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Network fundamentals basic Network

Network fundamentals basic Network

Network fundamentals basic Network Theory and terminology

Theory and terminology

Theory and terminology Network fundamentals is our first lesson

Network fundamentals is our first lesson

Network fundamentals is our first lesson since before we can get into discussing

since before we can get into discussing

since before we can get into discussing networking and its complexity

networking and its complexity

networking and its complexity we need first need to Define some of the

we need first need to Define some of the

we need first need to Define some of the terms some of the theory and get a nice

terms some of the theory and get a nice

terms some of the theory and get a nice framework for where we're going to be

framework for where we're going to be

framework for where we're going to be going

going

going one note about the network plus exam is

one note about the network plus exam is

one note about the network plus exam is that they assume you have around 18

that they assume you have around 18

that they assume you have around 18 months experience in the industry if you

months experience in the industry if you

months experience in the industry if you don't that's okay but I am assuming that

don't that's okay but I am assuming that

don't that's okay but I am assuming that you do have some basic knowledge of

you do have some basic knowledge of

you do have some basic knowledge of computers and perhaps some working

computers and perhaps some working

computers and perhaps some working knowledge of networks so in some cases

knowledge of networks so in some cases

knowledge of networks so in some cases this might be redundant for you and in

this might be redundant for you and in

this might be redundant for you and in other cases you might be learning some

other cases you might be learning some

other cases you might be learning some new stuff either way I'm going to focus

new stuff either way I'm going to focus

new stuff either way I'm going to focus on exactly what the network plus exam

on exactly what the network plus exam

on exactly what the network plus exam wants to see and

wants to see and

wants to see and what you need to know to pass

what you need to know to pass

what you need to know to pass so in this module we're going to be

so in this module we're going to be

so in this module we're going to be introduced to networks and what makes up

introduced to networks and what makes up

introduced to networks and what makes up a network

a network

a network the terminology that's used to describe

the terminology that's used to describe

the terminology that's used to describe those objects it becomes flexible after

those objects it becomes flexible after

those objects it becomes flexible after a little bit of time and experience

a little bit of time and experience

a little bit of time and experience spent on the field but to understand

spent on the field but to understand

spent on the field but to understand what each object does and what its

what each object does and what its

what each object does and what its functions are in a network I want to

functions are in a network I want to

functions are in a network I want to break down some of the jargon or the

break down some of the jargon or the

break down some of the jargon or the technical speak and talk about what

technical speak and talk about what

technical speak and talk about what exactly is networking

exactly is networking

exactly is networking so some of the module objectives that

so some of the module objectives that

so some of the module objectives that we're going to cover are first to Define

we're going to cover are first to Define

we're going to cover are first to Define and describe a network and a computer

and describe a network and a computer

and describe a network and a computer network you've heard the term Network

network you've heard the term Network

network you've heard the term Network before and so I want to Define what that

before and so I want to Define what that

before and so I want to Define what that is and how that relates to a computer

is and how that relates to a computer

is and how that relates to a computer network

network

network next I want to describe the components

next I want to describe the components

next I want to describe the components of a network what makes a computer

of a network what makes a computer

of a network what makes a computer network

network

network I want to define the terms node and

I want to define the terms node and

I want to define the terms node and server which will be helpful going

server which will be helpful going

server which will be helpful going forward when we use those terms

forward when we use those terms

forward when we use those terms Define and describe the network backbone

Define and describe the network backbone

Define and describe the network backbone and the various variations of a network

and the various variations of a network

and the various variations of a network backbone and finally

backbone and finally

backbone and finally I want to define the difference between

I want to define the difference between

I want to define the difference between a terminal

a terminal

a terminal a client and a peer

a client and a peer

a client and a peer all right so let's get started

all right so let's get started

all right so let's get started now because networking is ubiquitous we

now because networking is ubiquitous we

now because networking is ubiquitous we need to define a few specific things in

need to define a few specific things in

need to define a few specific things in order to keep things in order

order to keep things in order

order to keep things in order so first Network

so first Network

so first Network this is an interconnected or

this is an interconnected or

this is an interconnected or interrelated chain group or system

interrelated chain group or system

interrelated chain group or system generally based on a purpose so for

generally based on a purpose so for

generally based on a purpose so for instance if we say that you're going to

instance if we say that you're going to

instance if we say that you're going to Facebook or LinkedIn are social

networks because the purpose is to be

networks because the purpose is to be

networks because the purpose is to be social

social

social and to connect with other people who

and to connect with other people who

and to connect with other people who have similar interests likes Etc

have similar interests likes Etc

have similar interests likes Etc in the same way you are interrelated and

in the same way you are interrelated and

in the same way you are interrelated and you form a group

now based on that a computer network is

now based on that a computer network is

now based on that a computer network is the interconnecting of two or more

the interconnecting of two or more

the interconnecting of two or more computers that have a basic core purpose

computers that have a basic core purpose

computers that have a basic core purpose of communicating electronically

of communicating electronically

of communicating electronically so the network of social network is to

so the network of social network is to

so the network of social network is to communicate with individuals about a

communicate with individuals about a

communicate with individuals about a specific topic on a computer network we

specific topic on a computer network we

specific topic on a computer network we need to communicate data electronically

need to communicate data electronically

need to communicate data electronically and that's the thing that joins us

and that's the thing that joins us

and that's the thing that joins us together

together

together the internet is one really large

the internet is one really large

the internet is one really large computer network and we will see how

computer network and we will see how

computer network and we will see how that comes to play later on in this

that comes to play later on in this

that comes to play later on in this course

now whether your network is comprised of

now whether your network is comprised of

now whether your network is comprised of two computers or two thousand computers

two computers or two thousand computers

two computers or two thousand computers or like the internet two million

or like the internet two million

or like the internet two million computers there are uh some

computers there are uh some

computers there are uh some commonalities in networks and

commonalities in networks and

commonalities in networks and requirements for what makes them the

requirements for what makes them the

requirements for what makes them the first thing that are needed obviously

first thing that are needed obviously

first thing that are needed obviously are devices these are the actual

are devices these are the actual

are devices these are the actual computers the printers the switches the

computers the printers the switches the

computers the printers the switches the routers all of the devices that are

routers all of the devices that are

routers all of the devices that are going to be connected together by

going to be connected together by

going to be connected together by media now media can either be a physical

media now media can either be a physical

media now media can either be a physical connection such as copper or newer forms

connection such as copper or newer forms

connection such as copper or newer forms such as fiber optics

such as fiber optics

such as fiber optics or it can be something Wireless like

or it can be something Wireless like

or it can be something Wireless like Wi-Fi or a radio frequency or even

Wi-Fi or a radio frequency or even

Wi-Fi or a radio frequency or even cellular Wi-Fi

cellular Wi-Fi

cellular Wi-Fi each device however has its own language

each device however has its own language

each device however has its own language when networking and not every device

when networking and not every device

when networking and not every device knows how to communicate with the

knows how to communicate with the

knows how to communicate with the language of these other devices right

language of these other devices right

language of these other devices right because obviously a computer

because obviously a computer

because obviously a computer communicates slightly differently than a

communicates slightly differently than a

communicates slightly differently than a printer slightly differently than a

printer slightly differently than a

printer slightly differently than a router Etc so in order to allow all

router Etc so in order to allow all

router Etc so in order to allow all these devices to communicate with the

these devices to communicate with the

these devices to communicate with the rest of the network we have something

rest of the network we have something

rest of the network we have something called a network adapter sometimes

called a network adapter sometimes

called a network adapter sometimes referred to as a network interface

referred to as a network interface

referred to as a network interface controller or a NIC

controller or a NIC

controller or a NIC specifically in the term of computers

specifically in the term of computers

specifically in the term of computers and it serves this network adapter as a

and it serves this network adapter as a

and it serves this network adapter as a translator between the components the

translator between the components the

translator between the components the devices over the media by which the data

devices over the media by which the data

devices over the media by which the data is sent

is sent

is sent so finally to manage and govern how

so finally to manage and govern how

so finally to manage and govern how everything talks with everything else

everything talks with everything else

everything talks with everything else the network needs an operating system

the network needs an operating system

the network needs an operating system which is similar to like the ring leader

which is similar to like the ring leader

which is similar to like the ring leader in a circus if we can use a a metaphor

in a circus if we can use a a metaphor

in a circus if we can use a a metaphor there

there

there it tells the network how to work

it tells the network how to work

it tells the network how to work together in order to perform as

together in order to perform as

together in order to perform as efficiently as possible over the adapter

efficiently as possible over the adapter

efficiently as possible over the adapter over the media and with each of the

over the media and with each of the

over the media and with each of the devices without the operating system

devices without the operating system

devices without the operating system there wouldn't be any order or Direction

there wouldn't be any order or Direction

there wouldn't be any order or Direction in the network and no one would really

in the network and no one would really

in the network and no one would really know what they were doing so the network

know what they were doing so the network

know what they were doing so the network operating system is responsible really

operating system is responsible really

operating system is responsible really for allocating resources

for allocating resources

for allocating resources monitoring the activities of devices on

monitoring the activities of devices on

monitoring the activities of devices on the network over the media

the network over the media

the network over the media and managing files and data Etc

and managing files and data Etc

and managing files and data Etc now we have two devices that I want to

now we have two devices that I want to

now we have two devices that I want to Define one is a node and a node is any

Define one is a node and a node is any

Define one is a node and a node is any device that is connected to a

device that is connected to a

device that is connected to a Communications Network

Communications Network

Communications Network and this can be just about anything so

and this can be just about anything so

and this can be just about anything so we have uh clients and servers our nodes

we have uh clients and servers our nodes

we have uh clients and servers our nodes and so are printers and network attached

and so are printers and network attached

and so are printers and network attached storage devices and these are all what

storage devices and these are all what

storage devices and these are all what we call

we call

we call endpoint nodes I'm going to write that

endpoint nodes I'm going to write that

endpoint nodes I'm going to write that up here

up here

up here because that's where the data ends

because that's where the data ends

because that's where the data ends whereas something like a router

whereas something like a router

whereas something like a router or switch or previously we used to see a

or switch or previously we used to see a

or switch or previously we used to see a lot of hubs do what's called

redistribute

redistribute

redistribute so those are what we call redistribution

so those are what we call redistribution

so those are what we call redistribution nodes okay so it's important to

nodes okay so it's important to

nodes okay so it's important to understand that these are both nodes

understand that these are both nodes

understand that these are both nodes anything on the network really any sort

anything on the network really any sort

anything on the network really any sort of device that's communicating is a node

of device that's communicating is a node

of device that's communicating is a node or being communicated with

or being communicated with

or being communicated with the endpoint nodes where or where the

the endpoint nodes where or where the

the endpoint nodes where or where the information sort of ends up or is going

information sort of ends up or is going

information sort of ends up or is going to a redistribution node its

to a redistribution node its

to a redistribution node its responsibilities to pass the data on to

responsibilities to pass the data on to

responsibilities to pass the data on to another either redistribution node or

another either redistribution node or

another either redistribution node or onto the endpoint node

now a server

now a server

now a server is a network device that's responsible

is a network device that's responsible

is a network device that's responsible for sharing resources and managing

for sharing resources and managing

for sharing resources and managing certain services

certain services

certain services like addressing and we'll talk about

like addressing and we'll talk about

like addressing and we'll talk about this which is called an IP address a

this which is called an IP address a

this which is called an IP address a little later

it's also uh manages devices on the

it's also uh manages devices on the

it's also uh manages devices on the network and controls the network-wide

network and controls the network-wide

network and controls the network-wide functions like permissions so not only

functions like permissions so not only

functions like permissions so not only is it going to give uh all our clients

is it going to give uh all our clients

is it going to give uh all our clients all the other nodes addresses that allow

all the other nodes addresses that allow

all the other nodes addresses that allow it to communicate it's also going to

it to communicate it's also going to

it to communicate it's also going to manage how those devices communicate and

manage how those devices communicate and

manage how those devices communicate and what they're allowed to do which is what

what they're allowed to do which is what

what they're allowed to do which is what we call permissions

we call permissions

we call permissions all right now this is

all right now this is

all right now this is um so you can see that the server is a

um so you can see that the server is a

um so you can see that the server is a type of node but I just want to describe

type of node but I just want to describe

type of node but I just want to describe server we're going to talk about some of

server we're going to talk about some of

server we're going to talk about some of the other

the other

the other um devices in just a moment before we do

um devices in just a moment before we do

um devices in just a moment before we do that

that

that let's talk about the network backbone

let's talk about the network backbone

let's talk about the network backbone okay the network backbone is responsible

okay the network backbone is responsible

okay the network backbone is responsible for carrying the majority of network

for carrying the majority of network

for carrying the majority of network traffic and it works very quickly at a

traffic and it works very quickly at a

traffic and it works very quickly at a very very very high speed

very very very high speed

very very very high speed now it might use different technology

now it might use different technology

now it might use different technology throughout this um on the backbone

throughout this um on the backbone

throughout this um on the backbone that's different from the rest of the

that's different from the rest of the

that's different from the rest of the network because it basically connects

network because it basically connects

network because it basically connects all the smaller networks together

all the smaller networks together

all the smaller networks together that's why it's called the backbone and

that's why it's called the backbone and

that's why it's called the backbone and it needs to be large fast and

it needs to be large fast and

it needs to be large fast and um

um

um capable of communicating at very high

capable of communicating at very high

capable of communicating at very high speeds because all of these computers

speeds because all of these computers

speeds because all of these computers all these smaller networks are

all these smaller networks are

all these smaller networks are communicating we'll talk about how that

communicating we'll talk about how that

communicating we'll talk about how that all works in a bit now there are four

all works in a bit now there are four

all works in a bit now there are four different types of network backbones and

different types of network backbones and

different types of network backbones and we're gonna I'm just gonna give you a

we're gonna I'm just gonna give you a

we're gonna I'm just gonna give you a brief definition of these now and we

brief definition of these now and we

brief definition of these now and we will come back and talk about these more

will come back and talk about these more

will come back and talk about these more in depth a little later okay the first

in depth a little later okay the first

in depth a little later okay the first one is called serial that's where one

one is called serial that's where one

one is called serial that's where one backbone cable

backbone cable

backbone cable connects

connects

connects to another one after the other

like so

like so

like so all right so there's one backbone cable

all right so there's one backbone cable

all right so there's one backbone cable and multiple switches are connected to

and multiple switches are connected to

and multiple switches are connected to that cable

that cable

that cable which allow devices to connect to it

which allow devices to connect to it

which allow devices to connect to it there's also something called a

there's also something called a

there's also something called a hierarchical or distributed uh

hierarchical or distributed uh

hierarchical or distributed uh um backbone which like a family tree it

um backbone which like a family tree it

um backbone which like a family tree it has more of a family tree layout if you

has more of a family tree layout if you

has more of a family tree layout if you can imagine right

okay and this backbone is in this case

okay and this backbone is in this case

okay and this backbone is in this case it's much easier to manage typical for

it's much easier to manage typical for

it's much easier to manage typical for what we'll call local area networks or

what we'll call local area networks or

what we'll call local area networks or lands it's much more easily scalable as

lands it's much more easily scalable as

lands it's much more easily scalable as you can see because I can update one

you can see because I can update one

you can see because I can update one part a lot faster and in this case the

part a lot faster and in this case the

part a lot faster and in this case the backbone is responsible for the traffic

backbone is responsible for the traffic

backbone is responsible for the traffic of the nodes on each branch so we have

of the nodes on each branch so we have

of the nodes on each branch so we have different branches and on each branch

different branches and on each branch

different branches and on each branch the backbone is responsible for that and

the backbone is responsible for that and

the backbone is responsible for that and that's how it gets a little easier now A

that's how it gets a little easier now A

that's how it gets a little easier now A collapsed uh backbone uses a router as

collapsed uh backbone uses a router as

collapsed uh backbone uses a router as the Connecting Point all right and we'll

the Connecting Point all right and we'll

the Connecting Point all right and we'll talk more about how that works a little

talk more about how that works a little

talk more about how that works a little bit later and what exactly a router does

bit later and what exactly a router does

bit later and what exactly a router does and how that's different from a switch

and how that's different from a switch

and how that's different from a switch and that's a pretty major point

and that's a pretty major point

and that's a pretty major point finally we see something called parallel

finally we see something called parallel

finally we see something called parallel which is just like a collapsed uh

which is just like a collapsed uh

which is just like a collapsed uh backbone except it has multiple cable

backbone except it has multiple cable

backbone except it has multiple cable connections and that's because that

connections and that's because that

connections and that's because that allows for more redundancy remember if

allows for more redundancy remember if

allows for more redundancy remember if you took the A Plus Class we talked

you took the A Plus Class we talked

you took the A Plus Class we talked about redundancy and how we want to make

about redundancy and how we want to make

about redundancy and how we want to make sure uh that we don't have what are

sure uh that we don't have what are

sure uh that we don't have what are called single points of failures so

called single points of failures so

called single points of failures so there's more than one cable connection

there's more than one cable connection

there's more than one cable connection which not only is great for redundancy

which not only is great for redundancy

which not only is great for redundancy it also allows for what's what we call

it also allows for what's what we call

it also allows for what's what we call load balancing and also a faster

load balancing and also a faster

load balancing and also a faster throughput because the computer can

throughput because the computer can

throughput because the computer can decide which of the cable connections to

decide which of the cable connections to

decide which of the cable connections to use all right so these are again we have

use all right so these are again we have

use all right so these are again we have serial hierarchical or distributed

serial hierarchical or distributed

serial hierarchical or distributed collapsed in parallel as we talk more

collapsed in parallel as we talk more

collapsed in parallel as we talk more about networks these differences will

about networks these differences will

about networks these differences will become clearer but I just wanted to

become clearer but I just wanted to

become clearer but I just wanted to cover them now and you won't probably

cover them now and you won't probably

cover them now and you won't probably see these specifically on the exam in

see these specifically on the exam in

see these specifically on the exam in this format you'll see them in other

this format you'll see them in other

this format you'll see them in other formats and but I want to lay the

formats and but I want to lay the

formats and but I want to lay the framework for what we're going to be

framework for what we're going to be

framework for what we're going to be talking about

all right now a terminal

all right now a terminal

all right now a terminal terminal is a network Hardware device

terminal is a network Hardware device

terminal is a network Hardware device that's used for entering date data into

that's used for entering date data into

that's used for entering date data into it and displaying data from another

it and displaying data from another

it and displaying data from another computer Computing system

computer Computing system

computer Computing system it's commonly called a dummy computer

it's commonly called a dummy computer

it's commonly called a dummy computer because it doesn't have any processing

because it doesn't have any processing

because it doesn't have any processing capabilities of its own it also doesn't

capabilities of its own it also doesn't

capabilities of its own it also doesn't have much memory or anything else okay

have much memory or anything else okay

have much memory or anything else okay so it is literally

so it is literally

so it is literally this is a dummy it's basically a screen

this is a dummy it's basically a screen

this is a dummy it's basically a screen with a keyboard a mouse some sort of

with a keyboard a mouse some sort of

with a keyboard a mouse some sort of input tool right and what it's doing is

input tool right and what it's doing is

input tool right and what it's doing is simply displaying information on a

simply displaying information on a

simply displaying information on a bigger better

bigger better

bigger better server computer someplace else

server computer someplace else

server computer someplace else all right

we also need something called a terminal

we also need something called a terminal

we also need something called a terminal emulator placed onto this computer so

emulator placed onto this computer so

emulator placed onto this computer so that it can emulate what's going on on

that it can emulate what's going on on

that it can emulate what's going on on the server and communicate with it since

the server and communicate with it since

the server and communicate with it since it doesn't have processing capabilities

it doesn't have processing capabilities

it doesn't have processing capabilities or memory of its own now this is

or memory of its own now this is

or memory of its own now this is different from what's called a client

different from what's called a client

different from what's called a client a client has its own processor and

a client has its own processor and

a client has its own processor and memory of its own but it accesses

memory of its own but it accesses

memory of its own but it accesses network resources on other nodes other

network resources on other nodes other

network resources on other nodes other servers and other clients

servers and other clients

servers and other clients all right so it is um rather than a

all right so it is um rather than a

all right so it is um rather than a server which serves up information the

server which serves up information the

server which serves up information the client takes the information and uses it

client takes the information and uses it

client takes the information and uses it now appear

now appear

now appear is a network computer that provides its

is a network computer that provides its

is a network computer that provides its own resources and services and computes

own resources and services and computes

own resources and services and computes on its own the best thing about appear

on its own the best thing about appear

on its own the best thing about appear is that it can act it is self-managed

is that it can act it is self-managed

is that it can act it is self-managed self-contained and it is both a server

self-contained and it is both a server

self-contained and it is both a server and a client

and a client

and a client okay

so you can see how this works this

so you can see how this works this

so you can see how this works this cloth this peer computer serves

cloth this peer computer serves

cloth this peer computer serves information to this peer computer as a

information to this peer computer as a

information to this peer computer as a client this computer can serve

client this computer can serve

client this computer can serve information to this one as a client so

information to this one as a client so

information to this one as a client so this is what we call peer-to-peer

this is what we call peer-to-peer

this is what we call peer-to-peer networking it manages its own set of

networking it manages its own set of

networking it manages its own set of local policies it has its own set of

local policies it has its own set of

local policies it has its own set of users it is completely self-contained

users it is completely self-contained

users it is completely self-contained and does not need a server to operate

and does not need a server to operate

and does not need a server to operate unlike a client which does

all right

all right

all right so

so

so just to recap what we've talked about we

just to recap what we've talked about we

just to recap what we've talked about we were we we defined what a network is and

were we we defined what a network is and

were we we defined what a network is and how that's different slightly from a

how that's different slightly from a

how that's different slightly from a computer network which is really what

computer network which is really what

computer network which is really what the network plus exam covers

the network plus exam covers

the network plus exam covers we describe the components of the

we describe the components of the

we describe the components of the network

network

network uh the adapter

uh the adapter

uh the adapter the network operating system the devices

the network operating system the devices

the network operating system the devices the media let's go ahead and write those

the media let's go ahead and write those

the media let's go ahead and write those we had media

we had media

we had media right which allowed the devices to

right which allowed the devices to

right which allowed the devices to communicate

using a network adapter

communicated and managed by an operating

communicated and managed by an operating

communicated and managed by an operating system we also defined a node and server

system we also defined a node and server

system we also defined a node and server right the node is really any

right the node is really any

right the node is really any um

um

um sort of device that's on we have the end

sort of device that's on we have the end

sort of device that's on we have the end point

and we also

and we also

and we also have a redistribution

we Define and describe the network

we Define and describe the network

we Define and describe the network backbone remember which is really fast

and the different variations of it which

and the different variations of it which

and the different variations of it which if you recall included cereal which is

if you recall included cereal which is

if you recall included cereal which is one after the other

one after the other

one after the other hierarchical

also called distributed

then we looked at collapsed

then we looked at collapsed

then we looked at collapsed and a more redundant form

and a more redundant form

and a more redundant form parallel

parallel

parallel finally we defined terminal client and

finally we defined terminal client and

finally we defined terminal client and appear remember the terminal is a dummy

appear remember the terminal is a dummy

appear remember the terminal is a dummy client accesses resources

on other computers

on other computers

on other computers and appear both serves

and accesses

all right so now that we've covered some

all right so now that we've covered some

all right so now that we've covered some of this basic terminology let's continue

of this basic terminology let's continue

of this basic terminology let's continue on talking about the fundamentals of a

on talking about the fundamentals of a

on talking about the fundamentals of a network And discussing more of what we

network And discussing more of what we

network And discussing more of what we need to know in order to get into the

need to know in order to get into the

need to know in order to get into the majority of this uh information on the

majority of this uh information on the

majority of this uh information on the network plus exam

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

Network fundamentals Network categories

Network fundamentals Network categories

Network fundamentals Network categories and models

and models

and models having discussed some of the basic

having discussed some of the basic

having discussed some of the basic components of a network and having

components of a network and having

components of a network and having established sort of a baseline of some

established sort of a baseline of some

established sort of a baseline of some terminology that we all need to be

terminology that we all need to be

terminology that we all need to be familiar with I now want to talk about

familiar with I now want to talk about

familiar with I now want to talk about the different categories of networks and

the different categories of networks and

the different categories of networks and as we begin to understand the

as we begin to understand the

as we begin to understand the differences between these categories

differences between these categories

differences between these categories we're also going to look at some of the

we're also going to look at some of the

we're also going to look at some of the basic models that networks are placed

basic models that networks are placed

basic models that networks are placed into depending on different

into depending on different

into depending on different configurations and layouts

configurations and layouts

configurations and layouts so our objectives in this module are

so our objectives in this module are

so our objectives in this module are first to describe the characteristics of

first to describe the characteristics of

first to describe the characteristics of a lan or what's called a local

a lan or what's called a local

a lan or what's called a local area network now this is different from

area network now this is different from

area network now this is different from a Wan or a wide area network you're

a Wan or a wide area network you're

a Wan or a wide area network you're going to need to be familiar with both

going to need to be familiar with both

going to need to be familiar with both of these terms and actually we're going

of these terms and actually we're going

of these terms and actually we're going to see a few different types of lands

to see a few different types of lands

to see a few different types of lands including uh man's

including uh man's

including uh man's pans

cans

cans

cans and uh none of these are what you think

and uh none of these are what you think

and uh none of these are what you think these are all acronyms so a man is a

these are all acronyms so a man is a

these are all acronyms so a man is a metropolitan or a municipal area network

metropolitan or a municipal area network

metropolitan or a municipal area network uh pan is a personal area network can

uh pan is a personal area network can

uh pan is a personal area network can campus area network etc etc and as you

campus area network etc etc and as you

campus area network etc etc and as you can see from the name these these terms

can see from the name these these terms

can see from the name these these terms are really

are really

are really um amorphous so it really depends on

um amorphous so it really depends on

um amorphous so it really depends on some subjective uh opinions as to what

some subjective uh opinions as to what

some subjective uh opinions as to what these

these

these types of networks really described but

types of networks really described but

types of networks really described but anyway we're going to cover all of those

anyway we're going to cover all of those

anyway we're going to cover all of those so you'll be prepared for them if if and

so you'll be prepared for them if if and

so you'll be prepared for them if if and when you see them out in the field or on

when you see them out in the field or on

when you see them out in the field or on the test we're also going to define the

the test we're also going to define the

the test we're also going to define the difference between the internet

difference between the internet

difference between the internet something that I'm sure you all have

something that I'm sure you all have

something that I'm sure you all have heard of and then two other terms the

heard of and then two other terms the

heard of and then two other terms the intranet and the extranat which are more

intranet and the extranat which are more

intranet and the extranat which are more uh specific towards organizations and

uh specific towards organizations and

uh specific towards organizations and sort of uh uh using internet

sort of uh uh using internet

sort of uh uh using internet Technologies uh for a specific

Technologies uh for a specific

Technologies uh for a specific organization we're then going to look at

organization we're then going to look at

organization we're then going to look at uh the way networks basically are

uh the way networks basically are

uh the way networks basically are organized we're going to look at

organized we're going to look at

organized we're going to look at something called a centralized Network

something called a centralized Network

something called a centralized Network which if you recall from the previous uh

which if you recall from the previous uh

which if you recall from the previous uh video is going to involve a terminal and

video is going to involve a terminal and

video is going to involve a terminal and a Mainframe and then we're going to look

a Mainframe and then we're going to look

a Mainframe and then we're going to look at a client server Network which sort of

at a client server Network which sort of

at a client server Network which sort of takes the pressure off of that Central

takes the pressure off of that Central

takes the pressure off of that Central Mainframe and puts it onto a server with

Mainframe and puts it onto a server with

Mainframe and puts it onto a server with a client and then finally we're going to

a client and then finally we're going to

a client and then finally we're going to look at what a peer-to-peer network is

look at what a peer-to-peer network is

look at what a peer-to-peer network is and again that is like where we have all

and again that is like where we have all

and again that is like where we have all clients no servers so we're really

clients no servers so we're really

clients no servers so we're really looking at a descending order of

looking at a descending order of

looking at a descending order of centralization but at the same time

centralization but at the same time

centralization but at the same time we're putting more power and resources

we're putting more power and resources

we're putting more power and resources into the individual computer finally

into the individual computer finally

into the individual computer finally because nothing is as simple as it seems

because nothing is as simple as it seems

because nothing is as simple as it seems we're going to look at what's called a

we're going to look at what's called a

we're going to look at what's called a mixed mode Network which is a

mixed mode Network which is a

mixed mode Network which is a combination of sort of all of these and

combination of sort of all of these and

combination of sort of all of these and that'll help us as we go forward

that'll help us as we go forward

that'll help us as we go forward understand how an administrator of a

understand how an administrator of a

understand how an administrator of a network something we'll also talk about

network something we'll also talk about

network something we'll also talk about uh deals with these different types of

uh deals with these different types of

uh deals with these different types of needs on their entire network

needs on their entire network

needs on their entire network so let's first start talking about a

so let's first start talking about a

so let's first start talking about a local area network a lan or a local area

local area network a lan or a local area

local area network a lan or a local area network is a network that spans a small

network is a network that spans a small

network is a network that spans a small area typically either a building like

area typically either a building like

area typically either a building like your home or office or a floor of a much

your home or office or a floor of a much

your home or office or a floor of a much larger building you might find this in

larger building you might find this in

larger building you might find this in like a skyscraper so take the Empire

like a skyscraper so take the Empire

like a skyscraper so take the Empire State Building for instance which is one

State Building for instance which is one

State Building for instance which is one of the largest or tallest buildings in

of the largest or tallest buildings in

of the largest or tallest buildings in New York or it used to be

New York or it used to be

New York or it used to be um

um

um every floor of the building might have a

every floor of the building might have a

every floor of the building might have a different company using it so each one

different company using it so each one

different company using it so each one of those has their own land or local

of those has their own land or local

of those has their own land or local area network to keep them separated from

area network to keep them separated from

area network to keep them separated from one another even though they might even

one another even though they might even

one another even though they might even be using some of the same infrastructure

be using some of the same infrastructure

be using some of the same infrastructure running into that building now in a land

running into that building now in a land

running into that building now in a land the most commonly implemented technology

the most commonly implemented technology

the most commonly implemented technology and something you've probably heard of

and something you've probably heard of

and something you've probably heard of is something called ethernet and this

is something called ethernet and this

is something called ethernet and this means that the communication path taken

means that the communication path taken

means that the communication path taken utilizes uh cabling or short range

utilizes uh cabling or short range

utilizes uh cabling or short range Wireless Technologies we're going to

Wireless Technologies we're going to

Wireless Technologies we're going to talk about ethernet and and really what

talk about ethernet and and really what

talk about ethernet and and really what it means because it's it's also not just

it means because it's it's also not just

it means because it's it's also not just the hardware it really has to do with

the hardware it really has to do with

the hardware it really has to do with how the data is being communicated in

how the data is being communicated in

how the data is being communicated in Greater detail in an upcoming module now

Greater detail in an upcoming module now

Greater detail in an upcoming module now in a local area network a connection uh

in a local area network a connection uh

in a local area network a connection uh is leased by a service provider but it

is leased by a service provider but it

is leased by a service provider but it isn't necessarily for the land to

isn't necessarily for the land to

isn't necessarily for the land to function properly so this means I don't

function properly so this means I don't

function properly so this means I don't need an outside sort of connection in

need an outside sort of connection in

need an outside sort of connection in order for my land to work the reason I

order for my land to work the reason I

order for my land to work the reason I might need a connection to the outside

might need a connection to the outside

might need a connection to the outside from an internet service provider is

from an internet service provider is

from an internet service provider is going to be thanks to a Wan or a wide

going to be thanks to a Wan or a wide

going to be thanks to a Wan or a wide area network but let's talk really

area network but let's talk really

area network but let's talk really quickly about land administrators the

quickly about land administrators the

quickly about land administrators the people who are running these lands that

people who are running these lands that

people who are running these lands that might help us understand them a little

might help us understand them a little

might help us understand them a little clearer

clearer

clearer now land administrators are like

now land administrators are like

now land administrators are like jugglers they have to keep their eyes on

jugglers they have to keep their eyes on

jugglers they have to keep their eyes on all of the components of their Network

all of the components of their Network

all of the components of their Network at the same time hence the little GIF

at the same time hence the little GIF

at the same time hence the little GIF over here they have to have there for a

over here they have to have there for a

over here they have to have there for a broad range of versatile skills that

broad range of versatile skills that

broad range of versatile skills that allow them to manage and maintain all

allow them to manage and maintain all

allow them to manage and maintain all the different parts of their Network now

the different parts of their Network now

the different parts of their Network now that's only within their domain and the

that's only within their domain and the

that's only within their domain and the juggler also has to be mindful of each

juggler also has to be mindful of each

juggler also has to be mindful of each of the objects in the air at the same

of the objects in the air at the same

of the objects in the air at the same time or else they might lose track of

time or else they might lose track of

time or else they might lose track of one or all of them like the juggler if

one or all of them like the juggler if

one or all of them like the juggler if the land administrator loses track of

the land administrator loses track of

the land administrator loses track of one part of their job it's likely the

one part of their job it's likely the

one part of their job it's likely the entire network of moving components

entire network of moving components

entire network of moving components could come quote unquote crashing to a

could come quote unquote crashing to a

could come quote unquote crashing to a halt the land administrator therefore

halt the land administrator therefore

halt the land administrator therefore has to have a strong working knowledge

has to have a strong working knowledge

has to have a strong working knowledge of all the aspects of their Network now

of all the aspects of their Network now

of all the aspects of their Network now the land administrator should be able to

the land administrator should be able to

the land administrator should be able to handle tasks such as installation of

handle tasks such as installation of

handle tasks such as installation of software and hardware

software and hardware

software and hardware troubleshooting all components of the

troubleshooting all components of the

troubleshooting all components of the network including the servers which

network including the servers which

network including the servers which we'll talk about connectivity devices

we'll talk about connectivity devices

we'll talk about connectivity devices and media and so on and so forth and not

and media and so on and so forth and not

and media and so on and so forth and not to mention security for the network so

to mention security for the network so

to mention security for the network so if that isn't enough one of their most

if that isn't enough one of their most

if that isn't enough one of their most difficult tasking duties of the land

difficult tasking duties of the land

difficult tasking duties of the land administrator is being responsible for

administrator is being responsible for

administrator is being responsible for users and attending to their requests

users and attending to their requests

users and attending to their requests and their requirements so

and their requirements so

and their requirements so you can tell that the land administrator

you can tell that the land administrator

you can tell that the land administrator really has to be able to do a lot and

really has to be able to do a lot and

really has to be able to do a lot and we're gonna as we go through this course

we're gonna as we go through this course

we're gonna as we go through this course you'll see more and more specifically of

you'll see more and more specifically of

you'll see more and more specifically of what they have to do but let's talk

what they have to do but let's talk

what they have to do but let's talk about a Wan a Wan or a wide area network

about a Wan a Wan or a wide area network

about a Wan a Wan or a wide area network uh is a network that spans a larger

uh is a network that spans a larger

uh is a network that spans a larger geographical area than a lan in most

geographical area than a lan in most

geographical area than a lan in most cases uh the WAN is going to connect as

cases uh the WAN is going to connect as

cases uh the WAN is going to connect as this picture demonstrates multiple lands

this picture demonstrates multiple lands

this picture demonstrates multiple lands together and it might even utilize

together and it might even utilize

together and it might even utilize long-range communication such as

long-range communication such as

long-range communication such as satellite or radio frequency otherwise

satellite or radio frequency otherwise

satellite or radio frequency otherwise known as RF

now one main factor that differentiates

now one main factor that differentiates

now one main factor that differentiates a win or wide area network from a lan is

a win or wide area network from a lan is

a win or wide area network from a lan is that it can enable users to connect to

that it can enable users to connect to

that it can enable users to connect to one another from different physical

one another from different physical

one another from different physical locations so whereas these are each

locations so whereas these are each

locations so whereas these are each physically sort of uh isolated in some

physically sort of uh isolated in some

physically sort of uh isolated in some ways you can tell the WAN connects all

ways you can tell the WAN connects all

ways you can tell the WAN connects all of these lands together

okay now a Wan can be private where an

okay now a Wan can be private where an

okay now a Wan can be private where an organization has complete control of

organization has complete control of

organization has complete control of access to it resources and it's solely

access to it resources and it's solely

access to it resources and it's solely responsible for everything that occurs

responsible for everything that occurs

responsible for everything that occurs on that Network or a win can be public

on that Network or a win can be public

on that Network or a win can be public and of course the world's largest Wan

and of course the world's largest Wan

and of course the world's largest Wan is the internet

is the internet

is the internet now we're going to talk more about the

now we're going to talk more about the

now we're going to talk more about the internet in detail shortly but I just

internet in detail shortly but I just

internet in detail shortly but I just want to point out that the biggest wide

want to point out that the biggest wide

want to point out that the biggest wide area network we have is the WAN and

area network we have is the WAN and

area network we have is the WAN and unlike the land which is geographically

unlike the land which is geographically

unlike the land which is geographically isolated and can be controlled by a

isolated and can be controlled by a

isolated and can be controlled by a relatively few number of people the WAN

relatively few number of people the WAN

relatively few number of people the WAN has very different needs

has very different needs

has very different needs now there are also different types of

now there are also different types of

now there are also different types of lands that are out there now some of

lands that are out there now some of

lands that are out there now some of these classifications

these classifications

these classifications um we might get argument from certain

um we might get argument from certain

um we might get argument from certain individuals just because this is sort of

individuals just because this is sort of

individuals just because this is sort of open to some subjectivity but these are

open to some subjectivity but these are

open to some subjectivity but these are covered on the examine which is the

covered on the examine which is the

covered on the examine which is the reason I want to make sure we cover them

reason I want to make sure we cover them

reason I want to make sure we cover them the first one that we've seen a few

the first one that we've seen a few

the first one that we've seen a few times when we talked if you were here

times when we talked if you were here

times when we talked if you were here for a plus is called a pan or a personal

for a plus is called a pan or a personal

for a plus is called a pan or a personal area network a pan is two to three

area network a pan is two to three

area network a pan is two to three computers connected together by cables

computers connected together by cables

computers connected together by cables and a wireless pan or wpn is going to be

and a wireless pan or wpn is going to be

and a wireless pan or wpn is going to be using Bluetooth or infrared Technologies

using Bluetooth or infrared Technologies

using Bluetooth or infrared Technologies generally speaking when we are talking

generally speaking when we are talking

generally speaking when we are talking about pans uh for purposes of the exam

about pans uh for purposes of the exam

about pans uh for purposes of the exam we're really talking about Bluetooth now

we're really talking about Bluetooth now

we're really talking about Bluetooth now I might consider pan a sort of local

I might consider pan a sort of local

I might consider pan a sort of local area network but

area network but

area network but for our sake we're just gonna group this

for our sake we're just gonna group this

for our sake we're just gonna group this into wands right now but this could be

into wands right now but this could be

into wands right now but this could be considered something a little different

considered something a little different

considered something a little different okay so I'm just gonna sort of put

okay so I'm just gonna sort of put

okay so I'm just gonna sort of put brackets around that and a w pan or a

brackets around that and a w pan or a

brackets around that and a w pan or a wireless pan if we put that W in front

wireless pan if we put that W in front

wireless pan if we put that W in front of it uh occurs when the computers are

of it uh occurs when the computers are

of it uh occurs when the computers are connected together wirelessly but not

connected together wirelessly but not

connected together wirelessly but not through an access point right so they're

through an access point right so they're

through an access point right so they're connected literally uh to one another

connected literally uh to one another

connected literally uh to one another thanks to the wireless technology but

thanks to the wireless technology but

thanks to the wireless technology but there is no sort of Central Access Point

there is no sort of Central Access Point

there is no sort of Central Access Point that they all connect to

that they all connect to

that they all connect to now the next type is a can or a campus

now the next type is a can or a campus

now the next type is a can or a campus area network and I'm assuming from the

area network and I'm assuming from the

area network and I'm assuming from the name you can guess that this is a Wan

name you can guess that this is a Wan

name you can guess that this is a Wan that spans the geographical area

that spans the geographical area

that spans the geographical area comparable to like a school or a campus

comparable to like a school or a campus

comparable to like a school or a campus or a business park such as Yahoo now

or a business park such as Yahoo now

or a business park such as Yahoo now again some people might consider this a

again some people might consider this a

again some people might consider this a land some might consider this a win but

land some might consider this a win but

land some might consider this a win but for our sake we're just going to assume

for our sake we're just going to assume

for our sake we're just going to assume that this is dealing with some sort of

that this is dealing with some sort of

that this is dealing with some sort of Campus some sort of school some sort of

Campus some sort of school some sort of

Campus some sort of school some sort of area that is contained all by one

area that is contained all by one

area that is contained all by one organization so for instance if I had uh

organization so for instance if I had uh

organization so for instance if I had uh four buildings all connected

uh and each of them has let's say four

uh and each of them has let's say four

uh and each of them has let's say four floors

floors

floors right there might be a lan on each floor

right there might be a lan on each floor

right there might be a lan on each floor or in each building and then connecting

or in each building and then connecting

or in each building and then connecting each land together is going to be this

each land together is going to be this

each land together is going to be this can which is a sort of wide area network

can which is a sort of wide area network

can which is a sort of wide area network but because the wide area network could

but because the wide area network could

but because the wide area network could denote uh the internet and the cloud is

denote uh the internet and the cloud is

denote uh the internet and the cloud is sort of the best descriptor of that we

sort of the best descriptor of that we

sort of the best descriptor of that we want to call it something slightly

want to call it something slightly

want to call it something slightly different now a man is a metropolitan or

different now a man is a metropolitan or

different now a man is a metropolitan or it could also be a municipal

it could also be a municipal

it could also be a municipal area network

area network

area network and as the name implies It's relatively

and as the name implies It's relatively

and as the name implies It's relatively the size of a city or a town or a

the size of a city or a town or a

the size of a city or a town or a metropolitan area so if I have a

metropolitan area so if I have a

metropolitan area so if I have a business that like the cam uh has

business that like the cam uh has

business that like the cam uh has several buildings but the buildings are

several buildings but the buildings are

several buildings but the buildings are now separated over the course of the

now separated over the course of the

now separated over the course of the city as opposed to some in my own campus

city as opposed to some in my own campus

city as opposed to some in my own campus then I'm probably going to use this

then I'm probably going to use this

then I'm probably going to use this terminology again or a global area

terminology again or a global area

terminology again or a global area network I think it's sort of redundant

network I think it's sort of redundant

network I think it's sort of redundant but these are networks that go from

but these are networks that go from

but these are networks that go from country to country or around uh

these are networks that go all the way

these are networks that go all the way

these are networks that go all the way from country to country all the way

from country to country all the way

from country to country all the way around the world they span the globe and

around the world they span the globe and

around the world they span the globe and they're going to utilize Technologies uh

they're going to utilize Technologies uh

they're going to utilize Technologies uh like satellite probably and the reason

like satellite probably and the reason

like satellite probably and the reason we're going to call this uh again is

we're going to call this uh again is

we're going to call this uh again is because generally speaking the global

because generally speaking the global

because generally speaking the global area network again is all controlled by

area network again is all controlled by

area network again is all controlled by one sort of company

as opposed to a Wan which as we just

as opposed to a Wan which as we just

as opposed to a Wan which as we just discussed could include either all being

discussed could include either all being

discussed could include either all being controlled by one company or

controlled by one company or

controlled by one company or all being controlled by uh you know

all being controlled by uh you know

all being controlled by uh you know disparate companies such as the internet

disparate companies such as the internet

disparate companies such as the internet finally an En which is the only one that

finally an En which is the only one that

finally an En which is the only one that breaks from this convention is called an

breaks from this convention is called an

breaks from this convention is called an Enterprise Network it's a network that

Enterprise Network it's a network that

Enterprise Network it's a network that includes usually aspects of both a Wan

includes usually aspects of both a Wan

includes usually aspects of both a Wan and a lan and it's typically owned and

and a lan and it's typically owned and

and a lan and it's typically owned and operated by a single entity or

operated by a single entity or

operated by a single entity or organization just like a gan might be

organization just like a gan might be

organization just like a gan might be now again these terms are very fluid and

now again these terms are very fluid and

now again these terms are very fluid and flexible and depending on who you talk

flexible and depending on who you talk

flexible and depending on who you talk to they'll call it different things so

to they'll call it different things so

to they'll call it different things so you might I worked for a an organization

you might I worked for a an organization

you might I worked for a an organization we never used the word man we always use

we never used the word man we always use

we never used the word man we always use the word when talking about the network

the word when talking about the network

the word when talking about the network that was deployed over the entire city

that was deployed over the entire city

that was deployed over the entire city however certain individuals certain

however certain individuals certain

however certain individuals certain organizations will call these different

organizations will call these different

organizations will call these different things and the names might change as

things and the names might change as

things and the names might change as well but it's important to have a firm

well but it's important to have a firm

well but it's important to have a firm understanding of this just from a basic

understanding of this just from a basic

understanding of this just from a basic you know definition standpoint but also

you know definition standpoint but also

you know definition standpoint but also so that if you go out in the fields and

so that if you go out in the fields and

so that if you go out in the fields and you hear people talking these different

you hear people talking these different

you hear people talking these different terms you can talk the talk as well

now unlike land administrators whose

now unlike land administrators whose

now unlike land administrators whose Duties are quite varied when

Duties are quite varied when

Duties are quite varied when administrators are typically specialists

administrators are typically specialists

administrators are typically specialists in their respective Fields so they're

in their respective Fields so they're

in their respective Fields so they're responsible for more complex

responsible for more complex

responsible for more complex infrastructures and as a result uh they

infrastructures and as a result uh they

infrastructures and as a result uh they need to be more fluent in say routing

need to be more fluent in say routing

need to be more fluent in say routing structures and troubleshooting different

structures and troubleshooting different

structures and troubleshooting different difficult or different network issues

difficult or different network issues

difficult or different network issues they're also responsible for say data

they're also responsible for say data

they're also responsible for say data versus voice systems and when

versus voice systems and when

versus voice systems and when administrators concentrate generally on

administrators concentrate generally on

administrators concentrate generally on network oriented problems and not user

network oriented problems and not user

network oriented problems and not user related issues like a land administrator

related issues like a land administrator

related issues like a land administrator so with a a lan we're really going to

so with a a lan we're really going to

so with a a lan we're really going to get these user-oriented tasks right

get these user-oriented tasks right

get these user-oriented tasks right because they're dealing with the user on

because they're dealing with the user on

because they're dealing with the user on a day-to-day basic a Wan administrator

a day-to-day basic a Wan administrator

a day-to-day basic a Wan administrator is really not dealing with these or

is really not dealing with these or

is really not dealing with these or they're dealing with sometimes what we

they're dealing with sometimes what we

they're dealing with sometimes what we would refer to as the back end and in

would refer to as the back end and in

would refer to as the back end and in some cases as well they're also going to

some cases as well they're also going to

some cases as well they're also going to be a little more specialized in what

be a little more specialized in what

be a little more specialized in what they do since what they're dealing with

they do since what they're dealing with

they do since what they're dealing with is a lot more complex a lan

is a lot more complex a lan

is a lot more complex a lan administrator can sort of be a jack of

administrator can sort of be a jack of

administrator can sort of be a jack of all trades a wand administrator we want

all trades a wand administrator we want

all trades a wand administrator we want to be a master of exactly what it is he

to be a master of exactly what it is he

to be a master of exactly what it is he or she is dealing with

or she is dealing with

or she is dealing with uh one of the other main duties of a Wan

uh one of the other main duties of a Wan

uh one of the other main duties of a Wan administrator is the development and

administrator is the development and

administrator is the development and implementation of certain scripts that

implementation of certain scripts that

implementation of certain scripts that are going to automate certain Network

are going to automate certain Network

are going to automate certain Network processes and they're also going to plan

processes and they're also going to plan

processes and they're also going to plan for and test and push out upgrades and

for and test and push out upgrades and

for and test and push out upgrades and updates to the infrastructure of the

updates to the infrastructure of the

updates to the infrastructure of the network network wide whereas a land

network network wide whereas a land

network network wide whereas a land administrator is going to do this on a

administrator is going to do this on a

administrator is going to do this on a sort of local basis perhaps to the

sort of local basis perhaps to the

sort of local basis perhaps to the computers in their Network so we can see

computers in their Network so we can see

computers in their Network so we can see sort of how these are getting

sort of how these are getting

sort of how these are getting differentiated here a Wan administrators

differentiated here a Wan administrators

differentiated here a Wan administrators a lot more specialized and they're not

a lot more specialized and they're not

a lot more specialized and they're not focused on user oriented

focused on user oriented

focused on user oriented tasks they're looking at Network stuff

tasks they're looking at Network stuff

tasks they're looking at Network stuff so you can see a Wan administrator again

so you can see a Wan administrator again

so you can see a Wan administrator again dealing with the back end much more

dealing with the back end much more

dealing with the back end much more specifically generally more Technical

specifically generally more Technical

specifically generally more Technical and generally also a little bit more

and generally also a little bit more

and generally also a little bit more training than a land administrator

training than a land administrator

training than a land administrator now let's talk about the internet or the

now let's talk about the internet or the

now let's talk about the internet or the World Wide Web which is a public wide

World Wide Web which is a public wide

World Wide Web which is a public wide area network right it is the largest Wan

area network right it is the largest Wan

area network right it is the largest Wan that we have and it essentially connects

that we have and it essentially connects

that we have and it essentially connects every country on the planet in some ways

every country on the planet in some ways

every country on the planet in some ways every computer on the planet it's used

every computer on the planet it's used

every computer on the planet it's used for many different things including but

for many different things including but

for many different things including but certainly not limited to sending and

certainly not limited to sending and

certainly not limited to sending and receiving email initiating and

receiving email initiating and

receiving email initiating and completing commercial and private

completing commercial and private

completing commercial and private transactions uh commute communicating

transactions uh commute communicating

transactions uh commute communicating and allowing people to connect to one

and allowing people to connect to one

and allowing people to connect to one another that are sitting in the same

another that are sitting in the same

another that are sitting in the same room or perhaps even on the other side

room or perhaps even on the other side

room or perhaps even on the other side of the world the internet is really the

of the world the internet is really the

of the world the internet is really the method by which everyone in the world

method by which everyone in the world

method by which everyone in the world can communicate in one way or the other

can communicate in one way or the other

can communicate in one way or the other and in some ways we can actually use it

and in some ways we can actually use it

and in some ways we can actually use it to create our own virtual lands that are

to create our own virtual lands that are

to create our own virtual lands that are private and we'll talk more about that

private and we'll talk more about that

private and we'll talk more about that the other thing that's important to know

the other thing that's important to know

the other thing that's important to know is every bit of data is stored somewhere

is every bit of data is stored somewhere

is every bit of data is stored somewhere on a server typically in the form of a

on a server typically in the form of a

on a server typically in the form of a web page and in order to access the data

web page and in order to access the data

web page and in order to access the data data on the internet you're going to

data on the internet you're going to

data on the internet you're going to have several different considerations

have several different considerations

have several different considerations that are going to be made first of all

that are going to be made first of all

that are going to be made first of all you need to have a web browser of some

you need to have a web browser of some

you need to have a web browser of some sort

sort

sort or you're gonna need to utilize a

or you're gonna need to utilize a

or you're gonna need to utilize a certain generic protocol and have

certain generic protocol and have

certain generic protocol and have something like uh so if we're talking a

something like uh so if we're talking a

something like uh so if we're talking a web browser we're gonna need to use a

web browser we're gonna need to use a

web browser we're gonna need to use a safari Internet Explorer Google Chrome

safari Internet Explorer Google Chrome

safari Internet Explorer Google Chrome Firefox

Firefox

Firefox Etc but they're all using HTTP which is

Etc but they're all using HTTP which is

Etc but they're all using HTTP which is a specific protocol and it has a certain

a specific protocol and it has a certain

a specific protocol and it has a certain port

port

port which by the way is 80. we'll talk more

which by the way is 80. we'll talk more

which by the way is 80. we'll talk more about those later in order to allow

about those later in order to allow

about those later in order to allow communication to occur and this might be

communication to occur and this might be

communication to occur and this might be different from say another form of

different from say another form of

different from say another form of communication such as FTP or remoting in

communication such as FTP or remoting in

communication such as FTP or remoting in and so on and secondly all devices that

and so on and secondly all devices that

and so on and secondly all devices that want to connect to the internet must be

want to connect to the internet must be

want to connect to the internet must be assigned we would call an IP address all

assigned we would call an IP address all

assigned we would call an IP address all things on the internet due to the way it

things on the internet due to the way it

things on the internet due to the way it works are governed by this IP or the

works are governed by this IP or the

works are governed by this IP or the Internet Protocol we're going to revisit

Internet Protocol we're going to revisit

Internet Protocol we're going to revisit this in a future module but IP

this in a future module but IP

this in a future module but IP allows all of this to happen if it

allows all of this to happen if it

allows all of this to happen if it wasn't 4ip we wouldn't have an internet

wasn't 4ip we wouldn't have an internet

wasn't 4ip we wouldn't have an internet at least in the way we know it so again

at least in the way we know it so again

at least in the way we know it so again the internet is this largest global wide

the internet is this largest global wide

the internet is this largest global wide area network that we have in the world

area network that we have in the world

area network that we have in the world and it's for use it's public and

and it's for use it's public and

and it's for use it's public and everyone can use it if they you know

everyone can use it if they you know

everyone can use it if they you know have a provider that gives them access

have a provider that gives them access

have a provider that gives them access now this is different from an intranet

now this is different from an intranet

now this is different from an intranet an intranet is a company's private

an intranet is a company's private

an intranet is a company's private version of the Internet it's commonly

version of the Internet it's commonly

version of the Internet it's commonly connected to the internet so that people

connected to the internet so that people

connected to the internet so that people can uh connect even if they're not

can uh connect even if they're not

can uh connect even if they're not locally at the same place physically but

locally at the same place physically but

locally at the same place physically but the purpose of an intranet is to keep

the purpose of an intranet is to keep

the purpose of an intranet is to keep your network or portions of your network

your network or portions of your network

your network or portions of your network segregated from the unsecure and

segregated from the unsecure and

segregated from the unsecure and possibly even dangerous internet so a

possibly even dangerous internet so a

possibly even dangerous internet so a company might use an intranet for

company might use an intranet for

company might use an intranet for security purposes or for confidentiality

security purposes or for confidentiality

security purposes or for confidentiality if they have certain files and folders

if they have certain files and folders

if they have certain files and folders they want to post up and the intranet

they want to post up and the intranet

they want to post up and the intranet uses the same services and protocols as

uses the same services and protocols as

uses the same services and protocols as the internet so the reason it shares

the internet so the reason it shares

the internet so the reason it shares this name is intra enter to the

this name is intra enter to the

this name is intra enter to the organization but it shares the same name

organization but it shares the same name

organization but it shares the same name because it's using all of the same

because it's using all of the same

because it's using all of the same services in other words IP HTTP you

services in other words IP HTTP you

services in other words IP HTTP you still use a browser so on and so forth

still use a browser so on and so forth

still use a browser so on and so forth so it's still accessed the same way you

so it's still accessed the same way you

so it's still accessed the same way you would the internet through a browser and

would the internet through a browser and

would the internet through a browser and a web page on the world wide web now all

a web page on the world wide web now all

a web page on the world wide web now all of this is different from an Extranet as

of this is different from an Extranet as

of this is different from an Extranet as the name implies

the name implies

the name implies with an intranet your network is

with an intranet your network is

with an intranet your network is completely secure from the internet

completely secure from the internet

completely secure from the internet right you control who has access to your

right you control who has access to your

right you control who has access to your network in every facet

network in every facet

network in every facet but what if your company organization

but what if your company organization

but what if your company organization needs to allow certain individuals to

needs to allow certain individuals to

needs to allow certain individuals to have access to your network but you

have access to your network but you

have access to your network but you don't want them to have access to all of

don't want them to have access to all of

don't want them to have access to all of your network in this case we're going to

your network in this case we're going to

your network in this case we're going to use something called an Extranet it

use something called an Extranet it

use something called an Extranet it gives you the ability to Grant uh access

gives you the ability to Grant uh access

gives you the ability to Grant uh access to specific portions of your network and

to specific portions of your network and

to specific portions of your network and your Extranet so you can give access to

your Extranet so you can give access to

your Extranet so you can give access to specific people typically vendors

specific people typically vendors

specific people typically vendors suppliers individuals that might need

suppliers individuals that might need

suppliers individuals that might need minimal or temporary access at the same

minimal or temporary access at the same

minimal or temporary access at the same time your Extranet is restricting them

time your Extranet is restricting them

time your Extranet is restricting them from having full access to the rest of

from having full access to the rest of

from having full access to the rest of your network or your intranet so it's

your network or your intranet so it's

your network or your intranet so it's really an extension of your intranet but

really an extension of your intranet but

really an extension of your intranet but it's the part that is exterior look at

it's the part that is exterior look at

it's the part that is exterior look at that extra

that extra

that extra to your organization so again the

to your organization so again the

to your organization so again the internet

internet

internet is is a you know using a certain degree

is is a you know using a certain degree

is is a you know using a certain degree of protocols and uh technologies that

of protocols and uh technologies that

of protocols and uh technologies that allows anyone in the world to access

allows anyone in the world to access

allows anyone in the world to access information the intranet is sort of a

information the intranet is sort of a

information the intranet is sort of a private internet for your organization

private internet for your organization

private internet for your organization and the Extranet is the part of that

and the Extranet is the part of that

and the Extranet is the part of that intranet that you're going to let other

intranet that you're going to let other

intranet that you're going to let other people from outside of your organization

people from outside of your organization

people from outside of your organization have access to

now I just want to Define what a segment

now I just want to Define what a segment

now I just want to Define what a segment is since we might see this term come up

is since we might see this term come up

is since we might see this term come up a bit in the future a segment is a

a bit in the future a segment is a

a bit in the future a segment is a portion of a Network that has linked

portion of a Network that has linked

portion of a Network that has linked devices and that are separated by a

devices and that are separated by a

devices and that are separated by a connectivity device such as a switch or

connectivity device such as a switch or

connectivity device such as a switch or a router

a router

a router all right so we haven't talked about

all right so we haven't talked about

all right so we haven't talked about switches and routers yet but we're going

switches and routers yet but we're going

switches and routers yet but we're going to and so what I mean is I might have a

to and so what I mean is I might have a

to and so what I mean is I might have a lan

okay and

okay and

okay and let's say that for simplicity's sake My

let's say that for simplicity's sake My

let's say that for simplicity's sake My Lan is consisting of four computers all

Lan is consisting of four computers all

Lan is consisting of four computers all connected through a central device

which we're going to call a switch

now remember if they weren't connecting

now remember if they weren't connecting

now remember if they weren't connecting through that Central device this would

through that Central device this would

through that Central device this would be called a pan a personal area network

be called a pan a personal area network

be called a pan a personal area network but this is a lan has a central device

but this is a lan has a central device

but this is a lan has a central device and let's say this Central device

and let's say this Central device

and let's say this Central device and this I'm really simplifying it but

and this I'm really simplifying it but

and this I'm really simplifying it but let's say it connects to another switch

let's say it connects to another switch

let's say it connects to another switch and that other switch

and that other switch

and that other switch has four computers connected to it now I

has four computers connected to it now I

has four computers connected to it now I have different segments of my network

have different segments of my network

have different segments of my network that uh I can join together in certain

that uh I can join together in certain

that uh I can join together in certain information but I can also exclude them

information but I can also exclude them

information but I can also exclude them from certain information in order to

from certain information in order to

from certain information in order to allow for performance by segmenting we

allow for performance by segmenting we

allow for performance by segmenting we allow communication between the nodes on

allow communication between the nodes on

allow communication between the nodes on each segment to be uninhibited by the

each segment to be uninhibited by the

each segment to be uninhibited by the traffic on other segments so I'm not

traffic on other segments so I'm not

traffic on other segments so I'm not worried about uh if if computer a wants

worried about uh if if computer a wants

worried about uh if if computer a wants to talk to computer C I don't need to

to talk to computer C I don't need to

to talk to computer C I don't need to involve all of these guys I can just

involve all of these guys I can just

involve all of these guys I can just allow them to talk directly and so what

allow them to talk directly and so what

allow them to talk directly and so what it's doing is it's it's basically

it's doing is it's it's basically

it's doing is it's it's basically keeping a lot of traffic from going over

keeping a lot of traffic from going over

keeping a lot of traffic from going over this line

this line

this line and therefore we're increasing speed

and therefore we're increasing speed

and therefore we're increasing speed we're increasing throughput

and we're decreasing the amount of sort

and we're decreasing the amount of sort

and we're decreasing the amount of sort of errors that can occur and we're

of errors that can occur and we're

of errors that can occur and we're segmenting everything out to make it

segmenting everything out to make it

segmenting everything out to make it easier to fix in the future as well

easier to fix in the future as well

easier to fix in the future as well now let's talk about a network model

now let's talk about a network model

now let's talk about a network model we've just talked about some Network

we've just talked about some Network

we've just talked about some Network categories so now let's talk about the

categories so now let's talk about the

categories so now let's talk about the different models that these are going to

different models that these are going to

different models that these are going to fit into a network model

fit into a network model

fit into a network model is a design uh specification if you will

is a design uh specification if you will

is a design uh specification if you will that identifies the transmission path

that identifies the transmission path

that identifies the transmission path that nodes on the network are going to

that nodes on the network are going to

that nodes on the network are going to use in order to communicate it basically

use in order to communicate it basically

use in order to communicate it basically determines whether the communication and

determines whether the communication and

determines whether the communication and the processing

the processing

the processing is centralized or distributed

is centralized or distributed

is centralized or distributed so in a centralized Network this is

so in a centralized Network this is

so in a centralized Network this is where we have our Mainframe

in our terminals

the host computer

the host computer

the host computer this guy the Mainframe provides all of

this guy the Mainframe provides all of

this guy the Mainframe provides all of the processing and all of the network

the processing and all of the network

the processing and all of the network communication and the users that

communication and the users that

communication and the users that interface with the host computer do so

interface with the host computer do so

interface with the host computer do so through these Terminals and by using a

through these Terminals and by using a

through these Terminals and by using a terminal emulator that's on the screen

terminal emulator that's on the screen

terminal emulator that's on the screen centralized networks are highly

centralized networks are highly

centralized networks are highly effective but the problem is they can be

effective but the problem is they can be

effective but the problem is they can be a little costly to maintain because this

a little costly to maintain because this

a little costly to maintain because this sucker right here needs to be so

sucker right here needs to be so

sucker right here needs to be so powerful that what if I have instead of

powerful that what if I have instead of

powerful that what if I have instead of just three computers what if I had a

just three computers what if I had a

just three computers what if I had a thousand computers and what if this goes

thousand computers and what if this goes

thousand computers and what if this goes out well now I'm in major issue I have a

out well now I'm in major issue I have a

out well now I'm in major issue I have a major problem so this is why a lot of

major problem so this is why a lot of

major problem so this is why a lot of times we use what's called a client

times we use what's called a client

times we use what's called a client server model

server model

server model the client server model it

the client server model it

the client server model it in the client server model the server is

in the client server model the server is

in the client server model the server is responsible

responsible

responsible the server right here is responsible for

the server right here is responsible for

the server right here is responsible for providing services like file sharing and

providing services like file sharing and

providing services like file sharing and printer sharing and authentication

printer sharing and authentication

printer sharing and authentication services and data storage and management

services and data storage and management

services and data storage and management to these clients the main difference

to these clients the main difference

to these clients the main difference between the centralized and the client

between the centralized and the client

between the centralized and the client server model is that in this client

server model is that in this client

server model is that in this client server Network the processing and the

server Network the processing and the

server Network the processing and the resources can be allocated wherever they

resources can be allocated wherever they

resources can be allocated wherever they are needed including on the client and

are needed including on the client and

are needed including on the client and they can also be distributed whenever

they can also be distributed whenever

they can also be distributed whenever necessary

necessary

necessary and the end

and the end

and the end nodes These Guys these clients can still

nodes These Guys these clients can still

nodes These Guys these clients can still perform their own processing and end

perform their own processing and end

perform their own processing and end user tasks without having to constantly

user tasks without having to constantly

user tasks without having to constantly talk over to the server so if I need a

talk over to the server so if I need a

talk over to the server so if I need a file for instance I can get that file do

file for instance I can get that file do

file for instance I can get that file do the work on my computer and then I can

the work on my computer and then I can

the work on my computer and then I can save it back to the server whereas here

save it back to the server whereas here

save it back to the server whereas here on the centralized Mainframe terminal

on the centralized Mainframe terminal

on the centralized Mainframe terminal setup all the work is actually done on

setup all the work is actually done on

setup all the work is actually done on this major huge computer and here in the

this major huge computer and here in the

this major huge computer and here in the terminal we're just sort of having a

terminal we're just sort of having a

terminal we're just sort of having a portal to see what's going on now both

portal to see what's going on now both

portal to see what's going on now both of these are different from what we call

of these are different from what we call

of these are different from what we call a peer-to-peer Network we talked about

a peer-to-peer Network we talked about

a peer-to-peer Network we talked about appear in the previous module but a

appear in the previous module but a

appear in the previous module but a peer-to-peer Network which you might

peer-to-peer Network which you might

peer-to-peer Network which you might also see as P2P or PTP

also see as P2P or PTP

also see as P2P or PTP uh is a network in which each node on

uh is a network in which each node on

uh is a network in which each node on the network is responsible for its own

the network is responsible for its own

the network is responsible for its own Computing its own management its own

Computing its own management its own

Computing its own management its own security its own storage its own

security its own storage its own

security its own storage its own resource sharing like printers it's

resource sharing like printers it's

resource sharing like printers it's completely decentralized and it's

completely decentralized and it's

completely decentralized and it's commonly referred to as a work group

commonly referred to as a work group

commonly referred to as a work group now this is sort of like if we were

now this is sort of like if we were

now this is sort of like if we were going to make a reference to a political

going to make a reference to a political

going to make a reference to a political metaphor this would be like communism

metaphor this would be like communism

metaphor this would be like communism everyone works together equally and

everyone works together equally and

everyone works together equally and everyone is responsible for their own

everyone is responsible for their own

everyone is responsible for their own thing and then they can share that with

thing and then they can share that with

thing and then they can share that with everyone else whereas in a client server

everyone else whereas in a client server

everyone else whereas in a client server sort of uh

sort of uh

sort of uh model we're dealing with say a democracy

model we're dealing with say a democracy

model we're dealing with say a democracy in which you have a president or prime

in which you have a president or prime

in which you have a president or prime minister someone who's going to make a

minister someone who's going to make a

minister someone who's going to make a lot of the decisions but you are still

lot of the decisions but you are still

lot of the decisions but you are still at Liberty to exercise a lot of your own

at Liberty to exercise a lot of your own

at Liberty to exercise a lot of your own stuff and that's very different from

stuff and that's very different from

stuff and that's very different from say a terminal Mainframe which is would

say a terminal Mainframe which is would

say a terminal Mainframe which is would be equivalent to like a monarchy a

be equivalent to like a monarchy a

be equivalent to like a monarchy a really strict here I should say

really strict here I should say

really strict here I should say tyrannical monarchy in which everything

tyrannical monarchy in which everything

tyrannical monarchy in which everything is decided for you and you make no

is decided for you and you make no

is decided for you and you make no decisions on your own so one of the

decisions on your own so one of the

decisions on your own so one of the problem with work groups is that user

problem with work groups is that user

problem with work groups is that user accounts need to be replicated onto each

accounts need to be replicated onto each

accounts need to be replicated onto each node so that if I want to get access to

node so that if I want to get access to

node so that if I want to get access to this computer and I usually work on

this computer and I usually work on

this computer and I usually work on computer y all of my username password

computer y all of my username password

computer y all of my username password everything is going to be on there and

everything is going to be on there and

everything is going to be on there and if it's not done if I don't sort of copy

if it's not done if I don't sort of copy

if it's not done if I don't sort of copy everything over there's no way I can

everything over there's no way I can

everything over there's no way I can gain access so this is the problem with

gain access so this is the problem with

gain access so this is the problem with this model is each person's their own

this model is each person's their own

this model is each person's their own but if x has wheat and I have corn

but if x has wheat and I have corn

but if x has wheat and I have corn there's sort of no sharing that's

there's sort of no sharing that's

there's sort of no sharing that's automatically set up we have to create

automatically set up we have to create

automatically set up we have to create our own sort of share and then if

our own sort of share and then if

our own sort of share and then if someone else says something I have to

someone else says something I have to

someone else says something I have to share with them and so on and so forth

share with them and so on and so forth

share with them and so on and so forth now we might sometimes mix these

now we might sometimes mix these

now we might sometimes mix these together into what's called a mixed mode

together into what's called a mixed mode

together into what's called a mixed mode Network and that's just like it sounds

Network and that's just like it sounds

Network and that's just like it sounds it mixes aspects of two or more of the

it mixes aspects of two or more of the

it mixes aspects of two or more of the different network models an example

different network models an example

different network models an example might be a work group of computers

might be a work group of computers

might be a work group of computers connected together via some sort of

connected together via some sort of

connected together via some sort of short range Wireless while allowing

short range Wireless while allowing

short range Wireless while allowing those computers to connect to a

those computers to connect to a

those computers to connect to a Mainframe computer and using terminal

Mainframe computer and using terminal

Mainframe computer and using terminal emulation

emulation

emulation so alternative we might have a work

so alternative we might have a work

so alternative we might have a work group and then a centralized server Etc

group and then a centralized server Etc

group and then a centralized server Etc so we see we can see mixed mode networks

so we see we can see mixed mode networks

so we see we can see mixed mode networks they're usually uh not as popular in

they're usually uh not as popular in

they're usually uh not as popular in huge Enterprises because of the lack of

huge Enterprises because of the lack of

huge Enterprises because of the lack of control

control

control um except in certain specific instances

um except in certain specific instances

um except in certain specific instances uh but we do see them and it's important

uh but we do see them and it's important

uh but we do see them and it's important to know that just like in anything we

to know that just like in anything we

to know that just like in anything we can mix and match

can mix and match

can mix and match to however we want the the network to

to however we want the the network to

to however we want the the network to work all right so now just to recap what

work all right so now just to recap what

work all right so now just to recap what we've talked about we can now describe

we've talked about we can now describe

we've talked about we can now describe and Define the characteristics of a lan

and Define the characteristics of a lan

and Define the characteristics of a lan or a local area network as well as a Wan

or a local area network as well as a Wan

or a local area network as well as a Wan or a wide area network and we also

or a wide area network and we also

or a wide area network and we also talked about several of the uh different

talked about several of the uh different

talked about several of the uh different types of lands or in some cases lands

types of lands or in some cases lands

types of lands or in some cases lands including a can or campus area network a

including a can or campus area network a

including a can or campus area network a man or municipal or metropolitan area

man or municipal or metropolitan area

man or municipal or metropolitan area network a pan or personal area network

network a pan or personal area network

network a pan or personal area network which is where the computers connect

which is where the computers connect

which is where the computers connect directly to one another and then we

directly to one another and then we

directly to one another and then we looked at a gan or a global area network

looked at a gan or a global area network

looked at a gan or a global area network and then we also talked about en or an

and then we also talked about en or an

and then we also talked about en or an Enterprise Network okay so these are all

Enterprise Network okay so these are all

Enterprise Network okay so these are all uh different

uh different

uh different acronyms that you need to learn for the

acronyms that you need to learn for the

acronyms that you need to learn for the exam we also talked about uh an internet

exam we also talked about uh an internet

exam we also talked about uh an internet intranet an Extranet remember the

intranet an Extranet remember the

intranet an Extranet remember the internet is that World Wide Web right

internet is that World Wide Web right

internet is that World Wide Web right the cloud the intranet is sort of using

the cloud the intranet is sort of using

the cloud the intranet is sort of using this Cloud but in your company

this Cloud but in your company

this Cloud but in your company and keeping it private that's my little

and keeping it private that's my little

and keeping it private that's my little building and the Extranet is allowing

building and the Extranet is allowing

building and the Extranet is allowing access

access

access of your company private intranet to

of your company private intranet to

of your company private intranet to perhaps

perhaps

perhaps certain individuals from outside so it's

certain individuals from outside so it's

certain individuals from outside so it's just a little bit of that

just a little bit of that

just a little bit of that we also talked about a centralized

we also talked about a centralized

we also talked about a centralized Network which is mostly

Network which is mostly

Network which is mostly what we talk about when we deal with

what we talk about when we deal with

what we talk about when we deal with terminals

terminals

terminals and mainframes

and mainframes

and mainframes and we'll sort of deal with this a

and we'll sort of deal with this a

and we'll sort of deal with this a little bit too when we get into uh

little bit too when we get into uh

little bit too when we get into uh virtualization when we talked about Thin

virtualization when we talked about Thin

virtualization when we talked about Thin and Thick clients this is the idea of a

and Thick clients this is the idea of a

and Thick clients this is the idea of a thin client on a network with a

thin client on a network with a

thin client on a network with a a server of some sort or a

a server of some sort or a

a server of some sort or a Mainframe I should say that is going to

Mainframe I should say that is going to

Mainframe I should say that is going to do all the processing for it we also

do all the processing for it we also

do all the processing for it we also looked at a client server Network which

looked at a client server Network which

looked at a client server Network which is the majority of the types of networks

is the majority of the types of networks

is the majority of the types of networks we see in Enterprise settings and a

we see in Enterprise settings and a

we see in Enterprise settings and a peer-to-peer Network which we also call

peer-to-peer Network which we also call

peer-to-peer Network which we also call a work group network in which every peer

a work group network in which every peer

a work group network in which every peer is both a client and a server

is both a client and a server

is both a client and a server responsible for its own

responsible for its own

responsible for its own um

um

um its own resources and so on I think we

its own resources and so on I think we

its own resources and so on I think we use the metaphor that this might be like

use the metaphor that this might be like

use the metaphor that this might be like uh

uh

uh communism this might be like a client

communism this might be like a client

communism this might be like a client server might be like sort of uh

server might be like sort of uh

server might be like sort of uh democracy of some sort or a republic of

democracy of some sort or a republic of

democracy of some sort or a republic of some sort and a centralized Network

some sort and a centralized Network

some sort and a centralized Network would be more like I guess I should say

would be more like I guess I should say

would be more like I guess I should say a democracy that is also republic since

a democracy that is also republic since

a democracy that is also republic since um we do have officials and there's

um we do have officials and there's

um we do have officials and there's someone above us right but a prime

someone above us right but a prime

someone above us right but a prime minister a president sort of system and

minister a president sort of system and

minister a president sort of system and then a centralized Network would be like

then a centralized Network would be like

then a centralized Network would be like a tyranny

a tyranny

a tyranny or a tyrannical Monarch I should say and

or a tyrannical Monarch I should say and

or a tyrannical Monarch I should say and then we have a mixed mode Network which

then we have a mixed mode Network which

then we have a mixed mode Network which is sort of a combination of uh the above

is sort of a combination of uh the above

is sort of a combination of uh the above great

great

great so we've talked now about uh some of the

so we've talked now about uh some of the

so we've talked now about uh some of the basic terminology we've talked about the

basic terminology we've talked about the

basic terminology we've talked about the models we've also talked about the

models we've also talked about the

models we've also talked about the different categories so let's finish up

different categories so let's finish up

different categories so let's finish up this basic Network fundamentals area by

this basic Network fundamentals area by

this basic Network fundamentals area by talking about what are what are called

talking about what are what are called

talking about what are what are called topologies how the networks are

topologies how the networks are

topologies how the networks are physically set up and how they logically

physically set up and how they logically

physically set up and how they logically communicate with one another

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

Network fundamentals Network topologies

Network fundamentals Network topologies

Network fundamentals Network topologies so now we're going to explain Network

so now we're going to explain Network

so now we're going to explain Network topologies or uh the network layout both

topologies or uh the network layout both

topologies or uh the network layout both physical and logical physical being how

physical and logical physical being how

physical and logical physical being how it's physically connected and logical

it's physically connected and logical

it's physically connected and logical being how the information is

being how the information is

being how the information is communicated over that physical Network

communicated over that physical Network

communicated over that physical Network and we're going to define the different

and we're going to define the different

and we're going to define the different standard topologies that are in use for

standard topologies that are in use for

standard topologies that are in use for today

today

today so uh we're first going to Define

so uh we're first going to Define

so uh we're first going to Define topology in general

topology in general

topology in general then we're going to talk about physical

then we're going to talk about physical

then we're going to talk about physical topology followed by logical topology

topology followed by logical topology

topology followed by logical topology we're then going to explain a few of the

we're then going to explain a few of the

we're then going to explain a few of the different types of topologies you need

different types of topologies you need

different types of topologies you need to be familiar with for the exam

to be familiar with for the exam

to be familiar with for the exam including a bus topology

including a bus topology

including a bus topology star topology

star topology

star topology a ring topology

a ring topology

a ring topology a tree topology

a tree topology

a tree topology and a mesh topology we're also going to

and a mesh topology we're also going to

and a mesh topology we're also going to talk about a mixture of all of these

talk about a mixture of all of these

talk about a mixture of all of these topologies that is called

topologies that is called

topologies that is called a hybrid topology

a hybrid topology

a hybrid topology these are the things you really want to

these are the things you really want to

these are the things you really want to pay attention to these different names

pay attention to these different names

pay attention to these different names and the names correspond directly to how

and the names correspond directly to how

and the names correspond directly to how everything is set up so I don't think

everything is set up so I don't think

everything is set up so I don't think it'll be too hard for you to remember or

it'll be too hard for you to remember or

it'll be too hard for you to remember or to memorize

so as administrators regardless of the

so as administrators regardless of the

so as administrators regardless of the specific role we're in we have to have a

specific role we're in we have to have a

specific role we're in we have to have a complete understanding of the layout or

complete understanding of the layout or

complete understanding of the layout or the arrangement of the network this

the arrangement of the network this

the arrangement of the network this allows us to effectively design manage

allows us to effectively design manage

allows us to effectively design manage and troubleshoot the networks for

and troubleshoot the networks for

and troubleshoot the networks for performance and scalability a

performance and scalability a

performance and scalability a scalability by the way I'm just going to

scalability by the way I'm just going to

scalability by the way I'm just going to write that out here

write that out here

write that out here because it is a term we'll see come up

because it is a term we'll see come up

because it is a term we'll see come up over and over again is

over and over again is

over and over again is um

um

um how you can either make the network

how you can either make the network

how you can either make the network larger or smaller depending on needs

larger or smaller depending on needs

larger or smaller depending on needs certain topologies have characteristics

certain topologies have characteristics

certain topologies have characteristics that allow us to have more efficient

that allow us to have more efficient

that allow us to have more efficient communication while other topologies

communication while other topologies

communication while other topologies focus more on immediate or faster

focus more on immediate or faster

focus more on immediate or faster communication between certain devices so

communication between certain devices so

communication between certain devices so understanding the topology of the

understanding the topology of the

understanding the topology of the network allows us administrators to

network allows us administrators to

network allows us administrators to troubleshoot the problems we're having

troubleshoot the problems we're having

troubleshoot the problems we're having and then Implement Solutions easier and

and then Implement Solutions easier and

and then Implement Solutions easier and more efficiently

more efficiently

more efficiently so there are two types of topologies in

so there are two types of topologies in

so there are two types of topologies in general and then there are specific

general and then there are specific

general and then there are specific names for each of those topologies but

names for each of those topologies but

names for each of those topologies but the two types are physical and logical

the two types are physical and logical

the two types are physical and logical so uh let's take a look at the

so uh let's take a look at the

so uh let's take a look at the characteristics that define a physical

characteristics that define a physical

characteristics that define a physical topology and a logical topology

Google topology is the actual physical

Google topology is the actual physical

Google topology is the actual physical layout of the devices so this is like

layout of the devices so this is like

layout of the devices so this is like looking at the blueprint of our Network

looking at the blueprint of our Network

looking at the blueprint of our Network this tells us how the devices are

this tells us how the devices are

this tells us how the devices are actually physically connected to one

actually physically connected to one

actually physically connected to one another it's also the shape of the

another it's also the shape of the

another it's also the shape of the network and it gives us a sort of

network and it gives us a sort of

network and it gives us a sort of picture to represent the layout or the

picture to represent the layout or the

picture to represent the layout or the blueprint the physical topology ensures

blueprint the physical topology ensures

blueprint the physical topology ensures that we administrators know and

that we administrators know and

that we administrators know and understand how the physical media like

understand how the physical media like

understand how the physical media like cables connect the devices to one

cables connect the devices to one

cables connect the devices to one another

another

another so a logical topology on the other hand

so a logical topology on the other hand

so a logical topology on the other hand describes the how in other words it's

describes the how in other words it's

describes the how in other words it's the pathway that data takes regardless

the pathway that data takes regardless

the pathway that data takes regardless of how the network is physically laid

of how the network is physically laid

of how the network is physically laid out this is how the data is actually

out this is how the data is actually

out this is how the data is actually communicated over the physical

communicated over the physical

communicated over the physical so the logical topology allows

so the logical topology allows

so the logical topology allows administrators to troubleshoot and

administrators to troubleshoot and

administrators to troubleshoot and fix the problems we're having with

fix the problems we're having with

fix the problems we're having with communication between devices by

communication between devices by

communication between devices by understanding the path that the data is

understanding the path that the data is

understanding the path that the data is actually taking and we'll see some

actually taking and we'll see some

actually taking and we'll see some pictures of this in just a second so

pictures of this in just a second so

pictures of this in just a second so that will make this all a lot more clear

that will make this all a lot more clear

that will make this all a lot more clear in a lot of cases the logical topology

in a lot of cases the logical topology

in a lot of cases the logical topology could be very different from the

could be very different from the

could be very different from the physical topology

physical topology

physical topology so only because one logical topology is

so only because one logical topology is

so only because one logical topology is for instance the star doesn't mean the

for instance the star doesn't mean the

for instance the star doesn't mean the physical topology is also going to be a

physical topology is also going to be a

physical topology is also going to be a star you can have a physical star and a

star you can have a physical star and a

star you can have a physical star and a logical bus so that's why it's important

logical bus so that's why it's important

logical bus so that's why it's important we understand but the difference between

