04.200> software

the antivirus software

the antivirus software
after

the virus has infected my system the

the virus has infected my system the
viruses<17:48:12.416> might<17:48:12.720> not<17:48:12.900> be<17:48:12.956> found<17:48:13.200> by<17:48:13.380> the<17:48:13.560> virus

viruses might not be found by the virus

viruses might not be found by the virus
software<17:48:14.276> it's<17:48:15.060> also<17:48:15.416> going<17:48:15.900> to<17:48:16.080> look<17:48:16.200> at

software it's also going to look at

software it's also going to look at
suspicious<17:48:16.916> files<17:48:17.276> and<17:48:17.400> data<17:48:17.756> and<17:48:18.540> place<17:48:18.720> them

suspicious files and data and place them

suspicious files and data and place them
into<17:48:19.380> what<17:48:19.740> we<17:48:19.916> call<17:48:20.096> the<17:48:20.636> quarantine

into what we call the quarantine

into what we call the quarantine
the<17:48:22.200> quarantine<17:48:22.680> just<17:48:23.096> like<17:48:23.276> the<17:48:23.520> name<17:48:23.756> is<17:48:24.480> a

the quarantine just like the name is a

the quarantine just like the name is a
place<17:48:24.840> where<17:48:25.080> we're<17:48:25.200> going<17:48:25.380> to<17:48:25.380> put<17:48:25.560> all<17:48:25.616> those

place where we're going to put all those

place where we're going to put all those
files<17:48:26.096> that<17:48:26.340> might<17:48:26.520> be<17:48:26.636> infected<17:48:27.180> and<17:48:27.720> that

files that might be infected and that

files that might be infected and that
way<17:48:28.020> we<17:48:28.200> can<17:48:28.380> make<17:48:28.616> sure<17:48:28.860> that<17:48:29.276> we<17:48:29.520> can<17:48:29.636> look

way we can make sure that we can look

way we can make sure that we can look
over<17:48:30.060> them<17:48:30.240> as<17:48:30.416> an<17:48:30.596> administrators<17:48:31.136> see<17:48:31.320> if

over them as an administrators see if

over them as an administrators see if
they're<17:48:31.616> infected<17:48:32.096> and<17:48:32.276> either<17:48:32.456> delete<17:48:32.700> them

they're infected and either delete them

they're infected and either delete them
or<17:48:33.900> bring<17:48:34.136> them<17:48:34.320> back<17:48:34.500> into<17:48:34.616> the<17:48:34.860> network

or bring them back into the network

or bring them back into the network
finally<17:48:36.540> antivirus<17:48:37.136> software<17:48:37.436> is<17:48:37.560> going<17:48:37.680> to

finally antivirus software is going to

finally antivirus software is going to
update<17:48:38.096> itself<17:48:38.840> constantly<17:48:39.840> if<17:48:40.616> you<17:48:40.796> imagine

update itself constantly if you imagine

update itself constantly if you imagine
that<17:48:41.936> viruses<17:48:42.840> and<17:48:43.020> hackers<17:48:43.320> are<17:48:43.560> constantly

that viruses and hackers are constantly

that viruses and hackers are constantly
doing<17:48:44.040> their<17:48:44.340> work<17:48:44.520> to<17:48:44.820> keep<17:48:44.936> everything<17:48:45.180> up

doing their work to keep everything up

doing their work to keep everything up
to<17:48:45.660> date<17:48:45.840> well<17:48:46.560> then<17:48:46.796> you<17:48:47.160> probably<17:48:47.340> have<17:48:47.580> an

to date well then you probably have an

to date well then you probably have an
understanding<17:48:48.500> that<17:48:49.500> we<17:48:49.740> need<17:48:49.860> to<17:48:49.980> keep<17:48:50.096> the

understanding that we need to keep the

understanding that we need to keep the
antivirus<17:48:50.880> software<17:48:51.240> up<17:48:51.416> to<17:48:51.596> date<17:48:51.776> just<17:48:52.436> like

antivirus software up to date just like

antivirus software up to date just like
every<17:48:52.860> year<17:48:53.096> we<17:48:53.520> have<17:48:53.636> to<17:48:53.880> create<17:48:54.116> new<17:48:54.796> uh

every year we have to create new uh

every year we have to create new uh
vaccines<17:48:56.340> for<17:48:57.060> the<17:48:57.296> flu<17:48:57.480> and<17:48:57.956> so<17:48:58.080> on<17:48:58.256> we<17:48:58.860> want

vaccines for the flu and so on we want

vaccines for the flu and so on we want
to<17:48:59.096> make<17:48:59.160> sure<17:48:59.340> that<17:48:59.456> the<17:48:59.580> antivirus<17:49:00.116> software

to make sure that the antivirus software

to make sure that the antivirus software
is<17:49:00.596> kept<17:49:00.840> to<17:49:00.956> date<17:49:01.320> this<17:49:01.916> is<17:49:02.040> generally<17:49:02.340> what's

is kept to date this is generally what's

is kept to date this is generally what's
referred<17:49:02.936> to<17:49:03.060> as<17:49:03.360> data<17:49:03.956> files<17:49:04.320> or<17:49:04.616> dat<17:49:04.980> files

referred to as data files or dat files

referred to as data files or dat files
and<17:49:06.296> you<17:49:06.596> used<17:49:06.776> to<17:49:06.900> have<17:49:07.020> to<17:49:07.256> download<17:49:07.436> these

and you used to have to download these

and you used to have to download these
off<17:49:07.916> the<17:49:08.096> internet<17:49:08.220> and<17:49:08.756> install<17:49:08.936> them<17:49:09.296> now

off the internet and install them now

off the internet and install them now
this<17:49:10.380> happens<17:49:10.616> usually<17:49:11.296> automatically<17:49:12.296> just

this happens usually automatically just

this happens usually automatically just
like<17:49:13.020> Windows<17:49:13.560> update<17:49:13.980> but<17:49:14.756> we<17:49:15.000> need<17:49:15.116> to<17:49:15.240> make

like Windows update but we need to make

like Windows update but we need to make
sure<17:49:15.540> the<17:49:15.776> setting<17:49:16.136> is<17:49:16.380> correct<17:49:16.796> so<17:49:17.040> that<17:49:17.276> it

sure the setting is correct so that it

sure the setting is correct so that it
allows<17:49:18.180> itself<17:49:18.416> to<17:49:18.660> be<17:49:18.776> updated

allows itself to be updated

allows itself to be updated
automatically

so just to recap we talked about a

so just to recap we talked about a
firewall<17:49:24.900> remember<17:49:25.560> it<17:49:26.400> works<17:49:26.700> with<17:49:27.000> inbound

firewall remember it works with inbound

firewall remember it works with inbound
and<17:49:30.480> outbound<17:49:31.080> ports<17:49:31.740> it's<17:49:32.400> going<17:49:32.580> to<17:49:32.636> allow

and outbound ports it's going to allow

and outbound ports it's going to allow
some<17:49:33.360> good<17:49:33.660> things<17:49:33.956> and<17:49:34.500> good<17:49:34.860> things<17:49:35.040> out<17:49:35.400> but

some good things and good things out but

some good things and good things out but
it<17:49:36.060> keeps<17:49:36.360> the<17:49:36.540> ins<17:49:36.956> the<17:49:37.436> bad<17:49:37.796> stuff<17:49:38.096> out<17:49:38.580> and

it keeps the ins the bad stuff out and

it keeps the ins the bad stuff out and
the<17:49:39.296> good<17:49:39.480> stuff<17:49:39.720> in

the good stuff in

the good stuff in
we're<17:49:41.040> also<17:49:41.276> going<17:49:41.400> to<17:49:41.456> identify<17:49:42.060> we<17:49:42.540> also

we're also going to identify we also

we're also going to identify we also
identified<17:49:43.080> rather<17:49:43.500> its<17:49:43.916> importance<17:49:44.276> talking

identified rather its importance talking

identified rather its importance talking
about<17:49:45.180> how<17:49:45.596> we<17:49:45.776> can<17:49:46.256> have<17:49:46.500> several<17:49:47.096> Hardware

about how we can have several Hardware

about how we can have several Hardware
and<17:49:50.160> software<17:49:50.636> firewall<17:49:51.180> Solutions

and software firewall Solutions

and software firewall Solutions
and<17:49:53.700> again<17:49:53.880> we<17:49:54.360> might<17:49:54.540> have<17:49:54.776> to<17:49:55.080> manually<17:49:55.560> edit

and again we might have to manually edit

and again we might have to manually edit
the<17:49:56.880> inbound<17:49:57.240> and<17:49:57.416> outbound<17:49:57.776> ports

the inbound and outbound ports

the inbound and outbound ports
to<17:50:00.540> allow<17:50:00.840> for<17:50:01.200> instance<17:50:01.500> a<17:50:01.980> software<17:50:02.400> program

to allow for instance a software program

to allow for instance a software program
that<17:50:03.000> uses<17:50:03.240> its<17:50:03.540> own<17:50:03.596> port<17:50:03.776> to<17:50:04.256> get<17:50:04.320> out<17:50:04.436> and

that uses its own port to get out and

that uses its own port to get out and
get<17:50:04.740> updates<17:50:05.160> one<17:50:05.820> of<17:50:06.000> that<17:50:06.116> software<17:50:06.480> that

get updates one of that software that

get updates one of that software that
might<17:50:06.720> need<17:50:06.840> to<17:50:06.900> go<17:50:07.020> out<17:50:07.080> and<17:50:07.136> get<17:50:07.256> updates

might need to go out and get updates

might need to go out and get updates
would<17:50:07.860> be<17:50:07.980> our<17:50:08.340> antivirus<17:50:09.000> software<17:50:09.360> which<17:50:09.596> is

would be our antivirus software which is

would be our antivirus software which is
what<17:50:09.840> we<17:50:09.956> talked<17:50:10.256> about<17:50:10.320> this<17:50:10.916> is<17:50:11.096> software

what we talked about this is software

what we talked about this is software
that<17:50:11.820> does<17:50:12.000> not<17:50:12.180> it<17:50:12.596> can<17:50:13.080> prevent

that does not it can prevent

that does not it can prevent
an<17:50:14.756> attack<17:50:15.000> but<17:50:15.900> it<17:50:16.740> can<17:50:16.860> sort<17:50:17.040> of<17:50:17.160> take<17:50:17.340> over

an attack but it can sort of take over

an attack but it can sort of take over
from<17:50:17.880> where<17:50:18.060> the<17:50:18.240> firewall<17:50:18.860> stops<17:50:19.860> whereas<17:50:20.756> a

from where the firewall stops whereas a

from where the firewall stops whereas a
firewall<17:50:21.360> can't<17:50:21.660> stop<17:50:22.020> it<17:50:22.200> once<17:50:22.500> it's<17:50:22.560> already

firewall can't stop it once it's already

firewall can't stop it once it's already
started<17:50:23.160> an<17:50:23.520> antivirus<17:50:24.060> software<17:50:24.596> program

started an antivirus software program

started an antivirus software program
can<17:50:25.256> go<17:50:25.436> a<17:50:25.616> little<17:50:25.740> more<17:50:25.916> in<17:50:26.096> depth<17:50:26.456> it<17:50:27.116> has<17:50:27.296> to

can go a little more in depth it has to

can go a little more in depth it has to
be<17:50:27.596> kept<17:50:27.956> up<17:50:28.200> to<17:50:28.380> date

and it might not necessarily be able to

and it might not necessarily be able to
remove<17:50:33.776> the<17:50:34.080> virus<17:50:34.436> but<17:50:34.796> it<17:50:35.160> will<17:50:35.400> put<17:50:35.700> the

remove the virus but it will put the

remove the virus but it will put the
virus<17:50:36.360> and<17:50:36.776> the<17:50:36.956> files<17:50:37.256> that<17:50:37.436> it<17:50:37.560> has<17:50:37.740> infected

virus and the files that it has infected

virus and the files that it has infected
into<17:50:39.060> a<17:50:39.360> quarantine

into a quarantine

into a quarantine
so<17:50:41.520> that's<17:50:41.820> really<17:50:42.060> what's<17:50:42.296> important<17:50:42.720> about

so that's really what's important about

so that's really what's important about
it<17:50:43.256> and<17:50:43.616> if<17:50:43.796> you've<17:50:44.040> been<17:50:44.160> working<17:50:44.400> on<17:50:44.580> a

it and if you've been working on a

it and if you've been working on a
computer<17:50:44.880> at<17:50:45.180> all<17:50:45.296> in<17:50:45.416> the<17:50:45.596> past<17:50:45.660> 15<17:50:45.900> or<17:50:46.200> 20

computer at all in the past 15 or 20

computer at all in the past 15 or 20
years<17:50:46.616> you've<17:50:47.276> definitely<17:50:47.456> had<17:50:47.636> to<17:50:47.756> use<17:50:48.000> this

years you've definitely had to use this

years you've definitely had to use this
and<17:50:48.480> nowadays<17:50:48.956> actually<17:50:49.200> Windows<17:50:49.796> requires

that you have a virus scan on or it will

that you have a virus scan on or it will
actually<17:50:56.756> bother<17:50:57.180> you<17:50:57.360> in<17:50:57.540> the<17:50:57.660> notification

actually bother you in the notification

actually bother you in the notification
center<17:50:58.380> quite<17:50:58.860> often

center quite often

center quite often
so<17:51:00.776> now<17:51:00.956> that<17:51:01.136> we've<17:51:01.320> talked<17:51:01.560> about<17:51:01.616> this

so now that we've talked about this

so now that we've talked about this
let's<17:51:02.276> end<17:51:02.580> by<17:51:02.880> talking<17:51:03.116> about<17:51:03.416> how<17:51:04.080> we<17:51:04.256> can

let's end by talking about how we can

let's end by talking about how we can
protect<17:51:05.520> our<17:51:05.636> data<17:51:06.000> in<17:51:06.240> a<17:51:06.360> very<17:51:06.480> raw<17:51:06.840> sense

protect our data in a very raw sense

protect our data in a very raw sense
called<17:51:07.500> encryption<17:51:08.040> and<17:51:08.276> cryptography

network security encryption and

network security encryption and
cryptography<17:51:36.840> 101

cryptography 101

cryptography 101
so<17:51:38.936> to<17:51:39.180> round<17:51:39.360> up<17:51:39.596> our<17:51:40.136> discussion<17:51:40.680> of<17:51:40.916> network

so to round up our discussion of network

so to round up our discussion of network
security<17:51:41.520> I<17:51:42.296> want<17:51:42.416> to<17:51:42.596> talk<17:51:42.660> about<17:51:42.840> the<17:51:43.136> way

security I want to talk about the way

security I want to talk about the way
that<17:51:43.500> we<17:51:43.740> secure<17:51:44.096> data<17:51:44.636> at<17:51:45.060> the<17:51:45.180> source<17:51:45.596> and

that we secure data at the source and

that we secure data at the source and
this<17:51:46.320> gets<17:51:46.616> to<17:51:46.740> basically<17:51:47.360> encoding<17:51:48.360> the<17:51:48.660> data

this gets to basically encoding the data

this gets to basically encoding the data
that<17:51:49.020> we<17:51:49.200> send<17:51:49.380> so<17:51:49.916> even<17:51:50.220> if<17:51:50.456> it's<17:51:50.700> captured<17:51:51.296> or

that we send so even if it's captured or

that we send so even if it's captured or
sniffed<17:51:52.616> we<17:51:53.276> can't<17:51:53.580> allow<17:51:54.060> the<17:51:54.296> hackers<17:51:54.660> to

sniffed we can't allow the hackers to

sniffed we can't allow the hackers to
figure<17:51:55.020> out<17:51:55.200> what<17:51:55.436> it<17:51:55.560> is<17:51:55.680> that<17:51:55.860> we<17:51:55.980> were

figure out what it is that we were

figure out what it is that we were
sending<17:51:56.400> in<17:51:56.580> the<17:51:56.756> first<17:51:56.880> place<17:51:57.116> and<17:51:57.776> so<17:51:57.956> this

sending in the first place and so this

sending in the first place and so this
gets<17:51:58.436> to<17:51:58.560> encryption<17:51:58.980> and<17:51:59.096> cryptography<17:51:59.756> just

gets to encryption and cryptography just

gets to encryption and cryptography just
like<17:52:00.416> code<17:52:00.840> breaking<17:52:01.436> from<17:52:02.220> World<17:52:02.700> War<17:52:02.936> II<17:52:03.360> or

like code breaking from World War II or

like code breaking from World War II or
from<17:52:04.500> our<17:52:04.980> military<17:52:05.276> when<17:52:05.936> they<17:52:06.116> would<17:52:06.240> send

from our military when they would send

from our military when they would send
encrypted<17:52:06.956> messages

encrypted messages

encrypted messages
and<17:52:09.060> because<17:52:09.240> this<17:52:09.660> is<17:52:09.776> a<17:52:10.080> pretty<17:52:10.256> in-depth

and because this is a pretty in-depth

and because this is a pretty in-depth
topic<17:52:11.456> we're<17:52:11.700> only<17:52:11.880> going<17:52:12.060> to<17:52:12.116> cover<17:52:12.296> this

topic we're only going to cover this

topic we're only going to cover this
broadly<17:52:13.320> so<17:52:13.916> first<17:52:14.096> we're<17:52:14.340> going<17:52:14.456> to<17:52:14.520> Define

broadly so first we're going to Define

broadly so first we're going to Define
and<17:52:15.060> discuss<17:52:15.416> cryptography

and discuss cryptography

and discuss cryptography
and<17:52:17.756> then<17:52:17.880> we're<17:52:18.060> going<17:52:18.180> to<17:52:18.180> Define<17:52:18.416> and

and then we're going to Define and

and then we're going to Define and
discuss<17:52:19.080> encryption<17:52:19.980> including<17:52:20.880> the

discuss encryption including the

discuss encryption including the
difference<17:52:21.240> between<17:52:21.596> plain<17:52:22.200> text<17:52:22.436> and

difference between plain text and

difference between plain text and
ciphertext<17:52:23.520> one<17:52:24.296> being<17:52:24.680> the<17:52:25.680> way<17:52:25.860> that<17:52:26.096> text

ciphertext one being the way that text

ciphertext one being the way that text
is<17:52:26.636> sent<17:52:26.820> if<17:52:27.240> we<17:52:27.416> don't<17:52:27.660> add<17:52:28.020> any<17:52:28.200> encryption

is sent if we don't add any encryption

is sent if we don't add any encryption
and<17:52:29.220> the<17:52:29.400> other<17:52:29.520> one<17:52:29.700> if<17:52:29.880> we<17:52:30.060> do<17:52:30.240> add

and the other one if we do add

and the other one if we do add
encryption<17:52:31.136> and<17:52:31.980> then<17:52:32.096> public<17:52:32.580> and<17:52:32.936> private

encryption and then public and private

encryption and then public and private
Keys<17:52:33.840> sort<17:52:34.616> of<17:52:34.680> like<17:52:34.860> decoder<17:52:35.580> rings<17:52:35.880> for<17:52:36.540> how

Keys sort of like decoder rings for how

Keys sort of like decoder rings for how
we<17:52:37.020> can<17:52:37.136> read<17:52:37.380> the<17:52:37.616> ciphertext<17:52:38.276> the<17:52:39.116> public

we can read the ciphertext the public

we can read the ciphertext the public
and<17:52:39.540> private<17:52:39.900> part<17:52:40.080> comes<17:52:40.616> about<17:52:40.860> in<17:52:41.700> the<17:52:41.820> way

and private part comes about in the way

and private part comes about in the way
that<17:52:42.416> we<17:52:42.900> have<17:52:43.740> the<17:52:44.040> sender<17:52:44.456> and<17:52:44.580> the<17:52:44.756> receiver

that we have the sender and the receiver

that we have the sender and the receiver
decode<17:52:46.136> and<17:52:46.436> encrypt<17:52:46.980> certain<17:52:47.276> messages

decode and encrypt certain messages

decode and encrypt certain messages
finally<17:52:49.680> we'll<17:52:50.096> identify<17:52:50.636> examples<17:52:51.240> of<17:52:51.480> both

finally we'll identify examples of both

finally we'll identify examples of both
and<17:52:51.900> how<17:52:52.136> they<17:52:52.320> work<17:52:52.560> now<17:52:53.220> this<17:52:53.580> entire

and how they work now this entire

and how they work now this entire
subject<17:52:55.380> gets<17:52:55.860> a<17:52:55.916> lot<17:52:56.040> more<17:52:56.220> in<17:52:56.400> depth<17:52:56.636> if<17:52:56.756> you

subject gets a lot more in depth if you

subject gets a lot more in depth if you
go<17:52:57.060> into<17:52:57.180> Security<17:52:57.540> Plus<17:52:57.956> and<17:52:58.320> the<17:52:58.436> CompTIA

go into Security Plus and the CompTIA

go into Security Plus and the CompTIA
Security<17:52:59.096> Plus<17:52:59.456> certification<17:53:00.116> so<17:53:00.900> here

Security Plus certification so here

Security Plus certification so here
we're<17:53:01.256> just<17:53:01.436> covering<17:53:01.740> this<17:53:01.916> in<17:53:02.096> a<17:53:02.220> sort<17:53:02.340> of

we're just covering this in a sort of

we're just covering this in a sort of
very<17:53:02.636> broad<17:53:03.060> sense<17:53:03.416> there<17:53:04.020> are<17:53:04.200> people<17:53:04.256> whose

very broad sense there are people whose

very broad sense there are people whose
entire<17:53:05.276> jobs<17:53:05.520> it<17:53:05.820> is<17:53:06.000> to<17:53:06.296> Simply<17:53:06.596> deal<17:53:06.900> with

entire jobs it is to Simply deal with

entire jobs it is to Simply deal with
this<17:53:07.980> aspect<17:53:08.456> of<17:53:08.820> networking

this aspect of networking

this aspect of networking
so<17:53:10.320> in<17:53:10.740> a<17:53:10.916> very<17:53:11.040> general<17:53:11.340> sense<17:53:11.776> cryptography

so in a very general sense cryptography

so in a very general sense cryptography
is<17:53:13.080> the<17:53:13.380> practice<17:53:13.680> of<17:53:14.276> securing<17:53:14.756> information

is the practice of securing information

is the practice of securing information
using<17:53:16.320> codes<17:53:16.680> in<17:53:17.400> order<17:53:17.520> to<17:53:17.756> keep<17:53:17.936> adversaries

using codes in order to keep adversaries

using codes in order to keep adversaries
or<17:53:19.080> hackers<17:53:19.500> or<17:53:19.740> outside<17:53:19.916> folks<17:53:20.520> from

or hackers or outside folks from

or hackers or outside folks from
understanding<17:53:21.296> it<17:53:21.480> now<17:53:22.020> the<17:53:22.200> word<17:53:22.436> adversary

understanding it now the word adversary

understanding it now the word adversary
generally<17:53:24.480> means<17:53:24.900> an<17:53:25.200> enemy<17:53:25.616> or<17:53:25.796> an<17:53:25.980> opponent

generally means an enemy or an opponent

generally means an enemy or an opponent
in<17:53:27.116> this<17:53:27.180> case<17:53:27.360> it<17:53:27.596> just<17:53:27.720> means<17:53:27.956> someone<17:53:28.200> who

in this case it just means someone who

in this case it just means someone who
would<17:53:28.616> want<17:53:28.860> to<17:53:28.980> intercept<17:53:29.580> the<17:53:30.000> information

would want to intercept the information

would want to intercept the information
you're<17:53:30.776> sending<17:53:31.200> it's<17:53:31.796> very<17:53:32.040> likely<17:53:32.456> that

you're sending it's very likely that

you're sending it's very likely that
this<17:53:33.060> adversary<17:53:33.660> is<17:53:34.020> your<17:53:34.616> enemy

this adversary is your enemy

this adversary is your enemy
quote-unquote<17:53:35.700> such<17:53:36.240> as<17:53:36.416> a<17:53:36.660> computer<17:53:36.900> hacker

quote-unquote such as a computer hacker

quote-unquote such as a computer hacker
and<17:53:38.340> although<17:53:39.296> cryptography<17:53:40.136> is<17:53:40.380> not<17:53:40.616> only

and although cryptography is not only

and although cryptography is not only
used<17:53:41.220> in<17:53:41.756> Computing<17:53:42.360> in<17:53:43.256> fact<17:53:43.436> it's<17:53:43.860> been<17:53:44.220> used

used in Computing in fact it's been used

used in Computing in fact it's been used
throughout<17:53:44.756> the<17:53:44.880> world<17:53:45.060> even<17:53:45.296> in<17:53:45.480> the<17:53:45.540> United

throughout the world even in the United

throughout the world even in the United
States<17:53:45.956> and<17:53:46.380> Military<17:53:46.980> Etc<17:53:47.160> it's<17:53:48.000> used<17:53:48.240> quite

States and Military Etc it's used quite

States and Military Etc it's used quite
a<17:53:48.840> bit<17:53:49.020> here<17:53:49.560> in<17:53:49.860> networking<17:53:50.340> and<17:53:50.820> it's<17:53:50.936> used<17:53:51.180> a

a bit here in networking and it's used a

a bit here in networking and it's used a
lot<17:53:51.720> in<17:53:52.080> how<17:53:52.256> we<17:53:52.436> package<17:53:52.860> data<17:53:53.340> into<17:53:53.820> packets

lot in how we package data into packets

lot in how we package data into packets
so<17:53:55.320> cryptography<17:53:56.220> simply<17:53:56.580> means<17:53:56.880> writing

so cryptography simply means writing

so cryptography simply means writing
speaking<17:53:57.956> communicating<17:53:58.560> in<17:53:59.040> code<17:53:59.276> this

speaking communicating in code this

speaking communicating in code this
practice<17:54:00.240> dates<17:54:00.720> back<17:54:00.900> to<17:54:01.020> the<17:54:01.200> time<17:54:01.320> of

practice dates back to the time of

practice dates back to the time of
Julius<17:54:01.916> Caesar<17:54:02.400> and<17:54:02.820> quite<17:54:03.116> possibly<17:54:03.416> even

Julius Caesar and quite possibly even

Julius Caesar and quite possibly even
earlier<17:54:04.020> than<17:54:04.200> that<17:54:04.380> Caesar<17:54:05.220> used<17:54:05.400> something

earlier than that Caesar used something

earlier than that Caesar used something
that's<17:54:06.060> referred<17:54:06.480> to<17:54:06.596> as<17:54:06.956> the<17:54:07.796> Caesar<17:54:08.276> Cipher

that's referred to as the Caesar Cipher

that's referred to as the Caesar Cipher
which<17:54:09.000> we'll<17:54:09.116> look<17:54:09.240> at<17:54:09.360> in<17:54:09.480> just<17:54:09.660> a<17:54:09.840> second<17:54:10.020> a

which we'll look at in just a second a

which we'll look at in just a second a
cipher<17:54:11.340> is<17:54:11.936> a<17:54:12.180> way<17:54:12.296> to<17:54:12.596> encode<17:54:13.020> and<17:54:13.200> decode

cipher is a way to encode and decode

cipher is a way to encode and decode
data<17:54:14.096> so<17:54:14.456> Caesar<17:54:14.936> used<17:54:15.116> it<17:54:15.360> to<17:54:15.596> send<17:54:15.776> messages

data so Caesar used it to send messages

data so Caesar used it to send messages
and<17:54:16.500> commands<17:54:16.860> that<17:54:17.096> needed<17:54:17.400> to<17:54:17.520> remain

and commands that needed to remain

and commands that needed to remain
secret<17:54:18.320> we<17:54:19.320> were<17:54:19.500> also<17:54:19.740> used<17:54:19.860> it<17:54:20.160> in<17:54:20.276> the

secret we were also used it in the

secret we were also used it in the
United<17:54:20.520> States<17:54:20.820> during<17:54:21.240> World<17:54:21.540> War<17:54:21.720> II<17:54:22.080> uh<17:54:22.680> the

United States during World War II uh the

United States during World War II uh the
Japanese<17:54:23.040> used<17:54:23.456> there<17:54:23.700> have<17:54:23.880> been<17:54:23.936> a<17:54:24.180> whole

Japanese used there have been a whole

Japanese used there have been a whole
bunch<17:54:24.360> of<17:54:24.480> movies<17:54:24.660> about<17:54:25.020> this<17:54:25.456> cryptography

bunch of movies about this cryptography

bunch of movies about this cryptography
and<17:54:26.580> ciphers<17:54:27.000> play<17:54:27.240> a<17:54:27.480> large<17:54:27.660> role<17:54:28.020> in

and ciphers play a large role in

and ciphers play a large role in
communication<17:54:28.500> especially<17:54:29.040> when<17:54:29.096> we<17:54:29.276> don't

communication especially when we don't

communication especially when we don't
want<17:54:29.520> our<17:54:29.700> enemies<17:54:30.000> to<17:54:30.180> know<17:54:30.296> what<17:54:30.416> we're

want our enemies to know what we're

want our enemies to know what we're
talking<17:54:30.720> about

talking about

talking about
this<17:54:32.276> was<17:54:32.456> true<17:54:32.756> all<17:54:33.416> over<17:54:33.540> the<17:54:33.720> world<17:54:33.840> people

this was true all over the world people

this was true all over the world people
began<17:54:34.500> speaking<17:54:34.916> over<17:54:35.040> the<17:54:35.220> radio<17:54:35.340> writing<17:54:35.936> in

began speaking over the radio writing in

began speaking over the radio writing in
codes<17:54:36.240> in<17:54:36.540> order<17:54:36.660> to<17:54:36.840> keep<17:54:36.956> information

codes in order to keep information

codes in order to keep information
secure<17:54:37.916> so<17:54:38.756> a<17:54:39.296> language<17:54:39.480> like<17:54:39.840> the<17:54:40.080> English

secure so a language like the English

secure so a language like the English
language<17:54:40.580> might<17:54:41.580> be<17:54:41.820> a<17:54:42.296> form<17:54:42.660> of<17:54:42.900> cryptography

language might be a form of cryptography

language might be a form of cryptography
to<17:54:44.040> someone<17:54:44.276> who<17:54:45.000> speaks<17:54:45.480> Spanish<17:54:45.720> if<17:54:46.380> they

to someone who speaks Spanish if they

to someone who speaks Spanish if they
don't<17:54:46.740> understand<17:54:46.916> the<17:54:47.456> language<17:54:47.636> However

don't understand the language However

don't understand the language However
the<17:54:48.956> fact<17:54:49.080> that<17:54:49.320> there<17:54:49.560> is<17:54:49.740> a<17:54:50.096> dictionary<17:54:50.820> out

the fact that there is a dictionary out

the fact that there is a dictionary out
there<17:54:51.296> that<17:54:51.720> translates<17:54:52.200> everything<17:54:52.500> for

there that translates everything for

there that translates everything for
them<17:54:53.040> means<17:54:53.456> that<17:54:53.580> the<17:54:53.756> code<17:54:53.936> is<17:54:54.240> pretty<17:54:54.480> easy

them means that the code is pretty easy

them means that the code is pretty easy
to<17:54:54.956> break<17:54:55.136> so<17:54:55.680> what<17:54:55.860> we're<17:54:56.040> really<17:54:56.160> talking

to break so what we're really talking

to break so what we're really talking
about<17:54:56.636> and<17:54:56.936> what<17:54:57.116> the<17:54:57.240> Caesar<17:54:57.540> code<17:54:57.720> did<17:54:57.956> for

about and what the Caesar code did for

about and what the Caesar code did for
instance<17:54:58.500> is<17:54:58.680> replace

instance is replace

instance is replace
um<17:55:00.296> every<17:55:00.900> a<17:55:01.320> went<17:55:02.040> down<17:55:02.340> three<17:55:02.880> numbers<17:55:03.296> and

um every a went down three numbers and

um every a went down three numbers and
replace<17:55:03.956> it<17:55:04.256> with<17:55:04.380> a<17:55:04.616> d<17:55:04.796> so<17:55:05.276> whenever<17:55:05.580> you<17:55:05.936> saw

replace it with a d so whenever you saw

replace it with a d so whenever you saw
for<17:55:06.540> instance<17:55:06.840> uh<17:55:07.560> the<17:55:07.796> word

for instance uh the word

for instance uh the word
Apple

Apple

Apple
we<17:55:11.340> would<17:55:11.636> add

we would add

we would add
plus<17:55:13.380> 3<17:55:13.616> would<17:55:13.916> be<17:55:14.040> our<17:55:14.276> code<17:55:14.520> and<17:55:15.296> so<17:55:15.480> if<17:55:15.840> we

plus 3 would be our code and so if we

plus 3 would be our code and so if we
went<17:55:16.200> down<17:55:16.500> three<17:55:16.860> if<17:55:17.160> we<17:55:17.276> wrote<17:55:17.520> this<17:55:17.756> out

went down three if we wrote this out

went down three if we wrote this out
from<17:55:18.540> a<17:55:18.840> is<17:55:19.436> b<17:55:19.740> c<17:55:19.916> d

from a is b c d

from a is b c d
from<17:55:21.540> p<17:55:21.776> is<17:55:22.256> QRS

from p is QRS

from p is QRS
from<17:55:25.380> L<17:55:25.680> is<17:55:26.040> M<17:55:26.520> N<17:55:26.820> O<17:55:27.296> and<17:55:28.256> from<17:55:28.380> E<17:55:28.680> is<17:55:28.916> fgh<17:55:29.660> so<17:55:30.660> if

from L is M N O and from E is fgh so if

from L is M N O and from E is fgh so if
we<17:55:30.956> were<17:55:31.080> to<17:55:31.200> write<17:55:31.320> Apple<17:55:31.740> in<17:55:32.456> the<17:55:32.636> Caesar

we were to write Apple in the Caesar

we were to write Apple in the Caesar
code<17:55:33.240> this<17:55:33.596> is<17:55:33.660> what<17:55:33.840> it<17:55:33.956> would<17:55:34.080> look<17:55:34.256> like<17:55:34.436> and

code this is what it would look like and

code this is what it would look like and
that's<17:55:35.400> because<17:55:35.636> if<17:55:35.936> we<17:55:36.116> went<17:55:36.360> back<17:55:36.720> three<17:55:36.956> for

that's because if we went back three for

that's because if we went back three for
each<17:55:37.436> of<17:55:37.560> these<17:55:37.680> we<17:55:37.916> would<17:55:38.096> get<17:55:38.340> the<17:55:39.000> word

each of these we would get the word

each of these we would get the word
Apple<17:55:39.480> now<17:55:40.436> there<17:55:40.740> was<17:55:40.860> only<17:55:41.220> one<17:55:41.580> code<17:55:41.936> that

Apple now there was only one code that

Apple now there was only one code that
remained<17:55:42.776> unbreakable<17:55:43.380> in<17:55:43.796> World<17:55:43.980> War<17:55:44.220> II<17:55:44.580> and

remained unbreakable in World War II and

remained unbreakable in World War II and
it<17:55:45.240> was<17:55:45.360> used<17:55:45.660> uh<17:55:46.136> by<17:55:46.436> the<17:55:46.560> US<17:55:46.740> so<17:55:47.160> the<17:55:47.340> Japanese

it was used uh by the US so the Japanese

it was used uh by the US so the Japanese
could<17:55:48.000> not<17:55:48.180> intercept<17:55:48.540> messages<17:55:48.840> that<17:55:49.200> were

could not intercept messages that were

could not intercept messages that were
being<17:55:49.616> sent<17:55:49.916> the<17:55:50.520> US<17:55:50.636> actually<17:55:50.936> Enlisted<17:55:51.416> the

being sent the US actually Enlisted the

being sent the US actually Enlisted the
help<17:55:51.660> this<17:55:51.840> is<17:55:51.956> a<17:55:52.200> really<17:55:52.256> interesting<17:55:52.740> fact

help this is a really interesting fact

help this is a really interesting fact
of<17:55:53.700> Navajo<17:55:54.436> Native<17:55:55.436> Americans<17:55:56.096> in<17:55:56.820> order<17:55:56.936> to

of Navajo Native Americans in order to

of Navajo Native Americans in order to
help<17:55:57.296> them<17:55:57.480> transmit<17:55:58.080> messages<17:55:58.320> and<17:55:58.916> these

help them transmit messages and these

help them transmit messages and these
Navajo<17:55:59.820> code<17:56:00.116> talkers<17:56:00.660> spoke<17:56:01.256> a<17:56:01.380> language

Navajo code talkers spoke a language

Navajo code talkers spoke a language
that<17:56:01.916> was<17:56:02.040> so<17:56:02.220> dead<17:56:02.456> and<17:56:02.936> was<17:56:03.180> only<17:56:03.296> spoken<17:56:03.720> by

that was so dead and was only spoken by

that was so dead and was only spoken by
very<17:56:04.080> few<17:56:04.320> people<17:56:04.616> that<17:56:05.580> every<17:56:06.060> U.S<17:56:06.480> major

very few people that every U.S major

very few people that every U.S major
base<17:56:07.616> had<17:56:08.160> a<17:56:08.340> Navajo<17:56:08.756> code<17:56:08.936> Docker<17:56:09.416> with<17:56:09.596> them

base had a Navajo code Docker with them

base had a Navajo code Docker with them
and<17:56:10.256> they<17:56:10.436> would<17:56:10.560> translate<17:56:10.916> messages<17:56:11.520> and

and they would translate messages and

and they would translate messages and
send<17:56:12.116> them<17:56:12.296> over<17:56:12.480> to<17:56:12.720> each<17:56:12.900> other<17:56:13.080> it<17:56:13.616> was

send them over to each other it was

send them over to each other it was
never<17:56:13.916> cracked<17:56:14.400> by<17:56:14.520> the<17:56:14.756> Japanese<17:56:14.880> there<17:56:15.416> was

never cracked by the Japanese there was

never cracked by the Japanese there was
even<17:56:15.720> a<17:56:16.136> movie<17:56:16.916> about<17:56:17.276> this<17:56:17.700> so<17:56:18.360> this<17:56:18.776> is<17:56:18.956> how

even a movie about this so this is how

even a movie about this so this is how
cryptography<17:56:20.040> worked<17:56:20.456> right<17:56:20.636> if<17:56:20.880> we<17:56:21.060> have<17:56:21.180> a

cryptography worked right if we have a

cryptography worked right if we have a
language<17:56:21.596> that<17:56:21.900> someone<17:56:22.080> doesn't<17:56:22.320> understand

language that someone doesn't understand

language that someone doesn't understand
then<17:56:23.456> that<17:56:23.700> is<17:56:23.880> a<17:56:24.180> form<17:56:24.296> of<17:56:24.480> cryptography<17:56:24.900> fee

then that is a form of cryptography fee

then that is a form of cryptography fee
there's<17:56:25.740> no<17:56:25.980> dictionary<17:56:26.456> in<17:56:27.116> this<17:56:27.240> case<17:56:27.416> of

there's no dictionary in this case of

there's no dictionary in this case of
the<17:56:27.776> Caesar<17:56:28.200> code<17:56:28.380> all<17:56:29.160> right<17:56:29.340> this<17:56:29.820> is<17:56:30.000> what

the Caesar code all right this is what

the Caesar code all right this is what
he<17:56:30.416> did

he did

he did
and<17:56:32.880> uh<17:56:33.116> if<17:56:33.416> we<17:56:33.540> want<17:56:33.720> to<17:56:33.900> look<17:56:34.136> a<17:56:34.320> little<17:56:34.380> bit

and uh if we want to look a little bit

and uh if we want to look a little bit
closer<17:56:34.916> at<17:56:35.040> how<17:56:35.276> that<17:56:35.456> worked<17:56:35.880> we<17:56:36.360> can<17:56:36.480> see<17:56:36.660> the

closer at how that worked we can see the

closer at how that worked we can see the
Caesar<17:56:37.256> Cipher<17:56:37.796> basically<17:56:38.580> every<17:56:39.296> letter<17:56:39.596> in

Caesar Cipher basically every letter in

Caesar Cipher basically every letter in
this<17:56:40.136> case<17:56:40.256> we're<17:56:40.560> going<17:56:40.860> back<17:56:41.400> three

this case we're going back three

this case we're going back three
uh<17:56:44.220> it<17:56:44.340> was<17:56:44.456> in<17:56:44.580> the<17:56:44.756> original<17:56:44.880> text<17:56:45.416> and<17:56:45.900> then

uh it was in the original text and then

uh it was in the original text and then
you<17:56:46.436> would<17:56:46.680> go<17:56:47.220> back<17:56:47.580> and<17:56:48.116> so<17:56:48.240> a<17:56:48.480> became<17:56:48.900> x<17:56:49.200> b

you would go back and so a became x b

you would go back and so a became x b
became<17:56:49.860> Y<17:56:50.040> and<17:56:50.276> so<17:56:50.400> on<17:56:50.520> what<17:56:50.756> we<17:56:50.936> did<17:56:51.116> earlier

became Y and so on what we did earlier

became Y and so on what we did earlier
was<17:56:51.776> actually<17:56:52.020> go<17:56:52.256> forward<17:56:52.560> three<17:56:52.980> so

was actually go forward three so

was actually go forward three so
whatever<17:56:53.820> it<17:56:54.180> was<17:56:54.680> we<17:56:55.680> could<17:56:55.860> figure<17:56:56.096> out<17:56:56.400> what

whatever it was we could figure out what

whatever it was we could figure out what
the<17:56:56.820> code<17:56:57.000> would<17:56:57.296> be<17:56:57.480> simply<17:56:58.200> by<17:56:58.560> minusing<17:56:59.340> or

the code would be simply by minusing or

the code would be simply by minusing or
adding<17:57:00.000> three<17:57:00.240> so<17:57:01.200> for<17:57:01.436> instance<17:57:01.740> if<17:57:01.980> we<17:57:02.096> were

adding three so for instance if we were

adding three so for instance if we were
to<17:57:02.340> write<17:57:02.456> ABC<17:57:03.116> right<17:57:03.596> now<17:57:03.720> in<17:57:04.256> the<17:57:04.380> Caesar

to write ABC right now in the Caesar

to write ABC right now in the Caesar
code<17:57:04.916> with<17:57:05.160> a<17:57:05.276> minus<17:57:05.636> three<17:57:05.756> it<17:57:06.180> would<17:57:06.296> turn

code with a minus three it would turn

code with a minus three it would turn
into<17:57:06.660> x<17:57:07.080> y<17:57:07.320> z<17:57:07.560> this<17:57:08.220> is<17:57:08.276> a<17:57:08.520> really<17:57:08.636> simple<17:57:08.880> code

into x y z this is a really simple code

into x y z this is a really simple code
which<17:57:09.480> is<17:57:09.596> why<17:57:09.776> it's<17:57:09.956> not<17:57:10.136> used<17:57:10.380> anymore<17:57:10.740> now

which is why it's not used anymore now

which is why it's not used anymore now
we<17:57:11.700> have<17:57:11.880> a<17:57:12.116> much<17:57:12.296> more

we have a much more

we have a much more
intense<17:57:14.340> codes<17:57:14.636> that<17:57:14.936> are<17:57:15.060> used<17:57:15.776> now<17:57:16.380> compared

intense codes that are used now compared

intense codes that are used now compared
to<17:57:17.220> cryptography<17:57:17.936> encryption<17:57:18.360> is<17:57:18.540> the

to cryptography encryption is the

to cryptography encryption is the
practice<17:57:18.840> of<17:57:19.080> putting<17:57:19.320> important<17:57:19.740> and

practice of putting important and

practice of putting important and
confidential<17:57:20.400> information<17:57:21.116> into<17:57:22.020> a<17:57:22.320> code

confidential information into a code

confidential information into a code
that<17:57:23.096> can't<17:57:23.220> be<17:57:23.400> accessed<17:57:23.820> by<17:57:24.000> unauthorized

that can't be accessed by unauthorized

that can't be accessed by unauthorized
users<17:57:25.276> encryption<17:57:26.276> is<17:57:26.820> basically<17:57:27.116> the<17:57:27.360> use<17:57:27.596> of

users encryption is basically the use of

users encryption is basically the use of
cryptography<17:57:28.860> as<17:57:29.400> you<17:57:29.580> can<17:57:29.700> see<17:57:29.936> by<17:57:30.596> the<17:57:30.840> word

cryptography as you can see by the word

cryptography as you can see by the word
here

here

here
so<17:57:33.060> encryption<17:57:33.776> is<17:57:33.900> usually<17:57:34.136> used<17:57:34.320> for

so encryption is usually used for

so encryption is usually used for
information<17:57:34.740> that<17:57:35.096> we<17:57:35.276> want<17:57:35.400> to<17:57:35.520> keep<17:57:35.636> as<17:57:36.060> a

information that we want to keep as a

information that we want to keep as a
secret<17:57:36.416> or<17:57:37.080> that's<17:57:37.256> someone<17:57:37.500> we<17:57:37.860> we<17:57:38.160> want<17:57:38.340> to

secret or that's someone we we want to

secret or that's someone we we want to
make<17:57:38.520> sure<17:57:38.700> is<17:57:38.820> not<17:57:39.060> going<17:57:39.180> to<17:57:39.296> get<17:57:39.416> out<17:57:39.660> to

make sure is not going to get out to

make sure is not going to get out to
other<17:57:40.080> people<17:57:40.320> now<17:57:41.096> a<17:57:41.276> lot<17:57:41.340> of<17:57:41.400> times<17:57:41.580> we're

other people now a lot of times we're

other people now a lot of times we're
going<17:57:41.880> to<17:57:41.880> use<17:57:42.000> encryption<17:57:42.416> with<17:57:42.596> not<17:57:42.720> just

going to use encryption with not just

going to use encryption with not just
regulate<17:57:43.256> and<17:57:43.500> we're<17:57:43.616> going<17:57:43.740> to<17:57:43.796> add<17:57:44.060> higher

regulate and we're going to add higher

regulate and we're going to add higher
end<17:57:45.180> encryption<17:57:45.596> to<17:57:45.776> stuff<17:57:45.956> like<17:57:46.136> credit<17:57:46.380> card

end encryption to stuff like credit card

end encryption to stuff like credit card
numbers<17:57:46.796> Social<17:57:47.220> Security<17:57:47.400> numbers<17:57:47.820> Bank

numbers Social Security numbers Bank

numbers Social Security numbers Bank
information

information

information
Etc

Etc

Etc
so<17:57:50.820> encryption<17:57:51.360> is<17:57:51.540> really<17:57:51.720> just<17:57:51.900> a<17:57:52.020> part<17:57:52.200> of

so encryption is really just a part of

so encryption is really just a part of
cryptography<17:57:53.116> cryptography<17:57:54.116> is<17:57:54.416> broader

cryptography cryptography is broader

cryptography cryptography is broader
encryption<17:57:55.380> happens<17:57:55.740> with<17:57:56.580> the<17:57:56.820> data<17:57:57.060> that<17:57:57.240> is

encryption happens with the data that is

encryption happens with the data that is
being<17:57:57.540> sent<17:57:57.840> through<17:57:58.136> a<17:57:58.320> network<17:57:58.500> so<17:57:59.160> like

being sent through a network so like

being sent through a network so like
cryptography<17:58:00.116> and<17:58:00.596> encryption<17:58:01.136> encrypted

cryptography and encryption encrypted

cryptography and encryption encrypted
message<17:58:02.220> is<17:58:02.700> coded<17:58:03.240> and<17:58:03.900> appears<17:58:04.320> to<17:58:04.500> be

message is coded and appears to be

message is coded and appears to be
complete<17:58:05.160> nonsense<17:58:05.520> to<17:58:05.756> someone<17:58:05.936> who<17:58:06.296> doesn't

complete nonsense to someone who doesn't

complete nonsense to someone who doesn't
know<17:58:06.720> what<17:58:07.080> the<17:58:07.320> code<17:58:07.500> is<17:58:07.916> now<17:58:08.756> the<17:58:08.936> data<17:58:09.240> is

know what the code is now the data is

know what the code is now the data is
run<17:58:09.540> through<17:58:09.776> an<17:58:10.080> algorithm<17:58:10.560> in<17:58:10.740> order<17:58:10.916> to

run through an algorithm in order to

run through an algorithm in order to
place<17:58:11.340> encryption<17:58:11.880> on<17:58:12.116> it<17:58:12.720> then<17:58:13.200> on<17:58:13.500> the<17:58:13.560> other

place encryption on it then on the other

place encryption on it then on the other
side<17:58:13.916> the<17:58:14.520> reverse<17:58:14.880> of<17:58:15.000> the<17:58:15.116> algorithm<17:58:15.540> is

side the reverse of the algorithm is

side the reverse of the algorithm is
used<17:58:16.020> to<17:58:16.200> decrypt<17:58:16.980> the<17:58:17.276> data<17:58:17.636> and<17:58:18.360> an

used to decrypt the data and an

used to decrypt the data and an
algorithm<17:58:18.956> is<17:58:19.200> a<17:58:19.436> mathematical<17:58:19.980> equation

algorithm is a mathematical equation

algorithm is a mathematical equation
that<17:58:20.700> can<17:58:20.756> be<17:58:20.880> used<17:58:21.000> for<17:58:21.180> several<17:58:21.480> different

that can be used for several different

that can be used for several different
things<17:58:21.956> for<17:58:22.320> instance<17:58:22.500> in<17:58:22.616> the<17:58:22.740> Caesar<17:58:23.096> code

things for instance in the Caesar code

things for instance in the Caesar code
the<17:58:24.240> mathematical<17:58:25.080> equation<17:58:25.560> if<17:58:26.400> we<17:58:26.580> had<17:58:26.880> X<17:58:27.900> as

the mathematical equation if we had X as

the mathematical equation if we had X as
the<17:58:29.160> uh<17:58:30.116> plain<17:58:30.596> text

the uh plain text

the uh plain text
and<17:58:32.400> Y<17:58:32.700> as<17:58:33.060> the<17:58:33.596> cipher<17:58:34.380> text<17:58:34.560> or<17:58:34.980> the<17:58:35.096> text

and Y as the cipher text or the text

and Y as the cipher text or the text
that<17:58:35.520> had<17:58:35.636> a<17:58:35.820> code<17:58:36.000> added<17:58:36.480> to<17:58:36.596> it<17:58:36.776> we<17:58:37.380> could<17:58:37.500> say

that had a code added to it we could say

that had a code added to it we could say
that<17:58:38.096> if<17:58:38.636> we<17:58:38.820> took<17:58:39.116> the<17:58:39.296> code<17:58:39.540> it<17:58:40.080> would<17:58:40.200> equal

that if we took the code it would equal

that if we took the code it would equal
y<17:58:40.680> plus<17:58:40.980> 3.<17:58:41.520> so<17:58:41.820> if<17:58:42.296> we<17:58:42.480> had<17:58:42.720> x<17:58:43.436> y<17:58:43.916> z<17:58:44.220> and<17:58:45.000> that

y plus 3. so if we had x y z and that

y plus 3. so if we had x y z and that
was<17:58:45.296> our<17:58:45.596> code

was our code

was our code
and<17:58:48.180> we<17:58:48.360> added<17:58:48.840> 3<17:58:49.136> to<17:58:49.436> that

and we added 3 to that

and we added 3 to that
then<17:58:52.136> we<17:58:52.320> would<17:58:52.560> end<17:58:52.796> up<17:58:52.980> with<17:58:53.400> a<17:58:53.820> b<17:58:54.240> c<17:58:54.480> and<17:58:54.956> so

then we would end up with a b c and so

then we would end up with a b c and so
that's<17:58:55.380> how<17:58:55.616> that<17:58:55.860> all<17:58:55.980> sort<17:58:56.220> of<17:58:56.340> works<17:58:56.700> now

that's how that all sort of works now

that's how that all sort of works now
encryption<17:58:58.020> in<17:58:58.380> an<17:58:58.560> algorithms<17:58:59.096> are<17:58:59.276> a<17:58:59.756> lot

encryption in an algorithms are a lot

encryption in an algorithms are a lot
more<17:59:00.116> intense<17:59:00.660> than<17:59:00.900> the<17:59:01.080> one<17:59:01.136> I<17:59:01.380> just<17:59:01.560> sort<17:59:01.740> of

more intense than the one I just sort of

more intense than the one I just sort of
laid<17:59:02.096> out<17:59:02.220> and<17:59:02.700> they're<17:59:02.820> used<17:59:03.000> not<17:59:03.296> only<17:59:03.360> to

laid out and they're used not only to

laid out and they're used not only to
code<17:59:04.020> data<17:59:04.740> but<17:59:05.040> also<17:59:05.276> to<17:59:05.456> decrypt<17:59:05.936> it<17:59:06.116> or

code data but also to decrypt it or

code data but also to decrypt it or
unencode<17:59:06.776> it<17:59:06.956> in<17:59:07.380> a<17:59:07.500> way<17:59:07.616> that<17:59:07.796> can't<17:59:07.980> be<17:59:08.160> read

unencode it in a way that can't be read

unencode it in a way that can't be read
by<17:59:08.580> our<17:59:08.880> adversaries<17:59:09.596> or<17:59:09.776> people<17:59:10.020> outside<17:59:10.456> of

by our adversaries or people outside of

by our adversaries or people outside of
of<17:59:12.296> ourselves

of ourselves

of ourselves
so<17:59:14.400> through<17:59:14.820> the<17:59:15.000> encryption<17:59:15.480> process<17:59:15.900> we

so through the encryption process we

so through the encryption process we
come<17:59:16.380> across<17:59:16.740> around<17:59:17.340> two<17:59:17.636> different<17:59:17.820> types

come across around two different types

come across around two different types
of<17:59:18.180> text<17:59:18.296> that<17:59:18.596> I<17:59:18.720> just<17:59:18.840> pointed<17:59:19.136> out<17:59:19.256> first

of text that I just pointed out first

of text that I just pointed out first
there's<17:59:20.520> plain<17:59:21.116> text<17:59:21.296> this<17:59:21.720> is<17:59:21.840> the

there's plain text this is the

there's plain text this is the
unencrypted<17:59:22.740> data<17:59:23.096> at<17:59:23.456> this<17:59:23.636> point<17:59:23.756> anyone

unencrypted data at this point anyone

unencrypted data at this point anyone
can<17:59:24.360> read<17:59:24.540> what<17:59:24.776> it<17:59:24.900> says<17:59:25.136> because<17:59:25.320> there's<17:59:25.616> no

can read what it says because there's no

can read what it says because there's no
code<17:59:26.040> on<17:59:26.276> it<17:59:26.456> then<17:59:27.060> there's<17:59:27.360> ciphertext<17:59:28.080> which

code on it then there's ciphertext which

code on it then there's ciphertext which
is<17:59:28.500> the<17:59:28.796> encrypted<17:59:29.340> data<17:59:29.756> the<17:59:30.180> data<17:59:30.480> that<17:59:30.660> can

is the encrypted data the data that can

is the encrypted data the data that can
only<17:59:31.020> be<17:59:31.320> decrypted<17:59:31.980> using<17:59:32.400> a<17:59:32.580> special<17:59:32.756> key<17:59:33.180> or

only be decrypted using a special key or

only be decrypted using a special key or
using<17:59:34.136> that<17:59:34.320> special<17:59:34.560> algorithm

using that special algorithm

using that special algorithm
so<17:59:36.296> in<17:59:36.480> the<17:59:36.596> world<17:59:36.720> of<17:59:36.956> encryption<17:59:37.436> there<17:59:38.040> are

so in the world of encryption there are

so in the world of encryption there are
normally<17:59:38.456> two<17:59:38.820> different<17:59:39.060> types<17:59:39.840> of<17:59:40.080> keys<17:59:40.616> or

normally two different types of keys or

normally two different types of keys or
algorithms<17:59:41.756> in<17:59:42.060> other<17:59:42.116> words<17:59:42.296> that<17:59:42.596> come<17:59:42.776> into

algorithms in other words that come into

algorithms in other words that come into
play<17:59:43.200> first<17:59:43.916> there<17:59:44.160> are<17:59:44.340> what<17:59:44.456> are<17:59:44.636> called

play first there are what are called

play first there are what are called
public<17:59:45.296> Keys<17:59:45.900> these<17:59:46.616> are<17:59:46.740> generally<17:59:47.040> used<17:59:47.340> in

public Keys these are generally used in

public Keys these are generally used in
some<17:59:47.820> cases

some cases

some cases
to<17:59:49.436> encrypt<17:59:49.860> the<17:59:50.096> data<17:59:50.400> these<17:59:51.180> keys<17:59:51.596> are<17:59:52.200> known

to encrypt the data these keys are known

to encrypt the data these keys are known
by<17:59:53.340> both<17:59:53.580> parties<17:59:54.116> that's<17:59:54.720> why<17:59:54.956> they're

by both parties that's why they're

by both parties that's why they're
public<17:59:55.436> they're<17:59:55.796> put<17:59:56.040> out<17:59:56.360> on<17:59:57.360> the<17:59:57.480> web<17:59:57.660> or

public they're put out on the web or

public they're put out on the web or
they're<17:59:58.256> sent<17:59:58.500> out<17:59:58.740> by<17:59:58.916> email<17:59:59.096> or<17:59:59.400> something

they're sent out by email or something

they're sent out by email or something
so<18:00:00.060> everyone<18:00:00.360> has<18:00:00.840> it<18:00:01.080> and<18:00:01.616> these<18:00:01.796> keys<18:00:02.040> are

so everyone has it and these keys are

so everyone has it and these keys are
known<18:00:02.276> by<18:00:02.456> both<18:00:02.636> parties<18:00:03.116> so<18:00:03.416> that<18:00:03.660> in<18:00:03.840> a<18:00:04.020> data

known by both parties so that in a data

known by both parties so that in a data
transfer<18:00:04.740> they<18:00:05.160> can<18:00:05.340> be<18:00:05.520> used<18:00:05.700> to<18:00:06.060> encrypt<18:00:06.480> the

transfer they can be used to encrypt the

transfer they can be used to encrypt the
data<18:00:07.020> now<18:00:07.436> in<18:00:07.616> most<18:00:07.796> cases<18:00:08.220> the<18:00:08.636> and<18:00:08.880> receiving

data now in most cases the and receiving

data now in most cases the and receiving
the<18:00:09.720> data<18:00:10.020> receives<18:00:10.680> the<18:00:10.916> public<18:00:11.096> key<18:00:11.400> also<18:00:11.880> so

the data receives the public key also so

the data receives the public key also so
if<18:00:12.660> I'm<18:00:12.900> sending<18:00:13.320> you<18:00:13.500> uh<18:00:14.400> an<18:00:14.936> encrypted<18:00:15.416> sort

if I'm sending you uh an encrypted sort

if I'm sending you uh an encrypted sort
of<18:00:15.776> message<18:00:16.020> I'm<18:00:16.380> going<18:00:16.560> to<18:00:16.680> send<18:00:16.796> you<18:00:16.916> the

of message I'm going to send you the

of message I'm going to send you the
public<18:00:17.220> key<18:00:17.520> along<18:00:18.296> with<18:00:18.776> my<18:00:19.136> data<18:00:19.560> now<18:00:20.160> the

public key along with my data now the

public key along with my data now the
way<18:00:20.456> that<18:00:20.636> encryption<18:00:21.060> and<18:00:21.180> decryption<18:00:21.596> will

way that encryption and decryption will

way that encryption and decryption will
work<18:00:22.020> is<18:00:22.436> the<18:00:22.616> same<18:00:22.740> way<18:00:22.916> these<18:00:23.340> public<18:00:23.520> Keys

work is the same way these public Keys

work is the same way these public Keys
run<18:00:24.116> plain<18:00:24.540> text<18:00:24.720> through<18:00:25.380> the<18:00:25.560> encryption

run plain text through the encryption

run plain text through the encryption
algorithm<18:00:26.580> and<18:00:27.180> they<18:00:27.360> Place<18:00:27.540> coding<18:00:27.956> on<18:00:28.136> it

algorithm and they Place coding on it

algorithm and they Place coding on it
now<18:00:28.980> private<18:00:29.456> keys<18:00:29.820> on<18:00:29.936> the<18:00:30.000> other<18:00:30.116> hand<18:00:30.240> are

now private keys on the other hand are

now private keys on the other hand are
usually<18:00:31.020> only<18:00:31.256> used<18:00:31.560> to<18:00:31.980> decrypt<18:00:32.520> the<18:00:32.756> data<18:00:33.116> so

usually only used to decrypt the data so

usually only used to decrypt the data so
I<18:00:34.916> will<18:00:35.160> send<18:00:35.340> you<18:00:35.520> my<18:00:35.756> public<18:00:35.936> key<18:00:36.240> you<18:00:37.020> will

I will send you my public key you will

I will send you my public key you will
encrypt<18:00:37.740> a<18:00:38.040> message<18:00:38.220> send<18:00:38.820> it<18:00:39.000> to<18:00:39.116> me<18:00:39.240> and<18:00:39.720> I

encrypt a message send it to me and I

encrypt a message send it to me and I
can<18:00:40.020> only<18:00:40.200> decrypt<18:00:40.796> that<18:00:40.980> using<18:00:41.400> a<18:00:41.636> private

can only decrypt that using a private

can only decrypt that using a private
key<18:00:42.000> which<18:00:42.416> only<18:00:42.840> I<18:00:43.380> have<18:00:43.616> and<18:00:44.520> so<18:00:44.636> this<18:00:44.936> is

key which only I have and so this is

key which only I have and so this is
basically<18:00:45.540> how<18:00:46.080> the<18:00:46.680> whole<18:00:46.860> system<18:00:47.160> works<18:00:47.636> now

basically how the whole system works now

basically how the whole system works now
there<18:00:48.360> are<18:00:48.480> different<18:00:48.776> types<18:00:49.436> of<18:00:49.916> uh

there are different types of uh

there are different types of uh
encryption<18:00:51.360> systems<18:00:51.840> somewhere<18:00:52.256> both<18:00:52.500> sides

encryption systems somewhere both sides

encryption systems somewhere both sides
have<18:00:53.040> to<18:00:53.160> have<18:00:53.340> public<18:00:53.520> keys<18:00:53.936> somewhere<18:00:54.296> we

have to have public keys somewhere we

have to have public keys somewhere we
have<18:00:54.596> a<18:00:54.776> private<18:00:55.080> key<18:00:55.200> again<18:00:55.680> I'm<18:00:55.916> not<18:00:56.040> going

have a private key again I'm not going

have a private key again I'm not going
to<18:00:56.276> get<18:00:56.400> too<18:00:56.580> in<18:00:56.756> depth<18:00:57.000> with<18:00:57.116> that<18:00:57.360> right<18:00:57.540> now

to get too in depth with that right now

to get too in depth with that right now
because<18:00:58.020> this<18:00:58.380> really<18:00:58.616> gets<18:00:59.040> into<18:00:59.776> more<18:01:00.776> of

because this really gets into more of

because this really gets into more of
security<18:01:01.136> and<18:01:01.500> Security<18:01:01.680> Plus<18:01:02.160> but<18:01:02.820> the

security and Security Plus but the

security and Security Plus but the
important<18:01:03.240> thing<18:01:03.360> to<18:01:03.480> realize<18:01:03.776> is<18:01:03.900> that<18:01:04.136> the

important thing to realize is that the

important thing to realize is that the
public<18:01:04.560> key

public key

public key
goes<18:01:06.416> to<18:01:06.540> both<18:01:06.720> parties<18:01:07.080> whereas<18:01:07.500> the<18:01:07.680> private

goes to both parties whereas the private

goes to both parties whereas the private
key<18:01:08.276> which<18:01:08.936> is<18:01:09.116> only<18:01:09.360> used<18:01:09.596> usually<18:01:09.956> to

key which is only used usually to

key which is only used usually to
decrypt<18:01:10.680> the<18:01:10.860> data<18:01:11.096> is<18:01:11.340> only<18:01:11.520> held<18:01:11.936> on<18:01:12.000> to<18:01:12.240> one

decrypt the data is only held on to one

decrypt the data is only held on to one
person<18:01:12.776> so<18:01:13.500> I<18:01:13.680> could<18:01:13.860> anyone<18:01:14.340> can<18:01:14.520> encrypt<18:01:14.936> the

person so I could anyone can encrypt the

person so I could anyone can encrypt the
message<18:01:15.296> but<18:01:15.660> only<18:01:15.776> someone<18:01:16.080> with<18:01:16.320> the

message but only someone with the

message but only someone with the
private<18:01:16.860> key<18:01:16.980> is<18:01:17.160> going<18:01:17.340> to<18:01:17.456> be<18:01:17.520> able<18:01:17.636> to

private key is going to be able to

private key is going to be able to
decrypt<18:01:18.840> the<18:01:19.020> message

decrypt the message

decrypt the message
so<18:01:20.700> if<18:01:20.756> we<18:01:20.880> take<18:01:21.000> a<18:01:21.116> look<18:01:21.180> at<18:01:21.296> how<18:01:21.540> this<18:01:21.776> works

so if we take a look at how this works

so if we take a look at how this works
um<18:01:23.340> company<18:01:23.936> a<18:01:24.436> needs<18:01:25.436> to<18:01:25.560> send<18:01:25.860> data<18:01:26.340> to

um company a needs to send data to

um company a needs to send data to
Company<18:01:26.636> B<18:01:27.000> but<18:01:27.480> it's<18:01:27.596> really<18:01:27.776> important

Company B but it's really important

Company B but it's really important
information<18:01:28.320> that<18:01:28.796> needs<18:01:28.980> to<18:01:29.096> be<18:01:29.276> secure<18:01:29.636> and

information that needs to be secure and

information that needs to be secure and
encrypted<18:01:30.296> so<18:01:31.080> Company<18:01:31.740> B<18:01:32.720> sends<18:01:33.980> the<18:01:34.980> public

encrypted so Company B sends the public

encrypted so Company B sends the public
key<18:01:35.756> to<18:01:36.720> company<18:01:36.956> a

key to company a

key to company a
company<18:01:38.636> be<18:01:38.936> created<18:01:39.296> this<18:01:39.660> public<18:01:39.956> key<18:01:40.256> so

company be created this public key so

company be created this public key so
that<18:01:40.680> the<18:01:40.796> encryption<18:01:41.160> and<18:01:41.276> decryption<18:01:41.880> would

that the encryption and decryption would

that the encryption and decryption would
work<18:01:42.540> with<18:01:42.720> each<18:01:42.956> other<18:01:43.080> now<18:01:43.680> company<18:01:43.916> a<18:01:44.276> uses

work with each other now company a uses

work with each other now company a uses
this<18:01:44.936> key<18:01:45.116> to<18:01:45.296> encrypt<18:01:45.720> the<18:01:45.840> data<18:01:46.136> then<18:01:46.436> sends

this key to encrypt the data then sends

this key to encrypt the data then sends
it<18:01:46.980> to<18:01:47.096> Company<18:01:47.220> B<18:01:47.580> and<18:01:48.296> Company<18:01:48.480> B<18:01:48.956> uses<18:01:49.796> the

it to Company B and Company B uses the

it to Company B and Company B uses the
private<18:01:50.400> key<18:01:50.580> that<18:01:51.116> only<18:01:51.480> they<18:01:52.020> have

private key that only they have

private key that only they have
in<18:01:53.400> order<18:01:53.580> to<18:01:54.000> decrypt<18:01:54.540> the<18:01:54.720> data<18:01:55.080> now<18:01:55.436> you<18:01:55.680> can

in order to decrypt the data now you can

in order to decrypt the data now you can
only<18:01:56.240> encrypt<18:01:57.240> in<18:01:57.660> this<18:01:57.776> case<18:01:58.020> with<18:01:58.916> the

only encrypt in this case with the

only encrypt in this case with the
public<18:01:59.400> key<18:01:59.776> and<18:02:00.776> you<18:02:01.020> need<18:02:01.256> the<18:02:01.560> private<18:02:01.916> key

public key and you need the private key

public key and you need the private key
in<18:02:02.520> order<18:02:02.700> to<18:02:03.000> decrypt<18:02:03.416> that's<18:02:03.720> how<18:02:03.956> this

in order to decrypt that's how this

in order to decrypt that's how this
works<18:02:04.680> but<18:02:05.456> the<18:02:05.880> way<18:02:06.000> that<18:02:06.180> company<18:02:06.416> a<18:02:06.720> got<18:02:07.020> it

works but the way that company a got it

works but the way that company a got it
is<18:02:07.436> because<18:02:07.616> Company<18:02:08.096> B<18:02:08.580> sent<18:02:09.416> the<18:02:09.840> public<18:02:09.956> key

is because Company B sent the public key

is because Company B sent the public key
over<18:02:10.560> to<18:02:10.916> them

over to them

over to them
all<18:02:12.480> right<18:02:12.596> so<18:02:12.720> just<18:02:12.900> to<18:02:13.080> recap<18:02:13.380> we<18:02:13.680> began<18:02:13.860> by

all right so just to recap we began by

all right so just to recap we began by
defining<18:02:14.520> And<18:02:14.700> discussing<18:02:15.060> cryptography

defining And discussing cryptography

defining And discussing cryptography
cryptography<18:02:16.916> again<18:02:17.220> is<18:02:17.700> basically<18:02:18.116> having<18:02:18.596> a

cryptography again is basically having a

cryptography again is basically having a
code<18:02:19.256> of<18:02:19.616> some<18:02:19.860> sort<18:02:20.096> uh<18:02:21.060> we<18:02:21.296> use<18:02:21.416> codes<18:02:21.660> in<18:02:21.900> all

code of some sort uh we use codes in all

code of some sort uh we use codes in all
sorts<18:02:22.320> of<18:02:22.380> ways<18:02:22.740> we<18:02:22.980> talked<18:02:23.276> about<18:02:23.340> the<18:02:23.700> Navajo

sorts of ways we talked about the Navajo

sorts of ways we talked about the Navajo
Indians<18:02:24.720> using<18:02:25.020> codes<18:02:25.200> during<18:02:25.560> World<18:02:25.740> War<18:02:25.916> II

Indians using codes during World War II

Indians using codes during World War II
and<18:02:26.820> we<18:02:27.000> also<18:02:27.240> talked<18:02:27.540> about<18:02:27.660> the<18:02:27.956> Caesar

and we also talked about the Caesar

and we also talked about the Caesar
Cipher<18:02:28.860> which<18:02:29.040> basically<18:02:29.400> just<18:02:29.520> means<18:02:29.880> adding

Cipher which basically just means adding

Cipher which basically just means adding
a<18:02:31.320> certain<18:02:31.616> number

a certain number

a certain number
two<18:02:33.360> uh<18:02:33.776> letters<18:02:34.136> so<18:02:34.320> for<18:02:34.560> instance<18:02:34.860> if<18:02:35.456> I<18:02:35.636> have

two uh letters so for instance if I have

two uh letters so for instance if I have
plus<18:02:36.416> 2<18:02:36.776> as<18:02:37.080> my<18:02:37.256> Caesar<18:02:37.616> Cipher<18:02:38.096> and<18:02:38.456> I<18:02:38.580> want<18:02:38.700> to

plus 2 as my Caesar Cipher and I want to

plus 2 as my Caesar Cipher and I want to
write<18:02:38.936> the<18:02:39.116> letter<18:02:39.296> A<18:02:39.660> instead<18:02:40.436> I'm<18:02:40.680> going<18:02:40.796> to

write the letter A instead I'm going to

write the letter A instead I'm going to
write<18:02:40.980> the<18:02:41.160> letter<18:02:41.276> c<18:02:42.000> because<18:02:42.480> it<18:02:42.956> goes<18:02:43.256> a<18:02:43.680> b<18:02:44.456> c

write the letter c because it goes a b c

write the letter c because it goes a b c
right<18:02:45.660> there<18:02:46.136> are<18:02:46.456> two<18:02:47.456> added<18:02:48.296> so<18:02:48.776> then<18:02:48.900> if<18:02:49.136> I

right there are two added so then if I

right there are two added so then if I
sent<18:02:49.616> this<18:02:49.916> C<18:02:50.220> to<18:02:50.880> someone<18:02:51.116> they<18:02:51.776> know<18:02:51.956> oh<18:02:52.256> I

sent this C to someone they know oh I

sent this C to someone they know oh I
can<18:02:52.740> subtract<18:02:53.160> two<18:02:53.400> from<18:02:53.580> it<18:02:53.756> and<18:02:53.880> that's<18:02:54.000> my

can subtract two from it and that's my

can subtract two from it and that's my
Caesar<18:02:54.480> Cipher<18:02:54.900> now<18:02:55.500> we<18:02:55.680> also<18:02:55.916> defined

Caesar Cipher now we also defined

Caesar Cipher now we also defined
encryption<18:02:57.240> and<18:02:57.776> encryption<18:02:58.256> is<18:02:58.500> actually

encryption and encryption is actually

encryption and encryption is actually
the<18:02:58.980> process<18:02:59.400> of<18:02:59.820> doing<18:03:00.060> all<18:03:00.360> this<18:03:00.480> we<18:03:00.776> have

the process of doing all this we have

the process of doing all this we have
the<18:03:01.200> code<18:03:01.320> we<18:03:01.616> have<18:03:01.740> the<18:03:01.980> cryptography<18:03:02.636> and

the code we have the cryptography and

the code we have the cryptography and
then<18:03:03.240> what<18:03:03.360> we<18:03:03.480> want<18:03:03.596> to<18:03:03.720> do<18:03:03.776> is<18:03:03.956> actually

then what we want to do is actually

then what we want to do is actually
encrypt<18:03:04.680> the<18:03:04.860> data<18:03:05.160> using<18:03:05.520> it<18:03:05.636> now<18:03:06.060> we<18:03:06.296> talked

encrypt the data using it now we talked

encrypt the data using it now we talked
about<18:03:06.540> two<18:03:06.776> different<18:03:06.956> things<18:03:07.200> plain<18:03:07.680> text

about two different things plain text

about two different things plain text
and<18:03:08.096> ciphertext<18:03:08.636> plain<18:03:09.416> text<18:03:09.596> is<18:03:09.956> the<18:03:10.200> data

and ciphertext plain text is the data

and ciphertext plain text is the data
before<18:03:10.796> we<18:03:11.160> apply<18:03:11.400> the<18:03:11.580> code<18:03:11.756> to<18:03:12.000> it

before we apply the code to it

before we apply the code to it
ciphertext<18:03:13.136> is<18:03:13.380> after<18:03:13.616> we've<18:03:14.096> applied<18:03:15.000> it<18:03:15.116> to

ciphertext is after we've applied it to

ciphertext is after we've applied it to
it<18:03:15.480> so<18:03:16.136> plain<18:03:16.500> text<18:03:16.680> anyone<18:03:17.096> can<18:03:17.220> read

it so plain text anyone can read

it so plain text anyone can read
ciphertext<18:03:18.060> only<18:03:18.240> those<18:03:18.480> people<18:03:18.720> with<18:03:19.136> the

ciphertext only those people with the

ciphertext only those people with the
code<18:03:19.616> breaker<18:03:20.096> can<18:03:20.276> read<18:03:20.456> or<18:03:20.820> the<18:03:21.116> keys<18:03:21.480> we

code breaker can read or the keys we

code breaker can read or the keys we
also<18:03:22.256> talked<18:03:22.380> about<18:03:22.436> that<18:03:22.616> in<18:03:22.796> a<18:03:23.220> public<18:03:23.340> and

also talked about that in a public and

also talked about that in a public and
private<18:03:24.000> key<18:03:24.180> public<18:03:25.020> keys<18:03:25.616> are<18:03:26.160> sent<18:03:26.456> to

private key public keys are sent to

private key public keys are sent to
everyone<18:03:27.240> so<18:03:27.900> everyone<18:03:28.136> has<18:03:28.560> access<18:03:28.916> to<18:03:29.276> them

everyone so everyone has access to them

everyone so everyone has access to them
private<18:03:30.720> keys<18:03:31.136> are<18:03:31.616> only<18:03:31.860> held<18:03:32.276> by<18:03:32.520> one<18:03:32.756> party

private keys are only held by one party

private keys are only held by one party
they<18:03:33.840> are<18:03:34.020> private<18:03:34.796> now<18:03:35.340> generally<18:03:35.880> speaking

they are private now generally speaking

they are private now generally speaking
public<18:03:36.660> keys<18:03:37.136> are<18:03:37.500> used<18:03:37.740> to<18:03:38.160> encrypt

public keys are used to encrypt

public keys are used to encrypt
whereas<18:03:41.220> private<18:03:41.636> keys<18:03:41.936> are<18:03:42.116> used<18:03:42.240> to<18:03:42.480> decrypt

whereas private keys are used to decrypt

whereas private keys are used to decrypt
so<18:03:43.560> anyone<18:03:43.916> can<18:03:44.276> make<18:03:44.840> uh<18:03:45.840> a<18:03:46.020> message<18:03:46.380> that<18:03:46.740> is

so anyone can make uh a message that is

so anyone can make uh a message that is
in<18:03:46.980> ciphertext<18:03:47.580> but<18:03:47.820> only<18:03:47.936> the<18:03:48.180> people<18:03:48.360> with

in ciphertext but only the people with

in ciphertext but only the people with
the<18:03:48.776> private<18:03:49.020> keys<18:03:49.320> can<18:03:49.560> actually<18:03:49.740> decipher

the private keys can actually decipher

the private keys can actually decipher
it

it

it
and<18:03:51.776> then<18:03:51.840> we<18:03:52.020> talked<18:03:52.320> about<18:03:52.436> some<18:03:52.740> like

and then we talked about some like

and then we talked about some like
examples<18:03:53.456> of<18:03:53.700> using<18:03:54.060> this<18:03:54.180> for<18:03:54.840> instance<18:03:55.080> not

examples of using this for instance not

examples of using this for instance not
only<18:03:55.436> the<18:03:55.560> Caesar<18:03:55.916> and<18:03:56.040> the<18:03:56.160> Navajo<18:03:56.580> but<18:03:57.060> we

only the Caesar and the Navajo but we

only the Caesar and the Navajo but we
also<18:03:57.540> talked<18:03:57.840> about<18:03:57.900> wanting<18:03:58.320> to<18:03:58.436> use<18:03:58.500> it<18:03:58.680> for

also talked about wanting to use it for

also talked about wanting to use it for
Social<18:03:59.096> Security<18:03:59.340> numbers<18:04:00.136> passwords<18:04:01.136> are<18:04:01.256> a

Social Security numbers passwords are a

Social Security numbers passwords are a
big<18:04:01.616> one

big one

big one
and<18:04:03.116> of<18:04:03.240> course<18:04:03.360> today's<18:04:03.720> market<18:04:04.436> with<18:04:04.740> all

and of course today's market with all

and of course today's market with all
the<18:04:05.040> finances<18:04:05.456> going<18:04:05.756> on<18:04:05.936> bank<18:04:06.660> and<18:04:07.020> credit

the finances going on bank and credit

the finances going on bank and credit
card<18:04:07.680> information

network security IDs IPS implementation

network security IDs IPS implementation
in<18:04:40.616> the<18:04:40.740> previous<18:04:40.860> lesson<18:04:41.340> we<18:04:41.520> talked<18:04:41.820> about

in the previous lesson we talked about

in the previous lesson we talked about
different<18:04:42.180> aspects<18:04:42.900> of<18:04:43.080> network<18:04:43.320> security

different aspects of network security

different aspects of network security
now<18:04:44.520> because<18:04:44.820> this<18:04:45.360> topic<18:04:45.720> is<18:04:45.956> so

now because this topic is so

now because this topic is so
encompassing<18:04:46.616> we're<18:04:46.916> going<18:04:47.040> to<18:04:47.220> continue<18:04:47.520> on

encompassing we're going to continue on

encompassing we're going to continue on
with<18:04:48.660> this<18:04:48.900> network<18:04:49.200> security<18:04:49.560> in<18:04:50.340> this

with this network security in this

with this network security in this
lesson<18:04:50.820> where<18:04:51.180> we're<18:04:51.360> going<18:04:51.480> to<18:04:51.540> focus

lesson where we're going to focus

lesson where we're going to focus
specifically<18:04:52.500> on<18:04:53.160> two<18:04:53.456> types<18:04:53.820> of<18:04:53.936> security

specifically on two types of security

specifically on two types of security
one<18:04:54.900> is<18:04:55.136> IP<18:04:55.500> security<18:04:55.796> which<18:04:56.220> we'll<18:04:56.400> talk

one is IP security which we'll talk

one is IP security which we'll talk
about<18:04:56.756> in<18:04:57.360> the<18:04:57.596> next<18:04:57.776> module<18:04:58.320> and<18:04:58.796> in<18:04:58.916> this

about in the next module and in this

about in the next module and in this
module<18:04:59.340> we're<18:04:59.456> going<18:04:59.580> to<18:04:59.636> talk<18:04:59.756> about

module we're going to talk about

module we're going to talk about
intrusion<18:05:00.660> detection<18:05:01.020> prevention<18:05:01.680> systems

intrusion detection prevention systems

intrusion detection prevention systems
otherwise<18:05:02.936> known<18:05:03.180> as<18:05:03.416> IDs<18:05:04.136> and<18:05:04.680> IPS<18:05:05.116> these<18:05:06.116> are

otherwise known as IDs and IPS these are

otherwise known as IDs and IPS these are
pretty<18:05:06.416> important<18:05:06.776> and<18:05:06.900> come<18:05:07.136> up<18:05:07.256> a<18:05:07.380> bit<18:05:07.500> on

pretty important and come up a bit on

pretty important and come up a bit on
the<18:05:07.740> network<18:05:07.860> plus<18:05:08.220> exam<18:05:08.580> which<18:05:08.756> is<18:05:08.880> why<18:05:09.060> I

the network plus exam which is why I

the network plus exam which is why I
want<18:05:09.360> to<18:05:09.480> commit<18:05:09.776> an<18:05:10.020> entire<18:05:10.320> module<18:05:10.680> to<18:05:10.916> them

want to commit an entire module to them

want to commit an entire module to them
so<18:05:12.060> we're<18:05:12.360> going<18:05:12.480> to<18:05:12.596> begin<18:05:12.720> by<18:05:13.080> talking<18:05:13.320> about

so we're going to begin by talking about

so we're going to begin by talking about
an<18:05:14.160> IDs<18:05:14.756> or<18:05:15.480> intrusion

notice the D there and we're going to

notice the D there and we're going to
talk<18:05:24.900> about<18:05:25.020> the<18:05:25.320> two<18:05:25.500> different<18:05:25.616> types<18:05:26.096> of

talk about the two different types of

talk about the two different types of
IDs<18:05:26.756> that<18:05:27.116> exist<18:05:27.360> one<18:05:28.080> is<18:05:28.256> behavior<18:05:28.860> based<18:05:29.700> and

IDs that exist one is behavior based and

IDs that exist one is behavior based and
one<18:05:30.296> is<18:05:30.416> signature<18:05:30.956> based<18:05:31.320> we'll<18:05:31.916> discuss

one is signature based we'll discuss

one is signature based we'll discuss
what<18:05:32.456> this<18:05:32.636> means<18:05:32.936> in<18:05:33.116> a<18:05:33.296> bit<18:05:33.416> we're<18:05:34.136> also

what this means in a bit we're also

what this means in a bit we're also
going<18:05:34.500> to<18:05:34.560> Define<18:05:34.740> and<18:05:35.096> discuss<18:05:35.596> ips's<18:05:36.596> the

going to Define and discuss ips's the

going to Define and discuss ips's the
difference<18:05:37.136> between<18:05:37.380> an<18:05:37.616> IPS<18:05:37.916> and<18:05:38.220> an<18:05:38.340> IDs<18:05:38.820> is

difference between an IPS and an IDs is

difference between an IPS and an IDs is
where<18:05:39.360> an<18:05:39.540> IDs<18:05:40.020> is<18:05:40.200> an<18:05:40.320> intrusion<18:05:40.796> detection

where an IDs is an intrusion detection

where an IDs is an intrusion detection
system<18:05:41.756> and<18:05:42.596> IPS<18:05:43.020> is<18:05:43.916> an<18:05:44.160> intrusion

system and IPS is an intrusion

system and IPS is an intrusion
prevention<18:05:45.956> system<18:05:46.740> notice<18:05:47.700> the<18:05:47.936> difference

prevention system notice the difference

prevention system notice the difference
between<18:05:48.540> the<18:05:48.776> D<18:05:48.900> and<18:05:49.136> the<18:05:49.256> P<18:05:49.436> one<18:05:50.040> simply

between the D and the P one simply

between the D and the P one simply
notifies<18:05:51.060> you<18:05:51.240> the<18:05:51.540> other<18:05:51.660> will<18:05:51.956> actually

notifies you the other will actually

notifies you the other will actually
prevent<18:05:52.860> we're<18:05:53.700> then<18:05:53.936> going<18:05:54.180> to<18:05:54.360> discuss<18:05:54.596> the

prevent we're then going to discuss the

prevent we're then going to discuss the
importance<18:05:55.200> of<18:05:55.436> having<18:05:55.616> an<18:05:55.980> IDs<18:05:56.456> IPS<18:05:56.936> and<18:05:57.660> in

importance of having an IDs IPS and in

importance of having an IDs IPS and in
some<18:05:57.956> cases<18:05:58.200> we<18:05:58.500> will<18:05:58.680> have<18:05:58.916> devices<18:05:59.340> that<18:05:59.820> do

some cases we will have devices that do

some cases we will have devices that do
both

both

both
and<18:06:01.980> we're<18:06:02.220> then<18:06:02.400> going<18:06:02.580> to<18:06:02.636> discuss<18:06:03.000> very

and we're then going to discuss very

and we're then going to discuss very
briefly<18:06:03.720> implementation<18:06:04.436> now<18:06:05.340> of<18:06:05.636> course

briefly implementation now of course

briefly implementation now of course
just<18:06:06.296> like<18:06:06.480> anything<18:06:06.720> we're<18:06:07.080> going<18:06:07.200> to<18:06:07.320> look

just like anything we're going to look

just like anything we're going to look
at<18:06:07.680> this<18:06:07.860> from<18:06:08.160> a<18:06:08.456> mile<18:06:08.756> high<18:06:09.116> view<18:06:09.360> so<18:06:09.660> this

at this from a mile high view so this

at this from a mile high view so this
isn't<18:06:10.136> the<18:06:10.380> in-depth<18:06:10.860> the<18:06:10.980> detailed<18:06:11.400> version

isn't the in-depth the detailed version

isn't the in-depth the detailed version
this<18:06:12.116> is<18:06:12.180> the<18:06:12.416> broad<18:06:12.660> overview<18:06:13.456> now<18:06:14.456> an

this is the broad overview now an

this is the broad overview now an
intrusion<18:06:15.360> detection<18:06:15.660> system<18:06:16.080> is<18:06:16.616> software

intrusion detection system is software

intrusion detection system is software
or<18:06:17.756> network<18:06:18.060> device<18:06:18.416> that's<18:06:19.200> used<18:06:19.560> to<18:06:19.796> detect

or network device that's used to detect

or network device that's used to detect
again<18:06:21.060> remember<18:06:21.360> that<18:06:21.660> word<18:06:21.900> d<18:06:22.256> detect

again remember that word d detect

again remember that word d detect
attacks<18:06:24.000> or<18:06:24.416> intrusions<18:06:24.900> that<18:06:25.080> are<18:06:25.200> made<18:06:25.320> on

attacks or intrusions that are made on

attacks or intrusions that are made on
the<18:06:25.616> network<18:06:25.820> the<18:06:26.820> attacks<18:06:27.240> that<18:06:27.360> it<18:06:27.480> detects

the network the attacks that it detects

the network the attacks that it detects
are<18:06:28.136> then<18:06:28.320> reported<18:06:28.916> to<18:06:29.160> either<18:06:29.340> the

are then reported to either the

are then reported to either the
administrator<18:06:30.240> or<18:06:31.200> to<18:06:31.796> a<18:06:32.040> threat<18:06:32.400> log<18:06:32.700> sort<18:06:33.296> of

administrator or to a threat log sort of

administrator or to a threat log sort of
like<18:06:33.480> the<18:06:33.720> Event<18:06:33.840> Viewer<18:06:34.320> if<18:06:35.040> it<18:06:35.340> logs<18:06:35.880> the

like the Event Viewer if it logs the

like the Event Viewer if it logs the
information<18:06:36.240> first<18:06:36.956> it<18:06:37.560> then<18:06:37.740> alerts<18:06:38.276> the

information first it then alerts the

information first it then alerts the
administrator<18:06:39.020> so<18:06:40.020> the<18:06:40.380> administrator<18:06:40.796> can

administrator so the administrator can

administrator so the administrator can
look<18:06:41.276> into<18:06:41.580> the<18:06:41.936> issue<18:06:42.240> now<18:06:42.956> while<18:06:43.200> IDs<18:06:43.796> are<18:06:44.096> up

look into the issue now while IDs are up

look into the issue now while IDs are up
to<18:06:44.400> date<18:06:44.520> and<18:06:44.756> make<18:06:45.000> alerts<18:06:45.480> as<18:06:45.720> soon<18:06:45.956> as<18:06:46.080> an

to date and make alerts as soon as an

to date and make alerts as soon as an
attack<18:06:46.436> occurs<18:06:47.040> they<18:06:47.520> are<18:06:47.700> still<18:06:47.820> referred<18:06:48.180> to

attack occurs they are still referred to

attack occurs they are still referred to
as<18:06:48.860> passive<18:06:49.860> the<18:06:50.400> reason<18:06:50.580> they<18:06:50.820> are<18:06:51.000> called<18:06:51.180> a

as passive the reason they are called a

as passive the reason they are called a
passive<18:06:52.020> security<18:06:52.256> system<18:06:52.616> is<18:06:52.860> because<18:06:53.040> they

passive security system is because they

passive security system is because they
don't<18:06:53.456> do<18:06:53.936> anything<18:06:54.240> to<18:06:54.720> actually<18:06:54.900> prevent

don't do anything to actually prevent

don't do anything to actually prevent
the<18:06:56.520> intrusion<18:06:57.060> from<18:06:57.596> stopping<18:06:58.080> all<18:06:58.436> they<18:06:58.616> do

the intrusion from stopping all they do

the intrusion from stopping all they do
is<18:06:59.756> they<18:07:00.240> passively<18:07:01.200> notice<18:07:01.860> that<18:07:01.980> it's

is they passively notice that it's

is they passively notice that it's
occurring<18:07:02.580> this<18:07:03.116> is<18:07:03.240> because<18:07:03.480> again<18:07:03.900> they

occurring this is because again they

occurring this is because again they
merely<18:07:04.740> a<18:07:04.916> detect<18:07:05.220> the<18:07:05.400> attack<18:07:05.700> they<18:07:06.296> don't<18:07:06.416> do

merely a detect the attack they don't do

merely a detect the attack they don't do
anything<18:07:06.720> to<18:07:06.956> prevent<18:07:07.256> or<18:07:07.500> combat<18:07:07.860> it<18:07:08.040> now

anything to prevent or combat it now

anything to prevent or combat it now
there<18:07:08.756> are<18:07:08.880> a<18:07:08.936> few<18:07:09.000> different<18:07:09.180> types<18:07:09.776> of

there are a few different types of

there are a few different types of
intrusion<18:07:10.560> detection<18:07:10.916> systems<18:07:11.456> but<18:07:11.756> I<18:07:11.880> want

intrusion detection systems but I want

intrusion detection systems but I want
to<18:07:12.116> focus<18:07:12.360> specifically<18:07:12.956> on<18:07:13.256> two<18:07:13.436> different

to focus specifically on two different

to focus specifically on two different
types<18:07:14.096> the<18:07:14.820> first<18:07:14.936> is<18:07:15.296> called<18:07:15.480> a

types the first is called a

types the first is called a
behavior-based<18:07:16.980> system<18:07:17.296> this<18:07:18.296> makes<18:07:18.480> alerts

behavior-based system this makes alerts

behavior-based system this makes alerts
and<18:07:19.136> reports<18:07:19.500> of<18:07:19.680> attacks<18:07:20.160> based<18:07:20.880> on<18:07:21.116> the

and reports of attacks based on the

and reports of attacks based on the
behavior<18:07:22.756> that<18:07:23.756> they<18:07:23.936> deem<18:07:24.180> to<18:07:24.296> be<18:07:24.480> suspicious

behavior that they deem to be suspicious

behavior that they deem to be suspicious
or<18:07:25.436> out<18:07:25.616> of<18:07:25.796> the<18:07:25.860> ordinary<18:07:26.276> these<18:07:27.060> unusual

or out of the ordinary these unusual

or out of the ordinary these unusual
behaviors<18:07:28.080> can<18:07:28.436> include<18:07:29.000> large<18:07:30.000> amounts<18:07:30.480> of

behaviors can include large amounts of

behaviors can include large amounts of
traffic<18:07:31.340> policies<18:07:32.340> being<18:07:32.756> violated

traffic policies being violated

traffic policies being violated
um<18:07:35.096> and<18:07:35.636> even<18:07:35.820> people<18:07:36.180> attempting<18:07:36.900> to<18:07:37.380> access

um and even people attempting to access

um and even people attempting to access
things<18:07:38.636> that<18:07:39.116> they're<18:07:39.240> not<18:07:39.480> supposed<18:07:39.660> to

now a signature-based system detects the

now a signature-based system detects the
Rest<18:07:45.360> by<18:07:46.020> reading<18:07:46.796> their<18:07:47.040> attack<18:07:47.220> signatures

Rest by reading their attack signatures

Rest by reading their attack signatures
just<18:07:48.720> like<18:07:48.956> a<18:07:49.500> virus<18:07:50.040> scan<18:07:50.400> program<18:07:50.820> has<18:07:51.660> a

just like a virus scan program has a

just like a virus scan program has a
signature<18:07:52.436> remember<18:07:52.796> those<18:07:53.400> data<18:07:54.180> files<18:07:54.480> we

signature remember those data files we

signature remember those data files we
talked<18:07:55.020> about<18:07:55.080> that<18:07:55.680> tells<18:07:55.980> it<18:07:56.040> what<18:07:56.220> to<18:07:56.340> look

talked about that tells it what to look

talked about that tells it what to look
for<18:07:56.636> in<18:07:56.820> a<18:07:57.000> virus<18:07:57.796> intrusion<18:07:58.796> or<18:07:59.456> attack

for in a virus intrusion or attack

for in a virus intrusion or attack
systems<18:08:00.540> have<18:08:01.136> a<18:08:01.320> signature<18:08:01.880> and<18:08:02.880> a<18:08:03.360> signature

systems have a signature and a signature

systems have a signature and a signature
file<18:08:04.380> that<18:08:04.860> they<18:08:05.400> can<18:08:05.580> look<18:08:05.880> at<18:08:06.060> that<18:08:06.660> lines<18:08:07.020> up

file that they can look at that lines up

file that they can look at that lines up
with<18:08:07.740> the<18:08:07.980> signature<18:08:08.456> of<18:08:09.060> an<18:08:09.240> attack<18:08:09.416> or<18:08:09.720> an

with the signature of an attack or an

with the signature of an attack or an
intrusion

intrusion

intrusion
so<18:08:11.636> signature<18:08:12.240> based<18:08:12.596> systems<18:08:13.020> scan<18:08:13.380> the

so signature based systems scan the

so signature based systems scan the
signatures<18:08:13.980> of<18:08:14.276> known<18:08:14.520> attacks<18:08:15.116> and<18:08:15.480> when<18:08:15.660> it

signatures of known attacks and when it

signatures of known attacks and when it
detects<18:08:16.136> one<18:08:16.256> of<18:08:16.436> these<18:08:16.680> signatures

detects one of these signatures

detects one of these signatures
attacking<18:08:17.936> its<18:08:18.240> system<18:08:18.360> it<18:08:18.956> makes<18:08:19.136> an<18:08:19.320> alert

attacking its system it makes an alert

attacking its system it makes an alert
to<18:08:19.740> the<18:08:19.860> administrator<18:08:20.340> or<18:08:20.580> reports<18:08:20.936> it<18:08:21.060> to<18:08:21.180> a

to the administrator or reports it to a

to the administrator or reports it to a
log<18:08:21.480> so<18:08:22.200> again<18:08:22.380> the<18:08:22.916> signature<18:08:23.340> is<18:08:23.636> based<18:08:24.000> on

log so again the signature is based on

log so again the signature is based on
more<18:08:24.540> or<18:08:24.660> less<18:08:24.776> a<18:08:25.080> history<18:08:25.380> whereas<18:08:26.276> behavior

more or less a history whereas behavior

more or less a history whereas behavior
is<18:08:27.360> based<18:08:27.660> on<18:08:27.776> what<18:08:28.020> we<18:08:28.200> see

is based on what we see

is based on what we see
they're<18:08:29.276> looking<18:08:29.580> at<18:08:29.756> two<18:08:29.936> different<18:08:30.060> types

they're looking at two different types

they're looking at two different types
of<18:08:30.596> attacks<18:08:31.020> and<18:08:31.136> there<18:08:31.256> are<18:08:31.380> the<18:08:31.500> pluses<18:08:31.860> and

of attacks and there are the pluses and

of attacks and there are the pluses and
benefits<18:08:32.520> pluses<18:08:33.060> and<18:08:33.240> minuses<18:08:33.660> rather<18:08:33.956> of

benefits pluses and minuses rather of

benefits pluses and minuses rather of
both<18:08:34.380> but<18:08:35.096> you<18:08:35.276> can<18:08:35.400> see<18:08:35.580> Behavior<18:08:36.180> again<18:08:36.416> is

both but you can see Behavior again is

both but you can see Behavior again is
looking<18:08:36.776> at<18:08:37.020> a<18:08:37.136> more<18:08:37.320> all-encompassing

looking at a more all-encompassing

looking at a more all-encompassing
General<18:08:38.400> sort<18:08:38.820> of<18:08:38.936> view<18:08:39.060> where<18:08:39.540> a<18:08:39.720> signature

General sort of view where a signature

General sort of view where a signature
based<18:08:40.380> is<18:08:40.500> looking<18:08:40.680> at<18:08:40.916> previous<18:08:41.340> histories

based is looking at previous histories

based is looking at previous histories
of<18:08:42.360> attacks<18:08:42.776> and<18:08:43.256> aligning<18:08:43.796> the<18:08:44.160> upcoming<18:08:44.756> or

of attacks and aligning the upcoming or

of attacks and aligning the upcoming or
current<18:08:45.116> attack<18:08:45.416> with<18:08:45.776> that

current attack with that

current attack with that
so<18:08:47.820> here's<18:08:48.296> how<18:08:48.480> an<18:08:48.660> IDs<18:08:49.080> Works<18:08:49.500> an<18:08:50.340> attacker

so here's how an IDs Works an attacker

so here's how an IDs Works an attacker
shown<18:08:51.240> on<18:08:51.416> the<18:08:51.540> left<18:08:51.660> sends<18:08:52.500> an<18:08:52.616> attack

shown on the left sends an attack

shown on the left sends an attack
through<18:08:53.160> the<18:08:53.456> internet<18:08:53.580> in<18:08:53.936> order<18:08:54.060> to<18:08:54.480> access

through the internet in order to access

through the internet in order to access
the<18:08:55.500> network<18:08:55.680> of<18:08:55.980> the<18:08:56.160> local<18:08:56.276> app

the network of the local app

the network of the local app
area<18:08:57.596> network<18:08:57.956> the<18:08:58.796> attacks<18:08:59.160> go<18:08:59.340> through<18:08:59.520> the

area network the attacks go through the

area network the attacks go through the
internet<18:09:00.020> towards<18:09:01.020> the<18:09:01.136> network<18:09:01.320> now<18:09:01.916> in

internet towards the network now in

internet towards the network now in
between<18:09:02.276> the<18:09:02.580> internet<18:09:02.700> and<18:09:03.000> the<18:09:03.180> firewall<18:09:03.596> is

between the internet and the firewall is

between the internet and the firewall is
this<18:09:04.616> IDs<18:09:05.360> and<18:09:06.360> what<18:09:06.720> it<18:09:06.900> does<18:09:07.080> is<18:09:07.320> it<18:09:07.500> detects

this IDs and what it does is it detects

this IDs and what it does is it detects
the<18:09:08.096> attacks<18:09:08.456> being<18:09:08.580> made<18:09:08.820> and<18:09:09.060> sends<18:09:09.480> an

the attacks being made and sends an

the attacks being made and sends an
alert<18:09:10.080> to<18:09:10.796> the<18:09:10.980> administrator

alert to the administrator

alert to the administrator
though<18:09:13.320> it<18:09:13.500> doesn't<18:09:13.680> do<18:09:13.860> anything<18:09:14.160> to<18:09:14.456> block

though it doesn't do anything to block

though it doesn't do anything to block
the<18:09:14.936> attack<18:09:15.116> this<18:09:15.480> is<18:09:15.596> okay<18:09:15.720> because<18:09:16.080> the

the attack this is okay because the

the attack this is okay because the
firewall<18:09:17.040> is<18:09:17.340> still<18:09:17.580> set<18:09:17.756> up<18:09:17.880> to<18:09:18.180> handle<18:09:18.416> the

firewall is still set up to handle the

firewall is still set up to handle the
attack<18:09:18.840> so<18:09:19.680> the<18:09:20.040> attacker<18:09:20.456> comes<18:09:20.820> in<18:09:20.936> isn't

attack so the attacker comes in isn't

attack so the attacker comes in isn't
able<18:09:21.956> to<18:09:22.080> access<18:09:22.200> the<18:09:22.616> information

able to access the information

able to access the information
but<18:09:24.540> the<18:09:24.956> administrator<18:09:25.380> is<18:09:25.680> still<18:09:25.860> alerted

but the administrator is still alerted

but the administrator is still alerted
that<18:09:26.456> there<18:09:26.700> is<18:09:26.936> an<18:09:27.296> issue<18:09:27.596> going<18:09:27.776> on<18:09:28.020> and<18:09:28.500> in

that there is an issue going on and in

that there is an issue going on and in
case<18:09:28.796> the<18:09:29.096> attacker<18:09:29.580> begins<18:09:30.000> to<18:09:30.180> double<18:09:30.360> their

case the attacker begins to double their

case the attacker begins to double their
efforts<18:09:31.136> the<18:09:31.916> administrator<18:09:32.456> can<18:09:32.820> sort<18:09:33.000> of

efforts the administrator can sort of

efforts the administrator can sort of
get<18:09:33.360> on<18:09:33.540> it<18:09:33.720> and<18:09:33.956> make<18:09:34.136> sure<18:09:34.320> that<18:09:34.560> nothing<18:09:34.740> is

get on it and make sure that nothing is

get on it and make sure that nothing is
going<18:09:35.220> to<18:09:35.340> get<18:09:35.580> through<18:09:35.756> now<18:09:36.416> similar<18:09:36.840> to<18:09:37.020> the

going to get through now similar to the

going to get through now similar to the
intrusion<18:09:37.860> detection<18:09:38.340> system<18:09:38.756> and<18:09:39.116> intrusion

intrusion detection system and intrusion

intrusion detection system and intrusion
prevention<18:09:40.020> system<18:09:40.436> also<18:09:40.916> detects<18:09:41.456> attacks

prevention system also detects attacks

prevention system also detects attacks
that<18:09:42.180> are<18:09:42.296> targeting<18:09:42.720> the<18:09:42.840> network<18:09:43.020> however

that are targeting the network however

that are targeting the network however
intrusion<18:09:45.000> prevention<18:09:45.660> systems<18:09:46.256> not<18:09:46.436> only

intrusion prevention systems not only

intrusion prevention systems not only
detect<18:09:47.040> the<18:09:47.340> attack<18:09:47.520> they<18:09:48.000> also<18:09:48.860> prevent<18:09:49.860> it

detect the attack they also prevent it

detect the attack they also prevent it
from<18:09:50.700> happening<18:09:51.116> and<18:09:51.660> causing<18:09:52.020> more<18:09:52.200> issues

from happening and causing more issues

from happening and causing more issues
on<18:09:52.680> the<18:09:52.860> network<18:09:52.980> these<18:09:53.820> are<18:09:53.936> considered<18:09:54.480> more

on the network these are considered more

on the network these are considered more
reactive

reactive

reactive
or<18:09:57.900> proactive

or proactive

or proactive
software<18:10:00.900> or<18:10:01.380> Hardware<18:10:01.820> because<18:10:02.820> ips's<18:10:03.660> do<18:10:03.840> a

software or Hardware because ips's do a

software or Hardware because ips's do a
lot<18:10:04.080> more<18:10:04.256> than<18:10:04.500> ids's<18:10:05.340> do<18:10:05.580> they're<18:10:06.116> reactive

lot more than ids's do they're reactive

lot more than ids's do they're reactive
in<18:10:06.720> the<18:10:06.900> sense<18:10:07.020> that<18:10:07.200> if<18:10:07.380> an<18:10:07.500> attack<18:10:07.680> is

in the sense that if an attack is

in the sense that if an attack is
attempted<18:10:08.340> they're<18:10:08.520> going<18:10:08.700> to<18:10:08.756> block<18:10:08.936> it<18:10:09.180> from

attempted they're going to block it from

attempted they're going to block it from
entering<18:10:09.660> the<18:10:09.840> network<18:10:10.020> just<18:10:10.860> like<18:10:11.160> uh<18:10:11.580> a

entering the network just like uh a

entering the network just like uh a
breaker<18:10:12.360> box<18:10:12.540> is<18:10:13.320> going<18:10:13.500> to

breaker box is going to

breaker box is going to
sort<18:10:14.936> of<18:10:15.116> kill<18:10:15.660> the<18:10:15.956> circuit<18:10:16.796> by<18:10:17.400> breaking<18:10:17.880> by

sort of kill the circuit by breaking by

sort of kill the circuit by breaking by
switching<18:10:18.660> the<18:10:18.776> breaker<18:10:19.136> before<18:10:19.436> the

switching the breaker before the

switching the breaker before the
electricity<18:10:20.456> can<18:10:20.700> do<18:10:20.880> any<18:10:21.000> damage<18:10:21.360> to<18:10:21.596> the

electricity can do any damage to the

electricity can do any damage to the
wall<18:10:21.956> a<18:10:22.860> ips's<18:10:23.636> might<18:10:23.936> even<18:10:24.116> kill<18:10:24.480> the

wall a ips's might even kill the

wall a ips's might even kill the
connection<18:10:24.956> out<18:10:25.256> to<18:10:25.436> the<18:10:25.616> internet<18:10:25.740> to<18:10:26.400> stop

connection out to the internet to stop

connection out to the internet to stop
anything<18:10:26.936> from<18:10:27.296> happening<18:10:27.720> they're<18:10:28.380> also

anything from happening they're also

anything from happening they're also
proactive<18:10:29.276> because<18:10:29.456> certain<18:10:29.756> ips's<18:10:30.416> are

proactive because certain ips's are

proactive because certain ips's are
going<18:10:30.660> to<18:10:30.840> seek<18:10:31.256> out<18:10:31.436> attacks<18:10:31.980> and<18:10:32.160> stop<18:10:32.400> them

going to seek out attacks and stop them

going to seek out attacks and stop them
before<18:10:32.880> they<18:10:33.480> even<18:10:33.596> make<18:10:33.840> an<18:10:33.956> attempt<18:10:34.200> on<18:10:34.380> the

before they even make an attempt on the

before they even make an attempt on the
network<18:10:35.000> uh<18:10:36.000> for<18:10:36.240> instance<18:10:36.540> scanning<18:10:37.436> for

network uh for instance scanning for

network uh for instance scanning for
ports<18:10:38.220> in<18:10:38.820> this<18:10:38.936> way<18:10:39.060> an<18:10:39.240> intrusion

ports in this way an intrusion

ports in this way an intrusion
prevention<18:10:40.020> system<18:10:40.380> is<18:10:40.860> more<18:10:41.160> expensive<18:10:41.700> than

prevention system is more expensive than

prevention system is more expensive than
an<18:10:42.180> IDs<18:10:42.596> but<18:10:43.020> this<18:10:43.136> is<18:10:43.200> because<18:10:43.380> it<18:10:43.560> does<18:10:43.740> a<18:10:43.916> lot

an IDs but this is because it does a lot

an IDs but this is because it does a lot
more<18:10:44.340> to<18:10:44.700> provide<18:10:45.116> safety<18:10:45.596> for<18:10:45.776> the<18:10:45.900> network

more to provide safety for the network

more to provide safety for the network
rather<18:10:46.916> than<18:10:47.040> leaving<18:10:47.220> the<18:10:47.456> job<18:10:47.580> in<18:10:47.756> the<18:10:47.880> hands

rather than leaving the job in the hands

rather than leaving the job in the hands
of<18:10:48.180> administrator<18:10:48.840> who<18:10:49.320> perhaps<18:10:49.680> isn't<18:10:49.980> even

of administrator who perhaps isn't even

of administrator who perhaps isn't even
on<18:10:50.340> site<18:10:50.520> at<18:10:50.820> three<18:10:51.000> in<18:10:51.180> the<18:10:51.296> morning<18:10:51.416> the<18:10:52.200> IPS

on site at three in the morning the IPS

on site at three in the morning the IPS
is<18:10:53.160> going<18:10:53.340> to<18:10:53.520> handle<18:10:53.756> the<18:10:53.936> attack<18:10:54.116> and

is going to handle the attack and

is going to handle the attack and
prevent<18:10:55.136> the<18:10:55.560> attacker<18:10:55.980> from<18:10:56.160> connecting<18:10:56.520> to

prevent the attacker from connecting to

prevent the attacker from connecting to
the<18:10:56.820> network<18:10:56.936> and<18:10:57.900> IDs<18:10:58.436> only<18:10:58.680> alerts<18:10:59.160> the

the network and IDs only alerts the

the network and IDs only alerts the
administrator<18:10:59.820> and<18:11:00.240> does<18:11:00.416> nothing<18:11:00.596> about<18:11:00.900> it

administrator and does nothing about it

administrator and does nothing about it
for<18:11:01.860> this<18:11:01.980> reason<18:11:02.220> ips's<18:11:03.060> are<18:11:03.240> more<18:11:03.360> expensive

for this reason ips's are more expensive

for this reason ips's are more expensive
neither<18:11:04.680> system<18:11:04.916> is<18:11:05.220> exactly<18:11:05.636> cheap<18:11:06.060> and

neither system is exactly cheap and

neither system is exactly cheap and
ips's<18:11:07.380> can<18:11:07.680> sell<18:11:07.916> for<18:11:08.276> maybe<18:11:08.520> even<18:11:08.956> fifty

ips's can sell for maybe even fifty

ips's can sell for maybe even fifty
thousand<18:11:10.380> dollars<18:11:10.740> depending<18:11:11.220> on<18:11:11.456> how

thousand dollars depending on how

thousand dollars depending on how
versatile<18:11:13.200> it<18:11:13.380> is<18:11:13.560> so<18:11:14.400> here's<18:11:15.000> what<18:11:15.116> an

versatile it is so here's what an

versatile it is so here's what an
intrusion<18:11:15.720> prevention<18:11:16.136> system<18:11:16.560> looks<18:11:17.096> like

intrusion prevention system looks like

intrusion prevention system looks like
as<18:11:18.180> you<18:11:18.360> can<18:11:18.480> see<18:11:18.596> it's<18:11:18.900> pretty<18:11:19.136> similar<18:11:19.436> to

as you can see it's pretty similar to

as you can see it's pretty similar to
the<18:11:19.796> IDS<18:11:20.276> but<18:11:20.456> with<18:11:20.636> one<18:11:20.880> major<18:11:21.060> difference

the IDS but with one major difference

the IDS but with one major difference
it's<18:11:22.380> that

it's that

it's that
the<18:11:23.700> intrusion<18:11:24.060> prevention<18:11:24.480> system<18:11:24.720> is

the intrusion prevention system is

the intrusion prevention system is
actually<18:11:25.740> going<18:11:26.520> to<18:11:27.000> stop<18:11:27.416> the<18:11:28.136> attack<18:11:28.500> from

actually going to stop the attack from

actually going to stop the attack from
taking<18:11:29.456> place<18:11:29.936> it<18:11:30.776> still<18:11:30.956> sends<18:11:31.500> an<18:11:31.680> alert<18:11:31.980> out

taking place it still sends an alert out

taking place it still sends an alert out
to<18:11:32.400> the<18:11:32.520> administrator<18:11:33.000> so<18:11:33.240> the

to the administrator so the

to the administrator so the
administrator<18:11:33.776> can<18:11:34.080> take<18:11:34.256> care<18:11:34.436> of<18:11:34.560> this<18:11:34.680> but

administrator can take care of this but

administrator can take care of this but
it<18:11:35.276> actually<18:11:35.400> stops<18:11:35.936> the<18:11:36.116> attack<18:11:36.240> in<18:11:36.540> its

it actually stops the attack in its

it actually stops the attack in its
place<18:11:36.956> and<18:11:37.560> makes<18:11:37.680> sure<18:11:37.860> that<18:11:38.160> nothing<18:11:38.456> is

place and makes sure that nothing is

place and makes sure that nothing is
going<18:11:38.936> to<18:11:39.116> occur<18:11:39.416> whereas<18:11:40.256> the<18:11:40.680> IDS<18:11:41.340> is<18:11:41.580> going

going to occur whereas the IDS is going

going to occur whereas the IDS is going
to<18:11:42.000> rely<18:11:42.416> mostly<18:11:43.256> on<18:11:43.860> the<18:11:44.040> firewall<18:11:44.520> to<18:11:44.936> add

to rely mostly on the firewall to add

to rely mostly on the firewall to add
Prevention<18:11:45.660> Services<18:11:46.136> again<18:11:46.796> this<18:11:47.096> is<18:11:47.220> a<18:11:47.340> lot

Prevention Services again this is a lot

Prevention Services again this is a lot
more<18:11:47.580> expensive<18:11:48.180> but<18:11:48.596> if<18:11:48.900> my<18:11:49.136> network<18:11:49.320> has<18:11:49.680> a

more expensive but if my network has a

more expensive but if my network has a
lot<18:11:49.916> of<18:11:50.040> stuff<18:11:50.160> going<18:11:50.400> on<18:11:50.580> in<18:11:50.756> it<18:11:50.936> I<18:11:51.180> probably

lot of stuff going on in it I probably

lot of stuff going on in it I probably
want<18:11:51.956> to<18:11:52.136> spend<18:11:52.320> the<18:11:52.560> money<18:11:52.740> in<18:11:53.276> order<18:11:53.400> to

want to spend the money in order to

want to spend the money in order to
provide<18:11:54.000> more<18:11:54.360> security<18:11:54.540> for<18:11:54.956> my<18:11:55.136> network

provide more security for my network

provide more security for my network
now<18:11:56.340> there<18:11:56.456> are<18:11:56.580> a<18:11:56.636> few<18:11:56.756> reasons<18:11:57.240> why

now there are a few reasons why

now there are a few reasons why
implementing<18:11:58.500> an<18:11:58.616> IDs<18:11:59.040> or<18:11:59.160> IPS<18:11:59.456> is<18:11:59.756> beneficial

implementing an IDs or IPS is beneficial

implementing an IDs or IPS is beneficial
first<18:12:00.840> they're<18:12:01.020> going<18:12:01.200> to<18:12:01.256> help<18:12:01.380> provide

first they're going to help provide

first they're going to help provide
additional<18:12:02.160> security<18:12:02.456> to<18:12:02.880> a<18:12:03.000> network<18:12:03.116> the

additional security to a network the

additional security to a network the
more<18:12:03.776> security<18:12:04.020> we<18:12:04.500> have<18:12:04.740> the<18:12:05.520> more<18:12:05.700> one<18:12:06.360> of

more security we have the more one of

more security we have the more one of
the<18:12:06.660> important<18:12:06.956> words<18:12:07.136> we<18:12:07.436> see<18:12:07.680> a<18:12:07.916> lot<18:12:08.040> in

the important words we see a lot in

the important words we see a lot in
computers<18:12:08.880> the<18:12:09.540> more<18:12:09.720> redundancy<18:12:10.560> we<18:12:11.340> have

computers the more redundancy we have

computers the more redundancy we have
the<18:12:12.240> better<18:12:12.416> adding<18:12:13.256> layers<18:12:13.680> of<18:12:13.916> security<18:12:14.160> and

the better adding layers of security and

the better adding layers of security and
IPS<18:12:15.000> and<18:12:15.596> a<18:12:15.776> firewall<18:12:16.196> for<18:12:16.500> instance<18:12:16.744> is<18:12:16.920> like

IPS and a firewall for instance is like

IPS and a firewall for instance is like
wearing<18:12:17.460> multiple<18:12:17.756> layers<18:12:18.064> of<18:12:18.244> clothing<18:12:18.540> in

wearing multiple layers of clothing in

wearing multiple layers of clothing in
the<18:12:19.080> cold<18:12:19.256> the<18:12:19.920> more<18:12:20.040> layers<18:12:20.336> the<18:12:20.580> more

the cold the more layers the more

the cold the more layers the more
protected<18:12:21.180> you<18:12:21.360> are<18:12:21.540> now<18:12:22.376> firewalls<18:12:22.976> and

protected you are now firewalls and

protected you are now firewalls and
Antivirus<18:12:23.640> systems<18:12:24.000> are<18:12:24.180> great<18:12:24.360> but<18:12:24.720> they<18:12:25.140> are

Antivirus systems are great but they are

Antivirus systems are great but they are
flawed<18:12:27.420> in<18:12:27.720> that<18:12:27.900> they're<18:12:28.080> not<18:12:28.256> able<18:12:28.436> to

flawed in that they're not able to

flawed in that they're not able to
handle<18:12:28.860> every<18:12:29.040> type<18:12:29.280> of<18:12:29.460> threat<18:12:30.256> ids's<18:12:31.256> and

handle every type of threat ids's and

handle every type of threat ids's and
ips's<18:12:31.976> can<18:12:32.220> detect<18:12:32.516> and<18:12:32.876> take<18:12:33.064> care<18:12:33.420> of

ips's can detect and take care of

ips's can detect and take care of
threats<18:12:34.680> that<18:12:34.920> might<18:12:35.100> not<18:12:35.280> otherwise<18:12:35.640> be

threats that might not otherwise be

threats that might not otherwise be
found<18:12:36.180> by<18:12:36.540> the<18:12:36.720> firewall<18:12:37.196> or<18:12:37.744> by<18:12:37.920> the<18:12:38.100> virus

found by the firewall or by the virus

found by the firewall or by the virus
scan<18:12:38.640> program<18:12:38.876> so<18:12:39.476> there's<18:12:39.656> really<18:12:39.900> not<18:12:40.080> a

scan program so there's really not a

scan program so there's really not a
single<18:12:40.500> system<18:12:40.680> or<18:12:40.920> program<18:12:41.100> that<18:12:41.336> can

single system or program that can

single system or program that can
protect<18:12:41.756> against<18:12:41.936> all<18:12:42.476> attacks<18:12:42.960> but<18:12:43.376> the

protect against all attacks but the

protect against all attacks but the
protection<18:12:43.920> features<18:12:44.336> of<18:12:44.640> multiple

protection features of multiple

protection features of multiple
different<18:12:45.244> types<18:12:45.720> of<18:12:45.780> systems<18:12:46.256> can<18:12:46.860> actually

different types of systems can actually

different types of systems can actually
add<18:12:47.336> up<18:12:47.516> to<18:12:47.936> very<18:12:48.296> thick<18:12:48.780> layers<18:12:49.080> of

add up to very thick layers of

add up to very thick layers of
protection<18:12:49.744> for<18:12:50.156> an<18:12:50.336> attack<18:12:50.460> finally<18:12:51.420> the<18:12:51.720> IDS

protection for an attack finally the IDS

protection for an attack finally the IDS
IPS<18:12:52.616> keeps<18:12:53.280> a<18:12:53.400> record<18:12:53.580> of<18:12:53.820> all<18:12:54.064> the<18:12:54.244> attacks

IPS keeps a record of all the attacks

IPS keeps a record of all the attacks
they<18:12:54.780> detect<18:12:55.140> this<18:12:55.680> comes<18:12:55.976> in<18:12:56.100> handy<18:12:56.336> because

they detect this comes in handy because

they detect this comes in handy because
it<18:12:56.696> lets<18:12:57.000> the<18:12:57.116> administrator<18:12:57.656> see<18:12:57.960> where<18:12:58.196> on

it lets the administrator see where on

it lets the administrator see where on
the<18:12:58.500> network<18:12:58.564> they're<18:12:58.860> being<18:12:59.040> targeted<18:12:59.516> most

the network they're being targeted most

the network they're being targeted most
and<18:13:00.360> then<18:13:00.476> allows<18:13:00.836> the<18:13:00.960> administrator<18:13:01.376> to

and then allows the administrator to

and then allows the administrator to
make<18:13:01.744> changes<18:13:02.280> add<18:13:02.640> protection<18:13:03.000> of<18:13:03.296> the

make changes add protection of the

make changes add protection of the
places<18:13:03.600> that<18:13:03.900> are<18:13:04.016> attacked<18:13:04.376> most<18:13:04.616> often<18:13:05.040> and

places that are attacked most often and

places that are attacked most often and
most<18:13:05.876> importantly<18:13:06.180> create<18:13:06.476> new<18:13:06.780> policies

most importantly create new policies

most importantly create new policies
that<18:13:07.500> are<18:13:07.616> going<18:13:07.744> to<18:13:07.796> prevent<18:13:08.100> security

that are going to prevent security

that are going to prevent security
breaches<18:13:09.180> in<18:13:09.360> the<18:13:09.476> future<18:13:09.600> now<18:13:10.376> while<18:13:10.616> I'm<18:13:10.796> not

breaches in the future now while I'm not

breaches in the future now while I'm not
going<18:13:11.040> to<18:13:11.156> get<18:13:11.220> into<18:13:11.336> the<18:13:11.580> technical<18:13:11.936> aspects

going to get into the technical aspects

going to get into the technical aspects
of<18:13:12.720> implementing<18:13:13.256> these<18:13:13.500> systems<18:13:13.860> as<18:13:13.976> I<18:13:14.156> said

of implementing these systems as I said

of implementing these systems as I said
I<18:13:14.516> want<18:13:14.640> to<18:13:14.756> talk<18:13:14.936> about<18:13:15.180> what<18:13:15.656> we<18:13:15.836> need<18:13:15.960> to

I want to talk about what we need to

I want to talk about what we need to
consider<18:13:16.616> while<18:13:17.400> we're<18:13:17.580> considering<18:13:18.180> putting

consider while we're considering putting

consider while we're considering putting
in<18:13:19.140> an<18:13:19.680> IPS<18:13:19.920> or<18:13:20.220> IDs<18:13:20.696> first<18:13:21.476> we<18:13:21.720> need<18:13:21.900> to<18:13:21.960> figure

in an IPS or IDs first we need to figure

in an IPS or IDs first we need to figure
out<18:13:22.256> the<18:13:22.616> ideal<18:13:22.976> placement<18:13:23.460> of<18:13:23.696> the<18:13:23.876> IDS<18:13:24.296> IPS

out the ideal placement of the IDS IPS

out the ideal placement of the IDS IPS
on<18:13:25.196> the<18:13:25.320> network<18:13:25.500> this<18:13:26.040> means<18:13:26.220> figure<18:13:26.400> figure

on the network this means figure figure

on the network this means figure figure
out<18:13:26.936> where<18:13:27.180> the<18:13:27.360> sensors<18:13:27.720> are<18:13:27.900> that<18:13:28.080> are<18:13:28.256> going

out where the sensors are that are going

out where the sensors are that are going
to<18:13:28.436> provide<18:13:28.680> the<18:13:28.860> most<18:13:28.976> coverage<18:13:29.400> an<18:13:30.064> IDs<18:13:30.540> IPS

to provide the most coverage an IDs IPS

to provide the most coverage an IDs IPS
needs<18:13:31.256> to<18:13:31.320> be<18:13:31.376> set<18:13:31.564> up<18:13:31.680> where<18:13:32.220> choke<18:13:32.756> points

needs to be set up where choke points

needs to be set up where choke points
are<18:13:33.780> available<18:13:33.976> a<18:13:34.976> choke<18:13:35.280> point<18:13:35.780> is<18:13:36.780> a

are available a choke point is a

are available a choke point is a
strategy<18:13:37.860> that<18:13:38.580> involves<18:13:39.064> narrowing<18:13:39.656> down

strategy that involves narrowing down

strategy that involves narrowing down
the<18:13:40.196> physical<18:13:40.436> space<18:13:40.920> that<18:13:41.280> an<18:13:41.460> attacker<18:13:41.820> is

the physical space that an attacker is

the physical space that an attacker is
able<18:13:42.180> to<18:13:42.296> utilize<18:13:42.780> and<18:13:43.376> The<18:13:43.564> Logical<18:13:43.860> space<18:13:44.156> as

able to utilize and The Logical space as

able to utilize and The Logical space as
well<18:13:44.696> this<18:13:45.476> way<18:13:45.656> the<18:13:45.900> defenses<18:13:46.376> must<18:13:46.616> easier

well this way the defenses must easier

well this way the defenses must easier
so<18:13:47.756> we're<18:13:47.936> really<18:13:48.180> limiting<18:13:48.720> the<18:13:49.016> area

so we're really limiting the area

so we're really limiting the area
of<18:13:51.180> our<18:13:51.296> vulnerability<18:13:51.960> much<18:13:52.500> like

of our vulnerability much like

of our vulnerability much like
Achilles<18:13:54.296> heel<18:13:54.720> using<18:13:55.376> choke<18:13:55.680> points<18:13:56.040> is

Achilles heel using choke points is

Achilles heel using choke points is
actually<18:13:56.280> something<18:13:56.580> that's<18:13:56.820> been<18:13:57.000> in

actually something that's been in

actually something that's been in
militaries<18:13:57.656> throughout<18:13:58.016> history<18:13:58.400> notable<18:13:59.400> is

militaries throughout history notable is

militaries throughout history notable is
like<18:14:00.180> the<18:14:00.540> Spartan<18:14:00.960> Army<18:14:01.256> of<18:14:01.436> 300<18:14:01.744> men<18:14:01.976> which

like the Spartan Army of 300 men which

like the Spartan Army of 300 men which
it<18:14:02.400> used<18:14:02.580> against<18:14:02.820> the<18:14:03.116> Persians<18:14:03.656> when<18:14:03.780> they

it used against the Persians when they

it used against the Persians when they
were<18:14:04.080> greatly<18:14:04.376> outnumbered<18:14:04.920> by<18:14:05.400> forcing<18:14:05.820> all

were greatly outnumbered by forcing all

were greatly outnumbered by forcing all
of<18:14:06.180> the<18:14:06.360> attackers<18:14:06.836> into<18:14:07.196> a<18:14:07.680> smaller<18:14:08.100> path

so if we had a mountain right

so if we had a mountain right
and<18:14:13.616> we<18:14:13.796> make<18:14:14.156> sure<18:14:14.336> that<18:14:14.640> everyone's<18:14:15.000> coming

and we make sure that everyone's coming

and we make sure that everyone's coming
up<18:14:15.600> through<18:14:16.016> this<18:14:16.256> path<18:14:16.500> then<18:14:17.040> we<18:14:17.280> can<18:14:17.460> really

up through this path then we can really

up through this path then we can really
attack<18:14:18.116> them<18:14:18.420> a<18:14:18.656> lot<18:14:18.720> easier<18:14:18.960> from<18:14:19.196> Atop<18:14:19.564> The

attack them a lot easier from Atop The

attack them a lot easier from Atop The
Mountain<18:14:19.860> rather<18:14:20.220> than<18:14:20.336> having<18:14:20.580> them<18:14:20.820> come

Mountain rather than having them come

Mountain rather than having them come
all<18:14:21.900> around<18:14:22.140> the<18:14:22.564> mountain

all around the mountain

all around the mountain
next<18:14:24.296> the<18:14:24.600> administrator<18:14:25.196> needs<18:14:26.100> to

next the administrator needs to

next the administrator needs to
fine-tune<18:14:26.936> the<18:14:27.064> alerts<18:14:27.360> the<18:14:27.540> IDS<18:14:27.960> and<18:14:28.140> IPS

fine-tune the alerts the IDS and IPS

fine-tune the alerts the IDS and IPS
outputs<18:14:29.156> so<18:14:29.820> that<18:14:30.116> they<18:14:30.540> are<18:14:30.836> more<18:14:31.140> useful<18:14:31.564> if

outputs so that they are more useful if

outputs so that they are more useful if
the<18:14:32.336> alert<18:14:32.580> merely<18:14:33.064> says<18:14:33.420> an<18:14:33.540> attack<18:14:33.720> is

the alert merely says an attack is

the alert merely says an attack is
taking<18:14:34.256> place<18:14:34.564> this<18:14:34.796> doesn't<18:14:35.040> give<18:14:35.220> the

taking place this doesn't give the

taking place this doesn't give the
administrator<18:14:35.820> anything<18:14:36.116> to<18:14:36.360> go<18:14:36.540> off<18:14:36.720> of<18:14:36.900> the

administrator anything to go off of the

administrator anything to go off of the
alerts<18:14:37.744> really<18:14:37.860> need<18:14:38.040> to<18:14:38.156> be<18:14:38.280> detailed<18:14:38.820> and

alerts really need to be detailed and

alerts really need to be detailed and
tailored<18:14:39.540> to<18:14:39.720> exactly<18:14:40.196> what<18:14:40.500> the

tailored to exactly what the

tailored to exactly what the
administrator<18:14:41.100> needs<18:14:41.516> to<18:14:41.580> know<18:14:41.756> this<18:14:42.360> is

administrator needs to know this is

administrator needs to know this is
something<18:14:42.600> that<18:14:42.780> has<18:14:42.900> to<18:14:43.080> be<18:14:43.140> set<18:14:43.320> up<18:14:43.500> and

something that has to be set up and

something that has to be set up and
tested<18:14:44.040> by<18:14:44.280> the<18:14:44.400> administrator<18:14:44.876> once<18:14:45.296> the

tested by the administrator once the

tested by the administrator once the
alerts<18:14:45.720> have<18:14:45.836> been<18:14:46.016> configured<18:14:46.500> and<18:14:46.920> once

alerts have been configured and once

alerts have been configured and once
attacks<18:14:47.580> start<18:14:47.696> taking<18:14:48.000> place<18:14:48.296> next<18:14:49.196> the

attacks start taking place next the

attacks start taking place next the
monitoring<18:14:49.920> of<18:14:50.040> the<18:14:50.156> alerts<18:14:50.516> needs<18:14:50.756> to<18:14:50.820> be

monitoring of the alerts needs to be

monitoring of the alerts needs to be
handled<18:14:51.244> what<18:14:51.960> use<18:14:52.140> are<18:14:52.376> the<18:14:52.500> alerts<18:14:52.796> if<18:14:52.976> no

handled what use are the alerts if no

handled what use are the alerts if no
one's<18:14:53.516> seeing<18:14:53.820> them<18:14:54.000> the<18:14:54.600> administrator

one's seeing them the administrator

one's seeing them the administrator
can't<18:14:55.376> always<18:14:55.616> be<18:14:55.860> on<18:14:56.040> the<18:14:56.156> network

can't always be on the network

can't always be on the network
constantly<18:14:57.064> looking<18:14:57.296> out<18:14:57.476> for<18:14:57.656> the<18:14:57.780> alerts

constantly looking out for the alerts

constantly looking out for the alerts
they're<18:14:58.320> sent<18:14:58.564> so<18:14:59.336> it's<18:14:59.580> their<18:14:59.820> job<18:15:00.064> however

they're sent so it's their job however

they're sent so it's their job however
to<18:15:00.900> set<18:15:01.080> up<18:15:01.320> a<18:15:01.500> way<18:15:01.680> for<18:15:01.860> the<18:15:02.040> alerts<18:15:02.336> to<18:15:02.516> be

to set up a way for the alerts to be

to set up a way for the alerts to be
monitored<18:15:03.064> this<18:15:03.600> might<18:15:03.780> involve<18:15:04.196> hiring<18:15:05.100> an

monitored this might involve hiring an

monitored this might involve hiring an
employee<18:15:06.116> to<18:15:06.360> monitor<18:15:06.656> it<18:15:06.836> constantly

employee to monitor it constantly

employee to monitor it constantly
something<18:15:07.616> we<18:15:07.860> used<18:15:07.976> to<18:15:08.100> call<18:15:08.220> beeper<18:15:08.696> Duty

something we used to call beeper Duty

something we used to call beeper Duty
where<18:15:10.256> someone<18:15:10.500> was<18:15:10.744> always<18:15:11.100> on<18:15:12.064> 24-hour<18:15:12.720> call

where someone was always on 24-hour call

where someone was always on 24-hour call
or<18:15:14.220> configuring<18:15:14.820> a<18:15:14.936> way<18:15:15.064> for<18:15:15.244> the

or configuring a way for the

or configuring a way for the
administrator<18:15:15.720> to<18:15:15.900> get<18:15:16.080> alerts<18:15:16.500> remotely<18:15:16.860> say

administrator to get alerts remotely say

administrator to get alerts remotely say
a<18:15:18.116> text<18:15:18.360> message

a text message

a text message
finally<18:15:19.860> procedures<18:15:20.460> need<18:15:20.696> to<18:15:20.820> be<18:15:20.876> put<18:15:21.180> in

finally procedures need to be put in

finally procedures need to be put in
place<18:15:21.600> for<18:15:22.140> what's<18:15:22.320> going<18:15:22.500> to<18:15:22.564> happen<18:15:22.680> in<18:15:22.976> the

place for what's going to happen in the

place for what's going to happen in the
event<18:15:23.220> of<18:15:23.516> an<18:15:23.696> attack<18:15:24.116> the<18:15:24.780> question<18:15:25.080> what's

event of an attack the question what's

event of an attack the question what's
our<18:15:25.564> plan<18:15:25.744> of<18:15:25.976> action<18:15:26.336> needs<18:15:27.296> to<18:15:27.476> be<18:15:27.656> asked

our plan of action needs to be asked

our plan of action needs to be asked
just<18:15:29.400> in<18:15:29.516> case<18:15:29.696> an<18:15:30.116> attack<18:15:30.296> goes<18:15:30.960> on<18:15:31.140> so<18:15:31.436> we

just in case an attack goes on so we

just in case an attack goes on so we
know<18:15:31.796> what<18:15:32.040> is<18:15:32.220> going<18:15:32.460> to<18:15:33.000> uh<18:15:33.720> what<18:15:33.960> programs

know what is going to uh what programs

know what is going to uh what programs
are<18:15:34.376> we<18:15:34.500> going<18:15:34.564> to<18:15:34.680> deploy<18:15:35.040> what<18:15:36.000> Hardware<18:15:36.476> do

are we going to deploy what Hardware do

are we going to deploy what Hardware do
we<18:15:37.256> shut<18:15:37.436> off<18:15:37.616> our<18:15:38.100> connection<18:15:38.336> to<18:15:38.640> the

we shut off our connection to the

we shut off our connection to the
network<18:15:39.360> Etc<18:15:39.476> if<18:15:40.080> an<18:15:40.320> attack<18:15:40.436> happens<18:15:40.796> it's

network Etc if an attack happens it's

network Etc if an attack happens it's
really<18:15:41.280> up<18:15:41.460> to<18:15:41.580> the<18:15:41.756> administrator<18:15:42.180> to<18:15:42.360> lead

really up to the administrator to lead

really up to the administrator to lead
the<18:15:42.720> defense<18:15:43.016> and<18:15:43.256> the<18:15:43.436> strategy<18:15:43.796> around<18:15:44.040> that

the defense and the strategy around that

the defense and the strategy around that
defense

defense

defense
so<18:15:47.040> just<18:15:47.400> to<18:15:47.580> recap<18:15:48.000> we<18:15:48.476> first<18:15:48.600> talked<18:15:48.960> about

so just to recap we first talked about

so just to recap we first talked about
an<18:15:49.680> intrusion<18:15:50.220> detection<18:15:50.876> system<18:15:51.296> and

an intrusion detection system and

an intrusion detection system and
remember<18:15:52.080> that<18:15:52.616> D<18:15:52.860> is<18:15:53.156> really<18:15:53.460> important

remember that D is really important

remember that D is really important
which<18:15:54.540> is<18:15:54.780> a<18:15:55.436> passive<18:15:55.860> system<18:15:56.156> because<18:15:56.876> it

which is a passive system because it

which is a passive system because it
simply<18:15:57.744> detects<18:15:58.744> an<18:15:58.976> intrusion<18:15:59.400> as<18:15:59.580> it's

simply detects an intrusion as it's

simply detects an intrusion as it's
occurring<18:16:00.180> and<18:16:00.836> notifies

occurring and notifies

occurring and notifies
an<18:16:02.936> administrator

we also talked about the two different

we also talked about the two different
types<18:16:08.516> of<18:16:08.640> IDs<18:16:09.116> as<18:16:09.296> there<18:16:09.476> are<18:16:09.976> behavior-based

types of IDs as there are behavior-based

types of IDs as there are behavior-based
and<18:16:11.400> signature<18:16:11.820> based<18:16:12.616> behavior-based<18:16:13.616> looks

and signature based behavior-based looks

and signature based behavior-based looks
at<18:16:14.400> behaviors

at behaviors

at behaviors
such<18:16:16.616> as<18:16:16.920> high<18:16:17.756> traffic

such as high traffic

such as high traffic
people<18:16:20.040> accessing<18:16:20.820> things<18:16:21.116> they<18:16:21.600> shouldn't

people accessing things they shouldn't

people accessing things they shouldn't
be<18:16:22.196> or<18:16:22.680> areas<18:16:23.040> being<18:16:23.336> accessed<18:16:23.756> that<18:16:24.000> aren't

be or areas being accessed that aren't

be or areas being accessed that aren't
normally<18:16:24.476> accessed<18:16:25.080> whereas<18:16:25.744> signature

normally accessed whereas signature

normally accessed whereas signature
based<18:16:26.516> looks<18:16:27.180> at<18:16:27.500> historical<18:16:28.500> data<18:16:29.156> in<18:16:29.876> the

based looks at historical data in the

based looks at historical data in the
form<18:16:30.116> of<18:16:30.296> signature<18:16:30.780> files

form of signature files

form of signature files
and<18:16:32.400> tries<18:16:32.696> to<18:16:33.116> match<18:16:33.720> these<18:16:34.196> up

and tries to match these up

and tries to match these up
with<18:16:36.476> known<18:16:36.720> attacks

with known attacks

with known attacks
of<18:16:39.244> course<18:16:39.420> if<18:16:39.836> the<18:16:40.080> attack<18:16:40.196> isn't<18:16:40.744> known<18:16:40.920> then

of course if the attack isn't known then

of course if the attack isn't known then
it's<18:16:41.640> not<18:16:41.876> going<18:16:42.000> to<18:16:42.116> be<18:16:42.244> available<18:16:42.420> in<18:16:42.836> the

it's not going to be available in the

it's not going to be available in the
signature<18:16:43.376> and<18:16:43.796> so<18:16:43.920> this<18:16:44.100> is<18:16:44.220> where<18:16:44.460> a

signature and so this is where a

signature and so this is where a
behavior<18:16:45.000> would<18:16:45.244> come<18:16:45.360> in<18:16:45.540> play

behavior would come in play

behavior would come in play
we<18:16:46.796> also<18:16:47.040> talked<18:16:47.336> about<18:16:47.836> ips's<18:16:48.836> or<18:16:49.320> intrusion

we also talked about ips's or intrusion

we also talked about ips's or intrusion
prevention<18:16:50.876> systems

prevention systems

prevention systems
which<18:16:52.860> are<18:16:53.720> proactive<18:16:54.720> because<18:16:55.320> they<18:16:55.860> might

which are proactive because they might

which are proactive because they might
search<18:16:56.516> for<18:16:56.820> vulnerabilities

search for vulnerabilities

search for vulnerabilities
in<18:16:59.100> the<18:16:59.220> system<18:16:59.400> such<18:16:59.820> as<18:17:00.000> looking<18:17:00.360> for<18:17:00.656> open

in the system such as looking for open

in the system such as looking for open
ports<18:17:01.976> and<18:17:02.696> reactive

ports and reactive

ports and reactive
because<18:17:05.400> they<18:17:06.064> actually<18:17:06.256> stop<18:17:07.256> an<18:17:07.976> attack<18:17:08.156> in

because they actually stop an attack in

because they actually stop an attack in
its<18:17:08.876> tracks<18:17:09.244> or<18:17:09.656> at<18:17:09.836> least<18:17:10.016> they<18:17:10.436> attempt<18:17:10.744> to

its tracks or at least they attempt to

its tracks or at least they attempt to
now<18:17:12.420> the<18:17:12.656> importance<18:17:12.960> of<18:17:13.080> IDs<18:17:13.564> and<18:17:13.860> ips's<18:17:14.516> is

now the importance of IDs and ips's is

now the importance of IDs and ips's is
added<18:17:15.836> or<18:17:16.616> extra<18:17:16.976> security

just like as we mentioned having

just like as we mentioned having
multiple<18:17:21.960> layers<18:17:22.320> if<18:17:22.500> you're<18:17:22.680> going<18:17:22.860> out<18:17:23.100> and

multiple layers if you're going out and

multiple layers if you're going out and
it's<18:17:23.460> cold<18:17:23.756> outside

it's cold outside

it's cold outside
it's<18:17:25.320> also<18:17:25.616> important<18:17:26.040> because<18:17:26.580> we<18:17:26.936> want<18:17:27.064> to

it's also important because we want to

it's also important because we want to
know<18:17:27.420> how<18:17:28.016> to<18:17:28.256> alter

know how to alter

know how to alter
our<18:17:31.436> security<18:17:31.680> policies<18:17:32.460> over<18:17:32.756> time<18:17:33.064> to<18:17:33.476> make

our security policies over time to make

our security policies over time to make
them<18:17:33.900> more<18:17:34.320> secure

and when we talked about implementation

and when we talked about implementation
from<18:17:39.244> a<18:17:39.420> very<18:17:39.540> Broad<18:17:39.836> View<18:17:40.140> some<18:17:40.744> of<18:17:40.860> the

from a very Broad View some of the

from a very Broad View some of the
things<18:17:40.976> we<18:17:41.220> talked<18:17:41.516> about<18:17:41.580> is<18:17:42.000> placement

things we talked about is placement

things we talked about is placement
we<18:17:44.100> want<18:17:44.220> them<18:17:44.460> remember<18:17:45.140> in<18:17:46.140> areas<18:17:46.500> called

we want them remember in areas called

we want them remember in areas called
choke<18:17:47.756> points

choke points

choke points
meaning<18:17:50.696> we<18:17:51.000> want<18:17:51.116> to<18:17:51.296> limit<18:17:51.420> the<18:17:51.780> amount<18:17:52.016> of

meaning we want to limit the amount of

meaning we want to limit the amount of
areas<18:17:52.616> that<18:17:53.100> are<18:17:53.516> outside<18:17:54.476> network<18:17:55.016> has

areas that are outside network has

areas that are outside network has
access<18:17:55.860> to<18:17:56.220> to<18:17:56.640> the<18:17:56.876> inside<18:17:57.080> we<18:17:58.080> also<18:17:58.320> talked

access to to the inside we also talked

access to to the inside we also talked
about<18:17:58.680> monitoring

about monitoring

about monitoring
and<18:18:01.564> how<18:18:01.860> we<18:18:02.040> get<18:18:02.220> notifications<18:18:03.116> which<18:18:03.900> in

and how we get notifications which in

and how we get notifications which in
some<18:18:04.320> cases<18:18:04.796> needs<18:18:05.756> to<18:18:05.876> be<18:18:06.116> through<18:18:06.900> text

some cases needs to be through text

some cases needs to be through text
messaging<18:18:07.976> or<18:18:08.640> email

messaging or email

messaging or email
or<18:18:10.860> anything<18:18:11.040> else<18:18:11.540> finally<18:18:12.540> we<18:18:12.960> needed<18:18:13.256> to

or anything else finally we needed to

or anything else finally we needed to
talk<18:18:13.616> about<18:18:13.796> what<18:18:14.156> we<18:18:14.336> do<18:18:14.516> a<18:18:14.876> plan<18:18:15.116> of<18:18:15.360> action

in case we actually have an attack

in case we actually have an attack
occurring

[Music]

[Music]
thank<18:18:35.040> you

network security

network security
ipsec<18:18:47.936> and<18:18:48.296> ipsec<18:18:49.140> policies

ipsec and ipsec policies

ipsec and ipsec policies
having<18:18:51.656> discussed<18:18:52.140> intrusion<18:18:52.680> detection<18:18:53.156> and

having discussed intrusion detection and

having discussed intrusion detection and
prevention<18:18:54.064> systems<18:18:54.600> which<18:18:54.836> are<18:18:55.016> mostly

prevention systems which are mostly

prevention systems which are mostly
having<18:18:55.976> to<18:18:56.156> do<18:18:56.280> with<18:18:56.516> keeping<18:18:57.064> attacks<18:18:57.836> and

having to do with keeping attacks and

having to do with keeping attacks and
malicious<18:18:58.616> software<18:18:58.976> off<18:18:59.156> our<18:18:59.400> Network<18:18:59.640> I

malicious software off our Network I

malicious software off our Network I
want<18:19:00.360> to<18:19:00.476> talk<18:19:00.656> about<18:19:00.960> something<18:19:01.320> called

want to talk about something called

want to talk about something called
ipsec<18:19:02.580> or<18:19:03.320> IP<18:19:04.320> security<18:19:04.920> which<18:19:05.876> is<18:19:06.116> a<18:19:06.960> sort<18:19:07.256> of

ipsec or IP security which is a sort of

ipsec or IP security which is a sort of
group<18:19:08.156> of<18:19:08.400> protocols<18:19:09.180> and<18:19:09.540> policies<18:19:10.080> that<18:19:10.860> are

group of protocols and policies that are

group of protocols and policies that are
used<18:19:11.280> to<18:19:11.640> keep<18:19:11.876> the<18:19:12.296> data<18:19:12.600> that<18:19:12.836> we<18:19:13.016> have

used to keep the data that we have

used to keep the data that we have
secure<18:19:13.976> on<18:19:14.280> a<18:19:14.400> network<18:19:14.580> whenever<18:19:15.540> we<18:19:15.720> talk

secure on a network whenever we talk

secure on a network whenever we talk
about<18:19:16.016> security<18:19:16.436> there's<18:19:17.220> something<18:19:17.460> called

about security there's something called

about security there's something called
CIA<18:19:18.244> the<18:19:18.600> CIA<18:19:18.900> Triad<18:19:19.376> that<18:19:19.616> we<18:19:19.744> need<18:19:19.860> to<18:19:19.920> keep

CIA the CIA Triad that we need to keep

CIA the CIA Triad that we need to keep
in<18:19:20.220> mind<18:19:20.400> C<18:19:21.296> stands<18:19:21.780> for

in mind C stands for

in mind C stands for
confidentiality<18:19:24.540> meaning<18:19:25.436> only<18:19:25.920> the<18:19:26.156> people

confidentiality meaning only the people

confidentiality meaning only the people
we<18:19:26.820> want<18:19:27.116> to<18:19:27.296> see<18:19:27.476> something<18:19:27.780> actually<18:19:28.140> see<18:19:28.436> it

we want to see something actually see it

we want to see something actually see it
the<18:19:29.756> I<18:19:29.936> stands<18:19:30.540> for<18:19:30.744> integrity<18:19:31.756> meaning<18:19:32.756> what

the I stands for integrity meaning what

the I stands for integrity meaning what
we<18:19:33.720> send<18:19:33.960> is<18:19:34.320> what<18:19:34.564> the<18:19:34.744> other<18:19:34.860> party<18:19:35.156> receives

we send is what the other party receives

we send is what the other party receives
it<18:19:36.064> hasn't<18:19:36.360> been<18:19:36.476> tampered<18:19:36.900> with<18:19:37.080> and<18:19:37.920> finally

it hasn't been tampered with and finally

it hasn't been tampered with and finally
we<18:19:38.756> have<18:19:38.820> to<18:19:39.000> balance<18:19:39.296> all<18:19:39.540> of<18:19:39.720> this<18:19:39.836> against

we have to balance all of this against

we have to balance all of this against
availability<18:19:41.040> it<18:19:41.820> doesn't<18:19:41.936> matter<18:19:42.296> if

availability it doesn't matter if

availability it doesn't matter if
something<18:19:42.780> is<18:19:43.080> super<18:19:43.256> secure<18:19:43.680> if<18:19:43.920> no<18:19:44.156> one<18:19:44.336> can

something is super secure if no one can

something is super secure if no one can
access<18:19:45.064> it<18:19:45.476> so<18:19:46.436> broadening<18:19:47.336> out<18:19:47.516> into<18:19:48.000> this

access it so broadening out into this

access it so broadening out into this
that's<18:19:48.540> where<18:19:48.780> ipsec<18:19:49.500> comes<18:19:49.744> into<18:19:49.860> play<18:19:50.100> so

that's where ipsec comes into play so

that's where ipsec comes into play so
we're<18:19:51.180> going<18:19:51.360> to<18:19:51.540> talk<18:19:51.780> about<18:19:52.640> ipsec<18:19:53.640> defining

we're going to talk about ipsec defining

we're going to talk about ipsec defining
And<18:19:54.420> discussing<18:19:54.836> what<18:19:55.080> it<18:19:55.196> is<18:19:55.376> and<18:19:55.860> then<18:19:55.976> talk

And discussing what it is and then talk

And discussing what it is and then talk
about<18:19:56.400> two<18:19:56.820> protocols<18:19:57.540> that<18:19:58.140> we<18:19:58.376> focus<18:19:58.680> on

about two protocols that we focus on

about two protocols that we focus on
with<18:19:59.040> ipsec<18:19:59.756> ah<18:20:00.540> and<18:20:01.080> ESP

with ipsec ah and ESP

with ipsec ah and ESP
we're<18:20:02.820> also<18:20:03.116> going<18:20:03.244> to<18:20:03.360> discuss<18:20:03.720> three

we're also going to discuss three

we're also going to discuss three
different<18:20:04.564> services<18:20:04.976> that<18:20:05.400> ipsec<18:20:06.000> uses<18:20:06.420> or

different services that ipsec uses or

different services that ipsec uses or
serves<18:20:06.960> one<18:20:07.744> is<18:20:07.920> data<18:20:08.460> verification

serves one is data verification

serves one is data verification
protection<18:20:10.860> from<18:20:11.280> data<18:20:11.756> tampering<18:20:12.244> again

protection from data tampering again

protection from data tampering again
getting<18:20:12.900> into<18:20:13.140> that<18:20:13.436> integrity

getting into that integrity

getting into that integrity
and<18:20:15.960> private<18:20:16.796> transactions<18:20:17.516> going<18:20:18.116> along

and private transactions going along

and private transactions going along
with<18:20:18.720> that<18:20:18.976> confidentiality<18:20:19.976> all<18:20:20.936> of<18:20:21.116> this

with that confidentiality all of this

with that confidentiality all of this
supports<18:20:21.900> availability<18:20:22.796> and<18:20:23.336> the<18:20:23.460> reason<18:20:23.580> we

supports availability and the reason we

supports availability and the reason we
have<18:20:24.000> ipsec<18:20:24.720> is<18:20:24.900> to<18:20:25.080> make<18:20:25.256> sure<18:20:25.436> that<18:20:25.744> in<18:20:26.220> our

have ipsec is to make sure that in our

have ipsec is to make sure that in our
security<18:20:26.656> we<18:20:27.656> have<18:20:28.016> available<18:20:28.680> data<18:20:29.820> finally

security we have available data finally

security we have available data finally
I<18:20:30.656> want<18:20:30.780> to<18:20:30.900> talk<18:20:31.016> about<18:20:31.256> some<18:20:31.616> of<18:20:31.744> the

I want to talk about some of the

I want to talk about some of the
policies<18:20:32.400> the<18:20:32.820> ways<18:20:33.116> that<18:20:33.244> we<18:20:33.420> use<18:20:33.600> ipsec

policies the ways that we use ipsec

policies the ways that we use ipsec
so<18:20:36.064> as<18:20:36.244> I<18:20:36.420> mentioned<18:20:36.656> a<18:20:36.836> good<18:20:37.016> amount<18:20:37.256> of<18:20:37.376> the

so as I mentioned a good amount of the

so as I mentioned a good amount of the
security<18:20:37.680> measures<18:20:38.220> that<18:20:38.516> we<18:20:38.640> use<18:20:38.756> on<18:20:39.000> a

security measures that we use on a

security measures that we use on a
network<18:20:39.296> are<18:20:39.836> used<18:20:40.016> to<18:20:40.256> prevent<18:20:40.564> attacks<18:20:41.040> and

network are used to prevent attacks and

network are used to prevent attacks and
shield<18:20:41.400> the<18:20:41.640> network<18:20:41.876> from<18:20:42.476> viruses<18:20:43.016> and

shield the network from viruses and

shield the network from viruses and
other<18:20:43.376> malicious<18:20:43.860> software<18:20:44.280> but<18:20:45.000> not<18:20:45.244> all

other malicious software but not all

other malicious software but not all
security<18:20:45.780> measures<18:20:46.376> are<18:20:46.680> used<18:20:46.860> for<18:20:47.156> the

security measures are used for the

security measures are used for the
preventions<18:20:48.000> of<18:20:48.780> this<18:20:49.140> malicious<18:20:49.680> stuff<18:20:50.040> some

preventions of this malicious stuff some

preventions of this malicious stuff some
are<18:20:51.000> intended<18:20:51.360> to<18:20:51.540> keep<18:20:51.656> data<18:20:52.140> and

are intended to keep data and

are intended to keep data and
Communications<18:20:52.796> secure<18:20:53.580> within<18:20:53.876> a<18:20:54.000> network

Communications secure within a network

Communications secure within a network
while<18:20:54.836> preventing<18:20:55.320> attacks<18:20:55.744> is<18:20:55.860> certainly<18:20:56.156> a

while preventing attacks is certainly a

while preventing attacks is certainly a
part<18:20:56.400> of<18:20:56.580> this<18:20:56.696> there<18:20:57.420> are<18:20:57.540> some<18:20:57.780> security

part of this there are some security

part of this there are some security
measures<18:20:58.564> that<18:20:58.796> exist<18:20:59.100> to<18:20:59.820> establish<18:21:00.360> secure

measures that exist to establish secure

measures that exist to establish secure
and<18:21:01.140> safe<18:21:01.376> communication<18:21:02.156> paths<18:21:02.756> between<18:21:03.360> two

and safe communication paths between two

and safe communication paths between two
parties<18:21:04.320> this<18:21:05.220> is<18:21:05.280> what<18:21:05.580> IP<18:21:06.064> security<18:21:06.420> or

parties this is what IP security or

parties this is what IP security or
ipsec<18:21:07.500> protocols<18:21:08.040> do

ipsec protocols do

ipsec protocols do
they're<18:21:09.476> used<18:21:09.656> to<18:21:09.900> provide<18:21:10.196> a<18:21:10.744> secure<18:21:11.100> channel

they're used to provide a secure channel

they're used to provide a secure channel
of<18:21:11.820> communication<18:21:12.360> between<18:21:12.780> two<18:21:13.196> systems<18:21:13.744> or

of communication between two systems or

of communication between two systems or
more<18:21:14.936> systems<18:21:15.476> these<18:21:16.140> systems<18:21:16.436> can<18:21:16.616> be<18:21:16.744> within

more systems these systems can be within

more systems these systems can be within
a<18:21:17.156> local<18:21:17.336> network<18:21:17.640> within<18:21:18.296> a<18:21:18.476> wide<18:21:18.600> area

a local network within a wide area

a local network within a wide area
network<18:21:19.140> perhaps<18:21:19.744> even<18:21:19.920> over<18:21:20.156> a<18:21:20.460> virtual

network perhaps even over a virtual

network perhaps even over a virtual
private<18:21:21.116> Network<18:21:21.296> now<18:21:22.196> some<18:21:22.616> people<18:21:22.860> might

private Network now some people might

private Network now some people might
think<18:21:23.460> that<18:21:23.756> data<18:21:24.180> traveling<18:21:24.600> within<18:21:25.016> a<18:21:25.196> local

think that data traveling within a local

think that data traveling within a local
network<18:21:25.616> is<18:21:25.920> secure<18:21:26.220> but<18:21:26.516> this<18:21:27.180> is<18:21:27.360> only

network is secure but this is only

network is secure but this is only
sometimes<18:21:28.140> true<18:21:28.376> imagine<18:21:29.280> that<18:21:29.696> someone<18:21:30.000> has

sometimes true imagine that someone has

sometimes true imagine that someone has
hacked<18:21:31.140> into<18:21:31.196> our<18:21:31.436> Network<18:21:31.616> and<18:21:31.920> we're

hacked into our Network and we're

hacked into our Network and we're
sending<18:21:32.460> data<18:21:32.876> across<18:21:33.360> it<18:21:33.540> well<18:21:34.080> now<18:21:34.196> we<18:21:34.376> want

sending data across it well now we want

sending data across it well now we want
to<18:21:34.564> make<18:21:34.680> sure<18:21:34.796> that<18:21:34.976> the<18:21:35.156> data<18:21:35.400> itself<18:21:35.696> is

to make sure that the data itself is

to make sure that the data itself is
secure<18:21:36.244> so<18:21:37.016> while<18:21:37.196> the<18:21:37.500> entire<18:21:37.744> network<18:21:37.976> might

secure so while the entire network might

secure so while the entire network might
be<18:21:38.580> protected<18:21:39.064> by<18:21:39.296> firewalls<18:21:39.960> antivirus<18:21:40.616> IDs

be protected by firewalls antivirus IDs

be protected by firewalls antivirus IDs
IPS<18:21:41.836> there<18:21:42.836> might<18:21:43.080> be<18:21:43.140> nothing<18:21:43.376> protecting

IPS there might be nothing protecting

IPS there might be nothing protecting
the<18:21:44.156> actual<18:21:44.460> connection<18:21:44.696> between<18:21:45.116> the<18:21:45.420> two

the actual connection between the two

the actual connection between the two
users<18:21:46.040> generally<18:21:47.040> the<18:21:47.820> data<18:21:48.180> that<18:21:48.296> gets<18:21:48.600> sent

users generally the data that gets sent

users generally the data that gets sent
across<18:21:49.140> the<18:21:49.196> network<18:21:49.436> is<18:21:50.336> not<18:21:50.696> really<18:21:50.936> heavily

across the network is not really heavily

across the network is not really heavily
protected<18:21:52.080> or<18:21:52.256> didn't<18:21:52.436> used<18:21:52.744> to<18:21:52.920> be<18:21:52.976> so<18:21:53.580> people

protected or didn't used to be so people

protected or didn't used to be so people
tend<18:21:54.000> to<18:21:54.116> think<18:21:54.244> that<18:21:54.360> just<18:21:54.600> because<18:21:54.720> their

tend to think that just because their

tend to think that just because their
network<18:21:55.436> has<18:21:55.796> a<18:21:56.040> shield<18:21:56.156> around<18:21:56.460> it

network has a shield around it

network has a shield around it
everything<18:21:57.360> inside<18:21:57.656> it<18:21:57.960> is<18:21:58.140> safe<18:21:58.320> as<18:21:58.500> well<18:21:58.680> but

everything inside it is safe as well but

everything inside it is safe as well but
this<18:21:59.460> isn't<18:21:59.696> the<18:21:59.936> case<18:22:00.180> it's<18:22:00.780> important<18:22:01.140> to

this isn't the case it's important to

this isn't the case it's important to
have<18:22:01.500> ipsec<18:22:02.336> protocols<18:22:02.936> in<18:22:03.244> place<18:22:03.420> to<18:22:04.196> secure

have ipsec protocols in place to secure

have ipsec protocols in place to secure
the<18:22:04.796> data<18:22:05.100> sent<18:22:05.280> and<18:22:05.580> the<18:22:05.756> connections<18:22:06.180> made

the data sent and the connections made

the data sent and the connections made
over<18:22:06.720> a<18:22:07.016> network<18:22:07.196> both<18:22:07.680> local<18:22:08.040> and<18:22:08.400> wide<18:22:08.580> area

over a network both local and wide area

over a network both local and wide area
now<18:22:10.320> there<18:22:10.616> are<18:22:10.744> two<18:22:10.920> main<18:22:11.156> protocols<18:22:11.756> that

now there are two main protocols that

now there are two main protocols that
are<18:22:12.116> categorized<18:22:12.720> in<18:22:12.836> ipsec<18:22:13.976> they<18:22:14.580> are<18:22:15.180> ah<18:22:16.016> or

are categorized in ipsec they are ah or

are categorized in ipsec they are ah or
authentication<18:22:17.040> header<18:22:17.580> and<18:22:18.360> ESP<18:22:18.600> the

authentication header and ESP the

authentication header and ESP the
encapsulating<18:22:20.280> security<18:22:20.936> payload<18:22:21.780> let's

encapsulating security payload let's

encapsulating security payload let's
talk<18:22:22.616> a<18:22:22.860> little<18:22:22.976> bit<18:22:23.100> more<18:22:23.220> about<18:22:23.400> what<18:22:23.696> these

talk a little bit more about what these

talk a little bit more about what these
are

are

are
as<18:22:25.140> the<18:22:25.320> name<18:22:25.436> States<18:22:25.744> ah<18:22:26.780> or<18:22:27.780> authentication

as the name States ah or authentication

as the name States ah or authentication
header<18:22:29.100> is<18:22:29.756> used<18:22:30.000> to<18:22:30.376> authenticate

header is used to authenticate

header is used to authenticate
connections<18:22:32.460> made<18:22:33.180> over<18:22:33.360> a<18:22:33.600> network<18:22:33.720> it<18:22:34.616> does

connections made over a network it does

connections made over a network it does
this<18:22:34.976> by<18:22:35.400> checking<18:22:35.876> the<18:22:36.180> IP<18:22:36.540> address

of the users that are trying to

of the users that are trying to
communicate<18:22:41.400> and<18:22:41.756> make<18:22:41.876> sure<18:22:42.064> that<18:22:42.296> they're

communicate and make sure that they're

communicate and make sure that they're
trusted<18:22:42.900> it<18:22:43.860> also<18:22:44.156> checks<18:22:44.580> the<18:22:45.296> Integrity<18:22:45.836> of

trusted it also checks the Integrity of

trusted it also checks the Integrity of
the<18:22:46.920> data<18:22:47.156> packets<18:22:47.516> that<18:22:47.696> are<18:22:47.820> being<18:22:48.000> sent<18:22:48.296> in

the data packets that are being sent in

the data packets that are being sent in
other<18:22:48.960> words<18:22:49.140> is<18:22:49.860> this<18:22:50.040> the<18:22:50.220> data<18:22:50.516> that<18:22:50.696> we

other words is this the data that we

other words is this the data that we
actually<18:22:51.116> intended<18:22:51.656> and<18:22:52.016> was<18:22:52.140> it<18:22:52.320> received

actually intended and was it received

actually intended and was it received
properly

properly

properly
the<18:22:54.540> other<18:22:54.656> one<18:22:54.920> encapsulating<18:22:55.920> security

the other one encapsulating security

the other one encapsulating security
payload<18:22:57.064> or<18:22:57.420> ESP<18:22:57.680> is<18:22:58.680> used<18:22:58.920> for<18:22:59.220> encryption

payload or ESP is used for encryption

payload or ESP is used for encryption
Services<18:23:00.116> which<18:23:00.780> I<18:23:01.016> think<18:23:01.140> we've<18:23:01.376> talked

Services which I think we've talked

Services which I think we've talked
about<18:23:01.744> it<18:23:02.580> encrypts<18:23:02.936> data<18:23:03.244> that's<18:23:03.360> being<18:23:03.600> sent

about it encrypts data that's being sent

about it encrypts data that's being sent
over<18:23:04.256> a<18:23:04.564> network<18:23:04.820> using<18:23:05.820> ah<18:23:06.600> to<18:23:07.016> authenticate

over a network using ah to authenticate

over a network using ah to authenticate
the<18:23:07.744> users<18:23:08.156> ESP<18:23:08.780> will<18:23:09.780> only<18:23:09.960> give<18:23:10.196> the<18:23:10.500> keys<18:23:10.796> to

the users ESP will only give the keys to

the users ESP will only give the keys to
the<18:23:11.100> users<18:23:11.400> that<18:23:11.640> have<18:23:11.820> been<18:23:12.196> authenticated

the users that have been authenticated

the users that have been authenticated
so<18:23:14.220> I<18:23:14.756> make<18:23:15.000> sure<18:23:15.180> to<18:23:15.780> authenticate<18:23:16.564> using<18:23:17.280> ah

so I make sure to authenticate using ah

so I make sure to authenticate using ah
that<18:23:19.196> this<18:23:19.376> is<18:23:19.500> the<18:23:19.616> user<18:23:19.860> I<18:23:19.976> want<18:23:20.100> to<18:23:20.220> give

that this is the user I want to give

that this is the user I want to give
something<18:23:20.516> to<18:23:20.820> and<18:23:21.540> then<18:23:21.720> the<18:23:21.900> ESP

does the encryption

does the encryption
for<18:23:27.476> the<18:23:27.836> people<18:23:28.080> who<18:23:28.376> have<18:23:28.500> been

for the people who have been

for the people who have been
authenticated<18:23:29.360> providing<18:23:30.564> Keys<18:23:31.564> only<18:23:32.280> to<18:23:32.516> the

authenticated providing Keys only to the

authenticated providing Keys only to the
people<18:23:32.820> who<18:23:33.360> meet<18:23:33.540> the<18:23:33.720> first<18:23:33.900> condition<18:23:34.156> now

people who meet the first condition now

people who meet the first condition now
if<18:23:35.280> this<18:23:35.400> seems<18:23:35.696> like<18:23:35.876> a<18:23:36.116> broad<18:23:36.244> overview<18:23:36.720> of

if this seems like a broad overview of

if this seems like a broad overview of
these<18:23:37.140> two<18:23:37.256> it<18:23:37.744> is<18:23:37.920> we're<18:23:38.460> not<18:23:38.640> going<18:23:38.756> to<18:23:38.876> see

these two it is we're not going to see

these two it is we're not going to see
this<18:23:39.296> a<18:23:39.720> whole<18:23:39.900> lot<18:23:40.080> on<18:23:40.500> the<18:23:40.616> network<18:23:40.744> plus

this a whole lot on the network plus

this a whole lot on the network plus
exam<18:23:41.516> maybe<18:23:42.296> one<18:23:42.720> question<18:23:42.960> but<18:23:43.860> it's<18:23:44.100> not

exam maybe one question but it's not

exam maybe one question but it's not
really<18:23:44.516> worth<18:23:44.756> going<18:23:45.064> into<18:23:45.296> depth<18:23:45.720> because

really worth going into depth because

really worth going into depth because
that's<18:23:46.256> what<18:23:46.500> Security<18:23:46.796> Plus<18:23:47.220> is<18:23:47.516> going<18:23:47.696> to<18:23:47.820> do

that's what Security Plus is going to do

that's what Security Plus is going to do
and<18:23:48.420> when<18:23:48.600> you<18:23:48.656> talk<18:23:48.836> about<18:23:48.960> Security<18:23:49.320> Plus

and when you talk about Security Plus

and when you talk about Security Plus
you're<18:23:50.040> really<18:23:50.220> going<18:23:50.336> to<18:23:50.460> talk<18:23:50.580> about<18:23:50.756> these

you're really going to talk about these

you're really going to talk about these
nip<18:23:51.960> Security<18:23:52.376> in<18:23:53.156> more<18:23:53.280> depth<18:23:53.640> then

nip Security in more depth then

nip Security in more depth then
and<18:23:55.616> there<18:23:55.744> are<18:23:55.920> a<18:23:55.976> few<18:23:56.040> benefits<18:23:56.516> and

and there are a few benefits and

and there are a few benefits and
services<18:23:56.936> that<18:23:57.540> ipsec<18:23:58.196> protocols<18:23:58.796> provide

services that ipsec protocols provide

services that ipsec protocols provide
the<18:24:00.064> first<18:24:00.244> service<18:24:00.476> is<18:24:01.016> data<18:24:01.616> verification

the first service is data verification

the first service is data verification
this<18:24:03.656> service<18:24:03.836> ensures<18:24:04.320> that<18:24:04.680> the<18:24:04.920> data<18:24:05.336> that

this service ensures that the data that

this service ensures that the data that
is<18:24:06.296> being<18:24:06.540> sent<18:24:06.836> across<18:24:07.436> the<18:24:07.500> network<18:24:07.680> is

is being sent across the network is

is being sent across the network is
coming<18:24:08.516> from<18:24:08.936> a<18:24:09.540> legitimate<18:24:10.016> Source<18:24:10.500> or

coming from a legitimate Source or

coming from a legitimate Source or
legitimate<18:24:11.460> place

legitimate place

legitimate place
they<18:24:13.436> make<18:24:13.616> sure<18:24:13.976> that<18:24:14.756> the<18:24:14.936> end<18:24:15.116> users<18:24:15.540> are

they make sure that the end users are

they make sure that the end users are
the<18:24:16.080> intended<18:24:16.616> users<18:24:16.920> and<18:24:17.156> to<18:24:17.336> keep<18:24:17.460> an<18:24:17.580> eye<18:24:17.696> on

the intended users and to keep an eye on

the intended users and to keep an eye on
packets<18:24:18.180> as<18:24:18.420> they<18:24:18.656> travel<18:24:18.836> across<18:24:19.376> the

packets as they travel across the

packets as they travel across the
network

network

network
the<18:24:20.936> next<18:24:21.064> service<18:24:21.360> that<18:24:21.720> ipsec<18:24:22.436> is<18:24:22.564> going<18:24:22.744> to

the next service that ipsec is going to

the next service that ipsec is going to
provide<18:24:23.100> is<18:24:23.820> protection<18:24:24.244> from<18:24:24.720> data

provide is protection from data

provide is protection from data
tampering<18:24:25.680> again<18:24:26.280> that<18:24:26.936> integrity

tampering again that integrity

tampering again that integrity
service<18:24:29.220> make<18:24:29.580> sure<18:24:29.696> that<18:24:29.876> while<18:24:30.064> data<18:24:30.476> is<18:24:30.656> in

service make sure that while data is in

service make sure that while data is in
transit<18:24:31.256> nothing<18:24:31.564> changes<18:24:32.100> this<18:24:32.640> could<18:24:33.064> mean

transit nothing changes this could mean

transit nothing changes this could mean
the<18:24:33.780> data<18:24:34.016> somehow<18:24:34.320> becomes<18:24:34.744> corrupted<18:24:35.220> or

the data somehow becomes corrupted or

the data somehow becomes corrupted or
that<18:24:35.936> someone<18:24:36.180> literally<18:24:36.720> tampers<18:24:37.196> with<18:24:37.436> it

that someone literally tampers with it

that someone literally tampers with it
again<18:24:38.156> while<18:24:38.580> ipsec<18:24:39.296> protocols<18:24:39.900> provide

again while ipsec protocols provide

again while ipsec protocols provide
secure<18:24:40.744> Communications<18:24:41.280> within<18:24:41.820> the<18:24:41.936> network

secure Communications within the network

secure Communications within the network
they<18:24:42.780> don't<18:24:42.960> actually<18:24:43.140> stop<18:24:43.500> an<18:24:43.744> attacker

they don't actually stop an attacker

they don't actually stop an attacker
from<18:24:44.336> entering<18:24:44.756> the<18:24:44.876> network<18:24:45.064> so<18:24:45.720> while<18:24:45.900> there

from entering the network so while there

from entering the network so while there
is<18:24:46.196> a<18:24:46.320> chance<18:24:46.500> of<18:24:46.796> an<18:24:46.976> attacker<18:24:47.336> on<18:24:47.460> the

is a chance of an attacker on the

is a chance of an attacker on the
network<18:24:47.696> they<18:24:48.656> can't<18:24:48.836> tamper<18:24:49.320> with<18:24:49.500> the<18:24:49.744> data

network they can't tamper with the data

network they can't tamper with the data
as<18:24:50.156> it<18:24:50.400> travels<18:24:50.696> through<18:24:50.876> because<18:24:51.296> ipsec<18:24:52.140> is

as it travels through because ipsec is

as it travels through because ipsec is
going<18:24:52.436> to<18:24:52.500> make<18:24:52.616> sure<18:24:52.744> that<18:24:52.920> doesn't<18:24:53.040> happen

going to make sure that doesn't happen

going to make sure that doesn't happen
finally<18:24:55.040> ipsec<18:24:56.040> provides<18:24:56.640> private

finally ipsec provides private

finally ipsec provides private
transactions<18:24:58.256> over<18:24:58.500> the<18:24:58.744> network<18:24:58.860> this<18:24:59.756> means

transactions over the network this means

transactions over the network this means
that<18:25:00.244> data<18:25:00.720> is<18:25:01.196> unreadable<18:25:01.860> by<18:25:02.156> everyone

that data is unreadable by everyone

that data is unreadable by everyone
except<18:25:03.244> the<18:25:03.600> end<18:25:03.720> users<18:25:04.140> this<18:25:04.616> is<18:25:04.680> where<18:25:04.860> that

except the end users this is where that

except the end users this is where that
authentication<18:25:05.696> comes<18:25:06.180> in<18:25:06.296> and<18:25:07.016> where

authentication comes in and where

authentication comes in and where
confidentiality<18:25:08.100> comes<18:25:08.460> into<18:25:08.580> play

confidentiality comes into play

confidentiality comes into play
for<18:25:10.564> example<18:25:10.744> if<18:25:11.040> Mike<18:25:11.280> and<18:25:11.516> Steve<18:25:11.696> have<18:25:12.000> to

for example if Mike and Steve have to

for example if Mike and Steve have to
send<18:25:12.360> some<18:25:12.600> private<18:25:12.900> banking<18:25:13.256> information<18:25:13.500> to

send some private banking information to

send some private banking information to
each<18:25:14.156> other<18:25:14.336> the<18:25:15.000> service<18:25:15.180> makes<18:25:15.540> sure<18:25:15.720> that

each other the service makes sure that

each other the service makes sure that
Mike<18:25:16.140> and<18:25:16.320> Steve<18:25:16.500> were<18:25:16.796> the<18:25:17.040> only<18:25:17.280> people<18:25:17.516> who

Mike and Steve were the only people who

Mike and Steve were the only people who
can<18:25:17.936> read<18:25:18.116> it<18:25:18.296> this<18:25:18.960> isn't<18:25:19.256> happening<18:25:19.616> at<18:25:19.796> any

can read it this isn't happening at any

can read it this isn't happening at any
level<18:25:20.100> that<18:25:20.460> you<18:25:20.696> can<18:25:20.820> see<18:25:21.180> it's<18:25:22.016> happening

level that you can see it's happening

level that you can see it's happening
all<18:25:22.564> within<18:25:22.920> the<18:25:23.100> protocols<18:25:23.580> that<18:25:23.936> already

all within the protocols that already

all within the protocols that already
exist<18:25:24.720> when<18:25:25.564> we<18:25:25.680> talked<18:25:26.040> much<18:25:26.280> earlier<18:25:26.640> about

exist when we talked much earlier about

exist when we talked much earlier about
ipv4<18:25:28.436> versus

ipv4 versus

ipv4 versus
IPv6<18:25:30.960> one<18:25:31.680> of<18:25:31.744> the<18:25:31.860> great<18:25:32.040> benefits<18:25:32.516> of<18:25:32.696> IPv6

IPv6 one of the great benefits of IPv6

IPv6 one of the great benefits of IPv6
is<18:25:34.080> it<18:25:34.196> has<18:25:34.376> all<18:25:34.616> the<18:25:34.744> ipsec<18:25:35.580> stuff<18:25:35.876> built<18:25:36.360> in

is it has all the ipsec stuff built in

is it has all the ipsec stuff built in
so<18:25:37.140> all<18:25:37.376> of<18:25:37.500> this<18:25:37.680> is<18:25:37.920> happening

so all of this is happening

so all of this is happening
automatically<18:25:39.540> within<18:25:40.256> our<18:25:40.616> new<18:25:40.796> version<18:25:41.040> of

automatically within our new version of

automatically within our new version of
IPv6<18:25:42.296> it's<18:25:42.900> not<18:25:43.140> even<18:25:43.256> something<18:25:43.436> we<18:25:43.616> need<18:25:43.744> to

IPv6 it's not even something we need to

IPv6 it's not even something we need to
really<18:25:43.976> worry<18:25:44.336> about<18:25:44.516> just<18:25:45.064> something<18:25:45.244> we

really worry about just something we

really worry about just something we
need<18:25:45.600> to<18:25:45.720> know<18:25:45.780> is<18:25:46.016> taking<18:25:46.256> place<18:25:46.564> so<18:25:47.040> we<18:25:47.156> can

need to know is taking place so we can

need to know is taking place so we can
be<18:25:47.400> a<18:25:47.516> little<18:25:47.640> more<18:25:47.820> sure<18:25:48.064> that<18:25:48.600> our<18:25:48.720> data<18:25:49.080> is

be a little more sure that our data is

be a little more sure that our data is
actually<18:25:49.376> being<18:25:49.616> secured

actually being secured

actually being secured
so<18:25:51.960> here<18:25:52.376> is<18:25:52.564> what<18:25:52.744> ipsec<18:25:53.460> might<18:25:53.756> look<18:25:54.000> like<18:25:54.116> if

so here is what ipsec might look like if

so here is what ipsec might look like if
they<18:25:54.900> were<18:25:55.016> connecting<18:25:55.436> two<18:25:55.680> lands<18:25:56.100> to<18:25:56.336> make<18:25:56.460> a

they were connecting two lands to make a

they were connecting two lands to make a
Wan

Wan

Wan
though<18:25:58.320> the<18:25:58.564> two<18:25:58.680> networks<18:25:59.100> have<18:25:59.280> their<18:25:59.580> own

though the two networks have their own

though the two networks have their own
firewalls<18:26:00.476> and<18:26:00.540> Protection<18:26:00.900> Systems<18:26:01.500> they

firewalls and Protection Systems they

firewalls and Protection Systems they
still<18:26:02.156> have<18:26:02.336> to<18:26:02.460> connect<18:26:02.640> the<18:26:03.000> Republic

still have to connect the Republic

still have to connect the Republic
Network<18:26:03.656> which<18:26:04.016> we<18:26:04.140> know<18:26:04.256> isn't<18:26:04.616> the<18:26:04.744> safest

Network which we know isn't the safest

Network which we know isn't the safest
thing<18:26:05.280> this<18:26:05.936> is<18:26:06.064> especially<18:26:06.476> true<18:26:06.720> in<18:26:07.016> the

thing this is especially true in the

thing this is especially true in the
public<18:26:07.376> network<18:26:07.744> is<18:26:08.516> the<18:26:09.000> internet

public network is the internet

public network is the internet
Now<18:26:10.680> using<18:26:11.156> ipsec<18:26:12.000> the<18:26:12.420> two<18:26:12.600> lands<18:26:13.016> are<18:26:13.196> going

Now using ipsec the two lands are going

Now using ipsec the two lands are going
to<18:26:13.436> create<18:26:13.564> a<18:26:14.040> tunnel<18:26:14.336> of<18:26:14.460> communication

to create a tunnel of communication

to create a tunnel of communication
through<18:26:15.244> the<18:26:15.476> network<18:26:15.600> or<18:26:16.196> through<18:26:16.436> the

through the network or through the

through the network or through the
internet<18:26:16.796> this<18:26:17.696> tunnel<18:26:18.064> is<18:26:18.180> secure<18:26:18.600> and<18:26:18.836> only

internet this tunnel is secure and only

internet this tunnel is secure and only
accessible<18:26:19.616> by<18:26:19.920> people<18:26:20.156> inside<18:26:20.640> their

accessible by people inside their

accessible by people inside their
Network<18:26:21.244> the<18:26:21.836> is<18:26:22.256> ipsec<18:26:22.860> tunnel<18:26:23.220> by<18:26:23.336> the<18:26:23.460> way

Network the is ipsec tunnel by the way

Network the is ipsec tunnel by the way
is<18:26:24.720> what<18:26:24.900> we're<18:26:25.016> referring<18:26:25.436> to<18:26:25.616> when<18:26:25.920> we<18:26:26.100> talk

is what we're referring to when we talk

is what we're referring to when we talk
about<18:26:26.400> VPN<18:26:27.000> or<18:26:27.180> virtual<18:26:27.476> private<18:26:27.900> Networks

about VPN or virtual private Networks

about VPN or virtual private Networks
so<18:26:30.180> when<18:26:30.296> we<18:26:30.540> set<18:26:30.780> up<18:26:31.016> ipsec<18:26:31.976> the<18:26:32.220> service

so when we set up ipsec the service

so when we set up ipsec the service
doesn't<18:26:32.756> just<18:26:33.064> configure<18:26:33.720> itself

doesn't just configure itself

doesn't just configure itself
necessarily<18:26:35.756> there's<18:26:36.476> some<18:26:36.780> things<18:26:36.900> that

necessarily there's some things that

necessarily there's some things that
have<18:26:37.256> to<18:26:37.376> be<18:26:37.500> put<18:26:37.680> into<18:26:37.796> place<18:26:38.100> for<18:26:38.400> the

have to be put into place for the

have to be put into place for the
services<18:26:38.696> to<18:26:39.064> run<18:26:39.244> properly<18:26:39.600> these<18:26:40.320> are

services to run properly these are

services to run properly these are
called<18:26:40.876> policies<18:26:42.080> and<18:26:43.100> policies<18:26:44.100> is<18:26:44.936> what

called policies and policies is what

called policies and policies is what
configures<18:26:45.720> the<18:26:46.016> services<18:26:46.196> that<18:26:46.616> ipsec

configures the services that ipsec

configures the services that ipsec
provides<18:26:47.820> they're<18:26:48.540> used<18:26:48.720> to<18:26:48.836> provide

provides they're used to provide

provides they're used to provide
different<18:26:49.376> levels<18:26:49.920> of<18:26:50.100> protection<18:26:50.540> data<18:26:51.540> and

different levels of protection data and

different levels of protection data and
connections<18:26:52.140> based<18:26:52.744> on<18:26:52.796> what<18:26:52.976> in<18:26:53.100> getting

connections based on what in getting

connections based on what in getting
what<18:26:53.580> is<18:26:53.696> getting<18:26:53.820> passed<18:26:54.244> through<18:26:54.420> them<18:26:55.140> in

what is getting passed through them in

what is getting passed through them in
other<18:26:55.796> words<18:26:55.976> just<18:26:56.580> like<18:26:56.820> with<18:26:57.116> passwords<18:26:57.720> we

other words just like with passwords we

other words just like with passwords we
have<18:26:58.376> the<18:26:58.616> passwords<18:26:58.976> and<18:26:59.100> we<18:26:59.280> know<18:26:59.400> they're

have the passwords and we know they're

have the passwords and we know they're
built<18:26:59.876> into<18:26:59.936> windows<18:27:00.476> but<18:27:01.140> unless<18:27:01.744> we<18:27:01.976> set

built into windows but unless we set

built into windows but unless we set
some<18:27:02.516> sort<18:27:02.756> of<18:27:02.936> policy<18:27:03.720> that<18:27:04.080> tells<18:27:04.564> the<18:27:05.040> users

some sort of policy that tells the users

some sort of policy that tells the users
how<18:27:05.876> their<18:27:06.000> passwords<18:27:06.476> have<18:27:06.656> to<18:27:06.836> function

how their passwords have to function

how their passwords have to function
they<18:27:08.040> may<18:27:08.220> not<18:27:08.400> be<18:27:08.516> used<18:27:08.696> very<18:27:09.064> well<18:27:09.180> someone

they may not be used very well someone

they may not be used very well someone
might<18:27:09.720> just<18:27:09.836> use<18:27:10.016> the<18:27:10.376> password<18:27:10.680> password

might just use the password password

might just use the password password
which<18:27:11.820> isn't<18:27:12.116> even<18:27:12.180> a<18:27:12.420> safe<18:27:12.540> password<18:27:12.836> so<18:27:13.680> we

which isn't even a safe password so we

which isn't even a safe password so we
have<18:27:14.040> a<18:27:14.280> password<18:27:14.516> policy<18:27:15.420> that<18:27:15.900> ensures<18:27:16.196> that

have a password policy that ensures that

have a password policy that ensures that
people<18:27:16.680> have<18:27:17.040> a<18:27:17.280> certain<18:27:17.400> length<18:27:17.936> uh<18:27:18.900> history

people have a certain length uh history

people have a certain length uh history
and<18:27:20.156> certain<18:27:20.400> characters<18:27:20.696> included<18:27:21.420> in<18:27:21.540> their

and certain characters included in their

and certain characters included in their
passwords<18:27:22.080> the<18:27:22.564> same<18:27:22.680> thing<18:27:22.860> sort<18:27:23.100> of<18:27:23.220> goes

passwords the same thing sort of goes

passwords the same thing sort of goes
with<18:27:23.580> ipsec

with ipsec

with ipsec
now<18:27:25.376> there<18:27:25.500> are<18:27:25.616> some<18:27:25.920> important<18:27:26.460> elements

now there are some important elements

now there are some important elements
that<18:27:27.960> we<18:27:28.256> have<18:27:28.500> to<18:27:28.796> address<18:27:28.976> when<18:27:29.516> setting<18:27:29.820> up

that we have to address when setting up

that we have to address when setting up
ipsec<18:27:30.540> policies<18:27:31.080> first<18:27:31.976> we<18:27:32.336> have<18:27:32.516> filters

ipsec policies first we have filters

ipsec policies first we have filters
that<18:27:33.420> are<18:27:33.540> put<18:27:33.720> into<18:27:33.836> place<18:27:34.140> the<18:27:34.920> filters

that are put into place the filters

that are put into place the filters
determine<18:27:35.820> which<18:27:36.296> packets<18:27:36.780> should<18:27:37.376> be<18:27:37.616> secure

determine which packets should be secure

determine which packets should be secure
and<18:27:39.656> which<18:27:40.016> can<18:27:40.436> be<18:27:40.616> left<18:27:40.796> alone

and which can be left alone

and which can be left alone
now<18:27:42.540> every<18:27:42.836> filter<18:27:43.080> addresses<18:27:43.616> a<18:27:43.796> different

now every filter addresses a different

now every filter addresses a different
type<18:27:44.280> of<18:27:44.460> packet<18:27:44.820> so<18:27:45.000> there's<18:27:45.296> generally<18:27:46.080> a

type of packet so there's generally a

type of packet so there's generally a
good<18:27:46.500> amount<18:27:46.796> of<18:27:46.920> different<18:27:47.100> types<18:27:47.516> of

good amount of different types of

good amount of different types of
filters<18:27:48.080> all<18:27:49.080> of<18:27:49.256> these<18:27:49.616> filters<18:27:50.460> get

filters all of these filters get

filters all of these filters get
compiled<18:27:51.244> into<18:27:51.360> a<18:27:51.656> filter<18:27:51.780> list<18:27:52.196> where<18:27:52.796> the

compiled into a filter list where the

compiled into a filter list where the
administrator<18:27:53.400> can<18:27:53.696> easily<18:27:54.000> change<18:27:54.360> and

administrator can easily change and

administrator can easily change and
reconfigure<18:27:55.256> the<18:27:55.436> filters<18:27:55.744> to<18:27:56.100> address<18:27:56.220> the

reconfigure the filters to address the

reconfigure the filters to address the
needs<18:27:56.820> of<18:27:56.936> their<18:27:57.064> Network<18:27:57.256> now<18:27:58.256> again<18:27:58.436> the

needs of their Network now again the

needs of their Network now again the
reason<18:27:58.920> we're<18:27:59.156> going<18:27:59.336> to<18:27:59.460> want<18:27:59.516> to<18:27:59.640> have

reason we're going to want to have

reason we're going to want to have
filters<18:28:00.180> is<18:28:00.836> because<18:28:01.080> the<18:28:01.920> more<18:28:02.040> security

just like the more layers you have on if

just like the more layers you have on if
it's<18:28:08.820> cold<18:28:09.064> outside

the more data it takes up

the more data it takes up
and<18:28:14.820> the<18:28:14.936> longer<18:28:15.244> it<18:28:15.420> takes<18:28:15.600> to<18:28:15.836> decode<18:28:16.280> so<18:28:17.280> the

and the longer it takes to decode so the

and the longer it takes to decode so the
less<18:28:17.756> security<18:28:18.000> we<18:28:18.540> have<18:28:18.780> the<18:28:19.436> faster<18:28:19.616> the

less security we have the faster the

less security we have the faster the
data<18:28:20.156> is<18:28:20.220> going<18:28:20.400> to<18:28:20.516> travel<18:28:20.656> but<18:28:21.656> the<18:28:22.256> more

data is going to travel but the more

data is going to travel but the more
security<18:28:22.820> uh<18:28:23.820> the<18:28:24.600> less<18:28:24.720> easy<18:28:24.960> it<18:28:25.140> is<18:28:25.320> to

security uh the less easy it is to

security uh the less easy it is to
tamper<18:28:25.796> with<18:28:25.976> so<18:28:26.400> we<18:28:26.516> need<18:28:26.640> to<18:28:26.696> weigh<18:28:26.936> this

tamper with so we need to weigh this

tamper with so we need to weigh this
stuff<18:28:27.656> like<18:28:27.836> browsing<18:28:28.376> on<18:28:28.500> the<18:28:28.680> internet

stuff like browsing on the internet

stuff like browsing on the internet
might<18:28:29.100> not<18:28:29.280> be<18:28:29.400> something<18:28:29.580> we<18:28:29.820> need<18:28:30.000> to<18:28:30.116> secure

might not be something we need to secure

might not be something we need to secure
a<18:28:30.656> lot<18:28:30.796> whereas<18:28:31.796> we<18:28:32.220> probably<18:28:32.400> want<18:28:32.696> to<18:28:32.820> secure

a lot whereas we probably want to secure

a lot whereas we probably want to secure
uh<18:28:34.256> for<18:28:34.500> instance<18:28:34.744> email<18:28:35.100> a<18:28:35.580> lot<18:28:35.696> more<18:28:35.876> or<18:28:36.420> even

uh for instance email a lot more or even

uh for instance email a lot more or even
Bank<18:28:36.960> Social<18:28:37.376> Security<18:28:37.564> numbers

Bank Social Security numbers

Bank Social Security numbers
etc<18:28:39.244> etc

etc etc

etc etc
next<18:28:41.156> policies<18:28:41.936> have<18:28:42.116> to<18:28:42.244> be<18:28:42.360> provided<18:28:42.836> the

next policies have to be provided the

next policies have to be provided the
proper<18:28:43.796> Network<18:28:44.040> information<18:28:44.836> this<18:28:45.836> involves

proper Network information this involves

proper Network information this involves
what<18:28:46.564> security<18:28:46.796> map<18:28:47.220> methods<18:28:47.756> connection

what security map methods connection

what security map methods connection
types<18:28:48.720> and<18:28:49.320> tunnel<18:28:49.680> settings<18:28:49.860> are<18:28:50.156> being<18:28:50.336> used

types and tunnel settings are being used

types and tunnel settings are being used
the<18:28:51.540> security<18:28:51.720> methods<18:28:52.320> are<18:28:52.500> basically

the security methods are basically

the security methods are basically
algorithms<18:28:54.296> that<18:28:54.960> are<18:28:55.256> used<18:28:55.680> in<18:28:56.460> encrypting

algorithms that are used in encrypting

algorithms that are used in encrypting
and<18:28:59.280> authenticating<18:28:59.936> the<18:29:00.180> data<18:29:00.900> connection

and authenticating the data connection

and authenticating the data connection
types<18:29:02.220> determine<18:29:03.180> whether<18:29:03.476> the<18:29:03.656> policies<18:29:04.080> are

types determine whether the policies are

types determine whether the policies are
going<18:29:04.500> to<18:29:04.680> handle

going to handle

going to handle
a<18:29:06.476> local<18:29:06.600> area<18:29:06.960> network

a local area network

a local area network
a<18:29:08.876> Wan<18:29:09.244> or<18:29:10.080> a<18:29:10.196> VPN

a Wan or a VPN

a Wan or a VPN
in<18:29:11.640> other<18:29:11.696> words<18:29:11.876> ipsec<18:29:12.600> needs<18:29:12.900> to<18:29:13.016> know<18:29:13.336> what

in other words ipsec needs to know what

in other words ipsec needs to know what
type<18:29:14.756> of<18:29:15.476> connection<18:29:15.720> I<18:29:16.256> have<18:29:16.436> here<18:29:16.744> so<18:29:17.280> it

type of connection I have here so it

type of connection I have here so it
knows<18:29:17.820> what<18:29:18.116> level<18:29:18.360> of<18:29:18.656> security<18:29:18.900> to<18:29:19.320> put<18:29:19.436> into

knows what level of security to put into

knows what level of security to put into
place<18:29:19.976> you<18:29:20.756> can<18:29:20.876> imagine<18:29:21.064> that<18:29:21.836> with<18:29:22.080> a<18:29:22.256> wide

place you can imagine that with a wide

place you can imagine that with a wide
area<18:29:22.564> network<18:29:22.860> or<18:29:23.100> VPN<18:29:23.640> we<18:29:24.360> need<18:29:24.476> more

area network or VPN we need more

area network or VPN we need more
security<18:29:25.080> than<18:29:25.744> with<18:29:25.976> a<18:29:26.156> lan

security than with a lan

security than with a lan
all<18:29:28.616> right<18:29:28.744> so<18:29:29.040> although<18:29:29.460> this<18:29:29.820> might<18:29:30.000> have

all right so although this might have

all right so although this might have
been<18:29:30.540> short<18:29:30.836> duration<18:29:31.376> we<18:29:31.616> covered<18:29:31.976> a<18:29:32.156> lot<18:29:32.220> of

been short duration we covered a lot of

been short duration we covered a lot of
important<18:29:32.756> things<18:29:33.000> first<18:29:33.836> we<18:29:34.436> talked<18:29:34.744> about

important things first we talked about

important things first we talked about
the<18:29:35.220> fact<18:29:35.336> that<18:29:35.580> ipsec<18:29:36.420> exists<18:29:36.900> remember

the fact that ipsec exists remember

the fact that ipsec exists remember
ipsec<18:29:38.696> stands<18:29:39.064> for<18:29:39.180> IP<18:29:39.656> security<18:29:40.756> and<18:29:41.756> it's

ipsec stands for IP security and it's

ipsec stands for IP security and it's
really<18:29:42.360> not<18:29:42.656> its<18:29:43.140> own<18:29:43.500> protocol<18:29:44.100> what<18:29:44.640> it<18:29:44.756> is

really not its own protocol what it is

really not its own protocol what it is
is<18:29:46.500> a<18:29:46.680> series<18:29:46.920> or<18:29:47.580> a<18:29:47.876> group<18:29:48.116> of<18:29:48.720> protocols

is a series or a group of protocols

is a series or a group of protocols
Services

Services

Services
Etc<18:29:51.860> that<18:29:52.860> ensure<18:29:53.280> security<18:29:54.080> over<18:29:55.080> the<18:29:55.796> IP

Etc that ensure security over the IP

Etc that ensure security over the IP
protocol<18:29:57.064> or<18:29:57.360> the<18:29:57.476> Internet<18:29:57.656> Protocol

protocol or the Internet Protocol

protocol or the Internet Protocol
we<18:30:00.476> also<18:30:00.720> talked<18:30:01.016> about<18:30:01.140> two<18:30:01.564> of<18:30:01.796> the<18:30:01.976> ways<18:30:02.280> we

we also talked about two of the ways we

we also talked about two of the ways we
do<18:30:02.580> this<18:30:02.820> one<18:30:03.600> is<18:30:03.780> the<18:30:03.960> ah<18:30:04.256> protocol<18:30:04.680> and<18:30:04.920> one

do this one is the ah protocol and one

do this one is the ah protocol and one
is<18:30:05.220> the<18:30:05.400> ESP<18:30:05.580> protocol<18:30:06.360> remember<18:30:07.460> ah<18:30:08.460> stands

is the ESP protocol remember ah stands

is the ESP protocol remember ah stands
for<18:30:09.796> authentication<18:30:10.796> header

for authentication header

for authentication header
as<18:30:12.656> the<18:30:12.836> name<18:30:12.960> implies<18:30:13.436> it's<18:30:13.796> a<18:30:13.976> header<18:30:14.336> in<18:30:14.936> the

as the name implies it's a header in the

as the name implies it's a header in the
IP<18:30:15.780> packet<18:30:16.516> that<18:30:17.516> authenticates

IP packet that authenticates

IP packet that authenticates
to<18:30:20.100> make<18:30:20.280> sure<18:30:20.460> the<18:30:20.756> users<18:30:21.116> who<18:30:21.540> are<18:30:21.656> about<18:30:21.780> to

to make sure the users who are about to

to make sure the users who are about to
communicate<18:30:22.500> are<18:30:22.796> the<18:30:22.976> ones<18:30:23.220> for<18:30:23.400> whom<18:30:23.580> it's

communicate are the ones for whom it's

communicate are the ones for whom it's
intended<18:30:24.244> and<18:30:24.360> who<18:30:24.540> are<18:30:24.720> sending

intended and who are sending

intended and who are sending
ESP<18:30:26.220> on<18:30:26.820> the<18:30:26.936> other<18:30:27.064> hand<18:30:27.296> which<18:30:28.080> stands<18:30:28.436> for

ESP on the other hand which stands for

ESP on the other hand which stands for
encapsulating

is literally going to encapsulate the

is literally going to encapsulate the
data<18:30:43.016> in<18:30:43.500> an<18:30:43.616> encrypted<18:30:44.100> form

data in an encrypted form

data in an encrypted form
and<18:30:45.720> it'll<18:30:45.960> only<18:30:46.140> release<18:30:46.500> this<18:30:46.920> encrypted

and it'll only release this encrypted

and it'll only release this encrypted
information<18:30:47.960> to<18:30:48.960> someone<18:30:49.256> who<18:30:49.616> has<18:30:49.796> been

information to someone who has been

information to someone who has been
authenticated<18:30:50.820> to<18:30:51.180> receive<18:30:51.476> it<18:30:51.600> and<18:30:52.256> remember

authenticated to receive it and remember

authenticated to receive it and remember
to<18:30:52.796> do<18:30:52.920> this<18:30:53.100> we<18:30:53.460> use<18:30:53.720> Keys<18:30:54.720> both<18:30:55.196> public<18:30:55.564> and

to do this we use Keys both public and

to do this we use Keys both public and
private

we also discussed the three different

we also discussed the three different
ipsec<18:31:04.140> services<18:31:04.436> that<18:31:04.976> are<18:31:05.100> provided

ipsec services that are provided

ipsec services that are provided
including<18:31:06.656> data<18:31:07.140> verification<18:31:07.696> which

including data verification which

including data verification which
ensures<18:31:09.296> that<18:31:10.256> the<18:31:10.744> data<18:31:11.040> packets<18:31:11.516> being<18:31:11.876> sent

ensures that the data packets being sent

ensures that the data packets being sent
are<18:31:13.016> coming<18:31:13.196> from<18:31:13.616> legitimate<18:31:14.580> places

protection from tampering which ensures

protection from tampering which ensures
the<18:31:20.460> integrity

the integrity

the integrity
of<18:31:22.376> our<18:31:22.436> data<18:31:22.796> that<18:31:22.976> it<18:31:23.156> has<18:31:23.336> not<18:31:23.460> been

of our data that it has not been

of our data that it has not been
tampered<18:31:24.180> with<18:31:24.720> either

tampered with either

tampered with either
tampered<18:31:27.420> with<18:31:27.600> from<18:31:28.196> say<18:31:29.100> an<18:31:29.696> attacker

tampered with from say an attacker

tampered with from say an attacker
or<18:31:31.256> the<18:31:31.436> data<18:31:31.796> might<18:31:32.336> have<18:31:32.460> just<18:31:32.640> become

or the data might have just become

or the data might have just become
corrupted

corrupted

corrupted
finally<18:31:35.820> we<18:31:36.244> ensure<18:31:36.476> that<18:31:36.720> we're<18:31:36.900> having

finally we ensure that we're having

finally we ensure that we're having
private<18:31:38.000> transactions<18:31:39.000> meaning<18:31:39.900> that<18:31:40.376> the

private transactions meaning that the

private transactions meaning that the
data<18:31:40.860> is<18:31:41.100> confidential<18:31:42.000> between<18:31:42.720> only<18:31:43.080> the

data is confidential between only the

data is confidential between only the
people<18:31:43.500> who<18:31:43.860> need<18:31:43.976> to<18:31:44.100> be<18:31:44.220> having<18:31:44.400> it<18:31:44.696> and

people who need to be having it and

people who need to be having it and
lastly<18:31:45.656> we<18:31:46.140> discussed<18:31:46.564> ipsec<18:31:47.336> policies<18:31:47.876> some

lastly we discussed ipsec policies some

lastly we discussed ipsec policies some
of<18:31:48.296> the<18:31:48.420> things<18:31:48.656> that<18:31:49.436> we<18:31:49.744> need<18:31:49.976> to<18:31:50.280> have<18:31:50.460> when

of the things that we need to have when

of the things that we need to have when
we're<18:31:51.180> creating<18:31:52.080> our<18:31:52.376> policies<18:31:52.744> for<18:31:52.976> IP

we're creating our policies for IP

we're creating our policies for IP
security<18:31:53.720> for<18:31:54.720> instance<18:31:54.900> we<18:31:55.256> need<18:31:55.376> to<18:31:55.500> know

security for instance we need to know

security for instance we need to know
the<18:31:56.220> type<18:31:56.460> of<18:31:56.580> network<18:31:56.876> we're<18:31:57.656> on

and also filters

and also filters
so<18:32:02.820> that<18:32:03.000> the<18:32:03.244> appropriate<18:32:03.836> level<18:32:04.196> of

so that the appropriate level of

so that the appropriate level of
security<18:32:04.976> can<18:32:05.400> be<18:32:05.580> applied<18:32:05.820> to<18:32:06.064> the

security can be applied to the

security can be applied to the
appropriate<18:32:06.600> type<18:32:06.960> of<18:32:07.376> data

welcome to module 14 lesson 1 denial of

welcome to module 14 lesson 1 denial of
service

so we're going to look at what is denial

so we're going to look at what is denial
of<18:32:36.180> service<18:32:36.360> by<18:32:36.836> the<18:32:36.960> way<18:32:37.016> this<18:32:37.320> is<18:32:37.500> a<18:32:37.796> small<18:32:38.156> uh

of service by the way this is a small uh

of service by the way this is a small uh
subset<18:32:39.244> of<18:32:39.420> what<18:32:39.600> you<18:32:39.720> would<18:32:39.836> get<18:32:40.016> in<18:32:40.376> the

subset of what you would get in the

subset of what you would get in the
competitive<18:32:41.220> Security<18:32:41.460> Plus<18:32:42.296> exam<18:32:43.100> and<18:32:44.100> and

competitive Security Plus exam and and

competitive Security Plus exam and and
the<18:32:44.820> network<18:32:44.936> plus

the network plus

the network plus
um<18:32:46.080> sorry<18:32:46.376> the<18:32:46.680> CCNA<18:32:47.280> security<18:32:47.460> exam<18:32:48.116> those

um sorry the CCNA security exam those

um sorry the CCNA security exam those
are<18:32:49.016> the<18:32:49.196> vendors<18:32:49.436> do<18:32:49.680> security<18:32:49.920> as<18:32:50.280> well

are the vendors do security as well

are the vendors do security as well
obviously<18:32:50.876> like<18:32:51.116> a<18:32:51.360> juniper<18:32:51.836> but<18:32:53.100> um<18:32:53.100> company

obviously like a juniper but um company

obviously like a juniper but um company
is<18:32:53.696> a<18:32:53.876> good<18:32:53.936> foundation<18:32:54.360> and<18:32:54.720> then<18:32:54.900> in<18:32:55.376> Vendor

is a good foundation and then in Vendor

is a good foundation and then in Vendor
specific<18:32:56.420> Cisco<18:32:57.420> CCNA<18:32:58.140> security<18:32:58.320> is

specific Cisco CCNA security is

specific Cisco CCNA security is
excellent<18:32:59.400> you<18:33:00.296> probably<18:33:00.476> I<18:33:00.720> think<18:33:00.900> you<18:33:01.080> need

excellent you probably I think you need

excellent you probably I think you need
to<18:33:01.320> do<18:33:01.436> the<18:33:01.680> CC<18:33:02.040> and<18:33:02.336> a<18:33:02.580> first<18:33:02.820> or<18:33:03.064> at<18:33:03.244> least<18:33:03.360> one

to do the CC and a first or at least one

to do the CC and a first or at least one
of<18:33:03.720> the<18:33:03.900> CCNA<18:33:04.616> exams<18:33:05.156> the<18:33:06.420> um<18:33:06.420> icnd<18:33:07.196> one<18:33:07.500> would

of the CCNA exams the um icnd one would

of the CCNA exams the um icnd one would
do<18:33:08.280> check<18:33:08.516> so<18:33:09.296> what<18:33:09.476> is<18:33:09.656> it<18:33:09.836> bandwidth<18:33:10.436> attacks

do check so what is it bandwidth attacks

do check so what is it bandwidth attacks
connectivity<18:33:11.580> attacks<18:33:12.244> common<18:33:12.900> types<18:33:13.320> of

connectivity attacks common types of

connectivity attacks common types of
denial<18:33:13.744> of<18:33:13.976> service<18:33:14.156> attacks<18:33:14.836> what<18:33:15.836> is

denial of service attacks what is

denial of service attacks what is
distributed<18:33:17.100> denial<18:33:18.000> of<18:33:18.180> service

distributed denial of service

distributed denial of service
types<18:33:21.064> of<18:33:21.180> those<18:33:21.420> difference<18:33:21.836> between<18:33:22.460> a

types of those difference between a

types of those difference between a
denial<18:33:23.876> of<18:33:24.000> service<18:33:24.244> and<18:33:24.540> distributed

denial of service and distributed

denial of service and distributed
reflective<18:33:27.000> dos<18:33:27.960> attack<18:33:28.280> and<18:33:29.280> then<18:33:29.400> types<18:33:29.756> of

reflective dos attack and then types of

reflective dos attack and then types of
reflective<18:33:30.476> unintentional

reflective unintentional

reflective unintentional
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
physical<18:33:33.656> infrastructure<18:33:34.256> attacks<18:33:34.920> and<18:33:35.400> how

physical infrastructure attacks and how

physical infrastructure attacks and how
to<18:33:35.756> prevent<18:33:36.436> how<18:33:37.436> to<18:33:37.564> identify<18:33:37.976> denial<18:33:38.516> of

to prevent how to identify denial of

to prevent how to identify denial of
service<18:33:38.820> attack<18:33:39.116> just<18:33:39.836> bear<18:33:40.016> in<18:33:40.196> mind<18:33:40.320> this<18:33:40.500> is

service attack just bear in mind this is

service attack just bear in mind this is
an<18:33:40.796> overview<18:33:41.100> so<18:33:41.460> you<18:33:41.640> need<18:33:41.820> some<18:33:42.000> fairly

an overview so you need some fairly

an overview so you need some fairly
specific<18:33:43.320> training<18:33:44.040> on<18:33:45.064> um<18:33:45.064> hardening<18:33:45.780> your

specific training on um hardening your

specific training on um hardening your
network<18:33:46.220> and<18:33:47.220> also<18:33:47.400> identifying<18:33:48.180> and

network and also identifying and

network and also identifying and
troubleshooting<18:33:49.500> and<18:33:50.460> resolving<18:33:51.000> the<18:33:51.420> denial

troubleshooting and resolving the denial

troubleshooting and resolving the denial
service<18:33:52.256> attack

service attack

service attack
so<18:33:54.064> what<18:33:54.244> is<18:33:54.476> it<18:33:54.744> basically<18:33:55.744> refers<18:33:56.040> to<18:33:56.220> an

so what is it basically refers to an

so what is it basically refers to an
attack<18:33:56.460> on<18:33:56.696> a<18:33:56.876> computer<18:33:57.000> network<18:33:57.420> to<18:33:58.140> make<18:33:58.256> its

attack on a computer network to make its

attack on a computer network to make its
services<18:33:58.756> unavailable<18:33:59.756> to<18:34:00.540> legitimate<18:34:01.080> users

services unavailable to legitimate users

services unavailable to legitimate users
you've<18:34:03.000> heard<18:34:03.180> of<18:34:03.296> it<18:34:03.420> I'm<18:34:03.600> sure<18:34:03.780> in<18:34:04.256> the<18:34:04.376> Press

you've heard of it I'm sure in the Press

you've heard of it I'm sure in the Press
um

um

um
before<18:34:07.976> some<18:34:08.460> big<18:34:08.696> big<18:34:09.180> companies<18:34:09.540> have<18:34:09.656> been

before some big big companies have been

before some big big companies have been
attacked<18:34:10.080> before<18:34:10.640> Delilah<18:34:11.640> service

attacked before Delilah service

attacked before Delilah service
basically<18:34:12.360> attacks<18:34:12.780> the<18:34:13.016> network<18:34:13.256> with

basically attacks the network with

basically attacks the network with
useless<18:34:14.156> traffic

useless traffic

useless traffic
it's<18:34:16.500> a<18:34:16.796> type<18:34:16.976> of<18:34:17.100> cyber<18:34:17.516> threat

it's a type of cyber threat

it's a type of cyber threat
so<18:34:20.040> what<18:34:20.280> do<18:34:20.516> the<18:34:20.696> denial<18:34:21.116> attackers<18:34:21.656> actually

so what do the denial attackers actually

so what do the denial attackers actually
put<18:34:22.140> their<18:34:22.256> effort<18:34:22.500> into<18:34:22.920> doing<18:34:23.336> preventing

put their effort into doing preventing

put their effort into doing preventing
um<18:34:25.256> legitimate<18:34:25.976> users<18:34:26.336> such<18:34:26.580> as<18:34:26.696> members<18:34:27.064> of

um legitimate users such as members of

um legitimate users such as members of
the<18:34:27.360> public<18:34:27.476> or<18:34:27.900> employees<18:34:28.696> from<18:34:29.720> accessing

the public or employees from accessing

the public or employees from accessing
Network<18:34:31.196> Services

Network Services

Network Services
emails<18:34:33.180> websites<18:34:33.960> online<18:34:34.320> banking<18:34:35.280> Etc

usually the denial of service attacks

usually the denial of service attacks
occur<18:34:41.336> when<18:34:41.516> the<18:34:41.696> attacker<18:34:42.064> floods<18:34:42.600> a

occur when the attacker floods a

occur when the attacker floods a
particular<18:34:43.256> network<18:34:43.564> with<18:34:44.100> a<18:34:44.280> huge<18:34:44.516> amount<18:34:44.696> of

particular network with a huge amount of

particular network with a huge amount of
traffic

traffic

traffic
so<18:34:46.616> for<18:34:46.796> example<18:34:47.040> to<18:34:47.220> access<18:34:47.400> a<18:34:47.696> website<18:34:47.936> we

so for example to access a website we

so for example to access a website we
type<18:34:48.360> in<18:34:48.540> the<18:34:48.656> URL<18:34:49.080> you<18:34:49.500> send<18:34:49.680> a<18:34:49.860> request<18:34:50.100> to

type in the URL you send a request to

type in the URL you send a request to
the<18:34:50.516> web<18:34:51.116> server

the web server

the web server
web<18:34:52.564> server<18:34:52.976> can<18:34:53.156> only<18:34:53.336> process<18:34:53.756> a<18:34:54.180> limited

web server can only process a limited

web server can only process a limited
number<18:34:54.836> of<18:34:55.016> requests<18:34:55.500> at<18:34:55.616> a<18:34:55.796> given<18:34:56.100> time<18:34:56.280> now

number of requests at a given time now

number of requests at a given time now
there's<18:34:57.360> a<18:34:57.540> whole<18:34:57.656> bunch<18:34:57.780> of<18:34:57.900> things<18:34:58.140> that<18:34:58.436> can

there's a whole bunch of things that can

there's a whole bunch of things that can
go<18:34:58.860> on<18:34:59.100> for<18:34:59.460> example<18:34:59.836> uh<18:35:00.836> load<18:35:01.140> balancing<18:35:01.696> and

go on for example uh load balancing and

go on for example uh load balancing and
then<18:35:03.000> CDN<18:35:03.780> cloning<18:35:04.320> the<18:35:04.976> uh<18:35:05.820> website<18:35:06.296> copies

then CDN cloning the uh website copies

then CDN cloning the uh website copies
all<18:35:07.016> over<18:35:07.140> the<18:35:07.320> web<18:35:07.436> but<18:35:07.680> even<18:35:07.920> so

all over the web but even so

all over the web but even so
and<18:35:09.836> there's<18:35:10.564> only<18:35:10.744> a<18:35:10.920> finite<18:35:11.280> amount<18:35:11.640> of

and there's only a finite amount of

and there's only a finite amount of
resources<18:35:12.500> dedicated<18:35:13.500> to<18:35:14.220> all<18:35:14.400> these

resources dedicated to all these

resources dedicated to all these
Solutions<18:35:15.064> and<18:35:15.656> they<18:35:16.016> can<18:35:16.140> be<18:35:16.256> used<18:35:16.436> up

when the attacker burdens the server

when the attacker burdens the server
we're<18:35:20.820> too<18:35:20.936> many<18:35:21.116> requests<18:35:21.600> the<18:35:21.720> web<18:35:21.900> server

we're too many requests the web server

we're too many requests the web server
is<18:35:22.256> unable<18:35:22.564> to<18:35:22.744> process<18:35:23.220> the<18:35:23.640> legitimate<18:35:24.244> ones

is unable to process the legitimate ones

is unable to process the legitimate ones
as<18:35:25.436> a<18:35:25.564> result<18:35:25.616> you<18:35:26.040> can't<18:35:26.220> access<18:35:26.640> it<18:35:27.064> and

as a result you can't access it and

as a result you can't access it and
that's<18:35:27.780> called<18:35:28.016> the<18:35:28.196> denial<18:35:28.616> of<18:35:28.744> service

that's called the denial of service

that's called the denial of service
good<18:35:30.296> you<18:35:30.600> can<18:35:30.720> then<18:35:30.900> Google<18:35:31.376> denial<18:35:31.920> of

good you can then Google denial of

good you can then Google denial of
service<18:35:32.280> attacks<18:35:32.756> and<18:35:32.876> look<18:35:33.000> at<18:35:33.116> all<18:35:33.244> the<18:35:33.420> news

service attacks and look at all the news

service attacks and look at all the news
stories<18:35:34.016> over<18:35:34.196> the<18:35:34.436> past<18:35:34.616> few<18:35:35.460> years

and messages to establish a similar

and messages to establish a similar
attack<18:35:41.516> only<18:35:42.420> limited<18:35:43.080> the<18:35:43.256> number<18:35:43.436> of<18:35:43.616> emails

attack only limited the number of emails

attack only limited the number of emails
are<18:35:44.100> allowed<18:35:44.460> in<18:35:44.696> your<18:35:44.876> corporate<18:35:45.360> accounts

are allowed in your corporate accounts

are allowed in your corporate accounts
usually<18:35:46.140> mind<18:35:46.500> you<18:35:46.680> even<18:35:46.920> large

usually mind you even large

usually mind you even large
um<18:35:49.080> free<18:35:49.564> providers<18:35:50.040> like<18:35:50.420> Gmail<18:35:51.420> have<18:35:52.196> got<18:35:52.376> a

um free providers like Gmail have got a

um free providers like Gmail have got a
limited<18:35:52.860> amount<18:35:53.460> of<18:35:54.000> um<18:35:54.064> storage

limited amount of um storage

limited amount of um storage
so<18:35:56.876> as<18:35:57.064> a<18:35:57.244> result<18:35:57.360> the<18:35:57.720> attacker<18:35:58.196> can<18:35:58.436> stop<18:35:58.564> the

so as a result the attacker can stop the

so as a result the attacker can stop the
users<18:35:59.040> getting<18:35:59.336> legitimate<18:36:00.180> access<18:36:00.420> to<18:36:01.320> their

users getting legitimate access to their

users getting legitimate access to their
account

account

account
and<18:36:03.540> in<18:36:03.836> an<18:36:04.016> email<18:36:04.140> bomb<18:36:04.564> the<18:36:04.860> denial<18:36:05.220> of

and in an email bomb the denial of

and in an email bomb the denial of
service<18:36:05.640> attack<18:36:05.936> the<18:36:06.360> attacker<18:36:06.656> send<18:36:06.836> a<18:36:07.080> lot

service attack the attacker send a lot

service attack the attacker send a lot
of<18:36:07.320> spam<18:36:07.500> emails<18:36:08.040> and<18:36:08.156> they<18:36:08.336> disable<18:36:08.580> the

of spam emails and they disable the

of spam emails and they disable the
actual<18:36:09.180> email<18:36:09.656> server<18:36:10.196> rather<18:36:10.564> than<18:36:10.744> just<18:36:10.976> an

actual email server rather than just an

actual email server rather than just an
account<18:36:11.336> on<18:36:12.296> the<18:36:12.476> server

account on the server

account on the server
generally<18:36:15.000> not<18:36:15.296> concerned<18:36:15.780> with<18:36:15.960> stealing

generally not concerned with stealing

generally not concerned with stealing
information<18:36:16.616> it's<18:36:17.220> just<18:36:17.460> quite<18:36:17.580> an

information it's just quite an

information it's just quite an
aggressive<18:36:18.180> way<18:36:18.360> of<18:36:18.540> bringing<18:36:18.900> down<18:36:19.016> a

aggressive way of bringing down a

aggressive way of bringing down a
particular<18:36:19.564> service

particular service

particular service
it<18:36:21.244> could<18:36:21.420> be<18:36:21.600> a<18:36:21.780> person<18:36:22.016> a<18:36:22.680> business<18:36:23.040> or<18:36:23.460> an

it could be a person a business or an

it could be a person a business or an
entire<18:36:23.936> company

entire company

entire company
they<18:36:25.920> can<18:36:26.100> attack<18:36:26.220> and<18:36:26.460> Destroy<18:36:26.820> files<18:36:27.116> in

they can attack and Destroy files in

they can attack and Destroy files in
affected<18:36:27.720> computer<18:36:28.140> system<18:36:28.976> or<18:36:29.220> Network

affected computer system or Network

affected computer system or Network
and<18:36:31.256> some<18:36:31.500> situations<18:36:32.040> the<18:36:32.400> Denali<18:36:32.820> service

and some situations the Denali service

and some situations the Denali service
stack<18:36:33.476> actually<18:36:33.656> affects<18:36:34.140> the<18:36:34.256> website

stack actually affects the website

stack actually affects the website
um accessed<18:36:36.064> by<18:36:36.244> the<18:36:36.476> users

um accessed by the users

um accessed by the users
most<18:36:39.296> uh<18:36:39.600> denial<18:36:40.016> of<18:36:40.196> service<18:36:40.320> attacks<18:36:40.796> are

most uh denial of service attacks are

most uh denial of service attacks are
aimed<18:36:41.280> at<18:36:41.400> the<18:36:41.820> computers<18:36:42.244> Network<18:36:42.476> bandwidth

aimed at the computers Network bandwidth

aimed at the computers Network bandwidth
connectivity

connectivity

connectivity
our<18:36:45.420> resources<18:36:46.016> also<18:36:46.500> server<18:36:47.460> resources

our resources also server resources

our resources also server resources
bandwidth<18:36:50.336> attacks<18:36:50.696> on<18:36:50.876> the<18:36:51.116> computer<18:36:51.420> or

bandwidth attacks on the computer or

bandwidth attacks on the computer or
network<18:36:52.080> with<18:36:52.376> a<18:36:52.564> huge<18:36:52.796> amount<18:36:53.040> of<18:36:53.156> traffic

network with a huge amount of traffic

network with a huge amount of traffic
huge<18:36:54.244> burst<18:36:54.600> of<18:36:54.720> traffic<18:36:55.336> legitimate<18:36:56.336> users

huge burst of traffic legitimate users

huge burst of traffic legitimate users
can't<18:36:56.936> access<18:36:57.360> every<18:36:58.080> network<18:36:58.436> resources

the connectivity attacks harm the

the connectivity attacks harm the
computer<18:37:03.296> with<18:37:03.656> a<18:37:03.836> large<18:37:04.016> amount<18:37:04.796> of

computer with a large amount of

computer with a large amount of
connection<18:37:05.280> requests

connection requests

connection requests
available<18:37:07.860> operating<18:37:08.460> system<18:37:08.820> resources<18:37:09.720> are

available operating system resources are

available operating system resources are
quickly<18:37:10.256> consumed<18:37:10.860> and<18:37:11.400> the<18:37:11.580> computers

quickly consumed and the computers

quickly consumed and the computers
enable<18:37:12.244> once<18:37:12.720> again<18:37:12.836> to<18:37:13.500> perform<18:37:13.616> legitimate

enable once again to perform legitimate

enable once again to perform legitimate
requests

requests

requests
another<18:37:16.796> common<18:37:17.156> type<18:37:17.460> of<18:37:17.640> denial<18:37:18.064> of<18:37:18.180> service

another common type of denial of service

another common type of denial of service
attack<18:37:18.600> is<18:37:18.836> a<18:37:19.016> buffer<18:37:19.320> overflow<18:37:19.920> all<18:37:20.696> devices

attack is a buffer overflow all devices

attack is a buffer overflow all devices
routers<18:37:21.836> switches<18:37:22.616> have<18:37:23.580> buffers<18:37:24.064> that

routers switches have buffers that

routers switches have buffers that
manage<18:37:24.836> a<18:37:25.080> temporary

manage a temporary

manage a temporary
excess<18:37:27.244> amount<18:37:27.600> of<18:37:27.720> traffic

excess amount of traffic

excess amount of traffic
send<18:37:29.696> and<18:37:29.876> receive<18:37:30.180> buffers<18:37:30.656> and<18:37:31.016> if<18:37:31.196> these

send and receive buffers and if these

send and receive buffers and if these
buffers<18:37:31.744> are<18:37:31.920> actually<18:37:32.040> overflowed<18:37:32.640> then

buffers are actually overflowed then

buffers are actually overflowed then
depending<18:37:33.780> on<18:37:33.836> how<18:37:34.016> the<18:37:34.196> devices<18:37:34.500> are

depending on how the devices are

depending on how the devices are
configured<18:37:35.220> and<18:37:35.336> what<18:37:35.516> it<18:37:35.640> is<18:37:35.820> then<18:37:36.180> it's

configured and what it is then it's

configured and what it is then it's
going<18:37:36.656> to<18:37:36.720> cause<18:37:36.900> problems<18:37:37.564> and<18:37:37.744> packet<18:37:38.100> loss

going to cause problems and packet loss

going to cause problems and packet loss
the<18:37:39.600> sin<18:37:39.836> attacks<18:37:40.460> teardrop<18:37:41.460> attack

the sin attacks teardrop attack

the sin attacks teardrop attack
Smurf<18:37:44.040> attacks<18:37:44.780> viruses<18:37:45.780> a<18:37:46.256> whole<18:37:46.376> bunch

Smurf attacks viruses a whole bunch

Smurf attacks viruses a whole bunch
actually

actually

actually
the<18:37:48.064> buffer<18:37:48.420> overflow<18:37:48.900> is<18:37:49.016> the<18:37:49.256> most<18:37:49.436> used

the buffer overflow is the most used

the buffer overflow is the most used
distributes<18:37:50.936> of<18:37:51.064> a<18:37:51.244> huge<18:37:51.420> led<18:37:51.600> to<18:37:51.656> a<18:37:51.836> network

distributes of a huge led to a network

distributes of a huge led to a network
more<18:37:52.860> than<18:37:53.040> the<18:37:53.640> um<18:37:53.640> buffer<18:37:54.116> is<18:37:54.780> um<18:37:54.780> able<18:37:55.680> to

more than the um buffer is um able to

more than the um buffer is um able to
handle

handle

handle
when<18:37:57.600> the<18:37:57.780> attacker<18:37:58.080> has<18:37:58.256> awareness<18:37:58.680> about

when the attacker has awareness about

when the attacker has awareness about
the<18:37:59.040> weaknesses<18:37:59.460> of<18:37:59.580> the<18:37:59.696> target<18:37:59.876> system<18:38:00.296> or

the weaknesses of the target system or

the weaknesses of the target system or
network<18:38:00.780> that's<18:38:01.140> when<18:38:01.320> you'll<18:38:01.500> get<18:38:01.680> a<18:38:01.796> buffer

network that's when you'll get a buffer

network that's when you'll get a buffer
overflow<18:38:02.936> attack<18:38:03.180> and<18:38:03.960> they<18:38:04.140> can<18:38:04.516> Target

overflow attack and they can Target

overflow attack and they can Target
certain<18:38:06.476> vendors<18:38:07.256> or<18:38:07.564> certain<18:38:07.796> devices<18:38:08.280> such

certain vendors or certain devices such

certain vendors or certain devices such
as<18:38:09.116> Cisco<18:38:09.540> routers<18:38:10.080> or<18:38:10.744> uh<18:38:11.336> the<18:38:11.756> vendors

as Cisco routers or uh the vendors

as Cisco routers or uh the vendors
firewalls<18:38:13.196> Etc

firewalls Etc

firewalls Etc
once<18:38:14.820> when<18:38:15.000> the<18:38:15.116> attacker<18:38:15.420> simply<18:38:15.656> tries<18:38:15.900> to

once when the attacker simply tries to

once when the attacker simply tries to
attack<18:38:16.140> not<18:38:16.436> knowing<18:38:16.796> whether<18:38:16.976> it's<18:38:17.156> going<18:38:17.336> to

attack not knowing whether it's going to

attack not knowing whether it's going to
work<18:38:17.516> so<18:38:17.756> it's<18:38:18.000> a<18:38:18.244> quite<18:38:18.540> a<18:38:18.836> Brute<18:38:19.376> Force

work so it's a quite a Brute Force

work so it's a quite a Brute Force
attack

attack

attack
but<18:38:20.820> for<18:38:21.064> attacks<18:38:21.476> are<18:38:21.540> based<18:38:21.836> on<18:38:21.900> the<18:38:22.080> system

but for attacks are based on the system

but for attacks are based on the system
or<18:38:22.680> programs<18:38:23.220> above<18:38:23.580> their<18:38:23.876> characteristics

and other way distribute emails

and other way distribute emails
including<18:38:29.424> 256<18:38:30.424> character<18:38:30.960> file<18:38:31.192> names<18:38:31.504> which

including 256 character file names which

including 256 character file names which
all<18:38:32.040> take<18:38:32.336> a<18:38:32.760> matter<18:38:33.000> of<18:38:33.120> amount<18:38:33.480> of<18:38:33.600> time<18:38:33.720> to

all take a matter of amount of time to

all take a matter of amount of time to
process<18:38:34.440> so<18:38:35.336> the<18:38:35.576> huge<18:38:35.936> icmp<18:38:36.656> packets

process so the huge icmp packets

process so the huge icmp packets
email<18:38:39.784> messages<18:38:40.144> including<18:38:40.800> a<18:38:40.976> from

email messages including a from

email messages including a from
statement<18:38:41.640> that<18:38:42.176> is<18:38:42.296> more<18:38:42.536> characters<18:38:42.784> than

statement that is more characters than

statement that is more characters than
256<18:38:44.480> seems<18:38:45.480> to<18:38:45.536> be<18:38:45.656> the<18:38:45.896> limit<18:38:46.080> for<18:38:46.440> emails

now this is a sin and synark which you

now this is a sin and synark which you
should<18:38:52.856> be<18:38:53.040> familiar<18:38:53.400> with<18:38:53.576> from<18:38:54.176> the<18:38:54.656> network

should be familiar with from the network

should be familiar with from the network
of<18:38:56.216> a<18:38:56.824> plus<18:38:57.064> and<18:38:57.480> and<18:38:57.896> the<18:38:58.144> other<18:38:58.256> network

of a plus and and the other network

of a plus and and the other network
research<18:38:59.040> you've<18:38:59.280> done<18:38:59.400> this<18:38:59.640> is<18:38:59.760> what

research you've done this is what

research you've done this is what
happens<18:39:00.120> before<18:39:00.480> a<18:39:00.784> connection<18:39:00.960> can<18:39:01.856> actually

happens before a connection can actually

happens before a connection can actually
take<18:39:02.336> place<18:39:02.576> if<18:39:02.872> you're<18:39:03.000> using<18:39:03.296> TCP

take place if you're using TCP

take place if you're using TCP
so<18:39:05.696> with<18:39:05.936> a<18:39:06.176> cell<18:39:06.360> attack<18:39:06.536> the<18:39:06.832> attacker<18:39:07.144> sends

so with a cell attack the attacker sends

so with a cell attack the attacker sends
a<18:39:07.616> TCP<18:39:08.104> connection<18:39:08.280> request<18:39:08.872> faster<18:39:09.296> than<18:39:09.536> the

a TCP connection request faster than the

a TCP connection request faster than the
Target<18:39:09.960> computers<18:39:10.936> processing<18:39:11.936> speed<18:39:12.192> using

Target computers processing speed using

Target computers processing speed using
client<18:39:13.504> server<18:39:13.920> technology<18:39:14.336> it<18:39:15.120> begins<18:39:15.720> to

client server technology it begins to

client server technology it begins to
establish<18:39:16.320> a<18:39:16.680> three-way<18:39:17.040> handshake

establish a three-way handshake

establish a three-way handshake
so<18:39:18.896> you'd<18:39:19.144> have<18:39:19.320> a<18:39:19.504> sin<18:39:19.680> sinach<18:39:20.280> sin<18:39:21.176> and<18:39:21.360> there

so you'd have a sin sinach sin and there

so you'd have a sin sinach sin and there
should<18:39:21.784> be<18:39:21.960> an<18:39:22.256> acknowledgment<18:39:22.800> happens

should be an acknowledgment happens

should be an acknowledgment happens
before<18:39:24.176> the<18:39:24.720> data<18:39:25.080> sent

before the data sent

before the data sent
that<18:39:26.512> doesn't<18:39:26.640> actually<18:39:26.872> happen

that doesn't actually happen

that doesn't actually happen
so<18:39:29.160> client<18:39:29.400> sends<18:39:29.872> a<18:39:29.936> collection

so client sends a collection

so client sends a collection
establishment<18:39:30.784> using<18:39:31.192> the<18:39:31.440> sin<18:39:31.744> synchronized

establishment using the sin synchronized

establishment using the sin synchronized
message

message

message
a<18:39:33.896> server<18:39:34.320> can<18:39:35.104> then<18:39:35.336> send<18:39:35.696> a<18:39:35.936> sin

a server can then send a sin

a server can then send a sin
synchronization<18:39:37.192> acknowledgment<18:39:38.104> client

synchronization acknowledgment client

synchronization acknowledgment client
responds<18:39:39.360> with<18:39:39.480> an<18:39:39.656> act<18:39:39.896> an<18:39:40.192> act<18:39:40.376> message<18:39:40.680> and

responds with an act an act message and

responds with an act an act message and
the<18:39:41.464> connection<18:39:41.576> is<18:39:41.936> then<18:39:42.120> established

the connection is then established

the connection is then established
if<18:39:43.976> the<18:39:44.160> attacker<18:39:44.896> sends<18:39:45.896> repetitive<18:39:46.376> sin

if the attacker sends repetitive sin

if the attacker sends repetitive sin
packets<18:39:47.104> to<18:39:47.280> every<18:39:47.464> port<18:39:47.832> using<18:39:48.832> a<18:39:49.016> fake<18:39:49.144> IP

packets to every port using a fake IP

packets to every port using a fake IP
address<18:39:49.744> the<18:39:50.512> server<18:39:50.824> establishes

address the server establishes

address the server establishes
Communications

Communications

Communications
and<18:39:53.872> responds<18:39:54.360> to<18:39:54.424> all<18:39:54.536> requests<18:39:55.016> and<18:39:55.192> what<18:39:55.376> it

and responds to all requests and what it

and responds to all requests and what it
also<18:39:55.744> does<18:39:55.920> is<18:39:56.104> it<18:39:56.576> leaves<18:39:56.936> a

also does is it leaves a

also does is it leaves a
a<18:39:58.376> window<18:39:58.800> open<18:39:59.104> for<18:39:59.400> the<18:39:59.576> actual

a window open for the actual

a window open for the actual
Communications<18:40:01.144> to<18:40:01.440> take<18:40:01.680> place<18:40:01.856> so<18:40:02.216> for<18:40:02.824> each

Communications to take place so for each

Communications to take place so for each
request<18:40:03.656> in<18:40:03.960> request<18:40:04.376> for<18:40:04.976> a<18:40:05.104> certain<18:40:05.280> period

request in request for a certain period

request in request for a certain period
of<18:40:05.760> time<18:40:06.000> depending<18:40:06.720> on<18:40:06.896> the<18:40:07.016> traffic<18:40:07.192> it<18:40:08.160> will

of time depending on the traffic it will

of time depending on the traffic it will
um Reserve<18:40:09.360> resources

um Reserve resources

um Reserve resources
replies<18:40:11.576> to<18:40:11.760> each<18:40:11.936> attempt<18:40:12.360> with<18:40:12.536> a<18:40:12.720> synap

replies to each attempt with a synap

replies to each attempt with a synap
packet<18:40:13.440> from<18:40:13.680> every<18:40:13.920> open<18:40:14.160> port

packet from every open port

packet from every open port
okay<18:40:16.496> teardrop<18:40:17.216> account<18:40:17.400> attack<18:40:18.360> sends

okay teardrop account attack sends

okay teardrop account attack sends
fragmented<18:40:19.440> packets<18:40:19.800> to<18:40:20.040> a<18:40:20.216> Target<18:40:20.464> computer

fragmented packets to a Target computer

fragmented packets to a Target computer
when<18:40:22.856> the<18:40:22.976> computer<18:40:23.160> receives<18:40:23.696> the<18:40:23.872> packets

when the computer receives the packets

when the computer receives the packets
it's<18:40:24.480> enabled<18:40:24.960> to<18:40:25.080> reassemble<18:40:25.616> them<18:40:25.744> because

it's enabled to reassemble them because

it's enabled to reassemble them because
of<18:40:26.160> the<18:40:26.336> following

of the following

of the following
a<18:40:27.784> bug<18:40:27.960> in<18:40:28.144> the<18:40:28.320> TCP<18:40:28.744> fragment<18:40:29.464> reassembly

a bug in the TCP fragment reassembly

a bug in the TCP fragment reassembly
overlapping<18:40:32.104> packets

overlapping packets

overlapping packets
crashing<18:40:34.016> of<18:40:34.192> network<18:40:34.560> devices

crashing of network devices

crashing of network devices
can<18:40:36.480> usually<18:40:36.832> happen<18:40:37.016> on<18:40:37.440> older<18:40:37.800> operating

can usually happen on older operating

can usually happen on older operating
systems<18:40:38.696> some<18:40:39.480> of<18:40:39.656> you<18:40:39.656> might<18:40:39.832> remember<18:40:40.192> these

systems some of you might remember these

systems some of you might remember these
three<18:40:40.856> Windows<18:40:41.696> 3.1<18:40:42.504> Windows<18:40:43.504> 95

three Windows 3.1 Windows 95

three Windows 3.1 Windows 95
Windows<18:40:45.896> NT<18:40:46.320> and<18:40:47.160> some<18:40:47.336> versions<18:40:47.760> of<18:40:47.872> fair

Windows NT and some versions of fair

Windows NT and some versions of fair
Linux

some Earth attacks is where the attacker

some Earth attacks is where the attacker
fluids<18:40:53.280> the<18:40:53.336> victim's<18:40:53.760> computer<18:40:53.936> with<18:40:54.296> ping

fluids the victim's computer with ping

fluids the victim's computer with ping
packets<18:40:55.104> the<18:40:56.104> attack<18:40:56.216> initiates<18:40:56.872> the<18:40:57.176> attack

packets the attack initiates the attack

packets the attack initiates the attack
by<18:40:57.656> sending<18:40:57.960> a<18:40:58.080> ping<18:40:58.256> request<18:40:58.680> and<18:40:59.512> then

by sending a ping request and then

by sending a ping request and then
spoofs<18:41:00.120> the<18:41:00.296> destination<18:41:00.720> address<18:41:01.080> ping

spoofs the destination address ping

spoofs the destination address ping
replies<18:41:02.280> are<18:41:02.512> sent<18:41:02.640> to<18:41:02.824> the<18:41:03.000> victim's

replies are sent to the victim's

replies are sent to the victim's
computer<18:41:03.784> address

since the Ping request is addressed to

since the Ping request is addressed to
the<18:41:09.896> broadcast<18:41:10.144> address<18:41:10.560> all<18:41:10.920> computers<18:41:11.400> in

the broadcast address all computers in

the broadcast address all computers in
the<18:41:11.760> network<18:41:11.872> have<18:41:12.424> to<18:41:12.600> respond<18:41:12.960> and

the network have to respond and

the network have to respond and
um each<18:41:15.240> packet<18:41:15.600> is<18:41:15.832> opened<18:41:16.320> and<18:41:16.560> checked<18:41:17.104> and

um each packet is opened and checked and

um each packet is opened and checked and
to<18:41:17.696> see<18:41:17.824> if<18:41:17.936> it's<18:41:18.176> the<18:41:18.424> destination

to see if it's the destination

to see if it's the destination
as<18:41:21.120> a<18:41:21.240> result<18:41:21.296> the<18:41:21.600> victim<18:41:21.784> can't<18:41:22.016> receive<18:41:22.440> any

as a result the victim can't receive any

as a result the victim can't receive any
genuine<18:41:23.280> traffic<18:41:23.464> because<18:41:23.824> it's<18:41:24.064> already

genuine traffic because it's already

genuine traffic because it's already
flooded<18:41:24.896> with<18:41:25.080> ping<18:41:25.376> packets

uh technique of assigning a network

uh technique of assigning a network
packet<18:41:30.424> with<18:41:30.600> a<18:41:30.720> file<18:41:30.832> side<18:41:31.080> P<18:41:31.256> address<18:41:31.504> is

packet with a file side P address is

packet with a file side P address is
called<18:41:32.160> spoofing

computer viruses these are distributed

computer viruses these are distributed
and<18:41:38.872> spread<18:41:39.240> throughout<18:41:39.536> the<18:41:39.720> network<18:41:39.896> in<18:41:40.376> a

and spread throughout the network in a

and spread throughout the network in a
number<18:41:40.800> of<18:41:40.976> ways

the attacker uses and controls the

the attacker uses and controls the
victim's<18:41:46.920> computer<18:41:47.160> to<18:41:47.576> attack<18:41:47.696> somebody

victim's computer to attack somebody

victim's computer to attack somebody
else's<18:41:48.744> low<18:41:49.744> and<18:41:49.976> weak<18:41:50.400> uh<18:41:50.760> security<18:41:51.000> network

else's low and weak uh security network

else's low and weak uh security network
security<18:41:52.192> and<18:41:53.104> some<18:41:53.216> device<18:41:53.464> some<18:41:54.000> devices

security and some device some devices

security and some device some devices
you're<18:41:54.600> waiting<18:41:55.016> to<18:41:55.192> have<18:41:55.920> patches<18:41:56.336> applied

you're waiting to have patches applied

you're waiting to have patches applied
to<18:41:56.936> or<18:41:57.176> they<18:41:57.360> haven't<18:41:57.480> rebooted<18:41:58.080> after<18:41:58.320> up<18:41:59.160> and

to or they haven't rebooted after up and

to or they haven't rebooted after up and
downloading<18:42:00.176> some<18:42:00.360> updates<18:42:00.720> or<18:42:00.896> whatever<18:42:01.016> and

downloading some updates or whatever and

downloading some updates or whatever and
this<18:42:01.440> is<18:42:01.560> when<18:42:01.680> they<18:42:01.800> become<18:42:02.104> vulnerable

this is when they become vulnerable

this is when they become vulnerable
attacker<18:42:04.376> floods<18:42:04.744> they<18:42:04.856> target<18:42:05.040> competes

attacker floods they target competes

attacker floods they target competes
with<18:42:05.640> a<18:42:05.696> huge<18:42:05.872> amount<18:42:06.120> of<18:42:06.240> data<18:42:06.536> to<18:42:06.784> a

with a huge amount of data to a

with a huge amount of data to a
particular<18:42:07.256> site<18:42:07.560> or<18:42:07.976> spam<18:42:08.280> emails<18:42:08.872> using<18:42:09.600> a

particular site or spam emails using a

particular site or spam emails using a
victim's<18:42:10.192> computer<18:42:10.640> so<18:42:11.640> the<18:42:11.824> name

victim's computer so the name

victim's computer so the name
distributed<18:42:12.720> indicates<18:42:13.616> the<18:42:13.800> attacker<18:42:14.216> uses

distributed indicates the attacker uses

distributed indicates the attacker uses
multiple<18:42:15.000> host<18:42:15.240> computers

multiple host computers

multiple host computers
uh<18:42:17.400> this<18:42:17.640> is<18:42:17.760> to<18:42:18.000> throw

uh this is to throw

uh this is to throw
um<18:42:19.376> others<18:42:20.040> off<18:42:20.160> the<18:42:20.336> trail<18:42:20.512> and<18:42:20.824> make<18:42:21.000> it

um others off the trail and make it

um others off the trail and make it
harder<18:42:21.720> to<18:42:22.080> actually<18:42:22.320> identify<18:42:22.920> the<18:42:23.160> attack

harder to actually identify the attack

harder to actually identify the attack
because<18:42:24.000> the<18:42:24.600> um<18:42:24.600> victims<18:42:25.144> are<18:42:25.504> actually

because the um victims are actually

because the um victims are actually
legitimate<18:42:26.400> systems<18:42:27.240> on<18:42:27.424> the<18:42:27.600> hosts

legitimate systems on the hosts

legitimate systems on the hosts
the<18:42:29.216> attacker<18:42:29.640> can<18:42:29.824> increase<18:42:29.936> the

the attacker can increase the

the attacker can increase the
effectiveness<18:42:30.784> using<18:42:31.320> client<18:42:31.560> server

effectiveness using client server

effectiveness using client server
technology

technology

technology
in<18:42:34.144> distributed<18:42:34.616> denial<18:42:34.976> of<18:42:35.160> service

in distributed denial of service

in distributed denial of service
master<18:42:36.896> program<18:42:37.256> or<18:42:37.560> software<18:42:37.920> is<18:42:38.040> installed

master program or software is installed

master program or software is installed
on<18:42:38.464> one<18:42:38.696> computer<18:42:39.256> normally<18:42:40.256> they<18:42:41.040> use<18:42:41.216> a

on one computer normally they use a

on one computer normally they use a
stolen<18:42:41.872> login<18:42:42.120> credentials

stolen login credentials

stolen login credentials
now<18:42:45.424> it<18:42:45.656> may<18:42:46.080> not<18:42:46.192> happen<18:42:46.376> immediately<18:42:47.104> but<18:42:47.576> at

now it may not happen immediately but at

now it may not happen immediately but at
some<18:42:48.176> particular<18:42:48.536> time<18:42:48.784> the<18:42:49.016> master<18:42:49.144> program

some particular time the master program

some particular time the master program
communicates<18:42:50.696> with<18:42:50.872> other<18:42:51.064> agent<18:42:51.480> programs

communicates with other agent programs

communicates with other agent programs
that<18:42:51.960> install<18:42:52.256> the<18:42:52.560> computers<18:42:52.976> anywhere<18:42:53.464> on

that install the computers anywhere on

that install the computers anywhere on
the<18:42:53.824> internet

the internet

the internet
when<18:42:55.144> the<18:42:55.320> ages<18:42:55.616> receive<18:42:55.976> their<18:42:56.160> command<18:42:56.512> they

when the ages receive their command they

when the ages receive their command they
start<18:42:56.936> to<18:42:57.120> attack

start to attack

start to attack
the<18:42:59.760> master<18:42:59.872> program<18:43:00.296> is<18:43:00.784> able<18:43:01.016> to<18:43:01.144> spread

the master program is able to spread

the master program is able to spread
thousands<18:43:01.920> of<18:43:02.104> agent<18:43:02.464> programs<18:43:02.872> within

thousands of agent programs within

thousands of agent programs within
seconds<18:43:03.480> using<18:43:04.016> client<18:43:04.320> server<18:43:04.744> technology

so some characteristics of distributed

so some characteristics of distributed
denial<18:43:13.440> of<18:43:13.616> service<18:43:13.800> attacks<18:43:14.400> a<18:43:15.120> botnet

denial of service attacks a botnet

denial of service attacks a botnet
traffic<18:43:16.256> spite<18:43:17.064> coordinated<18:43:18.064> attack

so if you can see that there's a

so if you can see that there's a
attacking<18:43:22.920> machine<18:43:23.104> at<18:43:23.400> the<18:43:23.512> top<18:43:23.640> there<18:43:23.872> and

attacking machine at the top there and

attacking machine at the top there and
handlers<18:43:25.144> and<18:43:25.320> compromise<18:43:25.800> systems

handlers and compromise systems

handlers and compromise systems
um going<18:43:28.496> down<18:43:28.744> to<18:43:28.856> the<18:43:28.976> targeted<18:43:29.512> services

um going down to the targeted services

um going down to the targeted services
or<18:43:30.424> servers<18:43:31.016> on<18:43:31.144> the<18:43:31.256> bottom<18:43:31.504> there

or servers on the bottom there

or servers on the bottom there
so<18:43:32.696> botnet<18:43:33.296> refers<18:43:33.720> to<18:43:33.896> a<18:43:34.016> group<18:43:34.192> of<18:43:34.320> computers

so botnet refers to a group of computers

so botnet refers to a group of computers
that<18:43:35.104> can<18:43:35.464> cooperate

that can cooperate

that can cooperate
also<18:43:37.976> known<18:43:38.104> as<18:43:38.336> zombies<18:43:38.696> in<18:43:38.936> this<18:43:39.120> context

at the botnet owners also known as

at the botnet owners also known as
herders<18:43:44.336> they<18:43:44.576> manage<18:43:44.936> computers<18:43:45.360> in<18:43:45.656> their

herders they manage computers in their

herders they manage computers in their
botnet<18:43:46.320> botners<18:43:47.216> used<18:43:47.464> to<18:43:47.696> send<18:43:47.872> spam<18:43:48.296> emails

botnet botners used to send spam emails

botnet botners used to send spam emails
or<18:43:49.080> to<18:43:49.256> participate<18:43:49.744> in<18:43:49.920> distributed<18:43:50.512> denial

or to participate in distributed denial

or to participate in distributed denial
of<18:43:51.120> service<18:43:51.296> attack

of service attack

of service attack
so<18:43:52.800> this<18:43:52.920> is<18:43:53.040> why<18:43:53.576> it<18:43:53.824> can<18:43:53.936> be<18:43:54.064> so<18:43:54.240> difficult

so this is why it can be so difficult

so this is why it can be so difficult
because<18:43:54.832> all<18:43:55.080> these<18:43:55.376> legitimate<18:43:55.920> devices<18:43:56.480> at

because all these legitimate devices at

because all these legitimate devices at
some<18:43:57.656> point<18:43:57.832> of<18:43:58.080> time<18:43:58.192> when<18:43:58.496> there's<18:43:58.680> a

some point of time when there's a

some point of time when there's a
trigger<18:43:59.216> it's<18:43:59.512> a<18:43:59.760> like<18:44:00.240> a<18:44:00.360> timer<18:44:00.600> or<18:44:01.560> it's<18:44:01.680> time

trigger it's a like a timer or it's time

trigger it's a like a timer or it's time
when<18:44:02.040> everyone's<18:44:02.400> off<18:44:02.576> work<18:44:02.832> or<18:44:03.832> on<18:44:04.080> a

when everyone's off work or on a

when everyone's off work or on a
Saturday<18:44:04.616> night<18:44:05.040> on<18:44:05.640> a<18:44:05.760> bank<18:44:05.872> holiday<18:44:06.120> they'll

Saturday night on a bank holiday they'll

Saturday night on a bank holiday they'll
start<18:44:07.080> their<18:44:07.320> attack

traffic spy overloads the victim's

traffic spy overloads the victim's
Network<18:44:11.936> or<18:44:12.240> server<18:44:12.600> in<18:44:13.016> order<18:44:13.144> to

Network or server in order to

Network or server in order to
its<18:44:14.040> services<18:44:14.160> and<18:44:14.640> resources

its services and resources

its services and resources
as<18:44:16.256> a<18:44:16.440> result<18:44:16.496> the<18:44:16.856> legitimate<18:44:17.336> user<18:44:17.696> will<18:44:17.872> not

as a result the legitimate user will not

as a result the legitimate user will not
be<18:44:18.360> able<18:44:18.720> to<18:44:18.896> access<18:44:19.080> the<18:44:19.504> service

be able to access the service

be able to access the service
they<18:44:21.896> use<18:44:22.080> when<18:44:22.320> people<18:44:22.560> are<18:44:22.856> coordinated<18:44:23.400> to

they use when people are coordinated to

they use when people are coordinated to
carry<18:44:23.936> out<18:44:24.000> the<18:44:24.176> attack<18:44:24.360> on<18:44:24.720> a<18:44:24.832> site<18:44:25.016> or<18:44:25.376> site

carry out the attack on a site or site

carry out the attack on a site or site
at<18:44:25.920> the<18:44:26.104> same<18:44:26.216> time

at the same time

at the same time
when<18:44:27.832> many<18:44:28.016> people<18:44:28.256> attack<18:44:28.496> the<18:44:28.744> server<18:44:29.104> the

when many people attack the server the

when many people attack the server the
web<18:44:29.576> Server<18:44:29.936> slows<18:44:30.360> down<18:44:30.536> or<18:44:30.784> gets<18:44:31.080> overloaded

web Server slows down or gets overloaded

web Server slows down or gets overloaded
it's<18:44:32.696> difficult<18:44:33.000> to<18:44:33.240> differentiate<18:44:33.896> such

it's difficult to differentiate such

it's difficult to differentiate such
attacks<18:44:34.680> from<18:44:34.920> the<18:44:35.160> normal<18:44:35.336> traffic

attacks from the normal traffic

attacks from the normal traffic
where<18:44:38.400> many<18:44:38.640> people<18:44:38.824> do<18:44:39.064> this<18:44:39.176> at<18:44:39.296> a<18:44:39.424> similar

where many people do this at a similar

where many people do this at a similar
time<18:44:39.832> the<18:44:40.080> web<18:44:40.192> Server<18:44:40.560> slows<18:44:40.976> down<18:44:41.160> or<18:44:41.576> gets

time the web Server slows down or gets

time the web Server slows down or gets
overloaded

overloaded

overloaded
uh<18:44:44.160> it's<18:44:44.400> difficult<18:44:44.760> to<18:44:45.176> identify<18:44:45.784> this<18:44:46.744> a

uh it's difficult to identify this a

uh it's difficult to identify this a
type<18:44:47.104> of<18:44:47.216> attack<18:44:47.400> from<18:44:47.696> normal<18:44:47.936> traffic<18:44:48.296> that

type of attack from normal traffic that

type of attack from normal traffic that
can<18:44:48.832> happen<18:44:48.960> and<18:44:49.192> obviously<18:44:49.616> you<18:44:49.744> do<18:44:49.856> get

can happen and obviously you do get

can happen and obviously you do get
spikes<18:44:50.640> on<18:44:51.424> networks<18:44:52.080> and<18:44:52.376> then<18:44:52.560> if<18:44:52.856> there's

spikes on networks and then if there's

spikes on networks and then if there's
updates<18:44:53.400> been<18:44:53.640> applied

updates been applied

updates been applied
to<18:44:55.376> the<18:44:55.560> servers<18:44:56.160> again<18:44:56.872> it<18:44:57.296> can

to the servers again it can

to the servers again it can
um<18:44:58.144> appear<18:44:58.800> to<18:44:59.336> be<18:44:59.464> slow<18:44:59.824> legitimately<18:45:00.656> slow

um appear to be slow legitimately slow

um appear to be slow legitimately slow
difference<18:45:03.240> between<18:45:03.480> denial<18:45:04.016> of<18:45:04.192> service<18:45:04.376> and

difference between denial of service and

difference between denial of service and
distributed

distributed

distributed
and<18:45:06.784> using<18:45:07.144> a<18:45:07.256> single<18:45:07.440> internet<18:45:07.552> connection

and using a single internet connection

and using a single internet connection
an<18:45:08.400> attacker<18:45:08.760> can<18:45:08.936> harm<18:45:09.176> a<18:45:09.360> network<18:45:09.536> in<18:45:10.080> a<18:45:10.192> Dos

an attacker can harm a network in a Dos

an attacker can harm a network in a Dos
attack

attack

attack
launching<18:45:12.480> multiple<18:45:12.832> connected<18:45:13.320> devices

launching multiple connected devices

launching multiple connected devices
that<18:45:14.280> are<18:45:14.512> distributed<18:45:15.056> is<18:45:15.480> a<18:45:15.720> distributed

that are distributed is a distributed

that are distributed is a distributed
denial<18:45:16.920> of<18:45:17.040> service<18:45:17.336> attack

denial of service attack

denial of service attack
uh<18:45:20.336> the<18:45:20.760> distributed<18:45:21.424> another<18:45:22.016> service<18:45:22.440> also

uh the distributed another service also

uh the distributed another service also
differs<18:45:23.336> in<18:45:23.640> the<18:45:24.000> attacks<18:45:24.360> that<18:45:24.480> perform

differs in the attacks that perform

differs in the attacks that perform
using<18:45:25.080> botnets

um including mobile phones routers PCS

um including mobile phones routers PCS
Etc

Etc

Etc
Denali<18:45:32.760> service<18:45:32.936> attacks<18:45:33.424> can<18:45:33.536> harm<18:45:33.784> a<18:45:33.960> single

Denali service attacks can harm a single

Denali service attacks can harm a single
machine<18:45:34.376> or<18:45:34.976> they<18:45:35.400> can<18:45:35.512> attack<18:45:35.696> an<18:45:36.000> entire

machine or they can attack an entire

machine or they can attack an entire
network

network

network
moving<18:45:39.536> on<18:45:39.656> to<18:45:39.832> the<18:45:40.016> reflective<18:45:40.744> Amplified

moving on to the reflective Amplified

moving on to the reflective Amplified
denial<18:45:41.936> of<18:45:42.120> service

denial of service

denial of service
the<18:45:44.216> reflective<18:45:44.640> user<18:45:45.000> third-party<18:45:45.536> machines

the reflective user third-party machines

the reflective user third-party machines
to<18:45:46.192> attack<18:45:46.376> a<18:45:46.856> targeted<18:45:47.336> computer<18:45:47.640> so

to attack a targeted computer so

to attack a targeted computer so
basically<18:45:48.720> the<18:45:49.080> is<18:45:49.320> one<18:45:49.616> way<18:45:49.856> for<18:45:50.400> the

basically the is one way for the

basically the is one way for the
attacker<18:45:51.000> to<18:45:51.176> mask<18:45:51.424> their<18:45:51.832> identity

attacker to mask their identity

attacker to mask their identity
reflective<18:45:54.832> denial<18:45:55.320> service<18:45:55.552> attacks<18:45:56.040> use

reflective denial service attacks use

reflective denial service attacks use
third-party<18:45:56.824> servers<18:45:57.240> for<18:45:57.536> example<18:45:57.832> DNS

third-party servers for example DNS

third-party servers for example DNS
servers<18:45:58.976> to<18:45:59.576> attack<18:45:59.824> a<18:46:00.120> targeted<18:46:00.536> computer

servers to attack a targeted computer

servers to attack a targeted computer
the<18:46:02.160> attacker<18:46:02.464> sends<18:46:02.760> a<18:46:02.824> requested<18:46:03.176> the

the attacker sends a requested the

the attacker sends a requested the
reflector<18:46:03.720> server<18:46:04.256> or<18:46:04.496> servers<18:46:04.976> with<18:46:05.104> the<18:46:05.280> IP

reflector server or servers with the IP

reflector server or servers with the IP
address<18:46:05.760> of<18:46:06.000> the<18:46:06.176> target

address of the target

address of the target
and<18:46:07.376> what<18:46:07.552> it<18:46:07.680> does<18:46:07.856> is<18:46:07.976> overpowers<18:46:08.640> the

and what it does is overpowers the

and what it does is overpowers the
target<18:46:09.296> using<18:46:10.080> response<18:46:10.976> packets

target using response packets

target using response packets
an<18:46:13.320> example<18:46:13.680> is<18:46:13.920> a<18:46:14.160> DNS<18:46:14.576> response

type of reflective denial of service

type of reflective denial of service
attacks<18:46:21.424> DNS<18:46:21.960> amplification<18:46:22.872> Network<18:46:23.872> time

attacks DNS amplification Network time

attacks DNS amplification Network time
protocol<18:46:24.784> smurfing

protocol smurfing

protocol smurfing
mentioned<18:46:27.832> DNS<18:46:28.256> amplification<18:46:29.296> the<18:46:30.296> attack

mentioned DNS amplification the attack

mentioned DNS amplification the attack
explicit<18:46:31.504> DNS<18:46:31.976> server<18:46:32.336> to<18:46:32.512> make

explicit DNS server to make

explicit DNS server to make
um<18:46:33.656> change<18:46:34.376> small<18:46:34.744> requests<18:46:35.160> into

um change small requests into

um change small requests into
considerably<18:46:36.440> larger<18:46:37.440> payloads<18:46:38.104> this<18:46:38.576> can<18:46:38.760> be

considerably larger payloads this can be

considerably larger payloads this can be
used<18:46:39.056> to<18:46:39.296> overthrow<18:46:39.720> the<18:46:40.080> victim's<18:46:40.552> servers

used to overthrow the victim's servers

used to overthrow the victim's servers
Network<18:46:43.616> time<18:46:44.104> the<18:46:44.936> attacker<18:46:45.296> exploits<18:46:45.832> a

Network time the attacker exploits a

Network time the attacker exploits a
widely<18:46:46.376> accessible<18:46:46.744> Network<18:46:46.976> time<18:46:47.400> servers

widely accessible Network time servers

widely accessible Network time servers
and<18:46:48.896> destroys<18:46:49.320> the<18:46:49.504> targeted<18:46:49.856> computer<18:46:50.040> with

and destroys the targeted computer with

and destroys the targeted computer with
UDP<18:46:51.000> traffic<18:46:51.296> which<18:46:51.960> is<18:46:52.080> what<18:46:52.256> ntp<18:46:52.744> uses

UDP traffic which is what ntp uses

UDP traffic which is what ntp uses
uh<18:46:55.680> can<18:46:55.976> they're<18:46:56.280> not<18:46:56.512> all<18:46:56.640> intentional<18:46:57.120> they

uh can they're not all intentional they

uh can they're not all intentional they
can<18:46:57.536> be<18:46:57.656> unintentional<18:46:58.320> this<18:46:58.680> is<18:46:58.800> when<18:46:58.976> a

can be unintentional this is when a

can be unintentional this is when a
server<18:46:59.400> crashes<18:46:59.824> for<18:47:00.000> example<18:47:00.296> can't<18:47:01.192> provide

server crashes for example can't provide

server crashes for example can't provide
services<18:47:02.400> because<18:47:02.936> of<18:47:03.120> traffic<18:47:03.360> from

services because of traffic from

services because of traffic from
legitimate<18:47:04.320> users

legitimate users

legitimate users
uh<18:47:06.056> again<18:47:06.240> have<18:47:06.536> a<18:47:06.720> look<18:47:06.784> there's<18:47:07.256> a<18:47:07.552> whole

uh again have a look there's a whole

uh again have a look there's a whole
bunch<18:47:07.976> of<18:47:08.216> quite

bunch of quite

bunch of quite
um<18:47:10.016> well<18:47:10.320> reported<18:47:10.920> and<18:47:11.104> embarrassing

um well reported and embarrassing

um well reported and embarrassing
examples<18:47:12.056> for<18:47:12.360> government<18:47:12.656> and<18:47:13.080> private

examples for government and private

examples for government and private
companies<18:47:14.104> large<18:47:14.512> companies

companies large companies

companies large companies
so<18:47:16.320> in<18:47:16.440> a<18:47:16.616> popular<18:47:16.744> website<18:47:17.216> hosted<18:47:17.696> news<18:47:18.000> on<18:47:18.424> a

so in a popular website hosted news on a

so in a popular website hosted news on a
less<18:47:19.080> equipped<18:47:19.552> secondary<18:47:19.976> site<18:47:20.216> the<18:47:20.464> server

less equipped secondary site the server

less equipped secondary site the server
on<18:47:21.000> that<18:47:21.240> side<18:47:21.424> won't<18:47:22.080> be<18:47:22.256> able<18:47:22.320> to<18:47:22.440> handle<18:47:22.680> the

on that side won't be able to handle the

on that side won't be able to handle the
traffic<18:47:23.040> especially<18:47:23.640> if<18:47:23.760> there's<18:47:23.936> a<18:47:24.120> big

traffic especially if there's a big

traffic especially if there's a big
breaking<18:47:24.656> news<18:47:24.832> story<18:47:25.256> going<18:47:25.616> on

a person physically attacks the

a person physically attacks the
infrastructure<18:47:30.176> of<18:47:30.360> an<18:47:30.536> organization<18:47:31.080> when

infrastructure of an organization when

infrastructure of an organization when
it's<18:47:31.552> a<18:47:31.744> physical<18:47:31.920> attack

it's a physical attack

it's a physical attack
example<18:47:34.144> is<18:47:34.376> they<18:47:34.680> snip<18:47:35.104> or<18:47:35.216> destroy<18:47:35.640> a<18:47:35.760> fiber

example is they snip or destroy a fiber

example is they snip or destroy a fiber
optic<18:47:36.360> cable

optic cable

optic cable
again<18:47:38.104> these<18:47:38.576> I<18:47:38.760> suppose<18:47:38.936> these<18:47:39.296> could<18:47:39.424> be<18:47:39.784> um

again these I suppose these could be um

again these I suppose these could be um
malicious<18:47:40.320> or<18:47:40.552> accidental<18:47:41.280> or<18:47:41.512> known<18:47:41.760> quite<18:47:42.600> a

malicious or accidental or known quite a

malicious or accidental or known quite a
few<18:47:42.832> cases<18:47:43.680> of<18:47:43.856> work<18:47:44.040> people<18:47:44.336> cutting<18:47:44.760> through

few cases of work people cutting through

few cases of work people cutting through
cables<18:47:45.424> by<18:47:45.600> accident

if the attack is able to access the

if the attack is able to access the
compute<18:47:50.280> system

compute system

compute system
then<18:47:51.832> they<18:47:52.016> can<18:47:52.144> obtain<18:47:52.440> information<18:47:52.680> on<18:47:53.216> the

then they can obtain information on the

then they can obtain information on the
computers<18:47:53.640> obviously

computers obviously

computers obviously
there's<18:47:55.680> no<18:47:56.104> set<18:47:57.056> way<18:47:57.536> to<18:47:58.256> rescue<18:47:59.160> computers

there's no set way to rescue computers

there's no set way to rescue computers
or<18:47:59.824> a<18:47:59.936> network<18:48:00.056> from<18:48:00.600> these<18:48:01.320> type<18:48:01.440> of<18:48:01.552> attacks

or a network from these type of attacks

or a network from these type of attacks
you<18:48:03.000> can<18:48:03.176> put<18:48:03.720> into<18:48:03.896> place<18:48:04.144> certain<18:48:04.440> steps<18:48:04.920> to

you can put into place certain steps to

you can put into place certain steps to
reduce<18:48:05.936> the<18:48:06.296> likelihood

reduce the likelihood

reduce the likelihood
install<18:48:07.856> to<18:48:08.280> maintain<18:48:08.576> an<18:48:08.872> antivirus<18:48:09.720> on<18:48:10.320> your

install to maintain an antivirus on your

install to maintain an antivirus on your
end<18:48:11.040> devices<18:48:11.400> you<18:48:11.872> can<18:48:11.936> also<18:48:12.176> have<18:48:12.296> antivirus

end devices you can also have antivirus

end devices you can also have antivirus
on<18:48:13.144> your

on your

on your
mobile<18:48:14.696> phones<18:48:15.616> firewalls<18:48:16.616> and<18:48:16.744> computers

mobile phones firewalls and computers

mobile phones firewalls and computers
and<18:48:17.824> configure<18:48:18.176> them<18:48:18.360> to<18:48:18.536> control<18:48:18.720> the

and configure them to control the

and configure them to control the
incoming<18:48:19.376> an<18:48:19.552> outgoing<18:48:20.040> traffic

protect emails from spam they're just

protect emails from spam they're just
the<18:48:25.144> latest<18:48:25.376> uh<18:48:25.920> hacking<18:48:26.280> on<18:48:26.464> the<18:48:26.896> Democratic

the latest uh hacking on the Democratic

the latest uh hacking on the Democratic
National<18:48:28.144> Party<18:48:28.552> actually<18:48:28.976> where<18:48:29.824> a<18:48:30.056> guy

National Party actually where a guy

National Party actually where a guy
received<18:48:30.656> a<18:48:30.896> link<18:48:31.440> telling<18:48:32.280> him<18:48:32.464> to<18:48:32.640> reset<18:48:32.936> his

received a link telling him to reset his

received a link telling him to reset his
password<18:48:33.360> and<18:48:34.192> that<18:48:34.376> went<18:48:34.496> off<18:48:34.616> to<18:48:34.856> some

password and that went off to some

password and that went off to some
Russian<18:48:35.464> site<18:48:35.824> allegedly<18:48:36.480> somewhere<18:48:36.960> who

Russian site allegedly somewhere who

Russian site allegedly somewhere who
then<18:48:37.976> got<18:48:38.696> into<18:48:38.872> his<18:48:39.176> system<18:48:39.360> and<18:48:39.896> read<18:48:40.744> all<18:48:40.976> of

then got into his system and read all of

then got into his system and read all of
his<18:48:41.216> emails<18:48:41.640> and<18:48:41.824> all<18:48:42.000> the<18:48:42.120> other<18:48:42.240> emails<18:48:42.656> for

his emails and all the other emails for

his emails and all the other emails for
all<18:48:43.016> of<18:48:43.192> the<18:48:43.376> people<18:48:43.976> on<18:48:44.280> the<18:48:44.400> site

all of the people on the site

all of the people on the site
and<18:48:46.496> it<18:48:46.680> will<18:48:46.856> manage<18:48:47.040> unwanted<18:48:47.576> traffic<18:48:47.696> and

and it will manage unwanted traffic and

and it will manage unwanted traffic and
send<18:48:48.056> alerts<18:48:48.480> for<18:48:48.600> spam<18:48:48.896> email<18:48:49.080> messages

send alerts for spam email messages

send alerts for spam email messages
you<18:48:51.424> can<18:48:51.536> install<18:48:51.800> a<18:48:52.800> intrusion<18:48:53.400> detection

you can install a intrusion detection

you can install a intrusion detection
system<18:48:54.240> an<18:48:54.536> IDs<18:48:55.080> that<18:48:56.040> will<18:48:56.576> protect<18:48:57.000> systems

system an IDs that will protect systems

system an IDs that will protect systems
from<18:48:57.896> the<18:48:58.800> distributed<18:48:59.576> denial<18:49:00.000> of<18:49:00.176> service

from the distributed denial of service

from the distributed denial of service
attacks

the RDS uses collection verification

the RDS uses collection verification
methods

methods

methods
and<18:49:07.504> speak<18:49:07.744> to<18:49:07.920> whatever<18:49:08.216> your<18:49:08.824> network

and speak to whatever your network

and speak to whatever your network
equipment<18:49:09.960> vendor<18:49:10.440> is<18:49:10.552> for<18:49:10.800> more<18:49:11.040> information

equipment vendor is for more information

equipment vendor is for more information
you<18:49:12.832> can<18:49:12.960> disable<18:49:13.440> and<18:49:13.680> use<18:49:13.856> networks<18:49:14.512> or

you can disable and use networks or

you can disable and use networks or
segments<18:49:15.296> or<18:49:15.536> devices<18:49:15.896> or<18:49:16.320> ports<18:49:16.744> on<18:49:16.856> switches

segments or devices or ports on switches

segments or devices or ports on switches
regular<18:49:18.424> system<18:49:18.600> performance

and now you can have legitimate issues

and now you can have legitimate issues
that<18:49:24.120> represent<18:49:24.424> denial<18:49:24.896> of<18:49:25.080> service<18:49:25.256> like<18:49:25.616> a

that represent denial of service like a

that represent denial of service like a
fonty<18:49:26.160> faulty<18:49:26.576> network<18:49:26.760> card<18:49:27.120> a<18:49:28.080> spanning

fonty faulty network card a spanning

fonty faulty network card a spanning
tree<18:49:28.680> issue

tree issue

tree issue
a<18:49:30.176> routing<18:49:30.480> protocol<18:49:30.832> convergence<18:49:31.616> when

a routing protocol convergence when

a routing protocol convergence when
you're<18:49:32.040> either<18:49:32.280> booty<18:49:32.824> devices<18:49:33.056> or<18:49:33.424> a<18:49:33.536> network

you're either booty devices or a network

you're either booty devices or a network
has<18:49:33.960> gone<18:49:34.144> down<18:49:34.376> or<18:49:34.680> up

has gone down or up

has gone down or up
and<18:49:36.240> large<18:49:36.480> file<18:49:36.832> download<18:49:37.144> by<18:49:37.616> a<18:49:37.800> user<18:49:38.104> on<18:49:38.216> the

and large file download by a user on the

and large file download by a user on the
network<18:49:38.464> who<18:49:38.936> doesn't<18:49:39.240> have<18:49:39.480> a<18:49:39.656> limit

network who doesn't have a limit

network who doesn't have a limit
a<18:49:40.976> bulk<18:49:41.280> email<18:49:41.400> sent<18:49:41.824> for<18:49:42.056> marketing<18:49:42.600> for

a bulk email sent for marketing for

a bulk email sent for marketing for
example

unusually slow Network I know and some

unusually slow Network I know and some
networks<18:49:49.976> I've<18:49:50.104> worked<18:49:50.512> up<18:49:50.696> at<18:49:51.536> for<18:49:51.960> example<18:49:52.192> a

networks I've worked up at for example a

networks I've worked up at for example a
Friday<18:49:52.552> afternoon<18:49:52.856> there<18:49:53.280> was<18:49:53.400> a<18:49:53.512> big<18:49:53.576> backup

Friday afternoon there was a big backup

Friday afternoon there was a big backup
and<18:49:54.120> the<18:49:54.296> whole<18:49:54.424> network<18:49:54.600> went<18:49:55.080> slow<18:49:55.320> but<18:49:56.040> if

and the whole network went slow but if

and the whole network went slow but if
that<18:49:56.336> happened<18:49:56.512> on<18:49:56.824> another<18:49:57.000> time<18:49:57.480> of<18:49:57.656> the

that happened on another time of the

that happened on another time of the
week<18:49:57.896> then<18:49:58.256> it<18:49:58.976> could<18:49:59.104> be<18:49:59.280> a<18:49:59.400> warning<18:49:59.760> sign

week then it could be a warning sign

week then it could be a warning sign
unreachability<18:50:01.616> of<18:50:01.856> a<18:50:01.976> particular<18:50:02.280> website

unreachability of a particular website

unreachability of a particular website
High<18:50:03.720> numbers<18:50:03.896> of<18:50:04.192> spam<18:50:04.440> messages<18:50:04.744> received

High numbers of spam messages received

High numbers of spam messages received
on<18:50:05.872> an<18:50:06.056> email<18:50:06.296> account

on an email account

on an email account
denial<18:50:09.360> of<18:50:09.600> service<18:50:09.784> oh<18:50:10.376> we've<18:50:10.680> just

denial of service oh we've just

denial of service oh we've just
summarizing<18:50:11.400> what<18:50:11.512> we've<18:50:11.696> covered<18:50:12.000> is

summarizing what we've covered is

summarizing what we've covered is
deniala<18:50:12.784> service<18:50:13.216> bandwidth<18:50:14.216> attacks

deniala service bandwidth attacks

deniala service bandwidth attacks
connectivity<18:50:15.360> attacks<18:50:16.016> common<18:50:16.800> types<18:50:17.280> of

connectivity attacks common types of

connectivity attacks common types of
deniala<18:50:18.056> service<18:50:18.240> and<18:50:18.720> what<18:50:18.896> is<18:50:19.080> distributed

deniala service and what is distributed

deniala service and what is distributed
to<18:50:19.856> Denali<18:50:20.512> service

to Denali service

to Denali service
types<18:50:22.376> of<18:50:22.496> distributed<18:50:23.160> attacks<18:50:23.696> the

types of distributed attacks the

types of distributed attacks the
difference<18:50:24.784> differences<18:50:25.376> between<18:50:25.744> the<18:50:26.104> two

difference differences between the two

difference differences between the two
reflective<18:50:28.080> denial<18:50:28.552> of<18:50:28.680> service<18:50:29.240> types<18:50:30.240> of

reflective denial of service types of

reflective denial of service types of
reflective<18:50:30.896> unintentional

reflective unintentional

reflective unintentional
attacks<18:50:34.320> on<18:50:34.376> our<18:50:34.552> physical<18:50:34.744> infrastructure

attacks on our physical infrastructure

attacks on our physical infrastructure
and<18:50:35.760> then<18:50:35.872> preventing<18:50:36.360> denial<18:50:36.784> of<18:50:36.960> service

and then preventing denial of service

and then preventing denial of service
and<18:50:37.920> identifying<18:50:38.576> one<18:50:38.760> when<18:50:38.936> it<18:50:39.120> happens<18:50:39.240> so

and identifying one when it happens so

and identifying one when it happens so
that's<18:50:40.376> all<18:50:40.552> for<18:50:40.800> now<18:50:40.976> thanks<18:50:41.464> for<18:50:41.696> watching

welcome to module 14 lesson 1A common

welcome to module 14 lesson 1A common
networking<18:51:05.216> attacks<18:51:05.760> we've<18:51:06.600> heard<18:51:06.784> earlier

networking attacks we've heard earlier

networking attacks we've heard earlier
about<18:51:07.256> a<18:51:07.440> few<18:51:07.552> attacks<18:51:08.040> but<18:51:08.216> we<18:51:08.512> need<18:51:08.696> to<18:51:09.000> just

about a few attacks but we need to just

about a few attacks but we need to just
update<18:51:09.720> the<18:51:10.080> list<18:51:10.440> because<18:51:11.104> of<18:51:11.400> the<18:51:11.576> new<18:51:11.760> stuff

update the list because of the new stuff

update the list because of the new stuff
in<18:51:12.176> the<18:51:12.296> syllabus

you can look at Social Engineering

you can look at Social Engineering
Insider<18:51:19.320> threats<18:51:19.800> a<18:51:20.216> logic<18:51:20.576> bomb

Insider threats a logic bomb

Insider threats a logic bomb
Rogue<18:51:22.144> access<18:51:22.256> point<18:51:22.680> Wireless

Rogue access point Wireless

Rogue access point Wireless
evil<18:51:25.080> twin

evil twin

evil twin
War<18:51:27.480> driving<18:51:27.784> could<18:51:28.192> love<18:51:28.440> to<18:51:28.552> know<18:51:28.680> who<18:51:28.856> comes

War driving could love to know who comes

War driving could love to know who comes
up<18:51:29.280> with<18:51:29.760> all<18:51:29.936> of<18:51:30.056> these<18:51:30.296> names

up with all of these names

up with all of these names
uh<18:51:31.744> fishing

uh fishing

uh fishing
around<18:51:33.960> somewhere<18:51:34.616> DNS<18:51:35.280> poisoning<18:51:36.000> ARP

around somewhere DNS poisoning ARP

around somewhere DNS poisoning ARP
poisoning<18:51:37.256> spoofing

poisoning spoofing

poisoning spoofing
de-authentication<18:51:39.920> Brute<18:51:40.920> Force

de-authentication Brute Force

de-authentication Brute Force
VLAN<18:51:42.784> hopping<18:51:43.256> man<18:51:43.920> in<18:51:44.216> the<18:51:44.400> middle

VLAN hopping man in the middle

VLAN hopping man in the middle
and<18:51:46.192> then<18:51:46.320> some<18:51:46.552> exploits<18:51:47.104> and

and then some exploits and

and then some exploits and
vulnerabilities<18:51:47.960> social<18:51:48.960> engineering<18:51:49.744> the

vulnerabilities social engineering the

vulnerabilities social engineering the
funny<18:51:50.400> thing<18:51:50.696> about<18:51:50.824> this<18:51:51.120> threat<18:51:51.480> is<18:51:51.656> it

funny thing about this threat is it

funny thing about this threat is it
isn't<18:51:53.040> um<18:51:53.160> electronically<18:51:53.960> detectable<18:51:54.960> so<18:51:55.192> we

isn't um electronically detectable so we

isn't um electronically detectable so we
don't<18:51:55.504> have<18:51:55.680> a<18:51:55.976> little<18:51:56.512> alarm<18:51:56.872> go<18:51:57.832> off

don't have a little alarm go off

don't have a little alarm go off
somewhere<18:51:58.552> it's<18:51:59.512> um<18:51:59.512> normally<18:51:59.936> when<18:52:00.176> an

somewhere it's um normally when an

somewhere it's um normally when an
attacker<18:52:01.016> convinces<18:52:01.552> an<18:52:01.800> employee<18:52:02.160> to

attacker convinces an employee to

attacker convinces an employee to
disclose<18:52:03.480> confidential<18:52:04.144> information<18:52:04.696> so

disclose confidential information so

disclose confidential information so
what<18:52:05.872> happens<18:52:06.176> is<18:52:06.600> uh<18:52:07.376> perhaps<18:52:08.336> they<18:52:08.640> could<18:52:09.120> um

what happens is uh perhaps they could um

what happens is uh perhaps they could um
say<18:52:10.552> they<18:52:10.744> make<18:52:10.920> a<18:52:11.104> phone<18:52:11.280> call<18:52:11.512> that<18:52:11.760> it<18:52:11.936> goes

say they make a phone call that it goes

say they make a phone call that it goes
through<18:52:12.480> to

through to

through to
um

um

um
headquarters<18:52:16.256> office<18:52:16.496> and<18:52:17.400> then<18:52:17.512> they

headquarters office and then they

headquarters office and then they
um<18:52:18.720> they<18:52:19.320> asked<18:52:19.552> to<18:52:19.616> be<18:52:19.744> put<18:52:19.920> through<18:52:20.160> to<18:52:20.464> your

um they asked to be put through to your

um they asked to be put through to your
office<18:52:21.192> so<18:52:22.192> what<18:52:22.440> you'll<18:52:22.680> probably<18:52:22.856> see<18:52:23.160> on

office so what you'll probably see on

office so what you'll probably see on
your<18:52:24.424> phone<18:52:25.016> is<18:52:25.376> the<18:52:25.616> extension<18:52:26.600> one<18:52:27.600> two

your phone is the extension one two

your phone is the extension one two
three<18:52:28.192> four<18:52:28.440> as<18:52:28.744> if<18:52:28.920> it's<18:52:28.976> coming<18:52:29.216> from<18:52:29.512> here

three four as if it's coming from here

three four as if it's coming from here
so<18:52:30.240> you<18:52:30.424> think<18:52:30.536> it's<18:52:30.600> an<18:52:30.784> internal<18:52:31.192> call<18:52:31.504> and

so you think it's an internal call and

so you think it's an internal call and
but<18:52:32.640> really<18:52:32.824> it's<18:52:33.056> coming<18:52:33.296> from<18:52:33.784> outside<18:52:34.496> here

but really it's coming from outside here

but really it's coming from outside here
in<18:52:35.400> the<18:52:35.872> um<18:52:36.000> the<18:52:36.536> EU<18:52:36.896> the<18:52:37.192> hackers<18:52:37.504> house

in the um the EU the hackers house

in the um the EU the hackers house
wherever<18:52:38.040> they<18:52:38.216> may<18:52:38.464> be<18:52:38.656> so<18:52:39.656> it<18:52:40.016> looks<18:52:40.256> like<18:52:40.856> um

wherever they may be so it looks like um

wherever they may be so it looks like um
uh<18:52:41.512> the<18:52:41.760> legitimate<18:52:42.176> call

uh the legitimate call

uh the legitimate call
they<18:52:43.920> pretend<18:52:44.336> to<18:52:44.512> be<18:52:44.696> a<18:52:45.056> senior<18:52:45.424> manager<18:52:45.784> or

they pretend to be a senior manager or

they pretend to be a senior manager or
someone<18:52:46.256> inside<18:52:46.680> the<18:52:46.920> tech<18:52:47.104> support

someone inside the tech support

someone inside the tech support
department

department

department
and<18:52:50.040> um<18:52:50.104> they'll<18:52:50.512> access<18:52:50.760> some<18:52:51.120> information

and um they'll access some information

and um they'll access some information
they'll<18:52:51.784> ask<18:52:51.960> you<18:52:52.080> for<18:52:52.320> passcodes<18:52:53.160> or<18:52:53.400> say

they'll ask you for passcodes or say

they'll ask you for passcodes or say
there's<18:52:53.760> a<18:52:53.936> problem<18:52:54.056> with<18:52:54.240> your<18:52:54.424> account<18:52:54.600> and

there's a problem with your account and

there's a problem with your account and
um this<18:52:56.336> is<18:52:56.464> a<18:52:56.640> pretty<18:52:56.760> successful<18:52:57.176> way<18:52:57.480> of<18:52:57.656> of

um this is a pretty successful way of of

um this is a pretty successful way of of
getting<18:52:58.744> information

getting information

getting information
the<18:53:00.784> other<18:53:00.896> thing<18:53:01.192> is

the other thing is

the other thing is
um<18:53:02.160> or<18:53:02.576> accounts<18:53:03.120> are<18:53:03.176> social<18:53:03.360> engineering<18:53:04.080> is

um or accounts are social engineering is

um or accounts are social engineering is
somebody<18:53:05.464> Who<18:53:05.872> Walks<18:53:06.240> Behind<18:53:06.656> the<18:53:07.552> employee

somebody Who Walks Behind the employee

somebody Who Walks Behind the employee
who's<18:53:08.280> already<18:53:08.576> entered<18:53:09.000> the<18:53:09.424> security<18:53:10.192> guard

who's already entered the security guard

who's already entered the security guard
for<18:53:10.800> a<18:53:10.976> door<18:53:11.104> also<18:53:11.696> known<18:53:11.824> as<18:53:12.000> tailgating

for a door also known as tailgating

for a door also known as tailgating
also<18:53:15.120> another<18:53:15.360> way<18:53:15.656> is<18:53:15.784> leaving<18:53:16.080> the<18:53:16.320> USB

also another way is leaving the USB

also another way is leaving the USB
ground<18:53:17.160> on<18:53:17.576> the<18:53:18.192> USB<18:53:19.192> on<18:53:19.376> the<18:53:19.552> ground

ground on the USB on the ground

ground on the USB on the ground
somewhere<18:53:20.400> this<18:53:21.176> is<18:53:21.360> quite<18:53:21.600> common<18:53:21.896> sometimes

somewhere this is quite common sometimes

somewhere this is quite common sometimes
this<18:53:23.104> these<18:53:23.512> USB<18:53:23.936> sticks<18:53:24.360> have<18:53:24.536> actually<18:53:24.720> got

this these USB sticks have actually got

this these USB sticks have actually got
a<18:53:25.320> battery<18:53:25.800> in<18:53:26.160> and<18:53:26.824> it's<18:53:27.000> designed<18:53:27.360> whatever

a battery in and it's designed whatever

a battery in and it's designed whatever
whatever<18:53:28.080> device<18:53:28.496> you<18:53:28.856> plug<18:53:29.040> it<18:53:29.216> into<18:53:29.336> sends

whatever device you plug it into sends

whatever device you plug it into sends
an<18:53:30.056> electrical<18:53:30.600> current<18:53:30.784> through<18:53:31.192> it<18:53:31.440> and<18:53:32.040> it

an electrical current through it and it

an electrical current through it and it
fries<18:53:32.760> your<18:53:33.056> circuit<18:53:33.480> board<18:53:33.600> and<18:53:33.832> Fries<18:53:34.080> your

fries your circuit board and Fries your

fries your circuit board and Fries your
hard<18:53:34.440> drive<18:53:34.696> or<18:53:35.696> it<18:53:36.120> can<18:53:36.296> actually<18:53:36.424> plant<18:53:36.832> some

hard drive or it can actually plant some

hard drive or it can actually plant some
lines<18:53:37.440> of<18:53:37.680> code

Insider threats normally an employee or

Insider threats normally an employee or
a<18:53:43.856> contractor

a contractor

a contractor
they<18:53:45.536> could<18:53:45.720> be<18:53:45.896> under<18:53:46.080> duress<18:53:46.552> working<18:53:46.976> for<18:53:47.216> a

they could be under duress working for a

they could be under duress working for a
competitor<18:53:48.016> or<18:53:49.016> a<18:53:49.192> blackmailer<18:53:50.040> looking<18:53:50.760> to

competitor or a blackmailer looking to

competitor or a blackmailer looking to
get<18:53:51.176> information

get information

get information
and<18:53:53.640> most<18:53:53.936> security<18:53:54.424> focuses<18:53:55.192> on<18:53:55.440> external

and most security focuses on external

and most security focuses on external
threats<18:53:56.464> so<18:53:57.440> it's<18:53:58.440> looking<18:53:58.680> at

threats so it's looking at

threats so it's looking at
incoming<18:54:00.896> attacks

incoming attacks

incoming attacks
malware<18:54:03.000> Trojans<18:54:03.656> all<18:54:03.896> that<18:54:04.016> kind<18:54:04.192> of<18:54:04.376> stuff

malware Trojans all that kind of stuff

malware Trojans all that kind of stuff
but<18:54:05.160> inside<18:54:05.400> your<18:54:05.824> organization<18:54:06.656> obviously

but inside your organization obviously

but inside your organization obviously
you<18:54:07.856> could<18:54:07.920> have<18:54:08.104> people<18:54:08.336> that<18:54:08.640> are<18:54:08.760> posing

you could have people that are posing

you could have people that are posing
the<18:54:09.240> threat

the threat

the threat
so<18:54:11.160> people<18:54:11.760> who<18:54:12.056> work<18:54:12.424> for<18:54:12.600> your<18:54:12.720> organization

so people who work for your organization

so people who work for your organization
should<18:54:13.504> know<18:54:13.680> your<18:54:13.920> systems<18:54:14.336> policies

should know your systems policies

should know your systems policies
procedures<18:54:15.360> and<18:54:15.720> weaknesses<18:54:16.256> and<18:54:17.216> they

procedures and weaknesses and they

procedures and weaknesses and they
should<18:54:17.576> know<18:54:17.696> how<18:54:18.000> to<18:54:18.240> spot<18:54:18.480> somebody<18:54:18.832> Who's

should know how to spot somebody Who's

should know how to spot somebody Who's
acting<18:54:19.552> suspiciously<18:54:20.216> or<18:54:20.696> acting<18:54:21.056> for

acting suspiciously or acting for

acting suspiciously or acting for
suspicious<18:54:21.720> information

suspicious information

suspicious information
as<18:54:23.696> you've<18:54:23.936> probably<18:54:24.000> seen<18:54:24.240> in<18:54:24.480> the<18:54:24.600> movies

as you've probably seen in the movies

as you've probably seen in the movies
you<18:54:25.192> could<18:54:25.320> have<18:54:25.440> what's<18:54:25.920> known<18:54:26.160> as<18:54:26.280> a<18:54:26.512> sleeper

you could have what's known as a sleeper

you could have what's known as a sleeper
so<18:54:28.856> we<18:54:29.040> normally<18:54:29.280> uh

so we normally uh

so we normally uh
associate<18:54:31.744> this<18:54:31.976> with<18:54:32.280> spies<18:54:32.896> sleeper<18:54:33.896> agents

associate this with spies sleeper agents

associate this with spies sleeper agents
let's<18:54:34.440> sleep<18:54:34.680> with<18:54:34.856> somebody<18:54:34.976> who<18:54:35.280> could<18:54:35.400> be

let's sleep with somebody who could be

let's sleep with somebody who could be
waiting<18:54:36.296> to<18:54:36.424> be<18:54:36.600> activated

waiting to be activated

waiting to be activated
obviously<18:54:38.512> they<18:54:38.696> could<18:54:38.824> easily<18:54:39.056> go

obviously they could easily go

obviously they could easily go
undetected<18:54:39.784> and<18:54:40.256> they<18:54:40.440> could<18:54:40.552> be<18:54:40.680> doing

undetected and they could be doing

undetected and they could be doing
um<18:54:42.120> things<18:54:42.424> to<18:54:42.600> your<18:54:42.784> network<18:54:42.960> or<18:54:43.192> passing

um things to your network or passing

um things to your network or passing
information<18:54:43.744> for<18:54:44.216> some<18:54:44.400> time

a logic bomb is a type of malware

a logic bomb is a type of malware
it<18:54:50.400> does<18:54:50.512> damage<18:54:51.240> after<18:54:51.424> a<18:54:51.720> certain<18:54:51.896> condition

it does damage after a certain condition

it does damage after a certain condition
is<18:54:52.552> met<18:54:52.800> so<18:54:53.280> an<18:54:53.464> example<18:54:53.824> is

is met so an example is

is met so an example is
um<18:54:54.832> the<18:54:55.256> spyware<18:54:55.680> or<18:54:56.040> the<18:54:56.216> the<18:54:56.336> malware<18:54:56.760> sorry

um the spyware or the the malware sorry

um the spyware or the the malware sorry
is<18:54:57.240> on<18:54:57.480> your<18:54:57.720> device

is on your device

is on your device
and<18:54:59.400> then<18:54:59.512> when<18:54:59.696> the<18:54:59.872> clock<18:55:00.000> ticks<18:55:00.480> over<18:55:00.656> to

and then when the clock ticks over to

and then when the clock ticks over to
the<18:55:01.920> first<18:55:02.040> of<18:55:02.336> the<18:55:02.576> first<18:55:02.896> say<18:55:03.896> 2019<18:55:04.744> or

the first of the first say 2019 or

the first of the first say 2019 or
whatever<18:55:05.336> it<18:55:06.176> then<18:55:06.424> executes<18:55:07.192> the

it executes the code and then does the

it executes the code and then does the
damage

damage

damage
it<18:55:14.160> can<18:55:14.280> be<18:55:14.336> left<18:55:14.464> behind<18:55:14.760> after<18:55:14.936> attack<18:55:15.296> and

it can be left behind after attack and

it can be left behind after attack and
what<18:55:15.784> it<18:55:15.832> could<18:55:15.960> do<18:55:16.080> is<18:55:16.192> destroy<18:55:16.744> any<18:55:17.040> evidence

what it could do is destroy any evidence

what it could do is destroy any evidence
that<18:55:18.120> is<18:55:18.240> taking<18:55:18.424> place<18:55:18.656> so<18:55:18.832> it<18:55:19.016> could<18:55:19.144> destroy

that is taking place so it could destroy

that is taking place so it could destroy
whatever<18:55:19.680> fires<18:55:20.216> it's<18:55:20.400> actually<18:55:20.576> put<18:55:20.760> on<18:55:20.936> your

whatever fires it's actually put on your

whatever fires it's actually put on your
system<18:55:21.360> making<18:55:22.256> it<18:55:22.440> harder<18:55:22.744> for<18:55:22.920> you<18:55:22.976> to<18:55:23.104> do<18:55:23.216> a

system making it harder for you to do a

system making it harder for you to do a
forensic<18:55:23.696> analysis

forensic analysis

forensic analysis
you<18:55:25.920> may<18:55:26.040> remember<18:55:26.216> the<18:55:26.512> Chernobyl<18:55:27.056> virus

you may remember the Chernobyl virus

you may remember the Chernobyl virus
this<18:55:27.832> was<18:55:27.960> an<18:55:28.144> example<18:55:28.440> of<18:55:28.680> a<18:55:28.920> logic<18:55:29.400> bomb

this was an example of a logic bomb

this was an example of a logic bomb
they<18:55:31.256> wrote<18:55:31.680> to<18:55:31.800> the<18:55:31.976> boot<18:55:32.464> sector<18:55:32.696> of<18:55:32.872> discs

they wrote to the boot sector of discs

they wrote to the boot sector of discs
swipe<18:55:33.720> the<18:55:33.832> bias<18:55:34.192> on<18:55:34.440> the<18:55:34.552> hard<18:55:34.744> drives<18:55:35.104> and

swipe the bias on the hard drives and

swipe the bias on the hard drives and
left<18:55:35.512> the<18:55:35.824> devices<18:55:36.536> unusable

left the devices unusable

left the devices unusable
so<18:55:38.336> pretty<18:55:38.576> bad

so pretty bad

so pretty bad
uh<18:55:40.080> Rogue<18:55:40.976> access<18:55:41.104> points<18:55:41.696> so<18:55:42.000> we're<18:55:42.176> talking

uh Rogue access points so we're talking

uh Rogue access points so we're talking
about<18:55:42.656> the<18:55:43.616> um<18:55:43.616> waps<18:55:44.216> wireless<18:55:44.576> access<18:55:45.000> points

about the um waps wireless access points

about the um waps wireless access points
major<18:55:46.256> concern<18:55:46.680> especially<18:55:47.160> in<18:55:47.400> large

major concern especially in large

major concern especially in large
environments

environments

environments
so<18:55:49.440> somebody's<18:55:49.976> brought<18:55:50.216> in<18:55:50.400> a<18:55:50.640> third-party

so somebody's brought in a third-party

so somebody's brought in a third-party
access<18:55:51.424> point<18:55:51.832> by<18:55:52.440> Network<18:55:52.744> user<18:55:53.336> often<18:55:54.056> this

access point by Network user often this

access point by Network user often this
can<18:55:54.720> happen<18:55:54.896> when<18:55:55.192> somebody's<18:55:55.616> complaining

can happen when somebody's complaining

can happen when somebody's complaining
about

about

about
their<18:55:57.832> signals<18:55:58.320> you've<18:55:58.616> got<18:55:58.744> you<18:55:59.040> know<18:55:59.104> you've

their signals you've got you know you've

their signals you've got you know you've
got<18:55:59.400> bars<18:55:59.936> on<18:56:00.176> your<18:56:00.360> device<18:56:00.832> so<18:56:01.616> you've<18:56:01.856> got

got bars on your device so you've got

got bars on your device so you've got
one<18:56:02.640> or<18:56:02.872> two<18:56:03.120> bars<18:56:03.600> then<18:56:04.320> I've<18:56:04.744> seen<18:56:04.976> instances

one or two bars then I've seen instances

one or two bars then I've seen instances
where<18:56:05.872> people<18:56:06.176> have<18:56:06.424> brought<18:56:06.600> in<18:56:06.784> their<18:56:07.016> own

where people have brought in their own

where people have brought in their own
access<18:56:07.856> points<18:56:08.512> and<18:56:09.296> somehow<18:56:09.656> managed<18:56:10.016> to

access points and somehow managed to

access points and somehow managed to
connect<18:56:10.320> to<18:56:10.616> the<18:56:10.920> network<18:56:11.400> and<18:56:12.240> they<18:56:12.424> get

connect to the network and they get

connect to the network and they get
obviously<18:56:13.080> a<18:56:13.640> higher<18:56:14.640> connection<18:56:14.824> or<18:56:15.784> faster

obviously a higher connection or faster

obviously a higher connection or faster
connection

connection

connection
so<18:56:17.872> gives<18:56:18.176> a<18:56:18.424> network<18:56:18.600> access<18:56:18.896> to<18:56:19.256> anybody<18:56:19.616> in

so gives a network access to anybody in

so gives a network access to anybody in
range<18:56:20.280> of<18:56:20.400> the<18:56:20.512> Rogue<18:56:20.872> access<18:56:20.936> point<18:56:21.240> so<18:56:21.424> this

range of the Rogue access point so this

range of the Rogue access point so this
is<18:56:21.720> the<18:56:21.896> the<18:56:22.080> danger<18:56:22.376> of<18:56:22.616> people<18:56:22.936> who<18:56:23.936> uh<18:56:24.656> on

is the the danger of people who uh on

is the the danger of people who uh on
purpose<18:56:25.256> or<18:56:25.552> just<18:56:26.280> accidentally<18:56:26.696> they<18:56:26.872> don't

purpose or just accidentally they don't

purpose or just accidentally they don't
know<18:56:27.120> how<18:56:27.240> the<18:56:27.360> technology<18:56:27.656> works<18:56:28.256> a<18:56:28.800> lot<18:56:28.920> of

know how the technology works a lot of

know how the technology works a lot of
other<18:56:29.160> devices<18:56:29.512> will<18:56:29.936> be<18:56:30.120> associating<18:56:30.656> with

other devices will be associating with

other devices will be associating with
this<18:56:31.144> access<18:56:31.320> point<18:56:31.744> here<18:56:32.104> when<18:56:32.512> it<18:56:32.696> should

this access point here when it should

this access point here when it should
have<18:56:32.936> actually<18:56:33.120> gone<18:56:33.296> off<18:56:33.480> to<18:56:33.656> the<18:56:33.832> corporate

have actually gone off to the corporate

have actually gone off to the corporate
one

one

one
you<18:56:36.296> mitigate<18:56:36.784> this<18:56:36.896> for<18:56:37.080> regular<18:56:37.376> site

you mitigate this for regular site

you mitigate this for regular site
surveys<18:56:38.160> basically<18:56:38.576> you're<18:56:38.760> walking<18:56:38.936> around

surveys basically you're walking around

surveys basically you're walking around
with<18:56:40.192> um<18:56:40.400> your<18:56:41.400> wireless<18:56:41.696> wireless<18:56:42.536> device

with um your wireless wireless device

with um your wireless wireless device
checking<18:56:43.504> for<18:56:43.616> legitimate<18:56:44.464> devices

checking for legitimate devices

checking for legitimate devices
uh<18:56:47.640> you<18:56:47.872> can<18:56:48.000> force<18:56:48.424> users<18:56:48.832> to<18:56:49.016> authenticate

uh you can force users to authenticate

uh you can force users to authenticate
user<18:56:49.976> NATO<18:56:50.160> 2.1x

user NATO 2.1x

user NATO 2.1x
uh<18:56:53.160> also<18:56:53.512> can<18:56:53.824> happen<18:56:53.936> if<18:56:54.240> you<18:56:54.360> enable<18:56:54.656> Wi-Fi

uh also can happen if you enable Wi-Fi

uh also can happen if you enable Wi-Fi
sharing<18:56:55.552> on<18:56:55.800> your<18:56:56.040> phone<18:56:56.240> so<18:56:57.240> if<18:56:57.480> you're<18:56:57.656> stuck

sharing on your phone so if you're stuck

sharing on your phone so if you're stuck
somewhere<18:56:58.496> you've<18:56:58.976> got<18:56:59.160> your<18:56:59.512> smartphone

somewhere you've got your smartphone

somewhere you've got your smartphone
there's<18:57:00.784> a<18:57:00.960> little

there's a little

there's a little
um app<18:57:02.160> in<18:57:02.400> there<18:57:02.576> where<18:57:02.760> you<18:57:02.872> can<18:57:03.000> let<18:57:03.240> the

um app in there where you can let the

um app in there where you can let the
devices<18:57:03.896> say<18:57:04.320> for<18:57:04.440> example<18:57:04.744> your<18:57:05.104> laptop<18:57:05.512> if

devices say for example your laptop if

devices say for example your laptop if
that<18:57:06.424> doesn't<18:57:06.600> have<18:57:07.016> a<18:57:07.552> capability<18:57:08.280> it<18:57:09.120> can

that doesn't have a capability it can

that doesn't have a capability it can
actually<18:57:09.360> piggyback<18:57:09.960> onto<18:57:10.440> your

actually piggyback onto your

actually piggyback onto your
um<18:57:12.176> phone<18:57:12.536> with<18:57:12.784> a<18:57:12.896> wireless<18:57:13.016> signal

um phone with a wireless signal

um phone with a wireless signal
and<18:57:14.824> then<18:57:14.936> connect<18:57:15.176> to<18:57:15.424> the<18:57:15.600> network<18:57:15.856> so

and then connect to the network so

and then connect to the network so
you've<18:57:16.976> got<18:57:17.040> to<18:57:17.160> be<18:57:17.280> careful<18:57:17.512> of<18:57:17.696> that

you've got to be careful of that

you've got to be careful of that
Wireless<18:57:19.440> evil<18:57:20.104> twins<18:57:20.464> this<18:57:21.176> is<18:57:21.360> uh<18:57:21.720> configure

Wireless evil twins this is uh configure

Wireless evil twins this is uh configure
an<18:57:22.376> external<18:57:22.800> access<18:57:23.040> point<18:57:23.512> to<18:57:24.296> behave<18:57:24.784> as

an external access point to behave as

an external access point to behave as
The<18:57:25.080> Trusted<18:57:25.504> access<18:57:25.744> points

The Trusted access points

The Trusted access points
it<18:57:27.832> used<18:57:28.144> the<18:57:28.376> same<18:57:28.496> SSID

and their security settings

and their security settings
so<18:57:36.536> it'll<18:57:36.656> all<18:57:36.832> look<18:57:37.080> the<18:57:37.320> same

so it'll all look the same

so it'll all look the same
and<18:57:38.576> the<18:57:38.696> user<18:57:39.056> connects<18:57:39.600> you<18:57:39.784> can<18:57:39.896> see<18:57:40.016> the

and the user connects you can see the

and the user connects you can see the
the<18:57:40.552> legitimate<18:57:41.160> one<18:57:41.336> is<18:57:41.512> here<18:57:41.696> but<18:57:41.936> the

the legitimate one is here but the

the legitimate one is here but the
signal<18:57:42.360> is<18:57:42.480> pretty<18:57:42.720> weak<18:57:43.144> the<18:57:43.744> signal<18:57:44.040> here<18:57:44.336> is

signal is pretty weak the signal here is

signal is pretty weak the signal here is
much<18:57:45.120> stronger<18:57:45.600> so<18:57:46.256> you'll<18:57:46.680> more<18:57:47.160> likely

much stronger so you'll more likely

much stronger so you'll more likely
connect<18:57:47.576> to<18:57:47.824> the<18:57:47.936> Rogue<18:57:48.296> access<18:57:48.424> point

connect to the Rogue access point

connect to the Rogue access point
this<18:57:50.936> device<18:57:51.120> normally<18:57:51.720> will<18:57:52.440> have<18:57:52.680> a<18:57:52.920> quite<18:57:53.104> a

this device normally will have a quite a

this device normally will have a quite a
strong<18:57:53.872> signal<18:57:54.360> on<18:57:54.600> purpose<18:57:55.016> so<18:57:55.504> it<18:57:56.040> is<18:57:56.400> chosen

strong signal on purpose so it is chosen

strong signal on purpose so it is chosen
of<18:57:56.936> the<18:57:57.120> legitimate<18:57:57.656> one

of the legitimate one

of the legitimate one
again<18:57:59.216> this<18:57:59.512> can<18:57:59.640> be<18:57:59.760> brought<18:57:59.936> in<18:58:00.176> by<18:58:00.296> Network

again this can be brought in by Network

again this can be brought in by Network
users<18:58:01.080> innocently<18:58:01.800> or<18:58:02.336> it<18:58:02.464> can<18:58:02.576> be<18:58:02.696> done

users innocently or it can be done

users innocently or it can be done
maliciously

maliciously

maliciously
mitigate<18:58:04.680> with<18:58:04.920> https<18:58:05.824> or<18:58:06.424> VPN<18:58:06.960> tunnels

while driving is just simply this

while driving is just simply this
happened<18:58:12.656> when<18:58:12.896> Wireless<18:58:13.080> first<18:58:13.504> came<18:58:13.680> out

happened when Wireless first came out

happened when Wireless first came out
and<18:58:14.040> nobody<18:58:14.336> had<18:58:14.576> security<18:58:14.824> or<18:58:15.360> it<18:58:15.536> was<18:58:15.720> just<18:58:15.960> a

and nobody had security or it was just a

and nobody had security or it was just a
very<18:58:16.496> weak<18:58:16.800> security<18:58:17.056> people<18:58:18.056> drove<18:58:18.536> around

very weak security people drove around

very weak security people drove around
trying<18:58:19.144> to<18:58:19.320> find<18:58:19.440> some<18:58:19.744> wireless<18:58:19.920> access

trying to find some wireless access

trying to find some wireless access
somewhere<18:58:20.936> and

somewhere and

somewhere and
um

um

um
if<18:58:23.576> they<18:58:23.696> could<18:58:23.872> see<18:58:24.000> your<18:58:24.176> device<18:58:24.424> and

if they could see your device and

if they could see your device and
connect<18:58:24.896> to<18:58:25.144> it<18:58:25.320> even<18:58:26.160> when<18:58:26.400> I<18:58:26.640> it<18:58:27.056> wasn't<18:58:27.240> too

connect to it even when I it wasn't too

connect to it even when I it wasn't too
many<18:58:27.600> years<18:58:27.832> ago<18:58:28.080> and<18:58:28.440> my<18:58:28.680> my<18:58:28.920> internet<18:58:29.160> went

many years ago and my my internet went

many years ago and my my internet went
down<18:58:29.936> and<18:58:30.784> I<18:58:31.376> um<18:58:31.376> I<18:58:31.976> could<18:58:32.104> see<18:58:32.216> on<18:58:32.400> my<18:58:32.640> wireless

down and I um I could see on my wireless

down and I um I could see on my wireless
um<18:58:35.176> if<18:58:36.176> you<18:58:36.296> do<18:58:36.424> a<18:58:36.536> wireless<18:58:36.720> search<18:58:37.192> you'll

um if you do a wireless search you'll

um if you do a wireless search you'll
see

see

see
a<18:58:39.120> few<18:58:39.296> padlocks

a few padlocks

a few padlocks
and<18:58:41.216> then<18:58:41.760> um<18:58:41.760> you'd<18:58:42.600> have<18:58:42.720> one<18:58:42.960> with<18:58:43.256> a<18:58:43.920> open

and then um you'd have one with a open

and then um you'd have one with a open
padlock<18:58:44.872> and<18:58:45.656> you<18:58:45.784> can<18:58:45.832> just<18:58:46.016> you<18:58:46.320> could

padlock and you can just you could

padlock and you can just you could
connect<18:58:46.800> to<18:58:47.040> that<18:58:47.280> so<18:58:48.056> you<18:58:48.360> see<18:58:48.536> it<18:58:48.656> less<18:58:48.832> now

connect to that so you see it less now

connect to that so you see it less now
because<18:58:49.256> most<18:58:49.616> of<18:58:49.744> them<18:58:49.856> are<18:58:49.976> configured

because most of them are configured

because most of them are configured
quite<18:58:50.640> easily<18:58:50.936> for<18:58:51.240> security

fishing email sent which is looks

fishing email sent which is looks
legitimate<18:58:56.872> usually<18:58:57.360> appears<18:58:57.896> to<18:58:58.144> be<18:58:58.192> from<18:58:58.496> an

legitimate usually appears to be from an

legitimate usually appears to be from an
official<18:58:58.976> website<18:58:59.464> and<18:59:00.240> it<18:59:00.360> asks<18:59:00.720> you<18:59:00.720> to

official website and it asks you to

official website and it asks you to
click<18:59:01.192> on<18:59:01.440> the<18:59:01.680> URL<18:59:02.216> so<18:59:02.760> you<18:59:02.936> click<18:59:03.176> here<18:59:03.552> the

click on the URL so you click here the

click on the URL so you click here the
sort<18:59:04.744> of<18:59:04.800> things<18:59:04.976> I'll<18:59:05.280> see<18:59:05.512> are

sort of things I'll see are

sort of things I'll see are
it'll<18:59:08.104> say<18:59:08.280> Amazon<18:59:08.600> or<18:59:09.896> um

it'll say Amazon or um

it'll say Amazon or um
text<18:59:11.760> message

text message

text message
and<18:59:14.280> even<18:59:14.464> smarter<18:59:15.000> people<18:59:15.120> have<18:59:15.480> been<18:59:15.656> caught

and even smarter people have been caught

and even smarter people have been caught
out<18:59:16.256> say<18:59:16.976> for<18:59:17.216> example<18:59:17.512> if<18:59:18.176> you're<18:59:18.296> like<18:59:18.480> me

out say for example if you're like me

out say for example if you're like me
maybe<18:59:19.016> every<18:59:19.320> three<18:59:19.616> days<18:59:20.040> you've<18:59:20.824> got<18:59:20.936> an

maybe every three days you've got an

maybe every three days you've got an
Amazon<18:59:21.240> delivery<18:59:21.832> coming<18:59:22.080> or<18:59:23.216> um<18:59:23.216> or

Amazon delivery coming or um or

Amazon delivery coming or um or
something<18:59:24.176> from<18:59:24.720> eBay<18:59:24.832> so<18:59:25.616> if<18:59:25.800> you're<18:59:25.920> busy

something from eBay so if you're busy

something from eBay so if you're busy
you'll<18:59:27.000> see<18:59:27.120> it<18:59:27.240> I<18:59:27.360> think<18:59:27.480> oh<18:59:27.656> no<18:59:27.784> I've<18:59:28.144> missed

you'll see it I think oh no I've missed

you'll see it I think oh no I've missed
my<18:59:28.440> Amazon<18:59:28.552> delivery<18:59:29.280> too<18:59:30.000> late<18:59:30.176> you've

my Amazon delivery too late you've

my Amazon delivery too late you've
clicked<18:59:30.960> on<18:59:31.080> it<18:59:31.256> and<18:59:31.744> um<18:59:31.744> the<18:59:31.976> damage<18:59:32.216> has<18:59:32.400> been

clicked on it and um the damage has been

clicked on it and um the damage has been
done

done

done
fishing<18:59:34.256> can<18:59:34.376> be<18:59:34.496> phone<18:59:34.680> based<18:59:35.104> also<18:59:35.464> you<18:59:36.120> come

fishing can be phone based also you come

fishing can be phone based also you come
to<18:59:36.536> this<18:59:36.720> with<18:59:36.896> email<18:59:37.144> security<18:59:37.504> systems<18:59:38.280> spun

to this with email security systems spun

to this with email security systems spun
viruses<18:59:39.296> fishing<18:59:40.016> Etc

viruses fishing Etc

viruses fishing Etc
ransomware<18:59:42.784> has<18:59:43.016> really<18:59:43.320> been<18:59:43.552> in<18:59:43.744> the<18:59:43.920> news

ransomware has really been in the news

ransomware has really been in the news
lately<18:59:44.696> because<18:59:45.536> even<18:59:45.832> the<18:59:46.144> law<18:59:46.320> enforcement

lately because even the law enforcement

lately because even the law enforcement
agencies<18:59:47.216> have<18:59:47.464> been<18:59:47.576> caught<18:59:47.824> it's<18:59:48.120> taken<18:59:48.480> out

agencies have been caught it's taken out

agencies have been caught it's taken out
large<18:59:48.976> areas<18:59:49.976> of<18:59:50.512> um<18:59:50.512> the<18:59:50.936> National<18:59:51.056> Health

large areas of um the National Health

large areas of um the National Health
Service<18:59:51.656> in<18:59:51.960> the<18:59:52.144> UK

Service in the UK

Service in the UK
it<18:59:53.576> limits<18:59:53.936> all<18:59:54.176> of<18:59:54.360> some<18:59:54.536> system<18:59:54.720> access<18:59:55.080> and

it limits all of some system access and

it limits all of some system access and
it<18:59:56.040> locks<18:59:56.336> your<18:59:56.464> screen<18:59:56.696> as<18:59:57.056> it<18:59:57.240> does<18:59:57.360> here

it locks your screen as it does here

it locks your screen as it does here
until<18:59:58.440> you've<18:59:59.216> paid<18:59:59.400> money<18:59:59.832> to<19:00:00.832> the<19:00:01.192> extorters

until you've paid money to the extorters

until you've paid money to the extorters
offers<19:00:03.720> threatens<19:00:04.080> to<19:00:04.320> publish<19:00:04.552> your<19:00:04.800> data

offers threatens to publish your data

offers threatens to publish your data
and<19:00:05.640> if<19:00:05.824> in<19:00:06.176> the<19:00:06.360> case<19:00:06.480> of<19:00:06.832> uh

and if in the case of uh

and if in the case of uh
I<19:00:08.040> can't<19:00:08.160> remember<19:00:08.336> what<19:00:08.640> it<19:00:09.000> was<19:00:09.176> some<19:00:09.360> sort

I can't remember what it was some sort

I can't remember what it was some sort
of<19:00:09.600> police<19:00:09.784> department<19:00:10.080> anyway<19:00:10.616> but<19:00:11.040> it

of police department anyway but it

of police department anyway but it
accessed<19:00:11.760> all<19:00:11.872> of<19:00:12.056> their<19:00:12.176> systems<19:00:12.600> somebody

accessed all of their systems somebody

accessed all of their systems somebody
downloaded<19:00:13.440> or<19:00:13.920> somebody<19:00:14.160> got<19:00:14.512> an<19:00:14.760> email<19:00:15.680> uh

downloaded or somebody got an email uh

downloaded or somebody got an email uh
opened<19:00:17.576> it<19:00:17.696> up

opened it up

opened it up
and<19:00:19.744> um<19:00:19.800> they<19:00:20.640> downloaded<19:00:21.056> the<19:00:21.240> software<19:00:21.600> and

and um they downloaded the software and

and um they downloaded the software and
it<19:00:22.192> spread<19:00:22.800> through<19:00:22.920> all<19:00:23.040> the<19:00:23.216> all<19:00:23.576> the

it spread through all the all the

it spread through all the all the
devices

devices

devices
often<19:00:25.856> uses<19:00:26.104> cryptocurrencies<19:00:26.936> for<19:00:27.120> payment

often uses cryptocurrencies for payment

often uses cryptocurrencies for payment
so<19:00:27.784> it's<19:00:27.896> hard<19:00:28.192> to<19:00:28.440> trace<19:00:28.976> the<19:00:29.216> money

so it's hard to trace the money

so it's hard to trace the money
I<19:00:30.536> often<19:00:30.832> uses<19:00:31.144> Trojans<19:00:31.680> uh<19:00:32.216> wannacry<19:00:32.760> the<19:00:33.600> uh

I often uses Trojans uh wannacry the uh

I often uses Trojans uh wannacry the uh
one<19:00:34.192> of<19:00:34.320> the<19:00:34.376> latest<19:00:34.552> ransomware

one of the latest ransomware

one of the latest ransomware
that<19:00:36.600> uh<19:00:36.832> malware

that uh malware

that uh malware
um<19:00:38.160> software<19:00:39.120> packages<19:00:39.600> that<19:00:39.832> came<19:00:40.080> out

um software packages that came out

um software packages that came out
automatically<19:00:41.160> transferred<19:00:41.760> it<19:00:41.824> didn't<19:00:42.000> use

automatically transferred it didn't use

automatically transferred it didn't use
a<19:00:42.360> Trojan

a Trojan

a Trojan
DNS<19:00:44.640> poisoning<19:00:45.176> we've<19:00:45.424> already<19:00:45.536> learned

DNS poisoning we've already learned

DNS poisoning we've already learned
about<19:00:46.016> DNS<19:00:46.616> this<19:00:47.336> is<19:00:47.640> a<19:00:48.056> fake<19:00:48.536> DNS<19:00:49.144> cache<19:00:50.104> entry

about DNS this is a fake DNS cache entry

about DNS this is a fake DNS cache entry
it<19:00:51.424> cropsy<19:00:51.960> data<19:00:52.440> inserted<19:00:52.920> into<19:00:53.104> your<19:00:53.336> system

it cropsy data inserted into your system

it cropsy data inserted into your system
and<19:00:54.536> the<19:00:54.656> name<19:00:54.832> server<19:00:55.320> returns<19:00:56.216> a<19:00:56.464> false

and the name server returns a false

and the name server returns a false
result<19:00:57.056> so<19:00:57.656> you'll<19:00:57.784> do<19:00:58.016> a<19:00:58.144> DNS<19:00:58.552> lookup<19:00:58.976> it<19:00:59.216> goes

result so you'll do a DNS lookup it goes

result so you'll do a DNS lookup it goes
to<19:00:59.512> your<19:00:59.640> DNS<19:01:00.120> server<19:01:00.536> but<19:01:01.080> for<19:01:01.192> whatever

to your DNS server but for whatever

to your DNS server but for whatever
reason<19:01:01.744> this<19:01:02.640> attacker<19:01:03.056> has<19:01:03.176> somehow

reason this attacker has somehow

reason this attacker has somehow
injected<19:01:04.080> this<19:01:04.256> fake<19:01:04.552> entry<19:01:04.920> and<19:01:05.512> instead<19:01:05.824> of

injected this fake entry and instead of

injected this fake entry and instead of
going<19:01:06.056> off<19:01:06.240> to<19:01:06.424> the<19:01:06.600> real<19:01:06.784> server<19:01:07.320> here<19:01:07.616> it

going off to the real server here it

going off to the real server here it
queries<19:01:08.696> the<19:01:08.936> fake<19:01:09.360> one<19:01:09.480> and<19:01:10.144> it<19:01:10.320> just<19:01:10.552> for<19:01:11.104> all

queries the fake one and it just for all

queries the fake one and it just for all
intents<19:01:11.760> and<19:01:11.824> purposes<19:01:12.240> to<19:01:13.016> you<19:01:13.192> looks<19:01:13.552> like

intents and purposes to you looks like

intents and purposes to you looks like
you're<19:01:13.856> actually<19:01:14.040> on<19:01:14.216> the<19:01:14.400> correct<19:01:14.640> site

you're actually on the correct site

you're actually on the correct site
obviously<19:01:17.512> then<19:01:17.696> it'll<19:01:18.056> try<19:01:18.176> and<19:01:18.296> get

obviously then it'll try and get

obviously then it'll try and get
passwords<19:01:19.016> usernames<19:01:19.616> or<19:01:19.800> credit<19:01:20.040> card

passwords usernames or credit card

passwords usernames or credit card
information<19:01:20.896> and<19:01:21.896> again<19:01:22.144> this<19:01:22.496> false<19:01:22.856> entry

information and again this false entry

information and again this false entry
here<19:01:23.400> if<19:01:23.576> you've<19:01:23.760> got<19:01:23.872> a<19:01:24.000> DNS<19:01:24.360> server<19:01:24.784> it<19:01:25.256> can

here if you've got a DNS server it can

here if you've got a DNS server it can
actually<19:01:25.616> propagate<19:01:26.336> within<19:01:27.296> your<19:01:27.656> depending

actually propagate within your depending

actually propagate within your depending
on<19:01:28.256> the<19:01:28.440> authority<19:01:28.800> of<19:01:28.976> This<19:01:29.104> Server<19:01:29.464> it'll

on the authority of This Server it'll

on the authority of This Server it'll
propagate<19:01:30.480> to<19:01:30.720> other<19:01:31.080> servers

propagate to other servers

propagate to other servers
up<19:01:33.656> poisoning

up poisoning

up poisoning
requires<19:01:36.896> the<19:01:37.256> attacker<19:01:38.104> to<19:01:38.280> have<19:01:38.464> access<19:01:38.576> to

requires the attacker to have access to

requires the attacker to have access to
the<19:01:39.000> victim's<19:01:39.424> local<19:01:39.600> area<19:01:39.832> network<19:01:40.192> again

the victim's local area network again

the victim's local area network again
this<19:01:40.920> could<19:01:41.104> be<19:01:41.216> a<19:01:41.400> contractor<19:01:41.872> or<19:01:42.832> somebody

this could be a contractor or somebody

this could be a contractor or somebody
who's<19:01:43.680> managed<19:01:44.040> to<19:01:44.160> get<19:01:44.936> in<19:01:45.120> somehow<19:01:46.016> it

who's managed to get in somehow it

who's managed to get in somehow it
provides<19:01:46.800> a<19:01:46.920> host<19:01:47.040> of<19:01:47.216> the<19:01:47.400> wrong<19:01:47.464> Mac<19:01:47.640> address

provides a host of the wrong Mac address

provides a host of the wrong Mac address
for<19:01:48.240> hosts<19:01:48.832> the<19:01:49.320> host<19:01:49.552> IP<19:01:49.920> address<19:01:50.160> so

for hosts the host IP address so

for hosts the host IP address so
um if<19:01:52.256> we<19:01:52.440> go<19:01:52.552> down<19:01:52.680> here<19:01:52.920> this<19:01:53.216> host<19:01:53.336> is

um if we go down here this host is

um if we go down here this host is
looking<19:01:53.824> for<19:01:54.120> the<19:01:54.424> you<19:01:55.192> can't<19:01:55.320> say<19:01:55.504> it<19:01:55.616> can't

looking for the you can't say it can't

looking for the you can't say it can't
encapsulate<19:01:56.400> the<19:01:56.576> packet<19:01:56.936> as<19:01:57.240> we<19:01:57.424> already

encapsulate the packet as we already

encapsulate the packet as we already
know<19:01:58.040> until<19:01:59.040> it<19:01:59.512> knows<19:01:59.872> the<19:02:00.176> MAC<19:02:00.960> address<19:02:01.192> so

know until it knows the MAC address so

know until it knows the MAC address so
there's<19:02:02.160> a<19:02:02.336> field<19:02:02.464> here<19:02:02.760> for<19:02:03.056> layer<19:02:03.480> three<19:02:03.896> and

there's a field here for layer three and

there's a field here for layer three and
then<19:02:04.976> but<19:02:05.280> for<19:02:05.576> Layer<19:02:05.936> Two<19:02:06.120> in<19:02:06.600> order<19:02:06.720> to<19:02:06.896> send

then but for Layer Two in order to send

then but for Layer Two in order to send
the<19:02:08.464> packet<19:02:08.872> out<19:02:09.056> it<19:02:09.360> needs<19:02:09.600> to<19:02:09.720> know<19:02:09.832> the<19:02:10.080> Mac

the packet out it needs to know the Mac

the packet out it needs to know the Mac
and<19:02:12.120> if<19:02:12.536> it's<19:02:12.720> got<19:02:12.896> a<19:02:13.080> the<19:02:13.256> false<19:02:13.680> entry<19:02:14.040> here

and if it's got a the false entry here

and if it's got a the false entry here
from<19:02:14.512> the<19:02:14.640> attacker<19:02:15.176> then<19:02:15.600> it<19:02:15.720> will<19:02:15.832> send<19:02:16.016> it

from the attacker then it will send it

from the attacker then it will send it
to<19:02:16.320> the<19:02:16.496> wrong<19:02:16.616> host<19:02:16.976> it'll<19:02:17.400> send<19:02:17.512> it<19:02:17.696> to<19:02:17.936> here

to the wrong host it'll send it to here

to the wrong host it'll send it to here
instead<19:02:19.616> of<19:02:19.680> here<19:02:19.976> or<19:02:20.216> vice<19:02:20.512> versa

instead of here or vice versa

instead of here or vice versa
you<19:02:22.920> combat<19:02:23.576> this<19:02:23.760> with<19:02:24.000> Dynamic<19:02:24.480> harp

you combat this with Dynamic harp

you combat this with Dynamic harp
inspection<19:02:25.192> which<19:02:25.744> is<19:02:25.920> you<19:02:26.512> will<19:02:26.640> enable<19:02:26.936> this

inspection which is you will enable this

inspection which is you will enable this
on<19:02:27.600> switches

on switches

on switches
our<19:02:29.576> and<19:02:29.872> DHCP<19:02:30.720> snooping

our and DHCP snooping

our and DHCP snooping
there's<19:02:33.784> a<19:02:33.896> lot<19:02:34.016> of<19:02:34.144> different<19:02:34.256> type<19:02:34.496> of

there's a lot of different type of

there's a lot of different type of
spoofing<19:02:35.336> when<19:02:35.640> it<19:02:35.760> comes<19:02:36.000> to<19:02:36.360> hacking<19:02:36.896> this

spoofing when it comes to hacking this

spoofing when it comes to hacking this
is<19:02:37.744> pretending<19:02:38.216> to<19:02:38.336> be<19:02:38.464> someone<19:02:38.760> or<19:02:39.240> something

is pretending to be someone or something

is pretending to be someone or something
you<19:02:39.784> want

you want

you want
and<19:02:41.280> one<19:02:41.512> type<19:02:41.696> of<19:02:41.824> spoofing<19:02:42.240> is<19:02:42.360> DHCP

and one type of spoofing is DHCP

and one type of spoofing is DHCP
spoofing<19:02:43.744> the<19:02:44.336> idea<19:02:44.640> is<19:02:44.872> the<19:02:45.424> software

spoofing the idea is the software

spoofing the idea is the software
exhausts<19:02:46.800> the<19:02:46.976> pool<19:02:47.160> of<19:02:47.400> addresses<19:02:47.936> so<19:02:48.536> you'll

exhausts the pool of addresses so you'll

exhausts the pool of addresses so you'll
have<19:02:48.960> a<19:02:49.080> pool<19:02:49.256> of<19:02:49.552> say

have a pool of say

have a pool of say
10<19:02:51.480> 000<19:02:51.536> addresses<19:02:52.192> and<19:02:52.920> it<19:02:53.104> will<19:02:53.216> spoof<19:02:53.640> keep

10 000 addresses and it will spoof keep

10 000 addresses and it will spoof keep
requesting<19:02:55.104> the<19:02:56.104> addresses<19:02:56.760> until

requesting the addresses until

requesting the addresses until
eventually<19:02:57.600> there's<19:02:58.552> zero<19:02:58.976> left<19:02:59.160> at<19:02:59.640> which

eventually there's zero left at which

eventually there's zero left at which
point<19:03:00.056> in<19:03:00.240> the<19:03:00.360> DHCP<19:03:01.256> server<19:03:01.680> can't<19:03:02.336> allocate

point in the DHCP server can't allocate

point in the DHCP server can't allocate
information<19:03:03.056> and<19:03:03.536> then<19:03:03.656> hosts<19:03:03.960> on<19:03:04.080> your

information and then hosts on your

information and then hosts on your
network<19:03:04.376> can't<19:03:04.976> join<19:03:05.336> the<19:03:05.464> network

network can't join the network

network can't join the network
uh<19:03:07.744> the<19:03:08.104> Mac<19:03:08.600> impersonates<19:03:09.600> house<19:03:09.960> or<19:03:10.320> device

uh the Mac impersonates house or device

uh the Mac impersonates house or device
on<19:03:11.936> Two<19:03:12.360> Hosts<19:03:12.720> on<19:03:12.832> one<19:03:13.016> switch<19:03:13.320> Port<19:03:13.696> so<19:03:14.696> this

on Two Hosts on one switch Port so this

on Two Hosts on one switch Port so this
is<19:03:15.120> actually<19:03:15.480> poisoning<19:03:16.192> it<19:03:16.376> looks<19:03:16.616> like<19:03:16.744> the

is actually poisoning it looks like the

is actually poisoning it looks like the
port<19:03:17.824> on<19:03:18.120> the<19:03:18.240> switch<19:03:18.424> here<19:03:18.784> it<19:03:19.552> should<19:03:19.800> have

port on the switch here it should have

port on the switch here it should have
one<19:03:20.160> Mac<19:03:20.336> address<19:03:20.576> per<19:03:21.056> port

one Mac address per port

one Mac address per port
but

but

but
it's<19:03:24.120> got<19:03:24.424> two<19:03:24.832> associated<19:03:25.616> with<19:03:26.040> the<19:03:26.280> uh<19:03:26.576> Port

it's got two associated with the uh Port

it's got two associated with the uh Port
which<19:03:28.192> um

which um

which um
it<19:03:29.464> can<19:03:29.576> it<19:03:29.824> can<19:03:30.000> happen<19:03:30.240> if<19:03:30.896> you've<19:03:31.080> got<19:03:31.320> a<19:03:31.800> um

it can it can happen if you've got a um

it can it can happen if you've got a um
Hub<19:03:32.160> plugged<19:03:32.512> in<19:03:32.576> but<19:03:32.824> it<19:03:33.424> would<19:03:33.600> you<19:03:33.784> would

Hub plugged in but it would you would

Hub plugged in but it would you would
normally<19:03:34.144> have<19:03:34.256> this<19:03:34.440> on<19:03:34.616> your<19:03:34.744> network

normally have this on your network

normally have this on your network
however<19:03:36.960> the<19:03:37.192> ARP<19:03:37.504> Source<19:03:37.800> the<19:03:37.856> MAC<19:03:37.976> address

however the ARP Source the MAC address

however the ARP Source the MAC address
is<19:03:38.464> disguised<19:03:39.056> and<19:03:39.240> the<19:03:39.360> arc<19:03:39.600> cache<19:03:39.960> is

is disguised and the arc cache is

is disguised and the arc cache is
poisoned

poisoned

poisoned
de-authentication<19:03:43.616> this<19:03:44.280> is<19:03:44.464> used<19:03:44.640> on<19:03:45.000> Wi-Fi

de-authentication this is used on Wi-Fi

de-authentication this is used on Wi-Fi
networks<19:03:45.832> this<19:03:46.144> is<19:03:46.256> more<19:03:46.440> of<19:03:46.552> a<19:03:46.744> pain<19:03:46.856> than

networks this is more of a pain than

networks this is more of a pain than
anything<19:03:47.336> it<19:03:48.176> sends<19:03:48.600> a<19:03:48.784> de-authentication

anything it sends a de-authentication

anything it sends a de-authentication
frame<19:03:50.696> to<19:03:51.176> the<19:03:51.296> host<19:03:51.424> to<19:03:51.720> end<19:03:51.896> the<19:03:52.080> session<19:03:52.256> the

frame to the host to end the session the

frame to the host to end the session the
attackers<19:03:53.512> boosts<19:03:53.872> the<19:03:53.936> victim's<19:03:54.296> Mac

attackers boosts the victim's Mac

attackers boosts the victim's Mac
address<19:03:54.720> which<19:03:55.192> you<19:03:55.320> could<19:03:55.504> attain<19:03:55.800> by

address which you could attain by

address which you could attain by
sniffing<19:03:56.576> while<19:03:56.760> a<19:03:57.000> sniffing<19:03:57.360> now<19:03:58.192> there's<19:03:58.376> no

sniffing while a sniffing now there's no

sniffing while a sniffing now there's no
need<19:03:58.744> for<19:03:58.920> encryption<19:03:59.536> so<19:04:00.536> even<19:04:00.896> though

need for encryption so even though

need for encryption so even though
you've<19:04:01.504> got<19:04:01.744> an<19:04:02.160> encrypted<19:04:02.824> uh<19:04:03.480> connection

you've got an encrypted uh connection

you've got an encrypted uh connection
so<19:04:05.464> or<19:04:05.760> your<19:04:06.000> device<19:04:06.296> or<19:04:07.016> all<19:04:07.256> your<19:04:07.376> traffic<19:04:07.680> is

so or your device or all your traffic is

so or your device or all your traffic is
encrypted<19:04:08.512> the<19:04:09.360> de-authentication<19:04:10.192> frame

encrypted the de-authentication frame

encrypted the de-authentication frame
doesn't<19:04:10.856> have<19:04:11.160> to<19:04:11.336> be

doesn't have to be

doesn't have to be
so<19:04:13.256> whatever<19:04:13.440> that<19:04:13.976> frame<19:04:14.512> will<19:04:14.760> say

whatever whatever it says in the frame

whatever whatever it says in the frame
to<19:04:19.256> tell<19:04:19.440> it<19:04:19.552> to<19:04:19.680> terminate<19:04:20.040> the<19:04:20.216> session<19:04:20.400> that

to tell it to terminate the session that

to tell it to terminate the session that
doesn't<19:04:21.240> have<19:04:21.536> to<19:04:21.656> be<19:04:21.784> so<19:04:22.616> it's<19:04:22.800> a<19:04:22.976> floor<19:04:23.160> in

doesn't have to be so it's a floor in

doesn't have to be so it's a floor in
the<19:04:23.640> technology

the technology

the technology
brute<19:04:26.280> force<19:04:26.640> uh<19:04:27.424> this<19:04:27.600> is<19:04:27.720> a<19:04:27.832> type<19:04:28.016> of

brute force uh this is a type of

brute force uh this is a type of
password<19:04:28.320> attack<19:04:28.744> the<19:04:29.040> other<19:04:29.216> type<19:04:29.400> is<19:04:29.576> a

password attack the other type is a

password attack the other type is a
dictionary<19:04:30.120> attack<19:04:30.504> so<19:04:31.504> what<19:04:31.920> the<19:04:32.216> Brute

dictionary attack so what the Brute

dictionary attack so what the Brute
Force<19:04:33.360> attack<19:04:33.480> does<19:04:33.784> it<19:04:34.080> just<19:04:34.192> keeps<19:04:34.496> guessing

Force attack does it just keeps guessing

Force attack does it just keeps guessing
over<19:04:35.280> and<19:04:35.576> over

over and over

over and over
to<19:04:37.192> try<19:04:37.320> and<19:04:37.440> find<19:04:37.616> the<19:04:37.800> password

to try and find the password

to try and find the password
typically<19:04:39.784> the<19:04:40.080> username<19:04:40.440> would<19:04:40.616> have<19:04:40.744> been

typically the username would have been

typically the username would have been
installed<19:04:41.216> and

installed and

installed and
um yeah<19:04:43.376> you'll<19:04:43.800> have<19:04:43.920> a<19:04:44.104> hashed<19:04:44.400> version<19:04:44.576> of

um yeah you'll have a hashed version of

um yeah you'll have a hashed version of
the<19:04:45.120> password<19:04:45.296> this<19:04:45.784> is<19:04:45.896> what<19:04:46.016> it's<19:04:46.144> trying<19:04:46.320> to

the password this is what it's trying to

the password this is what it's trying to
guess

guess

guess
the<19:04:48.424> same<19:04:48.600> hashing<19:04:49.080> algorithm<19:04:49.552> is<19:04:49.800> used<19:04:49.976> for

the same hashing algorithm is used for

the same hashing algorithm is used for
example<19:04:50.720> md5<19:04:51.720> is<19:04:52.080> used

example md5 is used

example md5 is used
and<19:04:53.936> it<19:04:54.296> will<19:04:54.424> use<19:04:54.600> this<19:04:54.784> to<19:04:54.960> try<19:04:55.144> and<19:04:55.256> send

and it will use this to try and send

and it will use this to try and send
hash<19:04:55.800> values

hash values

hash values
you'll<19:04:57.360> combat<19:04:57.720> it<19:04:57.960> using<19:04:58.256> Advanced

you'll combat it using Advanced

you'll combat it using Advanced
algorithms<19:04:59.512> so<19:05:00.000> you'd<19:05:00.360> have<19:05:00.480> like<19:05:00.784> millions

algorithms so you'd have like millions

algorithms so you'd have like millions
or<19:05:01.440> billions<19:05:01.744> of<19:05:01.920> combinations

or billions of combinations

or billions of combinations
um<19:05:04.016> for<19:05:04.320> example<19:05:04.552> RSA<19:05:05.216> or<19:05:05.400> public<19:05:05.640> key

um for example RSA or public key

um for example RSA or public key
encryption

VLAN hop in uh host typically require a

VLAN hop in uh host typically require a
layer<19:05:12.832> 3<19:05:12.960> device<19:05:13.376> to<19:05:13.744> reach<19:05:13.920> under<19:05:14.160> the<19:05:14.464> VLAN

layer 3 device to reach under the VLAN

layer 3 device to reach under the VLAN
and<19:05:15.536> if<19:05:15.720> I've<19:05:15.832> got<19:05:16.016> a<19:05:16.192> picture<19:05:16.552> of<19:05:16.856> this

and if I've got a picture of this

and if I've got a picture of this
actually<19:05:17.216> but<19:05:18.056> we've<19:05:18.296> seen<19:05:18.832> before<19:05:19.016> if<19:05:19.376> you've

actually but we've seen before if you've

actually but we've seen before if you've
got<19:05:19.800> a<19:05:20.216> hosts

got a hosts

got a hosts
in<19:05:22.016> this<19:05:22.192> VLAN

in this VLAN

in this VLAN
and<19:05:23.872> they<19:05:24.000> will<19:05:24.120> connect<19:05:24.296> to<19:05:24.536> a<19:05:24.720> switch<19:05:24.960> and

and they will connect to a switch and

and they will connect to a switch and
then<19:05:25.856> hosts<19:05:26.936> in<19:05:27.480> this<19:05:27.656> VLAN

then hosts in this VLAN

then hosts in this VLAN
so<19:05:29.336> VLAN<19:05:29.872> 10<19:05:30.176> VLAN<19:05:30.832> 20<19:05:31.080> and<19:05:31.744> they'll<19:05:31.976> be

so VLAN 10 VLAN 20 and they'll be

so VLAN 10 VLAN 20 and they'll be
they'll<19:05:32.336> have<19:05:32.464> different<19:05:32.640> IP<19:05:33.056> addresses<19:05:33.600> but

they'll have different IP addresses but

they'll have different IP addresses but
uh<19:05:34.744> these<19:05:35.104> do<19:05:35.216> these<19:05:35.696> devices<19:05:36.120> can't<19:05:36.480> connect

uh these do these devices can't connect

uh these do these devices can't connect
to<19:05:36.960> one<19:05:37.192> another<19:05:37.400> unless<19:05:38.400> the<19:05:38.576> switch<19:05:38.760> is

to one another unless the switch is

to one another unless the switch is
connected<19:05:39.424> to<19:05:39.656> a<19:05:39.960> layer<19:05:40.320> 3<19:05:40.440> device<19:05:40.800> now<19:05:41.760> this

connected to a layer 3 device now this

connected to a layer 3 device now this
can<19:05:42.120> actually<19:05:42.240> be<19:05:42.480> built<19:05:42.832> into<19:05:42.960> the<19:05:43.256> switch<19:05:43.552> it

can actually be built into the switch it

can actually be built into the switch it
could<19:05:44.040> be<19:05:44.280> a<19:05:44.400> multi-layer<19:05:44.936> switch<19:05:45.120> but<19:05:45.720> it<19:05:45.832> has

could be a multi-layer switch but it has

could be a multi-layer switch but it has
to<19:05:46.144> have<19:05:46.256> this<19:05:46.496> layer<19:05:46.976> 3<19:05:47.104> capability

to have this layer 3 capability

to have this layer 3 capability
well<19:05:49.080> VLAN<19:05:49.552> hopping<19:05:49.856> the<19:05:49.976> attacker<19:05:50.400> attempts

well VLAN hopping the attacker attempts

well VLAN hopping the attacker attempts
to<19:05:50.936> bypass<19:05:51.360> the<19:05:51.536> layer<19:05:51.832> 3<19:05:51.960> device<19:05:52.256> to<19:05:52.616> com

to bypass the layer 3 device to com

to bypass the layer 3 device to com
compromise<19:05:53.576> another<19:05:53.824> device<19:05:54.240> and<19:05:55.144> you<19:05:55.320> could

compromise another device and you could

compromise another device and you could
have<19:05:55.680> all<19:05:55.976> your<19:05:56.160> security

have all your security

have all your security
or<19:05:58.552> some<19:05:58.856> of<19:05:59.104> your<19:05:59.216> security<19:05:59.464> built<19:06:00.000> into<19:06:00.120> this

or some of your security built into this

or some of your security built into this
layer<19:06:00.720> 3<19:06:00.832> device

layer 3 device

layer 3 device
here<19:06:03.480> it's<19:06:03.832> done<19:06:04.016> by<19:06:04.256> a<19:06:04.376> switch<19:06:04.496> spoofing<19:06:05.040> or

here it's done by a switch spoofing or

here it's done by a switch spoofing or
double<19:06:05.400> tagging

double tagging

double tagging
so<19:06:07.920> switch<19:06:08.216> spoofing<19:06:08.824> the<19:06:09.000> device

so switch spoofing the device

so switch spoofing the device
impersonates<19:06:10.080> a<19:06:10.376> switch<19:06:10.616> whatever<19:06:11.512> this

impersonates a switch whatever this

impersonates a switch whatever this
Rogue<19:06:12.480> device<19:06:12.656> is<19:06:12.960> it's<19:06:13.320> pretending<19:06:13.800> to<19:06:13.920> be<19:06:14.160> a