we understand but the difference between

we understand but the difference between logical and physical

logical and physical

logical and physical so now that we've defined the difference

so now that we've defined the difference

so now that we've defined the difference in a physical and a logical topology I

in a physical and a logical topology I

in a physical and a logical topology I want to look at some of the different

want to look at some of the different

want to look at some of the different connection methods that we use in these

connection methods that we use in these

connection methods that we use in these topologies in the specific layouts both

topologies in the specific layouts both

topologies in the specific layouts both for physical and logical uh but first

for physical and logical uh but first

for physical and logical uh but first let's talk about how these things

let's talk about how these things

let's talk about how these things connect because that's going to keep

connect because that's going to keep

connect because that's going to keep coming back up

coming back up

coming back up so the first type we have is called a

so the first type we have is called a

so the first type we have is called a point-to-point connection this is a

point-to-point connection this is a

point-to-point connection this is a direct connection between two nodes on

direct connection between two nodes on

direct connection between two nodes on the network and remember when we're

the network and remember when we're

the network and remember when we're talking nodes that could be two

talking nodes that could be two

talking nodes that could be two computers

computers

computers uh printers

Etc and remember we had endpoint nodes

Etc and remember we had endpoint nodes

Etc and remember we had endpoint nodes and then we had redistribution nodes

and then we had redistribution nodes

and then we had redistribution nodes so this these can either by the way be

so this these can either by the way be

so this these can either by the way be wired or Wireless so an example of a

wired or Wireless so an example of a

wired or Wireless so an example of a wireless point-to-point connection would

wireless point-to-point connection would

wireless point-to-point connection would be for instance two nodes using an

be for instance two nodes using an

be for instance two nodes using an infrared connection to communicate with

infrared connection to communicate with

infrared connection to communicate with one another like your TV and your remote

one another like your TV and your remote

one another like your TV and your remote control a wired point-to-point

control a wired point-to-point

control a wired point-to-point connection on the other hand would be

connection on the other hand would be

connection on the other hand would be two computers with network interface

two computers with network interface

two computers with network interface cards or nics remember that term

cards or nics remember that term

cards or nics remember that term okay connected directly together with

okay connected directly together with

okay connected directly together with what's called a crossover cable so

what's called a crossover cable so

what's called a crossover cable so there's nothing in between them right

there's nothing in between them right

there's nothing in between them right they're connected directly to one

they're connected directly to one

they're connected directly to one another using cables this might also be

another using cables this might also be

another using cables this might also be the same thing we do if we connected two

the same thing we do if we connected two

the same thing we do if we connected two computers together somehow using USB uh

computers together somehow using USB uh

computers together somehow using USB uh cables although that's not really going

cables although that's not really going

cables although that's not really going to happen very often in a network

to happen very often in a network

to happen very often in a network setting the next type we have is called

setting the next type we have is called

setting the next type we have is called a multi-point connection now as the name

a multi-point connection now as the name

a multi-point connection now as the name implies we had point to point that's

implies we had point to point that's

implies we had point to point that's like one to one

like one to one

like one to one and then we have multi-point connections

and then we have multi-point connections

and then we have multi-point connections which means that there are connections

which means that there are connections

which means that there are connections between multiple nodes so there are two

between multiple nodes so there are two

between multiple nodes so there are two or more endpoints connected together by

or more endpoints connected together by

or more endpoints connected together by each multi-point Connection in other

each multi-point Connection in other

each multi-point Connection in other words all transmissions are not private

words all transmissions are not private

words all transmissions are not private because every node on the network can

because every node on the network can

because every node on the network can detect the signal being transmitted

detect the signal being transmitted

detect the signal being transmitted now there's also something called a

now there's also something called a

now there's also something called a radiated connection and as the name

radiated connection and as the name

radiated connection and as the name implies radiated this is specifically a

implies radiated this is specifically a

implies radiated this is specifically a wireless connection so data is

wireless connection so data is

wireless connection so data is transmitted wirelessly between devices

transmitted wirelessly between devices

transmitted wirelessly between devices it's also by the way called a broadcast

connection uh although broadcast also

connection uh although broadcast also

connection uh although broadcast also means something different as we will see

means something different as we will see

means something different as we will see in just a minute

in just a minute

in just a minute so some radiated connections would be

so some radiated connections would be

so some radiated connections would be like Wi-Fi or wireless LAN and in some

like Wi-Fi or wireless LAN and in some

like Wi-Fi or wireless LAN and in some cases even an infrared like your um a

cases even an infrared like your um a

cases even an infrared like your um a remote control but the reason that

remote control but the reason that

remote control but the reason that that's a point to point is it uh

that's a point to point is it uh

that's a point to point is it uh infrared requires direct line of sight

whereas radiated connections that can be

whereas radiated connections that can be

whereas radiated connections that can be either point to point or multi-point so

either point to point or multi-point so

either point to point or multi-point so it sort of is uh it sort of involves all

it sort of is uh it sort of involves all

it sort of is uh it sort of involves all of these different ones

all right now let's talk some about some

all right now let's talk some about some

all right now let's talk some about some of the specific uh topologies the first

of the specific uh topologies the first

of the specific uh topologies the first one I want to talk about is a physical

one I want to talk about is a physical

one I want to talk about is a physical bus topology not a logical bust apology

bus topology not a logical bust apology

bus topology not a logical bust apology okay so again this is the physical how

okay so again this is the physical how

okay so again this is the physical how things are physically connected and what

things are physically connected and what

things are physically connected and what this means is each node is arranged as

this means is each node is arranged as

this means is each node is arranged as you can tell in a line so this is like

you can tell in a line so this is like

you can tell in a line so this is like seats on a school bus everyone on the

seats on a school bus everyone on the

seats on a school bus everyone on the bus can hear the transmission but the

bus can hear the transmission but the

bus can hear the transmission but the message is only received by one specific

message is only received by one specific

message is only received by one specific recipient so a bust topology is an

recipient so a bust topology is an

recipient so a bust topology is an example of a multi-point connection

example of a multi-point connection

example of a multi-point connection right because we have

it goes to all these different points

it goes to all these different points

it goes to all these different points there are many points connected to it if

there are many points connected to it if

there are many points connected to it if the message is for everyone on the bus

the message is for everyone on the bus

the message is for everyone on the bus so I'm meaning I want to send this

so I'm meaning I want to send this

so I'm meaning I want to send this message out to everyone that would be

message out to everyone that would be

message out to everyone that would be called a broadcast connection broadcast

called a broadcast connection broadcast

called a broadcast connection broadcast meaning it is intended and sent to every

meaning it is intended and sent to every

meaning it is intended and sent to every single person on the bus or every node

single person on the bus or every node

single person on the bus or every node uh on the network

uh on the network

uh on the network If the message on the other hand is

If the message on the other hand is

If the message on the other hand is meant to just go to one person or one

meant to just go to one person or one

meant to just go to one person or one node we're going to call that unicast

node we're going to call that unicast

node we're going to call that unicast uh finally if it's intended to go to

uh finally if it's intended to go to

uh finally if it's intended to go to more than one recipient but not all of

more than one recipient but not all of

more than one recipient but not all of them then we're looking at a multicast

them then we're looking at a multicast

them then we're looking at a multicast Okay so unicast

Okay so unicast

Okay so unicast as the name implies

as the name implies

as the name implies means

one recipient

multicast

is two

or more

recipients

recipients

recipients and then I'm just going to write this up

and then I'm just going to write this up

and then I'm just going to write this up here broadcast as the name implies like

here broadcast as the name implies like

here broadcast as the name implies like a television broadcast it goes to all

a television broadcast it goes to all

a television broadcast it goes to all recipients on the network

recipients on the network

recipients on the network it's important to understand the

it's important to understand the

it's important to understand the difference in these types of messages we

difference in these types of messages we

difference in these types of messages we have broadcast messages go out to

have broadcast messages go out to

have broadcast messages go out to everyone unicast messages go out to one

everyone unicast messages go out to one

everyone unicast messages go out to one recipient multicast to two or more but

recipient multicast to two or more but

recipient multicast to two or more but different from broadcast because it's

different from broadcast because it's

different from broadcast because it's not going to everyone or all of them the

not going to everyone or all of them the

not going to everyone or all of them the way multicast works is that only uh the

way multicast works is that only uh the

way multicast works is that only uh the stations or the nodes that have

stations or the nodes that have

stations or the nodes that have subscribed to a message will receive it

subscribed to a message will receive it

subscribed to a message will receive it so we could if we're using a TV sort of

so we could if we're using a TV sort of

so we could if we're using a TV sort of example unicast would be like if you

example unicast would be like if you

example unicast would be like if you have a direct line to your sort of

have a direct line to your sort of

have a direct line to your sort of television provider multicast would be

television provider multicast would be

television provider multicast would be like HP only those subscribing to the

like HP only those subscribing to the

like HP only those subscribing to the specific uh cable network get access to

specific uh cable network get access to

specific uh cable network get access to it broadcast is sort of any it's in the

it broadcast is sort of any it's in the

it broadcast is sort of any it's in the air anyone can get it right so on a bust

air anyone can get it right so on a bust

air anyone can get it right so on a bust apology like we're looking at right now

apology like we're looking at right now

apology like we're looking at right now when the data is transmitted the signal

when the data is transmitted the signal

when the data is transmitted the signal will bounce or reflect off of

will bounce or reflect off of

will bounce or reflect off of the ends and so it's important

the ends and so it's important

the ends and so it's important uh that when the signal bounces it's

uh that when the signal bounces it's

uh that when the signal bounces it's gonna interrupt the transmission if

gonna interrupt the transmission if

gonna interrupt the transmission if there's nothing there to stop that

there's nothing there to stop that

there's nothing there to stop that bounce from occurring so to keep this

bounce from occurring so to keep this

bounce from occurring so to keep this from happening we generally have

from happening we generally have

from happening we generally have something called a terminator and it's

something called a terminator and it's

something called a terminator and it's generally around 50 ohms I would

generally around 50 ohms I would

generally around 50 ohms I would remember that for the exam because I do

remember that for the exam because I do

remember that for the exam because I do see that pop up and what this does is it

see that pop up and what this does is it

see that pop up and what this does is it really grounds the bus transmission or

really grounds the bus transmission or

really grounds the bus transmission or the bus connections to reduce uh and it

the bus connections to reduce uh and it

the bus connections to reduce uh and it reduces static electricity to keep this

reduces static electricity to keep this

reduces static electricity to keep this Bounce from occurring that bounce occurs

Bounce from occurring that bounce occurs

Bounce from occurring that bounce occurs then we're having all sorts of problems

then we're having all sorts of problems

then we're having all sorts of problems start to occur in our Network now uh if

start to occur in our Network now uh if

start to occur in our Network now uh if the way that these nodes are connected

the way that these nodes are connected

the way that these nodes are connected as you can see are by these T connectors

as you can see are by these T connectors

as you can see are by these T connectors and the reason they're called T

and the reason they're called T

and the reason they're called T connectors is because they look like an

connectors is because they look like an

connectors is because they look like an upside down t

upside down t

upside down t now the downside to using a bus

now the downside to using a bus

now the downside to using a bus connection are obviously these

connection are obviously these

connection are obviously these terminators

terminators

terminators and uh it's a little frustrating to sort

and uh it's a little frustrating to sort

and uh it's a little frustrating to sort of connect these up but the upside to

of connect these up but the upside to

of connect these up but the upside to using a bus technology uh topology

using a bus technology uh topology

using a bus technology uh topology rather is that it's inexpensive and it's

rather is that it's inexpensive and it's

rather is that it's inexpensive and it's relatively easy to implement

relatively easy to implement

relatively easy to implement now this is different from a physical

now this is different from a physical

now this is different from a physical star topology as you can see now instead

star topology as you can see now instead

star topology as you can see now instead of a line everything is connected to

of a line everything is connected to

of a line everything is connected to every other device using a central

every other device using a central

every other device using a central connection device such as a switch

connection device such as a switch

connection device such as a switch or a hub

or a hub

or a hub in a physical start topology where a

in a physical start topology where a

in a physical start topology where a switch is used what happens

switch is used what happens

switch is used what happens is the node that's transmitting the data

is the node that's transmitting the data

is the node that's transmitting the data to another node uh the switch actually

to another node uh the switch actually

to another node uh the switch actually will

will

will determine where that information needs

determine where that information needs

determine where that information needs to go and send it only to the

to go and send it only to the

to go and send it only to the node that is the intended recipient like

node that is the intended recipient like

node that is the intended recipient like a unicast right

a unicast right

a unicast right on the other hand a hub

on the other hand a hub

on the other hand a hub is going to send the data out

is going to send the data out

is going to send the data out to everyone and what's more like a

to everyone and what's more like a

to everyone and what's more like a broadcast connection

broadcast connection

broadcast connection now the uh and we'll talk more about

now the uh and we'll talk more about

now the uh and we'll talk more about hubs and switches a little bit later

hubs and switches a little bit later

hubs and switches a little bit later when we get to devices

when we get to devices

when we get to devices the physical start topology it's very

the physical start topology it's very

the physical start topology it's very common today and it's uh easy to

common today and it's uh easy to

common today and it's uh easy to implement and maintain and it's much

implement and maintain and it's much

implement and maintain and it's much more reliable than bust apologies

more reliable than bust apologies

more reliable than bust apologies because if one node fails or one

because if one node fails or one

because if one node fails or one connection to a node fails uh for

connection to a node fails uh for

connection to a node fails uh for instance this one

instance this one

instance this one then the rest of the network isn't

then the rest of the network isn't

then the rest of the network isn't affected and a sort of client server

affected and a sort of client server

affected and a sort of client server Arrangement each node is inherently not

Arrangement each node is inherently not

Arrangement each node is inherently not aware of all the other nodes on the

aware of all the other nodes on the

aware of all the other nodes on the network because the node only has a

network because the node only has a

network because the node only has a connection

to this Central sort of host now the

to this Central sort of host now the

to this Central sort of host now the negative aspect of this physical start

negative aspect of this physical start

negative aspect of this physical start topology is we have what's called a

topology is we have what's called a

topology is we have what's called a single point of failure here in this

single point of failure here in this

single point of failure here in this connectivity device and if that fails

connectivity device and if that fails

connectivity device and if that fails all of the other devices won't be able

all of the other devices won't be able

all of the other devices won't be able to communicate so the benefit is now not

to communicate so the benefit is now not

to communicate so the benefit is now not everyone has to get the message and it's

everyone has to get the message and it's

everyone has to get the message and it's easier to uh it's sort of really cheap

easier to uh it's sort of really cheap

easier to uh it's sort of really cheap and easy to implement it's also the most

and easy to implement it's also the most

and easy to implement it's also the most popular because of any of these

popular because of any of these

popular because of any of these connections go down I don't lose

connections go down I don't lose

connections go down I don't lose connection to the whole thing unlike the

connection to the whole thing unlike the

connection to the whole thing unlike the bus where if one of those connections

bus where if one of those connections

bus where if one of those connections goes down obviously the connection can't

goes down obviously the connection can't

goes down obviously the connection can't continue but the downside is that I now

continue but the downside is that I now

continue but the downside is that I now have a single point of failure in this

have a single point of failure in this

have a single point of failure in this Central device

now in a physical ring topology each

now in a physical ring topology each

now in a physical ring topology each node is connected directly to its

node is connected directly to its

node is connected directly to its upstream and its Downstream neighbors so

upstream and its Downstream neighbors so

upstream and its Downstream neighbors so if we're looking at this device we'll

if we're looking at this device we'll

if we're looking at this device we'll call it a those are the upstream and

call it a those are the upstream and

call it a those are the upstream and downstream neighbors it's much like

downstream neighbors it's much like

downstream neighbors it's much like water in an actual uh like River or

water in an actual uh like River or

water in an actual uh like River or stream the flow of data in the physical

stream the flow of data in the physical

stream the flow of data in the physical ring topology is unidirectional meaning

ring topology is unidirectional meaning

ring topology is unidirectional meaning it only goes in One Direction

it only goes in One Direction

it only goes in One Direction so the terms upstream and downstream are

so the terms upstream and downstream are

so the terms upstream and downstream are only used in the ring topology

only used in the ring topology

only used in the ring topology now here's the positive in using the

now here's the positive in using the

now here's the positive in using the ring topology because data is received

ring topology because data is received

ring topology because data is received and then re-transmitted

from node to node the transmission is

from node to node the transmission is

from node to node the transmission is guaranteed to be strong and clear

guaranteed to be strong and clear

guaranteed to be strong and clear because each node is acting as a sort of

because each node is acting as a sort of

because each node is acting as a sort of like booster for the signal uh also

like booster for the signal uh also

like booster for the signal uh also because the data can only be transmitted

because the data can only be transmitted

because the data can only be transmitted unidirectionally in One Direction

unidirectionally in One Direction

unidirectionally in One Direction there's no collisions that are going to

there's no collisions that are going to

there's no collisions that are going to happen on the network in other words uh

happen on the network in other words uh

happen on the network in other words uh if this guy can't send data that way and

if this guy can't send data that way and

if this guy can't send data that way and then this guy's sending this data that

then this guy's sending this data that

then this guy's sending this data that way and then they sort of cancel each

way and then they sort of cancel each

way and then they sort of cancel each other out

other out

other out so we're going to eliminate uh you know

so we're going to eliminate uh you know

so we're going to eliminate uh you know where problems can occur and that's

where problems can occur and that's

where problems can occur and that's going to help administrators determine

going to help administrators determine

going to help administrators determine where an issue is occurring if they're

where an issue is occurring if they're

where an issue is occurring if they're having an issue with the network now

having an issue with the network now

having an issue with the network now negatively if one of these nodes goes

negatively if one of these nodes goes

negatively if one of these nodes goes down on the network the entire network

down on the network the entire network

down on the network the entire network potentially goes down as well and also

potentially goes down as well and also

potentially goes down as well and also because data can only transmit in One

because data can only transmit in One

because data can only transmit in One Direction there's a high potential for

Direction there's a high potential for

Direction there's a high potential for data to take a longer time to reach its

data to take a longer time to reach its

data to take a longer time to reach its destination because obviously if I want

destination because obviously if I want

destination because obviously if I want to send data

to send data

to send data to this guy but I'm unidirectional I

to this guy but I'm unidirectional I

to this guy but I'm unidirectional I actually have to go here then here then

actually have to go here then here then

actually have to go here then here then here whereas if I was using a star

here whereas if I was using a star

here whereas if I was using a star topology I could reduce that by one A

topology I could reduce that by one A

topology I could reduce that by one A variation by the way of this physical

variation by the way of this physical

variation by the way of this physical ring topology that attempts to correct

ring topology that attempts to correct

ring topology that attempts to correct some of the limitations is what's called

some of the limitations is what's called

some of the limitations is what's called a dual ring topology

a dual ring topology

a dual ring topology I'm just drawing that out

and a dual ranked apology gives a sort

and a dual ranked apology gives a sort

and a dual ranked apology gives a sort of redundancy uh to the network by

of redundancy uh to the network by

of redundancy uh to the network by having a second ring either on the

having a second ring either on the

having a second ring either on the inside or the outside of the first ring

inside or the outside of the first ring

inside or the outside of the first ring and it allows data to flow in the

and it allows data to flow in the

and it allows data to flow in the opposite direction

so this can double the speed of the

so this can double the speed of the

so this can double the speed of the network by sending data through the path

network by sending data through the path

network by sending data through the path that's going to be the shortest between

that's going to be the shortest between

that's going to be the shortest between nodes so if a wants to talk to C

nodes so if a wants to talk to C

nodes so if a wants to talk to C or actually we'll call that b just

or actually we'll call that b just

or actually we'll call that b just because of where it is and we'll call

because of where it is and we'll call

because of where it is and we'll call this one c

this one c

this one c um if a wants to talk to B it knows to

um if a wants to talk to B it knows to

um if a wants to talk to B it knows to take the blue line as opposed to the red

take the blue line as opposed to the red

take the blue line as opposed to the red line because the blue line is going to

line because the blue line is going to

line because the blue line is going to get it there faster

get it there faster

get it there faster so dual Rings also allow the network to

so dual Rings also allow the network to

so dual Rings also allow the network to continue to operate if one of these goes

continue to operate if one of these goes

continue to operate if one of these goes down which I think you could probably

down which I think you could probably

down which I think you could probably see from this so if the outside ring

see from this so if the outside ring

see from this so if the outside ring fails and the inside ring can actually

fails and the inside ring can actually

fails and the inside ring can actually pick up the slack for the outside ring

pick up the slack for the outside ring

pick up the slack for the outside ring a physical tree topology it's much like

a physical tree topology it's much like

a physical tree topology it's much like its namesake as as you can see it's a

its namesake as as you can see it's a

its namesake as as you can see it's a tree each branch of the tree

can only receive its signal for from its

can only receive its signal for from its

can only receive its signal for from its parent node or its linked branch

parent node or its linked branch

parent node or its linked branch right so all of these can only receive a

right so all of these can only receive a

right so all of these can only receive a signal from

signal from

signal from this guy the root node is what we call

this guy the root node is what we call

this guy the root node is what we call the top portion of the network and it

the top portion of the network and it

the top portion of the network and it does not have a parent so it is the root

does not have a parent so it is the root

does not have a parent so it is the root just like a tree it's the roots it's

just like a tree it's the roots it's

just like a tree it's the roots it's directly connected to each of the child

directly connected to each of the child

directly connected to each of the child nodes that's what these would be called

by a point-to-point connection

by a point-to-point connection

by a point-to-point connection now depending on how many levels you

now depending on how many levels you

now depending on how many levels you have here and we can see we have three

have here and we can see we have three

have here and we can see we have three levels here uh your tree topology is

levels here uh your tree topology is

levels here uh your tree topology is gonna have is gonna dictate what the

gonna have is gonna dictate what the

gonna have is gonna dictate what the what we call the branching factor is and

what we call the branching factor is and

what we call the branching factor is and this might be a little beyond the scope

this might be a little beyond the scope

this might be a little beyond the scope of the exam but I'm going to cover it

of the exam but I'm going to cover it

of the exam but I'm going to cover it here anyway the higher the branching

here anyway the higher the branching

here anyway the higher the branching Factor the longer it's going to take

Factor the longer it's going to take

Factor the longer it's going to take from data to go from one node through

from data to go from one node through

from data to go from one node through the network to the other because

the network to the other because

the network to the other because obviously if this needs to talk to this

obviously if this needs to talk to this

obviously if this needs to talk to this then right we're going to have

then right we're going to have

then right we're going to have quite a bit of data that it has to go

quite a bit of data that it has to go

quite a bit of data that it has to go through

through

through a positive aspect of this entire

a positive aspect of this entire

a positive aspect of this entire topology by the way is that because each

topology by the way is that because each

topology by the way is that because each level is connected only to its parent

level is connected only to its parent

level is connected only to its parent and its child nodes

and its child nodes

and its child nodes it's very easy to troubleshoot where the

it's very easy to troubleshoot where the

it's very easy to troubleshoot where the problems in the network occur because

problems in the network occur because

problems in the network occur because obviously if you're having a problem

obviously if you're having a problem

obviously if you're having a problem with you know this connection over here

with you know this connection over here

with you know this connection over here you know that none of these have

you know that none of these have

you know that none of these have anything to do with it

it's also the other benefit is it's

it's also the other benefit is it's

it's also the other benefit is it's really scalable

really scalable

really scalable remember that word because obviously if

remember that word because obviously if

remember that word because obviously if I want to add another Network I can just

I want to add another Network I can just

I want to add another Network I can just add it either here or I can add another

add it either here or I can add another

add it either here or I can add another child here and then just sort of Branch

child here and then just sort of Branch

child here and then just sort of Branch off there now negatively if the

off there now negatively if the

off there now negatively if the connection should be interrupted or if a

connection should be interrupted or if a

connection should be interrupted or if a node that's sort of a higher level and

node that's sort of a higher level and

node that's sort of a higher level and the change should go down then all these

the change should go down then all these

the change should go down then all these subordinate nodes would suffer so if the

subordinate nodes would suffer so if the

subordinate nodes would suffer so if the connection between the root and their

connection between the root and their

connection between the root and their children goes down we're going to be in

children goes down we're going to be in

children goes down we're going to be in major issue because now none of these

major issue because now none of these

major issue because now none of these can talk obviously if this computer goes

can talk obviously if this computer goes

can talk obviously if this computer goes down

down

down then none of these will be able to talk

then none of these will be able to talk

then none of these will be able to talk to the rest of the network either so

to the rest of the network either so

to the rest of the network either so this is a a problem with it it is a

this is a a problem with it it is a

this is a a problem with it it is a variation by the way of the bus topology

variation by the way of the bus topology

variation by the way of the bus topology so again if the backbone fails then

so again if the backbone fails then

so again if the backbone fails then nothing else is going to work

nothing else is going to work

nothing else is going to work now with a physical mesh topology each

now with a physical mesh topology each

now with a physical mesh topology each node in the network is directly

node in the network is directly

node in the network is directly connected to every other node on the

connected to every other node on the

connected to every other node on the network so if we call this computer a

network so if we call this computer a

network so if we call this computer a you can see it's connected to

you can see it's connected to

you can see it's connected to B it's connected directly to

B it's connected directly to

B it's connected directly to C and it's also connected directly to D

C and it's also connected directly to D

C and it's also connected directly to D so for every computer on the network

so for every computer on the network

so for every computer on the network it's for every node on the network

it's for every node on the network

it's for every node on the network rather it's connected to every other

rather it's connected to every other

rather it's connected to every other node

node

node as a result because each connection is

as a result because each connection is

as a result because each connection is similar to like a point-to-point network

similar to like a point-to-point network

similar to like a point-to-point network uh communication between multiple nodes

uh communication between multiple nodes

uh communication between multiple nodes can happen at the same time and so it's

can happen at the same time and so it's

can happen at the same time and so it's very efficient highly reliable and has

very efficient highly reliable and has

very efficient highly reliable and has minimal data congestion because B and D

minimal data congestion because B and D

minimal data congestion because B and D can talk at the same time as a and C now

can talk at the same time as a and C now

can talk at the same time as a and C now for the same reason these types of

for the same reason these types of

for the same reason these types of topologies the mesh topologies are very

topologies the mesh topologies are very

topologies the mesh topologies are very difficult to manage and to maintain

difficult to manage and to maintain

difficult to manage and to maintain because each additional node that's

because each additional node that's

because each additional node that's added uh requires you to connect other

added uh requires you to connect other

added uh requires you to connect other you know every single other node to it

you know every single other node to it

you know every single other node to it so if I wanted to add an e for instance

so if I wanted to add an e for instance

so if I wanted to add an e for instance look at all of the connections I now

look at all of the connections I now

look at all of the connections I now have to add to this already existing

have to add to this already existing

have to add to this already existing Network so to alleviate some of the

Network so to alleviate some of the

Network so to alleviate some of the negatives of this type of network

negatives of this type of network

negatives of this type of network um it's uh

um it's uh

um it's uh we sometimes have what's called a

we sometimes have what's called a

we sometimes have what's called a partial mesh the partial mesh basically

partial mesh the partial mesh basically

partial mesh the partial mesh basically means only specific nodes on the network

means only specific nodes on the network

means only specific nodes on the network have to have direct links and this is

have to have direct links and this is

have to have direct links and this is sort of where we're going to go when we

sort of where we're going to go when we

sort of where we're going to go when we get into hybrid topologies

get into hybrid topologies

get into hybrid topologies it's going to limit the number of

it's going to limit the number of

it's going to limit the number of connections that are necessary

connections that are necessary

connections that are necessary throughout the network so a partial mesh

throughout the network so a partial mesh

throughout the network so a partial mesh topology would be useful if your network

topology would be useful if your network

topology would be useful if your network is comprised of say like end nodes that

is comprised of say like end nodes that

is comprised of say like end nodes that don't need a connection to all the other

don't need a connection to all the other

don't need a connection to all the other nodes on the network but it still allows

nodes on the network but it still allows

nodes on the network but it still allows high end devices to maintain the maximum

high end devices to maintain the maximum

high end devices to maintain the maximum transfer rates and the maximum amount of

transfer rates and the maximum amount of

transfer rates and the maximum amount of efficiency and reliability the

efficiency and reliability the

efficiency and reliability the internet's major divisions are connected

internet's major divisions are connected

internet's major divisions are connected to one another by a mesh topology so

to one another by a mesh topology so

to one another by a mesh topology so we're really going to see this in sort

we're really going to see this in sort

we're really going to see this in sort of large scale

of large scale

of large scale implementations that need

implementations that need

implementations that need High redundancy

and efficiency I should add

and efficiency I should add

and efficiency I should add now a hybrid topology as we have we as

now a hybrid topology as we have we as

now a hybrid topology as we have we as we've discussed utilizes uh aspects of

we've discussed utilizes uh aspects of

we've discussed utilizes uh aspects of more than one type of individual

more than one type of individual

more than one type of individual topology so hybrid topologies are

topology so hybrid topologies are

topology so hybrid topologies are usually not created on purpose they're

usually not created on purpose they're

usually not created on purpose they're usually actually created out of

usually actually created out of

usually actually created out of necessity so topologies like this can

necessity so topologies like this can

necessity so topologies like this can maintain uh are difficult rather to

maintain uh are difficult rather to

maintain uh are difficult rather to maintain and to manage because each

maintain and to manage because each

maintain and to manage because each segment in the hybrid topology might

segment in the hybrid topology might

segment in the hybrid topology might have its own set of rules it needs to

have its own set of rules it needs to

have its own set of rules it needs to Follows the technology is on the

Follows the technology is on the

Follows the technology is on the different segments might not be the same

different segments might not be the same

different segments might not be the same either so I might have a different type

either so I might have a different type

either so I might have a different type type of Technology on this segment than

type of Technology on this segment than

type of Technology on this segment than I do on this segment and I might and

I do on this segment and I might and

I do on this segment and I might and then I have a different type of

then I have a different type of

then I have a different type of Technology on this segment right here so

Technology on this segment right here so

Technology on this segment right here so there are a few common types of star of

there are a few common types of star of

there are a few common types of star of topologies that are in a hybrid sort of

topologies that are in a hybrid sort of

topologies that are in a hybrid sort of breed that we come across this one's

breed that we come across this one's

breed that we come across this one's called a star bus obviously because we

called a star bus obviously because we

called a star bus obviously because we have stars here and then the stars are

have stars here and then the stars are

have stars here and then the stars are connected by a bus connection notice

connected by a bus connection notice

connected by a bus connection notice again the Terminators on either side

again the Terminators on either side

again the Terminators on either side we also have what's called a a star of

we also have what's called a a star of

we also have what's called a a star of stars hybrid you can see that each star

stars hybrid you can see that each star

stars hybrid you can see that each star is connected by another star so it's not

is connected by another star so it's not

is connected by another star so it's not only different topologies but when we

only different topologies but when we

only different topologies but when we connect the topologies together uh sort

connect the topologies together uh sort

connect the topologies together uh sort of in different ways that can be a

of in different ways that can be a

of in different ways that can be a different hyper topology as well and

different hyper topology as well and

different hyper topology as well and then another popular one is the star

then another popular one is the star

then another popular one is the star ring topology so similar to bus except

ring topology so similar to bus except

ring topology so similar to bus except there's no Terminators on the end

there's no Terminators on the end

there's no Terminators on the end because everything connects together you

because everything connects together you

because everything connects together you might also have a star dual ring

might also have a star dual ring

might also have a star dual ring topology which I have seen uh all the

topology which I have seen uh all the

topology which I have seen uh all the very infrequently by the way this one is

very infrequently by the way this one is

very infrequently by the way this one is also called although I doubt you'll see

also called although I doubt you'll see

also called although I doubt you'll see this

this

this snowflake topology

snowflake topology

snowflake topology now Network

now Network

now Network Protocols are the controlling factor and

Protocols are the controlling factor and

Protocols are the controlling factor and how all these topologies are going to

how all these topologies are going to

how all these topologies are going to transmit data and depending on the

transmit data and depending on the

transmit data and depending on the protocol data it might need to be

protocol data it might need to be

protocol data it might need to be transmitted to all the nodes on the

transmitted to all the nodes on the

transmitted to all the nodes on the network regardless of the physical

network regardless of the physical

network regardless of the physical connection so this is why having a

connection so this is why having a

connection so this is why having a logical topology is different from a

logical topology is different from a

logical topology is different from a physical topology in other words the way

physical topology in other words the way

physical topology in other words the way the data is transferred over the network

the data is transferred over the network

the data is transferred over the network might be different than the way the

might be different than the way the

might be different than the way the physical network is actually

physical network is actually

physical network is actually connected so let me give an example with

connected so let me give an example with

connected so let me give an example with this logical bus topology

this logical bus topology

this logical bus topology okay data is received by all nodes

okay data is received by all nodes

okay data is received by all nodes simultaneously even when the physical

simultaneously even when the physical

simultaneously even when the physical setup is different so for example we're

setup is different so for example we're

setup is different so for example we're using a logical bus topology with this

using a logical bus topology with this

using a logical bus topology with this physical star so the central device is

physical star so the central device is

physical star so the central device is receiving the transmission from let's

receiving the transmission from let's

receiving the transmission from let's say the sending node which is this one

say the sending node which is this one

say the sending node which is this one so let's say a is sending it out

so let's say a is sending it out

so let's say a is sending it out and then it's passing it to each node in

and then it's passing it to each node in

and then it's passing it to each node in succession in a continuous stream in

succession in a continuous stream in

succession in a continuous stream in other words it's doing this

other words it's doing this

other words it's doing this it's going down there and then it's

it's going down there and then it's

it's going down there and then it's sending it here and then it's sending it

sending it here and then it's sending it

sending it here and then it's sending it there and then it's sending it there and

there and then it's sending it there and

there and then it's sending it there and then it's sending it there so you can

then it's sending it there so you can

then it's sending it there so you can see what it's doing is although it's

see what it's doing is although it's

see what it's doing is although it's connected in a star physically the nodes

connected in a star physically the nodes

connected in a star physically the nodes are talking to one another as though

are talking to one another as though

are talking to one another as though they are logical

they are logical

they are logical now with a logical ring topology uh just

now with a logical ring topology uh just

now with a logical ring topology uh just like with a physical ring the data is

like with a physical ring the data is

like with a physical ring the data is only transmitted between its upstream

only transmitted between its upstream

only transmitted between its upstream and its Downstream neighbors so even

and its Downstream neighbors so even

and its Downstream neighbors so even though the star layout is physically

though the star layout is physically

though the star layout is physically laid out in a certain way the data from

laid out in a certain way the data from

laid out in a certain way the data from the transmitting devices is sent

the transmitting devices is sent

the transmitting devices is sent in specific order

in specific order

in specific order one to the next

now actually most ring

networks are physical Stars

networks are physical Stars

networks are physical Stars right so every time the data is sent it

right so every time the data is sent it

right so every time the data is sent it has to be sent to its up Downstream

has to be sent to its up Downstream

has to be sent to its up Downstream neighbor

in succession like so

in succession like so

in succession like so so it just goes in a circular route

we also have of course The Logical star

we also have of course The Logical star

we also have of course The Logical star topology which can utilize a central

topology which can utilize a central

topology which can utilize a central device

device

device and it's going to pull each node to see

and it's going to pull each node to see

and it's going to pull each node to see if it has the data to be transmitted so

if it has the data to be transmitted so

if it has the data to be transmitted so basically it says hey uh do you have any

basically it says hey uh do you have any

basically it says hey uh do you have any data you want to transmit okay do you

data you want to transmit okay do you

data you want to transmit okay do you have any data you want to transmit all

have any data you want to transmit all

have any data you want to transmit all right do you have any data oh you do

right do you have any data oh you do

right do you have any data oh you do great then it'll transmit that data and

great then it'll transmit that data and

great then it'll transmit that data and then come back around so the device

then come back around so the device

then come back around so the device ensures that each node has an

ensures that each node has an

ensures that each node has an opportunity to transmit but it also

opportunity to transmit but it also

opportunity to transmit but it also governs how long that's going to happen

governs how long that's going to happen

governs how long that's going to happen for and it's going to make sure that

for and it's going to make sure that

for and it's going to make sure that there's not any

there's not any

there's not any sort of problems or uh

sort of problems or uh

sort of problems or uh collisions with the data

collisions with the data

collisions with the data so just to recap what we just talked

so just to recap what we just talked

so just to recap what we just talked about albeit a a 5 000 foot overview of

about albeit a a 5 000 foot overview of

about albeit a a 5 000 foot overview of it we talked about topology which again

it we talked about topology which again

it we talked about topology which again is like how the network is arranged that

is like how the network is arranged that

is like how the network is arranged that Arrangement can either be physical

Arrangement can either be physical

Arrangement can either be physical meaning how it is physically connected

meaning how it is physically connected

meaning how it is physically connected or logical

or logical

or logical we then talked about a bus topology the

we then talked about a bus topology the

we then talked about a bus topology the bus topology meaning that it is

connected to each device one in sequence

connected to each device one in sequence

connected to each device one in sequence we also need to terminate these with a

we also need to terminate these with a

we also need to terminate these with a 50 ohm

50 ohm

50 ohm Terminator on either side and remember

Terminator on either side and remember

Terminator on either side and remember we have a t connector that's connecting

we have a t connector that's connecting

we have a t connector that's connecting them

them

them we looked at a star topology

which means that these are all connected

which means that these are all connected

which means that these are all connected through a central device a ring

topology

topology

topology tree topology

tree topology

tree topology which has branches

which has branches

which has branches this might also be called by the way a

this might also be called by the way a

this might also be called by the way a hierarchical

hierarchical

hierarchical hierarchical

topology and so on and then a mesh

topology and so on and then a mesh

topology and so on and then a mesh topology

topology

topology which would be every device connected to

which would be every device connected to

which would be every device connected to every other device

and then we also looked at a hybrid

of these

most commonly we're going to see a

most commonly we're going to see a

most commonly we're going to see a physical star

physical star

physical star with a logical ring

with a logical ring

with a logical ring so it's important that as administrators

so it's important that as administrators

so it's important that as administrators we have an understanding of how the

we have an understanding of how the

we have an understanding of how the network is designed both physically and

network is designed both physically and

network is designed both physically and logically in other words how the data

logically in other words how the data

logically in other words how the data transmits over that physical stuff

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

Network hardware and media bounded

Network hardware and media bounded

Network hardware and media bounded Network media

Network media

Network media having discussed some of the basic

having discussed some of the basic

having discussed some of the basic terminology and some of the basic

terminology and some of the basic

terminology and some of the basic Network setups I want to get into now

Network setups I want to get into now

Network setups I want to get into now the hardware the media how this stuff

the hardware the media how this stuff

the hardware the media how this stuff actually physically connects to one

actually physically connects to one

actually physically connects to one another

another

another so we're going to discuss the different

so we're going to discuss the different

so we're going to discuss the different network hardware and media types in this

network hardware and media types in this

network hardware and media types in this module

module

module so the objectives that we're going to

so the objectives that we're going to

so the objectives that we're going to cover are first defining Network media

cover are first defining Network media

cover are first defining Network media and specifically bounded Network media

and specifically bounded Network media

and specifically bounded Network media bounded Network media meaning the stuff

bounded Network media meaning the stuff

bounded Network media meaning the stuff that you can hold bounded contained in

that you can hold bounded contained in

that you can hold bounded contained in chords and wires unlike unbounded which

chords and wires unlike unbounded which

chords and wires unlike unbounded which is Wireless we're then going to describe

is Wireless we're then going to describe

is Wireless we're then going to describe the different types of copper media and

the different types of copper media and

the different types of copper media and also explain the different types of STP

also explain the different types of STP

also explain the different types of STP that's shielded twisted pair and UTP

that's shielded twisted pair and UTP

that's shielded twisted pair and UTP unshielded twisted pair

unshielded twisted pair

unshielded twisted pair then we'll describe the different types

then we'll describe the different types

then we'll describe the different types of coaxial cable types and connectors

of coaxial cable types and connectors

of coaxial cable types and connectors and finally describe fiber optic median

and finally describe fiber optic median

and finally describe fiber optic median connectors fiber optics being that type

connectors fiber optics being that type

connectors fiber optics being that type of

of

of media that is that transmits data via

media that is that transmits data via

media that is that transmits data via light and photons rather than

light and photons rather than

light and photons rather than electricity over copper

electricity over copper

electricity over copper after that I want to explain the 568 a b

after that I want to explain the 568 a b

after that I want to explain the 568 a b and c standards which is how uh standard

and c standards which is how uh standard

and c standards which is how uh standard UTP and STP is cabled on one end and on

UTP and STP is cabled on one end and on

UTP and STP is cabled on one end and on the other so we can plug it in and

the other so we can plug it in and

the other so we can plug it in and finally explain something called premise

finally explain something called premise

finally explain something called premise wiring and structured cabling

wiring and structured cabling

wiring and structured cabling so Network media is simply the method or

so Network media is simply the method or

so Network media is simply the method or medium by which data will be transmitted

medium by which data will be transmitted

medium by which data will be transmitted it's further classified based on the

it's further classified based on the

it's further classified based on the hardware and Associated technology of

hardware and Associated technology of

hardware and Associated technology of the media itself now there are both

the media itself now there are both

the media itself now there are both wired and wireless Technologies

wired and wireless Technologies

wired and wireless Technologies associated with network media so in this

associated with network media so in this

associated with network media so in this one we're going to take a look at the

one we're going to take a look at the

one we're going to take a look at the first one wired Network media which is

first one wired Network media which is

first one wired Network media which is also characterized as bounded because it

also characterized as bounded because it

also characterized as bounded because it is bounded by a chord

is bounded by a chord

is bounded by a chord so bounded media is media that can be

so bounded media is media that can be

so bounded media is media that can be physically held there are a few types of

physically held there are a few types of

physically held there are a few types of bound media that we need to be familiar

bound media that we need to be familiar

bound media that we need to be familiar with we're going to look at either

with we're going to look at either

with we're going to look at either copper or Fiber now bounded Network

copper or Fiber now bounded Network

copper or Fiber now bounded Network media is the basic and original form of

media is the basic and original form of

media is the basic and original form of media and as administrators you're very

media and as administrators you're very

media and as administrators you're very likely if not guaranteed at some point

likely if not guaranteed at some point

likely if not guaranteed at some point to have to work with it in one form or

to have to work with it in one form or

to have to work with it in one form or another

another

another so having a solid understanding of the

so having a solid understanding of the

so having a solid understanding of the different types of bounded media will

different types of bounded media will

different types of bounded media will help you succeed in managing any type of

help you succeed in managing any type of

help you succeed in managing any type of network whether it's at your home a

network whether it's at your home a

network whether it's at your home a small office or even a very large

small office or even a very large

small office or even a very large corporate win or wide area network so

corporate win or wide area network so

corporate win or wide area network so the first type of bound Network media I

the first type of bound Network media I

the first type of bound Network media I want to go over is copper media

want to go over is copper media

want to go over is copper media copper media is the term used to

copper media is the term used to

copper media is the term used to describe any media that uses copper

describe any media that uses copper

describe any media that uses copper conductors as the method to transmit

conductors as the method to transmit

conductors as the method to transmit data in the form of

data in the form of

data in the form of electromagnetic energy so copper media

electromagnetic energy so copper media

electromagnetic energy so copper media can come in many different forms there

can come in many different forms there

can come in many different forms there are also many considerations that need

are also many considerations that need

are also many considerations that need to be taken into account when choosing

to be taken into account when choosing

to be taken into account when choosing between these different types of forms

between these different types of forms

between these different types of forms such as a distance the speed

such as a distance the speed

such as a distance the speed requirements of the network and of

requirements of the network and of

requirements of the network and of course the cost

course the cost

course the cost a lot of the time uh copper media was

a lot of the time uh copper media was

a lot of the time uh copper media was going to be fitted with some sort of

going to be fitted with some sort of

going to be fitted with some sort of shielding which also looks like braided

shielding which also looks like braided

shielding which also looks like braided metal wires or sometimes it looks like a

metal wires or sometimes it looks like a

metal wires or sometimes it looks like a metallic foil like you buy at the

metallic foil like you buy at the

metallic foil like you buy at the grocery store but it is a little

grocery store but it is a little

grocery store but it is a little different the shielding on the outside

different the shielding on the outside

different the shielding on the outside helps the cable prevent or helps prevent

helps the cable prevent or helps prevent

helps the cable prevent or helps prevent the cable from being uh subjected to

the cable from being uh subjected to

the cable from being uh subjected to what's called electromagnetic

what's called electromagnetic

what's called electromagnetic interference or Emi and of course if I

interference or Emi and of course if I

interference or Emi and of course if I allow Emi or electromagnetic

allow Emi or electromagnetic

allow Emi or electromagnetic interference to get into the copper

interference to get into the copper

interference to get into the copper within the cable then that's going to

within the cable then that's going to

within the cable then that's going to disrupt the sort of data that's going on

disrupt the sort of data that's going on

disrupt the sort of data that's going on inside of it now there are two uh

inside of it now there are two uh

inside of it now there are two uh different types of very common copper

different types of very common copper

different types of very common copper media that I want to go off uh uh

media that I want to go off uh uh

media that I want to go off uh uh specifically of coaxial or coax as shown

specifically of coaxial or coax as shown

specifically of coaxial or coax as shown here and twisted pair

here and twisted pair

here and twisted pair now twisted pair table is one of the

now twisted pair table is one of the

now twisted pair table is one of the most common cable types that you need to

most common cable types that you need to

most common cable types that you need to be familiar with depending on the

be familiar with depending on the

be familiar with depending on the specification of the cable and the type

specification of the cable and the type

specification of the cable and the type of twisted pair cable being used there's

of twisted pair cable being used there's

of twisted pair cable being used there's going to be anywhere from two to a

going to be anywhere from two to a

going to be anywhere from two to a hundred pairs or more

hundred pairs or more

hundred pairs or more now the pairs are color coded so the

now the pairs are color coded so the

now the pairs are color coded so the technicians know how to recable the

technicians know how to recable the

technicians know how to recable the cables on either end and it ensures that

cables on either end and it ensures that

cables on either end and it ensures that certain wiring standards and schemes are

certain wiring standards and schemes are

certain wiring standards and schemes are maintained in case another technician

maintained in case another technician

maintained in case another technician was to come in and start or end the work

was to come in and start or end the work

was to come in and start or end the work that you've already begun

that you've already begun

that you've already begun now all twisted pair cables are

now all twisted pair cables are

now all twisted pair cables are basically the same however it's how they

basically the same however it's how they

basically the same however it's how they are terminated that makes the biggest

are terminated that makes the biggest

are terminated that makes the biggest difference meaning how the end points so

difference meaning how the end points so

difference meaning how the end points so what happens at the end points now there

what happens at the end points now there

what happens at the end points now there are two typical types of standards that

are two typical types of standards that

are two typical types of standards that we need to be aware of these are uh

we need to be aware of these are uh

we need to be aware of these are uh t568 a and t568b so we're going to take

t568 a and t568b so we're going to take

t568 a and t568b so we're going to take a look at these right now

a look at these right now

a look at these right now now 568a it's less common than 568b

now 568a it's less common than 568b

now 568a it's less common than 568b today in today's networks but it's still

today in today's networks but it's still

today in today's networks but it's still necessary for you to know and you need

necessary for you to know and you need

necessary for you to know and you need to understand the difference between the

to understand the difference between the

to understand the difference between the two of these uh and it'll also help you

two of these uh and it'll also help you

two of these uh and it'll also help you in case you ever wanted to make a cable

in case you ever wanted to make a cable

in case you ever wanted to make a cable at home

at home

at home 568 a is wired in this way green white

568 a is wired in this way green white

568 a is wired in this way green white green

green

green orange white

orange white

orange white blue

blue

blue White

White

White Orange

Orange

Orange brown white brown

brown white brown

brown white brown now the only difference between the 568

now the only difference between the 568

now the only difference between the 568 a cabling standard and 568b is that the

a cabling standard and 568b is that the

a cabling standard and 568b is that the first two pins one and two are swapped

first two pins one and two are swapped

first two pins one and two are swapped with pins three and six that means that

with pins three and six that means that

with pins three and six that means that the orange colored wires are swapped

the orange colored wires are swapped

the orange colored wires are swapped with the green colored wires so then in

with the green colored wires so then in

with the green colored wires so then in 568b we see a wiring of orange white

568b we see a wiring of orange white

568b we see a wiring of orange white orange green white blue

orange green white blue

orange green white blue blue white green

blue white green

blue white green brown white and brown

brown white and brown

brown white and brown now

now

now the reason you need to know both of

the reason you need to know both of

the reason you need to know both of those is because of something called

those is because of something called

those is because of something called crossover cables which we'll talk about

crossover cables which we'll talk about

crossover cables which we'll talk about by switching those uh pins around it

by switching those uh pins around it

by switching those uh pins around it switches the data and how it's sent and

switches the data and how it's sent and

switches the data and how it's sent and we'll talk about the purpose of that a

we'll talk about the purpose of that a

we'll talk about the purpose of that a little bit later on

little bit later on

little bit later on but for now let's talk about something

but for now let's talk about something

but for now let's talk about something called STP or shielded twisted pair

called STP or shielded twisted pair

called STP or shielded twisted pair cabling which is a cable type that

cabling which is a cable type that

cabling which is a cable type that contains pairs of copper strands like we

contains pairs of copper strands like we

contains pairs of copper strands like we just looked at orange white and orange

just looked at orange white and orange

just looked at orange white and orange for instance being a pair that are

for instance being a pair that are

for instance being a pair that are twisted together and wrapped with a

twisted together and wrapped with a

twisted together and wrapped with a metal sheath or a kind of foil that

metal sheath or a kind of foil that

metal sheath or a kind of foil that decreases the cable susceptibility as

decreases the cable susceptibility as

decreases the cable susceptibility as we've already mentioned to Emi now

we've already mentioned to Emi now

we've already mentioned to Emi now because it's wrapped in its metal it

because it's wrapped in its metal it

because it's wrapped in its metal it makes the cable much more expensive than

makes the cable much more expensive than

makes the cable much more expensive than its counterpart UTP or unshielded

its counterpart UTP or unshielded

its counterpart UTP or unshielded twisted pair and it can make it more

twisted pair and it can make it more

twisted pair and it can make it more difficult therefore to manage or work

difficult therefore to manage or work

difficult therefore to manage or work with now although it has the shielding

with now although it has the shielding

with now although it has the shielding to prevent it from Emi it doesn't mean

to prevent it from Emi it doesn't mean

to prevent it from Emi it doesn't mean the cable is prevented completely from

the cable is prevented completely from

the cable is prevented completely from any sort of susceptibility it just

any sort of susceptibility it just

any sort of susceptibility it just reduces it I also want to mention the

reduces it I also want to mention the

reduces it I also want to mention the reason that we have that twisted pair

reason that we have that twisted pair

reason that we have that twisted pair each pair of cables for instance orange

each pair of cables for instance orange

each pair of cables for instance orange and white orange are twisted together is

and white orange are twisted together is

and white orange are twisted together is to reduce what we call crosstalk meaning

to reduce what we call crosstalk meaning

to reduce what we call crosstalk meaning that so that the data doesn't sort of

that so that the data doesn't sort of

that so that the data doesn't sort of jump between the two cables this was

jump between the two cables this was

jump between the two cables this was something that was actually discovered

something that was actually discovered

something that was actually discovered way back when when Edison was dealing

way back when when Edison was dealing

way back when when Edison was dealing with electricity now UTP or unshielded

with electricity now UTP or unshielded

with electricity now UTP or unshielded twisted pair cabling does not have that

twisted pair cabling does not have that

twisted pair cabling does not have that metal shielding around the Twisted pairs

metal shielding around the Twisted pairs

metal shielding around the Twisted pairs this is the only difference now this

this is the only difference now this

this is the only difference now this makes the cable much more susceptible to

makes the cable much more susceptible to

makes the cable much more susceptible to Emi than sdp however it's so inexpensive

Emi than sdp however it's so inexpensive

Emi than sdp however it's so inexpensive and so much easier to install and

and so much easier to install and

and so much easier to install and maneuver with and in most instances a

maneuver with and in most instances a

maneuver with and in most instances a lot of folks don't need the extra Emi

lot of folks don't need the extra Emi

lot of folks don't need the extra Emi protection so it's why it's one of the

protection so it's why it's one of the

protection so it's why it's one of the most common

most common

most common now there are several specific

now there are several specific

now there are several specific implementations of sdp and UDP and each

implementations of sdp and UDP and each

implementations of sdp and UDP and each one has different standards uh and

one has different standards uh and

one has different standards uh and characteristics and speeds and so on so

characteristics and speeds and so on so

characteristics and speeds and so on so let's take a look at those in a little

let's take a look at those in a little

let's take a look at those in a little more depth right now

more depth right now

more depth right now you may have heard of the or seen the

you may have heard of the or seen the

you may have heard of the or seen the terms CAT5 or category five or Cat6 or

terms CAT5 or category five or Cat6 or

terms CAT5 or category five or Cat6 or something similar to this before let's

something similar to this before let's

something similar to this before let's take a look at what these terms mean and

take a look at what these terms mean and

take a look at what these terms mean and what the specifications are regarding

what the specifications are regarding

what the specifications are regarding them because you'll need to know that

them because you'll need to know that

them because you'll need to know that for the exam

for the exam

for the exam cat simply stands for category there are

cat simply stands for category there are

cat simply stands for category there are both STP and UTP versions of these

both STP and UTP versions of these

both STP and UTP versions of these category cables that stand if you recall

category cables that stand if you recall

category cables that stand if you recall that's shielded and unshielded and the

that's shielded and unshielded and the

that's shielded and unshielded and the first category of cable is as you'd

first category of cable is as you'd

first category of cable is as you'd imagine category one cable now we don't

imagine category one cable now we don't

imagine category one cable now we don't really see this in the field anymore

really see this in the field anymore

really see this in the field anymore it's been superseded by the following

it's been superseded by the following

it's been superseded by the following categories cabling and but its original

categories cabling and but its original

categories cabling and but its original purpose was for voice I wouldn't worry

purpose was for voice I wouldn't worry

purpose was for voice I wouldn't worry about memorizing that one

about memorizing that one

about memorizing that one type 2 or Category 2 is rarely used

type 2 or Category 2 is rarely used

type 2 or Category 2 is rarely used today uh only in something called token

today uh only in something called token

today uh only in something called token based networks which we'll talk more

based networks which we'll talk more

based networks which we'll talk more about in the future but again it's not

about in the future but again it's not

about in the future but again it's not very common you're not really going to

very common you're not really going to

very common you're not really going to see it uh very much at all

see it uh very much at all

see it uh very much at all now Category 3 or ethernet which is

now Category 3 or ethernet which is

now Category 3 or ethernet which is different from the current ethernet but

different from the current ethernet but

different from the current ethernet but this was the first category established

this was the first category established

this was the first category established by an organization called Tia eia this

by an organization called Tia eia this

by an organization called Tia eia this is the Telecommunications industry

is the Telecommunications industry

is the Telecommunications industry Association Electronics Industries

Association Electronics Industries

Association Electronics Industries Alliance don't worry about memorizing

Alliance don't worry about memorizing

Alliance don't worry about memorizing that but in today's networks category

that but in today's networks category

that but in today's networks category three or cat 3 is used almost completely

three or cat 3 is used almost completely

three or cat 3 is used almost completely for voice Transmissions because it has a

for voice Transmissions because it has a

for voice Transmissions because it has a limited transfer speed of 10 megabits

limited transfer speed of 10 megabits

limited transfer speed of 10 megabits per second and a 16 megahertz bandwidth

per second and a 16 megahertz bandwidth

per second and a 16 megahertz bandwidth so a lot of

so a lot of

so a lot of telephone K old telephone cableing is

telephone K old telephone cableing is

telephone K old telephone cableing is cat 3. cat4 uh just like cat 2 it's not

cat 3. cat4 uh just like cat 2 it's not

cat 3. cat4 uh just like cat 2 it's not used anymore not even worth really

used anymore not even worth really

used anymore not even worth really spending time in now when we get to CAT5

spending time in now when we get to CAT5

spending time in now when we get to CAT5 this is sort of where we start really

this is sort of where we start really

this is sort of where we start really getting to Modern Day stuff Cat 5

getting to Modern Day stuff Cat 5

getting to Modern Day stuff Cat 5 cabling which is also called Fast

cabling which is also called Fast

cabling which is also called Fast ethernet provides performance of signals

ethernet provides performance of signals

ethernet provides performance of signals up to around 100 megabits per second

up to around 100 megabits per second

up to around 100 megabits per second important that you know this the maximum

important that you know this the maximum

important that you know this the maximum distance for CAT5 cabling is 100 meters

distance for CAT5 cabling is 100 meters

distance for CAT5 cabling is 100 meters or 328 feet

or 328 feet

or 328 feet now CAT5 e is the specification that

now CAT5 e is the specification that

now CAT5 e is the specification that superseded CAT5 and it addressed some of

superseded CAT5 and it addressed some of

superseded CAT5 and it addressed some of the weaknesses including uh crosstalk

the weaknesses including uh crosstalk

the weaknesses including uh crosstalk prevent prevention uh and other

prevent prevention uh and other

prevent prevention uh and other specifications in the like like CAT5 the

specifications in the like like CAT5 the

specifications in the like like CAT5 the maximum cable length of Cat5e is also

maximum cable length of Cat5e is also

maximum cable length of Cat5e is also 100 meters the bandwidth is also the

100 meters the bandwidth is also the

100 meters the bandwidth is also the same at 100 megahertz but it's said that

same at 100 megahertz but it's said that

same at 100 megahertz but it's said that data data rates can get up to about 350

data data rates can get up to about 350

data data rates can get up to about 350 megabits per second uh although

megabits per second uh although

megabits per second uh although sometimes an application that's not

sometimes an application that's not

sometimes an application that's not exactly what we see

exactly what we see

exactly what we see Cat6 is a standard uh that increased the

Cat6 is a standard uh that increased the

Cat6 is a standard uh that increased the transmission speeds quite a bit it's

transmission speeds quite a bit it's

transmission speeds quite a bit it's what's called gigabit Ethernet because

what's called gigabit Ethernet because

what's called gigabit Ethernet because it's rated for data rates of about one

it's rated for data rates of about one

it's rated for data rates of about one gigabit per second so we're going from

gigabit per second so we're going from

gigabit per second so we're going from again with 10 cat 3 from 10 Cat 5 100

again with 10 cat 3 from 10 Cat 5 100

again with 10 cat 3 from 10 Cat 5 100 Cat5e 350 theoretical and now we're at

Cat5e 350 theoretical and now we're at

Cat5e 350 theoretical and now we're at 1000 megabits per second or one gigabit

1000 megabits per second or one gigabit

1000 megabits per second or one gigabit per second

per second

per second the signal limb rate also of CAT5 Cat6

the signal limb rate also of CAT5 Cat6

the signal limb rate also of CAT5 Cat6 rather is tested at 250 megahertz uh but

rather is tested at 250 megahertz uh but

rather is tested at 250 megahertz uh but it's guaranteed at a 200.

it's guaranteed at a 200.

it's guaranteed at a 200. there was also another one after this

there was also another one after this

there was also another one after this called cat6a which was also known as

called cat6a which was also known as

called cat6a which was also known as augmented category six and it had a

augmented category six and it had a

augmented category six and it had a rating of a little bit more than a one

rating of a little bit more than a one

rating of a little bit more than a one gigabit but uh many people said that

gigabit but uh many people said that

gigabit but uh many people said that they can actually get to 10 gigabits and

they can actually get to 10 gigabits and

they can actually get to 10 gigabits and uh uh it's megahertz or frequency was

uh uh it's megahertz or frequency was

uh uh it's megahertz or frequency was also Higher by the way I wouldn't worry

also Higher by the way I wouldn't worry

also Higher by the way I wouldn't worry about any of the frequencies I'm just

about any of the frequencies I'm just

about any of the frequencies I'm just throwing those in there so that you know

throwing those in there so that you know

throwing those in there so that you know them what you really want to worry about

them what you really want to worry about

them what you really want to worry about is the data transfer speed

is the data transfer speed

is the data transfer speed a cat 7 which is one of the newest

a cat 7 which is one of the newest

a cat 7 which is one of the newest implementations uh it's not even fully

implementations uh it's not even fully

implementations uh it's not even fully recognized yet by Tia eia it's

recognized yet by Tia eia it's

recognized yet by Tia eia it's um also gigabit Ethernet and it

um also gigabit Ethernet and it

um also gigabit Ethernet and it supposedly supports a signaling rate of

supposedly supports a signaling rate of

supposedly supports a signaling rate of one gigahertz and has a potential for

one gigahertz and has a potential for

one gigahertz and has a potential for over 10 gigabits per second so you can

over 10 gigabits per second so you can

over 10 gigabits per second so you can see where we're we want to go there but

see where we're we want to go there but

see where we're we want to go there but at the same time Wireless technology or

at the same time Wireless technology or

at the same time Wireless technology or unbounded technology has taken us to a

unbounded technology has taken us to a

unbounded technology has taken us to a point where we might not need to spend

point where we might not need to spend

point where we might not need to spend as much time on some of the bounded

as much time on some of the bounded

as much time on some of the bounded media

media

media so

so

so now that we've seen all of these

now that we've seen all of these

now that we've seen all of these individually

individually

individually let's take a look at an easier breakdown

let's take a look at an easier breakdown

let's take a look at an easier breakdown of the specifics of all of these

of the specifics of all of these

of the specifics of all of these so as we can see here each of these cat

so as we can see here each of these cat

so as we can see here each of these cat standards has a maximum cable length of

standards has a maximum cable length of

standards has a maximum cable length of 100 meters for standard use and the

100 meters for standard use and the

100 meters for standard use and the frequencies and maximum data ranges go

frequencies and maximum data ranges go

frequencies and maximum data ranges go up with each of the standards as well in

up with each of the standards as well in

up with each of the standards as well in most cases when you're looking at the

most cases when you're looking at the

most cases when you're looking at the physical cable the exact specification

physical cable the exact specification

physical cable the exact specification is typically printed on the cable itself

is typically printed on the cable itself

is typically printed on the cable itself helping technicians ensure that the same

helping technicians ensure that the same

helping technicians ensure that the same standard is going to be used throughout

standard is going to be used throughout

standard is going to be used throughout the organization

the organization

the organization now while Cat 5 through 7 cables are

now while Cat 5 through 7 cables are

now while Cat 5 through 7 cables are very similar because they all use the

very similar because they all use the

very similar because they all use the RJ45 connector which is the connector at

RJ45 connector which is the connector at

RJ45 connector which is the connector at the end that plugs into your network

the end that plugs into your network

the end that plugs into your network card or into a port uh should a

card or into a port uh should a

card or into a port uh should a technician install a Cat5e cable and a

technician install a Cat5e cable and a

technician install a Cat5e cable and a cat 6 or higher Network the Network's

cat 6 or higher Network the Network's

cat 6 or higher Network the Network's still probably going to function

still probably going to function

still probably going to function correctly but the Network's only going

correctly but the Network's only going

correctly but the Network's only going to operate

to operate

to operate at the uh maximum speed of the lowest

at the uh maximum speed of the lowest

at the uh maximum speed of the lowest standard so if everyone else in the

standard so if everyone else in the

standard so if everyone else in the network has Cat6 and you install a Cat5e

network has Cat6 and you install a Cat5e

network has Cat6 and you install a Cat5e cable then you're limited now to the

cable then you're limited now to the

cable then you're limited now to the Cat5e

Cat5e

Cat5e um specifications

um specifications

um specifications now here's a picture of an RJ45

now here's a picture of an RJ45

now here's a picture of an RJ45 connector I want you to note there are

connector I want you to note there are

connector I want you to note there are eight pins which means there are uh four

eight pins which means there are uh four

eight pins which means there are uh four Twisted Pairs and next here's a picture

Twisted Pairs and next here's a picture

Twisted Pairs and next here's a picture of an rj11 which is used for phone lines

of an rj11 which is used for phone lines

of an rj11 which is used for phone lines and notice that this one has four pins

and notice that this one has four pins

and notice that this one has four pins so that's two Twisted Pairs and it's

so that's two Twisted Pairs and it's

so that's two Twisted Pairs and it's also much smaller than RJ45 this is

also much smaller than RJ45 this is

also much smaller than RJ45 this is what's used in what's called pots plain

what's used in what's called pots plain

what's used in what's called pots plain old telephone system or pstn the public

old telephone system or pstn the public

old telephone system or pstn the public switched telephone Network

switched telephone Network

switched telephone Network all right now moving on uh past cats uh

all right now moving on uh past cats uh

all right now moving on uh past cats uh and and twisted pair let's talk about

and and twisted pair let's talk about

and and twisted pair let's talk about coaxial cabling uh it gets its name by

coaxial cabling uh it gets its name by

coaxial cabling uh it gets its name by the way from uh this is sort of a fun

the way from uh this is sort of a fun

the way from uh this is sort of a fun fact common geometric access or common

fact common geometric access or common

fact common geometric access or common core because the shielding and the

core because the shielding and the

core because the shielding and the conductor share the same Center

conductor share the same Center

conductor share the same Center or axis as the name implies in common

or axis as the name implies in common

or axis as the name implies in common geometric access or axis

geometric access or axis

geometric access or axis surrounding the single copper core is a

surrounding the single copper core is a

surrounding the single copper core is a non-conducive meaning that it's not

non-conducive meaning that it's not

non-conducive meaning that it's not going to conduct electricity insulated

going to conduct electricity insulated

going to conduct electricity insulated coating which is typically uh some sort

coating which is typically uh some sort

coating which is typically uh some sort of dielectric insulator separating the

of dielectric insulator separating the

of dielectric insulator separating the core from the shielding

core from the shielding

core from the shielding the next layer after that is braided

the next layer after that is braided

the next layer after that is braided metal shielding and this could be either

metal shielding and this could be either

metal shielding and this could be either copper or steel sometimes it's a mesh of

copper or steel sometimes it's a mesh of

copper or steel sometimes it's a mesh of multiple Metals depends on the

multiple Metals depends on the

multiple Metals depends on the manufacturer the purpose of this

manufacturer the purpose of this

manufacturer the purpose of this shielding just as it was with the

shielding just as it was with the

shielding just as it was with the twisted pair is to protect the cable

twisted pair is to protect the cable

twisted pair is to protect the cable from Emi or electromagnetic interference

from Emi or electromagnetic interference

from Emi or electromagnetic interference it also allows the cable to be grounded

it also allows the cable to be grounded

it also allows the cable to be grounded and acts as sort of a drain when there

and acts as sort of a drain when there

and acts as sort of a drain when there is noise on the line we'll talk about

is noise on the line we'll talk about

is noise on the line we'll talk about noise in just a few minutes and also

noise in just a few minutes and also

noise in just a few minutes and also ways to prevent it

ways to prevent it

ways to prevent it the final layer on the coaxial cable as

the final layer on the coaxial cable as

the final layer on the coaxial cable as you can see is this outer sheathing or a

you can see is this outer sheathing or a

you can see is this outer sheathing or a plastic insulating jacket

plastic insulating jacket

plastic insulating jacket which just sort of keeps everything

which just sort of keeps everything

which just sort of keeps everything protected from the elements

protected from the elements

protected from the elements now there have been several types of

now there have been several types of

now there have been several types of coaxial cables used in networks over the

coaxial cables used in networks over the

coaxial cables used in networks over the past few years uh here's a breakdown of

past few years uh here's a breakdown of

past few years uh here's a breakdown of what you should be familiar with the

what you should be familiar with the

what you should be familiar with the first is what's called an

first is what's called an

first is what's called an rg58u it was used for ethernet

rg58u it was used for ethernet

rg58u it was used for ethernet networking actually if you see old

networking actually if you see old

networking actually if you see old network cards you'll actually see a a

network cards you'll actually see a a

network cards you'll actually see a a coaxial cable on them and it has a solid

coaxial cable on them and it has a solid

coaxial cable on them and it has a solid core and requires a 50 Ohm resistor it's

core and requires a 50 Ohm resistor it's

core and requires a 50 Ohm resistor it's about five millimeters thick this is

about five millimeters thick this is

about five millimeters thick this is different from the stuff that brings

different from the stuff that brings

different from the stuff that brings cable into your home and if you remember

cable into your home and if you remember

cable into your home and if you remember 50 ohm resistor that is what was used on

50 ohm resistor that is what was used on

50 ohm resistor that is what was used on a bust apology and that's why where we

a bust apology and that's why where we

a bust apology and that's why where we actually used most of these was on a bus

actually used most of these was on a bus

actually used most of these was on a bus topology now the

topology now the

topology now the rg58au is slightly different in that

rg58au is slightly different in that

rg58au is slightly different in that instead of having a solid cord it has

instead of having a solid cord it has

instead of having a solid cord it has what's called a stranded core which

what's called a stranded core which

what's called a stranded core which means there are multiple strands or

means there are multiple strands or

means there are multiple strands or cores at its Center as opposed to one

cores at its Center as opposed to one

cores at its Center as opposed to one solid one

solid one

solid one next and this one might be a little more

next and this one might be a little more

next and this one might be a little more we're going to get a little more into

we're going to get a little more into

we're going to get a little more into sums that you've probably seen is What's

sums that you've probably seen is What's

sums that you've probably seen is What's called the rg8 standard it was also used

called the rg8 standard it was also used

called the rg8 standard it was also used for ethernet networking but it's not

for ethernet networking but it's not

for ethernet networking but it's not seen very frequently today

seen very frequently today

seen very frequently today um because it's typically was used for

um because it's typically was used for

um because it's typically was used for backbone wiring and it's been which has

backbone wiring and it's been which has

backbone wiring and it's been which has largely been sort of superseded by fiber

largely been sort of superseded by fiber

largely been sort of superseded by fiber optics

optics

optics finally we have rg9 uh coaxial cables

finally we have rg9 uh coaxial cables

finally we have rg9 uh coaxial cables which are used with cable TV cable modem

which are used with cable TV cable modem

which are used with cable TV cable modem installations and so on it's about 10

installations and so on it's about 10

installations and so on it's about 10 millimeters thick which is twice the

millimeters thick which is twice the

millimeters thick which is twice the thickness of the original RG58

thickness of the original RG58

thickness of the original RG58 now we're getting into some others here

now we're getting into some others here

now we're getting into some others here that I wouldn't worry too much about for

that I wouldn't worry too much about for

that I wouldn't worry too much about for um the test but I just want to go over

um the test but I just want to go over

um the test but I just want to go over them since we're covering these anyway

them since we're covering these anyway

them since we're covering these anyway we have something called rg62 cabling

we have something called rg62 cabling

we have something called rg62 cabling which is utilized for uh something

which is utilized for uh something

which is utilized for uh something called an arcnet protocol uh networking

called an arcnet protocol uh networking

called an arcnet protocol uh networking it was a lan protocol uh commonly used

it was a lan protocol uh commonly used

it was a lan protocol uh commonly used in what was called microprocessing and

in what was called microprocessing and

in what was called microprocessing and then we have an rg59 cable which was

then we have an rg59 cable which was

then we have an rg59 cable which was used with low power which is used rather

used with low power which is used rather

used with low power which is used rather with low power video and receivers uh

with low power video and receivers uh

with low power video and receivers uh and it had also resistors and it was

and it had also resistors and it was

and it had also resistors and it was about six millimeters thick the RG6

about six millimeters thick the RG6

about six millimeters thick the RG6 cabling which is greatly preferred by

cabling which is greatly preferred by

cabling which is greatly preferred by the way over rg59

the way over rg59

the way over rg59 uh because it's more common is utilized

uh because it's more common is utilized

uh because it's more common is utilized for cable television signal routing and

for cable television signal routing and

for cable television signal routing and also requires

also requires

also requires uh 75 ohm resistors

uh 75 ohm resistors

uh 75 ohm resistors the term by the way thin net is in

the term by the way thin net is in

the term by the way thin net is in reference to ethernet networking that

reference to ethernet networking that

reference to ethernet networking that uses the rg58u or Au cabling these thin

uses the rg58u or Au cabling these thin

uses the rg58u or Au cabling these thin net cables coaxial and the reason

net cables coaxial and the reason

net cables coaxial and the reason they're called thin is because that thin

they're called thin is because that thin

they're called thin is because that thin five millimeter

five millimeter

five millimeter uh coaxial cable can be up to 185 meters

uh coaxial cable can be up to 185 meters

uh coaxial cable can be up to 185 meters in length which is quite different from

in length which is quite different from

in length which is quite different from the 100 meters we got with ethernet uh

the 100 meters we got with ethernet uh

the 100 meters we got with ethernet uh Twisted fare

Twisted fare

Twisted fare Network segments that utilized coaxial

Network segments that utilized coaxial

Network segments that utilized coaxial cabling have to be terminated at the

cabling have to be terminated at the

cabling have to be terminated at the ends like we've talked about to provide

ends like we've talked about to provide

ends like we've talked about to provide that signal Bounce from occurring

that signal Bounce from occurring

that signal Bounce from occurring they're terminated by installing that

they're terminated by installing that

they're terminated by installing that resistor that matches impedance uh that

resistor that matches impedance uh that

resistor that matches impedance uh that matches the impedance of the cable on

matches the impedance of the cable on

matches the impedance of the cable on the ends so as we've mentioned some of

the ends so as we've mentioned some of

the ends so as we've mentioned some of these are 50 ohms 60 Ohms on a

these are 50 ohms 60 Ohms on a

these are 50 ohms 60 Ohms on a a typical bus topology Network we're

a typical bus topology Network we're

a typical bus topology Network we're looking at 50 ohms

now here's a visual of what the most

now here's a visual of what the most

now here's a visual of what the most common coaxial connectors are first we

common coaxial connectors are first we

common coaxial connectors are first we have a picture of a BNC connector with

have a picture of a BNC connector with

have a picture of a BNC connector with different types of resistors attached if

different types of resistors attached if

different types of resistors attached if we look closely at the top connector you

we look closely at the top connector you

we look closely at the top connector you can see the small needle at the center

can see the small needle at the center

can see the small needle at the center is just slightly bigger than the 50 ohm

is just slightly bigger than the 50 ohm

is just slightly bigger than the 50 ohm on the bottom this is important uh in

on the bottom this is important uh in

on the bottom this is important uh in case you have a 75 ohm which is plugged

case you have a 75 ohm which is plugged

case you have a 75 ohm which is plugged into a 50 ohm because there's going to

into a 50 ohm because there's going to

into a 50 ohm because there's going to be a potential of damaging the connector

be a potential of damaging the connector

be a potential of damaging the connector that's being received

that's being received

that's being received now this next picture is a shot of a t

now this next picture is a shot of a t

now this next picture is a shot of a t connector and a Terminator remember we

connector and a Terminator remember we

connector and a Terminator remember we talked about these when we were talking

talked about these when we were talking

talked about these when we were talking about bust apologies and when purchasing

about bust apologies and when purchasing

about bust apologies and when purchasing these you want to make sure you check

these you want to make sure you check

these you want to make sure you check that they're properly rated

that they're properly rated

that they're properly rated because uh you know every manufacturer

because uh you know every manufacturer

because uh you know every manufacturer has different color schemes and

has different color schemes and

has different color schemes and different types of uh ways of

different types of uh ways of

different types of uh ways of categorizing their terminators

categorizing their terminators

categorizing their terminators now moving away from

now moving away from

now moving away from copper cabling which is what twisted

copper cabling which is what twisted

copper cabling which is what twisted pair and coaxial is let's look at fiber

pair and coaxial is let's look at fiber

pair and coaxial is let's look at fiber optic cabling which is cable that uses

optic cabling which is cable that uses

optic cabling which is cable that uses pulses of light sent down glass or

pulses of light sent down glass or

pulses of light sent down glass or plastic core

plastic core

plastic core the components in fiber optic cables

the components in fiber optic cables

the components in fiber optic cables start out from the center working their

start out from the center working their

start out from the center working their way out so the inner strengthening Rod

way out so the inner strengthening Rod

way out so the inner strengthening Rod gives the cable its most most of its

gives the cable its most most of its

gives the cable its most most of its rigidity otherwise we would just sort of

rigidity otherwise we would just sort of

rigidity otherwise we would just sort of crack this stuff because it's very thin

crack this stuff because it's very thin

crack this stuff because it's very thin so we have something that's going to

so we have something that's going to

so we have something that's going to strengthen the rod and then the outside

strengthen the rod and then the outside

strengthen the rod and then the outside of the inner strengthening Rod there is

of the inner strengthening Rod there is

of the inner strengthening Rod there is filler compound in between the strands

filler compound in between the strands

filler compound in between the strands of cable

of cable

of cable at the center of these individual

at the center of these individual

at the center of these individual strands is the fiber core which is

strands is the fiber core which is

strands is the fiber core which is between 5 and 100 microns in a diameter

between 5 and 100 microns in a diameter

between 5 and 100 microns in a diameter and I don't know if you are familiar

and I don't know if you are familiar

and I don't know if you are familiar with that term Micron but that is very

with that term Micron but that is very

with that term Micron but that is very small that's roughly

small that's roughly

small that's roughly um slightly larger than like I think a

um slightly larger than like I think a

um slightly larger than like I think a human hair so just to give you a context

human hair so just to give you a context

human hair so just to give you a context there

there

there surrounding the glass or the core which

surrounding the glass or the core which

surrounding the glass or the core which might be made of plastic as well is what

might be made of plastic as well is what

might be made of plastic as well is what we call Core cladding which is

we call Core cladding which is

we call Core cladding which is responsible for trapping the light in

responsible for trapping the light in

responsible for trapping the light in the core and reflecting it in a

the core and reflecting it in a

the core and reflecting it in a particular way depending on the cable

particular way depending on the cable

particular way depending on the cable mode and on the outside of the course

mode and on the outside of the course

mode and on the outside of the course cladding there's a buffer that is color

cladding there's a buffer that is color

cladding there's a buffer that is color coded so a technician knows which strand

coded so a technician knows which strand

coded so a technician knows which strand they're working on

they're working on

they're working on next we have strengthening fibers that

next we have strengthening fibers that

next we have strengthening fibers that are typically made from very strong

are typically made from very strong

are typically made from very strong material and finally on the outside is

material and finally on the outside is

material and finally on the outside is an outer protective layer called the

an outer protective layer called the

an outer protective layer called the jacket the transmission method again

jacket the transmission method again

jacket the transmission method again utilizes pulses of light

utilizes pulses of light

utilizes pulses of light these lights can come from LEDs or light

these lights can come from LEDs or light

these lights can come from LEDs or light emitting diodes in cases where there is

emitting diodes in cases where there is

emitting diodes in cases where there is a slower Network or in network with a

a slower Network or in network with a

a slower Network or in network with a much faster connection we might even

much faster connection we might even

much faster connection we might even have a laser

have a laser

have a laser now there are different types of fiber

now there are different types of fiber

now there are different types of fiber modes and as an as a network plus

modes and as an as a network plus

modes and as an as a network plus administrator you need to be familiar

administrator you need to be familiar

administrator you need to be familiar with the different methods of

with the different methods of

with the different methods of transmission for each

transmission for each

transmission for each in single mode fiber only one single

in single mode fiber only one single

in single mode fiber only one single beam of light passes through the core

beam of light passes through the core

beam of light passes through the core now a bandwidth of up to about 30

now a bandwidth of up to about 30

now a bandwidth of up to about 30 megahertz megahertz can be reached and

megahertz megahertz can be reached and

megahertz megahertz can be reached and the signal is modulated by intensity to

the signal is modulated by intensity to

the signal is modulated by intensity to transmit data so the intensity

transmit data so the intensity

transmit data so the intensity determines the data

determines the data

determines the data with the next thing we look at is Step

with the next thing we look at is Step

with the next thing we look at is Step index multi-mode fiber the core of the

index multi-mode fiber the core of the

index multi-mode fiber the core of the fiber and the clouding surrounded it

fiber and the clouding surrounded it

fiber and the clouding surrounded it surrounding it rather have different

surrounding it rather have different

surrounding it rather have different indices by the way if you're not

indices by the way if you're not

indices by the way if you're not familiar with that word that's the

familiar with that word that's the

familiar with that word that's the plural for index of refraction if that's

plural for index of refraction if that's

plural for index of refraction if that's a little confusing that means that they

a little confusing that means that they

a little confusing that means that they have different densities which changes

have different densities which changes

have different densities which changes the speed and velocity of the light that

the speed and velocity of the light that

the speed and velocity of the light that travels through the medium so when the

travels through the medium so when the

travels through the medium so when the velocity changes it's called the step

velocity changes it's called the step

velocity changes it's called the step down this is why we have step index

down this is why we have step index

down this is why we have step index finally we have something called graded

finally we have something called graded

finally we have something called graded index multi-mode fiber this has a core

index multi-mode fiber this has a core

index multi-mode fiber this has a core glass a glass core rather that itself

glass a glass core rather that itself

glass a glass core rather that itself has differences in variations in the

has differences in variations in the

has differences in variations in the form and that allows for a large amount

form and that allows for a large amount

form and that allows for a large amount of bandwidth that reaches up to about

of bandwidth that reaches up to about

of bandwidth that reaches up to about two gigahertz

two gigahertz

two gigahertz now the thing I want you to remember

now the thing I want you to remember

now the thing I want you to remember most about single mode versus multi-mode

most about single mode versus multi-mode

most about single mode versus multi-mode I wouldn't worry so much about the

I wouldn't worry so much about the

I wouldn't worry so much about the graded index and step index but what you

graded index and step index but what you

graded index and step index but what you do want to remember is that single mode

do want to remember is that single mode

do want to remember is that single mode is good for longer distances but not as

is good for longer distances but not as

is good for longer distances but not as high transfer speeds multi-mode is good

high transfer speeds multi-mode is good

high transfer speeds multi-mode is good for short distances and uh higher

for short distances and uh higher

for short distances and uh higher transfer speeds think about it this way

transfer speeds think about it this way

transfer speeds think about it this way if I have a very large bus I'm going to

if I have a very large bus I'm going to

if I have a very large bus I'm going to be able to carry more people uh in a in

be able to carry more people uh in a in

be able to carry more people uh in a in a shorter distance if I have a sports

a shorter distance if I have a sports

a shorter distance if I have a sports car I might be able to carry one person

car I might be able to carry one person

car I might be able to carry one person or two people but we'll go a lot faster

or two people but we'll go a lot faster

or two people but we'll go a lot faster so you can think about it that way

so you can think about it that way

so you can think about it that way now St connectors or straight tip

now St connectors or straight tip

now St connectors or straight tip connectors are one of the most common

connectors are one of the most common

connectors are one of the most common you're going to see today they look very

you're going to see today they look very

you're going to see today they look very similar to the coaxial BNC connector and

similar to the coaxial BNC connector and

similar to the coaxial BNC connector and uh one way you can remember it is you

uh one way you can remember it is you

uh one way you can remember it is you have to twist them on and I think about

have to twist them on and I think about

have to twist them on and I think about that t for Twist the SC or otherwise

that t for Twist the SC or otherwise

that t for Twist the SC or otherwise known as a subscriber connector is also

known as a subscriber connector is also

known as a subscriber connector is also one of the most common connectors so you

one of the most common connectors so you

one of the most common connectors so you want to recognize that one as well

want to recognize that one as well

want to recognize that one as well we also have something called the LC

we also have something called the LC

we also have something called the LC connector which looks almost like an

connector which looks almost like an

connector which looks almost like an RJ45 type connector and it snaps in

RJ45 type connector and it snaps in

RJ45 type connector and it snaps in place it's also about half the size of

place it's also about half the size of

place it's also about half the size of an st and SC connector

an st and SC connector

an st and SC connector I also want to show you some of the

I also want to show you some of the

I also want to show you some of the other connectors that are listed on the

other connectors that are listed on the

other connectors that are listed on the outline although I don't see them much

outline although I don't see them much

outline although I don't see them much on the exam uh an mtrj or mechanical

on the exam uh an mtrj or mechanical

on the exam uh an mtrj or mechanical transfer register Jack which is also

transfer register Jack which is also

transfer register Jack which is also called a fiber Jack it's it's again just

called a fiber Jack it's it's again just

called a fiber Jack it's it's again just like the same size as an RJ45 and it's

like the same size as an RJ45 and it's

like the same size as an RJ45 and it's usually used to connect two strands of

usually used to connect two strands of

usually used to connect two strands of fiber together

fiber together

fiber together there's also a few other connectors uh

there's also a few other connectors uh

there's also a few other connectors uh FC which is face contact uh it's used in

FC which is face contact uh it's used in

FC which is face contact uh it's used in industrial environments uh it has a

industrial environments uh it has a

industrial environments uh it has a different Center that sort of gives it

different Center that sort of gives it

different Center that sort of gives it more strength there's also something in

more strength there's also something in

more strength there's also something in this this you will see is called fuddy

this this you will see is called fuddy

this this you will see is called fuddy or Fiber distributed data interface

or Fiber distributed data interface

or Fiber distributed data interface which can also be called uh mic or SMA

which can also be called uh mic or SMA

which can also be called uh mic or SMA or sub miniature assembly all these

or sub miniature assembly all these

or sub miniature assembly all these different names it's an older connector

different names it's an older connector

different names it's an older connector and it's uh one of the original

and it's uh one of the original

and it's uh one of the original connectors that was used

connectors that was used

connectors that was used now because of the different

now because of the different

now because of the different technologies that are available for

technologies that are available for

technologies that are available for networks today it may become necessary

networks today it may become necessary

networks today it may become necessary to go from one type of medium to the

to go from one type of medium to the

to go from one type of medium to the other in some of these cases we have to

other in some of these cases we have to

other in some of these cases we have to utilize what's called a media converter

utilize what's called a media converter

utilize what's called a media converter here are a couple common media

here are a couple common media

here are a couple common media converters you may have come across in

converters you may have come across in

converters you may have come across in certain networking environments

certain networking environments

certain networking environments now there are media converters that

now there are media converters that

now there are media converters that convert signals on fiber to coaxial

convert signals on fiber to coaxial

convert signals on fiber to coaxial cable when you're converting

cable when you're converting

cable when you're converting um

um

um multi-mode fiber into ethernet in order

multi-mode fiber into ethernet in order

multi-mode fiber into ethernet in order to extend the ethernet network over a

to extend the ethernet network over a

to extend the ethernet network over a fiber backbone we also have similar to

fiber backbone we also have similar to

fiber backbone we also have similar to multi-mode fiber there are also

multi-mode fiber there are also

multi-mode fiber there are also converters that go from single mode

converters that go from single mode

converters that go from single mode fiber to ethernet as well which is for

fiber to ethernet as well which is for

fiber to ethernet as well which is for the same purpose generally speaking

the same purpose generally speaking

the same purpose generally speaking we're going to see more multi-mode in

we're going to see more multi-mode in

we're going to see more multi-mode in the backbone environment because it's a

the backbone environment because it's a

the backbone environment because it's a shorter distance high high throughput

shorter distance high high throughput

shorter distance high high throughput lastly there's also something a single

lastly there's also something a single

lastly there's also something a single mode which converts to multi-mode fiber

mode which converts to multi-mode fiber

mode which converts to multi-mode fiber these connectors are generally used to

these connectors are generally used to

these connectors are generally used to extend the range of multi-mode signals

extend the range of multi-mode signals

extend the range of multi-mode signals now the Tia eia which we've already

now the Tia eia which we've already

now the Tia eia which we've already mentioned the organization

mentioned the organization

mentioned the organization telecommunications industry Association

telecommunications industry Association

telecommunications industry Association electronic Industries Association uh

electronic Industries Association uh

electronic Industries Association uh created standards for all this cabling

created standards for all this cabling

created standards for all this cabling that covers the proper implementation

that covers the proper implementation

that covers the proper implementation design and maintenance to ensure that

design and maintenance to ensure that

design and maintenance to ensure that there's a certain level of performance

there's a certain level of performance

there's a certain level of performance that's met and that's also going to

that's met and that's also going to

that's met and that's also going to ensure that if someone else comes into

ensure that if someone else comes into

ensure that if someone else comes into your environment they know what they're

your environment they know what they're

your environment they know what they're getting themselves into now there's six

getting themselves into now there's six

getting themselves into now there's six uh the standard is comprised into six

uh the standard is comprised into six

uh the standard is comprised into six different categories and it's important

different categories and it's important

different categories and it's important that you actually know these for the

that you actually know these for the

that you actually know these for the exam this by the way is called

exam this by the way is called

exam this by the way is called structured cabling

structured cabling

structured cabling so first we have something called

so first we have something called

so first we have something called entrance facilities and this covers the

entrance facilities and this covers the

entrance facilities and this covers the entrance of the Communication Service

entrance of the Communication Service

entrance of the Communication Service into the building and this includes

into the building and this includes

into the building and this includes What's called the demarcation point

What's called the demarcation point

What's called the demarcation point the demarcation point is that point at

the demarcation point is that point at

the demarcation point is that point at which the responsibility of the network

which the responsibility of the network

which the responsibility of the network changes from you to your ISP or from

changes from you to your ISP or from

changes from you to your ISP or from your isptu or your company it also

your isptu or your company it also

your isptu or your company it also contains the backbone connections as

contains the backbone connections as

contains the backbone connections as well

well

well next we have the backbone wiring which

next we have the backbone wiring which

next we have the backbone wiring which is the wiring connection that goes from

is the wiring connection that goes from

is the wiring connection that goes from the communications closet to the

the communications closet to the

the communications closet to the equipment rooms so the characteristic of

equipment rooms so the characteristic of

equipment rooms so the characteristic of this wiring is going to depend on the

this wiring is going to depend on the

this wiring is going to depend on the type of media chosen such as copper or

type of media chosen such as copper or

type of media chosen such as copper or Fiber but nonetheless we need to make

Fiber but nonetheless we need to make

Fiber but nonetheless we need to make sure it's it's very sturdy and also very

sure it's it's very sturdy and also very

sure it's it's very sturdy and also very fast

fast

fast the equipment room now uh so we've gone

the equipment room now uh so we've gone

the equipment room now uh so we've gone from uh dmarc to Backbone or uh we've

from uh dmarc to Backbone or uh we've

from uh dmarc to Backbone or uh we've gone from entrance facility or dmarc to

gone from entrance facility or dmarc to

gone from entrance facility or dmarc to Backbone to equipment the equipment room

Backbone to equipment the equipment room

Backbone to equipment the equipment room is the point of termination for the

is the point of termination for the

is the point of termination for the backbone wiring it's also called the MCC

backbone wiring it's also called the MCC

backbone wiring it's also called the MCC or the main cross contact and this can

or the main cross contact and this can

or the main cross contact and this can also be considered what I've seen it

also be considered what I've seen it

also be considered what I've seen it more considered on the network plus exam

more considered on the network plus exam

more considered on the network plus exam the MDF or the main distribution frame

the MDF or the main distribution frame

the MDF or the main distribution frame we're going to talk more about this

we're going to talk more about this

we're going to talk more about this shortly

shortly

shortly the next portion of structured cabling

the next portion of structured cabling

the next portion of structured cabling are the Telecommunications closets so

are the Telecommunications closets so

are the Telecommunications closets so these are contain the connection

these are contain the connection

these are contain the connection equipment for any of the nearby

equipment for any of the nearby

equipment for any of the nearby workstations as well as the connections

workstations as well as the connections

workstations as well as the connections between any Communications that

between any Communications that

between any Communications that cross-connect

cross-connect

cross-connect we also have something called horizontal

we also have something called horizontal

we also have something called horizontal wiring which is the cable and that goes

wiring which is the cable and that goes

wiring which is the cable and that goes between workstations and the

between workstations and the

between workstations and the Telecommunications closet and this is

Telecommunications closet and this is

Telecommunications closet and this is typically in the wall in the ceiling

typically in the wall in the ceiling

typically in the wall in the ceiling finally

finally

finally we have the work area which is

we have the work area which is

we have the work area which is everything coming from the wall outlet

everything coming from the wall outlet

everything coming from the wall outlet to the workstation so this is the face

to the workstation so this is the face

to the workstation so this is the face plate connectors wiring and so on so you

plate connectors wiring and so on so you

plate connectors wiring and so on so you can see that we're going from the sort

can see that we're going from the sort

can see that we're going from the sort of main point in our building that

of main point in our building that

of main point in our building that entrance where the D mark happens where

entrance where the D mark happens where

entrance where the D mark happens where the ISP the internet comes into our

the ISP the internet comes into our

the ISP the internet comes into our building all the way down to the

building all the way down to the

building all the way down to the workstation or the user

workstation or the user

workstation or the user the Tia eia has also set out a

the Tia eia has also set out a

the Tia eia has also set out a specification of standards that line out

specification of standards that line out

specification of standards that line out minimum performance levels for Network

minimum performance levels for Network

minimum performance levels for Network media in uh commercial environments now

media in uh commercial environments now

media in uh commercial environments now these standards are 568 a b and c we saw

these standards are 568 a b and c we saw

these standards are 568 a b and c we saw earlier the t568 A and B which were the

earlier the t568 A and B which were the

earlier the t568 A and B which were the standards for uh cabling colored Twisted

standards for uh cabling colored Twisted

standards for uh cabling colored Twisted Pairs and how they should be arranged

Pairs and how they should be arranged

Pairs and how they should be arranged and terminated but there are also some

and terminated but there are also some

and terminated but there are also some other specific attributes that you need

other specific attributes that you need

other specific attributes that you need to be aware of

to be aware of

to be aware of the 568a specification is an older

the 568a specification is an older

the 568a specification is an older standard it's governed uh it governed

standard it's governed uh it governed

standard it's governed uh it governed data voice video and commercial

data voice video and commercial

data voice video and commercial buildings and it's basically been

buildings and it's basically been

buildings and it's basically been outdated and superseded nowadays by 568a

outdated and superseded nowadays by 568a

outdated and superseded nowadays by 568a sorry B and C standards the B

sorry B and C standards the B

sorry B and C standards the B specification now is an earlier standard

specification now is an earlier standard

specification now is an earlier standard still in use quite frequently that

still in use quite frequently that

still in use quite frequently that defines minimum performance levels for

defines minimum performance levels for

defines minimum performance levels for cabling including twisted pair

cabling including twisted pair

cabling including twisted pair performance minimums uh shielded Twisted

performance minimums uh shielded Twisted

performance minimums uh shielded Twisted paramums fiber optic standards and Etc

paramums fiber optic standards and Etc

paramums fiber optic standards and Etc portions of this are now Obsolete and

portions of this are now Obsolete and

portions of this are now Obsolete and have been replaced by 568c the 568c

have been replaced by 568c the 568c

have been replaced by 568c the 568c standard

standard

standard which is the current specification

which is the current specification

which is the current specification that's set out designates minimums for

that's set out designates minimums for

that's set out designates minimums for optimizing Network media performance in

optimizing Network media performance in

optimizing Network media performance in commercial buildings currently it

commercial buildings currently it

commercial buildings currently it specifies cat 6A as the media type that

specifies cat 6A as the media type that

specifies cat 6A as the media type that is recommended so again the 568 A and B

is recommended so again the 568 A and B

is recommended so again the 568 A and B the T5 to 68 A and B that we saw earlier

the T5 to 68 A and B that we saw earlier

the T5 to 68 A and B that we saw earlier those are how everything is cabled those

those are how everything is cabled those

those are how everything is cabled those fall under the umbrella of the more

fall under the umbrella of the more

fall under the umbrella of the more General 568 a b and c standards which

General 568 a b and c standards which

General 568 a b and c standards which speak more to Performance

speak more to Performance

speak more to Performance now while the Tia and the eia have

now while the Tia and the eia have

now while the Tia and the eia have established uh standards for structured

established uh standards for structured

established uh standards for structured cabling

cabling

cabling premise wiring uh

premise wiring uh

premise wiring uh the terms that we're going to use are

the terms that we're going to use are

the terms that we're going to use are industry-wide so although there might be

industry-wide so although there might be

industry-wide so although there might be these standards the terms you're going

these standards the terms you're going

these standards the terms you're going to see over and over again

to see over and over again

to see over and over again hierarchical cabling is recognized and

hierarchical cabling is recognized and

hierarchical cabling is recognized and used which is what we're talking about

used which is what we're talking about

used which is what we're talking about when we talk about premise wiring

when we talk about premise wiring

when we talk about premise wiring everywhere

everywhere

everywhere it's a telecommunications design

it's a telecommunications design

it's a telecommunications design tradition that basically allows for main

tradition that basically allows for main

tradition that basically allows for main cross connects or MCCS to be connected

cross connects or MCCS to be connected

cross connects or MCCS to be connected to what are called iccs or intermediate

to what are called iccs or intermediate

to what are called iccs or intermediate cross connects in a star topology with

cross connects in a star topology with

cross connects in a star topology with horizontal cross connects in most cases

horizontal cross connects in most cases

horizontal cross connects in most cases you're probably going to see the terms

you're probably going to see the terms

you're probably going to see the terms wiring closet MDF or main distribution

wiring closet MDF or main distribution

wiring closet MDF or main distribution frame and IDF or intermediate

frame and IDF or intermediate

frame and IDF or intermediate distribution frame instead of MCC and

distribution frame instead of MCC and

distribution frame instead of MCC and ICC however they're both used

ICC however they're both used

ICC however they're both used interchangeably so I just want to take a

interchangeably so I just want to take a

interchangeably so I just want to take a look at some of the components that make

look at some of the components that make

look at some of the components that make up this premise wiring right now

up this premise wiring right now

up this premise wiring right now the patch panel is the connection point

the patch panel is the connection point

the patch panel is the connection point for drop cables and patch cables they're

for drop cables and patch cables they're

for drop cables and patch cables they're connected to the patch panel via the

connected to the patch panel via the

connected to the patch panel via the RJ45 connectors that we saw with twisted

RJ45 connectors that we saw with twisted

RJ45 connectors that we saw with twisted pair now you might find a patch cable

pair now you might find a patch cable

pair now you might find a patch cable with a single row of connections or one

with a single row of connections or one

with a single row of connections or one with a dozen or more rows now a drop

with a dozen or more rows now a drop

with a dozen or more rows now a drop cable what I just mentioned is the cable

cable what I just mentioned is the cable

cable what I just mentioned is the cable that goes from the workstation and the

that goes from the workstation and the

that goes from the workstation and the network devices to the wall

network devices to the wall

network devices to the wall a patch cable is a cable that is

a patch cable is a cable that is

a patch cable is a cable that is connected to the patch panel and

connected to the patch panel and

connected to the patch panel and connects two drop cables this cable

connects two drop cables this cable

connects two drop cables this cable might be either a normal straight

might be either a normal straight

might be either a normal straight through cable or a crossover cable which

through cable or a crossover cable which

through cable or a crossover cable which is something I mentioned earlier that

is something I mentioned earlier that

is something I mentioned earlier that crossover cable has one end that has the

crossover cable has one end that has the

crossover cable has one end that has the 568a wiring and the other end that has

568a wiring and the other end that has

568a wiring and the other end that has 568 B wiring this is in order to connect

568 B wiring this is in order to connect

568 B wiring this is in order to connect two like devices such as computers or

two like devices such as computers or

two like devices such as computers or switches directly to each other remember

switches directly to each other remember

switches directly to each other remember the pin out on these is different

the pin out on these is different

the pin out on these is different because the one and two pins are

because the one and two pins are

because the one and two pins are switched on one end with the three and

switched on one end with the three and

switched on one end with the three and six pins so this allows data to go

six pins so this allows data to go

six pins so this allows data to go directly between two devices a lot of

directly between two devices a lot of

directly between two devices a lot of devices nowadays however don't require

devices nowadays however don't require

devices nowadays however don't require the crossover cable uh because they have

the crossover cable uh because they have

the crossover cable uh because they have an auto sort of sensing feature within

an auto sort of sensing feature within

an auto sort of sensing feature within them now a patch panel and patch cables

them now a patch panel and patch cables

them now a patch panel and patch cables are located in wiring closets

are located in wiring closets

are located in wiring closets the IDF is the communications connection

the IDF is the communications connection

the IDF is the communications connection point or cable rack that connects all

point or cable rack that connects all

point or cable rack that connects all the workstations to the MDF or the main

the workstations to the MDF or the main

the workstations to the MDF or the main distribution frame the main distribution

distribution frame the main distribution

distribution frame the main distribution frame MDF is the main connection point

frame MDF is the main connection point

frame MDF is the main connection point or cable rack that distributes cables

or cable rack that distributes cables

or cable rack that distributes cables from itself to all the other idfs now

from itself to all the other idfs now

from itself to all the other idfs now there's only going to be one MDF but

there's only going to be one MDF but

there's only going to be one MDF but there can be many idfs the wiring closet

there can be many idfs the wiring closet

there can be many idfs the wiring closet is a room where the patch panels are

is a room where the patch panels are

is a room where the patch panels are installed and the wiring runs through it

installed and the wiring runs through it

installed and the wiring runs through it too

too

too so here we have a building where we have

so here we have a building where we have

so here we have a building where we have an MDF on the bottom floor and an IDF on

an MDF on the bottom floor and an IDF on

an MDF on the bottom floor and an IDF on each of the floors above the connections

each of the floors above the connections

each of the floors above the connections going from the idfs through the walls go

going from the idfs through the walls go

going from the idfs through the walls go to the workstations then there is a

to the workstations then there is a

to the workstations then there is a connection that's typically much faster

connection that's typically much faster

connection that's typically much faster than the rest of the network that goes

than the rest of the network that goes

than the rest of the network that goes between the idfs and the MDF

between the idfs and the MDF

between the idfs and the MDF when installing Cable in a building

when installing Cable in a building

when installing Cable in a building there are fire code requirements that

there are fire code requirements that

there are fire code requirements that have to be met

have to be met

have to be met specifically when you're running cable

specifically when you're running cable

specifically when you're running cable and air handling spaces which are like

and air handling spaces which are like

and air handling spaces which are like under floors and in walls most of the

under floors and in walls most of the

under floors and in walls most of the fire codes require a specific cable

fire codes require a specific cable

fire codes require a specific cable PVC cabling which is the typically

PVC cabling which is the typically

PVC cabling which is the typically standard network cable that's fairly

standard network cable that's fairly

standard network cable that's fairly inexpensive and easy to work with allows

inexpensive and easy to work with allows

inexpensive and easy to work with allows allows fire to travel through the cable

allows fire to travel through the cable

allows fire to travel through the cable if it berms and then it releases these

if it berms and then it releases these

if it berms and then it releases these poisonous and noxious fumes so as a

poisonous and noxious fumes so as a

poisonous and noxious fumes so as a result plenum grade cabling which is

result plenum grade cabling which is

result plenum grade cabling which is part of the uh plenum or a plenum space

part of the uh plenum or a plenum space

part of the uh plenum or a plenum space is part of a building that is used for

is part of a building that is used for

is part of a building that is used for air circulation and HVAC systems and so

air circulation and HVAC systems and so

air circulation and HVAC systems and so on by providing Pathways either that are

on by providing Pathways either that are

on by providing Pathways either that are heated conditioned or have return

heated conditioned or have return

heated conditioned or have return airflows

airflows

airflows space between the structural floor and

space between the structural floor and

space between the structural floor and the dropped ceiling or under a raised

the dropped ceiling or under a raised

the dropped ceiling or under a raised floor is what's called plenum so we have

floor is what's called plenum so we have

floor is what's called plenum so we have some special cabling called plenum

some special cabling called plenum

some special cabling called plenum cabling this is jacketing that's wrapped

cabling this is jacketing that's wrapped

cabling this is jacketing that's wrapped around the wires very tightly and it

around the wires very tightly and it

around the wires very tightly and it prevents fire from moving through it

prevents fire from moving through it

prevents fire from moving through it therefore it's not going to put off

therefore it's not going to put off

therefore it's not going to put off those noxious and poisonous fumes it

those noxious and poisonous fumes it

those noxious and poisonous fumes it also makes the cable a lot more

also makes the cable a lot more

also makes the cable a lot more expensive and it can be a lot difficult

expensive and it can be a lot difficult

expensive and it can be a lot difficult a lot more difficult to work with at

a lot more difficult to work with at

a lot more difficult to work with at times however it is required by fire

times however it is required by fire

times however it is required by fire code that if you're running cabling in

code that if you're running cabling in

code that if you're running cabling in between these spaces where there is no

between these spaces where there is no

between these spaces where there is no sort of

sort of

sort of sprinkler system to put out the fire

sprinkler system to put out the fire

sprinkler system to put out the fire that you use plenum grade cabling that's

that you use plenum grade cabling that's

that you use plenum grade cabling that's important all right so now let's go over

important all right so now let's go over

important all right so now let's go over what we learned first we defined Network

what we learned first we defined Network

what we learned first we defined Network media as well as what bounded media is

media as well as what bounded media is

media as well as what bounded media is we're going to talk about unbounded

we're going to talk about unbounded

we're going to talk about unbounded media a little bit later we also

media a little bit later we also

media a little bit later we also describe the different types of copper

describe the different types of copper

describe the different types of copper media including the different types of

media including the different types of

media including the different types of Stan shielded twisted pair and

Stan shielded twisted pair and

Stan shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair and the

unshielded twisted pair and the

unshielded twisted pair and the difference between those remember

difference between those remember

difference between those remember shielded it protects from Emi unshielded

shielded it protects from Emi unshielded

shielded it protects from Emi unshielded does not and we discussed a few of the

does not and we discussed a few of the

does not and we discussed a few of the standards that are set by the Tia eia

standards that are set by the Tia eia

standards that are set by the Tia eia including 568 a b and c and remember

including 568 a b and c and remember

including 568 a b and c and remember that's we also have the 568 A and B

that's we also have the 568 A and B

that's we also have the 568 A and B wiring requirements which fall under

wiring requirements which fall under

wiring requirements which fall under these we also looked at the different

these we also looked at the different

these we also looked at the different connector types not only for the twisted

connector types not only for the twisted

connector types not only for the twisted pair which is that RJ45 but for coaxial

pair which is that RJ45 but for coaxial

pair which is that RJ45 but for coaxial like the BNC and fiber such as St or SC

like the BNC and fiber such as St or SC

like the BNC and fiber such as St or SC and we looked at structured cabling and

and we looked at structured cabling and

and we looked at structured cabling and premise wiring where we also talked

premise wiring where we also talked

premise wiring where we also talked about the differences and this is

about the differences and this is

about the differences and this is important between PVC cabling

important between PVC cabling

important between PVC cabling and plenum grade cabling

[Music]

welcome to module 2 lesson 1A straight

welcome to module 2 lesson 1A straight

welcome to module 2 lesson 1A straight through crossover and rollover cables

through crossover and rollover cables

through crossover and rollover cables we've actually covered some of this

we've actually covered some of this

we've actually covered some of this already in earlier lessons but what I've

already in earlier lessons but what I've

already in earlier lessons but what I've done is added upgrades for the new exam

done is added upgrades for the new exam

done is added upgrades for the new exam syllabus so consider some of it a

syllabus so consider some of it a

syllabus so consider some of it a refresher and um some of the new

refresher and um some of the new

refresher and um some of the new material

material

material so we're still under Network Hardware

so we're still under Network Hardware

so we're still under Network Hardware media bounded Network media

media bounded Network media

media bounded Network media a few of the objectives

a few of the objectives

a few of the objectives looking at modular connectors the

looking at modular connectors the

looking at modular connectors the t568a and B wiring schemes MDI and mdix

t568a and B wiring schemes MDI and mdix

t568a and B wiring schemes MDI and mdix straight through cables

straight through cables

straight through cables crossover cable and then Auto

crossover cable and then Auto

crossover cable and then Auto mdix which is a bit of a mouthful

mdix which is a bit of a mouthful

mdix which is a bit of a mouthful and uh another cable you'll be using

and uh another cable you'll be using

and uh another cable you'll be using regularly as a network engineer which is

regularly as a network engineer which is

regularly as a network engineer which is a rollover cable

a rollover cable

a rollover cable they've got different names actually

they've got different names actually

they've got different names actually they can be called console cables if

they can be called console cables if

they can be called console cables if you're working in the Cisco side of

you're working in the Cisco side of

you're working in the Cisco side of things we tend to call them rollover

things we tend to call them rollover

things we tend to call them rollover cables or flat cables

cables or flat cables

cables or flat cables but I'm sure you'll find out wherever

but I'm sure you'll find out wherever

but I'm sure you'll find out wherever you end up working what uh

you end up working what uh

you end up working what uh what they're called so modular

what they're called so modular

what they're called so modular connectors

connectors

connectors a type of electrical Electric electrical

a type of electrical Electric electrical

a type of electrical Electric electrical connector that's commonly used in the

connector that's commonly used in the

connector that's commonly used in the following systems we'll see these in a

following systems we'll see these in a

following systems we'll see these in a telephone systems data networks which is

telephone systems data networks which is

telephone systems data networks which is what we're more interested in as Network

what we're more interested in as Network

what we're more interested in as Network engineers

engineers

engineers low speed serial connections can also

low speed serial connections can also

low speed serial connections can also use them

use them

use them and now by the following names RJ which

and now by the following names RJ which

and now by the following names RJ which is short for registered Jack

is short for registered Jack

is short for registered Jack modular phone jack stroke plug

modular phone jack stroke plug

modular phone jack stroke plug uh Western Jack stroke plug

uh Western Jack stroke plug

uh Western Jack stroke plug just go back there you can see the port

just go back there you can see the port

just go back there you can see the port which is the interface that the module

which is the interface that the module

which is the interface that the module modular connector goes into and then the

modular connector goes into and then the

modular connector goes into and then the physical layer which will specify um a

physical layer which will specify um a

physical layer which will specify um a whole bunch of things like the voltage

whole bunch of things like the voltage

whole bunch of things like the voltage on the wire and how many wires and or

on the wire and how many wires and or

on the wire and how many wires and or teach wire is used for some of them are

teach wire is used for some of them are

teach wire is used for some of them are unused and um as the connections get uh

unused and um as the connections get uh

unused and um as the connections get uh quicker

quicker

quicker and the engine is worked out how to use

and the engine is worked out how to use

and the engine is worked out how to use spare air wires to increase speed which

spare air wires to increase speed which

spare air wires to increase speed which you'll see in a bit the male modular

you'll see in a bit the male modular

you'll see in a bit the male modular connector is known as a plug

connector is known as a plug

connector is known as a plug uh basically the cable

uh basically the cable

uh basically the cable um is terminated inside here normally

um is terminated inside here normally

um is terminated inside here normally you do buy these however

you do buy these however

you do buy these however um if you become a cabling engineer

um if you become a cabling engineer

um if you become a cabling engineer you can have your own tools to make your

you can have your own tools to make your

you can have your own tools to make your own network cables I did it for a while

own network cables I did it for a while

own network cables I did it for a while I can't say it was particularly

I can't say it was particularly

I can't say it was particularly um a lot of fun

um a lot of fun

um a lot of fun but it did pay pretty well

but it did pay pretty well

but it did pay pretty well a female modular connector is known as a

a female modular connector is known as a

a female modular connector is known as a Jack or socket

Jack or socket

Jack or socket used on fixed locations

used on fixed locations

used on fixed locations um such as on equipment

um such as on equipment

um such as on equipment uh example of the module modular

uh example of the module modular

uh example of the module modular connector is the 8 p8c connector uh I

connector is the 8 p8c connector uh I

connector is the 8 p8c connector uh I think Josh may have referred to that

think Josh may have referred to that

think Josh may have referred to that elsewhere

elsewhere

elsewhere but here we go here's a an image of one

but here we go here's a an image of one

but here we go here's a an image of one uh using ethernet computer network that

uh using ethernet computer network that

uh using ethernet computer network that uses the twisted pair cables for

uses the twisted pair cables for

uses the twisted pair cables for connection which is pretty much every

connection which is pretty much every

connection which is pretty much every Network now unless you went into some

Network now unless you went into some

Network now unless you went into some old basement

old basement

old basement um or some odd unit somewhere

um or some odd unit somewhere

um or some odd unit somewhere commonly referred to as RJ45 it

commonly referred to as RJ45 it

commonly referred to as RJ45 it resembles the connectors you'd have on

resembles the connectors you'd have on

resembles the connectors you'd have on many phones we have at home which uses

many phones we have at home which uses

many phones we have at home which uses an RJ 11

an RJ 11

an RJ 11 telephone cables But as time goes on

telephone cables But as time goes on

telephone cables But as time goes on these will all be changing and I think a

these will all be changing and I think a

these will all be changing and I think a lot of people don't really even use

lot of people don't really even use

lot of people don't really even use their home phones much anymore

their home phones much anymore

their home phones much anymore uh has nothing to do with the actual

uh has nothing to do with the actual

uh has nothing to do with the actual RJ45 standard

RJ45 standard

RJ45 standard looking at the um t568 A and B wiring

looking at the um t568 A and B wiring

looking at the um t568 A and B wiring schemes

schemes

schemes these are the specifications in more

these are the specifications in more

these are the specifications in more detail it's a four pair 100 ohm and

detail it's a four pair 100 ohm and

detail it's a four pair 100 ohm and shielded twisted their cable

shielded twisted their cable

shielded twisted their cable and

and

and usually terminated into an a position

usually terminated into an a position

usually terminated into an a position modular Jack

modular Jack

modular Jack now there's two wiring schemes five six

now there's two wiring schemes five six

now there's two wiring schemes five six eight a five six eight B

eight a five six eight B

eight a five six eight B this defines the pin out and the Order

this defines the pin out and the Order

this defines the pin out and the Order of the connections and this is very

of the connections and this is very

of the connections and this is very important we can't just connect any

important we can't just connect any

important we can't just connect any color cable

color cable

color cable um inside and attach them to any of the

um inside and attach them to any of the

um inside and attach them to any of the pins on them on the end there has to be

pins on them on the end there has to be

pins on them on the end there has to be a specific order depending on what we're

a specific order depending on what we're

a specific order depending on what we're trying to achieve

trying to achieve

trying to achieve you can obviously buy the cable it comes

you can obviously buy the cable it comes

you can obviously buy the cable it comes off um big rolls it could be a few

off um big rolls it could be a few

off um big rolls it could be a few hundred meters long and it's twisted

hundred meters long and it's twisted

hundred meters long and it's twisted into one two three four pairs there

into one two three four pairs there

into one two three four pairs there and they can be just untwisted slightly

and they can be just untwisted slightly

and they can be just untwisted slightly at the end and then the you can see the

at the end and then the you can see the

at the end and then the you can see the blue shielding there is normally

blue shielding there is normally

blue shielding there is normally inserted just enough so it um catches

inserted just enough so it um catches

inserted just enough so it um catches inside the Jack and then you've got a

inside the Jack and then you've got a

inside the Jack and then you've got a crimping tool which squeezes it onto the

crimping tool which squeezes it onto the

crimping tool which squeezes it onto the plastic connector on the end

plastic connector on the end

plastic connector on the end now we as I said we need to know which

now we as I said we need to know which

now we as I said we need to know which wire of the cable connects to which pin

wire of the cable connects to which pin

wire of the cable connects to which pin and which wiring standards we use the um

and which wiring standards we use the um

and which wiring standards we use the um t568 A and B standards govern the

t568 A and B standards govern the

t568 A and B standards govern the assignments of the wires so it says

assignments of the wires so it says

assignments of the wires so it says which wires go where

which wires go where

which wires go where now here's a graphic you can see and the

now here's a graphic you can see and the

now here's a graphic you can see and the pairs are put together with similar

pairs are put together with similar

pairs are put together with similar colors and then the specific colors

colors and then the specific colors

colors and then the specific colors allocated for each pin going from one to

allocated for each pin going from one to

allocated for each pin going from one to eight so

eight so

eight so um white and green green white and

um white and green green white and

um white and green green white and orange

orange

orange and blue white and blue orange

and blue white and blue orange

and blue white and blue orange white and brown and then Brown

white and brown and then Brown

white and brown and then Brown you can see different pins on the right

you can see different pins on the right

you can see different pins on the right because we've got a different standard

because we've got a different standard

because we've got a different standard yes and I've put on here which one's

yes and I've put on here which one's

yes and I've put on here which one's which

which

which so there's an interchange of green and

so there's an interchange of green and

so there's an interchange of green and orange wire pairs between the two

orange wire pairs between the two

orange wire pairs between the two different standards

now I'll come to horizontal cables in a

now I'll come to horizontal cables in a

now I'll come to horizontal cables in a minute because

minute because

minute because [Music]

[Music]

[Music] um

um

um you don't actually hear this

you don't actually hear this

you don't actually hear this um term very often in Internet working

um term very often in Internet working

um term very often in Internet working and I hadn't heard of it for um until I

and I hadn't heard of it for um until I

and I hadn't heard of it for um until I come to put all the information together

come to put all the information together

come to put all the information together for the presentation but it's a

for the presentation but it's a

for the presentation but it's a recognized name even though it isn't

recognized name even though it isn't

recognized name even though it isn't used very often

used very often

used very often so the um 568b pin app became model used

so the um 568b pin app became model used

so the um 568b pin app became model used because it matched the older at T their

because it matched the older at T their

because it matched the older at T their pin outs and you can see the standard

pin outs and you can see the standard

pin outs and you can see the standard there widely used a new TP Cable in at

there widely used a new TP Cable in at

there widely used a new TP Cable in at the time and the infrastructure

the time and the infrastructure

the time and the infrastructure regulations and numbers were published

regulations and numbers were published

regulations and numbers were published just for your information you can

just for your information you can

just for your information you can research in your own time if you want

research in your own time if you want

research in your own time if you want but you can see a horizontal cabling in

but you can see a horizontal cabling in

but you can see a horizontal cabling in action here generally it's the cabling

action here generally it's the cabling

action here generally it's the cabling that runs between all the user devices

that runs between all the user devices

that runs between all the user devices the patch panels and the network

the patch panels and the network

the patch panels and the network switches now however you've got your

switches now however you've got your

switches now however you've got your network designs you'll normally group

network designs you'll normally group

network designs you'll normally group the switches together with what's known

the switches together with what's known

the switches together with what's known as backbone cabling

as backbone cabling

as backbone cabling so that's it in um image format there's

so that's it in um image format there's

so that's it in um image format there's a definition which I got from Wikipedia

a definition which I got from Wikipedia

a definition which I got from Wikipedia it can be the inside wiring or plenum

it can be the inside wiring or plenum

it can be the inside wiring or plenum Cable in connects your telecoms rooms to

Cable in connects your telecoms rooms to

Cable in connects your telecoms rooms to individual Outlets or work areas on the

individual Outlets or work areas on the

individual Outlets or work areas on the floor usually Through the Wire ways so

floor usually Through the Wire ways so

floor usually Through the Wire ways so this is the part of the cabling that you

this is the part of the cabling that you

this is the part of the cabling that you would normally

would normally

would normally um be concerned with as a network

um be concerned with as a network

um be concerned with as a network engineer and then um the core Cable in

engineer and then um the core Cable in

engineer and then um the core Cable in the backbone cabling May well be done by

the backbone cabling May well be done by

the backbone cabling May well be done by a cabling company it's not something

a cabling company it's not something

a cabling company it's not something that you would normally get involved in

that you would normally get involved in

that you would normally get involved in again it depends every networks a bit

again it depends every networks a bit

again it depends every networks a bit different

different

different and moving on to MDI and MDI X

and moving on to MDI and MDI X

and moving on to MDI and MDI X and

and

and devices on ethernet networks use two

devices on ethernet networks use two

devices on ethernet networks use two types of Hardware interfaces which I've

types of Hardware interfaces which I've

types of Hardware interfaces which I've already mentioned here the MDI it all

already mentioned here the MDI it all

already mentioned here the MDI it all stands for media and medium dependent

stands for media and medium dependent

stands for media and medium dependent interface

interface

interface so Hardware interface that establishes

so Hardware interface that establishes

so Hardware interface that establishes the direct physical and electrical

the direct physical and electrical

the direct physical and electrical connection with a UTP cable this is the

connection with a UTP cable this is the

connection with a UTP cable this is the traditional port on the back of a

traditional port on the back of a

traditional port on the back of a computer's network interface card

computer's network interface card

computer's network interface card an MDR device is a device with an MDI

an MDR device is a device with an MDI

an MDR device is a device with an MDI Port which kind of goes without saying I

Port which kind of goes without saying I

Port which kind of goes without saying I guess a computer or laptop

guess a computer or laptop

guess a computer or laptop um and this is a reference for

um and this is a reference for

um and this is a reference for specifications really I mean in all the

specifications really I mean in all the

specifications really I mean in all the years of networking I've never referred

years of networking I've never referred

years of networking I've never referred to a device as an MDI device

to a device as an MDI device

to a device as an MDI device and tend to discuss it more when we were

and tend to discuss it more when we were

and tend to discuss it more when we were using Hobs

using Hobs

using Hobs um in the earlier days of networking the

um in the earlier days of networking the

um in the earlier days of networking the mdix stands for um the MDI but with a

mdix stands for um the MDI but with a

mdix stands for um the MDI but with a crossover

crossover

crossover this is a crossover of the

this is a crossover of the

this is a crossover of the um medium dependent interface I'll show

um medium dependent interface I'll show

um medium dependent interface I'll show it up an image actually in a moment the

it up an image actually in a moment the

it up an image actually in a moment the thoughts of the devices that provide

thoughts of the devices that provide

thoughts of the devices that provide connectivity such as a switcher hover

connectivity such as a switcher hover

connectivity such as a switcher hover setup as a MDI with the crossover

foreign

foreign

foreign so examples of the devices are switches

so examples of the devices are switches

so examples of the devices are switches or routers and I'll put in an image here

or routers and I'll put in an image here

or routers and I'll put in an image here to give you more

to give you more

to give you more um

um

um a frame of reference you can see here

a frame of reference you can see here

a frame of reference you can see here it's the front of an old fashioned

it's the front of an old fashioned

it's the front of an old fashioned Netgear maybe they don't even sell him

Netgear maybe they don't even sell him

Netgear maybe they don't even sell him anymore

anymore

anymore um Hub and you can see to the right

um Hub and you can see to the right

um Hub and you can see to the right there's a little black switch with a

there's a little black switch with a

there's a little black switch with a little line that connects to the number

little line that connects to the number

little line that connects to the number four

four

four now however you press that button it

now however you press that button it

now however you press that button it will act as an MDI or an mdix interface

will act as an MDI or an mdix interface

will act as an MDI or an mdix interface now if you wanted to connect that number

now if you wanted to connect that number

now if you wanted to connect that number four port to a PC

four port to a PC

four port to a PC you would leave it running in normal

you would leave it running in normal

you would leave it running in normal um mode you might be able to see the

um mode you might be able to see the

um mode you might be able to see the actual word normal it's a bit blurry

actual word normal it's a bit blurry

actual word normal it's a bit blurry this image so this is MDI and they're

this image so this is MDI and they're

this image so this is MDI and they're put normal because um You probably

put normal because um You probably

put normal because um You probably wouldn't be a network engineer using it

wouldn't be a network engineer using it

wouldn't be a network engineer using it at home or small office

at home or small office

at home or small office um the mdix they've designated as an

um the mdix they've designated as an

um the mdix they've designated as an Uplink that means you would connect it

Uplink that means you would connect it

Uplink that means you would connect it to another hub

to another hub

to another hub and so the it would change the way it

and so the it would change the way it

and so the it would change the way it connect and communicates using the

connect and communicates using the

connect and communicates using the different pin outs and it would act as

different pin outs and it would act as

different pin outs and it would act as if um you you're using a crossover cable

if um you you're using a crossover cable

if um you you're using a crossover cable which we'll come to later

so this is basically what I've said it's

so this is basically what I've said it's

so this is basically what I've said it's going to um using the button you would

going to um using the button you would

going to um using the button you would um designate whether it's going to act

um designate whether it's going to act

um designate whether it's going to act as an MDI or an MDI X interface

um this all basically changes how we use

um this all basically changes how we use

um this all basically changes how we use our transmit which is designated as TX

our transmit which is designated as TX

our transmit which is designated as TX and I'll receive which is designated as

and I'll receive which is designated as

and I'll receive which is designated as RX on the different wires and that's

RX on the different wires and that's

RX on the different wires and that's saying what that setting would do

saying what that setting would do

saying what that setting would do straight through cable the easiest way

straight through cable the easiest way

straight through cable the easiest way to think about straight through cable is

to think about straight through cable is

to think about straight through cable is um using dissimilar devices for example

um using dissimilar devices for example

um using dissimilar devices for example a um computer to a switch port a router

a um computer to a switch port a router

a um computer to a switch port a router to a switch

and here's some examples also known as a

and here's some examples also known as a

and here's some examples also known as a patch cable in case anyone asks you to

patch cable in case anyone asks you to

patch cable in case anyone asks you to check a patch cable or get get them a

check a patch cable or get get them a

check a patch cable or get get them a patch cable

patch cable

patch cable I've mentioned UTP UTP cables they're

I've mentioned UTP UTP cables they're

I've mentioned UTP UTP cables they're used in the modern ethernet Networks

used in the modern ethernet Networks

used in the modern ethernet Networks and you can't directly connect unless

and you can't directly connect unless

and you can't directly connect unless you stay in the obvious I think you

you stay in the obvious I think you

you stay in the obvious I think you can't directly connect these wires to a

can't directly connect these wires to a

can't directly connect these wires to a computer's network interface card

computer's network interface card

computer's network interface card um if you want to be picky I suppose you

um if you want to be picky I suppose you

um if you want to be picky I suppose you could if you had a soldering iron and

could if you had a soldering iron and

could if you had a soldering iron and individually sold at each wire but that

individually sold at each wire but that

individually sold at each wire but that would just be a little bit of a

would just be a little bit of a

would just be a little bit of a desperation not somebody that doesn't

desperation not somebody that doesn't

desperation not somebody that doesn't really need to unplug

really need to unplug

really need to unplug so both ends are terminated with the

so both ends are terminated with the

so both ends are terminated with the 8phc connectors

8phc connectors

8phc connectors and you can see the two wiring types

and you can see the two wiring types

and you can see the two wiring types here using that AP AC connectors

here using that AP AC connectors

here using that AP AC connectors now the pins and the wire assignments

now the pins and the wire assignments

now the pins and the wire assignments are the same on both ends so we know

are the same on both ends so we know

are the same on both ends so we know this is a straight through cable or a

this is a straight through cable or a

this is a straight through cable or a patch cable the numbers match

patch cable the numbers match

patch cable the numbers match and well that's just a number into the

and well that's just a number into the

and well that's just a number into the pins the colors of the different wires

pins the colors of the different wires

pins the colors of the different wires inside match and that's you could tell

inside match and that's you could tell

inside match and that's you could tell you would hold the cable together if you

you would hold the cable together if you

you would hold the cable together if you didn't know if you wanted to see if it

didn't know if you wanted to see if it

didn't know if you wanted to see if it was the right kind of cable hold it up

was the right kind of cable hold it up

was the right kind of cable hold it up look at it and check that all the wire

look at it and check that all the wire

look at it and check that all the wire colors match

now the worrying standards for the RJ45

now the worrying standards for the RJ45

now the worrying standards for the RJ45 is the um 568 amb they specify how to

is the um 568 amb they specify how to

is the um 568 amb they specify how to wire the actual connector over an

wire the actual connector over an

wire the actual connector over an Ethernet Network technically you could

Ethernet Network technically you could

Ethernet Network technically you could choose any order of colors you like if

choose any order of colors you like if

choose any order of colors you like if you were making your own cables

you were making your own cables

you were making your own cables and as long as it matched the other side

and as long as it matched the other side

and as long as it matched the other side then it would all work because the

then it would all work because the

then it would all work because the cables inside the the eight little wires

cables inside the the eight little wires

cables inside the the eight little wires are all exactly the same

are all exactly the same

are all exactly the same but um you wouldn't obviously be

but um you wouldn't obviously be

but um you wouldn't obviously be following the standards so maybe you

following the standards so maybe you

following the standards so maybe you could do it for your home network if you

could do it for your home network if you

could do it for your home network if you wanted to make your own cables but

wanted to make your own cables but

wanted to make your own cables but certainly not recommended for commercial

certainly not recommended for commercial

certainly not recommended for commercial Networks

Networks

Networks so only one of the following standards

so only one of the following standards

so only one of the following standards used for terminating ends of the UTP you

used for terminating ends of the UTP you

used for terminating ends of the UTP you could choose either

and but I think I mentioned earlier the

and but I think I mentioned earlier the

and but I think I mentioned earlier the recommendations for the horizontal

recommendations for the horizontal

recommendations for the horizontal cables

cables

cables so the example of a straight through

so the example of a straight through

so the example of a straight through cable is computer or a server connecting

cable is computer or a server connecting

cable is computer or a server connecting into a switch port

into a switch port

into a switch port I've already mentioned that you wouldn't

I've already mentioned that you wouldn't

I've already mentioned that you wouldn't use both standards on them on your cable

straight through cables are used when

straight through cables are used when

straight through cables are used when connecting to an MDR device or an ndi

connecting to an MDR device or an ndi

connecting to an MDR device or an ndi device to an mdix device

and again we've seen this this is just

and again we've seen this this is just

and again we've seen this this is just zoomed in and giving you a better and

zoomed in and giving you a better and

zoomed in and giving you a better and detailed image of the cable type here

detailed image of the cable type here

detailed image of the cable type here if it's straight through UTB cable is

if it's straight through UTB cable is

if it's straight through UTB cable is terminated on both sides using the type

terminated on both sides using the type

terminated on both sides using the type a wiring

a wiring

a wiring then the a color scheme and should be

then the a color scheme and should be

then the a color scheme and should be so I'll say that again then the color

so I'll say that again then the color

so I'll say that again then the color scheme and the pin out the order of the

scheme and the pin out the order of the

scheme and the pin out the order of the connections will be shown in the diagram

connections will be shown in the diagram

connections will be shown in the diagram so this is the a standard and you do it

so this is the a standard and you do it

so this is the a standard and you do it a few times

a few times

a few times um for a few days and then you probably

um for a few days and then you probably

um for a few days and then you probably have it in your memory of what all data

have it in your memory of what all data

have it in your memory of what all data put the wires in again if it was you

put the wires in again if it was you

put the wires in again if it was you making the cables which um

making the cables which um

making the cables which um wouldn't only really happen if you were

wouldn't only really happen if you were

wouldn't only really happen if you were um

um

um a cabling engineer for a very large

a cabling engineer for a very large

a cabling engineer for a very large Network

Network

Network and there's the pin outs and the colors

and there's the pin outs and the colors

and there's the pin outs and the colors in more detail you can see the tip

in more detail you can see the tip

in more detail you can see the tip transmit and the um receive indications

transmit and the um receive indications

transmit and the um receive indications on either end there

on either end there

on either end there so when a computer uses pins one and two

so when a computer uses pins one and two

so when a computer uses pins one and two I have a pair of wise to transmit the

I have a pair of wise to transmit the

I have a pair of wise to transmit the switch will receive those data on the

switch will receive those data on the

switch will receive those data on the same pins

same pins

same pins when I sit when a switch transmits the

when I sit when a switch transmits the

when I sit when a switch transmits the data using pins three and six on a

data using pins three and six on a

data using pins three and six on a different pair of wires the computer

different pair of wires the computer

different pair of wires the computer will receive those so you can see here

will receive those so you can see here

will receive those so you can see here TX is going to an RX and vice versa

um in the internet Network such as a 10

um in the internet Network such as a 10

um in the internet Network such as a 10 base t or 100 Base TX pins four and five

base t or 100 Base TX pins four and five

base t or 100 Base TX pins four and five of the blue pad and pin seven and eight

of the blue pad and pin seven and eight

of the blue pad and pin seven and eight of the brown pair are not used

of the brown pair are not used

of the brown pair are not used so technically you could have a cable

so technically you could have a cable

so technically you could have a cable that um doesn't

that um doesn't

that um doesn't um have connections on those pins there

um have connections on those pins there

um have connections on those pins there now you're more likely to be using a

now you're more likely to be using a

now you're more likely to be using a faster and connection type if possible

faster and connection type if possible

faster and connection type if possible so on the thousand base T ethernet cable

so on the thousand base T ethernet cable

so on the thousand base T ethernet cable such as cat5v all four pairs of wires

such as cat5v all four pairs of wires

such as cat5v all four pairs of wires will be used and that's how they get the

will be used and that's how they get the

will be used and that's how they get the faster speed but using the same cable

faster speed but using the same cable

faster speed but using the same cable types

types

types now the crossover cable you can see here

now the crossover cable you can see here

now the crossover cable you can see here is used to connect like to like so if

is used to connect like to like so if

is used to connect like to like so if you have two switches then you could

you have two switches then you could

you have two switches then you could connect them using a crossover cable two

connect them using a crossover cable two

connect them using a crossover cable two router ethernet ports you could use a

router ethernet ports you could use a

router ethernet ports you could use a crossover cable or if you had two PCS at

crossover cable or if you had two PCS at

crossover cable or if you had two PCS at home and you didn't want to pay for a

home and you didn't want to pay for a

home and you didn't want to pay for a switch you could also use a crossover

switch you could also use a crossover

switch you could also use a crossover cable

used to connect the following MDI device

used to connect the following MDI device

used to connect the following MDI device to an MDI device

to an MDI device

to an MDI device you could also connect to um

you could also connect to um

you could also connect to um switches together as we have here in the

switches together as we have here in the

switches together as we have here in the diagram the MDI X device

okay wiring for UTP crossover cable

okay wiring for UTP crossover cable

okay wiring for UTP crossover cable easiest way to remember is one goes to

easiest way to remember is one goes to

easiest way to remember is one goes to three and two goes to six everything

three and two goes to six everything

three and two goes to six everything else stays the same you can see that

else stays the same you can see that

else stays the same you can see that rule applies for both sides so left to

rule applies for both sides so left to

rule applies for both sides so left to right and right to left

a crossover UTP cable has an eight pin

a crossover UTP cable has an eight pin

a crossover UTP cable has an eight pin modular connectors each end is

modular connectors each end is

modular connectors each end is terminated in the below manner

okay so these devices will be

okay so these devices will be

okay so these devices will be transmitted on the same pins one and two

transmitted on the same pins one and two

transmitted on the same pins one and two these devices will also be receiving on

these devices will also be receiving on

these devices will also be receiving on the same pins three and six might be

the same pins three and six might be

the same pins three and six might be worth remembering that case that pops up

worth remembering that case that pops up

worth remembering that case that pops up in the exam which ones are receiving and

in the exam which ones are receiving and

in the exam which ones are receiving and which ones are transmitting

which ones are transmitting

which ones are transmitting foreign

on one side is connected to pin three

on one side is connected to pin three

on one side is connected to pin three that's what I said and two to six

that's what I said and two to six

that's what I said and two to six terminating the crossover

terminating the crossover

terminating the crossover you would terminate by using the um 568

you would terminate by using the um 568

you would terminate by using the um 568 a wiring on one side and the B wiring on

a wiring on one side and the B wiring on

a wiring on one side and the B wiring on the other so using two different

the other so using two different

the other so using two different standards for either end

um if we're on an end of the um cabling

um if we're on an end of the um cabling

um if we're on an end of the um cabling uses the a standard the other has to use

uses the a standard the other has to use

uses the a standard the other has to use the B that's if you're making the

the B that's if you're making the

the B that's if you're making the crossover cable

crossover cable

crossover cable Auto mdix

Auto mdix

Auto mdix it's Auto sensing so do you remember

it's Auto sensing so do you remember

it's Auto sensing so do you remember earlier we had this picture of a hub and

earlier we had this picture of a hub and

earlier we had this picture of a hub and you had to press this um the little

you had to press this um the little

you had to press this um the little switch on there while modern devices can

switch on there while modern devices can

switch on there while modern devices can actually Auto sense what type of cables

actually Auto sense what type of cables

actually Auto sense what type of cables attached and then change the designation

attached and then change the designation

attached and then change the designation for how it uses which wires on the eight

for how it uses which wires on the eight

for how it uses which wires on the eight pins on the inside

and most modern ethernet devices for

and most modern ethernet devices for

and most modern ethernet devices for example switches use the auto MDI XV

example switches use the auto MDI XV

example switches use the auto MDI XV channel so it's pretty handy

channel so it's pretty handy

channel so it's pretty handy this is why sometimes you can plug the

this is why sometimes you can plug the

this is why sometimes you can plug the wrong cable into a switch and it all

wrong cable into a switch and it all

wrong cable into a switch and it all still works because it's got this

still works because it's got this

still works because it's got this automatic feature

automatic feature

automatic feature rollover cable is something you will

rollover cable is something you will

rollover cable is something you will have with you normally at all times as a

have with you normally at all times as a

have with you normally at all times as a network engineer in your briefcase

network engineer in your briefcase

network engineer in your briefcase and normally used to connect your PC or

and normally used to connect your PC or

and normally used to connect your PC or laptop to the console port on a router

laptop to the console port on a router

laptop to the console port on a router or switch and it lets you

or switch and it lets you

or switch and it lets you configure the device when you first buy

configure the device when you first buy

configure the device when you first buy it and it's blank or do emergency

it and it's blank or do emergency

it and it's blank or do emergency recovery for example if you've forgotten

recovery for example if you've forgotten

recovery for example if you've forgotten a password to configure the router or

a password to configure the router or

a password to configure the router or switch

so it has a 8p AC connector rs232 based

so it has a 8p AC connector rs232 based

so it has a 8p AC connector rs232 based connector such as a DB9

connector such as a DB9

connector such as a DB9 this has actually changed now so you can

this has actually changed now so you can

this has actually changed now so you can see the DB9 connector your laptops don't

see the DB9 connector your laptops don't

see the DB9 connector your laptops don't actually come with DB9 connectors

actually come with DB9 connectors

actually come with DB9 connectors anymore it's pretty old-fashioned so

anymore it's pretty old-fashioned so

anymore it's pretty old-fashioned so what you'll do is you'll have a db92 USB

what you'll do is you'll have a db92 USB

what you'll do is you'll have a db92 USB connector

connector

connector um and you'll use one of your free

um and you'll use one of your free

um and you'll use one of your free um common connections using device

um common connections using device

um common connections using device manager to see which port to connect on

so I mentioned Cisco console cables and

so I mentioned Cisco console cables and

so I mentioned Cisco console cables and recovering your Cisco router

recovering your Cisco router

recovering your Cisco router in order to you can make your own

in order to you can make your own

in order to you can make your own rollover cable roll over flat console

rollover cable roll over flat console

rollover cable roll over flat console same thing cable

same thing cable

same thing cable and the wires are basically reversed so

and the wires are basically reversed so

and the wires are basically reversed so every yr goes to the opposite number one

every yr goes to the opposite number one

every yr goes to the opposite number one goes to a two goes to seven three goes

goes to a two goes to seven three goes

goes to a two goes to seven three goes to six and um carry on with that number

to six and um carry on with that number

to six and um carry on with that number in so basically the whole thing's

in so basically the whole thing's

in so basically the whole thing's Twisted somewhere in the middle

all right so we've covered modular

all right so we've covered modular

all right so we've covered modular connectors the A and B wiring schemes

connectors the A and B wiring schemes

connectors the A and B wiring schemes MDI and mdix straight through

MDI and mdix straight through

MDI and mdix straight through and crossover cable

Auto mdix and brown leather cables so

Auto mdix and brown leather cables so

Auto mdix and brown leather cables so that's all we need to look at for now

that's all we need to look at for now

that's all we need to look at for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 2 lesson 1B some more

welcome to module 2 lesson 1B some more

welcome to module 2 lesson 1B some more cables connectors and transceivers this

cables connectors and transceivers this

cables connectors and transceivers this is all new stuff that's landed into the

is all new stuff that's landed into the

is all new stuff that's landed into the network plus syllabus

network plus syllabus

network plus syllabus uh some of it's a little bit strange in

uh some of it's a little bit strange in

uh some of it's a little bit strange in as much as it's almost redundant and I'm

as much as it's almost redundant and I'm

as much as it's almost redundant and I'm guessing they want you to know this

guessing they want you to know this

guessing they want you to know this stuff in case you come across it in an

stuff in case you come across it in an

stuff in case you come across it in an environment for whatever reason

environment for whatever reason

environment for whatever reason all right so Network Hardware media and

all right so Network Hardware media and

all right so Network Hardware media and bound in network media a few things

bound in network media a few things

bound in network media a few things we'll be looking at

we'll be looking at

we'll be looking at copper connectors uh the stuff we

copper connectors uh the stuff we

copper connectors uh the stuff we haven't already looked at earlier by the

haven't already looked at earlier by the

haven't already looked at earlier by the way uh transceivers

way uh transceivers

way uh transceivers some termination points copper cable

some termination points copper cable

some termination points copper cable standards

standards

standards and network storage connection types

and network storage connection types

and network storage connection types so this is a used to be called uh d sub

so this is a used to be called uh d sub

so this is a used to be called uh d sub actually but it seems to have been

actually but it seems to have been

actually but it seems to have been hijacked into DB connectors but you can

hijacked into DB connectors but you can

hijacked into DB connectors but you can see the um the shape of the connector

see the um the shape of the connector

see the um the shape of the connector here is like the letter D really leave

here is like the letter D really leave

here is like the letter D really leave it on its side

it on its side

it on its side I like that so the theory is you can't

I like that so the theory is you can't

I like that so the theory is you can't uh plug it in the wrong way I say in

uh plug it in the wrong way I say in

uh plug it in the wrong way I say in theory because when I've run computer

theory because when I've run computer

theory because when I've run computer courses it might just be a Cisco thing

courses it might just be a Cisco thing

courses it might just be a Cisco thing because this looks a little bit thicker

because this looks a little bit thicker

because this looks a little bit thicker but the uh the Cisco um

but the uh the Cisco um

but the uh the Cisco um housing here I was so thin that the

housing here I was so thin that the

housing here I was so thin that the students would come and somehow managed

students would come and somehow managed

students would come and somehow managed to plug in the d-connector

to plug in the d-connector

to plug in the d-connector for the serial cables upside down now

for the serial cables upside down now

for the serial cables upside down now this did a couple of things it um a

this did a couple of things it um a

this did a couple of things it um a things don't work when they're upside

things don't work when they're upside

things don't work when they're upside down obviously with these tiny little

down obviously with these tiny little

down obviously with these tiny little pins they're much smaller than the ones

pins they're much smaller than the ones

pins they're much smaller than the ones you see here they actually got forced in

you see here they actually got forced in

you see here they actually got forced in the wrong way and all got bent like that

the wrong way and all got bent like that

the wrong way and all got bent like that so that actually cost me a lot of money

so that actually cost me a lot of money

so that actually cost me a lot of money it was quite a distressing when I

it was quite a distressing when I

it was quite a distressing when I started up my business

started up my business

started up my business so this is the theory behind the shape

so this is the theory behind the shape

so this is the theory behind the shape anyway I actually I don't know why I put

anyway I actually I don't know why I put

anyway I actually I don't know why I put into male and connectors here I want to

into male and connectors here I want to

into male and connectors here I want to do have one female but I put into male

do have one female but I put into male

do have one female but I put into male used to see these on the back of an old

used to see these on the back of an old

used to see these on the back of an old style PCS and um their laptops as well

style PCS and um their laptops as well

style PCS and um their laptops as well you don't really see them anymore

you don't really see them anymore

you don't really see them anymore because USBS have replaced all of it so

because USBS have replaced all of it so

because USBS have replaced all of it so you'd have to be looking at a fairly old

you'd have to be looking at a fairly old

you'd have to be looking at a fairly old machine

machine

machine they were created a long long time ago

they were created a long long time ago

they were created a long long time ago before I was born when my dad was a

before I was born when my dad was a

before I was born when my dad was a young man as he used to say 1952

young man as he used to say 1952

young man as he used to say 1952 exclusively by Canon and it looks like

exclusively by Canon and it looks like

exclusively by Canon and it looks like they've probably released a license so

they've probably released a license so

they've probably released a license so that people could use them they were

that people could use them they were

that people could use them they were used in toker ring networks I do

used in toker ring networks I do

used in toker ring networks I do remember those support I actually

remember those support I actually

remember those support I actually supported those for a while at Cisco

supported those for a while at Cisco

supported those for a while at Cisco although there was hardly any left

although there was hardly any left

although there was hardly any left it was pretty scary when somebody called

it was pretty scary when somebody called

it was pretty scary when somebody called in with a token ring issue external

in with a token ring issue external

in with a token ring issue external floppy drives if you remember those and

floppy drives if you remember those and

floppy drives if you remember those and you'd buy an old real old probably

you'd buy an old real old probably

you'd buy an old real old probably wasn't even a PC then it was a an Amiga

wasn't even a PC then it was a an Amiga

wasn't even a PC then it was a an Amiga or Commodore 64 or something and you

or Commodore 64 or something and you

or Commodore 64 or something and you could invest extra money to put these

could invest extra money to put these

could invest extra money to put these floppy drives in and if you wanted to

floppy drives in and if you wanted to

floppy drives in and if you wanted to load a game you probably have to

load a game you probably have to

load a game you probably have to individually insert uh I think it was

individually insert uh I think it was

individually insert uh I think it was around 10 floppy drives to upload each

around 10 floppy drives to upload each

around 10 floppy drives to upload each part of the program and I think I did

part of the program and I think I did

part of the program and I think I did have to do that for early versions of

have to do that for early versions of

have to do that for early versions of Microsoft Word or the equivalent I used

Microsoft Word or the equivalent I used

Microsoft Word or the equivalent I used in Mouse connectors also

in Mouse connectors also

in Mouse connectors also as I said eventually replaced by USB

as I said eventually replaced by USB

as I said eventually replaced by USB thank goodness

thank goodness

thank goodness the D shape so I've covered this already

the D shape so I've covered this already

the D shape so I've covered this already the theory is in fact I'm sure it works

the theory is in fact I'm sure it works

the theory is in fact I'm sure it works for most people I'll just give you a

for most people I'll just give you a

for most people I'll just give you a heads up there when I run Cisco it

heads up there when I run Cisco it

heads up there when I run Cisco it didn't work that way

didn't work that way

didn't work that way um I wanted the students to plug their

um I wanted the students to plug their

um I wanted the students to plug their own cables in to have their confidence

own cables in to have their confidence

own cables in to have their confidence but it kind of backfired a bit

but it kind of backfired a bit

but it kind of backfired a bit I designed to work with the eia tia232

I designed to work with the eia tia232

I designed to work with the eia tia232 serial interface standard I guess you

serial interface standard I guess you

serial interface standard I guess you should make it out of that for the exam

should make it out of that for the exam

should make it out of that for the exam sort of silly question would be asked

sort of silly question would be asked

sort of silly question would be asked the number DB whatever

the number DB whatever

the number DB whatever so uh what would DB9 or db25 this is

so uh what would DB9 or db25 this is

so uh what would DB9 or db25 this is supposed to refer to the amount of pins

supposed to refer to the amount of pins

supposed to refer to the amount of pins that are in the male and female part so

that are in the male and female part so

that are in the male and female part so it could be pretty hard to mix them up

it could be pretty hard to mix them up

it could be pretty hard to mix them up actually looking at them you more like

actually looking at them you more like

actually looking at them you more like to see the db25 on uh like a printer

to see the db25 on uh like a printer

to see the db25 on uh like a printer cable or something like that again if

cable or something like that again if

cable or something like that again if you see it at all

you see it at all

you see it at all now the F connector F-Type has been

now the F connector F-Type has been

now the F connector F-Type has been added to the syllabus not to be confused

added to the syllabus not to be confused

added to the syllabus not to be confused with fiber cables such as stlc SC which

with fiber cables such as stlc SC which

with fiber cables such as stlc SC which are covered elsewhere in the in the

are covered elsewhere in the in the

are covered elsewhere in the in the course here

course here

course here so it's a coaxial RF connector type

so it's a coaxial RF connector type

so it's a coaxial RF connector type used more commonly for cable satellite

used more commonly for cable satellite

used more commonly for cable satellite TV if you've got the back of a box you

TV if you've got the back of a box you

TV if you've got the back of a box you can see here there's a thread on the

can see here there's a thread on the

can see here there's a thread on the inside of the cable here and you'd have

inside of the cable here and you'd have

inside of the cable here and you'd have to turn it round and it'd lock in with

to turn it round and it'd lock in with

to turn it round and it'd lock in with the TR so you'd have to hopefully with

the TR so you'd have to hopefully with

the TR so you'd have to hopefully with enough finger pressure be able to secure

enough finger pressure be able to secure

enough finger pressure be able to secure it into place and then unscrew it those

it into place and then unscrew it those

it into place and then unscrew it those are when you need to

are when you need to

are when you need to TV antennas for those user on on using

TV antennas for those user on on using

TV antennas for those user on on using them your Broadband or Ethernet or

them your Broadband or Ethernet or

them your Broadband or Ethernet or whatever

whatever

whatever bandwidth could go up to several

bandwidth could go up to several

bandwidth could go up to several gigahertz

gigahertz

gigahertz uh punch down blocks this is a pretty

uh punch down blocks this is a pretty

uh punch down blocks this is a pretty tricky skill really and one that takes a

tricky skill really and one that takes a

tricky skill really and one that takes a bit of time but you can see here the

bit of time but you can see here the

bit of time but you can see here the cable has just been placed in between

cable has just been placed in between

cable has just been placed in between the runners and then the punch down tool

the runners and then the punch down tool

the runners and then the punch down tool has kind of got this shape as you can

has kind of got this shape as you can

has kind of got this shape as you can see here

see here

see here and this would force the cable in and

and this would force the cable in and

and this would force the cable in and the theory is it would strip back some

the theory is it would strip back some

the theory is it would strip back some of this uh coating for the wire and

of this uh coating for the wire and

of this uh coating for the wire and create a contact inside the punch down

create a contact inside the punch down

create a contact inside the punch down block takes a bit of skill and it's

block takes a bit of skill and it's

block takes a bit of skill and it's quite frustrating if you don't do it

quite frustrating if you don't do it

quite frustrating if you don't do it right or if someone hasn't used the

right or if someone hasn't used the

right or if someone hasn't used the correct tool it leads to this nightmare

correct tool it leads to this nightmare

correct tool it leads to this nightmare of intermittent connectivity that you'll

of intermittent connectivity that you'll

of intermittent connectivity that you'll have to go and troubleshoot

have to go and troubleshoot

have to go and troubleshoot you'll typically see this in inside a

you'll typically see this in inside a

you'll typically see this in inside a telephone switch

telephone switch

telephone switch um

um

um as switch mechanisms a couple wires

as switch mechanisms a couple wires

as switch mechanisms a couple wires punched down as I said

punched down as I said

punched down as I said the numbers are for these models are

the numbers are for these models are

the numbers are for these models are given uh 66 Block it's a model number so

given uh 66 Block it's a model number so

given uh 66 Block it's a model number so it doesn't mean the 66 connectors

it doesn't mean the 66 connectors

it doesn't mean the 66 connectors that particular one has 55 rows it was

that particular one has 55 rows it was

that particular one has 55 rows it was subject to crosstalk which is known uh

subject to crosstalk which is known uh

subject to crosstalk which is known uh quite known quite well in the industry

quite known quite well in the industry

quite known quite well in the industry had a reputation for that not suitable

had a reputation for that not suitable

had a reputation for that not suitable for high speed connections of 100 Meg or

for high speed connections of 100 Meg or

for high speed connections of 100 Meg or um or hayab

um or hayab

um or hayab now the 100 block replaced the 66 block

now the 100 block replaced the 66 block

now the 100 block replaced the 66 block so just remember the numbers here the 66

so just remember the numbers here the 66

so just remember the numbers here the 66 block hopefully they won't try and catch

block hopefully they won't try and catch

block hopefully they won't try and catch you out with the um question saying it's

you out with the um question saying it's

you out with the um question saying it's got 66 Connections in it's a model

got 66 Connections in it's a model

got 66 Connections in it's a model number just to confuse you

number just to confuse you

number just to confuse you often used the 100 is to terminate cable

often used the 100 is to terminate cable

often used the 100 is to terminate cable runs

runs

runs the fiber distribution plan and panel

the fiber distribution plan and panel

the fiber distribution plan and panel how to get images of this but I've I've

how to get images of this but I've I've

how to get images of this but I've I've got one that you can actually uh buy

got one that you can actually uh buy

got one that you can actually uh buy from the manufacturer this one obviously

from the manufacturer this one obviously

from the manufacturer this one obviously hasn't been set up at all it's a bare

hasn't been set up at all it's a bare

hasn't been set up at all it's a bare bone system that you would run all of

bone system that you would run all of

bone system that you would run all of the cables through here and then

the cables through here and then

the cables through here and then terminate

terminate

terminate so this is also known as the fiber

so this is also known as the fiber

so this is also known as the fiber Distribution Hub if you're searching for

Distribution Hub if you're searching for

Distribution Hub if you're searching for one to buy I think they give you

one to buy I think they give you

one to buy I think they give you different terms depending on which part

different terms depending on which part

different terms depending on which part of the country you're in or which

of the country you're in or which

of the country you're in or which country and at the bottom here I've got

country and at the bottom here I've got

country and at the bottom here I've got a URL for a particular company that

a URL for a particular company that

a URL for a particular company that sells them

sells them

sells them obviously speak to the sales advisor and

obviously speak to the sales advisor and

obviously speak to the sales advisor and find out what you need

find out what you need

find out what you need saves you um making expensive mistakes

saves you um making expensive mistakes

saves you um making expensive mistakes this is the patch panel used to

this is the patch panel used to

this is the patch panel used to terminate fiber optic cables

terminate fiber optic cables

terminate fiber optic cables access to the cables individual strands

access to the cables individual strands

access to the cables individual strands the so the strands inside the cable for

the so the strands inside the cable for

the so the strands inside the cable for cross connection

cross connection

cross connection now I do apologize for this however

now I do apologize for this however

now I do apologize for this however um

um

um it's in the syllabus now for some crazy

it's in the syllabus now for some crazy

it's in the syllabus now for some crazy reason previously we had um other RG

reason previously we had um other RG

reason previously we had um other RG standards I think it was

standards I think it was

standards I think it was rg9 or and RG58 I'll have to check you

rg9 or and RG58 I'll have to check you

rg9 or and RG58 I'll have to check you you can see it in earlier presentations

you can see it in earlier presentations

you can see it in earlier presentations anyway however now they've asked for RG6

anyway however now they've asked for RG6

anyway however now they've asked for RG6 and

and

and rg59 so I've highlighted what you need

rg59 so I've highlighted what you need

rg59 so I've highlighted what you need to do I suggest you make some notes

to do I suggest you make some notes

to do I suggest you make some notes as to um impedance which is all the same

as to um impedance which is all the same

as to um impedance which is all the same actually so it shouldn't be too easy

actually so it shouldn't be too easy

actually so it shouldn't be too easy um

um

um shielding here and then just make a note

shielding here and then just make a note

shielding here and then just make a note of what they've what they've said here

of what they've what they've said here

of what they've what they've said here so

so

so um

um

um RG6

RG6

RG6 uh Slash U what is used for the uq

uh Slash U what is used for the uq

uh Slash U what is used for the uq again this is just such a pain and it's

again this is just such a pain and it's

again this is just such a pain and it's silly because you'd if you're having

silly because you'd if you're having

silly because you'd if you're having anything to do with this you just check

anything to do with this you just check

anything to do with this you just check the documentation before you went on

the documentation before you went on

the documentation before you went on site it's very unlikely most Engineers

site it's very unlikely most Engineers

site it's very unlikely most Engineers if you asked most Network engineers and

if you asked most Network engineers and

if you asked most Network engineers and what can you tell me about rg59 Slash U

what can you tell me about rg59 Slash U

what can you tell me about rg59 Slash U there's probably not a lot they could

there's probably not a lot they could

there's probably not a lot they could say however I don't make the rules it's

say however I don't make the rules it's

say however I don't make the rules it's in the syllabus so just take notes and

in the syllabus so just take notes and

in the syllabus so just take notes and just chop that up to something you're

just chop that up to something you're

just chop that up to something you're gonna have to learn

gonna have to learn

gonna have to learn uh transceivers I've got some images

uh transceivers I've got some images

uh transceivers I've got some images here these are for um the SPF SPF plus

here these are for um the SPF SPF plus

here these are for um the SPF SPF plus and gbic which are connectors for Cisco

and gbic which are connectors for Cisco

and gbic which are connectors for Cisco equipment these

equipment these

equipment these um

um

um these would stand proud from the switch

these would stand proud from the switch

these would stand proud from the switch chassis and then this would be inserted

chassis and then this would be inserted

chassis and then this would be inserted in and make contact to the back of the

in and make contact to the back of the

in and make contact to the back of the chassis so here's the front of the

chassis so here's the front of the

chassis so here's the front of the chassis here here and you wouldn't

chassis here here and you wouldn't

chassis here here and you wouldn't actually see the back and there's this

actually see the back and there's this

actually see the back and there's this has got a nice thin slot that you would

has got a nice thin slot that you would

has got a nice thin slot that you would insert to

insert to

insert to yeah

yeah

yeah do the 3D version so transceiver is

do the 3D version so transceiver is

do the 3D version so transceiver is short for transmitter receiver as we

short for transmitter receiver as we

short for transmitter receiver as we mentioned earlier it converts the

mentioned earlier it converts the

mentioned earlier it converts the electrical signals from one type to

electrical signals from one type to

electrical signals from one type to another type so serial to Optical

another type so serial to Optical

another type so serial to Optical signals and vice versa

signals and vice versa

signals and vice versa The Cisco gigabit internet interface

The Cisco gigabit internet interface

The Cisco gigabit internet interface converter we call them gbx it's hot

converter we call them gbx it's hot

converter we call them gbx it's hot swappable so you pull it out push it

swappable so you pull it out push it

swappable so you pull it out push it back in again hot swappable here

back in again hot swappable here

back in again hot swappable here is very handy and I think we'll come to

is very handy and I think we'll come to

is very handy and I think we'll come to this later actually to find my cursor it

this later actually to find my cursor it

this later actually to find my cursor it means you don't have to power down your

means you don't have to power down your

means you don't have to power down your unit which is just absolute gold if

unit which is just absolute gold if

unit which is just absolute gold if you're working in a production Network

you're working in a production Network

you're working in a production Network because it's just horrible especially if

because it's just horrible especially if

because it's just horrible especially if you've got paying customers that are

you've got paying customers that are

you've got paying customers that are paying for

paying for

paying for 99.999 recurring up time and then you

99.999 recurring up time and then you

99.999 recurring up time and then you tell them you've got a power down the

tell them you've got a power down the

tell them you've got a power down the device they're connected to and just to

device they're connected to and just to

device they're connected to and just to swap out something so very handy plugs

swap out something so very handy plugs

swap out something so very handy plugs into the gigabit Ethernet port or slot

into the gigabit Ethernet port or slot

into the gigabit Ethernet port or slot SPF stands for small form factor

SPF stands for small form factor

SPF stands for small form factor pluggable I guess a gigabit interface

pluggable I guess a gigabit interface

pluggable I guess a gigabit interface converter that too is hot swappable bear

converter that too is hot swappable bear

converter that too is hot swappable bear in mind what you've got to do is check

in mind what you've got to do is check

in mind what you've got to do is check for

bugs so if say for example you've got a

bugs so if say for example you've got a

bugs so if say for example you've got a Cisco device and you've read the

Cisco device and you've read the

Cisco device and you've read the documentation and it says hot swappable

documentation and it says hot swappable

documentation and it says hot swappable you ask them to do if you've got a

you ask them to do if you've got a

you ask them to do if you've got a contract a bug

contract a bug

contract a bug sweep for the

sweep for the

sweep for the say for example this with the model so

say for example this with the model so

say for example this with the model so say WC

say WC

say WC 36 whatever the model is you say I've

36 whatever the model is you say I've

36 whatever the model is you say I've got this switch this model uh it says

got this switch this model uh it says

got this switch this model uh it says it's hot swappable and just do a bug

it's hot swappable and just do a bug

it's hot swappable and just do a bug sweep this is I only tell you this

sweep this is I only tell you this

sweep this is I only tell you this because and this is the advantage of

because and this is the advantage of

because and this is the advantage of having someone like myself not that I'm

having someone like myself not that I'm

having someone like myself not that I'm boasting but I worked at Cisco

boasting but I worked at Cisco

boasting but I worked at Cisco and we had a customer who asked one of

and we had a customer who asked one of

and we had a customer who asked one of our Engineers if something was hot

our Engineers if something was hot

our Engineers if something was hot swappable the documentation said it was

swappable the documentation said it was

swappable the documentation said it was however

however

however um not that it was his fault there was a

um not that it was his fault there was a

um not that it was his fault there was a bug which he didn't know about and the

bug which he didn't know about and the

bug which he didn't know about and the customer hot swapped it brought down a

customer hot swapped it brought down a

customer hot swapped it brought down a core switch it caused a massive amount

core switch it caused a massive amount

core switch it caused a massive amount of problems there was I think some legal

of problems there was I think some legal

of problems there was I think some legal claims or whatever it's just headaches

claims or whatever it's just headaches

claims or whatever it's just headaches you don't need so if you've got the

you don't need so if you've got the

you don't need so if you've got the contract

contract

contract and just because it says hot swappable

and just because it says hot swappable

and just because it says hot swappable don't necessarily take that on face

don't necessarily take that on face

don't necessarily take that on face value and if you if you can log a ticket

value and if you if you can log a ticket

value and if you if you can log a ticket or do a search

or do a search

or do a search SPF plus is in the hearts version the

SPF plus is in the hearts version the

SPF plus is in the hearts version the hint is in the plus that supports higher

hint is in the plus that supports higher

hint is in the plus that supports higher data rates and this time up to 16

data rates and this time up to 16

data rates and this time up to 16 gigabits per second

gigabits per second

gigabits per second and then finally I don't have a picture

and then finally I don't have a picture

and then finally I don't have a picture here a quad small form factable a factor

here a quad small form factable a factor

here a quad small form factable a factor plugable and you've got different speeds