Rogue device is it's pretending to be a

Rogue device is it's pretending to be a
switch<19:06:14.784> so<19:06:15.784> probably<19:06:16.080> we'll<19:06:16.376> need<19:06:16.552> a<19:06:16.800> trunk

switch so probably we'll need a trunk

switch so probably we'll need a trunk
link<19:06:17.216> here

you combat it by disabling trunking

you combat it by disabling trunking
where<19:06:22.016> not<19:06:22.320> required

to say this is your frame here and you

to say this is your frame here and you
would<19:06:28.144> have<19:06:28.320> your<19:06:28.496> VLAN

would have your VLAN

would have your VLAN
uh<19:06:31.856> 10<19:06:32.104> here<19:06:32.536> and<19:06:33.616> say<19:06:34.616> 20<19:06:34.976> here<19:06:35.336> well<19:06:35.760> normally

uh 10 here and say 20 here well normally

uh 10 here and say 20 here well normally
when<19:06:36.296> the<19:06:36.480> frame<19:06:36.720> reaches<19:06:37.080> the<19:06:37.256> destination

when the frame reaches the destination

when the frame reaches the destination
the<19:06:39.120> VLAN<19:06:39.600> tag<19:06:39.896> is<19:06:40.016> removed<19:06:40.440> because<19:06:40.552> the

the VLAN tag is removed because the

the VLAN tag is removed because the
hosts<19:06:41.104> don't<19:06:41.216> really<19:06:41.400> care<19:06:41.576> that<19:06:41.824> they're<19:06:41.936> in

hosts don't really care that they're in

hosts don't really care that they're in
a<19:06:42.240> VLAN<19:06:42.656> but<19:06:43.192> what<19:06:43.376> they<19:06:43.552> can<19:06:43.616> do<19:06:43.744> with<19:06:43.856> VLAN

a VLAN but what they can do with VLAN

a VLAN but what they can do with VLAN
hopping<19:06:44.576> is<19:06:44.696> they<19:06:44.936> can<19:06:45.120> add<19:06:45.240> an<19:06:45.424> extra<19:06:45.536> one

um here in order to gain access to a

um here in order to gain access to a
VLAN<19:06:51.000> when<19:06:51.656> this<19:06:52.144> device<19:06:52.320> might<19:06:52.616> be<19:06:52.744> over<19:06:52.920> here

VLAN when this device might be over here

VLAN when this device might be over here
on<19:06:53.280> VLAN<19:06:53.760> 20.

on VLAN 20.

on VLAN 20.
so<19:06:56.336> that's<19:06:56.400> double<19:06:56.640> tagging

so that's double tagging

so that's double tagging
combat<19:06:59.280> by<19:06:59.512> using<19:06:59.760> a<19:06:59.936> dedicated<19:07:00.296> VLAN<19:07:00.832> for<19:07:01.016> all

combat by using a dedicated VLAN for all

combat by using a dedicated VLAN for all
trunk<19:07:01.504> links

trunk links

trunk links
so<19:07:03.480> your<19:07:03.720> trunk<19:07:03.960> link<19:07:04.192> between<19:07:05.040> this<19:07:05.336> switch

so your trunk link between this switch

so your trunk link between this switch
here

here

here
is<19:07:07.504> switch<19:07:07.744> here<19:07:08.104> this<19:07:08.696> switch<19:07:08.872> here<19:07:09.656> you've

is switch here this switch here you've

is switch here this switch here you've
got<19:07:10.616> a<19:07:11.464> special<19:07:12.176> VLAN<19:07:12.784> only<19:07:13.192> used<19:07:13.504> between

got a special VLAN only used between

got a special VLAN only used between
these<19:07:14.464> trunk<19:07:14.760> links<19:07:15.120> so<19:07:15.656> save<19:07:16.080> VLAN<19:07:16.744> 101<19:07:18.080> 102

these trunk links so save VLAN 101 102

these trunk links so save VLAN 101 102
103.<19:07:20.872> these<19:07:21.480> these<19:07:21.784> numbers<19:07:21.896> aren't<19:07:22.320> used

103. these these numbers aren't used

103. these these numbers aren't used
anywhere<19:07:23.160> else<19:07:23.400> on<19:07:23.640> the<19:07:23.760> network<19:07:23.872> they're

anywhere else on the network they're

anywhere else on the network they're
just<19:07:24.480> used<19:07:24.656> for<19:07:24.896> the<19:07:25.016> trunk<19:07:25.376> links

uh this is just a diagram showing you um

uh this is just a diagram showing you um
the<19:07:33.176> double<19:07:33.424> tag<19:07:33.784> frame<19:07:34.080> here<19:07:34.320> so<19:07:34.976> the<19:07:35.160> switch

the double tag frame here so the switch

the double tag frame here so the switch
arm<19:07:35.512> removes<19:07:35.936> the<19:07:36.056> first<19:07:36.176> tagging<19:07:36.656> forwards

arm removes the first tagging forwards

arm removes the first tagging forwards
to<19:07:37.192> switch<19:07:37.320> to<19:07:37.552> and<19:07:38.216> this<19:07:38.400> time

to switch to and this time

to switch to and this time
the<19:07:40.080> tag<19:07:40.256> is<19:07:40.440> still<19:07:40.616> attached<19:07:41.040> to<19:07:41.104> it

man in the middle attack uh convinces

man in the middle attack uh convinces
the<19:07:47.464> sender<19:07:47.824> and<19:07:47.936> receiver<19:07:48.296> that<19:07:48.656> the

the sender and receiver that the

the sender and receiver that the
computer<19:07:49.016> in<19:07:49.320> the<19:07:49.504> middle<19:07:49.616> is<19:07:49.856> the<19:07:50.040> actual

computer in the middle is the actual

computer in the middle is the actual
host<19:07:50.464> so<19:07:50.696> this<19:07:50.936> host<19:07:51.176> here<19:07:51.424> thinks<19:07:52.016> it<19:07:52.192> says

host so this host here thinks it says

host so this host here thinks it says
speaking<19:07:52.744> to<19:07:52.800> the<19:07:52.976> server<19:07:53.336> the<19:07:53.824> server<19:07:54.120> thinks

speaking to the server the server thinks

speaking to the server the server thinks
he's<19:07:54.536> speaking<19:07:54.832> to<19:07:55.016> this<19:07:55.144> host<19:07:55.320> over<19:07:55.616> here

he's speaking to this host over here

he's speaking to this host over here
really<19:07:56.824> it's<19:07:57.240> going<19:07:57.536> between<19:07:58.016> this

really it's going between this

really it's going between this
intermediary<19:07:58.976> device<19:07:59.216> here<19:07:59.512> which<19:07:59.760> is<19:07:59.872> the

intermediary device here which is the

intermediary device here which is the
attacker

attacker

attacker
you<19:08:02.512> normally<19:08:02.824> accompany<19:08:03.240> this<19:08:03.536> with<19:08:03.784> DNS<19:08:04.192> or

you normally accompany this with DNS or

you normally accompany this with DNS or
ARP<19:08:04.800> spoofing<19:08:05.280> so<19:08:05.400> there'd<19:08:05.576> be<19:08:05.640> an<19:08:05.824> ARP<19:08:06.120> cache

ARP spoofing so there'd be an ARP cache

ARP spoofing so there'd be an ARP cache
here

and here and it would say the back

and here and it would say the back
address<19:08:13.144> for<19:08:13.440> this<19:08:13.616> particular<19:08:13.976> host<19:08:14.424> but

address for this particular host but

address for this particular host but
really<19:08:15.656> it's<19:08:15.832> injected<19:08:16.320> a<19:08:16.440> false<19:08:16.680> Mac<19:08:16.856> address

really it's injected a false Mac address

really it's injected a false Mac address
here

here

here
and<19:08:19.016> it<19:08:19.192> and<19:08:19.440> the<19:08:19.680> messages<19:08:20.040> are<19:08:20.400> actually

and it and the messages are actually

and it and the messages are actually
sent<19:08:20.872> and<19:08:21.120> received

sent and received

sent and received
so<19:08:23.040> there's<19:08:23.160> acknowledgment<19:08:23.696> it<19:08:24.240> sends<19:08:24.720> and

so there's acknowledgment it sends and

so there's acknowledgment it sends and
then<19:08:25.616> this<19:08:26.040> device<19:08:26.216> here<19:08:26.512> will<19:08:26.696> send<19:08:26.872> out<19:08:27.000> an

then this device here will send out an

then this device here will send out an
acknowledgment<19:08:27.656> but<19:08:27.960> really<19:08:28.144> it's<19:08:28.376> going

acknowledgment but really it's going

acknowledgment but really it's going
through<19:08:28.976> the<19:08:29.160> middle<19:08:29.280> here

through the middle here

through the middle here
type<19:08:30.600> of<19:08:30.784> spoofing<19:08:31.192> attack

type of spoofing attack

type of spoofing attack
I've<19:08:33.424> renderability<19:08:34.016> scanning

I've renderability scanning

I've renderability scanning
um

um

um
this<19:08:36.784> should<19:08:36.960> have<19:08:37.080> appeared<19:08:37.440> in<19:08:37.552> a<19:08:38.104> moment

this should have appeared in a moment

this should have appeared in a moment
sorry<19:08:38.512> it<19:08:39.120> probes<19:08:39.424> the<19:08:39.536> host<19:08:39.720> in<19:08:39.896> order<19:08:40.080> to

sorry it probes the host in order to

sorry it probes the host in order to
find<19:08:40.440> an<19:08:40.680> explode<19:08:41.040> exploitable<19:08:41.960> service<19:08:42.960> or

find an explode exploitable service or

find an explode exploitable service or
process<19:08:43.696> so<19:08:44.696> you've<19:08:44.872> got<19:08:45.000> your<19:08:45.120> server<19:08:45.480> here

process so you've got your server here

process so you've got your server here
and<19:08:46.496> obviously<19:08:46.856> there's<19:08:47.280> ports<19:08:48.424> permitted<19:08:49.256> or

and obviously there's ports permitted or

and obviously there's ports permitted or
denied<19:08:49.744> but<19:08:50.216> it<19:08:50.336> will<19:08:50.512> keep<19:08:50.760> probing<19:08:51.656> until<19:08:52.192> it

denied but it will keep probing until it

denied but it will keep probing until it
finally<19:08:52.800> finds<19:08:53.216> one<19:08:53.464> that's<19:08:54.000> open<19:08:54.296> and<19:08:55.016> then

finally finds one that's open and then

finally finds one that's open and then
it<19:08:55.320> will<19:08:55.504> try<19:08:55.744> and<19:08:55.920> do<19:08:56.040> some<19:08:56.216> damage

it will try and do some damage

it will try and do some damage
there's<19:08:58.080> a<19:08:58.192> whole<19:08:58.320> bunch<19:08:58.496> of<19:08:58.616> tools<19:08:58.976> if<19:08:59.216> you<19:08:59.336> do

there's a whole bunch of tools if you do

there's a whole bunch of tools if you do
an<19:08:59.640> ethical<19:08:59.872> hacking<19:09:00.360> course<19:09:00.656> for<19:09:00.960> example

an ethical hacking course for example

an ethical hacking course for example
you<19:09:02.160> can<19:09:02.280> download<19:09:02.872> there's<19:09:03.480> a<19:09:03.784> ton<19:09:03.960> of<19:09:04.144> free

you can download there's a ton of free

you can download there's a ton of free
tools<19:09:04.856> that<19:09:05.936> um<19:09:05.936> the<19:09:06.360> idea<19:09:06.656> is<19:09:06.976> you're<19:09:07.976> trying

tools that um the idea is you're trying

tools that um the idea is you're trying
to<19:09:08.400> learn<19:09:08.576> how<19:09:08.760> to<19:09:08.872> protect<19:09:09.120> your<19:09:09.424> system<19:09:09.600> but

to learn how to protect your system but

to learn how to protect your system but
they're<19:09:10.256> obviously<19:09:10.680> available<19:09:11.104> for<19:09:11.512> use<19:09:11.696> by

they're obviously available for use by

they're obviously available for use by
hackers

hackers

hackers
now<19:09:14.104> say<19:09:14.464> there's<19:09:14.696> a<19:09:14.872> particular<19:09:15.120> Port<19:09:15.480> open

now say there's a particular Port open

now say there's a particular Port open
or<19:09:16.256> a<19:09:16.552> service<19:09:16.856> so

or a service so

or a service so
um like<19:09:18.720> an<19:09:18.832> instant<19:09:19.144> messenger<19:09:19.552> Port<19:09:19.920> has

um like an instant messenger Port has

um like an instant messenger Port has
been<19:09:20.336> left<19:09:20.512> open

been left open

been left open
this<19:09:22.320> will<19:09:22.496> then<19:09:22.680> tell<19:09:22.920> the<19:09:23.104> attacker<19:09:23.464> the

this will then tell the attacker the

this will then tell the attacker the
hacker<19:09:24.120> what<19:09:24.424> type<19:09:24.600> of<19:09:24.720> attack<19:09:24.896> will<19:09:25.256> work

hacker what type of attack will work

hacker what type of attack will work
best<19:09:25.744> on<19:09:25.976> this<19:09:26.160> particular<19:09:26.464> Port<19:09:26.824> so<19:09:27.424> it<19:09:27.600> may

best on this particular Port so it may

best on this particular Port so it may
not<19:09:27.896> use<19:09:28.080> that<19:09:28.320> specific<19:09:28.680> pool<19:09:28.920> but<19:09:29.216> it<19:09:29.400> may

not use that specific pool but it may

not use that specific pool but it may
then<19:09:29.824> be<19:09:30.000> able<19:09:30.176> to<19:09:30.240> Target<19:09:30.600> a<19:09:31.144> vulnerability

then be able to Target a vulnerability

then be able to Target a vulnerability
in<19:09:31.856> the<19:09:31.976> application

in the application

in the application
one<19:09:33.784> of<19:09:33.896> the<19:09:34.016> tools<19:09:34.320> you<19:09:34.440> could<19:09:34.616> use<19:09:34.856> is<19:09:35.464> a<19:09:35.640> nmap

one of the tools you could use is a nmap

one of the tools you could use is a nmap
you<19:09:37.144> obviously<19:09:37.440> counteract<19:09:37.920> all<19:09:38.104> of<19:09:38.216> this<19:09:38.336> by

you obviously counteract all of this by

you obviously counteract all of this by
doing<19:09:38.696> some<19:09:38.872> penetration<19:09:39.424> testing<19:09:39.896> or<19:09:40.144> paying

doing some penetration testing or paying

doing some penetration testing or paying
for<19:09:40.616> it

for it

for it
and<19:09:42.120> here's<19:09:42.720> a<19:09:43.192> result<19:09:43.920> from<19:09:44.216> the<19:09:44.400> nmap<19:09:44.760> tool

and here's a result from the nmap tool

and here's a result from the nmap tool
here

here

here
and<19:09:47.696> then<19:09:47.824> it's<19:09:48.056> giving<19:09:48.480> you<19:09:48.720> your<19:09:48.896> your

and then it's giving you your your

and then it's giving you your your
outputs<19:09:49.744> you'll<19:09:50.160> learn<19:09:50.280> more<19:09:50.464> if<19:09:50.640> you<19:09:50.760> do

outputs you'll learn more if you do

outputs you'll learn more if you do
penetration<19:09:51.656> testing<19:09:52.144> which<19:09:52.320> isn't<19:09:52.552> really

penetration testing which isn't really

penetration testing which isn't really
covered<19:09:52.976> in<19:09:53.216> the<19:09:53.512> syllabus

covered in the syllabus

covered in the syllabus
all<19:09:55.616> right<19:09:55.800> so<19:09:55.920> we've<19:09:56.160> covered<19:09:56.512> a<19:09:56.760> lot<19:09:56.872> of

all right so we've covered a lot of

all right so we've covered a lot of
stuff<19:09:57.176> social<19:09:57.536> engineering<19:09:58.320> Insider<19:09:59.216> threats

stuff social engineering Insider threats

stuff social engineering Insider threats
logic<19:10:00.832> bombs<19:10:01.320> the<19:10:01.680> Rogue<19:10:01.976> access<19:10:02.104> point<19:10:02.464> that

logic bombs the Rogue access point that

logic bombs the Rogue access point that
somebody<19:10:02.872> brings<19:10:03.360> in<19:10:03.600> evil<19:10:04.496> twin<19:10:04.800> driving

somebody brings in evil twin driving

somebody brings in evil twin driving
around<19:10:05.696> looking<19:10:06.000> for<19:10:06.296> a<19:10:06.480> free<19:10:06.720> wireless

around looking for a free wireless

around looking for a free wireless
fishing

fishing

fishing
uh<19:10:10.440> ransomware<19:10:11.360> poisoning<19:10:12.360> the<19:10:12.536> DNS<19:10:12.896> entries

uh ransomware poisoning the DNS entries

uh ransomware poisoning the DNS entries
the<19:10:14.280> ARP<19:10:14.696> cache<19:10:15.120> spoofing<19:10:15.960> is<19:10:16.144> pretending<19:10:16.496> to

the ARP cache spoofing is pretending to

the ARP cache spoofing is pretending to
be<19:10:16.800> something<19:10:17.160> or<19:10:17.464> someone<19:10:17.640> you're<19:10:17.936> not

be something or someone you're not

be something or someone you're not
D<19:10:19.680> authentication<19:10:20.576> the<19:10:21.424> frames<19:10:21.896> got

D authentication the frames got

D authentication the frames got
um<19:10:22.856> it<19:10:23.576> can<19:10:23.760> be<19:10:23.872> in<19:10:24.000> clear<19:10:24.120> text<19:10:24.504> Brute<19:10:25.504> Force

um it can be in clear text Brute Force

um it can be in clear text Brute Force
attacks<19:10:26.296> VLAN<19:10:27.296> hopping<19:10:27.720> man<19:10:28.080> in<19:10:28.320> the<19:10:28.440> middle

attacks VLAN hopping man in the middle

attacks VLAN hopping man in the middle
and<19:10:28.976> then<19:10:29.160> exploits<19:10:29.872> versus<19:10:30.120> vulnerabilities

and then exploits versus vulnerabilities

and then exploits versus vulnerabilities
that's<19:10:31.856> all<19:10:32.104> for<19:10:32.280> now<19:10:32.464> thanks<19:10:32.872> for<19:10:33.000> listening

[Music]

[Music]
thank<19:10:46.144> you

network security threat mitigation and

network security threat mitigation and
user<19:11:00.656> education

user education

user education
we've<19:11:03.480> now<19:11:03.656> talked<19:11:04.080> about<19:11:04.256> a<19:11:04.496> lot<19:11:04.616> of<19:11:04.744> the

we've now talked about a lot of the

we've now talked about a lot of the
different<19:11:05.104> types<19:11:05.760> of<19:11:05.872> attacks<19:11:06.424> and<19:11:06.600> security

different types of attacks and security

different types of attacks and security
threats<19:11:07.680> that<19:11:07.920> you<19:11:08.040> encounter<19:11:08.576> in<19:11:09.176> today's

threats that you encounter in today's

threats that you encounter in today's
world<19:11:09.656> when<19:11:09.960> it<19:11:10.080> comes<19:11:10.320> to<19:11:10.440> your<19:11:10.552> network<19:11:10.744> and

world when it comes to your network and

world when it comes to your network and
we've<19:11:11.936> talked<19:11:12.176> about<19:11:12.240> ways<19:11:12.960> to<19:11:13.504> protect<19:11:14.160> from

we've talked about ways to protect from

we've talked about ways to protect from
these<19:11:14.760> threats<19:11:15.496> from<19:11:16.496> attacks<19:11:17.104> to<19:11:17.760> antivirus

these threats from attacks to antivirus

these threats from attacks to antivirus
software<19:11:18.784> and<19:11:19.016> so<19:11:19.192> on<19:11:19.376> but<19:11:20.216> let's<19:11:20.512> talk<19:11:20.696> a

software and so on but let's talk a

software and so on but let's talk a
little<19:11:21.000> further<19:11:21.360> about<19:11:21.600> how<19:11:21.960> we<19:11:22.192> can<19:11:22.440> mitigate

little further about how we can mitigate

little further about how we can mitigate
these<19:11:23.872> threats<19:11:24.240> and<19:11:25.080> if<19:11:25.320> that<19:11:25.552> word<19:11:25.680> is<19:11:25.920> new<19:11:26.104> to

these threats and if that word is new to

these threats and if that word is new to
you<19:11:26.400> the<19:11:26.872> first<19:11:27.000> thing<19:11:27.176> we're<19:11:27.296> going<19:11:27.480> to<19:11:27.536> talk

you the first thing we're going to talk

you the first thing we're going to talk
about<19:11:27.896> is<19:11:28.320> what<19:11:28.744> threat<19:11:29.280> mitigation<19:11:29.936> means

about is what threat mitigation means

about is what threat mitigation means
we're<19:11:32.040> then<19:11:32.216> going<19:11:32.400> to<19:11:32.512> identify<19:11:32.936> some<19:11:33.240> of<19:11:33.360> the

we're then going to identify some of the

we're then going to identify some of the
steps<19:11:34.016> in<19:11:34.320> a<19:11:34.552> good<19:11:34.744> protection<19:11:35.512> strategy

steps in a good protection strategy

steps in a good protection strategy
these<19:11:37.320> include<19:11:37.640> developing<19:11:38.640> strong<19:11:39.480> security

these include developing strong security

these include developing strong security
policies<19:11:41.656> monitoring<19:11:42.656> the<19:11:42.832> threats<19:11:43.144> on<19:11:43.256> your

policies monitoring the threats on your

policies monitoring the threats on your
network<19:11:43.552> something<19:11:43.976> that<19:11:44.160> we've<19:11:44.336> talked

network something that we've talked

network something that we've talked
about<19:11:44.640> in<19:11:44.824> the<19:11:45.000> past<19:11:45.120> a<19:11:46.016> hugely<19:11:46.320> important<19:11:46.800> one

about in the past a hugely important one

about in the past a hugely important one
educating<19:11:47.936> users<19:11:48.480> since<19:11:49.320> almost<19:11:49.744> all<19:11:50.160> the

educating users since almost all the

educating users since almost all the
threats<19:11:50.640> we've<19:11:50.936> talked<19:11:51.176> about<19:11:51.296> in<19:11:52.192> some<19:11:52.376> way

threats we've talked about in some way

threats we've talked about in some way
shape<19:11:53.040> or<19:11:53.280> form<19:11:53.464> have<19:11:54.240> to<19:11:54.424> do<19:11:54.480> with<19:11:54.656> what<19:11:54.896> we

shape or form have to do with what we

shape or form have to do with what we
call<19:11:55.256> social<19:11:55.744> engineering

call social engineering

call social engineering
in<19:11:57.480> other<19:11:57.600> words<19:11:57.720> getting<19:11:58.192> someone<19:11:58.440> to<19:11:58.680> do

in other words getting someone to do

in other words getting someone to do
what<19:11:59.040> you<19:11:59.160> want<19:11:59.336> them<19:11:59.464> to<19:11:59.640> do<19:11:59.760> for<19:12:00.176> instance

what you want them to do for instance

what you want them to do for instance
give<19:12:00.896> them<19:12:01.080> your<19:12:01.376> password

give them your password

give them your password
automating<19:12:03.120> scanning<19:12:03.896> and<19:12:04.376> updates<19:12:04.856> both

automating scanning and updates both

automating scanning and updates both
from<19:12:05.936> uh<19:12:06.360> updates<19:12:06.720> of<19:12:07.016> the<19:12:07.144> operating<19:12:07.440> system

from uh updates of the operating system

from uh updates of the operating system
and<19:12:08.104> from<19:12:08.336> the<19:12:08.464> virus<19:12:08.760> scan<19:12:09.000> program<19:12:09.376> and

and from the virus scan program and

and from the virus scan program and
patches<19:12:10.976> and<19:12:11.160> updates<19:12:11.512> for<19:12:12.296> our<19:12:12.480> operating

patches and updates for our operating

patches and updates for our operating
systems<19:12:13.552> and<19:12:13.744> our<19:12:13.920> software

systems and our software

systems and our software
so<19:12:16.496> what<19:12:17.400> is<19:12:17.576> mitigation<19:12:18.240> one<19:12:19.080> of<19:12:19.192> the<19:12:19.320> only

so what is mitigation one of the only

so what is mitigation one of the only
ways<19:12:20.216> that<19:12:20.400> a<19:12:20.512> network<19:12:20.640> can<19:12:20.872> stand<19:12:21.120> a<19:12:21.424> chance

ways that a network can stand a chance

ways that a network can stand a chance
against<19:12:22.616> attacks<19:12:23.336> is<19:12:23.872> to<19:12:24.056> do<19:12:24.240> something

against attacks is to do something

against attacks is to do something
before<19:12:24.832> the<19:12:25.256> attack<19:12:25.440> is<19:12:25.856> made<19:12:26.176> isn't<19:12:27.176> it<19:12:27.296> said

before the attack is made isn't it said

before the attack is made isn't it said
that<19:12:27.784> an<19:12:28.256> ounce<19:12:28.256> of<19:12:28.496> prevention<19:12:28.800> is<19:12:28.976> worth<19:12:29.160> a

that an ounce of prevention is worth a

that an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound<19:12:29.512> of<19:12:29.760> cure<19:12:30.000> well<19:12:30.784> this<19:12:31.016> means<19:12:31.256> more<19:12:31.440> than

pound of cure well this means more than

pound of cure well this means more than
just<19:12:31.856> having<19:12:32.104> anti-virus<19:12:33.056> and<19:12:33.296> firewalls<19:12:33.896> in

just having anti-virus and firewalls in

just having anti-virus and firewalls in
place<19:12:34.256> those<19:12:34.856> things<19:12:35.040> are<19:12:35.280> great<19:12:35.464> but<19:12:35.824> they

place those things are great but they

place those things are great but they
can<19:12:36.296> only<19:12:36.536> stop<19:12:37.080> an<19:12:37.376> attack<19:12:37.552> that's<19:12:37.920> already

can only stop an attack that's already

can only stop an attack that's already
being<19:12:38.512> made<19:12:38.760> really<19:12:39.480> the<19:12:39.720> best<19:12:39.896> way<19:12:40.144> to

being made really the best way to

being made really the best way to
protect<19:12:40.616> a<19:12:40.976> network<19:12:41.160> is<19:12:41.936> to<19:12:42.176> set<19:12:42.296> up

protect a network is to set up

protect a network is to set up
prevention<19:12:43.080> measures<19:12:43.920> before<19:12:44.336> an<19:12:44.760> attack<19:12:44.872> can

prevention measures before an attack can

prevention measures before an attack can
happen

happen

happen
the<19:12:46.800> idiom<19:12:47.216> of<19:12:47.824> an<19:12:48.296> ounce<19:12:48.296> prevention<19:12:48.784> is

the idiom of an ounce prevention is

the idiom of an ounce prevention is
worth<19:12:49.144> a<19:12:49.376> pound<19:12:49.504> of<19:12:49.744> cure<19:12:49.976> means<19:12:50.824> that<19:12:50.936> you

worth a pound of cure means that you

worth a pound of cure means that you
save<19:12:51.296> a<19:12:51.656> huge<19:12:52.080> amount<19:12:52.320> of<19:12:52.440> trouble<19:12:52.760> by

save a huge amount of trouble by

save a huge amount of trouble by
preventing<19:12:54.296> the<19:12:54.536> trouble<19:12:54.720> from<19:12:55.080> even

preventing the trouble from even

preventing the trouble from even
happening<19:12:55.920> so<19:12:56.512> one<19:12:56.760> of<19:12:56.824> the<19:12:56.936> best<19:12:57.056> ways<19:12:57.480> to<19:12:57.656> do

happening so one of the best ways to do

happening so one of the best ways to do
that<19:12:58.016> is<19:12:58.440> to<19:12:58.856> mitigate<19:12:59.464> the<19:12:59.824> threats<19:13:00.056> that<19:13:00.240> are

that is to mitigate the threats that are

that is to mitigate the threats that are
made<19:13:00.480> on<19:13:00.656> your<19:13:00.784> network<19:13:01.464> mitigation<19:13:02.464> is<19:13:03.120> a

made on your network mitigation is a

made on your network mitigation is a
word<19:13:03.424> that<19:13:03.600> doesn't<19:13:03.720> just<19:13:03.896> apply<19:13:04.192> to

word that doesn't just apply to

word that doesn't just apply to
networking<19:13:04.856> but<19:13:05.160> in<19:13:05.280> this<19:13:05.464> case<19:13:05.696> we're

networking but in this case we're

networking but in this case we're
talking<19:13:06.600> about<19:13:06.832> it<19:13:07.016> in<19:13:07.144> the<19:13:07.320> sense<19:13:07.440> of

talking about it in the sense of

talking about it in the sense of
lessening<19:13:08.216> of<19:13:08.400> a<19:13:08.512> chance<19:13:08.760> of<19:13:09.176> an<19:13:09.360> attack<19:13:09.536> by

lessening of a chance of an attack by

lessening of a chance of an attack by
using<19:13:10.856> mitigation<19:13:11.400> you're<19:13:11.760> taking<19:13:12.000> measures

using mitigation you're taking measures

using mitigation you're taking measures
to<19:13:12.832> reduce<19:13:13.080> the<19:13:13.552> frequency<19:13:13.976> of<19:13:14.280> attacks<19:13:14.696> the

to reduce the frequency of attacks the

to reduce the frequency of attacks the
size<19:13:15.536> of<19:13:15.784> those<19:13:15.960> attacks<19:13:16.376> when<19:13:16.616> and<19:13:16.856> if<19:13:17.040> they

size of those attacks when and if they

size of those attacks when and if they
take<19:13:17.400> place<19:13:17.896> how<19:13:18.896> severely<19:13:19.376> most<19:13:20.040> importantly

take place how severely most importantly

take place how severely most importantly
they're<19:13:20.696> going<19:13:20.872> to<19:13:21.000> impact<19:13:21.296> your<19:13:21.600> network<19:13:21.784> we

they're going to impact your network we

they're going to impact your network we
need<19:13:22.616> to<19:13:22.800> have<19:13:22.920> a<19:13:23.216> strategy<19:13:23.640> in<19:13:24.000> place<19:13:24.176> in

need to have a strategy in place in

need to have a strategy in place in
order<19:13:24.784> to<19:13:25.144> mitigate<19:13:25.616> threats<19:13:26.160> and<19:13:26.760> make<19:13:26.936> life

order to mitigate threats and make life

order to mitigate threats and make life
on<19:13:27.600> the<19:13:27.784> network<19:13:27.960> easier

on the network easier

on the network easier
so<19:13:30.536> step<19:13:31.376> one<19:13:31.680> of<19:13:32.216> the<19:13:32.336> mitigation<19:13:32.760> strategy

so step one of the mitigation strategy

so step one of the mitigation strategy
needs<19:13:33.656> to<19:13:33.784> be<19:13:33.832> to<19:13:34.080> set<19:13:34.256> up<19:13:34.376> rules<19:13:34.920> and<19:13:35.400> policies

needs to be to set up rules and policies

needs to be to set up rules and policies
within<19:13:36.424> a<19:13:36.600> network<19:13:36.744> users<19:13:37.744> are<19:13:37.920> set<19:13:38.104> up<19:13:38.216> by<19:13:38.464> the

within a network users are set up by the

within a network users are set up by the
administrator<19:13:39.120> and<19:13:39.360> need<19:13:39.536> to<19:13:39.656> be<19:13:39.784> agreed<19:13:40.192> upon

administrator and need to be agreed upon

administrator and need to be agreed upon
by<19:13:40.920> all<19:13:41.104> the<19:13:41.216> high<19:13:41.400> up<19:13:41.576> people<19:13:41.824> on<19:13:42.120> the<19:13:42.240> network

by all the high up people on the network

by all the high up people on the network
and<19:13:43.504> all<19:13:43.976> the<19:13:44.104> high<19:13:44.216> up<19:13:44.400> people<19:13:44.576> in<19:13:44.824> your

and all the high up people in your

and all the high up people in your
corporation<19:13:45.744> they<19:13:46.744> then<19:13:46.920> need<19:13:47.104> to<19:13:47.216> be<19:13:47.464> told<19:13:47.824> to

corporation they then need to be told to

corporation they then need to be told to
all<19:13:48.720> of<19:13:48.832> the<19:13:49.016> users<19:13:49.376> these<19:13:50.280> rules<19:13:50.464> should<19:13:50.696> be

all of the users these rules should be

all of the users these rules should be
standard<19:13:51.296> throughout<19:13:51.784> the<19:13:52.016> network<19:13:52.192> with

standard throughout the network with

standard throughout the network with
very<19:13:52.976> few<19:13:53.216> exceptions<19:13:53.824> because<19:13:54.424> these

very few exceptions because these

very few exceptions because these
exceptions<19:13:55.256> easily<19:13:55.856> lead<19:13:56.040> to<19:13:56.280> a<19:13:56.400> breach<19:13:56.640> in

exceptions easily lead to a breach in

exceptions easily lead to a breach in
security

security

security
one<19:13:58.320> of<19:13:58.440> the<19:13:58.552> rules<19:13:58.856> that<19:13:59.040> needs<19:13:59.216> to<19:13:59.280> be<19:13:59.464> set<19:13:59.640> up

one of the rules that needs to be set up

one of the rules that needs to be set up
for<19:14:00.056> instance<19:14:00.296> is<19:14:00.720> what<19:14:01.192> can<19:14:01.376> users<19:14:01.800> download

for instance is what can users download

for instance is what can users download
such<19:14:02.576> as<19:14:02.760> applications<19:14:03.360> can<19:14:04.320> they<19:14:04.496> download

such as applications can they download

such as applications can they download
stuff<19:14:05.104> like<19:14:05.400> browsers<19:14:06.176> well<19:14:06.536> some<19:14:06.832> of<19:14:06.960> them

stuff like browsers well some of them

stuff like browsers well some of them
are<19:14:07.256> trustable<19:14:07.680> but<19:14:08.216> are<19:14:08.400> we<19:14:08.512> going<19:14:08.640> to<19:14:08.824> trust

are trustable but are we going to trust

are trustable but are we going to trust
people<19:14:09.600> on<19:14:10.192> our<19:14:10.320> Network<19:14:10.496> to<19:14:10.976> choose<19:14:11.216> the

people on our Network to choose the

people on our Network to choose the
browsers<19:14:11.824> that<19:14:12.296> are<19:14:12.536> actually<19:14:12.832> worth

browsers that are actually worth

browsers that are actually worth
trusting

trusting

trusting
the<19:14:15.000> administrator<19:14:15.424> needs<19:14:15.832> to<19:14:15.896> be<19:14:16.080> wary<19:14:16.440> of

the administrator needs to be wary of

the administrator needs to be wary of
just<19:14:16.800> about<19:14:16.920> any<19:14:17.280> program<19:14:17.576> that<19:14:17.936> a<19:14:18.056> user<19:14:18.360> could

just about any program that a user could

just about any program that a user could
download<19:14:18.960> and<19:14:19.744> as<19:14:19.856> we<19:14:19.976> learned<19:14:20.216> in<19:14:20.336> the<19:14:20.512> last

download and as we learned in the last

download and as we learned in the last
module<19:14:21.080> viruses<19:14:22.080> can<19:14:22.320> hide<19:14:22.496> within<19:14:22.976> programs

module viruses can hide within programs

module viruses can hide within programs
they<19:14:23.696> don't<19:14:23.872> just<19:14:24.056> attack<19:14:24.600> out<19:14:24.960> of<19:14:25.144> nowhere<19:14:25.440> a

they don't just attack out of nowhere a

they don't just attack out of nowhere a
user<19:14:26.336> on<19:14:26.512> your<19:14:26.640> network<19:14:26.760> could<19:14:27.056> easily

user on your network could easily

user on your network could easily
download<19:14:27.536> a<19:14:27.784> virus<19:14:28.016> without<19:14:28.080> even<19:14:28.376> knowing<19:14:28.744> it

download a virus without even knowing it

download a virus without even knowing it
and<19:14:29.040> then<19:14:29.160> they<19:14:29.512> end<19:14:29.760> up<19:14:29.872> infecting<19:14:30.360> not<19:14:30.536> just

and then they end up infecting not just

and then they end up infecting not just
their<19:14:30.960> computer<19:14:31.144> but<19:14:31.856> the<19:14:32.040> entire<19:14:32.336> network<19:14:32.576> so

their computer but the entire network so

their computer but the entire network so
a<19:14:33.536> rule<19:14:33.832> needs<19:14:34.080> to<19:14:34.080> be<19:14:34.192> put<19:14:34.320> in<19:14:34.440> place<19:14:34.680> that

a rule needs to be put in place that

a rule needs to be put in place that
says<19:14:35.160> whether<19:14:35.464> or<19:14:35.640> not<19:14:35.696> downloading<19:14:36.360> of

says whether or not downloading of

says whether or not downloading of
applications<19:14:36.960> is<19:14:37.440> allowed<19:14:37.856> and<19:14:38.336> if<19:14:38.464> it<19:14:38.576> is

applications is allowed and if it is

applications is allowed and if it is
from<19:14:38.936> what<19:14:39.176> sources<19:14:39.656> you<19:14:40.320> may<19:14:40.440> even<19:14:40.616> want<19:14:40.856> to

from what sources you may even want to

from what sources you may even want to
limit<19:14:41.216> the<19:14:41.696> fact<19:14:41.936> that<19:14:42.296> people<19:14:42.600> can<19:14:42.896> download

limit the fact that people can download

limit the fact that people can download
by<19:14:43.680> shutting<19:14:44.160> off<19:14:44.464> their<19:14:44.824> user<19:14:45.176> rights<19:14:45.536> to

by shutting off their user rights to

by shutting off their user rights to
download<19:14:45.960> or<19:14:46.496> to<19:14:46.744> install<19:14:47.160> programs<19:14:47.936> on<19:14:48.056> their

download or to install programs on their

download or to install programs on their
network<19:14:48.360> if<19:14:49.144> they<19:14:49.256> can't<19:14:49.376> install<19:14:49.680> anything

network if they can't install anything

network if they can't install anything
they<19:14:50.512> can<19:14:50.696> install<19:14:50.872> a<19:14:51.240> virus<19:14:51.536> another<19:14:52.256> major

they can install a virus another major

they can install a virus another major
Rule<19:14:52.976> and<19:14:53.104> this<19:14:53.216> is<19:14:53.336> really<19:14:53.512> important<19:14:53.936> is<19:14:54.360> are

Rule and this is really important is are

Rule and this is really important is are
they<19:14:54.656> allowed<19:14:54.960> to<19:14:55.016> use<19:14:55.192> outside<19:14:55.616> storage

they allowed to use outside storage

they allowed to use outside storage
devices<19:14:56.824> such<19:14:57.480> as<19:14:58.160> uh<19:14:59.160> removable<19:15:00.056> hard<19:15:00.536> drives

devices such as uh removable hard drives

devices such as uh removable hard drives
thumb<19:15:01.440> drives<19:15:01.976> flash<19:15:02.576> drives<19:15:03.176> and<19:15:04.016> storage

thumb drives flash drives and storage

thumb drives flash drives and storage
CDs<19:15:05.296> any<19:15:06.296> one<19:15:06.600> of<19:15:06.784> these<19:15:07.016> media<19:15:07.504> storage

CDs any one of these media storage

CDs any one of these media storage
devices<19:15:08.216> can<19:15:08.696> contain<19:15:09.056> malware<19:15:09.744> one<19:15:10.744> of<19:15:10.856> the

devices can contain malware one of the

devices can contain malware one of the
uh<19:15:11.536> classic<19:15:12.536> examples<19:15:13.320> is

uh classic examples is

uh classic examples is
someone<19:15:15.480> leaves<19:15:16.016> flash<19:15:16.376> drives<19:15:16.856> in<19:15:17.040> the

someone leaves flash drives in the

someone leaves flash drives in the
parking<19:15:17.512> lot<19:15:18.176> when<19:15:18.832> you<19:15:19.080> find<19:15:19.256> the<19:15:19.504> flash

parking lot when you find the flash

parking lot when you find the flash
drive<19:15:19.856> what's<19:15:20.160> the<19:15:20.400> first<19:15:20.464> thing<19:15:20.640> you<19:15:20.824> do<19:15:20.872> oh

drive what's the first thing you do oh

drive what's the first thing you do oh
you<19:15:21.240> say<19:15:21.360> it's<19:15:21.480> a<19:15:21.656> brand<19:15:21.784> new<19:15:21.896> flash<19:15:22.080> drive<19:15:22.320> I'm

you say it's a brand new flash drive I'm

you say it's a brand new flash drive I'm
going<19:15:22.552> to<19:15:22.616> put<19:15:22.800> it<19:15:22.856> in<19:15:22.976> my<19:15:23.104> computer<19:15:23.336> I<19:15:24.000> want<19:15:24.176> to

going to put it in my computer I want to

going to put it in my computer I want to
test<19:15:24.424> it<19:15:24.600> out<19:15:24.784> see<19:15:25.080> what's<19:15:25.192> on<19:15:25.440> there<19:15:25.616> see<19:15:25.800> if<19:15:25.920> I

test it out see what's on there see if I

test it out see what's on there see if I
can<19:15:26.104> find<19:15:26.216> the<19:15:26.464> owner<19:15:26.936> well<19:15:27.480> the<19:15:27.656> minute<19:15:27.832> they

can find the owner well the minute they

can find the owner well the minute they
do<19:15:28.256> that<19:15:28.440> they've<19:15:28.856> just<19:15:28.976> infected<19:15:29.640> your

do that they've just infected your

do that they've just infected your
system<19:15:30.296> and<19:15:31.144> your<19:15:31.440> network<19:15:31.760> with<19:15:32.760> a<19:15:33.056> virus<19:15:33.480> so

system and your network with a virus so

system and your network with a virus so
we<19:15:34.800> need<19:15:34.920> to<19:15:35.040> make<19:15:35.336> sure<19:15:35.576> that<19:15:36.120> even<19:15:36.296> though

we need to make sure that even though

we need to make sure that even though
the<19:15:36.784> person<19:15:36.896> might<19:15:37.256> not<19:15:37.440> be

the person might not be

the person might not be
trying<19:15:38.760> or<19:15:39.296> mean<19:15:39.536> to<19:15:39.832> infect<19:15:40.144> the<19:15:40.320> network

trying or mean to infect the network

trying or mean to infect the network
they<19:15:41.160> could<19:15:41.336> do<19:15:41.576> it<19:15:41.696> simply<19:15:42.056> because<19:15:42.176> they

they could do it simply because they

they could do it simply because they
don't<19:15:42.656> understand<19:15:42.896> the<19:15:43.320> risks<19:15:43.920> that<19:15:44.160> are

don't understand the risks that are

don't understand the risks that are
associated<19:15:44.824> with<19:15:45.176> flash<19:15:45.424> drives<19:15:45.960> and<19:15:46.320> outside

associated with flash drives and outside

associated with flash drives and outside
storage<19:15:46.920> media<19:15:47.512> they<19:15:48.056> might<19:15:48.176> also<19:15:48.424> be

storage media they might also be

storage media they might also be
bringing<19:15:48.832> stuff<19:15:49.016> from<19:15:49.256> their<19:15:49.376> home<19:15:49.552> computer

bringing stuff from their home computer

bringing stuff from their home computer
which<19:15:50.400> very<19:15:50.576> well<19:15:50.760> could<19:15:50.936> have<19:15:51.176> a<19:15:51.424> virus<19:15:51.784> on<19:15:52.080> it

which very well could have a virus on it

which very well could have a virus on it
so<19:15:52.976> storage<19:15:53.280> devices<19:15:53.896> could<19:15:54.896> contain<19:15:55.256> malware

so storage devices could contain malware

so storage devices could contain malware
without<19:15:55.976> the<19:15:56.216> user<19:15:56.464> even<19:15:56.576> knowing<19:15:57.000> it<19:15:57.176> and

without the user even knowing it and

without the user even knowing it and
this<19:15:57.784> isn't<19:15:58.080> something<19:15:58.256> you<19:15:58.552> want<19:15:58.680> to<19:15:58.800> risk<19:15:59.104> so

this isn't something you want to risk so

this isn't something you want to risk so
a<19:15:59.576> policy<19:16:00.000> is<19:16:00.120> really<19:16:00.360> important

a policy is really important

a policy is really important
other<19:16:01.920> things<19:16:02.160> such<19:16:02.512> as<19:16:02.640> this<19:16:02.872> would<19:16:03.176> include

other things such as this would include

other things such as this would include
stuff<19:16:04.256> like<19:16:04.640> tailgating<19:16:05.640> when<19:16:06.296> someone<19:16:06.536> logs

stuff like tailgating when someone logs

stuff like tailgating when someone logs
in

in

in
uh<19:16:09.536> swipes<19:16:10.376> their<19:16:10.552> card<19:16:10.744> to<19:16:10.976> get<19:16:11.160> into<19:16:11.336> a

uh swipes their card to get into a

uh swipes their card to get into a
building<19:16:11.824> in<19:16:12.120> the<19:16:12.240> morning<19:16:12.360> if<19:16:12.896> they<19:16:13.016> open<19:16:13.144> the

building in the morning if they open the

building in the morning if they open the
door<19:16:13.504> for<19:16:13.680> someone<19:16:13.920> else<19:16:14.336> well<19:16:15.000> now<19:16:15.240> that

door for someone else well now that

door for someone else well now that
person<19:16:15.784> just<19:16:16.192> got<19:16:16.376> in<19:16:16.552> without<19:16:16.800> being<19:16:17.216> audited

person just got in without being audited

person just got in without being audited
we<19:16:17.872> didn't<19:16:18.056> have<19:16:18.240> they<19:16:18.424> didn't<19:16:18.600> have<19:16:18.720> to<19:16:18.784> swipe

we didn't have they didn't have to swipe

we didn't have they didn't have to swipe
their<19:16:19.256> card<19:16:19.504> so<19:16:20.040> that's<19:16:20.216> a<19:16:20.512> pretty<19:16:20.696> major

their card so that's a pretty major

their card so that's a pretty major
concern<19:16:21.656> when<19:16:21.960> it<19:16:22.144> comes<19:16:22.376> to<19:16:22.680> security

concern when it comes to security

concern when it comes to security
another<19:16:24.480> one<19:16:24.856> uh<19:16:25.856> is<19:16:26.160> something<19:16:26.512> like

another one uh is something like

another one uh is something like
shoulder<19:16:27.240> surfing<19:16:27.600> or<19:16:27.784> giving<19:16:27.960> out<19:16:28.192> your

shoulder surfing or giving out your

shoulder surfing or giving out your
password<19:16:28.744> we<19:16:29.512> need<19:16:29.696> to<19:16:29.824> make<19:16:29.936> sure<19:16:30.056> the

password we need to make sure the

password we need to make sure the
policies<19:16:30.720> of<19:16:30.960> how<19:16:31.192> passwords<19:16:31.856> are<19:16:32.040> reset<19:16:32.512> when

policies of how passwords are reset when

policies of how passwords are reset when
they're<19:16:33.056> reset<19:16:33.480> and<19:16:33.896> who<19:16:34.016> you<19:16:34.144> can<19:16:34.256> give<19:16:34.440> them

they're reset and who you can give them

they're reset and who you can give them
to<19:16:34.856> is<19:16:35.512> fairly<19:16:35.872> important<19:16:36.240> if<19:16:36.832> I<19:16:37.016> give<19:16:37.192> my

to is fairly important if I give my

to is fairly important if I give my
password<19:16:37.680> to<19:16:38.104> my<19:16:38.336> wife<19:16:38.464> and<19:16:38.760> suddenly<19:16:39.056> my<19:16:39.296> wife

password to my wife and suddenly my wife

password to my wife and suddenly my wife
becomes<19:16:39.832> my<19:16:40.144> ex-wife<19:16:40.680> she<19:16:41.104> could<19:16:41.280> do<19:16:41.400> some

becomes my ex-wife she could do some

becomes my ex-wife she could do some
major<19:16:41.824> damage<19:16:42.360> to<19:16:42.896> me<19:16:43.016> and<19:16:43.192> to<19:16:43.376> my<19:16:43.552> company<19:16:43.800> by

major damage to me and to my company by

major damage to me and to my company by
using<19:16:44.824> that<19:16:45.000> password<19:16:45.240> to<19:16:45.832> get<19:16:46.016> access<19:16:46.256> to

using that password to get access to

using that password to get access to
private<19:16:47.280> information

so step two is a mitigation strategy

so step two is a mitigation strategy
which<19:16:54.536> is<19:16:54.832> to<19:16:55.256> constantly<19:16:55.680> monitor<19:16:56.280> virus

which is to constantly monitor virus

which is to constantly monitor virus
threats<19:16:57.360> as<19:16:57.960> you<19:16:58.144> might<19:16:58.320> already<19:16:58.496> know

threats as you might already know

threats as you might already know
attackers<19:16:59.400> and<19:16:59.640> computer<19:16:59.872> hackers<19:17:00.600> are<19:17:01.080> very

attackers and computer hackers are very

attackers and computer hackers are very
well<19:17:01.680> educated<19:17:02.160> when<19:17:02.576> it<19:17:02.760> comes<19:17:03.120> to<19:17:03.656> getting

well educated when it comes to getting

well educated when it comes to getting
around<19:17:04.192> security<19:17:05.040> systems<19:17:05.872> This<19:17:06.424> Is<19:17:06.600> How<19:17:06.784> They

around security systems This Is How They

around security systems This Is How They
infect<19:17:07.256> networks<19:17:07.856> and<19:17:08.400> when<19:17:08.576> their<19:17:08.760> attacks

infect networks and when their attacks

infect networks and when their attacks
are<19:17:09.480> blocked<19:17:09.896> most<19:17:10.192> of<19:17:10.320> them<19:17:10.440> just<19:17:10.680> update<19:17:11.040> the

are blocked most of them just update the

are blocked most of them just update the
attack<19:17:11.464> and<19:17:11.872> try<19:17:12.056> a<19:17:12.240> new<19:17:12.360> version<19:17:12.536> they<19:17:12.896> don't

attack and try a new version they don't

attack and try a new version they don't
just<19:17:13.256> stop<19:17:13.552> so<19:17:14.216> this<19:17:14.336> is<19:17:14.464> why<19:17:14.576> the

just stop so this is why the

just stop so this is why the
administrator<19:17:15.240> needs<19:17:15.656> to<19:17:15.720> be<19:17:15.832> as<19:17:16.080> on<19:17:16.320> top<19:17:16.496> of

administrator needs to be as on top of

administrator needs to be as on top of
the<19:17:17.464> virus<19:17:17.824> versions<19:17:18.176> and<19:17:18.424> attackers<19:17:18.896> and<19:17:19.144> the

the virus versions and attackers and the

the virus versions and attackers and the
threats<19:17:19.616> that<19:17:19.744> are<19:17:19.920> out<19:17:20.104> there<19:17:20.216> it's<19:17:20.760> up<19:17:20.936> to

threats that are out there it's up to

threats that are out there it's up to
the<19:17:21.296> administrator<19:17:21.832> to<19:17:22.144> make<19:17:22.256> sure<19:17:22.440> that

the administrator to make sure that

the administrator to make sure that
they're<19:17:22.976> up<19:17:23.400> to<19:17:23.576> date<19:17:23.696> and<19:17:23.872> research<19:17:24.296> is<19:17:24.424> being

they're up to date and research is being

they're up to date and research is being
done<19:17:24.896> and<19:17:25.192> they're<19:17:25.376> knowledgeable<19:17:25.800> at<19:17:26.040> the

done and they're knowledgeable at the

done and they're knowledgeable at the
newest<19:17:26.512> attacks<19:17:27.000> that<19:17:27.240> could<19:17:27.360> be<19:17:27.480> coming<19:17:27.656> to

newest attacks that could be coming to

newest attacks that could be coming to
their<19:17:28.080> Network<19:17:28.320> again<19:17:29.216> it's<19:17:29.576> no<19:17:29.760> one<19:17:29.936> else

their Network again it's no one else

their Network again it's no one else
that's<19:17:30.360> going<19:17:30.536> to<19:17:30.600> get<19:17:30.720> blamed<19:17:31.144> except<19:17:31.440> for

that's going to get blamed except for

that's going to get blamed except for
the<19:17:31.800> administrator<19:17:32.280> when<19:17:32.640> someone<19:17:32.824> hacks<19:17:33.296> to

the administrator when someone hacks to

the administrator when someone hacks to
the<19:17:33.536> network<19:17:33.720> so<19:17:34.376> not<19:17:34.552> only<19:17:34.680> do<19:17:34.856> we<19:17:34.976> need<19:17:35.104> to

the network so not only do we need to

the network so not only do we need to
monitor<19:17:35.576> our<19:17:35.824> Network<19:17:36.056> we<19:17:36.784> need<19:17:36.896> to<19:17:37.080> monitor

monitor our Network we need to monitor

monitor our Network we need to monitor
the<19:17:38.216> threats<19:17:38.640> that<19:17:38.872> are<19:17:39.056> out<19:17:39.360> there<19:17:39.480> and<19:17:40.080> this

the threats that are out there and this

the threats that are out there and this
really<19:17:40.496> involves<19:17:41.040> doing<19:17:41.640> research<19:17:42.296> on<19:17:42.600> what

really involves doing research on what

really involves doing research on what
the<19:17:42.960> latest<19:17:43.192> and<19:17:43.680> greatest<19:17:43.856> techniques<19:17:44.512> are

the latest and greatest techniques are

the latest and greatest techniques are
to<19:17:45.000> hack<19:17:45.120> into<19:17:45.296> a<19:17:45.600> network

to hack into a network

to hack into a network
step<19:17:47.512> three<19:17:47.824> is<19:17:48.000> user<19:17:48.480> education<19:17:48.896> which<19:17:49.320> is

step three is user education which is

step three is user education which is
really<19:17:50.160> I<19:17:50.464> think<19:17:50.640> the<19:17:51.600> most<19:17:51.784> important<19:17:52.376> step

really I think the most important step

really I think the most important step
that<19:17:53.696> we<19:17:53.872> have<19:17:54.056> out<19:17:54.480> there<19:17:54.656> it's<19:17:55.144> critical<19:17:55.504> to

that we have out there it's critical to

that we have out there it's critical to
have<19:17:55.800> Network<19:17:56.040> users<19:17:56.512> educated<19:17:57.056> in<19:17:57.480> this

have Network users educated in this

have Network users educated in this
field<19:17:57.960> so<19:17:58.320> that<19:17:58.440> they<19:17:58.680> know<19:17:58.920> exactly<19:17:59.640> what

field so that they know exactly what

field so that they know exactly what
sort<19:18:00.240> of<19:18:00.360> threats<19:18:00.656> are<19:18:00.784> out<19:18:00.960> there<19:18:01.144> and<19:18:01.744> what

sort of threats are out there and what

sort of threats are out there and what
safety<19:18:02.400> habits<19:18:02.872> are<19:18:03.000> there<19:18:03.176> as<19:18:03.424> well<19:18:03.600> there's

safety habits are there as well there's

safety habits are there as well there's
some<19:18:04.616> safety<19:18:04.976> habits<19:18:05.336> that<19:18:05.512> are<19:18:05.696> obvious<19:18:06.120> like

some safety habits that are obvious like

some safety habits that are obvious like
locking<19:18:06.960> a<19:18:07.080> device<19:18:07.256> and<19:18:07.552> keeping<19:18:07.920> your

locking a device and keeping your

locking a device and keeping your
password<19:18:08.280> secure<19:18:08.872> but<19:18:09.240> there<19:18:09.720> are<19:18:09.896> other

password secure but there are other

password secure but there are other
security<19:18:10.320> measures<19:18:10.976> and<19:18:11.400> knowledge<19:18:11.824> that's

security measures and knowledge that's

security measures and knowledge that's
less<19:18:12.536> obvious<19:18:12.960> but<19:18:13.256> just<19:18:13.440> as<19:18:13.616> important

less obvious but just as important

less obvious but just as important
Network<19:18:14.872> users<19:18:15.296> need<19:18:15.480> to<19:18:15.600> be<19:18:15.656> knowledgeable

Network users need to be knowledgeable

Network users need to be knowledgeable
on<19:18:16.192> how<19:18:16.376> to<19:18:16.496> protect<19:18:16.744> themselves<19:18:17.104> from

on how to protect themselves from

on how to protect themselves from
viruses<19:18:17.936> and<19:18:18.120> how<19:18:18.360> to<19:18:18.536> recognize<19:18:19.016> them<19:18:19.320> so

viruses and how to recognize them so

viruses and how to recognize them so
they<19:18:19.856> don't<19:18:20.040> just<19:18:20.216> click<19:18:20.696> on<19:18:20.872> something<19:18:21.120> when

they don't just click on something when

they don't just click on something when
it<19:18:21.656> pops<19:18:22.016> up<19:18:22.144> on<19:18:22.376> their<19:18:22.552> browser<19:18:22.976> first<19:18:23.696> they

it pops up on their browser first they

it pops up on their browser first they
personally<19:18:24.720> need<19:18:25.016> to<19:18:25.144> back<19:18:25.256> up<19:18:25.440> their

personally need to back up their

personally need to back up their
important<19:18:26.160> data<19:18:26.640> because<19:18:27.000> in<19:18:27.360> the<19:18:27.480> event<19:18:27.600> of

important data because in the event of

important data because in the event of
an<19:18:28.080> attack<19:18:28.336> perhaps<19:18:29.336> are

an attack perhaps are

an attack perhaps are
major<19:18:31.320> system<19:18:31.744> goes<19:18:32.576> down<19:18:32.896> alternatively

major system goes down alternatively

major system goes down alternatively
they<19:18:34.552> need<19:18:34.744> to<19:18:34.976> know<19:18:35.280> that<19:18:35.824> they<19:18:36.056> should<19:18:36.360> be

they need to know that they should be

they need to know that they should be
um<19:18:37.640> backing<19:18:38.640> up<19:18:38.824> their<19:18:39.176> data<19:18:39.536> to<19:18:40.144> perhaps<19:18:40.496> a

um backing up their data to perhaps a

um backing up their data to perhaps a
central<19:18:41.104> location<19:18:41.464> or<19:18:41.936> they<19:18:42.120> need<19:18:42.240> to<19:18:42.360> be

central location or they need to be

central location or they need to be
taught<19:18:42.720> where<19:18:43.192> to<19:18:43.440> back<19:18:43.616> up<19:18:43.744> their<19:18:43.976> data<19:18:44.280> for

taught where to back up their data for

taught where to back up their data for
instance<19:18:44.936> to<19:18:45.176> the<19:18:45.360> network<19:18:45.480> share<19:18:46.016> and<19:18:46.496> not<19:18:46.680> to

instance to the network share and not to

instance to the network share and not to
removable<19:18:47.400> hard<19:18:47.696> drive<19:18:47.872> or<19:18:48.240> not<19:18:48.360> on<19:18:48.536> their

removable hard drive or not on their

removable hard drive or not on their
desktop<19:18:49.080> because<19:18:49.552> if<19:18:49.856> they<19:18:50.160> back<19:18:50.576> it<19:18:50.760> up<19:18:50.872> to

desktop because if they back it up to

desktop because if they back it up to
their<19:18:51.176> desktop<19:18:51.536> then<19:18:51.832> what<19:18:52.016> happens<19:18:52.192> when

their desktop then what happens when

their desktop then what happens when
their<19:18:52.744> computer<19:18:52.920> gets<19:18:53.400> broken<19:18:53.576> now<19:18:53.936> they've

their computer gets broken now they've

their computer gets broken now they've
lost<19:18:54.424> all<19:18:54.784> the<19:18:54.896> work<19:18:55.080> they<19:18:55.680> didn't<19:18:55.856> back<19:18:56.160> up

lost all the work they didn't back up

lost all the work they didn't back up
automatically<19:18:57.720> to<19:18:58.440> the<19:18:58.856> server<19:18:59.336> they<19:19:00.120> also

automatically to the server they also

automatically to the server they also
need<19:19:00.480> to<19:19:00.536> be<19:19:00.656> diligent<19:19:01.080> about<19:19:01.256> web<19:19:01.504> browsing

need to be diligent about web browsing

need to be diligent about web browsing
what<19:19:02.280> they<19:19:02.464> download<19:19:02.696> what<19:19:03.176> they<19:19:03.296> click<19:19:03.600> and

what they download what they click and

what they download what they click and
so<19:19:04.016> on<19:19:04.192> if<19:19:04.680> they're<19:19:04.800> administrator<19:19:05.464> is<19:19:05.936> going

so on if they're administrator is going

so on if they're administrator is going
to<19:19:06.240> allow<19:19:06.480> them<19:19:06.656> to<19:19:06.832> download<19:19:07.016> programs<19:19:07.552> they

to allow them to download programs they

to allow them to download programs they
need<19:19:07.856> to<19:19:07.976> be<19:19:08.040> careful<19:19:08.280> about<19:19:08.400> where<19:19:08.696> they

need to be careful about where they

need to be careful about where they
downloaded<19:19:09.360> them<19:19:09.536> from<19:19:09.784> again<19:19:10.496> we<19:19:10.920> always

downloaded them from again we always

downloaded them from again we always
have<19:19:11.400> this

have this

have this
interval<19:19:14.040> between<19:19:14.640> responsibility

and power the more powerful you are the

and power the more powerful you are the
more<19:19:20.872> responsible<19:19:21.360> you<19:19:21.784> have<19:19:21.896> to<19:19:22.080> be<19:19:22.256> if<19:19:23.104> I<19:19:23.336> can

more responsible you have to be if I can

more responsible you have to be if I can
install<19:19:23.640> things<19:19:23.936> on<19:19:24.176> my<19:19:24.296> computer<19:19:24.480> that<19:19:24.832> also

install things on my computer that also

install things on my computer that also
means<19:19:25.256> a<19:19:25.440> hacker<19:19:25.744> could<19:19:25.920> use<19:19:26.160> my<19:19:26.400> information

means a hacker could use my information

means a hacker could use my information
to<19:19:27.056> install<19:19:27.240> something<19:19:27.536> on<19:19:27.784> the<19:19:27.896> computer<19:19:28.080> as

to install something on the computer as

to install something on the computer as
well<19:19:28.976> and<19:19:29.872> finally<19:19:30.176> if<19:19:30.536> a<19:19:30.720> if<19:19:31.144> they<19:19:31.192> download<19:19:31.376> a

well and finally if a if they download a

well and finally if a if they download a
program<19:19:31.800> that<19:19:32.104> seems<19:19:32.464> illegitimate<19:19:33.176> or<19:19:33.832> they

program that seems illegitimate or they

program that seems illegitimate or they
think<19:19:34.192> they've<19:19:34.440> been<19:19:34.616> attacked<19:19:35.400> they<19:19:36.000> need<19:19:36.176> to

think they've been attacked they need to

think they've been attacked they need to
be<19:19:36.424> able<19:19:36.536> to<19:19:36.656> spot<19:19:36.896> the<19:19:37.144> issue<19:19:37.440> and<19:19:37.800> report<19:19:38.040> it

be able to spot the issue and report it

be able to spot the issue and report it
to<19:19:38.464> the<19:19:38.640> administrator<19:19:39.120> before<19:19:39.480> the<19:19:39.896> risky

to the administrator before the risky

to the administrator before the risky
program<19:19:40.552> has<19:19:40.976> a<19:19:41.160> chance<19:19:41.336> to<19:19:41.640> damage<19:19:42.080> sometimes

program has a chance to damage sometimes

program has a chance to damage sometimes
they<19:19:43.376> don't<19:19:43.552> want<19:19:43.744> to<19:19:43.856> say<19:19:44.040> anything<19:19:44.216> because

they don't want to say anything because

they don't want to say anything because
they<19:19:44.640> don't<19:19:44.760> want<19:19:44.824> to<19:19:44.936> get<19:19:45.000> in<19:19:45.176> trouble<19:19:45.360> but<19:19:46.016> if

they don't want to get in trouble but if

they don't want to get in trouble but if
they<19:19:46.320> had<19:19:46.440> said<19:19:46.680> something<19:19:46.856> earlier<19:19:47.336> we<19:19:47.640> could

they had said something earlier we could

they had said something earlier we could
have<19:19:47.872> prevented<19:19:48.424> more<19:19:48.720> damage<19:19:49.144> it's<19:19:49.856> really

have prevented more damage it's really

have prevented more damage it's really
important<19:19:50.576> for<19:19:50.824> them<19:19:50.936> to<19:19:51.176> know<19:19:51.424> when<19:19:52.192> they<19:19:52.440> are

important for them to know when they are

important for them to know when they are
being<19:19:52.744> deceived<19:19:53.280> by<19:19:53.400> something<19:19:53.640> and<19:19:54.056> when

being deceived by something and when

being deceived by something and when
something<19:19:54.536> is<19:19:54.784> legitimate<19:19:55.320> so<19:19:56.104> I<19:19:56.640> see<19:19:56.760> this

something is legitimate so I see this

something is legitimate so I see this
all<19:19:57.056> the<19:19:57.176> time<19:19:57.240> people<19:19:57.424> send<19:19:57.656> up<19:19:57.832> these<19:19:58.080> emails

all the time people send up these emails

all the time people send up these emails
saying<19:19:58.800> beware<19:19:59.400> of<19:19:59.640> this<19:19:59.936> and<19:20:00.536> an<19:20:00.720> easy<19:20:00.896> Google

saying beware of this and an easy Google

saying beware of this and an easy Google
search<19:20:01.440> would<19:20:01.800> show<19:20:02.040> that<19:20:02.280> the<19:20:02.512> thing<19:20:02.640> that

search would show that the thing that

search would show that the thing that
they're<19:20:03.056> actually<19:20:03.296> being<19:20:03.536> aware<19:20:03.832> of<19:20:04.016> isn't

they're actually being aware of isn't

they're actually being aware of isn't
real<19:20:05.216> it's<19:20:05.872> something<19:20:06.120> fake<19:20:06.600> and<19:20:06.896> they've

real it's something fake and they've

real it's something fake and they've
spent<19:20:07.616> time<19:20:07.856> and<19:20:08.104> energy<19:20:08.280> everyone's<19:20:08.824> time

spent time and energy everyone's time

spent time and energy everyone's time
and<19:20:09.120> energy<19:20:09.240> getting<19:20:09.656> worried<19:20:10.016> about

and energy getting worried about

and energy getting worried about
something<19:20:10.496> that<19:20:10.800> actually<19:20:11.040> is<19:20:11.216> not<19:20:11.464> going<19:20:11.576> to

something that actually is not going to

something that actually is not going to
affect<19:20:11.936> them<19:20:12.176> on<19:20:12.784> the<19:20:12.896> other<19:20:13.016> hand<19:20:13.256> they<19:20:13.800> don't

affect them on the other hand they don't

affect them on the other hand they don't
seem<19:20:14.216> to<19:20:14.336> recognize<19:20:14.824> when<19:20:15.240> someone's<19:20:15.720> account

seem to recognize when someone's account

seem to recognize when someone's account
has<19:20:16.680> been<19:20:16.856> hacked<19:20:17.216> and<19:20:17.400> is<19:20:17.512> asking<19:20:17.760> for<19:20:17.872> money

has been hacked and is asking for money

has been hacked and is asking for money
money<19:20:18.480> when<19:20:19.440> that<19:20:19.680> person<19:20:19.800> would<19:20:20.104> never<19:20:20.216> do

money when that person would never do

money when that person would never do
that<19:20:20.576> it's<19:20:20.824> not<19:20:21.480> characteristic<19:20:22.256> most<19:20:23.104> of<19:20:23.280> all

that it's not characteristic most of all

that it's not characteristic most of all
they<19:20:23.872> have<19:20:24.120> to<19:20:24.296> check<19:20:24.784> and<19:20:25.192> double<19:20:25.376> check

they have to check and double check

they have to check and double check
stuff<19:20:25.920> and<19:20:26.160> be<19:20:26.336> willing<19:20:26.576> to<19:20:26.696> ask<19:20:26.936> questions

stuff and be willing to ask questions

stuff and be willing to ask questions
so<19:20:29.400> here's<19:20:29.640> an<19:20:29.760> example<19:20:30.056> of<19:20:30.296> an<19:20:30.480> extremely

so here's an example of an extremely

so here's an example of an extremely
common<19:20:31.192> virus<19:20:31.800> that's<19:20:32.160> intended<19:20:32.640> to<19:20:32.760> scam

common virus that's intended to scam

common virus that's intended to scam
people<19:20:33.240> out<19:20:33.536> of<19:20:33.656> money<19:20:33.896> on<19:20:34.192> the<19:20:34.320> on<19:20:34.496> the

people out of money on the on the

people out of money on the on the
computer<19:20:34.800> that's<19:20:35.104> being<19:20:35.280> infected<19:20:35.760> the<19:20:36.240> virus

computer that's being infected the virus

computer that's being infected the virus
takes<19:20:36.832> over<19:20:36.960> your<19:20:37.144> computer<19:20:37.320> and<19:20:37.920> only<19:20:38.104> lets

takes over your computer and only lets

takes over your computer and only lets
you<19:20:38.464> see<19:20:38.696> this<19:20:39.000> screen<19:20:39.240> or<19:20:39.536> one<19:20:39.784> very<19:20:40.016> similar

you see this screen or one very similar

you see this screen or one very similar
to<19:20:40.680> it<19:20:40.856> it<19:20:41.576> claims<19:20:41.936> that<19:20:42.120> the<19:20:42.296> IP<19:20:42.536> address<19:20:42.720> has

to it it claims that the IP address has

to it it claims that the IP address has
been<19:20:43.256> used<19:20:43.440> to<19:20:43.680> do<19:20:43.856> very<19:20:44.216> illegal<19:20:44.760> things<19:20:45.120> and

been used to do very illegal things and

been used to do very illegal things and
the<19:20:46.144> FBI<19:20:46.496> sees<19:20:46.976> the<19:20:47.104> computer<19:20:47.280> and<19:20:47.696> in<19:20:47.872> order

the FBI sees the computer and in order

the FBI sees the computer and in order
to<19:20:48.176> unlock<19:20:48.424> the<19:20:48.720> computer<19:20:48.832> you<19:20:49.256> have<19:20:49.376> to<19:20:49.504> pay<19:20:49.680> a

to unlock the computer you have to pay a

to unlock the computer you have to pay a
fine<19:20:50.104> or<19:20:50.512> purchase<19:20:51.120> a<19:20:51.296> code<19:20:51.480> now<19:20:52.440> this<19:20:52.856> virus

fine or purchase a code now this virus

fine or purchase a code now this virus
is<19:20:53.512> extremely<19:20:54.360> intrusive<19:20:55.192> and<19:20:55.744> obviously<19:20:56.424> uh

is extremely intrusive and obviously uh

is extremely intrusive and obviously uh
quite

quite

quite
you<19:20:59.696> know

you know

you know
um

um

um
successfully<19:21:02.600> convincing<19:21:03.600> look<19:21:03.832> at<19:21:04.016> all<19:21:04.192> the

successfully convincing look at all the

successfully convincing look at all the
7-Eleven<19:21:05.464> CVS<19:21:06.176> Rite<19:21:06.656> Aid<19:21:06.832> all<19:21:07.016> the<19:21:07.192> logos<19:21:07.616> at

7-Eleven CVS Rite Aid all the logos at

7-Eleven CVS Rite Aid all the logos at
the<19:21:07.920> bottom<19:21:08.160> Department<19:21:08.696> of<19:21:09.056> Justice<19:21:10.016> Etc<19:21:10.192> and

the bottom Department of Justice Etc and

the bottom Department of Justice Etc and
the<19:21:11.464> reason<19:21:11.576> they're<19:21:11.824> gonna<19:21:12.000> make<19:21:12.240> you<19:21:12.480> pay

the reason they're gonna make you pay

the reason they're gonna make you pay
through<19:21:13.440> money<19:21:13.680> pack<19:21:13.920> it<19:21:14.336> looks<19:21:14.696> so<19:21:15.120> real<19:21:15.424> is

through money pack it looks so real is

through money pack it looks so real is
because<19:21:16.336> that<19:21:17.336> way<19:21:17.464> they<19:21:17.696> know<19:21:17.824> they're

because that way they know they're

because that way they know they're
getting<19:21:18.176> the<19:21:18.424> money<19:21:18.536> on<19:21:18.896> the<19:21:19.080> other<19:21:19.144> end<19:21:19.376> so

getting the money on the other end so

getting the money on the other end so
it's<19:21:20.336> important<19:21:20.824> for<19:21:21.120> someone<19:21:21.360> to<19:21:21.784> recognize

it's important for someone to recognize

it's important for someone to recognize
that<19:21:23.160> this<19:21:23.512> is<19:21:23.872> actually<19:21:24.120> fake<19:21:24.536> look<19:21:24.784> on<19:21:24.896> here

that this is actually fake look on here

that this is actually fake look on here
it<19:21:25.256> even<19:21:25.504> scares<19:21:25.976> people<19:21:26.160> by<19:21:26.576> saying<19:21:27.000> you<19:21:27.424> have

it even scares people by saying you have

it even scares people by saying you have
72<19:21:27.960> hours<19:21:28.080> to<19:21:28.376> pay<19:21:28.496> the<19:21:28.680> fine<19:21:28.800> or<19:21:29.040> you're<19:21:29.104> going

72 hours to pay the fine or you're going

72 hours to pay the fine or you're going
to<19:21:29.336> be<19:21:29.464> arrested

to be arrested

to be arrested
now<19:21:31.440> someone<19:21:32.040> might<19:21:32.280> have<19:21:32.464> been<19:21:32.640> doing

now someone might have been doing

now someone might have been doing
something<19:21:33.176> like<19:21:33.600> downloading<19:21:34.320> uh<19:21:35.216> a<19:21:35.400> torrent

something like downloading uh a torrent

something like downloading uh a torrent
off<19:21:36.056> the<19:21:36.240> internet<19:21:36.360> and<19:21:36.784> so<19:21:37.016> they<19:21:37.256> think<19:21:37.440> oh<19:21:37.616> my

off the internet and so they think oh my

off the internet and so they think oh my
God<19:21:37.856> I'm<19:21:37.976> gonna<19:21:38.104> be<19:21:38.216> in<19:21:38.336> trouble<19:21:38.512> and<19:21:39.120> they

God I'm gonna be in trouble and they

God I'm gonna be in trouble and they
don't<19:21:39.360> want<19:21:39.480> to<19:21:39.600> tell<19:21:39.656> you<19:21:39.832> because<19:21:39.960> they

don't want to tell you because they

don't want to tell you because they
think<19:21:40.256> they're<19:21:40.376> going<19:21:40.496> to<19:21:40.552> get<19:21:40.680> in<19:21:40.800> trouble

think they're going to get in trouble

think they're going to get in trouble
with<19:21:41.160> you<19:21:41.336> as<19:21:41.512> well<19:21:41.696> we<19:21:42.296> need<19:21:42.480> to<19:21:42.600> make<19:21:42.720> sure

with you as well we need to make sure

with you as well we need to make sure
that<19:21:43.080> they<19:21:43.256> have<19:21:43.376> a<19:21:43.616> judge-free<19:21:44.160> Zone<19:21:44.464> in

that they have a judge-free Zone in

that they have a judge-free Zone in
which<19:21:44.824> they<19:21:45.000> can<19:21:45.176> come<19:21:45.424> tell<19:21:46.320> someone<19:21:46.616> and

which they can come tell someone and

which they can come tell someone and
that<19:21:47.216> way<19:21:47.400> you<19:21:47.872> could<19:21:48.000> remove<19:21:48.296> the<19:21:48.656> virus<19:21:49.016> and

that way you could remove the virus and

that way you could remove the virus and
they<19:21:49.504> could<19:21:49.616> go<19:21:49.800> on<19:21:49.920> on<19:21:50.104> their<19:21:50.216> way<19:21:50.336> and

they could go on on their way and

they could go on on their way and
continue<19:21:50.696> to<19:21:51.056> work

continue to work

continue to work
now<19:21:52.976> as<19:21:53.216> viruses<19:21:53.824> and<19:21:54.176> malware<19:21:54.536> attacks

now as viruses and malware attacks

now as viruses and malware attacks
become<19:21:55.192> more<19:21:55.320> and<19:21:55.440> more<19:21:55.616> advanced<19:21:56.296> anti-virus

become more and more advanced anti-virus

become more and more advanced anti-virus
software<19:21:57.656> improves<19:21:58.256> to<19:21:58.496> combat<19:21:58.856> them<19:21:59.104> there

software improves to combat them there

software improves to combat them there
are<19:21:59.936> thousands<19:22:00.480> of<19:22:00.600> antivirus<19:22:01.320> software<19:22:01.744> and

are thousands of antivirus software and

are thousands of antivirus software and
some<19:22:02.760> are<19:22:02.936> more<19:22:03.176> advanced<19:22:03.536> than<19:22:03.784> you<19:22:03.960> could

some are more advanced than you could

some are more advanced than you could
possibly<19:22:04.496> even<19:22:04.680> imagine<19:22:05.040> it's<19:22:05.824> not<19:22:06.000> at<19:22:06.176> the

possibly even imagine it's not at the

possibly even imagine it's not at the
ordinary<19:22:06.720> however<19:22:07.144> for<19:22:07.376> antivirus<19:22:08.160> software

ordinary however for antivirus software

ordinary however for antivirus software
to<19:22:08.824> have<19:22:09.056> automatic<19:22:09.784> features<19:22:10.320> so<19:22:11.280> step<19:22:11.512> four

to have automatic features so step four

to have automatic features so step four
in<19:22:11.936> the<19:22:12.056> mitigation<19:22:12.480> strategy<19:22:13.016> needs<19:22:13.320> to<19:22:13.440> be

in the mitigation strategy needs to be

in the mitigation strategy needs to be
to<19:22:13.744> make<19:22:13.976> sure<19:22:14.216> that<19:22:14.872> antivirus<19:22:15.600> systems<19:22:16.496> and

to make sure that antivirus systems and

to make sure that antivirus systems and
software<19:22:17.216> are<19:22:17.512> configured<19:22:18.000> to<19:22:18.240> do<19:22:18.424> things

software are configured to do things

software are configured to do things
automatically<19:22:20.040> this<19:22:20.760> means<19:22:21.056> they<19:22:21.296> have<19:22:21.536> to

automatically this means they have to

automatically this means they have to
automatically<19:22:22.440> scan<19:22:23.104> the<19:22:23.280> computer<19:22:23.600> scan<19:22:24.600> the

automatically scan the computer scan the

automatically scan the computer scan the
network<19:22:25.040> and<19:22:26.040> update<19:22:26.512> themselves<19:22:27.000> we<19:22:27.480> don't

network and update themselves we don't

network and update themselves we don't
want<19:22:27.720> to<19:22:27.832> rely<19:22:28.144> on<19:22:28.256> a<19:22:28.440> human<19:22:28.552> to<19:22:28.920> do<19:22:29.040> this<19:22:29.280> very

want to rely on a human to do this very

want to rely on a human to do this very
often<19:22:30.056> when<19:22:30.296> it<19:22:30.424> comes<19:22:30.600> to<19:22:30.720> virus<19:22:31.080> scan

often when it comes to virus scan

often when it comes to virus scan
nothing's<19:22:31.744> going<19:22:31.856> to<19:22:31.920> be<19:22:31.976> rolled<19:22:32.336> out

nothing's going to be rolled out

nothing's going to be rolled out
automatically<19:22:32.936> that's<19:22:33.176> going<19:22:33.360> to<19:22:33.424> damage<19:22:33.720> our

automatically that's going to damage our

automatically that's going to damage our
computer<19:22:34.144> so<19:22:35.104> this<19:22:35.464> stuff<19:22:35.576> needs<19:22:35.936> to<19:22:36.000> happen

computer so this stuff needs to happen

computer so this stuff needs to happen
automatically<19:22:36.784> when<19:22:37.744> are<19:22:38.040> we<19:22:38.160> going<19:22:38.336> to<19:22:38.512> scan

automatically when are we going to scan

automatically when are we going to scan
the<19:22:39.832> network<19:22:40.016> well<19:22:40.800> we<19:22:41.040> want<19:22:41.216> it<19:22:41.336> to<19:22:41.464> scan<19:22:41.640> when

the network well we want it to scan when

the network well we want it to scan when
no<19:22:42.000> one's<19:22:42.240> doing<19:22:42.424> anything<19:22:42.720> so<19:22:43.504> we<19:22:43.616> want<19:22:43.800> to<19:22:43.920> do

no one's doing anything so we want to do

no one's doing anything so we want to do
it<19:22:44.160> for<19:22:44.464> instance<19:22:44.696> at<19:22:45.000> 2<19:22:45.176> am<19:22:45.360> not<19:22:45.896> at<19:22:46.080> 2PM<19:22:46.616> when

it for instance at 2 am not at 2PM when

it for instance at 2 am not at 2PM when
people<19:22:46.976> are<19:22:47.160> busy<19:22:47.464> opening<19:22:47.936> things<19:22:48.120> and

people are busy opening things and

people are busy opening things and
closing<19:22:48.784> things<19:22:49.016> and<19:22:49.744> that's<19:22:49.920> when<19:22:50.160> the<19:22:50.336> virus

closing things and that's when the virus

closing things and that's when the virus
scan<19:22:50.936> program<19:22:51.176> won't<19:22:51.424> be<19:22:51.600> able<19:22:51.720> to<19:22:51.784> get<19:22:51.896> access

scan program won't be able to get access

scan program won't be able to get access
to<19:22:52.552> fifty<19:22:53.216> percent<19:22:53.280> of<19:22:53.512> the<19:22:53.640> network<19:22:53.824> and

to fifty percent of the network and

to fifty percent of the network and
therefore<19:22:54.600> something<19:22:54.896> could<19:22:55.192> be<19:22:55.376> hiding<19:22:55.800> out

therefore something could be hiding out

therefore something could be hiding out
this<19:22:57.000> eliminates<19:22:57.536> all<19:22:57.896> this<19:22:58.016> eliminates<19:22:58.616> the

this eliminates all this eliminates the

this eliminates all this eliminates the
human<19:22:59.280> element<19:22:59.640> it<19:23:00.120> allows<19:23:00.424> for<19:23:00.600> more<19:23:01.016> regular

human element it allows for more regular

human element it allows for more regular
and<19:23:01.800> controlled<19:23:02.400> updates<19:23:02.824> in<19:23:03.056> the<19:23:03.240> process

and controlled updates in the process

and controlled updates in the process
which<19:23:04.144> is<19:23:04.256> important<19:23:04.616> because<19:23:04.920> when<19:23:05.160> we<19:23:05.280> allow

which is important because when we allow

which is important because when we allow
humans<19:23:05.872> in<19:23:06.056> that's<19:23:06.600> when<19:23:06.784> errors<19:23:07.144> occur

humans in that's when errors occur

humans in that's when errors occur
finally<19:23:09.176> when<19:23:09.424> an<19:23:09.656> update<19:23:09.896> to<19:23:10.080> a<19:23:10.256> program<19:23:10.376> is

finally when an update to a program is

finally when an update to a program is
released<19:23:10.976> it's<19:23:11.400> generally<19:23:11.760> to<19:23:12.000> address<19:23:12.176> bugs

released it's generally to address bugs

released it's generally to address bugs
that<19:23:13.080> were<19:23:13.256> found<19:23:13.504> within<19:23:14.040> a<19:23:14.400> previous

that were found within a previous

that were found within a previous
version<19:23:15.120> along<19:23:15.960> with<19:23:16.256> these<19:23:16.440> bugs<19:23:16.800> there

version along with these bugs there

version along with these bugs there
might<19:23:17.160> have<19:23:17.280> been<19:23:17.400> some<19:23:17.696> security<19:23:17.936> weaknesses

might have been some security weaknesses

might have been some security weaknesses
in<19:23:19.080> the<19:23:19.256> software<19:23:19.552> that<19:23:19.744> need<19:23:19.920> to<19:23:19.976> be

in the software that need to be

in the software that need to be
addressed<19:23:20.576> but<19:23:21.056> program<19:23:21.424> updates<19:23:22.144> don't<19:23:22.496> come

addressed but program updates don't come

addressed but program updates don't come
out<19:23:22.920> very<19:23:23.280> often<19:23:23.760> in<19:23:24.600> between<19:23:25.216> uh<19:23:26.216> updates

out very often in between uh updates

out very often in between uh updates
patches<19:23:27.296> and<19:23:27.656> so<19:23:27.832> on<19:23:28.016> there<19:23:28.680> might<19:23:28.800> be<19:23:28.920> a

patches and so on there might be a

patches and so on there might be a
temporary<19:23:29.640> fix<19:23:30.000> that's<19:23:30.360> released<19:23:30.960> or<19:23:31.504> a<19:23:31.800> fix

temporary fix that's released or a fix

temporary fix that's released or a fix
that<19:23:32.280> is<19:23:32.512> manual<19:23:33.000> that<19:23:33.424> have<19:23:33.600> been<19:23:33.832> found<19:23:34.192> so<19:23:35.040> a

that is manual that have been found so a

that is manual that have been found so a
patch<19:23:35.760> does<19:23:35.936> exactly<19:23:36.296> what<19:23:36.480> you<19:23:36.600> think<19:23:36.784> it

patch does exactly what you think it

patch does exactly what you think it
does<19:23:37.144> it<19:23:37.744> basically<19:23:38.040> covers<19:23:38.400> a<19:23:38.640> hole<19:23:39.000> in<19:23:39.056> the

does it basically covers a hole in the

does it basically covers a hole in the
software<19:23:39.536> and<19:23:39.784> temporarily<19:23:40.320> repairs<19:23:40.800> it

software and temporarily repairs it

software and temporarily repairs it
until<19:23:41.104> an<19:23:41.512> update<19:23:41.872> or<19:23:42.120> a<19:23:42.296> new<19:23:42.424> revision<19:23:42.720> of<19:23:42.960> the

until an update or a new revision of the

until an update or a new revision of the
software<19:23:43.320> can<19:23:43.552> come<19:23:43.744> out<19:23:43.920> so<19:23:44.824> as<19:23:45.120> soon<19:23:45.360> as

software can come out so as soon as

software can come out so as soon as
patches<19:23:46.144> or<19:23:46.320> updates<19:23:46.616> are<19:23:46.856> released<19:23:47.216> the

patches or updates are released the

patches or updates are released the
network<19:23:47.824> admin<19:23:48.296> needs<19:23:48.536> to<19:23:48.600> look<19:23:48.784> at<19:23:48.896> them<19:23:49.016> and

network admin needs to look at them and

network admin needs to look at them and
think<19:23:49.376> about<19:23:49.552> installing<19:23:50.104> them<19:23:50.216> on<19:23:50.400> the

think about installing them on the

think about installing them on the
network<19:23:50.696> now<19:23:51.600> notice<19:23:52.016> that<19:23:52.256> I<19:23:52.744> don't

network now notice that I don't

network now notice that I don't
necessarily<19:23:53.760> want<19:23:54.360> you<19:23:54.536> to<19:23:54.784> just<19:23:55.144> install<19:23:55.680> it

necessarily want you to just install it

necessarily want you to just install it
right<19:23:56.336> away

right away

right away
I<19:23:58.080> want<19:23:58.192> you<19:23:58.376> to<19:23:58.496> test<19:23:58.744> it

I want you to test it

I want you to test it
and<19:24:00.480> think<19:24:00.656> about<19:24:00.832> it

and think about it

and think about it
because<19:24:03.144> the<19:24:04.144> patch<19:24:04.680> or<19:24:04.744> update<19:24:05.216> could<19:24:06.056> very

because the patch or update could very

because the patch or update could very
well<19:24:06.896> cause<19:24:07.320> another<19:24:07.800> problem<19:24:08.216> on<19:24:08.640> the

well cause another problem on the

well cause another problem on the
computer<19:24:08.936> and<19:24:09.536> one<19:24:09.656> thing<19:24:09.832> we<19:24:10.016> don't<19:24:10.144> want<19:24:10.376> to

computer and one thing we don't want to

computer and one thing we don't want to
do<19:24:10.616> is<19:24:11.160> bring<19:24:11.400> down<19:24:11.576> our<19:24:11.824> system<19:24:12.000> because<19:24:12.360> we

do is bring down our system because we

do is bring down our system because we
put<19:24:13.016> in<19:24:13.144> a<19:24:13.320> new<19:24:13.440> update<19:24:13.744> that<19:24:13.976> suddenly<19:24:14.400> stops

put in a new update that suddenly stops

put in a new update that suddenly stops
our<19:24:15.000> printers<19:24:15.360> from<19:24:15.480> working<19:24:15.720> or<19:24:16.016> something

our printers from working or something

our printers from working or something
so<19:24:17.104> we<19:24:17.464> need<19:24:17.640> to<19:24:18.056> balance<19:24:18.536> this<19:24:18.920> with<19:24:19.920> the<19:24:20.464> idea

so we need to balance this with the idea

so we need to balance this with the idea
that<19:24:21.000> once<19:24:21.296> the<19:24:21.480> patch<19:24:21.832> and<19:24:22.016> the<19:24:22.144> update<19:24:22.440> is

that once the patch and the update is

that once the patch and the update is
released<19:24:23.280> the<19:24:24.176> hacker<19:24:24.536> now<19:24:24.784> knows<19:24:25.256> that<19:24:25.856> this

released the hacker now knows that this

released the hacker now knows that this
is<19:24:26.160> something<19:24:26.400> that<19:24:26.640> they<19:24:26.824> can<19:24:26.936> exploit<19:24:27.480> and

is something that they can exploit and

is something that they can exploit and
so<19:24:28.192> the<19:24:28.440> longer<19:24:28.744> you<19:24:28.920> wait<19:24:29.104> to<19:24:29.336> update<19:24:29.640> it<19:24:29.824> the

so the longer you wait to update it the

so the longer you wait to update it the
longer<19:24:30.360> you're<19:24:30.536> at<19:24:30.656> risk<19:24:30.896> of<19:24:31.080> being<19:24:31.320> exploited

longer you're at risk of being exploited

longer you're at risk of being exploited
all<19:24:34.016> right<19:24:34.192> so<19:24:34.376> we<19:24:34.744> talked<19:24:34.976> about<19:24:35.040> a<19:24:35.280> bunch<19:24:35.464> of

all right so we talked about a bunch of

all right so we talked about a bunch of
things<19:24:35.824> in<19:24:36.120> this<19:24:36.240> module<19:24:36.656> some<19:24:36.896> of<19:24:37.016> this<19:24:37.144> is

things in this module some of this is

things in this module some of this is
common<19:24:37.552> sense<19:24:37.856> but<19:24:38.216> these<19:24:38.464> are<19:24:38.512> things<19:24:38.760> that

common sense but these are things that

common sense but these are things that
pop<19:24:39.120> up<19:24:39.240> on<19:24:39.424> the<19:24:39.536> network<19:24:39.600> plus<19:24:39.896> exam

pop up on the network plus exam

pop up on the network plus exam
first<19:24:41.280> we<19:24:41.512> want<19:24:41.640> to<19:24:41.824> Define<19:24:41.936> Network

first we want to Define Network

first we want to Define Network
mitigation<19:24:43.336> mitigation<19:24:44.336> the<19:24:44.696> word<19:24:44.872> literally

mitigation mitigation the word literally

mitigation mitigation the word literally
means<19:24:46.016> to<19:24:46.496> lessen

means to lessen

means to lessen
and<19:24:48.056> so<19:24:48.240> what<19:24:48.360> we're<19:24:48.480> doing<19:24:48.656> is<19:24:48.960> we're

and so what we're doing is we're

and so what we're doing is we're
lessening<19:24:49.800> the<19:24:50.216> threats<19:24:50.576> that<19:24:50.824> can<19:24:51.000> hit<19:24:51.240> us

lessening the threats that can hit us

lessening the threats that can hit us
some<19:24:52.552> of<19:24:52.680> the<19:24:52.800> steps<19:24:53.160> that<19:24:53.400> we<19:24:53.576> identified<19:24:54.000> in

some of the steps that we identified in

some of the steps that we identified in
this<19:24:54.480> strategy<19:24:54.832> were<19:24:55.504> first<19:24:55.744> to<19:24:55.976> develop

this strategy were first to develop

this strategy were first to develop
strong<19:24:56.640> policies<19:24:57.360> for<19:24:58.192> instance<19:24:58.440> a<19:24:58.976> password

strong policies for instance a password

strong policies for instance a password
policy<19:24:59.872> is<19:25:00.056> important

policy is important

policy is important
download<19:25:01.856> policies

internet use policies

internet use policies
and<19:25:08.824> so<19:25:08.936> on<19:25:09.120> and<19:25:09.240> so<19:25:09.424> forth<19:25:09.784> we<19:25:10.552> also<19:25:10.744> need<19:25:10.856> to

and so on and so forth we also need to

and so on and so forth we also need to
monitor<19:25:11.464> threats<19:25:12.000> not<19:25:12.720> just<19:25:12.896> internal

monitor threats not just internal

monitor threats not just internal
but<19:25:15.056> we<19:25:15.240> need<19:25:15.424> to<19:25:15.784> research<19:25:16.496> what's<19:25:16.856> going<19:25:17.104> on

but we need to research what's going on

but we need to research what's going on
around<19:25:17.640> the<19:25:18.000> world<19:25:18.120> so<19:25:18.480> we<19:25:18.656> know<19:25:18.784> what<19:25:18.960> the

around the world so we know what the

around the world so we know what the
latest<19:25:19.256> things<19:25:19.552> are<19:25:19.744> that<19:25:19.920> are<19:25:20.040> attacking<19:25:20.400> our

latest things are that are attacking our

latest things are that are attacking our
systems

systems

systems
the<19:25:22.616> most<19:25:22.856> important<19:25:23.400> one<19:25:23.640> I<19:25:23.872> think<19:25:24.000> is

the most important one I think is

the most important one I think is
educating<19:25:24.784> users<19:25:25.320> social<19:25:26.216> engineering<19:25:26.936> is

educating users social engineering is

educating users social engineering is
how<19:25:27.600> hackers<19:25:28.144> and<19:25:28.320> attackers<19:25:28.800> get<19:25:29.640> around<19:25:30.056> the

how hackers and attackers get around the

how hackers and attackers get around the
human<19:25:30.960> element<19:25:31.320> when<19:25:31.744> there's<19:25:31.856> a<19:25:32.040> human

human element when there's a human

human element when there's a human
element<19:25:32.464> there's<19:25:33.176> a<19:25:33.424> flaw<19:25:33.784> and<19:25:34.496> so<19:25:34.616> we<19:25:34.744> need<19:25:34.920> to

element there's a flaw and so we need to

element there's a flaw and so we need to
educate<19:25:35.464> users<19:25:35.872> so<19:25:36.240> they<19:25:36.536> don't<19:25:36.896> click<19:25:37.320> things

educate users so they don't click things

educate users so they don't click things
that<19:25:39.296> look<19:25:39.480> bad<19:25:39.720> and<19:25:40.552> they<19:25:41.104> know

that look bad and they know

that look bad and they know
when<19:25:43.744> to<19:25:43.920> ask<19:25:44.280> questions<19:25:44.760> since<19:25:45.424> this<19:25:45.656> can

when to ask questions since this can

when to ask questions since this can
help<19:25:45.960> them<19:25:46.192> as<19:25:46.376> well

help them as well

help them as well
we<19:25:47.640> also<19:25:47.824> want<19:25:47.936> to<19:25:48.056> automate<19:25:48.360> scanning<19:25:48.832> and

we also want to automate scanning and

we also want to automate scanning and
updates<19:25:49.376> from<19:25:49.856> virus<19:25:50.336> scan<19:25:50.576> programs<19:25:51.176> and

updates from virus scan programs and

updates from virus scan programs and
perhaps<19:25:52.016> our<19:25:52.192> firewall<19:25:52.744> this<19:25:53.640> should<19:25:53.824> all

perhaps our firewall this should all

perhaps our firewall this should all
happen<19:25:54.296> automatically

because if we remove the human element

because if we remove the human element
then<19:26:02.040> there's<19:26:02.280> not<19:26:02.464> going<19:26:02.576> to<19:26:02.696> be<19:26:02.760> an<19:26:02.872> issue<19:26:03.176> we

then there's not going to be an issue we

then there's not going to be an issue we
also<19:26:03.960> want

also want

also want
scans<19:26:06.600> to<19:26:06.784> happen<19:26:06.960> in<19:26:07.192> the<19:26:07.320> middle<19:26:07.440> of<19:26:07.616> the

scans to happen in the middle of the

scans to happen in the middle of the
night<19:26:07.856> when<19:26:08.464> no<19:26:08.640> one<19:26:08.760> else<19:26:08.936> is<19:26:09.120> using<19:26:09.536> it<19:26:09.600> for

night when no one else is using it for

night when no one else is using it for
instance<19:26:10.256> 2<19:26:10.552> am<19:26:10.680> or<19:26:11.040> 1<19:26:11.216> am<19:26:11.400> make<19:26:12.240> sure<19:26:12.424> that<19:26:12.536> you

instance 2 am or 1 am make sure that you

instance 2 am or 1 am make sure that you
give<19:26:12.832> enough<19:26:13.016> time<19:26:13.440> for<19:26:13.856> the<19:26:13.976> scanner<19:26:14.400> to

give enough time for the scanner to

give enough time for the scanner to
actually<19:26:14.936> scan<19:26:15.360> the<19:26:15.656> entire<19:26:15.896> system

actually scan the entire system

actually scan the entire system
finally<19:26:17.824> we<19:26:18.120> need<19:26:18.240> patches<19:26:18.784> and<19:26:18.960> updates<19:26:19.320> and

finally we need patches and updates and

finally we need patches and updates and
we<19:26:20.104> want<19:26:20.280> to<19:26:20.464> balance

we want to balance

we want to balance
the<19:26:22.320> patches<19:26:22.680> and<19:26:22.856> the<19:26:22.976> updates<19:26:23.600> with<19:26:24.600> uh<19:26:25.144> the

the patches and the updates with uh the

the patches and the updates with uh the
patch<19:26:26.104> actually<19:26:26.280> doing<19:26:26.576> harm

versus the weakness

versus the weakness
or<19:26:33.832> exploit<19:26:34.376> that<19:26:34.856> it's<19:26:35.040> correcting

or exploit that it's correcting

or exploit that it's correcting
the<19:26:38.160> longer<19:26:38.512> we<19:26:38.760> wait

the longer we wait

the longer we wait
to<19:26:41.336> employ<19:26:41.640> a<19:26:42.176> new<19:26:42.296> patch<19:26:42.720> or<19:26:42.784> update

to employ a new patch or update

to employ a new patch or update
the<19:26:44.824> longer<19:26:45.424> we're<19:26:45.784> at<19:26:46.016> risk

[Music]

[Music]
thank<19:27:00.600> you

welcome to module 14 lesson 2A Advanced

welcome to module 14 lesson 2A Advanced
threat<19:27:11.336> mitigation

threat mitigation

threat mitigation
so<19:27:13.552> this<19:27:13.744> is<19:27:13.856> new<19:27:14.160> stuff<19:27:14.400> for<19:27:14.760> the<19:27:15.600> um<19:27:15.656> double

so this is new stuff for the um double

so this is new stuff for the um double
07<19:27:16.936> version<19:27:17.936> of<19:27:18.296> the<19:27:18.480> com2<19:27:18.960> exam<19:27:19.856> managing

07 version of the com2 exam managing

07 version of the com2 exam managing
your<19:27:20.824> signatures<19:27:21.616> hardening<19:27:22.616> your<19:27:22.800> devices

your signatures hardening your devices

your signatures hardening your devices
in<19:27:24.360> terms<19:27:24.536> of<19:27:24.600> security<19:27:24.832> that<19:27:25.320> is<19:27:25.512> changing

in terms of security that is changing

in terms of security that is changing
your<19:27:26.760> native<19:27:27.056> VLAN

your native VLAN

your native VLAN
switch<19:27:29.512> Port<19:27:29.872> protection

switch Port protection

switch Port protection
restricting<19:27:32.576> access<19:27:32.824> with<19:27:33.424> access<19:27:33.720> lists

restricting access with access lists

restricting access with access lists
Honeypot<19:27:35.160> and<19:27:35.336> honey<19:27:35.512> net<19:27:36.192> uh<19:27:37.192> penetration

Honeypot and honey net uh penetration

Honeypot and honey net uh penetration
testing<19:27:38.280> so<19:27:39.176> signatures<19:27:39.832> in<19:27:40.744> terms<19:27:40.856> of

testing so signatures in terms of

testing so signatures in terms of
signature<19:27:41.400> management<19:27:41.640> we're<19:27:42.000> talking<19:27:42.176> about

signature management we're talking about

signature management we're talking about
IDs<19:27:43.016> and<19:27:43.192> IPS<19:27:43.504> which<19:27:44.040> we've<19:27:44.280> covered<19:27:44.576> earlier

IDs and IPS which we've covered earlier

IDs and IPS which we've covered earlier
the<19:27:46.440> signature-based<19:27:47.216> detection<19:27:47.464> examines

the signature-based detection examines

the signature-based detection examines
Network<19:27:48.424> traffic<19:27:48.784> for<19:27:49.192> pre-configured<19:27:49.856> and

Network traffic for pre-configured and

Network traffic for pre-configured and
predetermined<19:27:50.824> attacks<19:27:51.296> so<19:27:51.784> the<19:27:51.960> signature

predetermined attacks so the signature

predetermined attacks so the signature
is<19:27:52.552> the<19:27:52.744> thing<19:27:52.920> that<19:27:53.336> is<19:27:53.784> matched<19:27:54.784> against<19:27:54.896> in

is the thing that is matched against in

is the thing that is matched against in
these<19:27:55.552> devices<19:27:55.856> the<19:27:56.512> threat<19:27:56.824> the<19:27:57.120> threat

these devices the threat the threat

these devices the threat the threat
signature

signature

signature
these<19:27:59.336> are<19:27:59.464> known<19:27:59.640> as<19:27:59.824> signatures<19:28:00.656> attacker

these are known as signatures attacker

these are known as signatures attacker
um<19:28:02.040> convinces<19:28:02.936> employee<19:28:03.360> to<19:28:03.480> disclose

um convinces employee to disclose

um convinces employee to disclose
confidential<19:28:04.920> information

confidential information

confidential information
if<19:28:07.080> adult<19:28:07.256> signature<19:28:07.744> is<19:28:07.856> identified<19:28:08.216> by<19:28:08.464> the

if adult signature is identified by the

if adult signature is identified by the
system<19:28:08.824> an<19:28:09.176> alarm<19:28:09.360> is<19:28:09.720> triggered<19:28:10.192> or<19:28:10.680> the

system an alarm is triggered or the

system an alarm is triggered or the
traffic<19:28:11.040> will<19:28:11.400> be<19:28:11.640> blocked<19:28:12.056> this<19:28:12.240> it<19:28:12.424> depends

traffic will be blocked this it depends

traffic will be blocked this it depends
on<19:28:12.832> how<19:28:13.144> you've<19:28:13.376> configured<19:28:13.920> your

on how you've configured your

on how you've configured your
um<19:28:15.720> IDs<19:28:16.320> and<19:28:16.440> IPS<19:28:16.872> so<19:28:17.872> it<19:28:18.176> will<19:28:18.296> either

um IDs and IPS so it will either

um IDs and IPS so it will either
um<19:28:19.192> send<19:28:19.920> an<19:28:20.104> SNMP<19:28:20.696> alert<19:28:21.440> or<19:28:22.440> create<19:28:22.744> some

um send an SNMP alert or create some

um send an SNMP alert or create some
sort<19:28:23.160> of<19:28:23.280> log<19:28:23.400> message<19:28:23.760> or<19:28:24.600> whatever<19:28:24.784> you've

sort of log message or whatever you've

sort of log message or whatever you've
designed<19:28:25.552> it<19:28:25.856> to<19:28:26.104> do<19:28:26.480> the<19:28:27.480> signature<19:28:27.896> codes

designed it to do the signature codes

designed it to do the signature codes
are<19:28:28.320> updated<19:28:28.616> or<19:28:28.920> they<19:28:29.040> should<19:28:29.160> be<19:28:29.280> updated

are updated or they should be updated

are updated or they should be updated
regularly<19:28:30.176> for<19:28:30.600> new<19:28:30.896> or<19:28:31.616> false<19:28:32.040> patterns<19:28:32.464> you

regularly for new or false patterns you

regularly for new or false patterns you
don't<19:28:32.760> you<19:28:33.176> really<19:28:33.296> don't<19:28:33.480> want<19:28:33.600> false

don't you really don't want false

don't you really don't want false
positives<19:28:34.376> either<19:28:34.552> because<19:28:34.856> it's<19:28:35.040> just<19:28:35.216> going

positives either because it's just going

positives either because it's just going
to<19:28:35.576> be<19:28:36.056> in<19:28:36.240> traffic's<19:28:37.016> blocked<19:28:37.256> when<19:28:37.440> it

to be in traffic's blocked when it

to be in traffic's blocked when it
shouldn't<19:28:37.856> be

shouldn't be

shouldn't be
uh<19:28:39.480> there's<19:28:39.784> a<19:28:39.960> website<19:28:40.496> called<19:28:40.680> threat

uh there's a website called threat

uh there's a website called threat
threatconnect.com<19:28:42.480> they<19:28:42.960> offer<19:28:43.376> some<19:28:43.552> sort

threatconnect.com they offer some sort

threatconnect.com they offer some sort
of<19:28:43.856> signature<19:28:44.824> management<19:28:45.440> uh<19:28:46.440> system<19:28:46.744> for

of signature management uh system for

of signature management uh system for
for<19:28:47.512> you<19:28:47.640> to<19:28:47.760> look<19:28:47.872> after<19:28:48.000> all<19:28:48.240> your

for you to look after all your

for you to look after all your
signatures<19:28:49.040> uh<19:28:50.040> I<19:28:50.216> I<19:28:50.336> only<19:28:50.512> suggest<19:28:50.872> it

signatures uh I I only suggest it

signatures uh I I only suggest it
because<19:28:51.176> I<19:28:51.424> use<19:28:51.600> their<19:28:51.832> graphic<19:28:52.256> and<19:28:52.496> I<19:28:52.744> wanted

because I use their graphic and I wanted

because I use their graphic and I wanted
to<19:28:53.400> credit<19:28:53.576> them<19:28:53.872> for<19:28:54.056> that<19:28:54.240> but<19:28:54.656> this<19:28:54.832> is<19:28:54.896> what

to credit them for that but this is what

to credit them for that but this is what
came<19:28:55.320> up<19:28:55.440> when<19:28:55.616> I<19:28:55.800> was<19:28:55.920> researching<19:28:56.760> threat

came up when I was researching threat

came up when I was researching threat
signatures

signatures

signatures
device<19:28:59.464> hardening<19:29:00.120> this<19:29:00.424> is<19:29:00.600> part<19:29:00.832> of<19:29:01.080> your

device hardening this is part of your

device hardening this is part of your
daily<19:29:02.280> weekly<19:29:02.872> monthly<19:29:03.616> admin<19:29:04.616> task

daily weekly monthly admin task

daily weekly monthly admin task
especially<19:29:06.424> if<19:29:06.656> you're<19:29:06.832> in<19:29:07.016> charge<19:29:07.192> of

especially if you're in charge of

especially if you're in charge of
security

security

security
for<19:29:09.176> uh<19:29:09.536> looking<19:29:09.656> after<19:29:09.896> your<19:29:10.144> network

for uh looking after your network

for uh looking after your network
you'll<19:29:11.640> Pat<19:29:11.824> your<19:29:12.056> update<19:29:12.424> software<19:29:12.896> or

you'll Pat your update software or

you'll Pat your update software or
firmware<19:29:13.616> in<19:29:13.920> your<19:29:14.336> Hardware<19:29:14.576> devices

firmware in your Hardware devices

firmware in your Hardware devices
check<19:29:16.800> for<19:29:16.976> non-compliant<19:29:17.640> passwords<19:29:18.440> this

check for non-compliant passwords this

check for non-compliant passwords this
will<19:29:19.616> obviously<19:29:19.856> part<19:29:20.040> of<19:29:20.160> your<19:29:20.280> password

will obviously part of your password

will obviously part of your password
policy<19:29:21.120> but<19:29:21.424> I'm<19:29:22.016> sure<19:29:22.192> you've<19:29:22.616> logged<19:29:23.336> into

policy but I'm sure you've logged into

policy but I'm sure you've logged into
something<19:29:23.872> or<19:29:24.480> had<19:29:24.784> an<19:29:24.960> email<19:29:25.144> updating<19:29:25.680> you

something or had an email updating you

something or had an email updating you
saying<19:29:27.424> that<19:29:27.536> your<19:29:27.784> current<19:29:27.896> password<19:29:28.192> isn't

saying that your current password isn't

saying that your current password isn't
um strong<19:29:29.336> enough<19:29:29.576> and<19:29:29.872> you<19:29:30.000> need<19:29:30.176> to<19:29:30.240> update

um strong enough and you need to update

um strong enough and you need to update
it

it

it
removing<19:29:32.280> redundant<19:29:32.872> networks<19:29:33.360> and<19:29:33.536> IP

removing redundant networks and IP

removing redundant networks and IP
addresses<19:29:34.376> strangely<19:29:35.040> enough<19:29:35.240> I've<19:29:36.240> known

addresses strangely enough I've known

addresses strangely enough I've known
equipment<19:29:37.504> found<19:29:37.920> years<19:29:38.512> after<19:29:38.960> people

equipment found years after people

equipment found years after people
thought<19:29:40.192> it<19:29:40.376> had<19:29:40.496> been<19:29:40.680> decommissioned<19:29:41.336> it's

thought it had been decommissioned it's

thought it had been decommissioned it's
sitting<19:29:41.872> in<19:29:42.000> a<19:29:42.240> office<19:29:42.536> somewhere<19:29:43.016> plugged

sitting in a office somewhere plugged

sitting in a office somewhere plugged
into<19:29:43.552> the<19:29:43.800> network<19:29:44.040> and<19:29:45.000> nobody<19:29:45.360> knew<19:29:45.600> it<19:29:45.720> was

into the network and nobody knew it was

into the network and nobody knew it was
there<19:29:46.144> and<19:29:46.552> this<19:29:46.800> can<19:29:46.976> then<19:29:47.280> be<19:29:47.640> a<19:29:47.824> back<19:29:47.936> door

there and this can then be a back door

there and this can then be a back door
for<19:29:49.016> hackers<19:29:49.440> to<19:29:49.616> find<19:29:49.800> and<19:29:50.104> get<19:29:50.464> into<19:29:50.640> your

for hackers to find and get into your

for hackers to find and get into your
network<19:29:51.192> changing<19:29:52.192> security<19:29:52.496> keys

network changing security keys

network changing security keys
are<19:29:54.960> changing<19:29:55.504> the<19:29:55.616> native<19:29:55.800> VLAN<19:29:56.400> so<19:29:56.760> the

are changing the native VLAN so the

are changing the native VLAN so the
native<19:29:57.080> VLAN<19:29:58.080> is<19:29:58.256> used<19:29:58.440> for<19:29:58.680> any<19:29:58.976> untagged

native VLAN is used for any untagged

native VLAN is used for any untagged
traffic<19:30:00.600> on<19:30:01.144> your<19:30:01.320> network<19:30:01.552> you'll<19:30:02.336> be

traffic on your network you'll be

traffic on your network you'll be
familiar<19:30:02.760> with<19:30:02.872> this<19:30:03.000> when<19:30:03.296> you<19:30:03.424> start<19:30:03.600> doing

familiar with this when you start doing

familiar with this when you start doing
Cisco<19:30:04.824> configuration<19:30:05.824> or<19:30:06.360> any<19:30:06.536> type<19:30:06.784> of

Cisco configuration or any type of

Cisco configuration or any type of
juniper<19:30:07.552> or<19:30:07.920> the<19:30:08.216> other<19:30:08.512> network<19:30:09.240> management

juniper or the other network management

juniper or the other network management
big<19:30:11.040> security<19:30:11.280> vulnerability<19:30:12.176> your<19:30:13.080> native

big security vulnerability your native

big security vulnerability your native
VLAN<19:30:13.856> is<19:30:14.576> passes<19:30:15.480> important<19:30:16.144> information

VLAN is passes important information

VLAN is passes important information
such<19:30:17.040> as

such as

such as
um<19:30:18.480> your<19:30:19.192> Cisco<19:30:19.552> Discovery<19:30:20.104> protocol<19:30:20.512> or<19:30:20.872> the

um your Cisco Discovery protocol or the

um your Cisco Discovery protocol or the
equivalent<19:30:21.536> which<19:30:22.144> is<19:30:22.256> device<19:30:22.616> information

equivalent which is device information

equivalent which is device information
foreign

foreign

foreign
your<19:30:27.296> operating<19:30:27.600> system<19:30:27.896> that<19:30:28.256> it's<19:30:28.376> running

your operating system that it's running

your operating system that it's running
etc<19:30:29.336> etc<19:30:29.512> a<19:30:30.360> dynamic<19:30:30.656> drinking<19:30:31.016> protocol<19:30:31.376> is

etc etc a dynamic drinking protocol is

etc etc a dynamic drinking protocol is
for<19:30:32.040> uh<19:30:32.512> trunking<19:30:33.320> so<19:30:34.320> your<19:30:34.920> native<19:30:35.216> VLAN<19:30:35.760> will

for uh trunking so your native VLAN will

for uh trunking so your native VLAN will
normally<19:30:36.360> go<19:30:37.016> across<19:30:37.440> a<19:30:38.280> trunk<19:30:38.872> link<19:30:39.056> and

normally go across a trunk link and

normally go across a trunk link and
you've<19:30:39.536> got<19:30:39.656> all<19:30:39.832> of<19:30:39.960> this<19:30:40.144> important

you've got all of this important

you've got all of this important
information

information

information
on<19:30:42.480> The<19:30:42.656> Cisco<19:30:43.144> devices<19:30:43.504> certainly<19:30:43.976> and

on The Cisco devices certainly and

on The Cisco devices certainly and
probably<19:30:44.400> a<19:30:44.824> lot<19:30:44.936> of<19:30:45.000> other<19:30:45.120> vendors<19:30:45.656> the

probably a lot of other vendors the

probably a lot of other vendors the
native<19:30:46.744> VLAN<19:30:47.280> is<19:30:47.464> VLAN<19:30:47.936> one<19:30:48.176> and<19:30:48.960> if<19:30:49.144> you<19:30:49.320> leave

native VLAN is VLAN one and if you leave

native VLAN is VLAN one and if you leave
this<19:30:49.856> as<19:30:50.216> the<19:30:50.512> VLAN<19:30:51.240> that<19:30:51.496> the<19:30:52.496> switches<19:30:53.040> can

this as the VLAN that the switches can

this as the VLAN that the switches can
communicate<19:30:54.000> with<19:30:54.296> you've<19:30:54.896> left<19:30:55.016> a<19:30:55.256> possible

communicate with you've left a possible

communicate with you've left a possible
security<19:30:55.920> vulnerability

security vulnerability

security vulnerability
because<19:30:58.616> this<19:30:58.976> traffic<19:30:59.160> is<19:30:59.464> actually

because this traffic is actually

because this traffic is actually
untagged

untagged

untagged
so<19:31:01.680> what<19:31:01.856> you<19:31:01.976> want<19:31:02.104> to<19:31:02.216> do<19:31:02.336> is<19:31:02.696> on<19:31:03.360> any<19:31:03.480> drunk

so what you want to do is on any drunk

so what you want to do is on any drunk
leg<19:31:04.080> trunk<19:31:04.744> link<19:31:04.920> you<19:31:05.640> change<19:31:05.872> it<19:31:06.120> to<19:31:06.424> an

leg trunk link you change it to an

leg trunk link you change it to an
unused<19:31:07.256> VLAN

unused VLAN

unused VLAN
so<19:31:10.080> this<19:31:10.192> is<19:31:10.320> one<19:31:10.496> that<19:31:10.680> isn't<19:31:10.976> been<19:31:11.160> used<19:31:11.512> on

so this is one that isn't been used on

so this is one that isn't been used on
um

um

um
so<19:31:13.616> you've<19:31:13.800> got<19:31:13.856> to<19:31:14.040> VLAN<19:31:14.512> 10<19:31:14.696> 20

so you've got to VLAN 10 20

so you've got to VLAN 10 20
30<19:31:17.280> and<19:31:17.760> 40.<19:31:18.424> you<19:31:18.896> would<19:31:19.080> use<19:31:19.256> your<19:31:19.552> an<19:31:20.040> unused

30 and 40. you would use your an unused

30 and 40. you would use your an unused
VLAN<19:31:20.824> on<19:31:21.056> your<19:31:21.176> trunk<19:31:21.424> links<19:31:21.832> for<19:31:22.016> example

VLAN on your trunk links for example

VLAN on your trunk links for example
um

um

um
two<19:31:24.960> two<19:31:25.144> two<19:31:25.440> just<19:31:26.104> something<19:31:26.216> fairly<19:31:26.824> high

two two two just something fairly high

two two two just something fairly high
and<19:31:27.832> then<19:31:27.960> another<19:31:28.616> trunk<19:31:28.976> link<19:31:29.160> to<19:31:29.336> another

and then another trunk link to another

and then another trunk link to another
switch

switch

switch
you'd<19:31:32.040> have<19:31:32.160> another<19:31:32.280> VLAN<19:31:32.824> for<19:31:33.056> example<19:31:33.360> two

you'd have another VLAN for example two

you'd have another VLAN for example two
two<19:31:34.080> three

two three

two three
Etc

is the output for a Cisco device and you

is the output for a Cisco device and you
can<19:31:41.464> see<19:31:41.760> this<19:31:42.176> is<19:31:42.296> trunk<19:31:42.720> in<19:31:42.896> so<19:31:43.144> it's<19:31:43.256> passing

can see this is trunk in so it's passing

can see this is trunk in so it's passing
multiple<19:31:44.216> vlans<19:31:44.824> on<19:31:45.120> this<19:31:45.296> link<19:31:45.680> but<19:31:46.680> the

multiple vlans on this link but the

multiple vlans on this link but the
native<19:31:47.216> VLAN<19:31:47.760> is<19:31:48.240> uh<19:31:48.424> VLAN<19:31:48.960> one

so I've wiped over it there the native

so I've wiped over it there the native
VLAN<19:31:54.000> is<19:31:54.120> VLAN<19:31:54.536> one<19:31:54.720> which<19:31:54.960> you<19:31:55.144> don't<19:31:55.320> want<19:31:55.616> so

VLAN is VLAN one which you don't want so

VLAN is VLAN one which you don't want so
what<19:31:56.464> I<19:31:56.696> did<19:31:56.936> I<19:31:57.296> went<19:31:57.536> to<19:31:57.720> the<19:31:58.144> trunk<19:31:58.552> interface

what I did I went to the trunk interface

what I did I went to the trunk interface
here<19:31:59.400> I<19:32:00.056> issued<19:32:00.480> the<19:32:00.536> command<19:32:00.784> switchbot

here I issued the command switchbot

here I issued the command switchbot
trunk<19:32:01.744> native<19:32:02.400> VLAN<19:32:03.056> five

trunk native VLAN five

trunk native VLAN five
you'll<19:32:05.576> probably<19:32:05.696> use<19:32:05.872> something<19:32:06.056> higher

you'll probably use something higher

you'll probably use something higher
like<19:32:07.016> I<19:32:07.144> said<19:32:07.256> like<19:32:07.552> two<19:32:07.800> two<19:32:08.040> but<19:32:08.512> it's<19:32:08.640> just

like I said like two two but it's just

like I said like two two but it's just
to<19:32:08.872> illustrate<19:32:09.240> the<19:32:09.424> point<19:32:09.600> so<19:32:10.320> this<19:32:11.104> traffic

to illustrate the point so this traffic

to illustrate the point so this traffic
that<19:32:11.576> passes<19:32:12.000> over<19:32:12.240> uh<19:32:13.192> the<19:32:13.320> native<19:32:13.504> VLAN<19:32:14.040> will

that passes over uh the native VLAN will

that passes over uh the native VLAN will
use<19:32:15.000> VLAN<19:32:15.656> F5<19:32:16.192> it<19:32:16.496> won't<19:32:16.680> use<19:32:16.856> VLAN<19:32:17.336> one<19:32:17.576> and

use VLAN F5 it won't use VLAN one and

use VLAN F5 it won't use VLAN one and
you've<19:32:18.296> got<19:32:18.424> to<19:32:18.536> be<19:32:18.600> careful<19:32:18.896> because<19:32:19.144> you

you've got to be careful because you

you've got to be careful because you
can't<19:32:19.552> delete<19:32:20.056> a<19:32:21.056> VLAN<19:32:21.480> one<19:32:21.656> it's<19:32:21.960> there<19:32:22.256> all

can't delete a VLAN one it's there all

can't delete a VLAN one it's there all
the<19:32:22.744> time<19:32:22.976> you<19:32:23.576> just<19:32:23.696> don't<19:32:23.872> have<19:32:24.120> to<19:32:24.296> use<19:32:24.480> it

the time you just don't have to use it

the time you just don't have to use it
to<19:32:24.832> pass<19:32:24.960> any<19:32:25.192> traffic<19:32:25.504> and<19:32:26.280> now<19:32:26.464> you<19:32:26.696> can<19:32:26.824> see

to pass any traffic and now you can see

to pass any traffic and now you can see
it's<19:32:27.240> changed<19:32:27.720> from<19:32:27.896> VLAN<19:32:28.376> one<19:32:28.552> as<19:32:28.800> a<19:32:28.976> default

it's changed from VLAN one as a default

it's changed from VLAN one as a default
to<19:32:29.936> VLAN<19:32:30.480> 5.

I've already mentioned all this sorry so

I've already mentioned all this sorry so
another<19:32:39.536> thing<19:32:39.896> mentioned<19:32:40.440> is<19:32:40.936> bpdu<19:32:41.936> guard

another thing mentioned is bpdu guard

another thing mentioned is bpdu guard
this<19:32:43.440> is<19:32:43.552> arrived<19:32:43.920> in<19:32:44.040> the<19:32:44.160> syllabus

this is arrived in the syllabus

this is arrived in the syllabus
a<19:32:45.896> bpdu<19:32:46.496> guard<19:32:46.800> it's<19:32:47.104> on<19:32:47.280> an<19:32:47.464> interface<19:32:48.000> the

a bpdu guard it's on an interface the

a bpdu guard it's on an interface the
port<19:32:49.016> is<19:32:49.256> every<19:32:49.440> disabled<19:32:49.920> when<19:32:50.104> a<19:32:50.400> bpdu<19:32:51.360> is

port is every disabled when a bpdu is

port is every disabled when a bpdu is
received<19:32:52.496> so<19:32:52.856> Bridge<19:32:53.040> protocol<19:32:53.512> data<19:32:54.000> unit<19:32:54.176> we

received so Bridge protocol data unit we

received so Bridge protocol data unit we
talked<19:32:54.784> about<19:32:54.832> earlier<19:32:55.376> this<19:32:56.280> is<19:32:56.464> uh<19:32:56.696> used<19:32:56.936> for

talked about earlier this is uh used for

talked about earlier this is uh used for
spanning<19:32:57.720> tree<19:32:57.896> traffic

spanning tree traffic

spanning tree traffic
and<19:32:59.936> it<19:33:00.056> can<19:33:00.176> actually<19:33:00.296> change<19:33:00.600> your<19:33:00.832> layer<19:33:01.144> 2

and it can actually change your layer 2

and it can actually change your layer 2
topologies<19:33:01.976> for<19:33:02.336> example<19:33:02.696> let's<19:33:03.656> say<19:33:03.832> this

topologies for example let's say this

topologies for example let's say this
switch<19:33:04.976> is<19:33:05.280> the<19:33:05.512> root<19:33:05.696> you've<19:33:05.936> got<19:33:06.056> a<19:33:06.176> high<19:33:06.360> a

switch is the root you've got a high a

switch is the root you've got a high a
high-powered<19:33:07.616> switch<19:33:07.800> here<19:33:08.160> and<19:33:08.936> it<19:33:09.056> would

high-powered switch here and it would

high-powered switch here and it would
normally<19:33:09.480> be<19:33:09.832> a<19:33:10.320> multi-layer<19:33:11.160> switch<19:33:11.464> here

normally be a multi-layer switch here

normally be a multi-layer switch here
and<19:33:13.376> all<19:33:13.616> of<19:33:13.800> your<19:33:14.104> traffic<19:33:14.760> is<19:33:15.056> pointing<19:33:15.480> to

and all of your traffic is pointing to

and all of your traffic is pointing to
this<19:33:15.960> device<19:33:16.192> but<19:33:17.040> what<19:33:17.216> will<19:33:17.400> happen<19:33:17.576> is<19:33:17.936> this

this device but what will happen is this

this device but what will happen is this
device<19:33:18.720> will<19:33:19.080> announce<19:33:19.440> a<19:33:19.920> number

device will announce a number

device will announce a number
to<19:33:21.600> say<19:33:21.784> I<19:33:21.960> am<19:33:22.144> the<19:33:22.320> boss<19:33:22.496> and<19:33:23.336> say<19:33:23.512> for<19:33:23.760> example

to say I am the boss and say for example

to say I am the boss and say for example
this<19:33:24.784> is<19:33:25.144> number<19:33:25.376> 99.<19:33:26.760> this<19:33:27.296> is<19:33:27.424> the<19:33:27.600> number

this is number 99. this is the number

this is number 99. this is the number
that<19:33:28.080> determines<19:33:28.496> the<19:33:28.744> root<19:33:29.104> of<19:33:29.216> all<19:33:29.400> your

that determines the root of all your

that determines the root of all your
spanning<19:33:30.000> tree<19:33:30.120> traffic<19:33:30.424> well<19:33:31.256> what<19:33:31.504> happens

spanning tree traffic well what happens

spanning tree traffic well what happens
is<19:33:31.976> if<19:33:32.216> this<19:33:32.512> device<19:33:32.696> uh<19:33:33.480> connects<19:33:33.832> to<19:33:33.896> the

is if this device uh connects to the

is if this device uh connects to the
network<19:33:34.144> say<19:33:34.496> you've<19:33:34.800> bought<19:33:34.976> you've<19:33:35.336> found

network say you've bought you've found

network say you've bought you've found
it<19:33:35.696> on<19:33:35.872> a<19:33:36.000> Shelf<19:33:36.176> at<19:33:36.536> work<19:33:36.784> and<19:33:37.744> for<19:33:37.976> some<19:33:38.160> crazy

it on a Shelf at work and for some crazy

it on a Shelf at work and for some crazy
reason<19:33:38.760> all<19:33:39.056> you've<19:33:39.240> done<19:33:39.424> is<19:33:39.536> plug<19:33:39.784> it<19:33:39.960> in<19:33:40.144> and

reason all you've done is plug it in and

reason all you've done is plug it in and
this<19:33:41.040> has<19:33:41.104> happened<19:33:41.336> by<19:33:41.576> the<19:33:41.696> way<19:33:41.760> I've<19:33:42.000> seen

this has happened by the way I've seen

this has happened by the way I've seen
it<19:33:42.360> happen<19:33:42.680> well<19:33:43.680> this<19:33:44.160> device<19:33:44.336> could

it happen well this device could

it happen well this device could
actually<19:33:44.936> be<19:33:45.424> configured<19:33:45.896> with<19:33:46.320> the<19:33:46.920> number

actually be configured with the number

actually be configured with the number
100

100

100
in<19:33:49.080> terms<19:33:49.376> of<19:33:49.856> um<19:33:49.856> spanning<19:33:50.400> tree<19:33:50.576> and<19:33:51.056> what

in terms of um spanning tree and what

in terms of um spanning tree and what
could<19:33:51.424> happen<19:33:51.536> is<19:33:51.784> then<19:33:52.080> or<19:33:52.552> this<19:33:52.856> could<19:33:52.976> be<19:33:53.160> a

could happen is then or this could be a

could happen is then or this could be a
really<19:33:53.576> low<19:33:53.872> switch<19:33:54.176> is<19:33:54.536> worth<19:33:54.784> about<19:33:55.080> say<19:33:55.800> a

really low switch is worth about say a

really low switch is worth about say a
hundred<19:33:56.280> dollars<19:33:56.640> and<19:33:57.056> it's<19:33:57.176> just<19:33:57.360> got<19:33:57.480> a<19:33:57.656> tiny

hundred dollars and it's just got a tiny

hundred dollars and it's just got a tiny
amount<19:33:58.192> of<19:33:58.320> process<19:33:58.616> and<19:33:58.856> power<19:33:59.120> all<19:34:00.120> of<19:34:00.360> your

amount of process and power all of your

amount of process and power all of your
spanning<19:34:01.800> tree<19:34:01.920> traffic<19:34:02.216> all<19:34:02.640> of<19:34:02.760> a<19:34:02.872> sudden

spanning tree traffic all of a sudden

spanning tree traffic all of a sudden
will<19:34:03.832> be<19:34:04.016> converging<19:34:04.744> onto<19:34:05.512> this<19:34:05.760> tiny<19:34:06.056> little

will be converging onto this tiny little

will be converging onto this tiny little
switch<19:34:06.536> the<19:34:07.320> CPU<19:34:07.800> will<19:34:08.040> go<19:34:08.216> from<19:34:08.400> almost

switch the CPU will go from almost

switch the CPU will go from almost
nothing<19:34:09.120> through<19:34:09.536> the<19:34:09.784> roof<19:34:10.080> it'll<19:34:10.976> probably

nothing through the roof it'll probably

nothing through the roof it'll probably
crash<19:34:11.512> bring<19:34:11.760> you<19:34:11.936> down<19:34:12.120> your<19:34:12.296> entire<19:34:12.600> local

crash bring you down your entire local

crash bring you down your entire local
area<19:34:13.144> network<19:34:13.504> and<19:34:14.216> at<19:34:14.400> that<19:34:14.512> point<19:34:14.696> you'll

area network and at that point you'll

area network and at that point you'll
probably<19:34:15.056> be<19:34:15.176> out<19:34:15.360> of<19:34:15.480> a<19:34:15.600> job<19:34:15.720> to<19:34:15.896> be<19:34:16.080> honest

probably be out of a job to be honest

probably be out of a job to be honest
so<19:34:18.536> what<19:34:18.720> happens<19:34:18.896> is<19:34:19.144> with<19:34:19.376> bpdu<19:34:20.104> guard<19:34:20.280> you

so what happens is with bpdu guard you

so what happens is with bpdu guard you
configure<19:34:21.000> it<19:34:21.176> on<19:34:21.360> this<19:34:21.536> interface<19:34:21.960> here<19:34:22.320> for

configure it on this interface here for

configure it on this interface here for
example<19:34:22.856> fast<19:34:23.336> ethernet<19:34:23.824> and<19:34:24.720> 10<19:34:25.080> and<19:34:25.744> if<19:34:25.920> a<19:34:26.104> BP

example fast ethernet and 10 and if a BP

example fast ethernet and 10 and if a BP
do<19:34:27.120> you<19:34:27.616> frame<19:34:28.616> is<19:34:29.216> seen<19:34:29.696> coming<19:34:30.000> in<19:34:30.240> onto<19:34:30.600> this

do you frame is seen coming in onto this

do you frame is seen coming in onto this
particular<19:34:31.080> interface<19:34:31.616> it<19:34:32.216> will<19:34:32.400> error

particular interface it will error

particular interface it will error
disable

disable

disable
um<19:34:33.896> it<19:34:34.192> will<19:34:34.256> error<19:34:34.616> disable<19:34:34.920> it<19:34:35.160> and<19:34:35.696> it<19:34:35.872> won't

um it will error disable it and it won't

um it will error disable it and it won't
pass<19:34:36.240> traffic<19:34:36.536> until<19:34:36.896> you<19:34:37.320> the<19:34:37.616> network

pass traffic until you the network

pass traffic until you the network
administrator

administrator

administrator
um<19:34:40.552> what<19:34:41.336> come<19:34:41.696> comes<19:34:42.360> shuts<19:34:43.192> it<19:34:43.320> manually<19:34:43.920> and

um what come comes shuts it manually and

um what come comes shuts it manually and
then<19:34:44.400> manually<19:34:44.936> no<19:34:45.600> shits<19:34:46.016> the<19:34:46.144> interface<19:34:46.496> so

then manually no shits the interface so

then manually no shits the interface so
you<19:34:46.800> have<19:34:46.920> to<19:34:46.976> re-enable<19:34:47.464> it

you have to re-enable it

you have to re-enable it
uh<19:34:49.376> root<19:34:49.800> guard

uh root guard

uh root guard
so<19:34:52.080> I<19:34:52.192> mentioned<19:34:52.680> uh<19:34:52.976> if<19:34:53.400> this<19:34:53.696> is<19:34:53.760> a<19:34:53.936> topology

so I mentioned uh if this is a topology

so I mentioned uh if this is a topology
where<19:34:54.784> it's<19:34:55.192> actually<19:34:55.376> I<19:34:55.680> think<19:34:55.800> from<19:34:56.040> my<19:34:56.280> CCNA

where it's actually I think from my CCNA

where it's actually I think from my CCNA
book<19:34:57.176> where<19:34:57.960> I'm<19:34:58.144> telling<19:34:58.496> you<19:34:58.552> on<19:34:58.920> what

book where I'm telling you on what

book where I'm telling you on what
interfaces<19:34:59.760> depending<19:35:00.424> on<19:35:00.480> the<19:35:00.656> topology<19:35:01.016> you

interfaces depending on the topology you

interfaces depending on the topology you
would<19:35:01.440> add<19:35:01.616> bpdu<19:35:02.280> guard<19:35:02.656> root<19:35:03.656> guard<19:35:03.784> you

would add bpdu guard root guard you

would add bpdu guard root guard you
would<19:35:04.320> add<19:35:04.496> down<19:35:04.920> here

would add down here

would add down here
on<19:35:07.144> these<19:35:07.256> level<19:35:07.440> of<19:35:07.680> interfaces<19:35:08.280> so<19:35:08.760> these

on these level of interfaces so these

on these level of interfaces so these
are<19:35:09.656> your<19:35:09.896> layer<19:35:10.192> 3<19:35:10.376> switches<19:35:11.000> and<19:35:12.000> these<19:35:12.480> are

are your layer 3 switches and these are

are your layer 3 switches and these are
your<19:35:12.720> these<19:35:13.256> images<19:35:13.376> here<19:35:13.744> represent<19:35:14.160> Layer

your these images here represent Layer

your these images here represent Layer
Two

Two

Two
uh<19:35:16.080> root<19:35:16.376> guard<19:35:16.496> is<19:35:16.744> configured<19:35:17.160> per<19:35:17.400> Port<19:35:17.696> so

uh root guard is configured per Port so

uh root guard is configured per Port so
you<19:35:18.240> wouldn't<19:35:18.424> configure<19:35:18.896> it<19:35:19.080> on<19:35:19.320> a<19:35:19.504> device

you wouldn't configure it on a device

you wouldn't configure it on a device
and<19:35:20.160> expect<19:35:20.336> the<19:35:20.824> configuration<19:35:21.296> to<19:35:21.600> be

and expect the configuration to be

and expect the configuration to be
passed<19:35:22.144> out<19:35:22.192> through<19:35:22.440> your<19:35:22.616> network

passed out through your network

passed out through your network
and<19:35:24.480> like<19:35:25.192> um<19:35:25.192> other<19:35:25.680> configurations<19:35:26.424> root

and like um other configurations root

and like um other configurations root
ports<19:35:27.656> are<19:35:27.832> the<19:35:27.960> closest<19:35:28.144> to<19:35:28.496> the<19:35:28.680> spanning

ports are the closest to the spanning

ports are the closest to the spanning
tree<19:35:29.336> master<19:35:29.960> these<19:35:30.960> ports<19:35:31.376> are<19:35:31.800> furthest

tree master these ports are furthest

tree master these ports are furthest
away<19:35:32.576> if<19:35:33.176> this<19:35:33.360> is<19:35:33.480> the<19:35:33.656> master<19:35:33.832> here<19:35:34.256> in<19:35:34.920> my

away if this is the master here in my

away if this is the master here in my
topology

topology

topology
these<19:35:37.680> are<19:35:38.104> the<19:35:38.216> ports<19:35:38.640> that<19:35:38.824> would<19:35:39.120> normally

these are the ports that would normally

these are the ports that would normally
you<19:35:40.016> would<19:35:40.256> want<19:35:40.496> to<19:35:40.976> be<19:35:41.104> root<19:35:41.464> and<19:35:41.640> it's

you would want to be root and it's

you would want to be root and it's
basically<19:35:42.240> saying<19:35:42.720> the<19:35:43.440> root<19:35:43.680> equals

basically saying the root equals

basically saying the root equals
um<19:35:45.120> best

um best

um best
path<19:35:47.160> to<19:35:47.824> take<19:35:48.056> to<19:35:48.536> the<19:35:48.720> master<19:35:49.216> this<19:35:50.216> is<19:35:50.464> not

path to take to the master this is not

path to take to the master this is not
the<19:35:50.936> best<19:35:51.056> path<19:35:51.360> to<19:35:51.832> take<19:35:52.016> to<19:35:52.320> the<19:35:52.496> master<19:35:52.680> this

the best path to take to the master this

the best path to take to the master this
would<19:35:53.400> cause<19:35:53.576> you<19:35:53.760> a<19:35:53.936> lot<19:35:54.000> of<19:35:54.120> problems<19:35:54.480> this

would cause you a lot of problems this

would cause you a lot of problems this
is<19:35:55.144> why<19:35:55.320> you<19:35:55.504> would<19:35:55.552> enable<19:35:55.856> root<19:35:56.336> guard<19:35:56.464> on

is why you would enable root guard on

is why you would enable root guard on
these<19:35:57.536> ports<19:35:57.896> here

these ports here

these ports here
so<19:36:00.056> Modesto<19:36:00.720> for<19:36:00.832> incoming<19:36:01.144> Bridge<19:36:01.376> protocol

so Modesto for incoming Bridge protocol

so Modesto for incoming Bridge protocol
data<19:36:02.400> units

data units

data units
and<19:36:04.192> it<19:36:04.320> prevents<19:36:04.616> support<19:36:04.800> from<19:36:05.104> becoming<19:36:05.464> a

and it prevents support from becoming a

and it prevents support from becoming a
root<19:36:05.936> Port<19:36:06.120> how<19:36:07.080> it<19:36:07.256> does<19:36:07.376> it<19:36:07.552> yeah<19:36:07.744> you<19:36:07.976> can

root Port how it does it yeah you can

root Port how it does it yeah you can
learn<19:36:08.280> a<19:36:08.640> bit<19:36:08.760> more<19:36:08.872> when<19:36:09.056> you<19:36:09.240> do<19:36:09.360> Cisco<19:36:09.856> CCNA

learn a bit more when you do Cisco CCNA

learn a bit more when you do Cisco CCNA
and<19:36:10.976> ccmp<19:36:11.696> Etc

and ccmp Etc

and ccmp Etc
DHCP<19:36:13.920> snooping<19:36:15.144> this<19:36:16.144> is<19:36:16.320> the<19:36:16.744> uh<19:36:17.464> legitimate

DHCP snooping this is the uh legitimate

DHCP snooping this is the uh legitimate
one

one

one
here<19:36:19.976> this<19:36:20.640> is<19:36:20.760> the<19:36:21.056> Rogue<19:36:21.480> that<19:36:21.656> somebody's

here this is the Rogue that somebody's

here this is the Rogue that somebody's
either<19:36:22.856> somebody's<19:36:23.464> attached<19:36:23.872> it<19:36:24.000> to<19:36:24.120> your

either somebody's attached it to your

either somebody's attached it to your
network<19:36:24.480> or<19:36:25.016> they've<19:36:25.376> downloaded<19:36:25.800> some<19:36:26.160> code

network or they've downloaded some code

network or they've downloaded some code
accidentally<19:36:28.920> onto<19:36:29.696> their<19:36:30.000> device<19:36:30.320> and<19:36:31.320> it's

accidentally onto their device and it's

accidentally onto their device and it's
trying<19:36:31.680> to<19:36:31.800> take<19:36:31.976> over<19:36:32.216> as<19:36:32.464> a<19:36:32.696> DHCP<19:36:33.360> server<19:36:33.832> for

trying to take over as a DHCP server for

trying to take over as a DHCP server for
this<19:36:34.400> segment<19:36:35.400> of<19:36:35.576> your<19:36:35.760> network<19:36:35.936> which<19:36:36.360> you

this segment of your network which you

this segment of your network which you
don't<19:36:36.656> want<19:36:36.832> to<19:36:36.960> happen

don't want to happen

don't want to happen
it<19:36:38.760> forces<19:36:39.240> the<19:36:39.480> switch<19:36:39.720> here<19:36:40.192> to<19:36:40.552> examine<19:36:41.040> and

it forces the switch here to examine and

it forces the switch here to examine and
filter<19:36:41.640> inappropriate<19:36:42.480> DHCP<19:36:43.320> messages<19:36:43.744> so<19:36:44.696> if

filter inappropriate DHCP messages so if

filter inappropriate DHCP messages so if
this<19:36:45.240> port<19:36:45.480> if<19:36:46.144> this<19:36:46.320> switch<19:36:46.496> detects<19:36:47.160> it

this port if this switch detects it

this port if this switch detects it
coming<19:36:47.464> on<19:36:47.760> this<19:36:47.936> port<19:36:48.176> you've<19:36:49.080> configured

coming on this port you've configured

coming on this port you've configured
this<19:36:49.920> port<19:36:50.104> here<19:36:50.464> as<19:36:51.000> interested

and you know which ports you trust

and you know which ports you trust
because<19:36:57.240> you're<19:36:57.424> the<19:36:57.600> network<19:36:57.720> administrator

because you're the network administrator

because you're the network administrator
this<19:36:59.464> port

so it comes in and that is permitted

so it comes in and that is permitted
through<19:37:06.920> untrusted<19:37:07.920> it<19:37:08.576> comes<19:37:08.872> in<19:37:09.056> and

through untrusted it comes in and

through untrusted it comes in and
blocked<19:37:10.496> and<19:37:11.160> then<19:37:11.280> you<19:37:11.464> would<19:37:11.576> normally<19:37:11.872> get

blocked and then you would normally get

blocked and then you would normally get
notified<19:37:12.784> as<19:37:13.504> the<19:37:13.680> administrator<19:37:14.160> that<19:37:14.512> hang

notified as the administrator that hang

notified as the administrator that hang
on<19:37:14.872> something's<19:37:15.424> not<19:37:15.600> quite<19:37:15.832> right<19:37:16.080> here<19:37:16.320> with

on something's not quite right here with

on something's not quite right here with
a<19:37:17.216> text<19:37:17.400> phone<19:37:17.824> call<19:37:18.120> or<19:37:18.424> other<19:37:18.784> type<19:37:19.080> of<19:37:19.192> alert

a text phone call or other type of alert

a text phone call or other type of alert
uh<19:37:21.896> vlans<19:37:22.496> these<19:37:23.040> separate<19:37:23.336> your<19:37:23.512> host<19:37:23.696> into

uh vlans these separate your host into

uh vlans these separate your host into
function<19:37:24.296> so<19:37:24.600> here<19:37:24.784> you've<19:37:25.016> got<19:37:25.080> the<19:37:25.256> sales

function so here you've got the sales

function so here you've got the sales
team<19:37:25.856> you're<19:37:26.696> accounting<19:37:27.296> uh<19:37:28.080> Team<19:37:28.376> the<19:37:29.216> IT

team you're accounting uh Team the IT

team you're accounting uh Team the IT
team<19:37:29.936> and<19:37:30.656> then<19:37:30.784> your<19:37:31.016> human<19:37:31.192> resources<19:37:31.920> and

team and then your human resources and

team and then your human resources and
what<19:37:32.760> this<19:37:33.000> does<19:37:33.240> and<19:37:33.784> it<19:37:33.960> depends<19:37:34.320> on<19:37:34.440> the

what this does and it depends on the

what this does and it depends on the
design<19:37:34.872> methodology<19:37:35.872> you're<19:37:36.784> following<19:37:37.144> by

design methodology you're following by

design methodology you're following by
the<19:37:37.440> way<19:37:37.504> there's<19:37:37.744> a<19:37:37.920> whole<19:37:38.040> bunch<19:37:38.280> of<19:37:38.400> ways<19:37:38.824> to

the way there's a whole bunch of ways to

the way there's a whole bunch of ways to
design<19:37:39.960> your<19:37:40.256> network<19:37:40.440> depending<19:37:40.976> on<19:37:41.040> which

design your network depending on which

design your network depending on which
vendor<19:37:41.640> you're<19:37:41.760> speaking<19:37:42.176> to<19:37:42.360> but<19:37:43.192> we've

vendor you're speaking to but we've

vendor you're speaking to but we've
separated<19:37:43.920> ours<19:37:44.464> into<19:37:44.760> functions

separated ours into functions

separated ours into functions
now<19:37:47.464> if<19:37:47.824> there's<19:37:47.936> a<19:37:48.120> broadcast<19:37:48.296> say<19:37:48.656> there's<19:37:48.960> a

now if there's a broadcast say there's a

now if there's a broadcast say there's a
a<19:37:49.616> fault<19:37:50.104> on<19:37:50.512> the<19:37:50.640> network<19:37:50.872> card<19:37:51.296> for<19:37:51.600> this

a fault on the network card for this

a fault on the network card for this
device<19:37:52.016> here

device here

device here
then<19:37:54.784> um<19:37:54.832> the<19:37:55.376> broadcast<19:37:55.552> traffic<19:37:55.976> because

then um the broadcast traffic because

then um the broadcast traffic because
each<19:37:57.616> VLAN<19:37:58.616> has<19:37:58.856> its<19:37:59.216> own<19:37:59.280> network<19:37:59.696> address<19:38:00.056> so

each VLAN has its own network address so

each VLAN has its own network address so
say<19:38:00.896> that's<19:38:01.144> in<19:38:01.376> 10.10

say that's in 10.10

say that's in 10.10
uh<19:38:04.144> 10.20

uh 10.20

uh 10.20
10.30

and uh

and uh
10.40

10.40

10.40
so<19:38:14.512> these<19:38:14.760> are<19:38:14.824> all<19:38:14.936> different

so these are all different

so these are all different
um<19:38:16.640> subnets<19:38:17.640> and<19:38:18.360> in<19:38:18.536> order<19:38:18.784> for<19:38:19.016> these<19:38:19.256> to

um subnets and in order for these to

um subnets and in order for these to
communicate<19:38:19.920> you'd<19:38:20.576> either<19:38:20.696> have<19:38:20.936> to<19:38:21.056> have<19:38:21.176> a

communicate you'd either have to have a

communicate you'd either have to have a
layer<19:38:21.600> 3<19:38:21.720> module<19:38:22.192> in<19:38:22.376> this<19:38:22.552> switch<19:38:22.872> or<19:38:23.872> the

layer 3 module in this switch or the

layer 3 module in this switch or the
switch<19:38:24.536> would<19:38:24.832> be<19:38:24.960> connected<19:38:25.320> to<19:38:25.552> a<19:38:25.744> router<19:38:26.040> as

switch would be connected to a router as

switch would be connected to a router as
we've<19:38:26.464> spoke<19:38:26.640> about<19:38:26.760> earlier<19:38:27.240> if<19:38:27.960> there's<19:38:28.144> a

we've spoke about earlier if there's a

we've spoke about earlier if there's a
broadcast<19:38:28.552> through<19:38:29.160> this<19:38:29.400> faulty<19:38:29.872> network

broadcast through this faulty network

broadcast through this faulty network
card<19:38:30.424> here<19:38:30.784> it's<19:38:31.616> basically<19:38:31.976> restricted<19:38:32.760> to

card here it's basically restricted to

card here it's basically restricted to
all<19:38:33.656> devices<19:38:34.080> on<19:38:35.040> this<19:38:35.216> VLAN

all devices on this VLAN

all devices on this VLAN
and<19:38:36.784> then<19:38:36.896> what<19:38:37.080> would<19:38:37.192> happen<19:38:37.376> is<19:38:37.680> the<19:38:37.976> the

and then what would happen is the the

and then what would happen is the the
your<19:38:38.576> phone<19:38:38.824> would<19:38:39.120> go<19:38:39.296> somebody<19:38:39.896> would<19:38:40.192> call

your phone would go somebody would call

your phone would go somebody would call
tech<19:38:40.616> support<19:38:40.920> and

tech support and

tech support and
um it<19:38:42.784> would<19:38:42.832> help<19:38:43.016> you<19:38:43.192> in<19:38:43.376> your

um it would help you in your

um it would help you in your
troubleshooting<19:38:44.160> because<19:38:44.400> the<19:38:45.296> broadcast

troubleshooting because the broadcast

troubleshooting because the broadcast
isn't<19:38:46.496> affecting<19:38:46.976> everyone<19:38:47.216> here<19:38:47.640> but

isn't affecting everyone here but

isn't affecting everyone here but
basically<19:38:48.960> you're<19:38:49.144> told<19:38:49.440> that<19:38:50.464> um<19:38:50.464> everyone

basically you're told that um everyone

basically you're told that um everyone
in<19:38:51.536> the<19:38:51.720> sales<19:38:51.896> team<19:38:52.256> is<19:38:52.496> getting<19:38:52.744> a<19:38:53.040> really

in the sales team is getting a really

in the sales team is getting a really
slow<19:38:53.512> Network<19:38:53.824> response<19:38:54.600> and<19:38:55.376> then<19:38:55.504> this<19:38:55.800> this

slow Network response and then this this

slow Network response and then this this
um this<19:38:57.000> is<19:38:57.120> known<19:38:57.296> as<19:38:57.424> the<19:38:57.600> divide<19:38:57.960> and

um this is known as the divide and

um this is known as the divide and
conquer<19:38:58.440> method<19:38:58.800> of<19:38:58.920> troubleshooting<19:38:59.696> you

conquer method of troubleshooting you

conquer method of troubleshooting you
know<19:39:00.536> that<19:39:00.720> everyone<19:39:00.832> here<19:39:01.144> is<19:39:01.320> affected

know that everyone here is affected

know that everyone here is affected
and<19:39:03.000> then<19:39:03.120> so<19:39:03.424> you'd<19:39:03.960> be<19:39:03.960> looking<19:39:04.192> at<19:39:04.440> these

and then so you'd be looking at these

and then so you'd be looking at these
ports<19:39:05.216> on<19:39:05.336> the<19:39:05.512> switch<19:39:05.696> you<19:39:06.480> could<19:39:06.536> use<19:39:06.784> a<19:39:06.960> the

ports on the switch you could use a the

ports on the switch you could use a the
sniffer<19:39:08.176> the<19:39:09.176> network<19:39:09.360> sniffer<19:39:10.016> and<19:39:10.496> you'd

sniffer the network sniffer and you'd

sniffer the network sniffer and you'd
probably<19:39:10.856> quite<19:39:11.104> quickly<19:39:11.400> see<19:39:11.640> the<19:39:11.824> IP

probably quite quickly see the IP

probably quite quickly see the IP
address<19:39:12.440> dot<19:39:13.440> one<19:39:13.616> is<19:39:14.216> sending<19:39:14.576> out<19:39:14.696> normal

address dot one is sending out normal

address dot one is sending out normal
about<19:39:15.176> traffic<19:39:15.600> and<19:39:15.960> then<19:39:16.080> it's<19:39:16.192> gone<19:39:16.376> through

about traffic and then it's gone through

about traffic and then it's gone through
the<19:39:16.856> roof<19:39:17.160> whereas<19:39:18.120> all<19:39:18.296> the<19:39:18.424> other<19:39:18.536> devices

the roof whereas all the other devices

the roof whereas all the other devices
on<19:39:19.320> this<19:39:19.504> particular<19:39:19.856> and<19:39:20.824> segment<19:39:21.240> of

on this particular and segment of

on this particular and segment of
sending<19:39:22.144> a<19:39:22.256> normal<19:39:22.496> amount<19:39:22.920> of<19:39:23.104> traffic

access lists and these can be used to

access lists and these can be used to
block<19:39:31.440> an<19:39:31.800> entire<19:39:32.104> network<19:39:32.464> or<19:39:33.240> subnet<19:39:33.656> one

block an entire network or subnet one

block an entire network or subnet one
particular<19:39:34.800> host<19:39:35.104> or<19:39:35.512> a<19:39:35.640> number<19:39:35.760> of<19:39:35.936> hosts<19:39:36.424> a

particular host or a number of hosts a

particular host or a number of hosts a
particular<19:39:37.504> port<19:39:37.800> number<19:39:38.104> or<19:39:38.512> a<19:39:38.696> protocol<19:39:39.056> so

particular port number or a protocol so

particular port number or a protocol so
um<19:39:41.120> icmp<19:39:42.120> or

um icmp or

um icmp or
um

um

um
whatever<19:39:44.936> you<19:39:45.176> want

whatever you want

whatever you want
airport<19:39:47.640> numbers<19:39:48.056> could<19:39:48.360> be<19:39:48.480> anything<19:39:48.680> dhep

airport numbers could be anything dhep

airport numbers could be anything dhep
DNS<19:39:50.512> host<19:39:51.296> dot<19:39:51.960> one<19:39:52.144> and<19:39:52.616> then<19:39:52.744> obviously

entire Networks

entire Networks
so<19:39:58.080> it's<19:39:58.192> a<19:39:58.440> list<19:39:58.552> of<19:39:58.744> permitted<19:39:59.216> or<19:39:59.512> denied

so it's a list of permitted or denied

so it's a list of permitted or denied
traffic<19:40:00.320> so<19:40:01.320> if<19:40:01.680> you<19:40:01.920> don't<19:40:02.104> worry<19:40:02.216> about<19:40:02.336> the

traffic so if you don't worry about the

traffic so if you don't worry about the
uh<19:40:03.056> text<19:40:03.424> here<19:40:03.720> because<19:40:03.896> you're<19:40:04.080> not<19:40:04.192> expected

uh text here because you're not expected

uh text here because you're not expected
to<19:40:04.744> know<19:40:04.920> this<19:40:05.104> for<19:40:05.336> the<19:40:05.464> exam<19:40:05.760> you've<19:40:06.536> give

to know this for the exam you've give

to know this for the exam you've give
you've<19:40:07.016> created<19:40:07.192> an<19:40:07.320> access<19:40:07.504> list<19:40:07.976> and<19:40:08.640> you've

you've created an access list and you've

you've created an access list and you've
said<19:40:09.120> do<19:40:09.656> you<19:40:09.832> know<19:40:09.896> this<19:40:10.144> traffic<19:40:10.512> icmp<19:40:11.512> and

said do you know this traffic icmp and

said do you know this traffic icmp and
permits<19:40:12.656> IP<19:40:13.016> traffic<19:40:13.512> and<19:40:14.512> what<19:40:14.640> happens<19:40:14.760> is

permits IP traffic and what happens is

permits IP traffic and what happens is
the<19:40:15.296> access<19:40:15.424> list<19:40:15.832> always<19:40:16.320> processed<19:40:17.160> top<19:40:17.576> to

the access list always processed top to

the access list always processed top to
bottom<19:40:18.176> I've<19:40:18.720> only<19:40:18.960> got<19:40:19.144> two<19:40:19.320> two<19:40:19.552> entries<19:40:19.920> on

bottom I've only got two two entries on

bottom I've only got two two entries on
this<19:40:20.400> so<19:40:20.824> it'll<19:40:21.056> be<19:40:21.176> pretty<19:40:21.360> quick<19:40:21.656> actually

this so it'll be pretty quick actually

this so it'll be pretty quick actually
but<19:40:22.920> as<19:40:23.216> soon<19:40:23.336> as<19:40:23.464> the<19:40:23.576> access<19:40:23.696> to<19:40:23.936> this<19:40:24.120> reach

but as soon as the access to this reach

but as soon as the access to this reach
is<19:40:24.832> aligned<19:40:25.552> so<19:40:25.744> say<19:40:25.856> it's<19:40:25.976> icmp<19:40:26.640> traffic<19:40:26.936> it

is aligned so say it's icmp traffic it

is aligned so say it's icmp traffic it
would<19:40:27.896> reach<19:40:28.256> this<19:40:28.680> particular<19:40:28.976> line

would reach this particular line

would reach this particular line
and<19:40:30.536> then<19:40:30.656> it<19:40:30.896> would<19:40:31.016> be<19:40:31.144> a<19:40:31.376> match<19:40:31.552> and<19:40:31.920> it

and then it would be a match and it

and then it would be a match and it
would<19:40:32.216> be<19:40:32.400> denied<19:40:32.872> the<19:40:33.536> access<19:40:33.720> this<19:40:34.080> wouldn't

would be denied the access this wouldn't

would be denied the access this wouldn't
go<19:40:34.440> all<19:40:34.616> the<19:40:34.744> way<19:40:34.744> to<19:40:34.920> the<19:40:35.104> bottom<19:40:35.936> if<19:40:36.360> it's<19:40:36.480> not

go all the way to the bottom if it's not

go all the way to the bottom if it's not
icmp<19:40:37.320> traffic<19:40:37.616> it<19:40:38.040> would<19:40:38.160> reach<19:40:38.464> the<19:40:38.640> next

icmp traffic it would reach the next

icmp traffic it would reach the next
item<19:40:39.240> on<19:40:39.424> your<19:40:39.600> list<19:40:39.784> and<19:40:40.552> the<19:40:40.744> chances<19:40:41.104> are

item on your list and the chances are

item on your list and the chances are
it's<19:40:42.000> going<19:40:42.240> to<19:40:42.424> be<19:40:42.656> some<19:40:43.376> other<19:40:43.552> sort<19:40:43.800> of<19:40:43.920> Ip

it's going to be some other sort of Ip

it's going to be some other sort of Ip
traffic<19:40:44.512> and<19:40:45.360> it<19:40:45.480> would<19:40:45.656> be<19:40:45.896> permitted

honey pot honey net honey pots attract

honey pot honey net honey pots attract
possible<19:40:52.920> attackers<19:40:53.400> into<19:40:53.640> an<19:40:53.872> isolated

possible attackers into an isolated

possible attackers into an isolated
environment

environment

environment
so<19:40:56.872> this<19:40:57.056> is<19:40:57.176> your<19:40:57.424> attacker<19:40:58.016> and<19:40:58.496> it's<19:40:58.616> a

so this is your attacker and it's a

so this is your attacker and it's a
potential<19:40:59.160> victim<19:40:59.640> and<19:41:00.240> what<19:41:00.424> they<19:41:00.656> don't

potential victim and what they don't

potential victim and what they don't
know<19:41:01.016> or<19:41:01.256> they<19:41:01.440> should<19:41:01.552> know<19:41:01.744> is<19:41:02.040> they've

know or they should know is they've

know or they should know is they've
actually<19:41:02.760> been<19:41:03.056> fooled<19:41:03.784> into<19:41:03.960> redirecting

actually been fooled into redirecting

actually been fooled into redirecting
into<19:41:04.920> this

into this

into this
um<19:41:05.872> new<19:41:06.600> net<19:41:06.784> system<19:41:07.104> they<19:41:08.104> can't<19:41:08.280> do<19:41:08.464> any<19:41:08.576> harm

um new net system they can't do any harm

um new net system they can't do any harm
in<19:41:09.056> this<19:41:09.240> place<19:41:09.480> and<19:41:10.080> what<19:41:10.320> you<19:41:10.552> can<19:41:10.744> do

in this place and what you can do

in this place and what you can do
is<19:41:13.376> this<19:41:14.040> is<19:41:14.104> a<19:41:14.280> pair<19:41:14.400> of<19:41:14.512> binoculars<19:41:15.120> I<19:41:15.360> know

is this is a pair of binoculars I know

is this is a pair of binoculars I know
it's<19:41:15.720> absolutely<19:41:16.256> Dreadful<19:41:16.744> isn't<19:41:17.104> it

it's absolutely Dreadful isn't it

it's absolutely Dreadful isn't it
this<19:41:18.296> is<19:41:18.480> you<19:41:18.656> as<19:41:18.832> the<19:41:19.016> network<19:41:19.144> administrator

this is you as the network administrator

this is you as the network administrator
watching<19:41:21.240> what<19:41:21.600> they<19:41:21.832> do<19:41:22.016> you'll<19:41:22.976> obviously

watching what they do you'll obviously

watching what they do you'll obviously
be<19:41:23.336> doing<19:41:23.512> it<19:41:23.640> via<19:41:23.872> whatever<19:41:24.056> software<19:41:24.536> and

be doing it via whatever software and

be doing it via whatever software and
you<19:41:24.832> can<19:41:24.960> see<19:41:25.080> what<19:41:25.256> commands<19:41:25.744> are<19:41:25.800> executing

you can see what commands are executing

you can see what commands are executing
and<19:41:27.056> trying<19:41:27.240> to<19:41:27.360> inject<19:41:27.656> pieces<19:41:28.016> of<19:41:28.256> code<19:41:28.496> and

and trying to inject pieces of code and

and trying to inject pieces of code and
this<19:41:29.280> whole<19:41:29.464> environment<19:41:29.936> here<19:41:30.296> is<19:41:31.616> um

this whole environment here is um

this whole environment here is um
protected<19:41:32.160> is<19:41:32.336> segmented<19:41:32.760> off<19:41:32.936> from<19:41:33.120> your

protected is segmented off from your

protected is segmented off from your
network<19:41:33.536> and<19:41:34.376> then<19:41:34.552> that<19:41:34.800> that<19:41:35.104> lets<19:41:35.576> you

network and then that that lets you

network and then that that lets you
design<19:41:36.536> a<19:41:36.832> series<19:41:37.256> of<19:41:37.504> steps<19:41:37.920> to<19:41:38.464> protect<19:41:38.696> your

design a series of steps to protect your

design a series of steps to protect your
network<19:41:39.120> so<19:41:39.960> you're<19:41:40.144> analyzing<19:41:40.616> the<19:41:40.800> behavior

network so you're analyzing the behavior

network so you're analyzing the behavior
and<19:41:41.336> Gathering<19:41:41.696> the<19:41:41.872> information<19:41:42.376> if<19:41:43.376> it's<19:41:43.552> a

and Gathering the information if it's a

and Gathering the information if it's a
honey<19:41:43.920> net<19:41:44.336> it's<19:41:44.760> basically<19:41:45.000> a<19:41:45.296> chain<19:41:45.424> of

honey net it's basically a chain of

honey net it's basically a chain of
Honey<19:41:45.832> pots<19:41:46.496> so<19:41:47.104> you've<19:41:47.336> got<19:41:47.464> you've<19:41:47.696> got<19:41:47.824> your

Honey pots so you've got you've got your

Honey pots so you've got you've got your
honey<19:41:48.056> pot<19:41:48.480> here<19:41:48.784> and<19:41:49.504> but<19:41:49.680> what<19:41:49.856> you've<19:41:50.104> done

honey pot here and but what you've done

honey pot here and but what you've done
is<19:41:50.464> you've<19:41:51.120> chained<19:41:51.480> them<19:41:51.536> together<19:41:51.784> for

is you've chained them together for

is you've chained them together for
whatever<19:41:53.760> reason

whatever reason

whatever reason
I<19:41:55.744> usually<19:41:56.040> place<19:41:56.280> in<19:41:56.936> um<19:41:56.936> Network<19:41:57.480> segments

I usually place in um Network segments

I usually place in um Network segments
this<19:41:58.552> will<19:41:58.680> this<19:41:59.040> will<19:41:59.160> be<19:41:59.336> isolated<19:41:59.824> by<19:42:00.240> your

this will this will be isolated by your

this will this will be isolated by your
firewall<19:42:00.960> so<19:42:01.616> they're<19:42:01.800> coming<19:42:02.040> in<19:42:02.336> and<19:42:03.000> they

firewall so they're coming in and they

firewall so they're coming in and they
get<19:42:03.240> redirected<19:42:03.784> to<19:42:03.960> your<19:42:04.080> firewall<19:42:04.552> this<19:42:05.160> is

get redirected to your firewall this is

get redirected to your firewall this is
actually<19:42:05.576> your<19:42:06.360> local<19:42:06.480> area<19:42:06.784> network<19:42:07.144> over

actually your local area network over

actually your local area network over
here

sting uh comment here have actually got

sting uh comment here have actually got
the<19:42:14.160> um

the um

the um
the<19:42:16.192> pen<19:42:16.320> test<19:42:16.552> certification<19:42:17.216> out<19:42:17.832> I'm

the pen test certification out I'm

the pen test certification out I'm
looking<19:42:19.016> into<19:42:19.256> adding<19:42:19.920> it<19:42:20.040> now

looking into adding it now

looking into adding it now
um<19:42:21.480> so<19:42:21.960> keep<19:42:22.144> your<19:42:22.320> eyes<19:42:22.440> open<19:42:22.744> it<19:42:23.640> scans<19:42:24.000> your

um so keep your eyes open it scans your

um so keep your eyes open it scans your
network<19:42:24.600> in<19:42:24.832> order<19:42:25.016> to<19:42:25.192> find<19:42:25.504> ports<19:42:25.920> or

network in order to find ports or

network in order to find ports or
protocols<19:42:26.576> with<19:42:26.696> floors<19:42:27.120> I've<19:42:27.424> talked<19:42:27.896> about

protocols with floors I've talked about

protocols with floors I've talked about
this<19:42:28.256> kind<19:42:28.376> of<19:42:28.496> stuff<19:42:28.616> before<19:42:28.920> part<19:42:29.696> of<19:42:29.872> your

this kind of stuff before part of your

this kind of stuff before part of your
regular<19:42:30.424> security<19:42:30.896> ordering<19:42:31.856> and<19:42:32.216> audition

regular security ordering and audition

regular security ordering and audition
process<19:42:33.120> so<19:42:33.720> say<19:42:34.016> every<19:42:34.376> every<19:42:34.744> Monday<19:42:35.240> you

process so say every every Monday you

process so say every every Monday you
carry<19:42:36.656> out<19:42:36.784> this<19:42:37.080> particular

carry out this particular

carry out this particular
um test<19:42:38.336> on<19:42:38.576> your<19:42:38.760> network

um test on your network

um test on your network
it<19:42:40.256> can<19:42:40.376> simulate<19:42:40.800> a<19:42:41.040> type<19:42:41.216> of<19:42:41.336> attack<19:42:41.576> and

it can simulate a type of attack and

it can simulate a type of attack and
um<19:42:43.376> it's<19:42:43.616> well<19:42:43.856> recommended<19:42:44.336> that<19:42:44.576> you<19:42:44.696> you<19:42:44.872> do

um it's well recommended that you you do

um it's well recommended that you you do
this<19:42:45.424> so<19:42:46.192> we've<19:42:46.320> covered<19:42:46.616> a<19:42:46.744> lot<19:42:46.856> of<19:42:46.976> stuff

this so we've covered a lot of stuff

this so we've covered a lot of stuff
here

here

here
um<19:42:48.480> managing<19:42:49.144> your<19:42:49.320> signatures<19:42:49.800> device

um managing your signatures device

um managing your signatures device
hardening<19:42:50.696> changing<19:42:51.480> your<19:42:51.656> native<19:42:51.896> VLAN<19:42:52.440> must

hardening changing your native VLAN must

hardening changing your native VLAN must
do<19:42:52.976> protecting<19:42:53.824> your<19:42:54.120> ports

do protecting your ports

do protecting your ports
we<19:42:56.280> looked<19:42:56.824> at<19:42:57.240> um

we looked at um

we looked at um
protecting<19:42:58.680> it<19:42:58.920> from<19:42:59.216> the<19:42:59.760> STP<19:43:00.296> packets

protecting it from the STP packets

protecting it from the STP packets
coming<19:43:01.016> in<19:43:01.256> the<19:43:01.504> bridge<19:43:02.056> protocol<19:43:03.056> data<19:43:03.896> units

coming in the bridge protocol data units

coming in the bridge protocol data units
so<19:43:05.040> we<19:43:05.336> don't<19:43:05.512> it<19:43:06.176> doesn't<19:43:06.296> become<19:43:06.720> a<19:43:07.016> root

so we don't it doesn't become a root

so we don't it doesn't become a root
or<19:43:09.240> um<19:43:09.240> and<19:43:09.424> it<19:43:09.536> doesn't<19:43:09.720> change<19:43:10.080> the

or um and it doesn't change the

or um and it doesn't change the
um<19:43:11.216> it<19:43:11.936> doesn't<19:43:12.056> become<19:43:12.360> a<19:43:12.480> report<19:43:12.656> and<19:43:13.376> it

um it doesn't become a report and it

um it doesn't become a report and it
doesn't<19:43:13.616> become<19:43:13.920> the<19:43:14.104> STP

doesn't become the STP

doesn't become the STP
um<19:43:15.784> root<19:43:16.192> either<19:43:16.376> both<19:43:17.336> very<19:43:17.640> bad<19:43:17.824> things<19:43:18.000> for

um root either both very bad things for

um root either both very bad things for
your<19:43:18.296> network

your network

your network
access<19:43:20.280> lists<19:43:21.016> Honeypot<19:43:22.016> and<19:43:22.192> honey<19:43:22.320> Nets<19:43:22.856> and

access lists Honeypot and honey Nets and

access lists Honeypot and honey Nets and
then<19:43:23.160> penetration<19:43:23.696> testing<19:43:24.240> so<19:43:24.832> that's<19:43:25.080> all

then penetration testing so that's all

then penetration testing so that's all
for<19:43:25.440> now<19:43:25.616> thanks<19:43:26.160> for<19:43:26.336> watching

welcome to module 14 lesson three

welcome to module 14 lesson three
policies<19:43:58.080> and<19:43:58.496> best<19:43:58.744> practices

a few things we want to cover here the

a few things we want to cover here the
privileged<19:44:04.680> user<19:44:05.160> agreement<19:44:05.576> your<19:44:06.360> password

privileged user agreement your password

privileged user agreement your password
policy

policy

policy
on<19:44:08.464> off-boarding

on off-boarding

on off-boarding
which<19:44:10.856> is<19:44:10.976> when<19:44:11.160> people<19:44:11.400> join<19:44:11.936> your<19:44:12.120> business

which is when people join your business

which is when people join your business
and<19:44:12.832> leave<19:44:13.080> whatever<19:44:13.504> reason

and leave whatever reason

and leave whatever reason
your<19:44:15.480> licensing<19:44:15.896> restrictions<19:44:16.696> restrictions

your licensing restrictions restrictions

your licensing restrictions restrictions
International<19:44:18.360> export<19:44:19.080> controls