plugable and you've got different speeds

plugable and you've got different speeds just check the documentation on that I

just check the documentation on that I

just check the documentation on that I just wanted to um flag it up I think

just wanted to um flag it up I think

just wanted to um flag it up I think it's actually in the syllabus also

it's actually in the syllabus also

it's actually in the syllabus also uh so we've just got the ghibit module

uh so we've just got the ghibit module

uh so we've just got the ghibit module here and you can see the uh the chassis

here and you can see the uh the chassis

here and you can see the uh the chassis would actually be here so you wouldn't

would actually be here so you wouldn't

would actually be here so you wouldn't see all this typically and then you'd

see all this typically and then you'd

see all this typically and then you'd have obviously the slot here and I

have obviously the slot here and I

have obviously the slot here and I mentioned that only the the end bit

mentioned that only the the end bit

mentioned that only the the end bit would be proud and you've got two fiber

would be proud and you've got two fiber

would be proud and you've got two fiber cables in here I'm not sure what this

cables in here I'm not sure what this

cables in here I'm not sure what this model of the model is that it's actually

model of the model is that it's actually

model of the model is that it's actually plugging into we're just having a sneaky

plugging into we're just having a sneaky

plugging into we're just having a sneaky look here at the um circuit board is SPF

look here at the um circuit board is SPF

look here at the um circuit board is SPF plus and

plus and

plus and um yeah so just so you can see it

um yeah so just so you can see it

um yeah so just so you can see it working in an actual device and however

working in an actual device and however

working in an actual device and however you would set this up I'm not sure if

you would set this up I'm not sure if

you would set this up I'm not sure if this is um these have been linked

this is um these have been linked

this is um these have been linked together all the ones operating as a

together all the ones operating as a

together all the ones operating as a backup to the other so you can see what

backup to the other so you can see what

backup to the other so you can see what it would look like on a live environment

it would look like on a live environment

it would look like on a live environment and network storage fiber channel fiber

and network storage fiber channel fiber

and network storage fiber channel fiber channel ever ethernet it basically

channel ever ethernet it basically

channel ever ethernet it basically encapsulates fiber channel frames over

encapsulates fiber channel frames over

encapsulates fiber channel frames over ethernet it's a protocol in its own

ethernet it's a protocol in its own

ethernet it's a protocol in its own right and it was developed just

right and it was developed just

right and it was developed just specifically for this environment and

specifically for this environment and

specifically for this environment and you can see the um fiber channel over

you can see the um fiber channel over

you can see the um fiber channel over ethernet is working in this part of the

ethernet is working in this part of the

ethernet is working in this part of the connection here

connection here

connection here and then it looks like we've got ether

and then it looks like we've got ether

and then it looks like we've got ether channel here which um I don't think

channel here which um I don't think

channel here which um I don't think ether channel is specifically covered

ether channel is specifically covered

ether channel is specifically covered but we do

but we do

but we do um there's a part of the syllabus that

um there's a part of the syllabus that

um there's a part of the syllabus that covers um increase in Europe time I

covers um increase in Europe time I

covers um increase in Europe time I can't remember what it's called now

can't remember what it's called now

can't remember what it's called now let's say there's redundancy we do talk

let's say there's redundancy we do talk

let's say there's redundancy we do talk about later

about later

about later so uh it's a non-routable network

so uh it's a non-routable network

so uh it's a non-routable network protocol so it won't go

protocol so it won't go

protocol so it won't go whatever your connection is it wouldn't

whatever your connection is it wouldn't

whatever your connection is it wouldn't be

be

be carried out here to um

carried out here to um

carried out here to um to the internet

to the internet

to the internet it wouldn't work it'd be converted

it wouldn't work it'd be converted

it wouldn't work it'd be converted something would be converted to bgp or

something would be converted to bgp or

something would be converted to bgp or whatever you're using out here

whatever you're using out here

whatever you're using out here differs from Isco Z which runs over

differs from Isco Z which runs over

differs from Isco Z which runs over tcpip

tcpip

tcpip okay this is non-routable so that very

okay this is non-routable so that very

okay this is non-routable so that very much whether it would be working over

much whether it would be working over

much whether it would be working over tcpip and then just to tick the Box

tcpip and then just to tick the Box

tcpip and then just to tick the Box Infinity band it's added in the syllabus

Infinity band it's added in the syllabus

Infinity band it's added in the syllabus um there's a diagram here I got from

um there's a diagram here I got from

um there's a diagram here I got from melanox whoever they are just you could

melanox whoever they are just you could

melanox whoever they are just you could um see a topology of it working used in

um see a topology of it working used in

um see a topology of it working used in high performance Computing just think of

high performance Computing just think of

high performance Computing just think of exam questions basically why is it used

exam questions basically why is it used

exam questions basically why is it used it's high performance low latency so if

it's high performance low latency so if

it's high performance low latency so if it if it meets your requirements you'd

it if it meets your requirements you'd

it if it meets your requirements you'd consider using it

consider using it

consider using it uh direct or switched internet

uh direct or switched internet

uh direct or switched internet connection between servers or storage so

connection between servers or storage so

connection between servers or storage so it can be server to serve our server to

it can be server to serve our server to

it can be server to serve our server to storage

storage

storage all right so we covered a lot of ground

all right so we covered a lot of ground

all right so we covered a lot of ground but we're just topping up on what we uh

but we're just topping up on what we uh

but we're just topping up on what we uh already learned earlier you learn about

already learned earlier you learn about

already learned earlier you learn about some copper connector types transceivers

some copper connector types transceivers

some copper connector types transceivers so it'll convert one type of another one

so it'll convert one type of another one

so it'll convert one type of another one type of connection to another we talked

type of connection to another we talked

type of connection to another we talked about the the DB oops the DB M9 uh I

about the the DB oops the DB M9 uh I

about the the DB oops the DB M9 uh I think the other one was 25 the D

think the other one was 25 the D

think the other one was 25 the D connector and basically the shape is

connector and basically the shape is

connector and basically the shape is there

there

there hopefully so nobody plugs things in the

hopefully so nobody plugs things in the

hopefully so nobody plugs things in the wrong way that's any reason

wrong way that's any reason

wrong way that's any reason uh termination points copper cable

uh termination points copper cable

uh termination points copper cable standards which is the F standard I

standards which is the F standard I

standards which is the F standard I think we talked about which isn't fiber

it could be fiber fibre depending on

it could be fiber fibre depending on

it could be fiber fibre depending on where you are

where you are

where you are and then the network storage connection

and then the network storage connection

and then the network storage connection type

type

type all right so that's all for now I'll

all right so that's all for now I'll

all right so that's all for now I'll look forward to seeing you on the next

look forward to seeing you on the next

look forward to seeing you on the next presentation

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] foreign

Network hardware and media unbounded

Network hardware and media unbounded

Network hardware and media unbounded Network media

Network media

Network media as we just discussed bounded media is

as we just discussed bounded media is

as we just discussed bounded media is that media error cabling that is bounded

that media error cabling that is bounded

that media error cabling that is bounded in the limits of a cable something you

in the limits of a cable something you

in the limits of a cable something you can hold unbounded media as the image

can hold unbounded media as the image

can hold unbounded media as the image here describes and the image right here

here describes and the image right here

here describes and the image right here describes is uh Wireless in nature

describes is uh Wireless in nature

describes is uh Wireless in nature meaning that there isn't any sort of

meaning that there isn't any sort of

meaning that there isn't any sort of chord that you have to rely on and

chord that you have to rely on and

chord that you have to rely on and therefore it allows for certain

therefore it allows for certain

therefore it allows for certain advantages and also certain

advantages and also certain

advantages and also certain disadvantages so we're going to look at

disadvantages so we're going to look at

disadvantages so we're going to look at the hardware and unbounded media types

the hardware and unbounded media types

the hardware and unbounded media types involved in these sort of connections

involved in these sort of connections

involved in these sort of connections so are the objectives for this module

so are the objectives for this module

so are the objectives for this module are to Define unbounded as opposed to

are to Define unbounded as opposed to

are to Define unbounded as opposed to bounded Network media we're also going

bounded Network media we're also going

bounded Network media we're also going to define the difference in radio

to define the difference in radio

to define the difference in radio networking and broadcast radio

networking and broadcast radio

networking and broadcast radio look at something called spread Spectrum

look at something called spread Spectrum

look at something called spread Spectrum which was created in order to help

which was created in order to help

which was created in order to help Wireless Technologies work more

Wireless Technologies work more

Wireless Technologies work more efficiently and effectively we're also

efficiently and effectively we're also

efficiently and effectively we're also going to look at IR or infrared or

going to look at IR or infrared or

going to look at IR or infrared or infrared connections Bluetooth

infrared connections Bluetooth

infrared connections Bluetooth connections and microwave connections

connections and microwave connections

connections and microwave connections all of these different types of

all of these different types of

all of these different types of unbounded media and devices

unbounded media and devices

unbounded media and devices and then we're going to look at

and then we're going to look at

and then we're going to look at something that most of you are probably

something that most of you are probably

something that most of you are probably more familiar with a wireless access

more familiar with a wireless access

more familiar with a wireless access point also a WAP

point also a WAP

point also a WAP then we're going to describe the

then we're going to describe the

then we're going to describe the characteristics of an SSID which many of

characteristics of an SSID which many of

characteristics of an SSID which many of you uh might know as the name of a

you uh might know as the name of a

you uh might know as the name of a network also called the service set

network also called the service set

network also called the service set identifier

identifier

identifier and finally we're going to look at the

and finally we're going to look at the

and finally we're going to look at the basic uh

basic uh

basic uh ways of properly installing an access

ways of properly installing an access

ways of properly installing an access point and by properly installing an

point and by properly installing an

point and by properly installing an access point of course we're referring

access point of course we're referring

access point of course we're referring to the network plus methodology of

to the network plus methodology of

to the network plus methodology of installing an access point

installing an access point

installing an access point all right

all right

all right so unbounded Network media is any

so unbounded Network media is any

so unbounded Network media is any network media that's not bound by a

network media that's not bound by a

network media that's not bound by a physical connection such as copper or

physical connection such as copper or

physical connection such as copper or wire a fiber that we've just seen

wire a fiber that we've just seen

wire a fiber that we've just seen the unbounded simply means it's wireless

the unbounded simply means it's wireless

the unbounded simply means it's wireless or it's using a sort of Wireless

or it's using a sort of Wireless

or it's using a sort of Wireless technology Now using unbounded media has

technology Now using unbounded media has

technology Now using unbounded media has some specific advantages such as it's

some specific advantages such as it's

some specific advantages such as it's easier to install and manage over its

easier to install and manage over its

easier to install and manage over its bounded counterparts because you don't

bounded counterparts because you don't

bounded counterparts because you don't have as much stuff to deal with in the

have as much stuff to deal with in the

have as much stuff to deal with in the same regard however unbounded Network

same regard however unbounded Network

same regard however unbounded Network media has the potential to be less

media has the potential to be less

media has the potential to be less secure than bounded and actually a lot

secure than bounded and actually a lot

secure than bounded and actually a lot of folks will say that there is no way

of folks will say that there is no way

of folks will say that there is no way to have a secure Wireless

to have a secure Wireless

to have a secure Wireless or unbounded network because

or unbounded network because

or unbounded network because traffic across the network can be

traffic across the network can be

traffic across the network can be intercepted a lot easier when it's

intercepted a lot easier when it's

intercepted a lot easier when it's wireless and anyone can just sort of tap

wireless and anyone can just sort of tap

wireless and anyone can just sort of tap in in radio networking data is

in in radio networking data is

in in radio networking data is transmitted as RF or radio frequency so

transmitted as RF or radio frequency so

transmitted as RF or radio frequency so one of the first forms of communications

one of the first forms of communications

one of the first forms of communications this these signals of RF waves were

this these signals of RF waves were

this these signals of RF waves were transmitted in the 10 kilohertz to

uh one gigahertz range

uh one gigahertz range

uh one gigahertz range and in the U.S the FCC or the Federal

and in the U.S the FCC or the Federal

and in the U.S the FCC or the Federal Communications Commission regulates

Communications Commission regulates

Communications Commission regulates these radio Transmissions this kind of

these radio Transmissions this kind of

these radio Transmissions this kind of networking is unfortunately very

networking is unfortunately very

networking is unfortunately very susceptible to uh Emi

susceptible to uh Emi

susceptible to uh Emi or electromagnetic interference which

or electromagnetic interference which

or electromagnetic interference which we've seen previously especially from

we've seen previously especially from

we've seen previously especially from stuff like power lines metallic

stuff like power lines metallic

stuff like power lines metallic obstacles even atmospheric conditions

obstacles even atmospheric conditions

obstacles even atmospheric conditions some people tell me that they lose

some people tell me that they lose

some people tell me that they lose connectivity when a plane flies overhead

connectivity when a plane flies overhead

connectivity when a plane flies overhead a radio networking can also be very long

a radio networking can also be very long

a radio networking can also be very long range depending on the method of

range depending on the method of

range depending on the method of transmission the amount of power behind

transmission the amount of power behind

transmission the amount of power behind the signal the kind of antenna being

the signal the kind of antenna being

the signal the kind of antenna being used the portion of the frequency

used the portion of the frequency

used the portion of the frequency spectrum which is located in here that's

spectrum which is located in here that's

spectrum which is located in here that's being used now with broadcast radio

being used now with broadcast radio

being used now with broadcast radio which is also considered a broadcast

which is also considered a broadcast

which is also considered a broadcast network the signal is sent out in all

network the signal is sent out in all

network the signal is sent out in all directions and utilizes a single

directions and utilizes a single

directions and utilizes a single frequency for transmission so there's

frequency for transmission so there's

frequency for transmission so there's low power transmission for shorter

low power transmission for shorter

low power transmission for shorter distances is more common and is easy to

distances is more common and is easy to

distances is more common and is easy to install but there's also

install but there's also

install but there's also high power Transmissions which are used

high power Transmissions which are used

high power Transmissions which are used for further distances as you would

for further distances as you would

for further distances as you would imagine and it's difficult typically a

imagine and it's difficult typically a

imagine and it's difficult typically a little more difficult to install because

little more difficult to install because

little more difficult to install because it requires really specially trained

it requires really specially trained

it requires really specially trained technicians proper installation and

technicians proper installation and

technicians proper installation and maintenance techniques and so on with

maintenance techniques and so on with

maintenance techniques and so on with radio networking line of sight is not

radio networking line of sight is not

radio networking line of sight is not necessary

necessary

necessary which means that the

which means that the

which means that the uh this the device sending the signal in

uh this the device sending the signal in

uh this the device sending the signal in the device receiving the signal don't

the device receiving the signal don't

the device receiving the signal don't need to literally be able to see one

need to literally be able to see one

need to literally be able to see one another now because radio networking is

another now because radio networking is

another now because radio networking is sent over the airwaves uh the signal can

sent over the airwaves uh the signal can

sent over the airwaves uh the signal can be intercepted really easily and so in

be intercepted really easily and so in

be intercepted really easily and so in order to utilize the technology for

order to utilize the technology for

order to utilize the technology for day-to-day transmission of information

day-to-day transmission of information

day-to-day transmission of information we need to make sure that it's kept

we need to make sure that it's kept

we need to make sure that it's kept confidential and so a new form of radio

confidential and so a new form of radio

confidential and so a new form of radio transmission was developed this is

transmission was developed this is

transmission was developed this is called spread Spectrum

called spread Spectrum

called spread Spectrum a spread Spectrum was introduced to

a spread Spectrum was introduced to

a spread Spectrum was introduced to address some of the concerns that I've

address some of the concerns that I've

address some of the concerns that I've just mentioned uh it takes the radio

just mentioned uh it takes the radio

just mentioned uh it takes the radio signal to be transmitted and it sends it

signal to be transmitted and it sends it

signal to be transmitted and it sends it over more than one frequency so this

over more than one frequency so this

over more than one frequency so this makes it more difficult to intercept the

makes it more difficult to intercept the

makes it more difficult to intercept the data in transit now there are two

data in transit now there are two

data in transit now there are two different types of spread spectrums

different types of spread spectrums

different types of spread spectrums first is DSS or direct sequence spread

first is DSS or direct sequence spread

first is DSS or direct sequence spread Spectrum the direct sequence

Spectrum the direct sequence

Spectrum the direct sequence spread Spectrum that's a mouthful

spread Spectrum that's a mouthful

spread Spectrum that's a mouthful utilizes multiple channels to transmit

utilizes multiple channels to transmit

utilizes multiple channels to transmit the message simultaneously

the message simultaneously

the message simultaneously so it's going to use multiple channels

so it's going to use multiple channels

so it's going to use multiple channels and it's going to send that message

and it's going to send that message

and it's going to send that message all at the same time

with DSS there's also a method of error

with DSS there's also a method of error

with DSS there's also a method of error checking and it's called edac

checking and it's called edac

checking and it's called edac which I don't think you'll see on the

which I don't think you'll see on the

which I don't think you'll see on the test which is error detection and

test which is error detection and

test which is error detection and correction and this allows for a certain

correction and this allows for a certain

correction and this allows for a certain degree of signal loss while still being

degree of signal loss while still being

degree of signal loss while still being able to put the original signal back

able to put the original signal back

able to put the original signal back together on the receiving end

on the other hand we also have something

on the other hand we also have something

on the other hand we also have something called fhss or frequency hopping spread

called fhss or frequency hopping spread

called fhss or frequency hopping spread Spectrum in this method uh it sends the

Spectrum in this method uh it sends the

Spectrum in this method uh it sends the signal across one channel at a time

and hops to the channel uh each Channel

and hops to the channel uh each Channel

and hops to the channel uh each Channel just just sort of hops to another one at

just just sort of hops to another one at

just just sort of hops to another one at a predetermined interval

this method can hop from frequency to

this method can hop from frequency to

this method can hop from frequency to frequency anywhere from 50 to a several

frequency anywhere from 50 to a several

frequency anywhere from 50 to a several hundred uh different frequencies

per second

per second

per second the sender and receiver as you can

the sender and receiver as you can

the sender and receiver as you can imagine need to be synchronized with one

imagine need to be synchronized with one

imagine need to be synchronized with one another and they also have to have the

another and they also have to have the

another and they also have to have the same uh set of frequencies to hop to

same uh set of frequencies to hop to

same uh set of frequencies to hop to which which is called a hop set

which which is called a hop set

which which is called a hop set this method of radio communication by

this method of radio communication by

this method of radio communication by the way is it's commonly used in the

the way is it's commonly used in the

the way is it's commonly used in the military because it has a fairly

military because it has a fairly

military because it has a fairly strong sense of security about it

infrared or infrared which you might

infrared or infrared which you might

infrared or infrared which you might have heard of uh

Transmissions

Transmissions

Transmissions are also unbounded forms of

are also unbounded forms of

are also unbounded forms of communication and the and the data is

communication and the and the data is

communication and the and the data is sent via pulses of infrared light

sent via pulses of infrared light

sent via pulses of infrared light hence the name infrared this light is ah

hence the name infrared this light is ah

hence the name infrared this light is ah between 300 gigahertz and 300 000

between 300 gigahertz and 300 000

between 300 gigahertz and 300 000 gigahertz range and in the in the

gigahertz range and in the in the

gigahertz range and in the in the electromagnetic spectrum of ranges and

electromagnetic spectrum of ranges and

electromagnetic spectrum of ranges and frequencies there are also a few types

frequencies there are also a few types

frequencies there are also a few types of ir that can be used

of ir that can be used

of ir that can be used um all of which need an absolutely

um all of which need an absolutely

um all of which need an absolutely unobstructed view between devices this

unobstructed view between devices this

unobstructed view between devices this means that they are what we call line of

means that they are what we call line of

means that they are what we call line of sight

or loss

because of this it nearly guarantees

because of this it nearly guarantees

because of this it nearly guarantees that there's a secure connection between

that there's a secure connection between

that there's a secure connection between the devices because they have to be so

the devices because they have to be so

the devices because they have to be so close to one another

close to one another

close to one another another example of infrared being used

another example of infrared being used

another example of infrared being used by the way is your remote control which

by the way is your remote control which

by the way is your remote control which is the reason that we probably found

is the reason that we probably found

is the reason that we probably found them on a lot of laptops now there are

them on a lot of laptops now there are

them on a lot of laptops now there are different types of infrared connections

different types of infrared connections

different types of infrared connections uh they're serial infrared which means

uh they're serial infrared which means

uh they're serial infrared which means that the data is sent in a Serial

that the data is sent in a Serial

that the data is sent in a Serial fashion uh in this case you're looking

fashion uh in this case you're looking

fashion uh in this case you're looking at probably around 115

at probably around 115

at probably around 115 kilobits per second then we also have

kilobits per second then we also have

kilobits per second then we also have fast infrared which goes up to four

fast infrared which goes up to four

fast infrared which goes up to four megabits per second and finally very

megabits per second and finally very

megabits per second and finally very fast infrared which gives you up to

fast infrared which gives you up to

fast infrared which gives you up to about 16 megabits per second so you can

about 16 megabits per second so you can

about 16 megabits per second so you can see that there is a uh the technology

see that there is a uh the technology

see that there is a uh the technology has changed quite a bit that being said

has changed quite a bit that being said

has changed quite a bit that being said we don't see this a lot in sort of um

we don't see this a lot in sort of um

we don't see this a lot in sort of um consumer markets just because it is uh

consumer markets just because it is uh

consumer markets just because it is uh because of the line of sight necessity

because of the line of sight necessity

because of the line of sight necessity of it

of it

of it now there's also Bluetooth Transmissions

now there's also Bluetooth Transmissions

now there's also Bluetooth Transmissions which is another form of short range

which is another form of short range

which is another form of short range wireless communication it's increasingly

wireless communication it's increasingly

wireless communication it's increasingly popular you've probably seen it with

popular you've probably seen it with

popular you've probably seen it with these sort of headsets and it uses a 2.4

these sort of headsets and it uses a 2.4

these sort of headsets and it uses a 2.4 gigahertz frequency which by the way is

gigahertz frequency which by the way is

gigahertz frequency which by the way is the same we're going to see with Wi-Fi

the same we're going to see with Wi-Fi

the same we're going to see with Wi-Fi and so that this can actually cause uh

and so that this can actually cause uh

and so that this can actually cause uh some interference with your at-home

some interference with your at-home

some interference with your at-home Wi-Fi network now today Bluetooth is

Wi-Fi network now today Bluetooth is

Wi-Fi network now today Bluetooth is used to connect devices like headsets

used to connect devices like headsets

used to connect devices like headsets cell phones uh laptops mice gaming

cell phones uh laptops mice gaming

cell phones uh laptops mice gaming consoles

consoles

consoles um so on and so forth

um so on and so forth

um so on and so forth the accepted maximum range of Bluetooth

the accepted maximum range of Bluetooth

the accepted maximum range of Bluetooth communication is about 30 feet uh which

communication is about 30 feet uh which

communication is about 30 feet uh which is equivalent to around 10 meters

is equivalent to around 10 meters

is equivalent to around 10 meters but the newest implementation Bluetooth

but the newest implementation Bluetooth

but the newest implementation Bluetooth 2.0 is said to reach up to 30 meters or

2.0 is said to reach up to 30 meters or

2.0 is said to reach up to 30 meters or a hundred feet uh but it's not

a hundred feet uh but it's not

a hundred feet uh but it's not guaranteed to run that distance and

guaranteed to run that distance and

guaranteed to run that distance and um in application it might not actually

um in application it might not actually

um in application it might not actually get there now when you're connecting

get there now when you're connecting

get there now when you're connecting devices by bluetooth we call it pairing

devices by bluetooth we call it pairing

devices by bluetooth we call it pairing devices uh and if you've never done this

devices uh and if you've never done this

devices uh and if you've never done this before generally there's a pin code

before generally there's a pin code

before generally there's a pin code that's used

that's used

that's used to pin these a pair these devices

to pin these a pair these devices

to pin these a pair these devices together to make sure that they are

together to make sure that they are

together to make sure that they are secure and you're not connecting to a

secure and you're not connecting to a

secure and you're not connecting to a different device the next type of uh

different device the next type of uh

different device the next type of uh Wireless transmission I want to talk

Wireless transmission I want to talk

Wireless transmission I want to talk about is microwave transmission is the

about is microwave transmission is the

about is microwave transmission is the same

same

same term for that thing in your house the

term for that thing in your house the

term for that thing in your house the microwave operates in one one gigahertz

microwave operates in one one gigahertz

microwave operates in one one gigahertz to 300 gigahertz frequency range and for

to 300 gigahertz frequency range and for

to 300 gigahertz frequency range and for the microwave transmission to be

the microwave transmission to be

the microwave transmission to be received successfully there has to be an

received successfully there has to be an

received successfully there has to be an unobstructed view or point-to-point line

unobstructed view or point-to-point line

unobstructed view or point-to-point line of

of

of communication so just imagine that the

communication so just imagine that the

communication so just imagine that the satellite uh for your television for

satellite uh for your television for

satellite uh for your television for instance if our satellite dish at home

instance if our satellite dish at home

instance if our satellite dish at home doesn't have a clear line to the

doesn't have a clear line to the

doesn't have a clear line to the satellite in the sky we see that it's

satellite in the sky we see that it's

satellite in the sky we see that it's signal to grade or drop off altogether

signal to grade or drop off altogether

signal to grade or drop off altogether so obstructions such as buildings uh

so obstructions such as buildings uh

so obstructions such as buildings uh trees even atmospheric conditions like

trees even atmospheric conditions like

trees even atmospheric conditions like rain Etc can all play a major factor in

rain Etc can all play a major factor in

rain Etc can all play a major factor in microwave Transmissions one of the

microwave Transmissions one of the

microwave Transmissions one of the greatest benefits of microwave

greatest benefits of microwave

greatest benefits of microwave Transmissions is it has a really long

Transmissions is it has a really long

Transmissions is it has a really long range of communication as you can

range of communication as you can

range of communication as you can imagine

imagine

imagine uh uh your satellite at home can reach

uh uh your satellite at home can reach

uh uh your satellite at home can reach all the way up to the sky and hit that

all the way up to the sky and hit that

all the way up to the sky and hit that uh satellite in the sky or rather your

uh satellite in the sky or rather your

uh satellite in the sky or rather your receiver at home or your dish at home

receiver at home or your dish at home

receiver at home or your dish at home can reach that satellite in the sky and

can reach that satellite in the sky and

can reach that satellite in the sky and so there's a real strong benefit to the

so there's a real strong benefit to the

so there's a real strong benefit to the satellite microwave Transmissions

satellite microwave Transmissions

satellite microwave Transmissions now the one you're probably most

now the one you're probably most

now the one you're probably most familiar with here is a wireless access

familiar with here is a wireless access

familiar with here is a wireless access point which is a radio uh a type of

point which is a radio uh a type of

point which is a radio uh a type of radio frequency device it allows

radio frequency device it allows

radio frequency device it allows wireless

wireless

wireless devices to connect to a network it has a

devices to connect to a network it has a

devices to connect to a network it has a network interface that allows it to

network interface that allows it to

network interface that allows it to connect to a wired Network as well so

connect to a wired Network as well so

connect to a wired Network as well so generally speaking this would go off to

generally speaking this would go off to

generally speaking this would go off to say a switch or a router now how do we

say a switch or a router now how do we

say a switch or a router now how do we know which wireless access point we want

know which wireless access point we want

know which wireless access point we want to connect to this is something this is

to connect to this is something this is

to connect to this is something this is where we get into something called an

where we get into something called an

where we get into something called an SSID and there are also other settings

SSID and there are also other settings

SSID and there are also other settings that we need to take care of when we're

that we need to take care of when we're

that we need to take care of when we're setting one of these up so first let's

setting one of these up so first let's

setting one of these up so first let's talk about the SSID or service set

talk about the SSID or service set

talk about the SSID or service set identifier which is a up to a 32-bit

identifier which is a up to a 32-bit

identifier which is a up to a 32-bit alphanumeric string and it identifies

alphanumeric string and it identifies

alphanumeric string and it identifies the name of your wireless access point

the name of your wireless access point

the name of your wireless access point so in some ways we might call this the

so in some ways we might call this the

so in some ways we might call this the name of your network right out of the

name of your network right out of the

name of your network right out of the box

box

box when you just set it up the access point

when you just set it up the access point

when you just set it up the access point is going to do what we call broadcast

is going to do what we call broadcast

is going to do what we call broadcast your SSID this means that it's

your SSID this means that it's

your SSID this means that it's transmitting the name of the network uh

transmitting the name of the network uh

transmitting the name of the network uh into clear text so that anyone who's

into clear text so that anyone who's

into clear text so that anyone who's within range can see it if you live in a

within range can see it if you live in a

within range can see it if you live in a building or if you're in an office space

building or if you're in an office space

building or if you're in an office space you've probably seen this so This

you've probably seen this so This

you've probably seen this so This creates a vulnerability on the network

creates a vulnerability on the network

creates a vulnerability on the network especially if you want to limit the

especially if you want to limit the

especially if you want to limit the number of users that are trying to

number of users that are trying to

number of users that are trying to access your network so with your

access your network so with your

access your network so with your wireless access point there are a few

wireless access point there are a few

wireless access point there are a few steps to make to ensure that we're going

steps to make to ensure that we're going

steps to make to ensure that we're going to install this correctly uh safely and

to install this correctly uh safely and

to install this correctly uh safely and efficiently so the first thing we want

efficiently so the first thing we want

efficiently so the first thing we want to do is to choose the proper device for

to do is to choose the proper device for

to do is to choose the proper device for your needs obviously there are different

your needs obviously there are different

your needs obviously there are different types of access points if you were

types of access points if you were

types of access points if you were around for a plus we talked about what

around for a plus we talked about what

around for a plus we talked about what are called Soho routers or Soho access

are called Soho routers or Soho access

are called Soho routers or Soho access points which also have routers in them

points which also have routers in them

points which also have routers in them but an access point simply is the device

but an access point simply is the device

but an access point simply is the device that's connecting you wirelessly to your

that's connecting you wirelessly to your

that's connecting you wirelessly to your network now if you have a corporate

network now if you have a corporate

network now if you have a corporate environment or a home office Network

environment or a home office Network

environment or a home office Network you're going to need different things so

you're going to need different things so

you're going to need different things so the next thing one once you've decided

the next thing one once you've decided

the next thing one once you've decided which device you want we then have to

which device you want we then have to

which device you want we then have to talk about where we want to place it and

talk about where we want to place it and

talk about where we want to place it and specifically we need to ensure that our

specifically we need to ensure that our

specifically we need to ensure that our users can access the network from all

users can access the network from all

users can access the network from all the places they need to which is just as

the places they need to which is just as

the places they need to which is just as important as considering which users we

important as considering which users we

important as considering which users we don't want to be able to connect so we

don't want to be able to connect so we

don't want to be able to connect so we want to be able to place it in a place

want to be able to place it in a place

want to be able to place it in a place that is of course Central but also is

that is of course Central but also is

that is of course Central but also is limiting or Limited in the amount of

limiting or Limited in the amount of

limiting or Limited in the amount of people who are going to connect to it if

people who are going to connect to it if

people who are going to connect to it if you put it near a window for instance

you put it near a window for instance

you put it near a window for instance our next door neighbor might be able to

our next door neighbor might be able to

our next door neighbor might be able to connect now almost immediately after

connect now almost immediately after

connect now almost immediately after bringing the whapper the wireless access

bringing the whapper the wireless access

bringing the whapper the wireless access point out of the box we want to change

point out of the box we want to change

point out of the box we want to change the administrative default password

the administrative default password

the administrative default password so and disable any guest accounts this

so and disable any guest accounts this

so and disable any guest accounts this means that all these settings that we're

means that all these settings that we're

means that all these settings that we're talking about uh you need a password to

talking about uh you need a password to

talking about uh you need a password to be able to get in and change them so we

be able to get in and change them so we

be able to get in and change them so we want to change that or disable the guest

want to change that or disable the guest

want to change that or disable the guest account change that and we also want to

account change that and we also want to

account change that and we also want to make sure there are no other backdoor

make sure there are no other backdoor

make sure there are no other backdoor accounts

accounts

accounts um you can generally check in your

um you can generally check in your

um you can generally check in your administrative sort of um manual to see

administrative sort of um manual to see

administrative sort of um manual to see if there's anything like that so that

if there's anything like that so that

if there's anything like that so that way we don't have any unauthorized

way we don't have any unauthorized

way we don't have any unauthorized access to the account

access to the account

access to the account next thing we want to do is configure

next thing we want to do is configure

next thing we want to do is configure these wireless access point settings

these wireless access point settings

these wireless access point settings including the SSID what encryption we're

including the SSID what encryption we're

including the SSID what encryption we're using power and so on

using power and so on

using power and so on we'll talk about encryption and in

we'll talk about encryption and in

we'll talk about encryption and in further detail in later uh lessons so

further detail in later uh lessons so

further detail in later uh lessons so don't worry about that so much right now

figurations have been set we also want

figurations have been set we also want

figurations have been set we also want to disable as we've mentioned the SSID

to disable as we've mentioned the SSID

to disable as we've mentioned the SSID this doesn't mean that users aren't

this doesn't mean that users aren't

this doesn't mean that users aren't going to be able to connect to the

going to be able to connect to the

going to be able to connect to the network by the way it just means that if

network by the way it just means that if

network by the way it just means that if you're looking for available wireless

you're looking for available wireless

you're looking for available wireless networks it's not going to be uh

networks it's not going to be uh

networks it's not going to be uh broadcast out there so in other words

broadcast out there so in other words

broadcast out there so in other words you need to know the name in order to

you need to know the name in order to

you need to know the name in order to find it it's sort of like a door that's

find it it's sort of like a door that's

find it it's sort of like a door that's hidden in the wall if you know where the

hidden in the wall if you know where the

hidden in the wall if you know where the door is you can find it if not it Just

door is you can find it if not it Just

door is you can find it if not it Just Blends into the wall

Blends into the wall

Blends into the wall finally after we've set everything up

finally after we've set everything up

finally after we've set everything up the last thing we want to do is test for

the last thing we want to do is test for

the last thing we want to do is test for functionality make sure that all the

functionality make sure that all the

functionality make sure that all the users can connect make sure that they

users can connect make sure that they

users can connect make sure that they can get in from the locations they need

can get in from the locations they need

can get in from the locations they need to and also make sure that people who

to and also make sure that people who

to and also make sure that people who can't who shouldn't be able to connect

can't who shouldn't be able to connect

can't who shouldn't be able to connect can't

can't

can't all right so now we've talked about a

all right so now we've talked about a

all right so now we've talked about a couple different things first we talked

couple different things first we talked

couple different things first we talked about unbounded Network media which

about unbounded Network media which

about unbounded Network media which again is sort of Wireless

again is sort of Wireless

again is sort of Wireless in scope it means there's no chord we

in scope it means there's no chord we

in scope it means there's no chord we looked at Radio networking and broadcast

looked at Radio networking and broadcast

looked at Radio networking and broadcast radio we also looked at the sped spread

radio we also looked at the sped spread

radio we also looked at the sped spread spectrum and if you remember that's we

spectrum and if you remember that's we

spectrum and if you remember that's we have two different types one which is

have two different types one which is

have two different types one which is going to broadcast on several different

going to broadcast on several different

going to broadcast on several different channels on the Spectrum at once and one

channels on the Spectrum at once and one

channels on the Spectrum at once and one which hops around at certain intervals

which hops around at certain intervals

which hops around at certain intervals we also looked at infrared Bluetooth and

we also looked at infrared Bluetooth and

we also looked at infrared Bluetooth and microwave connections these two much

microwave connections these two much

microwave connections these two much more uh shorter distances microwave a

more uh shorter distances microwave a

more uh shorter distances microwave a much longer distance this requires a

much longer distance this requires a

much longer distance this requires a line of sight so does

line of sight so does

line of sight so does IR Bluetooth does not but does have a

IR Bluetooth does not but does have a

IR Bluetooth does not but does have a very limited degree of um distance that

very limited degree of um distance that

very limited degree of um distance that it'll work we also looked at a wireless

it'll work we also looked at a wireless

it'll work we also looked at a wireless access point or a WAP by the way

access point or a WAP by the way

access point or a WAP by the way wireless access point is also going to

wireless access point is also going to

wireless access point is also going to be built into what's called a Soho

be built into what's called a Soho

be built into what's called a Soho router those are those Linksys or

router those are those Linksys or

router those are those Linksys or Netgear routers that you buy at the

Netgear routers that you buy at the

Netgear routers that you buy at the store and finally we described the

store and finally we described the

store and finally we described the characteristics of an SSID specifically

characteristics of an SSID specifically

characteristics of an SSID specifically the fact that we want to disable their

the fact that we want to disable their

the fact that we want to disable their broadcasting

so we've talked about the bounded and

so we've talked about the bounded and

so we've talked about the bounded and Unbound media let's talk about some of

Unbound media let's talk about some of

Unbound media let's talk about some of the devices this media is going to

the devices this media is going to

the devices this media is going to connect to

[Music]

Network hardware and media network

Network hardware and media network

Network hardware and media network connectivity devices

connectivity devices

connectivity devices so having discussed the way that devices

so having discussed the way that devices

so having discussed the way that devices connect either using unbounded or

connect either using unbounded or

connect either using unbounded or bounded media let's now talk about the

bounded media let's now talk about the

bounded media let's now talk about the connectivity devices themselves

connectivity devices themselves

connectivity devices themselves so the objectives of this module are

so the objectives of this module are

so the objectives of this module are first to Define and describe a Nick

first to Define and describe a Nick

first to Define and describe a Nick which also stands for a network

which also stands for a network

which also stands for a network interface card

interface card

interface card this is the main way in which devices

this is the main way in which devices

this is the main way in which devices connect to a network

we're also going to talk about a

we're also going to talk about a

we're also going to talk about a transceiver a chip that is on the Nick

transceiver a chip that is on the Nick

transceiver a chip that is on the Nick and basically allows it to communicate

and basically allows it to communicate

and basically allows it to communicate we're also going to identify the

we're also going to identify the

we're also going to identify the characteristics that make a switch one

characteristics that make a switch one

characteristics that make a switch one of the main Central devices in our start

of the main Central devices in our start

of the main Central devices in our start apology that allows for communication on

apology that allows for communication on

apology that allows for communication on a local area network and then we're

a local area network and then we're

a local area network and then we're going to identify some of the qualities

going to identify some of the qualities

going to identify some of the qualities and some of the characteristics that we

and some of the characteristics that we

and some of the characteristics that we can put into a switch including trunking

can put into a switch including trunking

can put into a switch including trunking Port mirroring and channel bonding all

Port mirroring and channel bonding all

Port mirroring and channel bonding all of these do come up on the exam and so

of these do come up on the exam and so

of these do come up on the exam and so they are pretty important to cover

they are pretty important to cover

they are pretty important to cover then we're going to talk about a router

then we're going to talk about a router

then we're going to talk about a router and a Gateway these two devices allow us

and a Gateway these two devices allow us

and a Gateway these two devices allow us to communicate outside of our local

to communicate outside of our local

to communicate outside of our local networks onto a wide area network or a

networks onto a wide area network or a

networks onto a wide area network or a Wan

Wan

Wan now as with anything we have noise that

now as with anything we have noise that

now as with anything we have noise that interrupts the signal and so we're going

interrupts the signal and so we're going

interrupts the signal and so we're going to talk about what that noise is and the

to talk about what that noise is and the

to talk about what that noise is and the sources of that noise so we can better

sources of that noise so we can better

sources of that noise so we can better uh alleviate and avoid it

uh alleviate and avoid it

uh alleviate and avoid it finally we're going to talk about that

finally we're going to talk about that

finally we're going to talk about that alleviation and avoidance by talking

alleviation and avoidance by talking

alleviation and avoidance by talking about noise control and reduction

about noise control and reduction

about noise control and reduction techniques sometimes getting into these

techniques sometimes getting into these

techniques sometimes getting into these specifics of how this works now some of

specifics of how this works now some of

specifics of how this works now some of this might be a little too complex for

this might be a little too complex for

this might be a little too complex for the network plus exam but it's good to

the network plus exam but it's good to

the network plus exam but it's good to go over anyway so you have a firm basis

go over anyway so you have a firm basis

go over anyway so you have a firm basis in the theory behind it

in the theory behind it

in the theory behind it so the Nick or the network interface

so the Nick or the network interface

so the Nick or the network interface card is a physical connectivity device

card is a physical connectivity device

card is a physical connectivity device that can be either wired or Wireless for

that can be either wired or Wireless for

that can be either wired or Wireless for Wired networks the Nix gonna have an

Wired networks the Nix gonna have an

Wired networks the Nix gonna have an ethernet port which is right here that

ethernet port which is right here that

ethernet port which is right here that allows you to connect to an RJ45 cable

allows you to connect to an RJ45 cable

allows you to connect to an RJ45 cable if you recall the RJ45 cable is the ones

if you recall the RJ45 cable is the ones

if you recall the RJ45 cable is the ones used with most uh twisted pair

used with most uh twisted pair

used with most uh twisted pair installations you can either connect it

installations you can either connect it

installations you can either connect it directly to the motherboard or it can be

directly to the motherboard or it can be

directly to the motherboard or it can be connected through another card or a

connected through another card or a

connected through another card or a riser card or an expansion bus as this

riser card or an expansion bus as this

riser card or an expansion bus as this one would be now there are typically

one would be now there are typically

one would be now there are typically connectivity lights uh on the outside of

connectivity lights uh on the outside of

connectivity lights uh on the outside of the Nic that allow administrators to get

the Nic that allow administrators to get

the Nic that allow administrators to get a a quick status of the network

a a quick status of the network

a a quick status of the network connection the connectivity lights can

connection the connectivity lights can

connection the connectivity lights can mean different things depending on the

mean different things depending on the

mean different things depending on the manufacture of the Nick however most

manufacture of the Nick however most

manufacture of the Nick however most commonly there are going to be at least

commonly there are going to be at least

commonly there are going to be at least two and possibly even three and each of

two and possibly even three and each of

two and possibly even three and each of those lights are going to be different

those lights are going to be different

those lights are going to be different colors you can see on this one we have

colors you can see on this one we have

colors you can see on this one we have three different lights

three different lights

three different lights there should be one light that is on to

there should be one light that is on to

there should be one light that is on to dictate that there is a connection

dictate that there is a connection

dictate that there is a connection that would be a solid green light most

that would be a solid green light most

that would be a solid green light most of the time and it's going to stay lit

of the time and it's going to stay lit

of the time and it's going to stay lit when connection and there's also going

when connection and there's also going

when connection and there's also going to be another light that's sort of going

to be another light that's sort of going

to be another light that's sort of going to flicker the flicker is letting you

to flicker the flicker is letting you

to flicker the flicker is letting you know that there is activity or that

know that there is activity or that

know that there is activity or that traffic is being sent across the neck

traffic is being sent across the neck

traffic is being sent across the neck the faster the flicker uh typically this

the faster the flicker uh typically this

the faster the flicker uh typically this means that the higher the network speed

means that the higher the network speed

means that the higher the network speed or the more data that's going over

or the more data that's going over

or the more data that's going over occasionally you might see one with

occasionally you might see one with

occasionally you might see one with different colored lights the different

different colored lights the different

different colored lights the different colors might dictate for instance the

colors might dictate for instance the

colors might dictate for instance the speed of the connection for instance a

speed of the connection for instance a

speed of the connection for instance a green for gigabit speeds which would be

green for gigabit speeds which would be

green for gigabit speeds which would be a thousand megabits per second and Amber

a thousand megabits per second and Amber

a thousand megabits per second and Amber for instance for uh 100 megabit speed

for instance for uh 100 megabit speed

for instance for uh 100 megabit speed across the network okay and this is

across the network okay and this is

across the network okay and this is going to really vary depending on the

going to really vary depending on the

going to really vary depending on the Nick it's also important to know that

Nick it's also important to know that

Nick it's also important to know that the MAC address which might be written

the MAC address which might be written

the MAC address which might be written out here is actually hardwired or hard

out here is actually hardwired or hard

out here is actually hardwired or hard uh coded into the neck so it's something

uh coded into the neck so it's something

uh coded into the neck so it's something that comes with the Nick itself now a

that comes with the Nick itself now a

that comes with the Nick itself now a transceiver is a Connect every device

transceiver is a Connect every device

transceiver is a Connect every device that has the ability to send transmit or

that has the ability to send transmit or

that has the ability to send transmit or receive traffic simultaneously the

receive traffic simultaneously the

receive traffic simultaneously the ability that this has is special is due

ability that this has is special is due

ability that this has is special is due to a specialized chip that's right here

to a specialized chip that's right here

to a specialized chip that's right here and this assists the Nick in

and this assists the Nick in

and this assists the Nick in transmitting traffic across the medium

transmitting traffic across the medium

transmitting traffic across the medium almost every modern Nic has a

almost every modern Nic has a

almost every modern Nic has a transceiver built directly on to the

transceiver built directly on to the

transceiver built directly on to the device now a great example of a

device now a great example of a

device now a great example of a transceiver at work is something called

transceiver at work is something called

transceiver at work is something called the gbic or gigabit interface converter

the gbic or gigabit interface converter

the gbic or gigabit interface converter this is something that allows the

this is something that allows the

this is something that allows the conversion of electrical signals

into Optical signals

and then back again

the gbit can also be used to convert

the gbit can also be used to convert

the gbit can also be used to convert different Optical Technologies from one

different Optical Technologies from one

different Optical Technologies from one to the other and this the benefit of

to the other and this the benefit of

to the other and this the benefit of this is it allows a network to be

this is it allows a network to be

this is it allows a network to be upgraded without actually having to

upgraded without actually having to

upgraded without actually having to upgrade all of the components so if

upgrade all of the components so if

upgrade all of the components so if we're going to be using for instance

we're going to be using for instance

we're going to be using for instance fiber optics and copper on the same

fiber optics and copper on the same

fiber optics and copper on the same network this is something that we're

network this is something that we're

network this is something that we're really going to want I wouldn't worry

really going to want I wouldn't worry

really going to want I wouldn't worry too much about transceivers for the

too much about transceivers for the

too much about transceivers for the network plus exam but I did want to

network plus exam but I did want to

network plus exam but I did want to cover them because they are listed on

cover them because they are listed on

cover them because they are listed on the um

the um

the um uh on the outline and as I mentioned

uh on the outline and as I mentioned

uh on the outline and as I mentioned they're really built onto a Nick so it's

they're really built onto a Nick so it's

they're really built onto a Nick so it's sort of a subset of a Nick something

sort of a subset of a Nick something

sort of a subset of a Nick something that is on the Nick that allows it to

that is on the Nick that allows it to

that is on the Nick that allows it to transmit and receive that data and also

transmit and receive that data and also

transmit and receive that data and also allows it to convert sometimes those

allows it to convert sometimes those

allows it to convert sometimes those signals from one into the other so this

signals from one into the other so this

signals from one into the other so this is how a computer is going to connect

is how a computer is going to connect

is how a computer is going to connect let's talk about switches a switch is a

let's talk about switches a switch is a

let's talk about switches a switch is a connectivity device that connects

connectivity device that connects

connectivity device that connects multiple nodes together acting as the

multiple nodes together acting as the

multiple nodes together acting as the common Connecting Point if you think

common Connecting Point if you think

common Connecting Point if you think back to our start topology we have all

back to our start topology we have all

back to our start topology we have all the nodes connected in this way now the

the nodes connected in this way now the

the nodes connected in this way now the switch looks at something called the MAC

switch looks at something called the MAC

switch looks at something called the MAC address or that physical address that's

address or that physical address that's

address or that physical address that's burned onto the uh uh Nick it's a 48

burned onto the uh uh Nick it's a 48

burned onto the uh uh Nick it's a 48 bit

bit

bit hexadecimal address and we will talk

hexadecimal address and we will talk

hexadecimal address and we will talk more about it later

more about it later

more about it later and what it does is it looks at the MAC

and what it does is it looks at the MAC

and what it does is it looks at the MAC address of each packet of data to ensure

address of each packet of data to ensure

address of each packet of data to ensure the data goes to the proper destination

the data goes to the proper destination

the data goes to the proper destination or to the node for which it is meant now

or to the node for which it is meant now

or to the node for which it is meant now because of this because the switch looks

because of this because the switch looks

because of this because the switch looks at the MAC address of each packet it

at the MAC address of each packet it

at the MAC address of each packet it ensures that traffic is only going to

ensures that traffic is only going to

ensures that traffic is only going to the intended recipient a managed switch

the intended recipient a managed switch

the intended recipient a managed switch just going to write that in here

just going to write that in here

just going to write that in here is a switch that allows an administrator

is a switch that allows an administrator

is a switch that allows an administrator access to its configuration and is able

access to its configuration and is able

access to its configuration and is able to be monitored now the way that this

to be monitored now the way that this

to be monitored now the way that this works is that there's generally

works is that there's generally

works is that there's generally something called a console port on the

something called a console port on the

something called a console port on the back of the device and you use something

back of the device and you use something

back of the device and you use something called a console cable in order to

called a console cable in order to

called a console cable in order to access this depending on the manufacture

access this depending on the manufacture

access this depending on the manufacture of the switch this might be light blue

of the switch this might be light blue

of the switch this might be light blue for instance in Cisco switches which is

for instance in Cisco switches which is

for instance in Cisco switches which is generally the most common and sometimes

generally the most common and sometimes

generally the most common and sometimes you might have light yellow or orange

you might have light yellow or orange

you might have light yellow or orange for others now switch is forward traffic

for others now switch is forward traffic

for others now switch is forward traffic to destination nodes via these ports on

to destination nodes via these ports on

to destination nodes via these ports on the switch

and there might be as little as uh you

and there might be as little as uh you

and there might be as little as uh you know a few ports maybe eight four or

know a few ports maybe eight four or

know a few ports maybe eight four or even up to 168 or more now

even up to 168 or more now

even up to 168 or more now administrators have the ability to do a

administrators have the ability to do a

administrators have the ability to do a couple different things the first thing

couple different things the first thing

couple different things the first thing they can do is do something called Port

they can do is do something called Port

they can do is do something called Port mirroring

mirroring

mirroring Port mirroring effectively

Port mirroring effectively

Port mirroring effectively as the name implies

takes all the traffic on a specified

takes all the traffic on a specified

takes all the traffic on a specified port and replicates it or copies it to

port and replicates it or copies it to

port and replicates it or copies it to another port

now this is used for monitoring for

now this is used for monitoring for

now this is used for monitoring for instance if I want to see what's going

instance if I want to see what's going

instance if I want to see what's going on in a port but I don't want to stop

on in a port but I don't want to stop

on in a port but I don't want to stop the traffic I can monitor this traffic

the traffic I can monitor this traffic

the traffic I can monitor this traffic for analysis and diagnostic purposes

for analysis and diagnostic purposes

for analysis and diagnostic purposes it's also going to allow administrators

it's also going to allow administrators

it's also going to allow administrators to diagnose whether traffic across the

to diagnose whether traffic across the

to diagnose whether traffic across the port is being interfered with by a

port is being interfered with by a

port is being interfered with by a nefarious individual or someone who's

nefarious individual or someone who's

nefarious individual or someone who's has a malicious intent such as a hacker

has a malicious intent such as a hacker

has a malicious intent such as a hacker now if administrators want to combine

now if administrators want to combine

now if administrators want to combine two or more network connections

two or more network connections

two or more network connections it's called link aggregation

or Port teaming

and there are other names as well what

and there are other names as well what

and there are other names as well what this does is this serves to increase or

this does is this serves to increase or

this does is this serves to increase or effectively double the bandwidth uh as

effectively double the bandwidth uh as

effectively double the bandwidth uh as well as allow for some redundancy

well as allow for some redundancy

well as allow for some redundancy obviously or a backup connection or

obviously or a backup connection or

obviously or a backup connection or something else another

something else another

something else another name you might see this as by the way is

name you might see this as by the way is

name you might see this as by the way is trunking

trunking

trunking so that's the one I most see on the exam

so that's the one I most see on the exam

so that's the one I most see on the exam so that's again taking two and sort of

so that's again taking two and sort of

so that's again taking two and sort of treating them as one

treating them as one

treating them as one finally we have something called Channel

finally we have something called Channel

finally we have something called Channel bonding

which is the process of adding multiple

which is the process of adding multiple

which is the process of adding multiple Nicks

Nicks

Nicks to one

Mac address

this is also called Nick bonding and

this is also called Nick bonding and

this is also called Nick bonding and we'll discuss it in Greater detail when

we'll discuss it in Greater detail when

we'll discuss it in Greater detail when we're talking about IP addresses and

we're talking about IP addresses and

we're talking about IP addresses and some of the other protocols

some of the other protocols

some of the other protocols as opposed to a switch a router is a

as opposed to a switch a router is a

as opposed to a switch a router is a connectivity device that typically

connectivity device that typically

connectivity device that typically connects multiple networks or network

connects multiple networks or network

connects multiple networks or network segments and unlike the switch it looks

segments and unlike the switch it looks

segments and unlike the switch it looks at the IP address of each packet of data

at the IP address of each packet of data

at the IP address of each packet of data to forward the to the destination node

to forward the to the destination node

to forward the to the destination node so instead of the MAC address uh we're

so instead of the MAC address uh we're

so instead of the MAC address uh we're looking at the IP address now a router

looking at the IP address now a router

looking at the IP address now a router is usually used to connect networks that

is usually used to connect networks that

is usually used to connect networks that use the same routable protocols so a

use the same routable protocols so a

use the same routable protocols so a routable protocol is any protocol that

routable protocol is any protocol that

routable protocol is any protocol that identifies the node

versus

versus

versus the network

using

using

using addressing

addressing

addressing I.E the IP address now a router can be

I.E the IP address now a router can be

I.E the IP address now a router can be installed as a hardware device as a

installed as a hardware device as a

installed as a hardware device as a function of a multi-function device like

function of a multi-function device like

function of a multi-function device like a Soho router

a Soho router

a Soho router and uh it's also can be installed as

and uh it's also can be installed as

and uh it's also can be installed as software in another device in a virtual

software in another device in a virtual

software in another device in a virtual environment for instance on a server in

environment for instance on a server in

environment for instance on a server in the case of a router being installed as

the case of a router being installed as

the case of a router being installed as software in a virtual environment the

software in a virtual environment the

software in a virtual environment the device or node has to have

device or node has to have

device or node has to have two Nicks one Nick for the note itself

two Nicks one Nick for the note itself

two Nicks one Nick for the note itself and then one Nick for the routing

and then one Nick for the routing

and then one Nick for the routing functions sort of like one to go in and

functions sort of like one to go in and

functions sort of like one to go in and one to go out a Gateway is a

one to go out a Gateway is a

one to go out a Gateway is a connectivity device that's very much

connectivity device that's very much

connectivity device that's very much like a router in the way it functions

like a router in the way it functions

like a router in the way it functions and it routes traffic in much the same

and it routes traffic in much the same

and it routes traffic in much the same way but the difference between a Gateway

way but the difference between a Gateway

way but the difference between a Gateway and a router is that a Gateway connects

and a router is that a Gateway connects

and a router is that a Gateway connects networks that have different protocols

networks that have different protocols

networks that have different protocols or dissimilar protocols that to

or dissimilar protocols that to

or dissimilar protocols that to communicate so the Gateway performs the

communicate so the Gateway performs the

communicate so the Gateway performs the translation between

translation between

translation between incompatible networks uh I'm just going

incompatible networks uh I'm just going

incompatible networks uh I'm just going to put translation here since I think

to put translation here since I think

to put translation here since I think that's pretty important

or

or

or even different uh email systems or

even different uh email systems or

even different uh email systems or operating systems now although it can be

operating systems now although it can be

operating systems now although it can be easy to confuse a Gateway with the

easy to confuse a Gateway with the

easy to confuse a Gateway with the default gateway that we see when we do

default gateway that we see when we do

default gateway that we see when we do an ipconfig it's not the same thing

a Gateway is a device on the edge of the

a Gateway is a device on the edge of the

a Gateway is a device on the edge of the network that's used to convert traffic

network that's used to convert traffic

network that's used to convert traffic between different systems while as this

between different systems while as this

between different systems while as this default gateway is simply forwards data

default gateway is simply forwards data

default gateway is simply forwards data packets in TCP so we're going to discuss

packets in TCP so we're going to discuss

packets in TCP so we're going to discuss that in more detail later but I just

that in more detail later but I just

that in more detail later but I just want to point out this is not the

want to point out this is not the

want to point out this is not the default gateway and just like a router

default gateway and just like a router

default gateway and just like a router by the way it can be a hardware device

by the way it can be a hardware device

by the way it can be a hardware device or software within a router or on

or software within a router or on

or software within a router or on another virtual device and it uses

another virtual device and it uses

another virtual device and it uses radical protocols that are similar to a

radical protocols that are similar to a

radical protocols that are similar to a router but again it allows the

router but again it allows the

router but again it allows the translation between different types of

translation between different types of

translation between different types of protocols

now let's look at virtualization a bit

now let's look at virtualization a bit

now let's look at virtualization a bit since this is really the the big thing

since this is really the the big thing

since this is really the the big thing in Computing nowadays a virtual switch

in Computing nowadays a virtual switch

in Computing nowadays a virtual switch for instance functions just like a

for instance functions just like a

for instance functions just like a physical switch you cannot however

physical switch you cannot however

physical switch you cannot however directly communicate between two virtual

directly communicate between two virtual

directly communicate between two virtual switches if you want to do that you need

switches if you want to do that you need

switches if you want to do that you need a virtual router or a router now a

a virtual router or a router now a

a virtual router or a router now a Virtual Router is the software that can

Virtual Router is the software that can

Virtual Router is the software that can be installed on a device with two nics

be installed on a device with two nics

be installed on a device with two nics for routing traffic a virtual server is

for routing traffic a virtual server is

for routing traffic a virtual server is a server that operates independently of

a server that operates independently of

a server that operates independently of its host machine meaning that it's all

its host machine meaning that it's all

its host machine meaning that it's all software based CPU Ram Etc can be

software based CPU Ram Etc can be

software based CPU Ram Etc can be independent of its host machine whatever

independent of its host machine whatever

independent of its host machine whatever that might be

that might be

that might be now virtual machines uh are similar to a

now virtual machines uh are similar to a

now virtual machines uh are similar to a virtual server in that it has its own

virtual server in that it has its own

virtual server in that it has its own software like uh CPA based sorry

software like uh CPA based sorry

software like uh CPA based sorry software based CPU Ram Nic hard drive

software based CPU Ram Nic hard drive

software based CPU Ram Nic hard drive Etc but it's a software implementation

Etc but it's a software implementation

Etc but it's a software implementation of a machine that performs specific

of a machine that performs specific

of a machine that performs specific tasks and executes specific commands but

tasks and executes specific commands but

tasks and executes specific commands but it's not a server per se all right

it's not a server per se all right

it's not a server per se all right remember a server or something that's

remember a server or something that's

remember a server or something that's serving up information to a client

serving up information to a client

serving up information to a client and then finally we have a virtual

and then finally we have a virtual

and then finally we have a virtual desktop which in Windows systems is a

desktop which in Windows systems is a

desktop which in Windows systems is a single desktop

which in Windows systems a single

which in Windows systems a single

which in Windows systems a single desktop

desktop

desktop is the default that can be open but a

is the default that can be open but a

is the default that can be open but a virtual desktop allows you to open

virtual desktop allows you to open

virtual desktop allows you to open multiple different desktops at the same

multiple different desktops at the same

multiple different desktops at the same time Linux also supports this by the way

time Linux also supports this by the way

time Linux also supports this by the way but Microsoft requires extra software

but Microsoft requires extra software

but Microsoft requires extra software that you install for this to be changed

that you install for this to be changed

that you install for this to be changed for instance uh virtual PC

for instance uh virtual PC

for instance uh virtual PC we've seen this if you remember with

we've seen this if you remember with

we've seen this if you remember with um an A plus with XP Mode now continuing

um an A plus with XP Mode now continuing

um an A plus with XP Mode now continuing to talk about virtualization if an

to talk about virtualization if an

to talk about virtualization if an organization or a company builds their

organization or a company builds their

organization or a company builds their Network infrastructure and chooses not

Network infrastructure and chooses not

Network infrastructure and chooses not to use it they can lease it out to

to use it they can lease it out to

to use it they can lease it out to others so for instance Amazon would be a

others so for instance Amazon would be a

others so for instance Amazon would be a great example of this they have a huge

great example of this they have a huge

great example of this they have a huge infrastructure but they don't use all of

infrastructure but they don't use all of

infrastructure but they don't use all of it so what do they do they lease it out

it so what do they do they lease it out

it so what do they do they lease it out to others this is a very common practice

to others this is a very common practice

to others this is a very common practice and what it's labeled as is networking

as a service

now an area of network as a service or

now an area of network as a service or

now an area of network as a service or Naas depending on what is being leased

Naas depending on what is being leased

Naas depending on what is being leased might be considered one of several

might be considered one of several

might be considered one of several different things it might be considered

different things it might be considered

different things it might be considered IAS or infrastructure as a service

IAS or infrastructure as a service

IAS or infrastructure as a service meaning like the hardware

meaning like the hardware

meaning like the hardware I provide you the hardware provide you

I provide you the hardware provide you

I provide you the hardware provide you the infrastructure it could be software

the infrastructure it could be software

the infrastructure it could be software as a service much like Gmail

which simply provides you certain

which simply provides you certain

which simply provides you certain software and just like infrastructure

software and just like infrastructure

software and just like infrastructure would be like Amazon's uh

would be like Amazon's uh

would be like Amazon's uh ec2 or elastic cloud and then the last

ec2 or elastic cloud and then the last

ec2 or elastic cloud and then the last one is platform as a service

one is platform as a service

one is platform as a service which would be like a an application

which would be like a an application

which would be like a an application sort of engine or uh allowing you to

sort of engine or uh allowing you to

sort of engine or uh allowing you to deploy certain

deploy certain

deploy certain development tools most of the time

development tools most of the time

development tools most of the time you're gonna see most of these in the

you're gonna see most of these in the

you're gonna see most of these in the field this one is really more for

field this one is really more for

field this one is really more for Developers

so the term Legacy indicates that this

so the term Legacy indicates that this

so the term Legacy indicates that this is a an older device one that's not

is a an older device one that's not

is a an older device one that's not really in use in today's networks or

really in use in today's networks or

really in use in today's networks or that have been replaced by a newer or

that have been replaced by a newer or

that have been replaced by a newer or higher functioning devices so some of

higher functioning devices so some of

higher functioning devices so some of the things we're going to talk about in

the things we're going to talk about in

the things we're going to talk about in this one might appear on the exam and

this one might appear on the exam and

this one might appear on the exam and the reason the reason for that is

the reason the reason for that is

the reason the reason for that is because they might appear in the field

because they might appear in the field

because they might appear in the field uh just because they haven't been

uh just because they haven't been

uh just because they haven't been replaced yet by perhaps due to expense

replaced yet by perhaps due to expense

replaced yet by perhaps due to expense or something however these have probably

or something however these have probably

or something however these have probably been replaced by switches routers and

been replaced by switches routers and

been replaced by switches routers and gateways but it's still good to go over

gateways but it's still good to go over

gateways but it's still good to go over them anyway so a repeater is a simple

them anyway so a repeater is a simple

them anyway so a repeater is a simple device that does not look at the traffic

device that does not look at the traffic

device that does not look at the traffic at all all it does is it simply boosts

at all all it does is it simply boosts

at all all it does is it simply boosts the signal after it receives it and

the signal after it receives it and

the signal after it receives it and transmits it out so it just repeats the

transmits it out so it just repeats the

transmits it out so it just repeats the signal as the name implies just boosting

signal as the name implies just boosting

signal as the name implies just boosting that signal we also have something

that signal we also have something

that signal we also have something called a hub which you might have heard

called a hub which you might have heard

called a hub which you might have heard of and this is similar to a repeater in

of and this is similar to a repeater in

of and this is similar to a repeater in that it only it doesn't look at the data

that it only it doesn't look at the data

that it only it doesn't look at the data it just retransmits it but the thing

it just retransmits it but the thing

it just retransmits it but the thing that a Hub does is it receives traffic

that a Hub does is it receives traffic

that a Hub does is it receives traffic from one port and sends it out to all

from one port and sends it out to all

from one port and sends it out to all the ports without looking at the data

the ports without looking at the data

the ports without looking at the data traffic now it's vastly been replaced by

traffic now it's vastly been replaced by

traffic now it's vastly been replaced by switches because as you can imagine if I

switches because as you can imagine if I

switches because as you can imagine if I wanted to send data to only one node The

wanted to send data to only one node The

wanted to send data to only one node The Hub doesn't allow me to do that it makes

Hub doesn't allow me to do that it makes

Hub doesn't allow me to do that it makes me send it to all of the nodes and so

me send it to all of the nodes and so

me send it to all of the nodes and so this is going to cause quite a bit of

this is going to cause quite a bit of

this is going to cause quite a bit of extra traffic on my network finally

extra traffic on my network finally

extra traffic on my network finally there's something called a bridge which

there's something called a bridge which

there's something called a bridge which was the purpose was to divide logical

was the purpose was to divide logical

was the purpose was to divide logical bus networks into segments and it did

bus networks into segments and it did

bus networks into segments and it did this by looking at the MAC address so it

this by looking at the MAC address so it

this by looking at the MAC address so it is operating it's sort of the same level

is operating it's sort of the same level

is operating it's sort of the same level as a as a switch and it would look at

as a as a switch and it would look at

as a as a switch and it would look at the MAC address of the packet and

the MAC address of the packet and

the MAC address of the packet and transmitted the data accordingly now if

transmitted the data accordingly now if

transmitted the data accordingly now if the MAC address was on another segment

the MAC address was on another segment

the MAC address was on another segment it forwarded it out and if the

it forwarded it out and if the

it forwarded it out and if the destination was on the same segment then

destination was on the same segment then

destination was on the same segment then it didn't forward it so in older

it didn't forward it so in older

it didn't forward it so in older networks this implementation was logical

networks this implementation was logical

networks this implementation was logical and it was handy because it reduced

and it was handy because it reduced

and it was handy because it reduced traffic congestion and improved

traffic congestion and improved

traffic congestion and improved performance obviously because it wasn't

performance obviously because it wasn't

performance obviously because it wasn't forwarding data that didn't need to be

forwarding data that didn't need to be

forwarding data that didn't need to be forwarded on

forwarded on

forwarded on all right now let's talk about noise

all right now let's talk about noise

all right now let's talk about noise noise or electrical noise and networking

noise or electrical noise and networking

noise or electrical noise and networking it's the term that interferes with uh

it's the term that interferes with uh

it's the term that interferes with uh implies rather interfering with data uh

implies rather interfering with data uh

implies rather interfering with data uh and normal data traffic it can come from

and normal data traffic it can come from

and normal data traffic it can come from many sources and as Network

many sources and as Network

many sources and as Network administrators it's really important

administrators it's really important

administrators it's really important that we know where all this noise is

that we know where all this noise is

that we know where all this noise is coming from and how to prevent it as

coming from and how to prevent it as

coming from and how to prevent it as well so not only can noise affect our

well so not only can noise affect our

well so not only can noise affect our network uh performance but it can also

network uh performance but it can also

network uh performance but it can also affect data transmission electrical

affect data transmission electrical

affect data transmission electrical current as well now if electrical

current as well now if electrical

current as well now if electrical current is interrupted or interfered

current is interrupted or interfered

current is interrupted or interfered with then that can affect our electrical

with then that can affect our electrical

with then that can affect our electrical devices so for instance if there is a

devices so for instance if there is a

devices so for instance if there is a surge in the current that means a lot of

surge in the current that means a lot of

surge in the current that means a lot of extraneous noise in the electrical line

extraneous noise in the electrical line

extraneous noise in the electrical line goes to our devices and then damages

goes to our devices and then damages

goes to our devices and then damages them so sources of noise are found in

them so sources of noise are found in

them so sources of noise are found in many places as you see here is a power

many places as you see here is a power

many places as you see here is a power line electric motors used in HVAC

line electric motors used in HVAC

line electric motors used in HVAC systems elevators refrigerators just

systems elevators refrigerators just

systems elevators refrigerators just about anything that draws power to run

about anything that draws power to run

about anything that draws power to run fluorescent lights neon or height

fluorescent lights neon or height

fluorescent lights neon or height intensity discharge lights or what are

intensity discharge lights or what are

intensity discharge lights or what are called HID lights uh also cause

called HID lights uh also cause

called HID lights uh also cause significant amounts of noise that

significant amounts of noise that

significant amounts of noise that interfere with networking over both

interfere with networking over both

interfere with networking over both bounded and unbounded media this is

bounded and unbounded media this is

bounded and unbounded media this is especially important to be mindful of

especially important to be mindful of

especially important to be mindful of when you're running or installing your

when you're running or installing your

when you're running or installing your cables or placing your wireless access

cables or placing your wireless access

cables or placing your wireless access points you want to really avoid running

points you want to really avoid running

points you want to really avoid running data cable parallel to those lights as

data cable parallel to those lights as

data cable parallel to those lights as well as any cables used for power it can

well as any cables used for power it can

well as any cables used for power it can also come from devices that give off

also come from devices that give off

also come from devices that give off heat like personal heating devices and

heat like personal heating devices and

heat like personal heating devices and while that might sound a little strange

while that might sound a little strange

while that might sound a little strange it's due to the amount of power that

it's due to the amount of power that

it's due to the amount of power that those devices consume when in use the

those devices consume when in use the

those devices consume when in use the power or the electricity it has the

power or the electricity it has the

power or the electricity it has the potential to give off a lot of noise

potential to give off a lot of noise

potential to give off a lot of noise which makes sense now lastly normal

which makes sense now lastly normal

which makes sense now lastly normal ambient noise also called background

ambient noise also called background

ambient noise also called background noise or the noise that's present due to

noise or the noise that's present due to

noise or the noise that's present due to atmospheric conditions like solar

atmospheric conditions like solar

atmospheric conditions like solar disturbances radio broadcasting towers

disturbances radio broadcasting towers

disturbances radio broadcasting towers that are nearby Etc the main thing to

that are nearby Etc the main thing to

that are nearby Etc the main thing to consider with ambient noise is the

consider with ambient noise is the

consider with ambient noise is the distance or the the length of your media

distance or the the length of your media

distance or the the length of your media the longer your media run is the closer

the longer your media run is the closer

the longer your media run is the closer to its maximum rated length then the

to its maximum rated length then the

to its maximum rated length then the more susceptible your signal is going to

more susceptible your signal is going to

more susceptible your signal is going to be so to combat this we one thing we can

be so to combat this we one thing we can

be so to combat this we one thing we can do is called grounding which is a method

do is called grounding which is a method

do is called grounding which is a method of taking the shielding or a conductor

of taking the shielding or a conductor

of taking the shielding or a conductor and connecting it to an electrical

and connecting it to an electrical

and connecting it to an electrical ground point that is directly in content

ground point that is directly in content

ground point that is directly in content with literally the Earth's ground now

with literally the Earth's ground now

with literally the Earth's ground now when we connect a network segment at one

when we connect a network segment at one

when we connect a network segment at one point to a ground this basically shunts

point to a ground this basically shunts

point to a ground this basically shunts or drains the extraneous noise

or drains the extraneous noise

or drains the extraneous noise only leaving the data signal so at the

only leaving the data signal so at the

only leaving the data signal so at the same time if more than one point is

same time if more than one point is

same time if more than one point is grounded this can introduce even more

grounded this can introduce even more

grounded this can introduce even more noise which is going to greatly reduce

noise which is going to greatly reduce

noise which is going to greatly reduce the quality of the signal if not even

the quality of the signal if not even

the quality of the signal if not even completely get rid of it so we can only

completely get rid of it so we can only

completely get rid of it so we can only we only want to uh ground the point uh

we only want to uh ground the point uh

we only want to uh ground the point uh once which is important if we do it more

once which is important if we do it more

once which is important if we do it more than once we're going to be in major

than once we're going to be in major

than once we're going to be in major trouble not only do we ground for

trouble not only do we ground for

trouble not only do we ground for Network for a performer but we also do

Network for a performer but we also do

Network for a performer but we also do it for safety because most electrical

it for safety because most electrical

it for safety because most electrical devices have to be grounded in one way

devices have to be grounded in one way

devices have to be grounded in one way or the other otherwise you know we just

or the other otherwise you know we just

or the other otherwise you know we just like we saw with a plus and touching

like we saw with a plus and touching

like we saw with a plus and touching devices if we don't ground something we

devices if we don't ground something we

devices if we don't ground something we could possibly damage it this is mostly

could possibly damage it this is mostly

could possibly damage it this is mostly to redirect uh High voltages

to redirect uh High voltages

to redirect uh High voltages into the ground where they're not going

into the ground where they're not going

into the ground where they're not going to harm your equipment now electricians

to harm your equipment now electricians

to harm your equipment now electricians have special ground points or dedicated

have special ground points or dedicated

have special ground points or dedicated ground points that are designed

ground points that are designed

ground points that are designed specifically for sensitive electrical

specifically for sensitive electrical

specifically for sensitive electrical equipment these isolated grounds they're

equipment these isolated grounds they're

equipment these isolated grounds they're def they're usually going to be colored

def they're usually going to be colored

def they're usually going to be colored orange which helps differentiate them

orange which helps differentiate them

orange which helps differentiate them from normal plugs so if you see an

from normal plugs so if you see an

from normal plugs so if you see an orange looking plug that is a special uh

orange looking plug that is a special uh

orange looking plug that is a special uh isolated ground

isolated ground

isolated ground now the shielding around a cable as you

now the shielding around a cable as you

now the shielding around a cable as you can see here on this coaxial cable

can see here on this coaxial cable

can see here on this coaxial cable um is a noise prevention measure that

um is a noise prevention measure that

um is a noise prevention measure that takes the noise and drains it through

takes the noise and drains it through

takes the noise and drains it through the shielding away from the conductor in

the shielding away from the conductor in

the shielding away from the conductor in the center that is carrying the draining

the center that is carrying the draining

the center that is carrying the draining the the data traffic now the shielding

the the data traffic now the shielding

the the data traffic now the shielding is then connected to a single ground

is then connected to a single ground

is then connected to a single ground Point flushing the noise away the

Point flushing the noise away the

Point flushing the noise away the connection between the shield and the

connection between the shield and the

connection between the shield and the ground point is also called the drain

ground point is also called the drain

ground point is also called the drain which is why we say it's grain drain and

which is why we say it's grain drain and

which is why we say it's grain drain and this same thing doesn't just go for

this same thing doesn't just go for

this same thing doesn't just go for coaxial it also goes for STP or shielded

coaxial it also goes for STP or shielded

coaxial it also goes for STP or shielded twisted pair as well now because the

twisted pair as well now because the

twisted pair as well now because the noise is often going to be constant the

noise is often going to be constant the

noise is often going to be constant the method of differential signaling takes

method of differential signaling takes

method of differential signaling takes two received signals

two received signals

two received signals and subtracts the equal signals

and subtracts the equal signals

and subtracts the equal signals which is typically going to be the noise

which is typically going to be the noise

which is typically going to be the noise of the noise floor and that's going to

of the noise floor and that's going to

of the noise floor and that's going to give us an end result of Simply the

give us an end result of Simply the

give us an end result of Simply the noise so basically it takes this signal

noise so basically it takes this signal

noise so basically it takes this signal input which is a digital input signal

input which is a digital input signal

input which is a digital input signal and

and

and it takes that subtracts this

it takes that subtracts this

it takes that subtracts this and then we can get

and then we can get

and then we can get a a signal without any noise in it as

a a signal without any noise in it as

a a signal without any noise in it as you can see

now besides differential signaling there

now besides differential signaling there

now besides differential signaling there are also a few other noise control

are also a few other noise control

are also a few other noise control considerations we talked about earlier

considerations we talked about earlier

considerations we talked about earlier something called termination which is

something called termination which is

something called termination which is really important in networking some

really important in networking some

really important in networking some cables require termination to be

cables require termination to be

cables require termination to be installed at the end of either uh

installed at the end of either uh

installed at the end of either uh the end of either

the end of either

the end of either connection right if you remember that

connection right if you remember that

connection right if you remember that from our bus and it has to have the

from our bus and it has to have the

from our bus and it has to have the appropriate ohm rating

if you install the Terminator and it

if you install the Terminator and it

if you install the Terminator and it doesn't have that proper ohm rating then

doesn't have that proper ohm rating then

doesn't have that proper ohm rating then it's probably going to

it's probably going to

it's probably going to um uh actually

um uh actually

um uh actually it won't work effectively now luckily

it won't work effectively now luckily

it won't work effectively now luckily for us in most cases the Terminators are

for us in most cases the Terminators are

for us in most cases the Terminators are installed in these network devices by

installed in these network devices by

installed in these network devices by default but not too long ago you had to

default but not too long ago you had to

default but not too long ago you had to install them manually and you had to

install them manually and you had to

install them manually and you had to make sure the impedance or the amount of

make sure the impedance or the amount of

make sure the impedance or the amount of ohms was matched it was a fairly simple

ohms was matched it was a fairly simple

ohms was matched it was a fairly simple task but the specific impedance could

task but the specific impedance could

task but the specific impedance could have been marked on a cable jacket or if

have been marked on a cable jacket or if

have been marked on a cable jacket or if a large amount of cable was installed it

a large amount of cable was installed it

a large amount of cable was installed it just added another step to the process

just added another step to the process

just added another step to the process now something else to keep in mind is

now something else to keep in mind is

now something else to keep in mind is how you run the cable your cable run you

how you run the cable your cable run you

how you run the cable your cable run you don't want to run data cable and

don't want to run data cable and

don't want to run data cable and electrical cable in the same tray and

electrical cable in the same tray and

electrical cable in the same tray and you should try to avoid running your

you should try to avoid running your

you should try to avoid running your data cable parallel to any electrical

data cable parallel to any electrical

data cable parallel to any electrical cables or any other data cables in order

cables or any other data cables in order

cables or any other data cables in order to reduce what's called a crosstalk

to reduce what's called a crosstalk

to reduce what's called a crosstalk which basically means the signal sort of

which basically means the signal sort of

which basically means the signal sort of jumps from one to the other

jumps from one to the other

jumps from one to the other now if you keep data cables away from

now if you keep data cables away from

now if you keep data cables away from Motors fluorescent lighting high power

Motors fluorescent lighting high power

Motors fluorescent lighting high power devices like we saw you owe and you

devices like we saw you owe and you

devices like we saw you owe and you always ground your electrical equipment

always ground your electrical equipment

always ground your electrical equipment and electrical circuits according to the

and electrical circuits according to the

and electrical circuits according to the manufacturer and you allow for uh all

manufacturer and you allow for uh all

manufacturer and you allow for uh all the recommended installation

the recommended installation

the recommended installation requirements and grounding requirements

requirements and grounding requirements

requirements and grounding requirements that they provide then you should be

that they provide then you should be

that they provide then you should be good to go when you're connecting your

good to go when you're connecting your

good to go when you're connecting your cables together and when you're um

cables together and when you're um

cables together and when you're um running your cables as well so just to

running your cables as well so just to

running your cables as well so just to recap what we've talked about here first

recap what we've talked about here first

recap what we've talked about here first we looked at a Nick and a network or a

we looked at a Nick and a network or a

we looked at a Nick and a network or a network interface card

foreign

foreign

foreign we describe the transceiver something

we describe the transceiver something

we describe the transceiver something that goes on the card and how it

that goes on the card and how it

that goes on the card and how it functions we also looked at identifying

functions we also looked at identifying

functions we also looked at identifying the characteristics of a switch which if

the characteristics of a switch which if

the characteristics of a switch which if you remember use Mac addressing we

you remember use Mac addressing we

you remember use Mac addressing we defined trunking Port mirroring and

defined trunking Port mirroring and

defined trunking Port mirroring and channel bonding remember trunking was

channel bonding remember trunking was

channel bonding remember trunking was using two or more ports as though they

using two or more ports as though they

using two or more ports as though they were one port mirroring usually going to

were one port mirroring usually going to

were one port mirroring usually going to use for Diagnostic purposes and then

use for Diagnostic purposes and then

use for Diagnostic purposes and then Channel bonding which is uh sort of

Channel bonding which is uh sort of

Channel bonding which is uh sort of bonding those Nicks together we also

bonding those Nicks together we also

bonding those Nicks together we also described a router and a Gateway which

described a router and a Gateway which

described a router and a Gateway which again operate with IP addresses instead

again operate with IP addresses instead

again operate with IP addresses instead of Max and they allow us whereas

of Max and they allow us whereas

of Max and they allow us whereas switches allow us to work within a lan

switches allow us to work within a lan

switches allow us to work within a lan IP addresses or rather routers allow us

IP addresses or rather routers allow us

IP addresses or rather routers allow us and gateways to operate within a Wan or

and gateways to operate within a Wan or

and gateways to operate within a Wan or a wide area network finally we looked at

a wide area network finally we looked at

a wide area network finally we looked at some Legacy devices and we defined noise

some Legacy devices and we defined noise

some Legacy devices and we defined noise and the sources of noise including any

and the sources of noise including any

and the sources of noise including any of those high power devices and then we

of those high power devices and then we

of those high power devices and then we looked at some noise control and

looked at some noise control and

looked at some noise control and reduction techniques including proper

reduction techniques including proper

reduction techniques including proper grounding and

grounding and

grounding and shielding

[Music]

so welcome to module 2 lesson 4 new

so welcome to module 2 lesson 4 new

so welcome to module 2 lesson 4 new topic added to the CompTIA syllabus the

topic added to the CompTIA syllabus the

topic added to the CompTIA syllabus the um what is the syllabus number the below

um what is the syllabus number the below

um what is the syllabus number the below seven

um Advanced networking devices so this

um Advanced networking devices so this

um Advanced networking devices so this is stuff that we need to be aware of

is stuff that we need to be aware of

is stuff that we need to be aware of because it becomes a prominence may have

because it becomes a prominence may have

because it becomes a prominence may have been in the industry a while but

been in the industry a while but

been in the industry a while but um now in regular use or big ubiquitous

um now in regular use or big ubiquitous

um now in regular use or big ubiquitous as they say

as they say

as they say so Advanced networking devices Network

so Advanced networking devices Network

so Advanced networking devices Network Hardware media I'm going to look at

Hardware media I'm going to look at

Hardware media I'm going to look at multi-layer switches

multi-layer switches

multi-layer switches wireless controllers a load balancer

wireless controllers a load balancer

wireless controllers a load balancer IDs and IPS

we're going to look at AAA and radio

we're going to look at AAA and radio

we're going to look at AAA and radio server I think that's dotted throughout

server I think that's dotted throughout

server I think that's dotted throughout the syllabus so we pick it up as a

the syllabus so we pick it up as a

the syllabus so we pick it up as a security subject and also an advanced

security subject and also an advanced

security subject and also an advanced networking device

networking device

networking device uh UTM Next Generation firewalls Veep

uh UTM Next Generation firewalls Veep

uh UTM Next Generation firewalls Veep Gateway and in terms of PBX that is uh

Gateway and in terms of PBX that is uh

Gateway and in terms of PBX that is uh content filter so this is one of the I

content filter so this is one of the I

content filter so this is one of the I think it's the first device actually

think it's the first device actually

think it's the first device actually that Cisco ever

that Cisco ever

that Cisco ever um brought to Market is known as the

um brought to Market is known as the

um brought to Market is known as the um the Cisco pretty hard to see there it

um the Cisco pretty hard to see there it

um the Cisco pretty hard to see there it was the AGS uh husband and wife uh first

was the AGS uh husband and wife uh first

was the AGS uh husband and wife uh first artist Cisco and I think they had a

artist Cisco and I think they had a

artist Cisco and I think they had a colleague that they used to work with

colleague that they used to work with

colleague that they used to work with and

and

and um

um

um they actually bought

they actually bought

they actually bought um the first Cisco switch was actually

um the first Cisco switch was actually

um the first Cisco switch was actually created by a company called a kaplana or

created by a company called a kaplana or

created by a company called a kaplana or kalpana if you pronounce it this was

kalpana if you pronounce it this was

kalpana if you pronounce it this was their very first ever switch and um

their very first ever switch and um

their very first ever switch and um switches used to run some old uh code I

switches used to run some old uh code I

switches used to run some old uh code I think something like um

think something like um

think something like um I think we used to call it

I think we used to call it

I think we used to call it katos and then the routers well there

katos and then the routers well there

katos and then the routers well there was no code

was no code

was no code um that they because they created it

um that they because they created it

um that they because they created it they created their own code

they created their own code

they created their own code and that's called the internet work

and that's called the internet work

and that's called the internet work operating system Cisco brought the whole

operating system Cisco brought the whole

operating system Cisco brought the whole thing together now so there's this you

thing together now so there's this you

thing together now so there's this you don't have to use the old command line

don't have to use the old command line

don't have to use the old command line that work for katos but they they just

that work for katos but they they just

that work for katos but they they just weren't compatible at all

weren't compatible at all

weren't compatible at all so you had to kind of learn how to

so you had to kind of learn how to

so you had to kind of learn how to program two different type of devices

program two different type of devices

program two different type of devices so this was the early I think this is

so this was the early I think this is

so this was the early I think this is from The Cisco Museum actually and

from The Cisco Museum actually and

from The Cisco Museum actually and um you can see the Cabana switch up here

um you can see the Cabana switch up here

um you can see the Cabana switch up here so a real old-fashioned connectors uh

so a real old-fashioned connectors uh

so a real old-fashioned connectors uh maybe the db25s you can see there's no

maybe the db25s you can see there's no

maybe the db25s you can see there's no high speed connections here massive

high speed connections here massive

high speed connections here massive switch and then your power connector

switch and then your power connector

switch and then your power connector yeah so I'm sure this is Cutting Edge

yeah so I'm sure this is Cutting Edge

yeah so I'm sure this is Cutting Edge when it first came out huge thing in the

when it first came out huge thing in the

when it first came out huge thing in the 1990s but when you're supporting

1990s but when you're supporting

1990s but when you're supporting networks back then

networks back then

networks back then really um there wasn't an awful lot to

really um there wasn't an awful lot to

really um there wasn't an awful lot to it a server router a hub there wasn't

it a server router a hub there wasn't

it a server router a hub there wasn't that much traffic because people

that much traffic because people

that much traffic because people couldn't afford the kit anyway

couldn't afford the kit anyway

couldn't afford the kit anyway um early 90s the web was invented I'm

um early 90s the web was invented I'm

um early 90s the web was invented I'm sure most people weren't really using it

sure most people weren't really using it

sure most people weren't really using it ethernet was running at 10 Meg half

ethernet was running at 10 Meg half

ethernet was running at 10 Meg half duplex

duplex

duplex a Cisco the early 90s had 251 employees

a Cisco the early 90s had 251 employees

a Cisco the early 90s had 251 employees obviously there were just I think three

obviously there were just I think three

obviously there were just I think three people to start and they grew to 251.

people to start and they grew to 251.

people to start and they grew to 251. and then scroll forwards to the current

and then scroll forwards to the current

and then scroll forwards to the current ERA and you can see obviously things are

ERA and you can see obviously things are

ERA and you can see obviously things are a lot more complicated

a lot more complicated

a lot more complicated we have a multi-lay devices working at

we have a multi-lay devices working at

we have a multi-lay devices working at seven different layers of the OSI model

seven different layers of the OSI model

seven different layers of the OSI model incorporate Wireless into our Networks

incorporate Wireless into our Networks

incorporate Wireless into our Networks recover Wireless later

recover Wireless later

recover Wireless later there isn't anywhere you go now really

there isn't anywhere you go now really

there isn't anywhere you go now really where there isn't somebody offering some

where there isn't somebody offering some

where there isn't somebody offering some sort of wireless connection

sort of wireless connection

sort of wireless connection virtualization is a Hot Topic

virtualization is a Hot Topic

virtualization is a Hot Topic and it's obviously used by pretty much

and it's obviously used by pretty much

and it's obviously used by pretty much all of the cloud providers Amazon Google

all of the cloud providers Amazon Google

all of the cloud providers Amazon Google and Microsoft to

and Microsoft to

and Microsoft to um cut costs and improve performance

um cut costs and improve performance

um cut costs and improve performance cloud computing is a red hot topic that

cloud computing is a red hot topic that

cloud computing is a red hot topic that I encourage everyone to learn video

I encourage everyone to learn video

I encourage everyone to learn video voice over IP and quality of service you

voice over IP and quality of service you

voice over IP and quality of service you need to be aware of advanced security

need to be aware of advanced security

need to be aware of advanced security threats and obviously the larger the

threats and obviously the larger the

threats and obviously the larger the network now they'll have their own

network now they'll have their own

network now they'll have their own dedicated security team for Hardware

dedicated security team for Hardware

dedicated security team for Hardware software and

software and

software and um

um

um protecting from employees and that kind

protecting from employees and that kind

protecting from employees and that kind of thing Cisco currently has 72 000

of thing Cisco currently has 72 000

of thing Cisco currently has 72 000 employees I know when I worked there

employees I know when I worked there

employees I know when I worked there when was it the early 90s they were

when was it the early 90s they were

when was it the early 90s they were getting rid of slaves of different

getting rid of slaves of different

getting rid of slaves of different employees from the legal team and

employees from the legal team and

employees from the legal team and marketing teams and some Engineers as

marketing teams and some Engineers as

marketing teams and some Engineers as well so I'm not sure if it was ever

well so I'm not sure if it was ever

well so I'm not sure if it was ever higher than that but as stated on the

higher than that but as stated on the

higher than that but as stated on the interweb it's 72 000. this is quite a

interweb it's 72 000. this is quite a

interweb it's 72 000. this is quite a lot

lot

lot so what are the devices that's mentioned

so what are the devices that's mentioned

so what are the devices that's mentioned now brought into the syllabus is the

now brought into the syllabus is the

now brought into the syllabus is the multi-layer switch

multi-layer switch

multi-layer switch switch is generally a layer two switch

switch is generally a layer two switch

switch is generally a layer two switch is which is the cheaper models will

is which is the cheaper models will

is which is the cheaper models will switch frames at Layer Two and they'll

switch frames at Layer Two and they'll

switch frames at Layer Two and they'll lay they'll use hardware for this

lay they'll use hardware for this

lay they'll use hardware for this multi-layer switches operate layers two

multi-layer switches operate layers two

multi-layer switches operate layers two to seven you can buy a switch operates

to seven you can buy a switch operates

to seven you can buy a switch operates at layers two three four or another

at layers two three four or another

at layers two three four or another switch and you can see here

switch and you can see here

switch and you can see here I might be clear but the this is

I might be clear but the this is

I might be clear but the this is actually uh a connection bracket here

actually uh a connection bracket here

actually uh a connection bracket here and what happens is this is a switch in

and what happens is this is a switch in

and what happens is this is a switch in module

module

module that you can buy and Slot into the

that you can buy and Slot into the

that you can buy and Slot into the chassis so what you could have there

chassis so what you could have there

chassis so what you could have there instead is uh there's two

instead is uh there's two

instead is uh there's two um modules here and depending on what

um modules here and depending on what

um modules here and depending on what you buy you could have one here for

you buy you could have one here for

you buy you could have one here for voice one here for remote connections

voice one here for remote connections

voice one here for remote connections you could have a mini switching module

you could have a mini switching module

you could have a mini switching module here or one that's only dedicated for

here or one that's only dedicated for

here or one that's only dedicated for voice connections you can see actually

voice connections you can see actually

voice connections you can see actually these are exactly the same and it looks

these are exactly the same and it looks

these are exactly the same and it looks like there's USB there if you um connect

like there's USB there if you um connect

like there's USB there if you um connect in management interfaces a console

in management interfaces a console

in management interfaces a console connection

connection

connection and there's what there's one two three

and there's what there's one two three

and there's what there's one two three four switching modules here and it looks

four switching modules here and it looks

four switching modules here and it looks like it's got Quad Power as well so if

like it's got Quad Power as well so if

like it's got Quad Power as well so if anything goes wrong with the power

anything goes wrong with the power

anything goes wrong with the power supplies you've got

supplies you've got

supplies you've got three

three

three uh possible power supplies I'm not sure

uh possible power supplies I'm not sure

uh possible power supplies I'm not sure they're probably going to be hot

they're probably going to be hot

they're probably going to be hot swappable and I'm not sure if they're

swappable and I'm not sure if they're

swappable and I'm not sure if they're working

working

working uh there's one's a backup four two and

uh there's one's a backup four two and

uh there's one's a backup four two and um fours are back up for three and vice

um fours are back up for three and vice

um fours are back up for three and vice versa you have to check the

versa you have to check the

versa you have to check the documentation but this whole chassis

documentation but this whole chassis

documentation but this whole chassis would obviously be connected into the

would obviously be connected into the

would obviously be connected into the cabinet here and you can probably have

cabinet here and you can probably have

cabinet here and you can probably have um one major switch here and then a

um one major switch here and then a

um one major switch here and then a second one to take up um the whole rack

second one to take up um the whole rack

second one to take up um the whole rack so multi-layer switches operate

so multi-layer switches operate

so multi-layer switches operate multiple layers from two to seven

multiple layers from two to seven

multiple layers from two to seven bandwidth can be up to several gigahertz

bandwidth can be up to several gigahertz

bandwidth can be up to several gigahertz and you can stack Cisco switches so they

and you can stack Cisco switches so they

and you can stack Cisco switches so they all become one you could have two or

all become one you could have two or

all become one you could have two or three switches or becoming one logical

three switches or becoming one logical

three switches or becoming one logical switch

switch

switch and ports can be switched which is Mac

and ports can be switched which is Mac

and ports can be switched which is Mac address a MAC address in or you can

address a MAC address in or you can

address a MAC address in or you can configure them to be a layer 3 port and

configure them to be a layer 3 port and

configure them to be a layer 3 port and Route IP addresses

Route IP addresses

Route IP addresses and I think that's outside the syllabus

and I think that's outside the syllabus

and I think that's outside the syllabus how to actually configure it

um so this would be your typical layer 2

um so this would be your typical layer 2

um so this would be your typical layer 2 switch now if you wanted to uh route so

switch now if you wanted to uh route so

switch now if you wanted to uh route so if these devices down here on VLAN 20

if these devices down here on VLAN 20

if these devices down here on VLAN 20 you can see they're on

you can see they're on

you can see they're on 192.168.20 well that's not a different

192.168.20 well that's not a different

192.168.20 well that's not a different subnet to one on two one six eight ten

subnet to one on two one six eight ten

subnet to one on two one six eight ten so this would be host uh one and two for

so this would be host uh one and two for

so this would be host uh one and two for example on that subnet and this would be

example on that subnet and this would be

example on that subnet and this would be host one and two on that subnet well the

host one and two on that subnet well the

host one and two on that subnet well the only way because this is working at

only way because this is working at

only way because this is working at Layer Two the only way to Route because

Layer Two the only way to Route because

Layer Two the only way to Route because we're we're dealing with layer two layer

we're we're dealing with layer two layer

we're we're dealing with layer two layer 3 here and so all layer 2 traffic this

3 here and so all layer 2 traffic this

3 here and so all layer 2 traffic this switch would take care of in its Mac

switch would take care of in its Mac

switch would take care of in its Mac table which we've covered earlier now if

table which we've covered earlier now if

table which we've covered earlier now if you wanted a route then

you wanted a route then

you wanted a route then um traditionally you would have to send

um traditionally you would have to send

um traditionally you would have to send out the packet to the router the router

out the packet to the router the router

out the packet to the router the router has a directory of all the networks 10

has a directory of all the networks 10

has a directory of all the networks 10 20. this network 30 will probably be for

20. this network 30 will probably be for

20. this network 30 will probably be for foreign

management traffic or it could be

management traffic or it could be

management traffic or it could be whatever you want

whatever you want

whatever you want and then it would route and then it

and then it would route and then it

and then it would route and then it would decide that it needs to send that

would decide that it needs to send that

would decide that it needs to send that traffic out it could be an interface or

traffic out it could be an interface or

traffic out it could be an interface or a sub interface

a sub interface

a sub interface this is uh what's known as a

this is uh what's known as a

this is uh what's known as a router on a

stick one armed router or router on a

stick one armed router or router on a

stick one armed router or router on a stick and unfortunately they have the

stick and unfortunately they have the

stick and unfortunately they have the physical cable

physical cable

physical cable uh will carry all the traffic coming in

uh will carry all the traffic coming in

uh will carry all the traffic coming in and out not a great way to run your

and out not a great way to run your

and out not a great way to run your network I mean it's okay if you're in a

network I mean it's okay if you're in a

network I mean it's okay if you're in a small business and nobody would notice

small business and nobody would notice

small business and nobody would notice but this is carrying all your bandwidth

but this is carrying all your bandwidth

but this is carrying all your bandwidth and obviously this is a um single point

and obviously this is a um single point

and obviously this is a um single point of failure here this cable breaks all

of failure here this cable breaks all

of failure here this cable breaks all this interface

this interface

this interface or this interface then you can't Route

or this interface then you can't Route

or this interface then you can't Route traffic the only traffic that would then

traffic the only traffic that would then

traffic the only traffic that would then pass would be

pass would be

pass would be um with it within the um VLAN sorry

um with it within the um VLAN sorry

um with it within the um VLAN sorry uh he couldn't be couldn't pass this

uh he couldn't be couldn't pass this

uh he couldn't be couldn't pass this traffic

traffic

traffic so this is a multi-layer switch

so this is a multi-layer switch

so this is a multi-layer switch so call it

so call it

so call it um say layer 3 switch

um say layer 3 switch

um say layer 3 switch and what happens is as you've seen

and what happens is as you've seen

and what happens is as you've seen you've got the modules that are slotted

you've got the modules that are slotted

you've got the modules that are slotted in here the more you pay the more

in here the more you pay the more

in here the more you pay the more options you have obviously and this

options you have obviously and this

options you have obviously and this module

module

module here is for switching so you've got all

here is for switching so you've got all

here is for switching so you've got all your ethernet connections and this could

your ethernet connections and this could

your ethernet connections and this could be your routing module and so all

be your routing module and so all

be your routing module and so all contained within the same chassis and

contained within the same chassis and

contained within the same chassis and the technology isn't really covered in

the technology isn't really covered in

the technology isn't really covered in the syllabus but it would switch the uh

the syllabus but it would switch the uh

the syllabus but it would switch the uh traffic depending if it's Layer Two or

traffic depending if it's Layer Two or

traffic depending if it's Layer Two or layer 3 within the same unit so

layer 3 within the same unit so

layer 3 within the same unit so basically what you don't have to have is

basically what you don't have to have is

basically what you don't have to have is this device here and this device here

this device here and this device here

this device here and this device here it's all within the same unit and

it's all within the same unit and

it's all within the same unit and depending on what you spend this could

depending on what you spend this could

depending on what you spend this could be

be

be um doing access lists on also your

um doing access lists on also your

um doing access lists on also your connection out to the internet depending

connection out to the internet depending

connection out to the internet depending on how how much money you have and what

on how how much money you have and what

on how how much money you have and what your requirements are

your requirements are

your requirements are uh next device is a wireless controller

uh next device is a wireless controller

uh next device is a wireless controller this is a Cisco 2500 Cisco wireless

this is a Cisco 2500 Cisco wireless

this is a Cisco 2500 Cisco wireless controller

controller

controller has the cheaper devices you've probably

has the cheaper devices you've probably

has the cheaper devices you've probably seen you probably got one at home here

seen you probably got one at home here

seen you probably got one at home here is your wireless access points and what

is your wireless access points and what

is your wireless access points and what happens is you've got a few um wireless

happens is you've got a few um wireless

happens is you've got a few um wireless access points probably say this is your

access points probably say this is your

access points probably say this is your office

and normally these would take care of

and normally these would take care of

and normally these would take care of all of the connections what happens is

all of the connections what happens is

all of the connections what happens is these become lightweight access points

these become lightweight access points

these become lightweight access points in as much as all they're doing is

in as much as all they're doing is

in as much as all they're doing is taking in all of the signals and then

taking in all of the signals and then

taking in all of the signals and then passing it over to this master device

passing it over to this master device

passing it over to this master device obviously it costs a bit more and so

obviously it costs a bit more and so

obviously it costs a bit more and so these are lightwork access points and

these are lightwork access points and

these are lightwork access points and this is your wireless LAN controller

this is your wireless LAN controller

this is your wireless LAN controller which some people refer to as wlc

so it allows your wireless devices to

so it allows your wireless devices to

so it allows your wireless devices to communicate and you can see you've got

communicate and you can see you've got

communicate and you can see you've got some wired connections there as well

some wired connections there as well

some wired connections there as well takes over from the access points

takes over from the access points

takes over from the access points becoming lightweight forwarders so you'd

becoming lightweight forwarders so you'd

becoming lightweight forwarders so you'd have to throw them away which is Handy

have to throw them away which is Handy

have to throw them away which is Handy the wireless access controller has your

the wireless access controller has your

the wireless access controller has your service set ID it can have logical

service set ID it can have logical

service set ID it can have logical interfaces and as you can see down here

interfaces and as you can see down here

interfaces and as you can see down here you've got physical pause for ethernet

you've got physical pause for ethernet

you've got physical pause for ethernet and when you first buy it if you want to

and when you first buy it if you want to

and when you first buy it if you want to you can connect to the console Port here

you can connect to the console Port here

you can connect to the console Port here and then use your PC to set it up to

and then use your PC to set it up to

and then use your PC to set it up to whatever

whatever

whatever um parameters you want and also you can

um parameters you want and also you can

um parameters you want and also you can use this port here for Disaster Recovery

use this port here for Disaster Recovery

use this port here for Disaster Recovery you obviously have to be physically

you obviously have to be physically

you obviously have to be physically present unless you connect a Cisco

present unless you connect a Cisco

present unless you connect a Cisco access server which we'll cover later

access server which we'll cover later

access server which we'll cover later which um that would have an internet

which um that would have an internet

which um that would have an internet connection out here so you could

connection out here so you could

connection out here so you could um and if you said tile Nets probably

um and if you said tile Nets probably

um and if you said tile Nets probably ssh in through

ssh in through

ssh in through um here and then you could from the from

um here and then you could from the from

um here and then you could from the from this um

this um

this um Cisco access over here

Cisco access over here

Cisco access over here you would have a connection going into

you would have a connection going into

you would have a connection going into your console Port but we'll cover that

your console Port but we'll cover that

your console Port but we'll cover that later

later

later uh ports can be switched uh so they're

uh ports can be switched uh so they're

uh ports can be switched uh so they're just dealing with Mac addresses or they

just dealing with Mac addresses or they

just dealing with Mac addresses or they can be configured to route

can be configured to route

can be configured to route depending on what you need

depending on what you need

depending on what you need so your wireless controllers these your

so your wireless controllers these your

so your wireless controllers these your wireless LAN controllers permit mobile

wireless LAN controllers permit mobile

wireless LAN controllers permit mobile devices to Rome roaming means keeping

devices to Rome roaming means keeping

devices to Rome roaming means keeping the same IP address

the same IP address

the same IP address now you can have intra controller

now you can have intra controller

now you can have intra controller roaming so you've just got one

roaming so you've just got one

roaming so you've just got one controller or you can have inter control

controller or you can have inter control

controller or you can have inter control around me which is a little bit more

around me which is a little bit more

around me which is a little bit more difficult but as you're walking through

difficult but as you're walking through

difficult but as you're walking through your say you're in a coffee shop

your say you're in a coffee shop

your say you're in a coffee shop and you've got

and you've got

and you've got ground floor here and say there's a

ground floor here and say there's a

ground floor here and say there's a concrete which normally is as a concrete

concrete which normally is as a concrete

concrete which normally is as a concrete floor and you go up the stairs look at

floor and you go up the stairs look at

floor and you go up the stairs look at my amazing stairs there and

my amazing stairs there and

my amazing stairs there and you're in the uh first floor I know you

you're in the uh first floor I know you

you're in the uh first floor I know you I think you don't have a ground floor in

I think you don't have a ground floor in

I think you don't have a ground floor in America maybe the first floor it's

America maybe the first floor it's

America maybe the first floor it's called the first floor but on the ground

called the first floor but on the ground

called the first floor but on the ground in the UK we call it ground floor and

in the UK we call it ground floor and

in the UK we call it ground floor and then first and so on what you don't want

then first and so on what you don't want

then first and so on what you don't want to have to do is reassociate with a new

to have to do is reassociate with a new

to have to do is reassociate with a new uh controller so basically you'd have to

uh controller so basically you'd have to

uh controller so basically you'd have to connect to

connect to

connect to um

um

um wireless network one and wireless

wireless network one and wireless

wireless network one and wireless network too you don't really want that

network too you don't really want that

network too you don't really want that you want to go in

you want to go in

you want to go in connect to their free wireless and then

connect to their free wireless and then

connect to their free wireless and then keep

keep

keep your IP address so

172.168.1.1 so keep it as you're roaming

172.168.1.1 so keep it as you're roaming

172.168.1.1 so keep it as you're roaming around the building

around the building

around the building if you're just using lightweight access

if you're just using lightweight access

if you're just using lightweight access points then you would have to just keep

points then you would have to just keep

points then you would have to just keep reassociating which in this day and age

reassociating which in this day and age

reassociating which in this day and age is obviously a pain because we're so

is obviously a pain because we're so

is obviously a pain because we're so lazy so I've mentioned intra controller

lazy so I've mentioned intra controller

lazy so I've mentioned intra controller and Inter controller you can see in the

and Inter controller you can see in the

and Inter controller you can see in the diagrams there

diagrams there

diagrams there the load balancer

the load balancer

the load balancer so this distributes incoming requests

so this distributes incoming requests

so this distributes incoming requests between two or more devices so your this

between two or more devices so your this

between two or more devices so your this is trans this will be transparent

so what your clients think is happening

so what your clients think is happening

so what your clients think is happening is basically it thinks this is happening

is basically it thinks this is happening

is basically it thinks this is happening it doesn't realize that this device is

it doesn't realize that this device is

it doesn't realize that this device is here which is fine by us as Network

here which is fine by us as Network

here which is fine by us as Network Engineers will will take care of that

Engineers will will take care of that

Engineers will will take care of that and what it will do is balance so it

and what it will do is balance so it

and what it will do is balance so it will take uh the say the first

will take uh the say the first

will take uh the say the first connection here

connection here

connection here and then oh no this is getting really

and then oh no this is getting really

and then oh no this is getting really bad now

bad now

bad now it will log internally here and then

it will log internally here and then

it will log internally here and then this could be

this could be

this could be a network or just the device

a network or just the device

a network or just the device third connection here and it will

third connection here and it will

third connection here and it will balance

balance

balance and you don't have a single point of

and you don't have a single point of

and you don't have a single point of failure so your third connection goes

failure so your third connection goes

failure so your third connection goes here this load hits uh say 90 percent

here this load hits uh say 90 percent

here this load hits uh say 90 percent but this server it could be a higher

but this server it could be a higher

but this server it could be a higher powered server it doesn't have to be the

powered server it doesn't have to be the

powered server it doesn't have to be the same this is only sitting at twenty

same this is only sitting at twenty

same this is only sitting at twenty percent

percent

percent then it will route more of the traffic

then it will route more of the traffic

then it will route more of the traffic to here if this goes down for whatever

to here if this goes down for whatever

to here if this goes down for whatever reason transparent to all the end hosts

reason transparent to all the end hosts

reason transparent to all the end hosts it will load balance between these two

it will load balance between these two

it will load balance between these two and you can um you could be routing

and you can um you could be routing

and you can um you could be routing between different devices it doesn't

between different devices it doesn't

between different devices it doesn't have to be servers

have to be servers

have to be servers so you can balance web traffic streaming

so you can balance web traffic streaming

so you can balance web traffic streaming videos databases whatever you so wish

videos databases whatever you so wish

videos databases whatever you so wish now the IP address is actually sitting

now the IP address is actually sitting

now the IP address is actually sitting on here

on here

on here so say uh 12.1.1.1

and then these will have probably have

and then these will have probably have

and then these will have probably have non-routable addresses so RFC 1918

non-routable addresses so RFC 1918

non-routable addresses so RFC 1918 addresses which is

addresses which is

addresses which is whatever you know the the

whatever you know the the

whatever you know the the private IP address is

private IP address is

private IP address is but we won't care about that as

but we won't care about that as

but we won't care about that as customers moving on IDs and IPS

customers moving on IDs and IPS

customers moving on IDs and IPS uh Cisco Market leaders in this type of

uh Cisco Market leaders in this type of

uh Cisco Market leaders in this type of equipment

equipment

equipment uh I can't see what the model number is

uh I can't see what the model number is

uh I can't see what the model number is 4240. always great to serve the sales

4240. always great to serve the sales

4240. always great to serve the sales pages for all of these vendors

pages for all of these vendors

pages for all of these vendors uh Cisco and Juniper and whoever because

uh Cisco and Juniper and whoever because

uh Cisco and Juniper and whoever because it gives you lots of useful

it gives you lots of useful

it gives you lots of useful documentation you can see what's

documentation you can see what's

documentation you can see what's available

available

available now both of these do the same job they

now both of these do the same job they

now both of these do the same job they inspect traffic to detect unauthorized

inspect traffic to detect unauthorized

inspect traffic to detect unauthorized access

access

access and monitors the network for intrusions

and monitors the network for intrusions

and monitors the network for intrusions or malicious activities now what it can

or malicious activities now what it can

or malicious activities now what it can do is send an alert which is

do is send an alert which is

do is send an alert which is um oh no I'm gonna have to draw a

um oh no I'm gonna have to draw a

um oh no I'm gonna have to draw a this is actually a a telephone I hope

this is actually a a telephone I hope

this is actually a a telephone I hope you impress old-fashioned telephone

you impress old-fashioned telephone

you impress old-fashioned telephone there if you recognize that then you're

there if you recognize that then you're

there if you recognize that then you're officially old so you could send a

officially old so you could send a

officially old so you could send a message to your mobile phone it can send

message to your mobile phone it can send

message to your mobile phone it can send SMS log messages whatever you so wish or

SMS log messages whatever you so wish or

SMS log messages whatever you so wish or an SNMP trap and that will

an SNMP trap and that will

an SNMP trap and that will um it could shut down a port or whatever

um it could shut down a port or whatever

um it could shut down a port or whatever you instruct it to do

you instruct it to do

you instruct it to do now IPS Works in line so it's placed in

now IPS Works in line so it's placed in

now IPS Works in line so it's placed in the traffic flow so you've got internet

the traffic flow so you've got internet

the traffic flow so you've got internet and I'll stick it here actually

and I'll stick it here actually

and I'll stick it here actually your IPS and then that will go off to

your IPS and then that will go off to

your IPS and then that will go off to your

your

your router

router

router switch and then your your hosts here

switch and then your your hosts here

switch and then your your hosts here however many hosts you've got

and I don't give up your day job so this

and I don't give up your day job so this

and I don't give up your day job so this is in line your traffic will come

is in line your traffic will come

is in line your traffic will come through here it'll be inspected and then

through here it'll be inspected and then

through here it'll be inspected and then go to your end device the IDS is not in

go to your end device the IDS is not in

go to your end device the IDS is not in line

line

line so what will happen is router

switch

host and it can be put here or here I'll

host and it can be put here or here I'll

host and it can be put here or here I'll say there's an ethernet connection here

say there's an ethernet connection here

say there's an ethernet connection here now your IDs receives a copy of the

now your IDs receives a copy of the

now your IDs receives a copy of the frame so the frame I'll call it frame

frame so the frame I'll call it frame

frame so the frame I'll call it frame um frame y

um frame y

um frame y and then

and then

and then that is just a copy because frame Y is

that is just a copy because frame Y is

that is just a copy because frame Y is actually being passed through to your

actually being passed through to your

actually being passed through to your switch obviously you can see the problem

switch obviously you can see the problem

switch obviously you can see the problem here is receiving a copy but this

here is receiving a copy but this

here is receiving a copy but this traffic is actually going through your

traffic is actually going through your

traffic is actually going through your network so

network so

network so these are less common now the RDS is

these are less common now the RDS is

these are less common now the RDS is I'm going to talk about these later in

I'm going to talk about these later in

I'm going to talk about these later in the security sections AAA or radius and

the security sections AAA or radius and

the security sections AAA or radius and used for authentication to validate the

used for authentication to validate the

used for authentication to validate the identity does a few things actually and

identity does a few things actually and

identity does a few things actually and um Josh talked about the different

um Josh talked about the different

um Josh talked about the different aspects of AAA earlier authorization

aspects of AAA earlier authorization

aspects of AAA earlier authorization determines what you can do and

determines what you can do and

determines what you can do and accounting is for the audit Trail so

accounting is for the audit Trail so

accounting is for the audit Trail so this um the accountant will normally go

this um the accountant will normally go

this um the accountant will normally go off to a server where you can

off to a server where you can

off to a server where you can interrogate the server logs and

interrogate the server logs and

interrogate the server logs and sometimes you need to do it for

sometimes you need to do it for

sometimes you need to do it for um compliance

or um

or um

or um if you're going to legally

if you're going to legally

if you're going to legally take a case against somebody

take a case against somebody

take a case against somebody so it's a modular and scalable model for

so it's a modular and scalable model for

so it's a modular and scalable model for network and device access you can run it

network and device access you can run it

network and device access you can run it on its own server or certainly in the

on its own server or certainly in the

on its own server or certainly in the terms of Cisco you can have the server

terms of Cisco you can have the server

terms of Cisco you can have the server software running on your router and

software running on your router and

software running on your router and switch probably not recommended because

switch probably not recommended because

switch probably not recommended because routers are designed specifically to

routers are designed specifically to

routers are designed specifically to Route traffic

Route traffic

Route traffic uses radius attack ax plus and curb Ross

uses radius attack ax plus and curb Ross

uses radius attack ax plus and curb Ross as authentication methods don't I don't

as authentication methods don't I don't

as authentication methods don't I don't think airbrush is actually in the

think airbrush is actually in the

think airbrush is actually in the syllabus but I know a radius attack ax

syllabus but I know a radius attack ax

syllabus but I know a radius attack ax is certainly worth looking at the

is certainly worth looking at the

is certainly worth looking at the CompTIA Security Plus which we go into a

CompTIA Security Plus which we go into a

CompTIA Security Plus which we go into a lot more detail in this stuff

lot more detail in this stuff

lot more detail in this stuff I've already mentioned using the service

I've already mentioned using the service

I've already mentioned using the service uh UTM is an appliance

uh UTM is an appliance

uh UTM is an appliance integrates a range of security features

integrates a range of security features

integrates a range of security features but it does it into a single Appliance a

but it does it into a single Appliance a

but it does it into a single Appliance a while ago actually I was when I was

while ago actually I was when I was

while ago actually I was when I was Consulting in the early

Consulting in the early

Consulting in the early 2003 there was one company in particular

2003 there was one company in particular

2003 there was one company in particular brought out everything in a box bearing

brought out everything in a box bearing

brought out everything in a box bearing in mind the needs weren't as complicated

in mind the needs weren't as complicated

in mind the needs weren't as complicated back then so this box

back then so this box

back then so this box let's say boxer server we do your um

let's say boxer server we do your um

let's say boxer server we do your um email it would do your web

email it would do your web

email it would do your web it would get you out to the internet as

it would get you out to the internet as

it would get you out to the internet as well and then it would obviously connect

well and then it would obviously connect

well and then it would obviously connect off to your

off to your

off to your switch and I think it also had your

switch and I think it also had your

switch and I think it also had your firewall there's a few things it did but

firewall there's a few things it did but

firewall there's a few things it did but basically this was everything in a box

basically this was everything in a box

basically this was everything in a box that a small business would need

that a small business would need

that a small business would need so it does several things and it's

so it does several things and it's

so it does several things and it's designed to do them all pretty well your

designed to do them all pretty well your

designed to do them all pretty well your firewall your antivirus your IDs or IPS

firewall your antivirus your IDs or IPS

firewall your antivirus your IDs or IPS you can it has VPN software built in

you can it has VPN software built in

you can it has VPN software built in brands that you want to check out that

brands that you want to check out that

brands that you want to check out that are Market leaders at the moment are so

are Market leaders at the moment are so

are Market leaders at the moment are so fast which this is a copyright from

fast which this is a copyright from

fast which this is a copyright from their page

their page

their page and why jungle

and why jungle

and why jungle a lot easier for you to install and

a lot easier for you to install and

a lot easier for you to install and manage most of it will be running off

manage most of it will be running off

manage most of it will be running off the graphical user interface so rather

the graphical user interface so rather

the graphical user interface so rather than have to configure a Cisco device

than have to configure a Cisco device

than have to configure a Cisco device which is frankly quite a nightmare for

which is frankly quite a nightmare for

which is frankly quite a nightmare for most people unless you know what you're

most people unless you know what you're

most people unless you know what you're doing

uh it just makes it a lot easier

uh it just makes it a lot easier

uh it just makes it a lot easier probably I'm I'm saying it's more

probably I'm I'm saying it's more

probably I'm I'm saying it's more suitable for the check the software

suitable for the check the software

suitable for the check the software because they may say different the small

because they may say different the small

because they may say different the small business the small to medium-sized

business the small to medium-sized

business the small to medium-sized Enterprise where you don't have a lot of

Enterprise where you don't have a lot of

Enterprise where you don't have a lot of employees and you may just have one

employees and you may just have one

employees and you may just have one support person or somebody that comes in

support person or somebody that comes in

support person or somebody that comes in just to do patches and maintenance

just to do patches and maintenance

just to do patches and maintenance obviously saves time and money so a big

obviously saves time and money so a big

obviously saves time and money so a big pull for any small businesses

pull for any small businesses

pull for any small businesses the only problem is if you're running

the only problem is if you're running

the only problem is if you're running everything off this I guess it's running

everything off this I guess it's running

everything off this I guess it's running off a server of some sort because it's

off a server of some sort because it's

off a server of some sort because it's software based then you've got a single

software based then you've got a single

software based then you've got a single point of failure so you've got to take

point of failure so you've got to take

point of failure so you've got to take this

this

this um into account with your business

um into account with your business

um into account with your business continuity planning what you're going to

continuity planning what you're going to

continuity planning what you're going to do if it part of it breaks all of it

do if it part of it breaks all of it

do if it part of it breaks all of it breaks

breaks

breaks Etc

Etc

Etc ngfw Next Generation firewalls so the

ngfw Next Generation firewalls so the

ngfw Next Generation firewalls so the hackers as you know are getting smarter

hackers as you know are getting smarter

hackers as you know are getting smarter and smarter and smarter and whereas and

and smarter and smarter and whereas and

and smarter and smarter and whereas and we'd have to be checking the IP headers

we'd have to be checking the IP headers

we'd have to be checking the IP headers or the TCP headers to find any malicious

or the TCP headers to find any malicious

or the TCP headers to find any malicious code it's actually now being buried

code it's actually now being buried

code it's actually now being buried inside the application data and

inside the application data and

inside the application data and traditionally your firewalls May well

traditionally your firewalls May well

traditionally your firewalls May well have been just checking these particular

have been just checking these particular

have been just checking these particular Fields headers Footers trailers whatever

Fields headers Footers trailers whatever

Fields headers Footers trailers whatever so I just got this image off um this URL

so I just got this image off um this URL

so I just got this image off um this URL here so these are known as third

here so these are known as third

here so these are known as third generation firewalls

generation firewalls

generation firewalls this combines your firewall with your

this combines your firewall with your

this combines your firewall with your other filtering looking at application

other filtering looking at application

other filtering looking at application and this is where the crypto lockers are

and this is where the crypto lockers are

and this is where the crypto lockers are hiding which we cover later

hiding which we cover later

hiding which we cover later and it can include antivirus ID

and it can include antivirus ID

and it can include antivirus ID management your transport layer security

management your transport layer security

management your transport layer security which is the latest version so secure

which is the latest version so secure

which is the latest version so secure sockets layer quality of service if

sockets layer quality of service if

sockets layer quality of service if you're running it on your network so if

you're running it on your network so if

you're running it on your network so if you're trying to prioritize Voice or

you're trying to prioritize Voice or

you're trying to prioritize Voice or video conferencing whatever you want to

video conferencing whatever you want to

video conferencing whatever you want to run at your work

run at your work

run at your work uh command firewall antivirus Gateway

uh command firewall antivirus Gateway

uh command firewall antivirus Gateway IDs IPS VPN software

IDs IPS VPN software

IDs IPS VPN software now eighty percent of the malware now

now eighty percent of the malware now

now eighty percent of the malware now targets your application so this is

targets your application so this is

targets your application so this is this is the software stuff and normally

this is the software stuff and normally

this is the software stuff and normally we wouldn't have been inspecting inside

we wouldn't have been inspecting inside

we wouldn't have been inspecting inside this part of the packet but this is

this part of the packet but this is

this part of the packet but this is where they're hiding it now and so you

where they're hiding it now and so you

where they're hiding it now and so you might things that have been downloaded

might things that have been downloaded

might things that have been downloaded off the websites or in hidden inside

off the websites or in hidden inside

off the websites or in hidden inside emails so this is why we need this third

emails so this is why we need this third

emails so this is why we need this third generation of firewall

generation of firewall

generation of firewall so blocking ports and filtering is no

so blocking ports and filtering is no

so blocking ports and filtering is no longer enough unfortunately so I mean

longer enough unfortunately so I mean

longer enough unfortunately so I mean just um Gathering more data spending

just um Gathering more data spending

just um Gathering more data spending more cash and having more stuff to

more cash and having more stuff to

more cash and having more stuff to support what this is known as here is

support what this is known as here is

support what this is known as here is deep packet inspection DPI so we're

deep packet inspection DPI so we're

deep packet inspection DPI so we're looking deep inside the IP pack here to

looking deep inside the IP pack here to

looking deep inside the IP pack here to see if there's anything nefarious in

see if there's anything nefarious in

see if there's anything nefarious in there

there

there the Deepak inspection you can see things

the Deepak inspection you can see things

the Deepak inspection you can see things that you wouldn't normally see looking

that you wouldn't normally see looking

that you wouldn't normally see looking at the headers and Footers and trailers

at the headers and Footers and trailers

at the headers and Footers and trailers worms viruses and it can also do so most

worms viruses and it can also do so most

worms viruses and it can also do so most importantly at wire speeds so the thing

importantly at wire speeds so the thing

importantly at wire speeds so the thing that we all hate in networks is

that we all hate in networks is

that we all hate in networks is latency I.E slowing stuff down it's

latency I.E slowing stuff down it's

latency I.E slowing stuff down it's really bad news for us and it obviously

really bad news for us and it obviously

really bad news for us and it obviously frustrates the users especially if

frustrates the users especially if

frustrates the users especially if you're doing voice and video

you're doing voice and video

you're doing voice and video conferencing it would be a nightmare

conferencing it would be a nightmare

conferencing it would be a nightmare they've added a voiceover voice over IP

they've added a voiceover voice over IP

they've added a voiceover voice over IP PBX into the syllabus

and you can see we've got the voice

and you can see we've got the voice

and you can see we've got the voice Gateway router here I've got this from

Gateway router here I've got this from

Gateway router here I've got this from this website here easytalks.com so

this website here easytalks.com so

this website here easytalks.com so you've got your uh public switch

you've got your uh public switch

you've got your uh public switch telephone Network which Josh talked

telephone Network which Josh talked

telephone Network which Josh talked about which is your voice stuff and then

about which is your voice stuff and then

about which is your voice stuff and then we've got our traditional phones uh

we've got our traditional phones uh

we've got our traditional phones uh we've got our IP phones been managed

we've got our IP phones been managed

we've got our IP phones been managed here so we can all communicate within

here so we can all communicate within

here so we can all communicate within each other and then your voice PBX if

each other and then your voice PBX if

each other and then your voice PBX if you need to make calls to traditional

you need to make calls to traditional

you need to make calls to traditional landlines that can go out through the

landlines that can go out through the

landlines that can go out through the traditional public switch Network

so IP private Branch exchange is a phone

so IP private Branch exchange is a phone

so IP private Branch exchange is a phone system and it but it also offers IP

system and it but it also offers IP

system and it but it also offers IP connectivity you get your traditional

connectivity you get your traditional

connectivity you get your traditional extensions connecting through your Lan

extensions connecting through your Lan

extensions connecting through your Lan and obviously you can go through

and obviously you can go through

and obviously you can go through the internet if you've got your

the internet if you've got your

the internet if you've got your traditional IP phone and you want to

traditional IP phone and you want to

traditional IP phone and you want to call somebody in the remote office with

call somebody in the remote office with

call somebody in the remote office with another IP phone

another IP phone

another IP phone and you can do that okay otherwise it

and you can do that okay otherwise it

and you can do that okay otherwise it would have to go through to the public

would have to go through to the public

would have to go through to the public switch telephone Network

switch telephone Network

switch telephone Network you can buy actually software so it'll

you can buy actually software so it'll

you can buy actually software so it'll run off a server if you so wish or you

run off a server if you so wish or you

run off a server if you so wish or you can have a hardware where you have to

can have a hardware where you have to

can have a hardware where you have to wire it up yourself

wire it up yourself

wire it up yourself mentioned it connects to the phone

mentioned it connects to the phone

mentioned it connects to the phone network and obviously use it if invoice

network and obviously use it if invoice

network and obviously use it if invoice is enabled on your network

is enabled on your network

is enabled on your network content filters

content filters

content filters uh what you can and can't uh Surf and

uh what you can and can't uh Surf and

uh what you can and can't uh Surf and I've got something similar on my home

I've got something similar on my home

I've got something similar on my home router although the Fairly rudimental

router although the Fairly rudimental

router although the Fairly rudimental level where I can block stuff that and

level where I can block stuff that and

level where I can block stuff that and the kids shouldn't be watching also

the kids shouldn't be watching also

the kids shouldn't be watching also referred to as information filtering

referred to as information filtering

referred to as information filtering depending on where you are usually

depending on where you are usually

depending on where you are usually software based and it's it's very simply

software based and it's it's very simply

software based and it's it's very simply blocks harmful websites or files such as

blocks harmful websites or files such as

blocks harmful websites or files such as Dot xees

Dot xees

Dot xees it would probably uh block

it would probably uh block

it would probably uh block um Facebook

Instagram stuff you don't want people

Instagram stuff you don't want people

Instagram stuff you don't want people surfing while they're at work also

surfing while they're at work also

surfing while they're at work also you can work your local network so your

you can work your local network so your

you can work your local network so your um

um

um office here you could actually have it

office here you could actually have it

office here you could actually have it working for your core Network

working for your core Network

working for your core Network or you could let your ISP take care take

or you could let your ISP take care take

or you could let your ISP take care take care of it sometimes they're actually

care of it sometimes they're actually

care of it sometimes they're actually automatically block

automatically block

automatically block and certain content and certain websites

and certain content and certain websites

and certain content and certain websites especially in some countries where they

especially in some countries where they

especially in some countries where they they control politically what you can

they control politically what you can

they control politically what you can and can't say I think um

and can't say I think um

and can't say I think um Egypt and some other countries where

Egypt and some other countries where

Egypt and some other countries where they don't want you to see certain

they don't want you to see certain

they don't want you to see certain things

things

things which I won't go into that uh so your

which I won't go into that uh so your

which I won't go into that uh so your voice is enabled sorry that's uh but

voice is enabled sorry that's uh but

voice is enabled sorry that's uh but they're in error from another slide

they're in error from another slide

they're in error from another slide so multi-layer switch we've talked about

so multi-layer switch we've talked about

so multi-layer switch we've talked about your wireless controllers turning your

your wireless controllers turning your

your wireless controllers turning your access points into lightweight access

access points into lightweight access

access points into lightweight access points so they just forward traffic and

points so they just forward traffic and

points so they just forward traffic and your wireless LAN controller takes care

your wireless LAN controller takes care

your wireless LAN controller takes care of all of the routing security

of all of the routing security

of all of the routing security associations

associations

associations ssids that kind of stuff

ssids that kind of stuff

ssids that kind of stuff load balancer where it's sending your

load balancer where it's sending your

load balancer where it's sending your traffic transparently to two or more

traffic transparently to two or more

traffic transparently to two or more servers and obviously it's got your

servers and obviously it's got your

servers and obviously it's got your um

um

um the capability of if there's a one of

the capability of if there's a one of

the capability of if there's a one of your servers goes down it can balance

your servers goes down it can balance

your servers goes down it can balance between what uh or others are left

between what uh or others are left

between what uh or others are left RDS on IPS uh you've got to bear in mind

RDS on IPS uh you've got to bear in mind

RDS on IPS uh you've got to bear in mind what's in line and then what is out of

what's in line and then what is out of

what's in line and then what is out of line and just receives a copy because

line and just receives a copy because

line and just receives a copy because that's your typical exam question

AAA server which I'll talk more about

AAA server which I'll talk more about

AAA server which I'll talk more about later uh UTM again probably small

later uh UTM again probably small

later uh UTM again probably small to medium-sized Enterprise but do check

to medium-sized Enterprise but do check

to medium-sized Enterprise but do check the marketing spiel

the marketing spiel

the marketing spiel Next Generation firewall which is deep

Next Generation firewall which is deep

Next Generation firewall which is deep packet inspections voice

packet inspections voice

packet inspections voice again if you're going out to the

again if you're going out to the

again if you're going out to the public switch telephone Network you'll

public switch telephone Network you'll

public switch telephone Network you'll need the voice Gateway contact content

need the voice Gateway contact content

need the voice Gateway contact content filter is blocking sites or content

filter is blocking sites or content

filter is blocking sites or content definitely dot XC files

definitely dot XC files

definitely dot XC files and um even even my online file that I

and um even even my online file that I

and um even even my online file that I share with my providers some of my

share with my providers some of my

share with my providers some of my Freelancers that work for me they can't

Freelancers that work for me they can't

Freelancers that work for me they can't reach this on them from their corporate

reach this on them from their corporate

reach this on them from their corporate Network either they're often blocked

Network either they're often blocked

Network either they're often blocked all right so that's all for now thank

all right so that's all for now thank

all right so that's all for now thank you very much for listening

[Music]

foreign network communications data

foreign network communications data

foreign network communications data transmission

as you may know computers talk in bits

as you may know computers talk in bits

as you may know computers talk in bits ones and zeros ons and offs and this is

ones and zeros ons and offs and this is

ones and zeros ons and offs and this is how all of the data that we deal with in

how all of the data that we deal with in

how all of the data that we deal with in computers is transferred from one

computers is transferred from one

computers is transferred from one computer to the next or one node to the

computer to the next or one node to the

computer to the next or one node to the next over the media as we've discussed

next over the media as we've discussed

next over the media as we've discussed but we want to talk exactly about how

but we want to talk exactly about how

but we want to talk exactly about how these bits these ones and zeros get from

these bits these ones and zeros get from

these bits these ones and zeros get from point A to point B and so in this uh

point A to point B and so in this uh

point A to point B and so in this uh module we're going to talk about data

module we're going to talk about data

module we're going to talk about data transmission

transmission

transmission or how data makes it from one point to

or how data makes it from one point to

or how data makes it from one point to the other

the other

the other so we're going to start by talking about

so we're going to start by talking about

so we're going to start by talking about data transmission methods and defining

data transmission methods and defining

data transmission methods and defining exactly what data transmission is

exactly what data transmission is

exactly what data transmission is we're also going to talk about

we're also going to talk about

we're also going to talk about instantaneous data transfer and what

instantaneous data transfer and what

instantaneous data transfer and what might require it the word instantaneous

might require it the word instantaneous

might require it the word instantaneous meaning the data is sent instantaneously

meaning the data is sent instantaneously

meaning the data is sent instantaneously the minute that it is created in some

the minute that it is created in some

the minute that it is created in some instances data is first stored and then

instances data is first stored and then

instances data is first stored and then converted and then transferred in this

converted and then transferred in this

converted and then transferred in this case instantaneously the data is

case instantaneously the data is

case instantaneously the data is transferred over the media we're also

transferred over the media we're also

transferred over the media we're also going to discuss which we've seen in a

going to discuss which we've seen in a

going to discuss which we've seen in a plus serial data transmission meaning

plus serial data transmission meaning

plus serial data transmission meaning that one bit is sent at a time one after

that one bit is sent at a time one after

that one bit is sent at a time one after the other and remember just as uh you

the other and remember just as uh you

the other and remember just as uh you can recall one byte

can recall one byte

can recall one byte equals

equals

equals eight bits

eight bits

eight bits byte being represented by that uppercase

byte being represented by that uppercase

byte being represented by that uppercase b and a bit being represented by the

b and a bit being represented by the

b and a bit being represented by the lowercase b

lowercase b

lowercase b we're also going to talk about two

we're also going to talk about two

we're also going to talk about two different communication methods in

different communication methods in

different communication methods in serial data transmission asynchronous

serial data transmission asynchronous

serial data transmission asynchronous and synchronous Communications with

and synchronous Communications with

and synchronous Communications with which have to do with uh how the data is

which have to do with uh how the data is

which have to do with uh how the data is synced up to a clock cycle with the CPU

synced up to a clock cycle with the CPU

synced up to a clock cycle with the CPU and therefore how it's sent

and therefore how it's sent

and therefore how it's sent then we're gonna have to find parallel

then we're gonna have to find parallel

then we're gonna have to find parallel data transmission meaning that the data

data transmission meaning that the data

data transmission meaning that the data instead of being sent one after the

instead of being sent one after the

instead of being sent one after the other you may have eight bits of data

other you may have eight bits of data

other you may have eight bits of data all sent at Once In Parallel with the

all sent at Once In Parallel with the

all sent at Once In Parallel with the other

other

other finally we're going to discuss baseband

finally we're going to discuss baseband

finally we're going to discuss baseband transmission a digital transmission

transmission a digital transmission

transmission a digital transmission method and Broadband transmission or

method and Broadband transmission or

method and Broadband transmission or analog transmission method these are

analog transmission method these are

analog transmission method these are specifically called out in the network

specifically called out in the network

specifically called out in the network plus exam and so it's important that we

plus exam and so it's important that we

plus exam and so it's important that we pay a special attention to those now

pay a special attention to those now

pay a special attention to those now when we talk about data transmission

when we talk about data transmission

when we talk about data transmission it's important that we have to

it's important that we have to

it's important that we have to understand there are many ways that data

understand there are many ways that data

understand there are many ways that data can be sent and received in essence data

can be sent and received in essence data

can be sent and received in essence data transmission is the exchange of data

transmission is the exchange of data

transmission is the exchange of data between devices on network by one method

between devices on network by one method

between devices on network by one method or another the main thing that

or another the main thing that

or another the main thing that differentiates data transmission from

differentiates data transmission from

differentiates data transmission from say Voice or telephony transition is

say Voice or telephony transition is

say Voice or telephony transition is that we're transmitting many different

that we're transmitting many different

that we're transmitting many different things including text video and Graphics

things including text video and Graphics

things including text video and Graphics all over the medium whereas telephony is

all over the medium whereas telephony is

all over the medium whereas telephony is only dealing with voice this is

only dealing with voice this is

only dealing with voice this is different from our telephones which are

different from our telephones which are

different from our telephones which are are also transferring a sort of data but

are also transferring a sort of data but

are also transferring a sort of data but that data doesn't include as many

that data doesn't include as many

that data doesn't include as many different things

different things

different things now when you might hear the term

now when you might hear the term

now when you might hear the term computer network I just want to be clear

computer network I just want to be clear

computer network I just want to be clear that computer network is the same as a

that computer network is the same as a

that computer network is the same as a Data Network and so we might be using

Data Network and so we might be using

Data Network and so we might be using those terms interchangeably but when

those terms interchangeably but when

those terms interchangeably but when we're talking about data transmission

we're talking about data transmission

we're talking about data transmission sometimes the term computer network as

sometimes the term computer network as

sometimes the term computer network as opposed to Data Network comes up but

opposed to Data Network comes up but

opposed to Data Network comes up but they are interchangeable

they are interchangeable

they are interchangeable now in most cases when we're dealing

now in most cases when we're dealing

now in most cases when we're dealing with networking the data is stored

with networking the data is stored

with networking the data is stored somewhere at some point this also goes

somewhere at some point this also goes

somewhere at some point this also goes for data that's ready to be transmitted

for data that's ready to be transmitted

for data that's ready to be transmitted right we store it and then we send it

right we store it and then we send it

right we store it and then we send it however there are some instances when

however there are some instances when

however there are some instances when data needs to reach its destination as

data needs to reach its destination as

data needs to reach its destination as soon as it's been generated or created

soon as it's been generated or created

soon as it's been generated or created and we don't want to wait for it to be

and we don't want to wait for it to be

and we don't want to wait for it to be written to memory or written to a hard

written to memory or written to a hard

written to memory or written to a hard drive in these cases instantaneous

drive in these cases instantaneous

drive in these cases instantaneous as the name implies being instant to the

as the name implies being instant to the

as the name implies being instant to the moment data transfer occurs some

moment data transfer occurs some

moment data transfer occurs some programs and applications such as online

programs and applications such as online

programs and applications such as online chat uh video conferencing and voice

chat uh video conferencing and voice

chat uh video conferencing and voice conferencing programs all via the

conferencing programs all via the

conferencing programs all via the Internet require such a transfer the

Internet require such a transfer the

Internet require such a transfer the this method of data transfer doesn't

this method of data transfer doesn't

this method of data transfer doesn't store the data at any point before

store the data at any point before

store the data at any point before transmitting it to memory

transmitting it to memory

transmitting it to memory instead it immediately converts that

instead it immediately converts that

instead it immediately converts that data into a network compatible format

data into a network compatible format

data into a network compatible format and as it's being generated and then it

and as it's being generated and then it

and as it's being generated and then it instantaneously transmits it now you can

instantaneously transmits it now you can

instantaneously transmits it now you can understand why we would want to use that

understand why we would want to use that

understand why we would want to use that in these specific instances I don't want

in these specific instances I don't want

in these specific instances I don't want to store my chat stuff to memory and

to store my chat stuff to memory and

to store my chat stuff to memory and then send it I want to chat and then

then send it I want to chat and then

then send it I want to chat and then have it sent same with video

have it sent same with video

have it sent same with video conferencing or voice conferencing I

conferencing or voice conferencing I

conferencing or voice conferencing I don't want the lag that's going to occur

don't want the lag that's going to occur

don't want the lag that's going to occur due to having to save it to memory and

due to having to save it to memory and

due to having to save it to memory and then save it and then send it which is

then save it and then send it which is

then save it and then send it which is why we want this instantaneous data

why we want this instantaneous data

why we want this instantaneous data transfer

transfer

transfer serial data transmission is a

serial data transmission is a

serial data transmission is a transmission method that transmits bits

transmission method that transmits bits

transmission method that transmits bits once per clock cycle now this clock

once per clock cycle now this clock

once per clock cycle now this clock cycle refers to the CPU or central

cycle refers to the CPU or central

cycle refers to the CPU or central processing unit of the computer and how

processing unit of the computer and how

processing unit of the computer and how that's processing information and as you

that's processing information and as you

that's processing information and as you can see from this illustration basically

can see from this illustration basically

can see from this illustration basically what happens is we're sending one of

what happens is we're sending one of

what happens is we're sending one of these bits

these bits

these bits at a time

at a time

at a time and if you recall

and if you recall

and if you recall one byte equals eight serial bits and

one byte equals eight serial bits and

one byte equals eight serial bits and that's what we're going to call eight

that's what we're going to call eight

that's what we're going to call eight serial bits one byte now a couple

serial bits one byte now a couple

serial bits one byte now a couple examples of what's uh of what uses

examples of what's uh of what uses

examples of what's uh of what uses serial data transmission includes

serial data transmission includes

serial data transmission includes ethernet as well as some peripheral

ethernet as well as some peripheral

ethernet as well as some peripheral devices that connect to our computer

devices that connect to our computer

devices that connect to our computer like mice and keyboards now with serial

like mice and keyboards now with serial

like mice and keyboards now with serial data Transmissions there are different

data Transmissions there are different

data Transmissions there are different methods that can be used to delineate

methods that can be used to delineate

methods that can be used to delineate between the start bit and the stop bit

between the start bit and the stop bit

between the start bit and the stop bit basically how they know

basically how they know

basically how they know uh what where the data begins and ends

uh what where the data begins and ends

uh what where the data begins and ends and also error checking or correcting

and also error checking or correcting

and also error checking or correcting bits that allow the data to be uh fixed

bits that allow the data to be uh fixed

bits that allow the data to be uh fixed in case it arrives incorrectly and the

in case it arrives incorrectly and the

in case it arrives incorrectly and the data itself so let's take a look at the

data itself so let's take a look at the

data itself so let's take a look at the difference between synchronous and the

difference between synchronous and the

difference between synchronous and the asynchronous methods of data serial data

asynchronous methods of data serial data

asynchronous methods of data serial data transmission

transmission

transmission synchronous data transmission

synchronous data transmission

synchronous data transmission utilizes standardized time intervals

utilizes standardized time intervals

utilizes standardized time intervals when transmitting each bit now the

when transmitting each bit now the

when transmitting each bit now the assumption that is made is that one byte

assumption that is made is that one byte

assumption that is made is that one byte is sent every interval so the two

is sent every interval so the two

is sent every interval so the two devices have to be in sync with each

devices have to be in sync with each

devices have to be in sync with each other each other in regards to their

other each other in regards to their

other each other in regards to their timing a clock chip therefore

timing a clock chip therefore

timing a clock chip therefore not a great picture of it but imagine

not a great picture of it but imagine

not a great picture of it but imagine that this is a chip is needed to ensure

that this is a chip is needed to ensure

that this is a chip is needed to ensure that the devices are in sync with one

that the devices are in sync with one

that the devices are in sync with one another now a special bit pattern is

another now a special bit pattern is

another now a special bit pattern is inserted during a specified time

inserted during a specified time

inserted during a specified time interval to maintain this

interval to maintain this

interval to maintain this synchronization

synchronization

synchronization asynchronous on the other hand uses

asynchronous on the other hand uses

asynchronous on the other hand uses special start and stop patterns to

special start and stop patterns to

special start and stop patterns to differentiate between the bytes in the

differentiate between the bytes in the

differentiate between the bytes in the data Stream So the receiver just has to

data Stream So the receiver just has to

data Stream So the receiver just has to look for these special patterns and then

look for these special patterns and then

look for these special patterns and then can easily keep track of whether the

can easily keep track of whether the

can easily keep track of whether the data has been successfully received so

data has been successfully received so

data has been successfully received so for instance the pattern might be one

for instance the pattern might be one

for instance the pattern might be one zero one zero and then uh or one zero

zero one zero and then uh or one zero

zero one zero and then uh or one zero one zero one zero one zero and then the

one zero one zero one zero and then the

one zero one zero one zero and then the device knows that that is the beginning

device knows that that is the beginning

device knows that that is the beginning or the end of a pattern of bytes of data

or the end of a pattern of bytes of data

or the end of a pattern of bytes of data the benefit of course is we don't need

the benefit of course is we don't need

the benefit of course is we don't need this chip because the start and stop

this chip because the start and stop

this chip because the start and stop times are built automatically into the

times are built automatically into the

times are built automatically into the data itself

data itself

data itself now stepping away from serial data

now stepping away from serial data

now stepping away from serial data transmission

transmission

transmission parallel data transmission is a transmit

parallel data transmission is a transmit

parallel data transmission is a transmit Mission method that uses multiple

Mission method that uses multiple

Mission method that uses multiple transmission lines wires or cables

transmission lines wires or cables

transmission lines wires or cables simultaneously unlike serial

simultaneously unlike serial

simultaneously unlike serial transmission that sends start and stop

transmission that sends start and stop

transmission that sends start and stop and synchronization bits along with the

and synchronization bits along with the

and synchronization bits along with the data parallel does not and doesn't have

data parallel does not and doesn't have

data parallel does not and doesn't have to those bits are sent separately via

to those bits are sent separately via

to those bits are sent separately via one of these multiple other different

one of these multiple other different

one of these multiple other different transmission lines other than the data

transmission lines other than the data

transmission lines other than the data because of this throughput is generally

because of this throughput is generally

because of this throughput is generally better than standard serial transmission

better than standard serial transmission

better than standard serial transmission and these eight of these parallel bits

and these eight of these parallel bits

and these eight of these parallel bits are referred to as a character as

are referred to as a character as

are referred to as a character as opposed to a byte now some examples that

opposed to a byte now some examples that

opposed to a byte now some examples that use parallel transmission are scuzzy

use parallel transmission are scuzzy

use parallel transmission are scuzzy parallel ports PC card or

parallel ports PC card or

parallel ports PC card or pcmcia remember piece parallel ports

pcmcia remember piece parallel ports

pcmcia remember piece parallel ports those are those printer ports

those are those printer ports

those are those printer ports and may all use parallel data

and may all use parallel data

and may all use parallel data transmission it's not as used or widely

transmission it's not as used or widely

transmission it's not as used or widely used as a serial data transmission is

used as a serial data transmission is

used as a serial data transmission is now that deals with how the data is sent

now that deals with how the data is sent

now that deals with how the data is sent let's deal with the type of signal

let's deal with the type of signal

let's deal with the type of signal that's sent

that's sent

that's sent in baseband's transmission this utilizes

in baseband's transmission this utilizes

in baseband's transmission this utilizes digital signals sent via a direct

digital signals sent via a direct

digital signals sent via a direct current pulse and remember we're talking

current pulse and remember we're talking

current pulse and remember we're talking about direct current versus alternating

about direct current versus alternating

about direct current versus alternating current with base bands all the devices

current with base bands all the devices

current with base bands all the devices share the same medium or Channel and

share the same medium or Channel and

share the same medium or Channel and can't transmit and receive

can't transmit and receive

can't transmit and receive simultaneously however multiple baseband

simultaneously however multiple baseband

simultaneously however multiple baseband channels can be combined over one medium

channels can be combined over one medium

channels can be combined over one medium to use a channel separated with specific

to use a channel separated with specific

to use a channel separated with specific time slots and that's how we can

time slots and that's how we can

time slots and that's how we can determine when it's being sent and when

determine when it's being sent and when

determine when it's being sent and when it's being received one thing to notice

it's being received one thing to notice

it's being received one thing to notice in a digital signal as well is that

in a digital signal as well is that

in a digital signal as well is that we're only dealing with ones or zeros on

we're only dealing with ones or zeros on

we're only dealing with ones or zeros on and off and so the signal is either on

and off and so the signal is either on

and off and so the signal is either on or off there's no sort of wave that

or off there's no sort of wave that

or off there's no sort of wave that we're gonna get with the analog signal

we're gonna get with the analog signal

we're gonna get with the analog signal which we'll see right now

so where baseband used those digital

so where baseband used those digital

so where baseband used those digital signals to transmit data broadband's

signals to transmit data broadband's

signals to transmit data broadband's going to use analog signals and you can

going to use analog signals and you can

going to use analog signals and you can see that represented in this wave also

see that represented in this wave also

see that represented in this wave also unlike baseband Broadband utilizes the

unlike baseband Broadband utilizes the

unlike baseband Broadband utilizes the entire bandwidth available and it's only

entire bandwidth available and it's only

entire bandwidth available and it's only going to travel in one direction or

going to travel in one direction or

going to travel in one direction or unidirectionally because devices can't

unidirectionally because devices can't

unidirectionally because devices can't send and receive over the same channel

send and receive over the same channel

send and receive over the same channel now if more throughput is needed that's

now if more throughput is needed that's

now if more throughput is needed that's fine we can combine and send across

fine we can combine and send across

fine we can combine and send across multiple frequencies channels or we can

multiple frequencies channels or we can

multiple frequencies channels or we can use over just one medium

use over just one medium

use over just one medium generally speaking we're going to see a

generally speaking we're going to see a

generally speaking we're going to see a lot of broadband in the field because a

lot of broadband in the field because a

lot of broadband in the field because a lot of our current infrastructure was

lot of our current infrastructure was

lot of our current infrastructure was created for analog signals as opposed to

created for analog signals as opposed to

created for analog signals as opposed to digital or baseband signals now

digital or baseband signals now

digital or baseband signals now Broadband over power lines or BPL is an

Broadband over power lines or BPL is an

Broadband over power lines or BPL is an emerging technology that still mostly in

emerging technology that still mostly in

emerging technology that still mostly in the testing phases in the US the premise

the testing phases in the US the premise

the testing phases in the US the premise of it is that we can essentially bring

of it is that we can essentially bring

of it is that we can essentially bring high-speed internet

high-speed internet

high-speed internet two power outlets using the power lines

two power outlets using the power lines

two power outlets using the power lines and the infrastructure that's already

and the infrastructure that's already

and the infrastructure that's already been built once this technology is fully

been built once this technology is fully

been built once this technology is fully developed you would be able to plug your

developed you would be able to plug your

developed you would be able to plug your computer into a power outlet in your

computer into a power outlet in your

computer into a power outlet in your home and you can get decently fast

home and you can get decently fast

home and you can get decently fast internet between 500 kilobits per second

internet between 500 kilobits per second

internet between 500 kilobits per second and three megabits per second which are

and three megabits per second which are

and three megabits per second which are about equivalent to DSL or cable speeds

about equivalent to DSL or cable speeds

about equivalent to DSL or cable speeds now of course the main concern with this

now of course the main concern with this

now of course the main concern with this type of transmission is a the effect

type of transmission is a the effect

type of transmission is a the effect that the uh since we're dealing with

that the uh since we're dealing with

that the uh since we're dealing with electrical interest infrastructure the

electrical interest infrastructure the

electrical interest infrastructure the effect that the electricity is going to

effect that the electricity is going to

effect that the electricity is going to cause uh on

cause uh on

cause uh on uh the data being sent remember we were

uh the data being sent remember we were

uh the data being sent remember we were talking about Emi and crosstalk and the

talking about Emi and crosstalk and the

talking about Emi and crosstalk and the noise issue previously and also security

noise issue previously and also security

noise issue previously and also security since if we're using something that

since if we're using something that

since if we're using something that everyone has access to we're also going

everyone has access to we're also going

everyone has access to we're also going to be opening our data up to some issues

to be opening our data up to some issues

to be opening our data up to some issues so for these reasons we might not ever

so for these reasons we might not ever

so for these reasons we might not ever see BPL or Broadband over power lines

see BPL or Broadband over power lines

see BPL or Broadband over power lines really come to full fruition especially

really come to full fruition especially

really come to full fruition especially with the prevalence of Wi-Fi

with the prevalence of Wi-Fi

with the prevalence of Wi-Fi technologies that are now becoming uh

technologies that are now becoming uh

technologies that are now becoming uh installed all over the place and might

installed all over the place and might

installed all over the place and might make BPL extinct before it even has a

make BPL extinct before it even has a

make BPL extinct before it even has a chance to flourish

chance to flourish

chance to flourish so just to cover what we've talked about

so just to cover what we've talked about

so just to cover what we've talked about we talked about data transmission uh

we talked about data transmission uh

we talked about data transmission uh meaning that we're transferring data

meaning that we're transferring data

meaning that we're transferring data over a computer or a Data Network we

over a computer or a Data Network we

over a computer or a Data Network we looked at instantaneous data transfer

looked at instantaneous data transfer

looked at instantaneous data transfer which means that the data is not stored

which means that the data is not stored

which means that the data is not stored to memory

we also talked about serial data

we also talked about serial data

we also talked about serial data transmission in which one bit is sent at

transmission in which one bit is sent at

transmission in which one bit is sent at a time

a time

a time and remember we have eight bits

and remember we have eight bits

and remember we have eight bits in a byte

in a byte

in a byte we looked at asynchronous versus

we looked at asynchronous versus

we looked at asynchronous versus synchronous communication synchronous

synchronous communication synchronous

synchronous communication synchronous requires some sort of clock chip whereas

requires some sort of clock chip whereas

requires some sort of clock chip whereas asynchronous embeds

start and stop

into the transfer

we also looked at parallel data

we also looked at parallel data

we also looked at parallel data transmission having bits sent all

transmission having bits sent all

transmission having bits sent all concurrently at the same time not as not

concurrently at the same time not as not

concurrently at the same time not as not as widely used and remember although I

as widely used and remember although I

as widely used and remember although I don't think you'll see this

don't think you'll see this

don't think you'll see this on the exam eight parallel bits

on the exam eight parallel bits

on the exam eight parallel bits equal one what we call a character

equal one what we call a character

equal one what we call a character we also looked at baseband transmission

we also looked at baseband transmission

we also looked at baseband transmission the important thing to remember there is

the important thing to remember there is

the important thing to remember there is that it is digital and Broadband

that it is digital and Broadband

that it is digital and Broadband transmission which is analog

transmission which is analog

transmission which is analog finally we talked about BPL or broadband

finally we talked about BPL or broadband

finally we talked about BPL or broadband over power lines which is a technology

over power lines which is a technology

over power lines which is a technology that would bring Broadband speeds over

that would bring Broadband speeds over

that would bring Broadband speeds over the power lines that are already in

the power lines that are already in

the power lines that are already in place

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

network communications media access

network communications media access

network communications media access methods

methods

methods so we've discussed and explained the

so we've discussed and explained the

so we've discussed and explained the different media and the different

different media and the different

different media and the different devices that exist on different types of

devices that exist on different types of

devices that exist on different types of networks and we even just talked about

networks and we even just talked about

networks and we even just talked about how that data is transferred from point

how that data is transferred from point

how that data is transferred from point A to point B but we have a lot of

A to point B but we have a lot of

A to point B but we have a lot of different devices of buying for access

different devices of buying for access

different devices of buying for access to this media in order to send its data

to this media in order to send its data

to this media in order to send its data and so we need to create certain rules

and so we need to create certain rules

and so we need to create certain rules that provide access to the media and so

that provide access to the media and so

that provide access to the media and so what we're going to talk about in this

what we're going to talk about in this

what we're going to talk about in this module is first what media access is and

module is first what media access is and

module is first what media access is and why we need it and why we need to

why we need it and why we need to

why we need it and why we need to understand it for the network plus exam

understand it for the network plus exam

understand it for the network plus exam and as administrators we're also going

and as administrators we're also going

and as administrators we're also going to describe two different barrage

to describe two different barrage

to describe two different barrage areas of media access including

areas of media access including

areas of media access including contention based media access versus

contention based media access versus

contention based media access versus controlled media access one in which we

controlled media access one in which we

controlled media access one in which we sort of fight for access to the media uh

sort of fight for access to the media uh

sort of fight for access to the media uh contend for it if you will and the other

contend for it if you will and the other

contend for it if you will and the other in which it is controlled generally by

in which it is controlled generally by

in which it is controlled generally by some sort of central device

some sort of central device

some sort of central device and then we're going to Define uh

and then we're going to Define uh

and then we're going to Define uh multiplexing which allows us to send

multiplexing which allows us to send

multiplexing which allows us to send multiple signals over a single medium

multiple signals over a single medium

multiple signals over a single medium and we're going to talk about two

and we're going to talk about two

and we're going to talk about two different types of multiplexing time

different types of multiplexing time

different types of multiplexing time division multiplexing

division multiplexing

division multiplexing and frequency division multiplexing

and we'll discuss how those work and why

and we'll discuss how those work and why

and we'll discuss how those work and why we need two different ones

we need two different ones

we need two different ones then we're going to discuss polling

then we're going to discuss polling

then we're going to discuss polling which is how we check to see which

which is how we check to see which

which is how we check to see which devices need to send

devices need to send

devices need to send um

um

um data

data

data and we're going to differentiate between

and we're going to differentiate between

and we're going to differentiate between csma CD and CA now csma you don't really

csma CD and CA now csma you don't really

csma CD and CA now csma you don't really need to worry about that but it does

need to worry about that but it does

need to worry about that but it does stand for carrier

stand for carrier

stand for carrier sense

sense

sense multiple access

but the real important thing here is to

but the real important thing here is to

but the real important thing here is to know the difference between Collision

know the difference between Collision

know the difference between Collision detection

and collision avoidance and these are

and collision avoidance and these are

and collision avoidance and these are the two main methods we're going to see

the two main methods we're going to see

the two main methods we're going to see uh for ethernet

and then for wireless and we'll explain

and then for wireless and we'll explain

and then for wireless and we'll explain why that is later on

finally we need to differentiate between

finally we need to differentiate between

finally we need to differentiate between a contention contention domain and a

a contention contention domain and a

a contention contention domain and a broadcast domain basically uh how large

broadcast domain basically uh how large

broadcast domain basically uh how large or how many other devices they need to

or how many other devices they need to

or how many other devices they need to contend against or that can get

contend against or that can get

contend against or that can get broadcast a certain message and these

broadcast a certain message and these

broadcast a certain message and these are also divided by those two different

are also divided by those two different

are also divided by those two different devices that keep coming up switches and

devices that keep coming up switches and

devices that keep coming up switches and routers

routers

routers so if that seems confusing enough to you

so if that seems confusing enough to you

so if that seems confusing enough to you let's delve in in order to shed some

let's delve in in order to shed some

let's delve in in order to shed some light on what all of this is now as

light on what all of this is now as

light on what all of this is now as administrators it's really important

administrators it's really important

administrators it's really important that we understand the rules that are in

that we understand the rules that are in

that we understand the rules that are in place for different types of networks

place for different types of networks

place for different types of networks for instance if I were in a crowded room

for instance if I were in a crowded room

for instance if I were in a crowded room and I had a secret message that I needed