International export controls

International export controls
preventing<19:44:22.144> data<19:44:22.744> loss<19:44:23.104> and<19:44:23.464> remote<19:44:23.640> access

preventing data loss and remote access

preventing data loss and remote access
policies

policies

policies
incident<19:44:27.176> response<19:44:27.720> policies<19:44:28.256> bring<19:44:29.216> your

incident response policies bring your

incident response policies bring your
own<19:44:29.640> device

acceptable use policy your

acceptable use policy your
non-disclosure<19:44:36.600> agreement

non-disclosure agreement

non-disclosure agreement
uh<19:44:38.696> system<19:44:38.872> life<19:44:39.296> cycle<19:44:39.680> and<19:44:40.680> safety

uh system life cycle and safety

uh system life cycle and safety
so<19:44:42.056> your<19:44:42.240> privileged<19:44:42.720> user<19:44:43.144> the<19:44:44.040> privileged

so your privileged user the privileged

so your privileged user the privileged
users<19:44:44.760> are<19:44:44.936> people<19:44:45.120> you<19:44:45.536> could<19:44:45.600> call<19:44:45.784> them

users are people you could call them

users are people you could call them
super<19:44:46.256> users<19:44:46.856> or<19:44:47.160> administrators<19:44:47.872> whatever

super users or administrators whatever

super users or administrators whatever
this<19:44:50.104> um<19:44:50.104> agreement<19:44:50.872> should<19:44:51.240> be<19:44:51.360> signed<19:44:51.720> by

this um agreement should be signed by

this um agreement should be signed by
administrators

administrators

administrators
so<19:44:54.120> the<19:44:54.784> Crux<19:44:55.080> of<19:44:55.256> it<19:44:55.376> is<19:44:55.504> that<19:44:55.680> they<19:44:55.856> should

so the Crux of it is that they should

so the Crux of it is that they should
only<19:44:56.104> be<19:44:56.216> using<19:44:56.464> the<19:44:56.640> networking<19:44:57.056> tools<19:44:57.480> for

only be using the networking tools for

only be using the networking tools for
job<19:44:58.256> purposes<19:44:58.800> I<19:44:59.640> know<19:44:59.760> where<19:45:00.000> I<19:45:00.240> where<19:45:00.960> I

job purposes I know where I where I

job purposes I know where I where I
worked<19:45:01.504> at<19:45:01.680> this<19:45:02.336> um<19:45:02.336> ISP<19:45:03.176> we<19:45:03.424> all<19:45:03.896> worked<19:45:04.192> in

worked at this um ISP we all worked in

worked at this um ISP we all worked in
the<19:45:04.920> um

the um

the um
the<19:45:06.960> admin<19:45:07.376> team<19:45:07.616> we<19:45:07.856> were<19:45:07.920> doing<19:45:08.104> the<19:45:08.280> network

the admin team we were doing the network

the admin team we were doing the network
support<19:45:08.760> for<19:45:09.120> large<19:45:09.296> customers<19:45:09.832> and<19:45:10.552> then

support for large customers and then

support for large customers and then
obviously<19:45:11.040> there<19:45:11.280> was<19:45:11.400> a<19:45:11.512> whole<19:45:11.696> bunch<19:45:11.936> of

obviously there was a whole bunch of

obviously there was a whole bunch of
teams<19:45:13.320> under<19:45:13.616> us<19:45:13.976> here

teams under us here

teams under us here
like<19:45:16.192> a<19:45:16.496> HR

Finance Etc but none of these could get

Finance Etc but none of these could get
out<19:45:24.296> to<19:45:24.720> their<19:45:25.192> social<19:45:25.504> media<19:45:26.040> this<19:45:27.000> is<19:45:27.240> say

out to their social media this is say

out to their social media this is say
for<19:45:27.656> example<19:45:27.960> Facebook<19:45:28.376> that<19:45:29.160> was<19:45:29.336> blocked

for example Facebook that was blocked

for example Facebook that was blocked
but<19:45:30.600> the<19:45:30.832> admin<19:45:31.144> team<19:45:31.320> they<19:45:31.552> could<19:45:31.800> obviously

but the admin team they could obviously

but the admin team they could obviously
decide<19:45:32.400> what<19:45:32.760> went<19:45:33.000> in<19:45:33.176> and<19:45:33.296> out<19:45:33.480> of<19:45:33.600> the

decide what went in and out of the

decide what went in and out of the
network<19:45:33.832> so<19:45:34.256> they<19:45:34.496> let<19:45:34.744> themselves<19:45:35.160> get<19:45:35.400> out

network so they let themselves get out

network so they let themselves get out
on<19:45:35.760> Facebook<19:45:36.056> eBay<19:45:36.720> whatever<19:45:37.680> they<19:45:38.104> wanted<19:45:38.280> so

on Facebook eBay whatever they wanted so

on Facebook eBay whatever they wanted so
um we<19:45:39.896> didn't<19:45:40.080> actually<19:45:40.376> have<19:45:40.680> a<19:45:40.856> user

um we didn't actually have a user

um we didn't actually have a user
agreement<19:45:41.400> there<19:45:41.576> we<19:45:41.824> just<19:45:41.936> got<19:45:42.056> hired<19:45:42.480> and<19:45:42.600> we

agreement there we just got hired and we

agreement there we just got hired and we
started<19:45:43.016> working<19:45:43.320> but<19:45:44.040> really<19:45:44.280> the<19:45:44.512> point<19:45:44.640> of

started working but really the point of

started working but really the point of
a<19:45:44.872> user<19:45:45.056> agreement<19:45:45.360> is<19:45:45.600> you're<19:45:45.720> not<19:45:45.896> doing

a user agreement is you're not doing

a user agreement is you're not doing
things<19:45:46.376> for<19:45:46.552> the<19:45:46.744> network<19:45:46.976> or<19:45:47.464> giving<19:45:47.760> people

things for the network or giving people

things for the network or giving people
access<19:45:48.896> to<19:45:49.552> things<19:45:49.744> that<19:45:49.920> aren't<19:45:50.104> really<19:45:50.216> work

access to things that aren't really work

access to things that aren't really work
related

related

related
so<19:45:52.376> access<19:45:52.680> only<19:45:53.040> areas<19:45:53.576> that<19:45:53.760> are<19:45:53.872> under<19:45:54.056> your

so access only areas that are under your

so access only areas that are under your
purview<19:45:54.856> so<19:45:55.856> as<19:45:55.976> the<19:45:56.216> administrator<19:45:56.696> you<19:45:57.000> may

purview so as the administrator you may

purview so as the administrator you may
or<19:45:57.600> may<19:45:57.832> not<19:45:58.016> be<19:45:58.144> able<19:45:58.320> to<19:45:58.440> configure<19:45:58.856> ways<19:45:59.280> of

or may not be able to configure ways of

or may not be able to configure ways of
you<19:45:59.512> getting<19:45:59.824> into<19:46:00.120> firewalls<19:46:00.832> and<19:46:01.016> other

you getting into firewalls and other

you getting into firewalls and other
devices<19:46:01.680> that<19:46:02.040> you<19:46:02.160> might<19:46:02.336> not<19:46:02.464> manage<19:46:02.824> but

devices that you might not manage but

devices that you might not manage but
the<19:46:03.720> agreement<19:46:04.080> that<19:46:04.320> you've<19:46:04.552> signed<19:46:04.920> should

the agreement that you've signed should

the agreement that you've signed should
prevent<19:46:05.576> you<19:46:05.696> from<19:46:05.872> doing<19:46:06.056> that

prevent you from doing that

prevent you from doing that
user<19:46:07.744> accounts<19:46:08.216> only<19:46:08.512> changed<19:46:09.120> under<19:46:09.424> company

user accounts only changed under company

user accounts only changed under company
policy<19:46:10.552> and<19:46:10.744> with<19:46:10.976> correct<19:46:11.480> authorization<19:46:12.480> so

policy and with correct authorization so

policy and with correct authorization so
this<19:46:13.376> would<19:46:13.504> be<19:46:13.680> something<19:46:13.856> like<19:46:14.160> a<19:46:14.400> friend<19:46:14.512> of

this would be something like a friend of

this would be something like a friend of
yours<19:46:15.120> that's<19:46:15.360> asked<19:46:15.832> to<19:46:16.552> to<19:46:16.800> get<19:46:16.976> out<19:46:17.216> on<19:46:17.512> some

yours that's asked to to get out on some

yours that's asked to to get out on some
device<19:46:18.000> or<19:46:18.424> they're<19:46:18.600> asking<19:46:18.896> if<19:46:19.080> they<19:46:19.256> can<19:46:19.512> and

device or they're asking if they can and

device or they're asking if they can and
access<19:46:20.872> their<19:46:21.176> emails<19:46:21.600> from<19:46:21.832> their<19:46:22.016> home

access their emails from their home

access their emails from their home
computer<19:46:22.824> these<19:46:23.824> things<19:46:24.000> that<19:46:24.360> you<19:46:24.536> might<19:46:24.656> be

computer these things that you might be

computer these things that you might be
asked<19:46:25.016> to<19:46:25.144> do<19:46:25.256> but<19:46:25.504> you<19:46:25.680> you<19:46:25.920> shouldn't<19:46:26.336> be

asked to do but you you shouldn't be

asked to do but you you shouldn't be
allowed<19:46:27.056> to<19:46:27.176> do

allowed to do

allowed to do
your<19:46:28.552> password<19:46:28.856> policy<19:46:29.576> uh<19:46:30.296> I've<19:46:30.600> actually

your password policy uh I've actually

your password policy uh I've actually
seen<19:46:31.504> a<19:46:31.744> few

seen a few

seen a few
um News<19:46:32.872> interviews<19:46:33.536> especially<19:46:34.496> in<19:46:34.680> the

um News interviews especially in the

um News interviews especially in the
last<19:46:35.216> couple<19:46:35.464> of<19:46:35.640> years

last couple of years

last couple of years
of<19:46:37.320> people<19:46:37.680> giving<19:46:37.920> interviews<19:46:38.576> when<19:46:38.872> they're

of people giving interviews when they're

of people giving interviews when they're
at<19:46:39.176> work<19:46:39.360> and<19:46:39.536> you<19:46:39.720> can<19:46:39.832> actually<19:46:40.016> see<19:46:40.496> a

at work and you can actually see a

at work and you can actually see a
Post-It<19:46:41.512> note<19:46:41.760> on<19:46:42.656> their<19:46:42.832> monitor<19:46:43.256> yeah

Post-It note on their monitor yeah

Post-It note on their monitor yeah
saying<19:46:44.336> what<19:46:44.464> their<19:46:44.640> password<19:46:44.824> is

saying what their password is

saying what their password is
so<19:46:46.856> this<19:46:46.976> is<19:46:47.104> obviously<19:46:47.400> a<19:46:47.576> big<19:46:47.640> No-No<19:46:48.240> some<19:46:49.144> of

so this is obviously a big No-No some of

so this is obviously a big No-No some of
the<19:46:49.376> things<19:46:49.616> that<19:46:50.104> you<19:46:50.576> maybe<19:46:50.760> maybe

the things that you maybe maybe

the things that you maybe maybe
implemented<19:46:51.832> are<19:46:52.016> they're<19:46:52.320> no<19:46:52.496> reuse<19:46:52.976> or

implemented are they're no reuse or

implemented are they're no reuse or
changing<19:46:54.240> the<19:46:54.480> last<19:46:54.600> character<19:46:55.280> such<19:46:56.280> as<19:46:56.400> a<19:46:56.640> if

changing the last character such as a if

changing the last character such as a if
your<19:46:57.056> password<19:46:57.240> is<19:46:57.744> a<19:46:58.744> b<19:46:58.920> c<19:46:59.216> d<19:46:59.760> e<19:47:00.056> f<19:47:00.600> g<19:47:00.960> one<19:47:01.376> you

your password is a b c d e f g one you

your password is a b c d e f g one you
wouldn't<19:47:02.400> be<19:47:02.576> allowed<19:47:02.936> to<19:47:03.056> change<19:47:03.360> it<19:47:03.600> to<19:47:03.832> all

wouldn't be allowed to change it to all

wouldn't be allowed to change it to all
be<19:47:04.256> the<19:47:04.496> same<19:47:04.616> and<19:47:04.856> then<19:47:05.040> two<19:47:05.160> on<19:47:05.400> the<19:47:05.576> end

be the same and then two on the end

be the same and then two on the end
obviously<19:47:06.896> for<19:47:07.016> the<19:47:07.192> work<19:47:07.376> Network

obviously for the work Network

obviously for the work Network
no<19:47:09.424> writing<19:47:09.832> on<19:47:10.016> Post-it<19:47:10.376> notes<19:47:10.920> expiry

no writing on Post-it notes expiry

no writing on Post-it notes expiry
length<19:47:12.240> again<19:47:12.360> this<19:47:12.720> is<19:47:12.832> all<19:47:13.080> a<19:47:13.320> pain<19:47:13.504> because

length again this is all a pain because

length again this is all a pain because
people<19:47:14.040> are<19:47:14.216> going<19:47:14.336> to<19:47:14.464> be<19:47:14.512> forgetting<19:47:15.000> their

people are going to be forgetting their

people are going to be forgetting their
passwords<19:47:15.656> and<19:47:15.832> logging<19:47:16.192> tickets<19:47:16.376> it<19:47:17.216> just

passwords and logging tickets it just

passwords and logging tickets it just
depends<19:47:17.640> how<19:47:17.824> secure<19:47:18.176> your<19:47:18.360> environment<19:47:18.832> is

depends how secure your environment is

depends how secure your environment is
upper<19:47:20.696> lower<19:47:20.936> case<19:47:21.240> is<19:47:21.480> pretty<19:47:21.784> common<19:47:22.080> plus

upper lower case is pretty common plus

upper lower case is pretty common plus
special<19:47:22.920> characters<19:47:23.280> and<19:47:23.760> numbers

special characters and numbers

special characters and numbers
non-dictionary<19:47:26.160> words<19:47:26.824> so<19:47:27.600> again<19:47:28.080> you<19:47:28.496> could

non-dictionary words so again you could

non-dictionary words so again you could
be<19:47:29.336> just<19:47:29.696> looking<19:47:29.872> at

be just looking at

be just looking at
and<19:47:31.144> people<19:47:31.376> choose<19:47:31.800> things<19:47:32.040> they're<19:47:32.280> going

and people choose things they're going

and people choose things they're going
to<19:47:32.640> remember<19:47:32.760> like<19:47:33.656> um

I think there's only one Ellen Bloom but

I think there's only one Ellen Bloom but
you<19:47:39.720> know<19:47:39.832> what<19:47:39.896> I<19:47:40.016> mean<19:47:40.192> balloon<19:47:41.000> kite<19:47:42.000> teacup

you know what I mean balloon kite teacup

you know what I mean balloon kite teacup
all<19:47:43.376> these<19:47:43.616> kind<19:47:43.744> of<19:47:43.856> things<19:47:44.056> are<19:47:45.056> they

all these kind of things are they

all these kind of things are they
allowed<19:47:45.480> to<19:47:45.536> use<19:47:45.656> passive<19:47:46.080> password

allowed to use passive password

allowed to use passive password
management<19:47:47.040> software<19:47:47.576> I've<19:47:48.360> got<19:47:48.656> password

management software I've got password

management software I've got password
management<19:47:49.504> because<19:47:49.920> I've<19:47:50.280> got<19:47:50.784> maybe<19:47:52.216> 150

management because I've got maybe 150

management because I've got maybe 150
different<19:47:53.512> types<19:47:54.480> of<19:47:54.656> software<19:47:55.552> and<19:47:56.464> service

different types of software and service

different types of software and service
I<19:47:57.176> use<19:47:57.424> I've<19:47:57.896> managed<19:47:58.376> about<19:47:58.512> I've<19:47:59.512> got<19:47:59.760> about

I use I've managed about I've got about

I use I've managed about I've got about
14<19:48:00.424> 15<19:48:00.784> websites<19:48:01.680> some<19:48:02.336> I'm<19:48:02.576> on<19:48:02.760> every<19:48:02.936> day<19:48:03.120> and

14 15 websites some I'm on every day and

14 15 websites some I'm on every day and
some<19:48:03.480> I<19:48:03.720> only<19:48:03.784> check<19:48:04.016> in<19:48:04.256> once<19:48:04.552> a<19:48:04.680> year<19:48:04.800> maybe

some I only check in once a year maybe

some I only check in once a year maybe
but<19:48:06.784> I<19:48:07.016> mean<19:48:07.144> just<19:48:07.320> to<19:48:07.440> try<19:48:07.552> to<19:48:07.680> imagine<19:48:07.856> you

but I mean just to try to imagine you

but I mean just to try to imagine you
can't<19:48:08.400> have<19:48:08.576> the<19:48:08.760> same<19:48:08.872> password<19:48:09.120> for<19:48:09.480> all<19:48:09.600> of

can't have the same password for all of

can't have the same password for all of
these<19:48:09.896> or<19:48:10.080> you<19:48:10.256> shouldn't<19:48:10.552> so<19:48:10.920> try<19:48:11.160> to<19:48:11.280> manage

these or you shouldn't so try to manage

these or you shouldn't so try to manage
them<19:48:11.824> this<19:48:12.000> is<19:48:12.120> a<19:48:12.240> bit<19:48:12.296> too<19:48:12.480> difficult<19:48:12.832> it's<19:48:13.680> a

them this is a bit too difficult it's a

them this is a bit too difficult it's a
robo<19:48:14.280> form<19:48:14.576> I<19:48:14.824> think<19:48:15.000> it's<19:48:15.120> called

robo form I think it's called

robo form I think it's called
on<19:48:16.496> off-boarding<19:48:17.216> so<19:48:17.400> policy<19:48:17.872> for<19:48:18.056> hiring

on off-boarding so policy for hiring

on off-boarding so policy for hiring
people<19:48:18.720> and<19:48:19.144> then<19:48:19.320> terminating<19:48:19.856> this<19:48:20.696> should

people and then terminating this should

people and then terminating this should
obviously<19:48:21.296> go<19:48:21.480> through<19:48:21.600> the<19:48:21.784> HR<19:48:22.256> team<19:48:22.440> as<19:48:22.744> well

obviously go through the HR team as well

obviously go through the HR team as well
because<19:48:23.576> the<19:48:23.872> chances<19:48:24.240> are<19:48:24.360> if<19:48:24.480> it's<19:48:24.656> a<19:48:24.720> big

because the chances are if it's a big

because the chances are if it's a big
company<19:48:25.016> you<19:48:25.376> may<19:48:25.552> not<19:48:25.744> know<19:48:26.040> who's<19:48:26.696> coming

company you may not know who's coming

company you may not know who's coming
who's<19:48:27.424> gone<19:48:27.720> and<19:48:28.016> and<19:48:28.616> obviously<19:48:28.976> sometimes

who's gone and and obviously sometimes

who's gone and and obviously sometimes
people<19:48:29.760> will<19:48:30.056> give<19:48:30.296> notice

people will give notice

people will give notice
and<19:48:32.464> they're<19:48:33.056> for<19:48:33.960> um<19:48:33.960> privacy<19:48:34.680> or<19:48:34.976> whatever

and they're for um privacy or whatever

and they're for um privacy or whatever
other<19:48:35.464> reasons<19:48:36.256> uh<19:48:37.256> they're<19:48:37.440> not<19:48:37.552> allowed<19:48:37.800> to

other reasons uh they're not allowed to

other reasons uh they're not allowed to
work<19:48:38.104> at<19:48:38.336> the<19:48:38.512> company<19:48:38.696> anymore<19:48:38.936> they're

work at the company anymore they're

work at the company anymore they're
basically<19:48:39.896> in<19:48:40.320> in<19:48:40.552> the<19:48:40.744> UK<19:48:40.920> it's<19:48:41.040> called

basically in in the UK it's called

basically in in the UK it's called
gardening<19:48:41.824> leave<19:48:42.000> they're<19:48:42.784> told<19:48:43.016> to<19:48:43.192> leave

gardening leave they're told to leave

gardening leave they're told to leave
immediately<19:48:43.800> but<19:48:44.464> they're<19:48:44.640> paid<19:48:44.872> for<19:48:45.056> the

immediately but they're paid for the

immediately but they're paid for the
rest<19:48:45.360> of<19:48:45.600> their<19:48:45.832> contract

rest of their contract

rest of their contract
what<19:48:47.576> access<19:48:47.824> and<19:48:48.056> privilege<19:48:48.480> levels<19:48:48.784> they're

what access and privilege levels they're

what access and privilege levels they're
given<19:48:49.320> and<19:48:50.216> when<19:48:50.464> are<19:48:50.576> they<19:48:50.696> given<19:48:50.936> email

given and when are they given email

given and when are they given email
access<19:48:51.656> and<19:48:52.376> access<19:48:52.856> to<19:48:53.104> Shared<19:48:53.464> directories

access and access to Shared directories

access and access to Shared directories
and<19:48:54.056> files<19:48:54.424> are<19:48:55.080> they<19:48:55.256> given<19:48:55.504> best<19:48:55.680> practice

and files are they given best practice

and files are they given best practice
training<19:48:56.576> this<19:48:57.240> is<19:48:57.360> normally

training this is normally

training this is normally
um<19:48:58.680> in<19:48:58.976> the<19:48:59.104> form<19:48:59.280> of<19:48:59.464> CBT<19:49:00.360> and<19:49:01.080> then<19:49:01.192> they<19:49:01.376> get

um in the form of CBT and then they get

um in the form of CBT and then they get
a<19:49:01.680> certificate<19:49:02.216> maybe<19:49:02.576> and<19:49:03.296> then<19:49:03.424> that<19:49:03.600> goes

a certificate maybe and then that goes

a certificate maybe and then that goes
off<19:49:03.960> to<19:49:04.192> the<19:49:04.376> manager<19:49:04.976> for<19:49:05.216> filing

off to the manager for filing

off to the manager for filing
just<19:49:06.656> to<19:49:06.832> prove<19:49:07.192> they've<19:49:07.920> been<19:49:08.040> shown<19:49:08.216> what

just to prove they've been shown what

just to prove they've been shown what
they<19:49:08.576> should<19:49:08.760> and<19:49:08.872> shouldn't<19:49:09.240> do<19:49:09.360> do<19:49:10.016> they<19:49:10.256> get

they should and shouldn't do do they get

they should and shouldn't do do they get
a<19:49:10.616> smartphone<19:49:11.040> another<19:49:11.696> what<19:49:12.296> are<19:49:12.360> they

a smartphone another what are they

a smartphone another what are they
allowed<19:49:12.656> to<19:49:12.720> use<19:49:12.832> this<19:49:13.016> Smartphone<19:49:13.440> for

allowed to use this Smartphone for

allowed to use this Smartphone for
uh<19:49:15.720> licensing<19:49:16.320> use<19:49:16.920> of<19:49:17.160> corporate<19:49:17.512> hardware

uh licensing use of corporate hardware

uh licensing use of corporate hardware
and<19:49:18.056> software<19:49:18.480> and<19:49:18.960> I<19:49:19.144> remember<19:49:19.320> when<19:49:19.552> I

and software and I remember when I

and software and I remember when I
worked<19:49:20.104> at<19:49:20.216> a<19:49:20.400> large<19:49:20.576> company<19:49:20.824> I<19:49:21.120> won't<19:49:21.360> say<19:49:21.600> uh

worked at a large company I won't say uh

worked at a large company I won't say uh
who<19:49:22.440> they<19:49:23.216> had

who they had

who they had
um<19:49:24.424> they<19:49:25.080> had<19:49:25.192> a<19:49:25.376> few<19:49:25.552> servers<19:49:26.160> that<19:49:26.400> we<19:49:26.512> could

um they had a few servers that we could

um they had a few servers that we could
use<19:49:26.824> for<19:49:27.056> internal<19:49:27.480> files<19:49:27.832> but<19:49:28.440> people<19:49:28.616> would

use for internal files but people would

use for internal files but people would
download<19:49:29.216> it<19:49:30.000> was<19:49:30.240> cracked<19:49:31.080> software

crack software and it was video videos

crack software and it was video videos
exams<19:49:39.000> and<19:49:39.176> a<19:49:39.360> whole<19:49:39.424> bunch<19:49:39.600> of<19:49:39.720> other<19:49:39.832> stuff

exams and a whole bunch of other stuff

exams and a whole bunch of other stuff
that<19:49:40.856> technically<19:49:41.160> should<19:49:41.512> have<19:49:41.696> been<19:49:41.824> paid

that technically should have been paid

that technically should have been paid
for<19:49:42.360> with<19:49:43.680> um<19:49:43.680> hard-earned<19:49:44.576> dollars<19:49:44.936> but<19:49:45.784> um

for with um hard-earned dollars but um

for with um hard-earned dollars but um
it<19:49:46.016> was<19:49:46.144> all<19:49:46.256> put<19:49:46.376> on<19:49:46.496> there<19:49:46.680> for<19:49:46.920> free<19:49:47.104> now

it was all put on there for free now

it was all put on there for free now
the<19:49:49.744> um<19:49:49.744> I'm<19:49:50.336> sure<19:49:50.464> the<19:49:50.640> man<19:49:50.760> at<19:49:50.936> the<19:49:51.120> top

the um I'm sure the man at the top

the um I'm sure the man at the top
managers<19:49:51.656> didn't<19:49:51.832> know<19:49:52.080> but<19:49:52.320> some<19:49:52.496> managers

managers didn't know but some managers

managers didn't know but some managers
knew<19:49:53.216> what<19:49:53.336> was<19:49:53.464> going<19:49:53.640> on<19:49:53.872> and<19:49:54.424> this<19:49:54.536> is<19:49:54.720> going

knew what was going on and this is going

knew what was going on and this is going
to<19:49:54.960> leave<19:49:55.080> your<19:49:55.320> your<19:49:55.680> company<19:49:55.920> uh<19:49:56.336> legally<19:49:56.760> a

to leave your your company uh legally a

to leave your your company uh legally a
light<19:49:57.536> bulb<19:49:58.320> download<19:49:58.800> and<19:49:59.160> sharing<19:49:59.576> policy

light bulb download and sharing policy

light bulb download and sharing policy
training<19:50:01.320> with<19:50:01.440> a<19:50:01.616> sign<19:50:01.800> off<19:50:01.976> which<19:50:02.216> I've

training with a sign off which I've

training with a sign off which I've
already<19:50:02.464> mentioned<19:50:02.936> mentioned<19:50:03.600> could<19:50:03.960> be

already mentioned mentioned could be

already mentioned mentioned could be
computer-based<19:50:05.336> training<19:50:05.696> end<19:50:06.480> of<19:50:06.656> training

computer-based training end of training

computer-based training end of training
exam<19:50:07.440> I<19:50:07.976> had<19:50:08.160> to<19:50:08.336> do<19:50:08.464> all<19:50:08.696> sorts<19:50:09.000> of<19:50:09.000> things

exam I had to do all sorts of things

exam I had to do all sorts of things
health<19:50:09.600> and<19:50:09.832> safety<19:50:10.320> and<19:50:10.744> harassment

health and safety and harassment

health and safety and harassment
all<19:50:12.784> this<19:50:12.960> kind<19:50:13.080> of<19:50:13.144> stuff<19:50:13.320> when<19:50:13.504> I<19:50:13.616> worked

all this kind of stuff when I worked

all this kind of stuff when I worked
even<19:50:13.976> when<19:50:14.160> I<19:50:14.336> was<19:50:14.400> a<19:50:14.512> contractor

even when I was a contractor

even when I was a contractor
International<19:50:17.400> export<19:50:18.256> certainly<19:50:19.256> in<19:50:19.440> terms

International export certainly in terms

International export certainly in terms
of<19:50:19.680> hardware<19:50:19.976> and<19:50:20.280> software<19:50:20.696> say<19:50:21.424> for<19:50:21.656> example

of hardware and software say for example

of hardware and software say for example
the<19:50:22.976> USA

the USA

the USA
when<19:50:24.784> they<19:50:24.960> developed<19:50:25.440> the<19:50:25.976> um<19:50:25.976> GPS<19:50:26.400> software

when they developed the um GPS software

when they developed the um GPS software
the<19:50:28.800> it<19:50:29.040> was<19:50:29.216> only<19:50:29.400> allowed<19:50:29.824> a<19:50:30.000> thing<19:50:30.176> within

the it was only allowed a thing within

the it was only allowed a thing within
something<19:50:30.960> like<19:50:31.320> 100<19:50:31.680> meters<19:50:32.400> accuracy<19:50:33.120> the

something like 100 meters accuracy the

something like 100 meters accuracy the
soft<19:50:33.896> the<19:50:34.192> software<19:50:34.552> you<19:50:34.800> they<19:50:35.040> could<19:50:35.216> drop<19:50:35.400> a

soft the software you they could drop a

soft the software you they could drop a
bomb<19:50:35.896> then<19:50:36.896> within<19:50:37.856> a<19:50:37.976> window<19:50:38.104> of<19:50:38.336> a<19:50:38.464> moving

bomb then within a window of a moving

bomb then within a window of a moving
car

car

car
um<19:50:40.856> but<19:50:41.280> um<19:50:41.280> that<19:50:41.512> was<19:50:41.576> not<19:50:41.760> allowed<19:50:42.000> out<19:50:42.120> to

um but um that was not allowed out to

um but um that was not allowed out to
the<19:50:42.424> public<19:50:42.536> and<19:50:42.896> now<19:50:43.016> it's<19:50:43.320> I<19:50:43.616> think<19:50:43.744> it's<19:50:43.800> in

the public and now it's I think it's in

the public and now it's I think it's in
in<19:50:44.216> the<19:50:44.400> range<19:50:44.576> of<19:50:44.696> around<19:50:44.872> 10<19:50:45.240> meters<19:50:46.040> the

in the range of around 10 meters the

in the range of around 10 meters the
other<19:50:47.160> thing<19:50:47.400> is<19:50:47.640> obviously<19:50:48.616> encrypted

other thing is obviously encrypted

other thing is obviously encrypted
software<19:50:50.536> is<19:50:51.536> uh<19:50:52.192> restricted<19:50:52.856> because

software is uh restricted because

software is uh restricted because
depending<19:50:54.120> on<19:50:54.176> the<19:50:54.360> level<19:50:54.480> of<19:50:54.656> encryption

depending on the level of encryption

depending on the level of encryption
issues<19:50:55.552> by<19:50:55.856> uh<19:50:56.464> for<19:50:56.760> terrorist<19:50:57.120> organizations

issues by uh for terrorist organizations

issues by uh for terrorist organizations
so<19:50:59.040> if<19:50:59.696> you<19:50:59.872> buy<19:51:00.176> any<19:51:00.536> software<19:51:01.400> say<19:51:02.400> for

so if you buy any software say for

so if you buy any software say for
example<19:51:02.824> for<19:51:03.176> from<19:51:03.536> Cisco<19:51:04.192> if<19:51:04.976> it's<19:51:05.104> a<19:51:05.280> high

example for from Cisco if it's a high

example for from Cisco if it's a high
level<19:51:05.576> encryption<19:51:06.296> you'll<19:51:06.656> normally<19:51:06.896> need

level encryption you'll normally need

level encryption you'll normally need
some<19:51:07.440> sort<19:51:07.616> of<19:51:07.744> license<19:51:08.240> uh<19:51:09.240> you<19:51:09.424> can<19:51:09.480> get<19:51:09.600> it

some sort of license uh you can get it

some sort of license uh you can get it
from<19:51:09.832> the<19:51:10.016> government<19:51:10.144> or<19:51:11.040> um<19:51:11.040> you<19:51:11.216> know<19:51:11.336> just

from the government or um you know just

from the government or um you know just
to<19:51:11.576> do<19:51:11.824> your<19:51:11.936> own<19:51:12.056> research<19:51:12.424> and<19:51:12.600> see<19:51:12.832> how<19:51:13.320> your

to do your own research and see how your

to do your own research and see how your
government<19:51:13.616> deals<19:51:14.040> with<19:51:14.160> it<19:51:14.424> satellite

government deals with it satellite

government deals with it satellite
satellite<19:51:15.960> technology<19:51:16.440> and<19:51:17.040> images<19:51:17.696> that<19:51:18.424> are

satellite technology and images that are

satellite technology and images that are
protected<19:51:19.744> or<19:51:19.976> sensitive

protected or sensitive

protected or sensitive
uh<19:51:21.832> there<19:51:22.080> could<19:51:22.192> be<19:51:22.320> Financial<19:51:22.680> penalties<19:51:23.512> or

uh there could be Financial penalties or

uh there could be Financial penalties or
you<19:51:24.120> could<19:51:24.240> be<19:51:24.424> criminally<19:51:24.832> liable<19:51:25.256> for<19:51:25.680> uh

you could be criminally liable for uh

you could be criminally liable for uh
what<19:51:26.824> goes<19:51:27.176> on<19:51:27.296> so

what goes on so

what goes on so
just<19:51:28.680> be<19:51:28.856> careful<19:51:29.360> data<19:51:30.360> loss<19:51:30.720> could<19:51:30.896> be

just be careful data loss could be

just be careful data loss could be
accidental<19:51:31.744> or<19:51:32.040> malicious<19:51:32.576> I've<19:51:33.296> even<19:51:33.480> heard

accidental or malicious I've even heard

accidental or malicious I've even heard
instances<19:51:34.440> of<19:51:35.040> and<19:51:35.464> the<19:51:36.192> talk<19:51:37.192> about<19:51:37.376> this

instances of and the talk about this

instances of and the talk about this
elsewhere<19:51:38.104> but<19:51:38.696> the<19:51:38.936> word<19:51:39.120> computer<19:51:39.856> gets

elsewhere but the word computer gets

elsewhere but the word computer gets
decommissioned<19:51:41.576> sent<19:51:42.240> off<19:51:42.480> for<19:51:42.720> sale<19:51:42.896> in<19:51:43.504> a

decommissioned sent off for sale in a

decommissioned sent off for sale in a
shop<19:51:43.800> somewhere<19:51:44.336> and<19:51:45.000> then<19:51:45.120> somebody<19:51:45.360> can<19:51:45.784> see

shop somewhere and then somebody can see

shop somewhere and then somebody can see
all<19:51:46.552> the<19:51:46.800> data<19:51:47.216> I've<19:51:48.056> actually<19:51:48.296> on<19:51:49.192> um<19:51:49.192> eBay<19:51:49.872> I

all the data I've actually on um eBay I

all the data I've actually on um eBay I
bought<19:51:51.056> a<19:51:51.296> Cisco<19:51:51.720> router<19:51:52.256> I'll<19:51:52.552> do<19:51:52.800> this<19:51:52.976> image

bought a Cisco router I'll do this image

bought a Cisco router I'll do this image
here<19:51:53.336> bought<19:51:53.640> a<19:51:53.760> Cisco<19:51:54.056> router<19:51:54.536> I<19:51:55.320> booted<19:51:55.744> it

here bought a Cisco router I booted it

here bought a Cisco router I booted it
up<19:51:56.104> and<19:51:56.824> I<19:51:57.000> had<19:51:57.240> a<19:51:57.480> load<19:51:57.720> of<19:51:58.016> um<19:51:58.016> IP<19:51:58.496> information

up and I had a load of um IP information

up and I had a load of um IP information
password<19:52:00.120> information

password information

password information
usernames<19:52:03.656> and<19:52:04.192> this<19:52:04.320> was<19:52:04.440> for<19:52:04.680> a<19:52:04.856> large<19:52:05.040> ISP

um an internationally known ISP so

um an internationally known ISP so
heaven<19:52:11.696> knows<19:52:12.000> who<19:52:12.120> was<19:52:12.240> decommissioning

heaven knows who was decommissioning

heaven knows who was decommissioning
their<19:52:13.144> equipment<19:52:13.504> but<19:52:14.160> it<19:52:14.336> wasn't<19:52:14.464> being<19:52:14.760> done

their equipment but it wasn't being done

their equipment but it wasn't being done
very<19:52:15.360> professionally

very professionally

very professionally
have<19:52:17.512> a<19:52:17.696> policy<19:52:18.056> for<19:52:18.296> your<19:52:18.480> clients<19:52:19.016> devices

have a policy for your clients devices

have a policy for your clients devices
your<19:52:19.920> network<19:52:20.104> devices<19:52:20.576> and<19:52:21.056> any<19:52:21.176> storage

your network devices and any storage

your network devices and any storage
devices<19:52:22.016> and<19:52:22.800> there's<19:52:22.976> normally

devices and there's normally

devices and there's normally
um software<19:52:24.832> that<19:52:25.144> you<19:52:25.256> can<19:52:25.376> wipe<19:52:26.160> off<19:52:26.216> hard

um software that you can wipe off hard

um software that you can wipe off hard
drives<19:52:26.824> or<19:52:27.056> sometimes<19:52:27.360> they<19:52:27.536> have<19:52:27.656> to<19:52:27.784> be

drives or sometimes they have to be

drives or sometimes they have to be
destroyed

destroyed

destroyed
identify<19:52:29.872> what's<19:52:30.176> most<19:52:30.480> sensitive<19:52:30.960> normally

identify what's most sensitive normally

identify what's most sensitive normally
addresses<19:52:32.512> credit<19:52:33.296> card<19:52:33.536> information<19:52:33.832> emails

addresses credit card information emails

addresses credit card information emails
make<19:52:35.512> sure<19:52:35.640> people<19:52:35.872> are<19:52:36.120> trained<19:52:36.536> and<19:52:36.832> review

make sure people are trained and review

make sure people are trained and review
the<19:52:37.320> training

the training

the training
I've<19:52:39.656> talked<19:52:39.896> about<19:52:39.960> remote<19:52:40.320> access

I've talked about remote access

I've talked about remote access
equipment<19:52:41.696> you<19:52:42.360> need<19:52:42.600> to<19:52:42.720> also<19:52:43.016> work<19:52:43.256> out<19:52:43.504> who

equipment you need to also work out who

equipment you need to also work out who
is<19:52:44.576> allowed<19:52:45.000> remote<19:52:45.176> access<19:52:45.600> this<19:52:46.496> can<19:52:46.680> be

is allowed remote access this can be

is allowed remote access this can be
um

um

um
this<19:52:50.104> could<19:52:50.216> be<19:52:50.336> sales<19:52:50.640> if<19:52:51.056> they're<19:52:51.240> on<19:52:51.424> the

this could be sales if they're on the

this could be sales if they're on the
road<19:52:51.720> it<19:52:52.552> could<19:52:52.680> be

road it could be

road it could be
um

telecomuters

telecomuters
that<19:53:04.376> kind<19:53:04.552> of<19:53:04.616> thing<19:53:04.800> people<19:53:05.104> who<19:53:05.336> work<19:53:05.512> from

that kind of thing people who work from

that kind of thing people who work from
home

home

home
what<19:53:07.552> VPN<19:53:08.040> software<19:53:08.400> are<19:53:08.464> they<19:53:08.640> allowed<19:53:08.936> to

what VPN software are they allowed to

what VPN software are they allowed to
use<19:53:09.240> are<19:53:09.600> they<19:53:09.720> allowed<19:53:10.080> through<19:53:10.336> SSH

use are they allowed through SSH

use are they allowed through SSH
software<19:53:12.056> or<19:53:12.896> if<19:53:13.192> they<19:53:13.376> don't<19:53:13.552> have<19:53:13.800> a<19:53:14.160> good

software or if they don't have a good

software or if they don't have a good
internet<19:53:14.824> connection<19:53:15.320> probably<19:53:16.320> people

internet connection probably people

internet connection probably people
won't<19:53:16.800> use<19:53:16.976> modems<19:53:17.464> anymore<19:53:17.576> but

won't use modems anymore but

won't use modems anymore but
uh<19:53:19.616> disable<19:53:20.040> HTTP<19:53:21.000> access<19:53:21.296> I've<19:53:21.720> talked<19:53:21.960> about

uh disable HTTP access I've talked about

uh disable HTTP access I've talked about
this<19:53:22.376> elsewhere<19:53:22.744> https<19:53:23.600> but<19:53:24.600> when<19:53:25.080> you<19:53:25.320> have<19:53:25.800> a

this elsewhere https but when you have a

this elsewhere https but when you have a
device<19:53:26.104> a<19:53:26.400> lot<19:53:26.464> of<19:53:26.576> the<19:53:26.640> time<19:53:26.760> you<19:53:26.936> can<19:53:27.120> put<19:53:27.240> an

device a lot of the time you can put an

device a lot of the time you can put an
IP<19:53:27.832> address<19:53:28.016> into<19:53:28.800> a<19:53:29.040> browser<19:53:29.464> and<19:53:30.176> manage<19:53:30.480> it

IP address into a browser and manage it

IP address into a browser and manage it
what's<19:53:31.800> your<19:53:32.040> favorite<19:53:32.280> VPN<19:53:33.056> client<19:53:33.424> software

what's your favorite VPN client software

what's your favorite VPN client software
what<19:53:34.320> are<19:53:34.496> they<19:53:34.616> allowed<19:53:34.920> to<19:53:35.040> download<19:53:35.464> if

what are they allowed to download if

what are they allowed to download if
anything<19:53:36.120> onto<19:53:36.960> Works<19:53:37.320> laptops

anything onto Works laptops

anything onto Works laptops
are<19:53:39.240> they<19:53:39.424> allowed<19:53:39.656> the<19:53:39.784> intranet<19:53:40.496> what<19:53:40.856> can

are they allowed the intranet what can

are they allowed the intranet what can
they<19:53:41.160> see<19:53:41.280> on<19:53:41.464> the<19:53:41.576> internet<19:53:41.640> and<19:53:42.000> where<19:53:42.176> can

they see on the internet and where can

they see on the internet and where can
they<19:53:42.424> access<19:53:42.536> it<19:53:42.896> from<19:53:43.160> Works<19:53:44.160> emails<19:53:44.576> a<19:53:44.824> big

they access it from Works emails a big

they access it from Works emails a big
one<19:53:45.120> especially<19:53:45.536> with<19:53:45.960> the<19:53:46.256> uh<19:53:46.496> the<19:53:46.800> latest

one especially with the uh the latest

one especially with the uh the latest
presidential<19:53:47.640> campaign<19:53:48.176> as<19:53:48.784> you<19:53:48.960> know

presidential campaign as you know

presidential campaign as you know
um<19:53:50.336> one<19:53:50.824> of<19:53:51.000> the<19:53:51.056> candidates<19:53:51.480> was<19:53:51.784> accused<19:53:52.192> of

um one of the candidates was accused of

um one of the candidates was accused of
download<19:53:52.616> insensitive<19:53:53.336> email<19:53:53.576> onto<19:53:54.176> their

download insensitive email onto their

download insensitive email onto their
from<19:53:54.720> The<19:53:54.832> Works<19:53:55.256> servers<19:53:56.104> onto<19:53:56.400> their<19:53:56.512> home

from The Works servers onto their home

from The Works servers onto their home
servers

what happens when there's an incident

what happens when there's an incident
there<19:54:01.552> should<19:54:01.744> be<19:54:01.920> a<19:54:02.464> policy<19:54:03.000> because<19:54:03.360> some

there should be a policy because some

there should be a policy because some
places<19:54:04.192> have<19:54:04.552> worked<19:54:04.920> people<19:54:05.336> are<19:54:05.576> blaming

places have worked people are blaming

places have worked people are blaming
each<19:54:06.240> other<19:54:06.360> finger<19:54:06.832> pointing<19:54:07.256> nobody<19:54:08.104> knows

each other finger pointing nobody knows

each other finger pointing nobody knows
who's<19:54:08.696> responsible<19:54:09.296> for<19:54:09.720> what<19:54:09.960> so<19:54:10.616> there

who's responsible for what so there

who's responsible for what so there
should<19:54:10.976> be

should be

should be
written

written

written
procedures<19:54:14.280> and<19:54:14.512> also<19:54:14.696> training<19:54:15.120> so

procedures and also training so

procedures and also training so
everybody<19:54:15.536> knows<19:54:16.016> who's<19:54:16.256> responsible<19:54:16.920> and

everybody knows who's responsible and

everybody knows who's responsible and
what<19:54:17.696> the<19:54:17.824> procedure<19:54:18.296> is<19:54:18.536> for<19:54:19.744> um<19:54:19.744> escalating

what the procedure is for um escalating

what the procedure is for um escalating
it<19:54:20.512> who<19:54:20.640> gets<19:54:20.936> called<19:54:21.056> who<19:54:21.424> gets<19:54:21.720> paged

it who gets called who gets paged

it who gets called who gets paged
uh<19:54:24.120> who<19:54:24.360> are<19:54:24.536> the<19:54:24.656> stakeholders<19:54:25.320> so<19:54:26.696> um<19:54:26.696> you

uh who are the stakeholders so um you

uh who are the stakeholders so um you
know<19:54:27.536> your<19:54:28.016> Chief<19:54:28.256> technology<19:54:28.744> officer<19:54:29.464> your

know your Chief technology officer your

know your Chief technology officer your
network<19:54:30.056> manager<19:54:30.784> security<19:54:31.376> manager<19:54:32.216> all

network manager security manager all

network manager security manager all
these<19:54:33.000> kind<19:54:33.120> of<19:54:33.240> people<19:54:33.360> who<19:54:33.656> are<19:54:33.784> they

these kind of people who are they

these kind of people who are they
involved<19:54:34.256> depending<19:54:34.744> on<19:54:34.800> what<19:54:34.976> the<19:54:35.104> problem

involved depending on what the problem

involved depending on what the problem
is

is

is
so<19:54:36.960> identify<19:54:37.552> the<19:54:37.744> start<19:54:37.920> procedures<19:54:38.512> the

so identify the start procedures the

so identify the start procedures the
start<19:54:39.176> the<19:54:39.480> procedures<19:54:39.960> and<19:54:40.144> the<19:54:40.320> steps<19:54:40.552> that

start the procedures and the steps that

start the procedures and the steps that
take<19:54:40.920> place<19:54:41.160> you're<19:54:41.936> normally<19:54:42.176> work<19:54:42.480> in<19:54:42.656> some

take place you're normally work in some

take place you're normally work in some
sort<19:54:43.016> of<19:54:43.144> framework<19:54:43.616> like

sort of framework like

sort of framework like
ITIL<19:54:45.784> it<19:54:46.464> infrastructure<19:54:47.464> Library

ITIL it infrastructure Library

ITIL it infrastructure Library
they<19:54:49.320> have<19:54:49.440> qualifications<19:54:50.040> on<19:54:50.576> them

they have qualifications on them

they have qualifications on them
procedures<19:54:51.360> you<19:54:51.600> should<19:54:51.720> be<19:54:51.832> using

procedures you should be using

procedures you should be using
who<19:54:53.400> declares<19:54:53.760> it's<19:54:53.872> an<19:54:54.120> incident<19:54:54.440> uh<19:54:55.440> within

who declares it's an incident uh within

who declares it's an incident uh within
ITIL<19:54:56.216> you've<19:54:56.576> got<19:54:57.176> um

ITIL you've got um

ITIL you've got um
you've<19:54:59.576> got<19:54:59.696> different<19:55:00.056> streams<19:55:00.832> problem

you've got the problem manager normally

you've got the problem manager normally
on<19:55:07.744> any<19:55:07.920> team<19:55:08.216> that's<19:55:08.824> one<19:55:09.176> person<19:55:09.480> who

on any team that's one person who

on any team that's one person who
everyone<19:55:10.856> reports<19:55:11.696> a<19:55:12.000> problem<19:55:12.176> to

everyone reports a problem to

everyone reports a problem to
instead<19:55:13.920> of<19:55:14.040> basically<19:55:14.576> everyone<19:55:15.536> in<19:55:15.832> the

instead of basically everyone in the

instead of basically everyone in the
team<19:55:16.080> being<19:55:16.376> told<19:55:16.616> through<19:55:16.856> help<19:55:17.104> desk

team being told through help desk

team being told through help desk
tickets<19:55:17.696> and<19:55:18.424> then<19:55:18.536> they<19:55:18.784> tell<19:55:18.960> other<19:55:19.144> people

tickets and then they tell other people

tickets and then they tell other people
the<19:55:20.160> problem<19:55:20.336> manager<19:55:21.000> will<19:55:21.656> receive<19:55:22.016> all<19:55:22.192> of

the problem manager will receive all of

the problem manager will receive all of
the<19:55:22.440> reports<19:55:22.744> of<19:55:22.856> the<19:55:23.040> problems<19:55:23.400> and<19:55:23.824> then

the reports of the problems and then

the reports of the problems and then
they<19:55:24.176> will<19:55:24.296> escalate<19:55:24.832> it<19:55:25.016> when<19:55:25.504> there's<19:55:25.680> a

they will escalate it when there's a

they will escalate it when there's a
resolution<19:55:26.216> it'll<19:55:27.120> go<19:55:27.240> through<19:55:27.360> the<19:55:27.480> problem

resolution it'll go through the problem

resolution it'll go through the problem
manager<19:55:28.256> and<19:55:28.680> they<19:55:28.800> will<19:55:28.976> communicate<19:55:29.464> it

manager and they will communicate it

manager and they will communicate it
through<19:55:29.872> group<19:55:30.120> email<19:55:30.424> phone<19:55:31.376> calls<19:55:31.800> or

through group email phone calls or

through group email phone calls or
whatever

whatever

whatever
uh<19:55:34.080> can<19:55:34.320> their<19:55:34.496> damage<19:55:34.800> be<19:55:35.040> isolated

uh can their damage be isolated

uh can their damage be isolated
um<19:55:36.720> can<19:55:36.960> it<19:55:37.144> be<19:55:37.256> who's<19:55:37.504> who's<19:55:37.920> in<19:55:38.216> charge<19:55:38.336> of

um can it be who's who's in charge of

um can it be who's who's in charge of
actually<19:55:38.760> removing<19:55:39.360> it<19:55:39.536> who<19:55:40.016> will<19:55:40.192> they<19:55:40.320> speak

actually removing it who will they speak

actually removing it who will they speak
to<19:55:40.800> can<19:55:41.640> they<19:55:42.120> um<19:55:42.120> who's<19:55:42.600> got<19:55:42.784> the<19:55:42.896> authority

to can they um who's got the authority

to can they um who's got the authority
to<19:55:44.400> um<19:55:44.512> to<19:55:45.176> escalate<19:55:45.656> it<19:55:45.896> to<19:55:46.192> say

to um to escalate it to say

to um to escalate it to say
um<19:55:47.576> Cisco<19:55:48.424> attack<19:55:48.976> or<19:55:50.216> um<19:55:50.280> the<19:55:50.512> AWS<19:55:51.320> uh<19:55:52.320> Senior

um Cisco attack or um the AWS uh Senior

um Cisco attack or um the AWS uh Senior
Team<19:55:52.800> if<19:55:52.976> you've<19:55:53.160> got<19:55:53.280> a<19:55:53.400> support<19:55:53.576> contract

Team if you've got a support contract

Team if you've got a support contract
with<19:55:54.240> Amazon

with Amazon

with Amazon
uh<19:55:56.464> then<19:55:56.696> eventually<19:55:57.056> hopefully<19:55:57.360> it's

uh then eventually hopefully it's

uh then eventually hopefully it's
recovered<19:55:57.896> Network<19:55:58.080> restored<19:55:58.800> to<19:55:58.920> normal

recovered Network restored to normal

recovered Network restored to normal
function<19:56:00.016> there'll<19:56:01.016> be<19:56:01.080> a<19:56:01.320> debrief<19:56:01.856> after<19:56:02.104> if

function there'll be a debrief after if

function there'll be a debrief after if
you<19:56:02.696> go<19:56:02.872> through<19:56:03.120> the<19:56:03.424> idle<19:56:04.216> procedures

you go through the idle procedures

you go through the idle procedures
there's<19:56:05.576> a<19:56:05.760> normally<19:56:06.056> a<19:56:06.296> meeting<19:56:06.896> a

there's a normally a meeting a

there's a normally a meeting a
resolution<19:56:07.976> and<19:56:08.336> then<19:56:08.512> something<19:56:08.760> will

resolution and then something will

resolution and then something will
happen<19:56:09.296> to

happen to

happen to
um change<19:56:11.336> the<19:56:11.576> procedures<19:56:12.176> so<19:56:12.600> it<19:56:12.720> doesn't

um change the procedures so it doesn't

um change the procedures so it doesn't
happen<19:56:13.192> again

happen again

happen again
the<19:56:15.056> training<19:56:15.600> or<19:56:16.320> there<19:56:16.616> could<19:56:16.744> be<19:56:16.856> some<19:56:16.976> sort

the training or there could be some sort

the training or there could be some sort
of<19:56:17.280> consequence<19:56:17.824> if<19:56:18.600> somebody's<19:56:19.016> made<19:56:19.192> a

of consequence if somebody's made a

of consequence if somebody's made a
mistake<19:56:19.744> that<19:56:19.856> they<19:56:20.040> should<19:56:20.160> have<19:56:20.280> known

mistake that they should have known

mistake that they should have known
better

better

better
BYOD<19:56:22.496> bring<19:56:22.920> your<19:56:23.104> own<19:56:23.280> device<19:56:23.512> normally<19:56:24.240> and

BYOD bring your own device normally and

BYOD bring your own device normally and
not<19:56:24.960> allowed<19:56:25.320> in<19:56:25.856> fact<19:56:26.040> most<19:56:26.400> places<19:56:26.640> really

not allowed in fact most places really

not allowed in fact most places really
should<19:56:28.144> have<19:56:28.320> the<19:56:28.496> USB<19:56:28.920> ports<19:56:29.336> disabled

should have the USB ports disabled

should have the USB ports disabled
um<19:56:31.376> and<19:56:31.920> decided<19:56:32.640> who<19:56:32.872> can<19:56:33.056> use<19:56:33.240> what<19:56:33.600> where

um and decided who can use what where

um and decided who can use what where
the<19:56:34.976> policy<19:56:35.576> per<19:56:35.824> device<19:56:36.176> so<19:56:36.656> for<19:56:36.960> example

the policy per device so for example

the policy per device so for example
um<19:56:38.696> can<19:56:39.120> they<19:56:39.296> bring<19:56:39.480> a<19:56:39.600> whap<19:56:39.896> in<19:56:40.016> probably<19:56:40.376> not

um can they bring a whap in probably not

um can they bring a whap in probably not
could<19:56:41.336> they<19:56:41.512> bring<19:56:41.696> a<19:56:41.936> USB<19:56:42.536> device<19:56:43.440> in

could they bring a USB device in

could they bring a USB device in
even<19:56:45.480> phones<19:56:46.016> are<19:56:46.192> they<19:56:46.376> allowed<19:56:46.616> to<19:56:46.744> bring

even phones are they allowed to bring

even phones are they allowed to bring
phones<19:56:47.336> in<19:56:47.512> could<19:56:47.760> they<19:56:47.936> try<19:56:48.120> and<19:56:48.176> pig<19:56:48.296> you

phones in could they try and pig you

phones in could they try and pig you
back<19:56:48.656> onto<19:56:48.896> the<19:56:49.016> wireless<19:56:49.144> network<19:56:49.616> all<19:56:50.464> these

back onto the wireless network all these

back onto the wireless network all these
kind<19:56:50.824> of<19:56:50.936> things<19:56:51.056> there<19:56:51.240> should<19:56:51.424> be<19:56:51.536> a<19:56:51.656> policy

kind of things there should be a policy

kind of things there should be a policy
for

for

for
and<19:56:54.424> who<19:56:54.656> owns<19:56:54.896> what<19:56:55.016> data<19:56:55.440> if<19:56:55.552> somebody

and who owns what data if somebody

and who owns what data if somebody
brings<19:56:56.104> in<19:56:56.280> their<19:56:56.512> device<19:56:56.960> and<19:56:57.960> but<19:56:58.440> they're

brings in their device and but they're

brings in their device and but they're
using<19:56:59.104> it<19:56:59.216> for<19:56:59.400> work<19:56:59.640> you<19:57:00.176> know<19:57:00.296> who<19:57:00.424> entered

using it for work you know who entered

using it for work you know who entered
data<19:57:00.960> this<19:57:01.144> all<19:57:01.256> needs<19:57:01.552> to<19:57:01.616> be<19:57:01.744> clear<19:57:01.976> what

data this all needs to be clear what

data this all needs to be clear what
applications<19:57:03.120> can<19:57:03.536> they<19:57:03.784> use

applications can they use

applications can they use
and<19:57:05.104> what<19:57:05.280> can<19:57:05.400> be<19:57:05.576> taken<19:57:05.936> off-site<19:57:06.424> as<19:57:06.720> well

and what can be taken off-site as well

and what can be taken off-site as well
you<19:57:07.440> need<19:57:07.616> to<19:57:07.744> decide<19:57:07.976> what<19:57:08.216> hardware<19:57:08.400> and

you need to decide what hardware and

you need to decide what hardware and
software<19:57:09.000> can<19:57:09.240> be<19:57:09.360> taken<19:57:09.656> off<19:57:09.784> site

software can be taken off site

software can be taken off site
the<19:57:11.160> acceptable<19:57:11.576> use<19:57:11.824> policy<19:57:12.360> uh<19:57:12.784> stop<19:57:12.960> and

the acceptable use policy uh stop and

the acceptable use policy uh stop and
search<19:57:13.696> depends<19:57:14.696> where<19:57:14.872> you<19:57:15.056> are<19:57:15.176> and<19:57:15.360> how

search depends where you are and how

search depends where you are and how
secure<19:57:15.784> the<19:57:15.960> site<19:57:16.080> is<19:57:16.320> but<19:57:16.552> people<19:57:16.744> can<19:57:17.040> search

secure the site is but people can search

secure the site is but people can search
your<19:57:17.640> bag

your bag

your bag
uh<19:57:19.256> speaking<19:57:19.744> of<19:57:19.800> which<19:57:20.040> I<19:57:20.400> already<19:57:20.576> mentioned

uh speaking of which I already mentioned

uh speaking of which I already mentioned
the<19:57:21.120> acceptable<19:57:21.536> use<19:57:21.832> policy<19:57:22.320> there<19:57:22.744> should

the acceptable use policy there should

the acceptable use policy there should
be<19:57:23.040> a<19:57:23.160> security<19:57:23.336> policy<19:57:24.000> included

be a security policy included

be a security policy included
how<19:57:25.856> the<19:57:26.040> network<19:57:26.160> should<19:57:26.640> and<19:57:26.872> shouldn't<19:57:27.240> be

how the network should and shouldn't be

how the network should and shouldn't be
used<19:57:27.536> what<19:57:27.832> you're<19:57:27.960> allowed<19:57:28.256> to<19:57:28.376> do<19:57:28.496> it<19:57:28.680> should

used what you're allowed to do it should

used what you're allowed to do it should
be<19:57:28.976> clearly<19:57:29.280> spelled<19:57:29.640> out<19:57:29.760> and<19:57:30.000> signed

be clearly spelled out and signed

be clearly spelled out and signed
websites<19:57:31.376> you<19:57:31.552> can<19:57:31.680> access<19:57:31.856> I<19:57:32.576> know<19:57:32.760> when<19:57:32.936> I

websites you can access I know when I

websites you can access I know when I
worked<19:57:33.536> at<19:57:33.832> this<19:57:34.496> particular<19:57:34.744> ISP

worked at this particular ISP

worked at this particular ISP
at<19:57:37.192> the<19:57:37.320> end<19:57:37.376> of<19:57:37.504> every<19:57:37.680> month<19:57:37.976> the<19:57:38.400> manager

at the end of every month the manager

at the end of every month the manager
would<19:57:39.360> per<19:57:39.720> employee

would per employee

would per employee
they<19:57:41.640> would<19:57:41.760> have<19:57:41.936> a<19:57:42.120> list<19:57:42.296> of<19:57:42.600> every<19:57:42.896> single

they would have a list of every single

they would have a list of every single
website<19:57:43.552> you<19:57:43.920> went<19:57:44.104> to<19:57:44.360> and<19:57:45.360> how<19:57:45.600> many<19:57:45.720> minutes

website you went to and how many minutes

website you went to and how many minutes
you<19:57:46.320> spent<19:57:46.552> on<19:57:46.976> the<19:57:47.216> website<19:57:48.120> so<19:57:48.360> if<19:57:48.536> you've

you spent on the website so if you've

you spent on the website so if you've
spent<19:57:48.896> 60<19:57:49.144> Minutes<19:57:49.696> on<19:57:50.696> whatever<19:57:51.000> say<19:57:51.480> eBay

spent 60 Minutes on whatever say eBay

spent 60 Minutes on whatever say eBay
even<19:57:52.144> though<19:57:52.376> and<19:57:52.744> we<19:57:52.920> couldn't<19:57:52.976> do<19:57:53.216> it<19:57:53.280> but

even though and we couldn't do it but

even though and we couldn't do it but
say<19:57:53.640> you<19:57:53.760> were<19:57:53.872> found<19:57:54.056> to<19:57:54.240> be<19:57:54.360> on<19:57:54.480> eBay<19:57:54.656> for<19:57:54.960> 60

say you were found to be on eBay for 60

say you were found to be on eBay for 60
minutes<19:57:55.440> then<19:57:56.160> obviously<19:57:56.640> there's<19:57:57.176> going<19:57:57.360> to

minutes then obviously there's going to

minutes then obviously there's going to
be<19:57:57.480> a<19:57:57.600> consequence<19:57:58.080> you'd<19:57:58.320> either<19:57:58.440> be<19:57:58.616> told

be a consequence you'd either be told

be a consequence you'd either be told
off<19:57:59.040> written<19:57:59.512> or<19:57:59.696> an<19:57:59.824> invariable<19:58:00.296> warning<19:58:00.720> or

off written or an invariable warning or

off written or an invariable warning or
you<19:58:01.376> could<19:58:01.504> be<19:58:01.616> sacked

you could be sacked

you could be sacked
and<19:58:04.080> what<19:58:04.256> you<19:58:04.376> can<19:58:04.496> and<19:58:04.680> can't<19:58:04.920> download<19:58:05.480> a

and what you can and can't download a

and what you can and can't download a
social<19:58:06.784> media<19:58:07.192> again<19:58:07.376> this<19:58:07.680> is<19:58:07.800> a<19:58:07.920> killer

social media again this is a killer

social media again this is a killer
you're<19:58:08.336> not<19:58:08.464> really<19:58:08.576> being<19:58:08.760> paid<19:58:09.120> at<19:58:09.784> work<19:58:10.016> to

you're not really being paid at work to

you're not really being paid at work to
social<19:58:10.680> media<19:58:11.040> unless<19:58:11.336> it's<19:58:11.512> part<19:58:11.696> of<19:58:11.872> your

social media unless it's part of your

social media unless it's part of your
job<19:58:12.240> for<19:58:12.600> example<19:58:12.832> digital<19:58:13.744> marketing<19:58:14.784> NDA<19:58:15.784> as

job for example digital marketing NDA as

job for example digital marketing NDA as
well<19:58:16.256> these<19:58:16.616> are<19:58:16.680> these<19:58:17.040> are<19:58:17.160> huge<19:58:17.464> in<19:58:17.576> the

well these are these are huge in the

well these are these are huge in the
corporate<19:58:18.056> environment

corporate environment

corporate environment
protects<19:58:20.280> non-public<19:58:20.696> information<19:58:21.320> so

protects non-public information so

protects non-public information so
you're<19:58:22.680> you're<19:58:22.976> learning<19:58:23.464> about<19:58:23.640> customers

you're you're learning about customers

you're you're learning about customers
names<19:58:24.536> phone<19:58:25.192> phone<19:58:25.744> details<19:58:26.512> uh<19:58:27.176> who<19:58:27.480> are<19:58:27.600> the

names phone phone details uh who are the

names phone phone details uh who are the
key<19:58:27.832> contacts<19:58:28.376> all<19:58:28.552> of<19:58:28.744> this<19:58:28.856> kind<19:58:28.976> of

key contacts all of this kind of

key contacts all of this kind of
information<19:58:29.536> what<19:58:30.536> are<19:58:30.656> the<19:58:30.832> consequences<19:58:31.256> of

information what are the consequences of

information what are the consequences of
the<19:58:31.680> breach<19:58:31.976> this<19:58:32.696> could<19:58:32.872> be

the breach this could be

the breach this could be
um<19:58:34.016> Criminal

or it could be civil so you could have

or it could be civil so you could have
to<19:58:40.256> pay<19:58:40.440> Financial<19:58:40.744> penalties

and this creates a confidential

and this creates a confidential
relationship<19:58:46.496> between<19:58:47.040> the<19:58:47.576> disclosing

relationship between the disclosing

relationship between the disclosing
party

party

party
and<19:58:49.744> the<19:58:49.856> receiving<19:58:50.160> party

and the receiving party

and the receiving party
your<19:58:52.080> boss<19:58:52.320> or<19:58:52.552> your<19:58:52.800> company<19:58:52.976> and<19:58:53.640> you<19:58:53.872> which

your boss or your company and you which

your boss or your company and you which
is<19:58:54.656> fair

is fair

is fair
uh<19:58:57.424> the<19:58:57.536> system<19:58:57.656> life<19:58:58.080> cycle<19:58:58.320> which<19:58:58.680> is<19:58:58.800> asset

uh the system life cycle which is asset

uh the system life cycle which is asset
disposal<19:58:59.824> something<19:59:00.240> is<19:59:00.536> brought<19:59:00.784> into

disposal something is brought into

disposal something is brought into
um<19:59:01.616> Commission

um Commission

um Commission
oh<19:59:04.744> sorry<19:59:04.920> I<19:59:05.040> did<19:59:05.160> this<19:59:05.280> in<19:59:05.464> a<19:59:05.640> weird<19:59:05.824> way<19:59:06.176> so

oh sorry I did this in a weird way so

oh sorry I did this in a weird way so
integrate<19:59:07.256> devices<19:59:07.616> some<19:59:08.040> something<19:59:08.336> is

integrate devices some something is

integrate devices some something is
brought<19:59:08.936> into<19:59:09.296> the<19:59:09.536> network<19:59:09.784> and<19:59:10.552> then<19:59:10.680> it

brought into the network and then it

brought into the network and then it
would<19:59:10.976> have<19:59:11.104> to<19:59:11.216> go<19:59:11.336> through<19:59:11.512> a<19:59:11.760> chain<19:59:11.872> of

would have to go through a chain of

would have to go through a chain of
events<19:59:12.480> for<19:59:12.656> example<19:59:12.960> a<19:59:13.800> router<19:59:14.216> would<19:59:14.824> all

events for example a router would all

events for example a router would all
have<19:59:15.176> to<19:59:15.296> be<19:59:15.424> cabled<19:59:15.960> up<19:59:16.080> then<19:59:16.552> it'd<19:59:16.800> be<19:59:16.856> passed

have to be cabled up then it'd be passed

have to be cabled up then it'd be passed
on<19:59:17.280> to<19:59:17.512> another<19:59:17.696> team<19:59:18.120> to<19:59:19.080> do

on to another team to do

on to another team to do
um<19:59:20.640> username<19:59:21.600> and<19:59:21.784> passwords<19:59:22.320> for<19:59:22.496> example

um username and passwords for example

um username and passwords for example
then<19:59:23.512> it<19:59:23.696> might<19:59:23.872> go<19:59:24.056> to<19:59:24.240> the<19:59:24.480> security<19:59:24.720> team

then it might go to the security team

then it might go to the security team
for<19:59:25.504> configuration

for configuration

for configuration
then<19:59:27.656> it<19:59:27.832> might<19:59:28.016> go<19:59:28.144> to<19:59:28.320> the<19:59:28.496> backup<19:59:28.856> team<19:59:29.176> to

then it might go to the backup team to

then it might go to the backup team to
make<19:59:30.360> sure<19:59:30.536> that<19:59:30.784> it<19:59:30.896> could<19:59:31.144> and<19:59:31.504> they<19:59:31.856> can

make sure that it could and they can

make sure that it could and they can
download<19:59:33.656> files<19:59:34.256> and<19:59:34.376> configurations<19:59:34.976> and

download files and configurations and

download files and configurations and
recover<19:59:36.000> it<19:59:36.176> if<19:59:36.296> there's<19:59:36.424> a<19:59:36.656> problem

recover it if there's a problem

recover it if there's a problem
and<19:59:38.464> procedure<19:59:39.056> to<19:59:39.176> decommission<19:59:39.784> what

and procedure to decommission what

and procedure to decommission what
happens<19:59:40.576> uh<19:59:41.576> does<19:59:42.056> it<19:59:42.176> go<19:59:42.296> in<19:59:42.480> the<19:59:42.600> bin<19:59:42.896> does<19:59:43.376> it

happens uh does it go in the bin does it

happens uh does it go in the bin does it
go<19:59:43.744> to<19:59:43.976> a<19:59:44.216> shop<19:59:44.400> for<19:59:44.760> sale

go to a shop for sale

go to a shop for sale
and<19:59:46.800> as<19:59:46.920> I've<19:59:47.104> already<19:59:47.280> said<19:59:47.576> and<19:59:48.056> if<19:59:48.240> it's

and as I've already said and if it's

and as I've already said and if it's
going<19:59:48.480> to<19:59:48.536> go<19:59:48.720> for<19:59:48.832> sale<19:59:48.960> then<19:59:49.144> all<19:59:49.376> the<19:59:49.504> date

going to go for sale then all the date

going to go for sale then all the date
all<19:59:50.104> the<19:59:50.216> data<19:59:50.696> needs<19:59:50.872> to<19:59:50.936> be<19:59:51.056> removed<19:59:51.744> hard

all the data needs to be removed hard

all the data needs to be removed hard
drives<19:59:52.976> are<19:59:53.160> they<19:59:53.336> going<19:59:53.400> to<19:59:53.512> be<19:59:53.576> scrubbed<19:59:54.000> are

drives are they going to be scrubbed are

drives are they going to be scrubbed are
they<19:59:54.360> going<19:59:54.424> to<19:59:54.600> be<19:59:54.720> physically<19:59:55.680> destroyed<19:59:56.216> in

they going to be physically destroyed in

they going to be physically destroyed in
a<19:59:56.640> furnace<19:59:57.000> or<19:59:57.480> some<19:59:57.896> other<19:59:58.144> device<19:59:58.576> what<19:59:59.576> are

a furnace or some other device what are

a furnace or some other device what are
the<19:59:59.872> laws<20:00:00.176> for<20:00:00.360> recycling<20:00:00.720> a<20:00:01.256> lot<20:00:01.376> of

the laws for recycling a lot of

the laws for recycling a lot of
countries<20:00:02.040> now<20:00:02.280> are<20:00:02.464> really<20:00:02.696> hot<20:00:03.000> on<20:00:03.240> and

countries now are really hot on and

countries now are really hot on and
non-recyclable<20:00:04.800> stuff<20:00:05.160> so<20:00:05.400> if<20:00:05.640> you<20:00:05.872> can't

non-recyclable stuff so if you can't

non-recyclable stuff so if you can't
destroy<20:00:06.600> it<20:00:06.784> how<20:00:07.504> are<20:00:07.616> you<20:00:07.744> going<20:00:07.920> to<20:00:08.040> render

destroy it how are you going to render

destroy it how are you going to render
it<20:00:08.760> and<20:00:09.120> usable<20:00:09.720> or<20:00:09.960> the<20:00:10.144> data<20:00:10.440> on<20:00:10.552> it<20:00:10.744> unusable

it and usable or the data on it unusable

it and usable or the data on it unusable
certainly

certainly

certainly
safety<20:00:14.640> procedures

safety procedures

safety procedures
um

so who can troubleshoot the equipment

so who can troubleshoot the equipment
people<20:00:21.896> need<20:00:22.192> to<20:00:22.376> know<20:00:22.496> what<20:00:22.800> air<20:00:22.976> their<20:00:23.280> job

people need to know what air their job

people need to know what air their job
is<20:00:23.640> you<20:00:23.872> could<20:00:24.296> um

is you could um

is you could um
ignore<20:00:26.280> that<20:00:26.464> sorry<20:00:26.656> authorized<20:00:27.656> Personnel

ignore that sorry authorized Personnel

ignore that sorry authorized Personnel
who<20:00:28.496> can<20:00:28.680> cable<20:00:28.976> stuff<20:00:29.336> who's<20:00:29.760> been<20:00:30.056> trained

who can cable stuff who's been trained

who can cable stuff who's been trained
who's<20:00:30.656> insured<20:00:31.256> monitors<20:00:32.216> as<20:00:32.464> well<20:00:32.640> certainly

who's insured monitors as well certainly

who's insured monitors as well certainly
the<20:00:33.240> old<20:00:33.680> cathode<20:00:34.680> ray<20:00:34.976> monitors<20:00:35.464> there<20:00:35.696> was

the old cathode ray monitors there was

the old cathode ray monitors there was
the<20:00:36.000> back<20:00:36.120> of<20:00:36.296> them<20:00:36.480> and<20:00:37.256> the<20:00:37.440> front

the back of them and the front

the back of them and the front
uh<20:00:39.176> just<20:00:40.144> massive<20:00:40.496> things<20:00:40.680> it<20:00:40.920> would<20:00:41.040> take<20:00:41.216> two

uh just massive things it would take two

uh just massive things it would take two
people<20:00:41.640> to<20:00:41.936> carry<20:00:42.240> them<20:00:42.424> and<20:00:43.016> they'd<20:00:43.256> have<20:00:43.376> a

people to carry them and they'd have a

people to carry them and they'd have a
massive<20:00:43.856> electricity<20:00:44.336> electrical<20:00:45.176> current

massive electricity electrical current

massive electricity electrical current
going<20:00:45.720> in<20:00:46.016> through<20:00:46.192> them<20:00:46.440> as<20:00:46.616> well<20:00:46.744> even<20:00:47.400> when

going in through them as well even when

going in through them as well even when
unplugged

unplugged

unplugged
um<20:00:49.504> it<20:00:49.744> still<20:00:49.920> held<20:00:50.280> a<20:00:50.400> massive<20:00:50.760> uh<20:00:51.056> current

um it still held a massive uh current

um it still held a massive uh current
and<20:00:53.040> could<20:00:53.280> have<20:00:53.400> shocked<20:00:53.760> somebody<20:00:53.872> or

and could have shocked somebody or

and could have shocked somebody or
killed<20:00:54.424> them

killed them

killed them
who<20:00:56.464> can<20:00:56.640> move<20:00:56.824> what<20:00:57.176> uh<20:00:57.656> heavy<20:00:57.960> lifting<20:00:58.552> so<20:00:59.104> I

who can move what uh heavy lifting so I

who can move what uh heavy lifting so I
work<20:00:59.512> for<20:00:59.824> as<20:01:00.120> I<20:01:00.296> said<20:01:00.360> an<20:01:00.656> ISP<20:01:01.192> and<20:01:01.920> I<20:01:02.104> work<20:01:02.280> for

work for as I said an ISP and I work for

work for as I said an ISP and I work for
the<20:01:02.696> network<20:01:02.872> support<20:01:03.296> team<20:01:03.720> I<20:01:04.616> remotely

the network support team I remotely

the network support team I remotely
accessed<20:01:06.000> routers<20:01:06.720> and<20:01:07.440> switches<20:01:07.976> firewalls

accessed routers and switches firewalls

accessed routers and switches firewalls
load<20:01:09.240> balances<20:01:09.744> and<20:01:10.744> one<20:01:10.976> day<20:01:11.216> uh<20:01:11.760> one<20:01:12.000> of<20:01:12.120> the

load balances and one day uh one of the

load balances and one day uh one of the
one<20:01:12.600> of<20:01:12.720> my<20:01:12.784> bosses<20:01:13.256> asked<20:01:14.160> you<20:01:14.336> know<20:01:14.464> you've

one of my bosses asked you know you've

one of my bosses asked you know you've
got<20:01:14.824> racks<20:01:15.424> these<20:01:16.016> big<20:01:16.144> racks<20:01:16.496> that<20:01:16.616> are<20:01:16.800> full

got racks these big racks that are full

got racks these big racks that are full
of<20:01:17.040> really<20:01:17.336> heavy<20:01:17.696> equipment<20:01:18.120> and<20:01:18.960> some<20:01:19.080> of<20:01:19.256> it

of really heavy equipment and some of it

of really heavy equipment and some of it
can<20:01:19.552> take<20:01:19.744> up<20:01:19.920> a<20:01:20.040> half<20:01:20.216> rack<20:01:20.576> a<20:01:20.760> massive<20:01:21.056> Cisco

can take up a half rack a massive Cisco

can take up a half rack a massive Cisco
switch<20:01:22.256> and<20:01:22.680> he<20:01:22.856> came<20:01:23.040> and<20:01:23.160> asked<20:01:23.400> me<20:01:23.464> if<20:01:23.640> I

switch and he came and asked me if I

switch and he came and asked me if I
could<20:01:24.000> remove<20:01:24.360> one<20:01:24.784> of<20:01:24.960> the<20:01:25.080> switches<20:01:25.616> and<20:01:26.400> put

could remove one of the switches and put

could remove one of the switches and put
a<20:01:26.936> new<20:01:27.056> one<20:01:27.240> in<20:01:27.480> now<20:01:28.376> I<20:01:28.800> wasn't<20:01:28.920> actually<20:01:29.160> there

a new one in now I wasn't actually there

a new one in now I wasn't actually there
for<20:01:29.640> that<20:01:29.824> this<20:01:30.120> is<20:01:30.240> down<20:01:30.536> to<20:01:30.784> the<20:01:31.016> hardware

for that this is down to the hardware

for that this is down to the hardware
team<20:01:31.744> at<20:01:32.640> the<20:01:32.760> time<20:01:32.936> this<20:01:33.600> stuff<20:01:33.832> weighed

team at the time this stuff weighed

team at the time this stuff weighed
something<20:01:34.552> likes

something likes

something likes
um

um

um
say<20:01:37.680> 150<20:01:38.576> kilos<20:01:39.120> and<20:01:39.960> he<20:01:40.080> was<20:01:40.192> asking<20:01:40.496> me<20:01:40.552> to

say 150 kilos and he was asking me to

say 150 kilos and he was asking me to
somehow<20:01:41.216> pull<20:01:41.640> it<20:01:41.760> out

somehow pull it out

somehow pull it out
put<20:01:43.144> it<20:01:43.376> somewhere<20:01:43.800> and<20:01:44.872> um<20:01:44.872> put<20:01:45.176> the<20:01:45.360> new<20:01:45.536> one

put it somewhere and um put the new one

put it somewhere and um put the new one
in<20:01:45.832> I<20:01:46.320> wasn't<20:01:46.552> actually<20:01:46.856> trained<20:01:47.512> to<20:01:47.872> install

in I wasn't actually trained to install

in I wasn't actually trained to install
this<20:01:48.536> heavy<20:01:48.832> equipment<20:01:49.144> I<20:01:49.504> I<20:01:49.744> didn't<20:01:49.976> have<20:01:50.280> any

this heavy equipment I I didn't have any

this heavy equipment I I didn't have any
safety<20:01:51.000> equipment<20:01:51.360> I<20:01:52.192> couldn't<20:01:52.376> move<20:01:52.744> it

safety equipment I couldn't move it

safety equipment I couldn't move it
and<20:01:55.016> um<20:01:55.080> maybe<20:01:55.552> he<20:01:55.856> just<20:01:56.040> didn't<20:01:56.280> care<20:01:56.640> or<20:01:56.936> he

and um maybe he just didn't care or he

and um maybe he just didn't care or he
was<20:01:57.240> just<20:01:57.360> ignorant<20:01:57.720> but<20:01:57.896> I<20:01:58.080> had<20:01:58.144> to<20:01:58.256> turn

was just ignorant but I had to turn

was just ignorant but I had to turn
around<20:01:58.552> and<20:01:58.744> say<20:01:58.856> well<20:01:59.040> I'm<20:01:59.216> not<20:01:59.336> actually

around and say well I'm not actually

around and say well I'm not actually
qualified<20:02:00.600> to<20:02:01.440> move<20:02:01.680> this<20:02:02.216> equipment<20:02:02.640> but<20:02:03.000> I

qualified to move this equipment but I

qualified to move this equipment but I
am<20:02:03.536> qualified<20:02:03.896> to<20:02:04.192> support<20:02:04.976> it<20:02:05.336> but<20:02:06.000> I<20:02:06.176> can

am qualified to support it but I can

am qualified to support it but I can
only<20:02:06.360> connect<20:02:06.536> to<20:02:06.720> it<20:02:06.832> over<20:02:07.016> the<20:02:07.192> network

only connect to it over the network

only connect to it over the network
um<20:02:08.760> he<20:02:09.176> wasn't<20:02:09.360> very<20:02:09.600> happy<20:02:09.832> but<20:02:10.256> it's<20:02:10.744> better

um he wasn't very happy but it's better

um he wasn't very happy but it's better
than<20:02:11.104> me<20:02:11.216> breaking<20:02:11.640> my<20:02:11.760> leg<20:02:11.872> or<20:02:12.056> whatever<20:02:12.504> is

than me breaking my leg or whatever is

than me breaking my leg or whatever is
there<20:02:13.616> any<20:02:13.744> safety<20:02:14.160> equipment<20:02:14.656> required

there any safety equipment required

there any safety equipment required
normally<20:02:16.080> when<20:02:16.320> you're<20:02:16.440> installing<20:02:16.800> heavy

normally when you're installing heavy

normally when you're installing heavy
stuff<20:02:17.400> you<20:02:17.696> need<20:02:17.872> a<20:02:18.120> hard<20:02:18.360> hat

stuff you need a hard hat

stuff you need a hard hat
so<20:02:20.640> you<20:02:20.760> you<20:02:21.056> need<20:02:21.360> your<20:02:21.536> hat<20:02:21.896> you<20:02:22.376> need<20:02:22.552> your

so you you need your hat you need your

so you you need your hat you need your
boots<20:02:23.176> uh<20:02:24.176> you've<20:02:24.424> you've<20:02:24.600> got<20:02:24.720> to<20:02:24.832> have<20:02:24.960> read

boots uh you've you've got to have read

boots uh you've you've got to have read
the<20:02:25.256> training<20:02:25.680> manuals

the training manuals

the training manuals
um are<20:02:27.784> you<20:02:28.016> insured<20:02:28.760> and<20:02:29.760> there's<20:02:30.000> a<20:02:30.176> whole

um are you insured and there's a whole

um are you insured and there's a whole
bunch<20:02:30.480> of<20:02:30.600> stuff<20:02:30.896> yeah<20:02:31.616> normally<20:02:31.976> it<20:02:32.160> would<20:02:32.280> go

bunch of stuff yeah normally it would go

bunch of stuff yeah normally it would go
in<20:02:32.576> a<20:02:32.696> trolley<20:02:33.056> again<20:02:33.240> who's<20:02:34.144> who<20:02:34.616> can<20:02:34.800> use

in a trolley again who's who can use

in a trolley again who's who can use
this<20:02:35.160> trolley

this trolley

this trolley
uh<20:02:37.192> electrical<20:02:37.680> circuits<20:02:38.280> certainly<20:02:38.936> in<20:02:39.296> many

uh electrical circuits certainly in many

uh electrical circuits certainly in many
countries<20:02:40.144> for<20:02:40.376> example<20:02:40.552> Germany<20:02:41.104> and

countries for example Germany and

countries for example Germany and
Australia<20:02:41.696> you<20:02:42.600> can't<20:02:42.784> even<20:02:43.016> change<20:02:43.376> a<20:02:43.616> plug

Australia you can't even change a plug

Australia you can't even change a plug
you<20:02:44.576> have<20:02:44.760> to<20:02:45.056> be<20:02:45.480> a<20:02:45.656> qualified<20:02:46.016> electrician

you have to be a qualified electrician

you have to be a qualified electrician
to<20:02:47.280> access<20:02:47.464> electronic<20:02:48.360> equipment

all right so we've covered a lot of

all right so we've covered a lot of
stuff<20:02:52.616> your<20:02:53.040> user<20:02:53.464> agreement<20:02:53.824> your<20:02:54.360> password

stuff your user agreement your password

stuff your user agreement your password
policy<20:02:55.320> and<20:02:56.104> the<20:02:56.216> levels<20:02:56.576> of<20:02:56.696> password

policy and the levels of password

policy and the levels of password
leaving<20:02:57.656> the<20:02:58.016> company<20:02:58.192> so<20:02:58.744> joining<20:02:59.336> leaving

leaving the company so joining leaving

leaving the company so joining leaving
the<20:03:00.360> company<20:03:00.480> any<20:03:01.376> licensing<20:03:02.480> uh<20:03:03.480> export<20:03:04.256> for

the company any licensing uh export for

the company any licensing uh export for
example<20:03:04.920> security<20:03:05.400> images<20:03:05.936> and<20:03:07.192> um

example security images and um

example security images and um
all<20:03:08.512> this<20:03:08.760> kind<20:03:08.936> of<20:03:09.056> stuff<20:03:09.240> what's<20:03:09.536> it

all this kind of stuff what's it

all this kind of stuff what's it
protected<20:03:10.144> by<20:03:10.320> and<20:03:10.440> what<20:03:10.680> you<20:03:10.800> can<20:03:10.920> explore

protected by and what you can explore

protected by and what you can explore
and<20:03:11.464> import<20:03:11.960> what<20:03:12.960> happens<20:03:13.192> to<20:03:13.504> prevent<20:03:13.800> data

and import what happens to prevent data

and import what happens to prevent data
loss<20:03:14.464> of<20:03:14.512> remote<20:03:14.696> access

loss of remote access

loss of remote access
what<20:03:16.744> happens<20:03:16.856> was<20:03:17.160> that<20:03:17.336> when<20:03:17.512> there's<20:03:17.640> an

what happens was that when there's an

what happens was that when there's an
incident<20:03:18.176> can<20:03:19.144> you<20:03:19.256> bring<20:03:19.440> your<20:03:19.616> own<20:03:19.800> device

incident can you bring your own device

incident can you bring your own device
hopefully<20:03:20.760> not

hopefully not

hopefully not
sign<20:03:22.320> in<20:03:22.552> the<20:03:22.680> acceptable<20:03:23.040> use<20:03:23.336> policy

sign in the acceptable use policy

sign in the acceptable use policy
your<20:03:25.080> non-disclosure

your non-disclosure

your non-disclosure
system<20:03:27.056> life<20:03:27.480> cycle<20:03:27.720> and<20:03:28.144> then<20:03:28.320> finally

system life cycle and then finally

system life cycle and then finally
keeping<20:03:29.160> keeping<20:03:29.824> safe

keeping keeping safe

keeping keeping safe
that's<20:03:31.192> all<20:03:31.376> for<20:03:31.552> now<20:03:31.744> thanks<20:03:32.160> for<20:03:32.336> listening

welcome to module 14 lesson 4 securing

welcome to module 14 lesson 4 securing
the<20:03:56.464> wireless<20:03:56.576> network

a few things we want to cover syllabus

a few things we want to cover syllabus
items<20:04:01.976> uh<20:04:02.336> WPA<20:04:03.016> WPA2<20:04:04.512> tkip<20:04:05.512> rc4

items uh WPA WPA2 tkip rc4

items uh WPA WPA2 tkip rc4
ccmp<20:04:08.640> AES

ccmp AES

ccmp AES
EAP

EAP

EAP
lots<20:04:12.296> of<20:04:12.360> abbreviations<20:04:12.960> gfn<20:04:13.920> sync

if you've been using wireless routers

if you've been using wireless routers
for<20:04:20.160> any<20:04:20.280> period<20:04:20.760> of<20:04:20.872> time<20:04:21.000> you've<20:04:21.480> probably

for any period of time you've probably

for any period of time you've probably
heard<20:04:22.016> of<20:04:22.256> WEP<20:04:22.744> which<20:04:23.464> was<20:04:23.640> the<20:04:24.000> first

heard of WEP which was the first

heard of WEP which was the first
protocol<20:04:25.144> used

protocol used

protocol used
um<20:04:26.872> to<20:04:27.296> secure<20:04:27.784> your<20:04:27.960> wireless<20:04:28.144> network<20:04:28.512> it

um to secure your wireless network it

um to secure your wireless network it
was<20:04:30.120> um<20:04:30.120> it's<20:04:30.480> pretty<20:04:30.600> much<20:04:30.784> better<20:04:31.016> than

was um it's pretty much better than

was um it's pretty much better than
nothing<20:04:31.440> I<20:04:31.800> guess<20:04:32.176> but<20:04:33.176> it<20:04:34.080> was<20:04:34.192> flawed<20:04:34.552> very

nothing I guess but it was flawed very

nothing I guess but it was flawed very
easily<20:04:35.160> crackable<20:04:35.640> and<20:04:36.296> quite<20:04:36.600> quickly<20:04:36.832> after

easily crackable and quite quickly after

easily crackable and quite quickly after
it<20:04:37.256> came<20:04:37.504> out<20:04:37.616> they<20:04:37.856> realized<20:04:38.160> they<20:04:38.336> had<20:04:38.512> to

it came out they realized they had to

it came out they realized they had to
upgrade<20:04:39.536> it<20:04:39.720> and<20:04:39.896> replace<20:04:40.016> it<20:04:40.320> with<20:04:40.496> something

upgrade it and replace it with something

upgrade it and replace it with something
better

better

better
and<20:04:42.536> then<20:04:42.784> it's<20:04:42.960> upgraded<20:04:43.504> uh<20:04:44.160> replace<20:04:44.336> with<20:04:44.824> a

and then it's upgraded uh replace with a

and then it's upgraded uh replace with a
Wi-Fi<20:04:45.784> protected<20:04:46.256> access<20:04:46.496> as<20:04:46.920> you<20:04:47.160> can<20:04:47.400> see

Wi-Fi protected access as you can see

Wi-Fi protected access as you can see
the<20:04:47.760> title<20:04:48.120> at<20:04:48.296> the<20:04:48.424> top<20:04:48.536> web<20:04:49.320> is<20:04:49.616> a<20:04:49.800> wireless

the title at the top web is a wireless

the title at the top web is a wireless
equivalent<20:04:50.824> privacy<20:04:51.600> I<20:04:51.832> think<20:04:51.960> it<20:04:52.016> stands<20:04:52.376> for

equivalent privacy I think it stands for

equivalent privacy I think it stands for
from<20:04:54.376> 2003<20:04:55.464> WPA<20:04:56.464> was<20:04:56.824> available<20:04:57.144> it<20:04:58.144> uses<20:04:58.552> as<20:04:58.856> a

from 2003 WPA was available it uses as a

from 2003 WPA was available it uses as a
dynamic<20:04:59.512> key<20:04:59.696> management<20:05:00.080> and<20:05:01.080> it's<20:05:01.256> based<20:05:01.680> on

dynamic key management and it's based on

dynamic key management and it's based on
EAP

EAP

EAP
WPA<20:05:04.856> uses<20:05:05.216> temporal<20:05:05.936> key<20:05:06.120> Integrity<20:05:06.896> protocol

WPA uses temporal key Integrity protocol

WPA uses temporal key Integrity protocol
so<20:05:07.744> I'm<20:05:07.920> glad<20:05:08.104> they<20:05:08.280> do<20:05:08.464> abbreviate<20:05:09.176> it<20:05:09.424> so

so I'm glad they do abbreviate it so

so I'm glad they do abbreviate it so
you've<20:05:10.192> got<20:05:10.320> something<20:05:10.552> like<20:05:10.856> 50<20:05:11.104> trillion

you've got something like 50 trillion

you've got something like 50 trillion
key<20:05:11.824> compilations<20:05:12.424> which<20:05:12.896> is<20:05:13.080> quite<20:05:13.440> a<20:05:13.616> lot

key compilations which is quite a lot

key compilations which is quite a lot
you<20:05:15.424> can<20:05:15.536> use<20:05:15.720> it<20:05:15.896> with<20:05:16.080> radius<20:05:16.496> in<20:05:16.744> the

you can use it with radius in the

you can use it with radius in the
Enterprise<20:05:16.976> we've<20:05:17.512> talked<20:05:17.760> about<20:05:17.760> radius<20:05:18.424> and

Enterprise we've talked about radius and

Enterprise we've talked about radius and
radius<20:05:19.144> servers<20:05:19.744> elsewhere<20:05:20.696> in<20:05:20.872> the<20:05:21.056> course

radius servers elsewhere in the course

radius servers elsewhere in the course
so<20:05:22.080> this<20:05:22.320> basically<20:05:22.856> offloads<20:05:23.512> all<20:05:23.640> of<20:05:23.760> the

so this basically offloads all of the

so this basically offloads all of the
management<20:05:24.120> and<20:05:25.320> um

management and um

management and um
and<20:05:26.600> authorization<20:05:27.600> onto<20:05:28.440> another<20:05:28.552> device

and authorization onto another device

and authorization onto another device
that's<20:05:30.176> um<20:05:30.176> designed<20:05:30.656> for<20:05:30.784> that<20:05:30.960> purpose

that's um designed for that purpose

that's um designed for that purpose
he<20:05:32.824> uses<20:05:33.120> an<20:05:33.360> encrypted<20:05:33.896> hash

he uses an encrypted hash

he uses an encrypted hash
each<20:05:35.872> packet<20:05:36.240> has<20:05:36.480> a<20:05:36.720> unique<20:05:37.016> encryption<20:05:37.744> key

a WPA2 is based on the 802.11i

a WPA2 is based on the 802.11i
architecture<20:05:45.240> if<20:05:45.720> you<20:05:45.960> want<20:05:46.376> to<20:05:46.496> prove<20:05:46.856> that

architecture if you want to prove that

architecture if you want to prove that
documentation<20:05:47.960> it<20:05:48.960> can<20:05:49.144> integrate<20:05:49.680> with<20:05:49.856> ATO

documentation it can integrate with ATO

documentation it can integrate with ATO
2.1<20:05:51.480> x<20:05:51.896> there<20:05:52.680> is<20:05:52.800> they<20:05:53.040> do<20:05:53.104> allude<20:05:53.464> to<20:05:53.576> this<20:05:53.696> I

2.1 x there is they do allude to this I

2.1 x there is they do allude to this I
think<20:05:54.000> in<20:05:54.176> these<20:05:54.424> syllabus<20:05:54.784> actually<20:05:55.016> and

think in these syllabus actually and

think in these syllabus actually and
it's<20:05:55.856> a<20:05:56.040> method<20:05:56.280> of<20:05:56.512> authentication<20:05:57.480> and

it's a method of authentication and

it's a method of authentication and
authorization<20:05:58.496> running<20:05:59.464> on<20:05:59.936> their<20:06:00.176> layer<20:06:00.480> 2

authorization running on their layer 2

authorization running on their layer 2
networks<20:06:01.144> it's<20:06:01.744> covered<20:06:02.104> in<20:06:02.160> quite<20:06:02.336> some

networks it's covered in quite some

networks it's covered in quite some
detail<20:06:02.872> in<20:06:03.056> the<20:06:03.176> Cisco<20:06:03.656> CCNA<20:06:04.376> actually

detail in the Cisco CCNA actually

detail in the Cisco CCNA actually
this<20:06:06.656> allows<20:06:07.080> users<20:06:07.552> and<20:06:07.920> devices<20:06:08.280> to

this allows users and devices to

this allows users and devices to
authenticate<20:06:09.176> with<20:06:09.536> EAP<20:06:09.960> plus<20:06:10.800> it<20:06:11.040> uses

authenticate with EAP plus it uses

authenticate with EAP plus it uses
tacaxa<20:06:12.240> radius<20:06:12.600> so<20:06:13.440> just<20:06:13.680> take<20:06:13.856> a<20:06:14.040> little<20:06:14.160> bit

tacaxa radius so just take a little bit

tacaxa radius so just take a little bit
of<20:06:14.464> setting<20:06:14.824> up<20:06:15.000> but<20:06:15.600> you'll<20:06:15.960> certainly<20:06:16.256> find

of setting up but you'll certainly find

of setting up but you'll certainly find
this<20:06:16.680> in<20:06:16.920> Enterprise<20:06:17.216> level<20:06:17.640> Networks

the rc4 was replaced by Advanced

the rc4 was replaced by Advanced
encryption<20:06:24.480> standard<20:06:24.896> AES<20:06:25.376> this<20:06:25.976> is<20:06:26.104> 256<20:06:27.056> bits

encryption standard AES this is 256 bits

encryption standard AES this is 256 bits
as<20:06:28.256> a<20:06:28.440> minimum<20:06:28.856> and<20:06:29.216> Beyond

as a minimum and Beyond

as a minimum and Beyond
a<20:06:31.080> TK<20:06:31.504> IP<20:06:31.920> was<20:06:32.160> replaced<20:06:32.576> by<20:06:32.760> computer<20:06:33.056> mode

a TK IP was replaced by computer mode

a TK IP was replaced by computer mode
with<20:06:33.896> Cipher<20:06:34.496> block<20:06:34.744> chaining<20:06:35.464> ccmp

uh and I've already mentioned uses uh

uh and I've already mentioned uses uh
encrypted<20:06:43.320> hash

encrypted hash

encrypted hash
each<20:06:46.256> packet<20:06:46.616> has<20:06:46.800> a<20:06:46.976> unique<20:06:47.216> encryption<20:06:47.760> key

each packet has a unique encryption key

each packet has a unique encryption key
um again<20:06:48.832> I<20:06:49.080> mentioned<20:06:49.440> this<20:06:49.552> earlier

um again I mentioned this earlier

um again I mentioned this earlier
MAC<20:06:51.480> address<20:06:51.656> filtering<20:06:52.496> I've<20:06:53.160> just<20:06:53.336> found<20:06:53.760> a

MAC address filtering I've just found a

MAC address filtering I've just found a
basic<20:06:54.480> uh<20:06:55.016> router<20:06:55.552> here<20:06:55.856> and<20:06:56.512> even<20:06:56.696> this<20:06:57.000> cheap

basic uh router here and even this cheap

basic uh router here and even this cheap
one<20:06:57.536> and<20:06:57.960> looks<20:06:58.320> like<20:06:58.856> um<20:06:58.856> maybe<20:06:59.216> it<20:06:59.464> Linksys

one and looks like um maybe it Linksys

one and looks like um maybe it Linksys
one<20:07:00.120> at<20:07:00.536> the<20:07:00.720> looking<20:07:00.960> at<20:07:01.144> the<20:07:01.320> colors<20:07:01.680> you<20:07:02.512> can

one at the looking at the colors you can

one at the looking at the colors you can
use<20:07:02.872> their<20:07:03.120> filtering<20:07:03.656> enable<20:07:04.016> prevents

use their filtering enable prevents

use their filtering enable prevents
clients

clients

clients
um<20:07:06.296> listed<20:07:07.016> from<20:07:07.192> accessing<20:07:07.744> the<20:07:07.920> network<20:07:08.104> if

um listed from accessing the network if

um listed from accessing the network if
you<20:07:08.640> want<20:07:08.760> to<20:07:08.936> stop<20:07:09.240> certain<20:07:09.480> clients<20:07:10.016> or<20:07:10.616> you

you want to stop certain clients or you

you want to stop certain clients or you
can<20:07:10.856> have<20:07:11.040> a<20:07:11.280> permit<20:07:11.576> only<20:07:11.872> list<20:07:12.240> whereas<20:07:13.144> you

can have a permit only list whereas you

can have a permit only list whereas you
manually<20:07:13.616> and<20:07:14.576> decide<20:07:15.240> which<20:07:15.600> packets<20:07:16.144> go<20:07:16.376> and

manually and decide which packets go and

manually and decide which packets go and
which<20:07:17.120> Mac<20:07:18.120> addresses<20:07:18.600> are<20:07:18.784> allowed

which Mac addresses are allowed

which Mac addresses are allowed
uh<20:07:21.240> should<20:07:21.480> be<20:07:21.600> used<20:07:21.720> with<20:07:21.896> other<20:07:22.080> security

uh should be used with other security

uh should be used with other security
features<20:07:22.920> in<20:07:23.280> case<20:07:23.400> of<20:07:23.576> Max<20:07:23.872> spoofing<20:07:24.536> and

features in case of Max spoofing and

features in case of Max spoofing and
it's<20:07:25.192> quite<20:07:25.376> easy<20:07:25.552> certainly<20:07:26.040> on<20:07:26.160> devices

it's quite easy certainly on devices

it's quite easy certainly on devices
I've<20:07:26.824> managed<20:07:27.240> to<20:07:27.832> log<20:07:28.016> in<20:07:28.256> and<20:07:29.040> manually

I've managed to log in and manually

I've managed to log in and manually
change<20:07:29.696> the<20:07:30.000> MAC<20:07:30.240> address<20:07:30.424> of<20:07:30.784> your<20:07:30.960> device

change the MAC address of your device

change the MAC address of your device
and<20:07:32.464> here's<20:07:32.824> a<20:07:33.000> permit<20:07:33.784> list<20:07:34.216> for<20:07:35.216> just<20:07:35.464> a

and here's a permit list for just a

and here's a permit list for just a
random<20:07:36.240> device<20:07:36.424> a<20:07:36.784> random<20:07:37.080> device<20:07:37.320> I<20:07:37.680> found

EAP extensible Authentication Protocol

EAP extensible Authentication Protocol
it's<20:07:44.040> a<20:07:44.280> framework<20:07:44.576> used<20:07:44.824> in<20:07:45.000> wireless

it's a framework used in wireless

it's a framework used in wireless
networks<20:07:45.832> they've<20:07:46.144> got<20:07:46.256> an<20:07:46.376> RFC<20:07:46.920> for<20:07:47.160> it<20:07:47.336> if

networks they've got an RFC for it if

networks they've got an RFC for it if
you<20:07:47.824> have<20:07:48.296> the<20:07:48.480> time<20:07:48.656> to<20:07:48.896> look

you have the time to look

you have the time to look
100<20:07:50.336> plus<20:07:50.696> types<20:07:51.176> available<20:07:51.360> so<20:07:52.016> I<20:07:52.800> think

100 plus types available so I think

100 plus types available so I think
they're<20:07:53.104> only<20:07:53.280> list<20:07:53.464> three<20:07:53.640> or<20:07:53.824> four<20:07:53.936> in<20:07:54.120> the

they're only list three or four in the

they're only list three or four in the
syllabus

syllabus

syllabus
EAP<20:07:56.160> md5<20:07:56.872> uses<20:07:57.480> a<20:07:57.656> series<20:07:57.896> of<20:07:58.144> challenges<20:07:58.680> and

EAP md5 uses a series of challenges and

EAP md5 uses a series of challenges and
responses

responses

responses
TLS<20:08:01.080> this<20:08:01.440> was<20:08:01.552> designed<20:08:01.920> by<20:08:02.160> Microsoft<20:08:02.576> and

TLS this was designed by Microsoft and

TLS this was designed by Microsoft and
uses<20:08:03.240> a<20:08:03.480> certificate<20:08:04.080> system

uses a certificate system

uses a certificate system
fast<20:08:05.872> is<20:08:06.240> a<20:08:06.536> designed<20:08:06.896> by<20:08:07.016> Cisco<20:08:07.552> and<20:08:07.856> it<20:08:07.976> uses

fast is a designed by Cisco and it uses

fast is a designed by Cisco and it uses
a<20:08:08.760> TLS<20:08:09.240> tunnel<20:08:09.656> with<20:08:09.832> a<20:08:10.144> secure<20:08:10.376> socket<20:08:10.856> layers

a TLS tunnel with a secure socket layers

a TLS tunnel with a secure socket layers
and<20:08:12.424> on<20:08:12.536> that<20:08:12.720> node<20:08:13.016> it<20:08:13.504> also<20:08:13.744> uses<20:08:14.104> shared

and on that node it also uses shared

and on that node it also uses shared
secret<20:08:14.872> Keys<20:08:15.424> these<20:08:16.144> are<20:08:16.192> unique<20:08:16.496> to<20:08:16.616> each

secret Keys these are unique to each

secret Keys these are unique to each
user<20:08:17.336> and<20:08:17.872> they<20:08:18.056> have<20:08:18.176> protected<20:08:18.720> access

user and they have protected access

user and they have protected access
credentials

credentials

credentials
ttls<20:08:22.744> uses<20:08:23.160> the<20:08:23.336> secure<20:08:23.760> TLS<20:08:24.480> tunnel

ttls uses the secure TLS tunnel

ttls uses the secure TLS tunnel
and<20:08:26.336> then<20:08:26.464> finally<20:08:26.760> this<20:08:27.600> is<20:08:27.656> also<20:08:27.896> in<20:08:27.960> a<20:08:28.192> new

and then finally this is also in a new

and then finally this is also in a new
one<20:08:28.440> in<20:08:28.552> the<20:08:28.680> syllabus<20:08:29.104> uh<20:08:30.000> PE<20:08:30.296> AP<20:08:30.656> increases

one in the syllabus uh PE AP increases

one in the syllabus uh PE AP increases
the<20:08:31.744> protection<20:08:32.040> of<20:08:32.216> authentications<20:08:33.144> by

the protection of authentications by

the protection of authentications by
creating<20:08:34.800> a<20:08:34.976> protected<20:08:35.464> TLS<20:08:36.360> tunnel

creating a protected TLS tunnel

creating a protected TLS tunnel
and<20:08:38.464> within<20:08:38.760> the<20:08:38.872> tunnel<20:08:39.240> on<20:08:39.424> Authentication

and within the tunnel on Authentication

and within the tunnel on Authentication
Protocol<20:08:40.616> such<20:08:41.336> as<20:08:41.512> Ms<20:08:42.120> chat<20:08:42.480> version<20:08:42.720> 2<20:08:43.080> can

Protocol such as Ms chat version 2 can

Protocol such as Ms chat version 2 can
then<20:08:43.680> be<20:08:43.856> used

geofencing is a feature that is actually

geofencing is a feature that is actually
built<20:08:49.976> inside<20:08:50.104> software<20:08:50.696> so<20:08:50.936> you<20:08:51.120> don't

built inside software so you don't

built inside software so you don't
actually<20:08:51.424> have<20:08:51.784> it<20:08:52.016> running<20:08:52.680> on<20:08:53.040> its<20:08:53.280> own<20:08:53.336> it

actually have it running on its own it

actually have it running on its own it
uses<20:08:54.600> GPS<20:08:54.896> or<20:08:55.376> radio<20:08:55.616> to<20:08:56.104> Define<20:08:56.216> geographical

uses GPS or radio to Define geographical

uses GPS or radio to Define geographical
boundaries<20:08:57.536> I.E<20:08:58.440> who's<20:08:58.680> allowed<20:08:59.104> in<20:08:59.696> and<20:08:59.824> out

boundaries I.E who's allowed in and out

boundaries I.E who's allowed in and out
of<20:09:00.176> your<20:09:00.480> network<20:09:01.320> or<20:09:01.680> device

of your network or device

of your network or device
uh<20:09:03.360> triggers<20:09:03.896> this<20:09:04.376> default<20:09:04.680> the<20:09:04.856> triggers

uh triggers this default the triggers

uh triggers this default the triggers
defined<20:09:05.576> for<20:09:05.760> devices<20:09:06.320> entering<20:09:07.320> or<20:09:07.504> exiting

defined for devices entering or exiting

defined for devices entering or exiting
the<20:09:08.104> network<20:09:08.216> boundaries

the network boundaries

the network boundaries
all<20:09:10.856> right<20:09:10.920> so<20:09:11.104> just<20:09:11.400> some<20:09:11.640> of<20:09:11.760> the<20:09:11.824> we're

all right so just some of the we're

all right so just some of the we're
basically<20:09:12.360> hitting<20:09:12.656> some<20:09:12.784> of<20:09:12.896> the<20:09:13.016> syllabus

basically hitting some of the syllabus

basically hitting some of the syllabus
items<20:09:13.856> so<20:09:14.040> this<20:09:14.280> is<20:09:14.400> why<20:09:14.512> we<20:09:14.696> went<20:09:14.824> through

items so this is why we went through

items so this is why we went through
pretty<20:09:15.296> quick<20:09:15.744> uh<20:09:16.744> WPA<20:09:17.832> tkip

pretty quick uh WPA tkip

pretty quick uh WPA tkip
ccmp<20:09:20.720> EAP<20:09:21.720> and<20:09:22.680> GF<20:09:23.160> and<20:09:23.336> Tim

ccmp EAP and GF and Tim

ccmp EAP and GF and Tim
okay<20:09:25.144> that's<20:09:25.440> all<20:09:25.616> for<20:09:25.744> now<20:09:25.920> thanks<20:09:26.336> for

okay that's all for now thanks for

okay that's all for now thanks for
watching

Network Tools hardware troubleshooting

Network Tools hardware troubleshooting
tools

tools

tools
in<20:09:55.800> all<20:09:55.976> the<20:09:56.160> previous<20:09:56.336> lessons<20:09:57.000> we've<20:09:57.424> talked

in all the previous lessons we've talked

in all the previous lessons we've talked
about<20:09:57.784> a<20:09:58.144> lot<20:09:58.256> of<20:09:58.376> different<20:09:58.552> things<20:09:58.856> and<20:09:59.464> in

about a lot of different things and in

about a lot of different things and in
the<20:09:59.760> very<20:09:59.872> previous<20:10:00.056> lesson<20:10:00.480> we<20:10:00.600> talked<20:10:00.832> about

the very previous lesson we talked about

the very previous lesson we talked about
network<20:10:01.192> security<20:10:01.616> and<20:10:02.104> how<20:10:02.280> important<20:10:02.576> it<20:10:02.824> is

network security and how important it is

network security and how important it is
so<20:10:03.720> in<20:10:03.960> this<20:10:04.192> final<20:10:04.440> lesson<20:10:04.920> I<20:10:05.104> want<20:10:05.216> to<20:10:05.400> talk

so in this final lesson I want to talk

so in this final lesson I want to talk
briefly<20:10:06.176> about<20:10:06.720> some<20:10:07.080> of<20:10:07.192> the<20:10:07.440> network<20:10:07.616> tools

briefly about some of the network tools

briefly about some of the network tools
that<20:10:08.512> were<20:10:08.640> going<20:10:08.760> to<20:10:08.872> be<20:10:08.936> useful<20:10:09.240> when<20:10:09.480> we're

that were going to be useful when we're

that were going to be useful when we're
running<20:10:09.784> a<20:10:10.016> network<20:10:10.400> specifically<20:10:11.400> in<20:10:12.000> this

running a network specifically in this

running a network specifically in this
module<20:10:12.536> about<20:10:12.832> some<20:10:13.144> of<20:10:13.192> the<20:10:13.320> troubleshooting

module about some of the troubleshooting

module about some of the troubleshooting
tools<20:10:14.400> we're<20:10:15.120> going<20:10:15.296> to<20:10:15.360> start<20:10:15.536> off<20:10:15.784> by

tools we're going to start off by

tools we're going to start off by
discussing<20:10:17.104> the<20:10:17.760> general<20:10:17.936> top<20:10:18.480> topic<20:10:19.192> of

discussing the general top topic of

discussing the general top topic of
Hardware<20:10:20.120> diagnosis<20:10:21.120> and<20:10:21.424> troubleshooting

Hardware diagnosis and troubleshooting

Hardware diagnosis and troubleshooting
and<20:10:22.616> then<20:10:22.744> we're<20:10:22.856> going<20:10:22.976> to<20:10:23.040> move<20:10:23.160> on<20:10:23.336> to<20:10:23.512> talk

and then we're going to move on to talk

and then we're going to move on to talk
about<20:10:23.936> four<20:10:24.896> common<20:10:25.376> tools<20:10:25.856> that<20:10:26.104> are<20:10:26.280> used<20:10:26.464> in

about four common tools that are used in

about four common tools that are used in
troubleshooting<20:10:27.480> software<20:10:28.280> these<20:10:29.280> are<20:10:29.696> the

troubleshooting software these are the

troubleshooting software these are the
diagnostic<20:10:30.600> disk<20:10:31.280> multimeter<20:10:32.280> cable<20:10:33.056> testers

diagnostic disk multimeter cable testers

diagnostic disk multimeter cable testers
and<20:10:34.376> a<20:10:34.552> postcard<20:10:34.920> there<20:10:35.760> are<20:10:35.872> of<20:10:36.000> course<20:10:36.120> other

and a postcard there are of course other

and a postcard there are of course other
tools<20:10:37.144> however<20:10:38.040> these<20:10:38.400> are<20:10:38.464> some<20:10:38.696> of<20:10:38.824> the

tools however these are some of the

tools however these are some of the
major<20:10:39.120> ones<20:10:39.536> that<20:10:39.896> we<20:10:40.144> want<20:10:40.256> to<20:10:40.440> know

major ones that we want to know

major ones that we want to know
specifically<20:10:42.016> for<20:10:43.104> this<20:10:44.104> network<20:10:44.464> plus<20:10:44.760> exam

specifically for this network plus exam

specifically for this network plus exam
if<20:10:45.960> you<20:10:46.144> recall<20:10:46.440> very<20:10:46.680> early<20:10:46.856> we<20:10:47.216> talked<20:10:47.512> about

if you recall very early we talked about

if you recall very early we talked about
some<20:10:47.872> of<20:10:48.000> the<20:10:48.120> cable<20:10:48.360> tools<20:10:48.784> as<20:10:48.896> well<20:10:49.080> such<20:10:49.376> as

some of the cable tools as well such as

some of the cable tools as well such as
toner<20:10:49.976> probes<20:10:50.424> and<20:10:51.424> punch<20:10:51.784> down<20:10:52.080> tools<20:10:52.552> and

toner probes and punch down tools and

toner probes and punch down tools and
those<20:10:53.760> sort<20:10:54.296> of<20:10:54.424> fall<20:10:54.600> into<20:10:54.784> here<20:10:55.016> but<20:10:55.192> those

those sort of fall into here but those

those sort of fall into here but those
are<20:10:55.920> more<20:10:56.104> tools<20:10:56.464> that<20:10:56.576> we<20:10:56.696> use<20:10:56.872> to<20:10:57.240> create

are more tools that we use to create

are more tools that we use to create
cables<20:10:58.016> rather<20:10:58.496> than<20:10:58.680> ones<20:10:59.040> that<20:10:59.216> we're<20:10:59.280> going

cables rather than ones that we're going

cables rather than ones that we're going
to<20:10:59.512> do<20:10:59.640> troubleshooting<20:11:00.240> with

to do troubleshooting with

to do troubleshooting with
so<20:11:01.552> we've<20:11:01.856> briefly<20:11:02.104> discussed<20:11:02.640> Hardware<20:11:03.056> in

so we've briefly discussed Hardware in

so we've briefly discussed Hardware in
the<20:11:03.720> past<20:11:03.896> but<20:11:04.256> we<20:11:04.376> need<20:11:04.440> to<20:11:04.552> take<20:11:04.616> a<20:11:04.800> closer

the past but we need to take a closer

the past but we need to take a closer
look<20:11:05.216> at<20:11:05.400> it<20:11:05.512> for<20:11:05.824> the<20:11:05.936> sake<20:11:06.120> of<20:11:06.296> this<20:11:06.536> module

look at it for the sake of this module

look at it for the sake of this module
Hardware<20:11:07.976> is<20:11:08.336> a<20:11:08.512> term<20:11:08.696> that<20:11:09.480> refers<20:11:09.832> to<20:11:10.016> the

Hardware is a term that refers to the

Hardware is a term that refers to the
physical<20:11:10.440> components<20:11:11.216> of<20:11:11.336> a<20:11:11.512> computer<20:11:11.696> system

physical components of a computer system

physical components of a computer system
including<20:11:13.192> hard<20:11:13.440> drives<20:11:13.800> power<20:11:14.160> supplies<20:11:14.576> RAM

including hard drives power supplies RAM

including hard drives power supplies RAM
and<20:11:15.120> other<20:11:15.360> stuff<20:11:16.080> Hardware<20:11:16.496> unlike<20:11:17.104> software

and other stuff Hardware unlike software

and other stuff Hardware unlike software
it's<20:11:17.640> not<20:11:17.824> a<20:11:18.056> program<20:11:18.176> it<20:11:18.656> can't<20:11:18.960> be<20:11:19.144> installed

it's not a program it can't be installed

it's not a program it can't be installed
it<20:11:20.336> can<20:11:20.464> however<20:11:20.760> be<20:11:21.000> physically<20:11:21.480> placed<20:11:22.192> or

it can however be physically placed or

it can however be physically placed or
installed<20:11:22.920> or<20:11:23.216> changed<20:11:23.696> in<20:11:23.872> some<20:11:24.056> cases<20:11:24.424> but

installed or changed in some cases but

installed or changed in some cases but
this<20:11:25.192> generally<20:11:25.440> requires<20:11:25.920> taking<20:11:26.160> apart<20:11:26.512> the

this generally requires taking apart the

this generally requires taking apart the
unit<20:11:26.872> and<20:11:27.176> physically<20:11:27.536> installing<20:11:28.016> something

unit and physically installing something

unit and physically installing something
new<20:11:28.552> on<20:11:28.800> it<20:11:28.976> and<20:11:29.576> when<20:11:29.760> we're<20:11:29.936> talking<20:11:30.176> about<20:11:30.960> a

new on it and when we're talking about a

new on it and when we're talking about a
computer<20:11:31.320> I<20:11:31.744> just<20:11:31.856> want<20:11:32.040> to<20:11:32.104> point<20:11:32.216> out<20:11:32.400> that<20:11:32.696> a

computer I just want to point out that a

computer I just want to point out that a
router<20:11:33.360> a<20:11:33.600> switch<20:11:33.784> these<20:11:34.376> are<20:11:34.496> types<20:11:35.104> of

router a switch these are types of

router a switch these are types of
computers<20:11:35.640> a<20:11:35.936> printer<20:11:36.240> they<20:11:36.784> do<20:11:36.960> have

computers a printer they do have

computers a printer they do have
Hardware<20:11:37.856> inside<20:11:38.400> of<20:11:38.760> them<20:11:38.872> so<20:11:39.296> important

Hardware inside of them so important

Hardware inside of them so important
that<20:11:40.016> we<20:11:40.144> realize<20:11:40.440> this<20:11:40.800> term<20:11:40.920> is<20:11:41.216> really

that we realize this term is really

that we realize this term is really
all-encompassing<20:11:42.720> and<20:11:43.320> because<20:11:43.616> Hardware<20:11:44.160> is

all-encompassing and because Hardware is

all-encompassing and because Hardware is
made<20:11:44.872> up<20:11:45.000> of<20:11:45.360> physical<20:11:45.832> components<20:11:46.680> it

made up of physical components it

made up of physical components it
generally<20:11:47.512> takes<20:11:47.824> physical<20:11:48.120> tools<20:11:48.720> to

generally takes physical tools to

generally takes physical tools to
troubleshoot<20:11:49.440> them<20:11:49.616> by<20:11:50.280> saying<20:11:50.576> physical

troubleshoot them by saying physical

troubleshoot them by saying physical
tools<20:11:51.240> this<20:11:51.424> means<20:11:51.656> tools<20:11:52.016> that<20:11:52.256> physically

tools this means tools that physically

tools this means tools that physically
come<20:11:53.280> into<20:11:53.512> contact<20:11:53.872> with<20:11:54.424> the<20:11:54.656> hardware<20:11:54.832> in

come into contact with the hardware in

come into contact with the hardware in
order<20:11:55.504> to<20:11:55.680> test<20:11:55.920> it<20:11:56.104> now<20:11:57.056> some<20:11:57.296> of<20:11:57.480> the

order to test it now some of the

order to test it now some of the
hardware<20:11:57.896> troubleshooting<20:11:58.744> tools<20:11:59.040> can

hardware troubleshooting tools can

hardware troubleshooting tools can
actually<20:11:59.464> be<20:11:59.696> programs<20:12:00.240> that<20:12:00.360> run<20:12:00.536> on<20:12:00.720> the

actually be programs that run on the

actually be programs that run on the
computer<20:12:01.016> and<20:12:01.976> one<20:12:02.280> of<20:12:02.400> those<20:12:02.464> I'm<20:12:02.696> going<20:12:02.872> to

computer and one of those I'm going to

computer and one of those I'm going to
talk<20:12:03.120> about<20:12:03.296> in<20:12:03.656> this<20:12:03.832> module

talk about in this module

talk about in this module
so<20:12:05.760> this<20:12:06.536> non-physical<20:12:07.440> troubleshooting

so this non-physical troubleshooting

so this non-physical troubleshooting
tool<20:12:08.640> is<20:12:09.176> commonly<20:12:09.536> called<20:12:09.832> a<20:12:10.144> diagnostic<20:12:10.976> or

tool is commonly called a diagnostic or

tool is commonly called a diagnostic or
diagnosis<20:12:12.176> disk<20:12:12.656> this<20:12:13.504> is<20:12:13.680> common<20:12:14.104> software

diagnosis disk this is common software

diagnosis disk this is common software
that's<20:12:15.056> used<20:12:15.360> to<20:12:15.600> test<20:12:15.960> the<20:12:16.192> system's

that's used to test the system's

that's used to test the system's
Hardware<20:12:16.920> or<20:12:17.872> in<20:12:18.056> some<20:12:18.240> cases<20:12:18.600> the<20:12:18.960> router's

Hardware or in some cases the router's

Hardware or in some cases the router's
hardware<20:12:19.504> and<20:12:19.856> so<20:12:20.040> on<20:12:20.216> it<20:12:21.000> runs<20:12:21.296> a<20:12:21.360> series<20:12:21.536> of

hardware and so on it runs a series of

hardware and so on it runs a series of
tests<20:12:22.192> on<20:12:22.440> different<20:12:22.616> pieces<20:12:23.104> of<20:12:23.280> the

tests on different pieces of the

tests on different pieces of the
hardware<20:12:23.640> in<20:12:24.000> the<20:12:24.176> system<20:12:24.360> and<20:12:25.080> if<20:12:25.256> there<20:12:25.376> are

hardware in the system and if there are

hardware in the system and if there are
issues<20:12:25.800> that<20:12:25.920> need<20:12:26.104> to<20:12:26.160> be<20:12:26.280> fixed<20:12:26.640> it'll

issues that need to be fixed it'll

issues that need to be fixed it'll
notify<20:12:27.424> you<20:12:27.600> you<20:12:28.256> might<20:12:28.440> be<20:12:28.616> thinking<20:12:28.856> if<20:12:29.040> the

notify you you might be thinking if the

notify you you might be thinking if the
hardware<20:12:29.336> of<20:12:29.640> the<20:12:29.760> computer<20:12:29.872> is<20:12:30.120> meant

hardware of the computer is meant

hardware of the computer is meant
malfunctioning<20:12:31.320> how<20:12:32.104> can<20:12:32.280> you<20:12:32.400> run<20:12:32.576> a<20:12:32.760> disk

malfunctioning how can you run a disk

malfunctioning how can you run a disk
well<20:12:33.720> as<20:12:33.896> long<20:12:34.080> as<20:12:34.192> the<20:12:34.440> system's<20:12:34.920> clock

well as long as the system's clock

well as long as the system's clock
circuits<20:12:36.056> disk<20:12:36.896> drive<20:12:37.016> and<20:12:37.616> CPU<20:12:38.160> are

circuits disk drive and CPU are

circuits disk drive and CPU are
functioning<20:12:39.080> diagnostic<20:12:40.080> disk<20:12:40.440> can<20:12:40.616> be<20:12:40.800> used

functioning diagnostic disk can be used

functioning diagnostic disk can be used
so<20:12:41.872> again<20:12:42.056> it<20:12:42.480> does<20:12:42.656> require<20:12:43.080> CPU

the disk drive

the disk drive
or<20:12:49.440> the<20:12:49.744> USB<20:12:50.216> contact<20:12:50.576> whatever<20:12:51.176> it<20:12:51.536> is<20:12:51.720> that

or the USB contact whatever it is that

or the USB contact whatever it is that
is<20:12:52.616> going<20:12:52.856> to

is going to

is going to
contain<20:12:55.256> the<20:12:55.440> disk<20:12:55.856> or<20:12:56.696> we<20:12:56.824> should<20:12:57.000> say

contain the disk or we should say

contain the disk or we should say
perhaps<20:12:57.720> disk<20:12:58.256> in<20:12:58.496> some<20:12:58.616> cases

perhaps disk in some cases

perhaps disk in some cases
and

and

and
clock<20:13:03.120> circuits

clock circuits

clock circuits
which<20:13:06.056> are<20:13:06.296> the<20:13:06.536> circuits<20:13:06.960> that<20:13:07.080> allow<20:13:07.376> the

which are the circuits that allow the

which are the circuits that allow the
CPU<20:13:08.040> to<20:13:08.400> run

CPU to run

CPU to run
now<20:13:09.600> I<20:13:09.720> just<20:13:09.832> made<20:13:10.016> the<20:13:10.144> C<20:13:10.320> right<20:13:10.552> here<20:13:10.800> because

now I just made the C right here because

now I just made the C right here because
a<20:13:11.512> disk<20:13:11.872> with<20:13:12.600> a<20:13:12.832> K<20:13:13.016> it's<20:13:13.504> like<20:13:13.680> a<20:13:13.856> hard<20:13:13.976> disk

a disk with a K it's like a hard disk

a disk with a K it's like a hard disk
like<20:13:15.120> USB<20:13:15.600> drives<20:13:15.960> flash<20:13:16.192> drives<20:13:16.616> a<20:13:17.216> disk<20:13:17.464> with

like USB drives flash drives a disk with

like USB drives flash drives a disk with
a<20:13:17.824> C

a C

a C
is<20:13:19.616> Optical

now in general these disks aren't going

now in general these disks aren't going
to<20:13:26.640> State<20:13:26.824> what<20:13:27.240> the<20:13:27.480> problem<20:13:27.720> is<20:13:28.256> they're

to State what the problem is they're

to State what the problem is they're
just<20:13:29.216> going<20:13:29.336> to<20:13:29.464> say<20:13:29.576> that<20:13:29.824> there<20:13:30.056> is

just going to say that there is

just going to say that there is
something<20:13:30.536> malfunctioning<20:13:31.376> and<20:13:31.616> then<20:13:31.800> it's

something malfunctioning and then it's

something malfunctioning and then it's
your<20:13:32.216> job<20:13:32.400> to<20:13:32.696> actually<20:13:32.872> take<20:13:33.240> that

your job to actually take that

your job to actually take that
information<20:13:33.744> and<20:13:34.744> relate<20:13:35.104> it<20:13:35.216> into<20:13:35.336> something

information and relate it into something

information and relate it into something
useful

useful

useful
they<20:13:37.680> usually<20:13:37.976> do<20:13:38.280> this<20:13:38.464> by<20:13:38.824> producing<20:13:39.296> a<20:13:39.600> list

they usually do this by producing a list

they usually do this by producing a list
of<20:13:40.552> all<20:13:40.800> the<20:13:40.920> different<20:13:41.040> Hardware<20:13:41.336> components

of all the different Hardware components

of all the different Hardware components
and<20:13:42.536> basically<20:13:42.896> saying<20:13:43.256> which<20:13:43.440> of<20:13:43.616> them<20:13:43.744> is

and basically saying which of them is

and basically saying which of them is
malfunctioning<20:13:44.640> the<20:13:45.296> course<20:13:45.424> of<20:13:45.656> action<20:13:45.896> is

malfunctioning the course of action is

malfunctioning the course of action is
then<20:13:46.320> up<20:13:46.496> to<20:13:46.616> whomever<20:13:47.040> is<20:13:47.336> going<20:13:47.512> to

then up to whomever is going to

then up to whomever is going to
physically<20:13:48.056> make<20:13:48.240> repairs<20:13:48.784> or<20:13:48.960> test<20:13:49.192> for<20:13:49.552> more

physically make repairs or test for more

physically make repairs or test for more
this<20:13:50.640> person<20:13:50.872> is<20:13:51.176> usually<20:13:51.424> the<20:13:51.600> administrator

this person is usually the administrator

this person is usually the administrator
or<20:13:52.440> an<20:13:52.552> I.T<20:13:52.800> consultant<20:13:53.400> or<20:13:54.296> specifically

or an I.T consultant or specifically

or an I.T consultant or specifically
someone<20:13:55.192> who's<20:13:55.552> been<20:13:55.800> sent<20:13:56.104> out<20:13:56.336> by<20:13:56.936> the

someone who's been sent out by the

someone who's been sent out by the
manufacturer<20:13:57.896> there<20:13:58.440> are<20:13:58.552> a<20:13:58.616> number<20:13:58.744> of<20:13:58.800> tools

manufacturer there are a number of tools

manufacturer there are a number of tools
that<20:13:59.280> they<20:13:59.400> can<20:13:59.512> use<20:13:59.696> to<20:13:59.936> diagnose<20:14:00.536> once<20:14:01.440> they

that they can use to diagnose once they

that they can use to diagnose once they
know<20:14:01.680> what<20:14:02.040> part<20:14:02.336> is<20:14:02.824> malfunctioning<20:14:03.536> a

know what part is malfunctioning a

know what part is malfunctioning a
multimeter<20:14:05.104> is<20:14:05.512> one<20:14:05.640> of<20:14:05.760> the<20:14:05.824> most<20:14:05.936> common

multimeter is one of the most common

multimeter is one of the most common
tools<20:14:06.720> that<20:14:06.896> we<20:14:07.016> see<20:14:07.144> in<20:14:07.320> the<20:14:07.440> field<20:14:07.552> of

tools that we see in the field of

tools that we see in the field of
electrical<20:14:08.336> work<20:14:08.576> and<20:14:09.000> hardware

electrical work and hardware

electrical work and hardware
troubleshooting

troubleshooting

troubleshooting
it's<20:14:11.936> used<20:14:12.176> to<20:14:12.424> test<20:14:12.600> circuits<20:14:13.320> outlets<20:14:13.976> and

it's used to test circuits outlets and

it's used to test circuits outlets and
other<20:14:14.576> electrical<20:14:15.120> components<20:14:15.720> of<20:14:15.960> most

other electrical components of most

other electrical components of most
devices<20:14:16.616> now<20:14:17.400> there<20:14:17.576> are<20:14:17.760> very<20:14:17.872> different

devices now there are very different

devices now there are very different
types<20:14:18.656> of<20:14:18.784> multimeters<20:14:19.504> out<20:14:19.680> there<20:14:19.856> but<20:14:20.400> they

types of multimeters out there but they

types of multimeters out there but they
all<20:14:20.824> generally<20:14:21.240> test<20:14:21.536> for<20:14:21.832> the<20:14:22.016> same<20:14:22.144> thing

all generally test for the same thing

all generally test for the same thing
they<20:14:24.056> measure<20:14:24.360> electrical<20:14:25.080> current

they measure electrical current

they measure electrical current
resistance<20:14:26.872> and<20:14:27.720> wattage<20:14:28.144> or<20:14:28.376> voltage<20:14:28.800> rather

resistance and wattage or voltage rather

resistance and wattage or voltage rather
current<20:14:30.176> is<20:14:30.656> generally<20:14:31.016> going<20:14:31.376> to<20:14:31.680> be

current is generally going to be

current is generally going to be
measured<20:14:33.000> in<20:14:33.120> watts

measured in watts

measured in watts
resistance<20:14:35.040> in<20:14:35.512> ohms

resistance in ohms

resistance in ohms
and<20:14:37.144> voltage

and voltage

and voltage
in<20:14:39.600> volts

in volts

in volts
in<20:14:41.040> the<20:14:41.104> case<20:14:41.216> of<20:14:41.400> a<20:14:41.576> hardware

in the case of a hardware

in the case of a hardware
troubleshooting<20:14:42.600> the<20:14:43.080> voltage<20:14:43.440> and

troubleshooting the voltage and

troubleshooting the voltage and
resistance<20:14:44.464> functions<20:14:45.056> are<20:14:45.832> actually<20:14:46.016> going

resistance functions are actually going

resistance functions are actually going
to<20:14:46.376> matter<20:14:46.496> the<20:14:46.920> most

to matter the most

to matter the most
may<20:14:48.832> tell<20:14:49.016> us<20:14:49.192> information<20:14:49.464> about<20:14:50.464> say<20:14:50.760> the

may tell us information about say the

may tell us information about say the
power<20:14:51.176> supply<20:14:51.976> or<20:14:52.976> the<20:14:53.760> wall<20:14:53.936> socket<20:14:54.424> that's

power supply or the wall socket that's

power supply or the wall socket that's
plugging<20:14:55.016> into

plugging into

plugging into
now<20:14:56.336> the<20:14:56.640> only<20:14:56.760> times<20:14:57.000> that<20:14:57.360> you're<20:14:57.536> really

now the only times that you're really

now the only times that you're really
going<20:14:57.960> to<20:14:58.144> see<20:14:58.320> or<20:14:58.680> use<20:14:59.040> a<20:14:59.872> Multimeter

going to see or use a Multimeter

going to see or use a Multimeter
to<20:15:01.680> be<20:15:01.800> helpful<20:15:02.040> for<20:15:02.280> troubleshooting<20:15:02.824> is

to be helpful for troubleshooting is

to be helpful for troubleshooting is
when<20:15:03.056> we're<20:15:03.176> talking<20:15:03.360> about<20:15:03.536> power<20:15:03.960> supplies

when we're talking about power supplies

when we're talking about power supplies
and<20:15:05.824> fuses<20:15:06.480> which<20:15:07.080> are<20:15:07.256> also<20:15:07.552> related

and fuses which are also related

and fuses which are also related
anything<20:15:09.600> that<20:15:09.832> has<20:15:09.960> to<20:15:10.144> do<20:15:10.256> directly<20:15:10.616> with

anything that has to do directly with

anything that has to do directly with
the<20:15:11.216> electrical<20:15:11.696> on<20:15:12.176> the<20:15:12.296> OSI<20:15:12.656> model<20:15:12.896> what

the electrical on the OSI model what

the electrical on the OSI model what
we're<20:15:13.320> looking<20:15:13.440> at<20:15:13.616> here<20:15:13.856> is<20:15:14.160> layer<20:15:14.872> one<20:15:15.000> the

we're looking at here is layer one the

we're looking at here is layer one the
physical<20:15:15.720> layer

physical layer

physical layer
voltage<20:15:18.000> tests<20:15:18.480> are<20:15:18.656> important<20:15:18.960> because<20:15:19.144> they

voltage tests are important because they

voltage tests are important because they
can<20:15:19.504> see<20:15:19.744> if<20:15:20.464> the<20:15:20.696> power<20:15:20.824> supply<20:15:21.120> of<20:15:21.480> a

can see if the power supply of a

can see if the power supply of a
computer<20:15:21.832> or<20:15:22.192> device<20:15:22.496> is<20:15:22.976> actually<20:15:23.160> receiving

computer or device is actually receiving

computer or device is actually receiving
power<20:15:24.000> the<20:15:24.720> multimeter<20:15:25.320> shows<20:15:25.504> there's<20:15:25.680> no

power the multimeter shows there's no

power the multimeter shows there's no
voltage<20:15:26.336> and<20:15:26.872> the<20:15:27.056> power<20:15:27.176> supply<20:15:27.480> is<20:15:27.784> probably

voltage and the power supply is probably

voltage and the power supply is probably
malfunctioning<20:15:28.856> the<20:15:29.576> resistance<20:15:30.000> function

malfunctioning the resistance function

malfunctioning the resistance function
is<20:15:30.656> used<20:15:30.832> to<20:15:31.080> test<20:15:31.256> fuses<20:15:31.976> if<20:15:32.640> the<20:15:32.760> fuse<20:15:33.000> is

is used to test fuses if the fuse is

is used to test fuses if the fuse is
blown<20:15:33.536> or<20:15:33.720> faulty<20:15:34.080> needs<20:15:34.440> to<20:15:34.496> be<20:15:34.616> replaced<20:15:35.104> the

blown or faulty needs to be replaced the

blown or faulty needs to be replaced the
multimeter<20:15:36.120> is<20:15:36.176> going<20:15:36.296> to<20:15:36.424> tell<20:15:36.536> us<20:15:36.720> this<20:15:37.080> by

multimeter is going to tell us this by

multimeter is going to tell us this by
the<20:15:37.552> resistance

the resistance

the resistance
so<20:15:39.720> this<20:15:40.080> is<20:15:40.256> sort<20:15:40.496> of<20:15:40.616> what<20:15:41.280> a<20:15:41.512> multimeter

so this is sort of what a multimeter

so this is sort of what a multimeter
looks<20:15:42.536> like<20:15:42.720> this<20:15:43.552> one<20:15:43.680> would<20:15:43.856> be<20:15:44.040> considered

looks like this one would be considered

looks like this one would be considered
analog<20:15:45.056> because<20:15:45.424> you<20:15:45.656> can<20:15:45.784> see<20:15:45.960> right<20:15:46.256> here<20:15:46.496> it

analog because you can see right here it

analog because you can see right here it
has<20:15:47.896> a

has a

has a
basically<20:15:50.576> a<20:15:50.760> doesn't<20:15:51.120> have<20:15:51.360> a<20:15:51.656> digital

basically a doesn't have a digital

basically a doesn't have a digital
output<20:15:53.160> it's<20:15:53.576> going<20:15:53.824> to<20:15:53.936> measure<20:15:54.240> it<20:15:54.360> with

output it's going to measure it with

output it's going to measure it with
this

this

this
um arm<20:15:56.400> here<20:15:56.696> that<20:15:57.120> will<20:15:57.296> move<20:15:57.600> and<20:15:58.192> then<20:15:58.320> you

um arm here that will move and then you

um arm here that will move and then you
can<20:15:58.552> read<20:15:58.800> it<20:15:58.976> based<20:15:59.336> on<20:15:59.400> the<20:15:59.576> numbers<20:15:59.824> that

can read it based on the numbers that

can read it based on the numbers that
are<20:16:00.600> above<20:16:01.080> there<20:16:01.744> are<20:16:01.920> as<20:16:02.104> well<20:16:02.280> digital

are above there are as well digital

are above there are as well digital
multimeters<20:16:04.080> but<20:16:04.856> either<20:16:05.400> way<20:16:05.640> they're<20:16:06.240> all

multimeters but either way they're all

multimeters but either way they're all
going<20:16:06.600> to<20:16:06.784> have<20:16:07.016> two<20:16:07.440> probes<20:16:07.976> which<20:16:08.280> are

going to have two probes which are

going to have two probes which are
generally<20:16:08.760> black<20:16:09.120> and<20:16:09.360> red<20:16:09.536> the<20:16:10.376> black<20:16:10.616> road

generally black and red the black road

generally black and red the black road
probe<20:16:12.000> rather<20:16:12.296> is<20:16:12.536> usually<20:16:12.832> either<20:16:13.080> for<20:16:13.376> the

probe rather is usually either for the

probe rather is usually either for the
ground<20:16:13.872> or<20:16:14.872> the<20:16:15.176> negative

ground or the negative

ground or the negative
and<20:16:17.160> the<20:16:17.400> red<20:16:17.576> just<20:16:17.824> like<20:16:17.936> on<20:16:18.120> your<20:16:18.296> car<20:16:18.480> is

and the red just like on your car is

and the red just like on your car is
going<20:16:19.144> to<20:16:19.320> be

going to be

going to be
for<20:16:21.240> positive<20:16:21.832> the<20:16:22.744> dial<20:16:22.920> in<20:16:23.336> the<20:16:23.464> middle<20:16:23.640> is

for positive the dial in the middle is

for positive the dial in the middle is
going<20:16:24.600> to<20:16:24.784> be<20:16:24.896> to<20:16:25.376> test<20:16:25.616> to<20:16:26.464> determine<20:16:26.824> what

going to be to test to determine what

going to be to test to determine what
you're<20:16:27.120> going<20:16:27.296> to<20:16:27.360> test<20:16:27.600> for<20:16:27.896> are<20:16:28.744> you<20:16:28.856> going

you're going to test for are you going

you're going to test for are you going
to<20:16:28.976> test<20:16:29.104> your<20:16:29.280> voltage<20:16:29.760> are<20:16:30.360> you<20:16:30.600> going<20:16:30.656> to

to test your voltage are you going to

to test your voltage are you going to
test<20:16:30.832> for<20:16:31.080> ohms<20:16:31.744> are<20:16:32.640> you<20:16:32.760> going<20:16:32.824> to<20:16:32.936> test<20:16:33.120> for

test for ohms are you going to test for

test for ohms are you going to test for
wattage<20:16:34.856> etc<20:16:35.400> etc

wattage etc etc

wattage etc etc
by<20:16:36.656> the<20:16:36.832> way<20:16:36.896> the<20:16:37.256> reason<20:16:37.376> it's<20:16:37.552> called<20:16:37.800> a

by the way the reason it's called a

by the way the reason it's called a
multimeter<20:16:38.872> is<20:16:39.296> because<20:16:39.480> it<20:16:39.832> has<20:16:40.080> a<20:16:40.680> volt

multimeter is because it has a volt

multimeter is because it has a volt
meter<20:16:41.400> in<20:16:41.824> it

meter in it

meter in it
it<20:16:43.616> has<20:16:43.920> a

it has a

it has a
ohm<20:16:46.016> meter<20:16:46.192> in<20:16:46.440> it<20:16:46.920> Etc

ohm meter in it Etc

ohm meter in it Etc
so<20:16:49.080> we<20:16:49.256> combine<20:16:49.616> all<20:16:49.920> of<20:16:50.040> these<20:16:50.336> into<20:16:50.760> one

so we combine all of these into one

so we combine all of these into one
device<20:16:51.240> which<20:16:51.600> is<20:16:51.720> called<20:16:51.960> a<20:16:52.192> multimeter<20:16:52.856> this

device which is called a multimeter this

device which is called a multimeter this
probably<20:16:53.400> looks<20:16:53.696> familiar<20:16:54.000> if<20:16:54.656> you<20:16:55.016> have

probably looks familiar if you have

probably looks familiar if you have
already<20:16:55.800> taken<20:16:56.216> the<20:16:56.336> a<20:16:56.464> plus<20:16:56.696> exam

already taken the a plus exam

already taken the a plus exam
now<20:16:58.376> out<20:16:58.616> of<20:16:58.744> all<20:16:58.920> the<20:16:59.040> hardware<20:16:59.216> failures

now out of all the hardware failures

now out of all the hardware failures
that<20:17:00.056> can<20:17:00.176> happen<20:17:00.360> the<20:17:00.656> one<20:17:00.784> that's<20:17:00.960> most

that can happen the one that's most

that can happen the one that's most
common<20:17:01.440> has<20:17:01.856> the<20:17:02.104> biggest<20:17:02.216> effect<20:17:02.512> on<20:17:02.760> the

common has the biggest effect on the

common has the biggest effect on the
network<20:17:03.056> is<20:17:03.784> cable<20:17:04.144> failure<20:17:04.616> this<20:17:05.160> type<20:17:05.280> of

network is cable failure this type of

network is cable failure this type of
thing<20:17:05.512> happens<20:17:05.696> all<20:17:06.000> the<20:17:06.120> time<20:17:06.240> and<20:17:06.480> there<20:17:06.656> are

thing happens all the time and there are

thing happens all the time and there are
tools<20:17:07.144> that<20:17:07.320> are<20:17:07.440> created<20:17:07.744> to<20:17:07.976> help<20:17:08.104> with<20:17:08.336> this

tools that are created to help with this

tools that are created to help with this
problem

problem

problem
cable<20:17:09.896> testers<20:17:10.496> are<20:17:10.856> generally<20:17:11.216> hand<20:17:11.824> held

cable testers are generally hand held

cable testers are generally hand held
devices<20:17:13.016> that<20:17:13.744> are<20:17:13.856> meant<20:17:14.160> to<20:17:14.400> test<20:17:14.640> cable

devices that are meant to test cable

devices that are meant to test cable
connectivity<20:17:15.832> they<20:17:16.680> test<20:17:16.920> to<20:17:17.160> make<20:17:17.400> sure<20:17:17.640> that

connectivity they test to make sure that

connectivity they test to make sure that
the<20:17:18.056> data<20:17:18.424> is<20:17:18.656> being<20:17:18.896> communicated<20:17:19.440> through

the data is being communicated through

the data is being communicated through
these<20:17:19.920> cables<20:17:20.336> properly

these cables properly

these cables properly
and<20:17:22.856> there<20:17:23.160> are<20:17:23.280> a<20:17:23.336> few<20:17:23.464> main<20:17:23.696> types<20:17:24.176> of<20:17:24.536> cable

and there are a few main types of cable

and there are a few main types of cable
testers

testers

testers
continuity<20:17:27.120> testers<20:17:27.656> are<20:17:28.376> the<20:17:28.616> least

continuity testers are the least

continuity testers are the least
expensive<20:17:29.512> kind<20:17:29.936> and<20:17:30.480> all<20:17:30.720> they<20:17:30.896> do<20:17:31.080> is<20:17:31.320> test

expensive kind and all they do is test

expensive kind and all they do is test
for<20:17:31.920> a<20:17:32.160> broken<20:17:32.280> cable<20:17:32.784> basically<20:17:33.784> they<20:17:34.016> tell

for a broken cable basically they tell

for a broken cable basically they tell
you<20:17:34.376> if<20:17:35.104> there<20:17:35.280> is<20:17:35.400> continuity<20:17:36.056> in<20:17:36.424> the<20:17:36.600> line

you if there is continuity in the line

you if there is continuity in the line
data<20:17:38.336> cabling<20:17:38.696> testers<20:17:39.240> are<20:17:39.784> a<20:17:40.016> bit<20:17:40.144> more

data cabling testers are a bit more

data cabling testers are a bit more
expensive<20:17:40.920> they<20:17:41.576> can<20:17:41.760> actually<20:17:41.936> test<20:17:42.360> broken

expensive they can actually test broken

expensive they can actually test broken
cables<20:17:43.320> and<20:17:43.680> properly<20:17:44.040> Twisted<20:17:44.576> cables

cables and properly Twisted cables

cables and properly Twisted cables
shorted<20:17:46.016> connections<20:17:46.552> and<20:17:46.680> more<20:17:46.856> they'll

shorted connections and more they'll

shorted connections and more they'll
tell<20:17:47.872> you<20:17:48.000> what<20:17:48.424> pins<20:17:48.832> within<20:17:49.744> the<20:17:49.920> cable

tell you what pins within the cable

tell you what pins within the cable
are<20:17:52.680> faulty

finally there are things called time

finally there are things called time
domain<20:17:58.496> reflectors<20:17:59.040> or<20:17:59.400> tdrs<20:18:00.120> they're<20:18:00.656> the

domain reflectors or tdrs they're the

domain reflectors or tdrs they're the
most<20:18:01.256> expensive<20:18:02.104> out<20:18:02.512> of<20:18:02.696> the<20:18:02.824> three<20:18:03.120> so<20:18:04.016> as<20:18:04.192> we

most expensive out of the three so as we

most expensive out of the three so as we
move<20:18:04.616> we're<20:18:05.040> going<20:18:05.216> from

move we're going from

move we're going from
less

less

less
to<20:18:09.656> more<20:18:09.832> they<20:18:10.552> test<20:18:10.744> exactly<20:18:11.336> where<20:18:11.576> a<20:18:11.824> break

to more they test exactly where a break

to more they test exactly where a break
or<20:18:12.240> issue<20:18:12.600> is<20:18:12.832> and<20:18:13.080> the<20:18:13.192> cable<20:18:13.320> can<20:18:13.800> be<20:18:13.920> found

or issue is and the cable can be found

or issue is and the cable can be found
so<20:18:14.824> they<20:18:14.936> do<20:18:15.056> this<20:18:15.176> by<20:18:15.360> sending<20:18:15.720> basically<20:18:16.016> out

so they do this by sending basically out

so they do this by sending basically out
a<20:18:16.376> signal<20:18:16.680> and<20:18:17.040> they<20:18:17.216> wait<20:18:17.400> to<20:18:17.576> see<20:18:17.824> how<20:18:18.240> long

a signal and they wait to see how long

a signal and they wait to see how long
that<20:18:19.320> signal<20:18:19.744> if<20:18:20.216> I<20:18:20.336> have<20:18:20.464> a<20:18:20.576> signal

that signal if I have a signal

that signal if I have a signal
let's<20:18:22.016> say<20:18:22.144> we<20:18:22.320> make<20:18:22.552> a<20:18:22.800> little<20:18:22.856> chord<20:18:23.160> here

let's say we make a little chord here

let's say we make a little chord here
and<20:18:25.192> I<20:18:25.320> have<20:18:25.440> my<20:18:25.616> time<20:18:25.800> domain<20:18:26.336> reflector

and I have my time domain reflector

and I have my time domain reflector
connected<20:18:27.480> over<20:18:27.656> here<20:18:27.896> it's<20:18:28.496> going<20:18:28.744> to<20:18:28.856> send<20:18:29.040> a

connected over here it's going to send a

connected over here it's going to send a
signal<20:18:29.576> out

signal out

signal out
and<20:18:31.080> it's<20:18:31.320> going<20:18:31.552> to<20:18:31.800> wait<20:18:32.400> and<20:18:33.120> see

and it's going to wait and see

and it's going to wait and see
how<20:18:35.936> long<20:18:36.056> it<20:18:36.296> takes<20:18:36.536> before<20:18:36.832> it's<20:18:37.144> reflected

how long it takes before it's reflected

how long it takes before it's reflected
back

then they convert this time into a

then they convert this time into a
distance<20:18:42.832> so<20:18:43.192> they<20:18:43.376> know<20:18:43.504> how<20:18:44.040> far<20:18:44.400> along<20:18:44.696> the

distance so they know how far along the

distance so they know how far along the
cable<20:18:45.240> error<20:18:45.656> was<20:18:45.784> found<20:18:45.960> this<20:18:46.744> way<20:18:46.976> they<20:18:47.160> can

cable error was found this way they can

cable error was found this way they can
literally<20:18:47.576> tell<20:18:47.872> us<20:18:48.056> where

literally tell us where

literally tell us where
the<20:18:50.216> problem<20:18:50.336> took<20:18:50.696> place<20:18:51.000> and<20:18:51.784> help<20:18:52.016> us<20:18:52.144> fix

the problem took place and help us fix

the problem took place and help us fix
the<20:18:52.800> problem<20:18:53.040> at<20:18:53.464> its<20:18:53.760> source<20:18:54.056> as<20:18:54.600> opposed<20:18:54.896> to

the problem at its source as opposed to

the problem at its source as opposed to
us<20:18:55.144> having<20:18:55.440> to<20:18:55.856> sort<20:18:56.216> of<20:18:56.280> try<20:18:56.464> to<20:18:56.576> find<20:18:56.760> this

us having to sort of try to find this

us having to sort of try to find this
blindly<20:18:58.016> the<20:18:58.976> last<20:18:59.104> thing<20:18:59.400> I<20:18:59.576> want<20:18:59.696> to<20:18:59.824> talk

blindly the last thing I want to talk

blindly the last thing I want to talk
about<20:19:00.056> we<20:19:00.424> talked<20:19:00.656> about<20:19:00.720> this<20:19:00.960> in<20:19:01.080> a<20:19:01.256> plus<20:19:01.440> as

about we talked about this in a plus as

about we talked about this in a plus as
well<20:19:01.856> is<20:19:02.512> postcards<20:19:03.480> post<20:19:04.440> stands<20:19:05.040> for<20:19:05.280> power

well is postcards post stands for power

well is postcards post stands for power
on

on

on
self-test<20:19:08.464> and<20:19:08.872> you<20:19:09.000> might<20:19:09.120> remember<20:19:09.240> this

self-test and you might remember this

self-test and you might remember this
from<20:19:09.832> the<20:19:10.080> beep<20:19:10.376> that<20:19:10.680> you<20:19:10.800> get<20:19:10.920> at<20:19:11.280> the<20:19:11.400> very

from the beep that you get at the very

from the beep that you get at the very
beginning<20:19:11.824> when<20:19:12.296> your<20:19:12.480> computer<20:19:12.656> starts<20:19:13.320> up

beginning when your computer starts up

beginning when your computer starts up
this<20:19:14.760> card<20:19:15.000> is<20:19:15.424> inserted<20:19:16.016> into<20:19:16.192> a<20:19:16.552> slot<20:19:16.920> of<20:19:17.280> a

this card is inserted into a slot of a

this card is inserted into a slot of a
device<20:19:17.640> and<20:19:18.600> it<20:19:18.784> can<20:19:19.016> tell<20:19:19.320> us<20:19:19.576> what<20:19:20.576> is<20:19:20.824> not

device and it can tell us what is not

device and it can tell us what is not
working<20:19:21.480> in<20:19:22.376> the<20:19:22.552> in<20:19:23.040> the<20:19:23.336> system<20:19:23.512> by<20:19:24.176> giving

working in the in the system by giving

working in the in the system by giving
us<20:19:24.656> generally<20:19:25.216> a<20:19:26.216> sort<20:19:26.640> of<20:19:26.824> code<20:19:27.360> called<20:19:28.144> a

us generally a sort of code called a

us generally a sort of code called a
postcode<20:19:29.424> sometimes<20:19:30.424> this<20:19:31.080> is<20:19:31.192> a<20:19:31.440> beep<20:19:31.744> code

postcode sometimes this is a beep code

postcode sometimes this is a beep code
as<20:19:32.336> well

as well

as well
generally<20:19:33.832> speaking<20:19:34.320> you<20:19:34.744> have<20:19:34.920> to<20:19:35.160> relate

generally speaking you have to relate

generally speaking you have to relate
the<20:19:36.000> code<20:19:36.504> to<20:19:37.504> a<20:19:37.800> manual<20:19:38.400> to<20:19:38.872> figure<20:19:39.000> out<20:19:39.296> what

the code to a manual to figure out what

the code to a manual to figure out what
it's<20:19:39.720> telling<20:19:40.144> us

it's telling us

it's telling us
these<20:19:41.872> cards<20:19:42.120> are<20:19:42.240> really<20:19:42.360> beneficial

these cards are really beneficial

these cards are really beneficial
because<20:19:43.320> they<20:19:43.744> allow<20:19:44.040> us<20:19:44.160> to<20:19:44.400> test<20:19:44.640> a

because they allow us to test a

because they allow us to test a
non-starting<20:19:45.720> system<20:19:45.960> without<20:19:46.744> having<20:19:47.104> to

non-starting system without having to

non-starting system without having to
start<20:19:47.640> from<20:19:47.936> scratch<20:19:48.176> and<20:19:48.424> restore<20:19:48.784> the

start from scratch and restore the

start from scratch and restore the
entire<20:19:49.256> thing<20:19:49.552> in<20:19:50.280> other<20:19:50.400> words<20:19:50.576> they<20:19:50.872> can

entire thing in other words they can

entire thing in other words they can
test<20:19:51.120> the<20:19:51.360> system<20:19:51.600> that<20:19:52.256> would<20:19:52.440> otherwise

test the system that would otherwise

test the system that would otherwise
have<20:19:53.280> to<20:19:53.400> be<20:19:53.576> restored<20:19:54.000> to<20:19:54.240> a<20:19:54.480> previous

have to be restored to a previous

have to be restored to a previous
version<20:19:55.144> or<20:19:55.800> which<20:19:56.104> we'd<20:19:56.400> have<20:19:56.512> to<20:19:56.640> rebuild<20:19:57.056> so

version or which we'd have to rebuild so

version or which we'd have to rebuild so
the<20:19:58.016> cards<20:19:58.320> run<20:19:58.496> the<20:19:58.744> tests<20:19:59.104> while<20:19:59.400> the<20:19:59.640> system

the cards run the tests while the system

the cards run the tests while the system
is<20:20:00.056> attempting<20:20:00.480> to<20:20:00.656> start<20:20:00.832> up<20:20:01.144> and<20:20:01.920> gives<20:20:02.160> us

is attempting to start up and gives us

is attempting to start up and gives us
this<20:20:02.760> beep<20:20:03.240> code<20:20:03.480> or<20:20:03.720> this<20:20:04.080> error<20:20:04.496> code

this beep code or this error code

this beep code or this error code
then<20:20:05.760> we<20:20:06.056> can<20:20:06.176> go<20:20:06.424> to<20:20:06.600> the<20:20:06.832> code

then we can go to the code

then we can go to the code
look<20:20:08.216> at<20:20:08.400> a<20:20:08.576> list<20:20:08.760> and<20:20:09.000> determine<20:20:09.360> where<20:20:09.600> the

look at a list and determine where the

look at a list and determine where the
problem<20:20:10.016> is<20:20:10.256> for<20:20:10.856> instance<20:20:11.104> perhaps<20:20:11.464> the<20:20:11.696> ram

problem is for instance perhaps the ram

problem is for instance perhaps the ram
is<20:20:12.120> bad<20:20:12.424> or<20:20:13.192> is<20:20:13.552> not<20:20:13.800> just<20:20:13.920> not<20:20:14.104> seated

is bad or is not just not seated

is bad or is not just not seated
properly<20:20:14.872> or<20:20:15.360> perhaps<20:20:15.656> it's<20:20:15.832> not<20:20:15.960> able<20:20:16.192> to

properly or perhaps it's not able to

properly or perhaps it's not able to
find<20:20:16.496> its<20:20:16.856> firmware

find its firmware

find its firmware
so<20:20:19.440> just<20:20:19.552> to<20:20:19.744> recap<20:20:20.040> we<20:20:20.336> talked<20:20:20.640> about

so just to recap we talked about

so just to recap we talked about
hardware<20:20:21.176> troubleshooting<20:20:22.016> again<20:20:22.192> Hardware

hardware troubleshooting again Hardware

hardware troubleshooting again Hardware
is<20:20:23.040> the<20:20:23.216> hard<20:20:23.400> stuff<20:20:23.696> not<20:20:24.360> software<20:20:24.832> we

is the hard stuff not software we

is the hard stuff not software we
physically<20:20:25.976> have<20:20:26.280> to<20:20:26.400> deal<20:20:26.576> with<20:20:26.824> it<20:20:27.000> and<20:20:27.832> some

physically have to deal with it and some

physically have to deal with it and some
of<20:20:28.144> the<20:20:28.256> common<20:20:28.376> tools<20:20:28.800> we<20:20:28.976> looked<20:20:29.280> at<20:20:29.336> were<20:20:29.640> a

of the common tools we looked at were a

of the common tools we looked at were a
diagnostic<20:20:30.480> disk<20:20:30.960> which<20:20:31.616> generally<20:20:31.976> is<20:20:32.280> just

diagnostic disk which generally is just

diagnostic disk which generally is just
going<20:20:32.640> to<20:20:32.824> tell<20:20:32.936> us<20:20:33.144> which<20:20:34.144> item

and remember a diagnostic disk is in

and remember a diagnostic disk is in
effect

effect

effect
piece<20:20:47.040> of<20:20:47.104> software

piece of software

piece of software
we<20:20:49.016> also<20:20:49.320> looked<20:20:49.504> at<20:20:49.552> a<20:20:49.680> multimeter

we also looked at a multimeter

we also looked at a multimeter
which<20:20:51.656> is<20:20:51.832> for<20:20:52.192> electrical<20:20:53.400> things<20:20:53.936> this<20:20:54.896> is

which is for electrical things this is

which is for electrical things this is
going<20:20:55.144> to<20:20:55.192> test<20:20:55.440> volts

going to test volts

going to test volts
resistance

resistance

resistance
and<20:21:00.600> current

faults and resistance are perhaps the

faults and resistance are perhaps the
most<20:21:07.320> important<20:21:07.744> ones<20:21:08.040> resistance<20:21:09.000> for<20:21:09.296> fuses

most important ones resistance for fuses

most important ones resistance for fuses
or<20:21:09.960> Breakers

or Breakers

or Breakers
Volts<20:21:11.872> for<20:21:12.056> power<20:21:12.296> supplies

we also looked at cable testers remember

we also looked at cable testers remember
there<20:21:18.656> are<20:21:18.784> three<20:21:18.896> different<20:21:19.080> ones<20:21:19.376> that<20:21:19.552> we

there are three different ones that we

there are three different ones that we
looked<20:21:19.920> at<20:21:20.360> continuity<20:21:21.360> testers<20:21:21.896> are<20:21:22.552> just

looked at continuity testers are just

looked at continuity testers are just
going<20:21:22.856> to<20:21:22.976> tell<20:21:23.040> us<20:21:23.216> whether<20:21:23.512> or<20:21:23.696> not<20:21:23.760> the

going to tell us whether or not the

going to tell us whether or not the
cable<20:21:24.240> works

cable works

cable works
cabling<20:21:26.696> testers

cabling testers

cabling testers
otherwise<20:21:28.744> known<20:21:28.976> as<20:21:29.160> data<20:21:29.696> cabling<20:21:30.056> testers

otherwise known as data cabling testers

otherwise known as data cabling testers
will<20:21:31.376> tell<20:21:31.616> us<20:21:31.800> actually<20:21:32.040> which<20:21:32.464> pins<20:21:32.936> aren't

will tell us actually which pins aren't

will tell us actually which pins aren't
working

working

working
and

and

and
time<20:21:37.080> domain<20:21:37.920> reflectometers

time domain reflectometers

time domain reflectometers
let<20:21:41.280> me<20:21:41.400> write<20:21:41.640> that<20:21:41.872> out

the error is occurring

the error is occurring
finally<20:21:56.760> we<20:21:57.000> have<20:21:57.120> our<20:21:57.296> postcard<20:21:57.784> remember

finally we have our postcard remember

finally we have our postcard remember
post<20:21:58.552> stands<20:21:59.104> for<20:21:59.280> power<20:22:00.056> on

post stands for power on

post stands for power on
self

self

self
test

test

test
and<20:22:05.336> this<20:22:05.464> is<20:22:05.512> going<20:22:05.696> to<20:22:05.824> tell<20:22:05.936> us<20:22:06.176> in<20:22:06.960> a

and this is going to tell us in a

and this is going to tell us in a
non-functioning

it's very much like a diagnostic disc

it's very much like a diagnostic disc
however<20:22:25.744> the<20:22:25.976> diagnostic<20:22:26.576> disc<20:22:26.824> does

however the diagnostic disc does

however the diagnostic disc does
require<20:22:29.640> the<20:22:30.600> CPU

require the CPU

require the CPU
clock

clock

clock
and<20:22:34.192> the<20:22:34.680> disk<20:22:35.160> interface

is functioning the postcard it's

is functioning the postcard it's
literally<20:22:42.056> a<20:22:42.240> card<20:22:42.360> we<20:22:42.600> insert<20:22:43.016> and<20:22:43.744> it'll

literally a card we insert and it'll

literally a card we insert and it'll
tell<20:22:44.216> us<20:22:44.400> itself<20:22:44.640> it<20:22:45.600> does<20:22:45.720> this<20:22:45.960> again<20:22:46.192> by

tell us itself it does this again by

tell us itself it does this again by
giving<20:22:46.744> us<20:22:47.040> a<20:22:47.400> code<20:22:47.696> that<20:22:48.424> we<20:22:48.536> can<20:22:48.656> then

giving us a code that we can then

giving us a code that we can then
reference<20:22:49.256> on<20:22:49.744> a<20:22:49.856> list

welcome to module 15 lesson 1A physical

welcome to module 15 lesson 1A physical
testing<20:23:13.680> tools<20:23:14.120> just<20:23:15.120> updated<20:23:16.160> the<20:23:17.176> uh<20:23:18.176> from

testing tools just updated the uh from

testing tools just updated the uh from
the<20:23:18.832> last<20:23:18.960> presentation<20:23:19.504> really<20:23:19.920> there's<20:23:20.280> a

the last presentation really there's a

the last presentation really there's a
few<20:23:20.576> extra<20:23:20.760> little<20:23:21.120> things<20:23:22.016> slipped<20:23:22.552> into<20:23:22.744> the

few extra little things slipped into the

few extra little things slipped into the
syllabus<20:23:23.936> which<20:23:24.296> I<20:23:24.536> I<20:23:24.832> think<20:23:25.080> is<20:23:25.192> important<20:23:25.616> to

syllabus which I I think is important to

syllabus which I I think is important to
cover

cover

cover
the<20:23:27.296> cable<20:23:27.424> crimper<20:23:27.960> the<20:23:28.256> punch<20:23:28.376> down<20:23:28.680> Tool

the cable crimper the punch down Tool

the cable crimper the punch down Tool
The<20:23:29.216> Wire<20:23:29.336> Strippers