and I had a secret message that I needed

and I had a secret message that I needed to get across to someone in the corner

to get across to someone in the corner

to get across to someone in the corner of the room and I were just to shout out

of the room and I were just to shout out

of the room and I were just to shout out that message there's no rules in the

that message there's no rules in the

that message there's no rules in the world that say everyone else has to

world that say everyone else has to

world that say everyone else has to ignore what I'm saying and they could

ignore what I'm saying and they could

ignore what I'm saying and they could just listen or or there's nothing that

just listen or or there's nothing that

just listen or or there's nothing that says that everyone else couldn't talk at

says that everyone else couldn't talk at

says that everyone else couldn't talk at the same time meaning that then my

the same time meaning that then my

the same time meaning that then my message wouldn't make it now that's

message wouldn't make it now that's

message wouldn't make it now that's means there's no rules for communication

means there's no rules for communication

means there's no rules for communication in real life but in networks and

in real life but in networks and

in real life but in networks and computer networks and data networks

computer networks and data networks

computer networks and data networks there are many different types of rules

there are many different types of rules

there are many different types of rules and here we're going to talk about some

and here we're going to talk about some

and here we're going to talk about some of the media access rules or the rules

of the media access rules or the rules

of the media access rules or the rules that govern which node or which device

that govern which node or which device

that govern which node or which device has access and the ability to transmit

has access and the ability to transmit

has access and the ability to transmit on the media at any one time and when

on the media at any one time and when

on the media at any one time and when they're allowed to send and receive and

they're allowed to send and receive and

they're allowed to send and receive and for how long now these rules are crucial

for how long now these rules are crucial

for how long now these rules are crucial they ensure that data delivery and

they ensure that data delivery and

they ensure that data delivery and integrity and by the way when we say

integrity and by the way when we say

integrity and by the way when we say Integrity we mean that the data we

Integrity we mean that the data we

Integrity we mean that the data we intended to send is actually what was

intended to send is actually what was

intended to send is actually what was sent it hasn't been tampered with uh are

sent it hasn't been tampered with uh are

sent it hasn't been tampered with uh are maintained now there are two general

maintained now there are two general

maintained now there are two general categories for types of media access

categories for types of media access

categories for types of media access these are contention based and

these are contention based and

these are contention based and controlled media access so let's take a

controlled media access so let's take a

controlled media access so let's take a look at the differences between those

look at the differences between those

look at the differences between those now and they'll come back when we talk

now and they'll come back when we talk

now and they'll come back when we talk later about csma CD and CA not to

later about csma CD and CA not to

later about csma CD and CA not to mention contention broadcast domains

mention contention broadcast domains

mention contention broadcast domains with contention-based media access nodes

with contention-based media access nodes

with contention-based media access nodes on the network are competing with one

on the network are competing with one

on the network are competing with one another for media access time and

another for media access time and

another for media access time and utilization another term for this kind

utilization another term for this kind

utilization another term for this kind of media is competitive or Collision

of media is competitive or Collision

of media is competitive or Collision based and yes that means that they're

based and yes that means that they're

based and yes that means that they're actually the data packets are colliding

actually the data packets are colliding

actually the data packets are colliding and that's how we determine which can go

and that's how we determine which can go

and that's how we determine which can go right which is allowed to be sent now

right which is allowed to be sent now

right which is allowed to be sent now these are pretty easy to implement

these are pretty easy to implement

these are pretty easy to implement however data can be delayed for nodes

however data can be delayed for nodes

however data can be delayed for nodes that need immediate access to the

that need immediate access to the

that need immediate access to the network media because collisions are

network media because collisions are

network media because collisions are going to occur as the name implies and

going to occur as the name implies and

going to occur as the name implies and that's going to delay Network traffic

that's going to delay Network traffic

that's going to delay Network traffic now as a opposed to contention-based

now as a opposed to contention-based

now as a opposed to contention-based Media access we also have controlled

Media access we also have controlled

Media access we also have controlled media access so instead of me fighting

media access so instead of me fighting

media access so instead of me fighting for access to the media I'm granted

for access to the media I'm granted

for access to the media I'm granted access to the media and the way this

access to the media and the way this

access to the media and the way this works is we use a central device that's

works is we use a central device that's

works is we use a central device that's put in place to ensure that access to

put in place to ensure that access to

put in place to ensure that access to the media is guaranteed for devices that

the media is guaranteed for devices that

the media is guaranteed for devices that have certain time sensitive data and

have certain time sensitive data and

have certain time sensitive data and they can transmit it when necessary

they can transmit it when necessary

they can transmit it when necessary because of the because of this and these

because of the because of this and these

because of the because of this and these devices that need to be added these are

devices that need to be added these are

devices that need to be added these are much more difficult to implement and

much more difficult to implement and

much more difficult to implement and maintain but they're highly reliable as

maintain but they're highly reliable as

maintain but they're highly reliable as you can imagine and also make sure that

you can imagine and also make sure that

you can imagine and also make sure that no device has more access than another

no device has more access than another

no device has more access than another when it comes to access time so take for

when it comes to access time so take for

when it comes to access time so take for instance a device that has a safety

instance a device that has a safety

instance a device that has a safety function that when an emergency event

function that when an emergency event

function that when an emergency event occurs right it has to have immediate

occurs right it has to have immediate

occurs right it has to have immediate access to the network and to the network

access to the network and to the network

access to the network and to the network resources so it can send instructions to

resources so it can send instructions to

resources so it can send instructions to say heavy machinery that needs to shut

say heavy machinery that needs to shut

say heavy machinery that needs to shut down in case an emergency in that case

down in case an emergency in that case

down in case an emergency in that case we don't want it to be intending for

we don't want it to be intending for

we don't want it to be intending for Access we want it to be granted

Access we want it to be granted

Access we want it to be granted immediate access and so this is where

immediate access and so this is where

immediate access and so this is where controlled media access can really come

controlled media access can really come

controlled media access can really come in handy

in handy

in handy so while we're talking about controlled

so while we're talking about controlled

so while we're talking about controlled media access and we've just talked about

media access and we've just talked about

media access and we've just talked about controlled and contention based media

controlled and contention based media

controlled and contention based media access let's keep talking about control

access let's keep talking about control

access let's keep talking about control based media access more specifically

based media access more specifically

based media access more specifically discussing a few different controlled

discussing a few different controlled

discussing a few different controlled based uh or controlled media access

based uh or controlled media access

based uh or controlled media access methods the first I want to talk about

methods the first I want to talk about

methods the first I want to talk about is called multiplexing and multiplexing

is called multiplexing and multiplexing

is called multiplexing and multiplexing is a controlled media access method I'm

is a controlled media access method I'm

is a controlled media access method I'm just going to add control there so that

just going to add control there so that

just going to add control there so that we remember that this is related to

we remember that this is related to

we remember that this is related to controlled not contention based it takes

controlled not contention based it takes

controlled not contention based it takes multiple signals and combines them over

multiple signals and combines them over

multiple signals and combines them over one single Network medium now data can

one single Network medium now data can

one single Network medium now data can actually be multiplexed using two

actually be multiplexed using two

actually be multiplexed using two different methods time Division

different methods time Division

different methods time Division multiplexing and frequency division

multiplexing and frequency division

multiplexing and frequency division multiplexing so let's first look at time

multiplexing so let's first look at time

multiplexing so let's first look at time division multiplexing this is where

division multiplexing this is where

division multiplexing this is where channels are divided into time slots and

channels are divided into time slots and

channels are divided into time slots and each node on the network is assigned a

each node on the network is assigned a

each node on the network is assigned a specific time slot

during that time slot the node has

during that time slot the node has

during that time slot the node has dedicated sole access to the network

dedicated sole access to the network

dedicated sole access to the network until that time has ended and then the

until that time has ended and then the

until that time has ended and then the next node is allowed to transmit now

next node is allowed to transmit now

next node is allowed to transmit now there's a device that we're going to

there's a device that we're going to

there's a device that we're going to talk about in just a minute called the

talk about in just a minute called the

talk about in just a minute called the Mox and this MOX takes the signals from

Mox and this MOX takes the signals from

Mox and this MOX takes the signals from each of the nodes and sends it across

each of the nodes and sends it across

each of the nodes and sends it across the network

the network

the network now with TDM multiple

now with TDM multiple

now with TDM multiple base band signals and remember baseband

base band signals and remember baseband

base band signals and remember baseband is

is

is digital

digital

digital again represented here by that Digital

again represented here by that Digital

again represented here by that Digital Signal because there is no curve in the

Signal because there is no curve in the

Signal because there is no curve in the wave which would be analog and we'll see

wave which would be analog and we'll see

wave which would be analog and we'll see that in just a second

that in just a second

that in just a second it allows these digital signals these

it allows these digital signals these

it allows these digital signals these baseband channels to be combined and

baseband channels to be combined and

baseband channels to be combined and sent over one network medium

sent over one network medium

sent over one network medium on the other hand we also have something

on the other hand we also have something

on the other hand we also have something called frequency division multiplexing

called frequency division multiplexing

called frequency division multiplexing this is where data from multiple nodes

this is where data from multiple nodes

this is where data from multiple nodes is sent over many different frequencies

is sent over many different frequencies

is sent over many different frequencies as opposed to given a specific time each

as opposed to given a specific time each

as opposed to given a specific time each node has complete access to its

node has complete access to its

node has complete access to its frequency and dedicated communication

frequency and dedicated communication

frequency and dedicated communication with the MOX that device that is

with the MOX that device that is

with the MOX that device that is basically controlling all of this

basically controlling all of this

basically controlling all of this the mux combines the received signals

the mux combines the received signals

the mux combines the received signals from the nodes and then transmitted

from the nodes and then transmitted

from the nodes and then transmitted across the medium the important thing

across the medium the important thing

across the medium the important thing you're here to know is that this we're

you're here to know is that this we're

you're here to know is that this we're dealing with Broadband or analog signals

dealing with Broadband or analog signals

dealing with Broadband or analog signals now we've been talking about

now we've been talking about

now we've been talking about uh the mux so let's just talk about that

uh the mux so let's just talk about that

uh the mux so let's just talk about that really briefly the MOX is the central

really briefly the MOX is the central

really briefly the MOX is the central device that or which is also called a

device that or which is also called a

device that or which is also called a multiplexer

multiplexer

multiplexer that combines the signals and transmits

that combines the signals and transmits

that combines the signals and transmits them to the receiving end or a demux or

them to the receiving end or a demux or

them to the receiving end or a demux or a d multiplexer separates the signals

a d multiplexer separates the signals

a d multiplexer separates the signals out again now remember this is all

out again now remember this is all

out again now remember this is all controlled access and this mux is that

controlled access and this mux is that

controlled access and this mux is that device we were talking about that is

device we were talking about that is

device we were talking about that is doing the controlling now a different

doing the controlling now a different

doing the controlling now a different type of controlled media access method

type of controlled media access method

type of controlled media access method is called polling and as the name

is called polling and as the name

is called polling and as the name implies we have a central device as well

implies we have a central device as well

implies we have a central device as well that goes to each node in the network in

that goes to each node in the network in

that goes to each node in the network in turn and C's and queries them do you

turn and C's and queries them do you

turn and C's and queries them do you have any data to transmit with polling

have any data to transmit with polling

have any data to transmit with polling then there is guaranteed access because

then there is guaranteed access because

then there is guaranteed access because the process is constantly repeating

the process is constantly repeating

the process is constantly repeating basically it's just constantly if we

basically it's just constantly if we

basically it's just constantly if we have this middle mux sort of device it's

have this middle mux sort of device it's

have this middle mux sort of device it's constantly going

constantly going

constantly going to each

device and saying hey are you ready to

device and saying hey are you ready to

device and saying hey are you ready to send something you now have access

send something you now have access

send something you now have access although this guaranteed access in this

although this guaranteed access in this

although this guaranteed access in this method is reliable it might not be as

method is reliable it might not be as

method is reliable it might not be as effective in time sensitive Networks

and time can affect sometimes

and time can affect sometimes

and time can affect sometimes potentially be wasted

potentially be wasted

potentially be wasted in this querying in this polling because

in this querying in this polling because

in this querying in this polling because sometimes I'm having to ask devices that

sometimes I'm having to ask devices that

sometimes I'm having to ask devices that don't need to transmit anything to if

don't need to transmit anything to if

don't need to transmit anything to if they need to transmit so this basically

they need to transmit so this basically

they need to transmit so this basically wastes time another example of this by

wastes time another example of this by

wastes time another example of this by the way is if for instance node a at one

the way is if for instance node a at one

the way is if for instance node a at one point

point

point finds it as data to transmit node a has

finds it as data to transmit node a has

finds it as data to transmit node a has to wait until basically the polling

to wait until basically the polling

to wait until basically the polling device comes all the way around to it

device comes all the way around to it

device comes all the way around to it before it's allowed to transmit the data

before it's allowed to transmit the data

before it's allowed to transmit the data now this can take a lot longer than

now this can take a lot longer than

now this can take a lot longer than simply just asking if it can then just

simply just asking if it can then just

simply just asking if it can then just send the data along

send the data along

send the data along now because of these negatives there's a

now because of these negatives there's a

now because of these negatives there's a variation of this polling which is

variation of this polling which is

variation of this polling which is called demand priority where each node

called demand priority where each node

called demand priority where each node signals when it has to transmit or not

signals when it has to transmit or not

signals when it has to transmit or not transmit this method contains within it

transmit this method contains within it

transmit this method contains within it measures to Grant priority to nodes that

measures to Grant priority to nodes that

measures to Grant priority to nodes that have immediate data that it needs to

have immediate data that it needs to

have immediate data that it needs to transmit it also contains measures and

transmit it also contains measures and

transmit it also contains measures and controls to ensure that nodes can't

controls to ensure that nodes can't

controls to ensure that nodes can't constantly signal they have priority

constantly signal they have priority

constantly signal they have priority data because then you would have one

data because then you would have one

data because then you would have one device that's constantly sort of hogging

device that's constantly sort of hogging

device that's constantly sort of hogging your network so those are our controlled

your network so those are our controlled

your network so those are our controlled based media access let's and and really

based media access let's and and really

based media access let's and and really we we see these employed in certain

we we see these employed in certain

we we see these employed in certain circumstances but you're going to more

circumstances but you're going to more

circumstances but you're going to more encounter

encounter

encounter contention-based media access and in

contention-based media access and in

contention-based media access and in contention-based media access there are

contention-based media access there are

contention-based media access there are two different types I want to talk about

two different types I want to talk about

two different types I want to talk about Collision detection is a

Collision detection is a

Collision detection is a contention-based media access method

contention-based media access method

contention-based media access method that attempts to provide Collision free

that attempts to provide Collision free

that attempts to provide Collision free data transfer in Ethernet local area

data transfer in Ethernet local area

data transfer in Ethernet local area Networks so the key here is this is what

Networks so the key here is this is what

Networks so the key here is this is what ethernet uses with csma CD or Collision

ethernet uses with csma CD or Collision

ethernet uses with csma CD or Collision detection nodes transmit when they have

detection nodes transmit when they have

detection nodes transmit when they have data to send and then when a collision

data to send and then when a collision

data to send and then when a collision occurs they're basically detected

occurs they're basically detected

occurs they're basically detected managed and then the data is resent or

managed and then the data is resent or

managed and then the data is resent or retransmitted appropriately to get a

retransmitted appropriately to get a

retransmitted appropriately to get a better sense of this and because it's

better sense of this and because it's

better sense of this and because it's one that we really need to understand

one that we really need to understand

one that we really need to understand let's take a look

let's take a look

let's take a look at um an image to give us an idea

at um an image to give us an idea

at um an image to give us an idea so there are five steps in Collision in

so there are five steps in Collision in

so there are five steps in Collision in this Collision detection which again I'm

this Collision detection which again I'm

this Collision detection which again I'm just going to throw this up there is a

just going to throw this up there is a

just going to throw this up there is a contention

contention

contention based media access method

based media access method

based media access method in step one we just say that the node

in step one we just say that the node

in step one we just say that the node itself wants to uh transmit data so what

itself wants to uh transmit data so what

itself wants to uh transmit data so what it then does in step two is it basically

it then does in step two is it basically

it then does in step two is it basically checks the network for availability

checks the network for availability

checks the network for availability now in step three the node transmits

now in step three the node transmits

now in step three the node transmits that data and waits for an

that data and waits for an

that data and waits for an acknowledgment from the receiver that it

acknowledgment from the receiver that it

acknowledgment from the receiver that it got there which is called an ack

got there which is called an ack

got there which is called an ack packet an acknowledgment packet in step

packet an acknowledgment packet in step

packet an acknowledgment packet in step four this is where stuff really happens

four this is where stuff really happens

four this is where stuff really happens uh if there is a collision the packet

uh if there is a collision the packet

uh if there is a collision the packet size will identify if one occurred

size will identify if one occurred

size will identify if one occurred because what happens is boom I have this

because what happens is boom I have this

because what happens is boom I have this collision and now my packet size changes

collision and now my packet size changes

collision and now my packet size changes so in step five if that Collision

so in step five if that Collision

so in step five if that Collision occurred both transmitting nodes and by

occurred both transmitting nodes and by

occurred both transmitting nodes and by the way the reason a a collision is

the way the reason a a collision is

the way the reason a a collision is going to occur is because another device

going to occur is because another device

going to occur is because another device is also trying to transmit at the same

is also trying to transmit at the same

is also trying to transmit at the same time so in step five if the Collision

time so in step five if the Collision

time so in step five if the Collision occurred I wait a set period of time and

occurred I wait a set period of time and

occurred I wait a set period of time and then I try to retransmit again now this

then I try to retransmit again now this

then I try to retransmit again now this might seem like it's not a very

might seem like it's not a very

might seem like it's not a very effective way of transmitting data but

effective way of transmitting data but

effective way of transmitting data but it happens at such a fast speed that

it happens at such a fast speed that

it happens at such a fast speed that actually it works quite well as long as

actually it works quite well as long as

actually it works quite well as long as we don't have too many devices in the

we don't have too many devices in the

we don't have too many devices in the same network contending for Access which

same network contending for Access which

same network contending for Access which we'll talk about in just a bit now you

we'll talk about in just a bit now you

we'll talk about in just a bit now you can understand why this works really

can understand why this works really

can understand why this works really well in Ethernet networks wired Networks

well in Ethernet networks wired Networks

well in Ethernet networks wired Networks because I can continue to collide and

because I can continue to collide and

because I can continue to collide and then send something out again and many

then send something out again and many

then send something out again and many times as I need until the data gets

times as I need until the data gets

times as I need until the data gets there but in wireless settings this

there but in wireless settings this

there but in wireless settings this isn't really going to work so well for

isn't really going to work so well for

isn't really going to work so well for us in this case we're going to use

us in this case we're going to use

us in this case we're going to use carrier sense multiple axis collision

carrier sense multiple axis collision

carrier sense multiple axis collision avoidance meaning we don't want a

avoidance meaning we don't want a

avoidance meaning we don't want a collision to occur

collision to occur

collision to occur in this contention-based media access

in this contention-based media access

in this contention-based media access method there are six steps that provide

method there are six steps that provide

method there are six steps that provide Collision free Communication in Wireless

Collision free Communication in Wireless

Collision free Communication in Wireless Lanes specifically now similar to csma

Lanes specifically now similar to csma

Lanes specifically now similar to csma CD nodes transmit when they have data to

CD nodes transmit when they have data to

CD nodes transmit when they have data to send however the node takes preventative

send however the node takes preventative

send however the node takes preventative measures basically by sending out a

measures basically by sending out a

measures basically by sending out a jamming signal or a signal to all the

jamming signal or a signal to all the

jamming signal or a signal to all the other computers that tell all the other

other computers that tell all the other

other computers that tell all the other computers that there is uh something to

computers that there is uh something to

computers that there is uh something to be sent

be sent

be sent and therefore no one else is going to

and therefore no one else is going to

and therefore no one else is going to send anything for a set period of time

send anything for a set period of time

send anything for a set period of time so let's take a look at this in a visual

so let's take a look at this in a visual

so let's take a look at this in a visual way

way

way so the first step in here like with the

so the first step in here like with the

so the first step in here like with the CD or like with CD as opposed to ca is

CD or like with CD as opposed to ca is

CD or like with CD as opposed to ca is that the transmitting node has data

that the transmitting node has data

that the transmitting node has data descend now the node checks the network

descend now the node checks the network

descend now the node checks the network for any Jam signals being transmitted by

for any Jam signals being transmitted by

for any Jam signals being transmitted by other nodes basically uh has another

other nodes basically uh has another

other nodes basically uh has another node already sort of said hey I need to

node already sort of said hey I need to

node already sort of said hey I need to send something if not the transmitting

send something if not the transmitting

send something if not the transmitting node

node

node sends uh its own Jam signal

saying hey no one else send anything

saying hey no one else send anything

saying hey no one else send anything because I'm gonna send something right

because I'm gonna send something right

because I'm gonna send something right now

now

now then it waits a set period of time to

then it waits a set period of time to

then it waits a set period of time to allow all the other devices to receive

allow all the other devices to receive

allow all the other devices to receive this Jam signal and then it transmits

this Jam signal and then it transmits

this Jam signal and then it transmits the data

the data

the data now in Step six which is the last step

now in Step six which is the last step

now in Step six which is the last step the node monitors the network for any

the node monitors the network for any

the node monitors the network for any other Jam signals from other nodes and

other Jam signals from other nodes and

other Jam signals from other nodes and if a signal is detected it halts its

if a signal is detected it halts its

if a signal is detected it halts its transmission Waits a delay and then

transmission Waits a delay and then

transmission Waits a delay and then tries to transmit again

tries to transmit again

tries to transmit again this process as you can tell allows

this process as you can tell allows

this process as you can tell allows wireless devices to communicate

wireless devices to communicate

wireless devices to communicate efficiently in a contention-based

efficiently in a contention-based

efficiently in a contention-based network one in which it's contending for

network one in which it's contending for

network one in which it's contending for the right to send and receive data so

the right to send and receive data so

the right to send and receive data so this allows all nodes to have relatively

this allows all nodes to have relatively

this allows all nodes to have relatively equal access to the media

equal access to the media

equal access to the media now we need to have a an area in which

now we need to have a an area in which

now we need to have a an area in which all of these are going to contend for

all of these are going to contend for

all of these are going to contend for Access and in a contention domain nodes

Access and in a contention domain nodes

Access and in a contention domain nodes on the network are allowed to compete

on the network are allowed to compete

on the network are allowed to compete with each other for media access and

with each other for media access and

with each other for media access and then the collisions might occur as a

then the collisions might occur as a

then the collisions might occur as a result but this is why a contention

result but this is why a contention

result but this is why a contention domain is also considered a collision

domain is also considered a collision

domain is also considered a collision domain because this is where these

domain because this is where these

domain because this is where these collisions are going to occur now in a

collisions are going to occur now in a

collisions are going to occur now in a contention domain switches control the

contention domain switches control the

contention domain switches control the size of this domain and in larger

size of this domain and in larger

size of this domain and in larger networks we want to make sure to vot to

networks we want to make sure to vot to

networks we want to make sure to vot to divide these into smaller networks so

divide these into smaller networks so

divide these into smaller networks so that way we're not having to contend

that way we're not having to contend

that way we're not having to contend with as many devices at the same time

with as many devices at the same time

with as many devices at the same time so

so

so on the other hand a broadcast domain is

on the other hand a broadcast domain is

on the other hand a broadcast domain is simply a logical area of the network

simply a logical area of the network

simply a logical area of the network where all the nodes can communicate with

where all the nodes can communicate with

where all the nodes can communicate with all the other nodes without having to go

all the other nodes without having to go

all the other nodes without having to go through a centralized device because of

through a centralized device because of

through a centralized device because of this the device we're going to use is

this the device we're going to use is

this the device we're going to use is actually a router which is going to

actually a router which is going to

actually a router which is going to control the size of the contention

control the size of the contention

control the size of the contention domain in a broadcast domain now the

domain in a broadcast domain now the

domain in a broadcast domain now the broadcast domain refers to the set of

broadcast domain refers to the set of

broadcast domain refers to the set of devices that are going to receive

devices that are going to receive

devices that are going to receive broadcast data Transmissions from any

broadcast data Transmissions from any

broadcast data Transmissions from any node on that portion of the network

node on that portion of the network

node on that portion of the network which is also called a segment

which is also called a segment

which is also called a segment essentially if a node were to transmit a

essentially if a node were to transmit a

essentially if a node were to transmit a broadcast message the broadcast domain

broadcast message the broadcast domain

broadcast message the broadcast domain dictates where the message is going to

dictates where the message is going to

dictates where the message is going to go

go

go now in a contention domain if a

now in a contention domain if a

now in a contention domain if a broadcast message were to be transmitted

broadcast message were to be transmitted

broadcast message were to be transmitted there's going to be a greater number of

there's going to be a greater number of

there's going to be a greater number of collisions as a result of the traffic

collisions as a result of the traffic

collisions as a result of the traffic you can have multiple contention domains

you can have multiple contention domains

you can have multiple contention domains that make up broadcasts that make up a

that make up broadcasts that make up a

that make up broadcasts that make up a broadcast domain so I can have again

broadcast domain so I can have again

broadcast domain so I can have again divided by switches two different

divided by switches two different

divided by switches two different contention domains

and multiple ones of these can make up a

and multiple ones of these can make up a

and multiple ones of these can make up a larger broadcast domain and

larger broadcast domain and

larger broadcast domain and because these switches are all connected

because these switches are all connected

because these switches are all connected by one Central router when one of the

by one Central router when one of the

by one Central router when one of the nodes branching off of one of the

nodes branching off of one of the

nodes branching off of one of the switches sends a broadcast message

switches sends a broadcast message

switches sends a broadcast message the router dictates that only the

the router dictates that only the

the router dictates that only the connected switch and its devices are

connected switch and its devices are

connected switch and its devices are going to receive that broadcast

going to receive that broadcast

going to receive that broadcast transmission

transmission

transmission so we first talked about defining media

so we first talked about defining media

so we first talked about defining media access basically the rules by which

access basically the rules by which

access basically the rules by which devices are allowed to communicate on

devices are allowed to communicate on

devices are allowed to communicate on the network we then looked at the two

the network we then looked at the two

the network we then looked at the two broad categories of access or media

broad categories of access or media

broad categories of access or media access that we deal with

access that we deal with

access that we deal with contention-based media access meaning

contention-based media access meaning

contention-based media access meaning we're basically fighting

we're basically fighting

we're basically fighting for the right to access the media or

for the right to access the media or

for the right to access the media or controlled media access in which we have

controlled media access in which we have

controlled media access in which we have a central device that decides for us

a central device that decides for us

a central device that decides for us we looked at then a couple different

we looked at then a couple different

we looked at then a couple different types of controlled media access these

types of controlled media access these

types of controlled media access these are all controlled media access types

are all controlled media access types

are all controlled media access types multiplexing which allows us to send

multiplexing which allows us to send

multiplexing which allows us to send multiple signals over one media and we

multiple signals over one media and we

multiple signals over one media and we looked at TDM or time division which

looked at TDM or time division which

looked at TDM or time division which divides It Up by time and remember this

divides It Up by time and remember this

divides It Up by time and remember this is for digital signals and then we

is for digital signals and then we

is for digital signals and then we looked at frequency

division which allows us to use analog

division which allows us to use analog

division which allows us to use analog signals or Multiplex analog signals

signals or Multiplex analog signals

signals or Multiplex analog signals remember both of these use a device a

remember both of these use a device a

remember both of these use a device a controlling device called a Mox

controlling device called a Mox

controlling device called a Mox or a multiplexer and a d-mox or D

or a multiplexer and a d-mox or D

or a multiplexer and a d-mox or D multiplexer

multiplexer

multiplexer we also described polling in which we

we also described polling in which we

we also described polling in which we ask are there any devices on this

ask are there any devices on this

ask are there any devices on this network that want to send data but we

network that want to send data but we

network that want to send data but we talked about the fact that this can

talked about the fact that this can

talked about the fact that this can actually add more time to the process

actually add more time to the process

actually add more time to the process since I have to ask every device before

since I have to ask every device before

since I have to ask every device before I get back to the device that's ready to

I get back to the device that's ready to

I get back to the device that's ready to send

send

send we then looked at two

we then looked at two

we then looked at two contention based media access methods

carrier sense multiple access Collision

carrier sense multiple access Collision

carrier sense multiple access Collision detection and collision avoidance and

detection and collision avoidance and

detection and collision avoidance and remember the important thing to know

remember the important thing to know

remember the important thing to know here is Collision detection simply has a

here is Collision detection simply has a

here is Collision detection simply has a collision occurs and then I just wait

collision occurs and then I just wait

collision occurs and then I just wait and I try sending again and this is what

and I try sending again and this is what

and I try sending again and this is what ethernet really is going to use as

ethernet really is going to use as

ethernet really is going to use as opposed to collision avoidance

which is going to be used mostly

which is going to be used mostly

which is going to be used mostly in Wireless situations because I send

in Wireless situations because I send

in Wireless situations because I send out a jamming signal first

we then looked at the difference in a

we then looked at the difference in a

we then looked at the difference in a contention-based domain

contention-based domain

contention-based domain or where we're contending for Access and

or where we're contending for Access and

or where we're contending for Access and remember that's defined by a switch

remember that's defined by a switch

remember that's defined by a switch because a switch uh everything connected

because a switch uh everything connected

because a switch uh everything connected to the switch can contend for Access and

to the switch can contend for Access and

to the switch can contend for Access and can have a collision and a broadcast

can have a collision and a broadcast

can have a collision and a broadcast domain which is

domain which is

domain which is created by the router and is simply a

created by the router and is simply a

created by the router and is simply a logical division of all the devices that

logical division of all the devices that

logical division of all the devices that uh one device can contact

[Music]

thank you

network communications signaling methods

network communications signaling methods

network communications signaling methods we've talked about digital and analog

we've talked about digital and analog

we've talked about digital and analog signaling quite a bit but we haven't

signaling quite a bit but we haven't

signaling quite a bit but we haven't really gone into what that exactly means

really gone into what that exactly means

really gone into what that exactly means at a waveform level at a basic level and

at a waveform level at a basic level and

at a waveform level at a basic level and so in this module I want to cover some

so in this module I want to cover some

so in this module I want to cover some of the background information about

of the background information about

of the background information about these and outline some of the attributes

these and outline some of the attributes

these and outline some of the attributes that go along with them

that go along with them

that go along with them now this information might not

now this information might not

now this information might not specifically be on the exam but I think

specifically be on the exam but I think

specifically be on the exam but I think it's still good background information

it's still good background information

it's still good background information to understand anyway

to understand anyway

to understand anyway so uh in this module we're first going

so uh in this module we're first going

so uh in this module we're first going to Define what a signal is and what

to Define what a signal is and what

to Define what a signal is and what analog is

analog is

analog is we're then going to talk about the

we're then going to talk about the

we're then going to talk about the attributes of an analog signal

attributes of an analog signal

attributes of an analog signal well then take this and talk about a

well then take this and talk about a

well then take this and talk about a digital signal different from analog and

digital signal different from analog and

digital signal different from analog and a digital data transmission or how this

a digital data transmission or how this

a digital data transmission or how this digital Signa is transmitted

digital Signa is transmitted

digital Signa is transmitted we're also going to Define modulation

we're also going to Define modulation

we're also going to Define modulation and outline the Way digital signals are

and outline the Way digital signals are

and outline the Way digital signals are modulated and modulation really has to

modulated and modulation really has to

modulated and modulation really has to do with uh length or making sure that a

do with uh length or making sure that a

do with uh length or making sure that a signal can be broadcast or sent over a

signal can be broadcast or sent over a

signal can be broadcast or sent over a very long or large

very long or large

very long or large area

area

area or distance

or distance

or distance finally we'll look at Digital Signal

finally we'll look at Digital Signal

finally we'll look at Digital Signal reference methods how we know when the

reference methods how we know when the

reference methods how we know when the message begins and when it ends and

message begins and when it ends and

message begins and when it ends and finally wind up talking about Digital

finally wind up talking about Digital

finally wind up talking about Digital Data units or the unit of measurements

Data units or the unit of measurements

Data units or the unit of measurements that we hear often when we're referring

that we hear often when we're referring

that we hear often when we're referring to Digital Data such as kilobytes and

to Digital Data such as kilobytes and

to Digital Data such as kilobytes and megabytes so at its most basic level a

megabytes so at its most basic level a

megabytes so at its most basic level a signal is simply data or information

signal is simply data or information

signal is simply data or information that is translated into measurable

that is translated into measurable

that is translated into measurable transmittable and receivable formats

transmittable and receivable formats

transmittable and receivable formats meaning that it is what allows us to

meaning that it is what allows us to

meaning that it is what allows us to transmit and receive data

transmit and receive data

transmit and receive data now an analog signal is a signal that

now an analog signal is a signal that

now an analog signal is a signal that carries data in a continuous stream or a

carries data in a continuous stream or a

carries data in a continuous stream or a waveform via either electromagnetic or

waveform via either electromagnetic or

waveform via either electromagnetic or Optical energy and this energy can come

Optical energy and this energy can come

Optical energy and this energy can come from many different sources uh

from many different sources uh

from many different sources uh such as a electric current

such as a electric current

such as a electric current and the analog waveforms characteristics

and the analog waveforms characteristics

and the analog waveforms characteristics determine the information that it

determine the information that it

determine the information that it contains because the analog signal will

contains because the analog signal will

contains because the analog signal will oscillate between minimum and maximum

oscillate between minimum and maximum

oscillate between minimum and maximum values over time

values over time

values over time basically the analog signal has many

basically the analog signal has many

basically the analog signal has many attributes to it and it can be read in

attributes to it and it can be read in

attributes to it and it can be read in many different ways depending on the

many different ways depending on the

many different ways depending on the values and the information in the

values and the information in the

values and the information in the signals given

signals given

signals given now this analog signal as I just

now this analog signal as I just

now this analog signal as I just mentioned is many different possible

mentioned is many different possible

mentioned is many different possible values depending on the characteristics

values depending on the characteristics

values depending on the characteristics and how that signal is being read now

and how that signal is being read now

and how that signal is being read now the characteristics of an analog

the characteristics of an analog

the characteristics of an analog waveform can be described using the

waveform can be described using the

waveform can be described using the following terms these won't necessarily

following terms these won't necessarily

following terms these won't necessarily appear on the exam but they're good

appear on the exam but they're good

appear on the exam but they're good background information for you anyway

background information for you anyway

background information for you anyway first we have the crest or the peak of

first we have the crest or the peak of

first we have the crest or the peak of the signal this is the distance from the

the signal this is the distance from the

the signal this is the distance from the midpoint to the topmost part of the wave

midpoint to the topmost part of the wave

midpoint to the topmost part of the wave and when we talk about the midpoint we

and when we talk about the midpoint we

and when we talk about the midpoint we talk about this line that's sort of

talk about this line that's sort of

talk about this line that's sort of going through

going through

going through inversely the trough is the distance

inversely the trough is the distance

inversely the trough is the distance from the midpoint to the bottom most

from the midpoint to the bottom most

from the midpoint to the bottom most portion of the wave

portion of the wave

portion of the wave now the next term I want to talk about

now the next term I want to talk about

now the next term I want to talk about is amplitude amplitude is exactly one

is amplitude amplitude is exactly one

is amplitude amplitude is exactly one half the distance between the crest and

half the distance between the crest and

half the distance between the crest and the trough of the wave so it would

the trough of the wave so it would

the trough of the wave so it would either be this could be the what it's

either be this could be the what it's

either be this could be the what it's measured it could be the amplitude

measured it could be the amplitude

measured it could be the amplitude alternatively

alternatively

alternatively this could be the amplitude

this could be the amplitude

this could be the amplitude and the cycle is one complete

and the cycle is one complete

and the cycle is one complete oscillation of the wave from start to

oscillation of the wave from start to

oscillation of the wave from start to finish changing from one state to

finish changing from one state to

finish changing from one state to another and Back Again basically from

another and Back Again basically from

another and Back Again basically from the midpoint going up until we get to

the midpoint going up until we get to

the midpoint going up until we get to the next midpoint

the next midpoint

the next midpoint after it goes down

after it goes down

after it goes down now the wavelength is determined by the

now the wavelength is determined by the

now the wavelength is determined by the distance between two consecutive troughs

distance between two consecutive troughs

distance between two consecutive troughs or Peaks so here we're measuring the

or Peaks so here we're measuring the

or Peaks so here we're measuring the wavelength between two troughs we could

wavelength between two troughs we could

wavelength between two troughs we could also measure it between two peaks like

also measure it between two peaks like

also measure it between two peaks like so

so

so now the frequency also called the period

now the frequency also called the period

now the frequency also called the period of the wave is the number of complete

of the wave is the number of complete

of the wave is the number of complete cycles per second in a wave this is

cycles per second in a wave this is

cycles per second in a wave this is generally measured

generally measured

generally measured in hertz such as gigahertz or megahertz

in hertz such as gigahertz or megahertz

in hertz such as gigahertz or megahertz now the last term is the phase of the

now the last term is the phase of the

now the last term is the phase of the wave

wave

wave the phase is the relationship of the

the phase is the relationship of the

the phase is the relationship of the Cycles beginning to a fixed point in

Cycles beginning to a fixed point in

Cycles beginning to a fixed point in time meaning if two waves with the same

time meaning if two waves with the same

time meaning if two waves with the same frequency are transmitted at the same

frequency are transmitted at the same

frequency are transmitted at the same time

time

time they are said to be in phase and two

they are said to be in phase and two

they are said to be in phase and two that are purposely offset from each

that are purposely offset from each

that are purposely offset from each other or if they have different

other or if they have different

other or if they have different frequencies like these do they will be

frequencies like these do they will be

frequencies like these do they will be out of phase

out of phase

out of phase the device that plots the amplitude of

the device that plots the amplitude of

the device that plots the amplitude of an analog signal what would show you

an analog signal what would show you

an analog signal what would show you this wave is called an oscilloscope

this wave is called an oscilloscope

this wave is called an oscilloscope and you may have seen this perhaps at a

and you may have seen this perhaps at a

and you may have seen this perhaps at a store or even on TV and we can measure

store or even on TV and we can measure

store or even on TV and we can measure waves of all sorts of things for

waves of all sorts of things for

waves of all sorts of things for instance sound might be a wave that

instance sound might be a wave that

instance sound might be a wave that you've seen when you're running a

you've seen when you're running a

you've seen when you're running a program on your computer this gives you

program on your computer this gives you

program on your computer this gives you a real-time view of the analog waveforms

a real-time view of the analog waveforms

a real-time view of the analog waveforms and its shape if we've just as we've

and its shape if we've just as we've

and its shape if we've just as we've just described now unlike analog signals

just described now unlike analog signals

just described now unlike analog signals which can have many different values

which can have many different values

which can have many different values assigned to them Digital Data

assigned to them Digital Data

assigned to them Digital Data Transmissions utilize voltage

Transmissions utilize voltage

Transmissions utilize voltage differences represented either by ones

differences represented either by ones

differences represented either by ones and zeros these ones and zeros are what

and zeros these ones and zeros are what

and zeros these ones and zeros are what make up all of the information

make up all of the information

make up all of the information when there is a presence of a signal or

when there is a presence of a signal or

when there is a presence of a signal or voltage meaning that it is on it

voltage meaning that it is on it

voltage meaning that it is on it translates to one

translates to one

translates to one and a lack of voltage or an absence of

and a lack of voltage or an absence of

and a lack of voltage or an absence of this signal translates to zero now in

this signal translates to zero now in

this signal translates to zero now in computer networks digital waveforms can

computer networks digital waveforms can

computer networks digital waveforms can switch between two voltage levels

switch between two voltage levels

switch between two voltage levels depending on its relation to the ground

depending on its relation to the ground

depending on its relation to the ground if you recall what that is

if you recall what that is

if you recall what that is now because digital signals utilize

now because digital signals utilize

now because digital signals utilize voltage to represent its values of ones

voltage to represent its values of ones

voltage to represent its values of ones and zeros this is also called The

and zeros this is also called The

and zeros this is also called The Logical state of the data

Logical state of the data

Logical state of the data each bit or binary digit takes a

each bit or binary digit takes a

each bit or binary digit takes a predetermined period of time to transmit

predetermined period of time to transmit

predetermined period of time to transmit and bit patterns are used to establish

and bit patterns are used to establish

and bit patterns are used to establish the start and the stop of the sequence

the start and the stop of the sequence

the start and the stop of the sequence and the sink clocks which allows the

and the sink clocks which allows the

and the sink clocks which allows the receiver and the sender to be on

receiver and the sender to be on

receiver and the sender to be on basically the same page the sender and

basically the same page the sender and

basically the same page the sender and the receiver have to then synchronize

the receiver have to then synchronize

the receiver have to then synchronize these clocks to ensure proper reception

these clocks to ensure proper reception

these clocks to ensure proper reception or receipt of the data now there are a

or receipt of the data now there are a

or receipt of the data now there are a couple different ways that we encode in

couple different ways that we encode in

couple different ways that we encode in order to allow devices to tell which bit

order to allow devices to tell which bit

order to allow devices to tell which bit is what in other words to tell it when

is what in other words to tell it when

is what in other words to tell it when it starts and when it ends

it starts and when it ends

it starts and when it ends the first method I want to look at is

the first method I want to look at is

the first method I want to look at is called on off keying this looks at the

called on off keying this looks at the

called on off keying this looks at the voltage change

voltage change

voltage change from one state to the other

within a pre-specified interval

which is represented by the binary digit

which is represented by the binary digit

which is represented by the binary digit one and the lack of voltage or no

one and the lack of voltage or no

one and the lack of voltage or no voltage is represented by zero as we

voltage is represented by zero as we

voltage is represented by zero as we just saw now the synchronization between

just saw now the synchronization between

just saw now the synchronization between the sender and the receiver occurs with

the sender and the receiver occurs with

the sender and the receiver occurs with the receiver waiting for a series of

the receiver waiting for a series of

the receiver waiting for a series of ones

because of this there is a potential for

because of this there is a potential for

because of this there is a potential for problems to arise especially when the

problems to arise especially when the

problems to arise especially when the sender has a long series of ones to

sender has a long series of ones to

sender has a long series of ones to transmit within the data this means that

transmit within the data this means that

transmit within the data this means that it could take a long while for the

it could take a long while for the

it could take a long while for the sender and the receiver to synchronize

sender and the receiver to synchronize

sender and the receiver to synchronize their clocks together

their clocks together

their clocks together in the event that the clocks are not

in the event that the clocks are not

in the event that the clocks are not sync then there's a high probability for

sync then there's a high probability for

sync then there's a high probability for data corruption as the receiver can't

data corruption as the receiver can't

data corruption as the receiver can't determine how many ones and zeros have

determine how many ones and zeros have

determine how many ones and zeros have to be transmitted now there are two

to be transmitted now there are two

to be transmitted now there are two variations of on and off keying I have

variations of on and off keying I have

variations of on and off keying I have listed here

listed here

listed here one is called the non-return to zero

one is called the non-return to zero

one is called the non-return to zero variation and the other is the

variation and the other is the

variation and the other is the non-return to zero inverted

non-return to zero inverted

non-return to zero inverted this type of data encoding scheme is

this type of data encoding scheme is

this type of data encoding scheme is typically used over serial ports and

typically used over serial ports and

typically used over serial ports and fairly slow connections

fairly slow connections

fairly slow connections I'm mentioning these because uh they're

I'm mentioning these because uh they're

I'm mentioning these because uh they're good to know but you won't have to worry

good to know but you won't have to worry

good to know but you won't have to worry about these for the exam

about these for the exam

about these for the exam now the next encoding scheme a little

now the next encoding scheme a little

now the next encoding scheme a little more popular perhaps is called

more popular perhaps is called

more popular perhaps is called Manchester encoding this scheme was

Manchester encoding this scheme was

Manchester encoding this scheme was developed in order to address some of

developed in order to address some of

developed in order to address some of the downfalls that we saw with on and

the downfalls that we saw with on and

the downfalls that we saw with on and off keying firstly Manchester encoding

off keying firstly Manchester encoding

off keying firstly Manchester encoding uses voltage differences to represent

uses voltage differences to represent

uses voltage differences to represent both binary digits so instead of just

both binary digits so instead of just

both binary digits so instead of just having one which is represented by a

having one which is represented by a

having one which is represented by a voltage and then zero which has no

voltage and then zero which has no

voltage and then zero which has no voltage both zero and one have voltages

voltage both zero and one have voltages

voltage both zero and one have voltages the way it does this is it works by

the way it does this is it works by

the way it does this is it works by assigning the voltage change from

assigning the voltage change from

assigning the voltage change from positive to ground

positive to ground

positive to ground or the binary digit 0 and a negative to

or the binary digit 0 and a negative to

or the binary digit 0 and a negative to positive change equals the binary digit

positive change equals the binary digit

positive change equals the binary digit one so

one so

one so positive to Ground Zero

positive to Ground Zero

positive to Ground Zero negative or ground to positive

negative or ground to positive

negative or ground to positive equals one

equals one

equals one this effectively eliminates the issue of

this effectively eliminates the issue of

this effectively eliminates the issue of too many one bits being transmitted and

too many one bits being transmitted and

too many one bits being transmitted and throwing off the synchronization as we

throwing off the synchronization as we

throwing off the synchronization as we saw with on and off King which relies on

saw with on and off King which relies on

saw with on and off King which relies on those one bits in order to sync up the

those one bits in order to sync up the

those one bits in order to sync up the clocks

clocks

clocks okay so modulation is the process of

okay so modulation is the process of

okay so modulation is the process of taking a weaker lower frequency analog

taking a weaker lower frequency analog

taking a weaker lower frequency analog signal that can't travel large distances

signal that can't travel large distances

signal that can't travel large distances and superimposing the signal over a

and superimposing the signal over a

and superimposing the signal over a stronger higher frequency called a

stronger higher frequency called a

stronger higher frequency called a carrier signal

carrier signal

carrier signal the carrier signal being constant takes

the carrier signal being constant takes

the carrier signal being constant takes on the attributes of the analog signal

on the attributes of the analog signal

on the attributes of the analog signal and it's shaped by either the phase

and it's shaped by either the phase

and it's shaped by either the phase amplitude or the frequency the resulting

amplitude or the frequency the resulting

amplitude or the frequency the resulting signal then has characteristics of both

signal then has characteristics of both

signal then has characteristics of both the original signal and the carrier

the original signal and the carrier

the original signal and the carrier signal that process this is called

signal that process this is called

signal that process this is called modulation and when receiving and when

modulation and when receiving and when

modulation and when receiving and when the receiving end decodes the signal by

the receiving end decodes the signal by

the receiving end decodes the signal by separating these two signals the carrier

separating these two signals the carrier

separating these two signals the carrier and the data

the process is called

the process is called

the process is called demodulation

demodulation

demodulation so again we have demodulation

which would basically

which would basically

which would basically take these away from one another and

take these away from one another and

take these away from one another and modulation which puts them together

devices that perform this operation

devices that perform this operation

devices that perform this operation you've probably heard of before they're

you've probably heard of before they're

you've probably heard of before they're called modems

called modems

called modems and a modem is known for its ability to

and a modem is known for its ability to

and a modem is known for its ability to modulate and demodulate hence the name

modulate and demodulate hence the name

modulate and demodulate hence the name a modem is in effect a type of codec

a modem is in effect a type of codec

a modem is in effect a type of codec which is a software or Hardware that

which is a software or Hardware that

which is a software or Hardware that translates digital

to analog formats and back this is an

to analog formats and back this is an

to analog formats and back this is an important thing to know for the exam a

important thing to know for the exam a

important thing to know for the exam a DAC

DAC

DAC is a digital to analog codec

is a digital to analog codec

is a digital to analog codec and in

and in

and in ADC as you guessed it is an analog to

ADC as you guessed it is an analog to

ADC as you guessed it is an analog to digital codec

both of these exist in a modem

both of these exist in a modem

both of these exist in a modem now this is it in analog terms but

now this is it in analog terms but

now this is it in analog terms but digital modulation is also required

digital modulation is also required

digital modulation is also required which allows the digital signal to

which allows the digital signal to

which allows the digital signal to travel along distances and demodulation

travel along distances and demodulation

travel along distances and demodulation is the representation of Digital Data in

is the representation of Digital Data in

is the representation of Digital Data in an analog format for transmission over

an analog format for transmission over

an analog format for transmission over those longer distances so the analog

those longer distances so the analog

those longer distances so the analog signal has a characteristic changed to

signal has a characteristic changed to

signal has a characteristic changed to signify the difference between logical

signify the difference between logical

signify the difference between logical states of the digital signal this is a

states of the digital signal this is a

states of the digital signal this is a fairly simple as digital signals again

fairly simple as digital signals again

fairly simple as digital signals again only have two states one and zero and so

only have two states one and zero and so

only have two states one and zero and so the analog waveform needs only be

the analog waveform needs only be

the analog waveform needs only be changed or modulated in one way such as

changed or modulated in one way such as

changed or modulated in one way such as the graphic here the frequency is

the graphic here the frequency is

the graphic here the frequency is changed where the higher frequency

changed where the higher frequency

changed where the higher frequency represents one bits and the lower

represents one bits and the lower

represents one bits and the lower frequency represents zero bits in this

frequency represents zero bits in this

frequency represents zero bits in this way I can convert this Digital Signal

way I can convert this Digital Signal

way I can convert this Digital Signal into an analog one 1 in order to

into an analog one 1 in order to

into an analog one 1 in order to transfer transfer transmit it over a

transfer transfer transmit it over a

transfer transfer transmit it over a long distance now there are various

long distance now there are various

long distance now there are various methods to modulate the digital signal

methods to modulate the digital signal

methods to modulate the digital signal depending on what part of the analog

depending on what part of the analog

depending on what part of the analog waveform is being changed the first one

waveform is being changed the first one

waveform is being changed the first one is called ask or amplitude shift key

is called ask or amplitude shift key

is called ask or amplitude shift key modulation here only the amplitude of

modulation here only the amplitude of

modulation here only the amplitude of the wave is modulated and remember the

the wave is modulated and remember the

the wave is modulated and remember the amplitude is the distance

between a peak or a trough in the

between a peak or a trough in the

between a peak or a trough in the midpoint

and the result of this can only be one

and the result of this can only be one

and the result of this can only be one or zero the next method is called

or zero the next method is called

or zero the next method is called frequency shift key here the frequency

frequency shift key here the frequency

frequency shift key here the frequency is modulated to only represent one or

is modulated to only represent one or

is modulated to only represent one or zero as opposed to the amplitude and

zero as opposed to the amplitude and

zero as opposed to the amplitude and remember the frequency is the amount

remember the frequency is the amount

remember the frequency is the amount times we have this wave over a certain

times we have this wave over a certain

times we have this wave over a certain period of time

period of time

period of time we also have something called binary

we also have something called binary

we also have something called binary phase shift key in which case the phase

phase shift key in which case the phase

phase shift key in which case the phase of the wave is changed and remember the

of the wave is changed and remember the

of the wave is changed and remember the phase would be if I have 2 next to each

phase would be if I have 2 next to each

phase would be if I have 2 next to each other the difference between those

other the difference between those

other the difference between those and then I have quadrature phase shift

and then I have quadrature phase shift

and then I have quadrature phase shift keying here the phase is changed as well

keying here the phase is changed as well

keying here the phase is changed as well but we can actually have two logical

but we can actually have two logical

but we can actually have two logical States at a time

States at a time

States at a time for instance zero zero zero one one zero

for instance zero zero zero one one zero

for instance zero zero zero one one zero or one one this method actually allows

or one one this method actually allows

or one one this method actually allows for data uh to be more secure when it's

for data uh to be more secure when it's

for data uh to be more secure when it's transmitted so this is a more secure

transmitted so this is a more secure

transmitted so this is a more secure method

method

method finally there's something called

finally there's something called

finally there's something called quadrature amplitude modulation and in

quadrature amplitude modulation and in

quadrature amplitude modulation and in this case I can also have more than two

this case I can also have more than two

this case I can also have more than two states at a time but what I'm shifting

states at a time but what I'm shifting

states at a time but what I'm shifting here instead of the phase only is I'm

here instead of the phase only is I'm

here instead of the phase only is I'm also Shifting the amplitude and so these

also Shifting the amplitude and so these

also Shifting the amplitude and so these are both combined into one different

are both combined into one different

are both combined into one different modulating wave now in order to

modulating wave now in order to

modulating wave now in order to demodulate these once I've modulated

demodulate these once I've modulated

demodulate these once I've modulated them

them

them there must be a reference to

there must be a reference to

there must be a reference to differentiate the data from the rest of

differentiate the data from the rest of

differentiate the data from the rest of the signal now there are two digital

the signal now there are two digital

the signal now there are two digital signal reference methods that can be

signal reference methods that can be

signal reference methods that can be used the first reference method is

used the first reference method is

used the first reference method is called differential demodulation

called differential demodulation

called differential demodulation this takes the modulated and the

this takes the modulated and the

this takes the modulated and the demodulated signals

demodulated signals

demodulated signals and Compares them the output then

and Compares them the output then

and Compares them the output then becomes one mod one signal which is the

becomes one mod one signal which is the

becomes one mod one signal which is the data

data

data there's also something called a

there's also something called a

there's also something called a single-ended this method instead of

single-ended this method instead of

single-ended this method instead of using two different the modulated and

using two different the modulated and

using two different the modulated and the demodulated singles signals uses the

the demodulated singles signals uses the

the demodulated singles signals uses the ground as a reference point and the

ground as a reference point and the

ground as a reference point and the resultant information then becomes the

resultant information then becomes the

resultant information then becomes the data now again if this is a little

data now again if this is a little

data now again if this is a little confusing don't worry about it it's not

confusing don't worry about it it's not

confusing don't worry about it it's not going to come up on the exam I just want

going to come up on the exam I just want

going to come up on the exam I just want to cover this to give you a broad basis

to cover this to give you a broad basis

to cover this to give you a broad basis outline of what we're talking about here

outline of what we're talking about here

outline of what we're talking about here now while there is very good possibility

now while there is very good possibility

now while there is very good possibility that you've probably heard of some of

that you've probably heard of some of

that you've probably heard of some of these data units I'm about to mention at

these data units I'm about to mention at

these data units I'm about to mention at one time or another it's really

one time or another it's really

one time or another it's really important that you really understand

important that you really understand

important that you really understand them in their actual quantities now

them in their actual quantities now

them in their actual quantities now originally before computers became

originally before computers became

originally before computers became household items and now nearly

household items and now nearly

household items and now nearly ubiquitous computer Engineers came up

ubiquitous computer Engineers came up

ubiquitous computer Engineers came up with these measurements of data and it

with these measurements of data and it

with these measurements of data and it was pretty straightforward as we've

was pretty straightforward as we've

was pretty straightforward as we've mentioned before in computer systems and

mentioned before in computer systems and

mentioned before in computer systems and networking data is stored in binary

networking data is stored in binary

networking data is stored in binary digits or bits and a single bit is

digits or bits and a single bit is

digits or bits and a single bit is either a zero or a one this is the most

either a zero or a one this is the most

either a zero or a one this is the most basic form of measurement zero one being

basic form of measurement zero one being

basic form of measurement zero one being no power

no power

no power or power

a lesser-known term but still cool

a lesser-known term but still cool

a lesser-known term but still cool nonetheless is that two bits together

nonetheless is that two bits together

nonetheless is that two bits together form a crumb

form a crumb

form a crumb bits contain a nibble and a bits

bits contain a nibble and a bits

bits contain a nibble and a bits together a byte that's how we got there

together a byte that's how we got there

together a byte that's how we got there bits crumbs nibbles bites now depending

bits crumbs nibbles bites now depending

bits crumbs nibbles bites now depending on the processor you have

on the processor you have

on the processor you have a word would either be 16 32 or 64 bits

a word would either be 16 32 or 64 bits

a word would either be 16 32 or 64 bits we generally don't see 16-bit processors

we generally don't see 16-bit processors

we generally don't see 16-bit processors anymore so generally speaking a word is

anymore so generally speaking a word is

anymore so generally speaking a word is either going to be 32 bits or 64 bits

either going to be 32 bits or 64 bits

either going to be 32 bits or 64 bits this doesn't mean a word that you've

this doesn't mean a word that you've

this doesn't mean a word that you've written on your word processor but a

written on your word processor but a

written on your word processor but a unit of measurement just like byte is

unit of measurement just like byte is

unit of measurement just like byte is now in most places

now in most places

now in most places Hilo is a thousand such as kilometers

Hilo is a thousand such as kilometers

Hilo is a thousand such as kilometers and uh in one thousand such as

and uh in one thousand such as

and uh in one thousand such as kilometers means one thousand meters

kilometers means one thousand meters

kilometers means one thousand meters while this is true in networking it

while this is true in networking it

while this is true in networking it becomes slightly more complicated

becomes slightly more complicated

becomes slightly more complicated because some sources Define a key a

because some sources Define a key a

because some sources Define a key a kilobit as

kilobit as

kilobit as 1024 bits While others might Define a

1024 bits While others might Define a

1024 bits While others might Define a kilobit as 1024 bytes

kilobit as 1024 bytes

kilobit as 1024 bytes one of the reasons for this confusion is

one of the reasons for this confusion is

one of the reasons for this confusion is and you can see right here how we get

and you can see right here how we get

and you can see right here how we get that 1024

that 1024

that 1024 2 to the 10th bytes and one of the

2 to the 10th bytes and one of the

2 to the 10th bytes and one of the confusion the reason for this confusion

confusion the reason for this confusion

confusion the reason for this confusion of bits versus bytes is because of the

of bits versus bytes is because of the

of bits versus bytes is because of the little B versus the Big B so here is a

little B versus the Big B so here is a

little B versus the Big B so here is a fairly easy breakdown

fairly easy breakdown

fairly easy breakdown that nearly anywhere you go and more

that nearly anywhere you go and more

that nearly anywhere you go and more importantly on the exam is going to

importantly on the exam is going to

importantly on the exam is going to allow you to have a perfect

allow you to have a perfect

allow you to have a perfect understanding of how much data we're

understanding of how much data we're

understanding of how much data we're actually talking about

actually talking about

actually talking about this chart specifies how the breakdown

this chart specifies how the breakdown

this chart specifies how the breakdown of binary data is mathematically

of binary data is mathematically

of binary data is mathematically calculated and this binary is a base 2

calculated and this binary is a base 2

calculated and this binary is a base 2 system

and we'll talk more about that when we

and we'll talk more about that when we

and we'll talk more about that when we get into binary and creating binary

get into binary and creating binary

get into binary and creating binary um

um

um uh numbers like IP addresses and why is

uh numbers like IP addresses and why is

uh numbers like IP addresses and why is it base two because we only have two

it base two because we only have two

it base two because we only have two options a one and a zero

options a one and a zero

options a one and a zero which is a bit and remember eight bits

which is a bit and remember eight bits

which is a bit and remember eight bits go into a byte so this chart mainly

go into a byte so this chart mainly

go into a byte so this chart mainly demonstrates how that numbering system

demonstrates how that numbering system

demonstrates how that numbering system works the magic number I really want you

works the magic number I really want you

works the magic number I really want you to pay attention to is 10 24. that's the

to pay attention to is 10 24. that's the

to pay attention to is 10 24. that's the number of bytes in a kilobyte the number

number of bytes in a kilobyte the number

number of bytes in a kilobyte the number of kilobytes in a megabyte the number of

of kilobytes in a megabyte the number of

of kilobytes in a megabyte the number of megabytes in a gigabyte the number

megabytes in a gigabyte the number

megabytes in a gigabyte the number gigabytes in a terabyte so on and so

gigabytes in a terabyte so on and so

gigabytes in a terabyte so on and so forth now you're not going to be asked

forth now you're not going to be asked

forth now you're not going to be asked to calculate this necessarily but it's

to calculate this necessarily but it's

to calculate this necessarily but it's good to know nonetheless

good to know nonetheless

good to know nonetheless all right

all right

all right so we just talked about a signal and

so we just talked about a signal and

so we just talked about a signal and what analog means the signal being how

what analog means the signal being how

what analog means the signal being how that data is sent modified and received

that data is sent modified and received

that data is sent modified and received and then analog being that it can have

and then analog being that it can have

and then analog being that it can have many different values

many different values

many different values we looked at the attributes of a analog

we looked at the attributes of a analog

we looked at the attributes of a analog signal including amplitude

Peak a trough

frequency and so on

frequency and so on

frequency and so on we also looked at a digital signal and

we also looked at a digital signal and

we also looked at a digital signal and Digital Data Transmissions remembering

Digital Data Transmissions remembering

Digital Data Transmissions remembering that a digital signal can only have

that a digital signal can only have

that a digital signal can only have generally two values a one and a zero

generally two values a one and a zero

generally two values a one and a zero and depending on whether we're comparing

and depending on whether we're comparing

and depending on whether we're comparing it to each its own or to the ground we

it to each its own or to the ground we

it to each its own or to the ground we have different digital data transmission

have different digital data transmission

have different digital data transmission methods we also looked at modulating

methods we also looked at modulating

methods we also looked at modulating which allows us to send a signal over a

which allows us to send a signal over a

which allows us to send a signal over a more powerful carrier signal

more powerful carrier signal

more powerful carrier signal in order to allow it to travel long

in order to allow it to travel long

in order to allow it to travel long distances

distances

distances we looked at Digital Signal modulation

we looked at Digital Signal modulation

we looked at Digital Signal modulation techniques perhaps we got a little too

techniques perhaps we got a little too

techniques perhaps we got a little too involved in it

involved in it

involved in it and we talked about how then we can

and we talked about how then we can

and we talked about how then we can convert these Digital Signal into a

convert these Digital Signal into a

convert these Digital Signal into a analog signal for sending over data and

analog signal for sending over data and

analog signal for sending over data and then how we demodulate it back and we

then how we demodulate it back and we

then how we demodulate it back and we talked about the device doing this is

talked about the device doing this is

talked about the device doing this is called a modem which modulates and

called a modem which modulates and

called a modem which modulates and demodulates

demodulates

demodulates we also described Digital Signal

we also described Digital Signal

we also described Digital Signal referencing methods in other words how

referencing methods in other words how

referencing methods in other words how it knows where the signal begins and

it knows where the signal begins and

it knows where the signal begins and where it ends

finally we described the Digital Data

finally we described the Digital Data

finally we described the Digital Data units specifically I wanted you to pay

units specifically I wanted you to pay

units specifically I wanted you to pay attention to the fact that one bit

attention to the fact that one bit

attention to the fact that one bit equals the fact that 8 Bits equal one

equals the fact that 8 Bits equal one

equals the fact that 8 Bits equal one byte

byte

byte and the fact that 10

and the fact that 10

and the fact that 10 1024 bits

1024 bits

1024 bits are in one

kilobit

kilobit

kilobit or 1024 bytes are in one kilobyte

[Music]

Network protocols and services

Network protocols and services

Network protocols and services common Network ports and protocols

common Network ports and protocols

common Network ports and protocols all right now we start getting into what

all right now we start getting into what

all right now we start getting into what I think is the fun stuff in this network

I think is the fun stuff in this network

I think is the fun stuff in this network plus exam in some ways it's also where a

plus exam in some ways it's also where a

plus exam in some ways it's also where a blue bulk of the questions are going to

blue bulk of the questions are going to

blue bulk of the questions are going to come from by the end of this module

come from by the end of this module

come from by the end of this module you're going to be able to say what each

you're going to be able to say what each

you're going to be able to say what each of these numbers represents in terms of

of these numbers represents in terms of

of these numbers represents in terms of a protocol now if you took the a plus

a protocol now if you took the a plus

a protocol now if you took the a plus exam and I hope you did you probably

exam and I hope you did you probably

exam and I hope you did you probably recall some of these from there so this

recall some of these from there so this

recall some of these from there so this might be a bit of a recap for you but

might be a bit of a recap for you but

might be a bit of a recap for you but that's okay it never hurts to go over

that's okay it never hurts to go over

that's okay it never hurts to go over this stuff again especially because it

this stuff again especially because it

this stuff again especially because it just always pops up on the exam and as

just always pops up on the exam and as

just always pops up on the exam and as far as knowing stuff this is one of

far as knowing stuff this is one of

far as knowing stuff this is one of those things that you just have to know

those things that you just have to know

those things that you just have to know these these Protocols are what you

these these Protocols are what you

these these Protocols are what you really have to know we're going to talk

really have to know we're going to talk

really have to know we're going to talk about the protocols in more depth later

about the protocols in more depth later

about the protocols in more depth later too when we talk about what tcpip is but

too when we talk about what tcpip is but

too when we talk about what tcpip is but I want to start talking about these now

I want to start talking about these now

I want to start talking about these now since a port is really the end point

since a port is really the end point

since a port is really the end point logically of a connection

logically of a connection

logically of a connection so we're going to start by talking about

so we're going to start by talking about

so we're going to start by talking about what a port is in a little more detail

what a port is in a little more detail

what a port is in a little more detail and outline the different port ranges

and outline the different port ranges

and outline the different port ranges there are three of them well-known ports

there are three of them well-known ports

there are three of them well-known ports registered ports and then the last range

registered ports and then the last range

registered ports and then the last range which is

which is

which is um

um

um experimental sort of ports and private

experimental sort of ports and private

experimental sort of ports and private ports so we're going to outline the most

ports so we're going to outline the most

ports so we're going to outline the most common well-known default ports and the

common well-known default ports and the

common well-known default ports and the protocols that go along with them I'm

protocols that go along with them I'm

protocols that go along with them I'm actually going to give you a huge list

actually going to give you a huge list

actually going to give you a huge list of all the protocols you need to know

of all the protocols you need to know

of all the protocols you need to know and we're going to talk about some of

and we're going to talk about some of

and we're going to talk about some of those in depth in this module some in

those in depth in this module some in

those in depth in this module some in the next module and then some later on

the next module and then some later on

the next module and then some later on in the course but I'm going to get them

in the course but I'm going to get them

in the course but I'm going to get them all out onto a a chart for you right now

all out onto a a chart for you right now

all out onto a a chart for you right now finally I wanted to find and describe

finally I wanted to find and describe

finally I wanted to find and describe the common ports and protocols dealing

the common ports and protocols dealing

the common ports and protocols dealing with FTP or the file transfer protocol

with FTP or the file transfer protocol

with FTP or the file transfer protocol ntp or the network time protocol

ntp or the network time protocol

ntp or the network time protocol SMTP the simple mail transfer protocol

SMTP the simple mail transfer protocol

SMTP the simple mail transfer protocol POP3 or the post office protocol the uh

POP3 or the post office protocol the uh

POP3 or the post office protocol the uh used to receive email as opposed to SMTP

used to receive email as opposed to SMTP

used to receive email as opposed to SMTP which is used to send email IMAP which

which is used to send email IMAP which

which is used to send email IMAP which is also used for receiving or accessing

is also used for receiving or accessing

is also used for receiving or accessing email which stands for the internet

email which stands for the internet

email which stands for the internet message access protocol

message access protocol

message access protocol nntp or the network news transfer

nntp or the network news transfer

nntp or the network news transfer protocol uh something you may have used

protocol uh something you may have used

protocol uh something you may have used if you've ever used RSS feeds HTTP or

if you've ever used RSS feeds HTTP or

if you've ever used RSS feeds HTTP or the hypertext transfer protocol and

the hypertext transfer protocol and

the hypertext transfer protocol and https which is the secure version these

https which is the secure version these

https which is the secure version these are what allow you to browse on the

are what allow you to browse on the

are what allow you to browse on the internet and finally we'll talk about

internet and finally we'll talk about

internet and finally we'll talk about RDP or the remote desktop protocol which

RDP or the remote desktop protocol which

RDP or the remote desktop protocol which allows you to remote in to a Microsoft

allows you to remote in to a Microsoft

allows you to remote in to a Microsoft computer all right so let's talk about

computer all right so let's talk about

computer all right so let's talk about these in more depth first off we have to

these in more depth first off we have to

these in more depth first off we have to define a port in computers and

define a port in computers and

define a port in computers and networking a port is a process specific

networking a port is a process specific

networking a port is a process specific or application specific designation that

or application specific designation that

or application specific designation that serves as a communication endpoint in

serves as a communication endpoint in

serves as a communication endpoint in the computer's operating system meaning

the computer's operating system meaning

the computer's operating system meaning where the communication logically ends

where the communication logically ends

where the communication logically ends once it reaches the user the port

once it reaches the user the port

once it reaches the user the port identifies specific processes and

identifies specific processes and

identifies specific processes and applications and denotes the path that

applications and denotes the path that

applications and denotes the path that they take through the network

they take through the network

they take through the network now the internet assigned numbers

now the internet assigned numbers

now the internet assigned numbers Authority or the i a n a

is the governing entity that regulates

is the governing entity that regulates

is the governing entity that regulates all of these Port assignments and also

all of these Port assignments and also

all of these Port assignments and also defines the numbers or the numbering

defines the numbers or the numbering

defines the numbers or the numbering convention that they're given now these

convention that they're given now these

convention that they're given now these ports range from 1 to over 65 000. Port

ports range from 1 to over 65 000. Port

ports range from 1 to over 65 000. Port 0 is reserved and it's never used so

0 is reserved and it's never used so

0 is reserved and it's never used so don't really worry about that now within

don't really worry about that now within

don't really worry about that now within this range we actually have three

this range we actually have three

this range we actually have three different subsets of ranges and as

different subsets of ranges and as

different subsets of ranges and as administrators knowing the common ports

administrators knowing the common ports

administrators knowing the common ports is crucial to managing a successful

is crucial to managing a successful

is crucial to managing a successful Network

Network

Network the common ports are some of the

the common ports are some of the

the common ports are some of the guaranteed few questions that I I know

guaranteed few questions that I I know

guaranteed few questions that I I know you're going to have on the network plus

you're going to have on the network plus

you're going to have on the network plus examination and nearly every other

examination and nearly every other

examination and nearly every other network examination as well so covering

network examination as well so covering

network examination as well so covering these and committing these to memory is

these and committing these to memory is

these and committing these to memory is of the utmost importance now within that

of the utmost importance now within that

of the utmost importance now within that range from 1 to over 65 000 there are

range from 1 to over 65 000 there are

range from 1 to over 65 000 there are three recognized blocks or subsets of

three recognized blocks or subsets of

three recognized blocks or subsets of ports the first block is considered the

ports the first block is considered the

ports the first block is considered the well-known ports these ports range from

well-known ports these ports range from

well-known ports these ports range from one to one thousand twenty three this is

one to one thousand twenty three this is

one to one thousand twenty three this is where we're mostly going to look at

where we're mostly going to look at

where we're mostly going to look at ports uh when we look at them in just a

ports uh when we look at them in just a

ports uh when we look at them in just a minute

minute

minute these are used by Common services and

these are used by Common services and

these are used by Common services and are pretty much known by just about

are pretty much known by just about

are pretty much known by just about everyone in the field

everyone in the field

everyone in the field now the next range of ports is called

now the next range of ports is called

now the next range of ports is called the registered ports range these span

the registered ports range these span

the registered ports range these span from 1024 to 49

from 1024 to 49

from 1024 to 49 151. these are reserved by applications

151. these are reserved by applications

151. these are reserved by applications and programs that register with the Iana

and programs that register with the Iana

and programs that register with the Iana an example might be for instance

an example might be for instance

an example might be for instance Skype

which registers and utilizes Port I

which registers and utilizes Port I

which registers and utilizes Port I think

think

think 23399 as its default protocol don't

23399 as its default protocol don't

23399 as its default protocol don't worry about that but if you're curious

worry about that but if you're curious

worry about that but if you're curious for your firewall's sake this is the

for your firewall's sake this is the

for your firewall's sake this is the port I believe Skype uses

port I believe Skype uses

port I believe Skype uses finally we have the dynamic or the

finally we have the dynamic or the

finally we have the dynamic or the private Port range this is everything

private Port range this is everything

private Port range this is everything else 49 152 to 65 535. these are used by

else 49 152 to 65 535. these are used by

else 49 152 to 65 535. these are used by unregistered services in uh test

unregistered services in uh test

unregistered services in uh test settings and also for temporary

settings and also for temporary

settings and also for temporary connections you can't register these

connections you can't register these

connections you can't register these with the Ina they're just left open for

with the Ina they're just left open for

with the Ina they're just left open for anyone to use for whatever purposes you

anyone to use for whatever purposes you

anyone to use for whatever purposes you may need them

may need them

may need them so now let's talk about the well-known

so now let's talk about the well-known

so now let's talk about the well-known default ports you need to know for the

default ports you need to know for the

default ports you need to know for the exam this chart is really what you

exam this chart is really what you

exam this chart is really what you should commit to memory since uh and

should commit to memory since uh and

should commit to memory since uh and when you get to the test you want to be

when you get to the test you want to be

when you get to the test you want to be able to basically recreate this chart

able to basically recreate this chart

able to basically recreate this chart before you sit down and take the test

before you sit down and take the test

before you sit down and take the test you'll be able to do this in what's

you'll be able to do this in what's

you'll be able to do this in what's called a brain dump sheet so let's talk

called a brain dump sheet so let's talk

called a brain dump sheet so let's talk about the first portion of these ports

about the first portion of these ports

about the first portion of these ports we need to know the first is Port 7.

we need to know the first is Port 7.

we need to know the first is Port 7. this is for the icmp echo request or

this is for the icmp echo request or

this is for the icmp echo request or ping if you've ever pinged something

ping if you've ever pinged something

ping if you've ever pinged something from the command line this is what we're

from the command line this is what we're

from the command line this is what we're talking about we'll talk more about this

talking about we'll talk more about this

talking about we'll talk more about this a little bit later

a little bit later

a little bit later next we have Port 20 and 21. these are

next we have Port 20 and 21. these are

next we have Port 20 and 21. these are for the FTP or file transfer protocol

for the FTP or file transfer protocol

for the FTP or file transfer protocol which allows you to transfer files over

which allows you to transfer files over

which allows you to transfer files over a network we'll talk more about this in

a network we'll talk more about this in

a network we'll talk more about this in just a minute

just a minute

just a minute Port 22 is for the secure shell or SSH

Port 22 is for the secure shell or SSH

Port 22 is for the secure shell or SSH and Port 23 is for telnet both of those

and Port 23 is for telnet both of those

and Port 23 is for telnet both of those we're going to discuss later on in a

we're going to discuss later on in a

we're going to discuss later on in a different module but they're sort of

different module but they're sort of

different module but they're sort of allowing you to remote in and control a

allowing you to remote in and control a

allowing you to remote in and control a remote computer albeit not from a

remote computer albeit not from a

remote computer albeit not from a graphical standpoint

graphical standpoint

graphical standpoint Port 25 is the SMTP or simple mail

Port 25 is the SMTP or simple mail

Port 25 is the SMTP or simple mail transfer protocol which allows you to

transfer protocol which allows you to

transfer protocol which allows you to receive email and DNS or the domain name

receive email and DNS or the domain name

receive email and DNS or the domain name service which uses Port 53 is what

service which uses Port 53 is what

service which uses Port 53 is what allows you to transmit or to translate

allows you to transmit or to translate

allows you to transmit or to translate say google.com into its IP address when

say google.com into its IP address when

say google.com into its IP address when you're browsing out on the internet this

you're browsing out on the internet this

you're browsing out on the internet this is a really important protocol and we'll

is a really important protocol and we'll

is a really important protocol and we'll talk more about it later along with the

talk more about it later along with the

talk more about it later along with the the DNS sort of server

the DNS sort of server

the DNS sort of server Port 67 and 68 are for what are called

Port 67 and 68 are for what are called

Port 67 and 68 are for what are called DHCP and boot P or the bootstrap service

DHCP and boot P or the bootstrap service

DHCP and boot P or the bootstrap service for servers and client respectively

for servers and client respectively

for servers and client respectively one for uh servers and one for clients

one for uh servers and one for clients

one for uh servers and one for clients as we can see

as we can see

as we can see right here

right here

right here we're going to Define and describe those

we're going to Define and describe those

we're going to Define and describe those in more detail in the next lesson

in more detail in the next lesson

in more detail in the next lesson now Port 69 is the trivial file transfer

now Port 69 is the trivial file transfer

now Port 69 is the trivial file transfer protocol this is related to the file

protocol this is related to the file

protocol this is related to the file transfer protocol we mentioned up here

transfer protocol we mentioned up here

transfer protocol we mentioned up here but it is Trivial meaning that it is not

but it is Trivial meaning that it is not

but it is Trivial meaning that it is not a connection oriented and doesn't really

a connection oriented and doesn't really

a connection oriented and doesn't really guarantee that the file has been

guarantee that the file has been

guarantee that the file has been transferred

transferred

transferred Port 123 is the network time protocol

Port 123 is the network time protocol

Port 123 is the network time protocol which keeps the clock on a network or on

which keeps the clock on a network or on

which keeps the clock on a network or on computers on the network up to sync a

computers on the network up to sync a

computers on the network up to sync a great way to remember this is that time

great way to remember this is that time

great way to remember this is that time is always counting one two three

is always counting one two three

is always counting one two three uh Port 110 is for the pop three or the

uh Port 110 is for the pop three or the

uh Port 110 is for the pop three or the post office protocol which is how many

post office protocol which is how many

post office protocol which is how many of us download our email onto our local

of us download our email onto our local

of us download our email onto our local device

device

device and then Port 137 is the net bios naming

and then Port 137 is the net bios naming

and then Port 137 is the net bios naming service this is similar to DNS but is

service this is similar to DNS but is

service this is similar to DNS but is specific to Windows operating systems or

specific to Windows operating systems or

specific to Windows operating systems or Microsoft operating systems

Microsoft operating systems

Microsoft operating systems related to pop 3 is Port 143 which is

related to pop 3 is Port 143 which is

related to pop 3 is Port 143 which is IMAP the internet message access

IMAP the internet message access

IMAP the internet message access protocol this is another way of

protocol this is another way of

protocol this is another way of accessing and managing your email let's

accessing and managing your email let's

accessing and managing your email let's continue taking a look at a few more

continue taking a look at a few more

continue taking a look at a few more protocols that are equally important

protocols that are equally important

protocols that are equally important the first is the simple Network

the first is the simple Network

the first is the simple Network management protocol which allows you to

management protocol which allows you to

management protocol which allows you to manage devices on network Say by getting

manage devices on network Say by getting

manage devices on network Say by getting error messages from your printer or from

error messages from your printer or from

error messages from your printer or from a router this uses Port 161. we'll

a router this uses Port 161. we'll

a router this uses Port 161. we'll discuss this a lot more in detail later

discuss this a lot more in detail later

discuss this a lot more in detail later as well

as well

as well port 389 is the lightweight directory

port 389 is the lightweight directory

port 389 is the lightweight directory access protocol this is what allows a

access protocol this is what allows a

access protocol this is what allows a Windows server to have usernames and

Windows server to have usernames and

Windows server to have usernames and passwords

passwords

passwords Port 443 is https or the hypertext

Port 443 is https or the hypertext

Port 443 is https or the hypertext transfer protocol over secure socket

transfer protocol over secure socket

transfer protocol over secure socket layer notice the S here this is what

layer notice the S here this is what

layer notice the S here this is what allows us to browse the internet but

allows us to browse the internet but

allows us to browse the internet but securely

securely

securely we also have Port 500 which is ipsec

we also have Port 500 which is ipsec

we also have Port 500 which is ipsec this one also has another name which

this one also has another name which

this one also has another name which stands for Internet Security Association

stands for Internet Security Association

stands for Internet Security Association and Key Management protocol basically

and Key Management protocol basically

and Key Management protocol basically ipsec or IP security is what allows us

ipsec or IP security is what allows us

ipsec or IP security is what allows us to have secure connections over IP

to have secure connections over IP

to have secure connections over IP finally we're going into RDP or the

finally we're going into RDP or the

finally we're going into RDP or the remote desktop protocol which allows us

remote desktop protocol which allows us

remote desktop protocol which allows us to remotely access a computer Windows

to remotely access a computer Windows

to remotely access a computer Windows based specifically

based specifically

based specifically Port 119 or the network news transfer

Port 119 or the network news transfer

Port 119 or the network news transfer protocol which is not only used with

protocol which is not only used with

protocol which is not only used with Usenet a sort of Message Board that's

Usenet a sort of Message Board that's

Usenet a sort of Message Board that's been around for a very long time but

been around for a very long time but

been around for a very long time but also RSS feeds which you might be more

also RSS feeds which you might be more

also RSS feeds which you might be more familiar with and finally Port 80 is

familiar with and finally Port 80 is

familiar with and finally Port 80 is HTTP or hypertext transfer protocol the

HTTP or hypertext transfer protocol the

HTTP or hypertext transfer protocol the other thing to know about HTTP is it has

other thing to know about HTTP is it has

other thing to know about HTTP is it has an alternate Port of 8080 so you might

an alternate Port of 8080 so you might

an alternate Port of 8080 so you might see either one of these on there

see either one of these on there

see either one of these on there all right now I know that was a lot of

all right now I know that was a lot of

all right now I know that was a lot of information I just threw out there but

information I just threw out there but

information I just threw out there but we're going to cover these all in a

we're going to cover these all in a

we're going to cover these all in a little more depth as we go through here

little more depth as we go through here

little more depth as we go through here and I just wanted to lay them out in a

and I just wanted to lay them out in a

and I just wanted to lay them out in a very simple

very simple

very simple chart-based way so that you could commit

chart-based way so that you could commit

chart-based way so that you could commit them to Memory

them to Memory

them to Memory now let's talk about these in a little

now let's talk about these in a little

now let's talk about these in a little more depth understand how they function

more depth understand how they function

more depth understand how they function and why first up is the file transfer

and why first up is the file transfer

and why first up is the file transfer protocol or FTP this protocol enables

protocol or FTP this protocol enables

protocol or FTP this protocol enables the transfer of files between a user's

the transfer of files between a user's

the transfer of files between a user's computer and a remote host

computer and a remote host

computer and a remote host using the file transfer protocol or FTP

using the file transfer protocol or FTP

using the file transfer protocol or FTP you can view change search for upload or

you can view change search for upload or

you can view change search for upload or download files now where while this

download files now where while this

download files now where while this sounds really great as a way to access

sounds really great as a way to access

sounds really great as a way to access files remotely it has a few

files remotely it has a few

files remotely it has a few considerations that need to be kept in

considerations that need to be kept in

considerations that need to be kept in mind the first is that FTP by itself is

mind the first is that FTP by itself is

mind the first is that FTP by itself is very unsecure and an FTP Daemon which is

very unsecure and an FTP Daemon which is

very unsecure and an FTP Daemon which is a Unix term for a service

has to be running on the remote computer

has to be running on the remote computer

has to be running on the remote computer in order for this to work you might also

in order for this to work you might also

in order for this to work you might also have to have an FTP utility or client on

have to have an FTP utility or client on

have to have an FTP utility or client on the client computer in order for you to

the client computer in order for you to

the client computer in order for you to have this protocol operate effectively

have this protocol operate effectively

have this protocol operate effectively and for you to be able to use it now

and for you to be able to use it now

and for you to be able to use it now trivial FTP is the simple version of FTP

trivial FTP is the simple version of FTP

trivial FTP is the simple version of FTP and does not support error correction

and does not support error correction

and does not support error correction and doesn't guarantee that a file is

and doesn't guarantee that a file is

and doesn't guarantee that a file is actually getting where it needs to it's

actually getting where it needs to it's

actually getting where it needs to it's typically not really used in many actual

typically not really used in many actual

typically not really used in many actual file transfer settings now just as I

file transfer settings now just as I

file transfer settings now just as I just mentioned you might need a client

just mentioned you might need a client

just mentioned you might need a client FTP uh software on your computer

FTP uh software on your computer

FTP uh software on your computer generally speaking there is a command

generally speaking there is a command

generally speaking there is a command line prompt that you can use

line prompt that you can use

line prompt that you can use it goes like this FTP

it goes like this FTP

it goes like this FTP space the fully qualified domain name

space the fully qualified domain name

space the fully qualified domain name for instance google.com FTP which I

for instance google.com FTP which I

for instance google.com FTP which I don't think is the actual one or the IP

don't think is the actual one or the IP

don't think is the actual one or the IP address of the remote host you only need

address of the remote host you only need

address of the remote host you only need one or the other if you provide the IP

one or the other if you provide the IP

one or the other if you provide the IP address you're sort of using the direct

address you're sort of using the direct

address you're sort of using the direct route if you're using What's called the

route if you're using What's called the

route if you're using What's called the fully qualified domain name which we'll

fully qualified domain name which we'll

fully qualified domain name which we'll talk about a little bit later then you

talk about a little bit later then you

talk about a little bit later then you allow something called DNS or the domain

allow something called DNS or the domain

allow something called DNS or the domain name service

name service

name service to do the translation into uh a IP

to do the translation into uh a IP

to do the translation into uh a IP address for you remember again that FTP

address for you remember again that FTP

address for you remember again that FTP uses ports 20

uses ports 20

uses ports 20 and 21 by default

next is the simple mail transfer

next is the simple mail transfer

next is the simple mail transfer protocol or SMTP

protocol or SMTP

protocol or SMTP this is used to manage the formatting

this is used to manage the formatting

this is used to manage the formatting and sending of email messages

and sending of email messages

and sending of email messages specifically we're looking here at

specifically we're looking here at

specifically we're looking here at outgoing email

outgoing email

outgoing email using a method called store and forward

using a method called store and forward

using a method called store and forward SMTP can hold on to a message until the

SMTP can hold on to a message until the

SMTP can hold on to a message until the recipient comes online this is why it's

recipient comes online this is why it's

recipient comes online this is why it's used over unreliable wide area network

used over unreliable wide area network

used over unreliable wide area network links once the device comes online it

links once the device comes online it

links once the device comes online it hands the message off to the server the

hands the message off to the server the

hands the message off to the server the SMTP message has several things

SMTP message has several things

SMTP message has several things including a header

including a header

including a header that contains Source information as to

that contains Source information as to

that contains Source information as to where it's coming from and it also has

where it's coming from and it also has

where it's coming from and it also has destination information as to where it's

destination information as to where it's

destination information as to where it's going

going

going of course there's also content

of course there's also content

of course there's also content information which is inside of the

information which is inside of the

information which is inside of the packet

packet

packet the default port for SMTP is Port 25

the default port for SMTP is Port 25

the default port for SMTP is Port 25 although sometimes you might see it use

although sometimes you might see it use

although sometimes you might see it use port 587 which is uh by relay I wouldn't

port 587 which is uh by relay I wouldn't

port 587 which is uh by relay I wouldn't worry too much about that one for the

worry too much about that one for the

worry too much about that one for the exam but just keep in mind Port 25. now

exam but just keep in mind Port 25. now

exam but just keep in mind Port 25. now like SMTP POP3 is a protocol that's used

like SMTP POP3 is a protocol that's used

like SMTP POP3 is a protocol that's used in handling email messages and POP3

in handling email messages and POP3

in handling email messages and POP3 stands for the Post Office protocol

stands for the Post Office protocol

stands for the Post Office protocol version 3 which is the commonly used

version 3 which is the commonly used

version 3 which is the commonly used version now

version now

version now specifically POP3 is used for the

specifically POP3 is used for the

specifically POP3 is used for the receipt of email or incoming email and

receipt of email or incoming email and

receipt of email or incoming email and it does this by retrieving email

it does this by retrieving email

it does this by retrieving email messages from a mail server it's

messages from a mail server it's

messages from a mail server it's designed to pull the messages down and

designed to pull the messages down and

designed to pull the messages down and then once it does that the server

then once it does that the server

then once it does that the server deletes the message on the server Source

deletes the message on the server Source

deletes the message on the server Source by default although you can change that

by default although you can change that

by default although you can change that if an administrator wants to this makes

if an administrator wants to this makes

if an administrator wants to this makes POP3 not as desirable and weaker than

POP3 not as desirable and weaker than

POP3 not as desirable and weaker than most some other mail protocols

most some other mail protocols

most some other mail protocols specifically IMAP which we're going to

specifically IMAP which we're going to

specifically IMAP which we're going to see because it puts all of the brunt of

see because it puts all of the brunt of

see because it puts all of the brunt of the responsibility onto the client for

the responsibility onto the client for

the responsibility onto the client for storing and managing emails and deletes

storing and managing emails and deletes

storing and managing emails and deletes all the emails at the source so if

all the emails at the source so if

all the emails at the source so if something happens to your computer and

something happens to your computer and

something happens to your computer and you don't have a backup you're in big

you don't have a backup you're in big

you don't have a backup you're in big trouble

trouble

trouble the default port for POP3 as we

the default port for POP3 as we

the default port for POP3 as we mentioned is Port 110. so remember Port

mentioned is Port 110. so remember Port

mentioned is Port 110. so remember Port 110 is POP3 and Port 25 is SMTP now IMAP

110 is POP3 and Port 25 is SMTP now IMAP

110 is POP3 and Port 25 is SMTP now IMAP 4 usually just called IMAP is the

4 usually just called IMAP is the

4 usually just called IMAP is the internet message access protocol and

internet message access protocol and

internet message access protocol and it's similar to POP3 in that it's also

it's similar to POP3 in that it's also

it's similar to POP3 in that it's also utilized for incoming mail or mail

utilized for incoming mail or mail

utilized for incoming mail or mail retrieval but in nearly every way IMAP

retrieval but in nearly every way IMAP

retrieval but in nearly every way IMAP surpasses POP3 it's a much more powerful

surpasses POP3 it's a much more powerful

surpasses POP3 it's a much more powerful protocol because it offers more benefits

protocol because it offers more benefits

protocol because it offers more benefits like easier mailbox management more

like easier mailbox management more

like easier mailbox management more granular search capabilities and so on

granular search capabilities and so on

granular search capabilities and so on with IMAP users can search through

with IMAP users can search through

with IMAP users can search through messages by keywords and choose which

messages by keywords and choose which

messages by keywords and choose which messages they want to download they can

messages they want to download they can

messages they want to download they can also leave IMAP messages on the server

also leave IMAP messages on the server

also leave IMAP messages on the server and still work with them as though

and still work with them as though

and still work with them as though they're on the local computer

they're on the local computer

they're on the local computer so it seems that the two are synced

so it seems that the two are synced

so it seems that the two are synced together perfectly the server and the

together perfectly the server and the

together perfectly the server and the client

client

client also an email message with say a

also an email message with say a

also an email message with say a multimedia file can be partially

multimedia file can be partially

multimedia file can be partially downloaded to save bandwidth

downloaded to save bandwidth

downloaded to save bandwidth now the main benefit here is we're going

now the main benefit here is we're going

now the main benefit here is we're going to use this instead of first say a

to use this instead of first say a

to use this instead of first say a computer let's say I have a smartphone

computer let's say I have a smartphone

computer let's say I have a smartphone and a computer now it's going to make

and a computer now it's going to make

and a computer now it's going to make sure because the source is all stored at

sure because the source is all stored at

sure because the source is all stored at the server

the server

the server that if I delete something say on my

that if I delete something say on my

that if I delete something say on my computer that syncs up to the server and

computer that syncs up to the server and

computer that syncs up to the server and then the server will have that sync with

then the server will have that sync with

then the server will have that sync with this my smartphone so all of these are

this my smartphone so all of these are

this my smartphone so all of these are in perfect synchronization this is why

in perfect synchronization this is why

in perfect synchronization this is why it's much stronger than POP3 which

it's much stronger than POP3 which

it's much stronger than POP3 which simply downloads the email onto your

simply downloads the email onto your

simply downloads the email onto your client device

client device

client device by default IMAP uses Port 143 which is

by default IMAP uses Port 143 which is

by default IMAP uses Port 143 which is different from IMAP

different from IMAP

different from IMAP POP3 rather which uses 110.