The Wire Strippers

The Wire Strippers
otdr<20:23:31.256> cable<20:23:32.160> certifier<20:23:32.824> we<20:23:33.296> may<20:23:33.480> have

otdr cable certifier we may have

otdr cable certifier we may have
actually<20:23:33.784> mentioned<20:23:34.144> these<20:23:34.440> in<20:23:34.616> other<20:23:34.800> areas

actually mentioned these in other areas

actually mentioned these in other areas
of<20:23:36.056> the<20:23:36.480> presentation<20:23:37.320> but<20:23:37.616> I<20:23:37.800> just<20:23:37.920> wanted<20:23:38.104> to

of the presentation but I just wanted to

of the presentation but I just wanted to
specifically<20:23:38.824> address<20:23:39.720> each<20:23:40.256> one

specifically address each one

specifically address each one
cable<20:23:42.784> crimpa<20:23:43.440> also<20:23:43.744> known<20:23:43.800> as<20:23:43.976> a<20:23:44.160> y<20:23:44.280> crimp<20:23:44.824> hat

cable crimpa also known as a y crimp hat

cable crimpa also known as a y crimp hat
you'll<20:23:45.480> be<20:23:45.600> familiar<20:23:45.960> with<20:23:46.080> this<20:23:46.256> tool<20:23:46.616> if

you'll be familiar with this tool if

you'll be familiar with this tool if
you've<20:23:47.576> created<20:23:47.872> your<20:23:48.176> own<20:23:48.296> cables<20:23:48.784> a<20:23:48.960> lot<20:23:49.016> of

you've created your own cables a lot of

you've created your own cables a lot of
people<20:23:49.192> do<20:23:49.440> at<20:23:49.680> home<20:23:49.856> just<20:23:50.512> to<20:23:50.696> save<20:23:50.824> money

people do at home just to save money

people do at home just to save money
because<20:23:51.360> they're<20:23:51.656> so<20:23:51.896> expensive<20:23:52.376> if<20:23:52.616> you<20:23:52.744> buy

because they're so expensive if you buy

because they're so expensive if you buy
them<20:23:53.104> from<20:23:53.400> the<20:23:54.176> electronic<20:23:54.784> shops<20:23:55.256> for<20:23:55.856> some

them from the electronic shops for some

them from the electronic shops for some
reason

reason

reason
and<20:23:57.656> also<20:23:58.376> if<20:23:58.744> for<20:23:59.464> any<20:23:59.576> reason<20:23:59.760> something

and also if for any reason something

and also if for any reason something
goes<20:24:00.600> wrong<20:24:00.720> with<20:24:01.080> the<20:24:01.192> end<20:24:01.256> of<20:24:01.376> one<20:24:01.504> of<20:24:01.616> your

goes wrong with the end of one of your

goes wrong with the end of one of your
cables<20:24:02.216> you<20:24:03.000> could<20:24:03.056> just<20:24:03.240> snip<20:24:03.656> off<20:24:03.832> the<20:24:04.680> end

cables you could just snip off the end

cables you could just snip off the end
and<20:24:05.160> just<20:24:05.872> um<20:24:05.872> create<20:24:06.120> your<20:24:06.480> own

and just um create your own

and just um create your own
a<20:24:07.800> cable<20:24:08.104> it's<20:24:08.824> fairly<20:24:09.480> easy<20:24:09.600> to<20:24:09.896> do<20:24:10.016> well<20:24:10.376> with

a cable it's fairly easy to do well with

a cable it's fairly easy to do well with
a<20:24:10.680> little<20:24:10.800> bit<20:24:10.976> of<20:24:11.104> practice<20:24:11.400> like<20:24:11.872> anything

a little bit of practice like anything

a little bit of practice like anything
so<20:24:13.192> you'll<20:24:13.440> need<20:24:13.552> a<20:24:13.744> cable<20:24:13.920> crimpo<20:24:14.512> which<20:24:14.696> you

so you'll need a cable crimpo which you

so you'll need a cable crimpo which you
also<20:24:15.056> buy<20:24:15.240> from<20:24:15.480> the<20:24:15.656> electronic<20:24:16.144> shop<20:24:16.376> use<20:24:17.040> to

also buy from the electronic shop use to

also buy from the electronic shop use to
connect<20:24:17.464> the<20:24:17.824> end<20:24:17.936> of<20:24:18.120> a<20:24:18.296> cable<20:24:18.480> to<20:24:18.720> a

connect the end of a cable to a

connect the end of a cable to a
connector<20:24:19.504> it<20:24:20.400> can<20:24:20.576> depending<20:24:21.424> on<20:24:21.480> which<20:24:21.600> one

connector it can depending on which one

connector it can depending on which one
you<20:24:21.960> buy<20:24:22.144> you<20:24:22.320> can<20:24:22.496> actually<20:24:22.616> strip<20:24:22.920> the<20:24:23.216> cable

you buy you can actually strip the cable

you buy you can actually strip the cable
you<20:24:24.296> separate<20:24:24.656> the<20:24:24.832> wires<20:24:25.320> and<20:24:26.040> then<20:24:26.160> you<20:24:26.576> can

you separate the wires and then you can

you separate the wires and then you can
um insert<20:24:28.440> into<20:24:28.976> inside<20:24:29.336> here<20:24:29.872> the

um insert into inside here the

um insert into inside here the
connector<20:24:32.280> the<20:24:32.640> plastic<20:24:32.936> connector<20:24:33.536> pop<20:24:34.080> the

connector the plastic connector pop the

connector the plastic connector pop the
ends<20:24:34.496> of<20:24:34.552> the<20:24:34.680> cable<20:24:34.856> in<20:24:35.216> which<20:24:35.936> you've<20:24:36.240> also

ends of the cable in which you've also

ends of the cable in which you've also
stripped<20:24:37.256> With<20:24:37.440> a<20:24:37.616> Stripper<20:24:38.000> and<20:24:39.000> uh<20:24:39.176> and<20:24:39.424> then

stripped With a Stripper and uh and then

stripped With a Stripper and uh and then
clamp<20:24:39.832> it<20:24:40.016> closed<20:24:40.440> and<20:24:40.616> that<20:24:40.800> clamps<20:24:41.160> down<20:24:41.280> on

clamp it closed and that clamps down on

clamp it closed and that clamps down on
the<20:24:41.576> wires<20:24:41.872> in<20:24:42.176> the<20:24:42.296> correct<20:24:42.480> door<20:24:42.656> down

the wires in the correct door down

the wires in the correct door down
different<20:24:43.920> types<20:24:44.216> of<20:24:44.280> cable<20:24:44.512> crimples<20:24:45.056> for

different types of cable crimples for

different types of cable crimples for
different<20:24:45.720> connectors

different connectors

different connectors
the<20:24:48.424> punch<20:24:48.600> down<20:24:48.896> tool<20:24:49.376> is<20:24:49.920> known<20:24:50.160> as<20:24:50.336> a<20:24:50.576> chrome

the punch down tool is known as a chrome

the punch down tool is known as a chrome
tool<20:24:51.360> also<20:24:52.160> used<20:24:53.160> to<20:24:53.400> connect<20:24:53.512> wires<20:24:54.176> into

tool also used to connect wires into

tool also used to connect wires into
punch<20:24:54.960> down<20:24:55.192> blocks

it strips off the insulation on The Wire

it strips off the insulation on The Wire
before<20:25:04.016> inserting<20:25:04.552> it<20:25:04.680> into<20:25:04.800> a<20:25:04.976> punch<20:25:05.160> block

before inserting it into a punch block

before inserting it into a punch block
not<20:25:06.784> something<20:25:06.960> I've<20:25:07.320> used<20:25:07.504> before<20:25:07.744> because<20:25:08.104> I

not something I've used before because I

not something I've used before because I
didn't

didn't

didn't
um

um

um
didn't<20:25:10.376> use<20:25:10.616> any<20:25:10.856> of<20:25:11.040> the<20:25:11.160> punch<20:25:11.512> down<20:25:11.824> blocks

didn't use any of the punch down blocks

didn't use any of the punch down blocks
uh<20:25:13.552> I<20:25:13.800> did<20:25:14.040> some<20:25:14.216> cabling<20:25:14.576> but<20:25:14.872> didn't<20:25:15.056> use<20:25:15.296> a

uh I did some cabling but didn't use a

uh I did some cabling but didn't use a
punch<20:25:15.656> down

punch down

punch down
not<20:25:16.920> something<20:25:17.104> I<20:25:17.400> was<20:25:17.464> interested<20:25:17.824> in<20:25:17.936> wire

not something I was interested in wire

not something I was interested in wire
strippers<20:25:19.080> used<20:25:19.800> to<20:25:20.040> remove<20:25:20.216> electrical

strippers used to remove electrical

strippers used to remove electrical
insulation<20:25:21.240> from<20:25:21.536> my<20:25:21.784> wire<20:25:22.016> on<20:25:22.744> this

insulation from my wire on this

insulation from my wire on this
particular<20:25:23.216> figure<20:25:23.512> you<20:25:24.000> can<20:25:24.056> see<20:25:24.240> the

particular figure you can see the

particular figure you can see the
difference<20:25:24.784> and<20:25:25.616> sizes

difference and sizes

difference and sizes
so<20:25:27.240> you<20:25:27.360> choose<20:25:27.600> the<20:25:27.784> correct<20:25:28.080> size<20:25:28.320> for<20:25:28.680> the

so you choose the correct size for the

so you choose the correct size for the
cable<20:25:29.104> type<20:25:29.400> and<20:25:29.696> that<20:25:29.936> strips<20:25:30.240> out<20:25:30.424> the

cable type and that strips out the

cable type and that strips out the
um<20:25:31.744> housing<20:25:32.216> of<20:25:32.400> the<20:25:32.576> wire<20:25:32.760> the<20:25:33.056> plastic

um housing of the wire the plastic

um housing of the wire the plastic
covering<20:25:34.104> and<20:25:35.104> exposes<20:25:35.640> the<20:25:35.872> actual<20:25:36.120> cable

covering and exposes the actual cable

covering and exposes the actual cable
itself

itself

itself
it<20:25:38.760> has<20:25:38.936> a<20:25:39.120> center<20:25:39.240> notch

it has a center notch

it has a center notch
otdr<20:25:41.760> this<20:25:42.176> stands<20:25:42.536> for<20:25:42.656> optical<20:25:43.192> time<20:25:43.552> domain

otdr this stands for optical time domain

otdr this stands for optical time domain
reflectometer<20:25:45.176> I'm<20:25:45.480> not<20:25:45.720> saying<20:25:45.960> that<20:25:46.080> again

reflectometer I'm not saying that again

reflectometer I'm not saying that again
used<20:25:46.920> to<20:25:47.160> locate<20:25:47.464> faults<20:25:47.872> on<20:25:48.000> networking

used to locate faults on networking

used to locate faults on networking
cable

cable

cable
I<20:25:49.920> mean<20:25:50.040> there's<20:25:50.280> a<20:25:50.512> argument<20:25:50.872> that<20:25:51.240> you<20:25:51.360> if

I mean there's a argument that you if

I mean there's a argument that you if
you<20:25:51.784> just<20:25:51.832> think<20:25:52.016> there's<20:25:52.144> a<20:25:52.320> fault<20:25:52.496> in<20:25:52.680> a

you just think there's a fault in a

you just think there's a fault in a
cable<20:25:52.976> you<20:25:53.216> just<20:25:53.400> swap<20:25:53.640> it<20:25:53.760> out<20:25:53.872> anyway<20:25:54.120> it'd

cable you just swap it out anyway it'd

cable you just swap it out anyway it'd
be<20:25:55.080> cheaper<20:25:55.504> but<20:25:55.744> it's<20:25:55.976> available<20:25:56.216> tool

be cheaper but it's available tool

be cheaper but it's available tool
anyway<20:25:56.936> it<20:25:57.896> sends<20:25:58.256> light<20:25:58.440> into<20:25:58.616> the<20:25:58.856> fiber<20:25:59.216> and

anyway it sends light into the fiber and

anyway it sends light into the fiber and
based<20:25:59.760> on<20:25:59.824> the<20:25:59.936> quality<20:26:00.176> of<20:26:00.360> the<20:26:00.424> reflected

based on the quality of the reflected

based on the quality of the reflected
light<20:26:01.080> it<20:26:01.744> can<20:26:01.856> determine<20:26:02.280> the<20:26:02.400> following

light it can determine the following

light it can determine the following
thought<20:26:03.720> location<20:26:04.080> length<20:26:04.744> of<20:26:04.856> the<20:26:05.040> cable

thought location length of the cable

thought location length of the cable
loss<20:26:06.176> of<20:26:06.296> signal<20:26:06.656> if<20:26:07.144> applicable

loss of signal if applicable

loss of signal if applicable
a<20:26:09.240> cable<20:26:09.536> certifier<20:26:10.256> it's<20:26:10.800> used<20:26:10.976> to<20:26:11.216> carry<20:26:11.512> out

a cable certifier it's used to carry out

a cable certifier it's used to carry out
tests<20:26:12.056> it<20:26:12.296> can<20:26:12.424> test<20:26:12.600> the<20:26:12.784> following

tests it can test the following

tests it can test the following
conductors<20:26:14.104> in<20:26:14.336> the<20:26:14.464> ethernet<20:26:14.760> cable

conductors in the ethernet cable

conductors in the ethernet cable
continuity<20:26:16.440> in<20:26:16.680> the<20:26:16.856> wires<20:26:17.280> proper<20:26:18.120> pairing

continuity in the wires proper pairing

continuity in the wires proper pairing
of<20:26:18.600> the<20:26:18.784> wires<20:26:19.080> as<20:26:19.192> well<20:26:19.376> it's<20:26:19.552> quite<20:26:19.680> handy

of the wires as well it's quite handy

of the wires as well it's quite handy
you<20:26:20.104> just<20:26:20.216> plug<20:26:20.400> it<20:26:20.640> in

you just plug it in

you just plug it in
and<20:26:21.656> it<20:26:21.832> will<20:26:21.960> give<20:26:22.144> you<20:26:22.256> lots<20:26:22.552> of<20:26:22.616> different

and it will give you lots of different

and it will give you lots of different
reading<20:26:23.160> depending<20:26:23.576> on<20:26:23.640> the<20:26:23.872> model<20:26:24.056> you<20:26:24.296> have

reading depending on the model you have

reading depending on the model you have
and<20:26:24.600> how<20:26:24.784> much<20:26:24.896> you've<20:26:25.192> spent

and how much you've spent

and how much you've spent
proper<20:26:26.760> termination<20:26:27.240> of<20:26:27.536> cat<20:26:27.720> cables

proper termination of cat cables

proper termination of cat cables
so<20:26:30.000> they're<20:26:30.120> covered<20:26:30.720> in<20:26:30.832> the<20:26:31.080> syllabus<20:26:31.800> which

so they're covered in the syllabus which

so they're covered in the syllabus which
is<20:26:32.104> why<20:26:32.336> I<20:26:32.512> give<20:26:32.696> them<20:26:32.872> specific<20:26:33.480> slide<20:26:34.376> each

is why I give them specific slide each

is why I give them specific slide each
instead<20:26:34.976> of<20:26:35.104> just<20:26:35.216> mentioning<20:26:35.576> them<20:26:35.760> in

instead of just mentioning them in

instead of just mentioning them in
passing<20:26:36.600> as<20:26:36.784> we<20:26:36.896> may<20:26:37.016> have<20:26:37.144> done<20:26:37.320> elsewhere<20:26:37.680> so

passing as we may have done elsewhere so

passing as we may have done elsewhere so
the<20:26:38.400> cable<20:26:38.512> crimp<20:26:39.056> are<20:26:39.240> the<20:26:39.360> punch<20:26:39.600> down<20:26:39.832> Tool

the cable crimp are the punch down Tool

the cable crimp are the punch down Tool
The<20:26:40.376> Wire<20:26:40.552> Strippers<20:26:41.464> otdr<20:26:42.000> cable<20:26:42.656> certifier

The Wire Strippers otdr cable certifier

The Wire Strippers otdr cable certifier
all<20:26:44.160> right<20:26:44.336> so<20:26:44.512> that's<20:26:44.696> all<20:26:44.872> thanks<20:26:45.240> for

all right so that's all thanks for

all right so that's all thanks for
watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<20:26:59.824> you

welcome to module 15 a lesson 1B

welcome to module 15 a lesson 1B
software<20:27:10.616> testing<20:27:11.280> tools

software testing tools

software testing tools
I'm<20:27:13.856> not<20:27:14.040> going<20:27:14.160> to<20:27:14.160> cover<20:27:14.336> stuff<20:27:14.696> that<20:27:14.872> has

I'm not going to cover stuff that has

I'm not going to cover stuff that has
already<20:27:15.240> been<20:27:15.424> covered<20:27:15.720> unless<20:27:16.080> there's<20:27:16.192> a

already been covered unless there's a

already been covered unless there's a
new<20:27:16.616> point

new point

new point
or<20:27:18.120> some<20:27:18.296> of<20:27:18.424> the<20:27:18.536> reason<20:27:18.656> for<20:27:18.896> doing<20:27:19.080> it

or some of the reason for doing it

or some of the reason for doing it
uh<20:27:20.400> packet<20:27:20.760> sniffers

uh packet sniffers

uh packet sniffers
Wi-Fi<20:27:22.496> analyzer<20:27:23.280> bandwidth<20:27:24.176> speed<20:27:24.296> tester

Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth speed tester

Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth speed tester
CLI<20:27:26.824> tools<20:27:27.176> command<20:27:27.600> line<20:27:28.040> tools<20:27:29.040> uh<20:27:29.696> not

CLI tools command line tools uh not

CLI tools command line tools uh not
already<20:27:30.424> covered<20:27:30.896> because<20:27:31.552> of<20:27:31.744> the<20:27:31.856> way<20:27:31.976> the

already covered because of the way the

already covered because of the way the
syllabus<20:27:32.464> is<20:27:32.576> set<20:27:32.760> out<20:27:32.936> we<20:27:33.120> have<20:27:33.296> to<20:27:33.424> cover

syllabus is set out we have to cover

syllabus is set out we have to cover
some<20:27:33.832> stuff<20:27:34.080> earlier<20:27:34.496> in<20:27:34.744> later<20:27:34.976> and<20:27:35.280> in<20:27:35.464> the

some stuff earlier in later and in the

some stuff earlier in later and in the
middle<20:27:35.760> because<20:27:36.656> it's<20:27:36.832> relevant<20:27:37.256> to<20:27:37.376> that

middle because it's relevant to that

middle because it's relevant to that
particular<20:27:37.920> subject<20:27:38.336> for<20:27:38.640> example<20:27:38.872> security

particular subject for example security

particular subject for example security
or<20:27:40.680> troubleshooting

or troubleshooting

or troubleshooting
I<20:27:43.504> put<20:27:43.680> an<20:27:43.856> image<20:27:44.104> here<20:27:44.400> for<20:27:44.872> Wireshark

I put an image here for Wireshark

I put an image here for Wireshark
um<20:27:46.616> Wireshark<20:27:47.512> I'm<20:27:48.056> going<20:27:48.240> to<20:27:48.424> say<20:27:48.600> a<20:27:49.552> must<20:27:50.160> no

um Wireshark I'm going to say a must no

um Wireshark I'm going to say a must no
missed

now you must know sniffing and uh

now you must know sniffing and uh
Wireshark<20:27:58.920> is<20:27:59.160> just<20:27:59.336> the<20:27:59.464> industry<20:27:59.760> leader

Wireshark is just the industry leader

Wireshark is just the industry leader
and<20:28:01.144> the<20:28:01.320> good<20:28:01.504> news<20:28:01.680> is<20:28:01.920> it's<20:28:02.640> free<20:28:02.872> to

and the good news is it's free to

and the good news is it's free to
download<20:28:03.296> you<20:28:04.192> could<20:28:04.320> have<20:28:04.552> a<20:28:04.800> virtual

download you could have a virtual

download you could have a virtual
Network<20:28:05.696> on<20:28:06.656> my<20:28:06.832> Cisco<20:28:07.504> virtual<20:28:08.040> rack<20:28:08.400> which

Network on my Cisco virtual rack which

Network on my Cisco virtual rack which
is<20:28:09.296> free<20:28:09.536> on<20:28:09.784> howturnetwork.com<20:28:11.000> it<20:28:12.000> actually

is free on howturnetwork.com it actually

is free on howturnetwork.com it actually
you<20:28:12.480> booted<20:28:12.896> up<20:28:13.016> you've<20:28:13.440> got<20:28:13.552> to<20:28:13.680> find<20:28:13.744> your

you booted up you've got to find your

you booted up you've got to find your
own<20:28:14.040> Cisco<20:28:14.464> image<20:28:14.872> because<20:28:15.296> Cisco<20:28:15.784> don't<20:28:15.960> give

own Cisco image because Cisco don't give

own Cisco image because Cisco don't give
them<20:28:16.256> away<20:28:16.440> but<20:28:17.040> I<20:28:17.216> wonder<20:28:17.400> why<20:28:17.824> sharks<20:28:18.240> you

them away but I wonder why sharks you

them away but I wonder why sharks you
can<20:28:18.536> actually<20:28:18.656> see<20:28:19.080> traffic<20:28:19.744> live<20:28:20.280> passing

can actually see traffic live passing

can actually see traffic live passing
between<20:28:21.000> your<20:28:21.360> routers<20:28:21.856> and<20:28:22.856> other<20:28:23.040> devices

between your routers and other devices

between your routers and other devices
this<20:28:24.424> is<20:28:24.536> an<20:28:24.720> essential<20:28:25.080> tool<20:28:25.552> and<20:28:26.160> you<20:28:26.280> need

this is an essential tool and you need

this is an essential tool and you need
to<20:28:26.640> understand<20:28:26.760> it<20:28:27.176> for<20:28:27.424> troubleshooting

to understand it for troubleshooting

to understand it for troubleshooting
so<20:28:31.144> uh<20:28:31.504> really<20:28:31.800> important<20:28:32.280> you<20:28:32.872> can<20:28:33.000> see<20:28:33.056> all

so uh really important you can see all

so uh really important you can see all
your<20:28:33.616> protocols<20:28:34.616> and<20:28:34.800> packets<20:28:35.216> and<20:28:35.400> all<20:28:35.576> that

your protocols and packets and all that

your protocols and packets and all that
kind<20:28:35.872> of<20:28:36.000> stuff<20:28:36.240> so

kind of stuff so

kind of stuff so
um<20:28:37.800> you'd<20:28:38.336> you'd<20:28:38.824> normally<20:28:39.056> load<20:28:39.536> this<20:28:39.832> uh

um you'd you'd normally load this uh

um you'd you'd normally load this uh
software

software

software
all<20:28:42.296> right<20:28:42.360> the<20:28:42.656> Wireshark<20:28:43.080> it'd<20:28:43.744> be<20:28:43.800> loaded

all right the Wireshark it'd be loaded

all right the Wireshark it'd be loaded
onto<20:28:44.400> your<20:28:44.640> laptop<20:28:45.000> if<20:28:45.784> you're

onto your laptop if you're

onto your laptop if you're
troubleshooting<20:28:46.680> you<20:28:46.920> would<20:28:47.040> leave<20:28:47.160> it

troubleshooting you would leave it

troubleshooting you would leave it
running<20:28:47.784> say<20:28:48.784> for<20:28:49.016> example<20:28:49.256> you'd<20:28:49.616> leave<20:28:49.744> it

running say for example you'd leave it

running say for example you'd leave it
running<20:28:50.040> for<20:28:50.400> an<20:28:50.512> hour

running for an hour

running for an hour
and<20:28:52.376> and<20:28:52.552> then<20:28:52.800> you<20:28:52.976> could<20:28:53.104> analyze<20:28:53.760> the

and and then you could analyze the

and and then you could analyze the
output

output

output
and<20:28:56.104> see<20:28:56.400> where<20:28:56.576> a<20:28:56.760> particular<20:28:57.000> problems

and see where a particular problems

and see where a particular problems
happening<20:28:58.192> is<20:28:58.800> it<20:28:58.920> is<20:28:59.160> it<20:28:59.336> happening<20:28:59.696> for<20:29:00.056> the

happening is it is it happening for the

happening is it is it happening for the
the<20:29:00.480> whole<20:29:00.784> hour<20:29:01.016> is<20:29:01.680> there<20:29:01.920> some<20:29:02.216> sort<20:29:02.464> of

the whole hour is there some sort of

the whole hour is there some sort of
um

um

um
issue<20:29:04.976> spikes<20:29:05.696> and<20:29:06.480> then<20:29:06.656> or<20:29:06.960> does<20:29:07.192> the<20:29:07.376> issue

issue spikes and then or does the issue

issue spikes and then or does the issue
sort<20:29:07.856> of<20:29:07.920> happen<20:29:08.280> over<20:29:08.576> this<20:29:08.824> period<20:29:09.176> of<20:29:09.360> time

sort of happen over this period of time

sort of happen over this period of time
that<20:29:09.784> kind<20:29:09.960> of<20:29:10.080> thing<20:29:10.336> so<20:29:11.336> the<20:29:11.936> traffic<20:29:12.176> is

that kind of thing so the traffic is

that kind of thing so the traffic is
going<20:29:12.720> into<20:29:12.960> your<20:29:13.144> switch<20:29:13.320> from<20:29:13.744> the<20:29:13.920> server

going into your switch from the server

going into your switch from the server
and<20:29:15.056> you<20:29:15.240> will<20:29:15.360> configure

and you will configure

and you will configure
um the<20:29:17.696> switch<20:29:17.936> over<20:29:18.176> here<20:29:18.424> you<20:29:18.536> would<20:29:18.656> do<20:29:18.784> a

um the switch over here you would do a

um the switch over here you would do a
configuration<20:29:19.256> command<20:29:19.680> on<20:29:19.856> the<20:29:19.976> switch<20:29:20.160> to

configuration command on the switch to

configuration command on the switch to
send<20:29:21.000> the<20:29:21.240> traffic<20:29:21.424> out<20:29:22.256> on<20:29:22.440> whichever<20:29:22.976> Port

send the traffic out on whichever Port

send the traffic out on whichever Port
you've<20:29:23.464> connected<20:29:23.760> your<20:29:24.000> laptop<20:29:24.360> to

you've connected your laptop to

you've connected your laptop to
um you've<20:29:26.464> just<20:29:26.576> got<20:29:26.760> to<20:29:27.000> be<20:29:27.296> aware<20:29:27.536> of<20:29:27.832> I'm

um you've just got to be aware of I'm

um you've just got to be aware of I'm
just<20:29:28.920> telling<20:29:29.160> you<20:29:29.216> this<20:29:29.400> because<20:29:29.576> of<20:29:29.760> the

just telling you this because of the

just telling you this because of the
real<20:29:30.360> world<20:29:30.600> you've<20:29:31.192> got<20:29:31.256> to<20:29:31.376> be<20:29:31.504> aware<20:29:31.616> of<20:29:31.856> CPU

real world you've got to be aware of CPU

real world you've got to be aware of CPU
and<20:29:32.696> you've<20:29:32.824> got<20:29:32.872> to<20:29:33.000> make<20:29:33.120> sure<20:29:33.296> that<20:29:33.536> you<20:29:33.720> get

and you've got to make sure that you get

and you've got to make sure that you get
permission<20:29:34.256> off<20:29:34.552> whoever<20:29:35.464> the

permission off whoever the

permission off whoever the
um<20:29:36.536> person<20:29:36.832> in<20:29:37.144> charge<20:29:37.376> is<20:29:37.616> when<20:29:38.464> I've<20:29:38.936> worked

um person in charge is when I've worked

um person in charge is when I've worked
on<20:29:39.240> network<20:29:39.360> teams<20:29:40.016> and

on network teams and

on network teams and
um<20:29:40.976> I<20:29:41.760> knew<20:29:41.936> the<20:29:42.056> procedures<20:29:42.424> and<20:29:42.600> policies

um I knew the procedures and policies

um I knew the procedures and policies
which<20:29:43.256> we've<20:29:43.440> already<20:29:43.616> talked<20:29:43.920> about<20:29:44.000> what<20:29:45.000> I

which we've already talked about what I

which we've already talked about what I
can<20:29:45.360> and<20:29:45.536> can't<20:29:45.720> do<20:29:46.016> but<20:29:46.976> if<20:29:47.104> it<20:29:47.216> could<20:29:47.336> be

can and can't do but if it could be

can and can't do but if it could be
Network<20:29:47.696> effect<20:29:48.056> in<20:29:48.424> for<20:29:48.720> example<20:29:48.960> the<20:29:49.192> CPU

Network effect in for example the CPU

Network effect in for example the CPU
then<20:29:51.424> you've<20:29:52.080> got<20:29:52.192> to<20:29:52.440> make<20:29:52.856> sure<20:29:53.040> it<20:29:53.336> is<20:29:53.464> done

then you've got to make sure it is done

then you've got to make sure it is done
out<20:29:53.872> of<20:29:54.000> hours<20:29:54.176> or<20:29:54.480> you've<20:29:54.656> got<20:29:54.720> permission

out of hours or you've got permission

out of hours or you've got permission
so<20:29:57.240> you'll<20:29:57.424> check<20:29:57.600> for<20:29:57.784> traffic<20:29:57.960> patterns<20:29:58.496> of

so you'll check for traffic patterns of

so you'll check for traffic patterns of
Base<20:29:58.976> a<20:29:59.216> traffic<20:29:59.464> Baseline<20:30:00.000> any

Base a traffic Baseline any

Base a traffic Baseline any
irregularities<20:30:01.016> they<20:30:01.320> will<20:30:01.504> pop<20:30:01.680> up

irregularities they will pop up

irregularities they will pop up
you'll<20:30:03.784> be<20:30:03.896> mirroring<20:30:04.376> a<20:30:04.744> port

you'll be mirroring a port

you'll be mirroring a port
just<20:30:06.424> be<20:30:06.536> aware<20:30:06.656> the<20:30:06.896> package<20:30:07.192> slippers<20:30:07.616> can

just be aware the package slippers can

just be aware the package slippers can
be<20:30:07.920> used<20:30:08.104> for<20:30:08.464> good<20:30:08.696> and<20:30:08.872> bad<20:30:09.056> so<20:30:09.360> they<20:30:09.536> cannot

be used for good and bad so they cannot

be used for good and bad so they cannot
also<20:30:10.256> be<20:30:10.496> used<20:30:10.744> by<20:30:11.104> hackers<20:30:11.576> so<20:30:12.056> whenever

also be used by hackers so whenever

also be used by hackers so whenever
possible<20:30:12.720> if<20:30:12.896> you're<20:30:13.016> connecting<20:30:13.320> over<20:30:13.504> the

possible if you're connecting over the

possible if you're connecting over the
network<20:30:13.856> use<20:30:14.824> a<20:30:15.056> secure<20:30:15.360> shell<20:30:15.800> this<20:30:16.800> is<20:30:17.040> a

network use a secure shell this is a

network use a secure shell this is a
Wireshark<20:30:18.720> we<20:30:19.192> and<20:30:19.552> they<20:30:19.744> call<20:30:19.856> it<20:30:19.976> captures

Wireshark we and they call it captures

Wireshark we and they call it captures
as<20:30:20.576> well<20:30:20.696> it's<20:30:20.872> handy<20:30:21.240> to<20:30:21.360> know<20:30:21.600> the<20:30:22.144> uh<20:30:22.256> the

as well it's handy to know the uh the

as well it's handy to know the uh the
vernaculars

vernaculars

vernaculars
um<20:30:24.056> ethernet<20:30:24.536> zero<20:30:24.960> looks<20:30:25.320> like<20:30:25.440> the<20:30:25.616> port

um ethernet zero looks like the port

um ethernet zero looks like the port
uh<20:30:27.296> you'll<20:30:27.656> you'll<20:30:28.016> this<20:30:28.192> is<20:30:28.320> the<20:30:28.552> dashboard

uh you'll you'll this is the dashboard

uh you'll you'll this is the dashboard
all<20:30:29.336> around<20:30:29.512> here

all around here

all around here
and<20:30:31.144> in<20:30:31.320> this<20:30:31.504> part<20:30:31.616> here<20:30:31.800> you<20:30:32.104> can<20:30:32.160> actually

and in this part here you can actually

and in this part here you can actually
click<20:30:32.824> on<20:30:33.000> these<20:30:33.424> uh<20:30:34.192> little<20:30:34.376> arrows<20:30:34.856> and<20:30:35.280> it

click on these uh little arrows and it

click on these uh little arrows and it
will<20:30:35.576> expand<20:30:36.000> so<20:30:36.960> you'll<20:30:37.192> see<20:30:37.440> the<20:30:37.856> layer<20:30:38.160> one

will expand so you'll see the layer one

will expand so you'll see the layer one
which<20:30:38.824> probably<20:30:39.056> won't<20:30:39.240> be<20:30:39.360> of<20:30:39.656> interest<20:30:39.832> to

which probably won't be of interest to

which probably won't be of interest to
you<20:30:40.320> then<20:30:41.104> layer<20:30:41.512> two<20:30:41.696> and<20:30:42.536> then<20:30:42.656> you<20:30:42.784> can

you then layer two and then you can

you then layer two and then you can
click<20:30:43.080> on<20:30:43.192> this<20:30:43.376> and<20:30:43.616> you<20:30:43.800> will<20:30:43.920> see<20:30:44.216> that<20:30:44.872> it's

click on this and you will see that it's

click on this and you will see that it's
an<20:30:45.720> ARP<20:30:46.144> packet<20:30:46.680> you<20:30:47.400> will<20:30:47.576> see<20:30:47.760> source

an ARP packet you will see source

an ARP packet you will see source
uh<20:30:50.216> destination<20:30:50.824> all<20:30:51.296> and<20:30:51.600> all<20:30:51.784> this<20:30:51.896> kind<20:30:52.080> of

uh destination all and all this kind of

uh destination all and all this kind of
stuff<20:30:52.376> and<20:30:52.856> then<20:30:52.976> down<20:30:53.160> here<20:30:53.512> is<20:30:54.056> all<20:30:54.296> your

stuff and then down here is all your

stuff and then down here is all your
ones<20:30:54.832> and<20:30:54.960> zeros<20:30:55.440> and<20:30:56.160> hex<20:30:56.576> which<20:30:57.176> you

ones and zeros and hex which you

ones and zeros and hex which you
probably<20:30:57.656> generally<20:30:58.440> won't<20:30:58.616> be<20:30:58.800> interested

probably generally won't be interested

probably generally won't be interested
this<20:31:00.240> looks<20:31:00.536> like<20:31:00.656> it's<20:31:00.960> uh<20:31:01.256> some<20:31:01.552> sort<20:31:01.800> of<20:31:01.976> uh

this looks like it's uh some sort of uh

this looks like it's uh some sort of uh
pattern<20:31:03.120> over<20:31:03.360> time<20:31:03.720> and<20:31:04.376> you<20:31:04.496> can<20:31:04.616> see

pattern over time and you can see

pattern over time and you can see
there's<20:31:04.976> a<20:31:05.216> spike<20:31:05.512> here<20:31:05.824> that's<20:31:06.360> more<20:31:06.720> on<20:31:06.960> here

there's a spike here that's more on here

there's a spike here that's more on here
and<20:31:09.240> here<20:31:09.480> you<20:31:09.720> can<20:31:09.832> decide<20:31:10.144> exactly<20:31:10.616> what

and here you can decide exactly what

and here you can decide exactly what
traffic<20:31:11.160> you're<20:31:11.576> you're<20:31:11.824> monitoring<20:31:12.480> this<20:31:13.080> is

traffic you're you're monitoring this is

traffic you're you're monitoring this is
SS<20:31:13.800> H<20:31:14.280> telnet<20:31:15.000> and<20:31:15.720> whatever<20:31:15.960> you<20:31:16.192> wanted<20:31:16.320> to

SS H telnet and whatever you wanted to

SS H telnet and whatever you wanted to
Monitor<20:31:17.040> and<20:31:17.512> then<20:31:17.696> it's<20:31:17.872> a<20:31:18.176> in<20:31:18.480> a<20:31:18.600> pie<20:31:18.720> chart

Monitor and then it's a in a pie chart

Monitor and then it's a in a pie chart
here<20:31:19.376> and<20:31:20.104> obviously<20:31:20.576> a<20:31:20.936> graph<20:31:21.240> form<20:31:21.480> here

here and obviously a graph form here

here and obviously a graph form here
really<20:31:22.440> handy<20:31:22.856> so<20:31:23.040> you<20:31:23.280> can<20:31:23.336> go<20:31:23.760> to<20:31:24.360> your

really handy so you can go to your

really handy so you can go to your
customer<20:31:24.784> or<20:31:25.744> your<20:31:25.856> boss<20:31:26.160> uh<20:31:26.936> with<20:31:27.120> all<20:31:27.296> of<20:31:27.424> the

customer or your boss uh with all of the

customer or your boss uh with all of the
facts<20:31:27.896> and<20:31:28.080> say<20:31:28.320> when<20:31:28.976> this<20:31:29.280> happens<20:31:29.600> that

facts and say when this happens that

facts and say when this happens that
happens<20:31:30.976> when<20:31:31.976> this<20:31:32.336> happens<20:31:32.576> such<20:31:33.480> and<20:31:33.656> such

happens when this happens such and such

happens when this happens such and such
Doesn't<20:31:34.144> happen<20:31:34.440> and<20:31:34.920> you<20:31:35.104> can<20:31:35.160> prove<20:31:35.464> what<20:31:35.640> is

Doesn't happen and you can prove what is

Doesn't happen and you can prove what is
or<20:31:36.056> isn't<20:31:36.424> the<20:31:36.960> issue<20:31:37.376> on<20:31:37.440> the<20:31:37.616> network<20:31:37.744> so<20:31:39.240> um

or isn't the issue on the network so um

or isn't the issue on the network so um
please<20:31:39.960> do<20:31:40.440> check<20:31:41.040> out<20:31:41.280> the<20:31:41.824> Wireshark

please do check out the Wireshark

please do check out the Wireshark
certified<20:31:43.192> network<20:31:44.104> analysis

certified network analysis

certified network analysis
um

um

um
the<20:31:47.696> network<20:31:47.872> associate<20:31:48.480> sorry

the network associate sorry

the network associate sorry
qualifications<20:31:50.160> really<20:31:50.760> important<20:31:51.240> we've

qualifications really important we've

qualifications really important we've
got<20:31:52.016> it<20:31:52.256> on<20:31:52.856> um<20:31:52.856> how<20:31:53.696> to<20:31:54.296> net

got it on um how to net

got it on um how to net
work.com

um I think there's maybe other people

um I think there's maybe other people
offered<20:32:02.216> the<20:32:02.280> course<20:32:02.400> but<20:32:02.760> most<20:32:03.176> people<20:32:03.424> just

offered the course but most people just

offered the course but most people just
seem<20:32:04.080> to<20:32:04.144> just<20:32:04.376> Skip<20:32:04.552> by<20:32:04.800> but<20:32:05.104> this<20:32:05.640> this<20:32:05.824> will

seem to just Skip by but this this will

seem to just Skip by but this this will
be<20:32:06.120> a<20:32:06.240> lifesaver<20:32:06.720> if<20:32:07.376> you're<20:32:07.504> looking<20:32:07.680> at

be a lifesaver if you're looking at

be a lifesaver if you're looking at
being<20:32:08.104> a<20:32:08.336> network<20:32:08.576> engineer

being a network engineer

being a network engineer
anyway<20:32:11.056> Wi-Fi<20:32:12.056> analyzer<20:32:12.896> this<20:32:13.144> is<20:32:13.320> obviously

anyway Wi-Fi analyzer this is obviously

anyway Wi-Fi analyzer this is obviously
a<20:32:14.336> graphical

output that has been discovered with the

output that has been discovered with the
piece<20:32:21.360> of<20:32:21.424> software<20:32:21.784> it<20:32:22.616> reports<20:32:23.160> on<20:32:23.336> your

piece of software it reports on your

piece of software it reports on your
SSID<20:32:24.176> which<20:32:24.784> you<20:32:24.960> can<20:32:25.080> see<20:32:25.256> here

SSID which you can see here

SSID which you can see here
and<20:32:26.936> Mac<20:32:27.176> addresses<20:32:27.720> channels<20:32:28.320> use<20:32:28.552> you<20:32:28.800> can

and Mac addresses channels use you can

and Mac addresses channels use you can
see<20:32:29.040> the<20:32:29.160> Mac<20:32:29.336> addresses<20:32:29.824> of<20:32:30.056> devices<20:32:30.424> here

see the Mac addresses of devices here

see the Mac addresses of devices here
uh<20:32:32.040> challenge<20:32:32.336> use<20:32:32.760> speed<20:32:33.296> that<20:32:33.720> kind<20:32:33.896> of

uh challenge use speed that kind of

uh challenge use speed that kind of
thing

thing

thing
and<20:32:35.824> it<20:32:36.000> represents<20:32:36.480> the<20:32:36.600> output<20:32:36.896> in<20:32:37.080> the

and it represents the output in the

and it represents the output in the
graphical<20:32:37.440> form<20:32:37.680> as<20:32:37.976> you<20:32:38.160> can<20:32:38.280> see<20:32:38.464> it<20:32:39.120> tells

graphical form as you can see it tells

graphical form as you can see it tells
you<20:32:39.480> the<20:32:39.656> security<20:32:39.784> protocols<20:32:40.744> and<20:32:41.160> more

you the security protocols and more

you the security protocols and more
importantly<20:32:41.824> lack<20:32:42.176> of<20:32:42.480> so<20:32:43.144> you<20:32:43.440> could<20:32:44.040> um<20:32:44.104> we

importantly lack of so you could um we

importantly lack of so you could um we
talked<20:32:44.576> about<20:32:44.696> Rogue<20:32:45.240> access<20:32:45.424> points<20:32:45.960> and

talked about Rogue access points and

talked about Rogue access points and
bring<20:32:46.192> your<20:32:46.376> own<20:32:46.552> device<20:32:46.744> earlier<20:32:47.280> you<20:32:48.120> could

bring your own device earlier you could

bring your own device earlier you could
be<20:32:48.360> doing<20:32:48.536> this<20:32:48.784> in<20:32:48.960> work<20:32:49.192> or<20:32:49.552> you<20:32:49.744> could<20:32:49.856> do<20:32:49.976> it

be doing this in work or you could do it

be doing this in work or you could do it
as<20:32:50.216> part<20:32:50.400> of<20:32:50.512> a<20:32:50.640> security<20:32:50.824> survey

as part of a security survey

as part of a security survey
and<20:32:53.216> here's<20:32:53.576> another<20:32:53.760> image<20:32:54.720> from<20:32:55.256> the<20:32:55.552> same

and here's another image from the same

and here's another image from the same
sort<20:32:56.040> of<20:32:56.104> piece<20:32:56.464> of<20:32:56.512> software

all right bandwidth speed test damage

all right bandwidth speed test damage
we've<20:33:01.856> all<20:33:02.040> used<20:33:02.216> these<20:33:02.576> because<20:33:02.824> if<20:33:03.120> we've

we've all used these because if we've

we've all used these because if we've
got<20:33:03.720> problems<20:33:04.080> with<20:33:04.256> our<20:33:04.496> speed<20:33:04.920> at<20:33:05.280> home

got problems with our speed at home

got problems with our speed at home
moving<20:33:06.240> at<20:33:06.424> work<20:33:06.600> maybe<20:33:06.832> known<20:33:07.552> as<20:33:07.680> throughput

moving at work maybe known as throughput

moving at work maybe known as throughput
testers<20:33:08.576> they<20:33:09.296> can<20:33:09.424> be<20:33:09.600> Hardware<20:33:09.720> software

testers they can be Hardware software

testers they can be Hardware software
based<20:33:10.800> it's<20:33:11.040> easier<20:33:11.400> for<20:33:11.696> us<20:33:11.824> obviously<20:33:12.240> to

based it's easier for us obviously to

based it's easier for us obviously to
use<20:33:12.832> the<20:33:13.016> piece<20:33:13.256> of<20:33:13.376> software<20:33:13.744> which<20:33:14.400> will

use the piece of software which will

use the piece of software which will
send<20:33:15.120> a<20:33:15.656> certain<20:33:15.720> amount<20:33:16.080> of<20:33:16.192> packets

send a certain amount of packets

send a certain amount of packets
upstream<20:33:17.576> and<20:33:18.056> give<20:33:18.240> you<20:33:18.360> a<20:33:18.536> report<20:33:18.832> of<20:33:19.192> x

upstream and give you a report of x

upstream and give you a report of x
megabits<20:33:21.120> per<20:33:21.296> second<20:33:21.480> then<20:33:21.896> the<20:33:22.144> downstream

megabits per second then the downstream

megabits per second then the downstream
then<20:33:23.400> the<20:33:23.760> same<20:33:23.872> sort<20:33:24.056> of<20:33:24.176> value

then the same sort of value

then the same sort of value
so<20:33:25.552> it<20:33:25.680> injects<20:33:26.104> traffic<20:33:26.216> into<20:33:26.464> the<20:33:26.696> network

so it injects traffic into the network

so it injects traffic into the network
you<20:33:27.360> could<20:33:27.480> actually<20:33:27.600> use<20:33:27.832> this<20:33:28.080> on<20:33:28.256> your<20:33:28.496> Lan

you could actually use this on your Lan

you could actually use this on your Lan
one<20:33:29.464> or<20:33:30.120> for<20:33:30.296> your<20:33:30.480> home<20:33:30.600> broadband

one or for your home broadband

one or for your home broadband
connection<20:33:31.320> the<20:33:32.216> handy<20:33:32.576> thing<20:33:32.696> is<20:33:32.824> you'll

connection the handy thing is you'll

connection the handy thing is you'll
normally<20:33:33.296> get<20:33:33.536> a<20:33:33.784> graph<20:33:34.192> saying<20:33:35.336> um<20:33:35.336> you<20:33:35.696> know

normally get a graph saying um you know

normally get a graph saying um you know
how<20:33:35.936> fast<20:33:36.360> or<20:33:36.600> slow<20:33:36.784> it<20:33:37.080> is

how fast or slow it is

how fast or slow it is
free<20:33:39.056> to<20:33:39.296> download<20:33:39.480> if<20:33:39.896> you<20:33:40.016> want<20:33:40.144> super<20:33:40.376> duper

free to download if you want super duper

free to download if you want super duper
uh<20:33:42.120> outputs<20:33:42.960> and<20:33:43.144> charts<20:33:43.504> and<20:33:43.616> that<20:33:43.744> kind<20:33:43.856> of

uh outputs and charts and that kind of

uh outputs and charts and that kind of
stuff<20:33:44.040> it'd<20:33:44.336> normally<20:33:44.576> be<20:33:44.824> paid

stuff it'd normally be paid

stuff it'd normally be paid
CLI<20:33:46.616> this<20:33:46.976> is<20:33:47.040> where<20:33:47.280> the<20:33:47.400> rubber<20:33:47.696> meets<20:33:48.000> a

CLI this is where the rubber meets a

CLI this is where the rubber meets a
road<20:33:48.296> and<20:33:48.656> most<20:33:48.960> Network<20:33:49.192> Engineers<20:33:49.920> kind<20:33:50.640> of

road and most Network Engineers kind of

road and most Network Engineers kind of
worry<20:33:51.480> about<20:33:52.256> using<20:33:52.680> these<20:33:52.856> color<20:33:52.976> commands

worry about using these color commands

worry about using these color commands
like<20:33:53.640> even<20:33:53.872> something<20:33:54.296> simple<20:33:54.600> like<20:33:54.832> ipconfig

like even something simple like ipconfig

like even something simple like ipconfig
gives<20:33:56.400> you<20:33:56.512> all<20:33:56.760> of<20:33:56.872> this<20:33:57.056> useful<20:33:57.480> information

gives you all of this useful information

gives you all of this useful information
here<20:33:58.576> that<20:33:59.576> help<20:33:59.824> you<20:34:00.056> will<20:34:00.296> help<20:34:00.536> you

here that help you will help you

here that help you will help you
troubleshoot<20:34:01.192> now<20:34:01.800> you<20:34:02.160> can<20:34:02.280> use<20:34:02.576> the<20:34:02.872> GUI<20:34:03.296> but

troubleshoot now you can use the GUI but

troubleshoot now you can use the GUI but
it's<20:34:04.320> just<20:34:04.552> a<20:34:04.680> little<20:34:04.800> bit<20:34:04.920> more<20:34:05.104> clunky

it's just a little bit more clunky

it's just a little bit more clunky
you've<20:34:05.760> got<20:34:05.872> to<20:34:06.000> go<20:34:06.120> through<20:34:06.296> a<20:34:06.536> menu<20:34:06.720> to<20:34:07.080> get

you've got to go through a menu to get

you've got to go through a menu to get
to<20:34:07.376> another<20:34:07.552> menu<20:34:07.976> and<20:34:08.760> then<20:34:08.872> it's<20:34:09.056> only<20:34:09.240> going

to another menu and then it's only going

to another menu and then it's only going
to<20:34:09.600> show<20:34:09.720> you<20:34:09.960> maybe<20:34:10.744> 50<20:34:11.104> of<20:34:12.056> what<20:34:12.240> you<20:34:12.360> could

to show you maybe 50 of what you could

to show you maybe 50 of what you could
actually<20:34:12.656> see<20:34:12.960> if<20:34:13.192> you<20:34:13.320> use<20:34:13.504> the

actually see if you use the

actually see if you use the
um command<20:34:15.120> line<20:34:15.296> and<20:34:15.960> if<20:34:16.080> you're<20:34:16.192> doing<20:34:16.376> some

um command line and if you're doing some

um command line and if you're doing some
sort<20:34:16.744> of<20:34:16.856> emergency<20:34:17.104> recovery<20:34:17.936> you're

sort of emergency recovery you're

sort of emergency recovery you're
probably<20:34:18.832> only<20:34:19.376> got<20:34:19.616> command<20:34:20.104> line<20:34:20.216> available

probably only got command line available

probably only got command line available
anyway

anyway

anyway
a<20:34:23.576> typical<20:34:23.936> exam<20:34:24.296> question

a typical exam question

a typical exam question
ipconfig<20:34:26.464> will<20:34:26.872> give<20:34:27.056> you<20:34:27.176> the<20:34:27.360> TCP

ipconfig will give you the TCP

ipconfig will give you the TCP
information<20:34:28.080> on<20:34:28.744> Linux<20:34:29.160> devices<20:34:29.512> this

information on Linux devices this

information on Linux devices this
ifconfig<20:34:30.960> classic<20:34:31.616> exam<20:34:32.160> question<20:34:32.400> that<20:34:32.824> is

ifconfig classic exam question that is

ifconfig classic exam question that is
IP<20:34:34.080> information<20:34:34.256> for<20:34:34.680> your<20:34:34.800> local<20:34:34.920> interfaces

IP information for your local interfaces

IP information for your local interfaces
including<20:34:36.424> your<20:34:37.376> wireless<20:34:37.552> adapter<20:34:38.336> any

including your wireless adapter any

including your wireless adapter any
um<20:34:40.016> virtual<20:34:40.616> adapters

um virtual adapters

um virtual adapters
virtual<20:34:43.504> land<20:34:43.800> cards<20:34:44.336> Wireless

virtual land cards Wireless

virtual land cards Wireless
or<20:34:46.800> ethernet

or ethernet

or ethernet
uh<20:34:49.800> you<20:34:49.976> can<20:34:50.216> use<20:34:50.336> switches<20:34:50.824> to<20:34:51.056> drill<20:34:51.296> down

uh you can use switches to drill down

uh you can use switches to drill down
for<20:34:51.784> example<20:34:52.040> ipconfig<20:34:53.040> forward<20:34:53.872> slash<20:34:54.424> all

for example ipconfig forward slash all

for example ipconfig forward slash all
there's<20:34:55.376> a<20:34:55.552> whole<20:34:55.616> bunch<20:34:55.856> of<20:34:56.040> switches

there's a whole bunch of switches

there's a whole bunch of switches
actually<20:34:57.256> uh<20:34:58.256> most

actually uh most

actually uh most
um command<20:35:00.176> line<20:35:00.360> tools<20:35:00.784> will<20:35:00.960> let<20:35:01.144> you<20:35:01.256> issue

um command line tools will let you issue

um command line tools will let you issue
the<20:35:02.040> question<20:35:02.336> mark<20:35:02.640> and<20:35:02.872> then<20:35:03.000> it<20:35:03.176> will<20:35:03.296> save

the question mark and then it will save

the question mark and then it will save
these<20:35:03.784> year<20:35:03.960> options

these year options

these year options
IP<20:35:06.832> tables<20:35:07.320> this<20:35:07.616> is<20:35:07.744> a<20:35:07.920> Unix<20:35:08.216> command<20:35:08.696> a<20:35:09.296> lot<20:35:09.536> a

IP tables this is a Unix command a lot a

IP tables this is a Unix command a lot a
lot<20:35:09.784> of<20:35:09.832> people<20:35:10.016> it's<20:35:10.496> you'll<20:35:10.976> either<20:35:11.160> you<20:35:11.464> you

lot of people it's you'll either you you

lot of people it's you'll either you you
use<20:35:12.832> Unix<20:35:13.376> a<20:35:13.616> lot<20:35:13.744> because<20:35:13.920> it's<20:35:14.160> your<20:35:14.336> job<20:35:14.576> or

use Unix a lot because it's your job or

use Unix a lot because it's your job or
you've<20:35:15.360> probably<20:35:15.480> never<20:35:15.656> touched<20:35:16.016> it<20:35:16.144> at<20:35:16.320> all

you've probably never touched it at all

you've probably never touched it at all
but<20:35:17.400> it<20:35:17.576> configures<20:35:18.000> the<20:35:18.240> kernel<20:35:18.832> firewall

but it configures the kernel firewall

but it configures the kernel firewall
the<20:35:19.680> only<20:35:19.744> reason<20:35:19.920> I<20:35:20.216> mentioned<20:35:20.512> this<20:35:20.696> command

the only reason I mentioned this command

the only reason I mentioned this command
is<20:35:21.240> because<20:35:21.656> it's<20:35:22.144> in<20:35:22.376> the

is because it's in the

is because it's in the
the<20:35:24.536> dreaded<20:35:25.144> syllabus<20:35:25.616> oops<20:35:26.336> syllabus

the dreaded syllabus oops syllabus

the dreaded syllabus oops syllabus
so

so

so
um I<20:35:29.512> think<20:35:29.640> just<20:35:29.824> know<20:35:30.056> this<20:35:30.296> command<20:35:30.656> and

um I think just know this command and

um I think just know this command and
what<20:35:31.144> it<20:35:31.320> does<20:35:31.504> known<20:35:31.976> all<20:35:32.280> this<20:35:32.464> stuff<20:35:32.696> I've

what it does known all this stuff I've

what it does known all this stuff I've
put<20:35:33.480> it<20:35:33.600> here<20:35:33.784> so<20:35:33.960> you<20:35:34.080> can<20:35:34.192> just<20:35:34.320> see<20:35:34.440> some<20:35:34.680> of

put it here so you can just see some of

put it here so you can just see some of
the<20:35:34.920> options<20:35:35.160> but<20:35:35.400> I<20:35:35.696> really<20:35:35.872> doubt<20:35:36.360> that<20:35:36.896> you

the options but I really doubt that you

the options but I really doubt that you
would<20:35:37.144> need<20:35:37.256> to<20:35:37.376> know<20:35:37.552> it

would need to know it

would need to know it
um<20:35:38.696> I<20:35:38.872> took<20:35:39.176> this<20:35:39.360> uh<20:35:40.080> lot<20:35:40.920> here<20:35:41.160> from

um I took this uh lot here from

um I took this uh lot here from
tutorialspoint.com<20:35:43.320> if<20:35:44.160> you're<20:35:44.280> nowhere

tutorialspoint.com if you're nowhere

tutorialspoint.com if you're nowhere
look<20:35:44.824> at<20:35:44.936> that<20:35:45.056> URL

look at that URL

look at that URL
net<20:35:46.744> starts<20:35:47.216> a<20:35:47.280> handy<20:35:47.512> command<20:35:47.824> basically

net starts a handy command basically

net starts a handy command basically
short<20:35:48.536> for<20:35:48.784> Network<20:35:48.960> statistics<20:35:49.680> thankfully

short for Network statistics thankfully

short for Network statistics thankfully
so<20:35:50.464> it's<20:35:50.576> easy<20:35:50.760> to<20:35:51.000> work<20:35:51.240> that<20:35:51.480> out<20:35:51.656> shows<20:35:52.376> your

so it's easy to work that out shows your

so it's easy to work that out shows your
active<20:35:52.800> connections<20:35:53.336> tells<20:35:54.000> you<20:35:54.056> the<20:35:54.240> type<20:35:54.424> of

active connections tells you the type of

active connections tells you the type of
services<20:35:54.784> you're<20:35:55.256> running<20:35:55.440> and<20:35:56.216> you<20:35:56.336> could<20:35:56.512> be

services you're running and you could be

services you're running and you could be
in<20:35:56.760> for<20:35:56.936> a<20:35:57.120> surprise

in for a surprise

in for a surprise
um if<20:35:59.040> you<20:35:59.160> see<20:35:59.336> things<20:35:59.696> running<20:35:59.936> on<20:36:00.296> your

um if you see things running on your

um if you see things running on your
device<20:36:00.720> that<20:36:01.192> you<20:36:01.744> you<20:36:02.040> didn't<20:36:02.216> think<20:36:02.464> should

device that you you didn't think should

device that you you didn't think should
be<20:36:02.872> there

be there

be there
there's<20:36:04.440> a<20:36:04.680> few<20:36:04.800> switches<20:36:05.424> let's<20:36:06.424> start<20:36:06.720> minus

there's a few switches let's start minus

there's a few switches let's start minus
n<20:36:07.800> minus<20:36:08.400> a<20:36:08.896> minus<20:36:09.896> B<20:36:10.080> I'm<20:36:10.976> not<20:36:11.216> sure<20:36:11.336> you'll

n minus a minus B I'm not sure you'll

n minus a minus B I'm not sure you'll
need<20:36:11.696> to<20:36:11.760> know<20:36:11.872> the<20:36:12.056> switches<20:36:12.424> although<20:36:12.832> I

need to know the switches although I

need to know the switches although I
can't<20:36:13.144> guarantee<20:36:13.616> it<20:36:13.856> active<20:36:14.824> connections

can't guarantee it active connections

can't guarantee it active connections
the<20:36:15.960> applications<20:36:16.496> the<20:36:17.336> connections<20:36:17.824> without

the applications the connections without

the applications the connections without
doing<20:36:18.296> a<20:36:18.480> DNS<20:36:18.896> resolution

doing a DNS resolution

doing a DNS resolution
uh<20:36:21.720> here's<20:36:22.080> a<20:36:22.144> net<20:36:22.320> start<20:36:22.616> from<20:36:23.832> uh<20:36:24.832> this<20:36:25.192> is

uh here's a net start from uh this is

uh here's a net start from uh this is
from<20:36:25.440> one<20:36:25.680> of<20:36:25.744> my<20:36:25.800> authors<20:36:26.160> actually<20:36:26.400> I

from one of my authors actually I

from one of my authors actually I
recognize<20:36:27.000> the<20:36:27.240> name<20:36:27.424> from<20:36:27.784> his<20:36:27.960> device<20:36:28.144> he's

recognize the name from his device he's

recognize the name from his device he's
obviously<20:36:29.280> named<20:36:29.640> his<20:36:29.824> device<20:36:30.176> after<20:36:30.600> himself

obviously named his device after himself

obviously named his device after himself
let's<20:36:31.800> start<20:36:32.040> mine<20:36:32.336> is<20:36:32.512> a<20:36:32.696> and<20:36:33.176> you<20:36:33.360> can<20:36:33.480> see

let's start mine is a and you can see

let's start mine is a and you can see
the<20:36:33.784> state<20:36:33.960> of<20:36:34.144> all<20:36:34.320> of<20:36:34.496> these<20:36:35.336> um<20:36:35.400> ports

the state of all of these um ports

the state of all of these um ports
there's<20:36:36.424> an<20:36:36.656> established<20:36:37.192> Port<20:36:37.440> here

there's an established Port here

there's an established Port here
and<20:36:39.056> then<20:36:39.176> you<20:36:39.536> could<20:36:39.656> obviously<20:36:40.216> do<20:36:41.216> a<20:36:41.400> search

and then you could obviously do a search

and then you could obviously do a search
and<20:36:41.824> find<20:36:42.000> out<20:36:42.176> what<20:36:42.480> this<20:36:42.656> is<20:36:42.832> he<20:36:43.440> may<20:36:43.680> what

and find out what this is he may what

and find out what this is he may what
may<20:36:44.104> well<20:36:44.280> be<20:36:44.464> connected<20:36:45.000> to<20:36:45.176> a<20:36:45.360> Remote<20:36:45.480> device

may well be connected to a Remote device

may well be connected to a Remote device
he<20:36:46.616> may<20:36:46.800> be<20:36:46.976> chatting<20:36:47.336> on<20:36:47.512> MSN<20:36:48.120> or<20:36:48.784> Facebook

he may be chatting on MSN or Facebook

he may be chatting on MSN or Facebook
Messenger<20:36:49.744> or<20:36:50.040> and<20:36:50.464> you<20:36:50.576> could<20:36:50.696> quite<20:36:50.872> easily

Messenger or and you could quite easily

Messenger or and you could quite easily
find<20:36:51.360> out<20:36:51.536> what<20:36:51.720> all<20:36:51.832> these<20:36:52.080> ports<20:36:52.376> are<20:36:52.496> for

find out what all these ports are for

find out what all these ports are for
TCP<20:36:55.376> dump<20:36:55.744> and<20:36:55.976> here's<20:36:56.400> the<20:36:56.512> output<20:36:57.000> here

TCP dump and here's the output here

TCP dump and here's the output here
it's<20:36:59.104> a<20:36:59.280> Unix<20:36:59.576> command<20:37:00.000> it's<20:37:00.720> a<20:37:00.896> sniffing<20:37:01.256> tool

it's a Unix command it's a sniffing tool

it's a Unix command it's a sniffing tool
so<20:37:01.680> what<20:37:01.856> you<20:37:01.976> can<20:37:02.104> do<20:37:02.216> is<20:37:02.336> use<20:37:02.576> it<20:37:02.760> to<20:37:02.936> Snoop

so what you can do is use it to Snoop

so what you can do is use it to Snoop
um<20:37:04.144> the<20:37:04.680> if<20:37:05.040> you're<20:37:05.576> if<20:37:06.000> you<20:37:06.120> want<20:37:06.240> to<20:37:06.360> do<20:37:06.480> the

um the if you're if you want to do the

um the if you're if you want to do the
snooping<20:37:06.960> it's<20:37:07.256> the<20:37:07.504> Snoop<20:37:07.856> command<20:37:08.216> if

snooping it's the Snoop command if

snooping it's the Snoop command if
you're<20:37:09.000> using<20:37:09.360> Solaris

you're using Solaris

you're using Solaris
um<20:37:11.160> pretty<20:37:11.576> specialized<20:37:12.360> a<20:37:12.960> bit<20:37:13.192> of<20:37:13.320> software

um pretty specialized a bit of software

um pretty specialized a bit of software
but<20:37:13.856> I've<20:37:14.280> seen<20:37:14.400> some<20:37:14.760> of<20:37:14.872> the<20:37:14.936> network<20:37:15.056> teams

but I've seen some of the network teams

but I've seen some of the network teams
using<20:37:15.720> Evernote<20:37:16.192> menu<20:37:16.440> you<20:37:17.336> can<20:37:17.400> view<20:37:17.512> the

using Evernote menu you can view the

using Evernote menu you can view the
packets<20:37:18.000> on<20:37:18.240> the<20:37:18.424> Y<20:37:18.480> app

packets on the Y app

packets on the Y app
pathping

now this is a tracer command actually

now this is a tracer command actually
it's<20:37:26.512> a<20:37:26.696> TCP<20:37:27.192> tool<20:37:28.192> it<20:37:28.496> provides<20:37:28.920> information

it's a TCP tool it provides information

it's a TCP tool it provides information
about<20:37:29.576> Network<20:37:30.000> latency<20:37:30.720> and<20:37:31.320> sends<20:37:31.616> icmp

about Network latency and sends icmp

about Network latency and sends icmp
Echo<20:37:32.824> requests

Echo requests

Echo requests
and<20:37:35.760> map<20:37:36.000> I<20:37:36.240> think<20:37:36.360> I<20:37:36.480> mentioned<20:37:36.720> this<20:37:36.896> before

and map I think I mentioned this before

and map I think I mentioned this before
actually<20:37:37.440> she<20:37:38.280> used<20:37:38.400> to<20:37:38.576> discover<20:37:38.696> computers

actually she used to discover computers

actually she used to discover computers
and<20:37:39.656> services<20:37:39.960> on<20:37:40.376> a<20:37:40.552> computer<20:37:40.744> network<20:37:41.160> in

and services on a computer network in

and services on a computer network in
order<20:37:42.176> to<20:37:42.424> create<20:37:42.600> a<20:37:42.960> map

order to create a map

order to create a map
and<20:37:44.824> you<20:37:44.936> can<20:37:45.056> see

and you can see

and you can see
there's<20:37:46.440> a<20:37:46.616> whole<20:37:46.744> bunch<20:37:46.976> of<20:37:47.160> services<20:37:47.336> here

there's a whole bunch of services here

there's a whole bunch of services here
many<20:37:48.056> of<20:37:48.240> them<20:37:48.360> probably<20:37:48.480> look<20:37:48.720> familiar<20:37:49.144> to

many of them probably look familiar to

many of them probably look familiar to
you

and at the end it says Two Hosts up and

and at the end it says Two Hosts up and
how<20:37:54.120> long<20:37:54.240> it<20:37:54.480> took<20:37:54.960> to<20:37:55.144> scan<20:37:55.376> it

how long it took to scan it

how long it took to scan it
uh<20:37:56.936> vulnerability<20:37:57.656> scanning<20:37:58.192> Tool<20:37:58.496> uh<20:37:58.800> just

uh vulnerability scanning Tool uh just

uh vulnerability scanning Tool uh just
bear<20:37:59.216> that<20:37:59.464> in<20:37:59.576> mind<20:37:59.824> again<20:38:00.536> typical<20:38:01.016> type<20:38:01.616> of

bear that in mind again typical type of

bear that in mind again typical type of
question<20:38:01.920> they'll<20:38:02.216> ask<20:38:02.400> you<20:38:02.512> what's<20:38:02.696> nmap

question they'll ask you what's nmap

question they'll ask you what's nmap
used<20:38:03.360> for<20:38:03.600> or

used for or

used for or
um tick<20:38:05.464> the<20:38:05.696> relevant<20:38:06.056> vulnerability

um tick the relevant vulnerability

um tick the relevant vulnerability
scanning<20:38:07.192> tools<20:38:07.552> used<20:38:08.216> for<20:38:08.400> auditing<20:38:08.936> by<20:38:09.176> you

scanning tools used for auditing by you

scanning tools used for auditing by you
or<20:38:09.656> obviously<20:38:10.144> whatever<20:38:10.680> can<20:38:11.040> be<20:38:11.160> used<20:38:11.280> for

or obviously whatever can be used for

or obviously whatever can be used for
good<20:38:11.576> can<20:38:11.824> be<20:38:11.936> used<20:38:12.056> for<20:38:12.240> bad<20:38:12.480> and<20:38:13.016> it<20:38:13.144> can<20:38:13.256> be

good can be used for bad and it can be

good can be used for bad and it can be
used<20:38:13.504> by<20:38:13.744> hackers

dig and he said the command has been

dig and he said the command has been
used<20:38:19.192> here

used here

used here
domain<20:38:21.000> information<20:38:21.296> growth<20:38:22.192> it<20:38:22.800> basically

domain information growth it basically

domain information growth it basically
sends<20:38:23.400> off<20:38:23.464> a<20:38:23.640> query<20:38:23.872> to<20:38:24.176> DNS<20:38:24.856> servers<20:38:25.856> it's

sends off a query to DNS servers it's

sends off a query to DNS servers it's
the<20:38:26.824> same<20:38:27.000> as<20:38:27.120> the<20:38:27.296> NS<20:38:27.600> lookup<20:38:28.016> tool<20:38:28.376> but<20:38:28.856> this

the same as the NS lookup tool but this

the same as the NS lookup tool but this
particular<20:38:29.400> one<20:38:29.760> is<20:38:30.176> used<20:38:30.480> for<20:38:30.896> Linux<20:38:31.680> devices

now you can see it's done a search for

now you can see it's done a search for
example.com

example.com

example.com
and<20:38:40.440> you<20:38:40.552> can<20:38:40.680> see<20:38:40.976> uh<20:38:41.824> the<20:38:42.000> name<20:38:42.424> servers<20:38:42.960> here

IP address DNS servers cash timers that

IP address DNS servers cash timers that
kind<20:38:48.832> of<20:38:48.960> thing

that looks like a um that looks like

that looks like a um that looks like
Google<20:38:54.296> actually

Google actually

Google actually
from<20:38:56.640> if<20:38:57.176> my<20:38:57.360> memory<20:38:57.536> says<20:38:57.896> I<20:38:58.016> think<20:38:58.144> they've

from if my memory says I think they've

from if my memory says I think they've
got<20:38:58.496> eight<20:38:58.744> eight<20:38:59.040> eight<20:38:59.120> and<20:39:00.120> eight<20:39:00.240> eight

got eight eight eight and eight eight

got eight eight eight and eight eight
four<20:39:00.720> four<20:39:00.960> you<20:39:01.680> can<20:39:01.856> check<20:39:02.280> for<20:39:02.464> yourself<20:39:02.960> all

four four you can check for yourself all

four four you can check for yourself all
right<20:39:04.080> so<20:39:04.256> looked<20:39:04.616> at<20:39:04.744> some<20:39:04.856> cool<20:39:05.040> stuff<20:39:05.464> uh

right so looked at some cool stuff uh

right so looked at some cool stuff uh
package<20:39:06.176> sniffer<20:39:06.600> Wi-Fi<20:39:06.960> analyzer<20:39:07.856> bandwidth

package sniffer Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth

package sniffer Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth
speed<20:39:08.872> taster<20:39:09.176> and<20:39:09.720> some<20:39:09.896> important<20:39:10.256> command

speed taster and some important command

speed taster and some important command
line<20:39:10.744> tools<20:39:11.216> remember<20:39:11.760> we're<20:39:12.176> covering<20:39:12.536> this

line tools remember we're covering this

line tools remember we're covering this
in<20:39:13.080> in<20:39:13.256> other<20:39:13.504> presentations<20:39:14.104> too<20:39:14.464> so<20:39:14.696> this

in in other presentations too so this

in in other presentations too so this
was<20:39:15.120> just<20:39:15.480> a<20:39:16.016> subset<20:39:16.376> of<20:39:16.552> all<20:39:16.744> the<20:39:16.856> stuff<20:39:17.040> that

was just a subset of all the stuff that

was just a subset of all the stuff that
you<20:39:17.400> need<20:39:17.640> to<20:39:17.760> know

you need to know

you need to know
so<20:39:19.256> that's<20:39:19.680> the<20:39:19.856> end<20:39:19.920> of<20:39:20.104> the<20:39:20.160> presentation

so that's the end of the presentation

so that's the end of the presentation
thanks<20:39:21.120> for<20:39:21.240> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<20:39:34.440> you

welcome to module 15 lesson 2 height

welcome to module 15 lesson 2 height
availability<20:39:44.576> and<20:39:45.000> low<20:39:45.176> balancing<20:39:45.720> we're

availability and low balancing we're

availability and low balancing we're
just<20:39:46.552> hitting<20:39:46.856> another<20:39:46.976> syllabus<20:39:47.640> topic<20:39:48.120> here

just hitting another syllabus topic here

just hitting another syllabus topic here
um just<20:39:49.856> a<20:39:49.976> brief<20:39:50.216> overview<20:39:50.640> really<20:39:51.360> high

um just a brief overview really high

um just a brief overview really high
availability

availability

availability
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
vrrp<20:39:55.104> hsrp<20:39:56.360> load<20:39:57.360> balancing<20:39:58.280> and<20:39:59.280> high

vrrp hsrp load balancing and high

vrrp hsrp load balancing and high
availability<20:40:00.504> this<20:40:01.504> refers<20:40:01.856> to<20:40:02.040> the<20:40:02.464> ability

availability this refers to the ability

availability this refers to the ability
of<20:40:03.120> a<20:40:03.296> user<20:40:03.600> to<20:40:03.784> access<20:40:03.960> the<20:40:04.320> service<20:40:04.616> no

of a user to access the service no

of a user to access the service no
surprise

surprise

surprise
High<20:40:06.960> availability<20:40:07.376> is<20:40:08.160> a<20:40:08.576> common<20:40:09.000> networking

High availability is a common networking

High availability is a common networking
term<20:40:10.080> it<20:40:10.616> refers<20:40:10.920> to<20:40:11.104> the<20:40:11.576> continuous

term it refers to the continuous

term it refers to the continuous
availability<20:40:12.536> of<20:40:12.960> a<20:40:13.144> service

availability of a service

availability of a service
for<20:40:15.296> a<20:40:15.424> higher<20:40:15.720> period<20:40:16.016> than<20:40:16.440> normal<20:40:16.800> now

for a higher period than normal now

for a higher period than normal now
obviously<20:40:18.296> we're<20:40:18.480> looking<20:40:18.600> for<20:40:18.832> the<20:40:19.160> 99.99

obviously we're looking for the 99.99

obviously we're looking for the 99.99
percent

percent

percent
in<20:40:22.440> order<20:40:22.552> to<20:40:22.800> get<20:40:22.976> the<20:40:23.216> highest<20:40:23.576> possible

in order to get the highest possible

in order to get the highest possible
availability<20:40:24.536> we<20:40:25.440> usually<20:40:25.744> need<20:40:26.040> more<20:40:26.336> than

availability we usually need more than

availability we usually need more than
one<20:40:26.872> other<20:40:27.600> thing

one other thing

one other thing
for<20:40:29.640> example<20:40:30.424> um<20:40:30.424> some<20:40:30.784> Cisco<20:40:31.192> switches<20:40:31.680> come

for example um some Cisco switches come

for example um some Cisco switches come
with

with

with
to<20:40:33.896> power<20:40:34.680> supplies

to power supplies

to power supplies
and<20:40:36.600> even

and even

and even
even<20:40:38.640> this<20:40:39.000> has<20:40:39.424> been<20:40:39.656> improved<20:40:40.016> upon<20:40:40.376> so<20:40:40.552> they

even this has been improved upon so they

even this has been improved upon so they
have<20:40:41.040> not<20:40:41.872> just<20:40:42.000> the<20:40:42.176> fact<20:40:42.360> they've<20:40:42.480> got<20:40:42.720> two

have not just the fact they've got two

have not just the fact they've got two
power<20:40:43.144> supplies<20:40:43.616> but<20:40:43.856> they're<20:40:44.040> hot<20:40:44.216> swappable

power supplies but they're hot swappable

power supplies but they're hot swappable
so<20:40:45.896> what<20:40:46.320> that<20:40:46.496> means<20:40:46.744> is<20:40:46.800> you<20:40:46.976> don't<20:40:47.104> need<20:40:47.280> to

so what that means is you don't need to

so what that means is you don't need to
reboot<20:40:47.872> the<20:40:48.000> switch<20:40:48.176> you<20:40:48.536> can<20:40:48.720> pull<20:40:49.256> one<20:40:49.504> out

reboot the switch you can pull one out

reboot the switch you can pull one out
the<20:40:50.216> inactive<20:40:50.936> one<20:40:51.120> and<20:40:51.896> then<20:40:52.016> slot<20:40:52.376> another

the inactive one and then slot another

the inactive one and then slot another
one<20:40:52.800> in<20:40:53.040> and<20:40:53.464> then<20:40:53.576> you've<20:40:53.760> got<20:40:53.872> two<20:40:54.120> active

one in and then you've got two active

one in and then you've got two active
power<20:40:54.960> supply<20:40:55.440> units<20:40:56.160> and<20:40:57.056> in<20:40:57.296> case<20:40:57.480> one<20:40:57.720> fails

power supply units and in case one fails

power supply units and in case one fails
so<20:41:00.120> measured<20:41:00.536> as<20:41:00.656> a<20:41:00.832> percentage<20:41:01.144> of<20:41:01.320> uptime

so measured as a percentage of uptime

so measured as a percentage of uptime
which<20:41:02.104> is<20:41:02.216> five<20:41:02.512> minutes<20:41:02.824> a<20:41:03.296> year

which is five minutes a year

which is five minutes a year
uh<20:41:05.872> for<20:41:06.056> a<20:41:06.176> network<20:41:06.296> to<20:41:06.536> be<20:41:06.656> highly

uh for a network to be highly

uh for a network to be highly
availability<20:41:07.376> it<20:41:07.856> should<20:41:08.040> survive<20:41:08.464> any<20:41:08.936> kind

availability it should survive any kind

availability it should survive any kind
of<20:41:09.832> failure

of failure

of failure
I'm<20:41:11.576> not<20:41:11.824> saying<20:41:12.296> there's<20:41:13.016> such<20:41:13.320> a<20:41:13.504> thing

I'm not saying there's such a thing

I'm not saying there's such a thing
doesn't<20:41:13.856> exist<20:41:14.336> but<20:41:14.576> even<20:41:14.824> the<20:41:15.120> most<20:41:15.296> robust

doesn't exist but even the most robust

doesn't exist but even the most robust
networks<20:41:16.496> there<20:41:16.680> was<20:41:16.856> a<20:41:16.976> recent<20:41:17.216> outage<20:41:17.696> due

networks there was a recent outage due

networks there was a recent outage due
to

to

to
um severe<20:41:20.040> flooding<20:41:20.576> in<20:41:21.424> Australia<20:41:21.896> I<20:41:22.080> think

um severe flooding in Australia I think

um severe flooding in Australia I think
it<20:41:22.320> was<20:41:22.440> just<20:41:22.552> a<20:41:22.680> few<20:41:22.800> months<20:41:23.104> ago<20:41:23.336> where<20:41:23.464> it

it was just a few months ago where it

it was just a few months ago where it
took<20:41:23.872> out<20:41:24.056> Amazon<20:41:25.336> uh<20:41:26.336> S3

took out Amazon uh S3

took out Amazon uh S3
service<20:41:28.256> so<20:41:29.104> which<20:41:29.400> you<20:41:29.640> would<20:41:29.824> think<20:41:30.000> would

service so which you would think would

service so which you would think would
be<20:41:30.296> one<20:41:30.480> of<20:41:30.600> the<20:41:30.656> most<20:41:30.832> available<20:41:31.144> and<20:41:31.552> secure

be one of the most available and secure

be one of the most available and secure
and<20:41:32.824> robust<20:41:33.296> uh<20:41:33.832> hosting<20:41:34.376> Platforms<20:41:34.800> in<20:41:34.920> the

and robust uh hosting Platforms in the

and robust uh hosting Platforms in the
world<20:41:35.160> but<20:41:35.400> even<20:41:35.576> some<20:41:35.824> of<20:41:35.936> those<20:41:36.000> customers

world but even some of those customers

world but even some of those customers
were<20:41:36.720> taken<20:41:37.080> out

were taken out

were taken out
so<20:41:38.640> high<20:41:38.936> availability<20:41:39.720> can<20:41:40.080> be<20:41:40.192> achieved<20:41:40.552> by

so high availability can be achieved by

so high availability can be achieved by
configuring<20:41:41.160> redundant<20:41:41.576> components<20:41:42.056> so<20:41:42.176> if

configuring redundant components so if

configuring redundant components so if
one<20:41:42.536> one<20:41:42.784> part<20:41:43.016> of<20:41:43.144> it<20:41:43.256> fails<20:41:43.680> the<20:41:44.216> other<20:41:44.336> part

one one part of it fails the other part

one one part of it fails the other part
takes<20:41:45.000> over

now in the context of a routing we've

now in the context of a routing we've
got<20:41:51.360> protocols<20:41:52.144> such<20:41:52.320> as<20:41:52.640> vrrp<20:41:53.640> Virtual

got protocols such as vrrp Virtual

got protocols such as vrrp Virtual
Router<20:41:54.656> redundancy<20:41:55.192> protocol<20:41:55.552> and<20:41:56.464> hsrp

Router redundancy protocol and hsrp

Router redundancy protocol and hsrp
which<20:41:57.480> is<20:41:57.536> done<20:41:58.016> by<20:41:58.256> router<20:41:58.680> protocol

which is done by router protocol

which is done by router protocol
these<20:42:00.720> are<20:42:01.016> what<20:42:01.320> are<20:42:01.680> what<20:42:02.040> is<20:42:02.160> known<20:42:02.400> as<20:42:03.056> um

these are what are what is known as um

these are what are what is known as um
High<20:42:03.656> availability<20:42:04.080> protocols

High availability protocols

High availability protocols
these<20:42:07.680> enable<20:42:07.976> multiple<20:42:08.872> multiple<20:42:09.656> routers

these enable multiple multiple routers

these enable multiple multiple routers
oral<20:42:11.160> layer<20:42:11.400> 3<20:42:11.512> switches<20:42:12.056> in<20:42:12.240> fact<20:42:12.424> to<20:42:12.960> act<20:42:13.192> as

oral layer 3 switches in fact to act as

oral layer 3 switches in fact to act as
Virtual<20:42:13.800> Router<20:42:14.216> with<20:42:14.400> a<20:42:14.512> virtual<20:42:14.824> IP<20:42:15.120> address

a default gateway is configured with

a default gateway is configured with
this<20:42:20.104> virtual<20:42:20.400> IP<20:42:20.696> address<20:42:20.936> so<20:42:21.832> one<20:42:22.080> router

this virtual IP address so one router

this virtual IP address so one router
will<20:42:22.680> be<20:42:22.800> active<20:42:23.104> and<20:42:23.280> this<20:42:23.464> handles<20:42:23.824> all<20:42:24.056> the

will be active and this handles all the

will be active and this handles all the
requests<20:42:24.536> to<20:42:24.656> the<20:42:24.832> default<20:42:25.144> gateway<20:42:25.616> and<20:42:26.280> the

requests to the default gateway and the

requests to the default gateway and the
other<20:42:26.512> router<20:42:26.872> will<20:42:27.056> be<20:42:27.176> a<20:42:27.296> standby<20:42:27.656> so<20:42:28.192> the

other router will be a standby so the

other router will be a standby so the
other<20:42:28.496> router<20:42:28.976> actually<20:42:29.160> takes<20:42:29.576> over<20:42:29.760> if<20:42:30.176> the

other router actually takes over if the

other router actually takes over if the
main<20:42:30.424> router<20:42:30.832> goes<20:42:31.192> down<20:42:31.320> now<20:42:31.920> this<20:42:32.160> isn't

main router goes down now this isn't

main router goes down now this isn't
load<20:42:32.696> balancing<20:42:33.176> because<20:42:34.016> um<20:42:34.016> you've<20:42:34.320> got<20:42:34.440> one

load balancing because um you've got one

load balancing because um you've got one
master<20:42:34.856> router<20:42:35.576> and<20:42:36.240> the<20:42:36.424> other<20:42:36.536> one<20:42:36.720> is<20:42:36.832> a

master router and the other one is a

master router and the other one is a
slave<20:42:37.376> or<20:42:37.616> backup<20:42:37.976> depending<20:42:38.576> on<20:42:38.824> the

slave or backup depending on the

slave or backup depending on the
protocol<20:42:39.600> you<20:42:39.960> use<20:42:40.144> they<20:42:40.920> have<20:42:41.040> different

protocol you use they have different

protocol you use they have different
terms<20:42:41.872> so<20:42:42.832> here's<20:42:43.320> an<20:42:43.440> image<20:42:43.744> of<20:42:44.040> uh<20:42:44.512> the<20:42:44.824> Cisco

terms so here's an image of uh the Cisco

terms so here's an image of uh the Cisco
hot<20:42:45.600> standby<20:42:45.960> router<20:42:46.376> protocol

hot standby router protocol

hot standby router protocol
at<20:42:48.240> the<20:42:48.360> top<20:42:48.536> you<20:42:48.896> with<20:42:49.320> the<20:42:49.504> red<20:42:49.680> and<20:42:49.976> the<20:42:50.160> blue

at the top you with the red and the blue

at the top you with the red and the blue
you<20:42:50.576> got<20:42:50.824> a<20:42:51.000> layer<20:42:51.360> 3<20:42:51.480> switch

you got a layer 3 switch

you got a layer 3 switch
it<20:42:53.640> should<20:42:53.824> be<20:42:53.936> another<20:42:54.056> there<20:42:54.480> we<20:42:54.720> go

it should be another there we go

it should be another there we go
so<20:42:57.296> uh<20:42:58.080> we'll<20:42:58.256> see<20:42:58.496> you<20:42:59.216> see<20:42:59.464> the<20:42:59.576> host<20:42:59.696> on<20:42:59.936> the

so uh we'll see you see the host on the

so uh we'll see you see the host on the
bottom<20:43:00.360> they<20:43:00.960> both<20:43:01.080> have<20:43:01.320> the<20:43:01.552> same<20:43:01.680> default

bottom they both have the same default

bottom they both have the same default
Gateway<20:43:03.536> the<20:43:04.144> Gateway<20:43:04.440> is<20:43:05.120> 10.10.10.1<20:43:06.120> now

Gateway the Gateway is 10.10.10.1 now

Gateway the Gateway is 10.10.10.1 now
10.10.10.1<20:43:08.824> is<20:43:09.240> configured<20:43:09.784> as<20:43:09.960> a<20:43:10.256> virtual<20:43:10.680> IP

10.10.10.1 is configured as a virtual IP

10.10.10.1 is configured as a virtual IP
address<20:43:11.600> on<20:43:12.600> the<20:43:12.720> two<20:43:12.960> layer<20:43:13.376> three<20:43:13.552> devices

address on the two layer three devices

address on the two layer three devices
on<20:43:14.464> the<20:43:14.576> top

on the top

on the top
these<20:43:16.192> two<20:43:16.320> devices<20:43:16.744> are<20:43:17.400> connected<20:43:17.872> and<20:43:18.240> they

these two devices are connected and they

these two devices are connected and they
monitor<20:43:18.832> each<20:43:19.016> other<20:43:19.192> so<20:43:19.856> if<20:43:20.104> one<20:43:20.280> goes<20:43:20.576> down

monitor each other so if one goes down

monitor each other so if one goes down
the<20:43:20.936> other<20:43:21.056> one<20:43:21.240> takes<20:43:21.600> over<20:43:21.976> you<20:43:22.976> see<20:43:23.160> the

the other one takes over you see the

the other one takes over you see the
priority<20:43:23.936> on<20:43:24.424> the<20:43:24.720> right<20:43:25.256> hand<20:43:25.440> switch<20:43:25.680> is<20:43:25.976> 100

priority on the right hand switch is 100

priority on the right hand switch is 100
the<20:43:27.176> priority<20:43:27.536> on<20:43:27.960> the<20:43:28.144> left<20:43:28.320> hand<20:43:28.496> switch<20:43:28.856> is

the priority on the left hand switch is

the priority on the left hand switch is
105<20:43:29.936> so<20:43:30.424> it's<20:43:30.536> got<20:43:30.720> a<20:43:30.896> higher<20:43:31.192> priority<20:43:31.552> so

105 so it's got a higher priority so

105 so it's got a higher priority so
this<20:43:32.760> one<20:43:32.936> in<20:43:33.360> the<20:43:33.480> case<20:43:33.600> of<20:43:33.784> hsrp<20:43:34.440> will<20:43:34.744> be<20:43:34.920> the

this one in the case of hsrp will be the

this one in the case of hsrp will be the
primary<20:43:35.512> router

primary router

primary router
uh<20:43:38.336> all<20:43:38.512> traffic<20:43:38.760> will<20:43:39.176> go<20:43:39.536> via<20:43:40.144> this<20:43:40.440> router

uh all traffic will go via this router

uh all traffic will go via this router
until<20:43:41.872> there's<20:43:42.360> an<20:43:42.480> issue<20:43:42.720> with<20:43:42.896> it<20:43:43.016> if<20:43:43.192> it

until there's an issue with it if it

until there's an issue with it if it
goes<20:43:43.616> down<20:43:43.744> then<20:43:43.976> all<20:43:44.216> traffic<20:43:44.400> immediately

goes down then all traffic immediately

goes down then all traffic immediately
in<20:43:45.360> a<20:43:45.784> split<20:43:46.016> second<20:43:46.464> swaps<20:43:47.464> to<20:43:47.640> the<20:43:47.824> standby

in a split second swaps to the standby

in a split second swaps to the standby
router<20:43:48.960> which<20:43:49.144> is<20:43:49.256> on<20:43:49.440> the<20:43:49.552> rides<20:43:50.400> they<20:43:50.824> both

router which is on the rides they both

router which is on the rides they both
run<20:43:51.240> a<20:43:51.600> virtual<20:43:51.896> Mac<20:43:52.080> address<20:43:52.320> we<20:43:52.920> don't<20:43:53.040> need

run a virtual Mac address we don't need

run a virtual Mac address we don't need
to<20:43:53.280> worry<20:43:53.400> about<20:43:53.512> that<20:43:53.760> because<20:43:53.936> I<20:43:54.056> don't

to worry about that because I don't

to worry about that because I don't
think<20:43:54.296> it'd<20:43:54.600> be<20:43:54.656> asked<20:43:54.896> but<20:43:55.016> they<20:43:55.144> run<20:43:55.256> a

think it'd be asked but they run a

think it'd be asked but they run a
virtual<20:43:55.616> Mac<20:43:55.856> address<20:43:56.120> so<20:43:57.120> that<20:43:57.896> um<20:43:57.960> a<20:43:58.376> layer<20:43:58.616> 2

virtual Mac address so that um a layer 2

virtual Mac address so that um a layer 2
connectivity<20:43:59.280> works<20:43:59.760> also

connectivity works also

connectivity works also
I<20:44:02.400> think<20:44:02.576> that's<20:44:02.696> all<20:44:02.936> we<20:44:03.056> need<20:44:03.240> to<20:44:03.360> know<20:44:03.536> about

I think that's all we need to know about

I think that's all we need to know about
this<20:44:04.080> diagram

load balancing is a distribution of work

load balancing is a distribution of work
across<20:44:11.104> two<20:44:11.640> or<20:44:11.824> more<20:44:12.000> resources<20:44:12.536> such<20:44:12.832> as

across two or more resources such as

across two or more resources such as
servers<20:44:13.616> and<20:44:14.216> networks<20:44:14.760> if<20:44:15.296> you<20:44:15.424> have<20:44:15.600> a

servers and networks if you have a

servers and networks if you have a
server<20:44:16.016> overloaded<20:44:16.680> with<20:44:16.856> requests<20:44:17.216> then<20:44:17.336> we

server overloaded with requests then we

server overloaded with requests then we
can<20:44:17.640> have<20:44:17.760> several<20:44:18.120> servers<20:44:18.600> share<20:44:18.896> the

can have several servers share the

can have several servers share the
burden<20:44:19.552> of<20:44:19.680> that<20:44:19.856> single<20:44:20.216> server<20:44:20.576> in<20:44:21.296> fact

burden of that single server in fact

burden of that single server in fact
even<20:44:21.720> better<20:44:21.896> than<20:44:22.144> that<20:44:22.320> you<20:44:22.616> can

even better than that you can

even better than that you can
um<20:44:24.000> it<20:44:24.600> will<20:44:24.960> it<20:44:25.144> can<20:44:25.320> work<20:44:25.552> so<20:44:25.920> that<20:44:26.216> the<20:44:26.512> load

um it will it can work so that the load

um it will it can work so that the load
is<20:44:27.056> balanced<20:44:27.536> automatically<20:44:28.256> so<20:44:28.552> you<20:44:28.680> don't

is balanced automatically so you don't

is balanced automatically so you don't
have<20:44:28.920> to<20:44:29.040> wait<20:44:29.216> till<20:44:29.400> one<20:44:29.640> server<20:44:30.000> to<20:44:30.176> be

have to wait till one server to be

have to wait till one server to be
overloaded<20:44:30.896> the<20:44:31.552> load<20:44:31.920> is<20:44:32.040> shared<20:44:32.696> over<20:44:32.824> two

overloaded the load is shared over two

overloaded the load is shared over two
or<20:44:33.360> more<20:44:33.536> servers

now the other thing is just going back

now the other thing is just going back
to<20:44:38.160> that<20:44:38.336> last<20:44:38.464> point<20:44:38.760> the<20:44:39.360> servers<20:44:39.784> are

to that last point the servers are

to that last point the servers are
acting<20:44:40.192> as<20:44:40.440> a<20:44:40.552> single<20:44:40.800> server<20:44:41.160> so<20:44:41.336> devices

acting as a single server so devices

acting as a single server so devices
don't<20:44:42.120> realize<20:44:42.536> that<20:44:42.784> load<20:44:43.080> balancing<20:44:43.440> is

don't realize that load balancing is

don't realize that load balancing is
taking<20:44:43.856> place<20:44:44.216> the<20:44:45.176> servers<20:44:45.536> are<20:44:45.656> acting<20:44:45.960> as<20:44:46.256> a

taking place the servers are acting as a

taking place the servers are acting as a
group<20:44:46.744> of<20:44:46.976> servers<20:44:47.464> with<20:44:47.936> the<20:44:48.120> actual<20:44:48.360> hosts

group of servers with the actual hosts

group of servers with the actual hosts
that<20:44:48.960> are<20:44:49.080> contacting<20:44:49.504> their<20:44:49.744> services<20:44:49.920> on

that are contacting their services on

that are contacting their services on
these<20:44:50.576> servers<20:44:50.936> for<20:44:51.176> example

these servers for example

these servers for example
um surfing<20:44:53.160> a<20:44:53.336> web<20:44:53.512> site<20:44:54.176> and<20:44:54.960> doesn't<20:44:55.192> don't

um surfing a web site and doesn't don't

um surfing a web site and doesn't don't
realize<20:44:55.976> then<20:44:56.336> load<20:44:56.696> balancing<20:44:57.056> is<20:44:57.176> taking

realize then load balancing is taking

realize then load balancing is taking
place

place

place
so<20:44:58.856> here's<20:44:59.104> an<20:44:59.216> image<20:44:59.464> of<20:44:59.640> load<20:45:00.000> balancing

so here's an image of load balancing

so here's an image of load balancing
you've<20:45:00.656> got<20:45:00.720> two<20:45:01.016> load<20:45:01.440> balances<20:45:01.856> here<20:45:02.160> so<20:45:03.120> one

you've got two load balances here so one

you've got two load balances here so one
would<20:45:03.656> be

would be

would be
um<20:45:04.616> redundant<20:45:05.576> or<20:45:05.936> possibly<20:45:06.360> taking<20:45:06.720> a<20:45:07.376> part

um redundant or possibly taking a part

um redundant or possibly taking a part
of<20:45:07.800> the<20:45:07.920> load<20:45:08.216> from<20:45:08.400> the<20:45:08.576> other<20:45:08.696> one

of the load from the other one

of the load from the other one
and<20:45:10.376> then<20:45:10.552> we've<20:45:11.160> got<20:45:11.336> an<20:45:11.760> array<20:45:12.056> of<20:45:12.240> servers

and then we've got an array of servers

and then we've got an array of servers
providing<20:45:13.192> whichever<20:45:13.616> Services<20:45:13.976> they<20:45:14.512> they

providing whichever Services they they

providing whichever Services they they
may<20:45:14.936> be<20:45:15.192> FTP<20:45:16.192> or<20:45:16.616> web<20:45:16.976> services

may be FTP or web services

may be FTP or web services
so<20:45:19.144> load<20:45:19.976> is<20:45:20.104> distributed<20:45:20.760> uh<20:45:21.536> across<20:45:22.256> the

so load is distributed uh across the

so load is distributed uh across the
servers<20:45:22.800> they'll<20:45:23.104> all<20:45:23.216> have<20:45:23.464> the<20:45:23.640> same<20:45:23.824> IP

servers they'll all have the same IP

servers they'll all have the same IP
address

address

address
and<20:45:26.576> if<20:45:26.696> there's<20:45:26.936> a<20:45:27.120> problem<20:45:27.240> with<20:45:27.480> one<20:45:27.656> of<20:45:27.832> the

and if there's a problem with one of the

and if there's a problem with one of the
servers<20:45:28.320> that<20:45:28.440> will<20:45:28.680> be<20:45:28.856> removed<20:45:29.336> from

servers that will be removed from

servers that will be removed from
rotation<20:45:30.056> if<20:45:30.784> they're<20:45:30.960> not<20:45:31.144> responding<20:45:31.680> I

rotation if they're not responding I

rotation if they're not responding I
presume<20:45:32.760> you'll<20:45:32.872> have<20:45:33.000> some<20:45:33.176> sort<20:45:33.360> of

presume you'll have some sort of

presume you'll have some sort of
reporting<20:45:33.896> software<20:45:34.320> that<20:45:34.496> will<20:45:34.680> send<20:45:34.856> a

reporting software that will send a

reporting software that will send a
message<20:45:35.160> to<20:45:35.464> the<20:45:35.576> administrator<20:45:36.056> saying<20:45:36.656> one

message to the administrator saying one

message to the administrator saying one
of<20:45:37.440> the<20:45:37.552> servers<20:45:37.920> has<20:45:38.104> been<20:45:38.280> taken<20:45:38.512> out<20:45:38.640> of

of the servers has been taken out of

of the servers has been taken out of
rotation<20:45:39.240> so<20:45:39.832> that<20:45:39.960> can<20:45:40.144> be<20:45:40.192> looked<20:45:40.552> into

rotation so that can be looked into

rotation so that can be looked into
some<20:45:41.936> of<20:45:42.056> the<20:45:42.176> benefits<20:45:42.856> optimization<20:45:43.856> of

some of the benefits optimization of

some of the benefits optimization of
resources<20:45:44.696> you<20:45:45.600> get<20:45:45.720> faster<20:45:46.016> throughput

resources you get faster throughput

resources you get faster throughput
obviously<20:45:47.216> requires<20:45:47.640> careful<20:45:48.000> planning<20:45:48.424> for

obviously requires careful planning for

obviously requires careful planning for
all<20:45:48.896> your<20:45:49.080> bandwidth<20:45:49.920> efficiency

all your bandwidth efficiency

all your bandwidth efficiency
High<20:45:52.496> availability<20:45:52.920> which<20:45:53.400> is<20:45:53.512> the<20:45:53.696> whole

High availability which is the whole

High availability which is the whole
point<20:45:54.120> of<20:45:54.296> the<20:45:54.480> presentation<20:45:54.896> so<20:45:55.800> we've

point of the presentation so we've

point of the presentation so we've
looked<20:45:56.216> at<20:45:56.280> high<20:45:56.512> availability<20:45:57.000> two<20:45:57.960> types<20:45:58.320> of

looked at high availability two types of

looked at high availability two types of
protocols<20:45:59.656> vrrp<20:46:00.656> and<20:46:00.832> hsrp

protocols vrrp and hsrp

protocols vrrp and hsrp
low<20:46:02.696> balancing<20:46:03.240> all<20:46:04.016> right<20:46:04.144> that's<20:46:04.320> all<20:46:04.552> for

low balancing all right that's all for

low balancing all right that's all for
now<20:46:04.856> thanks<20:46:05.160> for<20:46:05.336> watching

welcome to module 15 lesson 3 we're

welcome to module 15 lesson 3 we're
looking<20:46:30.120> at<20:46:30.360> SNMP<20:46:31.016> syslog<20:46:31.800> and<20:46:32.104> s-i-e-m

looking at SNMP syslog and s-i-e-m

looking at SNMP syslog and s-i-e-m
these<20:46:35.824> are<20:46:36.000> exam<20:46:36.600> objectives

these are exam objectives

these are exam objectives
you<20:46:39.296> could<20:46:39.360> go<20:46:39.480> into<20:46:39.600> each<20:46:39.832> of<20:46:40.016> these<20:46:40.144> subjects

you could go into each of these subjects

you could go into each of these subjects
in<20:46:40.680> quite<20:46:40.856> a<20:46:41.040> lot<20:46:41.160> of<20:46:41.280> detail<20:46:41.640> actually

in quite a lot of detail actually

in quite a lot of detail actually
there's<20:46:42.536> the<20:46:42.784> entire<20:46:42.960> book<20:46:43.144> so<20:46:43.376> that's<20:46:43.616> an<20:46:43.800> MP

there's the entire book so that's an MP

there's the entire book so that's an MP
which<20:46:46.552> um<20:46:46.552> we<20:46:47.104> won't<20:46:47.280> we'll<20:46:47.640> only<20:46:47.696> be<20:46:47.936> doing<20:46:48.240> an

which um we won't we'll only be doing an

which um we won't we'll only be doing an
overview<20:46:49.320> so<20:46:49.616> you're<20:46:49.800> familiar<20:46:50.104> with<20:46:50.280> the

overview so you're familiar with the

overview so you're familiar with the
the<20:46:51.552> terms<20:46:52.552> used<20:46:53.104> we'll<20:46:53.872> talk<20:46:54.120> about<20:46:54.240> these

the terms used we'll talk about these

the terms used we'll talk about these
services

services

services
Harrison<20:46:57.240> MP<20:46:57.600> Works<20:46:58.016> email<20:46:58.192> Cinemas<20:46:59.040> SMS

Harrison MP Works email Cinemas SMS

Harrison MP Works email Cinemas SMS
alerting

alerting

alerting
syslogs<20:47:02.104> and<20:47:02.160> the<20:47:02.280> benefits<20:47:02.760> and<20:47:02.936> Siem<20:47:03.856> SNMP

syslogs and the benefits and Siem SNMP

syslogs and the benefits and Siem SNMP
you'll<20:47:05.400> be<20:47:05.640> referring<20:47:06.600> to<20:47:06.832> a<20:47:07.016> fair<20:47:07.320> amount<20:47:07.680> as

you'll be referring to a fair amount as

you'll be referring to a fair amount as
a<20:47:08.464> network<20:47:08.576> engineer<20:47:09.176> a<20:47:09.424> guess<20:47:09.600> I<20:47:09.896> get<20:47:10.080> it<20:47:10.496> just

a network engineer a guess I get it just

a network engineer a guess I get it just
depends<20:47:10.920> on<20:47:11.104> your<20:47:11.216> network<20:47:11.480> some<20:47:12.480> of<20:47:12.656> the

depends on your network some of the

depends on your network some of the
larger<20:47:13.016> networks<20:47:13.552> I've<20:47:14.040> worked<20:47:14.760> uh<20:47:15.720> on<20:47:17.104> you

larger networks I've worked uh on you

larger networks I've worked uh on you
actually<20:47:17.696> have<20:47:18.000> a<20:47:18.240> team<20:47:18.424> that<20:47:18.784> deals<20:47:19.144> with<20:47:19.504> any

actually have a team that deals with any

actually have a team that deals with any
SNMP<20:47:20.640> reporting<20:47:21.360> and<20:47:22.080> any<20:47:22.256> configurations<20:47:22.976> or

SNMP reporting and any configurations or

SNMP reporting and any configurations or
perhaps<20:47:23.696> as<20:47:23.872> a<20:47:24.120> network<20:47:24.240> engineer<20:47:24.976> you'd<20:47:25.976> have

perhaps as a network engineer you'd have

perhaps as a network engineer you'd have
to<20:47:26.280> enable<20:47:26.656> SNMP<20:47:27.856> reporting<20:47:28.856> on<20:47:29.104> a<20:47:29.280> particular

to enable SNMP reporting on a particular

to enable SNMP reporting on a particular
device

device

device
do<20:47:31.376> some<20:47:31.616> testing<20:47:32.040> to<20:47:32.280> make<20:47:32.464> sure<20:47:32.640> that<20:47:32.936> the

do some testing to make sure that the

do some testing to make sure that the
receiving<20:47:34.016> station<20:47:34.440> the<20:47:34.920> network<20:47:35.104> management

receiving station the network management

receiving station the network management
station<20:47:36.000> can<20:47:36.960> receive<20:47:37.376> information<20:47:38.056> which<20:47:39.056> we

station can receive information which we

station can receive information which we
refer<20:47:39.536> to<20:47:39.600> as<20:47:39.784> traps<20:47:40.192> from<20:47:40.496> the<20:47:40.744> device<20:47:41.000> and

refer to as traps from the device and

refer to as traps from the device and
then<20:47:42.120> you<20:47:42.360> will<20:47:42.536> sign<20:47:43.080> off<20:47:43.320> that<20:47:43.552> device<20:47:43.744> as

then you will sign off that device as

then you will sign off that device as
compatible

compatible

compatible
so<20:47:47.104> SNMP<20:47:47.760> is<20:47:47.936> an<20:47:48.120> application<20:47:48.480> layer<20:47:48.960> protocol

so SNMP is an application layer protocol

so SNMP is an application layer protocol
and<20:47:50.160> the<20:47:50.576> idea<20:47:50.760> is<20:47:50.936> it<20:47:51.176> Exchange<20:47:51.480> Management

and the idea is it Exchange Management

and the idea is it Exchange Management
data<20:47:52.496> between<20:47:52.744> the<20:47:53.216> devices<20:47:53.464> on<20:47:53.936> the<20:47:54.056> network

data between the devices on the network

data between the devices on the network
or<20:47:54.656> from<20:47:54.960> a<20:47:55.144> certain<20:47:55.320> device<20:47:55.824> to<20:47:56.824> the<20:47:57.056> network

or from a certain device to the network

or from a certain device to the network
management<20:47:57.896> station

management station

management station
issues<20:48:00.600> to<20:48:00.784> Monitor<20:48:01.080> and<20:48:01.192> manage<20:48:01.504> devices<20:48:01.800> on

issues to Monitor and manage devices on

issues to Monitor and manage devices on
the<20:48:02.280> network<20:48:02.400> such<20:48:02.824> as<20:48:03.000> router<20:48:03.424> switches

the network such as router switches

the network such as router switches
servers<20:48:04.496> and<20:48:04.976> it<20:48:05.104> even<20:48:05.280> drills<20:48:05.696> down<20:48:05.936> to

servers and it even drills down to

servers and it even drills down to
individual<20:48:06.896> ports<20:48:07.440> for<20:48:07.744> example<20:48:07.920> if<20:48:08.216> you<20:48:08.336> have

individual ports for example if you have

individual ports for example if you have
a<20:48:08.640> switch

a switch

a switch
with<20:48:10.320> 24<20:48:10.552> ports<20:48:11.280> the<20:48:11.464> SNMP<20:48:12.176> manager<20:48:12.784> depending

with 24 ports the SNMP manager depending

with 24 ports the SNMP manager depending
on<20:48:13.616> the<20:48:13.800> software<20:48:14.040> you<20:48:14.280> have<20:48:14.400> some<20:48:14.640> of<20:48:14.824> it's

on the software you have some of it's

on the software you have some of it's
free<20:48:15.120> and<20:48:15.360> some<20:48:15.536> of<20:48:15.656> it's<20:48:15.832> quite<20:48:16.744> expensive

free and some of it's quite expensive

free and some of it's quite expensive
and<20:48:19.144> it<20:48:19.616> can<20:48:19.744> drill<20:48:20.040> down<20:48:20.216> and<20:48:20.464> show<20:48:20.696> you<20:48:20.824> a

and it can drill down and show you a

and it can drill down and show you a
pictorial<20:48:21.656> view<20:48:22.016> of<20:48:22.856> each<20:48:23.104> port<20:48:23.400> on<20:48:23.824> the

pictorial view of each port on the

pictorial view of each port on the
switch<20:48:24.056> including<20:48:24.720> the<20:48:24.960> power<20:48:25.640> and<20:48:26.640> power

switch including the power and power

switch including the power and power
button<20:48:27.784> and<20:48:28.376> you<20:48:28.616> can<20:48:28.744> enable<20:48:29.336> or<20:48:29.760> disable<20:48:30.552> and

button and you can enable or disable and

button and you can enable or disable and
monitor<20:48:31.920> and<20:48:32.104> manage<20:48:32.464> individual<20:48:32.872> ports<20:48:33.360> so

monitor and manage individual ports so

monitor and manage individual ports so
it's<20:48:33.656> very<20:48:33.832> handy<20:48:34.192> and<20:48:34.376> very<20:48:34.616> powerful

it's very handy and very powerful

it's very handy and very powerful
SNMP<20:48:36.896> implementation<20:48:37.616> consists<20:48:38.400> of<20:48:38.464> a

SNMP implementation consists of a

SNMP implementation consists of a
managed<20:48:39.176> device

managed device

managed device
the<20:48:41.040> SNMP<20:48:41.696> agent

the SNMP agent

the SNMP agent
little<20:48:43.504> piece<20:48:43.800> of<20:48:43.920> software<20:48:44.280> the<20:48:44.936> SNMP

little piece of software the SNMP

little piece of software the SNMP
manager<20:48:46.192> which<20:48:46.552> is<20:48:46.680> normally<20:48:47.040> a<20:48:47.824> PC<20:48:48.720> or<20:48:49.080> server

manager which is normally a PC or server

manager which is normally a PC or server
that<20:48:49.976> monitors<20:48:50.336> the<20:48:50.640> network<20:48:50.872> and<20:48:51.424> then

that monitors the network and then

that monitors the network and then
reporting<20:48:52.440> is<20:48:52.680> done<20:48:53.216> on<20:48:53.400> there<20:48:53.576> pictorially

reporting is done on there pictorially

reporting is done on there pictorially
usually

usually

usually
the<20:48:56.104> graphical<20:48:56.576> user<20:48:57.000> interface

the graphical user interface

the graphical user interface
the<20:48:58.496> manage<20:48:58.800> device<20:48:58.976> on<20:48:59.280> the<20:48:59.464> network<20:48:59.576> it

the manage device on the network it

the manage device on the network it
requires<20:49:00.424> some<20:49:00.784> kind<20:49:00.960> of<20:49:01.080> monitoring<20:49:01.680> and<20:49:01.920> it

requires some kind of monitoring and it

requires some kind of monitoring and it
can<20:49:02.280> be

can be

can be
it<20:49:03.424> would<20:49:03.656> be<20:49:03.784> your<20:49:04.016> servers<20:49:04.552> switches

it would be your servers switches

it would be your servers switches
routers<20:49:05.696> firewalls<20:49:06.480> that<20:49:06.720> kind<20:49:06.896> of<20:49:07.016> thing

routers firewalls that kind of thing

routers firewalls that kind of thing
an<20:49:08.872> example<20:49:09.240> is<20:49:09.424> a<20:49:09.656> storage<20:49:09.832> array

an example is a storage array

an example is a storage array
SNMP<20:49:12.600> agent<20:49:13.016> is<20:49:13.440> a<20:49:13.680> program<20:49:13.856> that<20:49:14.280> runs<20:49:14.576> on<20:49:14.824> the

SNMP agent is a program that runs on the

SNMP agent is a program that runs on the
manage<20:49:15.240> device<20:49:15.480> so<20:49:15.720> these<20:49:15.960> need<20:49:16.144> to<20:49:16.192> be

manage device so these need to be

manage device so these need to be
written

written

written
by<20:49:18.000> whoever<20:49:18.480> the<20:49:18.784> vendor<20:49:19.144> is<20:49:19.320> usually<20:49:19.936> so<20:49:20.936> it

by whoever the vendor is usually so it

by whoever the vendor is usually so it
can<20:49:21.616> comply<20:49:22.616> with<20:49:22.800> the<20:49:23.160> RFC

can comply with the RFC

can comply with the RFC
the<20:49:25.552> SNMP<20:49:26.040> collects<20:49:26.400> information<20:49:26.576> from<20:49:27.056> the

the SNMP collects information from the

the SNMP collects information from the
device<20:49:27.360> and<20:49:27.656> sends<20:49:28.016> it<20:49:28.144> to<20:49:28.320> the<20:49:28.440> SNMP<20:49:29.104> manager

device and sends it to the SNMP manager

device and sends it to the SNMP manager
the<20:49:31.800> SNMP<20:49:32.336> manager<20:49:32.824> is<20:49:32.936> typically<20:49:33.240> a<20:49:33.600> computer

the SNMP manager is typically a computer

the SNMP manager is typically a computer
that<20:49:34.800> has<20:49:35.336> the<20:49:35.696> software<20:49:36.296> running<20:49:36.536> for<20:49:36.832> us<20:49:36.960> in

that has the software running for us in

that has the software running for us in
mp<20:49:37.576> and<20:49:38.576> a<20:49:39.120> lot<20:49:39.176> of<20:49:39.296> the<20:49:39.360> time<20:49:39.480> it's<20:49:39.784> graphical

mp and a lot of the time it's graphical

mp and a lot of the time it's graphical
user<20:49:40.680> interface<20:49:41.104> you'll<20:49:41.464> see<20:49:41.640> different

user interface you'll see different

user interface you'll see different
images<20:49:42.656> and<20:49:43.144> diagrams<20:49:43.800> and<20:49:43.976> Reporting<20:49:44.576> pie

images and diagrams and Reporting pie

images and diagrams and Reporting pie
charts<20:49:45.424> and<20:49:45.656> that<20:49:46.192> kind<20:49:46.376> of<20:49:46.496> thing

charts and that kind of thing

charts and that kind of thing
this<20:49:47.872> communicates<20:49:48.360> with<20:49:48.536> the<20:49:48.656> SNMP<20:49:49.256> agent

this communicates with the SNMP agent

this communicates with the SNMP agent
management<20:49:51.424> information<20:49:51.896> base<20:49:52.376> we<20:49:52.680> call

management information base we call

management information base we call
these<20:49:53.104> mibs<20:49:53.512> we<20:49:53.760> don't<20:49:53.872> normally<20:49:54.176> say<20:49:54.424> MIB

these mibs we don't normally say MIB

these mibs we don't normally say MIB
when<20:49:55.976> we<20:49:56.160> speak<20:49:56.280> to<20:49:56.464> Engineers<20:49:56.936> the<20:49:57.784> maybe<20:49:58.080> is

when we speak to Engineers the maybe is

when we speak to Engineers the maybe is
a<20:49:58.552> database<20:49:58.976> maintained<20:49:59.696> by<20:49:59.936> the<20:50:00.120> SNMP<20:50:00.784> agent

it contains information about the

it contains information about the
managed<20:50:05.280> device<20:50:05.400> which<20:50:05.760> is<20:50:05.872> shared<20:50:06.240> by<20:50:06.424> both

managed device which is shared by both

managed device which is shared by both
the<20:50:06.832> SNMP<20:50:07.440> agent<20:50:07.856> and<20:50:08.216> the<20:50:08.400> manager

the SNMP agent and the manager

the SNMP agent and the manager
so<20:50:10.976> SNMP<20:50:11.824> is<20:50:12.176> typically<20:50:12.536> enabled<20:50:12.960> when<20:50:13.080> you

so SNMP is typically enabled when you

so SNMP is typically enabled when you
have<20:50:13.376> a<20:50:13.504> storage<20:50:13.744> system

have a storage system

have a storage system
again<20:50:15.536> it<20:50:15.784> depends<20:50:16.144> on<20:50:16.320> your<20:50:16.680> setup

again it depends on your setup

again it depends on your setup
whenever<20:50:19.376> whenever<20:50:19.920> a<20:50:20.104> specific<20:50:20.336> event

whenever whenever a specific event

whenever whenever a specific event
occurs<20:50:21.240> in<20:50:21.360> the<20:50:21.480> storage<20:50:21.600> system<20:50:21.960> this<20:50:22.320> is<20:50:22.440> an

occurs in the storage system this is an

occurs in the storage system this is an
MP<20:50:22.800> agent<20:50:23.160> running<20:50:23.336> on<20:50:23.576> it<20:50:23.760> will<20:50:24.240> notify<20:50:24.656> the

MP agent running on it will notify the

MP agent running on it will notify the
manager<20:50:25.256> and<20:50:25.376> it<20:50:25.504> sends<20:50:25.744> a<20:50:25.856> message<20:50:26.040> now<20:50:26.760> what

manager and it sends a message now what

manager and it sends a message now what
happens<20:50:27.120> after<20:50:27.424> that<20:50:27.720> depends<20:50:28.192> on<20:50:28.320> how<20:50:28.496> you've

happens after that depends on how you've

happens after that depends on how you've
configured<20:50:29.104> it<20:50:29.216> it<20:50:29.336> could<20:50:29.576> trigger<20:50:29.872> a<20:50:30.000> number

configured it it could trigger a number

configured it it could trigger a number
of<20:50:30.360> events

of events

of events
or<20:50:33.056> just<20:50:33.424> be<20:50:33.656> stored<20:50:34.016> so<20:50:34.800> you<20:50:35.040> can<20:50:35.160> see<20:50:35.400> the

or just be stored so you can see the

or just be stored so you can see the
act<20:50:37.256> I<20:50:37.504> will<20:50:37.680> act<20:50:37.920> now<20:50:38.104> by<20:50:38.400> the<20:50:38.512> SNMP<20:50:39.120> manager

act I will act now by the SNMP manager

act I will act now by the SNMP manager
what<20:50:39.960> actually<20:50:40.144> happens

what actually happens

what actually happens
the<20:50:42.960> Trap<20:50:43.440> is<20:50:43.552> in<20:50:43.744> the<20:50:43.856> is<20:50:44.160> an<20:50:44.336> event<20:50:44.464> that's

the Trap is in the is an event that's

the Trap is in the is an event that's
reported<20:50:45.480> the<20:50:46.016> SNMP<20:50:46.680> manager<20:50:47.104> will<20:50:47.216> receive

reported the SNMP manager will receive

reported the SNMP manager will receive
the<20:50:47.696> event<20:50:47.824> and<20:50:48.120> take<20:50:48.360> action<20:50:48.800> type<20:50:49.800> of

the event and take action type of

the event and take action type of
actions<20:50:50.464> could<20:50:50.696> be

actions could be

actions could be
um<20:50:51.656> an<20:50:52.144> email<20:50:52.336> you<20:50:53.336> can<20:50:53.400> configure<20:50:53.760> it<20:50:53.936> to<20:50:54.120> send

um an email you can configure it to send

um an email you can configure it to send
an<20:50:54.424> SMS<20:50:54.960> to<20:50:55.552> the<20:50:56.280> network<20:50:56.464> engineer<20:50:57.176> or<20:50:57.480> a

an SMS to the network engineer or a

an SMS to the network engineer or a
number<20:50:57.832> of<20:50:58.016> people

number of people

number of people
you<20:51:00.296> can<20:51:00.480> even<20:51:00.656> have<20:51:01.320> um

you can even have um

you can even have um
an<20:51:02.640> automatic<20:51:03.720> um

an automatic um

an automatic um
phone<20:51:04.856> number<20:51:05.040> dialed<20:51:05.696> or<20:51:05.824> number<20:51:06.000> of<20:51:06.176> numbers

phone number dialed or number of numbers

phone number dialed or number of numbers
dialed<20:51:07.192> voice<20:51:07.800> message<20:51:08.104> is<20:51:08.400> sent<20:51:08.640> it<20:51:09.176> just

dialed voice message is sent it just

dialed voice message is sent it just
depends<20:51:09.656> on<20:51:09.896> how<20:51:10.256> you<20:51:10.496> how<20:51:11.104> you<20:51:11.280> configure<20:51:11.576> it

depends on how you how you configure it

depends on how you how you configure it
and<20:51:11.872> how<20:51:11.936> important<20:51:12.424> this<20:51:12.720> particular

and how important this particular

and how important this particular
message<20:51:13.440> is

message is

message is
quote<20:51:14.872> from<20:51:15.120> Wikipedia

quote from Wikipedia

quote from Wikipedia
SNMP<20:51:17.464> agent<20:51:18.056> receives<20:51:18.480> requests<20:51:18.896> on<20:51:19.256> UDP<20:51:19.616> Port

SNMP agent receives requests on UDP Port

SNMP agent receives requests on UDP Port
161

161

161
it<20:51:22.320> can<20:51:22.496> send<20:51:22.680> requests<20:51:23.160> from<20:51:23.336> any<20:51:23.576> available

it can send requests from any available

it can send requests from any available
Source<20:51:24.424> port<20:51:24.600> to<20:51:24.832> port<20:51:25.440> 161.<20:51:26.696> the<20:51:27.240> age<20:51:27.360> of

Source port to port 161. the age of

Source port to port 161. the age of
response<20:51:28.016> is<20:51:28.144> generally<20:51:28.496> set<20:51:28.800> back<20:51:29.104> send<20:51:29.824> back

response is generally set back send back

response is generally set back send back
to<20:51:30.176> the<20:51:30.360> source<20:51:30.600> port<20:51:30.720> on<20:51:30.960> the<20:51:31.016> manager<20:51:31.800> the

to the source port on the manager the

to the source port on the manager the
manager<20:51:32.696> receives<20:51:33.000> notifications<20:51:33.832> these<20:51:34.440> are

manager receives notifications these are

manager receives notifications these are
known<20:51:34.680> as<20:51:34.920> traps<20:51:35.336> and<20:51:35.576> inform<20:51:35.936> requests

known as traps and inform requests

known as traps and inform requests
there's<20:51:36.720> other<20:51:36.960> types<20:51:37.256> of<20:51:37.440> messages<20:51:38.000> these

there's other types of messages these

there's other types of messages these
are<20:51:39.056> on<20:51:39.176> Port<20:51:39.424> 162.<20:51:40.856> so<20:51:41.280> basically<20:51:41.872> UDP<20:51:42.240> ports

are on Port 162. so basically UDP ports

are on Port 162. so basically UDP ports
161<20:51:43.192> and<20:51:43.376> 162<20:51:43.920> is<20:51:44.104> used<20:51:44.280> by<20:51:44.464> SNMP

moving on to a syslog which has got

moving on to a syslog which has got
quite<20:51:51.120> a<20:51:51.296> lot<20:51:51.424> of<20:51:51.536> prominence<20:51:52.080> in<20:51:52.376> the<20:51:52.552> Cisco

quite a lot of prominence in the Cisco

quite a lot of prominence in the Cisco
CCNA<20:51:54.720> exams

CCNA exams

CCNA exams
it's<20:51:56.872> a<20:51:57.120> protocol<20:51:57.536> for<20:51:57.832> exchanging<20:51:58.256> log

it's a protocol for exchanging log

it's a protocol for exchanging log
messages<20:51:58.800> so<20:51:59.216> syslog<20:51:59.872> generally<20:52:00.720> sits<20:52:01.320> on<20:52:01.504> a

messages so syslog generally sits on a

messages so syslog generally sits on a
syslog<20:52:02.576> server<20:52:03.056> although<20:52:03.720> you<20:52:03.896> can<20:52:04.016> configure

syslog server although you can configure

syslog server although you can configure
it<20:52:04.744> a<20:52:05.696> router<20:52:06.176> to<20:52:06.424> be<20:52:06.536> a<20:52:06.656> syslog<20:52:07.016> server<20:52:07.504> the

it a router to be a syslog server the

it a router to be a syslog server the
general<20:52:08.576> rule<20:52:09.056> is<20:52:09.176> leave<20:52:09.656> these<20:52:10.320> devices<20:52:10.616> like

general rule is leave these devices like

general rule is leave these devices like
a<20:52:11.280> router<20:52:11.640> to<20:52:11.760> do<20:52:11.936> the<20:52:12.056> main<20:52:12.240> job<20:52:12.480> it's

a router to do the main job it's

a router to do the main job it's
designed<20:52:13.192> for

designed for

designed for
instead<20:52:14.824> of<20:52:15.296> um<20:52:15.296> using<20:52:16.192> it<20:52:16.320> to<20:52:16.440> allocate<20:52:16.856> DHCP

instead of um using it to allocate DHCP

instead of um using it to allocate DHCP
addresses<20:52:18.296> and<20:52:18.784> record<20:52:19.192> syslog<20:52:19.856> messages

addresses and record syslog messages

addresses and record syslog messages
although<20:52:20.936> it<20:52:21.120> can<20:52:21.296> do<20:52:21.480> these<20:52:22.192> and<20:52:22.320> a<20:52:22.496> lot<20:52:22.552> more

although it can do these and a lot more

although it can do these and a lot more
things

things

things
it<20:52:24.240> can<20:52:24.296> be<20:52:24.424> used<20:52:24.536> by<20:52:24.896> devices<20:52:25.440> on<20:52:25.744> the<20:52:25.920> network

it can be used by devices on the network

it can be used by devices on the network
to<20:52:27.056> move<20:52:27.656> all<20:52:27.896> the<20:52:28.080> audit<20:52:28.680> logs<20:52:29.040> to<20:52:29.160> a<20:52:29.336> central

to move all the audit logs to a central

to move all the audit logs to a central
login<20:52:29.760> server<20:52:30.360> again<20:52:31.080> this<20:52:31.320> is<20:52:31.504> called<20:52:31.616> the

login server again this is called the

login server again this is called the
syslog<20:52:32.336> server

syslog server

syslog server
why<20:52:35.160> would<20:52:35.280> you<20:52:35.464> do<20:52:35.640> it<20:52:35.824> it<20:52:36.296> allows<20:52:36.656> the

why would you do it it allows the

why would you do it it allows the
consolidation<20:52:37.376> of<20:52:37.616> audit<20:52:38.104> logs<20:52:38.512> from

consolidation of audit logs from

consolidation of audit logs from
multiple<20:52:39.600> devices<20:52:39.960> to<20:52:40.256> a<20:52:40.376> single<20:52:40.680> place

multiple devices to a single place

multiple devices to a single place
basically<20:52:41.760> it's<20:52:42.600> for<20:52:42.960> to<20:52:43.256> give<20:52:43.440> you<20:52:43.616> usable

basically it's for to give you usable

basically it's for to give you usable
information<20:52:45.240> and<20:52:45.960> data<20:52:46.440> you<20:52:47.400> can<20:52:47.512> have

information and data you can have

information and data you can have
different<20:52:48.240> levels<20:52:48.784> of<20:52:48.960> syslog<20:52:49.376> messaging

different levels of syslog messaging

different levels of syslog messaging
from<20:52:51.000> urgent<20:52:51.176> messages<20:52:51.376> to<20:52:52.376> just<20:52:52.616> general

from urgent messages to just general

from urgent messages to just general
reporting<20:52:53.760> and<20:52:54.720> how<20:52:55.144> and<20:52:55.320> what<20:52:55.920> it<20:52:56.512> actually

reporting and how and what it actually

reporting and how and what it actually
does<20:52:57.056> is<20:52:57.240> down<20:52:57.480> to<20:52:57.720> you<20:52:57.896> to<20:52:58.440> configure

does is down to you to configure

does is down to you to configure
depending<20:52:59.936> on<20:53:00.000> your<20:53:00.360> particular<20:53:00.656> needs<20:53:01.080> on

depending on your particular needs on

depending on your particular needs on
the<20:53:01.376> network

the network

the network
okay<20:53:04.144> lastly<20:53:04.640> s-i-e-m<20:53:05.640> security<20:53:06.120> information

okay lastly s-i-e-m security information

okay lastly s-i-e-m security information
and<20:53:07.256> event<20:53:07.440> manager

and event manager

and event manager
it's<20:53:09.480> a<20:53:09.720> set<20:53:10.144> of<20:53:10.320> software<20:53:10.616> products<20:53:11.040> and

it's a set of software products and

it's a set of software products and
services<20:53:11.464> that<20:53:11.872> are<20:53:12.000> used<20:53:12.120> to<20:53:12.360> monitor<20:53:12.720> a

services that are used to monitor a

services that are used to monitor a
network

network

network
what<20:53:14.464> it<20:53:14.640> gives<20:53:14.760> you<20:53:14.872> is<20:53:15.056> a<20:53:15.240> real-time<20:53:15.656> output

what it gives you is a real-time output

what it gives you is a real-time output
of<20:53:16.496> security<20:53:16.800> alerts<20:53:17.576> generated<20:53:18.000> by<20:53:18.296> Network

of security alerts generated by Network

of security alerts generated by Network
and<20:53:18.960> network<20:53:19.440> Hardware<20:53:19.856> so<20:53:20.640> it's<20:53:20.760> definitely

and network Hardware so it's definitely

and network Hardware so it's definitely
got<20:53:21.176> a<20:53:21.360> security<20:53:21.536> bias

got a security bias

got a security bias
It's<20:53:24.056> a<20:53:24.176> combination<20:53:24.536> of<20:53:24.896> sem<20:53:25.552> security<20:53:25.856> event

It's a combination of sem security event

It's a combination of sem security event
manager<20:53:26.824> and<20:53:27.176> Sim<20:53:27.720> security<20:53:28.552> information

manager and Sim security information

manager and Sim security information
management

the security event management deals with

the security event management deals with
the<20:53:35.040> real-time<20:53:35.400> monitoring<20:53:36.000> and

the real-time monitoring and

the real-time monitoring and
notification<20:53:36.784> of<20:53:37.016> security<20:53:37.256> events

notification of security events

notification of security events
the<20:53:39.056> Sim<20:53:39.240> deals<20:53:39.896> with<20:53:39.960> the<20:53:40.080> collection<20:53:40.320> of<20:53:40.552> the

the Sim deals with the collection of the

the Sim deals with the collection of the
log<20:53:40.800> files<20:53:41.280> into<20:53:41.512> a<20:53:41.936> central<20:53:42.176> Repository

log files into a central Repository

log files into a central Repository
a<20:53:45.000> lot<20:53:45.056> of<20:53:45.176> the<20:53:45.296> time<20:53:45.424> as<20:53:45.832> with<20:53:46.016> other

a lot of the time as with other

a lot of the time as with other
protocols<20:53:46.920> like<20:53:47.040> this<20:53:47.160> you<20:53:47.464> would<20:53:47.576> have<20:53:47.824> a

protocols like this you would have a

protocols like this you would have a
graphical<20:53:48.744> analysis<20:53:49.744> giving<20:53:50.104> you<20:53:50.336> some<20:53:50.760> sort

graphical analysis giving you some sort

graphical analysis giving you some sort
of<20:53:51.000> meaningful<20:53:51.424> data<20:53:51.960> that<20:53:52.496> you<20:53:52.616> can

of meaningful data that you can

of meaningful data that you can
interpret

interpret

interpret
the<20:53:54.832> Siem<20:53:55.504> Solutions<20:53:56.160> are<20:53:56.512> used<20:53:56.640> to<20:53:56.824> log

the Siem Solutions are used to log

the Siem Solutions are used to log
security<20:53:57.240> data<20:53:57.832> and<20:53:58.144> generate<20:53:58.760> reports<20:53:59.760> a<20:54:00.360> lot

security data and generate reports a lot

security data and generate reports a lot
of<20:54:00.600> the<20:54:00.656> time<20:54:00.784> for<20:54:01.016> compliance<20:54:01.552> and<20:54:01.744> security

of the time for compliance and security

of the time for compliance and security
compliance<20:54:02.760> is<20:54:03.120> a<20:54:03.424> whole

compliance is a whole

compliance is a whole
new<20:54:05.336> and<20:54:05.512> expanded<20:54:06.000> area

new and expanded area

new and expanded area
a<20:54:07.920> lot<20:54:08.040> of<20:54:08.160> the<20:54:08.216> time<20:54:08.400> for<20:54:08.696> you<20:54:08.824> to<20:54:09.120> comply<20:54:09.656> with

a lot of the time for you to comply with

a lot of the time for you to comply with
and<20:54:11.336> National<20:54:11.640> standards<20:54:12.424> and<20:54:12.832> requirements

and National standards and requirements

and National standards and requirements
for<20:54:14.040> security

for security

for security
one<20:54:16.616> example<20:54:16.920> is<20:54:17.160> checkpoint<20:54:17.640> event<20:54:18.000> here

one example is checkpoint event here

one example is checkpoint event here
which<20:54:18.720> you<20:54:19.080> can<20:54:19.192> Google<20:54:19.680> and<20:54:19.976> look<20:54:20.160> at<20:54:20.280> some

which you can Google and look at some

which you can Google and look at some
more<20:54:20.640> information<20:54:20.824> if<20:54:21.176> you<20:54:21.296> want<20:54:21.424> to<20:54:21.536> do<20:54:21.656> some

more information if you want to do some

more information if you want to do some
research<20:54:23.104> but<20:54:23.696> that's<20:54:24.360> um<20:54:24.360> for<20:54:24.656> now<20:54:24.784> summary

research but that's um for now summary

research but that's um for now summary
is<20:54:25.504> SNMP<20:54:26.480> components<20:54:27.480> manage<20:54:27.960> devices<20:54:28.320> and

is SNMP components manage devices and

is SNMP components manage devices and
agents<20:54:29.216> and<20:54:29.336> managers

agents and managers

agents and managers
mibs<20:54:31.552> we've<20:54:31.856> talked<20:54:32.160> about<20:54:32.424> how<20:54:33.424> SNMP<20:54:34.080> works

mibs we've talked about how SNMP works

mibs we've talked about how SNMP works
alerting<20:54:35.872> syslog

alerting syslog

alerting syslog
and<20:54:38.760> why<20:54:38.872> we<20:54:39.056> use<20:54:39.240> this<20:54:39.424> log<20:54:39.656> and<20:54:39.960> Siem<20:54:40.680> okay

and why we use this log and Siem okay

and why we use this log and Siem okay
that's<20:54:41.760> all<20:54:42.000> for<20:54:42.176> now<20:54:42.360> thanks<20:54:42.784> for<20:54:42.960> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<20:54:57.296> you

welcome to module 16 lesson one web

welcome to module 16 lesson one web
services

services

services
this<20:55:08.576> would<20:55:08.696> obviously<20:55:09.120> uh<20:55:09.536> be<20:55:09.896> a<20:55:10.080> massive

this would obviously uh be a massive

this would obviously uh be a massive
area<20:55:10.616> we're<20:55:11.104> just<20:55:11.336> touching<20:55:11.872> on<20:55:12.000> the<20:55:12.176> things

area we're just touching on the things

area we're just touching on the things
that<20:55:12.720> are<20:55:12.832> covered<20:55:13.192> in<20:55:13.376> the<20:55:13.680> syllabus<20:55:14.656> what

that are covered in the syllabus what

that are covered in the syllabus what
are<20:55:15.896> web<20:55:16.080> services<20:55:16.376> XML

are web services XML

are web services XML
programming<20:55:20.160> languages<20:55:20.512> and<20:55:20.760> web<20:55:21.000> services

programming languages and web services

programming languages and web services
their<20:55:22.496> components<20:55:23.160> used<20:55:23.336> by<20:55:23.576> web<20:55:23.824> services

their components used by web services

their components used by web services
how<20:55:25.440> are<20:55:25.552> web<20:55:25.800> service<20:55:26.040> works

how are web service works

how are web service works
I<20:55:28.440> think<20:55:28.616> uh<20:55:28.920> this<20:55:29.280> has<20:55:29.400> probably<20:55:29.576> been<20:55:29.872> put<20:55:30.176> in

I think uh this has probably been put in

I think uh this has probably been put in
in<20:55:31.192> as<20:55:31.440> much<20:55:31.616> as<20:55:31.800> you<20:55:32.104> probably<20:55:32.216> you<20:55:32.512> may<20:55:32.760> be

in as much as you probably you may be

in as much as you probably you may be
asked<20:55:33.176> to<20:55:33.240> do<20:55:33.424> some<20:55:33.600> sort<20:55:33.784> of<20:55:33.832> troubleshooting

asked to do some sort of troubleshooting

asked to do some sort of troubleshooting
not<20:55:35.464> uh<20:55:36.120> in<20:55:36.720> the<20:55:36.832> respective<20:55:37.376> web<20:55:37.744> programming

not uh in the respective web programming

not uh in the respective web programming
but<20:55:39.536> perhaps<20:55:40.216> accessor<20:55:41.216> through<20:55:41.576> the<20:55:41.760> network

but perhaps accessor through the network

but perhaps accessor through the network
or<20:55:43.504> firewalls<20:55:44.216> or<20:55:44.464> some<20:55:44.640> sort<20:55:44.824> of

or firewalls or some sort of

or firewalls or some sort of
troubleshooting<20:55:45.896> so<20:55:46.256> you<20:55:46.616> may<20:55:46.744> need<20:55:46.920> to

troubleshooting so you may need to

troubleshooting so you may need to
communicate<20:55:47.576> with<20:55:47.936> the<20:55:48.176> web<20:55:48.480> programmers<20:55:49.144> at

communicate with the web programmers at

communicate with the web programmers at
some<20:55:49.552> point

some point

some point
what<20:55:51.720> are<20:55:51.832> they<20:55:52.016> there's<20:55:52.320> a<20:55:52.440> whole<20:55:52.552> bunch<20:55:52.744> of

what are they there's a whole bunch of

what are they there's a whole bunch of
applications<20:55:53.464> that<20:55:54.000> use<20:55:54.176> Open<20:55:54.480> Standards

applications that use Open Standards

applications that use Open Standards
such<20:55:56.040> as<20:55:56.216> Excel

such as Excel

such as Excel
soap<20:55:59.216> wsdl

soap wsdl

soap wsdl
uddi

uddi

uddi
uses<20:56:05.464> they<20:56:05.696> used<20:56:05.872> to<20:56:06.056> exchange<20:56:06.296> data<20:56:06.720> between

uses they used to exchange data between

uses they used to exchange data between
the<20:56:07.144> web-based<20:56:07.616> applications<20:56:08.240> over<20:56:09.240> an<20:56:09.600> IP

the web-based applications over an IP

the web-based applications over an IP
network<20:56:10.336> and<20:56:11.336> this<20:56:11.576> is<20:56:11.696> just<20:56:11.936> a<20:56:12.176> massively

network and this is just a massively

network and this is just a massively
expanded<20:56:13.976> area<20:56:14.216> and<20:56:14.576> always<20:56:14.760> has<20:56:15.000> been<20:56:15.240> since

expanded area and always has been since

expanded area and always has been since
HTTP<20:56:17.160> was<20:56:17.576> first<20:56:17.872> used<20:56:18.296> to<20:56:19.016> display<20:56:19.616> web<20:56:20.512> pages

HTTP was first used to display web pages

HTTP was first used to display web pages
it's<20:56:21.296> been<20:56:21.480> improved<20:56:22.016> upon<20:56:22.376> over<20:56:23.104> and<20:56:23.280> over

it's been improved upon over and over

it's been improved upon over and over
again<20:56:23.824> to<20:56:24.296> deal<20:56:24.480> with<20:56:24.784> them<20:56:25.336> issues<20:56:26.336> speed

again to deal with them issues speed

again to deal with them issues speed
security

security

security
usability<20:56:29.120> mobile<20:56:30.120> devices<20:56:30.600> it's<20:56:31.256> just<20:56:31.440> never

usability mobile devices it's just never

usability mobile devices it's just never
ending

so in a web service we already know the

so in a web service we already know the
HTTP<20:56:38.872> is<20:56:39.656> used<20:56:39.832> to<20:56:40.144> transfer

HTTP is used to transfer

HTTP is used to transfer
um<20:56:41.576> machine<20:56:41.936> readable<20:56:42.480> formats<20:56:43.144> such<20:56:43.256> as<20:56:43.504> the

um machine readable formats such as the

um machine readable formats such as the
following<20:56:44.536> XML<20:56:45.536> Json

following XML Json

following XML Json
and<20:56:48.784> Jason<20:56:49.280> when<20:56:50.280> different<20:56:50.512> software

and Jason when different software

and Jason when different software
Services<20:56:51.656> onto<20:56:52.192> stage<20:56:52.552> dates<20:56:52.800> with<20:56:52.976> each

Services onto stage dates with each

Services onto stage dates with each
other<20:56:53.280> a<20:56:53.576> web<20:56:53.760> service<20:56:53.936> allows<20:56:54.480> them<20:56:54.600> to<20:56:54.784> do

other a web service allows them to do

other a web service allows them to do
this<20:56:55.144> over<20:56:55.552> the<20:56:56.464> internet

this over the internet

this over the internet
software<20:56:59.160> application<20:56:59.512> that<20:56:59.760> requests<20:57:00.176> the

software application that requests the

software application that requests the
data<20:57:01.016> is<20:57:01.144> called<20:57:01.320> a<20:57:01.552> service<20:57:01.856> and<20:57:02.400> you<20:57:02.640> can

data is called a service and you can

data is called a service and you can
tweak<20:57:03.240> these<20:57:04.016> way<20:57:04.256> in<20:57:04.800> most<20:57:04.976> of<20:57:05.104> your<20:57:05.280> browsers

tweak these way in most of your browsers

tweak these way in most of your browsers
such<20:57:06.240> as<20:57:06.424> their<20:57:06.784> Google<20:57:07.504> Chrome<20:57:07.920> or<20:57:08.216> Firefox

such as their Google Chrome or Firefox

such as their Google Chrome or Firefox
they<20:57:09.120> normally<20:57:09.424> have<20:57:09.656> ways<20:57:10.552> you<20:57:10.680> can<20:57:10.744> manage

they normally have ways you can manage

they normally have ways you can manage
extensions<20:57:11.824> or<20:57:13.144> um<20:57:13.192> the<20:57:13.920> back<20:57:14.104> end

extensions or um the back end

extensions or um the back end
to<20:57:15.896> a<20:57:16.080> grade<20:57:16.256> to<20:57:16.376> a<20:57:16.552> lesser<20:57:16.800> extent

to a grade to a lesser extent

to a grade to a lesser extent
software<20:57:18.832> application<20:57:19.256> that<20:57:19.616> serves<20:57:19.976> the

software application that serves the

software application that serves the
data<20:57:20.512> is<20:57:20.696> called<20:57:21.000> a<20:57:21.240> service<20:57:21.424> provider

data is called a service provider

data is called a service provider
and<20:57:23.512> web<20:57:23.696> services<20:57:23.872> are<20:57:24.360> a<20:57:24.480> means<20:57:24.720> of<20:57:25.256> um

and web services are a means of um

and web services are a means of um
interoperating<20:57:26.824> between<20:57:27.120> different

interoperating between different

interoperating between different
software<20:57:28.440> systems

the software applications develop using

the software applications develop using
a<20:57:34.680> whole<20:57:34.800> variety<20:57:35.280> of<20:57:35.872> programmer<20:57:36.832> languages

a whole variety of programmer languages

a whole variety of programmer languages
and<20:57:37.856> normally<20:57:38.160> you'll<20:57:38.400> have<20:57:38.512> somebody

and normally you'll have somebody

and normally you'll have somebody
specializes<20:57:39.784> in<20:57:40.016> one<20:57:40.320> or<20:57:40.496> more<20:57:40.680> and<20:57:41.400> you<20:57:41.512> can

specializes in one or more and you can

specializes in one or more and you can
see<20:57:41.824> a<20:57:42.000> few<20:57:42.176> in<20:57:42.600> the<20:57:42.720> Fig<20:57:42.960> there<20:57:43.320> some<20:57:44.040> have

see a few in the Fig there some have

see a few in the Fig there some have
been<20:57:44.464> depreciated<20:57:45.176> such<20:57:45.832> as<20:57:46.016> Flash<20:57:46.440> and<20:57:47.400> due

been depreciated such as Flash and due

been depreciated such as Flash and due
to<20:57:47.872> security<20:57:48.120> issues

season for applications want to exchange

season for applications want to exchange
data<20:57:54.656> they<20:57:54.896> should<20:57:55.144> be<20:57:55.320> able<20:57:55.376> to<20:57:55.504> communicate

data they should be able to communicate

data they should be able to communicate
with<20:57:56.280> each<20:57:56.464> other<20:57:56.656> this<20:57:57.656> may<20:57:57.960> possibly<20:57:58.552> be

with each other this may possibly be

with each other this may possibly be
where<20:57:59.512> you<20:57:59.872> have<20:58:00.536> become<20:58:00.784> involved<20:58:01.192> as<20:58:01.376> the

where you have become involved as the

where you have become involved as the
network<20:58:01.744> engineer

network engineer

network engineer
data<20:58:04.256> exchange<20:58:04.744> shouldn't<20:58:05.104> depend<20:58:05.400> on<20:58:05.512> any

data exchange shouldn't depend on any

data exchange shouldn't depend on any
particular<20:58:06.176> programming<20:58:06.896> language

particular programming language

particular programming language
so<20:58:08.280> there's<20:58:08.464> a<20:58:08.640> need<20:58:08.696> for<20:58:08.872> a<20:58:09.000> common<20:58:09.056> language

so there's a need for a common language

so there's a need for a common language
that<20:58:09.784> allow<20:58:10.016> different<20:58:10.256> software

that allow different software

that allow different software
applications<20:58:11.216> to<20:58:11.576> send<20:58:11.760> and<20:58:11.936> receive<20:58:12.296> data

applications to send and receive data

applications to send and receive data
over<20:58:12.896> the<20:58:13.144> web

over the web

over the web
most<20:58:15.120> types<20:58:15.480> of<20:58:15.536> software<20:58:15.960> can<20:58:16.496> interpret

most types of software can interpret

most types of software can interpret
what's<20:58:17.512> known<20:58:17.760> as<20:58:17.936> XML<20:58:18.832> tags

what's known as XML tags

what's known as XML tags
this<20:58:20.640> stands<20:58:21.000> for<20:58:21.120> extensible<20:58:21.656> Market

this stands for extensible Market

this stands for extensible Market
bandwidge<20:58:22.920> which<20:58:23.336> you<20:58:23.464> can<20:58:23.576> learn<20:58:23.760> if<20:58:23.936> you<20:58:24.120> so

bandwidge which you can learn if you so

bandwidge which you can learn if you so
choose

choose

choose
it's<20:58:26.040> a<20:58:26.280> standard<20:58:26.512> language<20:58:26.696> for<20:58:27.000> web-based

it's a standard language for web-based

it's a standard language for web-based
applications<20:58:27.960> to<20:58:28.552> communicate<20:58:29.104> with<20:58:29.464> one

applications to communicate with one

applications to communicate with one
another

another

another
the<20:58:31.080> exchange<20:58:31.320> of<20:58:31.552> data<20:58:31.976> happens<20:58:32.160> through<20:58:32.760> XML

the exchange of data happens through XML

the exchange of data happens through XML
files

XML is a markup language it defines a

XML is a markup language it defines a
set<20:58:39.120> of<20:58:39.240> rules<20:58:39.480> for<20:58:39.656> encoding<20:58:40.144> documents<20:58:40.616> in<20:58:40.744> a

set of rules for encoding documents in a

set of rules for encoding documents in a
format<20:58:41.280> that<20:58:41.512> we<20:58:41.696> can<20:58:41.824> read<20:58:42.056> as<20:58:42.720> humans

format that we can read as humans

format that we can read as humans
generally<20:58:44.216> you<20:58:44.400> need<20:58:44.576> to<20:58:44.640> be<20:58:44.760> a<20:58:44.936> programmer<20:58:45.360> to

generally you need to be a programmer to

generally you need to be a programmer to
understand<20:58:45.720> what<20:58:46.144> they<20:58:46.320> mean<20:58:46.496> but<20:58:47.040> it<20:58:47.216> could

understand what they mean but it could

understand what they mean but it could
also<20:58:47.696> be<20:58:47.824> read<20:58:48.144> by<20:58:49.144> the<20:58:49.256> machines

also be read by the machines

also be read by the machines
so<20:58:52.440> here's<20:58:52.744> an<20:58:52.800> example<20:58:53.160> of<20:58:53.464> an<20:58:53.640> XML<20:58:54.176> file<20:58:54.656> you

so here's an example of an XML file you

so here's an example of an XML file you
can<20:58:55.080> see<20:58:55.192> it's<20:58:55.376> marked<20:58:55.856> as<20:58:55.976> XML<20:58:56.512> at<20:58:56.760> the<20:58:56.872> top

can see it's marked as XML at the top

can see it's marked as XML at the top
the<20:58:57.960> version<20:58:58.192> and<20:58:59.040> then<20:58:59.160> there's<20:58:59.400> various

the version and then there's various

the version and then there's various
um prompts<20:59:01.080> within<20:59:01.696> the<20:59:02.696> greater<20:59:03.240> than<20:59:03.360> and

um prompts within the greater than and

um prompts within the greater than and
less<20:59:03.896> than<20:59:04.080> markers<20:59:05.040> and<20:59:06.000> also<20:59:06.360> the<20:59:07.256> actual

less than markers and also the actual

less than markers and also the actual
text<20:59:07.744> in<20:59:08.040> between<20:59:08.480> Network<20:59:09.480> 100<20:59:10.144> status<20:59:10.800> pass

text in between Network 100 status pass

text in between Network 100 status pass
subject<20:59:12.424> Hardware<20:59:12.784> Mach<20:59:13.256> 100

so you've seen an example easy to read

so you've seen an example easy to read
it<20:59:19.976> once<20:59:20.336> obviously<20:59:21.120> once<20:59:21.360> you've<20:59:21.480> learned

it once obviously once you've learned

it once obviously once you've learned
what<20:59:22.376> it<20:59:22.496> all<20:59:22.616> means<20:59:22.920> and<20:59:23.040> how<20:59:23.216> it<20:59:23.336> works<20:59:23.512> but

what it all means and how it works but

what it all means and how it works but
it's<20:59:23.824> also<20:59:24.000> easy<20:59:24.296> for<20:59:24.536> the<20:59:24.720> machine<20:59:24.896> to<20:59:25.504> read

it's also easy for the machine to read

it's also easy for the machine to read
also

also

also
allows<20:59:28.920> you<20:59:28.920> to<20:59:29.104> see<20:59:29.216> what's<20:59:29.400> been<20:59:29.576> sent

allows you to see what's been sent

allows you to see what's been sent
between<20:59:30.120> the<20:59:30.480> web-based<20:59:31.080> applications

web services web applications can send

web services web applications can send
data<20:59:36.832> using<20:59:37.080> the<20:59:37.320> XML<20:59:37.744> format<20:59:38.216> they<20:59:38.464> can<20:59:38.640> also

data using the XML format they can also

data using the XML format they can also
retrieve<20:59:39.424> data<20:59:39.784> from<20:59:39.960> an<20:59:40.144> XML<20:59:40.552> file

retrieve data from an XML file

retrieve data from an XML file
a<20:59:42.832> standard<20:59:43.192> web<20:59:43.320> service<20:59:43.616> uses<20:59:44.336> the

a standard web service uses the

a standard web service uses the
following<20:59:44.824> components<20:59:45.480> soap

following components soap

following components soap
this<20:59:47.696> stands<20:59:48.056> for<20:59:48.296> a<20:59:48.832> simple<20:59:49.320> object<20:59:49.800> access

this stands for a simple object access

this stands for a simple object access
protocol

protocol

protocol
this<20:59:52.192> is<20:59:52.320> actually<20:59:52.496> used<20:59:52.800> to<20:59:52.976> transfer<20:59:53.464> the

this is actually used to transfer the

this is actually used to transfer the
data

uddi stands for Universal description

uddi stands for Universal description
Discovery<21:00:00.000> and<21:00:00.296> integration

Discovery and integration

Discovery and integration
directory<21:00:02.640> that<21:00:02.760> defines<21:00:03.176> which<21:00:03.480> Software

directory that defines which Software

directory that defines which Software
System<21:00:04.144> should<21:00:04.744> be<21:00:04.920> contacted<21:00:05.336> for<21:00:05.696> which

System should be contacted for which

System should be contacted for which
type<21:00:06.240> of<21:00:06.424> data

wsdl stands for web services description

wsdl stands for web services description
language

language

language
used<21:00:14.640> for<21:00:14.824> describing<21:00:15.360> the<21:00:15.600> services

used for describing the services

used for describing the services
available

how are web service works it uses XML to

how are web service works it uses XML to
tag<21:00:22.320> the<21:00:22.552> data<21:00:22.976> soap<21:00:23.512> to<21:00:23.696> transfer<21:00:24.056> the<21:00:24.296> data

tag the data soap to transfer the data

tag the data soap to transfer the data
and<21:00:25.256> then<21:00:25.640> wsdl<21:00:26.640> to<21:00:26.872> describe<21:00:27.240> the

and then wsdl to describe the

and then wsdl to describe the
availability<21:00:27.784> of<21:00:28.144> a<21:00:28.256> service<21:00:28.464> it's<21:00:29.464> worth

availability of a service it's worth

availability of a service it's worth
writing<21:00:30.720> this<21:00:30.832> out<21:00:31.016> if<21:00:31.192> you<21:00:31.376> haven't<21:00:31.504> already

writing this out if you haven't already

writing this out if you haven't already
if<21:00:32.104> you're<21:00:32.216> not<21:00:32.336> making<21:00:32.464> notes<21:00:33.000> so<21:00:33.536> you

if you're not making notes so you

if you're not making notes so you
understand<21:00:33.896> which

understand which

understand which
um part<21:00:36.144> performs<21:00:37.144> which<21:00:37.440> service<21:00:37.800> because

um part performs which service because

um part performs which service because
this<21:00:38.696> is<21:00:38.824> the<21:00:39.000> most<21:00:39.120> likely<21:00:39.424> thing<21:00:39.536> you're

this is the most likely thing you're

this is the most likely thing you're
going<21:00:39.896> to<21:00:40.016> be<21:00:40.144> asked<21:00:41.040> a<21:00:41.104> question<21:00:41.280> about

going to be asked a question about

going to be asked a question about
so<21:00:44.040> we've<21:00:44.216> looked<21:00:44.400> briefly<21:00:44.760> at<21:00:44.872> web<21:00:45.056> services

so we've looked briefly at web services

so we've looked briefly at web services
XML<21:00:46.552> programming<21:00:47.216> languages<21:00:47.512> and<21:00:47.824> web

XML programming languages and web

XML programming languages and web
services

services

services
components<21:00:49.976> how<21:00:50.824> web<21:00:51.056> service<21:00:51.296> works<21:00:51.896> that's

components how web service works that's

components how web service works that's
all<21:00:52.744> for<21:00:52.976> now<21:00:53.160> thanks<21:00:53.512> for<21:00:53.696> listening

welcome to module 16 lesson 2 unified

welcome to module 16 lesson 2 unified
communication

communication

communication
just<21:01:20.040> call<21:01:20.280> this<21:01:20.512> UC<21:01:20.936> usually<21:01:21.720> to<21:01:22.256> save<21:01:22.856> a<21:01:23.104> lot

just call this UC usually to save a lot

just call this UC usually to save a lot
of<21:01:23.336> breath<21:01:23.640> as<21:01:24.424> with<21:01:24.656> everything

of breath as with everything

of breath as with everything
uh<21:01:26.576> different<21:01:26.824> media<21:01:27.240> the<21:01:27.536> same

uh different media the same

uh different media the same
communication<21:01:28.616> we<21:01:28.976> look<21:01:29.160> at<21:01:29.400> and<21:01:29.824> presence

communication we look at and presence

communication we look at and presence
this<21:01:30.896> is<21:01:31.016> a<21:01:31.256> real<21:01:31.920> snapshot<21:01:32.760> of<21:01:33.056> a<21:01:33.536> pretty<21:01:34.080> huge

this is a real snapshot of a pretty huge

this is a real snapshot of a pretty huge
subject<21:01:35.824> area<21:01:36.192> so<21:01:37.192> as<21:01:37.744> with<21:01:37.976> a<21:01:38.160> lot<21:01:38.280> of<21:01:38.464> network

subject area so as with a lot of network

subject area so as with a lot of network
plus<21:01:39.480> stuff<21:01:39.832> especially<21:01:40.552> the<21:01:40.744> new<21:01:40.856> stuff<21:01:41.104> in

plus stuff especially the new stuff in

plus stuff especially the new stuff in
the<21:01:41.336> syllabus<21:01:41.760> you<21:01:42.360> just<21:01:42.536> expect<21:01:42.784> it<21:01:43.080> to<21:01:43.192> have

the syllabus you just expect it to have

the syllabus you just expect it to have
an<21:01:43.504> awareness<21:01:43.856> of<21:01:44.040> it

an awareness of it

an awareness of it
you<21:01:46.144> see<21:01:46.440> is<21:01:46.744> the<21:01:46.856> integration<21:01:47.280> of<21:01:47.760> a<21:01:48.000> whole

you see is the integration of a whole

you see is the integration of a whole
bunch<21:01:48.600> of<21:01:48.832> communication

bunch of communication

bunch of communication
methods<21:01:51.240> including<21:01:51.656> voice<21:01:51.896> video<21:01:52.320> and<21:01:53.216> data

methods including voice video and data

methods including voice video and data
all<21:01:54.424> goes<21:01:54.720> into<21:01:54.784> your<21:01:55.016> IP<21:01:55.376> network<21:01:55.680> which<21:01:56.280> is

all goes into your IP network which is

all goes into your IP network which is
kind<21:01:56.760> of<21:01:56.872> tied<21:01:57.120> in<21:01:57.296> with<21:01:57.656> the<21:01:58.256> cloud<21:01:58.440> now<21:01:58.800> and

kind of tied in with the cloud now and

kind of tied in with the cloud now and
how<21:01:59.464> everything<21:01:59.576> would<21:02:00.176> be<21:02:00.296> you'd<21:02:00.720> expect

how everything would be you'd expect

how everything would be you'd expect
everything<21:02:01.192> to<21:02:01.552> be<21:02:01.680> working<21:02:01.920> over<21:02:02.216> IP

everything to be working over IP

everything to be working over IP
and<21:02:04.080> over<21:02:04.256> multiple<21:02:04.800> devices<21:02:05.280> depending<21:02:06.000> on

and over multiple devices depending on

and over multiple devices depending on
where<21:02:06.656> you<21:02:06.832> are<21:02:07.016> and<21:02:07.192> how<21:02:07.440> you<21:02:07.552> want<21:02:07.680> things<21:02:07.856> to

where you are and how you want things to

where you are and how you want things to
work

work

work
the<21:02:09.536> idea<21:02:09.784> is<21:02:09.896> it<21:02:10.080> simplifies<21:02:10.552> real-time

the idea is it simplifies real-time

the idea is it simplifies real-time
Communications<21:02:12.360> at<21:02:12.720> an<21:02:12.960> Enterprise<21:02:13.144> level

Communications at an Enterprise level

Communications at an Enterprise level
including<21:02:16.144> it<21:02:16.800> can<21:02:16.976> work<21:02:17.160> it<21:02:17.400> doesn't<21:02:17.640> have<21:02:17.872> to

including it can work it doesn't have to

including it can work it doesn't have to
be<21:02:18.120> Enterprise<21:02:18.296> by<21:02:18.784> the<21:02:18.896> way<21:02:18.960> it<21:02:19.144> can<21:02:19.256> be<21:02:19.440> any

be Enterprise by the way it can be any

be Enterprise by the way it can be any
small<21:02:19.800> Network<21:02:20.104> including<21:02:20.824> homes

small Network including homes

small Network including homes
making<21:02:22.440> calls<21:02:22.976> instant<21:02:23.400> messages<21:02:23.696> having<21:02:24.600> a

making calls instant messages having a

making calls instant messages having a
video<21:02:25.192> or<21:02:25.976> audio<21:02:26.216> conference<21:02:27.056> sharing<21:02:27.960> your

video or audio conference sharing your

video or audio conference sharing your
desktop<21:02:28.496> with<21:02:28.800> whoever<21:02:29.104> needs<21:02:29.464> to<21:02:29.576> log<21:02:29.872> in<21:02:30.056> and

desktop with whoever needs to log in and

desktop with whoever needs to log in and
troubleshoot

troubleshoot

troubleshoot
presence<21:02:32.872> information

presence information

presence information
so<21:02:35.464> you<21:02:35.760> see<21:02:36.056> it's<21:02:36.536> all<21:02:36.784> forms<21:02:37.080> of

so you see it's all forms of

so you see it's all forms of
communications<21:02:38.336> are<21:02:38.760> exchanged<21:02:39.296> over<21:02:39.976> IP

communications are exchanged over IP

communications are exchanged over IP
integrates<21:02:42.240> real-time<21:02:42.832> Communications<21:02:43.616> with

integrates real-time Communications with

integrates real-time Communications with
non-real<21:02:44.640> time<21:02:44.824> such<21:02:45.176> as<21:02:45.552> accessing<21:02:46.552> your

non-real time such as accessing your

non-real time such as accessing your
voicemail<21:02:47.160> if<21:02:47.576> you're<21:02:47.696> not<21:02:47.872> available

voicemail if you're not available

voicemail if you're not available
accessing<21:02:49.256> your<21:02:49.440> email<21:02:50.056> text<21:02:51.056> messages

accessing your email text messages

accessing your email text messages
faxes<21:02:52.920> I<21:02:53.280> don't<21:02:53.464> even<21:02:53.576> know<21:02:53.760> who<21:02:53.936> uses<21:02:54.240> those

faxes I don't even know who uses those

faxes I don't even know who uses those
now

now

now
it<21:02:56.576> allows<21:02:57.120> you<21:02:57.176> to<21:02:57.360> send<21:02:57.656> messages<21:02:57.896> on<21:02:58.256> one

it allows you to send messages on one

it allows you to send messages on one
medium<21:02:58.800> but<21:02:58.976> receive<21:02:59.400> a<21:02:59.512> response<21:02:59.936> to<21:03:00.056> another

medium but receive a response to another

medium but receive a response to another
an<21:03:01.256> example<21:03:01.552> is<21:03:01.800> when<21:03:02.040> you<21:03:02.160> send<21:03:02.400> somebody<21:03:02.640> a

an example is when you send somebody a

an example is when you send somebody a
voicemail<21:03:03.296> you've<21:03:03.896> probably<21:03:04.016> had<21:03:04.192> this

voicemail you've probably had this

voicemail you've probably had this
happen<21:03:04.552> before<21:03:04.920> or<21:03:05.824> you've<21:03:06.000> left<21:03:06.120> a<21:03:06.296> voicemail

happen before or you've left a voicemail

happen before or you've left a voicemail
and<21:03:06.784> it<21:03:06.960> says<21:03:07.192> it<21:03:07.320> will<21:03:07.440> send<21:03:07.616> the<21:03:07.800> user<21:03:08.216> a<21:03:08.464> text

and it says it will send the user a text

and it says it will send the user a text
or<21:03:09.000> email

or email

or email
you<21:03:11.824> can<21:03:11.936> retrieve

you can retrieve

you can retrieve
um<21:03:13.376> check<21:03:14.104> and<21:03:14.280> retrieve<21:03:14.640> emails<21:03:15.056> or

um check and retrieve emails or

um check and retrieve emails or
voicemails<21:03:15.600> using<21:03:15.896> any<21:03:16.080> Communications<21:03:16.616> at

voicemails using any Communications at

voicemails using any Communications at
any<21:03:17.216> time

any time

any time
our<21:03:18.656> presence<21:03:19.080> is<21:03:19.320> a<21:03:19.552> component<21:03:20.040> of<21:03:20.464> UC<21:03:21.016> shows

our presence is a component of UC shows

our presence is a component of UC shows
the<21:03:22.080> present<21:03:22.376> status<21:03:22.616> of<21:03:23.040> a<21:03:23.216> user<21:03:23.464> in<21:03:23.696> real

the present status of a user in real

the present status of a user in real
time<21:03:24.120> whether<21:03:25.080> they<21:03:25.320> are<21:03:25.504> available<21:03:25.680> and

time whether they are available and

time whether they are available and
available<21:03:26.576> where<21:03:27.240> they<21:03:27.424> are<21:03:27.536> located<21:03:27.784> if<21:03:28.376> if

available where they are located if if

available where they are located if if
you've<21:03:28.920> enabled<21:03:29.656> geoip<21:03:30.656> tracking

you've enabled geoip tracking

you've enabled geoip tracking
or<21:03:32.280> Geo<21:03:32.576> tracking<21:03:32.936> sorry

or Geo tracking sorry

or Geo tracking sorry
allows<21:03:35.512> users<21:03:35.824> to<21:03:36.056> communicate<21:03:36.480> seamlessly

allows users to communicate seamlessly

allows users to communicate seamlessly
even<21:03:37.504> if<21:03:37.680> they're<21:03:37.800> in<21:03:37.976> different<21:03:38.216> locations

even if they're in different locations

even if they're in different locations
you<21:03:40.192> can<21:03:40.320> look<21:03:40.440> at<21:03:40.616> a<21:03:40.800> person<21:03:40.976> by<21:03:41.464> accessing<21:03:42.176> an

you can look at a person by accessing an

you can look at a person by accessing an
interactive<21:03:43.144> directory<21:03:43.856> and<21:03:44.464> engaging

interactive directory and engaging

interactive directory and engaging
communication<21:03:45.536> through<21:03:45.960> text<21:03:46.320> voice<21:03:47.160> or

communication through text voice or

communication through text voice or
video

video

video
so<21:03:49.376> that's<21:03:49.552> the<21:03:49.744> summary<21:03:49.976> of<21:03:50.104> what<21:03:50.216> we've

so that's the summary of what we've

so that's the summary of what we've
covered<21:03:50.760> just<21:03:51.056> wanted<21:03:51.240> to<21:03:51.480> go<21:03:51.720> and<21:03:51.960> show<21:03:52.256> you

covered just wanted to go and show you

covered just wanted to go and show you
just<21:03:52.800> for<21:03:52.976> more

just for more

just for more
context<21:03:54.896> really<21:03:55.160> Cisco's<21:03:56.160> unified

context really Cisco's unified

context really Cisco's unified
Communications

Communications

Communications
I'm<21:03:59.280> just<21:03:59.512> going<21:03:59.640> to<21:03:59.696> play<21:03:59.872> a<21:04:00.000> video<21:04:00.176> this

I'm just going to play a video this

I'm just going to play a video this
video<21:04:00.832> is<21:04:01.080> copyright<21:04:01.552> Cisco<21:04:02.104> system<21:04:02.336> so<21:04:02.696> if

video is copyright Cisco system so if

video is copyright Cisco system so if
you<21:04:02.936> want<21:04:03.056> to<21:04:03.176> learn<21:04:03.296> more

you want to learn more

you want to learn more
um<21:04:04.976> all<21:04:05.160> you<21:04:05.336> do<21:04:05.512> is<21:04:05.640> go<21:04:05.824> to<21:04:05.936> Cisco<21:04:06.360> or<21:04:06.720> in<21:04:07.016> fact

um all you do is go to Cisco or in fact

um all you do is go to Cisco or in fact
type<21:04:07.376> Cisco<21:04:07.856> unified<21:04:08.216> Communications

type Cisco unified Communications

type Cisco unified Communications
I'll<21:04:11.464> just<21:04:11.696> put<21:04:11.824> a<21:04:12.000> video<21:04:12.240> on<21:04:12.536> now

I'll just put a video on now

I'll just put a video on now
foreign

[Music]

[Music]
thank<21:06:38.576> you

welcome to module 17 lesson one

welcome to module 17 lesson one
introduction<21:06:47.760> to<21:06:48.000> virtualization<21:06:48.720> this<21:06:49.680> is

introduction to virtualization this is

introduction to virtualization this is
one<21:06:50.040> of<21:06:50.160> the<21:06:50.336> few<21:06:50.600> new<21:06:51.600> topics<21:06:52.192> that<21:06:52.440> have<21:06:52.552> been

one of the few new topics that have been

one of the few new topics that have been
added<21:06:52.976> to<21:06:53.104> the<21:06:53.280> syllabus

added to the syllabus

added to the syllabus
surrounding<21:06:55.192> virtualization<21:06:56.104> and<21:06:56.760> cloud

surrounding virtualization and cloud

surrounding virtualization and cloud
computing

computing

computing
and<21:07:00.360> come<21:07:00.600> to<21:07:00.720> your<21:07:00.896> offer<21:07:01.192> a<21:07:01.320> cloud

and come to your offer a cloud

and come to your offer a cloud
certification<21:07:02.696> actually<21:07:03.120> there's<21:07:04.016> a<21:07:04.192> cloud

certification actually there's a cloud

certification actually there's a cloud
Essentials<21:07:05.040> and<21:07:05.216> I<21:07:05.400> think<21:07:05.512> there<21:07:05.696> might<21:07:05.872> be<21:07:05.936> a

Essentials and I think there might be a

Essentials and I think there might be a
cloud<21:07:06.296> Plus

cloud Plus

cloud Plus
definitely<21:07:08.216> a<21:07:08.400> cloud<21:07:08.512> Essentials<21:07:09.240> because<21:07:09.424> we

definitely a cloud Essentials because we

definitely a cloud Essentials because we
host<21:07:09.960> uh<21:07:10.496> host<21:07:10.856> that<21:07:11.040> course

host uh host that course

host uh host that course
all<21:07:12.656> right<21:07:12.784> module<21:07:13.192> objective<21:07:13.680> is<21:07:13.856> the

all right module objective is the

all right module objective is the
definition<21:07:14.216> of<21:07:14.576> virtualization<21:07:15.424> what<21:07:15.896> is<21:07:16.080> a

definition of virtualization what is a

definition of virtualization what is a
virtual<21:07:16.552> machine<21:07:16.800> and<21:07:17.160> the<21:07:17.336> software

virtual machine and the software

virtual machine and the software
I'm<21:07:19.440> sure<21:07:19.552> you've<21:07:19.744> heard<21:07:19.920> of<21:07:20.040> it<21:07:20.216> actually

I'm sure you've heard of it actually

I'm sure you've heard of it actually
it's<21:07:20.760> the<21:07:21.056> new<21:07:21.240> or<21:07:21.536> one<21:07:21.832> of<21:07:21.960> the<21:07:22.080> very<21:07:22.256> new<21:07:22.440> and

it's the new or one of the very new and

it's the new or one of the very new and
exciting<21:07:23.296> emerging<21:07:24.296> Technologies<21:07:25.104> that's

exciting emerging Technologies that's

exciting emerging Technologies that's
made<21:07:26.336> alive<21:07:26.576> a<21:07:26.936> lot<21:07:27.000> easier<21:07:27.296> for<21:07:27.480> Network

made alive a lot easier for Network

made alive a lot easier for Network
engineers

engineers

engineers
um<21:07:30.440> companies<21:07:31.440> from<21:07:32.104> a<21:07:32.336> financial<21:07:32.640> and

um companies from a financial and

um companies from a financial and
operations<21:07:33.832> standpoint<21:07:34.496> and<21:07:35.336> also<21:07:35.640> home

operations standpoint and also home

operations standpoint and also home
users<21:07:36.296> who<21:07:36.480> can<21:07:36.600> do<21:07:36.784> a<21:07:36.896> lot<21:07:37.016> more<21:07:37.144> interesting

users who can do a lot more interesting

users who can do a lot more interesting
things<21:07:38.160> on<21:07:38.872> their

things on their

things on their
um systems<21:07:40.192> at<21:07:40.376> home

um systems at home

um systems at home
so<21:07:42.424> it<21:07:42.536> refers<21:07:42.896> to<21:07:43.080> the<21:07:43.320> technologies<21:07:43.744> that

so it refers to the technologies that

so it refers to the technologies that
allow<21:07:44.216> a<21:07:44.336> single<21:07:44.640> physical<21:07:44.824> computer<21:07:45.536> or<21:07:46.496> or

allow a single physical computer or or

allow a single physical computer or or
server<21:07:47.104> obviously<21:07:47.784> environment<21:07:48.784> to<21:07:48.960> operate

server obviously environment to operate

server obviously environment to operate
as<21:07:49.440> multiple<21:07:49.976> virtual<21:07:50.400> machines

as multiple virtual machines

as multiple virtual machines
simultaneously<21:07:52.104> transforms<21:07:53.104> the<21:07:53.280> physical

simultaneously transforms the physical

simultaneously transforms the physical
Hardware<21:07:53.824> resources<21:07:54.536> into<21:07:55.016> virtual<21:07:55.616> Hardware

Hardware resources into virtual Hardware

Hardware resources into virtual Hardware
resources

resources

resources
so<21:07:58.080> what<21:07:58.320> you<21:07:58.440> normally<21:07:58.744> have<21:07:58.976> one<21:07:59.576> device

so what you normally have one device

so what you normally have one device
running<21:08:00.296> one<21:08:00.656> operating<21:08:01.080> system<21:08:01.504> you<21:08:02.040> can

running one operating system you can

running one operating system you can
have<21:08:02.336> depending<21:08:03.056> on<21:08:03.176> how<21:08:03.480> much<21:08:03.536> Hardware<21:08:03.784> you

have depending on how much Hardware you

have depending on how much Hardware you
have<21:08:04.256> and<21:08:04.440> how<21:08:04.680> you<21:08:04.856> apportion<21:08:05.464> it<21:08:05.784> and<21:08:06.784> two<21:08:07.144> or

have and how you apportion it and two or

have and how you apportion it and two or
more<21:08:07.616> virtual<21:08:08.512> machines

more virtual machines

more virtual machines
a<21:08:10.856> virtual<21:08:11.216> machine<21:08:11.400> is<21:08:11.824> an<21:08:12.000> isolated

a virtual machine is an isolated

a virtual machine is an isolated
software<21:08:12.896> replica<21:08:13.320> of<21:08:13.616> the<21:08:13.800> original

software replica of the original

software replica of the original
computer<21:08:14.464> so<21:08:15.296> for<21:08:15.536> all<21:08:15.720> intents<21:08:16.144> and<21:08:16.192> purposes

computer so for all intents and purposes

computer so for all intents and purposes
it<21:08:17.216> appears<21:08:17.640> as<21:08:18.120> a<21:08:18.960> machine<21:08:19.256> in<21:08:19.552> its<21:08:19.856> own<21:08:19.920> right

it appears as a machine in its own right

it appears as a machine in its own right
with<21:08:20.576> all<21:08:20.760> processor<21:08:21.240> instructions<21:08:21.896> and

with all processor instructions and

with all processor instructions and
system<21:08:22.920> resources

system resources

system resources
so<21:08:25.016> you'll<21:08:25.144> often<21:08:25.504> see<21:08:25.680> an<21:08:26.576> image<21:08:26.760> like<21:08:27.056> this

so you'll often see an image like this

so you'll often see an image like this
where<21:08:27.424> you<21:08:27.600> have<21:08:27.720> a<21:08:27.896> physical<21:08:28.080> computer<21:08:28.552> or

where you have a physical computer or

where you have a physical computer or
server<21:08:29.400> and<21:08:30.240> inside<21:08:30.720> and<21:08:31.440> it<21:08:31.744> will<21:08:31.856> represent

server and inside and it will represent

server and inside and it will represent
a<21:08:32.512> number<21:08:32.640> of<21:08:32.760> virtual<21:08:33.176> machines

much in the same way as their vlans they

much in the same way as their vlans they
operate<21:08:38.400> in<21:08:38.696> their<21:08:38.872> own<21:08:39.056> right

operate in their own right

operate in their own right
as<21:08:41.104> if<21:08:41.400> they're<21:08:41.696> an<21:08:42.536> actual<21:08:42.832> machine

as if they're an actual machine

as if they're an actual machine
a<21:08:44.400> virtual<21:08:44.760> machines<21:08:45.056> are<21:08:45.296> completely

a virtual machines are completely

a virtual machines are completely
separate<21:08:45.960> and<21:08:46.144> independent

by running good operating system in each

by running good operating system in each
one<21:08:51.120> it<21:08:51.296> becomes<21:08:51.600> possible<21:08:51.960> to<21:08:52.192> run<21:08:52.376> several

one it becomes possible to run several

one it becomes possible to run several
guest<21:08:53.040> operating<21:08:53.464> systems<21:08:53.872> at<21:08:54.120> the<21:08:54.240> same<21:08:54.360> time

guest operating systems at the same time

guest operating systems at the same time
so<21:08:55.504> you<21:08:55.680> could<21:08:55.800> have

so you could have

so you could have
um<21:08:56.936> a<21:08:57.360> Microsoft<21:08:58.280> Linux<21:08:59.280> and<21:09:00.000> other<21:09:00.600> operating

um a Microsoft Linux and other operating

um a Microsoft Linux and other operating
systems<21:09:01.552> running<21:09:01.856> on<21:09:02.576> the<21:09:02.696> same<21:09:02.824> physical

systems running on the same physical

systems running on the same physical
device<21:09:03.536> but<21:09:04.320> different<21:09:04.552> virtual<21:09:05.040> devices

device but different virtual devices

device but different virtual devices
a<21:09:07.800> whole<21:09:07.976> bunch<21:09:08.280> of<21:09:08.400> virtualization<21:09:09.056> software

a whole bunch of virtualization software

a whole bunch of virtualization software
around<21:09:10.144> some<21:09:10.616> free<21:09:10.920> some<21:09:11.824> um<21:09:11.824> you<21:09:12.296> have<21:09:12.424> to<21:09:12.536> pay

around some free some um you have to pay

around some free some um you have to pay
for<21:09:12.896> and<21:09:13.080> you<21:09:13.192> get<21:09:13.320> different<21:09:13.504> levels<21:09:13.920> of

for and you get different levels of

for and you get different levels of
um

um

um
software<21:09:16.496> up<21:09:16.680> to<21:09:16.856> Enterprise<21:09:17.104> and<21:09:17.872> obviously

software up to Enterprise and obviously

software up to Enterprise and obviously
support<21:09:18.480> contracts

support contracts

support contracts
the<21:09:20.336> software<21:09:20.640> transforms<21:09:21.176> the<21:09:21.296> hardware<21:09:21.536> of

the software transforms the hardware of

the software transforms the hardware of
the<21:09:22.256> computer<21:09:22.376> including<21:09:22.976> the<21:09:23.104> CPU<21:09:23.512> memory

the computer including the CPU memory

the computer including the CPU memory
Network<21:09:24.120> adapting<21:09:24.656> to<21:09:24.960> Virtual<21:09:25.320> resources

Network adapting to Virtual resources

Network adapting to Virtual resources
these<21:09:27.120> are<21:09:27.296> shared<21:09:27.536> amongst<21:09:28.192> virtual

these are shared amongst virtual

these are shared amongst virtual
machines

machines

machines
it<21:09:31.376> basically<21:09:31.744> provides<21:09:32.104> a<21:09:32.280> layer<21:09:32.576> of<21:09:32.640> layer

it basically provides a layer of layer

it basically provides a layer of layer
of<21:09:33.720> abstraction<21:09:34.552> so<21:09:35.040> for<21:09:35.280> all<21:09:35.464> intents<21:09:35.872> and

of abstraction so for all intents and

of abstraction so for all intents and
purposes<21:09:36.360> there's<21:09:36.896> a<21:09:37.144> divide<21:09:37.552> a<21:09:37.920> virtual

purposes there's a divide a virtual

purposes there's a divide a virtual
divide<21:09:38.696> between<21:09:38.872> all<21:09:39.240> of<21:09:39.360> these<21:09:39.536> different

divide between all of these different

divide between all of these different
machines

the labor of abstraction is basically

the labor of abstraction is basically
there<21:09:45.176> to<21:09:45.424> hide<21:09:45.656> what's<21:09:46.016> happening

there to hide what's happening

there to hide what's happening
underneath<21:09:47.336> what<21:09:47.640> you<21:09:47.824> can<21:09:48.000> see

underneath what you can see

underneath what you can see
foreign

foreign

foreign
as<21:09:51.600> a<21:09:51.720> result<21:09:51.832> the<21:09:52.256> abstraction<21:09:52.616> provided<21:09:53.160> by

as a result the abstraction provided by

as a result the abstraction provided by
the<21:09:53.696> software<21:09:54.240> the<21:09:54.656> guest<21:09:54.832> operating<21:09:55.192> systems

the software the guest operating systems

the software the guest operating systems
are<21:09:55.976> not<21:09:56.160> tied<21:09:56.464> to<21:09:56.640> the<21:09:56.872> underlying<21:09:57.480> physical

are not tied to the underlying physical

are not tied to the underlying physical
Hardware<21:09:58.080> so<21:09:58.496> this<21:09:58.680> is<21:09:58.744> how<21:09:58.976> we<21:09:59.160> can<21:09:59.216> actually

Hardware so this is how we can actually

Hardware so this is how we can actually
get<21:09:59.696> it<21:09:59.824> all<21:10:00.000> to<21:10:00.176> run

so you have a portability of moving

so you have a portability of moving
virtual<21:10:06.056> machines<21:10:06.424> from<21:10:06.656> one<21:10:06.896> physical

virtual machines from one physical

virtual machines from one physical
computer<21:10:07.552> to<21:10:08.040> another<21:10:08.216> physical<21:10:08.576> computer<21:10:09.176> if

computer to another physical computer if

computer to another physical computer if
you<21:10:09.784> so<21:10:09.960> wish<21:10:10.256> great<21:10:11.216> if<21:10:11.512> you<21:10:11.640> want<21:10:11.760> to<21:10:12.000> do

you so wish great if you want to do

you so wish great if you want to do
testing<21:10:12.832> interoperability<21:10:13.744> stress<21:10:14.696> testing

testing interoperability stress testing

testing interoperability stress testing
or<21:10:16.192> just<21:10:16.440> practicing<21:10:16.976> even<21:10:17.216> if<21:10:17.640> you<21:10:17.760> want<21:10:17.872> to

or just practicing even if you want to

or just practicing even if you want to
do<21:10:18.176> some<21:10:18.480> install<21:10:19.256> various<21:10:19.976> operating

do some install various operating

do some install various operating
systems<21:10:21.000> onto<21:10:21.360> one<21:10:21.656> device<21:10:21.920> in<21:10:22.920> order<21:10:23.040> to

systems onto one device in order to

systems onto one device in order to
practice<21:10:23.464> free<21:10:23.824> exams<21:10:24.296> or<21:10:24.480> job<21:10:24.656> interviews

practice free exams or job interviews

practice free exams or job interviews
so<21:10:26.936> this<21:10:27.176> is<21:10:27.296> just<21:10:27.480> an<21:10:27.600> overview<21:10:27.896> we've<21:10:28.192> got

so this is just an overview we've got

so this is just an overview we've got
more<21:10:28.552> to<21:10:28.800> cover<21:10:28.976> in<21:10:29.400> the<21:10:29.576> following

more to cover in the following

more to cover in the following
presentations<21:10:30.480> what<21:10:31.144> is<21:10:31.320> virtualization<21:10:32.176> the

presentations what is virtualization the

presentations what is virtualization the
virtual<21:10:33.536> machine<21:10:33.832> the<21:10:34.320> software<21:10:34.680> that's<21:10:35.400> all

virtual machine the software that's all

virtual machine the software that's all
for<21:10:35.824> now<21:10:36.000> thanks<21:10:36.296> for<21:10:36.480> watching

welcome to module 17 lesson 2

welcome to module 17 lesson 2
virtualization<21:11:01.504> components<21:11:02.400> and

virtualization components and

virtualization components and
software-defined<21:11:03.600> networking<21:11:04.144> or<21:11:04.496> sdn

software-defined networking or sdn

software-defined networking or sdn
for<21:11:06.832> short

for short

for short
looking<21:11:08.760> at<21:11:09.000> virtual<21:11:09.296> networking<21:11:09.960> virtual

looking at virtual networking virtual

looking at virtual networking virtual
network<21:11:11.240> adapters<21:11:12.240> a<21:11:12.960> virtual<21:11:13.376> switch

network adapters a virtual switch

network adapters a virtual switch
Virtual<21:11:14.400> Router

Virtual Router

Virtual Router
Virtual<21:11:17.160> Router<21:11:17.576> via<21:11:18.296> vrrp

Virtual Router via vrrp

Virtual Router via vrrp
the<21:11:20.824> virtual<21:11:21.120> firewall<21:11:21.656> and<21:11:22.552> sdn

the virtual firewall and sdn

the virtual firewall and sdn
and<21:11:24.720> while<21:11:25.016> we<21:11:25.256> why<21:11:25.744> would<21:11:25.920> want<21:11:26.160> to<21:11:26.280> use<21:11:26.400> sdn

so a virtual network is a system in

so a virtual network is a system in
which<21:11:31.680> the<21:11:32.104> following<21:11:32.400> is<21:11:32.576> true<21:11:32.824> you've<21:11:33.240> got

which the following is true you've got

which the following is true you've got
two<21:11:33.536> or<21:11:33.656> more<21:11:33.784> virtual<21:11:34.144> machines<21:11:34.552> connected

two or more virtual machines connected

two or more virtual machines connected
logically<21:11:35.760> to<21:11:36.296> one<21:11:36.480> another<21:11:36.656> they<21:11:37.504> could<21:11:37.680> each

logically to one another they could each

logically to one another they could each
just<21:11:38.040> send<21:11:38.216> received<21:11:38.760> data<21:11:39.120> as<21:11:39.424> if<21:11:39.656> they<21:11:39.960> were

just send received data as if they were

just send received data as if they were
operating<21:11:41.040> as<21:11:41.464> physical<21:11:42.000> devices

operating as physical devices

operating as physical devices
I've<21:11:44.576> got<21:11:44.824> an<21:11:44.936> example<21:11:45.240> here<21:11:45.496> esxi<21:11:46.496> which<21:11:46.920> is

I've got an example here esxi which is

I've got an example here esxi which is
software<21:11:47.512> available<21:11:47.936> from<21:11:48.784> VMware<21:11:49.616> I<21:11:50.336> think

software available from VMware I think

software available from VMware I think
they<21:11:50.760> do<21:11:50.936> offer<21:11:51.176> some<21:11:51.360> free<21:11:51.600> software<21:11:52.080> I

they do offer some free software I

they do offer some free software I
haven't<21:11:52.496> checked<21:11:52.744> as<21:11:53.104> to<21:11:53.280> which

haven't checked as to which

haven't checked as to which
um is<21:11:55.376> free<21:11:55.680> for<21:11:56.336> home<21:11:56.760> use<21:11:57.000> or<21:11:57.424> commercial

um is free for home use or commercial

um is free for home use or commercial
use<21:11:58.336> and<21:11:59.336> I<21:11:59.872> recommend<21:12:00.240> you<21:12:00.360> check<21:12:00.656> out<21:12:00.896> the

use and I recommend you check out the

use and I recommend you check out the
VMware<21:12:01.856> certifications<21:12:02.824> on

VMware certifications on

VMware certifications on
howturnetwork.com

howturnetwork.com

howturnetwork.com
they're<21:12:06.720> very<21:12:07.192> relevant<21:12:07.552> for<21:12:07.856> modern<21:12:08.160> day

they're very relevant for modern day

they're very relevant for modern day
networking

networking

networking
so<21:12:10.920> they<21:12:11.104> can<21:12:11.280> send<21:12:11.464> to<21:12:11.640> receive<21:12:11.872> data<21:12:12.480> from

so they can send to receive data from

so they can send to receive data from
each<21:12:12.832> other<21:12:13.440> the<21:12:13.920> virtual<21:12:14.216> network<21:12:14.464> adapter

each other the virtual network adapter

each other the virtual network adapter
is<21:12:15.120> a<21:12:15.296> software<21:12:15.600> implementation<21:12:16.320> of<21:12:16.744> a

is a software implementation of a

is a software implementation of a
physical<21:12:17.160> network<21:12:17.512> adapter<21:12:18.176> which<21:12:18.656> I'm<21:12:18.832> sure

physical network adapter which I'm sure

physical network adapter which I'm sure
comes<21:12:19.320> as<21:12:19.440> no<21:12:19.616> surprise

comes as no surprise

comes as no surprise
so<21:12:21.176> you<21:12:21.296> have<21:12:21.424> a<21:12:21.600> physical<21:12:21.720> adapter<21:12:22.256> but<21:12:22.496> the

so you have a physical adapter but the

so you have a physical adapter but the
virtual<21:12:22.920> one<21:12:23.160> is<21:12:23.336> acting<21:12:23.696> in<21:12:23.872> exactly<21:12:24.480> the

virtual one is acting in exactly the

virtual one is acting in exactly the
same<21:12:24.832> mother<21:12:25.080> and<21:12:25.616> same<21:12:26.040> manner<21:12:26.400> sorry

same mother and same manner sorry

same mother and same manner sorry
and<21:12:28.376> you've<21:12:28.744> got<21:12:28.800> a<21:12:28.976> diagram<21:12:29.696> here<21:12:29.936> of<21:12:30.120> a

and you've got a diagram here of a

and you've got a diagram here of a
physical<21:12:30.424> network<21:12:31.256> card

physical network card

physical network card
um<21:12:32.936> and<21:12:33.240> then<21:12:33.360> you're<21:12:33.832> working<21:12:34.440> as<21:12:35.280> a<21:12:35.464> subset

um and then you're working as a subset

um and then you're working as a subset
of<21:12:36.120> this<21:12:36.360> is<21:12:36.480> your<21:12:36.656> virtual<21:12:37.016> machine<21:12:37.320> they're

of this is your virtual machine they're

of this is your virtual machine they're
running<21:12:38.400> virtual<21:12:38.872> network<21:12:39.056> cards<21:12:39.784> and

running virtual network cards and

running virtual network cards and
virtual<21:12:41.160> machines<21:12:41.512> on<21:12:41.760> top<21:12:41.872> of<21:12:42.000> that

virtual machines on top of that

virtual machines on top of that
the<21:12:43.376> virtual<21:12:43.744> network<21:12:44.040> card<21:12:44.336> interface<21:12:44.872> is<21:12:45.056> a

the virtual network card interface is a

the virtual network card interface is a
virtual<21:12:45.536> machine<21:12:45.784> to<21:12:46.144> the<21:12:46.320> network<21:12:46.640> they<21:12:47.640> can

virtual machine to the network they can

virtual machine to the network they can
have<21:12:48.000> one<21:12:48.832> or<21:12:48.960> more<21:12:49.144> virtual<21:12:49.696> Nic<21:12:50.696> next<21:12:51.240> or

have one or more virtual Nic next or

have one or more virtual Nic next or
v-nix

v-nix

v-nix
eat<21:12:53.760> such<21:12:54.000> Phoenix<21:12:54.240> has<21:12:54.600> its<21:12:54.832> own<21:12:54.896> Mac<21:12:55.080> address

eat such Phoenix has its own Mac address

eat such Phoenix has its own Mac address
it<21:12:55.680> needs<21:12:55.856> to<21:12:55.976> follow<21:12:56.104> the<21:12:56.336> same<21:12:56.464> rules<21:12:56.824> as

it needs to follow the same rules as

it needs to follow the same rules as
physical<21:12:57.176> networking<21:12:57.896> so<21:12:58.080> it'll<21:12:58.256> need<21:12:58.440> to

physical networking so it'll need to

physical networking so it'll need to
have<21:12:58.616> a<21:12:58.744> unique<21:12:58.976> Mac

have a unique Mac

have a unique Mac
a<21:13:00.536> virtual<21:13:01.080> network<21:13:01.552> card<21:13:02.040> in<21:13:02.760> a<21:13:03.424> um<21:13:03.536> virtual

a virtual network card in a um virtual

a virtual network card in a um virtual
machine<21:13:04.256> you<21:13:05.104> still<21:13:05.216> have<21:13:05.400> to<21:13:05.512> configure<21:13:05.936> it

machine you still have to configure it

machine you still have to configure it
all<21:13:06.424> the<21:13:06.600> same<21:13:06.784> rules<21:13:07.080> apply<21:13:07.504> it's<21:13:08.040> just<21:13:08.216> the

all the same rules apply it's just the

all the same rules apply it's just the
fact<21:13:08.512> that<21:13:08.760> it<21:13:08.936> isn't<21:13:09.240> operating<21:13:09.720> uh

fact that it isn't operating uh

fact that it isn't operating uh
physically

physically

physically
so<21:13:11.824> you<21:13:11.936> can<21:13:12.120> go<21:13:12.360> and<21:13:12.536> see<21:13:12.832> and<21:13:13.144> physically

so you can go and see and physically

so you can go and see and physically
plug<21:13:13.800> and<21:13:13.976> unplug<21:13:14.336> cables

plug and unplug cables

plug and unplug cables
virtual<21:13:16.680> switch<21:13:16.856> or<21:13:17.104> v-switch<21:13:17.640> is<21:13:17.824> a<21:13:18.056> software

virtual switch or v-switch is a software

virtual switch or v-switch is a software
version<21:13:18.784> of<21:13:19.192> a<21:13:19.440> physical<21:13:19.552> switch<21:13:19.976> it's<21:13:20.936> got

version of a physical switch it's got

version of a physical switch it's got
Network<21:13:21.424> ports<21:13:22.016> similar<21:13:22.376> to<21:13:22.496> the<21:13:22.680> RJ45

Network ports similar to the RJ45

Network ports similar to the RJ45
connectors<21:13:24.120> you<21:13:24.360> have<21:13:24.616> and<21:13:25.616> one

connectors you have and one

connectors you have and one
1016<21:13:28.016> virtual<21:13:28.616> ports<21:13:29.040> this<21:13:29.336> all<21:13:29.512> depends<21:13:29.872> on

1016 virtual ports this all depends on

1016 virtual ports this all depends on
your<21:13:30.240> software<21:13:30.600> and<21:13:30.832> Hardware<21:13:31.016> platform

your software and Hardware platform

your software and Hardware platform
you're<21:13:31.920> putting<21:13:32.696> it<21:13:32.824> on<21:13:33.000> there's<21:13:33.720> a<21:13:33.832> limit<21:13:33.960> of

you're putting it on there's a limit of

you're putting it on there's a limit of
4088<21:13:35.640> ports<21:13:36.176> on<21:13:36.360> all<21:13:36.536> virtual<21:13:36.896> switches<21:13:37.376> on

4088 ports on all virtual switches on

4088 ports on all virtual switches on
the<21:13:38.400> VMware<21:13:38.872> esxi<21:13:39.832> host

the VMware esxi host

the VMware esxi host
different<21:13:41.512> vendors<21:13:42.056> May<21:13:42.480> well<21:13:42.960> have

different vendors May well have

different vendors May well have
different<21:13:43.976> um<21:13:43.976> capabilities<21:13:44.696> and<21:13:45.440> rules<21:13:46.440> to

different um capabilities and rules to

different um capabilities and rules to
follow

follow

follow
a<21:13:48.240> virtual<21:13:48.536> send<21:13:48.832> switch<21:13:49.504> can<21:13:49.856> send<21:13:50.160> Network

a virtual send switch can send Network

a virtual send switch can send Network
traffic<21:13:51.240> between<21:13:51.536> virtual<21:13:52.080> machines<21:13:52.376> on<21:13:52.744> the

traffic between virtual machines on the

traffic between virtual machines on the
same<21:13:52.976> host<21:13:53.280> or<21:13:54.056> from<21:13:54.240> virtual<21:13:54.536> machines<21:13:54.832> to<21:13:55.080> an

same host or from virtual machines to an

same host or from virtual machines to an
external<21:13:55.680> network<21:13:55.856> that's<21:13:56.640> outside<21:13:56.872> the

external network that's outside the

external network that's outside the
virtual<21:13:57.744> virtualized<21:13:58.744> hosts<21:13:59.216> you<21:14:00.000> can<21:14:00.120> go<21:14:00.656> to

virtual virtualized hosts you can go to

virtual virtualized hosts you can go to
YouTube<21:14:00.960> and<21:14:01.256> check<21:14:01.440> on<21:14:01.616> videos<21:14:01.856> on<21:14:02.216> how<21:14:02.400> to

YouTube and check on videos on how to

YouTube and check on videos on how to
check<21:14:02.696> a<21:14:03.000> virtual<21:14:03.360> air<21:14:04.256> device<21:14:04.552> to<21:14:04.920> a<21:14:05.296> live

check a virtual air device to a live

check a virtual air device to a live
Network<21:14:06.976> and<21:14:07.976> a<21:14:08.160> lot<21:14:08.280> of<21:14:08.336> the<21:14:08.400> time<21:14:08.512> you<21:14:08.640> do<21:14:08.824> it

Network and a lot of the time you do it

Network and a lot of the time you do it
for<21:14:09.000> home<21:14:09.240> use<21:14:09.480> to<21:14:10.192> overcome

for home use to overcome

for home use to overcome
um<21:14:11.480> limitations<21:14:12.480> when<21:14:12.896> you're<21:14:13.016> trying<21:14:13.256> to<21:14:13.440> get

um limitations when you're trying to get

um limitations when you're trying to get
different<21:14:13.976> bits<21:14:14.336> of<21:14:14.464> software<21:14:14.824> and<21:14:14.936> Hardware

different bits of software and Hardware

different bits of software and Hardware
to<21:14:15.480> work<21:14:15.720> for<21:14:16.216> certification<21:14:17.216> exams<21:14:17.936> it's

to work for certification exams it's

to work for certification exams it's
quite<21:14:18.600> common

quite common

quite common
virtual<21:14:20.512> switch<21:14:20.640> joins<21:14:21.120> the<21:14:21.240> network<21:14:21.360> with<21:14:21.784> a

virtual switch joins the network with a

virtual switch joins the network with a
physical<21:14:22.080> Network<21:14:22.440> when<21:14:22.856> it<21:14:22.976> when<21:14:23.216> it

physical Network when it when it

physical Network when it when it
connects<21:14:23.640> to<21:14:23.760> a<21:14:24.000> physical<21:14:24.360> switch<21:14:24.784> using<21:14:26.216> um

connects to a physical switch using um

connects to a physical switch using um
physical<21:14:26.640> network<21:14:27.000> adapters

physical network adapters

physical network adapters
uh<21:14:29.400> you<21:14:29.512> can<21:14:29.640> also<21:14:30.056> get<21:14:30.176> virtual<21:14:30.536> routers<21:14:31.080> a

uh you can also get virtual routers a

uh you can also get virtual routers a
software<21:14:31.744> version<21:14:31.976> of<21:14:32.216> a<21:14:32.400> physical<21:14:32.696> router

software version of a physical router

software version of a physical router
obviously<21:14:33.656> performs<21:14:34.496> your<21:14:34.680> layer<21:14:34.976> 3<21:14:35.104> packet

obviously performs your layer 3 packet

obviously performs your layer 3 packet
forward<21:14:35.824> in<21:14:36.120> between

forward in between

forward in between
your<21:14:38.464> subnets<21:14:39.424> or<21:14:39.896> lands<21:14:40.800> and<21:14:42.120> um<21:14:42.176> vlans

your subnets or lands and um vlans

your subnets or lands and um vlans
obviously<21:14:43.320> you<21:14:43.920> need<21:14:44.040> layer<21:14:44.400> three

obviously you need layer three

obviously you need layer three
capability<21:14:46.144> of<21:14:46.496> some<21:14:46.680> sort<21:14:47.400> a<21:14:47.936> virtual<21:14:48.296> router

capability of some sort a virtual router

capability of some sort a virtual router
via<21:14:49.016> vrrp<21:14:49.976> which<21:14:50.280> we<21:14:50.400> covered<21:14:50.760> that<21:14:50.872> protocol

via vrrp which we covered that protocol

via vrrp which we covered that protocol
earlier

earlier

earlier
uh<21:14:53.040> it's<21:14:53.280> a<21:14:53.512> virtual<21:14:54.240> route<21:14:54.424> is<21:14:54.656> implemented

uh it's a virtual route is implemented

uh it's a virtual route is implemented
when<21:14:55.376> you<21:14:55.504> use<21:14:55.680> vrp<21:14:56.400> to<21:14:57.240> provide<21:14:57.480> redundancy

when you use vrp to provide redundancy

when you use vrp to provide redundancy
of<21:14:58.680> the<21:14:58.920> default<21:14:59.216> gateway<21:14:59.640> so<21:14:59.824> all<21:15:00.056> the<21:15:00.176> hosts

of the default gateway so all the hosts

of the default gateway so all the hosts
still<21:15:01.192> have<21:15:01.440> IP<21:15:01.856> connectivity

still have IP connectivity

still have IP connectivity
it's<21:15:03.832> back<21:15:04.080> by<21:15:04.320> two<21:15:04.496> or<21:15:04.616> more<21:15:04.744> physical

it's back by two or more physical

it's back by two or more physical
routers<21:15:05.576> depending<21:15:06.056> on<21:15:06.176> the<21:15:06.296> protocol<21:15:06.656> you

routers depending on the protocol you

routers depending on the protocol you
can<21:15:07.144> have<21:15:07.256> two<21:15:07.680> or<21:15:08.104> three

can have two or three

can have two or three
I'm<21:15:09.536> not<21:15:09.720> sure<21:15:09.832> what<21:15:09.960> the<21:15:10.080> limit<21:15:10.192> is<21:15:10.496> actually

I'm not sure what the limit is actually

I'm not sure what the limit is actually
depends<21:15:11.464> on<21:15:11.576> the<21:15:11.760> protocol<21:15:12.120> and<21:15:12.480> it<21:15:12.656> does

depends on the protocol and it does

depends on the protocol and it does
change

uh why use a Virtual Router provides the

uh why use a Virtual Router provides the
same<21:15:18.176> routing<21:15:18.656> function<21:15:19.280> functionality<21:15:20.280> but

same routing function functionality but

same routing function functionality but
it's<21:15:21.120> virtual<21:15:21.536> so<21:15:21.720> you've<21:15:21.896> got<21:15:22.016> all<21:15:22.080> the

it's virtual so you've got all the

it's virtual so you've got all the
advantages<21:15:22.552> of<21:15:22.976> costs

advantages of costs

advantages of costs
uh<21:15:25.744> virtual<21:15:26.216> firewalls<21:15:27.000> they're<21:15:27.656> mentioned

uh virtual firewalls they're mentioned

uh virtual firewalls they're mentioned
again<21:15:28.856> in<21:15:29.216> the<21:15:29.336> Cisco<21:15:29.696> syllabus<21:15:30.240> probably

again in the Cisco syllabus probably

again in the Cisco syllabus probably
definitely<21:15:31.616> the<21:15:31.856> CCNA<21:15:32.464> routing<21:15:32.936> briefly<21:15:33.832> but

definitely the CCNA routing briefly but

definitely the CCNA routing briefly but
I<21:15:34.192> would<21:15:34.376> imagine<21:15:34.496> in<21:15:34.856> the<21:15:34.976> CCNA<21:15:35.512> Security<21:15:35.760> in

I would imagine in the CCNA Security in

I would imagine in the CCNA Security in
a<21:15:36.240> lot<21:15:36.296> more<21:15:36.480> detail

a lot more detail

a lot more detail
so<21:15:37.744> it's<21:15:37.856> a<21:15:38.040> virtual<21:15:38.336> version<21:15:38.576> of<21:15:38.872> an<21:15:39.056> actual

so it's a virtual version of an actual

so it's a virtual version of an actual
firewall

firewall

firewall
so<21:15:40.800> they're<21:15:41.040> implemented<21:15:41.512> as<21:15:41.696> a<21:15:41.872> follower

so they're implemented as a follower

so they're implemented as a follower
within<21:15:42.656> a<21:15:42.832> virtual<21:15:43.080> machine<21:15:43.376> or<21:15:44.040> as<21:15:44.216> an

within a virtual machine or as an

within a virtual machine or as an
appliance<21:15:44.824> it<21:15:45.056> provides<21:15:45.480> security<21:15:45.656> to<21:15:46.192> your

appliance it provides security to your

appliance it provides security to your
virtual<21:15:46.920> environment

virtual environment

virtual environment
does<21:15:49.144> exactly<21:15:49.616> the<21:15:49.744> same<21:15:49.920> job<21:15:50.216> as<21:15:50.640> a<21:15:50.936> hardware

does exactly the same job as a hardware

does exactly the same job as a hardware
firewall

firewall

firewall
just<21:15:53.936> moving<21:15:54.176> on<21:15:54.360> to<21:15:54.536> sdn<21:15:55.016> now<21:15:55.320> it's<21:15:56.640> um

just moving on to sdn now it's um

just moving on to sdn now it's um
a<21:15:57.960> big<21:15:58.144> topic<21:15:58.496> and<21:15:58.680> it's<21:15:58.856> been<21:15:59.104> introduced

a big topic and it's been introduced

a big topic and it's been introduced
into<21:15:59.872> the<21:16:00.176> new<21:16:00.616> Cisco<21:16:01.616> CCNA<21:16:02.464> exam<21:16:02.824> and<21:16:03.600> I<21:16:03.720> would

into the new Cisco CCNA exam and I would

into the new Cisco CCNA exam and I would
imagine

imagine

imagine
um

um

um
it's<21:16:05.936> going<21:16:06.120> to<21:16:06.240> have<21:16:06.296> more<21:16:06.536> and<21:16:06.656> more

it's going to have more and more

it's going to have more and more
prominence<21:16:07.192> over<21:16:07.376> the<21:16:07.552> years<21:16:07.616> to<21:16:07.856> come

prominence over the years to come

prominence over the years to come
because<21:16:08.216> Cisco<21:16:08.824> have<21:16:09.480> invested<21:16:10.016> heavily<21:16:10.496> in

because Cisco have invested heavily in

because Cisco have invested heavily in
sdn<21:16:11.760> and<21:16:12.480> there's<21:16:12.896> a<21:16:13.080> lot<21:16:13.192> of<21:16:13.800> um<21:16:13.920> some<21:16:14.216> Open

sdn and there's a lot of um some Open

sdn and there's a lot of um some Open
Standards<21:16:15.056> that<21:16:15.360> have<21:16:15.480> had<21:16:15.896> a<21:16:16.144> huge<21:16:16.376> uptake<21:16:16.744> as

Standards that have had a huge uptake as

Standards that have had a huge uptake as
well

well

well
it<21:16:18.656> provides<21:16:19.680> um<21:16:19.680> a<21:16:20.336> high<21:16:20.512> level

it provides um a high level

it provides um a high level
Administration<21:16:21.744> capability<21:16:22.744> to<21:16:23.160> network

Administration capability to network

Administration capability to network
admins<21:16:24.056> it<21:16:24.784> allows<21:16:25.144> you<21:16:25.192> to<21:16:25.504> manage<21:16:25.856> your

admins it allows you to manage your

admins it allows you to manage your
entire<21:16:26.336> network<21:16:26.640> through<21:16:27.120> a<21:16:27.480> user<21:16:27.784> interface

entire network through a user interface

entire network through a user interface
that<21:16:29.104> abstracts<21:16:29.576> a<21:16:29.760> com<21:16:29.936> complexity<21:16:30.680> so<21:16:31.680> you

that abstracts a com complexity so you

that abstracts a com complexity so you
wouldn't<21:16:32.696> necessarily<21:16:33.296> need<21:16:33.536> to<21:16:33.784> understand

wouldn't necessarily need to understand

wouldn't necessarily need to understand
all<21:16:34.496> the<21:16:34.744> underlying<21:16:35.216> commands<21:16:35.640> that<21:16:35.760> have

all the underlying commands that have

all the underlying commands that have
been<21:16:36.056> executed<21:16:36.720> and<21:16:37.680> how<21:16:37.920> it<21:16:38.104> all<21:16:38.216> works

been executed and how it all works

been executed and how it all works
um<21:16:40.680> just<21:16:41.400> to<21:16:41.512> manage<21:16:41.760> it<21:16:41.936> if<21:16:42.120> you're<21:16:42.240> using<21:16:42.536> sdn

um just to manage it if you're using sdn

um just to manage it if you're using sdn
obviously<21:16:43.920> it<21:16:43.976> helps<21:16:44.280> if<21:16:44.464> you<21:16:44.576> to<21:16:44.824> be<21:16:44.936> a

obviously it helps if you to be a

obviously it helps if you to be a
network<21:16:45.296> engineer<21:16:45.832> that<21:16:45.960> you<21:16:46.080> actually

network engineer that you actually

network engineer that you actually
understand<21:16:46.496> what's<21:16:46.920> happening

understand what's happening

understand what's happening
but<21:16:48.960> um<21:16:49.016> now<21:16:49.680> I<21:16:49.856> suppose<21:16:50.104> it's<21:16:50.280> like<21:16:50.512> managing

but um now I suppose it's like managing

but um now I suppose it's like managing
your<21:16:51.784> car

your car

your car
they've<21:16:52.976> got<21:16:53.104> all<21:16:53.280> these<21:16:53.464> different<21:16:53.640> settings

they've got all these different settings

they've got all these different settings
on<21:16:54.240> the<21:16:54.360> onboard<21:16:54.656> computers<21:16:55.440> that<21:16:55.856> change

on the onboard computers that change

on the onboard computers that change
your<21:16:56.576> handling<21:16:57.480> and<21:16:57.832> your<21:16:58.016> engine

your handling and your engine

your handling and your engine
performance<21:16:58.976> and<21:16:59.336> all<21:16:59.464> that<21:16:59.640> kind<21:16:59.824> of<21:16:59.936> thing

performance and all that kind of thing

performance and all that kind of thing
you<21:17:00.360> can<21:17:00.536> turn<21:17:00.720> different<21:17:01.552> controls<21:17:02.160> on<21:17:02.336> or

you can turn different controls on or

you can turn different controls on or
off<21:17:02.640> like<21:17:02.872> traction<21:17:03.296> control<21:17:03.976> and<21:17:04.976> you<21:17:05.216> don't

off like traction control and you don't

off like traction control and you don't
necessarily<21:17:05.872> need<21:17:06.176> to<21:17:06.360> worry<21:17:06.536> about<21:17:06.720> how<21:17:07.016> it

necessarily need to worry about how it

necessarily need to worry about how it
all<21:17:07.320> works

all right sdns are used to control the

all right sdns are used to control the
operation<21:17:13.800> and<21:17:14.040> network<21:17:14.216> devices

operation and network devices

operation and network devices
um<21:17:15.960> look<21:17:16.744> into<21:17:17.280> more<21:17:17.576> I<21:17:17.936> think<21:17:18.120> Cisco<21:17:18.720> I'm<21:17:19.256> not

um look into more I think Cisco I'm not

um look into more I think Cisco I'm not
sure<21:17:19.552> which<21:17:19.920> CCNA<21:17:20.872> version<21:17:21.056> maybe<21:17:21.424> data

sure which CCNA version maybe data

sure which CCNA version maybe data
center<21:17:22.144> that<21:17:22.856> looks<21:17:23.104> interesting<21:17:23.576> any<21:17:23.824> more

center that looks interesting any more

center that looks interesting any more
details<21:17:24.536> but<21:17:25.144> there's<21:17:25.376> a<21:17:25.504> whole<21:17:25.616> bunch<21:17:25.856> of<21:17:26.640> um

details but there's a whole bunch of um

details but there's a whole bunch of um
controls<21:17:27.600> and<21:17:28.256> formats<21:17:28.800> that<21:17:28.920> have<21:17:29.104> to<21:17:29.280> manage

controls and formats that have to manage

controls and formats that have to manage
your

your

your
um<21:17:31.856> interface<21:17:32.824> between<21:17:33.120> your<21:17:33.480> network<21:17:33.720> the

um interface between your network the

um interface between your network the
user<21:17:34.920> and<21:17:35.104> all<21:17:35.280> of<21:17:35.400> your<21:17:35.512> devices<21:17:36.144> and<21:17:37.144> apis<21:17:37.856> to

user and all of your devices and apis to

user and all of your devices and apis to
name<21:17:38.576> one

name one

name one
so<21:17:40.920> examples<21:17:41.400> of<21:17:41.640> sdns<21:17:42.424> or<21:17:42.480> Cisco<21:17:42.832> open

so examples of sdns or Cisco open

so examples of sdns or Cisco open
network<21:17:43.376> environments

network environments

network environments
nikira's<21:17:45.784> Network<21:17:45.896> virtualization<21:17:46.744> platform

nikira's Network virtualization platform

nikira's Network virtualization platform
why<21:17:48.360> bother<21:17:48.784> it<21:17:49.552> basically<21:17:49.800> makes<21:17:50.040> your<21:17:50.280> life

why bother it basically makes your life

why bother it basically makes your life
a<21:17:50.696> lot<21:17:50.824> easier<21:17:51.056> as<21:17:51.296> the<21:17:51.600> network

a lot easier as the network

a lot easier as the network
administrator<21:17:52.552> you<21:17:53.400> can<21:17:53.512> interact<21:17:53.936> with<21:17:54.176> your

administrator you can interact with your

administrator you can interact with your
entire<21:17:54.600> network<21:17:54.960> without<21:17:55.744> having<21:17:56.104> to

entire network without having to

entire network without having to
actually<21:17:56.640> connect<21:17:57.680> via<21:17:58.680> telnet<21:17:59.216> or

actually connect via telnet or

actually connect via telnet or
physically<21:17:59.696> connect<21:18:00.000> to<21:18:00.656> your<21:18:00.832> devices<21:18:01.144> or

physically connect to your devices or

physically connect to your devices or
even<21:18:01.744> understand<21:18:02.040> all<21:18:02.696> of<21:18:02.824> the<21:18:03.056> different

even understand all of the different

even understand all of the different
commands<21:18:04.320> so<21:18:04.800> if<21:18:05.040> you're<21:18:05.280> using

commands so if you're using

commands so if you're using
Juniper<21:18:07.376> Hardware<21:18:07.616> it's<21:18:08.104> got<21:18:08.336> one<21:18:08.696> type<21:18:08.936> of

Juniper Hardware it's got one type of

Juniper Hardware it's got one type of
um

um

um
command<21:18:11.696> line<21:18:11.824> interface<21:18:12.480> for<21:18:13.504> um<21:18:13.504> copyright

command line interface for um copyright

command line interface for um copyright
reasons<21:18:15.120> your<21:18:15.896> Huawei<21:18:16.640> and<21:18:17.640> Cisco<21:18:18.536> all<21:18:19.504> got

reasons your Huawei and Cisco all got

reasons your Huawei and Cisco all got
different<21:18:19.920> command<21:18:20.336> lines<21:18:20.640> different

different command lines different

different command lines different
commands<21:18:21.720> all<21:18:22.080> to<21:18:22.320> achieve<21:18:22.680> the<21:18:22.800> same<21:18:22.976> thing

commands all to achieve the same thing

commands all to achieve the same thing
so<21:18:23.400> you<21:18:23.576> don't<21:18:23.696> you<21:18:23.936> don't<21:18:24.056> need<21:18:24.240> to<21:18:24.296> worry

so you don't you don't need to worry

so you don't you don't need to worry
about<21:18:24.656> that<21:18:24.832> if<21:18:25.016> you're<21:18:25.144> using<21:18:25.376> SDM

about that if you're using SDM

about that if you're using SDM
so<21:18:27.960> get<21:18:28.144> get<21:18:28.376> rid<21:18:28.552> of<21:18:28.744> the<21:18:28.920> command<21:18:29.512> line<21:18:29.760> some

so get get rid of the command line some

so get get rid of the command line some
of<21:18:30.720> the<21:18:30.832> benefits<21:18:31.256> again<21:18:31.504> the<21:18:32.104> graphical<21:18:32.464> user

of the benefits again the graphical user

of the benefits again the graphical user
interface<21:18:33.424> provides<21:18:34.144> information<21:18:34.616> about

interface provides information about

interface provides information about
what's<21:18:35.336> going<21:18:35.512> on<21:18:35.640> with<21:18:35.872> your<21:18:36.000> network

what's going on with your network

what's going on with your network
it<21:18:37.920> allows<21:18:38.216> you<21:18:38.280> to<21:18:38.464> specify<21:18:38.872> changes<21:18:39.480> and

it allows you to specify changes and

it allows you to specify changes and
behind<21:18:40.616> the<21:18:40.744> scenes<21:18:40.976> the<21:18:41.160> actual

behind the scenes the actual

behind the scenes the actual
configurations<21:18:41.936> are<21:18:42.296> done<21:18:42.536> with<21:18:43.016> the

configurations are done with the

configurations are done with the
interface<21:18:43.552> one<21:18:43.856> of<21:18:44.040> the<21:18:44.160> apis<21:18:44.640> between<21:18:45.176> the

interface one of the apis between the

interface one of the apis between the
software<21:18:46.192> and<21:18:46.440> the<21:18:46.680> hardware

software and the hardware

software and the hardware
all<21:18:49.192> right<21:18:49.376> so<21:18:49.504> it's<21:18:49.680> just<21:18:49.680> an<21:18:49.920> overview

all right so it's just an overview

all right so it's just an overview
looked<21:18:50.760> at<21:18:50.872> virtual<21:18:51.176> networking<21:18:51.784> the<21:18:52.080> virtual

looked at virtual networking the virtual

looked at virtual networking the virtual
adapters<21:18:52.976> virtual<21:18:53.512> switches<21:18:54.000> and<21:18:54.240> routers

adapters virtual switches and routers

adapters virtual switches and routers
the<21:18:55.856> RRP

the RRP

the RRP
firewalls<21:18:58.144> and<21:18:58.376> software-defined

firewalls and software-defined

firewalls and software-defined
networking<21:18:59.760> and<21:19:00.176> why<21:19:00.360> why<21:19:00.720> would<21:19:01.016> we<21:19:01.144> be

networking and why why would we be

networking and why why would we be
interested<21:19:01.680> in<21:19:01.856> using<21:19:02.336> it

interested in using it

interested in using it
so<21:19:03.176> that's<21:19:03.296> all<21:19:03.536> thanks<21:19:03.896> for<21:19:04.080> watching

welcome to module 17 lesson 3 the

welcome to module 17 lesson 3 the
storage<21:19:29.280> area<21:19:29.824> network

storage area network

storage area network
I<21:19:32.216> think<21:19:32.512> come<21:19:32.824> to<21:19:33.056> your<21:19:33.240> actually<21:19:33.424> have<21:19:34.080> a

I think come to your actually have a

I think come to your actually have a
qualification<21:19:34.976> uh<21:19:35.696> storage<21:19:35.936> area<21:19:36.176> networking

qualification uh storage area networking

qualification uh storage area networking
engineer<21:19:37.552> Plus

engineer Plus

engineer Plus
and<21:19:39.296> we<21:19:39.960> actually<21:19:40.080> have<21:19:40.976> um<21:19:40.976> such<21:19:41.576> a<21:19:41.760> course<21:19:41.936> on

and we actually have um such a course on

and we actually have um such a course on
howturnetwork.com<21:19:43.280> this<21:19:44.280> is<21:19:44.400> just<21:19:44.512> an

howturnetwork.com this is just an

howturnetwork.com this is just an
overview<21:19:45.000> touching<21:19:45.656> on<21:19:45.832> some<21:19:46.144> of<21:19:46.256> the

overview touching on some of the

overview touching on some of the
subjects<21:19:47.280> they<21:19:47.512> mentioned<21:19:48.080> in<21:19:49.080> the<21:19:49.376> exam

subjects they mentioned in the exam

subjects they mentioned in the exam
syllabus

looking at storage area networks direct

looking at storage area networks direct
attached<21:19:57.000> storage<21:19:57.240> network<21:19:58.192> attached

attached storage network attached

attached storage network attached
storage

storage

storage
sanvi<21:20:01.256> Das

sanvi Das

sanvi Das
Sun<21:20:03.896> media

Sun media

Sun media
fiber<21:20:05.872> channel

fiber channel

fiber channel
iSCSI<21:20:07.856> San

iSCSI San

iSCSI San
Jose<21:20:09.680> architecture<21:20:10.680> and<21:20:11.400> components<21:20:12.000> of

Jose architecture and components of

Jose architecture and components of
voice<21:20:12.240> guzzy<21:20:12.896> also<21:20:13.616> jumbo<21:20:14.104> frames

voice guzzy also jumbo frames

voice guzzy also jumbo frames
Sun<21:20:15.720> as<21:20:16.016> we<21:20:16.144> already<21:20:16.256> know<21:20:16.496> stands<21:20:17.040> for

Sun as we already know stands for

Sun as we already know stands for
storage<21:20:17.512> area<21:20:17.824> network<21:20:18.240> it's<21:20:18.720> a<21:20:18.960> high<21:20:19.080> speed

storage area network it's a high speed

storage area network it's a high speed
Network<21:20:19.760> the<21:20:20.760> idea<21:20:21.056> is<21:20:21.176> it<21:20:21.424> allows

Network the idea is it allows

Network the idea is it allows
um transfer<21:20:23.040> between<21:20:23.216> the<21:20:23.464> computer<21:20:23.640> systems

um transfer between the computer systems

um transfer between the computer systems
and<21:20:24.424> the<21:20:24.600> storage<21:20:24.784> devices<21:20:25.320> it's<21:20:26.104> optimized

and the storage devices it's optimized

and the storage devices it's optimized
for<21:20:27.176> this<21:20:27.480> type<21:20:27.720> of<21:20:28.336> Technology<21:20:29.336> as<21:20:29.760> well

for this type of Technology as well

for this type of Technology as well
we'll<21:20:30.176> see<21:20:30.296> this<21:20:30.480> as<21:20:30.656> we<21:20:30.832> go<21:20:30.960> along

we'll see this as we go along

we'll see this as we go along
and<21:20:32.640> here's<21:20:33.176> an<21:20:33.240> example<21:20:33.600> which<21:20:34.496> will<21:20:35.040> um

and here's an example which will um

and here's an example which will um
you'll<21:20:35.512> see<21:20:35.640> in<21:20:35.824> a<21:20:35.936> few<21:20:36.056> slides

you'll see in a few slides

you'll see in a few slides
so<21:20:38.640> why<21:20:38.824> bother<21:20:39.176> at<21:20:39.296> all<21:20:39.424> why<21:20:39.656> do<21:20:39.784> we<21:20:39.896> need<21:20:40.016> a

so why bother at all why do we need a

so why bother at all why do we need a
storage<21:20:40.320> area<21:20:40.744> network<21:20:41.512> again<21:20:41.960> everything

storage area network again everything

storage area network again everything
covered<21:20:43.856> really<21:20:43.976> in<21:20:44.160> the<21:20:44.280> network<21:20:44.400> plus<21:20:44.760> was

covered really in the network plus was

covered really in the network plus was
created<21:20:45.960> in<21:20:46.744> order<21:20:46.920> to<21:20:47.040> solve<21:20:47.576> some<21:20:47.872> specific

created in order to solve some specific

created in order to solve some specific
or<21:20:49.016> general<21:20:49.256> networking<21:20:50.040> problem

or general networking problem

or general networking problem
it's<21:20:51.656> the<21:20:51.832> evolution<21:20:52.192> in<21:20:52.552> data<21:20:52.920> storage

it's the evolution in data storage

it's the evolution in data storage
technology<21:20:53.760> and<21:20:54.000> we'll<21:20:54.176> look<21:20:54.360> at<21:20:54.480> some<21:20:54.656> Legacy

technology and we'll look at some Legacy

technology and we'll look at some Legacy
ideas<21:20:55.856> in<21:20:56.216> a<21:20:56.336> moment

ideas in a moment

ideas in a moment
so<21:20:58.856> um<21:20:58.920> unfortunately<21:20:59.760> this<21:21:00.120> I'll<21:21:00.600> put<21:21:00.720> the

so um unfortunately this I'll put the

so um unfortunately this I'll put the
wrong<21:21:01.016> order<21:21:01.192> here<21:21:01.440> so<21:21:01.552> the<21:21:01.800> lines<21:21:01.976> are

wrong order here so the lines are

wrong order here so the lines are
appearing<21:21:02.464> in<21:21:02.576> the<21:21:02.640> wrong<21:21:02.760> order<21:21:02.936> there's

appearing in the wrong order there's

appearing in the wrong order there's
been<21:21:04.016> progress<21:21:04.376> in<21:21:04.552> the<21:21:04.680> data<21:21:04.976> storage

been progress in the data storage

been progress in the data storage
technology<21:21:05.872> from<21:21:06.480> Das<21:21:07.376> to<21:21:07.920> Sam<21:21:08.360> direct

technology from Das to Sam direct

technology from Das to Sam direct
attached<21:21:09.896> storage<21:21:10.080> is<21:21:10.552> the<21:21:10.920> traditional

attached storage is the traditional

attached storage is the traditional
way<21:21:13.320> and<21:21:13.856> it's<21:21:14.160> I'm<21:21:14.464> sure<21:21:14.640> many<21:21:14.872> companies

way and it's I'm sure many companies

way and it's I'm sure many companies
still<21:21:15.480> use<21:21:15.720> it<21:21:15.896> those<21:21:16.256> who<21:21:16.496> don't<21:21:16.680> use<21:21:16.976> uh<21:21:17.872> San

still use it those who don't use uh San

still use it those who don't use uh San
as<21:21:18.536> a<21:21:18.720> solution<21:21:19.016> for<21:21:19.320> storage

as a solution for storage

as a solution for storage
so<21:21:21.000> a<21:21:21.240> traditional<21:21:21.600> client<21:21:21.896> server<21:21:22.320> systems

so a traditional client server systems

so a traditional client server systems
each<21:21:23.400> sort<21:21:23.640> of<21:21:23.760> server<21:21:24.120> having<21:21:24.360> its<21:21:24.784> own

each sort of server having its own

each sort of server having its own
storage<21:21:25.216> and<21:21:26.216> the<21:21:26.400> storage<21:21:26.576> is<21:21:26.872> directly

storage and the storage is directly

storage and the storage is directly
attached<21:21:27.784> to<21:21:27.960> the<21:21:28.192> server<21:21:28.640> internally

attached to the server internally

attached to the server internally
usually<21:21:30.176> or<21:21:30.480> it<21:21:30.600> could<21:21:30.720> be<21:21:30.832> external

usually or it could be external

usually or it could be external
search

search

search
a<21:21:35.216> technology<21:21:35.640> is<21:21:36.296> referred<21:21:36.720> to<21:21:36.784> as<21:21:36.960> direct

a technology is referred to as direct

a technology is referred to as direct
attached<21:21:38.160> storage<21:21:38.400> or<21:21:38.696> Das

attached storage or Das

attached storage or Das
so<21:21:40.616> there<21:21:40.920> obviously<21:21:41.216> has<21:21:41.336> to<21:21:41.464> be<21:21:41.576> advantages

so there obviously has to be advantages

so there obviously has to be advantages
it's<21:21:42.536> high<21:21:42.832> speed<21:21:43.080> and<21:21:43.440> it's<21:21:43.616> exclusive

it's high speed and it's exclusive

it's high speed and it's exclusive
access<21:21:44.400> to<21:21:44.872> the<21:21:45.000> storage<21:21:45.176> so<21:21:45.600> it's<21:21:45.784> not<21:21:45.960> shared

access to the storage so it's not shared

access to the storage so it's not shared
preferred<21:21:49.320> by<21:21:49.440> small<21:21:49.616> companies<21:21:50.104> just

preferred by small companies just

preferred by small companies just
cheaper<21:21:51.120> to<21:21:51.240> implement<21:21:51.656> easier<21:21:52.192> to<21:21:52.376> implement

cheaper to implement easier to implement

cheaper to implement easier to implement
easier<21:21:54.000> to<21:21:54.960> um

easier to um

easier to um
troubleshoot<21:21:56.464> maintain

troubleshoot maintain

troubleshoot maintain
obviously<21:21:59.040> there<21:21:59.280> are<21:21:59.400> disadvantages<21:22:00.000> which

obviously there are disadvantages which

obviously there are disadvantages which
is<21:22:00.536> why<21:22:00.832> it's<21:22:01.376> been

is why it's been

is why it's been
um

um

um
superseded<21:22:03.896> by<21:22:04.192> many<21:22:04.376> companies<21:22:05.000> so<21:22:06.000> what<21:22:06.240> you

superseded by many companies so what you

superseded by many companies so what you
get<21:22:06.480> is<21:22:06.656> a<21:22:06.832> pocket<21:22:07.080> of<21:22:07.256> isolated<21:22:07.680> storage<21:22:08.040> it's

get is a pocket of isolated storage it's

get is a pocket of isolated storage it's
not<21:22:08.824> officially<21:22:09.656> utilized<21:22:10.440> and<21:22:11.104> this<21:22:11.280> ties

not officially utilized and this ties

not officially utilized and this ties
into<21:22:11.760> virtualization<21:22:12.656> really<21:22:12.960> where<21:22:13.320> you

into virtualization really where you

into virtualization really where you
we've<21:22:13.976> got<21:22:14.104> this<21:22:14.336> whole<21:22:14.576> amount<21:22:15.536> of<21:22:15.656> resources

we've got this whole amount of resources

we've got this whole amount of resources
but<21:22:16.440> we<21:22:16.616> may<21:22:16.800> only<21:22:16.976> be<21:22:17.160> using<21:22:17.576> a<21:22:17.824> certain

but we may only be using a certain

but we may only be using a certain
percentage<21:22:18.424> of<21:22:18.720> it<21:22:18.832> which<21:22:19.376> is<21:22:19.504> a<21:22:19.744> waste

percentage of it which is a waste

percentage of it which is a waste
so<21:22:22.320> for<21:22:22.496> example<21:22:22.744> when<21:22:22.976> one<21:22:23.160> server<21:22:23.512> has

so for example when one server has

so for example when one server has
plenty<21:22:24.000> of<21:22:24.056> C<21:22:24.296> uh<21:22:24.784> free<21:22:24.960> storage<21:22:25.256> and<21:22:25.616> the

plenty of C uh free storage and the

plenty of C uh free storage and the
other<21:22:25.856> one<21:22:25.976> has<21:22:26.216> almost<21:22:26.464> ran<21:22:26.824> out<21:22:26.936> of<21:22:27.056> space

other one has almost ran out of space

other one has almost ran out of space
then<21:22:27.960> we've<21:22:28.256> got<21:22:28.440> a<21:22:28.616> disparity

then we've got a disparity

then we've got a disparity
this<21:22:30.480> is<21:22:30.600> where<21:22:31.376> um<21:22:31.376> Network<21:22:31.616> attaches

this is where um Network attaches

this is where um Network attaches
storage<21:22:32.280> will<21:22:32.824> help<21:22:33.000> direct<21:22:33.784> attached

storage will help direct attached

storage will help direct attached
storage<21:22:34.440> design<21:22:34.976> doesn't<21:22:35.336> allow<21:22:35.696> the<21:22:35.936> free

storage design doesn't allow the free

storage design doesn't allow the free
capacity<21:22:37.016> of<21:22:37.256> the<21:22:37.376> servers<21:22:37.744> to<21:22:37.920> be<21:22:38.040> shared

capacity of the servers to be shared

capacity of the servers to be shared
so<21:22:40.616> when<21:22:40.800> a<21:22:41.040> business<21:22:41.160> deploys<21:22:41.640> more<21:22:41.872> servers

so when a business deploys more servers

so when a business deploys more servers
in<21:22:42.360> the<21:22:42.480> network<21:22:42.656> the<21:22:43.016> following<21:22:43.440> occurs

in the network the following occurs

in the network the following occurs
there's<21:22:45.056> an<21:22:45.240> increase<21:22:45.360> in<21:22:45.600> the<21:22:45.784> wastage

there's an increase in the wastage

there's an increase in the wastage
increase<21:22:47.040> in<21:22:47.336> the<21:22:47.512> complexity<21:22:48.000> of<21:22:48.296> managing

increase in the complexity of managing

increase in the complexity of managing
all<21:22:48.960> of<21:22:49.080> these<21:22:49.192> isolated<21:22:49.760> storage<21:22:50.760> because

all of these isolated storage because

all of these isolated storage because
usually<21:22:51.424> you've<21:22:51.656> got<21:22:51.784> raid<21:22:52.256> so<21:22:52.616> you've<21:22:52.856> got<21:22:52.920> to

usually you've got raid so you've got to

usually you've got raid so you've got to
insert<21:22:53.640> and<21:22:53.824> pull<21:22:54.056> out<21:22:54.240> various<21:22:54.832> disks

insert and pull out various disks

insert and pull out various disks
and<21:22:57.600> network<21:22:57.784> attached<21:22:58.320> storage<21:22:58.496> another

and network attached storage another

and network attached storage another
image<21:22:59.640> there<21:22:59.936> it<21:23:00.784> decouples<21:23:01.256> the<21:23:01.504> storage

image there it decouples the storage

image there it decouples the storage
from<21:23:02.160> the<21:23:02.336> servers<21:23:02.760> so<21:23:03.000> the<21:23:03.120> servers<21:23:03.480> are

from the servers so the servers are

from the servers so the servers are
still<21:23:03.784> there<21:23:04.016> but<21:23:04.744> we<21:23:05.640> um<21:23:05.640> remove<21:23:05.936> the<21:23:06.296> storage

still there but we um remove the storage

still there but we um remove the storage
as<21:23:07.016> another<21:23:07.696> feature<21:23:08.696> makes<21:23:09.600> the<21:23:09.832> storage<21:23:10.016> a

as another feature makes the storage a

as another feature makes the storage a
centralized<21:23:11.400> pool<21:23:11.576> of<21:23:11.872> shed<21:23:12.680> devices<21:23:13.680> that

centralized pool of shed devices that

centralized pool of shed devices that
can<21:23:14.160> be<21:23:14.216> accessed<21:23:14.576> by<21:23:14.760> all<21:23:15.000> the<21:23:15.120> servers

can be accessed by all the servers

can be accessed by all the servers
connected<21:23:15.832> to<21:23:16.016> the<21:23:16.192> network

now network attached storage is not a

now network attached storage is not a
network<21:23:20.640> in<21:23:20.936> its<21:23:21.240> own<21:23:21.296> right<21:23:21.424> but<21:23:21.656> a<21:23:21.832> storage

network in its own right but a storage

network in its own right but a storage
array<21:23:22.552> hooked<21:23:23.400> up<21:23:23.464> to<21:23:23.640> an<21:23:23.824> existing<21:23:24.176> Network

array hooked up to an existing Network

array hooked up to an existing Network
here's<21:23:27.056> an<21:23:27.120> example<21:23:27.360> of<21:23:27.656> a<21:23:27.896> Nas<21:23:28.256> server

here's an example of a Nas server

here's an example of a Nas server
that's<21:23:29.760> a<21:23:30.000> Netgear<21:23:30.360> by<21:23:30.424> looks<21:23:30.784> of<21:23:30.832> it<21:23:31.016> it<21:23:31.616> can

that's a Netgear by looks of it it can

that's a Netgear by looks of it it can
provide<21:23:32.104> centralized

provide centralized

provide centralized
um<21:23:33.240> shared<21:23:33.960> stories<21:23:34.256> of<21:23:34.376> terabytes<21:23:34.856> of

um shared stories of terabytes of

um shared stories of terabytes of
storage<21:23:35.160> you<21:23:35.872> get<21:23:36.056> enough<21:23:36.600> servers<21:23:37.080> for<21:23:37.320> home

storage you get enough servers for home

storage you get enough servers for home
users<21:23:38.104> as<21:23:38.336> well<21:23:38.464> wherever<21:23:38.872> everyone<21:23:39.176> can

users as well wherever everyone can

users as well wherever everyone can
connect<21:23:39.720> to<21:23:40.496> this<21:23:40.744> particular<21:23:41.040> device<21:23:41.400> and

connect to this particular device and

connect to this particular device and
hopefully<21:23:42.656> that<21:23:43.016> device<21:23:43.144> then<21:23:43.616> in<21:23:43.920> turn<21:23:44.104> backs

hopefully that device then in turn backs

hopefully that device then in turn backs
up<21:23:44.696> somewhere<21:23:45.240> over<21:23:45.784> to<21:23:46.080> the<21:23:46.256> cloud<21:23:46.440> or

up somewhere over to the cloud or

up somewhere over to the cloud or
somewhere<21:23:47.512> like<21:23:47.696> that<21:23:48.144> disadvantage<21:23:49.144> is

somewhere like that disadvantage is

somewhere like that disadvantage is
doesn't<21:23:50.336> provide<21:23:50.696> the<21:23:50.824> high<21:23:50.936> speed<21:23:51.296> data

doesn't provide the high speed data

doesn't provide the high speed data
protection<21:23:52.320> needed<21:23:53.040> in<21:23:53.160> Enterprise

protection needed in Enterprise

protection needed in Enterprise
environments<21:23:54.240> because<21:23:54.720> it<21:23:54.960> typically<21:23:55.320> sits

environments because it typically sits

environments because it typically sits
on<21:23:55.856> an<21:23:56.104> existing<21:23:56.640> shed<21:23:57.000> corporate<21:23:57.960> Network

on an existing shed corporate Network

on an existing shed corporate Network
um<21:23:59.936> complete<21:24:00.360> data<21:24:00.784> backup<21:24:01.616> takes<21:24:01.976> a<21:24:02.160> lot<21:24:02.280> of

um complete data backup takes a lot of

um complete data backup takes a lot of
time<21:24:02.576> and<21:24:03.176> obviously<21:24:03.480> takes<21:24:03.656> up<21:24:03.784> a<21:24:03.896> lot<21:24:03.960> of

time and obviously takes up a lot of

time and obviously takes up a lot of
bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth
so<21:24:07.192> sun<21:24:07.504> is<21:24:07.800> a<21:24:07.920> dedicated<21:24:08.280> Network<21:24:08.464> that

so sun is a dedicated Network that

so sun is a dedicated Network that
transfers<21:24:09.120> blocks<21:24:09.600> of<21:24:09.656> data<21:24:09.960> at<21:24:10.144> a<21:24:10.256> high<21:24:10.376> speed

transfers blocks of data at a high speed

transfers blocks of data at a high speed
to<21:24:10.920> a<21:24:11.280> storage<21:24:11.512> device

to a storage device

to a storage device
a<21:24:13.376> low<21:24:13.616> latency<21:24:14.104> for<21:24:14.464> the<21:24:14.640> input<21:24:14.936> output

a low latency for the input output

a low latency for the input output
request<21:24:15.784> to<21:24:16.440> the<21:24:16.616> storage<21:24:17.104> device

uh what you what sound gives you is

uh what you what sound gives you is
access<21:24:23.936> to<21:24:24.360> several<21:24:24.720> servers<21:24:25.256> that<21:24:25.920> connect

access to several servers that connect

access to several servers that connect
to<21:24:26.464> several<21:24:26.936> several<21:24:27.424> storage<21:24:27.656> devices<21:24:28.256> you

to several several storage devices you

to several several storage devices you
can<21:24:28.744> see<21:24:28.800> we've<21:24:29.040> got<21:24:29.216> a<21:24:29.640> in<21:24:30.360> this<21:24:30.480> instance

can see we've got a in this instance

can see we've got a in this instance
we've<21:24:31.080> got<21:24:31.192> a<21:24:31.320> full<21:24:31.504> mesh<21:24:31.976> connection<21:24:32.464> between

we've got a full mesh connection between

we've got a full mesh connection between
the<21:24:33.240> servers<21:24:33.656> the<21:24:33.960> switches<21:24:34.440> and<21:24:34.680> the<21:24:34.856> storage

the servers the switches and the storage

the servers the switches and the storage
array<21:24:35.640> there

also allows the storage devices to

also allows the storage devices to
communicate<21:24:40.616> with<21:24:40.976> each<21:24:41.104> other

limitations going back to direct access

limitations going back to direct access
storage

storage

storage
this<21:24:48.480> is<21:24:48.656> the<21:24:48.960> challenge<21:24:49.440> we<21:24:49.680> have<21:24:49.856> with<21:24:49.976> the

this is the challenge we have with the

this is the challenge we have with the
traditional<21:24:50.656> server<21:24:51.656> attached<21:24:52.080> storage<21:24:52.256> you

traditional server attached storage you

traditional server attached storage you
can't<21:24:53.160> satisfy<21:24:53.576> the<21:24:53.760> ever<21:24:53.872> crease<21:24:54.296> in<21:24:54.424> demands

can't satisfy the ever crease in demands

can't satisfy the ever crease in demands
for<21:24:54.960> storage<21:24:55.144> and<21:24:55.504> we<21:24:55.680> obviously<21:24:55.976> have<21:24:56.696> more

for storage and we obviously have more

for storage and we obviously have more
and<21:24:57.296> more<21:24:57.536> complex<21:24:57.832> information

and more complex information

and more complex information
including<21:24:59.760> video<21:25:00.056> and<21:25:00.360> voice

not scalable due to the restrictions and

not scalable due to the restrictions and
how<21:25:05.104> many<21:25:05.216> devices<21:25:06.000> you<21:25:06.360> can<21:25:06.536> add<21:25:06.784> physically

how many devices you can add physically

how many devices you can add physically
to

to

to
um servers<21:25:09.056> sun<21:25:09.832> is<21:25:10.144> scalable<21:25:10.552> so<21:25:11.216> you<21:25:11.336> can

um servers sun is scalable so you can

um servers sun is scalable so you can
add<21:25:11.576> a<21:25:11.760> lot<21:25:11.824> of<21:25:11.936> new<21:25:12.056> devices<21:25:12.360> and<21:25:12.832> and<21:25:13.016> without

add a lot of new devices and and without

add a lot of new devices and and without
having<21:25:13.800> to<21:25:13.920> add<21:25:14.160> new<21:25:14.512> servers

having to add new servers

having to add new servers
you<21:25:16.256> can<21:25:16.440> aggregate<21:25:16.976> the<21:25:17.640> devices<21:25:18.240> into<21:25:18.784> a

you can aggregate the devices into a

you can aggregate the devices into a
central<21:25:19.144> pool<21:25:19.440> that<21:25:20.216> can<21:25:20.336> be<21:25:20.464> accessed<21:25:20.824> by<21:25:20.936> the

central pool that can be accessed by the

central pool that can be accessed by the
servers

the server attached storage doesn't

the server attached storage doesn't
provide<21:25:27.480> High<21:25:27.784> availability<21:25:28.376> because<21:25:28.800> if<21:25:28.976> a

provide High availability because if a

provide High availability because if a
server<21:25:29.464> goes<21:25:29.696> down<21:25:29.824> then<21:25:30.056> you<21:25:30.176> lose<21:25:30.360> the<21:25:30.600> data

server goes down then you lose the data

server goes down then you lose the data
since<21:25:31.504> the<21:25:31.744> data<21:25:32.040> is<21:25:32.160> tied<21:25:32.400> to<21:25:32.576> the<21:25:32.760> server

since the data is tied to the server

since the data is tied to the server
so<21:25:34.976> obviously

so obviously

so obviously
um overcomes<21:25:36.896> this<21:25:37.016> problem<21:25:37.256> because<21:25:37.800> you

um overcomes this problem because you

um overcomes this problem because you
remove<21:25:39.000> the<21:25:39.784> storage<21:25:40.552> from<21:25:40.976> the<21:25:41.160> servers<21:25:41.576> if<21:25:42.240> a

remove the storage from the servers if a

remove the storage from the servers if a
server<21:25:42.720> goes<21:25:43.080> down<21:25:43.256> in<21:25:43.856> the<21:25:44.240> topology<21:25:45.240> then

server goes down in the topology then

server goes down in the topology then
the<21:25:46.256> data<21:25:46.552> is<21:25:46.680> still<21:25:46.856> accessible<21:25:47.336> so<21:25:48.056> you've

the data is still accessible so you've

the data is still accessible so you've
removed<21:25:48.600> that<21:25:48.720> as<21:25:48.896> a<21:25:49.080> point<21:25:49.256> of<21:25:49.504> failure

removed that as a point of failure

removed that as a point of failure
and<21:25:51.480> though<21:25:51.784> the<21:25:51.960> sun<21:25:52.192> connects<21:25:52.800> multitude<21:25:53.280> of

and though the sun connects multitude of

and though the sun connects multitude of
servers<21:25:53.824> and<21:25:53.936> storage<21:25:54.120> devices<21:25:54.600> the

servers and storage devices the

servers and storage devices the
performance<21:25:55.440> doesn't<21:25:55.680> so<21:25:56.040> far<21:25:56.280> because<21:25:57.000> the

performance doesn't so far because the

performance doesn't so far because the
network<21:25:57.480> is<21:25:57.832> characterized<21:25:58.440> by<21:25:58.680> high<21:25:59.040> speed

network is characterized by high speed

network is characterized by high speed
and<21:26:00.120> low<21:26:00.296> latency<21:26:00.720> you've<21:26:01.016> got<21:26:01.144> the<21:26:01.256> best<21:26:01.376> of

and low latency you've got the best of

and low latency you've got the best of
two<21:26:01.856> different<21:26:02.040> worlds<21:26:02.576> there

two different worlds there

two different worlds there
the<21:26:03.896> high<21:26:04.016> speed<21:26:04.256> data<21:26:05.104> transfer<21:26:05.336> the<21:26:05.640> low

the high speed data transfer the low

the high speed data transfer the low
latency<21:26:06.440> can<21:26:07.440> be<21:26:07.552> compared<21:26:07.856> to<21:26:07.920> the<21:26:08.160> high

latency can be compared to the high

latency can be compared to the high
performance<21:26:08.872> of<21:26:09.176> storage<21:26:09.616> directly<21:26:10.616> attached

performance of storage directly attached

performance of storage directly attached
to<21:26:11.040> a<21:26:11.280> server

so your storage area network is a

so your storage area network is a
dedicated<21:26:17.104> Network<21:26:17.464> it's<21:26:18.000> scalable<21:26:18.480> and

dedicated Network it's scalable and

dedicated Network it's scalable and
highly<21:26:19.080> available<21:26:19.320> as<21:26:19.744> we've<21:26:19.976> already<21:26:20.040> said

highly available as we've already said

highly available as we've already said
primary<21:26:21.120> purpose<21:26:21.480> is<21:26:21.720> providing<21:26:22.440> the<21:26:22.744> high

primary purpose is providing the high

primary purpose is providing the high
speed

speed

speed
and<21:26:24.360> the<21:26:24.536> low<21:26:24.656> latency

and the low latency

and the low latency
Sun<21:26:27.120> media<21:26:27.656> it's<21:26:28.616> the<21:26:28.800> actual<21:26:28.976> cables<21:26:29.400> and

Sun media it's the actual cables and

Sun media it's the actual cables and
physical<21:26:29.696> wiring

physical wiring

physical wiring
It's<21:26:31.504> associated<21:26:31.920> with<21:26:32.216> the<21:26:32.400> unique<21:26:32.640> protocol

It's associated with the unique protocol

It's associated with the unique protocol
and<21:26:33.720> is<21:26:33.832> always<21:26:34.016> managed<21:26:34.376> by<21:26:34.552> that<21:26:34.744> protocol

and is always managed by that protocol

and is always managed by that protocol
the<21:26:36.424> protocol<21:26:36.720> is<21:26:37.080> responsible<21:26:37.504> for<21:26:37.744> the

the protocol is responsible for the

the protocol is responsible for the
format<21:26:38.336> and<21:26:38.464> sequence<21:26:38.760> of<21:26:38.936> data<21:26:39.360> exchange<21:26:39.720> on

format and sequence of data exchange on

format and sequence of data exchange on
the<21:26:40.256> storage<21:26:40.496> area<21:26:40.856> network<21:26:41.360> now<21:26:42.360> you're

the storage area network now you're

the storage area network now you're
almost<21:26:42.832> always<21:26:43.144> going<21:26:43.376> to<21:26:43.504> have

almost always going to have

almost always going to have
um<21:26:44.512> fiber<21:26:45.120> channel

um fiber channel

um fiber channel
and<21:26:46.800> because<21:26:47.040> of<21:26:47.280> the<21:26:47.464> speed<21:26:47.696> requirements

and because of the speed requirements

and because of the speed requirements
different<21:26:50.936> types<21:26:51.360> of<21:26:51.480> optical<21:26:51.832> electrical

different types of optical electrical

different types of optical electrical
transmission<21:26:52.680> meter<21:26:53.336> that<21:26:53.936> you<21:26:54.176> cannot

transmission meter that you cannot

transmission meter that you cannot
follow<21:26:54.720> that<21:26:55.016> and<21:26:55.504> you<21:26:55.744> can<21:26:55.856> have<21:26:55.976> copper<21:26:56.464> the

follow that and you can have copper the

follow that and you can have copper the
fibers<21:26:57.240> of<21:26:57.424> preferred<21:26:57.832> connection<21:26:58.192> type

fibers of preferred connection type

fibers of preferred connection type
uh<21:27:00.000> the<21:27:00.176> sounds<21:27:00.296> are<21:27:00.536> typically<21:27:00.784> typically

uh the sounds are typically typically

uh the sounds are typically typically
built<21:27:01.856> using<21:27:02.104> fiber<21:27:02.512> channel

built using fiber channel

built using fiber channel
uh<21:27:05.464> the<21:27:05.760> standards<21:27:06.056> you<21:27:06.176> define<21:27:06.296> a<21:27:06.536> high-speed

uh the standards you define a high-speed

uh the standards you define a high-speed
Network<21:27:07.144> that<21:27:07.856> transfer<21:27:08.464> dates<21:27:08.760> at<21:27:08.936> around

Network that transfer dates at around

Network that transfer dates at around
two<21:27:09.480> gigs<21:27:09.896> per<21:27:10.192> second

two gigs per second

two gigs per second
the<21:27:12.120> standards<21:27:12.600> also<21:27:12.784> define<21:27:12.960> the<21:27:13.256> properties

the standards also define the properties

the standards also define the properties
of<21:27:13.744> the<21:27:13.856> media<21:27:14.160> and<21:27:14.336> how<21:27:14.464> data<21:27:14.936> is<21:27:15.120> transmitted

of the media and how data is transmitted

of the media and how data is transmitted
which<21:27:16.320> I<21:27:16.496> mentioned<21:27:16.856> earlier

which I mentioned earlier

which I mentioned earlier
fiber<21:27:18.720> channel<21:27:18.896> is<21:27:19.080> a<21:27:19.192> de<21:27:19.320> facto<21:27:19.744> standard

the storage area network using is built

the storage area network using is built
using<21:27:26.336> fiber<21:27:26.760> channel<21:27:27.056> technology<21:27:27.600> is<21:27:27.896> called

using fiber channel technology is called

using fiber channel technology is called
the<21:27:28.320> fiber<21:27:28.680> channel<21:27:28.856> or<21:27:29.576> FC<21:27:30.176> San

uh the whole idea is to increase access

uh the whole idea is to increase access
to<21:27:36.656> all<21:27:36.784> the<21:27:36.960> data<21:27:37.320> and<21:27:38.160> since<21:27:38.336> organizations

to all the data and since organizations

to all the data and since organizations
have<21:27:39.480> a<21:27:39.720> heterogeneous<21:27:40.320> combination<21:27:40.920> of

have a heterogeneous combination of

have a heterogeneous combination of
operating<21:27:41.760> systems<21:27:42.376> fiber<21:27:43.376> channel<21:27:43.552> was

operating systems fiber channel was

operating systems fiber channel was
um designed<21:27:45.296> to<21:27:45.360> cater<21:27:46.016> for<21:27:46.144> all<21:27:46.320> of<21:27:46.440> these

um designed to cater for all of these

um designed to cater for all of these
different<21:27:46.800> applications<21:27:47.464> and<21:27:47.872> operating

different applications and operating

different applications and operating
systems

the fiber channels solve the fundamental

the fiber channels solve the fundamental
problem<21:27:54.176> of<21:27:54.536> reliably<21:27:55.016> making<21:27:55.512> terabytes<21:27:56.512> of

problem of reliably making terabytes of

problem of reliably making terabytes of
information<21:27:56.936> available<21:27:57.480> to<21:27:57.896> hundreds<21:27:58.320> of

information available to hundreds of

information available to hundreds of
servers<21:27:58.856> more<21:27:59.824> than<21:27:59.936> likely<21:28:00.240> at<21:28:00.424> the<21:28:00.536> same

servers more than likely at the same

servers more than likely at the same
time<21:28:00.896> as<21:28:01.192> well<21:28:01.320> so<21:28:01.552> serving<21:28:02.104> multiple

time as well so serving multiple

time as well so serving multiple
requests

requests

requests
uh<21:28:05.936> while<21:28:06.120> direct<21:28:06.360> attached<21:28:06.832> storage<21:28:07.016> and

uh while direct attached storage and

uh while direct attached storage and
network<21:28:07.552> attached<21:28:08.040> storage<21:28:08.216> may<21:28:08.576> be

network attached storage may be

network attached storage may be
appropriate<21:28:09.056> for<21:28:09.240> small<21:28:09.424> networks<21:28:10.016> the<21:28:10.616> fiber

appropriate for small networks the fiber

appropriate for small networks the fiber
channel<21:28:11.240> San<21:28:12.240> is<21:28:12.656> used<21:28:12.896> generally<21:28:13.256> for<21:28:13.744> large

channel San is used generally for large

channel San is used generally for large
storage<21:28:14.696> networks<21:28:15.424> and<21:28:15.600> Enterprise<21:28:15.832> Networks

um con the concept of sand isn't tied to

um con the concept of sand isn't tied to
any<21:28:22.680> particular<21:28:23.160> technology<21:28:23.872> or<21:28:24.424> vendor<21:28:24.896> so

any particular technology or vendor so

any particular technology or vendor so
it<21:28:25.552> can<21:28:25.680> be<21:28:25.744> used<21:28:25.856> by<21:28:26.040> a<21:28:26.160> multitude<21:28:26.696> it<21:28:27.600> can

it can be used by a multitude it can

it can be used by a multitude it can
also<21:28:27.896> be<21:28:28.016> built<21:28:28.320> using<21:28:28.616> other<21:28:28.856> Technologies

also be built using other Technologies

also be built using other Technologies
such

such

such
um as<21:28:31.440> Internet<21:28:31.616> Security<21:28:32.160> or<21:28:32.760> iSCSI

um as Internet Security or iSCSI

um as Internet Security or iSCSI
is<21:28:36.120> a<21:28:36.240> storage<21:28:36.360> area<21:28:36.600> network<21:28:36.960> implemented

is a storage area network implemented

is a storage area network implemented
over<21:28:38.040> an<21:28:38.280> IP<21:28:38.576> and<21:28:38.872> it<21:28:39.056> uses<21:28:39.360> the<21:28:39.656> iSCSI

over an IP and it uses the iSCSI

over an IP and it uses the iSCSI
protocol

it's a mapping of the scuzzy protocol

it's a mapping of the scuzzy protocol
over<21:28:46.552> TCP<21:28:47.824> not<21:28:48.176> sure<21:28:48.360> if<21:28:48.480> there's<21:28:48.600> an<21:28:48.720> RFC<21:28:49.192> for

over TCP not sure if there's an RFC for

over TCP not sure if there's an RFC for
this<21:28:49.552> actually<21:28:49.744> but<21:28:50.104> you<21:28:50.336> can<21:28:50.464> Google<21:28:50.760> the<21:28:51.656> ice

this actually but you can Google the ice

this actually but you can Google the ice
cozy<21:28:52.376> for<21:28:52.496> yourself<21:28:52.760> and<21:28:53.760> see<21:28:54.360> um<21:28:54.360> where<21:28:54.784> the

cozy for yourself and see um where the

cozy for yourself and see um where the
proposal<21:28:55.320> started

proposal started

proposal started
carries<21:28:58.016> Block<21:28:58.192> Level<21:28:58.440> data<21:28:58.856> over<21:28:58.976> the<21:28:59.160> IP

carries Block Level data over the IP

carries Block Level data over the IP
network<21:28:59.696> and<21:29:00.536> block<21:29:00.832> storage<21:29:01.376> can<21:29:01.680> be

network and block storage can be

network and block storage can be
accessed<21:29:02.160> over<21:29:02.336> the<21:29:02.576> network<21:29:02.696> as<21:29:03.360> if<21:29:03.536> it<21:29:03.656> was

accessed over the network as if it was

accessed over the network as if it was
directly<21:29:04.080> attached<21:29:04.440> to<21:29:04.552> the<21:29:04.800> server

directly attached to the server

directly attached to the server
is<21:29:07.680> because<21:29:07.920> the<21:29:08.160> architecture<21:29:08.576> is<21:29:08.696> based<21:29:09.056> on

is because the architecture is based on

is because the architecture is based on
the<21:29:09.240> client<21:29:09.536> server<21:29:09.896> model<21:29:10.144> of<21:29:10.496> scuzzy

the client server model of scuzzy

the client server model of scuzzy
it's<21:29:12.832> because<21:29:13.144> the<21:29:13.376> parlance<21:29:14.160> is<21:29:14.280> referred<21:29:14.760> to

it's because the parlance is referred to

it's because the parlance is referred to
as<21:29:15.176> the<21:29:15.600> initiator<21:29:16.256> target<21:29:16.680> model<21:29:17.104> which<21:29:17.760> may

as the initiator target model which may

as the initiator target model which may
be<21:29:18.120> you<21:29:18.424> may<21:29:18.600> expect<21:29:18.784> a<21:29:19.192> question<21:29:19.336> on

be you may expect a question on

be you may expect a question on
something<21:29:20.512> along<21:29:20.760> those<21:29:21.120> lines<21:29:21.424> for<21:29:21.832> the<21:29:22.144> exam

something along those lines for the exam

something along those lines for the exam
the<21:29:23.760> iscosity<21:29:24.424> sign<21:29:24.600> consists<21:29:24.960> of<21:29:25.080> three

the iscosity sign consists of three

the iscosity sign consists of three
components

components

components
initiator<21:29:28.016> the<21:29:28.920> Target<21:29:29.160> and<21:29:30.000> the<21:29:30.176> IP<21:29:30.424> network

the initiators the system that first

the initiators the system that first
initiates<21:29:34.976> a<21:29:35.280> read<21:29:35.400> or<21:29:35.640> write<21:29:35.824> request<21:29:36.176> over

initiates a read or write request over

initiates a read or write request over
the<21:29:36.832> IP<21:29:37.144> network

the IP network

the IP network
example<21:29:39.240> of<21:29:39.360> a<21:29:39.536> device<21:29:39.720> is<21:29:40.016> the<21:29:40.320> server

example of a device is the server

example of a device is the server
Target<21:29:42.960> system<21:29:43.376> is<21:29:43.920> the<21:29:44.104> system<21:29:44.216> that

Target system is the system that

Target system is the system that
responds<21:29:44.936> to<21:29:45.120> the<21:29:45.240> requests

responds to the requests

responds to the requests
so<21:29:47.104> an<21:29:47.336> example<21:29:47.696> is<21:29:48.000> the<21:29:48.296> storage<21:29:48.536> array

so an example is the storage array

so an example is the storage array
initiates<21:29:51.832> initiators<21:29:52.744> and<21:29:52.976> targets<21:29:53.464> need

initiates initiators and targets need

initiates initiators and targets need
the<21:29:53.936> physical<21:29:54.120> is<21:29:54.600> because<21:29:54.832> the<21:29:55.080> interface<21:29:55.576> to

the physical is because the interface to

the physical is because the interface to
connect<21:29:56.760> to<21:29:57.000> the<21:29:57.176> IP<21:29:57.600> network

connect to the IP network

connect to the IP network
the<21:29:59.936> Isis<21:30:00.296> interface<21:30:00.832> is<21:30:00.960> available<21:30:01.192> as<21:30:01.504> a<21:30:01.680> PCI

the Isis interface is available as a PCI

the Isis interface is available as a PCI
expansion<21:30:02.464> card<21:30:02.696> or<21:30:03.000> it<21:30:03.176> can<21:30:03.296> actually<21:30:03.480> be

expansion card or it can actually be

expansion card or it can actually be
built<21:30:04.016> into<21:30:04.144> the<21:30:04.376> motherboard<21:30:04.920> again<21:30:05.696> you

built into the motherboard again you

built into the motherboard again you
need<21:30:06.120> to<21:30:06.176> speak<21:30:06.424> to<21:30:06.600> the<21:30:06.784> vendor<21:30:07.256> and<21:30:07.504> look<21:30:07.976> at

need to speak to the vendor and look at

need to speak to the vendor and look at
your<21:30:08.576> particular<21:30:09.240> specifications<21:30:09.960> and

your particular specifications and

your particular specifications and
requirements

requirements

requirements
jumbo<21:30:12.240> frames<21:30:12.600> you<21:30:12.784> may<21:30:12.896> heard<21:30:13.144> of<21:30:13.320> before<21:30:13.552> in

jumbo frames you may heard of before in

jumbo frames you may heard of before in
network<21:30:14.216> parlance

network parlance

network parlance
it's<21:30:16.616> an<21:30:16.744> Ethernet<21:30:16.976> frame<21:30:17.576> it's<21:30:18.000> got<21:30:18.240> a

it's an Ethernet frame it's got a

it's an Ethernet frame it's got a
payload<21:30:18.656> greater<21:30:19.144> than<21:30:19.256> 1500<21:30:19.856> bytes<21:30:20.336> and<21:30:20.872> it

payload greater than 1500 bytes and it

payload greater than 1500 bytes and it
can<21:30:21.176> carry<21:30:21.480> a<21:30:21.536> payload<21:30:21.960> payload<21:30:22.616> of<21:30:22.744> up<21:30:22.856> to

can carry a payload payload of up to

can carry a payload payload of up to
9000<21:30:23.576> bytes

9000 bytes

9000 bytes
so<21:30:26.216> on<21:30:26.640> the<21:30:26.760> contrary<21:30:27.000> an<21:30:27.240> Ethernet<21:30:27.600> standard

so on the contrary an Ethernet standard

so on the contrary an Ethernet standard
frame<21:30:28.320> a<21:30:28.680> standard<21:30:28.976> ethernet<21:30:29.216> frame<21:30:29.576> sorry

frame a standard ethernet frame sorry

frame a standard ethernet frame sorry
can<21:30:30.000> carry<21:30:30.240> a<21:30:30.424> payload<21:30:30.832> of<21:30:31.144> 1500<21:30:31.744> bytes

can carry a payload of 1500 bytes

can carry a payload of 1500 bytes
the<21:30:33.360> payload<21:30:33.784> or<21:30:34.256> the<21:30:34.376> size<21:30:34.552> of<21:30:34.744> the<21:30:34.920> largest

the payload or the size of the largest

the payload or the size of the largest
data<21:30:35.696> that<21:30:35.824> an<21:30:35.936> Ethernet<21:30:36.120> frame<21:30:36.536> can<21:30:36.720> carry<21:30:36.960> is

data that an Ethernet frame can carry is

data that an Ethernet frame can carry is
referred<21:30:37.552> to<21:30:37.616> as<21:30:37.856> the<21:30:38.216> MTU<21:30:38.872> and<21:30:39.720> if<21:30:39.832> you<21:30:39.960> ever

referred to as the MTU and if you ever

referred to as the MTU and if you ever
use<21:30:40.440> a<21:30:40.616> package<21:30:40.920> sniffer<21:30:41.400> you'll<21:30:41.696> see<21:30:41.936> you

use a package sniffer you'll see you

use a package sniffer you'll see you
should<21:30:42.960> see<21:30:43.080> for<21:30:43.256> ethernet<21:30:43.800> and<21:30:44.160> MTU<21:30:44.936> field

should see for ethernet and MTU field

should see for ethernet and MTU field
the<21:30:45.424> maximum<21:30:45.896> transmission<21:30:46.552> unit

the maximum transmission unit

the maximum transmission unit
since<21:30:48.480> jumbo<21:30:48.960> frames<21:30:49.256> have<21:30:49.440> larger<21:30:49.744> mtus<21:30:50.216> they

since jumbo frames have larger mtus they

since jumbo frames have larger mtus they
can<21:30:50.760> carry<21:30:51.056> more<21:30:51.240> data

can carry more data

can carry more data
each<21:30:53.464> transmitted<21:30:54.056> frame<21:30:54.360> and<21:30:54.480> a<21:30:54.784> network

each transmitted frame and a network

each transmitted frame and a network
requires<21:30:55.680> a<21:30:55.920> network<21:30:56.160> hardware<21:30:56.512> and<21:30:56.936> software

requires a network hardware and software

requires a network hardware and software
to<21:30:57.536> process<21:30:57.784> it<21:30:58.080> so<21:30:58.744> we<21:30:58.920> have<21:30:59.040> the<21:30:59.280> more<21:30:59.464> frames

to process it so we have the more frames

to process it so we have the more frames
we<21:30:59.936> have<21:31:00.176> the<21:31:00.720> more<21:31:00.896> CPU<21:31:01.440> Cycles<21:31:01.856> are<21:31:02.104> required

we have the more CPU Cycles are required

we have the more CPU Cycles are required
to<21:31:02.512> process<21:31:02.824> them

to process them

to process them
so<21:31:04.920> if<21:31:05.040> we<21:31:05.216> use<21:31:05.400> jumbo<21:31:06.000> frames<21:31:06.424> it<21:31:06.832> only

so if we use jumbo frames it only

so if we use jumbo frames it only
requires<21:31:07.440> a<21:31:07.616> few<21:31:08.040> we<21:31:08.872> require<21:31:09.000> less<21:31:09.296> frames

requires a few we require less frames

requires a few we require less frames
because<21:31:09.896> of<21:31:10.144> the<21:31:10.320> bigger<21:31:10.552> MTU<21:31:11.160> size<21:31:11.400> as<21:31:12.120> a

because of the bigger MTU size as a

because of the bigger MTU size as a
result<21:31:12.360> we<21:31:12.656> get<21:31:12.832> less<21:31:13.280> CPU<21:31:14.280> utilization<21:31:15.000> but

result we get less CPU utilization but

result we get less CPU utilization but
we<21:31:15.960> get<21:31:16.080> the<21:31:16.192> bonus<21:31:16.552> of<21:31:16.744> increased<21:31:17.336> throughput

we get the bonus of increased throughput

we get the bonus of increased throughput
uh<21:31:20.576> we<21:31:20.696> can<21:31:20.824> use<21:31:20.936> jumbo<21:31:21.360> frames<21:31:21.720> when<21:31:21.896> fiber

uh we can use jumbo frames when fiber

uh we can use jumbo frames when fiber
channel<21:31:22.496> frames<21:31:23.104> are<21:31:23.400> to<21:31:23.512> be<21:31:23.696> transmitted

channel frames are to be transmitted

channel frames are to be transmitted
over<21:31:24.480> the<21:31:24.656> ethernet

over the ethernet

over the ethernet
the<21:31:26.400> size<21:31:26.576> of<21:31:26.872> the<21:31:27.056> fiber<21:31:27.480> channel<21:31:27.656> frames<21:31:28.080> are

the size of the fiber channel frames are

the size of the fiber channel frames are
over<21:31:28.440> 2K<21:31:28.976> so<21:31:29.512> it<21:31:29.640> becomes<21:31:29.936> necessary<21:31:30.360> through

over 2K so it becomes necessary through

over 2K so it becomes necessary through
the<21:31:31.552> adapters<21:31:31.920> and<21:31:32.104> switches<21:31:32.576> to<21:31:33.296> support

the adapters and switches to support

the adapters and switches to support
baby<21:31:33.784> jumbo<21:31:34.320> frames<21:31:34.744> in<21:31:35.464> order<21:31:35.576> to<21:31:35.760> prevent

baby jumbo frames in order to prevent

baby jumbo frames in order to prevent
the<21:31:36.536> segmentation<21:31:37.144> I<21:31:37.856> think<21:31:37.976> we<21:31:38.160> covered

the segmentation I think we covered

the segmentation I think we covered
segmentation<21:31:39.000> early<21:31:39.296> it's<21:31:39.600> when<21:31:39.784> the<21:31:40.016> frame

segmentation early it's when the frame

segmentation early it's when the frame
is<21:31:41.160> chopped<21:31:41.512> up<21:31:41.576> into<21:31:41.824> different<21:31:42.120> pieces

is chopped up into different pieces

is chopped up into different pieces
numbered<21:31:43.256> and<21:31:43.856> then<21:31:43.976> transmitted<21:31:44.760> and<21:31:45.360> each

numbered and then transmitted and each

numbered and then transmitted and each
frame<21:31:46.016> has<21:31:46.616> to

frame has to

frame has to
um<21:31:47.400> has<21:31:47.760> to<21:31:47.872> have<21:31:48.000> an<21:31:48.120> acknowledgments<21:31:48.896> so

um has to have an acknowledgments so

um has to have an acknowledgments so
you've<21:31:49.504> got<21:31:49.552> a<21:31:50.160> lot<21:31:50.216> of<21:31:50.336> overhead<21:31:50.760> associated

you've got a lot of overhead associated

you've got a lot of overhead associated
all<21:31:53.576> right<21:31:53.696> so<21:31:53.872> we've<21:31:54.056> looked<21:31:54.360> in<21:31:54.424> brief<21:31:54.720> at

all right so we've looked in brief at

all right so we've looked in brief at
storage<21:31:55.144> area<21:31:55.440> networks<21:31:56.160> direct<21:31:56.464> attached

storage area networks direct attached

storage area networks direct attached
storage<21:31:57.296> Nas

storage Nas

storage Nas
uh<21:31:59.696> Sun<21:31:59.936> versus<21:32:00.240> Das<21:32:00.832> Sun<21:32:01.616> media

uh Sun versus Das Sun media

uh Sun versus Das Sun media
fiber<21:32:03.600> channel<21:32:03.832> and<21:32:04.192> iscs<21:32:04.872> architecture<21:32:05.872> and

fiber channel and iscs architecture and

fiber channel and iscs architecture and
Sam

Sam

Sam
the<21:32:07.440> components<21:32:07.920> of<21:32:08.104> Isco<21:32:08.640> Z<21:32:08.872> and<21:32:09.536> jumbo

the components of Isco Z and jumbo

the components of Isco Z and jumbo
frames

frames

frames
thanks<21:32:11.400> for<21:32:11.576> watching

welcome to module 17 lesson 4 Cloud

welcome to module 17 lesson 4 Cloud
Concepts<21:32:34.680> I've<21:32:35.336> mentioned<21:32:35.696> earlier<21:32:36.000> well

Concepts I've mentioned earlier well

Concepts I've mentioned earlier well
worth<21:32:36.720> doing<21:32:37.144> the<21:32:37.504> CompTIA<21:32:38.040> Cloud<21:32:38.280> Essentials

worth doing the CompTIA Cloud Essentials

worth doing the CompTIA Cloud Essentials
exam<21:32:39.680> because<21:32:40.680> uh<21:32:41.336> cloud<21:32:41.696> computing<21:32:42.424> is<21:32:42.720> just

exam because uh cloud computing is just

exam because uh cloud computing is just
one<21:32:43.080> of<21:32:43.192> the<21:32:43.376> core<21:32:43.936> subjects<21:32:44.936> that<21:32:45.120> you<21:32:45.296> need

one of the core subjects that you need

one of the core subjects that you need
to<21:32:45.536> understand<21:32:45.720> as<21:32:46.192> a<21:32:46.440> network<21:32:46.552> engineer

to understand as a network engineer

to understand as a network engineer
among<21:32:48.480> us<21:32:48.656> a<21:32:48.960> few<21:32:49.080> others<21:32:49.440> including<21:32:49.800> routing

among us a few others including routing

among us a few others including routing
virtualization

virtualization

virtualization
um

um

um
probably<21:32:55.192> Amazon<21:32:55.504> storage

probably Amazon storage

probably Amazon storage
uh<21:32:57.720> routing<21:32:58.144> and<21:32:58.256> switching<21:32:58.744> for<21:32:59.464> example<21:32:59.640> the

uh routing and switching for example the

uh routing and switching for example the
CCNA<21:33:00.536> IPv6

so this is just a real uh brief taster

so this is just a real uh brief taster
looking<21:33:07.920> at<21:33:08.104> cloud<21:33:08.336> computing

looking at cloud computing

looking at cloud computing
characteristics<21:33:10.160> on-demand<21:33:11.160> self-service

characteristics on-demand self-service

characteristics on-demand self-service
broad<21:33:12.296> network<21:33:12.600> access<21:33:13.016> resource<21:33:13.976> pooling

broad network access resource pooling

broad network access resource pooling
elasticity<21:33:16.216> measured<21:33:17.216> service<21:33:17.896> software<21:33:18.896> as

elasticity measured service software as

elasticity measured service software as
a<21:33:19.256> service<21:33:19.504> platform<21:33:20.400> as<21:33:20.696> a<21:33:20.872> service

a service platform as a service

a service platform as a service
infrastructure<21:33:22.552> as<21:33:22.800> a<21:33:22.976> service

infrastructure as a service

infrastructure as a service
and<21:33:24.424> then<21:33:24.600> private<21:33:25.192> community<21:33:25.856> and<21:33:26.400> public

and then private community and public

and then private community and public
clouds<21:33:27.240> on<21:33:27.720> hybrid<21:33:28.144> clouds

clouds on hybrid clouds

clouds on hybrid clouds
so<21:33:30.896> best<21:33:31.256> thing<21:33:31.440> is<21:33:31.552> to<21:33:31.800> start<21:33:31.920> with<21:33:32.104> the

so best thing is to start with the

so best thing is to start with the
definition<21:33:32.536> so<21:33:33.536> we<21:33:33.784> can<21:33:33.960> kind<21:33:34.320> of<21:33:34.376> have<21:33:34.552> an

definition so we can kind of have an

definition so we can kind of have an
agreed<21:33:35.280> kicking<21:33:35.640> off<21:33:35.760> point<21:33:36.000> of<21:33:36.176> what<21:33:36.424> cloud

agreed kicking off point of what cloud

agreed kicking off point of what cloud
computing<21:33:37.320> actually<21:33:37.920> is

computing actually is

computing actually is
now<21:33:40.800> cloud<21:33:41.104> computing<21:33:41.696> from<21:33:42.296> the<21:33:42.424> definition

now cloud computing from the definition

now cloud computing from the definition
is<21:33:43.320> a<21:33:43.440> model<21:33:43.616> for<21:33:44.040> enabling<21:33:44.512> ubiquitous

is a model for enabling ubiquitous

is a model for enabling ubiquitous
convenient<21:33:46.552> on-demand<21:33:47.216> network<21:33:47.464> access<21:33:47.824> to<21:33:48.240> a

convenient on-demand network access to a

convenient on-demand network access to a
shared<21:33:48.784> pool<21:33:49.616> of<21:33:49.856> configurable<21:33:50.400> computing

shared pool of configurable computing

shared pool of configurable computing
resources<21:33:51.680> examples<21:33:52.680> are<21:33:52.856> network<21:33:53.160> servers

resources examples are network servers

resources examples are network servers
storage<21:33:54.680> application<21:33:55.680> and<21:33:55.976> services<21:33:56.336> that

storage application and services that

storage application and services that
can<21:33:57.424> be<21:33:57.536> rapidly<21:33:57.896> provisioned<21:33:58.440> and<21:33:58.552> released

can be rapidly provisioned and released

can be rapidly provisioned and released
with<21:33:59.040> minimal<21:33:59.464> management<21:33:59.640> effort<21:34:00.256> or

with minimal management effort or

with minimal management effort or
service<21:34:01.680> provider<21:34:02.280> interaction<21:34:02.784> we've<21:34:03.784> all

service provider interaction we've all

service provider interaction we've all
used<21:34:04.080> the<21:34:04.256> cloud<21:34:04.440> already<21:34:04.744> if<21:34:05.280> you've<21:34:05.400> used

used the cloud already if you've used

used the cloud already if you've used
any<21:34:05.872> storage<21:34:06.176> for<21:34:06.720> example<21:34:06.960> Dropbox

any storage for example Dropbox

any storage for example Dropbox
box.com<21:34:09.960> I<21:34:10.256> think<21:34:10.376> the<21:34:10.496> call<21:34:10.680> for<21:34:10.920> storage<21:34:11.240> any

box.com I think the call for storage any

box.com I think the call for storage any
Google<21:34:12.600> services<21:34:13.016> for<21:34:13.504> example<21:34:13.800> Gmail<21:34:14.216> or

Google services for example Gmail or

Google services for example Gmail or
Google<21:34:14.936> documents<21:34:16.216> and<21:34:17.216> things<21:34:17.640> like<21:34:17.824> that

Google documents and things like that

Google documents and things like that
there's<21:34:18.240> many<21:34:18.480> many<21:34:18.656> others

there's many many others

there's many many others
and<21:34:20.760> are<21:34:21.056> all<21:34:21.240> based<21:34:21.600> on<21:34:21.656> the<21:34:21.832> cloud

so some characteristics that you need to

so some characteristics that you need to
remember<21:34:27.536> these<21:34:28.016> so<21:34:28.192> make<21:34:28.440> sure<21:34:28.616> you<21:34:28.744> note

remember these so make sure you note

remember these so make sure you note
them<21:34:29.216> down<21:34:29.480> there's<21:34:30.480> five<21:34:30.896> characteristics

them down there's five characteristics

them down there's five characteristics
of<21:34:31.800> cloud<21:34:32.040> computing<21:34:32.696> on<21:34:33.600> demand

of cloud computing on demand

of cloud computing on demand
self-service<21:34:35.176> broader<21:34:36.176> network<21:34:36.424> access

self-service broader network access

self-service broader network access
we'll<21:34:37.504> go<21:34:37.680> into<21:34:37.800> all<21:34:37.976> of<21:34:38.104> these<21:34:38.280> in<21:34:38.512> more

we'll go into all of these in more

we'll go into all of these in more
detail<21:34:39.144> resource<21:34:40.144> pooling<21:34:40.616> rapid<21:34:41.576> elastis

detail resource pooling rapid elastis

detail resource pooling rapid elastis
elasticity

elasticity

elasticity
a<21:34:45.176> measured<21:34:45.536> service

a measured service

a measured service
so<21:34:47.464> on<21:34:47.640> demand<21:34:48.056> basically<21:34:48.536> means<21:34:48.832> the<21:34:48.960> user

so on demand basically means the user

so on demand basically means the user
can<21:34:49.440> provision<21:34:50.176> resources<21:34:51.176> as<21:34:51.600> and<21:34:51.784> when

can provision resources as and when

can provision resources as and when
they're<21:34:52.080> needed<21:34:52.376> without<21:34:52.680> getting<21:34:53.040> any<21:34:53.336> human

they're needed without getting any human

they're needed without getting any human
assistance<21:34:54.480> so<21:34:55.192> you<21:34:55.504> if<21:34:55.976> you<21:34:56.040> needed<21:34:56.336> more

assistance so you if you needed more

assistance so you if you needed more
memory<21:34:56.872> you<21:34:57.056> wouldn't<21:34:57.176> have<21:34:57.424> to<21:34:57.656> log<21:34:57.832> a<21:34:58.080> ticket

memory you wouldn't have to log a ticket

memory you wouldn't have to log a ticket
and<21:34:59.104> you<21:34:59.280> wouldn't<21:34:59.336> have<21:34:59.576> to<21:34:59.640> have<21:34:59.760> an

and you wouldn't have to have an

and you wouldn't have to have an
engineer<21:35:00.296> somewhere

engineer somewhere

engineer somewhere
turn<21:35:02.040> off<21:35:02.280> the<21:35:02.512> server<21:35:02.872> or<21:35:03.120> whatever<21:35:03.536> the

turn off the server or whatever the

turn off the server or whatever the
device<21:35:04.080> is<21:35:04.320> adds<21:35:04.920> more<21:35:05.040> physical<21:35:05.280> memory

device is adds more physical memory

device is adds more physical memory
reboot<21:35:06.960> it<21:35:07.080> and<21:35:07.192> then<21:35:07.376> answer<21:35:07.552> the<21:35:07.856> ticket<21:35:07.976> as

reboot it and then answer the ticket as

reboot it and then answer the ticket as
you<21:35:08.936> may<21:35:09.056> well<21:35:09.240> have<21:35:09.424> had<21:35:09.600> to<21:35:09.720> do<21:35:09.896> in<21:35:10.080> the<21:35:10.256> not

you may well have had to do in the not

you may well have had to do in the not
too<21:35:10.552> distance<21:35:10.744> past<21:35:11.280> you<21:35:11.936> click<21:35:12.240> a<21:35:12.360> button<21:35:12.720> and

too distance past you click a button and

too distance past you click a button and
more<21:35:13.320> is<21:35:13.552> available

more is available

more is available
we<21:35:15.960> can<21:35:16.192> do<21:35:16.320> when<21:35:16.616> consumers<21:35:17.040> provision<21:35:17.464> the

we can do when consumers provision the

we can do when consumers provision the
resources<21:35:18.240> based<21:35:18.656> on<21:35:18.720> their<21:35:18.896> needs<21:35:19.256> those

resources based on their needs those

resources based on their needs those
resources<21:35:20.280> are<21:35:20.464> automatically<21:35:21.192> allocated

resources are automatically allocated

resources are automatically allocated
from<21:35:22.976> a<21:35:23.160> shared<21:35:23.464> pool

from a shared pool

from a shared pool
and<21:35:24.832> their<21:35:24.960> schedules<21:35:25.376> provided<21:35:26.040> by<21:35:26.216> the

and their schedules provided by the

and their schedules provided by the
cloud<21:35:26.576> service<21:35:26.936> provider

cloud service provider

cloud service provider
broad<21:35:28.800> network<21:35:29.104> access<21:35:29.400> means<21:35:30.056> that<21:35:30.424> when<21:35:31.144> the

broad network access means that when the

broad network access means that when the
consumers<21:35:32.160> have<21:35:32.336> provisioned<21:35:32.936> the<21:35:33.656> resources

consumers have provisioned the resources

consumers have provisioned the resources
they<21:35:34.376> can<21:35:34.552> access<21:35:34.680> these<21:35:35.216> from<21:35:35.640> a<21:35:36.296> number<21:35:36.480> of

they can access these from a number of

they can access these from a number of
devices<21:35:36.960> workstations<21:35:37.744> laptops<21:35:38.512> tablets<21:35:39.056> and

devices workstations laptops tablets and

devices workstations laptops tablets and
mobile<21:35:39.360> devices<21:35:39.784> and<21:35:40.616> mobile<21:35:40.920> phones

mobile devices and mobile phones

mobile devices and mobile phones
resource<21:35:43.504> pooling<21:35:43.920> and<21:35:44.512> the<21:35:44.824> service

resource pooling and the service

resource pooling and the service
providers<21:35:45.656> resources<21:35:46.440> are<21:35:46.976> shared<21:35:47.400> and<21:35:47.824> when

providers resources are shared and when

providers resources are shared and when
the<21:35:48.176> consumers<21:35:48.656> on<21:35:49.320> a<21:35:49.504> multi-tenant<21:35:50.104> Model

the consumers on a multi-tenant Model

the consumers on a multi-tenant Model
where<21:35:51.240> consumers<21:35:51.720> get<21:35:51.896> a<21:35:52.016> dynamic<21:35:52.440> allocation

where consumers get a dynamic allocation

where consumers get a dynamic allocation
resources<21:35:53.576> based<21:35:54.424> upon<21:35:54.600> their<21:35:54.832> needs

resources based upon their needs

resources based upon their needs
so<21:35:56.216> sometimes<21:35:56.832> consumers<21:35:57.832> may<21:35:58.080> need<21:35:58.256> more

so sometimes consumers may need more

so sometimes consumers may need more
Computer<21:35:58.936> Resources<21:35:59.936> and<21:36:00.600> other<21:36:00.784> times<21:36:01.080> they

Computer Resources and other times they

Computer Resources and other times they
need<21:36:01.616> need<21:36:02.336> less<21:36:02.640> so<21:36:03.240> it<21:36:03.360> has<21:36:03.536> to<21:36:03.656> adapt<21:36:04.080> for

need need less so it has to adapt for

need need less so it has to adapt for
this<21:36:04.496> particular<21:36:04.856> requirement<21:36:05.336> it's

this particular requirement it's

this particular requirement it's
um

um

um
resource<21:36:08.640> allocation<21:36:09.176> based<21:36:09.656> upon<21:36:09.896> demand

resource allocation based upon demand

resource allocation based upon demand
rapid<21:36:12.832> elasticity<21:36:13.552> I<21:36:14.280> can't<21:36:14.464> say<21:36:14.640> that<21:36:14.760> word

rapid elasticity I can't say that word

rapid elasticity I can't say that word
elasticity

elasticity

elasticity
foreign

foreign

foreign
now<21:36:17.872> a<21:36:18.056> consumer<21:36:18.480> can<21:36:18.656> be<21:36:18.784> allocated<21:36:19.192> more<21:36:19.552> res

now a consumer can be allocated more res

now a consumer can be allocated more res
me<21:36:20.512> more<21:36:21.000> more<21:36:21.240> resources<21:36:21.832> if<21:36:22.080> needed<21:36:22.496> at<21:36:23.160> the

me more more resources if needed at the

me more more resources if needed at the
same<21:36:23.464> time<21:36:23.640> if<21:36:23.936> for<21:36:24.120> any<21:36:24.296> reason<21:36:24.536> they<21:36:24.896> need

same time if for any reason they need

same time if for any reason they need
less<21:36:25.320> because<21:36:25.744> the<21:36:26.040> more<21:36:26.216> you<21:36:26.400> the<21:36:26.696> more<21:36:26.824> you

less because the more you the more you

less because the more you the more you
need<21:36:27.120> the<21:36:27.296> more<21:36:27.424> you<21:36:27.600> pay<21:36:27.784> obviously<21:36:28.216> if<21:36:29.216> you

need the more you pay obviously if you

need the more you pay obviously if you
need<21:36:29.464> less<21:36:29.696> then<21:36:29.936> they<21:36:30.120> can<21:36:30.296> be<21:36:30.424> downsized<21:36:31.144> to

need less then they can be downsized to

need less then they can be downsized to
provide<21:36:32.280> whatever<21:36:32.784> model<21:36:33.784> you<21:36:34.080> need<21:36:34.256> the

provide whatever model you need the

provide whatever model you need the
resources<21:36:35.336> you<21:36:35.576> need

resources you need

resources you need
so<21:36:37.144> it<21:36:37.256> appears<21:36:37.616> to<21:36:37.744> the<21:36:37.856> consumer<21:36:38.400> that<21:36:38.576> there

so it appears to the consumer that there

so it appears to the consumer that there
there's<21:36:39.240> an<21:36:39.480> actual<21:36:39.976> unlimited<21:36:40.976> amount<21:36:41.280> of

there's an actual unlimited amount of

there's an actual unlimited amount of
resources<21:36:41.760> for<21:36:42.000> them<21:36:42.120> at<21:36:42.296> any<21:36:42.480> given<21:36:42.832> time

elasticity provides a lot of savings

elasticity provides a lot of savings
because<21:36:47.872> it's<21:36:48.056> not<21:36:48.240> possible<21:36:48.720> when<21:36:49.504> you<21:36:49.680> have

because it's not possible when you have

because it's not possible when you have
a<21:36:50.040> traditional<21:36:50.464> data<21:36:50.936> center<21:36:51.056> that<21:36:51.536> you've

a traditional data center that you've

a traditional data center that you've
built<21:36:52.144> and<21:36:52.376> you<21:36:52.552> own<21:36:52.744> you<21:36:53.512> can't<21:36:53.576> grow<21:36:53.824> it<21:36:54.056> and

built and you own you can't grow it and

built and you own you can't grow it and
shrink<21:36:54.480> it<21:36:54.656> as<21:36:54.896> and<21:36:55.016> when<21:36:55.192> needed

shrink it as and when needed

shrink it as and when needed
obviously<21:36:58.256> is<21:36:58.440> measured<21:36:58.920> just<21:36:59.576> like<21:36:59.760> a<21:36:59.936> meter

obviously is measured just like a meter

obviously is measured just like a meter
so<21:37:00.424> you're<21:37:00.656> charged<21:37:01.080> based<21:37:01.376> upon<21:37:01.616> your

so you're charged based upon your

so you're charged based upon your
um<21:37:02.936> a<21:37:03.296> number<21:37:03.424> of<21:37:03.600> things<21:37:03.720> such<21:37:04.080> as

um a number of things such as

um a number of things such as
um<21:37:04.920> memory<21:37:05.760> you<21:37:06.000> need<21:37:06.256> uh<21:37:07.256> storage<21:37:07.616> and<21:37:08.576> uh

um memory you need uh storage and uh

um memory you need uh storage and uh
bandwidth

so you get what you pay for which you've

so you get what you pay for which you've
already<21:37:15.056> said<21:37:15.360> is<21:37:16.376> um<21:37:16.400> uh<21:37:17.400> tracked<21:37:17.824> normally

already said is um uh tracked normally

already said is um uh tracked normally
you<21:37:18.832> can<21:37:18.896> log<21:37:19.144> in<21:37:19.376> and<21:37:19.680> you<21:37:19.920> can<21:37:20.040> track<21:37:20.336> your

you can log in and you can track your

you can log in and you can track your
use<21:37:20.936> of<21:37:21.176> resources<21:37:21.720> in<21:37:22.080> real<21:37:22.256> time<21:37:22.552> as<21:37:23.400> well<21:37:23.576> as

use of resources in real time as well as

use of resources in real time as well as
historical<21:37:24.376> data<21:37:25.376> looking<21:37:25.552> at

historical data looking at

historical data looking at
um<21:37:26.464> how<21:37:27.056> much<21:37:27.240> you've<21:37:27.480> used<21:37:27.656> and<21:37:27.960> the

um how much you've used and the

um how much you've used and the
projected<21:37:29.240> requirements<21:37:30.240> based<21:37:30.600> on<21:37:30.720> previous

projected requirements based on previous

projected requirements based on previous
usage<21:37:31.744> and<21:37:32.216> you<21:37:32.336> can<21:37:32.464> see<21:37:32.576> how<21:37:32.872> much<21:37:33.056> you're

usage and you can see how much you're

usage and you can see how much you're
going<21:37:34.016> to<21:37:34.144> have<21:37:34.320> to<21:37:34.440> pay<21:37:34.616> how<21:37:35.280> much<21:37:35.464> you<21:37:35.576> paid

going to have to pay how much you paid

going to have to pay how much you paid
in<21:37:35.936> the<21:37:36.120> past

in the past

in the past
there's<21:37:37.800> three<21:37:38.040> service<21:37:38.216> models<21:37:38.760> you<21:37:38.872> need<21:37:39.000> to

there's three service models you need to

there's three service models you need to
be<21:37:39.240> familiar<21:37:39.600> with<21:37:39.784> software<21:37:40.744> as<21:37:40.920> a<21:37:41.104> service

be familiar with software as a service

be familiar with software as a service
platform<21:37:42.424> as<21:37:42.656> a<21:37:42.832> service<21:37:43.160> infrastructure<21:37:44.160> as

platform as a service infrastructure as

platform as a service infrastructure as
a<21:37:44.640> service

a service

a service
providers<21:37:47.160> provide<21:37:47.512> the<21:37:47.696> services<21:37:47.936> to

providers provide the services to

providers provide the services to
Consumers<21:37:49.144> based<21:37:49.616> on<21:37:49.744> these<21:37:50.160> three<21:37:50.464> service

Consumers based on these three service

Consumers based on these three service
models<21:37:51.896> so<21:37:52.800> SAS<21:37:53.960> swas<21:37:54.960> or<21:37:55.440> SAS

models so SAS swas or SAS

models so SAS swas or SAS
consumers<21:37:57.960> can<21:37:58.192> use<21:37:58.320> the<21:37:58.496> service<21:37:58.680> provider

consumers can use the service provider

consumers can use the service provider
software<21:37:59.576> applications<21:38:00.056> and<21:38:00.536> databases<21:38:01.144> over

software applications and databases over

software applications and databases over
a<21:38:01.680> network<21:38:01.800> without<21:38:02.696> the<21:38:02.936> need<21:38:03.120> to<21:38:03.240> install

a network without the need to install

a network without the need to install
any<21:38:03.720> software<21:38:04.192> except<21:38:05.104> for<21:38:05.336> a<21:38:05.872> web<21:38:06.296> browser

any software except for a web browser

any software except for a web browser
you<21:38:06.832> need<21:38:07.016> to<21:38:07.192> access

you need to access

you need to access
these<21:38:09.536> uh<21:38:09.720> software<21:38:10.080> applications<21:38:10.552> databases

these uh software applications databases

these uh software applications databases
run<21:38:11.576> on<21:38:11.824> the<21:38:11.872> cloud<21:38:12.000> so<21:38:12.240> imagine<21:38:12.480> you're

run on the cloud so imagine you're

run on the cloud so imagine you're
trying<21:38:13.616> to<21:38:13.856> program

trying to program

trying to program
um<21:38:15.360> some<21:38:15.656> application<21:38:16.280> for<21:38:17.280> example<21:38:17.640> or<21:38:18.120> just

um some application for example or just

um some application for example or just
use<21:38:18.360> a<21:38:18.536> huge<21:38:18.720> amount<21:38:18.832> of<21:38:19.080> resources<21:38:19.552> or

use a huge amount of resources or

use a huge amount of resources or
develop<21:38:20.160> a<21:38:20.400> program<21:38:20.576> you<21:38:21.360> can<21:38:21.424> use<21:38:21.600> the

develop a program you can use the

develop a program you can use the
provider's<21:38:22.320> resources<21:38:22.856> and<21:38:23.216> scale<21:38:23.464> it<21:38:23.640> as<21:38:23.760> and

provider's resources and scale it as and

provider's resources and scale it as and
when<21:38:24.000> needed

when needed

when needed
it's<21:38:25.680> provided<21:38:26.160> as<21:38:26.464> a<21:38:26.640> shared<21:38:27.000> Computing

it's provided as a shared Computing

it's provided as a shared Computing
resource<21:38:27.832> to<21:38:28.016> the<21:38:28.192> consumers

resource to the consumers

resource to the consumers
it's<21:38:29.936> essentially<21:38:30.424> the<21:38:30.536> aggregation<21:38:31.080> of

it's essentially the aggregation of

it's essentially the aggregation of
hardware<21:38:31.616> and<21:38:31.976> software

hardware and software

hardware and software
used<21:38:33.656> to<21:38:33.832> support<21:38:33.960> the<21:38:34.256> cloud<21:38:34.440> services<21:38:35.056> a<21:38:36.056> few

used to support the cloud services a few

used to support the cloud services a few
examples<21:38:36.600> you<21:38:36.896> can<21:38:37.016> see<21:38:37.144> there<21:38:37.376> are<21:38:37.616> Twitter

examples you can see there are Twitter

examples you can see there are Twitter
and<21:38:38.160> Facebook<21:38:38.336> there's<21:38:38.824> a<21:38:39.000> whole<21:38:39.056> bunch<21:38:39.240> of

and Facebook there's a whole bunch of

and Facebook there's a whole bunch of
others<21:38:39.720> you<21:38:39.896> can<21:38:40.016> look<21:38:40.552> into<21:38:40.744> if<21:38:41.104> you<21:38:41.216> wish

others you can look into if you wish

others you can look into if you wish
though<21:38:41.832> in<21:38:42.832> the<21:38:43.016> SAS<21:38:43.376> model<21:38:44.056> consumers<21:38:45.056> access

though in the SAS model consumers access

though in the SAS model consumers access
the<21:38:45.600> shared<21:38:45.896> applications<21:38:46.320> over<21:38:46.616> a<21:38:46.920> network

the shared applications over a network

the shared applications over a network
from<21:38:47.512> various<21:38:48.000> client<21:38:48.784> devices

from various client devices

from various client devices
it<21:38:50.872> doesn't<21:38:51.000> give<21:38:51.240> you<21:38:51.360> the<21:38:51.600> ability<21:38:51.832> to

it doesn't give you the ability to

it doesn't give you the ability to
control<21:38:52.376> and<21:38:52.744> manage<21:38:53.040> in<21:38:53.160> the<21:38:53.336> manage<21:38:53.760> the

control and manage in the manage the

control and manage in the manage the
underlying<21:38:54.600> Cloud<21:38:54.832> infrastructure<21:38:55.616> so<21:38:56.512> you

underlying Cloud infrastructure so you

underlying Cloud infrastructure so you
can't<21:38:56.760> manage<21:38:57.056> the<21:38:57.240> operating<21:38:57.536> system

can't manage the operating system

can't manage the operating system
servers<21:38:58.856> the<21:38:59.760> network<21:38:59.936> or<21:39:00.296> storage<21:39:00.616> and<21:39:01.616> you

servers the network or storage and you

servers the network or storage and you
don't<21:39:01.976> you<21:39:02.216> don't<21:39:02.280> want<21:39:02.400> to<21:39:02.512> anywhere<21:39:02.936> you

don't you don't want to anywhere you

don't you don't want to anywhere you
just<21:39:03.424> want<21:39:03.896> to<21:39:04.256> um<21:39:04.256> use<21:39:04.856> it<21:39:04.976> as<21:39:05.160> is

platform as a service there's an example

platform as a service there's an example
there<21:39:10.320> Windows<21:39:10.856> Azure<21:39:11.216> which<21:39:11.512> you<21:39:11.640> could<21:39:11.760> look

there Windows Azure which you could look

there Windows Azure which you could look
into<21:39:12.056> in<21:39:12.360> your<21:39:12.536> own<21:39:12.656> time<21:39:12.976> in<21:39:13.976> the<21:39:14.160> platform<21:39:14.400> as

into in your own time in the platform as

into in your own time in the platform as
a<21:39:14.824> service<21:39:14.936> model<21:39:15.320> consumers<21:39:16.320> have<21:39:16.496> the

a service model consumers have the

a service model consumers have the
ability<21:39:16.856> to<21:39:17.280> develop<21:39:17.512> and<21:39:17.696> deploy<21:39:18.000> software

ability to develop and deploy software

ability to develop and deploy software
applications<21:39:18.896> on<21:39:19.856> the<21:39:20.040> service<21:39:20.280> providers

applications on the service providers

applications on the service providers
Cloud<21:39:21.120> infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure
uh<21:39:23.760> the<21:39:23.872> service<21:39:24.056> provider<21:39:24.536> typically

uh the service provider typically

uh the service provider typically
provides<21:39:25.504> a<21:39:25.680> competing<21:39:26.160> platform<21:39:26.640> comprised

provides a competing platform comprised

provides a competing platform comprised
of<21:39:27.536> the<21:39:27.656> operating<21:39:27.960> system<21:39:28.256> and<21:39:29.104> the

of the operating system and the

of the operating system and the
application<21:39:29.696> development<21:39:30.296> environment

application development environment

application development environment
this<21:39:32.216> includes<21:39:32.576> programming<21:39:33.056> languages

this includes programming languages

this includes programming languages
libraries<21:39:34.080> tools<21:39:34.440> databases<21:39:35.104> and<21:39:35.280> web

libraries tools databases and web

libraries tools databases and web
servers<21:39:35.936> I<21:39:36.424> recommend<21:39:36.720> you<21:39:36.896> look<21:39:37.080> at<21:39:37.192> the

servers I recommend you look at the

servers I recommend you look at the
Amazon

Amazon

Amazon
AWS<21:39:39.424> qualifications<21:39:40.144> for<21:39:40.616> more<21:39:40.800> information

AWS qualifications for more information

AWS qualifications for more information
on<21:39:41.512> these

on these

on these
in<21:39:43.016> the<21:39:43.192> paas<21:39:43.976> model

in the paas model

in the paas model
consumers<21:39:46.320> can<21:39:46.496> develop<21:39:46.744> and<21:39:46.920> deploy

consumers can develop and deploy

consumers can develop and deploy
software<21:39:47.576> without<21:39:47.824> the<21:39:48.056> need<21:39:48.240> to<21:39:48.360> maintain

software without the need to maintain

software without the need to maintain
the<21:39:48.784> operating<21:39:49.080> system<21:39:49.320> so<21:39:49.856> you<21:39:49.976> can<21:39:50.040> imagine

the operating system so you can imagine

the operating system so you can imagine
how<21:39:50.512> convenient<21:39:50.936> this<21:39:51.176> is<21:39:51.296> to<21:39:51.480> fire<21:39:51.656> up<21:39:51.896> an

how convenient this is to fire up an

how convenient this is to fire up an
instance<21:39:53.160> for<21:39:53.512> example<21:39:53.696> if<21:39:53.872> you<21:39:54.056> logged<21:39:54.296> into

instance for example if you logged into

instance for example if you logged into
the<21:39:54.832> Amazon<21:39:54.960> or<21:39:55.376> the<21:39:55.504> Google<21:39:55.680> cloud<21:39:56.240> and<21:39:57.240> start

the Amazon or the Google cloud and start

the Amazon or the Google cloud and start
doing<21:39:57.720> your<21:39:57.960> developing<21:39:58.496> it's<21:39:59.280> just<21:39:59.464> so<21:39:59.640> easy

doing your developing it's just so easy

doing your developing it's just so easy
and<21:40:00.120> quick

and quick

and quick
consumers<21:40:02.104> have<21:40:02.280> control<21:40:02.512> over<21:40:03.000> the<21:40:03.536> deployed

consumers have control over the deployed

consumers have control over the deployed
software<21:40:04.616> application<21:40:05.104> and<21:40:05.824> the

software application and the

software application and the
configuration<21:40:06.480> settings

configuration settings

configuration settings
and<21:40:08.576> it<21:40:08.640> doesn't<21:40:08.824> give<21:40:09.056> you<21:40:09.176> to<21:40:09.832> again

and it doesn't give you to again

and it doesn't give you to again
manage<21:40:12.120> the<21:40:12.896> controller<21:40:13.376> manager<21:40:13.800> underlying

manage the controller manager underlying

manage the controller manager underlying
infrastructure

infrastructure as a service one example

infrastructure as a service one example
is<21:40:19.504> Amazon<21:40:19.800> ec2<21:40:20.640> web<21:40:21.000> services

here consumers access a dedicated

here consumers access a dedicated
physical<21:40:26.760> or<21:40:27.720> in<21:40:27.896> most<21:40:28.080> cases<21:40:28.440> a<21:40:28.744> virtual

physical or in most cases a virtual

physical or in most cases a virtual
machine<21:40:29.216> running<21:40:29.576> on<21:40:30.000> the<21:40:30.240> service<21:40:30.720> providers

machine running on the service providers

machine running on the service providers
Cloud<21:40:31.616> infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure
a<21:40:34.440> lot<21:40:34.616> of<21:40:34.744> people<21:40:34.856> use<21:40:35.104> this<21:40:35.336> for<21:40:35.576> web<21:40:35.824> hosting

a lot of people use this for web hosting

a lot of people use this for web hosting
especially<21:40:38.400> WordPress<21:40:38.872> is<21:40:39.056> quite<21:40:39.240> easy<21:40:39.424> to

especially WordPress is quite easy to

especially WordPress is quite easy to
fire<21:40:39.720> up<21:40:39.960> an<21:40:40.080> instance<21:40:40.376> and<21:40:40.616> get<21:40:40.744> it<21:40:40.856> all

fire up an instance and get it all

fire up an instance and get it all
working

working

working
virtual<21:40:42.656> machine<21:40:42.832> typically<21:40:43.256> comes<21:40:43.552> with<21:40:43.744> a

virtual machine typically comes with a

virtual machine typically comes with a
server<21:40:44.280> operating<21:40:44.640> system<21:40:45.256> consumers

server operating system consumers

server operating system consumers
complete<21:40:46.920> complete<21:40:47.464> control<21:40:47.576> over<21:40:47.872> the<21:40:48.120> OS

complete complete control over the OS

complete complete control over the OS
and<21:40:48.656> can<21:40:48.960> control<21:40:49.192> the<21:40:49.552> updates

um you have control over the operating

um you have control over the operating
system<21:40:55.680> application<21:40:56.464> storage<21:40:56.936> you<21:40:57.784> have

system application storage you have

system application storage you have
limited<21:40:58.440> control<21:40:58.616> over<21:40:58.920> the<21:40:59.160> selected

limited control over the selected

limited control over the selected
networking<21:41:00.784> components<21:41:01.376> such<21:41:01.856> as<21:41:02.040> the

networking components such as the

networking components such as the
firewall<21:41:02.696> that's<21:41:02.936> protecting<21:41:03.480> your

firewall that's protecting your

firewall that's protecting your
particular<21:41:04.192> virtual<21:41:05.160> device

particular virtual device

particular virtual device
again<21:41:07.016> you<21:41:07.376> can't<21:41:07.504> control<21:41:07.744> the<21:41:08.104> underlying

again you can't control the underlying

again you can't control the underlying
Cloud<21:41:08.824> infrastructure<21:41:09.424> probably

Cloud infrastructure probably

Cloud infrastructure probably
um<21:41:11.040> neither<21:41:11.464> would<21:41:11.576> you<21:41:11.760> want<21:41:11.936> to

um neither would you want to

um neither would you want to
infrastructure<21:41:14.760> as<21:41:14.936> a<21:41:15.056> service<21:41:15.240> you've<21:41:15.656> got

infrastructure as a service you've got

infrastructure as a service you've got
four<21:41:16.016> models<21:41:16.616> to<21:41:16.920> choose<21:41:17.160> from<21:41:17.464> for<21:41:17.936> iaas

four models to choose from for iaas

four models to choose from for iaas
you've<21:41:21.240> got<21:41:21.296> the<21:41:21.480> private<21:41:21.784> Cloud<21:41:21.960> the

you've got the private Cloud the

you've got the private Cloud the
community<21:41:22.616> Cloud<21:41:23.040> public<21:41:23.696> and<21:41:24.176> hybrid

community Cloud public and hybrid

community Cloud public and hybrid
for<21:41:25.856> private<21:41:26.280> Cloud<21:41:26.464> the<21:41:27.240> cloud

for private Cloud the cloud

for private Cloud the cloud
infrastructure<21:41:28.144> is<21:41:28.256> provisioned

infrastructure is provisioned

infrastructure is provisioned
exclusively<21:41:29.400> for<21:41:29.640> a<21:41:29.760> single<21:41:30.000> organization

exclusively for a single organization

exclusively for a single organization
so<21:41:32.160> you<21:41:32.280> get<21:41:32.512> exclusive<21:41:33.120> use<21:41:33.360> of<21:41:33.600> this<21:41:33.784> you've

so you get exclusive use of this you've

so you get exclusive use of this you've
probably<21:41:34.256> hired<21:41:34.744> a<21:41:34.800> company

probably hired a company

probably hired a company
to<21:41:36.424> create<21:41:36.600> all<21:41:36.896> of<21:41:36.960> the<21:41:37.080> infrastructure<21:41:37.616> for

to create all of the infrastructure for

to create all of the infrastructure for
you<21:41:38.160> and<21:41:38.936> nobody<21:41:39.240> else<21:41:39.424> can<21:41:39.656> have<21:41:39.896> access<21:41:40.080> to

you and nobody else can have access to

you and nobody else can have access to
it<21:41:40.496> and<21:41:40.680> all<21:41:40.800> of<21:41:40.976> your<21:41:41.576> offices<21:41:42.424> and<21:41:42.960> remote

it and all of your offices and remote

it and all of your offices and remote
offices<21:41:44.216> will<21:41:44.512> have<21:41:44.696> access

offices will have access

offices will have access
owned<21:41:47.216> operated<21:41:47.512> and<21:41:47.760> managed<21:41:48.000> by<21:41:48.176> the

owned operated and managed by the

owned operated and managed by the
organization<21:41:48.832> itself

organization itself

organization itself
very<21:41:50.576> third<21:41:50.872> party<21:41:51.120> or<21:41:51.424> a<21:41:51.600> combination

very third party or a combination

very third party or a combination
a<21:41:54.056> physical<21:41:54.296> location<21:41:54.720> could<21:41:55.144> be<21:41:55.256> within<21:41:55.504> your

a physical location could be within your

a physical location could be within your
premises<21:41:56.040> or<21:41:56.336> it<21:41:56.464> could<21:41:56.640> be<21:41:56.760> located

premises or it could be located

premises or it could be located
Elsewhere<21:41:57.784> on<21:41:58.440> the<21:41:58.616> cloud

Elsewhere on the cloud

Elsewhere on the cloud
Community<21:42:00.080> it's<21:42:01.376> um<21:42:01.376> Provisions<21:42:01.976> for<21:42:02.760> a

Community it's um Provisions for a

Community it's um Provisions for a
specific<21:42:03.120> community<21:42:03.424> of<21:42:03.832> consumers<21:42:04.496> from

specific community of consumers from

specific community of consumers from
organizations<21:42:05.936> that<21:42:06.240> share<21:42:06.536> common<21:42:06.832> concerns

organizations that share common concerns

organizations that share common concerns
such<21:42:07.856> as<21:42:08.040> security<21:42:08.336> compliance

such as security compliance

such as security compliance
jurisdiction<21:42:10.680> and<21:42:10.976> so<21:42:11.160> on<21:42:11.280> for<21:42:11.696> example<21:42:11.936> would

jurisdiction and so on for example would

jurisdiction and so on for example would
be<21:42:12.360> law<21:42:12.536> reinforcement

be law reinforcement

be law reinforcement
in<21:42:14.576> this<21:42:14.760> model<21:42:14.872> the<21:42:15.176> cloud<21:42:15.360> infrastructure

in this model the cloud infrastructure

in this model the cloud infrastructure
may<21:42:16.144> be<21:42:16.256> owned<21:42:16.496> operated<21:42:16.856> by<21:42:17.160> one<21:42:17.336> or<21:42:17.512> more

may be owned operated by one or more

may be owned operated by one or more
organizations<21:42:18.504> by<21:42:19.504> a<21:42:19.680> third<21:42:19.800> party<21:42:20.040> or<21:42:20.464> you

organizations by a third party or you

organizations by a third party or you
could<21:42:20.696> have<21:42:20.824> a<21:42:21.000> combination

could have a combination

could have a combination
the<21:42:23.160> physical<21:42:23.336> location<21:42:23.872> and<21:42:24.720> may<21:42:24.960> be<21:42:25.080> within

the physical location and may be within

the physical location and may be within
your<21:42:25.552> premises<21:42:26.040> or<21:42:26.576> it<21:42:26.760> could<21:42:26.872> be<21:42:27.000> located

your premises or it could be located

your premises or it could be located
elsewhere

elsewhere

elsewhere
in<21:42:29.512> public<21:42:29.640> Cloud<21:42:29.936> it's<21:42:30.296> provision<21:42:30.720> for<21:42:30.960> the

in public Cloud it's provision for the

in public Cloud it's provision for the
general<21:42:31.320> public<21:42:31.744> so<21:42:32.104> it<21:42:32.280> can<21:42:32.464> be<21:42:32.576> used<21:42:32.824> by<21:42:33.296> the

general public so it can be used by the

general public so it can be used by the
general<21:42:33.600> public<21:42:34.040> over<21:42:35.040> a<21:42:35.336> network<21:42:35.512> such<21:42:35.872> as

general public over a network such as

general public over a network such as
the<21:42:36.296> internet

um the cloud infrastructure could be

um the cloud infrastructure could be
managed<21:42:41.104> by<21:42:41.280> the<21:42:41.464> government<21:42:41.640> businesses

managed by the government businesses

managed by the government businesses
Academia<21:42:43.320> or<21:42:43.976> a<21:42:44.216> combination

Academia or a combination

Academia or a combination
foreign<21:42:46.976> physical<21:42:47.696> location<21:42:48.536> is<21:42:49.144> within<21:42:49.440> the

foreign physical location is within the

foreign physical location is within the
premise<21:42:49.856> of<21:42:50.040> the<21:42:50.160> service<21:42:50.336> provider<21:42:51.056> now<21:42:51.720> a

premise of the service provider now a

premise of the service provider now a
hybrid<21:42:52.192> is<21:42:52.440> a<21:42:52.680> mixture<21:42:52.976> of<21:42:53.160> any<21:42:53.464> of<21:42:53.640> these

separate entities but are integrated

separate entities but are integrated
into<21:42:58.144> the<21:42:58.440> benefits<21:42:58.920> for<21:42:59.216> the<21:42:59.640> um<21:42:59.640> of<21:42:59.936> the

into the benefits for the um of the

into the benefits for the um of the
multiple<21:43:00.480> deployed<21:43:00.960> models

multiple deployed models

multiple deployed models
example<21:43:03.240> is<21:43:03.424> when<21:43:03.600> the<21:43:03.784> it<21:43:03.960> organization<21:43:04.744> uses

example is when the it organization uses

example is when the it organization uses
a<21:43:05.464> public<21:43:05.576> card<21:43:05.872> as<21:43:06.120> a<21:43:06.360> temporary<21:43:06.720> solution<21:43:07.080> to

a public card as a temporary solution to

a public card as a temporary solution to
meet<21:43:08.640> um<21:43:08.640> an<21:43:09.000> excess<21:43:09.296> capacity<21:43:09.832> demand<21:43:10.320> that

meet um an excess capacity demand that

meet um an excess capacity demand that
can't<21:43:10.920> be<21:43:11.104> met<21:43:11.280> by<21:43:12.056> their<21:43:12.296> private<21:43:12.720> setup

can't be met by their private setup

can't be met by their private setup
so<21:43:15.480> I've<21:43:15.656> looked<21:43:15.960> at<21:43:16.016> quite<21:43:16.144> a<21:43:16.256> few<21:43:16.376> things

so I've looked at quite a few things

so I've looked at quite a few things
here<21:43:16.976> you<21:43:17.512> need<21:43:17.696> to<21:43:17.824> make<21:43:17.936> some<21:43:18.176> notes

here you need to make some notes

here you need to make some notes
obviously<21:43:18.832> because<21:43:19.016> there's<21:43:19.256> a<21:43:19.440> few<21:43:19.552> things

obviously because there's a few things

obviously because there's a few things
to<21:43:19.920> remember<21:43:20.040> for<21:43:20.336> the<21:43:20.512> exam

service models software as a service

service models software as a service
platform<21:43:27.016> infrastructure<21:43:28.216> private

platform infrastructure private

platform infrastructure private
community<21:43:29.512> and<21:43:30.000> public<21:43:30.176> cloud<21:43:30.536> and<21:43:31.256> hybrid

community and public cloud and hybrid

community and public cloud and hybrid
okay<21:43:32.576> that's<21:43:32.824> all<21:43:33.000> for<21:43:33.176> now<21:43:33.360> thanks<21:43:33.720> for

okay that's all for now thanks for

okay that's all for now thanks for
watching

welcome to module 18 lesson one physical

welcome to module 18 lesson one physical
security<21:43:56.656> controls<21:43:57.656> I'm<21:43:58.256> going<21:43:58.440> to<21:43:58.496> whisk

security controls I'm going to whisk

security controls I'm going to whisk
through<21:43:58.920> this<21:43:59.104> pretty<21:43:59.280> quickly<21:43:59.640> because<21:43:59.872> most

through this pretty quickly because most

through this pretty quickly because most
of<21:44:00.360> it<21:44:00.480> is<21:44:00.656> pretty<21:44:01.016> self-explanatory

of it is pretty self-explanatory

of it is pretty self-explanatory
and<21:44:04.320> Common<21:44:05.280> Sense<21:44:05.696> really<21:44:05.872> physical

and Common Sense really physical

and Common Sense really physical
security<21:44:07.440> man<21:44:07.976> traps<21:44:08.464> Network<21:44:08.760> closets<21:44:09.496> video

security man traps Network closets video

security man traps Network closets video
monitoring<21:44:11.216> door<21:44:11.640> access<21:44:11.872> controls

monitoring door access controls

monitoring door access controls
proximity<21:44:13.856> readers<21:44:14.400> biometrics

proximity readers biometrics

proximity readers biometrics
Cipher<21:44:16.616> locks<21:44:16.920> and<21:44:17.280> a<21:44:17.576> security<21:44:17.824> guard

so the physical security control is the

so the physical security control is the
measures<21:44:23.464> we<21:44:23.872> take<21:44:24.120> from<21:44:24.656> physical<21:44:24.960> threats

measures we take from physical threats

measures we take from physical threats
basically<21:44:26.104> people<21:44:27.016> trying<21:44:28.016> to<21:44:28.144> get<21:44:28.256> into<21:44:28.440> our

basically people trying to get into our

basically people trying to get into our
data<21:44:29.160> center

data center

data center
I<21:44:31.080> guess<21:44:31.256> Ram<21:44:31.440> radio<21:44:31.744> might<21:44:32.104> be<21:44:32.216> included

I guess Ram radio might be included

I guess Ram radio might be included
because<21:44:32.936> I've<21:44:33.240> never<21:44:33.360> heard<21:44:33.600> of<21:44:33.784> that<21:44:33.960> but<21:44:34.552> uh

because I've never heard of that but uh

because I've never heard of that but uh
yeah<21:44:34.976> physical<21:44:35.280> security

examples I've already mentioned the man

examples I've already mentioned the man
traps<21:44:41.216> the<21:44:41.336> network<21:44:41.512> closets

traps the network closets

traps the network closets
they<21:44:43.744> reduce<21:44:43.920> the<21:44:44.216> risk<21:44:44.464> of<21:44:44.512> damage<21:44:44.872> or<21:44:45.120> loss

they reduce the risk of damage or loss

they reduce the risk of damage or loss
by<21:44:45.600> preventing<21:44:46.080> or<21:44:46.256> slowing<21:44:46.616> down<21:44:46.800> physical

by preventing or slowing down physical

by preventing or slowing down physical
attack<21:44:47.464> I've<21:44:48.296> actually<21:44:48.480> been<21:44:48.896> a<21:44:49.256> worked<21:44:49.680> uh<21:44:50.400> or

attack I've actually been a worked uh or

attack I've actually been a worked uh or
been<21:44:50.760> to<21:44:50.936> a<21:44:51.120> few<21:44:51.240> networks<21:44:51.720> Consulting<21:44:52.872> where

been to a few networks Consulting where

been to a few networks Consulting where
they<21:44:54.296> don't<21:44:54.480> have<21:44:54.960> any<21:44:55.376> security<21:44:56.216> whatsoever

they don't have any security whatsoever

they don't have any security whatsoever
everything's<21:44:58.192> shoved<21:44:58.496> in<21:44:58.616> a<21:44:58.744> Cupboard<21:44:59.040> and

everything's shoved in a Cupboard and

everything's shoved in a Cupboard and
the<21:44:59.640> entire<21:45:00.536> company<21:45:00.832> website<21:45:01.504> the

the entire company website the

the entire company website the
financials<21:45:02.640> the<21:45:03.240> accounting<21:45:03.960> all<21:45:04.376> stuck<21:45:04.976> on

financials the accounting all stuck on

financials the accounting all stuck on
the<21:45:05.280> server<21:45:05.576> hanging<21:45:05.936> off<21:45:06.056> a<21:45:06.240> cable<21:45:06.360> in<21:45:06.656> a

the server hanging off a cable in a

the server hanging off a cable in a
Cupboard<21:45:07.016> and<21:45:07.256> I'm<21:45:07.376> sure<21:45:07.504> you've<21:45:07.744> seen<21:45:08.040> the

Cupboard and I'm sure you've seen the

Cupboard and I'm sure you've seen the
pictures<21:45:09.056> or<21:45:09.424> may<21:45:09.536> have<21:45:09.720> seen<21:45:09.784> it<21:45:10.016> yourself

pictures or may have seen it yourself

pictures or may have seen it yourself
for<21:45:10.552> real

for real

for real
and<21:45:12.056> it's<21:45:12.176> pretty<21:45:12.424> easy<21:45:12.656> to<21:45:12.832> do<21:45:12.960> it<21:45:13.080> doesn't

and it's pretty easy to do it doesn't

and it's pretty easy to do it doesn't
have<21:45:13.440> to<21:45:13.552> be<21:45:13.680> expensive<21:45:14.280> a<21:45:15.176> man<21:45:15.360> trap<21:45:15.720> I've

have to be expensive a man trap I've

have to be expensive a man trap I've
experienced<21:45:16.616> in<21:45:17.216> a<21:45:17.696> internet<21:45:18.480> service

experienced in a internet service

experienced in a internet service
provider<21:45:19.552> that<21:45:19.800> used<21:45:19.920> to<21:45:20.104> host<21:45:20.336> some<21:45:20.576> of<21:45:20.760> my

provider that used to host some of my

provider that used to host some of my
equipment

equipment

equipment
basically<21:45:23.400> it's<21:45:23.872> a<21:45:24.120> space<21:45:24.360> it's<21:45:24.784> a<21:45:25.016> door

basically it's a space it's a door

basically it's a space it's a door
um<21:45:26.104> within<21:45:26.576> a<21:45:26.760> door<21:45:26.936> so<21:45:27.720> you<21:45:27.832> go<21:45:27.960> through<21:45:28.144> one

um within a door so you go through one

um within a door so you go through one
set<21:45:28.552> of<21:45:28.744> doors<21:45:28.976> which<21:45:29.160> it<21:45:29.336> normally<21:45:29.576> has<21:45:29.760> got

set of doors which it normally has got

set of doors which it normally has got
some<21:45:30.176> type<21:45:30.360> of<21:45:30.536> security<21:45:31.216> keypads<21:45:32.216> or

some type of security keypads or

some type of security keypads or
whatever<21:45:32.464> and<21:45:33.240> then<21:45:33.360> you've<21:45:33.536> got<21:45:33.656> a<21:45:33.832> second

whatever and then you've got a second

whatever and then you've got a second
set<21:45:34.256> of<21:45:34.376> doors<21:45:34.680> you<21:45:34.800> have<21:45:34.976> to<21:45:35.104> go<21:45:35.216> through<21:45:35.512> if

set of doors you have to go through if

set of doors you have to go through if
it's<21:45:36.480> a<21:45:36.656> manual<21:45:36.896> Man<21:45:37.144> Trap<21:45:37.504> or<21:45:37.616> security<21:45:37.800> guard

it's a manual Man Trap or security guard

it's a manual Man Trap or security guard
locks<21:45:38.576> and<21:45:38.640> unlocks<21:45:39.120> each<21:45:39.240> doors<21:45:39.600> and

locks and unlocks each doors and

locks and unlocks each doors and
sequence<21:45:40.160> if<21:45:41.160> it's<21:45:41.336> automatic<21:45:41.824> the<21:45:42.000> doors<21:45:42.240> are

sequence if it's automatic the doors are

sequence if it's automatic the doors are
only<21:45:42.536> opened<21:45:42.960> after<21:45:43.080> getting<21:45:43.376> an

only opened after getting an

only opened after getting an
identification<21:45:44.512> from<21:45:45.176> the<21:45:45.600> person

identification from the person

identification from the person
uh<21:45:46.976> the<21:45:47.160> one<21:45:47.280> I<21:45:47.464> went<21:45:47.640> to<21:45:47.696> you<21:45:47.936> had<21:45:48.056> to<21:45:48.176> do<21:45:48.296> a

uh the one I went to you had to do a

uh the one I went to you had to do a
keypad<21:45:48.832> to<21:45:49.016> get<21:45:49.144> through<21:45:49.320> the<21:45:49.504> front<21:45:49.680> door<21:45:49.920> and

keypad to get through the front door and

keypad to get through the front door and
then<21:45:50.576> actually<21:45:50.760> pick<21:45:51.056> up<21:45:51.176> a<21:45:51.360> phone<21:45:51.480> and<21:45:51.720> speak

then actually pick up a phone and speak

then actually pick up a phone and speak
to<21:45:52.320> the<21:45:53.104> on-call<21:45:53.464> engineer<21:45:54.000> to<21:45:54.784> get<21:45:54.896> through

to the on-call engineer to get through

to the on-call engineer to get through
the<21:45:55.320> second<21:45:55.440> door

the second door

the second door
and<21:45:56.872> it<21:45:57.000> all<21:45:57.120> had<21:45:57.296> to<21:45:57.424> be<21:45:57.536> done<21:45:57.656> by<21:45:57.896> appointment

and it all had to be done by appointment

and it all had to be done by appointment
our<21:45:59.760> Network<21:45:59.872> closet<21:46:00.480> is<21:46:00.656> is<21:46:00.960> a<21:46:01.192> room<21:46:01.320> where

our Network closet is is a room where

our Network closet is is a room where
Network<21:46:01.856> hardware<21:46:02.160> switches<21:46:02.936> switches<21:46:03.424> and

Network hardware switches switches and

Network hardware switches switches and
routers<21:46:03.960> are<21:46:04.144> installed<21:46:04.552> physical<21:46:05.464> access<21:46:05.760> to

routers are installed physical access to

routers are installed physical access to
the<21:46:06.176> closet<21:46:06.536> is<21:46:06.656> normally<21:46:06.960> restricted<21:46:07.552> by

the closet is normally restricted by

the closet is normally restricted by
having<21:46:08.104> some<21:46:08.400> sort<21:46:08.576> of<21:46:08.696> security<21:46:08.936> control

having some sort of security control

having some sort of security control
videos

videos

videos
um<21:46:12.784> normally<21:46:13.376> record<21:46:13.856> who<21:46:14.696> comes<21:46:15.000> in<21:46:15.120> who<21:46:15.360> goes

um normally record who comes in who goes

um normally record who comes in who goes
out<21:46:15.784> who<21:46:16.016> accesses<21:46:16.552> what<21:46:16.856> and<21:46:17.104> where<21:46:17.280> and<21:46:18.056> it's

out who accesses what and where and it's

out who accesses what and where and it's
recorded<21:46:18.720> for<21:46:19.016> a<21:46:19.256> set<21:46:19.440> period<21:46:19.800> of<21:46:19.976> time<21:46:20.296> this

recorded for a set period of time this

recorded for a set period of time this
can<21:46:21.480> be<21:46:21.600> CCTV<21:46:22.440> or<21:46:23.280> video<21:46:23.512> over<21:46:23.936> IP

can be CCTV or video over IP

can be CCTV or video over IP
foreign

foreign

foreign
electronic<21:46:28.856> system<21:46:29.104> I'm<21:46:29.696> sure<21:46:29.872> you've<21:46:30.120> used

electronic system I'm sure you've used

electronic system I'm sure you've used
these<21:46:30.600> in<21:46:30.720> a<21:46:30.832> lot<21:46:30.960> of<21:46:31.016> different<21:46:31.144> places<21:46:31.440> to

these in a lot of different places to

these in a lot of different places to
get<21:46:31.920> in<21:46:32.040> and<21:46:32.216> out<21:46:32.400> of<21:46:32.576> different<21:46:33.296> rooms<21:46:33.720> and

get in and out of different rooms and

get in and out of different rooms and
buildings<21:46:34.320> and<21:46:34.616> floors<21:46:35.424> and<21:46:36.424> use<21:46:37.080> a<21:46:37.376> granted

buildings and floors and use a granted

buildings and floors and use a granted
access<21:46:37.920> door<21:46:38.336> if<21:46:38.640> the<21:46:38.760> door<21:46:38.872> is<21:46:39.056> open<21:46:39.176> for<21:46:39.480> a

access door if the door is open for a

access door if the door is open for a
predetermined<21:46:40.256> amount<21:46:40.440> of<21:46:40.552> time<21:46:40.744> and<21:46:41.576> the

predetermined amount of time and the

predetermined amount of time and the
entry<21:46:42.000> is<21:46:42.120> recorded<21:46:42.656> the<21:46:43.440> door<21:46:43.616> remains

entry is recorded the door remains

entry is recorded the door remains
closed<21:46:44.760> when<21:46:45.000> the<21:46:45.176> users<21:46:45.424> denied<21:46:45.784> access<21:46:46.016> that

closed when the users denied access that

closed when the users denied access that
attempt<21:46:46.856> is<21:46:47.040> still<21:46:47.216> recorded

attempt is still recorded

attempt is still recorded
if<21:46:49.080> the<21:46:49.192> doors<21:46:49.440> held<21:46:49.856> open<21:46:50.464> for<21:46:50.872> too<21:46:51.000> long<21:46:51.176> then

if the doors held open for too long then

if the doors held open for too long then
it<21:46:51.720> should<21:46:51.832> trigger<21:46:52.256> some<21:46:52.496> sort<21:46:52.744> of<21:46:52.856> action<21:46:53.512> or

it should trigger some sort of action or

it should trigger some sort of action or
alarm

alarm

alarm
proximity<21:46:56.120> reader<21:46:57.120> is<21:46:57.296> basically<21:46:57.832> electronic

proximity reader is basically electronic

proximity reader is basically electronic
access<21:46:58.856> where<21:46:59.400> you<21:46:59.576> have<21:46:59.872> some<21:47:00.056> sort<21:47:00.240> of<21:47:00.360> smart

access where you have some sort of smart

access where you have some sort of smart
card<21:47:00.896> and<21:47:01.744> you<21:47:01.920> swipe<21:47:02.280> your<21:47:02.464> way<21:47:02.696> in<21:47:03.176> and

card and you swipe your way in and

card and you swipe your way in and
possibly<21:47:04.080> out<21:47:04.320> again<21:47:04.616> as<21:47:04.920> well<21:47:05.104> you'll

possibly out again as well you'll

possibly out again as well you'll
normally<21:47:06.176> hold<21:47:06.536> the<21:47:06.832> card<21:47:07.192> on<21:47:07.800> or<21:47:08.104> in<21:47:08.336> the

normally hold the card on or in the

normally hold the card on or in the
reader

reader

reader
proximity<21:47:10.552> read<21:47:10.800> normally<21:47:11.216> bleeps<21:47:11.760> or<21:47:12.000> beeps

proximity read normally bleeps or beeps

proximity read normally bleeps or beeps
when<21:47:12.536> it<21:47:12.784> has<21:47:12.960> red<21:47:13.552> your<21:47:13.920> smart<21:47:14.160> card<21:47:14.464> if<21:47:15.000> it

when it has red your smart card if it

when it has red your smart card if it
doesn't<21:47:15.296> read<21:47:15.536> it<21:47:15.784> you<21:47:15.960> may<21:47:16.080> hear<21:47:16.256> a<21:47:16.552> different

doesn't read it you may hear a different

doesn't read it you may hear a different
type<21:47:16.976> of<21:47:17.160> beep<21:47:18.000> and<21:47:18.600> you<21:47:18.960> may<21:47:19.080> have<21:47:19.192> to<21:47:19.320> go<21:47:19.504> and

type of beep and you may have to go and

type of beep and you may have to go and
get<21:47:20.040> your<21:47:20.160> car<21:47:20.336> checked<21:47:20.760> or<21:47:20.936> renewed

get your car checked or renewed

get your car checked or renewed
when<21:47:22.680> the<21:47:22.800> user's<21:47:23.160> granted<21:47:23.400> access<21:47:23.576> to<21:47:23.824> the

when the user's granted access to the

when the user's granted access to the
door<21:47:24.056> will<21:47:24.240> open<21:47:24.480> otherwise<21:47:25.192> it<21:47:25.376> remains

door will open otherwise it remains

door will open otherwise it remains
closed

closed

closed
it's<21:47:27.296> pretty<21:47:27.600> obvious<21:47:27.896> to<21:47:28.144> be<21:47:28.256> honest

it's pretty obvious to be honest

it's pretty obvious to be honest
Biometrics<21:47:30.480> refers<21:47:30.832> to<21:47:30.976> remetrics<21:47:31.976> related

Biometrics refers to remetrics related

Biometrics refers to remetrics related
to<21:47:32.640> human<21:47:32.936> characteristics<21:47:34.040> fingerprint

to human characteristics fingerprint

to human characteristics fingerprint
face<21:47:35.400> Iris<21:47:36.056> retina<21:47:36.656> and<21:47:37.080> so<21:47:37.192> on<21:47:37.376> and<21:47:37.680> so<21:47:37.856> forth

face Iris retina and so on and so forth

face Iris retina and so on and so forth
if<21:47:38.824> you've<21:47:39.056> seen<21:47:39.296> it<21:47:39.424> if<21:47:39.600> you've<21:47:39.720> watched<21:47:40.016> any

if you've seen it if you've watched any

if you've seen it if you've watched any
of<21:47:40.320> the<21:47:40.856> um<21:47:40.856> Mission<21:47:41.576> Impossible<21:47:42.176> movies

of the um Mission Impossible movies

of the um Mission Impossible movies
uh<21:47:44.872> since<21:47:45.120> Biometrics<21:47:45.832> are<21:47:45.960> unique<21:47:46.192> to

uh since Biometrics are unique to

uh since Biometrics are unique to
individuals<21:47:46.800> they're<21:47:46.976> used<21:47:47.160> to<21:47:47.280> verify<21:47:47.640> the

individuals they're used to verify the

individuals they're used to verify the
identity<21:47:48.120> of<21:47:48.424> an<21:47:48.600> individual<21:47:48.960> before

identity of an individual before

identity of an individual before
granting<21:47:49.800> access<21:47:50.056> the<21:47:51.056> biometric<21:47:51.656> locks

granting access the biometric locks

granting access the biometric locks
Grant<21:47:53.040> access<21:47:53.216> only<21:47:53.640> if<21:47:53.872> the<21:47:54.056> biometric

Grant access only if the biometric

Grant access only if the biometric
feature<21:47:55.192> is<21:47:55.744> validated<21:47:56.360> for<21:47:57.360> example

feature is validated for example

feature is validated for example
scanning<21:47:58.320> your<21:47:58.440> fingerprint

keypad and Cipher locks the cipher lock

keypad and Cipher locks the cipher lock
uses<21:48:04.496> a<21:48:04.680> keypad<21:48:05.160> in<21:48:05.512> place<21:48:05.696> of<21:48:05.872> a<21:48:06.056> keyhole

uses a keypad in place of a keyhole

uses a keypad in place of a keyhole
use<21:48:07.504> us<21:48:07.744> to<21:48:07.920> provide<21:48:08.160> the<21:48:08.336> correct<21:48:09.120> numerical

use us to provide the correct numerical

use us to provide the correct numerical
pin<21:48:10.496> code<21:48:10.800> by<21:48:11.464> pressing<21:48:11.760> buttons<21:48:12.240> on<21:48:12.360> the

pin code by pressing buttons on the

pin code by pressing buttons on the
keypad<21:48:13.376> cypherlock<21:48:14.336> could<21:48:14.640> have<21:48:14.872> four<21:48:15.056> or

keypad cypherlock could have four or

keypad cypherlock could have four or
five<21:48:15.480> push<21:48:15.784> button<21:48:16.144> combination<21:48:16.616> in<21:48:17.104> order<21:48:17.216> to

five push button combination in order to

five push button combination in order to
get<21:48:17.696> in

get in

get in
uh<21:48:20.216> Cipher<21:48:20.936> code<21:48:21.056> is<21:48:21.296> created<21:48:21.656> at<21:48:22.016> the<21:48:22.192> initial

uh Cipher code is created at the initial

uh Cipher code is created at the initial
setup<21:48:22.744> but<21:48:22.920> obviously<21:48:23.216> can<21:48:23.336> be<21:48:23.464> changed

setup but obviously can be changed

setup but obviously can be changed
usually<21:48:24.176> changed<21:48:24.600> every<21:48:24.784> week<21:48:25.016> or<21:48:25.256> every

usually changed every week or every

usually changed every week or every
month

month

month
and<21:48:27.424> the<21:48:27.600> security<21:48:27.784> guard<21:48:28.256> is<21:48:28.680> the<21:48:29.160> whoever's

and the security guard is the whoever's

and the security guard is the whoever's
been

been

been
uh<21:48:31.192> got<21:48:31.320> on<21:48:31.504> the<21:48:31.680> course<21:48:31.800> got<21:48:32.160> qualified<21:48:32.696> and

uh got on the course got qualified and

uh got on the course got qualified and
um<21:48:34.440> it<21:48:34.744> has<21:48:34.976> become<21:48:35.280> the<21:48:35.640> security<21:48:36.056> person<21:48:36.616> it

um it has become the security person it

um it has become the security person it
has<21:48:37.920> a<21:48:38.160> legal<21:48:38.336> or<21:48:38.512> inappropriate<21:48:39.056> actions

has a legal or inappropriate actions

has a legal or inappropriate actions
all<21:48:41.160> right<21:48:41.280> so<21:48:41.576> covered<21:48:42.296> some

all right so covered some

all right so covered some
following<21:48:43.856> items<21:48:44.336> all<21:48:44.696> fairly<21:48:45.120> obvious<21:48:45.424> I

following items all fairly obvious I

following items all fairly obvious I
think<21:48:45.832> just<21:48:46.616> to<21:48:46.800> make<21:48:46.976> a<21:48:47.160> few<21:48:47.280> notes<21:48:47.760> for<21:48:48.480> the

think just to make a few notes for the

think just to make a few notes for the
exam<21:48:49.744> and<21:48:50.104> I'll<21:48:50.160> see<21:48:50.336> you<21:48:50.464> on<21:48:50.512> the<21:48:50.640> next

exam and I'll see you on the next

exam and I'll see you on the next
presentation<21:48:51.240> thanks<21:48:51.896> for<21:48:52.080> watching

[Music]