POP3 rather which uses 110.

POP3 rather which uses 110. now ntp or the network time protocol is

now ntp or the network time protocol is

now ntp or the network time protocol is an Internet Protocol that synchronizes

an Internet Protocol that synchronizes

an Internet Protocol that synchronizes system Clocks by exchanging time signals

system Clocks by exchanging time signals

system Clocks by exchanging time signals between a client and a Master Clock

between a client and a Master Clock

between a client and a Master Clock server the computers are constantly

server the computers are constantly

server the computers are constantly running this in the background and this

running this in the background and this

running this in the background and this protocol will send requests to the

protocol will send requests to the

protocol will send requests to the server to obtain accurate time updates

server to obtain accurate time updates

server to obtain accurate time updates up to the millisecond this time is

up to the millisecond this time is

up to the millisecond this time is checked against the U.S Naval

checked against the U.S Naval

checked against the U.S Naval Observatory Master Clock or atomic clock

Observatory Master Clock or atomic clock

Observatory Master Clock or atomic clock so the timestamps on the received

so the timestamps on the received

so the timestamps on the received updates are verified with this Master

updates are verified with this Master

updates are verified with this Master Clock server which is again that US

Clock server which is again that US

Clock server which is again that US Naval server

Naval server

Naval server and the computers then update their time

and the computers then update their time

and the computers then update their time accordingly

accordingly

accordingly the port this uses is Port 123 which is

the port this uses is Port 123 which is

the port this uses is Port 123 which is as easy to remember as time

as easy to remember as time

as easy to remember as time keeps moving up one two three

keeps moving up one two three

keeps moving up one two three now if we add an additional n to the

now if we add an additional n to the

now if we add an additional n to the previous one we get What's called the

previous one we get What's called the

previous one we get What's called the network news transfer protocol

network news transfer protocol

network news transfer protocol this is very different from the network

this is very different from the network

this is very different from the network time protocol it's used for the

time protocol it's used for the

time protocol it's used for the retrieval and posting of news group

retrieval and posting of news group

retrieval and posting of news group messages or bulletin messages to the

messages or bulletin messages to the

messages or bulletin messages to the Usenet which is a worldwide bulletin

Usenet which is a worldwide bulletin

Usenet which is a worldwide bulletin board that's been around since the 1980s

board that's been around since the 1980s

board that's been around since the 1980s really since the internet was in its

really since the internet was in its

really since the internet was in its nascent stages the network news transfer

nascent stages the network news transfer

nascent stages the network news transfer protocol is also the protocol that RSS

protocol is also the protocol that RSS

protocol is also the protocol that RSS feeds are based on this stands for

feeds are based on this stands for

feeds are based on this stands for really

really

really simple

simple

simple syndication

basically this is where a user can

basically this is where a user can

basically this is where a user can subscribe to an article web page blog or

subscribe to an article web page blog or

subscribe to an article web page blog or something similar that uses this

something similar that uses this

something similar that uses this protocol and when an update is made to

protocol and when an update is made to

protocol and when an update is made to that page or to that article the

that page or to that article the

that page or to that article the subscriber is updated

subscriber is updated

subscriber is updated so in this way you can get updated

so in this way you can get updated

so in this way you can get updated articles from your favorite web page

articles from your favorite web page

articles from your favorite web page just like you would new

just like you would new

just like you would new emails with nntp however only postings

emails with nntp however only postings

emails with nntp however only postings and articles that are new or updated are

and articles that are new or updated are

and articles that are new or updated are submitted and retrieved from the server

submitted and retrieved from the server

submitted and retrieved from the server slightly different from RSS but RSS is

slightly different from RSS but RSS is

slightly different from RSS but RSS is based on nntp the default port for this

based on nntp the default port for this

based on nntp the default port for this is port 119.

is port 119.

is port 119. so we're covering a lot of different

so we're covering a lot of different

so we're covering a lot of different numbers here it's really important

numbers here it's really important

numbers here it's really important perhaps even more than memorizing uh

perhaps even more than memorizing uh

perhaps even more than memorizing uh specifically what each protocol does

specifically what each protocol does

specifically what each protocol does that you definitely memorize which Port

that you definitely memorize which Port

that you definitely memorize which Port it's a part of if you can memorize by

it's a part of if you can memorize by

it's a part of if you can memorize by the way the number

the way the number

the way the number and what the acronym means you should be

and what the acronym means you should be

and what the acronym means you should be fine now a protocol you use every day

fine now a protocol you use every day

fine now a protocol you use every day even if you don't realize it is HTTP or

even if you don't realize it is HTTP or

even if you don't realize it is HTTP or the hypertext transfer protocol this is

the hypertext transfer protocol this is

the hypertext transfer protocol this is used to view unsecure web pages and

used to view unsecure web pages and

used to view unsecure web pages and allows users to connect to and

allows users to connect to and

allows users to connect to and communicate with web servers although

communicate with web servers although

communicate with web servers although HTTP is going to define the transmission

HTTP is going to define the transmission

HTTP is going to define the transmission and the format of messages and the

and the format of messages and the

and the format of messages and the actions taken by web servers when users

actions taken by web servers when users

actions taken by web servers when users interact with it HTTP is what we call a

interact with it HTTP is what we call a

interact with it HTTP is what we call a stateless protocol meaning that it may

stateless protocol meaning that it may

stateless protocol meaning that it may be difficult to get a lot of intelligent

be difficult to get a lot of intelligent

be difficult to get a lot of intelligent interactive responses to the information

interactive responses to the information

interactive responses to the information if you remember ever making very basic

if you remember ever making very basic

if you remember ever making very basic web pages using HTML or the hypertext

web pages using HTML or the hypertext

web pages using HTML or the hypertext markup language the language that HTTP

markup language the language that HTTP

markup language the language that HTTP is reading then you probably know this

is reading then you probably know this

is reading then you probably know this so if you want more interactive web page

so if you want more interactive web page

so if you want more interactive web page Pages or interaction with web pages then

Pages or interaction with web pages then

Pages or interaction with web pages then you're going to use different add-ons

you're going to use different add-ons

you're going to use different add-ons such as ActiveX that you might have

such as ActiveX that you might have

such as ActiveX that you might have heard of

heard of

heard of HTTP defaults Port is Port 80 and a

HTTP defaults Port is Port 80 and a

HTTP defaults Port is Port 80 and a common alternate port for it is Port

common alternate port for it is Port

common alternate port for it is Port 8080. now similar to http is https

8080. now similar to http is https

8080. now similar to http is https or hypertext transfer protocol over SSL

or hypertext transfer protocol over SSL

or hypertext transfer protocol over SSL which is the secure socket layer this is

which is the secure socket layer this is

which is the secure socket layer this is a secure version of HTTP so if you ever

a secure version of HTTP so if you ever

a secure version of HTTP so if you ever see an s on the end of just about any

see an s on the end of just about any

see an s on the end of just about any protocol you can bet that that has to do

protocol you can bet that that has to do

protocol you can bet that that has to do with this being secure and it creates

with this being secure and it creates

with this being secure and it creates secure connections between your browser

secure connections between your browser

secure connections between your browser and the web server it does this using

and the web server it does this using

and the web server it does this using SSL or the secure

SSL or the secure

SSL or the secure sockets

sockets

sockets layer

layer

layer we're going to discuss the secure

we're going to discuss the secure

we're going to discuss the secure sockets layer when we discuss encryption

sockets layer when we discuss encryption

sockets layer when we discuss encryption more detail in a future lesson

more detail in a future lesson

more detail in a future lesson now most web pages support https and

now most web pages support https and

now most web pages support https and it's recommended that you use it over

it's recommended that you use it over

it's recommended that you use it over HTTP almost every time you're able to

HTTP almost every time you're able to

HTTP almost every time you're able to the way you do this is simply by using

the way you do this is simply by using

the way you do this is simply by using instead of HTTP colon slash slash

instead of HTTP colon slash slash

instead of HTTP colon slash slash facebook.com just put an S in front

facebook.com just put an S in front

facebook.com just put an S in front yes Facebook supports this as do other

yes Facebook supports this as do other

yes Facebook supports this as do other social media sites and even email and

social media sites and even email and

social media sites and even email and even Google supports https why would you

even Google supports https why would you

even Google supports https why would you want to do this well say someone is

want to do this well say someone is

want to do this well say someone is browsing and or listening in to your

browsing and or listening in to your

browsing and or listening in to your Google searches that might be

Google searches that might be

Google searches that might be information you don't want someone else

information you don't want someone else

information you don't want someone else to know

to know

to know just as a recommendation absolutely

just as a recommendation absolutely

just as a recommendation absolutely anytime you visit any website but

anytime you visit any website but

anytime you visit any website but especially Financial uh institutions

especially Financial uh institutions

especially Financial uh institutions such as your bank or your credit union

such as your bank or your credit union

such as your bank or your credit union you want to ensure that in the bar it

you want to ensure that in the bar it

you want to ensure that in the bar it says https if it's not then opening

says https if it's not then opening

says https if it's not then opening anything in this including typing in

anything in this including typing in

anything in this including typing in your bank password could be really

your bank password could be really

your bank password could be really serious

serious

serious the same goes for anything when we're

the same goes for anything when we're

the same goes for anything when we're dealing with credit cards for instance

dealing with credit cards for instance

dealing with credit cards for instance buying something make sure that https

buying something make sure that https

buying something make sure that https appears in the bar or in your url bar at

appears in the bar or in your url bar at

appears in the bar or in your url bar at the top as we've mentioned before too

the top as we've mentioned before too

the top as we've mentioned before too the default Port is Port 443

the default Port is Port 443

the default Port is Port 443 now the last port I want to discuss is

now the last port I want to discuss is

now the last port I want to discuss is RDP or the remote desktop protocol RDP

RDP or the remote desktop protocol RDP

RDP or the remote desktop protocol RDP servers are built into the Microsoft

servers are built into the Microsoft

servers are built into the Microsoft operating system such as Windows by

operating system such as Windows by

operating system such as Windows by default and it provides users with a

default and it provides users with a

default and it provides users with a graphical user interface or a GUI

graphical user interface or a GUI

graphical user interface or a GUI to another computer over a network

to another computer over a network

to another computer over a network connection

connection

connection so this protocol allows users to

so this protocol allows users to

so this protocol allows users to remotely manage administer and access

remotely manage administer and access

remotely manage administer and access network resources from another physical

network resources from another physical

network resources from another physical location over the Internet which is

location over the Internet which is

location over the Internet which is represented by the cloud there are a few

represented by the cloud there are a few

represented by the cloud there are a few security concerns that come with

security concerns that come with

security concerns that come with um RDP and there is potential for

um RDP and there is potential for

um RDP and there is potential for certain sort of computer attacks so

certain sort of computer attacks so

certain sort of computer attacks so there are also non-microsoft variations

there are also non-microsoft variations

there are also non-microsoft variations available such as something called our

available such as something called our

available such as something called our desktop

for Unix

for Unix

for Unix which if you are going to be doing a lot

which if you are going to be doing a lot

which if you are going to be doing a lot of remoting you might want to look into

of remoting you might want to look into

of remoting you might want to look into RDP by the way uses default Port

RDP by the way uses default Port

RDP by the way uses default Port 3389 although you can change that

3389 although you can change that

3389 although you can change that usually as well when we're using RDP

usually as well when we're using RDP

usually as well when we're using RDP we're also going to use it over what's

we're also going to use it over what's

we're also going to use it over what's called a VPN or virtual private Network

called a VPN or virtual private Network

called a VPN or virtual private Network which creates a tunnel

which creates a tunnel

which creates a tunnel through which your connection occurs

through which your connection occurs

through which your connection occurs this improves the security we were just

this improves the security we were just

this improves the security we were just talking about so let's review what we've

talking about so let's review what we've

talking about so let's review what we've just talked about first we talked about

just talked about first we talked about

just talked about first we talked about a port being The Logical endpoint of a

a port being The Logical endpoint of a

a port being The Logical endpoint of a connection

connection

connection and then we outlined the port ranges

and then we outlined the port ranges

and then we outlined the port ranges remember we had the well-known ports

the registered ports

the registered ports

the registered ports and then the dynamic

or private or experimental ports what we

or private or experimental ports what we

or private or experimental ports what we really want to uh learn for ourselves

really want to uh learn for ourselves

really want to uh learn for ourselves are the well-known ports

are the well-known ports

are the well-known ports I then outlined the most common

I then outlined the most common

I then outlined the most common well-known default ports and their

well-known default ports and their

well-known default ports and their protocols you want to memorize this

protocols you want to memorize this

protocols you want to memorize this table

table

table for the network plus exam

I guarantee you doing that will get you

I guarantee you doing that will get you

I guarantee you doing that will get you a bunch of questions on the exam

a bunch of questions on the exam

a bunch of questions on the exam finally we Define to describe some of

finally we Define to describe some of

finally we Define to describe some of the specific ports and not only and we

the specific ports and not only and we

the specific ports and not only and we looked not only at the protocol

looked not only at the protocol

looked not only at the protocol and their protocols including FTP or the

and their protocols including FTP or the

and their protocols including FTP or the file transfer protocol

file transfer protocol

file transfer protocol ntp or the network

ntp or the network

ntp or the network time protocol

time protocol

time protocol SMTP or the simple mail

SMTP or the simple mail

SMTP or the simple mail transfer

transfer

transfer protocol

protocol

protocol POP3 or the

POP3 or the

POP3 or the post

post

post office protocol

office protocol

office protocol we also looked at

we also looked at

we also looked at IMAP the internet

message access protocol and again all

message access protocol and again all

message access protocol and again all three of these

three of these

three of these have to do with email

have to do with email

have to do with email we also looked at an ntp which is not

we also looked at an ntp which is not

we also looked at an ntp which is not Network time protocol but the network

Network time protocol but the network

Network time protocol but the network news transfer

protocol

protocol

protocol we looked at two different versions of

we looked at two different versions of

we looked at two different versions of HTTP one that is secure these allow for

HTTP one that is secure these allow for

HTTP one that is secure these allow for browsing

browsing

browsing and it stands for the hyper text

and it stands for the hyper text

and it stands for the hyper text transfer protocol

transfer protocol

transfer protocol which if you know HTML or the hypertext

which if you know HTML or the hypertext

which if you know HTML or the hypertext markup language then that might be

markup language then that might be

markup language then that might be familiar to you and finally looked at

familiar to you and finally looked at

familiar to you and finally looked at RDP or the remote desktop protocol

RDP or the remote desktop protocol

RDP or the remote desktop protocol I know this seems like a lot but I

I know this seems like a lot but I

I know this seems like a lot but I guarantee memorizing all of these and

guarantee memorizing all of these and

guarantee memorizing all of these and all of the numbers that they're

all of the numbers that they're

all of the numbers that they're associated with is gonna help you so

associated with is gonna help you so

associated with is gonna help you so much on the exam

[Music]

Network protocols and services

Network protocols and services

Network protocols and services interoperability services

interoperability services

interoperability services this word interoperability is a really

this word interoperability is a really

this word interoperability is a really long one but it's also a good one

long one but it's also a good one

long one but it's also a good one basically what this means is how

basically what this means is how

basically what this means is how different types of operating systems and

different types of operating systems and

different types of operating systems and computers can communicate with one

computers can communicate with one

computers can communicate with one another over a similar Network and

another over a similar Network and

another over a similar Network and that's what we're going to be discussing

that's what we're going to be discussing

that's what we're going to be discussing in this module

in this module

in this module so we're going to first cover what

so we're going to first cover what

so we're going to first cover what interoperability services are in a

interoperability services are in a

interoperability services are in a little more depth then we're going to

little more depth then we're going to

little more depth then we're going to Define some specific services that

Define some specific services that

Define some specific services that qualify as these particularly NFS or the

qualify as these particularly NFS or the

qualify as these particularly NFS or the network

network

network file system I'm sure you can imagine

file system I'm sure you can imagine

file system I'm sure you can imagine what that is from its name we're also

what that is from its name we're also

what that is from its name we're also going to look at SSH which is the secure

going to look at SSH which is the secure

going to look at SSH which is the secure shell

shell

shell and SCP secure

and SCP secure

and SCP secure copy protocol remember every time we see

copy protocol remember every time we see

copy protocol remember every time we see that s we want to think uh secure

that s we want to think uh secure

that s we want to think uh secure security that's a great tip that'll help

security that's a great tip that'll help

security that's a great tip that'll help you out on the test by the way secure

you out on the test by the way secure

you out on the test by the way secure copy protocols similar to SFTP or the

copy protocols similar to SFTP or the

copy protocols similar to SFTP or the secure file transfer protocol

secure file transfer protocol

secure file transfer protocol we're then going to look at telnet or

we're then going to look at telnet or

we're then going to look at telnet or the Telecommunications Network and SMB

the Telecommunications Network and SMB

the Telecommunications Network and SMB or the server messenger block

which is what allows us to share for

which is what allows us to share for

which is what allows us to share for instance files and printers

instance files and printers

instance files and printers we're also going to look at ldap or

we're also going to look at ldap or

we're also going to look at ldap or lightweight directory access protocol

lightweight directory access protocol

lightweight directory access protocol and that word directory is important as

and that word directory is important as

and that word directory is important as it allows us to manage users in our

it allows us to manage users in our

it allows us to manage users in our Network

Network

Network mm zero conf in networking which also

mm zero conf in networking which also

mm zero conf in networking which also stands for zero configuration networking

stands for zero configuration networking

stands for zero configuration networking a set of protocols that allows us to

a set of protocols that allows us to

a set of protocols that allows us to sort of plug in and go

sort of plug in and go

sort of plug in and go without having to do a lot of advanced

without having to do a lot of advanced

without having to do a lot of advanced configuration and setup this is what

configuration and setup this is what

configuration and setup this is what allows us to have very easy Plug and

allows us to have very easy Plug and

allows us to have very easy Plug and Play network devices such as our Soho

Play network devices such as our Soho

Play network devices such as our Soho routers which is a good way to think

routers which is a good way to think

routers which is a good way to think about it however it's also deployed in

about it however it's also deployed in

about it however it's also deployed in much larger operations in order to ease

much larger operations in order to ease

much larger operations in order to ease the burden on administrators and

the burden on administrators and

the burden on administrators and technicians

technicians

technicians so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed several different protocols that were

several different protocols that were

several different protocols that were used in the tcpip protocol suite and

used in the tcpip protocol suite and

used in the tcpip protocol suite and these allowed us to do a lot of

these allowed us to do a lot of

these allowed us to do a lot of different things by the way tcpip which

different things by the way tcpip which

different things by the way tcpip which is what basically allows us to

is what basically allows us to

is what basically allows us to communicate over the network in general

communicate over the network in general

communicate over the network in general is going to be discussed in more detail

is going to be discussed in more detail

is going to be discussed in more detail in depth later on in this course

in depth later on in this course

in depth later on in this course now because not all computers are made

now because not all computers are made

now because not all computers are made the same or by the same people or

the same or by the same people or

the same or by the same people or individuals certain protocols and

individuals certain protocols and

individuals certain protocols and services need to be in place to allow

services need to be in place to allow

services need to be in place to allow dissimilar systems such as PCS and Macs

dissimilar systems such as PCS and Macs

dissimilar systems such as PCS and Macs to be able to interact with one another

to be able to interact with one another

to be able to interact with one another so tcpip also contains these

so tcpip also contains these

so tcpip also contains these interoperability services that allow

interoperability services that allow

interoperability services that allow dissimilar services or systems to share

dissimilar services or systems to share

dissimilar services or systems to share resources and communicate efficiently

resources and communicate efficiently

resources and communicate efficiently and securely which is important if I

and securely which is important if I

and securely which is important if I want to make sure that no one is reading

want to make sure that no one is reading

want to make sure that no one is reading all of the information I'm sending

all of the information I'm sending

all of the information I'm sending between computers so these Services is

between computers so these Services is

between computers so these Services is what we're going to spend the rest of

what we're going to spend the rest of

what we're going to spend the rest of this module discussing

this module discussing

this module discussing now the first service is the network

now the first service is the network

now the first service is the network file system

file system

file system it's an application that allows users to

it's an application that allows users to

it's an application that allows users to remotely access resources and files a

remotely access resources and files a

remotely access resources and files a resource being for instance a printer

resource being for instance a printer

resource being for instance a printer and a file being like a Word document as

and a file being like a Word document as

and a file being like a Word document as though they were located on a local

though they were located on a local

though they were located on a local machine even though they're someplace

machine even though they're someplace

machine even though they're someplace else

else

else this service is used for systems that

this service is used for systems that

this service is used for systems that are typically not the same such as Unix

are typically not the same such as Unix

are typically not the same such as Unix which is the larger version or the

which is the larger version or the

which is the larger version or the commercial version of Linux and

commercial version of Linux and

commercial version of Linux and Microsoft systems now NFS functions

Microsoft systems now NFS functions

Microsoft systems now NFS functions independently of the operating system

independently of the operating system

independently of the operating system the computer system it's installed on

the computer system it's installed on

the computer system it's installed on and the network architecture this means

and the network architecture this means

and the network architecture this means that NFS is going to perform its

that NFS is going to perform its

that NFS is going to perform its functions regardless of where it's

functions regardless of where it's

functions regardless of where it's installed and since it's what we call an

installed and since it's what we call an

installed and since it's what we call an open standard

open standard

open standard it allows anyone to implement it

it allows anyone to implement it

it allows anyone to implement it it also listens on Port 2049 by default

it also listens on Port 2049 by default

it also listens on Port 2049 by default but I wouldn't worry about memorizing

but I wouldn't worry about memorizing

but I wouldn't worry about memorizing that for the test

that for the test

that for the test next SSH or the secure shell is one of

next SSH or the secure shell is one of

next SSH or the secure shell is one of the preferred session initiating

the preferred session initiating

the preferred session initiating programs that allows us to connect to a

programs that allows us to connect to a

programs that allows us to connect to a remote computer

remote computer

remote computer it creates a secure Connection by using

it creates a secure Connection by using

it creates a secure Connection by using strong authentication mechanisms and it

strong authentication mechanisms and it

strong authentication mechanisms and it lets users log on to remote computers

lets users log on to remote computers

lets users log on to remote computers with different systems independent of

with different systems independent of

with different systems independent of the type of system you're currently on

the type of system you're currently on

the type of system you're currently on with SSH the secure shell the entire

with SSH the secure shell the entire

with SSH the secure shell the entire connection is encrypted including the

connection is encrypted including the

connection is encrypted including the password and the login session

password and the login session

password and the login session it's all compatible with a lot of

it's all compatible with a lot of

it's all compatible with a lot of different systems including Linux Macs

different systems including Linux Macs

different systems including Linux Macs and PCs and so on now there are actually

and PCs and so on now there are actually

and PCs and so on now there are actually two different versions of secure show

two different versions of secure show

two different versions of secure show ssh1

ssh1

ssh1 and ssh2

these two versions are not compatible

these two versions are not compatible

these two versions are not compatible with one another which is important to

with one another which is important to

with one another which is important to know

know

know because they each encrypt different

because they each encrypt different

because they each encrypt different parts of the data packet and they employ

parts of the data packet and they employ

parts of the data packet and they employ different types of encryption methods

different types of encryption methods

different types of encryption methods which we'll talk about later however the

which we'll talk about later however the

which we'll talk about later however the most important thing to know is that SSH

most important thing to know is that SSH

most important thing to know is that SSH 2 is more secure than ssh1 and so in

2 is more secure than ssh1 and so in

2 is more secure than ssh1 and so in most cases we want to use that this is

most cases we want to use that this is

most cases we want to use that this is because it does not use server Keys ssh1

because it does not use server Keys ssh1

because it does not use server Keys ssh1 doesn't which are keys that are

doesn't which are keys that are

doesn't which are keys that are temporary and protect other aspects of

temporary and protect other aspects of

temporary and protect other aspects of the encryption process it's a bit

the encryption process it's a bit

the encryption process it's a bit complex and over the course of and over

complex and over the course of and over

complex and over the course of and over the objectives of this course however

the objectives of this course however

the objectives of this course however SSH 2 does contain another protocol

SSH 2 does contain another protocol

SSH 2 does contain another protocol called SFTP

an SFTP or the secure file transfer

an SFTP or the secure file transfer

an SFTP or the secure file transfer protocol

protocol

protocol is a secure replacement for the unsecure

is a secure replacement for the unsecure

is a secure replacement for the unsecure version of plain old FTP and it still

version of plain old FTP and it still

version of plain old FTP and it still uses the same port as SSH which if you

uses the same port as SSH which if you

uses the same port as SSH which if you recall is port 22.

recall is port 22.

recall is port 22. so it's important to know that if we're

so it's important to know that if we're

so it's important to know that if we're going to be using SFTP remember FTP uses

going to be using SFTP remember FTP uses

going to be using SFTP remember FTP uses 20 and 21 if we're using SFTP we're

20 and 21 if we're using SFTP we're

20 and 21 if we're using SFTP we're using Port 22. now similar to SFTP is

using Port 22. now similar to SFTP is

using Port 22. now similar to SFTP is SCP or the secure copy protocol which is

SCP or the secure copy protocol which is

SCP or the secure copy protocol which is a secure method of copying files between

a secure method of copying files between

a secure method of copying files between remote devices just like FTP or SFTP it

remote devices just like FTP or SFTP it

remote devices just like FTP or SFTP it utilizes the same Portis SSH just like

utilizes the same Portis SSH just like

utilizes the same Portis SSH just like SFTP and it's compatible with a lot of

SFTP and it's compatible with a lot of

SFTP and it's compatible with a lot of different operating systems to implement

different operating systems to implement

different operating systems to implement SCP you can initiate it via a command

SCP you can initiate it via a command

SCP you can initiate it via a command line utility that uses either SCP or

line utility that uses either SCP or

line utility that uses either SCP or SFTP to perform some secure copying the

SFTP to perform some secure copying the

SFTP to perform some secure copying the important thing here to know for the

important thing here to know for the

important thing here to know for the network plus exam is not when you would

network plus exam is not when you would

network plus exam is not when you would use SCP over SFTP which is a little bit

use SCP over SFTP which is a little bit

use SCP over SFTP which is a little bit more complex but rather to realize that

more complex but rather to realize that

more complex but rather to realize that SCP is a secure method of copying as is

SCP is a secure method of copying as is

SCP is a secure method of copying as is as FTP that's how you're going to see

as FTP that's how you're going to see

as FTP that's how you're going to see this pop up on the exam now in contrast

this pop up on the exam now in contrast

this pop up on the exam now in contrast to all of this secure Communications I

to all of this secure Communications I

to all of this secure Communications I want to talk about telnet or the

want to talk about telnet or the

want to talk about telnet or the Telecommunications Network which is a

Telecommunications Network which is a

Telecommunications Network which is a terminal emulations protocol what this

terminal emulations protocol what this

terminal emulations protocol what this means is that it's only simulating a

means is that it's only simulating a

means is that it's only simulating a session on the machine it is being

session on the machine it is being

session on the machine it is being initiated on when you connect to a

initiated on when you connect to a

initiated on when you connect to a machine via a terminal by using telnet

machine via a terminal by using telnet

machine via a terminal by using telnet the machine is translating your

the machine is translating your

the machine is translating your keystrokes into instructions that the

keystrokes into instructions that the

keystrokes into instructions that the Remote device understands and it

Remote device understands and it

Remote device understands and it displays those instructions and the

displays those instructions and the

displays those instructions and the responses back to you in a graphical or

responses back to you in a graphical or

responses back to you in a graphical or command line manner

command line manner

command line manner telnet is an unsecure protocol which is

telnet is an unsecure protocol which is

telnet is an unsecure protocol which is why we don't use it as much as SSH

why we don't use it as much as SSH

why we don't use it as much as SSH anymore and this is important to keep in

anymore and this is important to keep in

anymore and this is important to keep in mind

mind

mind so when you send the password over

so when you send the password over

so when you send the password over telnet it's actually in what we call

telnet it's actually in what we call

telnet it's actually in what we call plain text

plain text

plain text whereas as we mentioned with SSH it

whereas as we mentioned with SSH it

whereas as we mentioned with SSH it transmits the password encrypted so if

transmits the password encrypted so if

transmits the password encrypted so if someone is reading the packets that are

someone is reading the packets that are

someone is reading the packets that are going back and forth they won't be able

going back and forth they won't be able

going back and forth they won't be able to hack your system if you're using SSH

to hack your system if you're using SSH

to hack your system if you're using SSH whereas with telnet they'd be able to

whereas with telnet they'd be able to

whereas with telnet they'd be able to read your password now telnet uses Port

read your password now telnet uses Port

read your password now telnet uses Port 23 by default which is important to know

23 by default which is important to know

23 by default which is important to know however you could configure it to use

however you could configure it to use

however you could configure it to use another Port as long as the remote

another Port as long as the remote

another Port as long as the remote machine is also configured to use that

machine is also configured to use that

machine is also configured to use that same port with telnet you can actually

same port with telnet you can actually

same port with telnet you can actually connect to any host that's running the

connect to any host that's running the

connect to any host that's running the telnet service or Daemon which again the

telnet service or Daemon which again the

telnet service or Daemon which again the word Daemon is a Unix version of service

word Daemon is a Unix version of service

word Daemon is a Unix version of service SMB or the server message block which by

SMB or the server message block which by

SMB or the server message block which by the way is also known as cifs or the

the way is also known as cifs or the

the way is also known as cifs or the common internet file system is a

common internet file system is a

common internet file system is a protocol that's mainly used to provide

protocol that's mainly used to provide

protocol that's mainly used to provide shared access to files peripheral

shared access to files peripheral

shared access to files peripheral devices like printers most most of the

devices like printers most most of the

devices like printers most most of the time

time

time and also access to serial ports and

and also access to serial ports and

and also access to serial ports and other communication between nodes on a

other communication between nodes on a

other communication between nodes on a network Windows systems used SMB

network Windows systems used SMB

network Windows systems used SMB primarily before the introduction of

primarily before the introduction of

primarily before the introduction of something called uh active directories

something called uh active directories

something called uh active directories which we'll talk more about a little bit

which we'll talk more about a little bit

which we'll talk more about a little bit later this is currently what's used in

later this is currently what's used in

later this is currently what's used in Microsoft networks now Windows services

Microsoft networks now Windows services

Microsoft networks now Windows services that correspond are called server

that correspond are called server

that correspond are called server services for the server component and

services for the server component and

services for the server component and workstation services for the client

workstation services for the client

workstation services for the client component

component

component now for example the primary

now for example the primary

now for example the primary functionality that SMB is typically most

functionality that SMB is typically most

functionality that SMB is typically most known for is when client computers want

known for is when client computers want

known for is when client computers want to access files systems or printers on a

to access files systems or printers on a

to access files systems or printers on a shared network or server this is when

shared network or server this is when

shared network or server this is when SMB is most often used

SMB is most often used

SMB is most often used Samba which you may have seen if you've

Samba which you may have seen if you've

Samba which you may have seen if you've ever dealt with a Mac or a Linux

ever dealt with a Mac or a Linux

ever dealt with a Mac or a Linux computer is free software that's a

computer is free software that's a

computer is free software that's a re-implementation of the SMB or cifs

re-implementation of the SMB or cifs

re-implementation of the SMB or cifs networking protocol for other systems

networking protocol for other systems

networking protocol for other systems even though SMB is primarily used or was

even though SMB is primarily used or was

even though SMB is primarily used or was primarily used with Microsoft systems

primarily used with Microsoft systems

primarily used with Microsoft systems there are still other products that use

there are still other products that use

there are still other products that use SMB for file sharing in different

SMB for file sharing in different

SMB for file sharing in different operating systems which is why it's

operating systems which is why it's

operating systems which is why it's important that we still familiarize

important that we still familiarize

important that we still familiarize ourselves with it

ourselves with it

ourselves with it ldap stands for the lightweight

ldap stands for the lightweight

ldap stands for the lightweight directory access protocol and this is

directory access protocol and this is

directory access protocol and this is what defines how a user can access files

what defines how a user can access files

what defines how a user can access files resources or share directory data and

resources or share directory data and

resources or share directory data and perform operations on a server in a

perform operations on a server in a

perform operations on a server in a tcpip network now this is not how they

tcpip network now this is not how they

tcpip network now this is not how they access it this simply defines how a user

access it this simply defines how a user

access it this simply defines how a user can access it meaning that we're really

can access it meaning that we're really

can access it meaning that we're really talking about here are users

talking about here are users

talking about here are users and permissions

so basically ldap is the protocol that

so basically ldap is the protocol that

so basically ldap is the protocol that controls how users manage directory

controls how users manage directory

controls how users manage directory information such as data about users

information such as data about users

information such as data about users devices permissions searching and other

devices permissions searching and other

devices permissions searching and other tasks in most networks we're going to

tasks in most networks we're going to

tasks in most networks we're going to deal with this a little more in depth

deal with this a little more in depth

deal with this a little more in depth later on as well now it was designed to

later on as well now it was designed to

later on as well now it was designed to be used on the internet and it relies

be used on the internet and it relies

be used on the internet and it relies heavily on DNS the domain name service

heavily on DNS the domain name service

heavily on DNS the domain name service which we talked about is a way of

which we talked about is a way of

which we talked about is a way of converting say google.com into its IP

converting say google.com into its IP

converting say google.com into its IP address we're going to discuss DNS in

address we're going to discuss DNS in

address we're going to discuss DNS in Greater detail in another module now

Greater detail in another module now

Greater detail in another module now Microsoft's active directory service

Microsoft's active directory service

Microsoft's active directory service which we just mentioned and novell's NDS

which we just mentioned and novell's NDS

which we just mentioned and novell's NDS and e-directory services Novell being

and e-directory services Novell being

and e-directory services Novell being another networking operating system as

another networking operating system as

another networking operating system as well as Apple's open directory directory

well as Apple's open directory directory

well as Apple's open directory directory system all use ldap now the reason it's

system all use ldap now the reason it's

system all use ldap now the reason it's called like lightweight is because it

called like lightweight is because it

called like lightweight is because it was not as Network intensive as its

was not as Network intensive as its

was not as Network intensive as its predecessor which was simply the

predecessor which was simply the

predecessor which was simply the directory access Protocol no need to

directory access Protocol no need to

directory access Protocol no need to know that but I just wanted to explain

know that but I just wanted to explain

know that but I just wanted to explain the reasoning behind that light weight

the reasoning behind that light weight

the reasoning behind that light weight in there

in there

in there also it's important to know that port

also it's important to know that port

also it's important to know that port 389 is used by default for all the

389 is used by default for all the

389 is used by default for all the communication of the requests for

communication of the requests for

communication of the requests for information and objects finally zero

information and objects finally zero

information and objects finally zero conf or zero configuration

conf or zero configuration

conf or zero configuration networking is a set of standards that

networking is a set of standards that

networking is a set of standards that was established to allow users the

was established to allow users the

was established to allow users the ability to have network connectivity out

ability to have network connectivity out

ability to have network connectivity out of the box or Plug and Play or without

of the box or Plug and Play or without

of the box or Plug and Play or without the need for any sort of technical

the need for any sort of technical

the need for any sort of technical change or configuration zero con capable

change or configuration zero con capable

change or configuration zero con capable protocols will generally use Mac

protocols will generally use Mac

protocols will generally use Mac addresses or the physical addresses as

addresses or the physical addresses as

addresses or the physical addresses as they are unique to each device with a

they are unique to each device with a

they are unique to each device with a NIC or network interface card

NIC or network interface card

NIC or network interface card in order for devices

in order for devices

in order for devices to fit into a zero conf standard they

to fit into a zero conf standard they

to fit into a zero conf standard they have to fit or meet four qualifications

have to fit or meet four qualifications

have to fit or meet four qualifications or functions first the network address

or functions first the network address

or functions first the network address assignment must be automatic if you

assignment must be automatic if you

assignment must be automatic if you recall from a plus and this is something

recall from a plus and this is something

recall from a plus and this is something we'll talk about a bit later this is

we'll talk about a bit later this is

we'll talk about a bit later this is what we use when we're using DHCP

what we use when we're using DHCP

what we use when we're using DHCP second automatic multicast address

second automatic multicast address

second automatic multicast address assignment must be implemented which is

assignment must be implemented which is

assignment must be implemented which is also related to the DHCP standard third

also related to the DHCP standard third

also related to the DHCP standard third automatic translation between Network

automatic translation between Network

automatic translation between Network names and addresses must exist this is

names and addresses must exist this is

names and addresses must exist this is what we talk about when we deal with DNS

what we talk about when we deal with DNS

what we talk about when we deal with DNS finally discovery of Network Services or

finally discovery of Network Services or

finally discovery of Network Services or the location by the protocol and the

the location by the protocol and the

the location by the protocol and the name is required meaning that it must be

name is required meaning that it must be

name is required meaning that it must be able to find all of this information

able to find all of this information

able to find all of this information when it goes on the network

when it goes on the network

when it goes on the network automatically this is what allows users

automatically this is what allows users

automatically this is what allows users to be able to purchase a router from the

to be able to purchase a router from the

to be able to purchase a router from the local Best Buy or electronics store take

local Best Buy or electronics store take

local Best Buy or electronics store take it home plug it into their ISB or

it home plug it into their ISB or

it home plug it into their ISB or Internet service provider connection and

Internet service provider connection and

Internet service provider connection and automatically have it work automatically

automatically have it work automatically

automatically have it work automatically another implementation by the way of

another implementation by the way of

another implementation by the way of this is a configuration and networking

this is a configuration and networking

this is a configuration and networking called

called

called you PNP

you PNP

you PNP or

or

or Universal

plug

and play

and play

and play so to recap what we've talked about we

so to recap what we've talked about we

so to recap what we've talked about we talked about interoperability Services

talked about interoperability Services

talked about interoperability Services which allows for instance a PC and a Mac

which allows for instance a PC and a Mac

which allows for instance a PC and a Mac to communicate flawlessly over a network

to communicate flawlessly over a network

to communicate flawlessly over a network we then talked about the network file

we then talked about the network file

we then talked about the network file service

SSH and SCP SSH being a secure shell

SSH and SCP SSH being a secure shell

SSH and SCP SSH being a secure shell working on

Port 22

Port 22

Port 22 and SCP being the secure

and SCP being the secure

and SCP being the secure copy protocol

copy protocol

copy protocol similar

similar

similar to

to

to SFTP the secure file transfer protocol

SFTP the secure file transfer protocol

SFTP the secure file transfer protocol we looked at telnet which is sort of a

we looked at telnet which is sort of a

we looked at telnet which is sort of a plain text version of SSH so it's been

plain text version of SSH so it's been

plain text version of SSH so it's been replaced by it and SMB or the server

replaced by it and SMB or the server

replaced by it and SMB or the server message block allowing us to share files

message block allowing us to share files

message block allowing us to share files and resources

between different types of systems

between different types of systems

between different types of systems finally we described and defined ldap or

finally we described and defined ldap or

finally we described and defined ldap or the lightweight directory access

the lightweight directory access

the lightweight directory access protocol which defines users and their

protocol which defines users and their

protocol which defines users and their ability to access all this stuff on the

ability to access all this stuff on the

ability to access all this stuff on the network and then we explained zero conf

network and then we explained zero conf

network and then we explained zero conf or zero configuration in networking

or zero configuration in networking

or zero configuration in networking which allows us to plug up a device and

which allows us to plug up a device and

which allows us to plug up a device and have it work almost instantaneously

[Music]

thank you

welcome to module 5 lesson 1 ethernet

welcome to module 5 lesson 1 ethernet

welcome to module 5 lesson 1 ethernet standards pretty meaty subject this

standards pretty meaty subject this

standards pretty meaty subject this because it's got a whole bunch of

because it's got a whole bunch of

because it's got a whole bunch of standards and information as well as

standards and information as well as

standards and information as well as history to fit in

history to fit in

history to fit in what is ethernet the history why the

what is ethernet the history why the

what is ethernet the history why the name just in case you wanted to know I

name just in case you wanted to know I

name just in case you wanted to know I guess

guess

guess introduction of ethernet standards

introduction of ethernet standards

introduction of ethernet standards the Archer Police standard as well ATO

the Archer Police standard as well ATO

the Archer Police standard as well ATO 2.3 which you'll need to be familiar

2.3 which you'll need to be familiar

2.3 which you'll need to be familiar with which defines ethernet

with which defines ethernet

with which defines ethernet the IEEE as well what they do and their

the IEEE as well what they do and their

the IEEE as well what they do and their remit per view

uh based on a Broadband some history

uh based on a Broadband some history

uh based on a Broadband some history really of the early days of ethernet

really of the early days of ethernet

really of the early days of ethernet networking

networking

networking which are depending on how old you are

which are depending on how old you are

which are depending on how old you are you may be familiar with

you may be familiar with

you may be familiar with some of the naming conventions uh the

some of the naming conventions uh the

some of the naming conventions uh the early days the early specifications

early days the early specifications

early days the early specifications thick nets in net

and some of the standards here which

and some of the standards here which

and some of the standards here which we're going to run through which you'll

we're going to run through which you'll

we're going to run through which you'll need to be familiar with because you

need to be familiar with because you

need to be familiar with because you could be asked a question

could be asked a question

could be asked a question so that's a good reason as any uh

so that's a good reason as any uh

so that's a good reason as any uh ethernet it's the was or is the first

ethernet it's the was or is the first

ethernet it's the was or is the first high-speed land technology that in

high-speed land technology that in

high-speed land technology that in Connected computers high speed Laser

Connected computers high speed Laser

Connected computers high speed Laser Printers obviously in the early days

Printers obviously in the early days

Printers obviously in the early days there needed to be some agreed format

there needed to be some agreed format

there needed to be some agreed format for um Internet working devices to

for um Internet working devices to

for um Internet working devices to communicate

communicate

communicate actually invented by a guy called Bob

actually invented by a guy called Bob

actually invented by a guy called Bob Metcalfe back in

Metcalfe back in

Metcalfe back in 1973. it was remarkable in as much that

1973. it was remarkable in as much that

1973. it was remarkable in as much that at the time competing was dominated by

at the time competing was dominated by

at the time competing was dominated by some very large and expensive mainframe

some very large and expensive mainframe

some very large and expensive mainframe computers

computers

computers um to name IBM as a one of the main

um to name IBM as a one of the main

um to name IBM as a one of the main players at the time

players at the time

players at the time it's only a few people could actually

it's only a few people could actually

it's only a few people could actually afford to buy the mainframes and the

afford to buy the mainframes and the

afford to buy the mainframes and the information required in order to use

information required in order to use

information required in order to use them operate support and maintain was

them operate support and maintain was

them operate support and maintain was only known to a few people at the time

only known to a few people at the time

only known to a few people at the time so Bob actually changed the name of his

so Bob actually changed the name of his

so Bob actually changed the name of his first network from alto Alor Network to

first network from alto Alor Network to

first network from alto Alor Network to ethernet thankfully otherwise would all

ethernet thankfully otherwise would all

ethernet thankfully otherwise would all be referred to it as alto Aloha which um

be referred to it as alto Aloha which um

be referred to it as alto Aloha which um be a bit strange

be a bit strange

be a bit strange why the name he um Bob's experimental

why the name he um Bob's experimental

why the name he um Bob's experimental Network the physical medium

Network the physical medium

Network the physical medium or the cable to carry out all the bits

or the cable to carry out all the bits

or the cable to carry out all the bits to describe the important feature Bob

to describe the important feature Bob

to describe the important feature Bob named the network based on the word

named the network based on the word

named the network based on the word ether

ether

ether the old um luminous lumini Ferrera

the old um luminous lumini Ferrera

the old um luminous lumini Ferrera Ferris ether was once considered the

Ferris ether was once considered the

Ferris ether was once considered the medium for the propagation of

medium for the propagation of

medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves

electromagnetic waves

electromagnetic waves so there are some mythical background in

so there are some mythical background in

so there are some mythical background in it

it

it and first standardized by the Consortium

and first standardized by the Consortium

and first standardized by the Consortium of deck Intel Xerox or Dix

of deck Intel Xerox or Dix

of deck Intel Xerox or Dix later actually standardized by the IEEE

later actually standardized by the IEEE

later actually standardized by the IEEE standards defined several aspects that

standards defined several aspects that

standards defined several aspects that make data transmission possible this is

make data transmission possible this is

make data transmission possible this is their job

their job

their job term ethernet is used to refer to both

term ethernet is used to refer to both

term ethernet is used to refer to both the original Dix ethernet which we'll

the original Dix ethernet which we'll

the original Dix ethernet which we'll rarely talk about unless we're doing and

rarely talk about unless we're doing and

rarely talk about unless we're doing and talking in the context of exams and the

talking in the context of exams and the

talking in the context of exams and the 802.3 specification which specifies

802.3 specification which specifies

802.3 specification which specifies ethernet old and new

so 802.3 is an international standard

so 802.3 is an international standard

so 802.3 is an international standard for local area networks and metropolitan

for local area networks and metropolitan

for local area networks and metropolitan area networks that employs the carrier

area networks that employs the carrier

area networks that employs the carrier sensor multiple access with Collision

sensor multiple access with Collision

sensor multiple access with Collision detection

detection

detection the ethernet protocol frame format for

the ethernet protocol frame format for

the ethernet protocol frame format for communication

communication

communication the IEEE is the institute for electrical

the IEEE is the institute for electrical

the IEEE is the institute for electrical and electronic engineers

and electronic engineers

and electronic engineers uh largest Professional Association

uh largest Professional Association

uh largest Professional Association um for the advancement of Technology

it has more than uh 400 000 members

it has more than uh 400 000 members

it has more than uh 400 000 members spanning 100 and more than 160 countries

spanning 100 and more than 160 countries

spanning 100 and more than 160 countries so what do they do

so what do they do

so what do they do they provide Society Publications they

they provide Society Publications they

they provide Society Publications they develop on new and emerging technology

develop on new and emerging technology

develop on new and emerging technology standards they also have conferences

standards they also have conferences

standards they also have conferences that various Network Engineers can

that various Network Engineers can

that various Network Engineers can attend to swap ideas and Advance the

attend to swap ideas and Advance the

attend to swap ideas and Advance the technology

technology

technology uh fortunately I'm not um this the

uh fortunately I'm not um this the

uh fortunately I'm not um this the points aren't sliding in as they should

points aren't sliding in as they should

points aren't sliding in as they should be so um all the information is

be so um all the information is

be so um all the information is appearing at the same time sorry

appearing at the same time sorry

appearing at the same time sorry so the ieee's leading developer of

so the ieee's leading developer of

so the ieee's leading developer of international standards they include the

international standards they include the

international standards they include the 802 standards which are for lands and

802 standards which are for lands and

802 standards which are for lands and mans and wireless local area networks

mans and wireless local area networks

mans and wireless local area networks also which will refer to usually as

also which will refer to usually as

also which will refer to usually as Wi-Fi you'll see the little stickers on

Wi-Fi you'll see the little stickers on

Wi-Fi you'll see the little stickers on Wi-Fi devices and when you go to cafes

Wi-Fi devices and when you go to cafes

Wi-Fi devices and when you go to cafes they may well have a Wi-Fi sticker to

they may well have a Wi-Fi sticker to

they may well have a Wi-Fi sticker to say them they give a wireless access

say them they give a wireless access

say them they give a wireless access and so ethernet's the most popular today

and so ethernet's the most popular today

and so ethernet's the most popular today it's everywhere basically making

it's everywhere basically making

it's everywhere basically making communication possible for pretty much

communication possible for pretty much

communication possible for pretty much everyone and mainly popular because of

everyone and mainly popular because of

everyone and mainly popular because of um the fact is economical to use it uses

um the fact is economical to use it uses

um the fact is economical to use it uses high speed it's reliable and it's easy

high speed it's reliable and it's easy

high speed it's reliable and it's easy to install and maintain also free to use

to install and maintain also free to use

to install and maintain also free to use the standards

the standards

the standards um like TCP if you used a custom

um like TCP if you used a custom

um like TCP if you used a custom Solution by another

Solution by another

Solution by another um Creator then you'd obviously have to

um Creator then you'd obviously have to

um Creator then you'd obviously have to pay to use all of their

pay to use all of their

pay to use all of their um specifications and standards

um specifications and standards

um specifications and standards so the early ethernet run over what was

so the early ethernet run over what was

so the early ethernet run over what was known as coaxial cables

known as coaxial cables

known as coaxial cables um modern ethernet don't do that anymore

um modern ethernet don't do that anymore

um modern ethernet don't do that anymore because of the limitations of speed and

because of the limitations of speed and

because of the limitations of speed and troubleshooting they use a mixture of

troubleshooting they use a mixture of

troubleshooting they use a mixture of copper and fiber depending on um the

copper and fiber depending on um the

copper and fiber depending on um the location and how much what the budgets

location and how much what the budgets

location and how much what the budgets of the various devices or

of the various devices or

of the various devices or um local government authorities have

um local government authorities have

um local government authorities have based on broadband is the term

based on broadband is the term

based on broadband is the term synonymous with ethernet the band is

synonymous with ethernet the band is

synonymous with ethernet the band is actually referred to the bandwidth in

actually referred to the bandwidth in

actually referred to the bandwidth in context of the transmission

uh Broadband is a broadband system a

uh Broadband is a broadband system a

uh Broadband is a broadband system a whole band of transmission medium is

whole band of transmission medium is

whole band of transmission medium is shared dividing it into pieces called

shared dividing it into pieces called

shared dividing it into pieces called channels

channels

channels each channel will have the portion of

each channel will have the portion of

each channel will have the portion of the whole band multiple channels will

the whole band multiple channels will

the whole band multiple channels will serve as multiple signal carriers each

serve as multiple signal carriers each

serve as multiple signal carriers each carrying its own data on the same

carrying its own data on the same

carrying its own data on the same transmission medium so basically we're

transmission medium so basically we're

transmission medium so basically we're all sharing the same medium and the

all sharing the same medium and the

all sharing the same medium and the local ratio I think for my Broadband

local ratio I think for my Broadband

local ratio I think for my Broadband here is

here is

here is um 30 to 1 so 30 users will use one

um 30 to 1 so 30 users will use one

um 30 to 1 so 30 users will use one connection to the local

connection to the local

connection to the local um switch provided by the telephone

um switch provided by the telephone

um switch provided by the telephone company

company

company base band in the baseband system the

base band in the baseband system the

base band in the baseband system the entire band of the transmission medium

entire band of the transmission medium

entire band of the transmission medium will be used as a signal carrier

will be used as a signal carrier

will be used as a signal carrier naming conventions the ethernet

naming conventions the ethernet

naming conventions the ethernet standards username and Convention that

standards username and Convention that

standards username and Convention that houses determine a few things the speed

houses determine a few things the speed

houses determine a few things the speed of the transmission the signaling type

of the transmission the signaling type

of the transmission the signaling type and the length of the cable

and the length of the cable

and the length of the cable uh cable type used as well for example

uh cable type used as well for example

uh cable type used as well for example 10 base 5 really old standard this it

10 base 5 really old standard this it

10 base 5 really old standard this it was been phased out in the well late 90s

was been phased out in the well late 90s

was been phased out in the well late 90s I think when I was

I think when I was

I think when I was um just getting into networking really

um just getting into networking really

um just getting into networking really so 10 base 5 is named for the following

so 10 base 5 is named for the following

so 10 base 5 is named for the following 10 is the transmission speed which is 10

10 is the transmission speed which is 10

10 is the transmission speed which is 10 Meg

Meg

Meg base means the type of signal in his

base means the type of signal in his

base means the type of signal in his baseband and five indicates to the track

baseband and five indicates to the track

baseband and five indicates to the track the maximum length of the cable can be

the maximum length of the cable can be

the maximum length of the cable can be up to 500 meters

up to 500 meters

up to 500 meters this is for the segments you could have

this is for the segments you could have

this is for the segments you could have another segment after 500 meters

another segment after 500 meters

another segment after 500 meters and the signal would all have to be a

and the signal would all have to be a

and the signal would all have to be a replenished

okay so a thousand Base TX the following

okay so a thousand Base TX the following

okay so a thousand Base TX the following is true a thousand indicates uh sorry

is true a thousand indicates uh sorry

is true a thousand indicates uh sorry 100 htx 100 is the speed which is 100

100 htx 100 is the speed which is 100

100 htx 100 is the speed which is 100 mag

mag

mag base stands for baseband again T

base stands for baseband again T

base stands for baseband again T indicates that the standard is twisted

indicates that the standard is twisted

indicates that the standard is twisted pair

pair

pair X at the end indicates that the K the

X at the end indicates that the K the

X at the end indicates that the K the cable is capable of full duplex

cable is capable of full duplex

cable is capable of full duplex communication

10 base 5 real old standard again

10 base 5 real old standard again

10 base 5 real old standard again um based on 802.3

um based on 802.3

um based on 802.3 the original standard uses a thick

the original standard uses a thick

the original standard uses a thick coaxial cable as its physical medium it

coaxial cable as its physical medium it

coaxial cable as its physical medium it was actually called thick net for short

was actually called thick net for short

was actually called thick net for short and you can see the picture of it there

and you can see the picture of it there

and you can see the picture of it there to actually connecting to the cable use

to actually connecting to the cable use

to actually connecting to the cable use these big plastic devices uh called um

these big plastic devices uh called um

these big plastic devices uh called um vampire Taps and they're physically

vampire Taps and they're physically

vampire Taps and they're physically screwed in to the cable and pierced it

screwed in to the cable and pierced it

screwed in to the cable and pierced it very awkward to use and hard to

very awkward to use and hard to

very awkward to use and hard to troubleshoot it ran at 10 Meg

troubleshoot it ran at 10 Meg

troubleshoot it ran at 10 Meg and either RGA or rg11 it had a little

and either RGA or rg11 it had a little

and either RGA or rg11 it had a little resistors on the end to stop the signal

resistors on the end to stop the signal

resistors on the end to stop the signal bouncing off the back of the cable and

bouncing off the back of the cable and

bouncing off the back of the cable and coming back and they ran at 50 ohm RG

coming back and they ran at 50 ohm RG

coming back and they ran at 50 ohm RG stands for radio government

stands for radio government

stands for radio government standard determ is a type of coaxial

standard determ is a type of coaxial

standard determ is a type of coaxial cables the distance was up to 500 meters

cables the distance was up to 500 meters

cables the distance was up to 500 meters there were a few pros and cons to using

there were a few pros and cons to using

there were a few pros and cons to using thick net

thick net

thick net you have protection against

you have protection against

you have protection against electromagnetic interference which can

electromagnetic interference which can

electromagnetic interference which can seriously degrade your signal

seriously degrade your signal

seriously degrade your signal disadvantage there was loads actually

disadvantage there was loads actually

disadvantage there was loads actually difficult to work with very difficult to

difficult to work with very difficult to

difficult to work with very difficult to troubleshoot cable was very thick so

troubleshoot cable was very thick so

troubleshoot cable was very thick so trying to expand it around an office

trying to expand it around an office

trying to expand it around an office without

without

without and people tripping over or hitting the

and people tripping over or hitting the

and people tripping over or hitting the head off them was quite awkward as well

head off them was quite awkward as well

head off them was quite awkward as well thin net is based on the 10 base 2

thin net is based on the 10 base 2

thin net is based on the 10 base 2 standard

standard

standard so 10 Meg

so 10 Meg

so 10 Meg um

um

um baseband and two stands for how long the

baseband and two stands for how long the

baseband and two stands for how long the and you could get the connection which

and you could get the connection which

and you could get the connection which is 200 meters

was actually 185 was recommended but you

was actually 185 was recommended but you

was actually 185 was recommended but you couldn't you couldn't ensure to 185 so

couldn't you couldn't ensure to 185 so

couldn't you couldn't ensure to 185 so they called it 10 base 2.

uh being cheaper than thick Navy was

uh being cheaper than thick Navy was

uh being cheaper than thick Navy was called cheaper net

called cheaper net

called cheaper net before we had any type of network and we

before we had any type of network and we

before we had any type of network and we used to use floppy disks

used to use floppy disks

used to use floppy disks big thick floppy disks not even the

big thick floppy disks not even the

big thick floppy disks not even the small ones that you might remember that

small ones that you might remember that

small ones that you might remember that was called sneakinet

turnbass tea was one of the first modern

turnbass tea was one of the first modern

turnbass tea was one of the first modern standards introduced in 1990

standards introduced in 1990

standards introduced in 1990 it ran over 10 Meg over two pairs of

it ran over 10 Meg over two pairs of

it ran over 10 Meg over two pairs of twisted uh paired telephone wire

twisted uh paired telephone wire

twisted uh paired telephone wire and it allowed your network to use the

and it allowed your network to use the

and it allowed your network to use the existing telephone cabling which is

existing telephone cabling which is

existing telephone cabling which is pretty handy really easy to install

pretty handy really easy to install

pretty handy really easy to install reduce costs the cable could just be run

reduce costs the cable could just be run

reduce costs the cable could just be run off and you could cut it to whichever

off and you could cut it to whichever

off and you could cut it to whichever length you required

length you required

length you required and also obviously you could use a

and also obviously you could use a

and also obviously you could use a network switch which the uh thick and

network switch which the uh thick and

network switch which the uh thick and thin that couldn't use a switch or hub

thin that couldn't use a switch or hub

thin that couldn't use a switch or hub T denotes twisted pair wires

T denotes twisted pair wires

T denotes twisted pair wires 10 base T is category three cable we

10 base T is category three cable we

10 base T is category three cable we used to call it cat 3 for short in fact

used to call it cat 3 for short in fact

used to call it cat 3 for short in fact every category is is called a cat for um

every category is is called a cat for um

every category is is called a cat for um short

short

short High category cables can be used with

High category cables can be used with

High category cables can be used with the 10 base T ethernet

the 10 base T ethernet

the 10 base T ethernet so examples are CAT5 5e 6 6A and so on

so examples are CAT5 5e 6 6A and so on

so examples are CAT5 5e 6 6A and so on this changes every few months as a new

this changes every few months as a new

this changes every few months as a new category introduced

category introduced

category introduced High categories of the TP cables have

High categories of the TP cables have

High categories of the TP cables have higher specifications and they can

higher specifications and they can

higher specifications and they can handle higher data transmission speeds

handle higher data transmission speeds

handle higher data transmission speeds the term base T supports the maximum

the term base T supports the maximum

the term base T supports the maximum cable length of 100 meters

100 Base TX I mentioned earlier

100 Base TX I mentioned earlier

100 Base TX I mentioned earlier 100 Meg over two pairs of CAT5 twisted

100 Meg over two pairs of CAT5 twisted

100 Meg over two pairs of CAT5 twisted pair cable in you can get 100 meters

pair cable in you can get 100 meters

pair cable in you can get 100 meters before you have to terminate the cable

before you have to terminate the cable

before you have to terminate the cable we normally then go into a switch

we normally then go into a switch

we normally then go into a switch it's called Fast ethernet

it's called Fast ethernet

it's called Fast ethernet so 100 mag obviously 10 times faster

so 100 mag obviously 10 times faster

so 100 mag obviously 10 times faster than 10 base t

than 10 base t

than 10 base t uh became widely used because of its

uh became widely used because of its

uh became widely used because of its compatibility with 10 base T so imagine

compatibility with 10 base T so imagine

compatibility with 10 base T so imagine back in the day you would have your um

back in the day you would have your um

back in the day you would have your um the core of your network running at 100

the core of your network running at 100

the core of your network running at 100 Meg and then um unless if you didn't

Meg and then um unless if you didn't

Meg and then um unless if you didn't have the budget you would have your

have the budget you would have your

have the budget you would have your individual PCS connecting at 10 Meg into

individual PCS connecting at 10 Meg into

individual PCS connecting at 10 Meg into the network switch or hub

the network switch or hub

the network switch or hub they used a Cat5 cables a lot easier to

they used a Cat5 cables a lot easier to

they used a Cat5 cables a lot easier to upgrade because it used the same Cable

upgrade because it used the same Cable

upgrade because it used the same Cable in principles and same pin outs

in principles and same pin outs

in principles and same pin outs and determination

and determination

and determination 100 base FX f is usually designates

100 base FX f is usually designates

100 base FX f is usually designates fiber optic

fiber optic

fiber optic fiber standard for 100 Meg ethernet is

fiber standard for 100 Meg ethernet is

fiber standard for 100 Meg ethernet is 100 base FX

so this is a

so this is a

so this is a 802.3 u specification

802.3 u specification

802.3 u specification it's 100 Meg ethernet over two

it's 100 Meg ethernet over two

it's 100 Meg ethernet over two multi-mode Optical fibers

multi-mode Optical fibers

multi-mode Optical fibers one's used for the transmission and ones

one's used for the transmission and ones

one's used for the transmission and ones used for the receiver as and designated

used for the receiver as and designated

used for the receiver as and designated in the diagram there

in the diagram there

in the diagram there the 100 base FX standard supports the

the 100 base FX standard supports the

the 100 base FX standard supports the maximum cable length of 400 meters in

maximum cable length of 400 meters in

maximum cable length of 400 meters in half duplex mode

half duplex mode

half duplex mode half duplex is pretty old-fashioned now

half duplex is pretty old-fashioned now

half duplex is pretty old-fashioned now to be honest

to be honest

to be honest or in full duplex mode

or in full duplex mode

or in full duplex mode which means you can send and receive at

which means you can send and receive at

which means you can send and receive at the same time then up to two kilometers

the same time then up to two kilometers

the same time then up to two kilometers half duplex mode as well just so

half duplex mode as well just so

half duplex mode as well just so basically it's like a walkie-talk here

basically it's like a walkie-talk here

basically it's like a walkie-talk here device can either send or receive data

device can either send or receive data

device can either send or receive data at a given time but it can't do both

at a given time but it can't do both

at a given time but it can't do both full duplexy can do both so it's like

full duplexy can do both so it's like

full duplexy can do both so it's like having a telephone conversation

having a telephone conversation

having a telephone conversation a thousand base T now we're talking 10

a thousand base T now we're talking 10

a thousand base T now we're talking 10 times faster than a hundred

times faster than a hundred

times faster than a hundred it's a IEEE 802.3 a b specification it's

it's a IEEE 802.3 a b specification it's

it's a IEEE 802.3 a b specification it's a thousand megabit per second ethernet

a thousand megabit per second ethernet

a thousand megabit per second ethernet Network uses four pairs of CAT5 cable or

Network uses four pairs of CAT5 cable or

Network uses four pairs of CAT5 cable or better

better

better and speak to your cabling provider to um

and speak to your cabling provider to um

and speak to your cabling provider to um find out what cable you can use minimum

find out what cable you can use minimum

find out what cable you can use minimum standards

standards

standards 100 meter length of cable

100 meter length of cable

100 meter length of cable it's um referred to as gigabit Ethernet

it's um referred to as gigabit Ethernet

it's um referred to as gigabit Ethernet 1000 bits

1000 bits

1000 bits that easy to install runs on CAT5

that easy to install runs on CAT5

that easy to install runs on CAT5 and inexpensive cables

and inexpensive cables

and inexpensive cables as an example of a CAT5 cable which I'm

as an example of a CAT5 cable which I'm

as an example of a CAT5 cable which I'm sure you've seen many times even if

sure you've seen many times even if

sure you've seen many times even if you've got a home computer

you've got a home computer

you've got a home computer so the Cat5 cables are four pairs of

so the Cat5 cables are four pairs of

so the Cat5 cables are four pairs of twist uh four pairs of Twisted wire

twist uh four pairs of Twisted wire

twist uh four pairs of Twisted wire which is eight individual strands

which is eight individual strands

which is eight individual strands the 10 and 100 base T only uses two

the 10 and 100 base T only uses two

the 10 and 100 base T only uses two pairs

pairs

pairs all four pairs are used by the EM

all four pairs are used by the EM

all four pairs are used by the EM thousand base t

thousand base t

thousand base t popular gigabit Ethernet and the

popular gigabit Ethernet and the

popular gigabit Ethernet and the Thousand base T is the most widely used

Thousand base T is the most widely used

Thousand base T is the most widely used version

version

version you've got the a223 standard that

you've got the a223 standard that

you've got the a223 standard that specifies other versions of gigabit

specifies other versions of gigabit

specifies other versions of gigabit Ethernet here are some of your options

Ethernet here are some of your options

Ethernet here are some of your options um thousand Bay CX LS LX

um thousand Bay CX LS LX

um thousand Bay CX LS LX SX

SX

SX uh you need to know some of this

uh you need to know some of this

uh you need to know some of this information but I think one of the

information but I think one of the

information but I think one of the questions they could ask is which one of

questions they could ask is which one of

questions they could ask is which one of them is

them is

them is um fiber optic and the answer is LX it's

um fiber optic and the answer is LX it's

um fiber optic and the answer is LX it's a question I've seen before I think I

a question I've seen before I think I

a question I've seen before I think I was actually asked in a Cisco exam not

was actually asked in a Cisco exam not

was actually asked in a Cisco exam not um uh CompTIA Network plus but good to

um uh CompTIA Network plus but good to

um uh CompTIA Network plus but good to know anyway

know anyway

know anyway so five kilometers to 550 meters

so five kilometers to 550 meters

so five kilometers to 550 meters depending if it's single or multi-mode

depending if it's single or multi-mode

depending if it's single or multi-mode and SX is implemented over multi-mode

and SX is implemented over multi-mode

and SX is implemented over multi-mode fiber as well so um LX and SX

1000 Base TX is gigabit over Cat6

1000 Base TX is gigabit over Cat6

1000 Base TX is gigabit over Cat6 cabling

cabling

cabling supports a maximum cable length of 100

supports a maximum cable length of 100

supports a maximum cable length of 100 meters

meters

meters uh uses only two pairs of wires for the

uh uses only two pairs of wires for the

uh uses only two pairs of wires for the data transmission

data transmission

data transmission now the Thousand Base TX you don't

now the Thousand Base TX you don't

now the Thousand Base TX you don't really see much anymore is a bit of a

really see much anymore is a bit of a

really see much anymore is a bit of a commercial failure

commercial failure

commercial failure mainly because of the Thousand base T

mainly because of the Thousand base T

mainly because of the Thousand base T the cost was so affordable you had to

the cost was so affordable you had to

the cost was so affordable you had to upgrade all of your cables from CAT5 or

upgrade all of your cables from CAT5 or

upgrade all of your cables from CAT5 or Cat5e to Cat6 which is a lot of

Cat5e to Cat6 which is a lot of

Cat5e to Cat6 which is a lot of inconvenience and expensive companies

inconvenience and expensive companies

inconvenience and expensive companies and downtime

and downtime

and downtime because of your all your core devices

because of your all your core devices

because of your all your core devices would need the connections would need to

would need the connections would need to

would need the connections would need to be um changed as well normally have to

be um changed as well normally have to

be um changed as well normally have to schedule downtime

schedule downtime

schedule downtime um for this

um for this

um for this 10 gigabyte 10g base t 10 times faster

10 gigabyte 10g base t 10 times faster

10 gigabyte 10g base t 10 times faster than a thousand base T ethernet operates

than a thousand base T ethernet operates

than a thousand base T ethernet operates at 10 gig

at 10 gig

at 10 gig and it's an 802.3 a n specification four

and it's an 802.3 a n specification four

and it's an 802.3 a n specification four pairs of Cat6 a cable or higher

pairs of Cat6 a cable or higher

pairs of Cat6 a cable or higher 100 meters maximum

100 meters maximum

100 meters maximum it's an augmented version of category

it's an augmented version of category

it's an augmented version of category six which you can see 6A isn't the same

six which you can see 6A isn't the same

six which you can see 6A isn't the same as six

as six

as six and frequency is at 500 megahertz

and frequency is at 500 megahertz

and frequency is at 500 megahertz next standard is 10gbase Sr this is

next standard is 10gbase Sr this is

next standard is 10gbase Sr this is gigabit Ethernet over Fiber Optic Cables

gigabit Ethernet over Fiber Optic Cables

gigabit Ethernet over Fiber Optic Cables I don't know why they don't just put a f