[Music]
welcome<21:49:09.424> to<21:49:09.656> module<21:49:10.192> 18<21:49:10.376> lesson<21:49:11.040> 2<21:49:11.216> basic

welcome to module 18 lesson 2 basic

welcome to module 18 lesson 2 basic
forensic<21:49:12.896> Concepts

forensic Concepts

forensic Concepts
this<21:49:14.872> is<21:49:15.056> one<21:49:15.296> of<21:49:15.424> the<21:49:15.480> new<21:49:15.656> additions<21:49:16.144> to<21:49:16.440> the

this is one of the new additions to the

this is one of the new additions to the
network<21:49:17.576> plus<21:49:17.936> syllabus<21:49:18.784> and<21:49:19.504> it's<21:49:19.680> basically

network plus syllabus and it's basically

network plus syllabus and it's basically
because<21:49:20.216> of<21:49:20.464> the<21:49:20.640> increased<21:49:21.000> scope<21:49:21.296> for

because of the increased scope for

because of the increased scope for
Network<21:49:21.720> engineers

Network engineers

Network engineers
and<21:49:23.936> the<21:49:24.296> more<21:49:24.600> formal<21:49:25.192> proceedings<21:49:25.856> we<21:49:26.336> have

and the more formal proceedings we have

and the more formal proceedings we have
in<21:49:28.016> um<21:49:28.016> respective<21:49:28.680> Cube<21:49:29.160> and<21:49:29.400> computer

in um respective Cube and computer

in um respective Cube and computer
forensics

forensics

forensics
so<21:49:31.920> this<21:49:32.104> is<21:49:32.280> quite<21:49:32.872> um

so this is quite um

so this is quite um
an<21:49:33.960> emerging<21:49:34.440> field<21:49:35.040> of

an emerging field of

an emerging field of
um<21:49:36.176> law

um law

um law
and<21:49:38.280> evidence<21:49:38.832> and<21:49:39.832> obviously<21:49:40.320> we've<21:49:40.552> got<21:49:40.800> uh

and evidence and obviously we've got uh

and evidence and obviously we've got uh
forensic<21:49:41.760> investigations<21:49:42.600> going<21:49:43.080> on<21:49:43.320> now<21:49:44.216> in

forensic investigations going on now in

forensic investigations going on now in
terms<21:49:44.760> of<21:49:45.360> um<21:49:45.424> terrorism<21:49:46.080> and<21:49:46.496> other

terms of um terrorism and other

terms of um terrorism and other
threats<21:49:48.176> and<21:49:48.424> crimes<21:49:48.896> and<21:49:49.920> um<21:49:49.976> we<21:49:50.280> need<21:49:50.464> to<21:49:50.576> be

threats and crimes and um we need to be

threats and crimes and um we need to be
familiar<21:49:51.000> with<21:49:51.120> some<21:49:51.296> of<21:49:51.424> the<21:49:51.536> basics

familiar with some of the basics

familiar with some of the basics
so<21:49:53.280> what<21:49:53.464> are<21:49:53.640> forensics<21:49:54.120> and<21:49:54.480> computer

so what are forensics and computer

so what are forensics and computer
forensics<21:49:55.552> the<21:49:55.976> First<21:49:56.160> Responders<21:49:56.824> job

forensics the First Responders job

forensics the First Responders job
electronic<21:49:59.216> discovery

electronic discovery

electronic discovery
chain<21:50:01.680> of<21:50:01.976> custody

chain of custody

chain of custody
legal<21:50:04.080> holds<21:50:04.824> securing<21:50:05.824> the<21:50:06.000> crime<21:50:06.240> scene

legal holds securing the crime scene

legal holds securing the crime scene
high<21:50:07.744> level<21:50:07.920> View

high level View

high level View
some<21:50:10.192> steps<21:50:10.552> in<21:50:10.744> basic<21:50:11.160> forensic<21:50:11.872> process

some steps in basic forensic process

some steps in basic forensic process
including<21:50:13.080> collection<21:50:13.440> examination

including collection examination

including collection examination
analysis<21:50:15.720> and<21:50:15.960> Reporting

analysis and Reporting

analysis and Reporting
so<21:50:17.824> what<21:50:18.000> is<21:50:18.176> forensics<21:50:18.784> or<21:50:19.080> what<21:50:19.320> are

so what is forensics or what are

so what is forensics or what are
forensics<21:50:20.240> is<21:50:21.240> the<21:50:21.656> scientific<21:50:22.016> methods<21:50:22.552> and

forensics is the scientific methods and

forensics is the scientific methods and
techniques<21:50:23.216> for<21:50:23.464> collecting<21:50:24.320> analyzing<21:50:25.320> and

techniques for collecting analyzing and

techniques for collecting analyzing and
preserving<21:50:26.040> evidence<21:50:26.464> that's<21:50:26.872> the

preserving evidence that's the

preserving evidence that's the
definition

definition

definition
can<21:50:30.480> be<21:50:30.656> used<21:50:30.784> in<21:50:30.960> the<21:50:31.080> court<21:50:31.256> of<21:50:31.504> law<21:50:31.616> and<21:50:31.856> if

can be used in the court of law and if

can be used in the court of law and if
anything's<21:50:32.464> going<21:50:32.576> to<21:50:32.576> be<21:50:32.640> used<21:50:32.760> in<21:50:32.936> a<21:50:33.056> quarter

anything's going to be used in a quarter

anything's going to be used in a quarter
law<21:50:33.536> it<21:50:33.832> normally<21:50:34.080> has<21:50:34.256> to<21:50:34.376> follow<21:50:34.552> a<21:50:35.512> certain

law it normally has to follow a certain

law it normally has to follow a certain
amount<21:50:36.000> of<21:50:36.536> um<21:50:36.536> procedures<21:50:37.320> in<21:50:37.920> order<21:50:38.040> to

amount of um procedures in order to

amount of um procedures in order to
qualify<21:50:38.872> as<21:50:39.176> evidence<21:50:39.536> as<21:50:39.896> we'll<21:50:40.080> see

qualify as evidence as we'll see

qualify as evidence as we'll see
the<21:50:42.600> um<21:50:42.656> computer<21:50:43.016> forensics<21:50:43.800> U.S<21:50:44.464> government

the um computer forensics U.S government

the um computer forensics U.S government
organization<21:50:45.832> states<21:50:46.320> are<21:50:46.680> following

organization states are following

organization states are following
computer<21:50:48.600> forensics<21:50:49.256> is<21:50:49.552> defined<21:50:49.920> as<21:50:50.040> the

computer forensics is defined as the

computer forensics is defined as the
discipline<21:50:50.576> that<21:50:50.824> combines<21:50:51.176> elements<21:50:51.720> of<21:50:51.832> law

discipline that combines elements of law

discipline that combines elements of law
on<21:50:52.256> computer<21:50:52.496> science<21:50:52.920> to<21:50:53.576> collect<21:50:53.936> and

on computer science to collect and

on computer science to collect and
analyze<21:50:54.656> data<21:50:54.960> from<21:50:55.144> computer<21:50:55.440> systems

analyze data from computer systems

analyze data from computer systems
networks<21:50:56.760> Wireless<21:50:57.656> comms<21:50:58.440> and<21:50:58.616> storage

networks Wireless comms and storage

networks Wireless comms and storage
devices<21:50:59.400> in<21:50:59.872> a<21:51:00.000> way<21:51:00.120> that's<21:51:00.296> admissible<21:51:00.784> as

devices in a way that's admissible as

devices in a way that's admissible as
evidence<21:51:01.320> in<21:51:01.616> accord<21:51:01.744> to<21:51:02.104> law

evidence in accord to law

evidence in accord to law
and<21:51:03.360> it<21:51:03.536> all<21:51:03.600> hinges<21:51:03.960> on<21:51:04.144> that<21:51:04.256> last<21:51:04.440> sentence

and it all hinges on that last sentence

and it all hinges on that last sentence
really<21:51:05.104> it<21:51:05.400> has<21:51:05.512> to<21:51:05.696> be<21:51:05.824> admissible<21:51:06.424> and<21:51:07.256> we'll

really it has to be admissible and we'll

really it has to be admissible and we'll
go<21:51:07.616> into<21:51:07.744> the<21:51:08.216> chain<21:51:08.336> custody<21:51:08.936> in<21:51:09.176> a<21:51:09.360> bit<21:51:09.424> this

go into the chain custody in a bit this

go into the chain custody in a bit this
uh<21:51:10.496> when<21:51:10.744> I<21:51:10.856> worked<21:51:11.160> in<21:51:11.216> the<21:51:11.336> police<21:51:11.464> it

uh when I worked in the police it

uh when I worked in the police it
applied<21:51:12.120> to<21:51:12.296> physical<21:51:12.600> evidence<21:51:13.144> in<21:51:13.920> as<21:51:14.104> much

applied to physical evidence in as much

applied to physical evidence in as much
as<21:51:14.400> we<21:51:14.576> had<21:51:14.696> to<21:51:14.872> know

as we had to know

as we had to know
who<21:51:16.616> first<21:51:16.800> sees<21:51:17.216> the<21:51:17.336> evidence<21:51:17.640> who<21:51:18.424> do<21:51:18.600> they

who first sees the evidence who do they

who first sees the evidence who do they
hand<21:51:18.960> it<21:51:19.192> to<21:51:19.440> who<21:51:20.216> examined<21:51:20.696> it<21:51:20.824> after<21:51:21.000> that

hand it to who examined it after that

hand it to who examined it after that
and<21:51:21.536> so<21:51:21.720> on<21:51:21.896> and<21:51:22.496> we<21:51:22.680> have<21:51:22.856> to<21:51:22.976> have<21:51:23.104> this

and so on and we have to have this

and so on and we have to have this
continuity

continuity

continuity
and<21:51:25.192> it's<21:51:25.320> the<21:51:25.504> same<21:51:25.680> in<21:51:25.920> regards<21:51:26.280> of<21:51:26.576> computer

and it's the same in regards of computer

and it's the same in regards of computer
forensics

computer forensics help organizations

computer forensics help organizations
deal<21:51:32.576> with<21:51:32.824> security<21:51:33.000> incidents<21:51:33.896> that<21:51:34.080> have

deal with security incidents that have

deal with security incidents that have
an<21:51:34.496> adverse<21:51:34.856> impact<21:51:35.104> on<21:51:35.280> their<21:51:35.464> business<21:51:35.896> so

an adverse impact on their business so

an adverse impact on their business so
it<21:51:37.192> could<21:51:37.320> be<21:51:37.376> for<21:51:37.680> internal<21:51:38.040> investigations

it could be for internal investigations

it could be for internal investigations
also

also

also
security<21:51:40.920> incidents<21:51:41.640> are<21:51:41.824> events<21:51:42.240> that

security incidents are events that

security incidents are events that
violate<21:51:42.720> the<21:51:42.832> security<21:51:43.080> policies<21:51:43.800> of<21:51:44.040> the

violate the security policies of the

violate the security policies of the
organization<21:51:44.824> so<21:51:45.424> obviously<21:51:45.720> some<21:51:46.016> things

organization so obviously some things

organization so obviously some things
may<21:51:46.552> not<21:51:46.680> be<21:51:46.856> a<21:51:47.040> crime<21:51:47.400> however<21:51:48.360> sharing

may not be a crime however sharing

may not be a crime however sharing
sensitive<21:51:49.504> information<21:51:49.856> as<21:51:50.760> regards<21:51:51.240> of<21:51:51.480> your

sensitive information as regards of your

sensitive information as regards of your
company<21:51:52.336> or<21:51:53.336> take<21:51:53.640> over<21:51:53.824> bids<21:51:54.424> or<21:51:54.720> other

company or take over bids or other

company or take over bids or other
information<21:51:55.192> about<21:51:55.744> people<21:51:56.104> at<21:51:56.400> work<21:51:56.640> there

information about people at work there

information about people at work there
can<21:51:57.896> be<21:51:58.080> a<21:51:58.256> breach<21:51:58.552> even<21:51:58.800> though<21:51:58.976> it<21:51:59.160> hasn't<21:51:59.872> um

can be a breach even though it hasn't um

can be a breach even though it hasn't um
it<21:52:00.480> isn't<21:52:00.720> officially<21:52:01.080> a<21:52:01.320> crime<21:52:01.616> for<21:52:01.856> whatever

it isn't officially a crime for whatever

it isn't officially a crime for whatever
reason

reason

reason
here's<21:52:04.144> a<21:52:04.376> screen<21:52:04.616> grab<21:52:05.160> if<21:52:05.400> you<21:52:05.512> search<21:52:05.760> for

here's a screen grab if you search for

here's a screen grab if you search for
um computer<21:52:06.960> forensic<21:52:07.680> certifications<21:52:08.960> the

um computer forensic certifications the

um computer forensic certifications the
website<21:52:10.256> Tom's<21:52:10.800> it<21:52:11.040> pro<21:52:11.576> has<21:52:12.424> listed<21:52:12.896> what<21:52:13.616> uh

website Tom's it pro has listed what uh

website Tom's it pro has listed what uh
for<21:52:14.400> 2017<21:52:14.872> are<21:52:15.536> the<21:52:15.832> top<21:52:16.080> five

for 2017 are the top five

for 2017 are the top five
uh<21:52:18.240> computer<21:52:18.480> forensic<21:52:19.144> qualifications<21:52:20.000> the

uh computer forensic qualifications the

uh computer forensic qualifications the
certified<21:52:21.424> computer<21:52:21.784> examiner<21:52:22.680> in<21:52:23.104> case

certified computer examiner in case

certified computer examiner in case
which<21:52:23.936> is<21:52:24.176> a<21:52:24.960> um<21:52:25.016> vendor<21:52:25.920> specific<21:52:26.640> the<21:52:26.936> other

which is a um vendor specific the other

which is a um vendor specific the other
ones<21:52:27.240> are<21:52:27.424> vendor<21:52:27.720> neutral<21:52:28.080> I<21:52:28.256> think

ones are vendor neutral I think

ones are vendor neutral I think
certified<21:52:29.640> forensic<21:52:30.360> computer<21:52:30.536> examiner

certified forensic computer examiner

certified forensic computer examiner
um

um

um
gcfa<21:52:34.616> and<21:52:34.920> gcfe

gcfa and gcfe

gcfa and gcfe
I'm<21:52:37.440> not<21:52:37.616> sure<21:52:37.744> that<21:52:37.976> stands<21:52:38.336> for<21:52:38.464> cyber

I'm not sure that stands for cyber

I'm not sure that stands for cyber
security<21:52:39.120> forensics<21:52:39.896> so<21:52:41.040> um<21:52:41.040> if<21:52:41.336> you're

security forensics so um if you're

security forensics so um if you're
interested<21:52:41.824> in<21:52:42.056> this<21:52:42.240> particular<21:52:42.536> field<21:52:42.896> then

interested in this particular field then

interested in this particular field then
there's<21:52:43.920> certainly<21:52:44.216> other<21:52:44.336> certifications

there's certainly other certifications

there's certainly other certifications
you<21:52:45.600> can<21:52:45.656> follow

you can follow

you can follow
uh<21:52:47.576> just<21:52:47.760> do<21:52:47.936> some<21:52:48.120> research<21:52:48.536> and<21:52:48.720> see<21:52:48.960> what<21:52:49.256> uh

uh just do some research and see what uh

uh just do some research and see what uh
the<21:52:50.936> employment<21:52:51.360> prospects<21:52:51.960> are

the employment prospects are

the employment prospects are
so<21:52:53.216> examples<21:52:53.576> of<21:52:53.760> security<21:52:54.056> incidents

so examples of security incidents

so examples of security incidents
include<21:52:55.256> unauthorized<21:52:56.104> access<21:52:56.280> to<21:52:56.640> data

include unauthorized access to data

include unauthorized access to data
attacks<21:52:58.440> through<21:52:58.552> malware<21:52:59.040> or<21:52:59.336> denial<21:52:59.824> of

attacks through malware or denial of

attacks through malware or denial of
service

service

service
it's<21:53:01.856> important<21:53:02.160> to<21:53:02.336> understand<21:53:02.464> the

it's important to understand the

it's important to understand the
technical<21:53:03.600> and<21:53:03.784> legal<21:53:04.144> aspects<21:53:04.616> in<21:53:04.744> order<21:53:04.920> to

technical and legal aspects in order to

technical and legal aspects in order to
gather<21:53:05.336> information<21:53:06.080> because<21:53:07.080> you<21:53:07.976> could<21:53:08.216> be

gather information because you could be

gather information because you could be
will<21:53:08.936> cover<21:53:09.296> first<21:53:09.656> responder<21:53:10.192> in<21:53:10.320> a<21:53:10.440> bit<21:53:10.552> but

will cover first responder in a bit but

will cover first responder in a bit but
you<21:53:10.920> that<21:53:11.280> could<21:53:11.400> be<21:53:11.576> you

you that could be you

you that could be you
could<21:53:13.504> be<21:53:13.616> contacted<21:53:14.160> by<21:53:14.464> a<21:53:14.640> law<21:53:14.824> enforcement

could be contacted by a law enforcement

could be contacted by a law enforcement
agency<21:53:16.280> told<21:53:17.280> us<21:53:17.512> some<21:53:17.824> sort<21:53:18.000> of<21:53:18.480> um<21:53:18.480> data<21:53:19.856> or

agency told us some sort of um data or

agency told us some sort of um data or
even<21:53:20.640> their<21:53:21.000> Hardware<21:53:21.320> that's<21:53:22.320> been<21:53:22.856> involved

even their Hardware that's been involved

even their Hardware that's been involved
in<21:53:23.640> the<21:53:23.824> commission<21:53:24.056> of<21:53:24.296> a<21:53:24.424> crime<21:53:24.720> and<21:53:25.256> be

in the commission of a crime and be

in the commission of a crime and be
asked<21:53:25.680> to<21:53:25.856> take<21:53:26.160> certain<21:53:26.824> steps<21:53:27.296> or<21:53:27.480> be<21:53:27.656> served

asked to take certain steps or be served

asked to take certain steps or be served
with<21:53:28.016> the<21:53:28.192> legal<21:53:28.496> notice<21:53:29.464> for<21:53:30.000> criminal<21:53:30.424> or

with the legal notice for criminal or

with the legal notice for criminal or
civil<21:53:31.016> court

civil court

civil court
the<21:53:32.640> risk<21:53:32.936> is<21:53:33.056> if<21:53:33.424> you<21:53:33.536> don't<21:53:33.656> have<21:53:33.832> these

the risk is if you don't have these

the risk is if you don't have these
forensic<21:53:34.976> processes<21:53:35.576> you<21:53:36.000> could<21:53:36.056> lose<21:53:36.424> your

forensic processes you could lose your

forensic processes you could lose your
um evidence<21:53:37.800> or<21:53:38.576> it<21:53:38.760> could<21:53:38.872> become

um evidence or it could become

um evidence or it could become
inadmissible<21:53:39.832> which<21:53:40.080> can<21:53:40.320> be<21:53:40.440> quite

inadmissible which can be quite

inadmissible which can be quite
embarrassing<21:53:41.696> because

embarrassing because

embarrassing because
um<21:53:42.720> it<21:53:43.144> could<21:53:43.256> I<21:53:43.504> mean<21:53:43.616> the<21:53:43.800> cases<21:53:44.040> last

um it could I mean the cases last

um it could I mean the cases last
the<21:53:46.080> security<21:53:46.256> professional<21:53:47.040> needs<21:53:47.760> to<21:53:47.872> know

the security professional needs to know

the security professional needs to know
the<21:53:48.120> legal<21:53:48.424> aspects

the legal aspects

the legal aspects
so<21:53:50.104> U.S<21:53:50.512> law<21:53:50.640> mandates<21:53:51.120> proper<21:53:51.600> authorization

so U.S law mandates proper authorization

so U.S law mandates proper authorization
must<21:53:52.552> be<21:53:52.800> acquired<21:53:53.696> before<21:53:54.176> Security

must be acquired before Security

must be acquired before Security
Professionals<21:53:55.504> can<21:53:55.744> monitor<21:53:56.104> and<21:53:56.216> gather

Professionals can monitor and gather

Professionals can monitor and gather
information<21:53:56.960> so<21:53:57.960> it<21:53:58.080> depends<21:53:58.320> what<21:53:58.496> it<21:53:58.616> is

information so it depends what it is

information so it depends what it is
you'd<21:53:59.104> be<21:53:59.160> certain<21:53:59.464> sort<21:53:59.824> of<21:53:59.936> court<21:54:00.120> order<21:54:00.424> or

you'd be certain sort of court order or

you'd be certain sort of court order or
warrant

warrant

warrant
and<21:54:02.872> in<21:54:03.120> the<21:54:03.296> form<21:54:03.480> of<21:54:03.656> a<21:54:03.896> paperwork<21:54:04.440> in<21:54:05.336> order

and in the form of a paperwork in order

and in the form of a paperwork in order
to<21:54:06.176> um<21:54:06.176> take<21:54:06.480> certain<21:54:06.720> action<21:54:07.144> or<21:54:07.440> preserve<21:54:07.920> a

to um take certain action or preserve a

to um take certain action or preserve a
certain<21:54:08.640> amount<21:54:08.872> of<21:54:09.056> evidence<21:54:09.360> or<21:54:09.600> hand<21:54:09.832> it

certain amount of evidence or hand it

certain amount of evidence or hand it
over

over

over
uh<21:54:11.824> organization<21:54:12.424> should<21:54:12.656> have<21:54:12.896> a<21:54:13.016> computer

uh organization should have a computer

uh organization should have a computer
forensic<21:54:13.856> competence<21:54:14.400> established<21:54:15.056> as<21:54:15.240> part

forensic competence established as part

forensic competence established as part
of<21:54:15.536> its<21:54:15.896> security<21:54:16.400> policy<21:54:17.536> and<21:54:18.536> you<21:54:18.656> may<21:54:18.896> need

of its security policy and you may need

of its security policy and you may need
to<21:54:19.320> have<21:54:19.504> it<21:54:19.744> in<21:54:20.160> respect<21:54:20.512> of<21:54:20.760> having<21:54:21.056> audits

to have it in respect of having audits

to have it in respect of having audits
for<21:54:22.080> compliance<21:54:22.680> or<21:54:23.400> certification<21:54:24.056> to<21:54:24.360> work

for compliance or certification to work

for compliance or certification to work
with<21:54:24.832> certain<21:54:25.016> vendors<21:54:25.616> or<21:54:26.280> government

with certain vendors or government

with certain vendors or government
departments

departments

departments
so<21:54:29.336> the<21:54:29.512> first<21:54:29.640> responder<21:54:30.240> is<21:54:30.360> a<21:54:30.536> person<21:54:30.784> first

so the first responder is a person first

so the first responder is a person first
to<21:54:31.616> be<21:54:31.744> present<21:54:32.040> on<21:54:32.216> the<21:54:32.336> scene<21:54:32.464> after<21:54:32.760> the

to be present on the scene after the

to be present on the scene after the
occurrence<21:54:33.296> of<21:54:33.424> a<21:54:33.600> security<21:54:33.720> incident<21:54:34.320> which

occurrence of a security incident which

occurrence of a security incident which
if<21:54:35.040> you're<21:54:35.216> the<21:54:35.464> duty<21:54:35.824> network<21:54:36.536> engineer<21:54:37.192> then

if you're the duty network engineer then

if you're the duty network engineer then
that<21:54:37.920> could<21:54:38.104> well<21:54:38.280> mean<21:54:38.576> you

that could well mean you

that could well mean you
um you<21:54:40.800> control<21:54:40.920> the<21:54:41.216> damage<21:54:41.512> caused<21:54:41.872> by<21:54:42.000> the

um you control the damage caused by the

um you control the damage caused by the
incident<21:54:42.480> and<21:54:43.016> ensure<21:54:43.504> none<21:54:43.680> of<21:54:43.856> the<21:54:43.920> evidence

incident and ensure none of the evidence

incident and ensure none of the evidence
is<21:54:44.464> spoiled<21:54:45.000> to<21:54:45.656> the<21:54:45.896> best<21:54:45.960> durability

is spoiled to the best durability

is spoiled to the best durability
first<21:54:47.760> responder<21:54:48.296> initiates<21:54:48.784> the<21:54:49.016> escalation

first responder initiates the escalation

first responder initiates the escalation
procedure<21:54:50.104> so<21:54:50.872> you'd<21:54:51.296> inform<21:54:52.144> um

procedure so you'd inform um

procedure so you'd inform um
the<21:54:53.216> legal<21:54:53.512> authorities<21:54:53.936> whoever<21:54:54.360> that<21:54:54.600> may

the legal authorities whoever that may

the legal authorities whoever that may
be<21:54:55.016> and<21:54:56.512> um<21:54:56.512> internal<21:54:57.240> company<21:54:57.536> management

be and um internal company management

be and um internal company management
and<21:54:58.440> bosses

e-discovery or electronic Discovery

e-discovery or electronic Discovery
refers<21:55:04.256> to<21:55:04.440> a<21:55:04.616> pre-trial<21:55:05.040> procedure<21:55:05.640> where

refers to a pre-trial procedure where

refers to a pre-trial procedure where
the<21:55:06.536> parties<21:55:06.960> exchange<21:55:07.504> the<21:55:07.856> electronically

the parties exchange the electronically

the parties exchange the electronically
installed<21:55:09.000> information<21:55:09.440> this<21:55:10.440> could<21:55:10.616> be

installed information this could be

installed information this could be
emails<21:55:11.696> exchanged<21:55:12.424> between<21:55:12.784> different

emails exchanged between different

emails exchanged between different
employees<21:55:14.216> it<21:55:15.000> could<21:55:15.120> be<21:55:15.296> spreadsheets<21:55:16.144> a

employees it could be spreadsheets a

employees it could be spreadsheets a
video<21:55:17.400> conference<21:55:18.000> calls<21:55:18.424> that<21:55:18.536> have<21:55:18.720> been

video conference calls that have been

video conference calls that have been
recorded

recorded

recorded
um anything<21:55:21.056> electronically<21:55:21.896> really<21:55:22.192> that's

um anything electronically really that's

um anything electronically really that's
pertinent<21:55:23.336> to<21:55:23.464> the<21:55:23.640> case

pertinent to the case

pertinent to the case
and<21:55:25.192> it's<21:55:25.320> different<21:55:25.552> from<21:55:25.800> paper<21:55:25.976> documents

and it's different from paper documents

and it's different from paper documents
because<21:55:26.824> it's<21:55:27.056> not<21:55:27.296> actually<21:55:27.424> tangible

because it's not actually tangible

because it's not actually tangible
um<21:55:29.160> and<21:55:29.400> it<21:55:29.576> could<21:55:29.696> obviously<21:55:30.240> be<21:55:30.784> saved<21:55:31.144> in

um and it could obviously be saved in

um and it could obviously be saved in
one<21:55:31.504> place<21:55:31.744> or<21:55:32.104> saved<21:55:32.512> in<21:55:32.760> multiple<21:55:33.000> places

one place or saved in multiple places

one place or saved in multiple places
over<21:55:33.656> the<21:55:33.896> cloud<21:55:34.080> and<21:55:34.680> have<21:55:34.920> different

over the cloud and have different

over the cloud and have different
versions<21:55:35.640> of<21:55:35.936> it

versions of it

versions of it
some<21:55:37.552> examples<21:55:38.040> for<21:55:38.720> electronically<21:55:39.720> stalled

some examples for electronically stalled

some examples for electronically stalled
information<21:55:40.440> are<21:55:41.160> as<21:55:41.400> follows

emails voicemails documents

emails voicemails documents
presentations<21:55:46.640> databases<21:55:47.640> websites<21:55:48.296> and<21:55:48.832> it

presentations databases websites and it

presentations databases websites and it
could<21:55:49.192> be<21:55:49.760> for<21:55:50.760> a<21:55:50.936> certain<21:55:51.120> period<21:55:51.480> like<21:55:51.720> a

could be for a certain period like a

could be for a certain period like a
database<21:55:52.440> copy<21:55:53.400> of<21:55:53.512> a<21:55:53.640> database<21:55:54.056> from<21:55:54.600> a<21:55:55.144> month

database copy of a database from a month

database copy of a database from a month
ago<21:55:55.616> or<21:55:55.920> a<21:55:56.104> year<21:55:56.280> ago<21:55:56.640> or<21:55:57.296> whatever<21:55:57.480> it

ago or a year ago or whatever it

ago or a year ago or whatever it
obviously<21:55:58.680> varies

obviously varies

obviously varies
the<21:56:00.600> electronic<21:56:01.192> Discovery<21:56:01.920> process<21:56:02.336> this

the electronic Discovery process this

the electronic Discovery process this
involves<21:56:03.616> identifying<21:56:04.616> preserving

involves identifying preserving

involves identifying preserving
collecting<21:56:05.760> processing<21:56:06.424> reviewing<21:56:06.896> and

collecting processing reviewing and

collecting processing reviewing and
producing<21:56:07.552> the<21:56:08.280> document<21:56:08.576> to<21:56:08.824> the<21:56:09.056> opposing

producing the document to the opposing

producing the document to the opposing
Council

Council

Council
you<21:56:11.280> could<21:56:11.464> actually<21:56:11.640> have<21:56:12.000> to<21:56:12.120> produce<21:56:12.720> it

you could actually have to produce it

you could actually have to produce it
for<21:56:13.144> your<21:56:13.376> own<21:56:13.552> lawyers<21:56:14.216> as<21:56:14.512> well<21:56:14.640> and<21:56:15.240> to

for your own lawyers as well and to

for your own lawyers as well and to
prove<21:56:15.784> your<21:56:15.960> case

now the gender custody is a document and

now the gender custody is a document and
you<21:56:21.784> could<21:56:21.832> have<21:56:22.016> evidence<21:56:22.376> labels<21:56:23.040> if<21:56:23.464> it's<21:56:23.576> a

you could have evidence labels if it's a

you could have evidence labels if it's a
physical<21:56:24.360> hard<21:56:24.784> drive<21:56:24.960> for<21:56:25.320> example<21:56:25.616> and<21:56:26.512> this

physical hard drive for example and this

physical hard drive for example and this
would<21:56:26.824> include<21:56:27.056> the<21:56:27.240> person<21:56:27.480> who<21:56:27.784> seized<21:56:28.256> it

would include the person who seized it

would include the person who seized it
who<21:56:28.616> they<21:56:28.744> handed<21:56:29.104> it<21:56:29.216> to

who they handed it to

who they handed it to
um I'll<21:56:30.720> go<21:56:30.896> into<21:56:31.016> some<21:56:31.256> of<21:56:31.376> the<21:56:31.504> stuff<21:56:31.616> on<21:56:31.856> the

um I'll go into some of the stuff on the

um I'll go into some of the stuff on the
next<21:56:32.104> slide

next slide

next slide
let's<21:56:34.440> um<21:56:34.440> let<21:56:34.744> you<21:56:34.856> know<21:56:34.976> the<21:56:35.280> location<21:56:35.576> of

let's um let you know the location of

let's um let you know the location of
the<21:56:36.056> evidence<21:56:36.296> so<21:56:36.480> if<21:56:36.600> it's<21:56:36.720> finally<21:56:37.016> handed

the evidence so if it's finally handed

the evidence so if it's finally handed
to<21:56:37.616> a<21:56:38.280> and<21:56:39.000> property

to a and property

to a and property
retention<21:56:40.976> department<21:56:41.400> like<21:56:42.176> in<21:56:42.296> the<21:56:42.536> police

retention department like in the police

retention department like in the police
property<21:56:43.376> area

property area

property area
then<21:56:45.424> um<21:56:45.424> that<21:56:45.784> would<21:56:45.832> be<21:56:45.960> the<21:56:46.144> last<21:56:46.256> person<21:56:46.552> to

then um that would be the last person to

then um that would be the last person to
have<21:56:47.104> signed<21:56:47.464> for<21:56:47.640> possession

have signed for possession

have signed for possession
starts<21:56:49.976> when<21:56:50.104> it<21:56:50.280> was<21:56:50.400> collected

starts when it was collected

starts when it was collected
requires<21:56:52.976> who<21:56:53.216> collected<21:56:53.696> it<21:56:53.872> the<21:56:54.240> date<21:56:54.480> and

requires who collected it the date and

requires who collected it the date and
time<21:56:55.040> description<21:56:56.040> where<21:56:57.000> the<21:56:57.176> evidence<21:56:57.424> was

time description where the evidence was

time description where the evidence was
stored<21:56:57.960> it's<21:56:58.080> not<21:56:58.256> only<21:56:58.376> given<21:56:58.680> an<21:56:58.800> exhibit

stored it's not only given an exhibit

stored it's not only given an exhibit
reference<21:56:59.696> as<21:57:00.000> well<21:57:00.240> certainly<21:57:01.192> if<21:57:01.320> it's

reference as well certainly if it's

reference as well certainly if it's
collected<21:57:01.856> by<21:57:02.040> an<21:57:02.216> experienced

collected by an experienced

collected by an experienced
um forensics<21:57:03.960> person<21:57:04.256> it'll<21:57:04.744> have<21:57:04.976> some

um forensics person it'll have some

um forensics person it'll have some
reference<21:57:05.936> number<21:57:06.120> on<21:57:06.424> it

um how it was initially secured which

um how it was initially secured which
software<21:57:11.464> can<21:57:11.696> be<21:57:11.824> used<21:57:11.936> to<21:57:12.120> view<21:57:12.296> it

software can be used to view it

software can be used to view it
the<21:57:13.680> transfer<21:57:14.040> history<21:57:14.216> the<21:57:14.512> evidence<21:57:14.824> and

the transfer history the evidence and

the transfer history the evidence and
here's<21:57:15.784> some<21:57:15.960> evidence<21:57:16.440> labels

here's some evidence labels

here's some evidence labels
and<21:57:18.480> not<21:57:18.720> necessarily<21:57:19.192> just<21:57:19.552> for<21:57:20.336> um

and not necessarily just for um

and not necessarily just for um
Okay<21:57:21.296> computer<21:57:21.720> forensics<21:57:22.376> if<21:57:22.856> you<21:57:22.976> can<21:57:23.160> see

Okay computer forensics if you can see

Okay computer forensics if you can see
on<21:57:23.464> the<21:57:23.576> left<21:57:23.696> it's<21:57:24.056> received<21:57:25.016> from<21:57:25.192> and<21:57:25.616> by

on the left it's received from and by

on the left it's received from and by
date<21:57:26.280> time<21:57:26.576> the<21:57:27.120> agency<21:57:27.536> the<21:57:28.376> case<21:57:28.496> number<21:57:28.800> the

date time the agency the case number the

date time the agency the case number the
badge<21:57:29.512> number

badge number

badge number
and<21:57:31.616> then<21:57:31.744> on<21:57:31.976> the<21:57:32.104> right<21:57:32.216> the<21:57:32.512> submitting

and then on the right the submitting

and then on the right the submitting
agency<21:57:33.536> again<21:57:33.960> and<21:57:34.552> chain<21:57:34.744> of<21:57:34.976> custody

so the child across today is the

so the child across today is the
transfer<21:57:40.744> history<21:57:40.920> showing<21:57:41.464> the<21:57:41.576> information

transfer history showing the information

transfer history showing the information
every<21:57:42.720> person<21:57:43.552> or<21:57:43.920> every<21:57:44.296> normally<21:57:45.296> person

every person or every normally person

every person or every normally person
could<21:57:46.016> be<21:57:46.144> a<21:57:46.256> department<21:57:46.512> and<21:57:47.512> along<21:57:47.696> with<21:57:47.872> the

could be a department and along with the

could be a department and along with the
names<21:57:48.176> and<21:57:48.480> the<21:57:48.720> person<21:57:48.832> signed<21:57:49.440> in<21:57:49.552> the<21:57:50.464> dates

names and the person signed in the dates

names and the person signed in the dates
and<21:57:50.936> where<21:57:51.120> the<21:57:51.296> evidence<21:57:51.480> was<21:57:51.784> stored<21:57:52.144> and

and where the evidence was stored and

and where the evidence was stored and
secured

secured

secured
now<21:57:55.016> if<21:57:55.320> there's<21:57:55.504> a<21:57:55.744> problem<21:57:56.040> if<21:57:56.464> person<21:57:57.320> a<21:57:58.320> has

now if there's a problem if person a has

now if there's a problem if person a has
signed<21:57:59.336> it<21:57:59.400> person<21:57:59.696> B<21:58:00.056> assigned<21:58:00.656> it<21:58:00.832> and<21:58:01.504> then

signed it person B assigned it and then

signed it person B assigned it and then
person<21:58:01.976> D<21:58:02.400> signs<21:58:02.936> a<21:58:03.056> label<21:58:03.424> we've<21:58:04.080> missed<21:58:04.320> out

person D signs a label we've missed out

person D signs a label we've missed out
what<21:58:04.680> happened<21:58:04.920> one<21:58:05.336> person<21:58:05.512> C<21:58:06.000> held<21:58:06.832> that

what happened one person C held that

what happened one person C held that
evidence<21:58:07.256> and<21:58:07.504> if<21:58:07.680> the<21:58:07.920> chain<21:58:08.104> of<21:58:08.280> custody<21:58:08.696> is

evidence and if the chain of custody is

evidence and if the chain of custody is
like<21:58:09.600> broken<21:58:10.040> it<21:58:11.040> means<21:58:11.216> the<21:58:11.336> evidence<21:58:11.576> could

like broken it means the evidence could

like broken it means the evidence could
be<21:58:11.936> tampered<21:58:12.424> with<21:58:12.536> and<21:58:12.960> then<21:58:13.144> it'll<21:58:13.320> be<21:58:13.504> down

be tampered with and then it'll be down

be tampered with and then it'll be down
to<21:58:13.856> a<21:58:14.400> court<21:58:14.576> to<21:58:14.936> determine<21:58:15.296> whether<21:58:15.600> or<21:58:15.832> not

to a court to determine whether or not

to a court to determine whether or not
that<21:58:16.856> evidence<21:58:17.160> is<21:58:17.464> still<21:58:17.640> admissible

that evidence is still admissible

that evidence is still admissible
and<21:58:20.336> the<21:58:20.512> evidence

and the evidence

and the evidence
um but<21:58:22.016> I've<21:58:22.192> just<21:58:22.256> said<21:58:22.440> that<21:58:22.552> it<21:58:22.680> may<21:58:22.800> not<21:58:22.920> be

um but I've just said that it may not be

um but I've just said that it may not be
admissible<21:58:23.464> it<21:58:23.640> could<21:58:23.824> be<21:58:23.936> useless<21:58:24.176> in<21:58:24.424> court

admissible it could be useless in court

admissible it could be useless in court
all<21:58:25.552> right<21:58:25.552> there's<21:58:25.856> a<21:58:26.040> document<21:58:26.336> or<21:58:26.936> a

all right there's a document or a

all right there's a document or a
process<21:58:27.536> called<21:58:28.016> Legal<21:58:28.496> holds<21:58:29.040> used<21:58:29.696> in

process called Legal holds used in

process called Legal holds used in
litigation<21:58:30.360> but<21:58:30.720> it<21:58:30.832> could<21:58:30.960> also<21:58:31.192> be<21:58:31.320> a

litigation but it could also be a

litigation but it could also be a
preservation<21:58:31.976> order<21:58:32.600> basically<21:58:33.600> requires<21:58:34.080> an

preservation order basically requires an

preservation order basically requires an
individual<21:58:34.744> or<21:58:34.976> organization<21:58:35.824> to<21:58:36.296> preserve

individual or organization to preserve

individual or organization to preserve
all<21:58:37.376> information<21:58:37.616> that<21:58:38.160> may<21:58:38.280> be<21:58:38.464> required<21:58:39.000> by

all information that may be required by

all information that may be required by
an<21:58:39.960> opposing<21:58:40.440> party<21:58:40.744> because<21:58:41.512> of<21:58:41.824> anticipated

an opposing party because of anticipated

an opposing party because of anticipated
litigation

data should be preserved such as emails

data should be preserved such as emails
um<21:58:49.760> preventing<21:58:50.760> things<21:58:51.424> being<21:58:51.656> deleted

um preventing things being deleted

um preventing things being deleted
because<21:58:52.976> of<21:58:53.760> um<21:58:53.760> a<21:58:54.360> certain<21:58:54.960> period<21:58:55.320> of<21:58:55.440> time

because of um a certain period of time

because of um a certain period of time
has<21:58:57.000> um<21:58:57.000> transpired<21:58:57.720> or<21:58:57.896> expired<21:58:58.376> sorry

has um transpired or expired sorry

has um transpired or expired sorry
and<21:59:00.424> there's<21:59:00.600> an<21:59:00.832> Interventional<21:59:01.440> hold<21:59:01.616> on

and there's an Interventional hold on

and there's an Interventional hold on
the<21:59:02.040> routine<21:59:02.400> destruction<21:59:02.760> until<21:59:03.424> the

the routine destruction until the

the routine destruction until the
litigation<21:59:04.144> end<21:59:04.440> so<21:59:04.800> you<21:59:05.640> know<21:59:05.696> as<21:59:06.000> backups

litigation end so you know as backups

litigation end so you know as backups
normally<21:59:06.784> get<21:59:07.080> wiped

normally get wiped

normally get wiped
and<21:59:09.360> um<21:59:09.360> replaced<21:59:10.256> with<21:59:10.440> fresher<21:59:11.400> backups

and um replaced with fresher backups

and um replaced with fresher backups
then<21:59:12.656> um<21:59:12.656> you<21:59:12.896> wouldn't<21:59:13.144> be<21:59:13.256> able<21:59:13.376> to<21:59:13.440> do<21:59:13.552> that

then um you wouldn't be able to do that

then um you wouldn't be able to do that
you'd<21:59:13.920> have<21:59:14.040> to<21:59:14.104> keep<21:59:14.216> hold<21:59:14.400> of<21:59:14.576> the<21:59:14.696> evidence

you'd have to keep hold of the evidence

you'd have to keep hold of the evidence
if<21:59:16.856> a<21:59:16.976> crime<21:59:17.104> scene<21:59:17.400> is<21:59:17.576> a<21:59:17.696> physical<21:59:17.824> location

if a crime scene is a physical location

if a crime scene is a physical location
then<21:59:18.656> the<21:59:18.896> area<21:59:19.080> should<21:59:19.440> be<21:59:19.552> first<21:59:19.744> secured

then the area should be first secured

then the area should be first secured
once<21:59:21.120> the<21:59:21.240> area<21:59:21.360> is<21:59:21.536> secured<21:59:21.832> is<21:59:22.016> important

once the area is secured is important

once the area is secured is important
together<21:59:22.496> as<21:59:22.800> much<21:59:22.976> evidence<21:59:23.280> as<21:59:23.576> possible

together as much evidence as possible

together as much evidence as possible
normally<21:59:25.552> this<21:59:25.856> person<21:59:26.040> will<21:59:26.336> be<21:59:26.512> properly

normally this person will be properly

normally this person will be properly
trained<21:59:27.536> and<21:59:27.656> qualified<21:59:28.464> and<21:59:29.464> just<21:59:29.760> to<21:59:29.872> go

trained and qualified and just to go

trained and qualified and just to go
through<21:59:30.240> how<21:59:30.480> the<21:59:30.656> evidence<21:59:30.896> is<21:59:31.192> collected

through how the evidence is collected

through how the evidence is collected
photographed<21:59:33.176> preserved<21:59:33.784> and<21:59:33.960> who<21:59:34.144> it's

photographed preserved and who it's

photographed preserved and who it's
handed<21:59:34.552> on<21:59:34.744> to<21:59:34.920> and<21:59:35.216> in<21:59:35.464> what<21:59:35.640> manner<21:59:36.536> and<21:59:37.144> some

handed on to and in what manner and some

handed on to and in what manner and some
types<21:59:37.680> of<21:59:37.800> evidence<21:59:38.160> and<21:59:38.760> not<21:59:38.936> that<21:59:39.056> it

types of evidence and not that it

types of evidence and not that it
applies<21:59:39.536> to<21:59:39.784> computers<21:59:40.616> but

applies to computers but

applies to computers but
um<21:59:42.000> say<21:59:42.176> blood<21:59:42.480> on<21:59:42.960> clothing<21:59:43.192> that<21:59:43.744> has<21:59:43.856> to<21:59:44.040> be

um say blood on clothing that has to be

um say blood on clothing that has to be
dried<21:59:45.600> in<21:59:46.016> a<21:59:46.144> certain<21:59:46.256> way<21:59:46.552> in<21:59:47.160> order<21:59:47.216> for<21:59:47.512> it

dried in a certain way in order for it

dried in a certain way in order for it
not<21:59:47.824> to<21:59:48.600> um<21:59:48.656> all<21:59:49.552> go<21:59:49.800> stale<21:59:50.216> and<21:59:50.464> lose<21:59:50.696> all<21:59:50.872> the

not to um all go stale and lose all the

not to um all go stale and lose all the
DNA<21:59:51.424> evidence

if the crimes are cyber crime and then

if the crimes are cyber crime and then
the<21:59:57.120> location<21:59:57.360> should<21:59:58.144> be<21:59:58.320> secured<21:59:58.744> to<21:59:59.280> stop

the location should be secured to stop

the location should be secured to stop
the<21:59:59.576> evidence<21:59:59.824> being<22:00:00.056> tampered<22:00:00.600> with

the evidence being tampered with

the evidence being tampered with
it<22:00:01.800> doesn't<22:00:02.400> mention<22:00:02.640> there<22:00:02.936> but<22:00:03.120> obviously

it doesn't mention there but obviously

it doesn't mention there but obviously
if<22:00:03.600> there's<22:00:03.784> remote<22:00:04.080> access<22:00:04.440> available<22:00:04.856> to

if there's remote access available to

if there's remote access available to
the<22:00:05.464> device<22:00:05.640> that<22:00:06.056> has<22:00:06.176> to<22:00:06.296> be<22:00:06.480> born<22:00:06.784> in<22:00:07.016> mind

the device that has to be born in mind

the device that has to be born in mind
as<22:00:07.376> well<22:00:07.552> in<22:00:07.744> case<22:00:07.856> somebody<22:00:08.040> can

as well in case somebody can

as well in case somebody can
inadvertently<22:00:09.720> log<22:00:09.960> in<22:00:10.192> and<22:00:10.440> wipe<22:00:10.800> the

inadvertently log in and wipe the

inadvertently log in and wipe the
information

a hard drive should be kept in a secure

a hard drive should be kept in a secure
Drive<22:00:15.784> is<22:00:16.080> probably<22:00:16.256> going<22:00:16.496> to<22:00:16.616> become<22:00:16.800> harder

Drive is probably going to become harder

Drive is probably going to become harder
and<22:00:17.400> harder

and harder

and harder
now<22:00:18.784> we're<22:00:18.896> using<22:00:19.256> cloud<22:00:19.616> computing

now we're using cloud computing

now we're using cloud computing
uh<22:00:22.976> collect<22:00:23.464> all

uh collect all

uh collect all
um<22:00:24.536> digital<22:00:25.080> evidence<22:00:25.376> in<22:00:25.856> a<22:00:25.976> manner

um digital evidence in a manner

um digital evidence in a manner
permissible<22:00:26.824> to<22:00:27.056> the<22:00:27.240> court<22:00:27.360> it<22:00:28.080> depends<22:00:28.320> on

permissible to the court it depends on

permissible to the court it depends on
the<22:00:28.496> court<22:00:28.680> obviously

the court obviously

the court obviously
when<22:00:30.656> Crumbs<22:00:31.080> are<22:00:31.144> committed<22:00:31.504> the<22:00:31.744> first

when Crumbs are committed the first

when Crumbs are committed the first
responder<22:00:32.464> at<22:00:32.696> the<22:00:33.056> scene<22:00:33.832> controls<22:00:34.800> the

responder at the scene controls the

responder at the scene controls the
damage<22:00:35.336> this<22:00:35.872> could<22:00:36.056> well<22:00:36.240> be<22:00:36.424> you<22:00:36.600> as<22:00:36.784> I've

damage this could well be you as I've

damage this could well be you as I've
said<22:00:37.192> so<22:00:37.552> down<22:00:37.920> to<22:00:38.160> you<22:00:38.280> to<22:00:38.400> use<22:00:38.512> your

said so down to you to use your

said so down to you to use your
technical<22:00:39.056> know-how<22:00:39.536> to<22:00:40.256> preserve<22:00:40.680> data<22:00:41.040> as

technical know-how to preserve data as

technical know-how to preserve data as
much<22:00:41.280> as<22:00:41.464> possible

much as possible

much as possible
foreign

foreign

foreign
ensure<22:00:44.760> nobody<22:00:45.120> else<22:00:45.296> tampers<22:00:45.832> with<22:00:46.080> it<22:00:46.192> again

ensure nobody else tampers with it again

ensure nobody else tampers with it again
you'll<22:00:47.280> be<22:00:47.400> advised<22:00:47.824> by<22:00:48.056> law<22:00:48.360> enforcement<22:00:49.320> as

you'll be advised by law enforcement as

you'll be advised by law enforcement as
and<22:00:49.744> when<22:00:49.920> they<22:00:50.040> arrive<22:00:50.400> but<22:00:50.696> down<22:00:51.176> to<22:00:51.360> you<22:00:51.480> to

and when they arrive but down to you to

and when they arrive but down to you to
stop<22:00:51.784> people<22:00:52.336> walking<22:00:53.336> all<22:00:53.640> over<22:00:53.824> things<22:00:54.120> or

stop people walking all over things or

stop people walking all over things or
picking<22:00:54.656> them<22:00:54.832> up<22:00:54.960> or<22:00:55.192> moving<22:00:55.504> them<22:00:55.680> which

picking them up or moving them which

picking them up or moving them which
have<22:00:56.216> seen<22:00:56.936> happen<22:00:57.176> when<22:00:57.536> I<22:00:57.656> was<22:00:57.784> in<22:00:57.896> the

have seen happen when I was in the

have seen happen when I was in the
police

during the course of the investigation

during the course of the investigation
the<22:01:03.720> investigators<22:01:04.440> collect<22:01:04.744> as<22:01:04.976> much

the investigators collect as much

the investigators collect as much
evidence<22:01:05.464> as<22:01:05.696> possible

evidence as possible

evidence as possible
the<22:01:07.440> technical<22:01:07.856> city<22:01:08.104> is<22:01:08.336> established<22:01:08.760> from

the technical city is established from

the technical city is established from
the<22:01:09.056> moment<22:01:09.296> of<22:01:09.656> the<22:01:09.784> initial<22:01:10.016> collection

the moment of the initial collection

the moment of the initial collection
until<22:01:10.856> the<22:01:11.400> investigation<22:01:11.936> finally<22:01:12.480> ends<22:01:12.832> if

until the investigation finally ends if

until the investigation finally ends if
it<22:01:13.552> has<22:01:13.680> to<22:01:13.856> be<22:01:13.976> transported<22:01:14.824> the<22:01:15.360> data<22:01:15.784> in

it has to be transported the data in

it has to be transported the data in
some<22:01:16.256> way<22:01:16.496> it<22:01:17.040> should<22:01:17.216> be<22:01:17.336> done<22:01:17.512> so<22:01:17.696> securely

some way it should be done so securely

some way it should be done so securely
to<22:01:18.480> prevent<22:01:18.720> tampering<22:01:19.376> again<22:01:19.552> this<22:01:19.800> is<22:01:19.920> the

to prevent tampering again this is the

to prevent tampering again this is the
chain<22:01:20.216> of<22:01:20.400> custody

chain of custody

chain of custody
uh<22:01:22.920> when<22:01:23.160> the<22:01:23.400> investigations<22:01:23.872> finally

uh when the investigations finally

uh when the investigations finally
complete<22:01:24.784> the<22:01:24.960> forensic<22:01:25.376> report<22:01:25.616> is<22:01:25.920> made

complete the forensic report is made

complete the forensic report is made
available<22:01:26.536> in<22:01:27.536> a<22:01:27.720> format<22:01:28.080> that<22:01:28.192> can<22:01:28.320> be

available in a format that can be

available in a format that can be
understood<22:01:29.280> by<22:01:29.640> non-technical<22:01:30.296> person<22:01:30.600> and

understood by non-technical person and

understood by non-technical person and
normally<22:01:31.800> because<22:01:31.976> it's<22:01:32.216> been<22:01:32.400> presented<22:01:32.824> to

normally because it's been presented to

normally because it's been presented to
the<22:01:33.176> jewelry<22:01:33.600> if<22:01:33.960> it<22:01:34.144> goes<22:01:34.440> to<22:01:35.040> um<22:01:35.040> a<22:01:35.400> jury

the jewelry if it goes to um a jury

the jewelry if it goes to um a jury
trial

trial

trial
okay<22:01:38.336> we've<22:01:38.696> mentioned<22:01:39.536> um<22:01:39.536> the<22:01:39.832> legal<22:01:40.144> hold

okay we've mentioned um the legal hold

okay we've mentioned um the legal hold
must<22:01:40.744> keep<22:01:40.976> that<22:01:41.280> information<22:01:41.760> into<22:01:42.296> the

must keep that information into the

must keep that information into the
litigation<22:01:43.080> ends

litigation ends

litigation ends
just<22:01:44.872> a<22:01:45.056> few<22:01:45.240> steps<22:01:45.600> in<22:01:45.784> the<22:01:46.016> basic<22:01:46.376> forensic

just a few steps in the basic forensic

just a few steps in the basic forensic
process

process

process
this<22:01:49.856> should<22:01:50.040> be<22:01:50.216> a<22:01:50.512> process<22:01:51.000> in<22:01:51.296> place

this should be a process in place

this should be a process in place
according<22:01:52.080> to<22:01:52.144> National<22:01:52.496> Institute<22:01:53.216> of

according to National Institute of

according to National Institute of
Standards<22:01:53.872> and<22:01:54.000> Technology

Standards and Technology

Standards and Technology
the<22:01:56.160> following<22:01:56.512> steps<22:01:56.936> collection

the following steps collection

the following steps collection
examination<22:01:58.760> analysis<22:01:59.760> and<22:02:00.360> Reporting

examination analysis and Reporting

examination analysis and Reporting
collection<22:02:03.240> is<22:02:03.536> the<22:02:03.720> first<22:02:03.832> phase<22:02:04.192> where<22:02:04.440> data

collection is the first phase where data

collection is the first phase where data
is<22:02:05.104> identified<22:02:05.576> labels<22:02:06.296> and<22:02:07.192> recorded<22:02:07.744> and

is identified labels and recorded and

is identified labels and recorded and
gathered

gathered

gathered
could<22:02:09.832> well<22:02:10.256> be<22:02:10.440> photographed<22:02:10.976> in<22:02:11.104> situ<22:02:11.512> also

could well be photographed in situ also

could well be photographed in situ also
examination<22:02:13.576> uh<22:02:14.576> it's<22:02:14.760> the<22:02:15.000> data's

examination uh it's the data's

examination uh it's the data's
forensically<22:02:15.832> process<22:02:16.256> using<22:02:16.856> automated<22:02:17.400> or

forensically process using automated or

forensically process using automated or
manual<22:02:18.000> methods

manual methods

manual methods
analysis<22:02:20.216> the<22:02:20.872> results<22:02:21.000> of<22:02:21.296> the<22:02:21.480> examination

analysis the results of the examination

analysis the results of the examination
are<22:02:22.744> analyzed<22:02:23.216> to<22:02:23.400> get<22:02:23.512> answers

are analyzed to get answers

are analyzed to get answers
and<22:02:25.376> then<22:02:25.552> reporting<22:02:26.424> the<22:02:27.424> results<22:02:27.536> are

and then reporting the results are

and then reporting the results are
reported

reported

reported
details<22:02:30.600> the<22:02:30.960> actions<22:02:31.320> carried<22:02:31.680> out<22:02:31.800> the

details the actions carried out the

details the actions carried out the
tools<22:02:32.336> and<22:02:32.464> procedure<22:02:32.936> used<22:02:33.240> who<22:02:33.720> did<22:02:33.896> it<22:02:34.016> and

tools and procedure used who did it and

tools and procedure used who did it and
when<22:02:34.440> and<22:02:34.616> why

when and why

when and why
Okay<22:02:37.016> so<22:02:37.192> we've<22:02:37.440> covered<22:02:37.680> a<22:02:37.800> lot<22:02:37.920> here<22:02:38.104> so<22:02:38.336> just

Okay so we've covered a lot here so just

Okay so we've covered a lot here so just
to<22:02:38.640> recap<22:02:39.000> we've<22:02:39.424> looked<22:02:39.600> at<22:02:39.720> forensics<22:02:40.376> and

to recap we've looked at forensics and

to recap we've looked at forensics and
computer<22:02:40.856> forensics

computer forensics

computer forensics
the<22:02:42.720> first<22:02:42.896> responder

the first responder

the first responder
electronic<22:02:45.176> Discovery<22:02:45.960> in<22:02:46.144> the<22:02:46.320> chain<22:02:46.440> of

electronic Discovery in the chain of

electronic Discovery in the chain of
custody

custody

custody
legal<22:02:48.480> holes<22:02:49.280> securing<22:02:50.280> the<22:02:50.400> crime<22:02:50.696> scene

legal holes securing the crime scene

legal holes securing the crime scene
the<22:02:52.080> high<22:02:52.256> level<22:02:52.440> View

the high level View

the high level View
steps<22:02:55.080> in<22:02:55.192> basic<22:02:55.800> uh<22:02:56.336> forensics<22:02:56.872> collection

steps in basic uh forensics collection

steps in basic uh forensics collection
examination<22:02:58.376> analysis<22:02:59.104> and<22:02:59.336> Reporting<22:02:59.936> so

examination analysis and Reporting so

examination analysis and Reporting so
that's<22:03:01.016> all<22:03:01.256> for<22:03:01.504> now<22:03:01.680> thanks<22:03:02.104> for<22:03:02.280> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<22:03:18.832> you

welcome to module 18 lesson 3 safety

welcome to module 18 lesson 3 safety
practices

practices

practices
another<22:03:30.960> new<22:03:31.696> addition<22:03:32.696> to<22:03:32.936> the<22:03:33.176> topic<22:03:33.600> and

another new addition to the topic and

another new addition to the topic and
it's<22:03:34.376> something<22:03:34.616> that<22:03:35.280> has<22:03:35.760> been<22:03:35.936> growing

it's something that has been growing

it's something that has been growing
over<22:03:36.536> the<22:03:36.720> past<22:03:36.896> few<22:03:37.080> years<22:03:37.320> and<22:03:37.552> so<22:03:37.744> this<22:03:37.920> has

over the past few years and so this has

over the past few years and so this has
become<22:03:38.512> a<22:03:39.360> recognized<22:03:39.960> area<22:03:40.376> where<22:03:41.160> you<22:03:41.336> go

become a recognized area where you go

become a recognized area where you go
and<22:03:41.640> get<22:03:41.824> qualified<22:03:42.320> in<22:03:43.320> a<22:03:43.504> risk<22:03:43.920> assessment

and get qualified in a risk assessment

and get qualified in a risk assessment
or<22:03:44.824> whatever<22:03:45.120> it's<22:03:45.360> called<22:03:45.536> in<22:03:45.832> your

or whatever it's called in your

or whatever it's called in your
respective<22:03:46.440> countries

respective countries

respective countries
in<22:03:48.360> respect<22:03:48.784> of

in respect of

in respect of
um<22:03:49.976> certainly<22:03:50.824> data<22:03:51.296> centers<22:03:51.656> the<22:03:52.016> safe

um certainly data centers the safe

um certainly data centers the safe
storage

storage

storage
um manual<22:03:55.440> handling<22:03:55.920> what<22:03:56.872> to<22:03:57.000> do<22:03:57.120> in<22:03:57.296> the

um manual handling what to do in the

um manual handling what to do in the
event<22:03:57.536> of<22:03:57.832> an<22:03:58.016> emergency<22:03:58.192> a<22:03:58.800> fire<22:03:59.040> or<22:03:59.336> other

event of an emergency a fire or other

event of an emergency a fire or other
disaster<22:04:00.424> how<22:04:01.256> to<22:04:01.504> keep

disaster how to keep

disaster how to keep
um<22:04:02.336> the<22:04:02.696> equipment<22:04:03.056> safe<22:04:03.600> and<22:04:04.512> comply<22:04:05.512> with

um the equipment safe and comply with

um the equipment safe and comply with
all<22:04:05.936> of<22:04:06.176> the

all of the

all of the
um<22:04:07.504> different<22:04:07.744> certifications<22:04:08.600> and<22:04:09.600> if<22:04:09.832> you

um different certifications and if you

um different certifications and if you
want<22:04:10.016> to<22:04:10.080> be<22:04:10.192> a<22:04:10.320> Data<22:04:10.680> Center

want to be a Data Center

want to be a Data Center
and<22:04:12.480> keep<22:04:13.320> people<22:04:13.504> safe<22:04:13.856> also

and keep people safe also

and keep people safe also
so<22:04:16.376> look<22:04:16.976> at<22:04:17.104> the<22:04:17.280> data<22:04:17.640> center<22:04:17.760> and<22:04:18.056> the<22:04:18.176> need

so look at the data center and the need

so look at the data center and the need
the<22:04:18.720> environment<22:04:19.256> heating<22:04:20.216> ventilation<22:04:20.760> and

the environment heating ventilation and

the environment heating ventilation and
cooling<22:04:21.536> HVAC

cooling HVAC

cooling HVAC
how<22:04:23.696> HVAC<22:04:24.424> works

how HVAC works

how HVAC works
typical<22:04:26.464> hot<22:04:26.936> cold<22:04:27.296> oil<22:04:27.656> conditions

typical hot cold oil conditions

typical hot cold oil conditions
rack<22:04:29.576> mount<22:04:29.760> servers<22:04:30.360> rack<22:04:31.016> loading

rack mount servers rack loading

rack mount servers rack loading
power<22:04:32.696> distribution<22:04:33.424> and<22:04:34.144> fire<22:04:34.440> risk

power distribution and fire risk

power distribution and fire risk
the<22:04:36.056> impact<22:04:36.296> of<22:04:36.536> Fire

the impact of Fire

the impact of Fire
types<22:04:38.824> of<22:04:38.872> their<22:04:39.056> suppressant<22:04:39.600> agents<22:04:40.144> you've

types of their suppressant agents you've

types of their suppressant agents you've
got<22:04:40.496> available<22:04:40.824> to<22:04:41.824> install<22:04:42.376> wet<22:04:43.376> pipe<22:04:43.800> dry

got available to install wet pipe dry

got available to install wet pipe dry
pipe<22:04:44.400> and<22:04:44.512> gas

pipe and gas

pipe and gas
how<22:04:46.144> to<22:04:46.320> lift<22:04:46.552> stuff<22:04:46.680> up<22:04:46.920> without<22:04:47.160> getting

how to lift stuff up without getting

how to lift stuff up without getting
injured<22:04:48.440> anti-static<22:04:49.440> it's<22:04:49.856> funnily<22:04:50.280> enough

injured anti-static it's funnily enough

injured anti-static it's funnily enough
anti-static<22:04:51.120> if<22:04:51.360> people<22:04:51.536> laugh<22:04:51.784> about<22:04:51.960> it<22:04:52.256> and

anti-static if people laugh about it and

anti-static if people laugh about it and
don't<22:04:53.040> think<22:04:53.216> about<22:04:53.400> it<22:04:53.576> but<22:04:53.824> it<22:04:53.936> can<22:04:54.056> actually

don't think about it but it can actually

don't think about it but it can actually
fry<22:04:55.256> vital<22:04:55.856> components<22:04:56.640> in<22:04:56.760> your<22:04:57.000> devices

fry vital components in your devices

fry vital components in your devices
stabilizing<22:04:59.104> the<22:04:59.280> Iraq<22:04:59.640> and<22:05:00.000> the<22:05:00.176> material

stabilizing the Iraq and the material

stabilizing the Iraq and the material
safety<22:05:01.192> data<22:05:01.616> sheet<22:05:01.856> which<22:05:02.160> is<22:05:02.280> another

safety data sheet which is another

safety data sheet which is another
item<22:05:04.080> added<22:05:04.496> to<22:05:04.680> the<22:05:04.920> syllabus<22:05:05.464> the<22:05:05.696> MSDS

item added to the syllabus the MSDS

item added to the syllabus the MSDS
all<22:05:07.856> right<22:05:08.040> I'm<22:05:08.104> sure<22:05:08.280> you've<22:05:08.464> heard<22:05:08.576> the<22:05:08.760> data

all right I'm sure you've heard the data

all right I'm sure you've heard the data
centers<22:05:09.424> and<22:05:09.656> if<22:05:09.832> you're<22:05:09.960> very<22:05:10.192> lucky<22:05:10.376> you've

centers and if you're very lucky you've

centers and if you're very lucky you've
actually<22:05:11.040> got<22:05:11.512> to<22:05:11.640> work<22:05:11.872> in<22:05:12.120> one<22:05:12.296> or<22:05:12.600> will<22:05:12.832> be

actually got to work in one or will be

actually got to work in one or will be
working<22:05:13.192> in<22:05:13.504> one<22:05:13.744> great<22:05:14.400> place<22:05:14.696> to<22:05:15.240> work

working in one great place to work

working in one great place to work
there's<22:05:17.576> a<22:05:17.696> definition<22:05:17.872> on<22:05:18.296> Wikipedia<22:05:19.016> it's<22:05:19.504> a

there's a definition on Wikipedia it's a

there's a definition on Wikipedia it's a
facilities<22:05:20.040> used<22:05:20.336> to<22:05:20.872> house<22:05:21.240> computer

facilities used to house computer

facilities used to house computer
systems<22:05:22.256> and<22:05:22.496> Associated<22:05:22.920> components<22:05:23.512> such

systems and Associated components such

systems and Associated components such
as<22:05:23.936> telecoms<22:05:24.600> and<22:05:25.440> Storage

as telecoms and Storage

as telecoms and Storage
generally<22:05:27.296> includes<22:05:27.656> redundant<22:05:28.192> backup

generally includes redundant backup

generally includes redundant backup
power<22:05:28.856> supplies<22:05:29.720> Communications

power supplies Communications

power supplies Communications
environmental<22:05:31.616> controls

environmental controls

environmental controls
EG<22:05:33.600> air<22:05:34.080> conditioning<22:05:34.440> fire<22:05:34.800> suppression<22:05:35.216> and

EG air conditioning fire suppression and

EG air conditioning fire suppression and
various<22:05:36.056> security<22:05:36.656> devices

why do we bother it basically helps

why do we bother it basically helps
organization<22:05:42.600> centralize<22:05:43.256> the<22:05:43.552> entire

organization centralize the entire

organization centralize the entire
Computing<22:05:45.120> resources<22:05:45.720> into<22:05:46.280> one<22:05:47.280> location

Computing resources into one location

Computing resources into one location
where<22:05:48.176> they<22:05:48.360> can<22:05:48.536> have<22:05:48.720> a<22:05:48.960> uniform<22:05:49.504> procedure

where they can have a uniform procedure

where they can have a uniform procedure
for<22:05:51.896> insulation<22:05:52.744> upgrades<22:05:53.696> out<22:05:54.056> of<22:05:54.176> hours<22:05:54.680> a

for insulation upgrades out of hours a

for insulation upgrades out of hours a
redundancy<22:05:56.336> a<22:05:56.512> whole<22:05:56.696> bunch<22:05:56.872> of<22:05:57.056> stuff

redundancy a whole bunch of stuff

redundancy a whole bunch of stuff
uh<22:05:59.104> reduces<22:05:59.696> the<22:06:00.120> TCO<22:06:00.720> by<22:06:01.256> consolidating<22:06:01.800> all

uh reduces the TCO by consolidating all

uh reduces the TCO by consolidating all
your<22:06:02.280> power<22:06:02.464> and<22:06:02.640> cooling<22:06:03.000> otherwise<22:06:03.480> you'd

your power and cooling otherwise you'd

your power and cooling otherwise you'd
have<22:06:03.832> to<22:06:03.960> have<22:06:04.192> 10<22:06:05.104> 20<22:06:05.400> 30<22:06:05.760> 40<22:06:06.120> racks<22:06:06.784> spread

have to have 10 20 30 40 racks spread

have to have 10 20 30 40 racks spread
among<22:06:07.504> different<22:06:08.040> departments<22:06:08.760> or<22:06:08.936> different

among different departments or different

among different departments or different
buildings<22:06:09.656> or<22:06:09.960> different<22:06:10.192> cities<22:06:10.496> making

buildings or different cities making

buildings or different cities making
things<22:06:11.400> pretty<22:06:12.240> difficult<22:06:12.656> to<22:06:13.320> control

things pretty difficult to control

things pretty difficult to control
racks<22:06:15.960> and<22:06:16.080> rackmatic<22:06:16.744> servers<22:06:17.160> are<22:06:17.280> used<22:06:17.400> in

racks and rackmatic servers are used in

racks and rackmatic servers are used in
data<22:06:17.936> centers<22:06:18.360> at<22:06:18.784> the<22:06:18.896> moment<22:06:19.144> I'm<22:06:20.104> sure<22:06:20.336> the

data centers at the moment I'm sure the

data centers at the moment I'm sure the
future<22:06:20.696> will<22:06:21.056> uh<22:06:21.296> have<22:06:21.536> something<22:06:21.784> completely

future will uh have something completely

future will uh have something completely
different<22:06:22.760> you've<22:06:23.760> got<22:06:23.824> the<22:06:24.056> servers<22:06:24.480> storage

different you've got the servers storage

different you've got the servers storage
arrays<22:06:25.320> and<22:06:25.440> power<22:06:25.616> distribution<22:06:26.216> units<22:06:27.000> all

arrays and power distribution units all

arrays and power distribution units all
the<22:06:27.960> other<22:06:28.080> devices<22:06:28.496> and<22:06:29.216> internal

the other devices and internal

the other devices and internal
components<22:06:31.080> generate<22:06:31.680> a<22:06:32.280> lot<22:06:32.400> of<22:06:32.640> heat

components generate a lot of heat

components generate a lot of heat
the<22:06:34.920> heat<22:06:35.104> needs<22:06:35.464> to<22:06:35.512> be<22:06:35.576> removed<22:06:35.936> because<22:06:36.056> it

the heat needs to be removed because it

the heat needs to be removed because it
obviously<22:06:36.600> affects<22:06:36.960> the<22:06:37.080> electric<22:06:37.256> equipment

obviously affects the electric equipment

obviously affects the electric equipment
to<22:06:38.464> the<22:06:38.696> point<22:06:38.872> where<22:06:39.296> it<22:06:39.896> reaches<22:06:40.320> a

to the point where it reaches a

to the point where it reaches a
threshold<22:06:41.512> that<22:06:42.240> it<22:06:42.360> can<22:06:42.536> no<22:06:42.656> longer<22:06:42.960> function

threshold that it can no longer function

threshold that it can no longer function
and<22:06:44.400> then<22:06:44.512> the<22:06:44.760> device<22:06:44.936> will<22:06:45.240> fail<22:06:45.536> and<22:06:46.080> you

and then the device will fail and you

and then the device will fail and you
may<22:06:46.320> have<22:06:46.440> had<22:06:46.552> this<22:06:46.800> on<22:06:47.104> your<22:06:47.280> home<22:06:47.464> computer

may have had this on your home computer

may have had this on your home computer
if<22:06:48.120> your<22:06:48.296> CPU<22:06:48.784> fan

if your CPU fan

if your CPU fan
has<22:06:50.280> stopped<22:06:50.696> working<22:06:50.824> or<22:06:51.176> this<22:06:51.360> tumors<22:06:51.784> dust

has stopped working or this tumors dust

has stopped working or this tumors dust
or<22:06:52.440> dirt<22:06:52.744> inside<22:06:52.976> your<22:06:53.336> equipment<22:06:53.832> then<22:06:54.832> it

or dirt inside your equipment then it

or dirt inside your equipment then it
starts<22:06:56.040> to<22:06:56.464> lock<22:06:57.296> up<22:06:57.536> and<22:06:58.144> finally<22:06:58.552> fail<22:06:58.856> I

starts to lock up and finally fail I

starts to lock up and finally fail I
know<22:06:59.464> that's<22:06:59.640> happened<22:06:59.824> to<22:07:00.120> me

since heat effects of reliability we

since heat effects of reliability we
need<22:07:04.320> to<22:07:04.376> keep<22:07:04.496> it<22:07:04.680> cool<22:07:04.872> this<22:07:05.872> requires

need to keep it cool this requires

need to keep it cool this requires
removing<22:07:07.376> the<22:07:07.800> hot<22:07:08.760> air<22:07:08.936> and<22:07:09.240> moving<22:07:09.600> in<22:07:09.720> cold

removing the hot air and moving in cold

removing the hot air and moving in cold
air<22:07:10.192> just<22:07:10.496> like<22:07:10.616> your<22:07:10.800> PC<22:07:11.160> chassis<22:07:11.696> but<22:07:12.120> on<22:07:12.296> a

air just like your PC chassis but on a

air just like your PC chassis but on a
much<22:07:12.600> larger<22:07:12.896> scale

much larger scale

much larger scale
I'll<22:07:14.216> turn<22:07:14.464> cold<22:07:14.760> air<22:07:15.000> within<22:07:15.240> the<22:07:15.296> data

I'll turn cold air within the data

I'll turn cold air within the data
center<22:07:16.192> shouldn't<22:07:16.744> be<22:07:16.856> mixed<22:07:17.216> and<22:07:17.640> for<22:07:17.824> this

center shouldn't be mixed and for this

center shouldn't be mixed and for this
reason<22:07:18.120> you've<22:07:18.536> got<22:07:18.600> the<22:07:18.784> hot<22:07:18.960> oil<22:07:19.144> and<22:07:19.440> the

reason you've got the hot oil and the

reason you've got the hot oil and the
cold<22:07:19.744> oil<22:07:20.160> Arrangement<22:07:20.824> this<22:07:21.720> is<22:07:21.832> for<22:07:22.080> your

cold oil Arrangement this is for your

cold oil Arrangement this is for your
ventilation

ventilation

ventilation
if<22:07:25.440> the<22:07:25.552> cold<22:07:25.744> air<22:07:25.920> mixes<22:07:26.280> with<22:07:26.400> a<22:07:26.512> hot<22:07:26.640> air

if the cold air mixes with a hot air

if the cold air mixes with a hot air
without<22:07:27.056> going<22:07:27.296> through<22:07:27.480> the<22:07:27.600> equipment<22:07:27.896> then

without going through the equipment then

without going through the equipment then
it<22:07:28.320> becomes<22:07:28.680> useless

so HVAC stands for heating ventilation

so HVAC stands for heating ventilation
and<22:07:34.440> cooling<22:07:34.856> which<22:07:35.104> is<22:07:35.280> an<22:07:35.464> entire<22:07:35.824> set<22:07:36.656> of

and cooling which is an entire set of

and cooling which is an entire set of
systems<22:07:37.376> procedures<22:07:38.040> best<22:07:38.576> practices<22:07:39.056> and

systems procedures best practices and

systems procedures best practices and
companies<22:07:39.784> that<22:07:39.960> will<22:07:40.080> help<22:07:40.256> you<22:07:40.496> plan<22:07:41.160> and

companies that will help you plan and

companies that will help you plan and
manage<22:07:41.760> and<22:07:41.936> install<22:07:42.120> all<22:07:42.600> of<22:07:42.720> this

manage and install all of this

manage and install all of this
provides<22:07:44.216> the<22:07:44.400> optimum<22:07:44.824> temperature<22:07:45.120> and

provides the optimum temperature and

provides the optimum temperature and
indoor<22:07:46.080> air<22:07:46.256> quality<22:07:46.744> so<22:07:47.464> you've<22:07:47.696> obviously

indoor air quality so you've obviously

indoor air quality so you've obviously
got<22:07:48.120> to<22:07:48.296> have<22:07:48.424> an<22:07:48.536> environment<22:07:48.896> that<22:07:49.192> works

got to have an environment that works

got to have an environment that works
best<22:07:49.800> for<22:07:49.976> the<22:07:50.104> equipment<22:07:50.400> but<22:07:50.760> also<22:07:51.056> the

best for the equipment but also the

best for the equipment but also the
engineers<22:07:52.440> can<22:07:52.800> go<22:07:53.040> in<22:07:53.216> and<22:07:53.400> manage<22:07:53.760> and

engineers can go in and manage and

engineers can go in and manage and
survive<22:07:54.296> in

survive in

survive in
the<22:07:55.920> HVAC<22:07:56.336> system<22:07:56.512> not<22:07:56.824> only<22:07:56.936> keeps<22:07:57.240> things

the HVAC system not only keeps things

the HVAC system not only keeps things
cool<22:07:57.720> and<22:07:58.144> keeps<22:07:58.496> things<22:07:58.552> humid<22:07:59.104> obviously

cool and keeps things humid obviously

cool and keeps things humid obviously
not<22:08:00.056> too<22:08:00.600> humid<22:08:00.960> but<22:08:01.192> there<22:08:01.256> has<22:08:01.440> to<22:08:01.552> be<22:08:01.616> a

not too humid but there has to be a

not too humid but there has to be a
certain<22:08:01.920> level<22:08:02.160> of<22:08:02.336> humidity<22:08:02.824> in<22:08:03.120> there<22:08:03.376> and

certain level of humidity in there and

certain level of humidity in there and
removes<22:08:04.856> contaminants<22:08:05.400> from<22:08:05.640> the<22:08:05.824> air<22:08:05.936> also

cold air is pumped from the HVAC system

cold air is pumped from the HVAC system
into<22:08:11.464> the<22:08:11.640> cold<22:08:11.824> aisle<22:08:12.296> as<22:08:12.960> an<22:08:13.144> as<22:08:13.504> an<22:08:13.680> input

into the cold aisle as an as an input

into the cold aisle as an as an input
for<22:08:14.576> the<22:08:14.696> servers

for the servers

for the servers
the<22:08:16.080> server<22:08:16.376> is<22:08:16.440> pulling<22:08:16.800> cold<22:08:16.976> air<22:08:17.216> from<22:08:17.400> the

the server is pulling cold air from the

the server is pulling cold air from the
front<22:08:17.696> to<22:08:17.936> cool<22:08:18.120> themselves<22:08:18.536> and<22:08:19.256> they

front to cool themselves and they

front to cool themselves and they
exhaust<22:08:19.856> hot<22:08:20.216> air<22:08:20.400> which<22:08:21.000> goes<22:08:21.296> into<22:08:21.424> the<22:08:21.656> hot

exhaust hot air which goes into the hot

exhaust hot air which goes into the hot
tile

tile

tile
now<22:08:23.576> my<22:08:23.872> experience<22:08:24.296> when<22:08:24.656> I've<22:08:24.832> gone<22:08:25.016> to<22:08:25.144> Data

now my experience when I've gone to Data

now my experience when I've gone to Data
Centers<22:08:25.856> is<22:08:26.040> the<22:08:26.336> the<22:08:26.464> better<22:08:27.176> ones<22:08:27.656> I've<22:08:28.320> got

Centers is the the better ones I've got

Centers is the the better ones I've got
doors<22:08:29.160> to<22:08:29.824> get<22:08:30.120> in<22:08:30.296> and<22:08:30.536> out<22:08:30.720> of<22:08:30.832> the<22:08:31.016> cool

doors to get in and out of the cool

doors to get in and out of the cool
aisle

aisle

aisle
the<22:08:32.696> Hostile

the Hostile

the Hostile
um<22:08:33.784> they're<22:08:34.080> certainly<22:08:34.320> the<22:08:34.376> ones<22:08:34.552> I've<22:08:34.744> been

um they're certainly the ones I've been

um they're certainly the ones I've been
to<22:08:35.040> don't<22:08:35.400> have<22:08:35.640> the<22:08:35.936> doors<22:08:36.240> so<22:08:36.960> you'll<22:08:37.256> be

to don't have the doors so you'll be

to don't have the doors so you'll be
walking<22:08:37.552> through<22:08:37.800> an<22:08:38.040> area<22:08:38.160> that<22:08:38.464> feels<22:08:38.760> quite

walking through an area that feels quite

walking through an area that feels quite
warm<22:08:39.360> you'll<22:08:39.960> open<22:08:40.144> the<22:08:40.320> door<22:08:40.440> to<22:08:40.680> go<22:08:40.800> to<22:08:40.920> the

warm you'll open the door to go to the

warm you'll open the door to go to the
front<22:08:41.216> of<22:08:41.464> the<22:08:41.760> servers<22:08:42.720> to<22:08:42.896> connect<22:08:43.016> or<22:08:43.376> do

front of the servers to connect or do

front of the servers to connect or do
whatever<22:08:43.800> obviously<22:08:44.400> shooting<22:08:44.640> the<22:08:44.872> door

whatever obviously shooting the door

whatever obviously shooting the door
behind<22:08:45.296> you<22:08:45.480> and<22:08:46.016> it'll<22:08:46.320> be<22:08:46.552> very<22:08:47.336> cool<22:08:47.640> in

behind you and it'll be very cool in

behind you and it'll be very cool in
fact<22:08:48.120> you'll<22:08:48.360> probably<22:08:48.480> need<22:08:48.720> to<22:08:48.832> wear<22:08:49.016> a

fact you'll probably need to wear a

fact you'll probably need to wear a
couple<22:08:49.256> of<22:08:49.440> layers<22:08:49.744> of<22:08:49.856> clothing

couple of layers of clothing

couple of layers of clothing
the<22:08:52.080> AC<22:08:52.192> duct<22:08:52.680> carries<22:08:53.040> the<22:08:53.216> hot<22:08:53.336> air<22:08:53.512> from<22:08:53.760> the

the AC duct carries the hot air from the

the AC duct carries the hot air from the
hotel<22:08:54.120> to<22:08:54.656> the<22:08:54.784> HVAC<22:08:55.440> to<22:08:55.976> cool<22:08:56.160> it<22:08:56.400> again<22:08:56.576> and

hotel to the HVAC to cool it again and

hotel to the HVAC to cool it again and
exhaust<22:08:57.240> it<22:08:57.480> elsewhere

typical hot cold oil conditions the cold

typical hot cold oil conditions the cold
air<22:09:03.960> temperatures<22:09:04.256> range<22:09:04.680> from<22:09:04.856> 55<22:09:05.400> to<22:09:05.640> 78

air temperatures range from 55 to 78

air temperatures range from 55 to 78
Fahrenheit<22:09:06.784> they<22:09:07.504> haven't<22:09:07.744> listed<22:09:08.104> this<22:09:08.216> in

Fahrenheit they haven't listed this in

Fahrenheit they haven't listed this in
Celsius<22:09:08.576> so<22:09:09.120> I<22:09:09.296> presume<22:09:09.600> this<22:09:09.720> is<22:09:09.832> for<22:09:10.016> the

Celsius so I presume this is for the

Celsius so I presume this is for the
American<22:09:10.872> viewers<22:09:11.872> the<22:09:12.360> hot<22:09:12.536> oil<22:09:12.720> temperature

American viewers the hot oil temperature

American viewers the hot oil temperature
goes<22:09:13.440> from<22:09:13.552> 73<22:09:14.160> to<22:09:14.576> 96<22:09:15.240> Fahrenheit

goes from 73 to 96 Fahrenheit

goes from 73 to 96 Fahrenheit
and<22:09:17.400> the<22:09:17.576> amount<22:09:17.760> of<22:09:17.872> heat<22:09:18.000> carried<22:09:18.296> by<22:09:18.424> the

and the amount of heat carried by the

and the amount of heat carried by the
stream<22:09:18.720> of<22:09:18.960> air<22:09:19.192> exiting<22:09:19.800> the<22:09:20.104> heat<22:09:20.216> load

stream of air exiting the heat load

stream of air exiting the heat load
should<22:09:20.760> be<22:09:20.936> 15<22:09:21.176> to<22:09:21.480> 20<22:09:21.720> degrees<22:09:22.016> Fahrenheit

should be 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit

should be 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit
rack<22:09:24.600> mount<22:09:24.784> servers<22:09:25.376> I<22:09:26.040> don't<22:09:26.160> know<22:09:26.280> if

rack mount servers I don't know if

rack mount servers I don't know if
you've<22:09:26.576> seen<22:09:26.696> many<22:09:26.872> of<22:09:27.056> these<22:09:27.240> I've<22:09:27.424> seen<22:09:27.656> a

you've seen many of these I've seen a

you've seen many of these I've seen a
lot<22:09:27.960> over<22:09:28.192> the<22:09:28.440> years<22:09:29.296> the<22:09:30.296> rack<22:09:30.480> contains<22:09:30.960> the

lot over the years the rack contains the

lot over the years the rack contains the
servers<22:09:31.504> the<22:09:31.856> servers<22:09:32.280> have<22:09:32.400> a<22:09:32.576> different

servers the servers have a different

servers the servers have a different
form<22:09:33.000> factor<22:09:33.480> than<22:09:33.600> your<22:09:33.784> normal<22:09:33.960> desktop

form factor than your normal desktop

form factor than your normal desktop
servers<22:09:35.760> these<22:09:36.480> are<22:09:36.536> these<22:09:37.016> obviously<22:09:37.256> need

servers these are these obviously need

servers these are these obviously need
to<22:09:37.552> be

to be

to be
compliant<22:09:39.424> to<22:09:40.016> fit<22:09:40.256> into<22:09:40.440> a<22:09:41.160> rack<22:09:41.576> taking<22:09:41.824> over

compliant to fit into a rack taking over

compliant to fit into a rack taking over
so<22:09:43.016> many

so many

so many
um<22:09:43.856> units<22:09:44.576> uh<22:09:45.240> use<22:09:45.480> they<22:09:45.784> call<22:09:45.960> it<22:09:46.144> sometimes

um units uh use they call it sometimes

um units uh use they call it sometimes
one<22:09:47.040> two<22:09:47.336> and<22:09:48.296> so<22:09:48.480> on

one two and so on

one two and so on
they<22:09:49.976> need<22:09:50.216> to<22:09:50.280> have<22:09:50.464> the<22:09:50.640> correct<22:09:50.936> eyes<22:09:51.600> so

they need to have the correct eyes so

they need to have the correct eyes so
you<22:09:52.440> can<22:09:52.552> screw<22:09:52.920> in<22:09:53.040> the<22:09:53.280> screws<22:09:53.576> to<22:09:53.760> hold<22:09:53.872> it

you can screw in the screws to hold it

you can screw in the screws to hold it
into<22:09:54.176> place<22:09:54.424> securely<22:09:54.896> front<22:09:55.256> and<22:09:55.440> back<22:09:55.760> and

into place securely front and back and

into place securely front and back and
most<22:09:57.296> of<22:09:57.480> them<22:09:57.600> actually<22:09:57.832> you<22:09:58.496> can<22:09:58.616> pull<22:09:58.936> open

most of them actually you can pull open

most of them actually you can pull open
so<22:10:00.656> it<22:10:00.832> pulls<22:10:01.144> out<22:10:01.320> from<22:10:01.552> the<22:10:01.744> rest<22:10:01.920> and<22:10:02.696> you

so it pulls out from the rest and you

so it pulls out from the rest and you
can<22:10:03.000> do<22:10:03.240> various<22:10:03.536> things<22:10:03.720> without<22:10:03.896> having<22:10:04.256> to

can do various things without having to

can do various things without having to
shut<22:10:04.976> down<22:10:05.216> the<22:10:05.512> server<22:10:05.872> or<22:10:06.720> the<22:10:06.896> cables

shut down the server or the cables

shut down the server or the cables
coming<22:10:07.376> loose<22:10:07.856> larger<22:10:08.760> up<22:10:09.000> Mount<22:10:09.120> servers<22:10:09.600> and

coming loose larger up Mount servers and

coming loose larger up Mount servers and
Equipment<22:10:09.960> are<22:10:10.144> stored<22:10:10.440> at<22:10:10.496> the<22:10:10.680> bottom<22:10:10.920> so

Equipment are stored at the bottom so

Equipment are stored at the bottom so
the<22:10:11.280> heavier<22:10:11.512> stuff<22:10:11.696> at<22:10:11.872> the<22:10:12.056> bottom<22:10:12.360> to

the heavier stuff at the bottom to

the heavier stuff at the bottom to
ensure<22:10:13.192> the<22:10:13.320> rack<22:10:13.552> doesn't<22:10:13.800> tip<22:10:14.160> over

ensure the rack doesn't tip over

ensure the rack doesn't tip over
Rock<22:10:15.656> loading<22:10:16.192> should<22:10:16.376> not<22:10:16.552> only<22:10:16.680> seed<22:10:17.104> the

Rock loading should not only seed the

Rock loading should not only seed the
weight<22:10:18.080> rated<22:10:19.080> capacity<22:10:19.616> of<22:10:19.976> the<22:10:20.104> raised

weight rated capacity of the raised

weight rated capacity of the raised
floor<22:10:20.576> to<22:10:21.176> ensure<22:10:21.424> that<22:10:21.600> the<22:10:21.720> race<22:10:21.896> floor

floor to ensure that the race floor

floor to ensure that the race floor
doesn't<22:10:22.496> collapse<22:10:22.920> because<22:10:23.160> it's

doesn't collapse because it's

doesn't collapse because it's
overweighted<22:10:24.176> everything<22:10:24.832> has<22:10:25.256> to<22:10:25.376> be

overweighted everything has to be

overweighted everything has to be
documented<22:10:26.336> planned<22:10:27.296> and<22:10:27.424> measured<22:10:27.784> so<22:10:28.016> you

documented planned and measured so you

documented planned and measured so you
spread<22:10:28.800> load<22:10:29.576> over<22:10:29.936> inside<22:10:30.536> one<22:10:30.896> rack<22:10:31.320> and

spread load over inside one rack and

spread load over inside one rack and
among<22:10:32.160> a<22:10:32.512> multitude<22:10:33.000> of<22:10:33.240> racks<22:10:33.784> so<22:10:34.440> you<22:10:34.616> can

among a multitude of racks so you can

among a multitude of racks so you can
have<22:10:34.800> the<22:10:34.920> heavier<22:10:35.216> stuff<22:10:35.400> going<22:10:35.696> at<22:10:36.056> the

have the heavier stuff going at the

have the heavier stuff going at the
bottom<22:10:36.536> of<22:10:36.896> 10<22:10:37.080> different<22:10:37.320> racks<22:10:37.920> the<22:10:38.464> next

bottom of 10 different racks the next

bottom of 10 different racks the next
heaviest<22:10:39.120> goes<22:10:39.656> on<22:10:39.832> top<22:10:40.016> on<22:10:40.680> 10<22:10:40.856> different

heaviest goes on top on 10 different

heaviest goes on top on 10 different
racks<22:10:41.576> and<22:10:42.120> so<22:10:42.296> on<22:10:42.536> rather<22:10:43.144> than<22:10:43.256> having<22:10:43.552> one

racks and so on rather than having one

racks and so on rather than having one
rack<22:10:44.160> with<22:10:44.336> all<22:10:44.512> the<22:10:44.640> heavier<22:10:44.936> stuff<22:10:45.240> because

rack with all the heavier stuff because

rack with all the heavier stuff because
it<22:10:46.144> could<22:10:46.256> if<22:10:46.744> it<22:10:46.856> breaches<22:10:47.160> a<22:10:47.336> loading<22:10:47.640> it's

it could if it breaches a loading it's

it could if it breaches a loading it's
obviously<22:10:48.056> going<22:10:48.176> to<22:10:48.296> break<22:10:48.424> through<22:10:48.600> the

obviously going to break through the

obviously going to break through the
floor

floor

floor
uh<22:10:51.424> the<22:10:51.600> power<22:10:51.720> distribution<22:10:52.256> your<22:10:52.552> data

uh the power distribution your data

uh the power distribution your data
center<22:10:52.976> is<22:10:53.160> normally<22:10:53.400> connected<22:10:53.824> to<22:10:54.000> multiple

center is normally connected to multiple

center is normally connected to multiple
power<22:10:54.720> grids

power grids

power grids
um<22:10:55.856> and<22:10:56.160> even<22:10:56.336> after<22:10:56.696> that<22:10:57.000> you<22:10:57.296> could<22:10:57.480> have

um and even after that you could have

um and even after that you could have
the<22:10:57.960> one<22:10:58.080> the<22:10:58.320> one<22:10:58.496> I<22:10:58.680> used<22:10:58.920> to<22:10:59.040> have<22:10:59.160> my

the one the one I used to have my

the one the one I used to have my
equipment<22:10:59.696> at<22:11:00.000> had

equipment at had

equipment at had
um

um

um
massive<22:11:02.760> generators<22:11:03.360> that<22:11:03.656> would<22:11:03.784> take<22:11:03.960> over

massive generators that would take over

massive generators that would take over
and<22:11:04.496> it<22:11:04.680> wasn't<22:11:04.744> one<22:11:05.040> generator<22:11:05.464> the

and it wasn't one generator the

and it wasn't one generator the
generator<22:11:06.176> had<22:11:06.480> a<22:11:06.656> backup<22:11:06.896> generator<22:11:07.376> as<22:11:07.744> well

generator had a backup generator as well

generator had a backup generator as well
so<22:11:08.640> there's<22:11:08.872> three<22:11:09.120> levels<22:11:09.536> of<22:11:09.784> redundancy<22:11:10.680> in

so there's three levels of redundancy in

so there's three levels of redundancy in
case<22:11:11.160> there<22:11:11.400> was<22:11:11.576> a<22:11:11.824> power<22:11:12.360> cut<22:11:12.600> for<22:11:12.832> whatever

case there was a power cut for whatever

case there was a power cut for whatever
reason

reason

reason
if<22:11:14.936> you've<22:11:15.120> got<22:11:15.176> two<22:11:15.360> grids<22:11:15.784> if<22:11:15.896> power<22:11:16.080> is<22:11:16.320> lost

if you've got two grids if power is lost

if you've got two grids if power is lost
on<22:11:16.680> one<22:11:16.920> grid<22:11:17.216> and<22:11:17.464> certainly<22:11:17.760> where<22:11:18.000> I<22:11:18.176> live

on one grid and certainly where I live

on one grid and certainly where I live
in<22:11:18.720> Australia<22:11:19.144> you<22:11:19.440> get<22:11:19.616> power<22:11:19.856> Cuts<22:11:20.336> quite

in Australia you get power Cuts quite

in Australia you get power Cuts quite
regularly<22:11:21.896> which<22:11:22.192> is<22:11:22.320> a<22:11:22.496> strange<22:11:22.856> phenomenon

regularly which is a strange phenomenon

regularly which is a strange phenomenon
now<22:11:25.744> to<22:11:26.040> experience

now to experience

now to experience
nowadays<22:11:28.080> for<22:11:28.496> devices<22:11:29.280> with<22:11:29.576> redundant

nowadays for devices with redundant

nowadays for devices with redundant
power<22:11:30.176> supplies<22:11:30.536> power<22:11:30.832> comes<22:11:31.192> from<22:11:31.376> separate

power supplies power comes from separate

power supplies power comes from separate
circuits<22:11:32.400> providing<22:11:33.360> redundancy

circuits providing redundancy

circuits providing redundancy
so<22:11:35.400> it<22:11:35.824> would<22:11:35.936> be

so it would be

so it would be
um it<22:11:37.744> wouldn't<22:11:37.856> be<22:11:38.040> great<22:11:38.216> redundancy<22:11:38.872> to

um it wouldn't be great redundancy to

um it wouldn't be great redundancy to
have<22:11:39.176> your<22:11:39.296> redundant<22:11:39.720> power<22:11:39.960> supply<22:11:40.144> both

have your redundant power supply both

have your redundant power supply both
connected<22:11:41.160> to<22:11:42.000> the<22:11:42.296> same<22:11:42.720> extension<22:11:43.256> lead

connected to the same extension lead

connected to the same extension lead
because<22:11:43.800> if<22:11:44.280> the

because if the

because if the
extension<22:11:45.896> lead<22:11:46.080> goes<22:11:46.496> down<22:11:46.616> or<22:11:46.976> the<22:11:47.160> power

extension lead goes down or the power

extension lead goes down or the power
supply<22:11:47.720> providing<22:11:48.720> power<22:11:49.080> to<22:11:49.320> the<22:11:49.504> extension

supply providing power to the extension

supply providing power to the extension
lead<22:11:49.976> then<22:11:50.280> you<22:11:50.464> lose<22:11:50.640> both<22:11:50.936> your<22:11:51.120> power

lead then you lose both your power

lead then you lose both your power
supplies<22:11:51.976> redundant<22:11:52.976> and<22:11:53.104> Main

supplies redundant and Main

supplies redundant and Main
as<22:11:55.256> a<22:11:55.504> data<22:11:55.856> centers<22:11:56.216> power<22:11:56.400> requirements<22:11:57.120> are

as a data centers power requirements are

as a data centers power requirements are
determined<22:11:58.016> by<22:11:58.192> taking<22:11:58.376> into<22:11:58.680> account<22:11:58.920> the

determined by taking into account the

determined by taking into account the
power<22:11:59.936> requirements<22:12:00.480> of<22:12:00.720> all<22:12:01.016> the<22:12:01.256> equipment

power requirements of all the equipment

power requirements of all the equipment
and<22:12:02.400> you've<22:12:02.576> got<22:12:02.760> a<22:12:03.000> feature

and you've got a feature

and you've got a feature
um<22:12:04.440> future<22:12:04.856> growth<22:12:05.464> so<22:12:06.056> you<22:12:06.240> can't<22:12:06.360> just<22:12:06.600> plan

um future growth so you can't just plan

um future growth so you can't just plan
for<22:12:07.144> what<22:12:07.376> you<22:12:07.744> need<22:12:08.280> now<22:12:08.872> you<22:12:09.056> need<22:12:09.240> to<22:12:09.360> plan

for what you need now you need to plan

for what you need now you need to plan
for<22:12:10.016> however<22:12:10.744> many<22:12:11.040> years<22:12:11.760> in<22:12:12.056> the<22:12:12.176> future<22:12:12.296> in

for however many years in the future in

for however many years in the future in
the<22:12:12.784> company's<22:12:13.016> business<22:12:13.320> plan

the company's business plan

the company's business plan
uh<22:12:15.832> you<22:12:16.016> need<22:12:16.192> to<22:12:16.320> ground<22:12:16.496> all<22:12:16.744> equipment

uh you need to ground all equipment

uh you need to ground all equipment
separate<22:12:17.760> to

separate to

separate to
um<22:12:19.016> other<22:12:19.504> grounds

um other grounds

um other grounds
fire<22:12:22.680> and<22:12:23.464> demand<22:12:23.872> for<22:12:24.056> the<22:12:24.240> power<22:12:24.480> increases

fire and demand for the power increases

fire and demand for the power increases
with<22:12:25.376> the

with the

with the
um<22:12:26.464> amount<22:12:27.240> of<22:12:27.360> equipment<22:12:27.784> a<22:12:28.680> lot<22:12:28.800> of<22:12:28.856> the

um amount of equipment a lot of the

um amount of equipment a lot of the
cream<22:12:29.160> equipment<22:12:29.696> with<22:12:30.000> increased<22:12:30.360> power

cream equipment with increased power

cream equipment with increased power
consumption<22:12:31.616> I<22:12:32.336> can<22:12:32.576> find<22:12:32.760> a<22:12:33.056> small<22:12:33.656> spaces

consumption I can find a small spaces

consumption I can find a small spaces
and<22:12:34.440> susceptible<22:12:34.856> to<22:12:35.104> fire<22:12:35.336> accidents

and susceptible to fire accidents

and susceptible to fire accidents
again<22:12:37.552> this<22:12:37.856> is<22:12:37.976> down<22:12:38.216> there<22:12:38.576> due<22:12:38.936> to<22:12:39.056> heat

again this is down there due to heat

again this is down there due to heat
obviously<22:12:40.256> fire<22:12:40.496> will<22:12:40.920> be<22:12:41.464> catastrophic

data centers are fire detection systems

data centers are fire detection systems
that<22:12:46.800> detect<22:12:47.216> the<22:12:47.336> fires<22:12:47.696> where<22:12:48.000> they<22:12:48.120> detect

that detect the fires where they detect

that detect the fires where they detect
smoke<22:12:48.656> I<22:12:48.960> think<22:12:49.080> before<22:12:49.376> the<22:12:49.680> fire

smoke I think before the fire

smoke I think before the fire
you've<22:12:51.120> got<22:12:51.176> portable<22:12:51.600> fire<22:12:51.896> extinguishers

you've got portable fire extinguishers

you've got portable fire extinguishers
for<22:12:53.040> engineers<22:12:53.576> to<22:12:53.872> use<22:12:54.056> if<22:12:54.296> they

for engineers to use if they

for engineers to use if they
somehow<22:12:56.104> set<22:12:56.464> something<22:12:56.696> on<22:12:57.000> fire<22:12:57.176> or<22:12:57.600> see<22:12:57.784> a

somehow set something on fire or see a

somehow set something on fire or see a
small<22:12:58.080> fire

small fire

small fire
data<22:12:59.872> centers<22:13:00.176> have<22:13:00.360> emergency<22:13:00.656> power<22:13:01.192> off

data centers have emergency power off

data centers have emergency power off
switches<22:13:01.856> which<22:13:02.104> are<22:13:02.216> big<22:13:02.336> red<22:13:02.512> patents<22:13:03.120> on

switches which are big red patents on

switches which are big red patents on
the<22:13:03.360> wall<22:13:03.480> that<22:13:04.144> cut<22:13:04.320> off<22:13:04.496> all<22:13:04.856> power

obviously if you do that it's um a

obviously if you do that it's um a
constitutes<22:13:12.536> an<22:13:12.656> emergency<22:13:12.960> because<22:13:13.504> all<22:13:13.920> the

constitutes an emergency because all the

constitutes an emergency because all the
servers<22:13:14.512> don't<22:13:15.056> really<22:13:15.832> um<22:13:15.832> deal<22:13:16.744> with<22:13:17.040> hard

servers don't really um deal with hard

servers don't really um deal with hard
power<22:13:17.464> shutdowns<22:13:18.120> very<22:13:18.296> well<22:13:18.480> they<22:13:18.656> normally

power shutdowns very well they normally

power shutdowns very well they normally
need<22:13:19.616> to<22:13:19.744> be<22:13:19.920> correctly<22:13:20.824> um<22:13:20.824> shut<22:13:21.176> down

need to be correctly um shut down

need to be correctly um shut down
following<22:13:22.440> procedures<22:13:23.176> faster<22:13:24.176> person

following procedures faster person

following procedures faster person
agents<22:13:24.896> put<22:13:25.144> out<22:13:25.320> the<22:13:25.504> fire

agents put out the fire

agents put out the fire
you've<22:13:26.872> got<22:13:26.936> to<22:13:27.120> choose<22:13:27.296> the<22:13:27.536> correct<22:13:27.832> one

you've got to choose the correct one

you've got to choose the correct one
obviously<22:13:29.336> if<22:13:29.464> you<22:13:29.576> even<22:13:29.696> if<22:13:29.936> you<22:13:30.000> go<22:13:30.120> to<22:13:30.240> a

obviously if you even if you go to a

obviously if you even if you go to a
local<22:13:30.536> hardware<22:13:30.832> store<22:13:31.256> and<22:13:31.744> choose<22:13:32.040> a<22:13:32.160> fire

local hardware store and choose a fire

local hardware store and choose a fire
extinguisher<22:13:32.936> there's<22:13:33.896> some<22:13:34.080> for<22:13:34.616> um<22:13:34.616> the

extinguisher there's some for um the

extinguisher there's some for um the
kitchen<22:13:35.160> some<22:13:35.576> for<22:13:35.760> papers<22:13:36.296> and<22:13:37.080> some<22:13:37.320> for<22:13:37.504> car

kitchen some for papers and some for car

kitchen some for papers and some for car
fires

fires

fires
there<22:13:40.552> are<22:13:40.680> three<22:13:40.800> types<22:13:41.104> wet<22:13:41.400> pipe<22:13:41.760> dry<22:13:42.000> pipe

there are three types wet pipe dry pipe

there are three types wet pipe dry pipe
and<22:13:42.600> gas

and gas

and gas
the<22:13:44.280> wet<22:13:44.400> pipe<22:13:44.824> is<22:13:44.936> basically<22:13:45.360> a<22:13:45.784> water<22:13:46.016> that's

the wet pipe is basically a water that's

the wet pipe is basically a water that's
held<22:13:47.040> within<22:13:47.280> the<22:13:47.400> pipe<22:13:47.760> under<22:13:48.240> pressure<22:13:48.616> and

held within the pipe under pressure and

held within the pipe under pressure and
it<22:13:49.744> breaks<22:13:50.104> a<22:13:50.216> little<22:13:50.336> seal<22:13:50.640> which<22:13:50.872> you<22:13:51.056> can

it breaks a little seal which you can

it breaks a little seal which you can
see<22:13:51.360> in<22:13:51.896> the<22:13:52.192> picture<22:13:52.616> there<22:13:52.920> the<22:13:53.104> little<22:13:53.280> red

see in the picture there the little red

see in the picture there the little red
seal<22:13:53.872> and<22:13:54.536> that<22:13:55.016> um<22:13:55.016> when<22:13:55.552> that<22:13:55.680> breaks<22:13:56.040> it

seal and that um when that breaks it

seal and that um when that breaks it
lets<22:13:56.576> the<22:13:56.696> water<22:13:56.936> come<22:13:57.296> out

lets the water come out

lets the water come out
and<22:13:58.800> obviously<22:13:59.216> soaks<22:14:00.120> everything<22:14:00.296> with

and obviously soaks everything with

and obviously soaks everything with
water<22:14:00.832> and<22:14:01.320> that's<22:14:01.440> the<22:14:01.680> end<22:14:01.856> of<22:14:02.040> your

water and that's the end of your

water and that's the end of your
equipment

equipment

equipment
and<22:14:04.320> it<22:14:04.552> will<22:14:04.680> bring<22:14:04.856> your<22:14:04.976> data<22:14:05.280> center<22:14:05.464> down

and it will bring your data center down

and it will bring your data center down
the<22:14:06.536> drive<22:14:06.656> pipe<22:14:07.080> is<22:14:07.144> the<22:14:07.320> same<22:14:07.440> as<22:14:07.552> a<22:14:07.680> wet<22:14:07.800> pipe

the drive pipe is the same as a wet pipe

the drive pipe is the same as a wet pipe
but<22:14:08.280> the<22:14:08.400> water's<22:14:08.696> not<22:14:08.872> kept<22:14:09.176> in<22:14:09.296> the<22:14:09.480> pipes

but the water's not kept in the pipes

but the water's not kept in the pipes
and<22:14:11.280> the<22:14:11.512> reason<22:14:11.576> is<22:14:11.824> it<22:14:12.000> accumulates

and the reason is it accumulates

and the reason is it accumulates
moisture<22:14:13.016> and<22:14:13.552> if<22:14:14.104> there's<22:14:14.216> a<22:14:14.400> drape<22:14:14.696> it<22:14:14.872> can

moisture and if there's a drape it can

moisture and if there's a drape it can
damage<22:14:15.424> the<22:14:15.600> equipment<22:14:15.896> and<22:14:16.856> obviously

damage the equipment and obviously

damage the equipment and obviously
um could<22:14:18.600> cause<22:14:18.832> rust

um could cause rust

um could cause rust
since<22:14:20.576> the<22:14:20.824> dry<22:14:20.936> pipe<22:14:21.296> is<22:14:21.360> a<22:14:21.536> water-based

since the dry pipe is a water-based

since the dry pipe is a water-based
system<22:14:22.144> the<22:14:22.496> disadvantage<22:14:23.104> is<22:14:23.336> the<22:14:23.576> same<22:14:23.696> as

system the disadvantage is the same as

system the disadvantage is the same as
the<22:14:24.000> wet<22:14:24.176> pipe

the wet pipe

the wet pipe
now<22:14:25.552> you've<22:14:25.744> got<22:14:25.856> gas<22:14:26.104> suppression

now you've got gas suppression

now you've got gas suppression
suppression<22:14:27.600> which<22:14:27.832> is<22:14:28.016> the<22:14:28.496> norm<22:14:28.680> in<22:14:29.160> your

suppression which is the norm in your

suppression which is the norm in your
data<22:14:29.824> centers<22:14:30.176> it<22:14:30.896> basically<22:14:31.192> starves<22:14:31.800> the

data centers it basically starves the

data centers it basically starves the
fire<22:14:33.360> of<22:14:33.896> oxygen<22:14:34.744> and<22:14:35.104> the<22:14:35.216> fires<22:14:35.576> need<22:14:35.696> oxygen

fire of oxygen and the fires need oxygen

fire of oxygen and the fires need oxygen
in<22:14:36.424> order<22:14:36.600> to<22:14:37.080> generate<22:14:37.920> the<22:14:38.040> Heat

in order to generate the Heat

in order to generate the Heat
clean<22:14:39.720> agents<22:14:40.144> such<22:14:40.320> as<22:14:40.496> fm200<22:14:41.104> remove<22:14:41.464> the

clean agents such as fm200 remove the

clean agents such as fm200 remove the
heat<22:14:41.824> from<22:14:42.000> the<22:14:42.176> fire<22:14:42.296> and<22:14:43.192> here's<22:14:43.552> some<22:14:43.680> large

heat from the fire and here's some large

heat from the fire and here's some large
industrially<22:14:44.512> scale<22:14:45.016> heat<22:14:46.016> agents

industrially scale heat agents

industrially scale heat agents
and<22:14:48.296> inert<22:14:48.656> gases<22:14:49.080> such<22:14:49.256> as<22:14:49.376> carbon<22:14:49.744> dioxide

and inert gases such as carbon dioxide

and inert gases such as carbon dioxide
deprive<22:14:50.824> the<22:14:51.000> fire<22:14:51.176> of<22:14:51.360> oxygen

deprive the fire of oxygen

deprive the fire of oxygen
you<22:14:53.400> do<22:14:53.512> get<22:14:53.696> immediate<22:14:54.120> recovery<22:14:54.480> of

you do get immediate recovery of

you do get immediate recovery of
business<22:14:54.784> operations<22:14:55.376> you've<22:14:55.856> obviously<22:14:56.104> got

business operations you've obviously got

business operations you've obviously got
to<22:14:56.400> vent<22:14:56.640> the<22:14:57.240> area<22:14:57.424> before<22:14:57.784> people<22:14:58.144> are

to vent the area before people are

to vent the area before people are
allowed<22:14:58.744> back<22:14:58.856> in<22:14:59.040> otherwise<22:14:59.696> they'll<22:14:59.936> just

allowed back in otherwise they'll just

allowed back in otherwise they'll just
pass<22:15:00.240> out

pass out

pass out
and<22:15:01.800> and<22:15:01.800> you've<22:15:02.280> got<22:15:02.336> to<22:15:02.512> have<22:15:02.640> training<22:15:03.120> for

and and you've got to have training for

and and you've got to have training for
the<22:15:03.656> staff

the staff

the staff
it<22:15:05.216> doesn't<22:15:05.400> actually<22:15:05.640> mention<22:15:05.936> I<22:15:06.240> didn't<22:15:06.424> put

it doesn't actually mention I didn't put

it doesn't actually mention I didn't put
in<22:15:06.720> here<22:15:06.896> but<22:15:07.080> you<22:15:07.192> obviously<22:15:07.552> need<22:15:07.856> an

in here but you obviously need an

in here but you obviously need an
evacuation<22:15:08.936> plan<22:15:09.440> so<22:15:10.440> that<22:15:10.856> there's<22:15:11.696> normally

evacuation plan so that there's normally

evacuation plan so that there's normally
a<22:15:12.120> diagram<22:15:12.424> in<22:15:13.144> several<22:15:13.440> key<22:15:13.744> places<22:15:13.976> and<22:15:14.464> and

a diagram in several key places and and

a diagram in several key places and and
signed<22:15:15.360> exits

signed exits

signed exits
as<22:15:17.336> mentioned<22:15:17.760> in<22:15:17.872> the<22:15:18.000> syllabus<22:15:18.424> but<22:15:18.600> I<22:15:18.720> just

as mentioned in the syllabus but I just

as mentioned in the syllabus but I just
thought<22:15:18.960> it<22:15:19.144> was<22:15:19.256> so<22:15:19.440> obvious<22:15:19.680> because<22:15:19.976> we<22:15:20.280> all

thought it was so obvious because we all

thought it was so obvious because we all
see<22:15:20.576> them<22:15:20.760> wherever<22:15:21.176> we<22:15:21.480> go<22:15:21.784> even<22:15:22.080> coffee

see them wherever we go even coffee

see them wherever we go even coffee
shops<22:15:22.744> have<22:15:22.920> got<22:15:23.104> fire<22:15:23.536> exits<22:15:24.536> of<22:15:24.656> fire<22:15:24.832> escape

shops have got fire exits of fire escape

shops have got fire exits of fire escape
plans

plans

plans
lifting<22:15:27.120> techniques<22:15:27.656> well<22:15:27.960> you<22:15:28.144> can<22:15:28.256> see<22:15:28.376> this

lifting techniques well you can see this

lifting techniques well you can see this
guy<22:15:28.856> here<22:15:29.216> is<22:15:29.576> bending<22:15:30.120> his<22:15:30.296> back<22:15:30.536> not<22:15:30.896> his

guy here is bending his back not his

guy here is bending his back not his
knees<22:15:31.440> which<22:15:31.744> isn't<22:15:32.040> a<22:15:32.160> recommended<22:15:32.760> way<22:15:33.536> to

knees which isn't a recommended way to

knees which isn't a recommended way to
do<22:15:33.960> things

do things

do things
easiest<22:15:35.696> way<22:15:35.936> is<22:15:36.240> to<22:15:36.480> adjust<22:15:36.656> houses<22:15:37.016> through

easiest way is to adjust houses through

easiest way is to adjust houses through
improper<22:15:37.800> lifting<22:15:38.160> don't<22:15:38.760> really<22:15:39.056> lift<22:15:39.296> the

improper lifting don't really lift the

improper lifting don't really lift the
equipment<22:15:39.656> if<22:15:39.896> it<22:15:40.016> weighs<22:15:40.440> more<22:15:40.552> than<22:15:40.680> a

equipment if it weighs more than a

equipment if it weighs more than a
quarter<22:15:41.104> of<22:15:41.216> your<22:15:41.400> weight<22:15:41.656> lift<22:15:42.656> with<22:15:42.784> your

quarter of your weight lift with your

quarter of your weight lift with your
legs<22:15:43.144> with<22:15:43.256> a<22:15:43.440> straight<22:15:43.504> back<22:15:43.744> obviously<22:15:44.280> if

legs with a straight back obviously if

legs with a straight back obviously if
you<22:15:44.576> have<22:15:44.696> injuries<22:15:45.360> especially<22:15:45.896> back

you have injuries especially back

you have injuries especially back
injuries<22:15:46.744> then<22:15:47.336> don't<22:15:47.512> attempt<22:15:48.056> it<22:15:48.240> and<22:15:48.960> a<22:15:49.080> lot

injuries then don't attempt it and a lot

injuries then don't attempt it and a lot
of<22:15:49.256> the<22:15:49.320> time<22:15:49.504> there's<22:15:49.744> lifted<22:15:50.216> equipments

of the time there's lifted equipments

of the time there's lifted equipments
there<22:15:52.192> that<22:15:52.496> will<22:15:52.680> oyster<22:15:53.160> for<22:15:53.512> you<22:15:53.696> or<22:15:53.936> hold

there that will oyster for you or hold

there that will oyster for you or hold
it<22:15:54.296> in<22:15:54.480> place<22:15:54.600> while<22:15:54.960> you<22:15:55.192> screw<22:15:55.976> things<22:15:56.216> or

it in place while you screw things or

it in place while you screw things or
unscrew<22:15:57.656> them<22:15:57.784> and<22:15:57.960> Slot<22:15:58.192> them<22:15:58.320> in

unscrew them and Slot them in

unscrew them and Slot them in
anti-static<22:16:00.296> static<22:16:00.832> electricity<22:16:01.256> as<22:16:01.552> I

anti-static static electricity as I

anti-static static electricity as I
mentioned<22:16:01.856> at<22:16:02.040> the<22:16:02.216> start<22:16:02.336> will<22:16:02.640> fry<22:16:03.120> various

mentioned at the start will fry various

mentioned at the start will fry various
components<22:16:04.616> and<22:16:04.800> that's<22:16:04.976> happened<22:16:05.160> to<22:16:05.400> me

components and that's happened to me

components and that's happened to me
when<22:16:05.760> I've<22:16:05.872> installed<22:16:06.744> motherboards<22:16:07.744> and

when I've installed motherboards and

when I've installed motherboards and
other<22:16:08.040> devices<22:16:08.464> I've<22:16:08.936> just<22:16:09.176> heard<22:16:09.296> a<22:16:09.536> Little

other devices I've just heard a Little

other devices I've just heard a Little
Fizz<22:16:10.080> and<22:16:10.800> some<22:16:11.040> things

Fizz and some things

Fizz and some things
um something's<22:16:12.600> broken<22:16:12.832> so<22:16:13.800> use<22:16:13.976> anti-static

um something's broken so use anti-static

um something's broken so use anti-static
devices

devices

devices
there's<22:16:17.216> anti-static<22:16:17.936> bags<22:16:18.296> and<22:16:18.536> also<22:16:18.784> wrist

there's anti-static bags and also wrist

there's anti-static bags and also wrist
straps<22:16:19.552> that<22:16:19.920> you<22:16:20.216> can<22:16:20.480> connect<22:16:21.480> to<22:16:21.720> your

straps that you can connect to your

straps that you can connect to your
wrist<22:16:22.192> and<22:16:22.856> then<22:16:22.976> connect<22:16:23.280> to<22:16:23.512> an<22:16:23.640> earth

wrist and then connect to an earth

wrist and then connect to an earth
somewhere<22:16:24.240> that<22:16:24.536> will<22:16:24.720> prevent<22:16:25.144> the

somewhere that will prevent the

somewhere that will prevent the
um

um

um
causing<22:16:27.896> the<22:16:28.016> spark<22:16:28.256> somewhere<22:16:28.800> because<22:16:29.216> as

causing the spark somewhere because as

causing the spark somewhere because as
we<22:16:29.696> walk<22:16:29.936> around<22:16:30.120> we're<22:16:30.424> generating

we walk around we're generating

we walk around we're generating
electricity<22:16:31.440> static<22:16:32.040> electricity

electricity static electricity

electricity static electricity
stabilizing<22:16:34.552> Iraq<22:16:34.920> is<22:16:35.160> important<22:16:35.512> to<22:16:35.640> have<22:16:35.760> a

stabilizing Iraq is important to have a

stabilizing Iraq is important to have a
correctly<22:16:36.176> stabilized<22:16:37.016> rack<22:16:37.680> with<22:16:37.920> the<22:16:38.464> um

correctly stabilized rack with the um

correctly stabilized rack with the um
fate<22:16:38.936> which<22:16:39.600> are<22:16:39.720> all<22:16:39.832> adjustable<22:16:40.336> racks<22:16:41.336> are

fate which are all adjustable racks are

fate which are all adjustable racks are
not<22:16:41.576> stable<22:16:41.936> or<22:16:42.120> likely<22:16:42.424> to<22:16:42.536> collapse<22:16:42.832> at<22:16:43.016> any

not stable or likely to collapse at any

not stable or likely to collapse at any
time

time

time
um<22:16:45.120> you<22:16:45.296> put<22:16:45.480> your<22:16:45.720> large<22:16:45.896> equipment<22:16:46.320> in<22:16:46.496> at

um you put your large equipment in at

um you put your large equipment in at
the<22:16:46.856> bottom

the bottom

the bottom
and<22:16:48.176> the<22:16:48.296> lighter<22:16:48.656> at<22:16:48.832> the<22:16:49.016> top<22:16:49.376> there

and the lighter at the top there

and the lighter at the top there
and<22:16:51.056> moving<22:16:51.424> on<22:16:51.536> to<22:16:51.720> another<22:16:51.976> syllabus<22:16:52.976> item

and moving on to another syllabus item

and moving on to another syllabus item
is<22:16:53.872> the<22:16:54.376> MSDS<22:16:55.376> the<22:16:55.680> material<22:16:56.040> safety<22:16:56.464> data

is the MSDS the material safety data

is the MSDS the material safety data
sheet<22:16:57.176> which<22:16:57.832> you'll<22:16:58.144> go<22:16:58.320> into<22:16:58.464> this<22:16:59.464> is<22:16:59.576> a

sheet which you'll go into this is a

sheet which you'll go into this is a
document<22:17:00.000> that<22:17:00.240> contains<22:17:00.720> information<22:17:01.016> about

document that contains information about

document that contains information about
hazardous<22:17:02.216> chemicals

hazardous chemicals

hazardous chemicals
used<22:17:04.016> as<22:17:04.256> a<22:17:04.440> primary<22:17:04.680> means<22:17:04.976> to<22:17:05.104> communicate

used as a primary means to communicate

used as a primary means to communicate
and<22:17:06.360> the<22:17:06.656> chemical<22:17:06.960> hazards<22:17:07.504> to<22:17:07.616> staff<22:17:07.976> I

and the chemical hazards to staff I

and the chemical hazards to staff I
presume<22:17:09.176> you'd<22:17:09.360> go<22:17:09.480> in<22:17:09.656> some<22:17:09.784> sort<22:17:09.960> of

presume you'd go in some sort of

presume you'd go in some sort of
training<22:17:10.440> course<22:17:10.616> for<22:17:11.104> for<22:17:11.696> this<22:17:12.000> not<22:17:12.600> um

training course for for this not um

training course for for this not um
not<22:17:13.680> just<22:17:13.920> read<22:17:14.040> something<22:17:14.280> on<22:17:14.576> a<22:17:14.760> wall

not just read something on a wall

not just read something on a wall
preferred<22:17:15.832> by<22:17:15.960> the<22:17:16.144> manufacturer<22:17:16.744> or

preferred by the manufacturer or

preferred by the manufacturer or
supplier<22:17:17.160> of<22:17:17.400> the<22:17:17.512> chemical

supplier of the chemical

supplier of the chemical
you<22:17:19.920> have<22:17:20.040> to<22:17:20.216> make<22:17:20.400> the<22:17:20.576> MSDS<22:17:21.240> available<22:17:21.480> in

you have to make the MSDS available in

you have to make the MSDS available in
your<22:17:22.080> workplace<22:17:22.440> for<22:17:22.744> each<22:17:22.920> hazardous

your workplace for each hazardous

your workplace for each hazardous
chemical<22:17:23.760> or<22:17:24.536> a<22:17:24.720> mixture<22:17:25.016> of<22:17:25.256> such<22:17:25.440> hazardous

chemical or a mixture of such hazardous

chemical or a mixture of such hazardous
chemicals

chemicals

chemicals
it<22:17:27.600> should<22:17:27.784> be<22:17:27.896> ready<22:17:28.016> available<22:17:28.320> to<22:17:28.744> all

it should be ready available to all

it should be ready available to all
those<22:17:29.104> who<22:17:29.280> may<22:17:29.464> come<22:17:29.640> into<22:17:29.824> contact<22:17:30.056> with

those who may come into contact with

those who may come into contact with
such<22:17:30.680> hazardous<22:17:31.680> chemicals

such hazardous chemicals

such hazardous chemicals
the<22:17:34.744> occupational<22:17:35.216> safety<22:17:36.120> and<22:17:36.240> health

the occupational safety and health

the occupational safety and health
administration<22:17:37.080> and<22:17:37.744> I<22:17:37.856> presume<22:17:38.216> these<22:17:38.400> are

administration and I presume these are

administration and I presume these are
American<22:17:38.760> different<22:17:39.176> countries<22:17:39.536> will<22:17:39.784> have

American different countries will have

American different countries will have
different<22:17:40.512> organizations<22:17:41.512> or

different organizations or

different organizations or
Administrations

Administrations

Administrations
they're<22:17:43.976> part<22:17:44.216> of<22:17:44.336> the<22:17:44.400> US<22:17:44.576> Department<22:17:44.936> of

they're part of the US Department of

they're part of the US Department of
Labor<22:17:45.656> create<22:17:46.376> the<22:17:46.744> hazard<22:17:47.160> communication

Labor create the hazard communication

Labor create the hazard communication
standard<22:17:48.536> to<22:17:49.192> ensure<22:17:49.440> that<22:17:49.744> all

standard to ensure that all

standard to ensure that all
um chemicals<22:17:51.176> that<22:17:51.296> are<22:17:51.480> hazardous<22:17:51.832> are

um chemicals that are hazardous are

um chemicals that are hazardous are
evaluated<22:17:52.496> and<22:17:53.280> the<22:17:53.464> information<22:17:53.640> is

evaluated and the information is

evaluated and the information is
correctly<22:17:54.600> passed

correctly passed

correctly passed
should<22:17:56.824> be<22:17:57.000> in<22:17:57.120> English<22:17:57.296> this<22:17:57.832> should<22:17:57.960> be

should be in English this should be

should be in English this should be
include<22:17:58.376> 12<22:17:58.552> items<22:17:59.040> mandated<22:17:59.576> which<22:17:59.936> will<22:18:00.120> go

include 12 items mandated which will go

include 12 items mandated which will go
through<22:18:00.536> briefly

through briefly

through briefly
the<22:18:02.216> name<22:18:02.336> of<22:18:02.576> the<22:18:02.640> chemical<22:18:03.000> the<22:18:03.424> physically

the name of the chemical the physically

the name of the chemical the physically
chemical<22:18:04.256> pop<22:18:04.616> and<22:18:05.040> properties<22:18:05.576> such<22:18:06.240> as

chemical pop and properties such as

chemical pop and properties such as
color<22:18:06.536> and<22:18:06.832> odor<22:18:07.256> so<22:18:07.376> you<22:18:07.552> can<22:18:07.680> recognize<22:18:08.512> it

color and odor so you can recognize it

color and odor so you can recognize it
if<22:18:08.872> it<22:18:09.056> does<22:18:09.176> have<22:18:09.360> a<22:18:09.536> color<22:18:09.720> a<22:18:10.440> lot<22:18:10.496> of<22:18:10.552> them

if it does have a color a lot of them

if it does have a color a lot of them
have<22:18:10.856> odors<22:18:11.400> added

have odors added

have odors added
such<22:18:13.080> as<22:18:13.256> their<22:18:13.440> natural<22:18:13.680> gas<22:18:13.976> has<22:18:14.280> an<22:18:14.464> odor

such as their natural gas has an odor

such as their natural gas has an odor
added<22:18:15.240> certainly<22:18:16.016> did<22:18:16.256> in<22:18:16.440> the<22:18:16.552> UK<22:18:16.856> so<22:18:17.280> you

added certainly did in the UK so you

added certainly did in the UK so you
could<22:18:17.872> smell<22:18:18.056> it<22:18:18.296> if<22:18:18.424> there<22:18:18.536> was<22:18:18.720> a<22:18:18.784> leak<22:18:19.552> and

could smell it if there was a leak and

could smell it if there was a leak and
before<22:18:20.336> that<22:18:20.696> and<22:18:21.000> people<22:18:21.240> didn't<22:18:21.600> know<22:18:21.784> that

before that and people didn't know that

before that and people didn't know that
the<22:18:22.192> house<22:18:22.376> was<22:18:22.552> full<22:18:22.744> of<22:18:22.920> gas<22:18:23.104> and<22:18:23.400> uh<22:18:23.824> lit<22:18:24.480> a

the house was full of gas and uh lit a

the house was full of gas and uh lit a
cigarette<22:18:24.896> and<22:18:25.016> that<22:18:25.192> was<22:18:25.320> the<22:18:25.440> end<22:18:25.552> of<22:18:25.744> them

cigarette and that was the end of them

cigarette and that was the end of them
physical<22:18:26.872> hundreds<22:18:27.656> uh<22:18:28.080> hazards<22:18:28.496> such<22:18:28.616> as

physical hundreds uh hazards such as

physical hundreds uh hazards such as
explosiveness<22:18:29.464> or<22:18:29.872> could<22:18:30.176> it<22:18:30.360> react<22:18:30.600> with

explosiveness or could it react with

explosiveness or could it react with
something

something

something
uh<22:18:33.240> health<22:18:33.424> hazards<22:18:33.960> such<22:18:34.080> as<22:18:34.192> corrosive<22:18:34.680> to

uh health hazards such as corrosive to

uh health hazards such as corrosive to
eyes<22:18:35.040> or<22:18:35.336> skin<22:18:35.576> you<22:18:35.872> normally<22:18:36.240> have<22:18:36.600> that<22:18:36.784> in<22:18:36.896> a

eyes or skin you normally have that in a

eyes or skin you normally have that in a
diagram<22:18:37.256> as<22:18:37.552> well

diagram as well

diagram as well
primary<22:18:38.936> ways<22:18:39.360> you<22:18:39.480> can<22:18:39.600> enter<22:18:39.784> your<22:18:40.016> body

primary ways you can enter your body

primary ways you can enter your body
such<22:18:40.552> as<22:18:40.744> always<22:18:40.976> breathing

such as always breathing

such as always breathing
allowable<22:18:44.104> limits<22:18:44.512> of<22:18:44.640> exposure<22:18:45.176> before<22:18:45.896> you

allowable limits of exposure before you

allowable limits of exposure before you
get<22:18:46.496> seriously<22:18:47.216> injured<22:18:47.640> or<22:18:47.760> die

get seriously injured or die

get seriously injured or die
carcinogen

precautions before you use it masks or

precautions before you use it masks or
goggles<22:18:58.496> special<22:18:59.280> equipment

goggles special equipment

goggles special equipment
and<22:19:01.376> do<22:19:01.504> you<22:19:01.616> need<22:19:01.744> any<22:19:01.920> gloves

and do you need any gloves

and do you need any gloves
protection

protection

protection
and<22:19:06.240> Engineering<22:19:06.896> controls

and Engineering controls

and Engineering controls
first<22:19:09.832> aid<22:19:10.192> if<22:19:10.376> it<22:19:10.496> all<22:19:10.616> goes<22:19:10.920> wrong<22:19:11.040> normally

first aid if it all goes wrong normally

first aid if it all goes wrong normally
as<22:19:12.000> the<22:19:12.240> number<22:19:12.360> of<22:19:12.536> the<22:19:12.720> Emergency<22:19:12.896> Services

as the number of the Emergency Services

as the number of the Emergency Services
the<22:19:14.576> date<22:19:14.760> when<22:19:14.936> it<22:19:15.176> was<22:19:15.360> prepared<22:19:15.832> the

the date when it was prepared the

the date when it was prepared the
document<22:19:16.976> and<22:19:17.824> the<22:19:18.000> last<22:19:18.120> revision

document and the last revision

document and the last revision
contact<22:19:19.856> details<22:19:20.464> of<22:19:20.696> the<22:19:20.872> person<22:19:21.120> who's

contact details of the person who's

contact details of the person who's
responsible

responsible

responsible
all<22:19:25.144> right<22:19:25.256> we've<22:19:25.504> covered<22:19:25.800> a<22:19:25.976> lot<22:19:26.104> here<22:19:26.280> and

all right we've covered a lot here and

all right we've covered a lot here and
it's<22:19:26.576> all<22:19:26.760> your<22:19:26.936> health<22:19:27.120> and<22:19:27.296> safety<22:19:27.656> stuff

it's all your health and safety stuff

it's all your health and safety stuff
your<22:19:28.256> data<22:19:28.680> center<22:19:28.800> your<22:19:29.336> HVAC

your data center your HVAC

your data center your HVAC
hot<22:19:31.256> and<22:19:31.440> cold<22:19:31.800> aisles<22:19:32.280> and<22:19:32.640> a<22:19:32.824> correct

hot and cold aisles and a correct

hot and cold aisles and a correct
loading<22:19:33.720> of<22:19:33.960> your<22:19:34.192> racks

loading of your racks

loading of your racks
fire<22:19:36.600> risk<22:19:37.144> fire<22:19:37.744> suppression<22:19:38.400> and<22:19:38.576> the

fire risk fire suppression and the

fire risk fire suppression and the
impact<22:19:39.120> your<22:19:40.080> type<22:19:40.256> of<22:19:40.440> Agents

impact your type of Agents

impact your type of Agents
lifting<22:19:42.720> without<22:19:43.016> injuring<22:19:43.744> yourself<22:19:43.856> or

lifting without injuring yourself or

lifting without injuring yourself or
others

others

others
you're<22:19:45.784> anti-static<22:19:46.496> and<22:19:46.680> rack

you're anti-static and rack

you're anti-static and rack
stabilization<22:19:47.936> and<22:19:48.480> your<22:19:48.720> MSDS<22:19:49.616> so<22:19:50.512> that's

stabilization and your MSDS so that's

stabilization and your MSDS so that's
all<22:19:51.000> thanks<22:19:51.424> for<22:19:51.600> watching

[Music]

[Music]
foreign

and we look at signal loss interference

and we look at signal loss interference
signal<22:20:20.104> to<22:20:20.280> noise<22:20:20.576> device<22:20:21.296> saturation

signal to noise device saturation

signal to noise device saturation
bandwidth<22:20:23.104> saturation

bandwidth saturation

bandwidth saturation
untested<22:20:25.616> updates<22:20:25.976> getting<22:20:26.512> your<22:20:26.824> SSID<22:20:27.536> wrong

untested updates getting your SSID wrong

untested updates getting your SSID wrong
so<22:20:29.216> you<22:20:29.336> can<22:20:29.464> guess<22:20:29.576> how<22:20:29.760> to<22:20:29.936> fix<22:20:30.056> that<22:20:30.360> one

so you can guess how to fix that one

so you can guess how to fix that one
power<22:20:31.856> levels<22:20:32.336> open<22:20:32.640> networks<22:20:33.424> Rogue<22:20:34.192> access

power levels open networks Rogue access

power levels open networks Rogue access
points

points

points
wrong<22:20:36.960> antenna<22:20:37.616> for<22:20:37.976> your<22:20:38.336> device

wrong antenna for your device

wrong antenna for your device
incompatibilities<22:20:40.552> wrong<22:20:41.160> encryption<22:20:42.016> and

incompatibilities wrong encryption and

incompatibilities wrong encryption and
bounce<22:20:44.424> most<22:20:45.424> of<22:20:45.600> these<22:20:45.720> are<22:20:45.896> pretty<22:20:46.080> Common

bounce most of these are pretty Common

bounce most of these are pretty Common
Sense<22:20:46.616> actually<22:20:47.040> but<22:20:47.576> I've<22:20:48.296> put<22:20:48.536> these<22:20:48.832> in

Sense actually but I've put these in

Sense actually but I've put these in
because

because

because
um<22:20:50.040> it's<22:20:50.336> on<22:20:50.464> the<22:20:50.640> syllabus<22:20:51.120> and<22:20:51.960> if<22:20:52.144> you've

um it's on the syllabus and if you've

um it's on the syllabus and if you've
got<22:20:52.440> a<22:20:52.680> home<22:20:53.120> wireless<22:20:54.120> device<22:20:54.600> or<22:20:55.016> even

got a home wireless device or even

got a home wireless device or even
you've<22:20:55.616> used<22:20:55.800> Wireless<22:20:56.040> on<22:20:56.512> your<22:20:57.000> mobile

you've used Wireless on your mobile

you've used Wireless on your mobile
phone<22:20:58.376> you<22:20:59.160> probably<22:20:59.336> have<22:20:59.512> to<22:20:59.696> troubleshoot

phone you probably have to troubleshoot

phone you probably have to troubleshoot
most<22:21:00.480> of<22:21:00.656> these<22:21:00.960> issues

most of these issues

most of these issues
um but<22:21:02.576> we'll<22:21:03.000> cover<22:21:03.176> them<22:21:03.360> nonetheless<22:21:03.832> just

um but we'll cover them nonetheless just

um but we'll cover them nonetheless just
in<22:21:04.376> case<22:21:04.760> signal<22:21:05.760> loss<22:21:06.120> you've<22:21:06.360> got<22:21:06.424> no<22:21:06.656> signal

in case signal loss you've got no signal

in case signal loss you've got no signal
or<22:21:07.504> low<22:21:07.856> signal

or low signal

or low signal
there's<22:21:09.360> connectivity<22:21:10.280> and<22:21:11.280> there's<22:21:11.696> no

there's connectivity and there's no

there's connectivity and there's no
connectivity<22:21:12.296> when<22:21:12.656> there's<22:21:12.832> no<22:21:12.960> signal

connectivity when there's no signal

connectivity when there's no signal
there's<22:21:14.872> latency<22:21:15.360> and<22:21:15.656> inconsistent

there's latency and inconsistent

there's latency and inconsistent
connectivity<22:21:16.744> when<22:21:17.160> the<22:21:17.336> signal<22:21:17.576> strength<22:21:18.000> is

connectivity when the signal strength is

connectivity when the signal strength is
low

client devices closer to the access

client devices closer to the access
point<22:21:23.400> especially<22:21:23.872> when<22:21:24.056> you're<22:21:24.176> at<22:21:24.360> home

point especially when you're at home

point especially when you're at home
actually

actually

actually
if<22:21:26.760> you've<22:21:27.056> got<22:21:27.296> a<22:21:27.784> your<22:21:27.896> wireless<22:21:28.144> access

if you've got a your wireless access

if you've got a your wireless access
point<22:21:28.920> in<22:21:29.640> a<22:21:30.240> different<22:21:30.600> room<22:21:31.016> and<22:21:31.976> if<22:21:32.160> you've

point in a different room and if you've

point in a different room and if you've
got<22:21:32.576> an<22:21:32.872> older<22:21:33.176> house<22:21:33.296> certainly<22:21:33.720> in<22:21:33.832> the<22:21:33.960> UK

got an older house certainly in the UK

got an older house certainly in the UK
most<22:21:34.616> of<22:21:34.800> the<22:21:34.920> walls<22:21:35.216> were<22:21:35.400> made<22:21:35.696> of

most of the walls were made of

most of the walls were made of
um thick<22:21:37.504> concrete

um thick concrete

um thick concrete
and<22:21:40.552> uh<22:21:40.920> they<22:21:41.336> built<22:21:41.760> the<22:21:41.824> houses<22:21:42.000> to<22:21:42.424> last

and uh they built the houses to last

and uh they built the houses to last
there<22:21:42.832> was<22:21:43.016> no<22:21:43.464> or<22:21:44.464> very<22:21:44.760> few<22:21:44.936> false<22:21:45.480> walls

there was no or very few false walls

there was no or very few false walls
inside<22:21:46.016> houses<22:21:46.440> with<22:21:46.856> just<22:21:47.104> plasterboard<22:21:47.576> or

inside houses with just plasterboard or

inside houses with just plasterboard or
wood

wood

wood
um<22:21:49.920> obviously<22:21:50.464> you<22:21:50.576> can<22:21:50.696> install

um obviously you can install

um obviously you can install
um<22:21:51.832> a<22:21:52.376> booster<22:21:52.744> as<22:21:52.920> well<22:21:53.040> you<22:21:53.280> can<22:21:53.464> install

um a booster as well you can install

um a booster as well you can install
something<22:21:54.056> in<22:21:54.424> your<22:21:54.656> power<22:21:55.376> unit<22:21:56.120> and<22:21:57.120> it<22:21:57.424> will

something in your power unit and it will

something in your power unit and it will
boost<22:21:57.784> the<22:21:57.960> signal<22:21:58.376> or<22:21:58.744> act<22:21:58.976> as<22:21:59.104> a<22:21:59.280> repeater

boost the signal or act as a repeater

boost the signal or act as a repeater
ensure<22:22:01.376> there's<22:22:01.616> minimal<22:22:02.056> obstructions

ensure there's minimal obstructions

ensure there's minimal obstructions
metal<22:22:04.016> studs<22:22:04.552> is<22:22:04.616> another<22:22:04.800> one<22:22:05.040> that<22:22:05.336> will

metal studs is another one that will

metal studs is another one that will
reduce<22:22:06.000> your<22:22:07.016> um

reduce your um

reduce your um
connectivity<22:22:09.176> or<22:22:09.536> signal<22:22:09.960> ensure<22:22:10.920> the

connectivity or signal ensure the

connectivity or signal ensure the
antennas<22:22:11.464> allow<22:22:11.824> communication<22:22:12.360> as<22:22:12.656> well

antennas allow communication as well

antennas allow communication as well
sometimes<22:22:13.440> the<22:22:14.336> antennas<22:22:14.760> come<22:22:15.000> in<22:22:15.120> a<22:22:15.296> box

sometimes the antennas come in a box

sometimes the antennas come in a box
or<22:22:17.216> um<22:22:17.216> they're<22:22:17.576> not<22:22:17.760> attached<22:22:18.424> or<22:22:18.896> they're

or um they're not attached or they're

or um they're not attached or they're
just<22:22:19.256> pointed<22:22:19.552> in<22:22:19.680> the<22:22:19.800> wrong<22:22:19.976> direction

interference other wireless devices are

interference other wireless devices are
using<22:22:25.320> the<22:22:25.440> same<22:22:25.616> frequency<22:22:26.104> uh<22:22:27.000> you<22:22:27.240> can<22:22:27.296> also

using the same frequency uh you can also

using the same frequency uh you can also
have<22:22:27.656> interference<22:22:28.256> from<22:22:28.496> microwave<22:22:28.920> ovens

have interference from microwave ovens

have interference from microwave ovens
and<22:22:29.576> cordless<22:22:29.936> phones<22:22:30.480> it<22:22:31.144> tells<22:22:31.440> you<22:22:31.504> this<22:22:31.680> in

and cordless phones it tells you this in

and cordless phones it tells you this in
the<22:22:31.976> documentation<22:22:32.576> but<22:22:32.936> most<22:22:33.176> people<22:22:33.424> don't

the documentation but most people don't

the documentation but most people don't
read<22:22:34.016> it<22:22:34.744> when<22:22:35.216> you're<22:22:35.400> installing<22:22:36.056> your

read it when you're installing your

read it when you're installing your
wireless<22:22:36.720> router<22:22:37.376> it'll<22:22:37.680> have<22:22:37.920> a<22:22:38.104> pictures<22:22:38.464> of

wireless router it'll have a pictures of

wireless router it'll have a pictures of
the<22:22:39.056> kind<22:22:39.296> of<22:22:39.424> things<22:22:39.600> that<22:22:39.896> will<22:22:40.016> interfere

the kind of things that will interfere

the kind of things that will interfere
with<22:22:41.696> your<22:22:41.872> signal

with your signal

with your signal
you'll<22:22:43.376> get<22:22:43.552> latency<22:22:44.400> and<22:22:44.832> inconsistent

you'll get latency and inconsistent

you'll get latency and inconsistent
connectivity<22:22:46.936> avoid<22:22:47.936> interference<22:22:48.600> pretty

connectivity avoid interference pretty

connectivity avoid interference pretty
obvious<22:22:49.376> as<22:22:49.744> I<22:22:49.920> said<22:22:50.176> and<22:22:51.176> but<22:22:51.480> you<22:22:51.656> can<22:22:51.832> avoid

obvious as I said and but you can avoid

obvious as I said and but you can avoid
having<22:22:52.800> your<22:22:53.040> devices<22:22:53.336> near<22:22:53.824> to<22:22:54.056> these<22:22:54.296> things

having your devices near to these things

having your devices near to these things
like<22:22:54.720> your<22:22:54.960> ovens<22:22:55.440> or<22:22:56.104> cordless<22:22:56.512> phones

like your ovens or cordless phones

like your ovens or cordless phones
um<22:22:58.016> you<22:22:58.440> may<22:22:58.496> be<22:22:58.616> able<22:22:58.744> to<22:22:58.800> change<22:22:59.104> your

um you may be able to change your

um you may be able to change your
channel<22:22:59.464> as<22:22:59.696> well<22:22:59.872> if<22:23:00.000> it's<22:23:00.120> got<22:23:00.296> the<22:23:00.480> same

channel as well if it's got the same

channel as well if it's got the same
channel<22:23:00.896> as<22:23:01.680> your<22:23:01.856> cordless<22:23:02.216> phone<22:23:02.400> uses

channel as your cordless phone uses

channel as your cordless phone uses
overlapping<22:23:04.552> channels<22:23:05.040> because<22:23:05.336> of<22:23:05.576> the

overlapping channels because of the

overlapping channels because of the
wireless<22:23:05.824> access<22:23:06.192> points<22:23:07.192> are<22:23:07.256> used<22:23:07.440> in<22:23:07.552> the

wireless access points are used in the

wireless access points are used in the
same<22:23:07.800> frequency<22:23:08.280> there's<22:23:09.176> automatic<22:23:09.720> channel

same frequency there's automatic channel

same frequency there's automatic channel
selection<22:23:10.440> normally<22:23:10.976> on<22:23:11.216> your<22:23:11.400> devices<22:23:11.760> but

selection normally on your devices but

selection normally on your devices but
if<22:23:12.960> you<22:23:13.080> have<22:23:13.192> any

if you have any

if you have any
reasonable<22:23:14.936> amount<22:23:15.240> of<22:23:15.296> ability<22:23:15.656> you<22:23:15.960> should

reasonable amount of ability you should

reasonable amount of ability you should
be<22:23:16.192> able<22:23:16.320> to<22:23:16.496> log<22:23:16.744> in<22:23:16.920> and<22:23:17.160> change<22:23:17.464> your

be able to log in and change your

be able to log in and change your
channels

uh avoid uh you can correct it by

uh avoid uh you can correct it by
avoiding<22:23:23.760> the<22:23:23.872> manual<22:23:24.120> selection<22:23:24.536> of

avoiding the manual selection of

avoiding the manual selection of
non-overlapping<22:23:25.920> channels

non-overlapping channels

non-overlapping channels
signal<22:23:27.784> to<22:23:27.896> noise<22:23:28.144> ratio<22:23:28.744> it's<22:23:29.400> the<22:23:29.640> ratio<22:23:29.872> of

signal to noise ratio it's the ratio of

signal to noise ratio it's the ratio of
the<22:23:30.120> Wi-Fi<22:23:30.424> signal<22:23:30.832> to<22:23:31.016> the<22:23:31.144> outside

the Wi-Fi signal to the outside

the Wi-Fi signal to the outside
interference<22:23:32.160> or<22:23:32.400> noise<22:23:32.640> noise<22:23:33.480> is<22:23:33.784> in

interference or noise noise is in

interference or noise noise is in
respect<22:23:34.320> of<22:23:34.496> Wireless<22:23:34.936> have<22:23:35.936> a<22:23:36.120> negative

respect of Wireless have a negative

respect of Wireless have a negative
impact<22:23:36.784> on<22:23:37.016> your<22:23:37.144> wireless<22:23:37.320> signal<22:23:37.856> other

impact on your wireless signal other

impact on your wireless signal other
Wi-Fi<22:23:39.176> signals<22:23:39.720> don't<22:23:40.080> count<22:23:40.440> as<22:23:40.680> noise

Wi-Fi signals don't count as noise

Wi-Fi signals don't count as noise
this<22:23:42.536> again<22:23:42.656> will<22:23:42.960> give<22:23:43.144> you<22:23:43.256> connectivity

this again will give you connectivity

this again will give you connectivity
issues<22:23:44.464> or<22:23:44.696> latency

issues or latency

issues or latency
signal<22:23:47.280> levels<22:23:48.240> and<22:23:48.424> noise<22:23:48.600> levels<22:23:49.016> can<22:23:49.144> be

signal levels and noise levels can be

signal levels and noise levels can be
visualized<22:23:49.744> as<22:23:49.856> heat<22:23:50.104> Maps

visualized as heat Maps

visualized as heat Maps
the<22:23:51.896> ratio<22:23:52.192> of<22:23:52.376> 10<22:23:52.496> to<22:23:52.680> 15<22:23:52.800> decibels<22:23:53.464> is

the ratio of 10 to 15 decibels is

the ratio of 10 to 15 decibels is
considered<22:23:54.240> unreliable

16 to 24 is weak

16 to 24 is weak
issues<22:24:00.424> can<22:24:00.720> be<22:24:00.896> avoided<22:24:01.376> by<22:24:01.552> increasing<22:24:01.976> your

issues can be avoided by increasing your

issues can be avoided by increasing your
signal<22:24:02.512> strength<22:24:02.872> and<22:24:03.120> decreasing<22:24:03.600> the<22:24:03.832> noise

signal strength and decreasing the noise

signal strength and decreasing the noise
I<22:24:04.856> told<22:24:05.040> you<22:24:05.216> all<22:24:05.336> this<22:24:05.464> stuff<22:24:05.576> was<22:24:05.760> obvious

I told you all this stuff was obvious

I told you all this stuff was obvious
device<22:24:06.832> saturation<22:24:07.552> is<22:24:07.976> when<22:24:08.160> more<22:24:08.400> wireless

device saturation is when more wireless

device saturation is when more wireless
devices<22:24:09.120> are<22:24:09.424> connected<22:24:09.720> to<22:24:09.896> your<22:24:10.080> network

devices are connected to your network

devices are connected to your network
you'll<22:24:11.280> get<22:24:11.464> a<22:24:11.576> decrease<22:24:11.760> throughput<22:24:12.480> that's

you'll get a decrease throughput that's

you'll get a decrease throughput that's
probably<22:24:13.504> your<22:24:13.680> fault<22:24:13.920> for<22:24:14.104> letting<22:24:14.400> your

probably your fault for letting your

probably your fault for letting your
kids<22:24:14.696> have<22:24:15.000> access<22:24:15.240> to<22:24:15.656> phones<22:24:16.320> at<22:24:16.496> home<22:24:16.680> or

kids have access to phones at home or

kids have access to phones at home or
other<22:24:17.576> wireless<22:24:18.424> devices<22:24:19.336> bandwidth

other wireless devices bandwidth

other wireless devices bandwidth
saturation<22:24:20.696> is<22:24:21.000> when<22:24:21.176> one<22:24:21.784> or<22:24:21.896> more<22:24:22.080> devices

saturation is when one or more devices

saturation is when one or more devices
transmit<22:24:22.976> a<22:24:23.160> large<22:24:23.280> quality<22:24:23.696> of<22:24:23.872> quantity<22:24:24.360> of

transmit a large quality of quantity of

transmit a large quality of quantity of
data

data

data
um<22:24:26.576> I<22:24:26.760> would<22:24:26.936> imagine<22:24:27.056> received<22:24:27.720> also<22:24:28.016> so<22:24:28.256> if

um I would imagine received also so if

um I would imagine received also so if
somebody<22:24:28.616> in<22:24:29.280> is<22:24:29.640> there<22:24:29.824> watching<22:24:30.296> YouTube<22:24:30.480> in

somebody in is there watching YouTube in

somebody in is there watching YouTube in
another

another

another
room<22:24:32.336> in<22:24:32.576> the<22:24:32.696> house<22:24:32.824> and<22:24:33.056> that'll<22:24:33.424> do<22:24:33.536> it

room in the house and that'll do it

room in the house and that'll do it
untested<22:24:36.000> updates

untested updates

untested updates
um<22:24:37.144> updates<22:24:37.552> can<22:24:37.856> obviously<22:24:38.160> break<22:24:38.464> things<22:24:38.760> if

um updates can obviously break things if

um updates can obviously break things if
they<22:24:39.176> haven't<22:24:39.360> been<22:24:39.656> uh<22:24:40.192> correctly<22:24:40.744> tested

they haven't been uh correctly tested

they haven't been uh correctly tested
especially<22:24:42.000> with<22:24:42.600> regards<22:24:43.016> firmware<22:24:43.616> I've

especially with regards firmware I've

especially with regards firmware I've
even<22:24:44.640> recently<22:24:45.424> installed<22:24:45.832> a<22:24:46.104> an<22:24:47.104> SSD<22:24:47.576> drive

even recently installed a an SSD drive

even recently installed a an SSD drive
in<22:24:48.240> my

in my

in my
home<22:24:49.800> computer<22:24:50.176> and<22:24:51.176> while<22:24:51.360> I<22:24:51.536> was<22:24:51.656> just

home computer and while I was just

home computer and while I was just
researching<22:24:52.552> it<22:24:52.744> I<22:24:52.920> found<22:24:53.160> that<22:24:53.760> the<22:24:54.000> latest

researching it I found that the latest

researching it I found that the latest
firmware<22:24:54.720> drive<22:24:55.016> from<22:24:55.320> the<22:24:55.504> manufacturer

firmware drive from the manufacturer

firmware drive from the manufacturer
actually<22:24:57.176> was<22:24:57.536> wiping<22:24:58.016> everyone's<22:24:58.552> data

actually was wiping everyone's data

actually was wiping everyone's data
which<22:24:59.936> is<22:25:00.056> catastrophic<22:25:00.832> for<22:25:01.080> most<22:25:01.256> of<22:25:01.440> us<22:25:01.552> and

which is catastrophic for most of us and

which is catastrophic for most of us and
the<22:25:02.464> manufacturer<22:25:03.056> was<22:25:03.296> aware<22:25:03.600> and<22:25:03.784> they<22:25:03.896> said

the manufacturer was aware and they said

the manufacturer was aware and they said
they<22:25:04.256> were<22:25:04.376> releasing<22:25:04.856> an<22:25:05.040> update<22:25:05.400> but<22:25:05.872> the

they were releasing an update but the

they were releasing an update but the
problem<22:25:06.176> is<22:25:06.424> if<22:25:06.656> you<22:25:06.832> downloaded<22:25:07.376> the<22:25:07.552> update

problem is if you downloaded the update

problem is if you downloaded the update
it<22:25:08.640> was<22:25:08.760> too<22:25:09.056> late<22:25:09.296> for<22:25:09.600> you

it was too late for you

it was too late for you
back<22:25:11.512> up<22:25:11.696> your<22:25:11.872> last<22:25:12.056> working<22:25:12.240> config<22:25:12.960> not

back up your last working config not

back up your last working config not
sure<22:25:13.744> how<22:25:13.920> you<22:25:14.040> do<22:25:14.216> that<22:25:14.336> with<22:25:14.512> your<22:25:14.640> firmware

sure how you do that with your firmware

sure how you do that with your firmware
actually<22:25:15.360> but<22:25:15.896> you<22:25:16.080> can<22:25:16.192> research<22:25:16.616> that

actually but you can research that

actually but you can research that
yourself<22:25:17.056> wrong<22:25:18.056> SSID<22:25:18.976> all<22:25:19.976> you<22:25:20.104> need<22:25:20.280> to<22:25:20.464> do

yourself wrong SSID all you need to do

yourself wrong SSID all you need to do
because<22:25:20.936> they're<22:25:21.424> case<22:25:21.720> sensitive<22:25:22.192> you<22:25:22.440> could

because they're case sensitive you could

because they're case sensitive you could
have<22:25:22.680> the<22:25:22.920> wrong<22:25:23.104> case<22:25:23.400> or<22:25:24.056> just<22:25:24.240> mistype

have the wrong case or just mistype

have the wrong case or just mistype
something

something

something
a<22:25:26.512> lot<22:25:26.640> of<22:25:26.760> the<22:25:26.824> time<22:25:26.936> when<22:25:27.120> you<22:25:27.240> type<22:25:27.360> these

a lot of the time when you type these

a lot of the time when you type these
out<22:25:27.784> you<22:25:28.144> can't<22:25:28.192> actually<22:25:28.376> see<22:25:28.616> the<22:25:28.856> letters

out you can't actually see the letters

out you can't actually see the letters
you're<22:25:29.336> typing<22:25:29.824> unless<22:25:30.296> there's<22:25:30.480> a<22:25:30.784> an<22:25:31.080> option

you're typing unless there's a an option

you're typing unless there's a an option
for<22:25:31.680> you<22:25:31.856> to<22:25:31.976> do<22:25:32.160> that<22:25:32.400> so<22:25:32.936> you<22:25:33.120> could<22:25:33.176> well

for you to do that so you could well

for you to do that so you could well
have<22:25:33.480> typed<22:25:33.784> out<22:25:33.896> the<22:25:34.016> incorrect<22:25:34.376> password

have typed out the incorrect password

have typed out the incorrect password
but<22:25:34.976> you<22:25:35.160> can't<22:25:35.280> see<22:25:35.512> it

but you can't see it

but you can't see it
avoid<22:25:38.040> having<22:25:38.280> the<22:25:38.464> client<22:25:38.696> device<22:25:38.872> and<22:25:39.296> the

avoid having the client device and the

avoid having the client device and the
access<22:25:39.600> point<22:25:40.496> set<22:25:40.976> to<22:25:41.216> use<22:25:41.336> the<22:25:41.576> same<22:25:41.696> SSID

access point set to use the same SSID

access point set to use the same SSID
power<22:25:44.696> levels<22:25:45.240> uh<22:25:45.784> users<22:25:46.080> will<22:25:46.192> experience<22:25:46.616> a

power levels uh users will experience a

power levels uh users will experience a
big<22:25:46.920> coverage<22:25:47.216> area<22:25:47.464> or<22:25:47.872> small

big coverage area or small

big coverage area or small
coverage<22:25:49.856> area<22:25:50.040> because<22:25:50.400> of<22:25:50.640> low<22:25:50.824> power

coverage area because of low power

coverage area because of low power
levels<22:25:51.480> and<22:25:51.656> access<22:25:51.832> points<22:25:52.976> big<22:25:53.400> coverage

levels and access points big coverage

levels and access points big coverage
areas<22:25:54.176> occur<22:25:54.536> because<22:25:54.784> of<22:25:55.144> high<22:25:55.680> power<22:25:55.976> levels

areas occur because of high power levels

areas occur because of high power levels
and<22:25:56.696> access<22:25:56.872> points

and access points

and access points
and<22:25:58.680> avoid<22:25:59.104> it<22:25:59.280> by<22:25:59.464> adjusting<22:25:59.872> the<22:26:00.000> power

and avoid it by adjusting the power

and avoid it by adjusting the power
levels<22:26:00.656> for<22:26:00.896> a<22:26:01.016> good<22:26:01.144> coverage<22:26:01.552> area

levels for a good coverage area

levels for a good coverage area
open<22:26:04.320> network<22:26:04.616> is<22:26:04.920> an<22:26:05.104> unsecured<22:26:05.512> wireless

open network is an unsecured wireless

open network is an unsecured wireless
network<22:26:06.120> you<22:26:06.536> used<22:26:06.720> to<22:26:06.832> see<22:26:06.960> a<22:26:07.080> lot<22:26:07.192> of<22:26:07.256> those

network you used to see a lot of those

network you used to see a lot of those
around<22:26:07.616> but<22:26:07.976> most<22:26:08.160> people<22:26:08.464> now<22:26:08.824> have<22:26:09.424> become

around but most people now have become

around but most people now have become
Savvy<22:26:10.376> or<22:26:11.104> the<22:26:11.464> default<22:26:12.176> settings<22:26:12.480> on<22:26:12.960> the

Savvy or the default settings on the

Savvy or the default settings on the
home<22:26:13.256> routers<22:26:13.856> I've<22:26:14.760> got<22:26:14.936> security<22:26:15.744> chosen

home routers I've got security chosen

home routers I've got security chosen
automatically

automatically

automatically
unauthorized<22:26:19.256> devices<22:26:19.552> May<22:26:19.856> connect<22:26:20.040> to<22:26:20.280> the

unauthorized devices May connect to the

unauthorized devices May connect to the
network<22:26:20.576> if<22:26:20.936> it's<22:26:21.176> insecure<22:26:21.896> so<22:26:22.552> obviously

network if it's insecure so obviously

network if it's insecure so obviously
change<22:26:23.216> the<22:26:23.512> security<22:26:23.760> settings<22:26:24.176> if<22:26:24.600> this<22:26:24.784> is

change the security settings if this is

change the security settings if this is
the<22:26:25.144> case

the case

the case
Rogue<22:26:26.640> access<22:26:26.824> points<22:26:27.536> as<22:26:28.144> an<22:26:28.440> authorized

Rogue access points as an authorized

Rogue access points as an authorized
access<22:26:29.280> point<22:26:29.640> installed<22:26:30.120> on<22:26:30.240> the<22:26:30.360> network

access point installed on the network

access point installed on the network
normally<22:26:31.920> employees<22:26:32.696> uh<22:26:33.296> just<22:26:33.600> for<22:26:33.784> a<22:26:33.896> bit<22:26:34.016> of

normally employees uh just for a bit of

normally employees uh just for a bit of
convenience<22:26:34.496> will<22:26:34.800> go<22:26:34.976> into<22:26:35.104> their<22:26:35.400> desk<22:26:35.696> and

convenience will go into their desk and

convenience will go into their desk and
plug<22:26:36.720> something<22:26:37.016> in<22:26:37.376> to<22:26:38.040> get<22:26:38.216> wireless<22:26:38.400> access

plug something in to get wireless access

plug something in to get wireless access
malicious<22:26:39.960> attacker<22:26:40.496> can<22:26:40.616> install<22:26:40.800> Rogue

malicious attacker can install Rogue

malicious attacker can install Rogue
access<22:26:41.512> points<22:26:42.256> uh<22:26:43.256> thus<22:26:43.552> getting<22:26:43.744> them

access points uh thus getting them

access points uh thus getting them
access<22:26:44.160> to<22:26:44.824> the<22:26:45.296> network

access to the network

access to the network
wrong<22:26:47.336> antenna<22:26:48.056> type<22:26:48.240> signal<22:26:49.016> coverage

wrong antenna type signal coverage

wrong antenna type signal coverage
depends<22:26:49.744> on<22:26:49.856> your<22:26:50.040> type<22:26:50.216> of<22:26:50.400> antenna<22:26:50.936> so<22:26:51.536> you

depends on your type of antenna so you

depends on your type of antenna so you
could<22:26:51.784> have<22:26:51.960> no<22:26:52.440> signal<22:26:52.976> or<22:26:53.400> poor<22:26:53.760> signal<22:26:54.120> or

could have no signal or poor signal or

could have no signal or poor signal or
um<22:26:55.976> a<22:26:56.640> good<22:26:56.760> signal<22:26:57.120> but<22:26:57.360> far<22:26:57.600> away<22:26:57.784> from<22:26:57.960> the

um a good signal but far away from the

um a good signal but far away from the
access<22:26:58.320> point

okay

okay
omnidirectional<22:27:02.872> and<22:27:03.360> directional<22:27:03.832> are<22:27:03.896> two

omnidirectional and directional are two

omnidirectional and directional are two
main<22:27:04.320> types<22:27:04.616> of<22:27:04.744> antenna<22:27:05.640> omnidirectional

main types of antenna omnidirectional

main types of antenna omnidirectional
gives<22:27:06.832> you<22:27:06.960> 360<22:27:07.376> degree<22:27:08.216> degree<22:27:09.120> patterns

gives you 360 degree degree patterns

gives you 360 degree degree patterns
suitable<22:27:12.960> for<22:27:13.440> inside<22:27:13.800> an<22:27:14.336> office<22:27:14.512> conference

suitable for inside an office conference

suitable for inside an office conference
area

area

area
directional<22:27:17.464> will<22:27:17.640> give<22:27:17.824> you<22:27:17.936> a<22:27:18.240> signal<22:27:18.480> in<22:27:18.832> a

directional will give you a signal in a

directional will give you a signal in a
particular<22:27:19.256> direction<22:27:19.552> so<22:27:20.216> your<22:27:20.824> coverage<22:27:21.536> is

particular direction so your coverage is

particular direction so your coverage is
limited<22:27:22.320> to<22:27:22.744> that<22:27:22.976> One<22:27:23.216> Direction

limited to that One Direction

limited to that One Direction
you<22:27:25.920> got<22:27:26.104> a<22:27:26.576> yagi

you got a yagi

you got a yagi
parabolic<22:27:28.856> grid<22:27:29.280> patch<22:27:30.240> and<22:27:30.832> panel<22:27:31.256> antennas

parabolic grid patch and panel antennas

parabolic grid patch and panel antennas
the<22:27:33.784> jaegi<22:27:34.616> and<22:27:34.800> parabolic<22:27:35.424> grid<22:27:36.424> are<22:27:36.600> used<22:27:36.720> to

the jaegi and parabolic grid are used to

the jaegi and parabolic grid are used to
connect<22:27:37.016> one<22:27:37.256> building<22:27:37.552> to<22:27:37.856> another<22:27:38.040> you<22:27:38.760> must

connect one building to another you must

connect one building to another you must
have<22:27:39.056> line<22:27:39.296> of<22:27:39.600> sight<22:27:39.720> so<22:27:39.960> if<22:27:40.144> somebody's<22:27:40.680> got

have line of sight so if somebody's got

have line of sight so if somebody's got
a<22:27:41.696> tree<22:27:41.872> there<22:27:42.240> or<22:27:42.600> something<22:27:43.144> else<22:27:43.376> temporary

a tree there or something else temporary

a tree there or something else temporary
or<22:27:44.336> permanent<22:27:44.696> then<22:27:44.936> it's<22:27:45.056> going<22:27:45.176> to<22:27:45.296> cause

or permanent then it's going to cause

or permanent then it's going to cause
you<22:27:45.800> issues<22:27:46.800> that<22:27:47.160> you'll<22:27:47.464> have<22:27:47.936> to

you issues that you'll have to

you issues that you'll have to
troubleshoot

troubleshoot

troubleshoot
and<22:27:49.920> if<22:27:50.040> you<22:27:50.216> see<22:27:50.336> if<22:27:50.696> there's

and if you see if there's

and if you see if there's
incompatibilities<22:27:51.720> users<22:27:52.320> may<22:27:52.496> not<22:27:52.616> be<22:27:52.800> able

incompatibilities users may not be able

incompatibilities users may not be able
to<22:27:53.040> get<22:27:53.216> access<22:27:53.400> to<22:27:53.760> the<22:27:53.872> WAP<22:27:54.240> the<22:27:55.144> settings

to get access to the WAP the settings

to get access to the WAP the settings
may<22:27:55.856> be<22:27:56.040> incompatible<22:27:57.144> standard<22:27:58.144> supporting

may be incompatible standard supporting

may be incompatible standard supporting
if<22:27:58.744> you've<22:27:58.920> got<22:27:59.104> a<22:27:59.280> very<22:27:59.464> old

if you've got a very old

if you've got a very old
um<22:28:01.256> Wireless<22:28:01.856> car<22:28:02.280> that<22:28:02.576> you've<22:28:02.696> got<22:28:02.824> on<22:28:03.000> your

um Wireless car that you've got on your

um Wireless car that you've got on your
device<22:28:03.360> a<22:28:03.656> PCI<22:28:04.192> card<22:28:04.440> or<22:28:04.744> USB<22:28:05.280> it<22:28:06.120> might<22:28:06.296> not<22:28:06.424> be

device a PCI card or USB it might not be

device a PCI card or USB it might not be
compatible<22:28:07.080> with<22:28:07.376> your<22:28:07.552> other<22:28:07.744> device

compatible with your other device

compatible with your other device
so<22:28:10.576> 802.11a<22:28:11.576> is<22:28:11.760> not<22:28:12.000> compatible<22:28:12.360> with<22:28:12.600> 11b

so 802.11a is not compatible with 11b

so 802.11a is not compatible with 11b
and<22:28:13.800> 11g

and 11g

and 11g
you've<22:28:16.376> got<22:28:16.376> to<22:28:16.496> look<22:28:16.616> at<22:28:16.744> what<22:28:16.920> is<22:28:17.040> compatible

you've got to look at what is compatible

you've got to look at what is compatible
so<22:28:17.936> B<22:28:18.176> is<22:28:18.360> compatible<22:28:18.784> with<22:28:19.080> G<22:28:19.256> and<22:28:19.504> vice<22:28:19.744> versa

so B is compatible with G and vice versa

so B is compatible with G and vice versa
some<22:28:21.056> are<22:28:21.360> backward<22:28:21.720> compatibility

some are backward compatibility

some are backward compatibility
compatible<22:28:23.960> others<22:28:24.960> aren't

compatible others aren't

compatible others aren't
uh<22:28:27.000> wrong<22:28:27.176> encryption<22:28:27.832> you<22:28:28.376> may<22:28:28.552> not<22:28:28.680> be<22:28:28.856> uh

uh wrong encryption you may not be uh

uh wrong encryption you may not be uh
get<22:28:29.512> a<22:28:29.696> connection<22:28:30.000> with<22:28:30.536> the<22:28:30.720> wireless

get a connection with the wireless

get a connection with the wireless
access<22:28:31.256> points

access points

access points
the<22:28:33.296> client<22:28:33.480> device<22:28:33.720> and<22:28:33.960> wireless<22:28:34.144> access

the client device and wireless access

the client device and wireless access
may<22:28:34.920> have<22:28:35.040> different<22:28:35.216> encryption<22:28:35.824> settings

may have different encryption settings

may have different encryption settings
so<22:28:36.360> you<22:28:36.536> need<22:28:36.720> to<22:28:36.832> check<22:28:37.144> that

so you need to check that

so you need to check that
um what's<22:28:39.296> configured<22:28:39.784> on<22:28:39.960> your<22:28:40.080> access

um what's configured on your access

um what's configured on your access
point<22:28:40.616> is<22:28:41.336> matching<22:28:41.824> on<22:28:42.176> your<22:28:42.536> wireless<22:28:43.192> card

point is matching on your wireless card

point is matching on your wireless card
or<22:28:43.976> wireless<22:28:44.160> device<22:28:44.512> whatever<22:28:44.872> you're<22:28:45.176> using

or wireless device whatever you're using

or wireless device whatever you're using
so<22:28:46.744> do<22:28:46.976> configure<22:28:47.400> it<22:28:47.576> correctly<22:28:47.936> examples

so do configure it correctly examples

so do configure it correctly examples
are<22:28:49.016> web<22:28:49.256> WPA<22:28:50.160> and<22:28:50.336> WPA2

are web WPA and WPA2

are web WPA and WPA2
bounce<22:28:53.336> is<22:28:53.576> when<22:28:53.696> your<22:28:53.824> signal<22:28:54.120> bounces<22:28:54.536> off

bounce is when your signal bounces off

bounce is when your signal bounces off
an<22:28:55.104> obstacle<22:28:56.104> without<22:28:56.400> reaching<22:28:56.872> the

an obstacle without reaching the

an obstacle without reaching the
destination<22:28:57.616> you<22:28:58.616> can<22:28:58.680> get<22:28:58.800> weak<22:28:59.160> or<22:28:59.280> no

destination you can get weak or no

destination you can get weak or no
connectivity<22:29:00.056> you<22:29:00.896> need<22:29:00.960> to<22:29:01.080> remove<22:29:01.192> the

connectivity you need to remove the

connectivity you need to remove the
obstacle<22:29:01.920> obviously<22:29:02.824> sometimes<22:29:03.240> that's

obstacle obviously sometimes that's

obstacle obviously sometimes that's
easier<22:29:03.832> said<22:29:04.016> than<22:29:04.192> done<22:29:04.376> so<22:29:04.680> if<22:29:04.856> it's<22:29:05.040> a<22:29:05.160> big

easier said than done so if it's a big

easier said than done so if it's a big
thick<22:29:05.512> concrete<22:29:05.936> wall<22:29:06.056> in<22:29:06.360> your<22:29:06.536> house<22:29:06.720> don't

thick concrete wall in your house don't

thick concrete wall in your house don't
don't<22:29:07.256> knock<22:29:07.552> it<22:29:07.744> down<22:29:07.920> because<22:29:08.400> your<22:29:08.696> roof

don't knock it down because your roof

don't knock it down because your roof
will<22:29:09.120> fall<22:29:09.240> down<22:29:09.480> you<22:29:10.144> need<22:29:10.256> to<22:29:10.440> either<22:29:10.552> get

will fall down you need to either get

will fall down you need to either get
some<22:29:11.104> sort<22:29:11.280> of<22:29:11.400> booster

some sort of booster

some sort of booster
or<22:29:13.856> um<22:29:13.856> move<22:29:14.336> where<22:29:14.760> you're<22:29:14.872> connecting<22:29:15.296> from

or um move where you're connecting from

or um move where you're connecting from
or<22:29:16.016> just<22:29:16.192> find<22:29:16.440> a<22:29:16.744> alternative<22:29:17.216> connection

or just find a alternative connection

or just find a alternative connection
type

type

type
such<22:29:19.376> as<22:29:19.616> connecting<22:29:20.040> through<22:29:20.336> the<22:29:21.120> um

such as connecting through the um

such as connecting through the um
ethernet<22:29:21.832> devices<22:29:22.256> that<22:29:22.552> were<22:29:22.680> plugged<22:29:22.976> into

ethernet devices that were plugged into

ethernet devices that were plugged into
your<22:29:23.280> power

your power

your power
all<22:29:24.656> right<22:29:24.832> so<22:29:24.960> we've<22:29:25.144> covered<22:29:25.440> a<22:29:25.616> lot<22:29:25.744> a

all right so we've covered a lot a

all right so we've covered a lot a
signal<22:29:26.640> loss<22:29:27.056> interference<22:29:27.720> signal<22:29:28.144> to<22:29:28.320> noise

signal loss interference signal to noise

signal loss interference signal to noise
saturation<22:29:30.376> bandwidth<22:29:31.376> saturation

saturation bandwidth saturation

saturation bandwidth saturation
untested<22:29:33.896> updates<22:29:34.320> wrong<22:29:35.280> SSID<22:29:36.056> and<22:29:36.720> your

untested updates wrong SSID and your

untested updates wrong SSID and your
power

power

power
open<22:29:38.216> networks<22:29:39.056> Rogue<22:29:39.720> access<22:29:39.832> points

open networks Rogue access points

open networks Rogue access points
the<22:29:42.176> wrong<22:29:42.296> antenna<22:29:42.896> type<22:29:43.336> incompatibilities

the wrong antenna type incompatibilities

the wrong antenna type incompatibilities
are<22:29:45.536> on<22:29:45.784> encryption<22:29:46.320> and<22:29:46.856> bounce<22:29:47.176> that's<22:29:48.176> all

are on encryption and bounce that's all

are on encryption and bounce that's all
for<22:29:48.600> now<22:29:48.784> thanks<22:29:49.080> for<22:29:49.192> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<22:30:02.512> you

welcome to module 19 lesson 2 Common

welcome to module 19 lesson 2 Common
copper<22:30:12.536> cable<22:30:12.960> issues<22:30:13.680> that's<22:30:14.216> a<22:30:14.464> mouthful

copper cable issues that's a mouthful

copper cable issues that's a mouthful
so<22:30:15.832> some<22:30:16.080> of<22:30:16.192> the<22:30:16.320> common<22:30:16.496> issues<22:30:17.040> you'll

so some of the common issues you'll

so some of the common issues you'll
experience<22:30:17.824> as<22:30:18.120> a<22:30:18.360> network<22:30:18.536> engineer

experience as a network engineer

experience as a network engineer
our<22:30:20.576> shorts<22:30:21.176> opens<22:30:21.896> incorrect<22:30:22.552> termination

our shorts opens incorrect termination

our shorts opens incorrect termination
crosstalk

crosstalk

crosstalk
Emi<22:30:25.744> distance<22:30:26.400> limitations<22:30:27.192> attenuation<22:30:28.280> the

Emi distance limitations attenuation the

Emi distance limitations attenuation the
cable<22:30:29.760> issues

cable issues

cable issues
shorts<22:30:32.336> is<22:30:32.464> basically<22:30:32.824> short<22:30:33.120> for<22:30:33.480> a<22:30:33.960> short

shorts is basically short for a short

shorts is basically short for a short
circuit<22:30:34.744> it<22:30:35.280> allows<22:30:35.576> the<22:30:35.696> current<22:30:35.824> to<22:30:36.120> travel

circuit it allows the current to travel

circuit it allows the current to travel
in<22:30:36.600> a<22:30:36.896> path<22:30:37.800> that<22:30:38.040> wasn't<22:30:38.216> intended<22:30:38.872> and<22:30:39.600> the

in a path that wasn't intended and the

in a path that wasn't intended and the
cable<22:30:40.256> wasn't<22:30:40.496> designed<22:30:40.976> for<22:30:41.160> a<22:30:42.120> couple<22:30:42.240> was

cable wasn't designed for a couple was

cable wasn't designed for a couple was
in<22:30:42.832> the<22:30:42.960> cables<22:30:43.376> are<22:30:43.744> insulated<22:30:44.216> so<22:30:44.512> they

in the cables are insulated so they

in the cables are insulated so they
don't<22:30:44.872> come<22:30:45.176> into<22:30:45.296> contact<22:30:45.536> with<22:30:45.832> each<22:30:46.080> other

don't come into contact with each other

don't come into contact with each other
if

if

if
um there's<22:30:48.056> some<22:30:48.240> sort<22:30:48.424> of<22:30:48.536> issue<22:30:48.832> a<22:30:49.144> lot<22:30:49.192> of

um there's some sort of issue a lot of

um there's some sort of issue a lot of
the<22:30:49.376> time<22:30:49.440> it's<22:30:49.680> because<22:30:49.856> it's<22:30:50.040> frayed

the time it's because it's frayed

the time it's because it's frayed
somebody's<22:30:51.000> bent<22:30:51.240> the<22:30:51.424> cable<22:30:51.656> around<22:30:52.552> a<22:30:52.920> Bend

somebody's bent the cable around a Bend

somebody's bent the cable around a Bend
or<22:30:53.464> just<22:30:53.872> done<22:30:54.176> something<22:30:54.424> with<22:30:54.784> it<22:30:54.960> or<22:30:55.504> folded

or just done something with it or folded

or just done something with it or folded
it<22:30:56.040> too<22:30:56.160> many<22:30:56.336> times<22:30:56.576> and<22:30:56.872> unfolded<22:30:57.424> it<22:30:57.600> then

it too many times and unfolded it then

it too many times and unfolded it then
the<22:30:58.440> cables<22:30:58.800> can<22:30:58.920> touch<22:30:59.104> each<22:30:59.336> other<22:30:59.512> and<22:31:00.296> then

the cables can touch each other and then

the cables can touch each other and then
you've<22:31:00.600> got<22:31:00.720> a<22:31:00.896> short<22:31:01.080> circuit<22:31:02.160> you<22:31:02.872> depended

you've got a short circuit you depended

you've got a short circuit you depended
on<22:31:03.424> how<22:31:03.720> bad<22:31:03.896> it<22:31:04.080> is<22:31:04.192> you'll<22:31:04.440> have

on how bad it is you'll have

on how bad it is you'll have
intermittent<22:31:05.104> connectivity<22:31:05.824> issues<22:31:06.424> you

intermittent connectivity issues you

intermittent connectivity issues you
could<22:31:07.376> use<22:31:07.552> a<22:31:07.800> TDR<22:31:08.400> that<22:31:08.872> will<22:31:09.056> locate<22:31:09.480> the

could use a TDR that will locate the

could use a TDR that will locate the
short<22:31:09.896> in<22:31:10.256> the<22:31:10.496> cable<22:31:11.216> this<22:31:12.176> is<22:31:12.296> one<22:31:12.480> of<22:31:12.600> your

short in the cable this is one of your

short in the cable this is one of your
troubleshooting<22:31:13.376> tools<22:31:13.744> that<22:31:13.856> you<22:31:14.040> could<22:31:14.160> use

an open refers to an incomplete

an open refers to an incomplete
electrical<22:31:18.832> circuit<22:31:19.256> in<22:31:19.504> which<22:31:19.680> there's<22:31:19.800> no

electrical circuit in which there's no

electrical circuit in which there's no
current<22:31:20.216> if<22:31:21.056> one<22:31:21.296> of<22:31:21.480> the<22:31:21.600> copper<22:31:22.256> wires

current if one of the copper wires

current if one of the copper wires
inside<22:31:22.800> the<22:31:23.104> cable<22:31:23.280> is<22:31:23.512> cut<22:31:23.824> or<22:31:24.120> just<22:31:24.424> broken

inside the cable is cut or just broken

inside the cable is cut or just broken
for<22:31:25.080> some<22:31:25.256> reason<22:31:25.440> then<22:31:26.216> you've<22:31:26.464> got<22:31:26.640> an<22:31:27.176> open

for some reason then you've got an open

for some reason then you've got an open
circuit<22:31:27.960> you<22:31:28.496> would<22:31:28.680> normally<22:31:28.920> then<22:31:29.104> have<22:31:29.400> no

circuit you would normally then have no

circuit you would normally then have no
connectivity

connectivity

connectivity
again<22:31:32.280> you<22:31:32.640> can<22:31:32.760> use<22:31:32.872> a<22:31:33.120> TDR<22:31:33.656> that<22:31:34.080> can<22:31:34.192> be<22:31:34.320> used

again you can use a TDR that can be used

again you can use a TDR that can be used
to<22:31:34.680> locate<22:31:35.104> openings<22:31:35.936> in<22:31:36.120> the<22:31:36.240> cable

to locate openings in the cable

to locate openings in the cable
incorrect<22:31:38.104> termination<22:31:38.656> generally<22:31:39.656> happens

incorrect termination generally happens

incorrect termination generally happens
when<22:31:40.320> you've<22:31:40.616> made<22:31:40.744> your<22:31:40.976> own<22:31:41.160> cables<22:31:41.824> or<22:31:42.536> your

when you've made your own cables or your

when you've made your own cables or your
cable<22:31:43.016> engineer<22:31:43.552> has<22:31:43.800> done<22:31:44.040> it<22:31:44.216> and<22:31:44.400> just<22:31:44.760> made

cable engineer has done it and just made

cable engineer has done it and just made
a<22:31:45.480> mistake<22:31:45.784> or<22:31:45.960> done<22:31:46.144> it<22:31:46.320> too<22:31:46.496> quickly<22:31:46.856> or<22:31:47.104> just

a mistake or done it too quickly or just

a mistake or done it too quickly or just
not

not

not
and<22:31:48.600> been<22:31:48.896> watching<22:31:49.192> what<22:31:49.376> they're<22:31:49.552> doing<22:31:49.744> and

and been watching what they're doing and

and been watching what they're doing and
it's<22:31:50.280> obviously<22:31:50.640> human<22:31:51.000> error<22:31:51.424> then<22:31:51.600> don't

it's obviously human error then don't

it's obviously human error then don't
happen<22:31:52.496> it<22:31:52.744> doesn't<22:31:52.920> happen<22:31:53.104> as<22:31:53.400> much<22:31:53.696> in<22:31:54.360> um

happen it doesn't happen as much in um

happen it doesn't happen as much in um
professionally<22:31:55.016> made<22:31:55.256> cables<22:31:55.856> so<22:31:56.640> you

professionally made cables so you

professionally made cables so you
haven't<22:31:57.000> properly<22:31:57.480> terminated<22:31:58.080> as<22:31:58.680> per<22:31:58.856> the

haven't properly terminated as per the

haven't properly terminated as per the
standards<22:31:59.464> you<22:31:59.512> could<22:31:59.640> have<22:31:59.760> got<22:31:59.872> the<22:32:00.000> wires

standards you could have got the wires

standards you could have got the wires
mixed<22:32:00.600> up<22:32:00.656> or<22:32:01.016> not<22:32:01.336> squash<22:32:02.336> the<22:32:03.056> um<22:32:03.656> the<22:32:04.144> RJ45

mixed up or not squash the um the RJ45

mixed up or not squash the um the RJ45
connector<22:32:05.640> onto<22:32:05.936> the<22:32:06.056> wires<22:32:06.424> correctly<22:32:06.896> and

connector onto the wires correctly and

connector onto the wires correctly and
it's<22:32:07.856> a<22:32:07.976> bit<22:32:08.104> of<22:32:08.216> an<22:32:08.336> art<22:32:08.464> to<22:32:08.696> it<22:32:08.872> so<22:32:09.480> you<22:32:09.600> could

it's a bit of an art to it so you could

it's a bit of an art to it so you could
have<22:32:09.960> no<22:32:10.376> connection<22:32:10.616> or<22:32:11.280> intermittent

have no connection or intermittent

have no connection or intermittent
connection<22:32:12.296> issues

straight through cables should be

straight through cables should be
terminated<22:32:17.400> either<22:32:18.360> using

terminated either using

terminated either using
t568<22:32:21.000> a<22:32:21.424> or<22:32:21.720> b

t568 a or b

t568 a or b
crossover<22:32:23.936> cable<22:32:24.360> has<22:32:24.656> got<22:32:24.896> a<22:32:25.144> on<22:32:25.440> one<22:32:25.616> end<22:32:25.744> and

crossover cable has got a on one end and

crossover cable has got a on one end and
B<22:32:26.104> on<22:32:26.280> the<22:32:26.400> other<22:32:26.512> so<22:32:26.824> pins<22:32:27.120> one<22:32:27.440> goes<22:32:28.440> to<22:32:28.496> three

B on the other so pins one goes to three

B on the other so pins one goes to three
and<22:32:28.976> two<22:32:29.104> goes<22:32:29.464> to<22:32:29.512> six<22:32:29.696> on<22:32:29.936> the<22:32:30.056> other<22:32:30.176> end

and two goes to six on the other end

and two goes to six on the other end
use<22:32:32.104> the<22:32:32.336> cable<22:32:32.824> tester<22:32:33.296> to<22:32:33.600> check<22:32:33.896> if<22:32:34.080> your

use the cable tester to check if your

use the cable tester to check if your
Cable's<22:32:34.744> properly<22:32:35.240> terminated<22:32:36.240> and<22:32:36.480> what

Cable's properly terminated and what

Cable's properly terminated and what
type<22:32:36.832> it<22:32:37.080> is

type it is

type it is
crosstalk<22:32:38.400> is<22:32:38.696> when<22:32:38.936> the<22:32:39.120> signal<22:32:39.296> from<22:32:39.480> The

crosstalk is when the signal from The

crosstalk is when the signal from The
Wire<22:32:39.832> interferes<22:32:40.552> with<22:32:40.616> the<22:32:40.744> signal<22:32:40.976> on

Wire interferes with the signal on

Wire interferes with the signal on
another<22:32:41.336> wire

another wire

another wire
less<22:32:42.896> of<22:32:43.080> an<22:32:43.256> issue<22:32:43.504> now<22:32:43.616> with<22:32:43.920> modern

less of an issue now with modern

less of an issue now with modern
um<22:32:45.240> shielded<22:32:46.080> twisted<22:32:46.552> pair

um shielded twisted pair

um shielded twisted pair
uh<22:32:48.176> cables

uh cables

uh cables
you<22:32:51.056> measure<22:32:51.296> with<22:32:51.424> the<22:32:51.600> cable<22:32:51.784> tester<22:32:52.496> or<22:32:52.976> TDR

you measure with the cable tester or TDR

you measure with the cable tester or TDR
again<22:32:53.760> the<22:32:54.656> issues<22:32:54.960> avoided<22:32:55.440> if<22:32:55.616> you<22:32:55.800> buy<22:32:56.040> a

again the issues avoided if you buy a

again the issues avoided if you buy a
professional<22:32:56.696> cable<22:32:57.056> basically<22:32:57.480> because<22:32:57.720> it

professional cable basically because it

professional cable basically because it
will<22:32:58.016> be<22:32:58.144> twisted<22:32:58.496> properly

will be twisted properly

will be twisted properly
two<22:33:00.240> types<22:33:00.600> of<22:33:00.720> crosstalk<22:33:01.080> that<22:33:01.616> you<22:33:01.856> may<22:33:02.104> be

two types of crosstalk that you may be

two types of crosstalk that you may be
asked<22:33:02.696> about<22:33:02.760> in<22:33:03.056> the<22:33:03.176> exam<22:33:03.480> near<22:33:04.192> end<22:33:04.552> and<22:33:04.744> far

asked about in the exam near end and far

asked about in the exam near end and far
end

end

end
and<22:33:06.480> near<22:33:06.720> end<22:33:06.960> is<22:33:07.192> refers<22:33:07.616> to<22:33:07.744> the<22:33:07.976> crosstalk

and near end is refers to the crosstalk

and near end is refers to the crosstalk
that<22:33:08.696> occurs<22:33:09.000> at<22:33:09.120> the<22:33:09.296> terminated<22:33:09.720> end<22:33:10.016> of<22:33:10.192> the

that occurs at the terminated end of the

that occurs at the terminated end of the
cable<22:33:10.552> where<22:33:11.160> the<22:33:11.400> crosstalk<22:33:11.696> has<22:33:12.056> been

cable where the crosstalk has been

cable where the crosstalk has been
measured<22:33:12.720> so<22:33:13.144> this<22:33:13.376> is<22:33:13.504> where<22:33:13.680> you're<22:33:13.800> doing

measured so this is where you're doing

measured so this is where you're doing
the<22:33:14.160> measuring

the measuring

the measuring
occurs<22:33:16.552> near<22:33:16.680> the<22:33:16.856> connectors<22:33:17.280> terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating
the<22:33:18.056> cable<22:33:18.320> far<22:33:19.320> end<22:33:19.552> is

the cable far end is

the cable far end is
um<22:33:20.936> on<22:33:21.656> the<22:33:21.784> far<22:33:21.896> end<22:33:22.080> of<22:33:22.256> the<22:33:22.376> cable<22:33:22.552> from

um on the far end of the cable from

um on the far end of the cable from
where<22:33:23.216> you're<22:33:23.336> doing<22:33:23.576> the<22:33:23.824> measurements

where you're doing the measurements

where you're doing the measurements
occurs<22:33:25.920> near<22:33:26.104> the<22:33:26.280> connectors<22:33:26.640> terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating
the<22:33:27.424> far<22:33:27.536> end<22:33:27.784> of<22:33:27.960> the<22:33:28.080> cable

the far end of the cable

the far end of the cable
electromagnetic<22:33:30.656> efference<22:33:31.192> is<22:33:31.504> normally

electromagnetic efference is normally

electromagnetic efference is normally
when<22:33:32.104> you've<22:33:32.512> laid<22:33:32.760> the<22:33:32.936> cable<22:33:33.176> yourself<22:33:33.616> and

when you've laid the cable yourself and

when you've laid the cable yourself and
it's<22:33:34.800> gone

it's gone

it's gone
through<22:33:36.424> or<22:33:36.896> near<22:33:37.192> some<22:33:37.856> device<22:33:38.160> that<22:33:38.512> emits<22:33:39.120> a

through or near some device that emits a

through or near some device that emits a
strong<22:33:39.600> error<22:33:40.496> signal

strong error signal

strong error signal
an<22:33:42.896> emo<22:33:43.376> signal<22:33:43.744> also<22:33:44.576> called<22:33:44.760> radio

an emo signal also called radio

an emo signal also called radio
frequency<22:33:45.656> interference

frequency interference

frequency interference
generate<22:33:47.936> generated

generate generated

generate generated
um

um

um
by<22:33:51.000> fluorescent<22:33:51.600> lights<22:33:51.976> electric<22:33:52.976> motors

by fluorescent lights electric motors

by fluorescent lights electric motors
dynamos<22:33:54.480> things<22:33:54.896> like<22:33:55.192> that<22:33:55.440> so<22:33:55.856> it<22:33:55.976> could

dynamos things like that so it could

dynamos things like that so it could
happen<22:33:56.280> in<22:33:56.576> a<22:33:56.760> workshop<22:33:57.320> or<22:33:58.320> when<22:33:58.552> you<22:33:58.744> haven't

happen in a workshop or when you haven't

happen in a workshop or when you haven't
properly<22:34:00.056> housed<22:34:00.896> your<22:34:01.016> cable<22:34:01.256> or<22:34:01.552> it's<22:34:01.744> not

properly housed your cable or it's not

properly housed your cable or it's not
running<22:34:02.040> under<22:34:02.336> the<22:34:02.576> floor<22:34:02.760> and<22:34:03.360> you're

running under the floor and you're

running under the floor and you're
running<22:34:03.600> it<22:34:03.832> through<22:34:03.960> the<22:34:04.144> ceiling<22:34:04.496> and<22:34:04.616> it's

running it through the ceiling and it's

running it through the ceiling and it's
going<22:34:04.976> through<22:34:05.216> the

going through the

going through the
um

um

um
fluorescent<22:34:08.640> lights

data transmission of copper cables is um

data transmission of copper cables is um
obviously<22:34:14.640> disrupted<22:34:15.600> when<22:34:15.784> it's<22:34:16.016> exposed

obviously disrupted when it's exposed

obviously disrupted when it's exposed
and<22:34:17.104> it<22:34:17.216> could<22:34:17.336> be<22:34:17.464> intermittent<22:34:18.056> it<22:34:18.296> could<22:34:18.424> be

and it could be intermittent it could be

and it could be intermittent it could be
fine<22:34:18.720> during<22:34:19.080> the<22:34:19.376> day<22:34:19.552> and<22:34:20.160> then<22:34:20.280> later<22:34:20.464> on<22:34:20.640> in

fine during the day and then later on in

fine during the day and then later on in
the<22:34:20.936> evening<22:34:21.000> when<22:34:21.296> somebody<22:34:21.536> starts<22:34:22.016> turning

the evening when somebody starts turning

the evening when somebody starts turning
the<22:34:22.552> lights<22:34:22.680> on<22:34:22.976> it<22:34:23.464> could<22:34:23.576> be<22:34:23.696> affected

the lights on it could be affected

the lights on it could be affected
avoid<22:34:26.400> if<22:34:26.576> you<22:34:26.696> separate<22:34:27.000> the<22:34:27.176> power<22:34:27.296> source

avoid if you separate the power source

avoid if you separate the power source
from<22:34:27.832> the<22:34:28.016> cables<22:34:28.440> or<22:34:28.680> by<22:34:28.856> using<22:34:29.160> shielded

from the cables or by using shielded

from the cables or by using shielded
cabling

cabling

cabling
you<22:34:31.320> may<22:34:31.440> have<22:34:31.552> to<22:34:31.680> buy<22:34:31.800> a<22:34:31.976> special<22:34:32.104> type<22:34:32.400> of

you may have to buy a special type of

you may have to buy a special type of
cabling<22:34:32.936> if<22:34:33.240> you're<22:34:33.480> running<22:34:34.016> your<22:34:34.320> cables

cabling if you're running your cables

cabling if you're running your cables
through<22:34:34.920> devices<22:34:35.400> with<22:34:35.760> a<22:34:35.872> lot<22:34:35.936> of<22:34:36.056> very

through devices with a lot of very

through devices with a lot of very
powerful

powerful

powerful
um electrical<22:34:38.336> signals

um electrical signals

um electrical signals
obviously<22:34:40.744> there's<22:34:40.976> distance<22:34:41.216> limitations

obviously there's distance limitations

obviously there's distance limitations
per<22:34:42.784> cable<22:34:43.192> lost<22:34:43.976> the<22:34:44.216> signal<22:34:44.464> when<22:34:44.640> it

per cable lost the signal when it

per cable lost the signal when it
travels<22:34:45.056> over<22:34:45.240> a<22:34:45.480> long<22:34:45.600> distance<22:34:45.832> you<22:34:46.376> could

travels over a long distance you could

travels over a long distance you could
then<22:34:46.744> have<22:34:47.160> connectivity<22:34:47.760> issues<22:34:48.176> so<22:34:48.296> if

then have connectivity issues so if

then have connectivity issues so if
you're<22:34:48.600> running<22:34:48.784> your<22:34:49.016> cable<22:34:49.256> over

you're running your cable over

you're running your cable over
120<22:34:51.296> meters<22:34:51.600> when<22:34:51.832> it's<22:34:52.016> recommended<22:34:52.616> 110

120 meters when it's recommended 110

120 meters when it's recommended 110
then<22:34:54.000> you<22:34:54.176> may<22:34:54.296> well<22:34:54.480> have<22:34:54.720> issues

attenuation or DB loss refers to a loss

attenuation or DB loss refers to a loss
of<22:35:00.720> signal<22:35:01.080> strength<22:35:01.504> the<22:35:02.104> signal<22:35:02.464> strength

of signal strength the signal strength

of signal strength the signal strength
is<22:35:02.872> measured<22:35:03.296> in<22:35:03.600> decibels

is measured in decibels

is measured in decibels
uses<22:35:05.512> experience<22:35:06.000> degradation<22:35:06.656> in<22:35:06.960> network

uses experience degradation in network

uses experience degradation in network
performance<22:35:07.936> you<22:35:08.936> can<22:35:09.000> avoid<22:35:09.360> it<22:35:09.536> by

performance you can avoid it by

performance you can avoid it by
um<22:35:10.976> using<22:35:11.760> cable<22:35:11.872> runs<22:35:12.360> within<22:35:12.600> the<22:35:12.720> maximum

um using cable runs within the maximum

um using cable runs within the maximum
supported<22:35:13.616> distance<22:35:14.176> using<22:35:15.176> a<22:35:15.360> signal

supported distance using a signal

supported distance using a signal
booster<22:35:16.144> you<22:35:16.976> probably<22:35:17.104> need<22:35:17.336> specialized

booster you probably need specialized

booster you probably need specialized
advice<22:35:18.176> for<22:35:18.424> this<22:35:18.536> to<22:35:18.720> be<22:35:18.832> honest<22:35:19.080> if<22:35:19.504> you're

advice for this to be honest if you're

advice for this to be honest if you're
installing<22:35:20.696> in<22:35:21.000> a<22:35:21.480> commercial<22:35:21.656> premises

installing in a commercial premises

installing in a commercial premises
remove<22:35:23.216> broken<22:35:23.640> or<22:35:24.000> damaged<22:35:24.360> cables

remove broken or damaged cables

remove broken or damaged cables
and<22:35:26.216> miscellaneous<22:35:27.000> of<22:35:27.240> the<22:35:27.424> problems<22:35:27.896> uh

and miscellaneous of the problems uh

and miscellaneous of the problems uh
verify<22:35:29.400> the<22:35:29.464> cables<22:35:29.872> are<22:35:30.000> present<22:35:30.240> and

verify the cables are present and

verify the cables are present and
plugged<22:35:30.784> in<22:35:30.896> yes<22:35:31.320> I've<22:35:31.744> been<22:35:32.104> asked<22:35:32.280> to

plugged in yes I've been asked to

plugged in yes I've been asked to
troubleshoot<22:35:32.936> devices<22:35:33.440> when<22:35:34.440> somebody

troubleshoot devices when somebody

troubleshoot devices when somebody
hasn't<22:35:36.000> actually<22:35:36.656> put<22:35:36.960> the<22:35:37.080> cable<22:35:37.320> in<22:35:37.552> yet<22:35:37.680> it

hasn't actually put the cable in yet it

hasn't actually put the cable in yet it
hasn't<22:35:38.104> been<22:35:38.216> installed<22:35:38.696> at<22:35:39.296> all<22:35:39.480> or

hasn't been installed at all or

hasn't been installed at all or
somebody's<22:35:40.744> removed<22:35:41.104> the<22:35:41.216> cable<22:35:41.400> for<22:35:41.760> some

somebody's removed the cable for some

somebody's removed the cable for some
reason<22:35:42.120> because<22:35:42.424> they<22:35:42.600> want<22:35:42.720> to<22:35:42.832> use<22:35:42.960> it

reason because they want to use it

reason because they want to use it
somewhere<22:35:43.440> else<22:35:43.640> and<22:35:44.640> not<22:35:44.872> realized<22:35:45.296> that

somewhere else and not realized that

somewhere else and not realized that
that<22:35:45.656> is<22:35:45.832> connecting<22:35:46.376> to<22:35:46.800> an<22:35:47.160> end<22:35:47.280> user<22:35:47.696> or<22:35:47.936> a

that is connecting to an end user or a

that is connecting to an end user or a
server

server

server
or<22:35:49.616> some<22:35:49.856> of<22:35:49.976> the<22:35:50.104> device

or some of the device

or some of the device
make<22:35:51.424> sure<22:35:51.536> the<22:35:51.720> network<22:35:51.896> adapter<22:35:52.376> is<22:35:52.552> enabled

make sure the network adapter is enabled

make sure the network adapter is enabled
and<22:35:53.280> it<22:35:53.464> has<22:35:53.576> a<22:35:53.696> valid<22:35:53.936> addressing<22:35:54.480> sometimes

and it has a valid addressing sometimes

and it has a valid addressing sometimes
devices<22:35:56.512> have<22:35:56.936> been<22:35:57.120> up<22:35:57.360> for<22:35:57.832> years

devices have been up for years

devices have been up for years
and

and

and
um<22:36:00.896> millions<22:36:01.616> of<22:36:01.800> packets<22:36:02.160> have<22:36:02.400> been<22:36:02.872> passed

um millions of packets have been passed

um millions of packets have been passed
in<22:36:03.784> in<22:36:03.960> and<22:36:04.192> out<22:36:04.320> and<22:36:05.160> it<22:36:05.336> just<22:36:05.512> needs

in in and out and it just needs

in in and out and it just needs
resetting<22:36:06.480> or<22:36:06.720> rebooting<22:36:07.320> or<22:36:07.920> the<22:36:08.104> address

resetting or rebooting or the address

resetting or rebooting or the address
needs<22:36:08.824> and<22:36:09.120> refreshing<22:36:09.832> on<22:36:10.192> it<22:36:10.320> it<22:36:10.920> just

needs and refreshing on it it just

needs and refreshing on it it just
happens<22:36:11.400> sometimes<22:36:12.120> every<22:36:12.424> period<22:36:12.896> of<22:36:13.016> time

happens sometimes every period of time

happens sometimes every period of time
make<22:36:14.576> sure<22:36:14.760> disabled<22:36:15.296> ports<22:36:15.656> are<22:36:15.784> enabled<22:36:16.192> for

make sure disabled ports are enabled for

make sure disabled ports are enabled for
connectivity<22:36:16.920> sometimes<22:36:17.512> ports<22:36:18.000> are

connectivity sometimes ports are

connectivity sometimes ports are
disabled<22:36:18.600> for<22:36:18.784> security<22:36:19.160> and<22:36:20.160> you<22:36:20.400> could<22:36:20.464> plug

disabled for security and you could plug

disabled for security and you could plug
in<22:36:21.120> a<22:36:22.080> new<22:36:22.376> user<22:36:22.800> into<22:36:23.040> a<22:36:23.400> certain<22:36:23.576> port<22:36:24.056> on<22:36:24.296> a

in a new user into a certain port on a

in a new user into a certain port on a
switch<22:36:24.600> for<22:36:24.896> example<22:36:25.192> but<22:36:25.800> that<22:36:25.976> Port<22:36:26.160> has

switch for example but that Port has

switch for example but that Port has
been<22:36:26.576> disabled

been disabled

been disabled
you<22:36:29.464> can<22:36:29.576> have<22:36:29.696> bad<22:36:29.936> cables<22:36:30.536> again<22:36:31.016> sometimes

you can have bad cables again sometimes

you can have bad cables again sometimes
we<22:36:31.800> bend<22:36:32.104> them<22:36:32.400> or<22:36:33.176> just<22:36:33.480> over<22:36:33.784> time<22:36:34.080> for

we bend them or just over time for

we bend them or just over time for
whatever<22:36:34.616> reason<22:36:35.040> the<22:36:35.872> cable<22:36:36.120> goes<22:36:36.536> bad

whatever reason the cable goes bad

whatever reason the cable goes bad
misconfigured<22:36:39.424> switch<22:36:39.656> Port<22:36:39.960> it<22:36:40.256> could<22:36:40.376> be

misconfigured switch Port it could be

misconfigured switch Port it could be
the<22:36:40.744> wrong

the wrong

the wrong
um duplex<22:36:42.176> setting<22:36:42.656> or<22:36:42.896> speed<22:36:43.144> setting<22:36:43.616> or

um duplex setting or speed setting or

um duplex setting or speed setting or
something<22:36:44.104> else<22:36:44.400> on<22:36:44.696> there<22:36:44.872> and<22:36:45.784> it<22:36:46.016> may<22:36:46.256> not

something else on there and it may not

something else on there and it may not
work

work

work
misconfigured<22:36:48.424> network<22:36:48.832> card<22:36:49.256> or<22:36:49.744> a<22:36:50.160> network

misconfigured network card or a network

misconfigured network card or a network
card<22:36:50.824> that's<22:36:51.056> failing<22:36:51.536> or<22:36:51.784> failed

card that's failing or failed

card that's failing or failed
software<22:36:53.640> drivers<22:36:54.056> I've<22:36:54.240> mentioned

software drivers I've mentioned

software drivers I've mentioned
elsewhere<22:36:55.080> that<22:36:55.616> can<22:36:55.800> cause<22:36:56.040> huge<22:36:56.512> problems

elsewhere that can cause huge problems

elsewhere that can cause huge problems
and<22:36:57.536> it's<22:36:57.656> not<22:36:57.784> a<22:36:57.960> problem<22:36:58.080> you<22:36:58.376> can<22:36:58.552> actually

and it's not a problem you can actually

and it's not a problem you can actually
easily<22:36:59.872> see<22:37:00.056> until<22:37:00.360> you<22:37:00.600> start<22:37:00.784> doing<22:37:01.016> a<22:37:01.144> bit

easily see until you start doing a bit

easily see until you start doing a bit
more<22:37:01.376> research

all right so we've covered shorts opens

all right so we've covered shorts opens
termination<22:37:07.576> crosstalk<22:37:08.600> Emi<22:37:09.600> distance

termination crosstalk Emi distance

termination crosstalk Emi distance
attenuation<22:37:11.336> and<22:37:12.120> other<22:37:12.240> problems

attenuation and other problems

attenuation and other problems
that's<22:37:13.744> all<22:37:13.920> for<22:37:14.104> now<22:37:14.216> thanks<22:37:14.512> for<22:37:14.640> watching

welcome to module 19 lesson 3 common

welcome to module 19 lesson 3 common
fiber<22:37:39.656> cable<22:37:40.016> issues

so look it's troubleshooting uh

so look it's troubleshooting uh
supported<22:37:45.784> distances<22:37:46.376> categories<22:37:47.216> of

supported distances categories of

supported distances categories of
multi-mode<22:37:48.000> fiber<22:37:48.600> the<22:37:49.144> bend<22:37:49.376> radius

multi-mode fiber the bend radius

multi-mode fiber the bend radius
dirty<22:37:51.896> connectors<22:37:52.376> I<22:37:52.744> think<22:37:52.856> you<22:37:52.976> can<22:37:53.104> guess

dirty connectors I think you can guess

dirty connectors I think you can guess
what<22:37:53.400> that<22:37:53.576> one's<22:37:54.056> about<22:37:54.680> attenuation<22:37:55.696> a

what that one's about attenuation a

what that one's about attenuation a
wavelength<22:37:57.240> mismatch<22:37:57.832> fiber<22:37:58.440> type<22:37:58.616> mismatch

wavelength mismatch fiber type mismatch

wavelength mismatch fiber type mismatch
so<22:38:01.016> the<22:38:01.800> bottom<22:38:02.040> line<22:38:02.216> with<22:38:02.464> fiber<22:38:02.872> cables<22:38:03.424> is

so the bottom line with fiber cables is

so the bottom line with fiber cables is
uh<22:38:04.256> if<22:38:04.496> it's<22:38:04.616> faulty<22:38:05.104> it<22:38:05.464> can't<22:38:05.640> transport

uh if it's faulty it can't transport

uh if it's faulty it can't transport
data<22:38:06.656> it<22:38:06.784> tends<22:38:07.016> to<22:38:07.144> be<22:38:07.256> either<22:38:07.512> a<22:38:08.512> working<22:38:08.760> or

data it tends to be either a working or

data it tends to be either a working or
not<22:38:09.360> working<22:38:09.600> situation<22:38:10.440> whereas<22:38:10.920> with

not working situation whereas with

not working situation whereas with
copper<22:38:11.512> you<22:38:12.424> may<22:38:12.536> well<22:38:12.720> have<22:38:13.016> a<22:38:13.256> period<22:38:13.552> of

copper you may well have a period of

copper you may well have a period of
time<22:38:13.920> where<22:38:14.336> the<22:38:14.512> the<22:38:14.696> performance<22:38:15.424> just

time where the the performance just

time where the the performance just
deteriorates<22:38:16.512> when<22:38:17.512> you<22:38:17.640> get<22:38:17.824> in<22:38:17.936> packet<22:38:18.360> loss

deteriorates when you get in packet loss

deteriorates when you get in packet loss
or<22:38:18.896> intermittent<22:38:20.040> um<22:38:20.104> connectivity<22:38:21.080> and<22:38:22.080> you

or intermittent um connectivity and you

or intermittent um connectivity and you
normally<22:38:22.616> easily<22:38:23.104> troubleshoot<22:38:23.640> that<22:38:23.760> by

normally easily troubleshoot that by

normally easily troubleshoot that by
just<22:38:24.176> swapping<22:38:24.536> the<22:38:24.656> cable<22:38:24.832> out<22:38:25.080> if<22:38:25.800> it<22:38:26.040> all

just swapping the cable out if it all

just swapping the cable out if it all
works<22:38:26.464> then<22:38:26.640> it<22:38:26.824> points<22:38:27.056> to<22:38:27.176> the<22:38:27.296> fact<22:38:27.424> that

works then it points to the fact that

works then it points to the fact that
the<22:38:27.784> cable<22:38:27.960> was<22:38:28.256> faulty<22:38:28.744> and<22:38:29.280> they're<22:38:29.464> so

the cable was faulty and they're so

the cable was faulty and they're so
cheap<22:38:29.824> you<22:38:30.000> just<22:38:30.240> throw<22:38:30.360> them<22:38:30.600> away

cheap you just throw them away

cheap you just throw them away
obviously<22:38:33.056> um<22:38:33.120> fiber<22:38:33.832> cables<22:38:34.192> are<22:38:34.376> not<22:38:34.552> so

obviously um fiber cables are not so

obviously um fiber cables are not so
cheap

cheap

cheap
first<22:38:36.424> place<22:38:36.832> to<22:38:37.016> look<22:38:37.192> will<22:38:37.552> often<22:38:37.920> be<22:38:38.160> the

first place to look will often be the

first place to look will often be the
LED<22:38:39.120> next<22:38:39.600> to<22:38:39.784> the<22:38:39.896> ports<22:38:40.256> where<22:38:40.496> you've

LED next to the ports where you've

LED next to the ports where you've
plugged<22:38:40.976> the<22:38:41.104> cable<22:38:41.336> in<22:38:41.576> if<22:38:42.120> it<22:38:42.240> doesn't<22:38:42.424> light

plugged the cable in if it doesn't light

plugged the cable in if it doesn't light
up<22:38:42.896> then<22:38:43.192> you've<22:38:43.552> got<22:38:43.744> a<22:38:44.104> number<22:38:44.216> of<22:38:44.464> possible

up then you've got a number of possible

up then you've got a number of possible
reasons<22:38:46.320> the<22:38:46.976> cable's<22:38:47.464> not<22:38:48.056> um<22:38:48.120> plugged<22:38:48.480> in

reasons the cable's not um plugged in

reasons the cable's not um plugged in
properly<22:38:48.896> at<22:38:49.080> both<22:38:49.320> ends<22:38:49.744> the<22:38:50.160> cable<22:38:50.400> could<22:38:50.760> be

properly at both ends the cable could be

properly at both ends the cable could be
broken<22:38:51.120> somewhere

broken somewhere

broken somewhere
now<22:38:53.216> here's<22:38:54.000> um

now here's um

now here's um
the<22:38:55.320> troubleshooting<22:38:56.104> flow<22:38:56.640> chart<22:38:56.872> for<22:38:57.424> fiber

the troubleshooting flow chart for fiber

the troubleshooting flow chart for fiber
cable

cable

cable
um<22:39:00.056> well<22:39:00.240> worth<22:39:00.480> maybe<22:39:00.832> just<22:39:01.192> printing<22:39:01.616> the

um well worth maybe just printing the

um well worth maybe just printing the
screen<22:39:02.040> and<22:39:02.464> just<22:39:02.576> following<22:39:02.936> it<22:39:03.120> through

screen and just following it through

screen and just following it through
plug<22:39:03.536> it<22:39:03.720> into<22:39:03.832> a<22:39:04.080> different<22:39:04.192> port<22:39:04.552> does<22:39:05.400> that

plug it into a different port does that

plug it into a different port does that
Port<22:39:05.760> light<22:39:06.056> up<22:39:06.296> then<22:39:06.600> and<22:39:07.144> it<22:39:07.256> shows<22:39:07.440> you<22:39:07.504> it's

Port light up then and it shows you it's

Port light up then and it shows you it's
a<22:39:07.800> problem<22:39:07.920> with<22:39:08.216> the<22:39:08.400> port

a problem with the port

a problem with the port
um just<22:39:10.616> a<22:39:10.800> few<22:39:10.920> simple<22:39:11.104> troubleshooting

um just a few simple troubleshooting

um just a few simple troubleshooting
steps<22:39:12.296> really

steps really

steps really
all<22:39:13.856> right<22:39:14.040> don't<22:39:14.400> look<22:39:14.640> into<22:39:14.936> the<22:39:15.480> cable<22:39:15.600> when

all right don't look into the cable when

all right don't look into the cable when
you've<22:39:16.080> got<22:39:16.192> the<22:39:16.376> other<22:39:16.440> end<22:39:16.680> plugged<22:39:17.104> in

you've got the other end plugged in

you've got the other end plugged in
because<22:39:17.464> the<22:39:18.000> laser<22:39:18.424> will<22:39:18.600> go<22:39:18.720> directly<22:39:19.016> into

because the laser will go directly into

because the laser will go directly into
your<22:39:19.440> light<22:39:19.680> and<22:39:20.464> it<22:39:20.640> could<22:39:20.760> cause<22:39:21.000> damage<22:39:21.536> so

your light and it could cause damage so

your light and it could cause damage so
use<22:39:23.040> um<22:39:23.104> you<22:39:23.216> could<22:39:23.400> well<22:39:23.640> you<22:39:23.824> could<22:39:23.936> actually

use um you could well you could actually

use um you could well you could actually
point<22:39:24.424> it<22:39:24.656> at<22:39:25.320> um<22:39:25.320> a<22:39:26.280> white<22:39:26.400> object<22:39:26.872> or<22:39:27.176> a<22:39:27.360> wall

point it at um a white object or a wall

point it at um a white object or a wall
or<22:39:27.656> at<22:39:27.896> your<22:39:28.016> hand

or at your hand

or at your hand
um<22:39:29.464> but<22:39:29.696> read<22:39:29.936> the<22:39:30.120> documentation<22:39:30.656> that<22:39:30.960> comes

um but read the documentation that comes

um but read the documentation that comes
with<22:39:31.320> the<22:39:31.504> cable<22:39:31.800> to<22:39:32.640> make<22:39:32.760> sure<22:39:33.000> you're<22:39:33.240> doing

with the cable to make sure you're doing

with the cable to make sure you're doing
the<22:39:33.960> correct<22:39:34.496> thing<22:39:34.680> there<22:39:35.216> are<22:39:35.400> obviously

the correct thing there are obviously

the correct thing there are obviously
electronic<22:39:36.536> devices<22:39:36.896> that<22:39:37.256> you<22:39:37.376> can<22:39:37.504> also<22:39:37.744> use

electronic devices that you can also use

electronic devices that you can also use
when<22:39:39.240> you<22:39:39.424> can<22:39:39.600> connect<22:39:39.784> two<22:39:40.256> devices<22:39:40.856> such<22:39:41.336> as

when you can connect two devices such as

when you can connect two devices such as
a<22:39:41.640> server<22:39:41.936> adapter<22:39:42.360> to<22:39:42.536> a<22:39:42.720> switch<22:39:42.896> using<22:39:43.800> a

a server adapter to a switch using a

a server adapter to a switch using a
fiber<22:39:44.280> cable<22:39:44.576> the<22:39:45.424> TX<22:39:45.784> Porter<22:39:46.144> one<22:39:46.320> end<22:39:46.496> should

fiber cable the TX Porter one end should

fiber cable the TX Porter one end should
always<22:39:46.856> be<22:39:47.104> connected<22:39:47.400> to<22:39:47.640> the<22:39:47.760> RX<22:39:48.120> Porter<22:39:48.536> the

always be connected to the RX Porter the

always be connected to the RX Porter the
opposite<22:39:49.144> end<22:39:49.256> normally<22:39:50.216> you'll<22:39:50.576> get<22:39:50.872> a

opposite end normally you'll get a

opposite end normally you'll get a
housing

housing

housing
that<22:39:53.464> both<22:39:53.760> ends<22:39:54.056> of<22:39:54.120> the<22:39:54.240> cable<22:39:54.480> will<22:39:54.784> connect

that both ends of the cable will connect

that both ends of the cable will connect
to<22:39:55.320> and<22:39:55.856> that<22:39:55.976> can<22:39:56.160> only<22:39:56.336> plug<22:39:56.576> in<22:39:56.824> one<22:39:57.176> way<22:39:57.424> to

to and that can only plug in one way to

to and that can only plug in one way to
the<22:39:58.616> device

the device

the device
not<22:40:00.536> always<22:40:00.784> the<22:40:01.144> case<22:40:01.320> and<22:40:02.104> obviously

not always the case and obviously

not always the case and obviously
there's<22:40:02.760> different<22:40:03.120> cable<22:40:03.480> types<22:40:03.960> all<22:40:04.080> over

there's different cable types all over

there's different cable types all over
the<22:40:04.440> world<22:40:04.552> but<22:40:05.336> um<22:40:05.336> normally<22:40:06.080> you'll

the world but um normally you'll

the world but um normally you'll
um

um

um
it'll<22:40:09.296> be<22:40:09.480> designed<22:40:10.080> to<22:40:10.192> be<22:40:10.440> idiot<22:40:10.800> proof<22:40:11.104> so

it'll be designed to be idiot proof so

it'll be designed to be idiot proof so
we<22:40:11.512> don't<22:40:12.056> um<22:40:12.056> cause<22:40:12.360> that<22:40:12.656> issue<22:40:13.016> if<22:40:13.680> you

we don't um cause that issue if you

we don't um cause that issue if you
connect<22:40:13.920> it<22:40:14.280> the<22:40:14.400> other<22:40:14.512> way<22:40:14.640> around<22:40:14.760> you'll

connect it the other way around you'll

connect it the other way around you'll
have<22:40:15.360> no<22:40:15.536> connectivity<22:40:16.144> and<22:40:17.040> then<22:40:17.696> um<22:40:17.760> it'll

have no connectivity and then um it'll

have no connectivity and then um it'll
show<22:40:18.720> no<22:40:18.896> connection

show no connection

show no connection
as<22:40:20.824> supported<22:40:21.296> distances<22:40:21.784> multi-mod<22:40:22.496> fibers

as supported distances multi-mod fibers

as supported distances multi-mod fibers
with<22:40:23.160> 50<22:40:23.336> microns<22:40:24.000> and<22:40:24.480> 62<22:40:24.832> microns<22:40:25.440> can

with 50 microns and 62 microns can

with 50 microns and 62 microns can
support<22:40:26.280> data<22:40:26.824> up<22:40:27.000> to<22:40:27.176> 500<22:40:27.600> meters<22:40:28.080> and<22:40:28.744> 175

support data up to 500 meters and 175

support data up to 500 meters and 175
respectively<22:40:30.296> again<22:40:31.192> read<22:40:31.800> the<22:40:32.040> label<22:40:32.280> it

respectively again read the label it

respectively again read the label it
comes<22:40:32.696> with<22:40:32.936> your<22:40:33.296> cable<22:40:34.256> in

comes with your cable in

comes with your cable in
um you<22:40:36.000> might<22:40:36.120> you<22:40:36.296> may<22:40:36.424> well<22:40:36.600> be<22:40:36.784> lucky

um you might you may well be lucky

um you might you may well be lucky
enough<22:40:37.144> to<22:40:37.320> have<22:40:37.504> a<22:40:37.744> professional<22:40:38.240> company

enough to have a professional company

enough to have a professional company
coming<22:40:39.600> into<22:40:39.832> your<22:40:40.144> cabling<22:40:40.680> for<22:40:40.976> you<22:40:41.216> and

coming into your cabling for you and

coming into your cabling for you and
then<22:40:42.000> again<22:40:42.176> you<22:40:42.536> may<22:40:42.656> have<22:40:42.784> to<22:40:42.896> go<22:40:43.144> and<22:40:43.376> swap

then again you may have to go and swap

then again you may have to go and swap
some<22:40:44.160> cable<22:40:44.464> out<22:40:44.696> or<22:40:44.936> install<22:40:45.120> a<22:40:45.424> new<22:40:45.600> device

some cable out or install a new device

some cable out or install a new device
without<22:40:46.616> the<22:40:46.920> aid<22:40:47.160> of<22:40:47.280> this<22:40:47.400> company<22:40:47.576> so<22:40:47.872> you

without the aid of this company so you

without the aid of this company so you
do<22:40:48.120> need<22:40:48.296> to<22:40:48.424> know

do need to know

do need to know
multi-mad<22:40:50.280> fibers<22:40:51.056> are<22:40:51.360> categorized<22:40:52.080> further

multi-mad fibers are categorized further

multi-mad fibers are categorized further
by<22:40:52.856> Optical<22:40:53.336> multi-mode<22:40:54.056> or<22:40:54.296> om<22:40:54.600> designator

by Optical multi-mode or om designator

by Optical multi-mode or om designator
these<22:40:56.936> are<22:40:57.056> labeled<22:40:57.360> from<22:40:57.536> om1<22:40:58.192> to<22:40:58.496> om4<22:40:59.216> just

these are labeled from om1 to om4 just

these are labeled from om1 to om4 just
check<22:41:00.296> the<22:41:01.192> uh<22:41:02.160> table<22:41:03.056> and

check the uh table and

check the uh table and
um<22:41:04.680> you've<22:41:05.640> let<22:41:05.824> you've<22:41:06.056> normally<22:41:06.176> got<22:41:06.424> a

um you've let you've normally got a

um you've let you've normally got a
label<22:41:06.784> on<22:41:06.960> your<22:41:07.080> cable<22:41:07.320> as<22:41:07.616> well<22:41:07.800> to<22:41:08.280> see<22:41:08.400> what

label on your cable as well to see what

label on your cable as well to see what
you<22:41:08.696> do<22:41:08.824> however<22:41:09.176> it's<22:41:09.424> stamped<22:41:09.720> on<22:41:09.832> the<22:41:10.016> side

you do however it's stamped on the side

you do however it's stamped on the side
and<22:41:10.920> just<22:41:11.104> check<22:41:11.280> the<22:41:11.576> specifications<22:41:12.296> and

and just check the specifications and

and just check the specifications and
allowances

allowances

allowances
when<22:41:14.464> you<22:41:14.640> troubleshoot<22:41:15.240> in<22:41:15.424> check<22:41:15.832> whether

when you troubleshoot in check whether

when you troubleshoot in check whether
the<22:41:16.440> cable<22:41:17.216> supports<22:41:17.760> the<22:41:17.872> speed<22:41:18.120> and

the cable supports the speed and

the cable supports the speed and
distance<22:41:18.600> of<22:41:19.320> the<22:41:19.504> link<22:41:19.616> between<22:41:19.920> the<22:41:20.280> devices

Bend radius most fiber optic cables are

Bend radius most fiber optic cables are
made<22:41:25.976> of<22:41:26.160> glass

made of glass

made of glass
a<22:41:27.480> sharp<22:41:27.832> Bend<22:41:28.016> at<22:41:28.256> some<22:41:28.440> point<22:41:28.616> they<22:41:28.856> are

a sharp Bend at some point they are

a sharp Bend at some point they are
pretty<22:41:29.280> flexible<22:41:29.640> but<22:41:29.936> if<22:41:30.056> you<22:41:30.176> bend<22:41:30.360> it<22:41:30.536> too

pretty flexible but if you bend it too

pretty flexible but if you bend it too
much<22:41:30.832> it<22:41:31.080> will<22:41:31.256> break<22:41:31.440> the<22:41:31.616> glass<22:41:31.800> the<22:41:32.576> bend

much it will break the glass the bend

much it will break the glass the bend
radius<22:41:33.176> refers<22:41:33.480> to<22:41:33.656> the<22:41:33.832> smallest<22:41:34.192> bend<22:41:34.616> a

radius refers to the smallest bend a

radius refers to the smallest bend a
cable<22:41:35.696> can<22:41:35.936> withstand<22:41:36.480> again<22:41:37.256> if<22:41:37.552> you<22:41:37.680> start

cable can withstand again if you start

cable can withstand again if you start
wrapping<22:41:38.400> this<22:41:38.576> Cable<22:41:38.872> Round<22:41:39.296> and<22:41:39.600> Round<22:41:39.832> a

wrapping this Cable Round and Round a

wrapping this Cable Round and Round a
pole<22:41:40.552> in<22:41:41.160> order<22:41:41.280> to<22:41:41.464> take<22:41:41.760> up<22:41:41.936> the<22:41:42.120> slack<22:41:42.424> then

pole in order to take up the slack then

pole in order to take up the slack then
you<22:41:43.552> could<22:41:43.680> well<22:41:44.040> check<22:41:44.576> and<22:41:44.824> break<22:41:45.120> the<22:41:45.424> bend

you could well check and break the bend

you could well check and break the bend
radius<22:41:46.192> and<22:41:46.856> rendering<22:41:47.336> the<22:41:47.464> cable

radius and rendering the cable

radius and rendering the cable
um unserviceable

to avoid issues don't bend them

to avoid issues don't bend them
obviously<22:41:54.296> or<22:41:54.480> more<22:41:54.656> than<22:41:54.832> you<22:41:55.016> have<22:41:55.144> to<22:41:55.256> the

obviously or more than you have to the

obviously or more than you have to the
otdr<22:41:56.824> can<22:41:57.000> be<22:41:57.120> used<22:41:57.240> to<22:41:57.360> check<22:41:57.536> whether<22:41:57.720> the

otdr can be used to check whether the

otdr can be used to check whether the
cable<22:41:58.144> is<22:41:58.496> damaged

cable is damaged

cable is damaged
damage<22:42:00.480> cable<22:42:00.784> obviously<22:42:01.440> needs<22:42:01.800> to<22:42:01.856> be

damage cable obviously needs to be

damage cable obviously needs to be
replaced<22:42:02.576> hopefully<22:42:02.872> that<22:42:03.056> goes<22:42:03.360> without

replaced hopefully that goes without

replaced hopefully that goes without
saying

saying

saying
um<22:42:04.800> the<22:42:05.160> broken<22:42:05.336> cable<22:42:05.824> some<22:42:06.656> people<22:42:06.832> put<22:42:07.192> them

um the broken cable some people put them

um the broken cable some people put them
in<22:42:07.504> a<22:42:07.616> cable<22:42:07.856> box<22:42:08.160> if<22:42:08.640> it's<22:42:08.824> broken<22:42:09.056> make<22:42:09.536> sure

in a cable box if it's broken make sure

in a cable box if it's broken make sure
you<22:42:09.832> dispose<22:42:10.192> of<22:42:10.376> it<22:42:10.552> in<22:42:11.760> um<22:42:11.760> the<22:42:12.056> legal<22:42:12.480> the

you dispose of it in um the legal the

you dispose of it in um the legal the
legal<22:42:13.440> manner<22:42:13.800> so<22:42:13.976> you<22:42:14.104> can't<22:42:14.216> throw<22:42:14.336> it<22:42:14.512> onto

legal manner so you can't throw it onto

legal manner so you can't throw it onto
a<22:42:14.936> fire<22:42:15.120> usually<22:42:15.656> you'd<22:42:16.376> have<22:42:16.496> to<22:42:16.616> have<22:42:16.800> it

a fire usually you'd have to have it

a fire usually you'd have to have it
professionally<22:42:17.824> uh<22:42:18.176> destroyed<22:42:18.784> or<22:42:19.080> every

professionally uh destroyed or every

professionally uh destroyed or every
cycled<22:42:20.640> if<22:42:21.480> you've<22:42:21.656> got<22:42:21.784> dirt<22:42:22.016> because<22:42:22.440> it

cycled if you've got dirt because it

cycled if you've got dirt because it
uses<22:42:23.040> light<22:42:23.336> on<22:42:23.640> the<22:42:23.760> fiber<22:42:24.120> cables<22:42:24.600> if<22:42:24.960> you've

uses light on the fiber cables if you've

uses light on the fiber cables if you've
got<22:42:25.192> dirt<22:42:25.504> on<22:42:25.744> one<22:42:25.920> end<22:42:26.040> it<22:42:26.216> will<22:42:26.336> cause

got dirt on one end it will cause

got dirt on one end it will cause
um

um

um
problems<22:42:28.680> High<22:42:28.976> loss<22:42:29.336> and<22:42:29.600> reflectance<22:42:30.600> clean

problems High loss and reflectance clean

problems High loss and reflectance clean
it<22:42:31.552> using<22:42:31.976> the<22:42:32.280> cleaning<22:42:33.016> methods<22:42:34.016> and

it using the cleaning methods and

it using the cleaning methods and
supplies<22:42:34.680> provided<22:42:35.216> with<22:42:35.512> the<22:42:35.640> cables<22:42:36.120> don't

supplies provided with the cables don't

supplies provided with the cables don't
wipe<22:42:37.080> at<22:42:37.192> the<22:42:37.320> end<22:42:37.440> of<22:42:37.552> it<22:42:37.680> on<22:42:37.976> on<22:42:38.336> your

wipe at the end of it on on your

wipe at the end of it on on your
trousers

trousers

trousers
attenuation<22:42:41.936> signal<22:42:42.600> loss<22:42:42.960> over<22:42:43.192> the

attenuation signal loss over the

attenuation signal loss over the
fireball<22:42:43.856> optic<22:42:44.336> cable<22:42:44.832> following<22:42:45.832> could<22:42:46.016> be

fireball optic cable following could be

fireball optic cable following could be
the<22:42:46.320> reasons<22:42:46.800> it<22:42:47.280> could<22:42:47.400> have<22:42:47.512> been<22:42:47.696> over

the reasons it could have been over

the reasons it could have been over
stressed<22:42:48.360> during<22:42:48.480> installation<22:42:49.336> improper

stressed during installation improper

stressed during installation improper
termination<22:42:51.144> improper<22:42:52.144> splicing<22:42:52.744> if<22:42:53.160> it's

termination improper splicing if it's

termination improper splicing if it's
been<22:42:53.512> spliced<22:42:54.000> somewhere<22:42:54.296> could<22:42:55.080> be<22:42:55.192> broken

been spliced somewhere could be broken

been spliced somewhere could be broken
fiber<22:42:56.216> again<22:42:56.936> you<22:42:57.296> can<22:42:57.424> use<22:42:57.600> the<22:42:58.256> otdr<22:42:58.856> to

fiber again you can use the otdr to

fiber again you can use the otdr to
locate<22:43:00.424> the<22:43:00.656> faults

locate the faults

locate the faults
wavelength<22:43:02.640> mismatch

wavelength mismatch

wavelength mismatch
fiber<22:43:04.800> cable<22:43:05.040> uses<22:43:05.464> wavelengths<22:43:06.120> longer<22:43:06.480> than

fiber cable uses wavelengths longer than

fiber cable uses wavelengths longer than
a<22:43:06.896> normal<22:43:07.192> light<22:43:07.552> it's<22:43:08.336> usually<22:43:08.640> around<22:43:08.960> 850

a normal light it's usually around 850

a normal light it's usually around 850
1300<22:43:10.800> or<22:43:11.104> 1550<22:43:11.872> newton<22:43:12.600> meters

1300 or 1550 newton meters

1300 or 1550 newton meters
multi-mode<22:43:15.000> fiber<22:43:15.296> is<22:43:15.480> designed<22:43:15.784> to<22:43:15.896> operate

multi-mode fiber is designed to operate

multi-mode fiber is designed to operate
at<22:43:16.440> 850<22:43:16.920> to<22:43:17.280> 1300

at 850 to 1300

at 850 to 1300
single<22:43:19.680> mode<22:43:19.800> 13<22:43:20.400> 10<22:43:20.936> or<22:43:21.480> 1550

single mode 13 10 or 1550

single mode 13 10 or 1550
the<22:43:24.240> wavelength<22:43:24.720> is<22:43:24.784> used<22:43:24.896> for<22:43:25.080> transmission

the wavelength is used for transmission

the wavelength is used for transmission
on<22:43:25.800> the<22:43:25.976> wavelengths<22:43:26.464> that<22:43:26.576> must<22:43:26.696> be<22:43:26.824> tested

on the wavelengths that must be tested

on the wavelengths that must be tested
for<22:43:27.296> Signal<22:43:27.656> losses<22:43:28.016> in<22:43:28.440> the<22:43:28.680> cable<22:43:28.856> plants

now when the mismatch fiber cables are

now when the mismatch fiber cables are
coupled<22:43:34.616> the<22:43:34.856> incompatibility<22:43:35.576> of<22:43:35.872> the<22:43:36.056> core

coupled the incompatibility of the core

coupled the incompatibility of the core
sizes<22:43:36.656> results<22:43:37.080> in<22:43:37.440> signal<22:43:37.920> loss

sizes results in signal loss

sizes results in signal loss
now<22:43:39.424> there's<22:43:39.600> no<22:43:39.832> problem<22:43:40.080> if<22:43:40.440> you're

now there's no problem if you're

now there's no problem if you're
transmitting<22:43:41.104> light<22:43:41.280> from<22:43:41.512> a<22:43:41.696> smaller<22:43:42.000> fiber

transmitting light from a smaller fiber

transmitting light from a smaller fiber
core<22:43:42.656> to<22:43:42.896> a<22:43:43.080> larger<22:43:43.320> one<22:43:43.552> but<22:43:44.216> the<22:43:44.400> other<22:43:44.512> way

core to a larger one but the other way

core to a larger one but the other way
around<22:43:45.256> and<22:43:46.256> you'll<22:43:46.496> have<22:43:46.680> signal<22:43:47.040> loss

around and you'll have signal loss

around and you'll have signal loss
the<22:43:48.896> signal<22:43:49.192> loss<22:43:49.504> can<22:43:49.680> be<22:43:49.800> around<22:43:49.976> 20<22:43:50.512> DB<22:43:51.360> when

the signal loss can be around 20 DB when

the signal loss can be around 20 DB when
a<22:43:52.320> couple<22:43:52.680> when<22:43:53.336> we<22:43:53.464> could<22:43:53.576> pull<22:43:53.760> a<22:43:53.936> multi-mode

a couple when we could pull a multi-mode

a couple when we could pull a multi-mode
fiber<22:43:54.720> to<22:43:54.896> a<22:43:55.080> single<22:43:55.376> mode<22:43:55.552> again<22:43:56.512> read<22:43:56.824> the

fiber to a single mode again read the

fiber to a single mode again read the
documentation<22:43:57.680> that<22:43:58.680> comes<22:43:58.920> with<22:43:58.976> all<22:43:59.160> your

documentation that comes with all your

documentation that comes with all your
cable<22:43:59.696> in

cable in

cable in
so<22:44:00.960> I've<22:44:01.080> looked<22:44:01.376> at<22:44:01.440> fiber<22:44:01.856> cable<22:44:02.160> supported

so I've looked at fiber cable supported

so I've looked at fiber cable supported
distances<22:44:03.480> and<22:44:03.784> categories<22:44:04.320> the<22:44:04.744> bend<22:44:04.920> radius

distances and categories the bend radius

distances and categories the bend radius
dirt<22:44:06.656> on<22:44:06.960> your<22:44:07.144> connectors<22:44:08.000> attenuation<22:44:09.000> and

dirt on your connectors attenuation and

dirt on your connectors attenuation and
wavelength<22:44:10.496> mismatch<22:44:10.920> and<22:44:11.160> fiber<22:44:11.576> type

wavelength mismatch and fiber type

wavelength mismatch and fiber type
mismatch<22:44:12.240> that's<22:44:13.144> all<22:44:13.320> for<22:44:13.504> now<22:44:13.616> thanks<22:44:13.920> for

mismatch that's all for now thanks for

mismatch that's all for now thanks for
watching

[Music]

[Music]
foreign

19 lesson 4 common network issues

19 lesson 4 common network issues
there's<22:44:40.376> actually<22:44:40.552> entire<22:44:41.104> books<22:44:41.696> been

there's actually entire books been

there's actually entire books been
written<22:44:42.296> about<22:44:42.536> troubleshooting<22:44:43.440> Networks

written about troubleshooting Networks

written about troubleshooting Networks
and<22:44:45.784> from<22:44:46.080> PC<22:44:46.680> switches<22:44:47.336> and<22:44:47.512> routers<22:44:47.936> and

and from PC switches and routers and

and from PC switches and routers and
it's<22:44:48.600> something<22:44:49.256> that<22:44:49.680> requires<22:44:50.280> a<22:44:50.400> bit<22:44:50.464> of

it's something that requires a bit of

it's something that requires a bit of
experience<22:44:51.176> common<22:44:51.720> sense

experience common sense

experience common sense
and<22:44:53.512> often<22:44:53.824> a<22:44:54.000> plan<22:44:54.176> and<22:44:54.656> sometimes<22:44:55.080> a<22:44:55.320> bit<22:44:55.440> of

and often a plan and sometimes a bit of

and often a plan and sometimes a bit of
good<22:44:56.160> luck<22:44:56.336> as<22:44:56.512> well<22:44:56.696> and<22:44:56.872> guesswork

good luck as well and guesswork

good luck as well and guesswork
we're<22:44:59.696> going<22:44:59.872> to<22:45:00.000> look<22:45:00.120> at<22:45:00.320> common<22:45:01.320> things

we're going to look at common things

we're going to look at common things
that<22:45:02.280> normally<22:45:02.760> go<22:45:03.000> wrong<22:45:03.240> day<22:45:03.600> to<22:45:03.784> day

that normally go wrong day to day

that normally go wrong day to day
incorrect<22:45:04.800> default<22:45:05.104> gateway

incorrect default gateway

incorrect default gateway
broad<22:45:06.720> Customs<22:45:07.440> duplicate<22:45:08.104> IP<22:45:08.464> address<22:45:08.640> your

broad Customs duplicate IP address your

broad Customs duplicate IP address your
duplex<22:45:09.656> and<22:45:09.896> speed<22:45:10.144> mismatches

duplex and speed mismatches

duplex and speed mismatches
incorrect<22:45:12.480> vlans<22:45:13.104> Hardware<22:45:14.104> failures<22:45:14.760> and

incorrect vlans Hardware failures and

incorrect vlans Hardware failures and
DHCP<22:45:15.896> DNS

DHCP DNS

DHCP DNS
interface<22:45:18.424> misconfiguration<22:45:19.376> cable

interface misconfiguration cable

interface misconfiguration cable
placements

placements

placements
power<22:45:22.192> failures<22:45:22.800> and<22:45:23.216> then<22:45:23.400> less<22:45:23.640> common<22:45:23.896> MTU

power failures and then less common MTU

power failures and then less common MTU
black<22:45:25.192> hole<22:45:25.680> Nick<22:45:26.464> teaming<22:45:27.056> issues

black hole Nick teaming issues

black hole Nick teaming issues
so<22:45:28.976> you<22:45:29.216> can<22:45:29.280> create<22:45:29.400> default<22:45:29.824> gateway

so you can create default gateway

so you can create default gateway
um<22:45:31.320> it<22:45:31.976> depends<22:45:32.400> if<22:45:32.760> there's<22:45:32.872> been<22:45:33.120> a<22:45:33.296> change

um it depends if there's been a change

um it depends if there's been a change
of<22:45:34.016> default<22:45:34.440> gateway

of default gateway

of default gateway
if<22:45:36.176> the<22:45:36.424> device

if the device

if the device
um

um

um
that<22:45:39.240> is<22:45:39.480> experiencing<22:45:40.080> the<22:45:40.320> problems<22:45:40.744> has

that is experiencing the problems has

that is experiencing the problems has
had<22:45:41.280> any<22:45:41.464> changes

had any changes

had any changes
or<22:45:43.856> um<22:45:43.920> somebody's<22:45:44.824> gone<22:45:45.296> in<22:45:45.480> and<22:45:45.656> configured

or um somebody's gone in and configured

or um somebody's gone in and configured
something<22:45:46.320> so<22:45:46.744> it<22:45:46.856> all<22:45:46.976> depends<22:45:47.280> on<22:45:47.400> the

something so it all depends on the

something so it all depends on the
questions<22:45:47.696> you've<22:45:48.120> asked<22:45:48.360> really

questions you've asked really

questions you've asked really
but<22:45:49.440> if<22:45:49.616> you've<22:45:49.744> got<22:45:49.800> the<22:45:49.920> incorrect<22:45:50.280> default

but if you've got the incorrect default

but if you've got the incorrect default
gateway<22:45:51.056> then<22:45:51.480> all<22:45:52.080> traffic<22:45:52.320> from<22:45:52.856> your<22:45:53.104> host

gateway then all traffic from your host

gateway then all traffic from your host
device<22:45:54.536> is<22:45:55.192> going<22:45:55.440> to<22:45:55.616> the<22:45:55.800> wrong<22:45:55.920> location

device is going to the wrong location

device is going to the wrong location
and<22:45:57.176> Layer<22:45:57.536> Two<22:45:57.656> devices<22:45:58.016> such<22:45:58.440> as<22:45:58.616> switches

and Layer Two devices such as switches

and Layer Two devices such as switches
also<22:45:59.696> are<22:46:00.240> normally<22:46:00.536> configured<22:46:00.960> with<22:46:01.144> the

also are normally configured with the

also are normally configured with the
default<22:46:01.552> gateway<22:46:02.040> but<22:46:03.000> you<22:46:03.120> should<22:46:03.296> be<22:46:03.424> able

default gateway but you should be able

default gateway but you should be able
to<22:46:03.720> Ping<22:46:04.144> from<22:46:04.800> the<22:46:05.760> um<22:46:05.760> switch<22:46:06.176> whatever<22:46:07.080> the

to Ping from the um switch whatever the

to Ping from the um switch whatever the
VLAN<22:46:07.744> is<22:46:07.976> to<22:46:08.160> the<22:46:08.336> default<22:46:08.640> gateway<22:46:09.056> when

VLAN is to the default gateway when

VLAN is to the default gateway when
you're<22:46:09.536> installing<22:46:09.960> it<22:46:10.192> just<22:46:10.376> to<22:46:10.552> check<22:46:10.680> it's

you're installing it just to check it's

you're installing it just to check it's
working

working

working
so<22:46:12.960> the<22:46:13.192> IP<22:46:13.552> address<22:46:13.800> assigned<22:46:14.336> to<22:46:14.400> the

so the IP address assigned to the

so the IP address assigned to the
default<22:46:14.824> gateway<22:46:15.176> may<22:46:15.480> be<22:46:15.600> correct<22:46:15.832> and<22:46:16.016> you

default gateway may be correct and you

default gateway may be correct and you
can<22:46:16.320> check<22:46:16.552> your<22:46:17.160> IP<22:46:17.936> configuration<22:46:18.536> settings

can check your IP configuration settings

can check your IP configuration settings
on<22:46:19.800> your<22:46:19.976> windows<22:46:20.512> or<22:46:20.936> Linux

on your windows or Linux

on your windows or Linux
um<22:46:22.080> device

um device

um device
obviously<22:46:24.720> to<22:46:24.832> fix<22:46:25.080> it<22:46:25.256> put<22:46:25.440> in<22:46:25.552> the<22:46:25.744> correct

obviously to fix it put in the correct

obviously to fix it put in the correct
default<22:46:26.576> gateway<22:46:26.936> and<22:46:27.240> make<22:46:27.360> sure<22:46:27.480> nothing's

default gateway and make sure nothing's

default gateway and make sure nothing's
changed<22:46:28.192> on<22:46:28.320> the<22:46:28.496> default<22:46:28.800> gateway

changed on the default gateway

changed on the default gateway
broadcast<22:46:30.536> storms<22:46:31.256> users<22:46:31.856> can<22:46:32.160> experience<22:46:32.696> a

broadcast storms users can experience a

broadcast storms users can experience a
degradation<22:46:34.144> and<22:46:34.440> network<22:46:34.616> performance<22:46:35.360> and

degradation and network performance and

degradation and network performance and
it<22:46:36.480> can<22:46:36.600> actually<22:46:36.720> bring<22:46:37.016> down<22:46:37.192> the<22:46:37.440> entire

it can actually bring down the entire

it can actually bring down the entire
network

network

network
so<22:46:39.784> the<22:46:39.896> network<22:46:40.080> is<22:46:40.376> flooded<22:46:40.800> with<22:46:40.976> broadcast

so the network is flooded with broadcast

so the network is flooded with broadcast
traffic<22:46:41.696> could<22:46:42.600> be<22:46:42.832> a<22:46:43.320> switching<22:46:43.856> Loop<22:46:44.216> it

traffic could be a switching Loop it

traffic could be a switching Loop it
could<22:46:44.872> also<22:46:45.240> be<22:46:45.480> a<22:46:45.832> faulty<22:46:46.256> network<22:46:46.440> card

could also be a faulty network card

could also be a faulty network card
that's<22:46:47.760> just<22:46:48.056> sending<22:46:48.784> a<22:46:48.960> huge<22:46:49.192> amount<22:46:49.440> of

that's just sending a huge amount of

that's just sending a huge amount of
traffic<22:46:49.744> out

traffic out

traffic out
and<22:46:51.536> you<22:46:51.720> could<22:46:51.896> troubleshoot<22:46:52.496> it<22:46:52.616> with

and you could troubleshoot it with

and you could troubleshoot it with
Wireshark<22:46:53.400> and<22:46:53.760> other<22:46:53.936> programs<22:46:54.600> and<22:46:55.144> Cisco

Wireshark and other programs and Cisco

Wireshark and other programs and Cisco
provide<22:46:56.400> um<22:46:56.400> a<22:46:56.696> whole<22:46:56.824> raft<22:46:57.000> of<22:46:57.240> tools

provide um a whole raft of tools

provide um a whole raft of tools
uh<22:46:59.040> obviously<22:46:59.464> having<22:46:59.640> spanning<22:47:00.120> training

uh obviously having spanning training

uh obviously having spanning training
switches<22:47:01.016> will<22:47:01.320> help<22:47:01.552> solve<22:47:01.976> the<22:47:02.040> problem

switches will help solve the problem

switches will help solve the problem
it's<22:47:03.056> normally<22:47:03.360> there<22:47:03.656> it's<22:47:04.440> normally<22:47:04.680> on

it's normally there it's normally on

it's normally there it's normally on
their<22:47:04.976> body<22:47:05.104> faults

their body faults

their body faults
duplicate<22:47:07.080> IP<22:47:07.504> sometimes<22:47:08.280> somebody<22:47:08.640> doesn't

duplicate IP sometimes somebody doesn't

duplicate IP sometimes somebody doesn't
release<22:47:09.360> their<22:47:09.784> DHCP<22:47:10.496> address<22:47:10.800> it's<22:47:11.160> been<22:47:11.336> on

release their DHCP address it's been on

release their DHCP address it's been on
there<22:47:11.696> too<22:47:11.936> long<22:47:12.120> or<22:47:12.424> stuck<22:47:12.656> for<22:47:12.832> some<22:47:13.080> reason

there too long or stuck for some reason

there too long or stuck for some reason
or<22:47:14.336> I've<22:47:14.640> seen<22:47:14.872> people<22:47:15.296> manually<22:47:15.784> configure

or I've seen people manually configure

or I've seen people manually configure
an<22:47:16.976> IP<22:47:17.280> address<22:47:17.464> on<22:47:17.824> their<22:47:18.000> system<22:47:18.240> for<22:47:18.720> some

an IP address on their system for some

an IP address on their system for some
crazy<22:47:19.144> reason

crazy reason

crazy reason
I<22:47:20.760> don't<22:47:20.872> know<22:47:21.000> why<22:47:21.120> they<22:47:21.360> did<22:47:21.536> it<22:47:21.656> and<22:47:21.960> it's

I don't know why they did it and it's

I don't know why they did it and it's
caused<22:47:22.680> a<22:47:23.104> mismatch

caused a mismatch

caused a mismatch
to<22:47:25.856> avoid<22:47:26.104> it<22:47:26.336> you<22:47:26.640> can<22:47:26.696> change<22:47:26.872> the<22:47:27.120> IP

to avoid it you can change the IP

to avoid it you can change the IP
address<22:47:27.656> of<22:47:28.016> both<22:47:28.256> or<22:47:28.976> one<22:47:29.464> of<22:47:29.576> the<22:47:29.640> hosts<22:47:30.120> and

address of both or one of the hosts and

address of both or one of the hosts and
normally

normally

normally
um<22:47:31.976> asking<22:47:32.400> for<22:47:32.576> it<22:47:32.760> to<22:47:32.872> be<22:47:33.000> provided<22:47:33.360> by<22:47:33.656> DHCP

um asking for it to be provided by DHCP

um asking for it to be provided by DHCP
which<22:47:34.856> most<22:47:35.336> devices<22:47:35.760> use

which most devices use

which most devices use
speed<22:47:37.440> and<22:47:37.616> duplex<22:47:38.040> mismatch<22:47:38.760> you<22:47:39.600> can<22:47:39.656> have

speed and duplex mismatch you can have

speed and duplex mismatch you can have
on<22:47:39.960> your<22:47:40.144> host<22:47:40.440> or<22:47:41.040> on<22:47:41.336> a<22:47:41.576> switch<22:47:41.824> in<22:47:42.360> fact<22:47:42.536> on<22:47:42.720> a

on your host or on a switch in fact on a

on your host or on a switch in fact on a
router<22:47:43.192> as<22:47:43.320> well

router as well

router as well
you'll<22:47:44.576> have<22:47:44.760> slow<22:47:45.120> or<22:47:45.656> degraded<22:47:46.144> Network

you'll have slow or degraded Network

you'll have slow or degraded Network
performance<22:47:47.104> or<22:47:47.576> no<22:47:47.824> connection<22:47:48.120> no

performance or no connection no

performance or no connection no
connectivity<22:47:49.144> at<22:47:49.552> all

connectivity at all

connectivity at all
and<22:47:51.176> you<22:47:51.424> could<22:47:51.536> have<22:47:51.656> different<22:47:51.896> port<22:47:52.256> and

and you could have different port and

and you could have different port and
speed<22:47:52.744> settings<22:47:53.040> you<22:47:53.512> could<22:47:53.640> have<22:47:53.760> 100<22:47:54.240> full

speed settings you could have 100 full

speed settings you could have 100 full
duplex<22:47:55.616> on<22:47:55.976> one<22:47:56.216> side<22:47:56.480> and<22:47:57.480> 10<22:47:58.016> Meg<22:47:58.496> half

duplex on one side and 10 Meg half

duplex on one side and 10 Meg half
duplex<22:47:59.160> on<22:47:59.400> the<22:47:59.512> other<22:47:59.576> side<22:47:59.824> and<22:48:00.536> you're

duplex on the other side and you're

duplex on the other side and you're
going<22:48:00.784> to<22:48:00.832> have<22:48:00.960> problems<22:48:01.504> normally<22:48:01.920> you'll

going to have problems normally you'll

going to have problems normally you'll
see<22:48:02.400> issues<22:48:03.056> on<22:48:03.296> the<22:48:03.480> LED<22:48:03.856> of<22:48:04.856> the<22:48:05.040> network

see issues on the LED of the network

see issues on the LED of the network
card<22:48:05.696> as<22:48:05.936> well<22:48:06.120> and<22:48:06.536> you<22:48:06.656> could<22:48:06.832> have<22:48:07.440> um

card as well and you could have um

card as well and you could have um
error<22:48:09.176> messages<22:48:09.296> coming<22:48:09.720> up<22:48:09.896> on<22:48:10.080> your<22:48:10.320> router

error messages coming up on your router

error messages coming up on your router
or<22:48:10.920> switch<22:48:11.424> console<22:48:12.424> and<22:48:13.016> on<22:48:13.256> your<22:48:13.552> PC

or switch console and on your PC

or switch console and on your PC
so<22:48:16.144> common<22:48:16.376> causes<22:48:16.800> when<22:48:16.976> negotiation<22:48:17.640> is

so common causes when negotiation is

so common causes when negotiation is
enabled<22:48:18.360> on<22:48:18.480> one<22:48:18.656> side<22:48:18.832> and<22:48:19.144> disabled<22:48:19.616> on<22:48:19.744> the

enabled on one side and disabled on the

enabled on one side and disabled on the
other

it's reliable to manually configure

it's reliable to manually configure
network<22:48:24.600> speed<22:48:24.960> and<22:48:25.144> duplex<22:48:25.504> settings<22:48:25.800> for

network speed and duplex settings for

network speed and duplex settings for
the<22:48:26.336> server<22:48:26.640> and<22:48:26.824> other<22:48:27.000> critical<22:48:27.480> links<22:48:28.016> now

the server and other critical links now

the server and other critical links now
you<22:48:29.400> may<22:48:29.512> use<22:48:29.760> Auto<22:48:30.016> negotiation<22:48:31.016> the

you may use Auto negotiation the

you may use Auto negotiation the
networks<22:48:31.920> I've<22:48:32.104> worked<22:48:32.464> out<22:48:32.576> they<22:48:33.000> they

networks I've worked out they they

networks I've worked out they they
generally<22:48:33.832> didn't

generally didn't

generally didn't
they<22:48:35.576> had<22:48:36.144> hard-coded<22:48:37.280> and<22:48:38.280> speed<22:48:38.640> and<22:48:38.760> duplex

they had hard-coded and speed and duplex

they had hard-coded and speed and duplex
settings<22:48:39.424> for<22:48:39.784> all<22:48:39.896> devices

settings for all devices

settings for all devices
uh<22:48:41.640> incorrect<22:48:42.120> VLAN<22:48:42.536> if<22:48:42.832> you're<22:48:42.960> on<22:48:43.080> the<22:48:43.192> wrong

uh incorrect VLAN if you're on the wrong

uh incorrect VLAN if you're on the wrong
VLAN<22:48:43.800> you<22:48:43.976> may<22:48:44.160> have<22:48:44.336> no<22:48:44.640> connectivity<22:48:45.240> or<22:48:45.720> not

VLAN you may have no connectivity or not

VLAN you may have no connectivity or not
be<22:48:46.016> able<22:48:46.144> to<22:48:46.256> access<22:48:46.496> the<22:48:46.920> resources<22:48:47.872> that<22:48:48.176> you

be able to access the resources that you

be able to access the resources that you
need<22:48:48.536> because<22:48:48.960> it's<22:48:49.256> in<22:48:49.440> a<22:48:49.552> different<22:48:49.680> VLAN

need because it's in a different VLAN

need because it's in a different VLAN
configuring<22:48:52.320> devices<22:48:52.616> is<22:48:53.040> normally<22:48:53.336> the

configuring devices is normally the

configuring devices is normally the
switch<22:48:53.696> Port<22:48:54.056> the<22:48:54.480> end<22:48:54.536> devices<22:48:54.896> don't<22:48:55.320> have

switch Port the end devices don't have

switch Port the end devices don't have
VLAN<22:48:56.400> settings<22:48:56.936> as<22:48:57.360> a<22:48:57.600> general<22:48:57.720> rule<22:48:58.192> you

VLAN settings as a general rule you

VLAN settings as a general rule you
would<22:48:58.800> configure<22:48:59.160> the<22:48:59.280> switch<22:48:59.512> port<22:48:59.872> to<22:49:00.480> be<22:49:00.656> in

would configure the switch port to be in

would configure the switch port to be in
the<22:49:00.896> corrective<22:49:01.192> VLAN<22:49:01.680> and<22:49:02.512> make<22:49:02.696> sure<22:49:02.824> it's

the corrective VLAN and make sure it's

the corrective VLAN and make sure it's
not<22:49:03.120> blocked<22:49:03.600> that<22:49:03.832> VLAN<22:49:04.256> is<22:49:04.440> unblocked<22:49:04.800> for

not blocked that VLAN is unblocked for

not blocked that VLAN is unblocked for
security<22:49:05.104> reasons<22:49:05.824> on<22:49:06.480> the<22:49:06.600> switch<22:49:06.784> trunk

security reasons on the switch trunk

security reasons on the switch trunk
port

port

port
Hardware<22:49:08.696> failure<22:49:09.360> this<22:49:09.720> is<22:49:09.832> a<22:49:10.016> whole<22:49:10.144> raft<22:49:10.440> of

Hardware failure this is a whole raft of

Hardware failure this is a whole raft of
things<22:49:10.856> that<22:49:11.160> could<22:49:11.336> go<22:49:11.576> wrong

things that could go wrong

things that could go wrong
intermittently<22:49:12.656> or<22:49:12.960> just<22:49:13.192> completely<22:49:13.616> break

intermittently or just completely break

intermittently or just completely break
and<22:49:15.176> one<22:49:15.360> of<22:49:15.536> the<22:49:15.536> components<22:49:16.080> of<22:49:16.256> a<22:49:16.376> device

and one of the components of a device

and one of the components of a device
may<22:49:16.856> have<22:49:17.040> failed<22:49:17.336> or<22:49:17.464> an<22:49:17.640> entire<22:49:17.936> device<22:49:18.176> you

may have failed or an entire device you

may have failed or an entire device you
identify<22:49:19.616> it<22:49:19.800> with<22:49:19.976> your<22:49:20.104> troubleshooting

identify it with your troubleshooting

identify it with your troubleshooting
methodology<22:49:21.440> and<22:49:22.440> you<22:49:22.680> can<22:49:22.800> replace<22:49:23.336> the

methodology and you can replace the

methodology and you can replace the
faulty<22:49:24.296> device<22:49:24.600> or<22:49:25.016> the<22:49:25.144> faulty<22:49:25.552> interface

faulty device or the faulty interface

faulty device or the faulty interface
DHCP<22:49:28.496> if<22:49:28.920> this<22:49:29.040> server<22:49:29.336> has<22:49:29.464> been<22:49:29.576> incorrectly

DHCP if this server has been incorrectly

DHCP if this server has been incorrectly
configured

configured

configured
then<22:49:32.696> you're<22:49:32.872> obviously<22:49:33.240> going<22:49:33.360> to<22:49:33.480> have

then you're obviously going to have

then you're obviously going to have
issues<22:49:33.960> you<22:49:34.256> could<22:49:34.376> have<22:49:34.552> one<22:49:34.920> person

issues you could have one person

issues you could have one person
affected<22:49:35.872> or<22:49:36.120> the<22:49:36.296> entire

affected or the entire

affected or the entire
um<22:49:37.440> organization<22:49:38.424> you<22:49:39.424> could<22:49:39.480> exhaust<22:49:39.896> all<22:49:40.144> of

um organization you could exhaust all of

um organization you could exhaust all of
the<22:49:40.376> IP<22:49:40.680> addresses<22:49:41.160> on<22:49:41.464> your<22:49:41.576> DHCP<22:49:42.424> pool<22:49:42.800> you

the IP addresses on your DHCP pool you

the IP addresses on your DHCP pool you
could<22:49:43.920> also<22:49:44.280> indicate<22:49:45.120> that<22:49:45.240> you've<22:49:45.480> got<22:49:45.600> some

could also indicate that you've got some

could also indicate that you've got some
sort<22:49:45.960> of<22:49:46.080> attack<22:49:46.320> going<22:49:46.920> on<22:49:47.216> some<22:49:47.824> Rogue<22:49:48.176> DHCP

sort of attack going on some Rogue DHCP

sort of attack going on some Rogue DHCP
server<22:49:49.376> or<22:49:50.280> the<22:49:50.576> devices<22:49:50.872> causing<22:49:51.480> issues

server or the devices causing issues

server or the devices causing issues
we've<22:49:53.160> addressed<22:49:53.336> that<22:49:53.576> elsewhere

we've addressed that elsewhere

we've addressed that elsewhere
DNS<22:49:56.824> obviously<22:49:57.296> for<22:49:57.832> DNS<22:49:58.256> lookups<22:49:58.800> you<22:49:58.920> need

DNS obviously for DNS lookups you need

DNS obviously for DNS lookups you need
to<22:49:59.216> have<22:49:59.336> the<22:49:59.576> correct<22:49:59.872> device<22:50:00.480> configured

to have the correct device configured

to have the correct device configured
a<22:50:02.336> host<22:50:02.512> can<22:50:02.760> be<22:50:02.872> configured<22:50:03.176> with<22:50:03.296> the<22:50:03.480> wrong

a host can be configured with the wrong

a host can be configured with the wrong
DNS<22:50:04.016> server<22:50:04.440> either<22:50:04.976> because<22:50:05.280> you've

DNS server either because you've

DNS server either because you've
misconfigured<22:50:06.536> the<22:50:06.656> DHCP<22:50:07.376> server<22:50:07.920> or

misconfigured the DHCP server or

misconfigured the DHCP server or
somebody's<22:50:08.936> hard<22:50:09.176> set<22:50:09.424> it

somebody's hard set it

somebody's hard set it
so<22:50:10.856> ensure<22:50:11.280> the<22:50:11.464> host<22:50:11.640> is<22:50:11.872> configured<22:50:12.296> with

so ensure the host is configured with

so ensure the host is configured with
the<22:50:12.600> correct<22:50:12.784> IP<22:50:13.144> address<22:50:13.320> of<22:50:13.616> the<22:50:13.800> DNS<22:50:14.216> server

the correct IP address of the DNS server

the correct IP address of the DNS server
on<22:50:15.656> Windows<22:50:16.016> you<22:50:16.256> could<22:50:16.376> issue<22:50:16.680> ipconfig

on Windows you could issue ipconfig

on Windows you could issue ipconfig
space<22:50:17.872> forward<22:50:18.240> slash<22:50:18.720> all<22:50:19.016> and<22:50:19.680> it<22:50:19.800> will<22:50:19.976> show

space forward slash all and it will show

space forward slash all and it will show
you<22:50:20.280> your<22:50:20.400> DHCP<22:50:21.240> server<22:50:21.656> address<22:50:21.832> your<22:50:22.320> DNS

you your DHCP server address your DNS

you your DHCP server address your DNS
server<22:50:23.104> address

server address

server address
IP<22:50:24.832> address<22:50:25.016> and<22:50:25.440> a<22:50:25.680> few<22:50:25.800> other

IP address and a few other

IP address and a few other
um settings<22:50:26.872> that<22:50:27.296> you<22:50:27.424> may<22:50:27.600> find

um settings that you may find

um settings that you may find
interesting

interesting

interesting
if<22:50:30.424> your<22:50:30.656> interface<22:50:31.080> is<22:50:31.320> incorrectly

if your interface is incorrectly

if your interface is incorrectly
configured<22:50:32.576> you'll<22:50:33.000> have<22:50:33.176> no<22:50:33.784> connectivity

configured you'll have no connectivity

configured you'll have no connectivity
or<22:50:34.800> intermittent

or intermittent

or intermittent
you<22:50:36.296> could<22:50:36.360> have<22:50:36.480> the<22:50:36.720> source<22:50:37.504> um<22:50:37.552> or

you could have the source um or

you could have the source um or
destination<22:50:38.280> device<22:50:38.696> may<22:50:39.120> have<22:50:39.296> an<22:50:39.480> incorrect

destination device may have an incorrect

destination device may have an incorrect
IP<22:50:40.800> address<22:50:40.976> or<22:50:41.216> subnet<22:50:41.696> so<22:50:42.296> if<22:50:42.424> if<22:50:42.720> for<22:50:43.192> some

IP address or subnet so if if for some

IP address or subnet so if if for some
reason<22:50:43.552> you'll

reason you'll

reason you'll
um router<22:50:45.656> interfaces<22:50:46.256> on<22:50:46.496> either<22:50:46.680> end<22:50:46.976> have

um router interfaces on either end have

um router interfaces on either end have
been<22:50:47.280> put<22:50:47.464> in<22:50:47.640> different<22:50:47.824> subnets<22:50:48.296> then

been put in different subnets then

been put in different subnets then
you're<22:50:49.080> not<22:50:49.192> going<22:50:49.376> to<22:50:49.552> get<22:50:49.680> you're<22:50:50.040> not<22:50:50.160> going

you're not going to get you're not going

you're not going to get you're not going
to<22:50:50.464> get<22:50:50.576> connectivity

to get connectivity

to get connectivity
check<22:50:53.160> the<22:50:53.400> ipn<22:50:53.824> subnet<22:50:54.600> mask<22:50:54.784> of<22:50:55.192> both<22:50:55.504> source

check the ipn subnet mask of both source

check the ipn subnet mask of both source
and<22:50:56.216> destination<22:50:56.640> and<22:50:56.936> check<22:50:57.120> it<22:50:57.296> against

and destination and check it against

and destination and check it against
your<22:50:57.896> design<22:50:58.192> documents

your design documents

your design documents
cable<22:51:01.016> placement<22:51:01.552> you<22:51:02.160> could<22:51:02.336> have<22:51:02.512> slow

cable placement you could have slow

cable placement you could have slow
performance

performance

performance
and<22:51:05.160> it<22:51:05.464> could<22:51:05.576> be<22:51:05.696> close<22:51:05.872> to<22:51:06.056> a<22:51:06.176> source<22:51:06.424> of<22:51:06.480> Emi

and it could be close to a source of Emi

and it could be close to a source of Emi
which<22:51:07.320> we've<22:51:07.680> already<22:51:07.920> discussed

which we've already discussed

which we've already discussed
power<22:51:11.040> failure<22:51:11.576> obviously<22:51:12.000> that's<22:51:12.240> going<22:51:12.480> to

power failure obviously that's going to

power failure obviously that's going to
cause<22:51:12.784> issues<22:51:13.192> either<22:51:13.440> with<22:51:13.744> the<22:51:13.920> device<22:51:14.216> or

cause issues either with the device or

cause issues either with the device or
part<22:51:15.296> of<22:51:15.480> the<22:51:15.600> network<22:51:15.784> or<22:51:16.192> the<22:51:16.376> entire

part of the network or the entire

part of the network or the entire
network

network

network
and<22:51:19.440> most

and most

and most
um<22:51:20.512> the<22:51:20.696> higher<22:51:21.000> end<22:51:21.176> switches<22:51:21.600> and<22:51:21.784> routers

um the higher end switches and routers

um the higher end switches and routers
have<22:51:22.440> redundant<22:51:22.920> power<22:51:23.160> supplies<22:51:23.760> so<22:51:24.656> that<22:51:24.832> if

have redundant power supplies so that if

have redundant power supplies so that if
the<22:51:25.256> main<22:51:25.440> one<22:51:25.616> goes<22:51:25.920> down<22:51:26.040> the<22:51:26.336> second<22:51:26.696> does

the main one goes down the second does

the main one goes down the second does
backup<22:51:27.536> one<22:51:27.784> takes<22:51:28.080> over

MTU backholes this is a maximum

MTU backholes this is a maximum
transmission<22:51:34.144> units<22:51:34.920> for<22:51:35.104> your<22:51:35.280> IP<22:51:35.512> packets

transmission units for your IP packets

transmission units for your IP packets
and<22:51:37.320> it<22:51:37.440> depends<22:51:37.744> on<22:51:37.920> configurations<22:51:38.464> it<22:51:38.872> can

and it depends on configurations it can

and it depends on configurations it can
also<22:51:39.296> happen<22:51:39.480> with<22:51:39.832> routing<22:51:40.256> protocols<22:51:40.800> such

also happen with routing protocols such

also happen with routing protocols such
as<22:51:41.160> ospf

as ospf

as ospf
um<22:51:43.504> which<22:51:43.856> is<22:51:43.976> outside<22:51:44.160> the<22:51:44.512> scope<22:51:44.696> of<22:51:44.872> this

um which is outside the scope of this

um which is outside the scope of this
course

course

course
if<22:51:47.824> the<22:51:47.936> packet's<22:51:48.360> been<22:51:48.480> flagged<22:51:48.832> as<22:51:48.896> do<22:51:49.144> not

if the packet's been flagged as do not

if the packet's been flagged as do not
fragment<22:51:49.744> then<22:51:50.696> the<22:51:50.872> router<22:51:51.176> is<22:51:51.360> expected<22:51:51.784> to

fragment then the router is expected to

fragment then the router is expected to
send<22:51:52.080> an<22:51:52.320> icmp<22:51:52.976> message<22:51:53.280> destination

send an icmp message destination

send an icmp message destination
unreachable<22:51:54.832> back<22:51:55.744> to<22:51:55.920> the<22:51:56.040> host<22:51:56.160> that<22:51:56.400> sent

unreachable back to the host that sent

unreachable back to the host that sent
the<22:51:56.824> packet

the packet

the packet
and<22:51:59.280> the<22:51:59.512> router<22:51:59.760> drops<22:52:00.056> the<22:52:00.120> packet<22:52:00.424> and

and the router drops the packet and

and the router drops the packet and
doesn't<22:52:00.656> send<22:52:00.896> the<22:52:01.016> icmp<22:52:01.680> message<22:52:01.976> then<22:52:02.336> the

doesn't send the icmp message then the

doesn't send the icmp message then the
host<22:52:02.824> to<22:52:03.240> the<22:52:03.424> host<22:52:03.600> and<22:52:03.784> the<22:52:03.960> router<22:52:04.256> is

host to the host and the router is

host to the host and the router is
referred<22:52:04.616> to<22:52:04.680> as<22:52:04.800> a<22:52:04.976> black<22:52:05.040> hole<22:52:05.464> router

referred to as a black hole router

referred to as a black hole router
you<22:52:06.960> can<22:52:07.080> check<22:52:07.256> the<22:52:07.504> interface<22:52:08.120> MTU<22:52:09.120> on<22:52:09.480> your

you can check the interface MTU on your

you can check the interface MTU on your
routers<22:52:10.192> when<22:52:10.856> you<22:52:10.976> do<22:52:11.160> the<22:52:11.280> show<22:52:11.464> interface

routers when you do the show interface

routers when you do the show interface
or<22:52:12.960> you<22:52:13.192> can<22:52:13.320> add<22:52:14.040> um<22:52:14.040> some<22:52:14.336> troubleshooting

or you can add um some troubleshooting

or you can add um some troubleshooting
software<22:52:15.656> if<22:52:16.376> it<22:52:16.552> if<22:52:16.800> you<22:52:16.920> don't<22:52:16.976> already<22:52:17.160> have

software if it if you don't already have

software if it if you don't already have
it<22:52:18.056> you<22:52:18.600> can<22:52:18.720> use<22:52:18.832> a<22:52:19.016> ping<22:52:19.256> utility<22:52:19.616> or<22:52:20.280> you<22:52:20.464> can

it you can use a ping utility or you can

it you can use a ping utility or you can
use<22:52:20.760> a<22:52:20.936> trace<22:52:21.176> route<22:52:21.480> you<22:52:22.256> can<22:52:22.320> send<22:52:22.552> different

use a trace route you can send different

use a trace route you can send different
ping<22:52:23.336> sizes<22:52:23.960> and<22:52:24.960> certainly<22:52:25.320> on<22:52:25.440> Cisco

ping sizes and certainly on Cisco

ping sizes and certainly on Cisco
routers<22:52:26.216> you<22:52:26.464> can<22:52:26.576> go<22:52:26.696> into<22:52:26.872> a<22:52:27.176> detailed<22:52:27.832> menu

routers you can go into a detailed menu

routers you can go into a detailed menu
of<22:52:29.104> options<22:52:29.464> or<22:52:29.640> send<22:52:29.824> a<22:52:30.000> ping<22:52:30.176> packet<22:52:30.536> of<22:52:30.656> a

of options or send a ping packet of a

of options or send a ping packet of a
certain<22:52:31.016> size<22:52:31.320> to<22:52:31.920> see<22:52:32.040> if<22:52:32.160> you're<22:52:32.280> losing

certain size to see if you're losing

certain size to see if you're losing
packets

packets

packets
Nick<22:52:34.744> teaming<22:52:35.280> for<22:52:36.176> user<22:52:36.600> experiences<22:52:37.080> a

Nick teaming for user experiences a

Nick teaming for user experiences a
degradation<22:52:38.216> in<22:52:38.640> network<22:52:38.824> performance<22:52:39.536> it

degradation in network performance it

degradation in network performance it
could<22:52:40.552> be<22:52:40.680> a<22:52:40.856> Nick<22:52:41.040> teaming<22:52:41.464> misconfiguration

could be a Nick teaming misconfiguration

could be a Nick teaming misconfiguration
this<22:52:43.080> is<22:52:43.256> generally<22:52:43.616> done<22:52:43.920> a<22:52:44.216> lot<22:52:44.336> on<22:52:44.640> servers

this is generally done a lot on servers

this is generally done a lot on servers
and<22:52:46.376> different<22:52:47.360> vendors<22:52:48.360> have<22:52:49.192> different

and different vendors have different

and different vendors have different
terminology<22:52:50.464> for<22:52:50.936> Nick<22:52:51.176> teaming<22:52:51.784> so<22:52:52.192> again

terminology for Nick teaming so again

terminology for Nick teaming so again
check<22:52:53.280> your<22:52:53.464> documentation

check your documentation

check your documentation
uh<22:52:56.040> generally<22:52:56.464> you'll<22:52:56.824> you'll

uh generally you'll you'll

uh generally you'll you'll
aggregate<22:52:59.104> various<22:52:59.872> Network<22:53:00.480> Cards<22:53:01.144> into<22:53:02.040> one

aggregate various Network Cards into one

aggregate various Network Cards into one
logical<22:53:02.824> connection

um so you could have broadcast uh storms

um so you could have broadcast uh storms
there'll<22:53:10.920> be<22:53:11.040> other<22:53:11.160> issues<22:53:11.512> as<22:53:11.696> well<22:53:11.872> with

there'll be other issues as well with

there'll be other issues as well with
spanning<22:53:12.600> tree<22:53:12.784> and<22:53:13.616> um<22:53:13.680> other<22:53:14.216> things<22:53:14.576> to

spanning tree and um other things to

spanning tree and um other things to
prevent<22:53:15.832> the<22:53:16.016> Nick<22:53:16.376> team<22:53:16.616> from<22:53:16.920> becoming

prevent the Nick team from becoming

prevent the Nick team from becoming
multiple<22:53:17.936> links<22:53:18.360> you<22:53:19.144> can<22:53:19.256> use<22:53:19.680> Link

multiple links you can use Link

multiple links you can use Link
aggregation<22:53:20.640> control<22:53:20.936> protocol<22:53:21.744> which<22:53:22.744> is

aggregation control protocol which is

aggregation control protocol which is
used<22:53:23.280> on<22:53:23.512> routers<22:53:24.056> generally

used on routers generally

used on routers generally
all<22:53:26.512> right<22:53:26.640> so<22:53:26.872> incorrect<22:53:27.480> develop<22:53:27.720> Gateway

all right so incorrect develop Gateway

all right so incorrect develop Gateway
broadcast<22:53:28.744> storms<22:53:29.512> duplicate<22:53:30.296> IP<22:53:30.720> and<22:53:31.016> speed

broadcast storms duplicate IP and speed

broadcast storms duplicate IP and speed
and<22:53:31.440> duplex<22:53:32.176> VLAN<22:53:33.176> assignments<22:53:33.720> on<22:53:33.832> your

and duplex VLAN assignments on your

and duplex VLAN assignments on your
switches<22:53:34.496> check<22:53:34.856> your<22:53:35.104> documentation<22:53:35.640> for

switches check your documentation for

switches check your documentation for
that<22:53:36.056> and<22:53:36.240> your<22:53:36.360> configurations

that and your configurations

that and your configurations
should<22:53:38.512> say<22:53:38.760> Hardware<22:53:39.000> failure<22:53:39.656> sorry

should say Hardware failure sorry

should say Hardware failure sorry
misconfigured<22:53:42.240> DHCP<22:53:43.192> and<22:53:43.800> DNS

misconfigured DHCP and DNS

misconfigured DHCP and DNS
interface<22:53:45.832> misconfiguration<22:53:46.744> issues<22:53:47.576> cable

interface misconfiguration issues cable

interface misconfiguration issues cable
placements

placements

placements
power<22:53:50.216> failures<22:53:50.760> empty<22:53:51.480> black<22:53:51.720> holes<22:53:52.144> and

power failures empty black holes and

power failures empty black holes and
Nick<22:53:52.616> teaming<22:53:53.160> that's<22:53:53.696> all<22:53:53.936> for<22:53:54.120> now<22:53:54.296> thanks

Nick teaming that's all for now thanks

Nick teaming that's all for now thanks
for<22:53:54.896> watching

[Music]

[Music]
thank<22:54:09.296> you

welcome to module 20 lesson one change

welcome to module 20 lesson one change
management<22:54:19.144> basics

management basics

management basics
we're<22:54:22.192> going<22:54:22.320> to<22:54:22.440> look<22:54:22.496> at<22:54:22.680> what<22:54:22.920> is<22:54:23.104> a<22:54:23.336> change

we're going to look at what is a change

we're going to look at what is a change
what<22:54:23.936> is<22:54:24.176> change<22:54:24.360> management<22:54:24.856> types<22:54:25.856> of

what is change management types of

what is change management types of
changes<22:54:26.464> and<22:54:26.640> approval<22:54:27.056> processes<22:54:27.784> what<22:54:28.440> is

changes and approval processes what is

changes and approval processes what is
documentation<22:54:29.336> in<22:54:29.936> respect<22:54:30.176> of<22:54:30.360> change

documentation in respect of change

documentation in respect of change
management

management

management
what<22:54:32.400> is<22:54:32.576> a<22:54:32.696> maintenance<22:54:33.000> window

what is a maintenance window

what is a maintenance window
what<22:54:35.464> is<22:54:35.696> configuration<22:54:36.360> procedures<22:54:37.192> or<22:54:37.440> what

what is configuration procedures or what

what is configuration procedures or what
are

are

are
what<22:54:39.056> is<22:54:39.296> a<22:54:39.424> rollback<22:54:39.832> what<22:54:40.744> is<22:54:40.856> the<22:54:41.040> potential

what is a rollback what is the potential

what is a rollback what is the potential
impact

impact

impact
what<22:54:42.784> is<22:54:42.960> the<22:54:43.080> notification<22:54:43.616> to<22:54:43.856> change

what is the notification to change

what is the notification to change
now<22:54:46.144> change<22:54:46.376> management<22:54:46.744> is<22:54:47.336> a<22:54:47.784> new<22:54:48.784> addition

now change management is a new addition

now change management is a new addition
to<22:54:49.616> the<22:54:49.920> network<22:54:50.104> plus<22:54:50.464> syllabus

to the network plus syllabus

to the network plus syllabus
it<22:54:52.616> actually<22:54:52.744> dates<22:54:53.216> back<22:54:53.512> to<22:54:54.424> you<22:54:54.784> can<22:54:54.960> trace

it actually dates back to you can trace

it actually dates back to you can trace
change<22:54:55.440> the<22:54:55.616> management<22:54:55.800> back<22:54:56.216> to<22:54:56.336> the<22:54:56.512> 1960s

change the management back to the 1960s

change the management back to the 1960s
and<22:54:59.512> now<22:55:00.056> it's<22:55:00.360> a<22:55:00.536> recognized

and now it's a recognized

and now it's a recognized
um

um

um
qualification<22:55:03.720> and<22:55:04.616> a<22:55:04.856> whole<22:55:05.160> area<22:55:05.536> where<22:55:06.536> you

qualification and a whole area where you

qualification and a whole area where you
can<22:55:06.832> gain<22:55:07.144> employment<22:55:07.616> as<22:55:08.040> a<22:55:08.216> change

can gain employment as a change

can gain employment as a change
management<22:55:08.760> change<22:55:09.536> manager

management change manager

management change manager
so<22:55:11.576> you<22:55:12.056> could<22:55:12.176> Google<22:55:12.480> change<22:55:13.192> manager<22:55:13.920> and

so you could Google change manager and

so you could Google change manager and
ITIL<22:55:14.640> which<22:55:14.872> is<22:55:15.000> the<22:55:15.176> it<22:55:15.296> infrastructure

ITIL which is the it infrastructure

ITIL which is the it infrastructure
Library

Library

Library
but<22:55:17.464> this<22:55:17.640> is<22:55:17.760> bringing<22:55:18.120> it<22:55:18.480> into<22:55:19.016> alignment

but this is bringing it into alignment

but this is bringing it into alignment
with<22:55:19.800> prisoners<22:55:20.400> practices<22:55:21.144> where<22:55:22.144> we're

with prisoners practices where we're

with prisoners practices where we're
managing

managing

managing
um<22:55:23.960> changes<22:55:25.216> and<22:55:26.216> problems<22:55:27.000> also<22:55:27.480> when<22:55:27.720> I

um changes and problems also when I

um changes and problems also when I
worked<22:55:28.256> uh<22:55:28.736> Yellow<22:55:28.976> Pages<22:55:29.336> in<22:55:29.760> the<22:55:29.872> UK<22:55:30.256> there

worked uh Yellow Pages in the UK there

worked uh Yellow Pages in the UK there
was<22:55:31.376> a<22:55:31.504> whole<22:55:31.616> Lotto<22:55:31.976> team<22:55:32.280> looking<22:55:32.640> at<22:55:33.232> um

was a whole Lotto team looking at um

was a whole Lotto team looking at um
change<22:55:33.720> management<22:55:34.216> problem<22:55:35.216> management<22:55:35.576> so

change management problem management so

change management problem management so
there's<22:55:36.656> systems<22:55:37.080> and<22:55:37.256> procedures<22:55:37.736> for

there's systems and procedures for

there's systems and procedures for
everything<22:55:38.336> looking<22:55:39.176> at<22:55:39.480> what<22:55:39.784> we're<22:55:39.896> doing

everything looking at what we're doing

everything looking at what we're doing
why<22:55:40.440> we're<22:55:40.680> doing<22:55:40.856> it<22:55:41.160> who<22:55:42.056> authorizes<22:55:42.784> it<22:55:42.960> if

why we're doing it who authorizes it if

why we're doing it who authorizes it if
there's<22:55:43.976> a<22:55:44.216> problem<22:55:44.336> what<22:55:44.760> caused<22:55:45.296> the

there's a problem what caused the

there's a problem what caused the
problem<22:55:45.536> how<22:55:45.960> do<22:55:46.080> we<22:55:46.192> stop<22:55:46.320> the<22:55:46.552> problem

problem how do we stop the problem

problem how do we stop the problem
happening<22:55:47.216> again

happening again

happening again
and<22:55:48.896> it<22:55:49.016> makes<22:55:49.192> the<22:55:49.440> entire<22:55:49.800> uh<22:55:50.512> business

and it makes the entire uh business

and it makes the entire uh business
procedure<22:55:51.360> and<22:55:51.536> business<22:55:51.720> run<22:55:52.144> more

procedure and business run more

procedure and business run more
professionally<22:55:53.120> and<22:55:54.120> it<22:55:54.296> cuts<22:55:54.600> down<22:55:54.656> a<22:55:54.960> lot<22:55:55.016> of

professionally and it cuts down a lot of

professionally and it cuts down a lot of
unnecessary

unnecessary

unnecessary
procedures<22:55:57.832> blaming<22:55:58.680> Communications<22:55:59.960> and

procedures blaming Communications and

procedures blaming Communications and
debriefing<22:56:01.856> and<22:56:02.216> makes<22:56:02.400> the<22:56:02.696> organization

debriefing and makes the organization

debriefing and makes the organization
work<22:56:03.720> more<22:56:03.896> efficiently

work more efficiently

work more efficiently
changes<22:56:06.232> any<22:56:06.480> addition<22:56:06.896> removal<22:56:07.616> or

changes any addition removal or

changes any addition removal or
modification<22:56:08.336> or<22:56:08.696> configuration<22:56:09.296> that<22:56:09.656> could

modification or configuration that could

modification or configuration that could
have<22:56:10.144> an<22:56:10.680> effect<22:56:10.856> on<22:56:11.104> the<22:56:11.280> IT<22:56:11.400> service<22:56:12.080> so<22:56:13.080> this

have an effect on the IT service so this

have an effect on the IT service so this
is<22:56:13.376> why<22:56:13.552> we<22:56:13.856> need<22:56:13.976> to<22:56:14.216> have<22:56:14.512> a<22:56:14.936> set<22:56:15.360> of

is why we need to have a set of

is why we need to have a set of
procedures<22:56:16.080> in<22:56:17.040> order<22:56:17.160> to<22:56:17.640> plan<22:56:18.120> for<22:56:18.832> a<22:56:18.960> change

procedures in order to plan for a change

procedures in order to plan for a change
rather<22:56:19.552> than<22:56:19.800> somebody<22:56:20.104> just<22:56:20.512> rebooting<22:56:21.176> one

rather than somebody just rebooting one

rather than somebody just rebooting one
of<22:56:22.256> the<22:56:22.376> main<22:56:22.736> cool<22:56:23.040> routers<22:56:23.640> on<22:56:24.120> the<22:56:24.296> network

of the main cool routers on the network

of the main cool routers on the network
at<22:56:25.440> the<22:56:25.552> busiest<22:56:25.856> time<22:56:26.160> of<22:56:26.400> day<22:56:26.576> we<22:56:27.360> need<22:56:27.536> to

at the busiest time of day we need to

at the busiest time of day we need to
have<22:56:27.784> some<22:56:28.016> sort<22:56:28.144> of<22:56:28.256> procedure

have some sort of procedure

have some sort of procedure
so<22:56:30.536> change<22:56:30.784> management<22:56:31.144> is<22:56:31.736> a<22:56:31.856> set<22:56:32.104> of

so change management is a set of

so change management is a set of
processes<22:56:32.872> that<22:56:33.232> governs<22:56:33.656> and<22:56:33.784> controls<22:56:34.144> the

processes that governs and controls the

processes that governs and controls the
aspects<22:56:34.680> from<22:56:34.800> start<22:56:35.040> to<22:56:35.280> finish<22:56:35.464> it<22:56:36.296> reduces

aspects from start to finish it reduces

aspects from start to finish it reduces
the<22:56:36.960> risk<22:56:37.320> disruption<22:56:37.856> and<22:56:38.512> impact<22:56:39.000> on<22:56:39.176> the

the risk disruption and impact on the

the risk disruption and impact on the
business

business

business
we<22:56:41.040> could<22:56:41.216> refer<22:56:41.464> to<22:56:41.512> it<22:56:41.696> as<22:56:41.872> CM<22:56:42.232> for<22:56:42.536> short

we could refer to it as CM for short

we could refer to it as CM for short
so<22:56:44.512> CM<22:56:44.936> aims<22:56:45.296> to<22:56:45.424> use<22:56:45.536> the<22:56:45.720> defined<22:56:46.080> standards

so CM aims to use the defined standards

so CM aims to use the defined standards
and<22:56:46.736> methods<22:56:47.160> and<22:56:47.216> procedures<22:56:47.696> across

and methods and procedures across

and methods and procedures across
various<22:56:48.480> teams<22:56:48.832> of<22:56:49.016> groups<22:56:49.320> so<22:56:49.440> we're<22:56:49.680> all

various teams of groups so we're all

various teams of groups so we're all
basically<22:56:50.424> singing<22:56:51.424> off<22:56:51.536> the<22:56:51.720> same<22:56:51.832> hymn

basically singing off the same hymn

basically singing off the same hymn
sheep<22:56:52.640> this<22:56:53.640> is<22:56:53.824> the<22:56:54.360> ITIL<22:56:55.256> the<22:56:55.440> it

sheep this is the ITIL the it

sheep this is the ITIL the it
infrastructure<22:56:56.336> Library<22:56:56.640> which<22:56:57.120> we<22:56:57.424> actually

infrastructure Library which we actually

infrastructure Library which we actually
host<22:56:58.280> and<22:56:59.280> some<22:56:59.576> of<22:56:59.696> the<22:56:59.872> one<22:57:00.360> of<22:57:00.480> the

host and some of the one of the

host and some of the one of the
qualifications<22:57:01.016> on<22:57:01.376> howturnetwork.com<22:57:02.424> I

qualifications on howturnetwork.com I

qualifications on howturnetwork.com I
highly<22:57:03.656> recommend<22:57:04.080> it<22:57:04.256> because

highly recommend it because

highly recommend it because
um it<22:57:05.576> people<22:57:06.000> now<22:57:06.296> can't<22:57:06.600> just<22:57:06.832> rely<22:57:07.192> on

um it people now can't just rely on

um it people now can't just rely on
being<22:57:07.800> technical

being technical

being technical
they<22:57:09.424> need<22:57:09.600> to<22:57:09.720> have<22:57:09.896> an<22:57:10.144> understanding<22:57:10.616> of

they need to have an understanding of

they need to have an understanding of
how<22:57:10.976> they<22:57:11.104> slot<22:57:11.400> into<22:57:11.512> the<22:57:11.760> business<22:57:11.872> and<22:57:12.296> how

how they slot into the business and how

how they slot into the business and how
the<22:57:12.600> business<22:57:12.784> works<22:57:13.504> the<22:57:14.400> it<22:57:14.576> works<22:57:15.120> as<22:57:15.232> part

the business works the it works as part

the business works the it works as part
of<22:57:15.480> the<22:57:15.600> overall<22:57:15.896> business<22:57:16.512> utility<22:57:17.512> breaks

of the overall business utility breaks

of the overall business utility breaks
into<22:57:18.176> service<22:57:18.536> transition<22:57:19.144> service<22:57:19.616> design

into service transition service design

into service transition service design
and<22:57:20.464> service<22:57:20.696> operations

and service operations

and service operations
and<22:57:22.552> you<22:57:22.616> can<22:57:22.736> see<22:57:22.920> some<22:57:23.216> of<22:57:23.336> the<22:57:24.000> um<22:57:24.000> things<22:57:24.424> I

and you can see some of the um things I

and you can see some of the um things I
mentioned<22:57:25.192> here<22:57:25.736> you<22:57:26.336> can<22:57:26.464> see<22:57:26.576> change

mentioned here you can see change

mentioned here you can see change
management<22:57:27.176> is<22:57:27.656> highlighted<22:57:28.256> there's

management is highlighted there's

management is highlighted there's
problem<22:57:29.280> management<22:57:29.640> Knowledge<22:57:30.536> Management

problem management Knowledge Management

problem management Knowledge Management
Service<22:57:31.552> testing<22:57:32.216> and<22:57:32.400> validation

Service testing and validation

Service testing and validation
and<22:57:35.160> you<22:57:35.336> slot<22:57:35.824> this<22:57:36.000> into<22:57:36.176> your<22:57:36.656> business<22:57:36.784> how

and you slot this into your business how

and you slot this into your business how
your<22:57:37.616> business<22:57:37.800> works<22:57:38.280> and<22:57:38.464> how<22:57:38.640> it's<22:57:38.760> going

your business works and how it's going

your business works and how it's going
to<22:57:39.056> benefit<22:57:39.176> it

to benefit it

to benefit it
so<22:57:41.640> change<22:57:41.936> management<22:57:42.232> includes<22:57:42.784> a<22:57:42.960> risk

so change management includes a risk

so change management includes a risk
assessment<22:57:43.616> reducing<22:57:44.336> change<22:57:44.640> failures

assessment reducing change failures

assessment reducing change failures
properly<22:57:46.320> implementing<22:57:46.976> any<22:57:47.160> changes

properly implementing any changes

properly implementing any changes
looking<22:57:48.536> at<22:57:48.784> business<22:57:49.016> timelines<22:57:49.736> and

looking at business timelines and

looking at business timelines and
service<22:57:50.336> level<22:57:50.576> agreements

service level agreements

service level agreements
it<22:57:52.552> gives<22:57:52.680> you<22:57:52.856> better<22:57:53.040> control<22:57:53.400> a<22:57:54.232> clear<22:57:54.424> plan

it gives you better control a clear plan

it gives you better control a clear plan
for<22:57:56.104> reverting<22:57:56.760> if<22:57:57.232> there's<22:57:57.424> an<22:57:57.832> issue

for reverting if there's an issue

for reverting if there's an issue
I've<22:58:00.720> actually<22:58:00.896> seen<22:58:01.144> this<22:58:01.376> when<22:58:01.552> I<22:58:01.800> had<22:58:02.512> my

I've actually seen this when I had my

I've actually seen this when I had my
website<22:58:03.056> hosted<22:58:03.480> with<22:58:03.656> a<22:58:03.896> different<22:58:04.016> service

website hosted with a different service

website hosted with a different service
provider<22:58:05.280> somebody<22:58:06.176> did<22:58:06.656> a<22:58:06.896> change<22:58:07.080> to<22:58:07.320> one<22:58:07.504> of

provider somebody did a change to one of

provider somebody did a change to one of
the<22:58:07.736> tables<22:58:08.160> on<22:58:08.400> one<22:58:08.576> of<22:58:08.696> the<22:58:08.824> databases<22:58:09.480> and

the tables on one of the databases and

the tables on one of the databases and
it<22:58:10.496> caused<22:58:10.856> outages<22:58:11.280> for<22:58:11.824> around<22:58:12.056> three<22:58:12.424> days

it caused outages for around three days

it caused outages for around three days
and<22:58:13.080> I<22:58:13.192> know<22:58:13.376> some<22:58:13.856> people<22:58:14.040> went<22:58:14.336> out<22:58:14.512> of

and I know some people went out of

and I know some people went out of
business<22:58:14.824> it<22:58:15.176> was<22:58:15.296> just<22:58:15.480> an<22:58:15.720> absolute

business it was just an absolute

business it was just an absolute
catastrophe<22:58:16.824> and<22:58:17.824> they<22:58:18.000> didn't<22:58:18.176> I<22:58:18.832> don't

catastrophe and they didn't I don't

catastrophe and they didn't I don't
think<22:58:19.192> they<22:58:19.440> had<22:58:19.680> a<22:58:20.040> change<22:58:20.512> management

think they had a change management

think they had a change management
procedure<22:58:21.536> in<22:58:21.720> place<22:58:21.896> otherwise<22:58:22.320> they<22:58:22.440> could

procedure in place otherwise they could

procedure in place otherwise they could
have<22:58:22.736> backed<22:58:23.040> out<22:58:23.104> quite<22:58:23.512> quickly

have backed out quite quickly

have backed out quite quickly
I'm<22:58:25.552> managing<22:58:25.920> Communications<22:58:26.464> this<22:58:26.936> is

I'm managing Communications this is

I'm managing Communications this is
important<22:58:27.536> where<22:58:27.832> there's<22:58:28.016> a<22:58:28.192> central<22:58:28.856> person

important where there's a central person

important where there's a central person
is<22:58:29.640> responsible<22:58:30.120> for<22:58:30.896> from<22:58:31.256> communicating

is responsible for from communicating

is responsible for from communicating
what's<22:58:32.512> going<22:58:32.760> to<22:58:32.872> happen<22:58:33.080> when<22:58:34.080> it's<22:58:34.256> going

what's going to happen when it's going

what's going to happen when it's going
to<22:58:34.616> happen<22:58:34.800> and<22:58:35.760> then<22:58:35.872> they<22:58:36.360> communicate

to happen and then they communicate

to happen and then they communicate
um

um

um
just<22:58:38.576> before<22:58:38.696> it<22:58:39.000> happens<22:58:39.232> and<22:58:40.192> then<22:58:40.320> after<22:58:40.552> to

just before it happens and then after to

just before it happens and then after to
say<22:58:41.104> the<22:58:41.336> changes<22:58:41.640> happened<22:58:41.936> and<22:58:42.296> it<22:58:43.016> was

say the changes happened and it was

say the changes happened and it was
um<22:58:43.920> a<22:58:44.512> success<22:58:44.872> or<22:58:45.056> failure<22:58:45.600> on<22:58:45.784> what's

um a success or failure on what's

um a success or failure on what's
actually

actually

actually
um<22:58:47.160> the<22:58:47.512> procedure<22:58:47.936> afterwards<22:58:48.424> for

um the procedure afterwards for

um the procedure afterwards for
following<22:58:49.016> up

following up

following up
changes<22:58:51.720> can<22:58:51.960> be<22:58:52.080> performed<22:58:52.440> to<22:58:52.552> adapt<22:58:52.856> or

changes can be performed to adapt or

changes can be performed to adapt or
change<22:58:53.216> business<22:58:53.576> needs<22:58:54.176> Hardware<22:58:54.536> software

change business needs Hardware software

change business needs Hardware software
it<22:58:55.976> could<22:58:56.104> reactively<22:58:56.872> Implement<22:58:57.296> a<22:58:57.600> fix<22:58:57.896> if

it could reactively Implement a fix if

it could reactively Implement a fix if
there's<22:58:58.440> some<22:58:58.680> sort<22:58:58.856> of<22:58:58.920> major<22:58:59.160> issue<22:59:00.120> or<22:59:00.480> bug

there's some sort of major issue or bug

there's some sort of major issue or bug
or<22:59:01.440> attack<22:59:01.616> on<22:59:01.856> the<22:59:02.040> network

or attack on the network

or attack on the network
normal<22:59:04.080> changes<22:59:04.680> for<22:59:04.920> example<22:59:05.280> a<22:59:06.000> a<22:59:06.232> normal

normal changes for example a a normal

normal changes for example a a normal
configuration<22:59:07.736> or<22:59:08.160> server<22:59:08.512> maintenance

configuration or server maintenance

configuration or server maintenance
and<22:59:10.496> something<22:59:10.800> that<22:59:11.040> it<22:59:11.160> was<22:59:11.336> generally

and something that it was generally

and something that it was generally
expected

expected

expected
standard<22:59:13.552> change<22:59:13.736> is<22:59:14.040> pre-approved<22:59:14.696> changes

standard change is pre-approved changes

standard change is pre-approved changes
that<22:59:15.424> don't<22:59:15.600> require<22:59:15.784> approvals<22:59:16.616> these<22:59:17.336> are

that don't require approvals these are

that don't require approvals these are
things<22:59:17.640> that<22:59:18.000> just<22:59:18.424> aren't<22:59:18.600> going<22:59:18.784> to<22:59:18.896> cause<22:59:19.080> a

things that just aren't going to cause a

things that just aren't going to cause a
problem<22:59:19.824> usually<22:59:20.824> for<22:59:21.176> example

problem usually for example

problem usually for example
um

um

um
swapping<22:59:24.176> out<22:59:24.360> a<22:59:24.536> redundant<22:59:25.016> power<22:59:25.320> supply

swapping out a redundant power supply

swapping out a redundant power supply
it's<22:59:25.976> just<22:59:26.160> not<22:59:26.280> going<22:59:26.464> to<22:59:26.576> have<22:59:26.696> any<22:59:26.872> impact

it's just not going to have any impact

it's just not going to have any impact
and<22:59:28.376> it's<22:59:28.680> been<22:59:28.856> tested<22:59:29.216> for

and it's been tested for

and it's been tested for
um in<22:59:30.480> the<22:59:30.600> past

um in the past

um in the past
risk<22:59:32.640> associated<22:59:33.056> is<22:59:33.360> low<22:59:33.536> and<22:59:33.784> does<22:59:33.896> not<22:59:34.016> have

risk associated is low and does not have

risk associated is low and does not have
enough<22:59:34.320> adverse<22:59:35.160> adverse<22:59:35.760> effect<22:59:35.872> on<22:59:36.120> the

enough adverse adverse effect on the

enough adverse adverse effect on the
business

business

business
emergency<22:59:38.360> these<22:59:39.360> are<22:59:39.480> changes<22:59:39.784> that<22:59:39.896> are

emergency these are changes that are

emergency these are changes that are
implemented<22:59:40.496> on<22:59:40.800> an<22:59:41.104> urgent<22:59:41.336> basis<22:59:41.824> through

implemented on an urgent basis through

implemented on an urgent basis through
and<22:59:42.536> remediate<22:59:43.144> a<22:59:43.320> problem<22:59:43.552> it's<22:59:44.216> normally

and remediate a problem it's normally

and remediate a problem it's normally
Network<22:59:44.824> effect<22:59:45.176> in<22:59:45.600> business<22:59:45.896> affecting<22:59:46.552> and

Network effect in business affecting and

Network effect in business affecting and
it<22:59:47.160> has<22:59:47.336> to<22:59:47.464> be<22:59:47.576> done<22:59:47.936> urgently<22:59:48.232> you<22:59:49.192> need<22:59:49.320> to

it has to be done urgently you need to

it has to be done urgently you need to
have<22:59:49.976> approval<22:59:50.512> off<22:59:51.232> um<22:59:51.232> the<22:59:51.480> emergency

have approval off um the emergency

have approval off um the emergency
change<22:59:52.496> Advisory<22:59:53.104> Board<22:59:53.336> and<22:59:54.176> they'll

change Advisory Board and they'll

change Advisory Board and they'll
normally<22:59:54.656> have<22:59:54.896> either<22:59:55.080> a<22:59:55.376> video<22:59:55.504> conference

normally have either a video conference

normally have either a video conference
or<22:59:56.280> a<22:59:56.400> quick<22:59:56.512> meeting

or a quick meeting

or a quick meeting
in<22:59:58.144> order<22:59:58.320> to<22:59:58.440> talk<22:59:58.736> about<22:59:58.920> the<22:59:59.760> impact<23:00:00.000> on<23:00:00.176> the

in order to talk about the impact on the

in order to talk about the impact on the
business<23:00:00.480> because<23:00:00.896> you<23:00:01.080> need<23:00:01.192> to<23:00:01.256> look<23:00:01.376> at<23:00:01.552> the

business because you need to look at the

business because you need to look at the
entire

entire

entire
um<23:00:03.000> structure

um structure

um structure
documentation<23:00:05.464> a<23:00:06.000> change<23:00:06.176> request<23:00:06.656> is

documentation a change request is

documentation a change request is
documented<23:00:07.616> using<23:00:07.976> applications

documented using applications

documented using applications
there's<23:00:10.144> a<23:00:10.376> variety<23:00:10.976> of

there's a variety of

there's a variety of
um applications<23:00:12.784> you<23:00:13.144> can<23:00:13.256> use

um applications you can use

um applications you can use
the<23:00:14.576> documentary<23:00:15.056> change<23:00:15.232> request<23:00:15.600> is<23:00:15.896> caused

the documentary change request is caused

the documentary change request is caused
a<23:00:16.376> change<23:00:16.496> record<23:00:16.800> it<23:00:17.104> could<23:00:17.216> be<23:00:17.336> online<23:00:17.640> or

a change record it could be online or

a change record it could be online or
printed<23:00:18.536> issues<23:00:19.504> to<23:00:19.616> track<23:00:19.800> the<23:00:19.976> chains

printed issues to track the chains

printed issues to track the chains
throughout<23:00:20.640> its<23:00:20.936> life<23:00:21.120> cycle<23:00:21.424> from<23:00:21.720> beginning

throughout its life cycle from beginning

throughout its life cycle from beginning
to<23:00:22.320> end

to end

to end
this<23:00:23.936> is<23:00:24.000> so<23:00:24.176> we've<23:00:24.360> got<23:00:24.480> an<23:00:24.600> audit<23:00:24.960> trail<23:00:25.144> of

this is so we've got an audit trail of

this is so we've got an audit trail of
what<23:00:25.680> happened<23:00:25.920> and<23:00:26.160> who<23:00:26.400> did<23:00:26.576> what<23:00:26.760> and<23:00:26.936> who

what happened and who did what and who

what happened and who did what and who
approved<23:00:27.600> it<23:00:27.784> and

approved it and

approved it and
Etc<23:00:28.936> the<23:00:29.936> change<23:00:30.056> record<23:00:30.424> contains<23:00:31.144> key

Etc the change record contains key

Etc the change record contains key
details<23:00:31.800> of<23:00:31.976> the<23:00:32.104> change<23:00:32.280> including<23:00:32.872> detail

details of the change including detail

details of the change including detail
tech<23:00:33.736> technical<23:00:34.736> implementation

tech technical implementation

tech technical implementation
the<23:00:37.080> the<23:00:37.080> technical<23:00:37.616> parts<23:00:37.856> will<23:00:38.160> probably<23:00:38.336> be

the the technical parts will probably be

the the technical parts will probably be
read<23:00:39.120> by<23:00:39.536> the<23:00:40.080> um<23:00:40.080> the<23:00:40.440> it<23:00:40.552> managers<23:00:41.280> and

read by the um the it managers and

read by the um the it managers and
Technical<23:00:41.872> team<23:00:42.296> but<23:00:42.960> they're<23:00:43.192> there<23:00:43.920> um<23:00:43.976> for

Technical team but they're there um for

Technical team but they're there um for
the<23:00:44.576> record

the record

the record
key<23:00:47.104> details<23:00:47.640> is<23:00:47.760> who<23:00:48.056> requested<23:00:48.536> it<23:00:48.720> why<23:00:49.144> did

key details is who requested it why did

key details is who requested it why did
they<23:00:49.504> request<23:00:49.856> it<23:00:50.104> what's<23:00:51.000> the<23:00:51.232> outcome

they request it what's the outcome

they request it what's the outcome
what's<23:00:51.896> the<23:00:52.144> point<23:00:52.320> of<23:00:52.440> doing<23:00:52.552> it<23:00:52.800> is<23:00:52.976> there<23:00:53.104> a

what's the point of doing it is there a

what's the point of doing it is there a
business<23:00:53.400> benefit<23:00:53.760> or<23:00:54.296> is<23:00:54.424> it<23:00:54.600> going<23:00:54.656> to

business benefit or is it going to

business benefit or is it going to
prevent<23:00:54.960> something<23:00:55.192> more<23:00:55.552> serious<23:00:55.920> happening

prevent something more serious happening

prevent something more serious happening
what<23:00:57.480> are<23:00:57.600> the<23:00:57.720> risks<23:00:58.016> involved

what are the risks involved

what are the risks involved
what<23:01:00.424> resources<23:01:00.896> that<23:01:01.552> includes<23:01:01.976> the<23:01:02.160> teams

what resources that includes the teams

what resources that includes the teams
human<23:01:02.936> resources<23:01:03.600> and<23:01:03.960> physical<23:01:04.144> and

human resources and physical and

human resources and physical and
software<23:01:05.040> resources

software resources

software resources
for<23:01:07.144> example<23:01:07.376> a<23:01:07.856> network<23:01:08.160> card<23:01:08.464> needs

for example a network card needs

for example a network card needs
replacing<23:01:09.360> or<23:01:10.192> an<23:01:10.496> update<23:01:10.736> required<23:01:11.160> for<23:01:11.280> the

replacing or an update required for the

replacing or an update required for the
software

software

software
who's<23:01:13.080> responsible<23:01:13.616> for<23:01:13.920> building<23:01:14.104> testing

who's responsible for building testing

who's responsible for building testing
and<23:01:14.936> implementing<23:01:15.656> what's<23:01:16.616> the<23:01:16.856> relationship

and implementing what's the relationship

and implementing what's the relationship
between<23:01:17.576> this<23:01:17.936> change<23:01:18.120> and<23:01:18.360> other<23:01:18.600> changes<23:01:19.144> is

between this change and other changes is

between this change and other changes is
it<23:01:19.616> one<23:01:19.856> of<23:01:20.040> a<23:01:20.160> series

so the effect of one change on another

so the effect of one change on another
for<23:01:25.144> example<23:01:25.376> if<23:01:25.552> you<23:01:25.736> update<23:01:26.216> a<23:01:26.760> VLAN<23:01:27.360> on<23:01:27.536> a

for example if you update a VLAN on a

for example if you update a VLAN on a
certain<23:01:27.832> device<23:01:28.400> what<23:01:29.400> devices<23:01:29.760> what

certain device what devices what

certain device what devices what
physical<23:01:30.360> ports<23:01:30.896> are<23:01:31.016> going<23:01:31.144> to<23:01:31.256> be<23:01:31.320> affected

physical ports are going to be affected

physical ports are going to be affected
is<23:01:32.512> the<23:01:32.696> VLAN<23:01:33.056> going<23:01:33.232> to<23:01:33.296> be<23:01:33.424> propagated<23:01:33.896> on

is the VLAN going to be propagated on

is the VLAN going to be propagated on
other<23:01:34.376> switches<23:01:34.920> or<23:01:35.104> does<23:01:35.216> it<23:01:35.336> need<23:01:35.464> to<23:01:35.512> be

other switches or does it need to be

other switches or does it need to be
blocked

blocked

blocked
maintenance<23:01:37.920> window<23:01:38.160> I'm<23:01:38.336> sure<23:01:38.512> you've<23:01:38.760> heard

maintenance window I'm sure you've heard

maintenance window I'm sure you've heard
of<23:01:39.176> it's<23:01:39.480> an<23:01:39.656> agreed<23:01:40.144> period<23:01:40.552> of<23:01:40.736> time<23:01:40.920> in

of it's an agreed period of time in

of it's an agreed period of time in
which<23:01:41.512> is<23:01:41.872> going<23:01:42.176> to<23:01:42.232> have<23:01:42.360> minimal

which is going to have minimal

which is going to have minimal
disruption

disruption

disruption
normally<23:01:45.232> done<23:01:45.480> on<23:01:45.720> the<23:01:45.832> weekends<23:01:46.376> or<23:01:46.616> out<23:01:46.856> of

normally done on the weekends or out of

normally done on the weekends or out of
hours<23:01:47.216> just<23:01:48.120> depends<23:01:48.536> on<23:01:48.656> your<23:01:48.784> business<23:01:49.016> uh

hours just depends on your business uh

hours just depends on your business uh
procedures<23:01:50.696> the<23:01:51.600> author<23:01:51.960> authorized

procedures the author authorized

procedures the author authorized
maintenance<23:01:52.920> Windows<23:01:53.336> predetermined<23:01:54.056> and

maintenance Windows predetermined and

maintenance Windows predetermined and
pre-approved<23:01:54.720> to<23:01:54.896> carry<23:01:55.144> out<23:01:55.256> the<23:01:55.504> change<23:01:55.680> a

pre-approved to carry out the change a

pre-approved to carry out the change a
lot<23:01:56.512> of<23:01:56.576> the<23:01:56.696> time

lot of the time

lot of the time
um an<23:01:57.832> alternative

um an alternative

um an alternative
our<23:01:59.696> server<23:02:00.176> is<23:02:00.296> used<23:02:00.600> or<23:02:01.144> whatever

our server is used or whatever

our server is used or whatever
um

um

um
you<23:02:03.784> could<23:02:03.896> have<23:02:04.016> some<23:02:04.192> sort<23:02:04.320> of<23:02:04.440> load

you could have some sort of load

you could have some sort of load
balancer<23:02:05.160> used<23:02:05.464> on<23:02:06.056> all<23:02:06.232> traffic<23:02:06.480> is<23:02:06.784> just

balancer used on all traffic is just

balancer used on all traffic is just
sent<23:02:07.144> through<23:02:07.376> one<23:02:07.920> of<23:02:08.400> the<23:02:08.576> load<23:02:08.824> balances<23:02:09.360> so

sent through one of the load balances so

sent through one of the load balances so
the<23:02:10.192> change<23:02:10.616> could<23:02:10.920> actually<23:02:11.040> be<23:02:11.280> transparent

the change could actually be transparent

the change could actually be transparent
to<23:02:12.056> users

to users

to users
generally<23:02:14.104> changes<23:02:14.512> during<23:02:14.696> weekdays<23:02:15.296> are

generally changes during weekdays are

generally changes during weekdays are
scheduled<23:02:15.784> after<23:02:15.896> business<23:02:16.256> hours<23:02:16.872> critical

scheduled after business hours critical

scheduled after business hours critical
changes<23:02:18.360> Friday<23:02:18.656> nights<23:02:19.256> and<23:02:19.680> they<23:02:19.856> can<23:02:19.976> run

changes Friday nights and they can run

changes Friday nights and they can run
into<23:02:20.280> the<23:02:20.512> weekend<23:02:20.640> so<23:02:21.360> you<23:02:21.896> can<23:02:22.016> roll<23:02:22.256> back

into the weekend so you can roll back

into the weekend so you can roll back
and<23:02:22.736> recover<23:02:23.040> if<23:02:23.280> there's<23:02:23.400> an<23:02:23.640> issue

and recover if there's an issue

and recover if there's an issue
or<23:02:25.680> changes<23:02:26.160> to<23:02:26.336> service<23:02:26.576> assets<23:02:27.360> and<23:02:27.600> config

or changes to service assets and config

or changes to service assets and config
configuration<23:02:28.936> items<23:02:29.936> are<23:02:30.120> recorded<23:02:30.536> in<23:02:30.784> the

configuration items are recorded in the

configuration items are recorded in the
configuration<23:02:31.680> management<23:02:32.104> system

configuration management system

configuration management system
uh<23:02:34.976> server<23:02:35.400> can<23:02:35.576> move<23:02:35.760> from<23:02:36.000> pre-production

uh server can move from pre-production

uh server can move from pre-production
to<23:02:36.832> production<23:02:37.192> with<23:02:37.440> a<23:02:37.616> formal<23:02:37.920> sign<23:02:38.104> off

to production with a formal sign off

to production with a formal sign off
before<23:02:38.760> it's<23:02:38.936> accepted<23:02:39.424> into<23:02:39.600> production

before it's accepted into production

before it's accepted into production
such<23:02:41.464> changes<23:02:42.000> are<23:02:42.232> to<23:02:42.424> be<23:02:42.600> documented<23:02:43.080> for

such changes are to be documented for

such changes are to be documented for
timely<23:02:43.680> support<23:02:43.976> so<23:02:44.280> everyone<23:02:44.512> needs<23:02:44.936> to<23:02:45.000> know

timely support so everyone needs to know

timely support so everyone needs to know
about<23:02:45.832> the<23:02:46.080> fact<23:02:46.144> this<23:02:46.376> new<23:02:46.552> server<23:02:46.920> has<23:02:47.040> been

about the fact this new server has been

about the fact this new server has been
introduced<23:02:47.760> the<23:02:48.360> configuration<23:02:48.896> settings

introduced the configuration settings

introduced the configuration settings
and<23:02:49.976> what<23:02:50.160> the<23:02:50.336> possible<23:02:50.640> risks<23:02:51.176> are<23:02:51.360> and<23:02:51.832> what

and what the possible risks are and what

and what the possible risks are and what
we<23:02:52.080> do<23:02:52.256> if<23:02:52.440> there<23:02:52.616> is<23:02:52.800> a<23:02:53.040> an<23:02:53.336> issue

we do if there is a an issue

we do if there is a an issue
our<23:02:55.856> rollback<23:02:56.216> is<23:02:56.512> basically<23:02:56.824> going<23:02:57.120> back<23:02:57.296> to

our rollback is basically going back to

our rollback is basically going back to
how<23:02:57.784> we<23:02:58.016> were<23:02:58.376> before<23:02:58.920> this<23:02:59.336> change<23:02:59.464> happened

how we were before this change happened

how we were before this change happened
not<23:03:00.656> always<23:03:00.896> possible<23:03:01.376> obviously<23:03:02.120> especially

not always possible obviously especially

not always possible obviously especially
if<23:03:03.424> something's<23:03:03.832> completely<23:03:04.192> broken<23:03:04.496> and<23:03:04.856> has

if something's completely broken and has

if something's completely broken and has
to<23:03:05.160> be<23:03:05.280> replaced<23:03:05.936> and<23:03:06.480> then<23:03:06.600> the<23:03:06.832> replacement

to be replaced and then the replacement

to be replaced and then the replacement
for<23:03:07.680> example<23:03:07.856> is<23:03:08.160> broken<23:03:08.400> also

okay so worst case there's a site

okay so worst case there's a site
failover<23:03:15.056> or<23:03:15.360> business<23:03:15.536> continuity<23:03:16.376> plan<23:03:16.616> may

failover or business continuity plan may

failover or business continuity plan may
be<23:03:17.104> invoked<23:03:17.576> this<23:03:18.000> is<23:03:18.120> if<23:03:18.424> the<23:03:18.832> entire<23:03:19.280> core

be invoked this is if the entire core

be invoked this is if the entire core
system<23:03:20.872> goes<23:03:21.424> down<23:03:21.600> is<23:03:22.256> there<23:03:22.440> some<23:03:22.616> sort<23:03:22.736> of

system goes down is there some sort of

system goes down is there some sort of
backup<23:03:23.104> in<23:03:23.280> place<23:03:23.464> or<23:03:23.640> what<23:03:23.824> do<23:03:23.936> we<23:03:24.056> do

backup in place or what do we do

backup in place or what do we do
looking<23:03:25.376> at<23:03:25.552> the<23:03:25.800> impact

looking at the impact

looking at the impact
there's<23:03:28.552> a<23:03:28.800> matrix<23:03:29.160> low<23:03:29.640> impact<23:03:30.056> and<23:03:30.296> low<23:03:30.480> risk

there's a matrix low impact and low risk

there's a matrix low impact and low risk
category<23:03:31.376> for<23:03:31.680> going<23:03:32.336> all<23:03:32.696> the<23:03:32.872> way<23:03:32.936> to

category for going all the way to

category for going all the way to
category<23:03:33.600> one<23:03:33.896> which<23:03:34.144> is<23:03:34.320> high<23:03:34.496> impact<23:03:34.920> high

category one which is high impact high

category one which is high impact high
risk<23:03:36.056> and<23:03:36.176> it's<23:03:36.360> a<23:03:36.536> critical<23:03:36.832> category<23:03:37.376> low

risk and it's a critical category low

risk and it's a critical category low
medium<23:03:38.280> high<23:03:38.512> and<23:03:38.696> critical

medium high and critical

medium high and critical
the<23:03:41.400> notification<23:03:41.936> to<23:03:42.176> change<23:03:42.424> is<23:03:42.784> published

the notification to change is published

the notification to change is published
with<23:03:43.504> the<23:03:43.680> details<23:03:43.976> of<23:03:44.040> the<23:03:44.160> change<23:03:44.400> activity

with the details of the change activity

with the details of the change activity
the<23:03:45.720> window<23:03:45.832> of<23:03:46.192> the<23:03:46.320> change<23:03:46.552> obviously<23:03:47.464> it

the window of the change obviously it

the window of the change obviously it
only<23:03:47.872> goes<23:03:48.176> out<23:03:48.232> to<23:03:48.424> the<23:03:48.600> people<23:03:48.784> that<23:03:49.080> are

only goes out to the people that are

only goes out to the people that are
going<23:03:49.504> to<23:03:49.616> be<23:03:49.736> impacted

going to be impacted

going to be impacted
all<23:03:52.016> right<23:03:52.144> so<23:03:52.256> we've<23:03:52.440> looked<23:03:52.680> at<23:03:52.736> change

all right so we've looked at change

all right so we've looked at change
change<23:03:53.336> management<23:03:53.696> types<23:03:54.480> of<23:03:54.600> changes<23:03:54.960> and

change management types of changes and

change management types of changes and
approvals<23:03:55.680> what<23:03:55.976> is<23:03:56.160> documentation

approvals what is documentation

approvals what is documentation
what<23:03:58.256> is<23:03:58.376> a<23:03:58.552> maintenance<23:03:58.856> window

what is a maintenance window

what is a maintenance window
configuration<23:04:00.720> procedures<23:04:01.320> and<23:04:01.504> rollbacks

configuration procedures and rollbacks

configuration procedures and rollbacks
impact<23:04:03.000> and<23:04:03.720> the<23:04:03.896> notification<23:04:04.440> to<23:04:04.736> change

impact and the notification to change

impact and the notification to change
that's<23:04:05.760> all<23:04:06.000> for<23:04:06.176> now<23:04:06.296> thanks<23:04:06.656> for<23:04:06.784> watching

welcome to module 21 lesson one Internet

welcome to module 21 lesson one Internet
of<23:04:31.016> Things<23:04:31.256> Technologies<23:04:32.104> this<23:04:32.824> is<23:04:33.000> one<23:04:33.120> of

of Things Technologies this is one of

of Things Technologies this is one of
the<23:04:33.296> new<23:04:33.424> subjects<23:04:33.896> has<23:04:34.016> been<23:04:34.256> added<23:04:34.552> to<23:04:35.336> the

the new subjects has been added to the

the new subjects has been added to the
latest<23:04:35.960> uh<23:04:36.960> come<23:04:37.144> to<23:04:37.320> exam

latest uh come to exam

latest uh come to exam
they<23:04:38.696> just<23:04:38.872> expected<23:04:39.360> to<23:04:39.424> have<23:04:39.536> an<23:04:40.144> overview

they just expected to have an overview

they just expected to have an overview
of<23:04:40.616> what<23:04:40.856> these<23:04:41.104> things<23:04:41.216> do<23:04:41.512> rather<23:04:41.872> than<23:04:42.000> any

of what these things do rather than any

of what these things do rather than any
detail<23:04:42.960> because<23:04:43.144> there's<23:04:43.376> quite<23:04:43.616> a<23:04:43.800> diverse

detail because there's quite a diverse

detail because there's quite a diverse
array<23:04:45.056> of<23:04:45.176> protocols<23:04:46.080> here<23:04:46.280> said<23:04:47.280> wave<23:04:47.824> and

array of protocols here said wave and

array of protocols here said wave and
plus<23:04:48.600> Bluetooth<23:04:49.320> which<23:04:49.976> I'm<23:04:50.160> sure<23:04:50.512> you've

plus Bluetooth which I'm sure you've

plus Bluetooth which I'm sure you've
heard<23:04:50.872> of<23:04:51.120> NFC

heard of NFC

heard of NFC
uh<23:04:53.640> infrared

uh infrared

uh infrared
RFID

RFID

RFID
so<23:04:57.656> Internet<23:04:57.832> of<23:04:58.256> Things

so Internet of Things

so Internet of Things
it's<23:04:59.696> a<23:04:59.936> network<23:05:00.056> of<23:05:00.360> devices<23:05:00.920> appliances

it's a network of devices appliances

it's a network of devices appliances
Vehicles<23:05:02.576> physical<23:05:03.056> devices<23:05:03.720> and<23:05:04.616> many<23:05:04.920> of

Vehicles physical devices and many of

Vehicles physical devices and many of
them<23:05:05.160> work<23:05:05.280> with<23:05:05.464> sensors<23:05:05.936> or<23:05:06.120> softwares<23:05:06.720> so

them work with sensors or softwares so

them work with sensors or softwares so
for<23:05:07.552> example<23:05:07.856> when<23:05:08.400> you're<23:05:08.760> uh<23:05:09.360> so<23:05:10.192> let<23:05:10.736> me<23:05:10.920> go

for example when you're uh so let me go

for example when you're uh so let me go
down<23:05:11.400> there's<23:05:11.760> a<23:05:12.056> car<23:05:12.176> here<23:05:12.424> actually

down there's a car here actually

down there's a car here actually
you'll<23:05:14.464> have<23:05:14.696> a<23:05:14.936> sensors<23:05:15.424> on<23:05:15.600> your<23:05:15.832> car

I know I didn't want any awards for

I know I didn't want any awards for
drawing<23:05:20.104> centers<23:05:21.056> on<23:05:21.232> your<23:05:21.536> car<23:05:21.960> breaks

drawing centers on your car breaks

drawing centers on your car breaks
uh<23:05:24.656> which<23:05:24.896> has<23:05:25.016> been<23:05:25.192> detected<23:05:25.920> by<23:05:26.400> a<23:05:27.232> gold

uh which has been detected by a gold

uh which has been detected by a gold
goes<23:05:27.832> into<23:05:27.960> a<23:05:28.256> CPU<23:05:28.856> of<23:05:29.104> some<23:05:29.280> sort

goes into a CPU of some sort

goes into a CPU of some sort
when<23:05:30.896> it<23:05:31.080> detects<23:05:31.504> it<23:05:31.616> the<23:05:31.800> wear<23:05:31.976> is<23:05:32.216> down<23:05:32.400> and

when it detects it the wear is down and

when it detects it the wear is down and
say<23:05:32.696> you've<23:05:32.872> got<23:05:33.000> 30<23:05:33.232> left<23:05:33.960> then<23:05:34.616> it<23:05:35.040> will

say you've got 30 left then it will

say you've got 30 left then it will
communicate<23:05:36.296> to<23:05:36.896> the<23:05:37.856> uh<23:05:38.104> garage

communicate to the uh garage

communicate to the uh garage
a<23:05:39.960> computer<23:05:40.144> in<23:05:40.496> the<23:05:40.616> garage<23:05:40.800> that<23:05:41.576> will<23:05:41.696> all

a computer in the garage that will all

a computer in the garage that will all
down<23:05:42.120> whatever<23:05:42.296> part<23:05:42.720> you<23:05:42.960> need<23:05:43.144> from<23:05:43.440> the

down whatever part you need from the

down whatever part you need from the
manufacturer<23:05:44.400> that<23:05:45.120> will<23:05:45.296> go<23:05:45.424> to<23:05:45.536> the<23:05:45.720> garage

manufacturer that will go to the garage

manufacturer that will go to the garage
and<23:05:46.552> then<23:05:46.680> you<23:05:47.216> probably<23:05:47.464> depending<23:05:48.000> on<23:05:48.176> how

and then you probably depending on how

and then you probably depending on how
advanced<23:05:48.720> the<23:05:48.896> car<23:05:49.080> is<23:05:49.320> have<23:05:49.800> a<23:05:49.976> notification

advanced the car is have a notification

advanced the car is have a notification
that<23:05:51.600> your<23:05:52.080> tires<23:05:52.440> are<23:05:52.552> worn<23:05:52.800> or<23:05:53.464> your<23:05:53.640> garage

that your tires are worn or your garage

that your tires are worn or your garage
next<23:05:54.784> time<23:05:54.960> you<23:05:55.192> take<23:05:55.376> it<23:05:55.552> in<23:05:55.680> for<23:05:56.040> a<23:05:56.280> service

next time you take it in for a service

next time you take it in for a service
we'll<23:05:56.824> have<23:05:57.000> the<23:05:57.120> part<23:05:57.296> in<23:05:57.536> stock

we'll have the part in stock

we'll have the part in stock
and<23:05:59.936> um<23:05:59.936> we'll<23:06:00.536> be<23:06:00.720> able<23:06:00.832> to<23:06:00.896> replace<23:06:01.144> it

and um we'll be able to replace it

and um we'll be able to replace it
that's<23:06:01.976> just<23:06:02.216> one<23:06:02.336> example<23:06:02.640> of<23:06:02.824> The<23:06:02.936> Internet

that's just one example of The Internet

that's just one example of The Internet
of<23:06:03.360> Things<23:06:03.480> there's<23:06:03.656> many<23:06:03.896> of<23:06:04.144> many<23:06:04.680> of<23:06:04.856> those

of Things there's many of many of those

of Things there's many of many of those
and<23:06:05.160> it's<23:06:05.280> just<23:06:05.464> a<23:06:05.576> phrase<23:06:05.824> that<23:06:06.000> was<23:06:06.176> coined

and it's just a phrase that was coined

and it's just a phrase that was coined
several<23:06:07.800> years<23:06:07.976> ago<23:06:08.336> said<23:06:09.296> wave<23:06:09.656> is<23:06:09.896> a

several years ago said wave is a

several years ago said wave is a
Wireless<23:06:10.280> Communications<23:06:11.280> protocol<23:06:12.144> used

Wireless Communications protocol used

Wireless Communications protocol used
mainly<23:06:13.616> for<23:06:13.800> home<23:06:13.976> automation<23:06:14.576> for<23:06:15.000> example

mainly for home automation for example

mainly for home automation for example
your<23:06:15.720> lighting<23:06:16.192> your<23:06:16.496> security<23:06:16.680> your

your lighting your security your

your lighting your security your
thermostats<23:06:17.824> to<23:06:17.936> set<23:06:18.120> it<23:06:18.296> and<23:06:18.832> all<23:06:19.016> your

thermostats to set it and all your

thermostats to set it and all your
favorite<23:06:19.440> settings<23:06:19.872> works<23:06:20.872> over<23:06:21.000> a<23:06:21.176> mesh

favorite settings works over a mesh

favorite settings works over a mesh
networks<23:06:21.896> all<23:06:22.144> the<23:06:22.376> devices<23:06:22.680> are

networks all the devices are

networks all the devices are
um<23:06:24.120> interconnected

um interconnected

um interconnected
and<23:06:26.160> is<23:06:26.336> controlled<23:06:26.760> by<23:06:27.000> a<23:06:27.176> keypad<23:06:27.784> or<23:06:28.016> you<23:06:28.144> can

and is controlled by a keypad or you can

and is controlled by a keypad or you can
have<23:06:28.376> a<23:06:28.552> key<23:06:28.616> fob<23:06:28.976> of<23:06:29.104> some<23:06:29.280> sort

have a key fob of some sort

have a key fob of some sort
and<23:06:31.016> plus

and plus

and plus
it's<23:06:32.576> a<23:06:32.696> wireless<23:06:32.824> communication<23:06:33.480> protocol

it's a wireless communication protocol

it's a wireless communication protocol
again<23:06:34.512> monitor<23:06:35.512> sensor<23:06:36.000> data<23:06:36.424> this<23:06:37.376> could<23:06:37.504> be

again monitor sensor data this could be

again monitor sensor data this could be
your<23:06:37.976> heart<23:06:38.160> rate<23:06:38.400> tire<23:06:38.936> pressure<23:06:39.496> television

your heart rate tire pressure television

your heart rate tire pressure television
any<23:06:41.280> number<23:06:41.512> of<23:06:41.696> things<23:06:42.000> and<23:06:42.960> it's<23:06:43.144> created

any number of things and it's created

any number of things and it's created
and<23:06:43.800> managed<23:06:44.104> by<23:06:44.280> the<23:06:44.464> ant<23:06:44.640> Alliance<23:06:45.120> it's

and managed by the ant Alliance it's

and managed by the ant Alliance it's
actually<23:06:45.600> a<23:06:46.320> subsidiary<23:06:46.856> of<23:06:47.104> Garmin<23:06:47.576> who<23:06:47.824> do

actually a subsidiary of Garmin who do

actually a subsidiary of Garmin who do
uh<23:06:48.232> the<23:06:48.480> satellite<23:06:48.832> technology

a Bluetooth mesh adopted in 2017 it's

a Bluetooth mesh adopted in 2017 it's
many<23:06:56.160> to<23:06:56.400> many<23:06:56.696> Communications

many to many Communications

many to many Communications
so<23:06:59.160> the<23:06:59.280> receiver<23:06:59.576> can<23:06:59.872> be<23:07:00.000> a<23:07:00.120> thing<23:07:00.232> a<23:07:00.480> group

so the receiver can be a thing a group

so the receiver can be a thing a group
of<23:07:00.784> things<23:07:01.080> or<23:07:01.552> many<23:07:01.736> things<23:07:02.104> for<23:07:02.512> example

of things or many things for example

of things or many things for example
you'd<23:07:03.720> compare<23:07:03.960> that<23:07:04.144> to<23:07:04.320> the<23:07:04.680> unicast

you'd compare that to the unicast

you'd compare that to the unicast
multicast<23:07:05.696> or<23:07:06.000> broadcast

multicast or broadcast

multicast or broadcast
all<23:07:08.280> messages<23:07:08.512> are<23:07:08.872> encrypted<23:07:09.232> and

all messages are encrypted and

all messages are encrypted and
authenticated<23:07:10.080> so<23:07:10.376> it's<23:07:10.552> pretty<23:07:10.800> secure

are you sorry you can ignore that one

are you sorry you can ignore that one
near<23:07:16.552> field<23:07:16.800> communications

a set of communication protocols you're

a set of communication protocols you're
probably<23:07:22.192> using<23:07:22.616> this<23:07:22.800> already<23:07:22.976> it<23:07:23.640> allows

probably using this already it allows

probably using this already it allows
two<23:07:24.120> devices<23:07:24.480> one's<23:07:25.080> usually<23:07:25.320> a<23:07:25.552> smartphone

two devices one's usually a smartphone

two devices one's usually a smartphone
to<23:07:26.824> communicate

to communicate

to communicate
now<23:07:29.336> you<23:07:29.464> need<23:07:29.576> to<23:07:29.696> be<23:07:29.760> within<23:07:30.120> four

now you need to be within four

now you need to be within four
centimeters<23:07:30.960> of<23:07:31.080> each<23:07:31.192> other<23:07:31.320> so<23:07:31.504> you<23:07:31.616> have<23:07:31.680> to

centimeters of each other so you have to

centimeters of each other so you have to
be<23:07:31.856> pretty<23:07:32.104> close<23:07:32.400> use<23:07:33.360> for<23:07:33.656> contactless

be pretty close use for contactless

be pretty close use for contactless
payments<23:07:34.680> I<23:07:34.856> know<23:07:35.040> on<23:07:35.216> my<23:07:35.400> phone<23:07:35.576> I<23:07:35.872> can<23:07:36.056> enable

payments I know on my phone I can enable

payments I know on my phone I can enable
it<23:07:36.784> to<23:07:37.552> act<23:07:38.464> as<23:07:38.640> my<23:07:39.056> card<23:07:39.720> credit<23:07:40.080> card<23:07:40.320> or

it to act as my card credit card or

it to act as my card credit card or
debit<23:07:40.920> card<23:07:41.040> and<23:07:41.696> swipe<23:07:42.056> for<23:07:42.232> my<23:07:42.536> phone

debit card and swipe for my phone

debit card and swipe for my phone
instead<23:07:43.552> of<23:07:43.616> my<23:07:43.856> card<23:07:44.104> quite<23:07:44.760> handy<23:07:45.000> if<23:07:45.120> you've

instead of my card quite handy if you've

instead of my card quite handy if you've
forgotten<23:07:45.656> your<23:07:45.784> wallet<23:07:46.080> somewhere<23:07:46.376> as<23:07:46.496> well

forgotten your wallet somewhere as well

forgotten your wallet somewhere as well
and<23:07:46.736> you<23:07:47.104> need<23:07:47.216> to<23:07:47.336> pay<23:07:47.464> for<23:07:47.696> something

and you need to pay for something

and you need to pay for something
infrared<23:07:50.104> I'll<23:07:50.696> go<23:07:50.936> I'm<23:07:51.056> sure<23:07:51.176> you've<23:07:51.296> heard

infrared I'll go I'm sure you've heard

infrared I'll go I'm sure you've heard
of<23:07:51.600> that<23:07:51.720> we<23:07:51.832> used<23:07:52.016> to<23:07:52.192> have<23:07:52.680> um<23:07:52.680> this<23:07:53.040> used<23:07:53.160> to

of that we used to have um this used to

of that we used to have um this used to
be<23:07:53.464> the<23:07:53.872> competitor<23:07:54.784> to<23:07:54.896> wireless<23:07:55.144> where

be the competitor to wireless where

be the competitor to wireless where
companies<23:07:56.336> would<23:07:56.576> add<23:07:56.760> an<23:07:57.296> infrared

companies would add an infrared

companies would add an infrared
communication<23:07:58.320> module<23:07:58.856> on<23:07:59.216> top<23:07:59.336> of<23:07:59.512> their

communication module on top of their

communication module on top of their
building

building

building
and<23:08:01.440> as<23:08:01.504> long<23:08:01.680> as<23:08:01.736> they<23:08:01.856> had<23:08:01.976> line<23:08:02.104> the<23:08:02.336> site

and as long as they had line the site

and as long as they had line the site
they<23:08:02.640> could<23:08:02.760> get<23:08:02.936> high-speed<23:08:03.424> Communications

they could get high-speed Communications

they could get high-speed Communications
with<23:08:04.376> another<23:08:04.616> building<23:08:05.040> then<23:08:05.640> I<23:08:05.872> can't

with another building then I can't

with another building then I can't
remember<23:08:06.120> what<23:08:06.296> the<23:08:06.424> range<23:08:06.656> was<23:08:06.896> but<23:08:08.040> um<23:08:08.040> it

remember what the range was but um it

remember what the range was but um it
fell<23:08:08.512> by<23:08:08.760> the<23:08:08.872> wayside<23:08:09.120> really

fell by the wayside really

fell by the wayside really
it's<23:08:10.616> similar<23:08:10.976> to<23:08:11.160> visible<23:08:11.464> light<23:08:11.696> but

it's similar to visible light but

it's similar to visible light but
slightly<23:08:12.656> longer<23:08:13.016> wavelength

slightly longer wavelength

slightly longer wavelength
for<23:08:15.176> example<23:08:15.424> your<23:08:15.720> remote<23:08:16.016> control

for example your remote control

for example your remote control
you<23:08:18.232> click<23:08:18.424> that<23:08:18.720> and<23:08:19.320> per<23:08:19.504> second<23:08:19.680> of<23:08:19.920> holding

you click that and per second of holding

you click that and per second of holding
down<23:08:20.336> the<23:08:20.464> button<23:08:20.696> it<23:08:20.872> sends<23:08:21.176> out<23:08:21.296> 38<23:08:22.144> 000

down the button it sends out 38 000

down the button it sends out 38 000
signals

signals

signals
used<23:08:25.192> in<23:08:25.440> Internet<23:08:25.552> things<23:08:25.920> for<23:08:26.104> medical

used in Internet things for medical

used in Internet things for medical
Diagnostics<23:08:27.120> fire<23:08:27.600> detection<23:08:28.464> remote<23:08:29.464> gas

Diagnostics fire detection remote gas

Diagnostics fire detection remote gas
leak<23:08:30.120> detention<23:08:30.480> air<23:08:30.832> detection

leak detention air detection

leak detention air detection
RFID<23:08:33.000> you<23:08:33.600> probably<23:08:33.720> see<23:08:34.016> this<23:08:34.192> if<23:08:34.376> you<23:08:34.496> saw

RFID you probably see this if you saw

RFID you probably see this if you saw
the<23:08:35.160> uh<23:08:35.400> the<23:08:35.696> newest<23:08:35.936> not<23:08:36.120> the<23:08:36.296> newest<23:08:36.600> porn

the uh the newest not the newest porn

the uh the newest not the newest porn
film

film

film
a<23:08:38.216> bone<23:08:38.696> film<23:08:39.296> um<23:08:39.296> with<23:08:39.656> Jeremy<23:08:40.144> uh<23:08:41.104> I<23:08:41.512> forgot

a bone film um with Jeremy uh I forgot

a bone film um with Jeremy uh I forgot
his<23:08:42.000> name<23:08:42.232> now

his name now

his name now
JB<23:08:44.160> right<23:08:44.336> now<23:08:44.576> we<23:08:45.000> had<23:08:45.176> one<23:08:45.360> of<23:08:45.480> these

JB right now we had one of these

JB right now we had one of these
inserted<23:08:46.080> in<23:08:46.192> him<23:08:46.376> and<23:08:46.616> they<23:08:46.736> tried<23:08:46.920> to<23:08:47.104> uh

inserted in him and they tried to uh

inserted in him and they tried to uh
unfortunately<23:08:48.536> tried<23:08:48.784> to<23:08:48.896> shoot<23:08:49.016> him<23:08:49.192> with<23:08:49.376> a

unfortunately tried to shoot him with a

unfortunately tried to shoot him with a
missile<23:08:49.736> so<23:08:50.040> I<23:08:50.216> had<23:08:50.280> to<23:08:50.400> cut<23:08:50.512> it<23:08:50.640> out

missile so I had to cut it out

missile so I had to cut it out
let's<23:08:52.616> um<23:08:52.616> yes<23:08:53.216> it's<23:08:53.400> essential<23:08:53.824> to<23:08:54.000> the

let's um yes it's essential to the

let's um yes it's essential to the
operation<23:08:54.656> on<23:08:54.896> the<23:08:55.016> Internet<23:08:55.080> of<23:08:55.440> Things

operation on the Internet of Things

operation on the Internet of Things
allows<23:08:56.040> computers<23:08:56.464> to<23:08:56.696> manage<23:08:56.936> all

allows computers to manage all

allows computers to manage all
individual<23:08:57.784> things<23:08:58.016> this<23:08:58.616> is<23:08:58.736> compared<23:08:59.160> in

individual things this is compared in

individual things this is compared in
the<23:08:59.400> picture<23:08:59.512> to<23:08:59.760> a<23:08:59.872> grain<23:09:00.120> of<23:09:00.232> rice<23:09:00.424> so<23:09:00.720> it's

the picture to a grain of rice so it's

the picture to a grain of rice so it's
pretty<23:09:00.960> smart

pretty smart

pretty smart
uses<23:09:02.936> Emi<23:09:03.536> fields<23:09:03.896> to<23:09:04.080> identify<23:09:04.440> and<23:09:04.680> track

uses Emi fields to identify and track

uses Emi fields to identify and track
tags<23:09:05.464> it<23:09:05.640> up<23:09:05.824> and<23:09:06.232> attached<23:09:06.720> to<23:09:06.832> objects

tags it up and attached to objects

tags it up and attached to objects
the<23:09:08.576> attack<23:09:08.696> can<23:09:09.056> actually<23:09:09.176> contain<23:09:09.600> the

the attack can actually contain the

the attack can actually contain the
electronically<23:09:10.256> stored<23:09:10.616> information<23:09:10.800> so

electronically stored information so

electronically stored information so
this<23:09:13.736> is<23:09:13.856> what's<23:09:13.976> used<23:09:14.280> to<23:09:14.512> Target<23:09:15.000> pets

this is what's used to Target pets

this is what's used to Target pets
for<23:09:17.400> example<23:09:17.696> when<23:09:18.232> will<23:09:18.784> a<23:09:18.960> pet<23:09:19.144> gets<23:09:19.504> lost

for example when will a pet gets lost

for example when will a pet gets lost
somewhere<23:09:20.040> it<23:09:20.160> can<23:09:20.280> be<23:09:20.400> tagged

somewhere it can be tagged

somewhere it can be tagged
also<23:09:22.320> using<23:09:22.680> tracking<23:09:23.104> Vehicles<23:09:23.640> if<23:09:23.936> you've

also using tracking Vehicles if you've

also using tracking Vehicles if you've
ever<23:09:24.232> seen<23:09:24.480> a<23:09:24.656> production<23:09:24.896> line<23:09:25.192> there's<23:09:25.504> tags

ever seen a production line there's tags

ever seen a production line there's tags
inserted<23:09:26.336> on<23:09:26.512> the<23:09:26.640> vehicle<23:09:26.936> and<23:09:27.480> that<23:09:27.656> updates

inserted on the vehicle and that updates

inserted on the vehicle and that updates
the<23:09:28.192> entire<23:09:28.440> production<23:09:28.856> system<23:09:29.104> as<23:09:29.400> to<23:09:29.576> if

the entire production system as to if

the entire production system as to if
it's<23:09:29.872> going<23:09:30.056> too<23:09:30.360> fast<23:09:30.536> too<23:09:30.896> slow<23:09:31.144> and<23:09:32.040> when<23:09:32.400> to

it's going too fast too slow and when to

it's going too fast too slow and when to
expect<23:09:32.696> the<23:09:32.936> next<23:09:33.056> vehicle<23:09:33.424> along

all right so we've covered just in brief

all right so we've covered just in brief
the<23:09:38.040> Z<23:09:38.216> Wave<23:09:38.640> amp<23:09:39.120> plus<23:09:39.232> Bluetooth<23:09:39.720> NFC<23:09:40.552> IR

the Z Wave amp plus Bluetooth NFC IR

the Z Wave amp plus Bluetooth NFC IR
RFID<23:09:41.832> just<23:09:42.832> you<23:09:43.080> need<23:09:43.256> to<23:09:43.376> be<23:09:43.504> aware<23:09:43.736> of<23:09:43.856> these

RFID just you need to be aware of these

RFID just you need to be aware of these
in<23:09:44.576> case<23:09:44.760> one<23:09:45.176> of<23:09:45.296> the<23:09:45.360> questions<23:09:45.480> pops<23:09:46.016> up<23:09:46.144> in

in case one of the questions pops up in

in case one of the questions pops up in
the<23:09:46.440> exam

the exam

the exam
that's<23:09:47.760> all<23:09:47.872> thanks<23:09:48.176> for<23:09:48.360> watching