I don't know why they don't just put a f

I don't know why they don't just put a f in all of the fiber specifications it's

in all of the fiber specifications it's

in all of the fiber specifications it's a little bit annoying to be honest

a little bit annoying to be honest

a little bit annoying to be honest 802.3 specification

802.3 specification

802.3 specification is 10 gig ethernet over multi-mode fiber

is 10 gig ethernet over multi-mode fiber

is 10 gig ethernet over multi-mode fiber the SR stands for short range

the SR stands for short range

the SR stands for short range at the cable length is 300 meters so you

at the cable length is 300 meters so you

at the cable length is 300 meters so you only need to make a note of all of these

only need to make a note of all of these

only need to make a note of all of these in case they

in case they

in case they for some reason want you to

for some reason want you to

for some reason want you to um remember this generally most of us

um remember this generally most of us

um remember this generally most of us will just look speak to the sales

will just look speak to the sales

will just look speak to the sales advisor or just look on the um online or

advisor or just look on the um online or

advisor or just look on the um online or some documentation

some documentation

some documentation 10 gbase er

802.3 AE a gigabit over single mode

802.3 AE a gigabit over single mode

802.3 AE a gigabit over single mode fiber optic cabling ER stands for

fiber optic cabling ER stands for

fiber optic cabling ER stands for extended range you got up to full of 40

extended range you got up to full of 40

extended range you got up to full of 40 kilometers which is a quite a nice

kilometers which is a quite a nice

kilometers which is a quite a nice distance amazing distance in fact

distance amazing distance in fact

distance amazing distance in fact uh SW

uh SW

uh SW that was designed for use over a

that was designed for use over a

that was designed for use over a particular type of Technology sonnet or

particular type of Technology sonnet or

particular type of Technology sonnet or sdh

again multi-mode fiber 300 meters again

again multi-mode fiber 300 meters again

again multi-mode fiber 300 meters again all right so we've covered a few of the

all right so we've covered a few of the

all right so we've covered a few of the basics of ethernet here the history the

basics of ethernet here the history the

basics of ethernet here the history the name the standards uh the oee what they

name the standards uh the oee what they

name the standards uh the oee what they do in brief

do in brief

do in brief I recommend you have a look in your own

I recommend you have a look in your own

I recommend you have a look in your own time at Wikipedia

time at Wikipedia

time at Wikipedia the popularity which is nearly always

the popularity which is nearly always

the popularity which is nearly always the fact it's the standards are free to

the fact it's the standards are free to

the fact it's the standards are free to use and it's affordable and everyone

use and it's affordable and everyone

use and it's affordable and everyone else is using the same standards

else is using the same standards

else is using the same standards baseband the Broadband the naming

baseband the Broadband the naming

baseband the Broadband the naming conventions and then some of the

conventions and then some of the

conventions and then some of the different standards here

different standards here

different standards here you'll need to know the different

you'll need to know the different

you'll need to know the different standards which uses a single and

standards which uses a single and

standards which uses a single and multi-mode how long um you can have a

multi-mode how long um you can have a

multi-mode how long um you can have a segment that lengths and that kind of

segment that lengths and that kind of

segment that lengths and that kind of thing

thing

thing all right so that's the end of the

all right so that's the end of the

all right so that's the end of the presentation thanks for watching

[Music]

Network infrastructure and Design

Network infrastructure and Design

Network infrastructure and Design Network models the OSI model

Network models the OSI model

Network models the OSI model so we're going to discuss two different

so we're going to discuss two different

so we're going to discuss two different models coming up here and the first

models coming up here and the first

models coming up here and the first model I want to talk about is the OSI

model I want to talk about is the OSI

model I want to talk about is the OSI model in this module now from this

model in this module now from this

model in this module now from this lesson you're going to have a thorough

lesson you're going to have a thorough

lesson you're going to have a thorough understanding of each of the layers in

understanding of each of the layers in

understanding of each of the layers in this module and there are seven of them

this module and there are seven of them

this module and there are seven of them and we're also going to talk about how

and we're also going to talk about how

and we're also going to talk about how those layers communicate some of the

those layers communicate some of the

those layers communicate some of the devices that operate at specific layers

devices that operate at specific layers

devices that operate at specific layers specifically layers one through three

specifically layers one through three

specifically layers one through three and some of the protocols that operate

and some of the protocols that operate

and some of the protocols that operate on some of these layers as well

on some of these layers as well

on some of these layers as well specifically the upper layers we're also

specifically the upper layers we're also

specifically the upper layers we're also going to have a better understanding of

going to have a better understanding of

going to have a better understanding of what the OSI model is and why we use a

what the OSI model is and why we use a

what the OSI model is and why we use a layered approach

layered approach

layered approach so this model is going to teach us

so this model is going to teach us

so this model is going to teach us everything we need to know about the OSI

everything we need to know about the OSI

everything we need to know about the OSI model we're going to begin by explaining

model we're going to begin by explaining

model we're going to begin by explaining exactly what the OSI model is and what

exactly what the OSI model is and what

exactly what the OSI model is and what the purpose of it is as well then we're

the purpose of it is as well then we're

the purpose of it is as well then we're going to go through and explain each

going to go through and explain each

going to go through and explain each layer from layer 1 the physical layer to

layer from layer 1 the physical layer to

layer from layer 1 the physical layer to layer 2 the data link layer later three

layer 2 the data link layer later three

layer 2 the data link layer later three the network layer layer 4 transport

the network layer layer 4 transport

the network layer layer 4 transport layer layer 5 the session layer layer 6

layer layer 5 the session layer layer 6

layer layer 5 the session layer layer 6 the presentation layer and finally layer

the presentation layer and finally layer

the presentation layer and finally layer 7 the application layer we're also going

7 the application layer we're also going

7 the application layer we're also going to discuss some of the protocols and

to discuss some of the protocols and

to discuss some of the protocols and devices that operate at each of these

devices that operate at each of these

devices that operate at each of these layers and we're also going to

layers and we're also going to

layers and we're also going to understand how communication begins and

understand how communication begins and

understand how communication begins and ends through these layers now early back

ends through these layers now early back

ends through these layers now early back in the 1980s late 70s when networking

in the 1980s late 70s when networking

in the 1980s late 70s when networking communication between devices which a

communication between devices which a

communication between devices which a lot simpler a lot of brilliant

lot simpler a lot of brilliant

lot simpler a lot of brilliant individuals from the iso organization

individuals from the iso organization

individuals from the iso organization we've seen previously or the

we've seen previously or the

we've seen previously or the International Organization for

International Organization for

International Organization for standardization came together and they

standardization came together and they

standardization came together and they came up with a a way to outline

came up with a a way to outline

came up with a a way to outline standardize and characterize the

standardize and characterize the

standardize and characterize the functions of a communication system or

functions of a communication system or

functions of a communication system or the methods by which computers are going

the methods by which computers are going

the methods by which computers are going to communicate in a network environment

to communicate in a network environment

to communicate in a network environment so they came up with this OSI model and

so they came up with this OSI model and

so they came up with this OSI model and I love it because I know the iso made

I love it because I know the iso made

I love it because I know the iso made the OSI and they did this in term of

the OSI and they did this in term of

the OSI and they did this in term of abstract layers so what we mean by these

abstract layers so what we mean by these

abstract layers so what we mean by these abstract layers and here they are again

abstract layers and here they are again

abstract layers and here they are again from the top down application press

from the top down application press

from the top down application press presentation session transport layer

presentation session transport layer

presentation session transport layer data link physical and just so we don't

data link physical and just so we don't

data link physical and just so we don't get confused the first layer is actually

get confused the first layer is actually

get confused the first layer is actually here at the bottom and the last layer is

here at the bottom and the last layer is

here at the bottom and the last layer is here at the top and that and viewing

here at the top and that and viewing

here at the top and that and viewing this we call this a top

this we call this a top

this we call this a top down approach as opposed to a bottom-up

down approach as opposed to a bottom-up

down approach as opposed to a bottom-up approach

and these

and these

and these abstract layers outline the functions of

abstract layers outline the functions of

abstract layers outline the functions of the communications process but they hide

the communications process but they hide

the communications process but they hide exactly specifically how they're

exactly specifically how they're

exactly specifically how they're implemented in each layer in other words

implemented in each layer in other words

implemented in each layer in other words this really attempts to simplify and

this really attempts to simplify and

this really attempts to simplify and sometimes oversimplify exactly how

sometimes oversimplify exactly how

sometimes oversimplify exactly how everything in the network is

everything in the network is

everything in the network is communicated so let's say that we want

communicated so let's say that we want

communicated so let's say that we want to establish a highway more so we really

to establish a highway more so we really

to establish a highway more so we really want to build a brand new type of

want to build a brand new type of

want to build a brand new type of vehicle designed specifically to be

vehicle designed specifically to be

vehicle designed specifically to be driven on this very specific Highway and

driven on this very specific Highway and

driven on this very specific Highway and we're going to have to do it from the

we're going to have to do it from the

we're going to have to do it from the ground up so let's call this vehicle a

ground up so let's call this vehicle a

ground up so let's call this vehicle a bus

bus

bus not only do we want this bus to be able

not only do we want this bus to be able

not only do we want this bus to be able to run on any of the existing highways

to run on any of the existing highways

to run on any of the existing highways or they're out there but we also want

or they're out there but we also want

or they're out there but we also want the bus to be able to use the already

the bus to be able to use the already

the bus to be able to use the already existing bus stations as well so in

existing bus stations as well so in

existing bus stations as well so in order to do this we need to understand

order to do this we need to understand

order to do this we need to understand exactly what we already have meaning

exactly what we already have meaning

exactly what we already have meaning what the standards are already in place

what the standards are already in place

what the standards are already in place for a highway we also need to know

for a highway we also need to know

for a highway we also need to know everything about bus stations and

everything about bus stations and

everything about bus stations and everything about the infrastructure of

everything about the infrastructure of

everything about the infrastructure of the highway system that already exists

the highway system that already exists

the highway system that already exists regardless of whether we actually have

regardless of whether we actually have

regardless of whether we actually have to build the highway

to build the highway

to build the highway we still need to understand everything

we still need to understand everything

we still need to understand everything that relates to highways and their

that relates to highways and their

that relates to highways and their designs uh to the materials the

designs uh to the materials the

designs uh to the materials the limitations and so on so this way when

limitations and so on so this way when

limitations and so on so this way when we're designing our brand new bus we can

we're designing our brand new bus we can

we're designing our brand new bus we can ensure that it still can drive and

ensure that it still can drive and

ensure that it still can drive and operate on older highways not to mention

operate on older highways not to mention

operate on older highways not to mention new highways and that our bus is going

new highways and that our bus is going

new highways and that our bus is going to interact uh properly with the other

to interact uh properly with the other

to interact uh properly with the other buses and other vehicles that are on the

buses and other vehicles that are on the

buses and other vehicles that are on the road the other benefit here is if I'm

road the other benefit here is if I'm

road the other benefit here is if I'm designing this bus and I break it down

designing this bus and I break it down

designing this bus and I break it down into different layers seven of them I

into different layers seven of them I

into different layers seven of them I only have to worry about one part for

only have to worry about one part for

only have to worry about one part for instance there might be someone who is

instance there might be someone who is

instance there might be someone who is responsible for say the wheels and there

responsible for say the wheels and there

responsible for say the wheels and there might be someone else who's responsible

might be someone else who's responsible

might be someone else who's responsible for uh say the body and there might be

for uh say the body and there might be

for uh say the body and there might be someone else who's responsible for the

someone else who's responsible for the

someone else who's responsible for the highway and someone else who's

highway and someone else who's

highway and someone else who's responsible for the bus stop and so on

responsible for the bus stop and so on

responsible for the bus stop and so on and so forth this way I can fragment

and so forth this way I can fragment

and so forth this way I can fragment everything out and give everyone

everything out and give everyone

everything out and give everyone specific jobs and if a problem occurs

specific jobs and if a problem occurs

specific jobs and if a problem occurs with the bus then I can go to the

with the bus then I can go to the

with the bus then I can go to the specific person who with whom who is

specific person who with whom who is

specific person who with whom who is most familiar with that section or that

most familiar with that section or that

most familiar with that section or that layer this is the benefit to a layered

layer this is the benefit to a layered

layer this is the benefit to a layered approach to creating something

approach to creating something

approach to creating something so that being said let's talk about the

so that being said let's talk about the

so that being said let's talk about the very first layer layer one

very first layer layer one

very first layer layer one so layer one is the physical layer the

so layer one is the physical layer the

so layer one is the physical layer the this is the actual physical media the

this is the actual physical media the

this is the actual physical media the cables the wires this is the means by

cables the wires this is the means by

cables the wires this is the means by which the bits go from one point to

which the bits go from one point to

which the bits go from one point to another so for the actual cable uh the

another so for the actual cable uh the

another so for the actual cable uh the infrared connection the radio frequency

infrared connection the radio frequency

infrared connection the radio frequency even Wi-Fi all of these reference the

even Wi-Fi all of these reference the

even Wi-Fi all of these reference the layer or the pathway that the data is

layer or the pathway that the data is

layer or the pathway that the data is going to take so to take a look in this

going to take so to take a look in this

going to take so to take a look in this in the way that we were talking about it

in the way that we were talking about it

in the way that we were talking about it with our bus and our Highway setting if

with our bus and our Highway setting if

with our bus and our Highway setting if our main concern is building our buses

our main concern is building our buses

our main concern is building our buses we need to look at all of the other

we need to look at all of the other

we need to look at all of the other vehicles on the road we need to

vehicles on the road we need to

vehicles on the road we need to understand their size their shape other

understand their size their shape other

understand their size their shape other characteristics and so on so that way we

characteristics and so on so that way we

characteristics and so on so that way we understand how our bus can use the same

understand how our bus can use the same

understand how our bus can use the same tracks the other vehicles are using so

tracks the other vehicles are using so

tracks the other vehicles are using so here on layer one we have the path the

here on layer one we have the path the

here on layer one we have the path the road used for communication again this

road used for communication again this

road used for communication again this is the wire the Bluetooth fiber copper

is the wire the Bluetooth fiber copper

is the wire the Bluetooth fiber copper the Wi-Fi whatever means there is that

the Wi-Fi whatever means there is that

the Wi-Fi whatever means there is that physically the bits the ones and zeros

physically the bits the ones and zeros

physically the bits the ones and zeros rows are going over this media so the

rows are going over this media so the

rows are going over this media so the terminology for the information is

terminology for the information is

terminology for the information is considered simply the bits because we're

considered simply the bits because we're

considered simply the bits because we're actually transmitting the raw one and

actually transmitting the raw one and

actually transmitting the raw one and ones and zeros we're not dealing here

ones and zeros we're not dealing here

ones and zeros we're not dealing here with what the information is we're

with what the information is we're

with what the information is we're dealing with it at the most Electrical

dealing with it at the most Electrical

dealing with it at the most Electrical uh basic sort of

uh basic sort of

uh basic sort of standpoint so this is simply the mid the

standpoint so this is simply the mid the

standpoint so this is simply the mid the median this is called physical and as

median this is called physical and as

median this is called physical and as you can imagine this is also the very

you can imagine this is also the very

you can imagine this is also the very first place that data is going to enter

first place that data is going to enter

first place that data is going to enter into the computer right it goes over the

into the computer right it goes over the

into the computer right it goes over the chord and into a nick

chord and into a nick

chord and into a nick all right now what happens then

all right now what happens then

all right now what happens then well then we get to Layer Two which is

well then we get to Layer Two which is

well then we get to Layer Two which is called the data link layer an easy way

called the data link layer an easy way

called the data link layer an easy way to remember that the layer 2 is data

to remember that the layer 2 is data

to remember that the layer 2 is data link is because it's the only one that

link is because it's the only one that

link is because it's the only one that has two words it also has and this is

has two words it also has and this is

has two words it also has and this is not as important uh for

not as important uh for

not as important uh for this uh for the network plus exam but

this uh for the network plus exam but

this uh for the network plus exam but it's still good to know there are two

it's still good to know there are two

it's still good to know there are two what we call sub-layers the max sub

what we call sub-layers the max sub

what we call sub-layers the max sub layer and the LLC sub layer

layer and the LLC sub layer

layer and the LLC sub layer this layer in total and so these two

this layer in total and so these two

this layer in total and so these two make up

make up

make up this data link layer and this layer as a

this data link layer and this layer as a

this data link layer and this layer as a whole is responsible for allowing

whole is responsible for allowing

whole is responsible for allowing devices to share the same medium the

devices to share the same medium the

devices to share the same medium the medium being the physical layer so here

medium being the physical layer so here

medium being the physical layer so here we see a few things happening first we

we see a few things happening first we

we see a few things happening first we see a certain level of error correction

see a certain level of error correction

see a certain level of error correction and error detection on the physical

and error detection on the physical

and error detection on the physical layer we're going to see this a little

layer we're going to see this a little

layer we're going to see this a little more on later layers as well

more on later layers as well

more on later layers as well also and probably more important we see

also and probably more important we see

also and probably more important we see access control which I've denoted here

access control which I've denoted here

access control which I've denoted here and I'll get to this in a minute by the

and I'll get to this in a minute by the

and I'll get to this in a minute by the stop light

stop light

stop light so this function is performed by this

so this function is performed by this

so this function is performed by this Max sub layer again I wouldn't worry too

Max sub layer again I wouldn't worry too

Max sub layer again I wouldn't worry too much about that but the most important

much about that but the most important

much about that but the most important thing here is that we have physical

thing here is that we have physical

thing here is that we have physical addressing or the MAC address so

addressing or the MAC address so

addressing or the MAC address so anything that looks at Mac addressing

anything that looks at Mac addressing

anything that looks at Mac addressing and by the way Mac addressing is oddly

and by the way Mac addressing is oddly

and by the way Mac addressing is oddly enough performed

enough performed

enough performed by the LLC layer

by the LLC layer

by the LLC layer allows a device to look at a certain

allows a device to look at a certain

allows a device to look at a certain extra layer of information so whereas

extra layer of information so whereas

extra layer of information so whereas with layer one we saw physical if you

with layer one we saw physical if you

with layer one we saw physical if you remember we talked about hubs hubs just

remember we talked about hubs hubs just

remember we talked about hubs hubs just forward bits they don't look at the bits

forward bits they don't look at the bits

forward bits they don't look at the bits so they're going to operate at layer one

so they're going to operate at layer one

so they're going to operate at layer one here at Layer Two we start dealing with

here at Layer Two we start dealing with

here at Layer Two we start dealing with Mac addresses as a result this is where

Mac addresses as a result this is where

Mac addresses as a result this is where devices like switches are found and

devices like switches are found and

devices like switches are found and that's why switches are often called

that's why switches are often called

that's why switches are often called layer 2 devices

layer 2 devices

layer 2 devices there are more advanced types of

there are more advanced types of

there are more advanced types of switches but I want you to remember

switches but I want you to remember

switches but I want you to remember again a switch is a layer 2 device now

again a switch is a layer 2 device now

again a switch is a layer 2 device now if we look at this in a slightly

if we look at this in a slightly

if we look at this in a slightly different way here's where we have to be

different way here's where we have to be

different way here's where we have to be able to have access control on our

able to have access control on our

able to have access control on our highway so this is where we have to be

highway so this is where we have to be

highway so this is where we have to be able to have uh proper on-ramps that are

able to have uh proper on-ramps that are

able to have uh proper on-ramps that are only going to allow authorized vehicles

only going to allow authorized vehicles

only going to allow authorized vehicles to enter onto the road and we also need

to enter onto the road and we also need

to enter onto the road and we also need to establish standards for how the road

to establish standards for how the road

to establish standards for how the road is going to be used by everyone perhaps

is going to be used by everyone perhaps

is going to be used by everyone perhaps with signs and here we also remember

with signs and here we also remember

with signs and here we also remember this is where we establish how everyone

this is where we establish how everyone

this is where we establish how everyone is going to share the road who's going

is going to share the road who's going

is going to share the road who's going to access the road and a certain level

to access the road and a certain level

to access the road and a certain level of checking for damage on the highway

of checking for damage on the highway

of checking for damage on the highway and vehicles for instance people sort of

and vehicles for instance people sort of

and vehicles for instance people sort of going on and making sure there aren't

going on and making sure there aren't

going on and making sure there aren't potholes in this layer we refer to the

potholes in this layer we refer to the

potholes in this layer we refer to the data as frames of data because they're

data as frames of data because they're

data as frames of data because they're beginning to get framed we're no longer

beginning to get framed we're no longer

beginning to get framed we're no longer just dealing with the ones and zeros

just dealing with the ones and zeros

just dealing with the ones and zeros we're dealing with them in a frame or in

we're dealing with them in a frame or in

we're dealing with them in a frame or in a uh sort of larger context now the next

a uh sort of larger context now the next

a uh sort of larger context now the next layer is layer three or the network

layer is layer three or the network

layer is layer three or the network layer here's where a really a lot of

layer here's where a really a lot of

layer here's where a really a lot of exciting stuff happens okay first the

exciting stuff happens okay first the

exciting stuff happens okay first the third layer is different from the second

third layer is different from the second

third layer is different from the second layer in that the data link layer

layer in that the data link layer

layer in that the data link layer transfers data between devices that are

transfers data between devices that are

transfers data between devices that are within the same network okay so if you

within the same network okay so if you

within the same network okay so if you remember we talked with dealing with

remember we talked with dealing with

remember we talked with dealing with switches switches only deal with devices

switches switches only deal with devices

switches switches only deal with devices on the same network but here on layer

on the same network but here on layer

on the same network but here on layer three the network layer can allow us to

three the network layer can allow us to

three the network layer can allow us to transfer data to and from devices that

transfer data to and from devices that

transfer data to and from devices that are on different networks it does this

are on different networks it does this

are on different networks it does this by a specific kind of addressing

by a specific kind of addressing

by a specific kind of addressing specifically

specifically

specifically IP addressing and when we deal with IP

IP addressing and when we deal with IP

IP addressing and when we deal with IP addressing or the Internet Protocol

addressing or the Internet Protocol

addressing or the Internet Protocol we allow what's called routing

we allow what's called routing

we allow what's called routing so the main job of the network layer is

so the main job of the network layer is

so the main job of the network layer is really about this routing it's about

really about this routing it's about

really about this routing it's about routing and routers so knowing this and

routing and routers so knowing this and

routing and routers so knowing this and that IP addresses are used for routing

that IP addresses are used for routing

that IP addresses are used for routing we come to the conclusion that the kinds

we come to the conclusion that the kinds

we come to the conclusion that the kinds of devices we're really going to find in

of devices we're really going to find in

of devices we're really going to find in this layer

this layer

this layer are routers so routers are what we call

are routers so routers are what we call

are routers so routers are what we call layer 3 devices and that's you're going

layer 3 devices and that's you're going

layer 3 devices and that's you're going to see on the test now for the

to see on the test now for the

to see on the test now for the information to actually reach the

information to actually reach the

information to actually reach the destination this IP address has to be

destination this IP address has to be

destination this IP address has to be mapped

mapped

mapped to a physical address on layer 2.

to a physical address on layer 2.

to a physical address on layer 2. so the protocol that does this is called

so the protocol that does this is called

so the protocol that does this is called arp

arp

arp what ARP does

what ARP does

what ARP does is it Maps

for better for a lack of a better way of

for better for a lack of a better way of

for better for a lack of a better way of describing it Maps Mac addresses

to IP addresses by the way ARP stands

to IP addresses by the way ARP stands

to IP addresses by the way ARP stands for address

resolution

protocol

this protocol actually operates slightly

this protocol actually operates slightly

this protocol actually operates slightly on the network layer and slightly on the

on the network layer and slightly on the

on the network layer and slightly on the data link layer because obviously it's

data link layer because obviously it's

data link layer because obviously it's dealing with Mac addresses and IP

dealing with Mac addresses and IP

dealing with Mac addresses and IP addresses

now it's important that you consider

now it's important that you consider

now it's important that you consider that remember we talked about

that remember we talked about

that remember we talked about UDP

UDP

UDP versus TCP

versus TCP

versus TCP UDP being

connection less and TCP being connection

oriented that's when we're dealing with

oriented that's when we're dealing with

oriented that's when we're dealing with ports and we'll talk about that more we

ports and we'll talk about that more we

ports and we'll talk about that more we talked about that in a plus and we'll

talked about that in a plus and we'll

talked about that in a plus and we'll talk about that a little more later well

talk about that a little more later well

talk about that a little more later well everything in the network layer is

everything in the network layer is

everything in the network layer is connection less

connection less

connection less this means that it manages the transfer

this means that it manages the transfer

this means that it manages the transfer of data in a connection less uh mode it

of data in a connection less uh mode it

of data in a connection less uh mode it just sends the data but it's not going

just sends the data but it's not going

just sends the data but it's not going to wait for a reply to ensure it got to

to wait for a reply to ensure it got to

to wait for a reply to ensure it got to its destination this means we're sort of

its destination this means we're sort of

its destination this means we're sort of using a best effort here this is like

using a best effort here this is like

using a best effort here this is like dropping something in the mail and just

dropping something in the mail and just

dropping something in the mail and just hoping it gets there we're not using

hoping it gets there we're not using

hoping it gets there we're not using certified mail at all on layer 3 the

certified mail at all on layer 3 the

certified mail at all on layer 3 the information remember Layer Two we had

information remember Layer Two we had

information remember Layer Two we had frames well now we have something called

frames well now we have something called

frames well now we have something called datagrams

datagrams

datagrams so this is now we're moving up right we

so this is now we're moving up right we

so this is now we're moving up right we had frames now the frames are packaged

had frames now the frames are packaged

had frames now the frames are packaged into datagrams so if we keep with our

into datagrams so if we keep with our

into datagrams so if we keep with our method of talking about the bus metaphor

method of talking about the bus metaphor

method of talking about the bus metaphor okay

okay

okay from the third layer up we're going to

from the third layer up we're going to

from the third layer up we're going to concentrate on the bus itself so we've

concentrate on the bus itself so we've

concentrate on the bus itself so we've been talking about the road right we

been talking about the road right we

been talking about the road right we talked about the road itself the

talked about the road itself the

talked about the road itself the physical layer and then we talked about

physical layer and then we talked about

physical layer and then we talked about how people are going to share that road

how people are going to share that road

how people are going to share that road which is Layer Two

which is Layer Two

which is Layer Two data link layer now layer 3 the network

data link layer now layer 3 the network

data link layer now layer 3 the network layer this is the bus itself layer 3

layer this is the bus itself layer 3

layer this is the bus itself layer 3 through 7 concentrates on the processes

through 7 concentrates on the processes

through 7 concentrates on the processes that affect this container in our case

that affect this container in our case

that affect this container in our case the bus since we're basically designing

the bus since we're basically designing

the bus since we're basically designing our bus this layer is determining the

our bus this layer is determining the

our bus this layer is determining the best path that our data is going to take

best path that our data is going to take

best path that our data is going to take so in a manner of speaking this is like

so in a manner of speaking this is like

so in a manner of speaking this is like the bus driver on a specific route who's

the bus driver on a specific route who's

the bus driver on a specific route who's going to constantly updating us with

going to constantly updating us with

going to constantly updating us with routing information so it's saying

routing information so it's saying

routing information so it's saying here's our first destination here's our

here's our first destination here's our

here's our first destination here's our second destination here's our third

second destination here's our third

second destination here's our third destination just in case a route is

destination just in case a route is

destination just in case a route is blocked or if there's a faster or better

blocked or if there's a faster or better

blocked or if there's a faster or better route available layer 3 is where those

route available layer 3 is where those

route available layer 3 is where those Protocols are going to operate to find

Protocols are going to operate to find

Protocols are going to operate to find the shortest and most reliable path to

the shortest and most reliable path to

the shortest and most reliable path to our destination

our destination

our destination here on the fourth layer also called the

here on the fourth layer also called the

here on the fourth layer also called the transport layer some crucial functions

transport layer some crucial functions

transport layer some crucial functions are taking place now one of these

are taking place now one of these

are taking place now one of these functions is reliability it can be said

functions is reliability it can be said

functions is reliability it can be said that the TCP protocol what you might

that the TCP protocol what you might

that the TCP protocol what you might have heard in TCP IP if IP was on the

have heard in TCP IP if IP was on the

have heard in TCP IP if IP was on the layer 3 perhaps then layer four is TCP

layer 3 perhaps then layer four is TCP

layer 3 perhaps then layer four is TCP the TCP portion operates on this layer

the TCP portion operates on this layer

the TCP portion operates on this layer or at least close enough to the

or at least close enough to the

or at least close enough to the transport layer to be considered a layer

transport layer to be considered a layer

transport layer to be considered a layer 4 Protocol

4 Protocol

4 Protocol just to sort of secondary side note and

just to sort of secondary side note and

just to sort of secondary side note and we'll talk about TCP and IP a little bit

we'll talk about TCP and IP a little bit

we'll talk about TCP and IP a little bit more in depth in the next module they

more in depth in the next module they

more in depth in the next module they have their own model the OSI model is

have their own model the OSI model is

have their own model the OSI model is sort of a theoretical model it was never

sort of a theoretical model it was never

sort of a theoretical model it was never actually implemented as it was created

actually implemented as it was created

actually implemented as it was created that being said we still use it in

that being said we still use it in

that being said we still use it in discussing a lot of stuff which is why

discussing a lot of stuff which is why

discussing a lot of stuff which is why we need to talk about so the reliability

we need to talk about so the reliability

we need to talk about so the reliability is guaranteed by in here the connection

is guaranteed by in here the connection

is guaranteed by in here the connection oriented

protocols that are on layer four

protocols that are on layer four

protocols that are on layer four so the transport layer has mechanisms

so the transport layer has mechanisms

so the transport layer has mechanisms that keep track of uh these segments and

that keep track of uh these segments and

that keep track of uh these segments and when segments fail the transport layer

when segments fail the transport layer

when segments fail the transport layer resends them there's also this

resends them there's also this

resends them there's also this acknowledgment feature such as a like a

acknowledgment feature such as a like a

acknowledgment feature such as a like a certified letter would have that ensures

certified letter would have that ensures

certified letter would have that ensures that when a message is received by the

that when a message is received by the

that when a message is received by the destination the transport layer is

destination the transport layer is

destination the transport layer is notified for instance by a message

notified for instance by a message

notified for instance by a message received successfully what we call a ack

received successfully what we call a ack

received successfully what we call a ack packet or acknowledgment packet

packet or acknowledgment packet

packet or acknowledgment packet besides these guaranteed delivery

besides these guaranteed delivery

besides these guaranteed delivery features we also have what's called data

features we also have what's called data

features we also have what's called data flow control this function ensures that

flow control this function ensures that

flow control this function ensures that during the data transfer the receiving

during the data transfer the receiving

during the data transfer the receiving end doesn't get flooded with too much

end doesn't get flooded with too much

end doesn't get flooded with too much data at any one time later in the lesson

data at any one time later in the lesson

data at any one time later in the lesson we're going to talk about different data

we're going to talk about different data

we're going to talk about different data flow

flow

flow techniques and flow control techniques

techniques and flow control techniques

techniques and flow control techniques that are used the transport layer is

that are used the transport layer is

that are used the transport layer is where something else called sequencing

where something else called sequencing

where something else called sequencing of data occurs basically when data is

of data occurs basically when data is

of data occurs basically when data is transmitted it's either broken apart or

transmitted it's either broken apart or

transmitted it's either broken apart or fragmented to be able to send it across

fragmented to be able to send it across

fragmented to be able to send it across the medium and when it's fragmented each

the medium and when it's fragmented each

the medium and when it's fragmented each fragment or piece is labeled with a

fragment or piece is labeled with a

fragment or piece is labeled with a specific number so that when the

specific number so that when the

specific number so that when the receiving end receives uh when the

receiving end receives uh when the

receiving end receives uh when the receiving end of the transport layer

receiving end of the transport layer

receiving end of the transport layer receives this data it can be reassembled

receives this data it can be reassembled

receives this data it can be reassembled and put back together in the proper

and put back together in the proper

and put back together in the proper order this is really important

order this is really important

order this is really important especially when data is received out of

especially when data is received out of

especially when data is received out of order as I just demonstrated now in

order as I just demonstrated now in

order as I just demonstrated now in essence this layer is much like the

essence this layer is much like the

essence this layer is much like the standards and the laws that we have in

standards and the laws that we have in

standards and the laws that we have in place on our highways they ensure that

place on our highways they ensure that

place on our highways they ensure that Vehicles get us to where we need to be

Vehicles get us to where we need to be

Vehicles get us to where we need to be safely and on time now some of the other

safely and on time now some of the other

safely and on time now some of the other protocols you may have heard of that

protocols you may have heard of that

protocols you may have heard of that operate on this layer are sctp uh some

operate on this layer are sctp uh some

operate on this layer are sctp uh some tunneling protocols and uh more

tunneling protocols and uh more

tunneling protocols and uh more importantly here when data is sort of

importantly here when data is sort of

importantly here when data is sort of partitioned out it's called a segment as

partitioned out it's called a segment as

partitioned out it's called a segment as opposed to a datagram or a frame now the

opposed to a datagram or a frame now the

opposed to a datagram or a frame now the next layer is uh I think it's one of the

next layer is uh I think it's one of the

next layer is uh I think it's one of the easier ones to memorize it's called the

easier ones to memorize it's called the

easier ones to memorize it's called the session layer and layer five and it's

session layer and layer five and it's

session layer and layer five and it's pretty simple because the sole purpose

pretty simple because the sole purpose

pretty simple because the sole purpose of this layer is to establish maintain

of this layer is to establish maintain

of this layer is to establish maintain when it comes time to shut down or

when it comes time to shut down or

when it comes time to shut down or conclude the communication session now

conclude the communication session now

conclude the communication session now while the OSI model assigns the

while the OSI model assigns the

while the OSI model assigns the responsibility of this termination of

responsibility of this termination of

responsibility of this termination of sessions to the session layer some other

sessions to the session layer some other

sessions to the session layer some other models have performed this on a

models have performed this on a

models have performed this on a different layer and we'll talk about

different layer and we'll talk about

different layer and we'll talk about that a little bit more some of the

that a little bit more some of the

that a little bit more some of the protocols you might see on here are for

protocols you might see on here are for

protocols you might see on here are for instance RPC which stands for remote

instance RPC which stands for remote

instance RPC which stands for remote procedure call and

procedure call and

procedure call and TLS and SSL as well so this layer

TLS and SSL as well so this layer

TLS and SSL as well so this layer manages how and for how long and what

manages how and for how long and what

manages how and for how long and what way a device is going to establish a

way a device is going to establish a

way a device is going to establish a connection during the communications

connection during the communications

connection during the communications process that the layer is not yet

process that the layer is not yet

process that the layer is not yet completed with its functions the rest of

completed with its functions the rest of

completed with its functions the rest of the network just has to wait

the network just has to wait

the network just has to wait so in keeping with the analogy of the

so in keeping with the analogy of the

so in keeping with the analogy of the boss in order to understand how the

boss in order to understand how the

boss in order to understand how the session layer fits in let's take a look

session layer fits in let's take a look

session layer fits in let's take a look at exactly why we're using our buses is

at exactly why we're using our buses is

at exactly why we're using our buses is it for transporting people or is it for

it for transporting people or is it for

it for transporting people or is it for transporting top secret documents from

transporting top secret documents from

transporting top secret documents from the main office building to the remote

the main office building to the remote

the main office building to the remote office this Y is going to determine

office this Y is going to determine

office this Y is going to determine several things for this layer right if

several things for this layer right if

several things for this layer right if it's determined that we need

it's determined that we need

it's determined that we need um

um

um several connections to take a private

several connections to take a private

several connections to take a private Highway for instance it might be

Highway for instance it might be

Highway for instance it might be determined that we need a private bus to

determined that we need a private bus to

determined that we need a private bus to take

take

take um

um

um special documents

special documents

special documents to maintain security or take a special

to maintain security or take a special

to maintain security or take a special Highway for instance so the session

Highway for instance so the session

Highway for instance so the session layer is what's responsible for

layer is what's responsible for

layer is what's responsible for determining what type of data and how we

determining what type of data and how we

determining what type of data and how we need to connect this session continuing

need to connect this session continuing

need to connect this session continuing on to the next layer is the presentation

on to the next layer is the presentation

on to the next layer is the presentation layer or layer six this layer is

layer or layer six this layer is

layer or layer six this layer is responsible for taking the data from the

responsible for taking the data from the

responsible for taking the data from the application layer which is the next

application layer which is the next

application layer which is the next layer we'll talk about and translating

layer we'll talk about and translating

layer we'll talk about and translating it into an intermediary language that

it into an intermediary language that

it into an intermediary language that the rest of the network can understand

the rest of the network can understand

the rest of the network can understand and it's also going to perform it in

and it's also going to perform it in

and it's also going to perform it in reverse on the receiving end also in

reverse on the receiving end also in

reverse on the receiving end also in this layer data encryption and

this layer data encryption and

this layer data encryption and compression takes place sometimes called

compression takes place sometimes called

compression takes place sometimes called the syntax layer because of its data

the syntax layer because of its data

the syntax layer because of its data encryption abilities as well as its

encryption abilities as well as its

encryption abilities as well as its conversion to a network relatable format

conversion to a network relatable format

conversion to a network relatable format or a format that applications can

or a format that applications can

or a format that applications can understand now what this really means is

understand now what this really means is

understand now what this really means is because the applications is going to

because the applications is going to

because the applications is going to have its own syntax or its own language

have its own syntax or its own language

have its own syntax or its own language the presentation layer is going to try

the presentation layer is going to try

the presentation layer is going to try to a map between those languages now if

to a map between those languages now if

to a map between those languages now if the mapping is available

the mapping is available

the mapping is available then the presentation layer is going to

then the presentation layer is going to

then the presentation layer is going to convert the data into Data units for the

convert the data into Data units for the

convert the data into Data units for the session protocol and after that it's

session protocol and after that it's

session protocol and after that it's send down the stack down the rest of the

send down the stack down the rest of the

send down the stack down the rest of the layers to do everything else it needs to

layers to do everything else it needs to

layers to do everything else it needs to do some of the protocols that operate

do some of the protocols that operate

do some of the protocols that operate this layer are

this layer are

this layer are anything that's dealing with compression

anything that's dealing with compression

anything that's dealing with compression for instance PNG jpegs

Tiff a lot of these sort of picture

Tiff a lot of these sort of picture

Tiff a lot of these sort of picture file extension that you've seen this

file extension that you've seen this

file extension that you've seen this layer also performs code conversions

layer also performs code conversions

layer also performs code conversions they're going to take raw application

they're going to take raw application

they're going to take raw application data and compress them into more

data and compress them into more

data and compress them into more manageable forms for transmitting now

manageable forms for transmitting now

manageable forms for transmitting now regarding the translation capabilities

regarding the translation capabilities

regarding the translation capabilities of this layer think of like two

of this layer think of like two

of this layer think of like two different systems that are very

different systems that are very

different systems that are very different from each other one perhaps

different from each other one perhaps

different from each other one perhaps using TCP which we know another using

using TCP which we know another using

using TCP which we know another using ipx SPX which you don't worry about but

ipx SPX which you don't worry about but

ipx SPX which you don't worry about but it's another sort of protocol Suite this

it's another sort of protocol Suite this

it's another sort of protocol Suite this layer is what makes Communications

layer is what makes Communications

layer is what makes Communications available because of this we also know

available because of this we also know

available because of this we also know that a Gateway device if you recall from

that a Gateway device if you recall from

that a Gateway device if you recall from the devices we've talked about

the devices we've talked about

the devices we've talked about is a device that's going to operate on

is a device that's going to operate on

is a device that's going to operate on this layer

this layer

this layer because it's converting between two

because it's converting between two

because it's converting between two different types of Networks

different types of Networks

different types of Networks this is the biggest difference between a

this is the biggest difference between a

this is the biggest difference between a gateway

gateway

gateway and a router which as you recall

and a router which as you recall

and a router which as you recall operates on layer 3.

operates on layer 3.

operates on layer 3. a transceiver by the way and you

a transceiver by the way and you

a transceiver by the way and you remember a transceiver is that device

remember a transceiver is that device

remember a transceiver is that device that is on a

that is on a

that is on a Nick it's going to allow you to talk for

Nick it's going to allow you to talk for

Nick it's going to allow you to talk for instance between a copper and fiber

instance between a copper and fiber

instance between a copper and fiber Network also might work on this

Network also might work on this

Network also might work on this presentation layer depending on how we

presentation layer depending on how we

presentation layer depending on how we Define it other people might actually

Define it other people might actually

Define it other people might actually say it works on a physical layer now to

say it works on a physical layer now to

say it works on a physical layer now to put this layer in perspective the

put this layer in perspective the

put this layer in perspective the presentation layer is like having a

presentation layer is like having a

presentation layer is like having a double decker bus with a tour guide on a

double decker bus with a tour guide on a

double decker bus with a tour guide on a microphone who's translating everything

microphone who's translating everything

microphone who's translating everything that can be seen and heard to the

that can be seen and heard to the

that can be seen and heard to the passengers the tour guide is also going

passengers the tour guide is also going

passengers the tour guide is also going to help repack the tourists luggage for

to help repack the tourists luggage for

to help repack the tourists luggage for them which is like a compression

them which is like a compression

them which is like a compression and it's also going to add another level

and it's also going to add another level

and it's also going to add another level of security for VIP passengers

of security for VIP passengers

of security for VIP passengers who might come on board this is just

who might come on board this is just

who might come on board this is just like

like

like encryption

encryption

encryption here the formatting is simply making

here the formatting is simply making

here the formatting is simply making sure that the passengers are briefed and

sure that the passengers are briefed and

sure that the passengers are briefed and ready for their tour and making sure

ready for their tour and making sure

ready for their tour and making sure that they or the data is ready for the

that they or the data is ready for the

that they or the data is ready for the application so again we're really

application so again we're really

application so again we're really packaging this up for presentation to

packaging this up for presentation to

packaging this up for presentation to the application layer and the

the application layer and the

the application layer and the terminology for data at this point is

terminology for data at this point is

terminology for data at this point is going to be actually called Data so this

going to be actually called Data so this

going to be actually called Data so this is where we're moving up in the world

is where we're moving up in the world

is where we're moving up in the world we're no longer talking about segments

we're no longer talking about segments

we're no longer talking about segments or datagrams or frames we're here now

or datagrams or frames we're here now

or datagrams or frames we're here now talking about data it's packaged in a

talking about data it's packaged in a

talking about data it's packaged in a way that an application can read it

way that an application can read it

way that an application can read it finally at the topmost layer we have the

finally at the topmost layer we have the

finally at the topmost layer we have the application layer this is the layer

application layer this is the layer

application layer this is the layer that's closest to

the user and it's the only one that the

the user and it's the only one that the

the user and it's the only one that the typical end user is going to be

typical end user is going to be

typical end user is going to be interacting with now even though it's

interacting with now even though it's

interacting with now even though it's called the application layer this

called the application layer this

called the application layer this doesn't mean that the application itself

doesn't mean that the application itself

doesn't mean that the application itself is on this layer but that the

is on this layer but that the

is on this layer but that the application layer provides utilities and

application layer provides utilities and

application layer provides utilities and services that an application could use

services that an application could use

services that an application could use for accessing network resources like

for accessing network resources like

for accessing network resources like some of these that we've talked about

some of these that we've talked about

some of these that we've talked about SMTP which allows you to get email DNS

SMTP which allows you to get email DNS

SMTP which allows you to get email DNS which is going to translate between an

which is going to translate between an

which is going to translate between an IP address and a fully qualified domain

IP address and a fully qualified domain

IP address and a fully qualified domain name FTP which is going to allow for

name FTP which is going to allow for

name FTP which is going to allow for file transferring ntp Network time

file transferring ntp Network time

file transferring ntp Network time protocol which is going to keep time up

protocol which is going to keep time up

protocol which is going to keep time up to date and HTTP which allows us to

to date and HTTP which allows us to

to date and HTTP which allows us to browse so for example let's say you have

browse so for example let's say you have

browse so for example let's say you have a file that you'd like to transfer to a

a file that you'd like to transfer to a

a file that you'd like to transfer to a remote computer right what method you're

remote computer right what method you're

remote computer right what method you're going to use FTP now the application

going to use FTP now the application

going to use FTP now the application layer provides the FTP services to the

layer provides the FTP services to the

layer provides the FTP services to the application you use which is some sort

application you use which is some sort

application you use which is some sort of FTP client the FTP client itself does

of FTP client the FTP client itself does

of FTP client the FTP client itself does not exist on the app application layer

not exist on the app application layer

not exist on the app application layer simply the protocol does this layer is

simply the protocol does this layer is

simply the protocol does this layer is the one you've probably dealt with the

the one you've probably dealt with the

the one you've probably dealt with the most and you're probably likely already

most and you're probably likely already

most and you're probably likely already familiar with without even realizing it

familiar with without even realizing it

familiar with without even realizing it for example you utilize this layer every

for example you utilize this layer every

for example you utilize this layer every time you check your email browse Etc and

time you check your email browse Etc and

time you check your email browse Etc and so on now some of these might not fit

so on now some of these might not fit

so on now some of these might not fit perfectly into the application layer and

perfectly into the application layer and

perfectly into the application layer and that's because again this is a

that's because again this is a

that's because again this is a theoretical model when we talk about the

theoretical model when we talk about the

theoretical model when we talk about the TCP model next it will see this working

TCP model next it will see this working

TCP model next it will see this working in a lot more of a practical way now

in a lot more of a practical way now

in a lot more of a practical way now because we all know we have many

because we all know we have many

because we all know we have many different applications on every one of

different applications on every one of

different applications on every one of our computers one of the purpose of the

our computers one of the purpose of the

our computers one of the purpose of the application layer is to regulate the

application layer is to regulate the

application layer is to regulate the communications between these

communications between these

communications between these applications and manage when they

applications and manage when they

applications and manage when they request services and resources so while

request services and resources so while

request services and resources so while it might seem easy to lump all

it might seem easy to lump all

it might seem easy to lump all applications together when talking about

applications together when talking about

applications together when talking about this layer the only applications that

this layer the only applications that

this layer the only applications that this layer is actually going to manage

this layer is actually going to manage

this layer is actually going to manage are those that have a Communications

are those that have a Communications

are those that have a Communications component

component

component so Solitaire would not qualify for this

so Solitaire would not qualify for this

so Solitaire would not qualify for this right but Internet Explorer which has

right but Internet Explorer which has

right but Internet Explorer which has all those browsing and protocols FTP DNS

all those browsing and protocols FTP DNS

all those browsing and protocols FTP DNS Etc is going to uh deal with this so

Etc is going to uh deal with this so

Etc is going to uh deal with this so this layer is also responsible for

this layer is also responsible for

this layer is also responsible for network access a certain level of error

network access a certain level of error

network access a certain level of error recovery and it's also capable of some

recovery and it's also capable of some

recovery and it's also capable of some data flow measures there's a lot of

data flow measures there's a lot of

data flow measures there's a lot of redundancy here as this is the seventh

redundancy here as this is the seventh

redundancy here as this is the seventh and the final layer this is where the

and the final layer this is where the

and the final layer this is where the information or process either starts

or finishes

so an application is going to create

so an application is going to create

so an application is going to create what it needs to be sent here and then

what it needs to be sent here and then

what it needs to be sent here and then unwrap the data once it's sent uh from

unwrap the data once it's sent uh from

unwrap the data once it's sent uh from one computer the next so to finish off

one computer the next so to finish off

one computer the next so to finish off our analogy of the bus

our analogy of the bus

our analogy of the bus um this is sort of like the bus station

um this is sort of like the bus station

um this is sort of like the bus station here's where all the people wait in line

here's where all the people wait in line

here's where all the people wait in line to get tickets to use the bus they're

to get tickets to use the bus they're

to get tickets to use the bus they're going to dictate the bus station is

going to dictate the bus station is

going to dictate the bus station is going to dictate who has access to the

going to dictate who has access to the

going to dictate who has access to the resources the resources being these

resources the resources being these

resources the resources being these buses and it's going to receive all the

buses and it's going to receive all the

buses and it's going to receive all the incoming drop-offs and process them as

incoming drop-offs and process them as

incoming drop-offs and process them as well as control the flow of people in

well as control the flow of people in

well as control the flow of people in and out of the station and it's going to

and out of the station and it's going to

and out of the station and it's going to notify people if there are problems on

notify people if there are problems on

notify people if there are problems on the highways and so on just as users are

the highways and so on just as users are

the highways and so on just as users are typically mostly going to interact with

typically mostly going to interact with

typically mostly going to interact with the application layer the bus riders are

the application layer the bus riders are

the application layer the bus riders are really only going to interact at the bus

really only going to interact at the bus

really only going to interact at the bus station layer right they're not going to

station layer right they're not going to

station layer right they're not going to be interacting with mechanics and

be interacting with mechanics and

be interacting with mechanics and building the bus or maintaining the bus

building the bus or maintaining the bus

building the bus or maintaining the bus or dispatching individuals or any of

or dispatching individuals or any of

or dispatching individuals or any of that stuff in most cases they're not

that stuff in most cases they're not

that stuff in most cases they're not even going to be interacting with the

even going to be interacting with the

even going to be interacting with the individual driving the bus so this is

individual driving the bus so this is

individual driving the bus so this is really where users are going to be doing

really where users are going to be doing

really where users are going to be doing most of their interacting now after

most of their interacting now after

most of their interacting now after going through each of of these layers we

going through each of of these layers we

going through each of of these layers we can now begin to have an understanding

can now begin to have an understanding

can now begin to have an understanding on how they're grouped together

on how they're grouped together

on how they're grouped together for instance layers 5 6 and 7 are what

for instance layers 5 6 and 7 are what

for instance layers 5 6 and 7 are what we call application support block when

we call application support block when

we call application support block when we look at each of these layers

we look at each of these layers

we look at each of these layers individually we can very easily see that

individually we can very easily see that

individually we can very easily see that the functions of each play a very

the functions of each play a very

the functions of each play a very specific role in the application

specific role in the application

specific role in the application management support and keeping them

management support and keeping them

management support and keeping them consistent the remaining four layers

consistent the remaining four layers

consistent the remaining four layers from the transport layer down to the

from the transport layer down to the

from the transport layer down to the physical layer are what we call the

physical layer are what we call the

physical layer are what we call the network support block these layers and

network support block these layers and

network support block these layers and the protocols and devices that operate

the protocols and devices that operate

the protocols and devices that operate on them are all Network related whether

on them are all Network related whether

on them are all Network related whether it's for routing or switching on the

it's for routing or switching on the

it's for routing or switching on the network or ensuring data delivery on the

network or ensuring data delivery on the

network or ensuring data delivery on the network and so on perhaps even making

network and so on perhaps even making

network and so on perhaps even making sure that the actual bits all the way

sure that the actual bits all the way

sure that the actual bits all the way down to those bits of data being

down to those bits of data being

down to those bits of data being communicated now as technicians and

communicated now as technicians and

communicated now as technicians and specifically for the exam you really

specifically for the exam you really

specifically for the exam you really want to know which layer relates to

want to know which layer relates to

want to know which layer relates to which support blocks and also this is

which support blocks and also this is

which support blocks and also this is going to help a great deal when we

going to help a great deal when we

going to help a great deal when we discuss the next networking model which

discuss the next networking model which

discuss the next networking model which is the tcpip layer model so uh just to

is the tcpip layer model so uh just to

is the tcpip layer model so uh just to sort of go through this again

sort of go through this again

sort of go through this again we start here at the application layer

we start here at the application layer

we start here at the application layer and we work our way down until we get

and we work our way down until we get

and we work our way down until we get down to the physical layer which is

down to the physical layer which is

down to the physical layer which is where the data can actually be

where the data can actually be

where the data can actually be transmitted

transmitted

transmitted over the network and then it builds its

over the network and then it builds its

over the network and then it builds its way back up until we get to the last

way back up until we get to the last

way back up until we get to the last application so if I'm browsing uh let's

application so if I'm browsing uh let's

application so if I'm browsing uh let's say this is me

say this is me

say this is me right and this is a web

right and this is a web

right and this is a web sort of server

sort of server

sort of server I send a request the request goes down

I send a request the request goes down

I send a request the request goes down all the way goes over the network it

all the way goes over the network it

all the way goes over the network it might even hit a couple routers along

might even hit a couple routers along

might even hit a couple routers along the way

the way

the way or switches rather

so we're hitting some switches and then

so we're hitting some switches and then

so we're hitting some switches and then we hit some routers then we had some

we hit some routers then we had some

we hit some routers then we had some switches and then it's going to go all

switches and then it's going to go all

switches and then it's going to go all the way up again to the web server and

the way up again to the web server and

the way up again to the web server and then the web server is going to send

then the web server is going to send

then the web server is going to send that data back Etc and so we go this

that data back Etc and so we go this

that data back Etc and so we go this really follows on each end how data is

really follows on each end how data is

really follows on each end how data is being sent and received so before we

being sent and received so before we

being sent and received so before we wrap this up there's a couple ways to

wrap this up there's a couple ways to

wrap this up there's a couple ways to remember these and I'd really highly

remember these and I'd really highly

remember these and I'd really highly recommend committing this OSI model to

recommend committing this OSI model to

recommend committing this OSI model to memory there's two ways we do this one

memory there's two ways we do this one

memory there's two ways we do this one is called the top

down approach this starts with layer

down approach this starts with layer

down approach this starts with layer seven

seven

seven and ends with layer one now the reason

and ends with layer one now the reason

and ends with layer one now the reason you want to just remember whichever

you want to just remember whichever

you want to just remember whichever mnemonic device I'm about to tell you

mnemonic device I'm about to tell you

mnemonic device I'm about to tell you just remember which one you're

just remember which one you're

just remember which one you're remembering so that way you know how to

remembering so that way you know how to

remembering so that way you know how to write it

write it

write it a great way to remember this one is all

a great way to remember this one is all

a great way to remember this one is all people seem to need delicious pizza

people seem to need delicious pizza

people seem to need delicious pizza uh now again all his application starts

uh now again all his application starts

uh now again all his application starts at seven so we're starting with the user

at seven so we're starting with the user

at seven so we're starting with the user and we're going down to physical to the

and we're going down to physical to the

and we're going down to physical to the hardware

now the other way I like to remember

now the other way I like to remember

now the other way I like to remember this is uh please do not throw sausage

this is uh please do not throw sausage

this is uh please do not throw sausage pizza away that's my particular favorite

pizza away that's my particular favorite

pizza away that's my particular favorite now here we're taking a bottom

up approach because we're going from the

up approach because we're going from the

up approach because we're going from the bottom up so realize that this you're

bottom up so realize that this you're

bottom up so realize that this you're starting with the physical layer

starting with the physical layer

starting with the physical layer and going up to the application layer so

and going up to the application layer so

and going up to the application layer so however which one of one of these you

however which one of one of these you

however which one of one of these you memorize you use to memorize this uh

memorize you use to memorize this uh

memorize you use to memorize this uh just remember to commit it to memory and

just remember to commit it to memory and

just remember to commit it to memory and when you get to your exam write it down

when you get to your exam write it down

when you get to your exam write it down immediately so you can just look at it

immediately so you can just look at it

immediately so you can just look at it and remember this is seven six five four

and remember this is seven six five four

and remember this is seven six five four three two one this is where hubs would

three two one this is where hubs would

three two one this is where hubs would function again uh they're just

function again uh they're just

function again uh they're just forwarding the same information just

forwarding the same information just

forwarding the same information just like this is where a cable would

like this is where a cable would

like this is where a cable would function data link is where most

function data link is where most

function data link is where most switches are going to function and on

switches are going to function and on

switches are going to function and on the network layer that's where we're

the network layer that's where we're

the network layer that's where we're going to see routers function this is

going to see routers function this is

going to see routers function this is the most information that I see on the

the most information that I see on the

the most information that I see on the exam and so if you Commit This to Memory

exam and so if you Commit This to Memory

exam and so if you Commit This to Memory I think you'll be set

I think you'll be set

I think you'll be set okay so just to recap one last time and

okay so just to recap one last time and

okay so just to recap one last time and review everything we've discussed first

review everything we've discussed first

review everything we've discussed first we explained the history and the purpose

we explained the history and the purpose

we explained the history and the purpose of the OSI model remember the important

of the OSI model remember the important

of the OSI model remember the important thing to realize here is that it's a

thing to realize here is that it's a

thing to realize here is that it's a layered model and the reason it's

layered model and the reason it's

layered model and the reason it's layered is to make it easier not only to

layered is to make it easier not only to

layered is to make it easier not only to develop things for each layer instead of

develop things for each layer instead of

develop things for each layer instead of having to develop something for the

having to develop something for the

having to develop something for the entire system I can just develop one

entire system I can just develop one

entire system I can just develop one little device such as a router or a

little device such as a router or a

little device such as a router or a switch and also it's going to be easier

switch and also it's going to be easier

switch and also it's going to be easier to troubleshoot and fix anything that

to troubleshoot and fix anything that

to troubleshoot and fix anything that goes wrong

goes wrong

goes wrong we then talked about layer one the

we then talked about layer one the

we then talked about layer one the physical layer right and this is uh

physical layer right and this is uh

physical layer right and this is uh where chords

where chords

where chords for instance the media exists

for instance the media exists

for instance the media exists and where all the bits are going to go

and where all the bits are going to go

and where all the bits are going to go from one place to the other we're really

from one place to the other we're really

from one place to the other we're really here dealing with the ones and zeros the

here dealing with the ones and zeros the

here dealing with the ones and zeros the electrical bits also remember hubs exist

electrical bits also remember hubs exist

electrical bits also remember hubs exist here as well

here as well

here as well we then talked about the data link layer

we then talked about the data link layer

we then talked about the data link layer this also had two sub-layers Mac

this also had two sub-layers Mac

this also had two sub-layers Mac and LLC

and LLC

and LLC and this is where we see Mac addressing

and this is where we see Mac addressing

and this is where we see Mac addressing or physical addresses start to occur and

or physical addresses start to occur and

or physical addresses start to occur and that means that here is where we're

that means that here is where we're

that means that here is where we're really going to deal

really going to deal

really going to deal with switches

the data here by the way is called is

the data here by the way is called is

the data here by the way is called is put into what we call frames instead of

put into what we call frames instead of

put into what we call frames instead of just dealing with bits

just dealing with bits

just dealing with bits now the next layer is the network layer

now the next layer is the network layer

now the next layer is the network layer and this is where we start to see

and this is where we start to see

and this is where we start to see routing and this is thanks to a new

routing and this is thanks to a new

routing and this is thanks to a new addressing system specifically the one

addressing system specifically the one

addressing system specifically the one we're going to see the most is IP

we're going to see the most is IP

we're going to see the most is IP addressing this means here is where

addressing this means here is where

addressing this means here is where we're going to start seeing routers and

we're going to start seeing routers and

we're going to start seeing routers and don't forget here we see start seeing uh

don't forget here we see start seeing uh

don't forget here we see start seeing uh terminology for packets

terminology for packets

terminology for packets and the one we mentioned too was

datagrams we also mentioned that this is

datagrams we also mentioned that this is

datagrams we also mentioned that this is where we see connection loss

or connections that don't sort of have a

or connections that don't sort of have a

or connections that don't sort of have a definite got sent or delivery receipt we

definite got sent or delivery receipt we

definite got sent or delivery receipt we then looked at layer four which is where

then looked at layer four which is where

then looked at layer four which is where we see TCP from the IP Suite right and

we see TCP from the IP Suite right and

we see TCP from the IP Suite right and this is the one that's going to start

this is the one that's going to start

this is the one that's going to start looking at guaranteeing our delivery

layer 4 is also where we ensure

layer 4 is also where we ensure

layer 4 is also where we ensure reliability

and flow control

here information

here information

here information is called segments when we get to layer

is called segments when we get to layer

is called segments when we get to layer 5 or the session layer we see that we're

5 or the session layer we see that we're

5 or the session layer we see that we're really establishing and maintaining a

really establishing and maintaining a

really establishing and maintaining a session

this is where we're going to start and

this is where we're going to start and

this is where we're going to start and gracefully end our Communications such

gracefully end our Communications such

gracefully end our Communications such as SSL Communications when we get to

as SSL Communications when we get to

as SSL Communications when we get to layer 6 this is where encryption

and compression occur

this is also where we start seeing the

this is also where we start seeing the

this is also where we start seeing the term

term

term data

data

data finally we talked about the application

finally we talked about the application

finally we talked about the application layer

layer

layer or layer seven this is the layer that's

or layer seven this is the layer that's

or layer seven this is the layer that's closest to the user

closest to the user

closest to the user and this is where you're really going to

and this is where you're really going to

and this is where you're really going to see the interaction this is where we saw

see the interaction this is where we saw

see the interaction this is where we saw a lot of the stuff such as SMTP

a lot of the stuff such as SMTP

a lot of the stuff such as SMTP FTP

HTTP and so on

HTTP and so on

HTTP and so on this really governs everything so if we

this really governs everything so if we

this really governs everything so if we go back through this with our metaphor

go back through this with our metaphor

go back through this with our metaphor remember the physical layer are the

remember the physical layer are the

remember the physical layer are the highways

the date of the link layer or how we're

the date of the link layer or how we're

the date of the link layer or how we're going to share the roads

going to share the roads

going to share the roads remember we thought about a stop light

remember we thought about a stop light

remember we thought about a stop light the network layer is where we start

the network layer is where we start

the network layer is where we start determining the best route to get from

determining the best route to get from

determining the best route to get from one place to the other

one place to the other

one place to the other the transport layer tells us for

the transport layer tells us for

the transport layer tells us for instance the rules of the road

the session layer is what type of

the session layer is what type of

the session layer is what type of Highway we might need to take

for instance I might need to take a

for instance I might need to take a

for instance I might need to take a um a special private Highway if I have

um a special private Highway if I have

um a special private Highway if I have important documents the presentation

important documents the presentation

important documents the presentation layer is like the bus driver

layer is like the bus driver

layer is like the bus driver who is going to pack up our bags for us

who is going to pack up our bags for us

who is going to pack up our bags for us and also communicate and make sure that

and also communicate and make sure that

and also communicate and make sure that we know where we're going and the

we know where we're going and the

we know where we're going and the application layer is going to be like

application layer is going to be like

application layer is going to be like the bus stop

now the OSI model is in actuality pretty

now the OSI model is in actuality pretty

now the OSI model is in actuality pretty obsolete but we need to understand the

obsolete but we need to understand the

obsolete but we need to understand the theory behind it before we can get into

theory behind it before we can get into

theory behind it before we can get into something that's a little more

something that's a little more

something that's a little more um uh necessary for instance the tcpip

um uh necessary for instance the tcpip

um uh necessary for instance the tcpip layer model

[Music]

Network infrastructure and Design

Network infrastructure and Design

Network infrastructure and Design Network models the TCP model

Network models the TCP model

Network models the TCP model whereas in the previous module we talked

whereas in the previous module we talked

whereas in the previous module we talked about the OSI model A mostly theoretical

about the OSI model A mostly theoretical

about the OSI model A mostly theoretical model that's in use in computer networks

model that's in use in computer networks

model that's in use in computer networks in this module we're going to talk about

in this module we're going to talk about

in this module we're going to talk about perhaps what is considered to be one of

perhaps what is considered to be one of

perhaps what is considered to be one of the most common or at least the most

the most common or at least the most

the most common or at least the most widely used model the TCP model now

widely used model the TCP model now

widely used model the TCP model now while it's important that we memorize

while it's important that we memorize

while it's important that we memorize and familiarize ourselves with the OSI

and familiarize ourselves with the OSI

and familiarize ourselves with the OSI model it's also really important that we

model it's also really important that we

model it's also really important that we understand this TCP model and the

understand this TCP model and the

understand this TCP model and the differences between it and the OSI model

differences between it and the OSI model

differences between it and the OSI model as technicians and administrators it's

as technicians and administrators it's

as technicians and administrators it's really important that we're familiar

really important that we're familiar

really important that we're familiar with each layer as well as how a data

with each layer as well as how a data

with each layer as well as how a data transfers between all of these layers

transfers between all of these layers

transfers between all of these layers and how all the protocols that are used

and how all the protocols that are used

and how all the protocols that are used in TCP relate to one another and in the

in TCP relate to one another and in the

in TCP relate to one another and in the layers

layers

layers so

so

so the objective of this module are first

the objective of this module are first

the objective of this module are first to explain the purpose and depth of the

to explain the purpose and depth of the

to explain the purpose and depth of the TCP model and to compare it in some ways

TCP model and to compare it in some ways

TCP model and to compare it in some ways with the OSI model we're also going to

with the OSI model we're also going to

with the OSI model we're also going to talk about what data encapsulation and

talk about what data encapsulation and

talk about what data encapsulation and fragmentation are these are really key

fragmentation are these are really key

fragmentation are these are really key to how large amounts of data are able to

to how large amounts of data are able to

to how large amounts of data are able to be transmitted and transferred over the

be transmitted and transferred over the

be transmitted and transferred over the Internet the largest Network in the

Internet the largest Network in the

Internet the largest Network in the world

world

world and then we're going to talk about the

and then we're going to talk about the

and then we're going to talk about the four layers of the tcpip model beginning

four layers of the tcpip model beginning

four layers of the tcpip model beginning with the fourth one and then the third

with the fourth one and then the third

with the fourth one and then the third the second and the first

the second and the first

the second and the first finally we're going to talk about

finally we're going to talk about

finally we're going to talk about protocol binding and something called an

protocol binding and something called an

protocol binding and something called an MTU black hole that doesn't really occur

MTU black hole that doesn't really occur

MTU black hole that doesn't really occur much anymore but that Network plus wants

much anymore but that Network plus wants

much anymore but that Network plus wants you to be familiar with

you to be familiar with

you to be familiar with so as mentioned before the tcpap model

so as mentioned before the tcpap model

so as mentioned before the tcpap model is perhaps the most widely known or used

is perhaps the most widely known or used

is perhaps the most widely known or used networking model it's uh another

networking model it's uh another

networking model it's uh another networking model that's most commonly

networking model that's most commonly

networking model that's most commonly defined using abstract layers just like

defined using abstract layers just like

defined using abstract layers just like we had with the OSI model and the entire

we had with the OSI model and the entire

we had with the OSI model and the entire purpose of this model is to allow for

purpose of this model is to allow for

purpose of this model is to allow for conceptualization of how a computer

conceptualization of how a computer

conceptualization of how a computer network functions in maintaining

network functions in maintaining

network functions in maintaining hardware and protocol interoperability

hardware and protocol interoperability

hardware and protocol interoperability also it's commonly called the dod model

also it's commonly called the dod model

also it's commonly called the dod model for the Department of Defense which

for the Department of Defense which

for the Department of Defense which funded much of the research that went

funded much of the research that went

funded much of the research that went into it uh TCP was permanently uh

into it uh TCP was permanently uh

into it uh TCP was permanently uh activated in 1983 and it's been in use

activated in 1983 and it's been in use

activated in 1983 and it's been in use just about ever since

just about ever since

just about ever since that wasn't until 1985 this model was

that wasn't until 1985 this model was

that wasn't until 1985 this model was actually commercially marketed but it is

actually commercially marketed but it is

actually commercially marketed but it is now the preferred network standard for

now the preferred network standard for

now the preferred network standard for protocols and so on

protocols and so on

protocols and so on now this means that using these four

now this means that using these four

now this means that using these four layers on this model the bottom being

layers on this model the bottom being

layers on this model the bottom being the network interface layer the internet

the network interface layer the internet

the network interface layer the internet layer the transport layer and then

layer the transport layer and then

layer the transport layer and then finally the application layer and if you

finally the application layer and if you

finally the application layer and if you know or remember the OSI model you'll

know or remember the OSI model you'll

know or remember the OSI model you'll see that there is some resemblance uh

see that there is some resemblance uh

see that there is some resemblance uh these understanding these this model and

these understanding these this model and

these understanding these this model and understanding how data flows is actually

understanding how data flows is actually

understanding how data flows is actually how the entire world is allowed to

how the entire world is allowed to

how the entire world is allowed to communicate and connect to the network

communicate and connect to the network

communicate and connect to the network so this is necessary for every computer

so this is necessary for every computer

so this is necessary for every computer in the world that is currently using the

in the world that is currently using the

in the world that is currently using the internet and for the most part that's on

internet and for the most part that's on

internet and for the most part that's on any network we might find other smaller

any network we might find other smaller

any network we might find other smaller lesser known protocols that do operate

lesser known protocols that do operate

lesser known protocols that do operate outside of this but I think you would be

outside of this but I think you would be

outside of this but I think you would be hard-pressed in today's day and age to

hard-pressed in today's day and age to

hard-pressed in today's day and age to see that

see that

see that so technicians and Engineers will

so technicians and Engineers will

so technicians and Engineers will probably sit and talk about Technology's

probably sit and talk about Technology's

probably sit and talk about Technology's implementation of these two models for

implementation of these two models for

implementation of these two models for hours on end and the reason is because

hours on end and the reason is because

hours on end and the reason is because there's quite a bit of history and

there's quite a bit of history and

there's quite a bit of history and Brilliant thinking that went into the

Brilliant thinking that went into the

Brilliant thinking that went into the creation of both of them the tcpap model

creation of both of them the tcpap model

creation of both of them the tcpap model was in fact created before the OSI model

was in fact created before the OSI model

was in fact created before the OSI model and it still makes it easier to

and it still makes it easier to

and it still makes it easier to represent how communication and network

represent how communication and network

represent how communication and network related Protocols are defined and relate

related Protocols are defined and relate

related Protocols are defined and relate to one another however it's still more

to one another however it's still more

to one another however it's still more common to hear technicians and

common to hear technicians and

common to hear technicians and administrators use the OSI model when

administrators use the OSI model when

administrators use the OSI model when they're troubleshooting or referencing

they're troubleshooting or referencing

they're troubleshooting or referencing networking devices and there are many

networking devices and there are many

networking devices and there are many similarities between the two models the

similarities between the two models the

similarities between the two models the first similarity is the obvious use of

first similarity is the obvious use of

first similarity is the obvious use of the layers to describe the functions of

the layers to describe the functions of

the layers to describe the functions of these communication systems although in

these communication systems although in

these communication systems although in tcpip we have four whereas in OSI as you

tcpip we have four whereas in OSI as you

tcpip we have four whereas in OSI as you recall we have seven some of them even

recall we have seven some of them even

recall we have seven some of them even have similar names as you can see uh

have similar names as you can see uh

have similar names as you can see uh from application and transport and then

from application and transport and then

from application and transport and then we see network or Internet and network

we see network or Internet and network

we see network or Internet and network interface which is very much like

interface which is very much like

interface which is very much like physical

in some ways some people consider the

in some ways some people consider the

in some ways some people consider the TCP model to be a smaller version of The

TCP model to be a smaller version of The

TCP model to be a smaller version of The OSI model however this leads to some

OSI model however this leads to some

OSI model however this leads to some misconceptions about the position of

misconceptions about the position of

misconceptions about the position of relationships of certain protocols

relationships of certain protocols

relationships of certain protocols within the OSI model because these are

within the OSI model because these are

within the OSI model because these are very two very different designs and they

very two very different designs and they

very two very different designs and they have different purposes there are some

have different purposes there are some

have different purposes there are some recognizable similarities but they're

recognizable similarities but they're

recognizable similarities but they're still at their core different so the

still at their core different so the

still at their core different so the purpose of this OSI model was an attempt

purpose of this OSI model was an attempt

purpose of this OSI model was an attempt to simplify and standardize networking

to simplify and standardize networking

to simplify and standardize networking tcp's original purpose as opposed to the

tcp's original purpose as opposed to the

tcp's original purpose as opposed to the OSI is more attempting to sort of uh

OSI is more attempting to sort of uh

OSI is more attempting to sort of uh sort out the internet protocols into

sort out the internet protocols into

sort out the internet protocols into comprehensive groups according to their

comprehensive groups according to their

comprehensive groups according to their functions of the scope and the sort of

functions of the scope and the sort of

functions of the scope and the sort of network that's involved

network that's involved

network that's involved now one of the similarities between the

now one of the similarities between the

now one of the similarities between the two models is they both have

two models is they both have

two models is they both have interchangeable Network and transport

interchangeable Network and transport

interchangeable Network and transport layers

layers

layers also each layer of the OSI model

also each layer of the OSI model

also each layer of the OSI model directly correlates with the TCP model

directly correlates with the TCP model

directly correlates with the TCP model and here you can see the application

and here you can see the application

and here you can see the application layer the presentation layer and the

layer the presentation layer and the

layer the presentation layer and the session layer of the OSI model

session layer of the OSI model

session layer of the OSI model correspond to what we know as the

correspond to what we know as the

correspond to what we know as the application layer of the TCP stack this

application layer of the TCP stack this

application layer of the TCP stack this means that everything in the OSI model

means that everything in the OSI model

means that everything in the OSI model that fell into application presentation

that fell into application presentation

that fell into application presentation session are actually done in the

session are actually done in the

session are actually done in the application support block

application support block

application support block next the transport layer of the OSI

next the transport layer of the OSI

next the transport layer of the OSI model corresponds directly to the

model corresponds directly to the

model corresponds directly to the transport layer of the TCP model the

transport layer of the TCP model the

transport layer of the TCP model the network layer of OSI with the internet

network layer of OSI with the internet

network layer of OSI with the internet layer of tcpip and that is easy to

layer of tcpip and that is easy to

layer of tcpip and that is easy to remember since internet is really short

remember since internet is really short

remember since internet is really short for like internet working

for like internet working

for like internet working and the data link and physical layers of

and the data link and physical layers of

and the data link and physical layers of the OSI model correspond directly to the

the OSI model correspond directly to the

the OSI model correspond directly to the network interface layer of the TCP now

network interface layer of the TCP now

network interface layer of the TCP now some of these correlations it should be

some of these correlations it should be

some of these correlations it should be mentioned aren't precise and exact

mentioned aren't precise and exact

mentioned aren't precise and exact they're sort of

they're sort of

they're sort of approximations and that's because they

approximations and that's because they

approximations and that's because they are two very different models and

are two very different models and

are two very different models and therefore they were created differently

therefore they were created differently

therefore they were created differently and weren't necessarily created with the

and weren't necessarily created with the

and weren't necessarily created with the one or the other in mind that being said

one or the other in mind that being said

one or the other in mind that being said tcpip and OSI were built with knowledge

tcpip and OSI were built with knowledge

tcpip and OSI were built with knowledge of one another and so we do see this

of one another and so we do see this

of one another and so we do see this overlap now the TCP model outlines and

overlap now the TCP model outlines and

overlap now the TCP model outlines and defines the methods data is going to

defines the methods data is going to

defines the methods data is going to flow and commute in a communication

flow and commute in a communication

flow and commute in a communication system it does this by assigning each

system it does this by assigning each

system it does this by assigning each layer in the stack specific functions to

layer in the stack specific functions to

layer in the stack specific functions to perform on the data and ultimately each

perform on the data and ultimately each

perform on the data and ultimately each layer is completely independent of all

layer is completely independent of all

layer is completely independent of all the other layers and more or less is

the other layers and more or less is

the other layers and more or less is unaware of the other layers

unaware of the other layers

unaware of the other layers for instance the topmost layer of the

for instance the topmost layer of the

for instance the topmost layer of the application layer is going to perform

application layer is going to perform

application layer is going to perform its operations if the processes on the

its operations if the processes on the

its operations if the processes on the communicating systems are directly

communicating systems are directly

communicating systems are directly connected to each other by some sort of

connected to each other by some sort of

connected to each other by some sort of information pipe the operations that

information pipe the operations that

information pipe the operations that allow for the next layer the transport

allow for the next layer the transport

allow for the next layer the transport layer to transmit data between the host

layer to transmit data between the host

layer to transmit data between the host computers is actually found in the

computers is actually found in the

computers is actually found in the protocols of lower layers and from there

protocols of lower layers and from there

protocols of lower layers and from there on each data layer will complete its

on each data layer will complete its

on each data layer will complete its specified actions to the data and then

specified actions to the data and then

specified actions to the data and then encapsulate the data where it's then

encapsulate the data where it's then

encapsulate the data where it's then passed down the stack in the opposite

passed down the stack in the opposite

passed down the stack in the opposite direction when data is traveling back up

direction when data is traveling back up

direction when data is traveling back up the stack and we saw the same thing with

the stack and we saw the same thing with

the stack and we saw the same thing with OSI model the data is then

OSI model the data is then

OSI model the data is then de-encapsulated so when it's going down

de-encapsulated so when it's going down

de-encapsulated so when it's going down we call that

we call that

we call that being encapsulated

and when it's going back up we call it

and when it's going back up we call it

and when it's going back up we call it D encapsulated so we really need to

D encapsulated so we really need to

D encapsulated so we really need to understand how all of this works

understand how all of this works

understand how all of this works together in order to get a really strong

together in order to get a really strong

together in order to get a really strong picture of uh uh TCP and be able to

picture of uh uh TCP and be able to

picture of uh uh TCP and be able to speak about the layers in general

speak about the layers in general

speak about the layers in general so let's talk about encapsulation each

so let's talk about encapsulation each

so let's talk about encapsulation each layer is responsible for only the

layer is responsible for only the

layer is responsible for only the specific data defined at that layer as

specific data defined at that layer as

specific data defined at that layer as we've said now these layers are going to

we've said now these layers are going to

we've said now these layers are going to receive the data package from the layer

receive the data package from the layer

receive the data package from the layer above it when sending and the layer

above it when sending and the layer

above it when sending and the layer below it when receiving this makes sense

below it when receiving this makes sense

below it when receiving this makes sense if I'm receiving data is going up so the

if I'm receiving data is going up so the

if I'm receiving data is going up so the data is coming from below and if I'm

data is coming from below and if I'm

data is coming from below and if I'm sending it's going down from the

sending it's going down from the

sending it's going down from the application down to the networking

application down to the networking

application down to the networking interface

interface

interface now when it receives this package each

now when it receives this package each

now when it receives this package each layer is going to add its own packaging

layer is going to add its own packaging

layer is going to add its own packaging which is called a header this header is

which is called a header this header is

which is called a header this header is used by the corresponding layer at the

used by the corresponding layer at the

used by the corresponding layer at the receiving side for specific purposes the

receiving side for specific purposes the

receiving side for specific purposes the exact purpose is really going to depend

exact purpose is really going to depend

exact purpose is really going to depend on the layer in question but this header

on the layer in question but this header

on the layer in question but this header is going to be added to the beginning of

is going to be added to the beginning of

is going to be added to the beginning of the data so that it is the first thing

the data so that it is the first thing

the data so that it is the first thing received by the receiving layer that way

received by the receiving layer that way

received by the receiving layer that way each layer on the receiving end can then

each layer on the receiving end can then

each layer on the receiving end can then remove that header perform its

remove that header perform its

remove that header perform its operations and then pass the remaining

operations and then pass the remaining

operations and then pass the remaining data up the stack up the TCP model on

data up the stack up the TCP model on

data up the stack up the TCP model on the lowest layer a footer is also going

the lowest layer a footer is also going

the lowest layer a footer is also going to be added

to be added

to be added and this is going to add to the frame by

and this is going to add to the frame by

and this is going to add to the frame by adding more supplemental information

adding more supplemental information

adding more supplemental information this extra data

this extra data

this extra data at the end of the data package is going

at the end of the data package is going

at the end of the data package is going to assist the receiving end on ensuring

to assist the receiving end on ensuring

to assist the receiving end on ensuring that the data was received completely

that the data was received completely

that the data was received completely and undamaged this footer is also what's

and undamaged this footer is also what's

and undamaged this footer is also what's called an FCS or a frame

check

sequence

sequence

sequence and as the name implies it is going to

and as the name implies it is going to

and as the name implies it is going to check to make sure the data was received

check to make sure the data was received

check to make sure the data was received correctly now on the receiving end this

correctly now on the receiving end this

correctly now on the receiving end this process is reversed by what's called

process is reversed by what's called

process is reversed by what's called de-encapsulation in other words the data

de-encapsulation in other words the data

de-encapsulation in other words the data is received at each layer and the

is received at each layer and the

is received at each layer and the headers are removed to allow the data to

headers are removed to allow the data to

headers are removed to allow the data to perform the related tasks where finally

perform the related tasks where finally

perform the related tasks where finally the data is received by the application

the data is received by the application

the data is received by the application uh the application layer and then the

uh the application layer and then the

uh the application layer and then the resulting data is delivered to whatever

resulting data is delivered to whatever

resulting data is delivered to whatever the requested application was now just

the requested application was now just

the requested application was now just like with the OSI model we'll talk about

like with the OSI model we'll talk about

like with the OSI model we'll talk about later this application layer doesn't

later this application layer doesn't

later this application layer doesn't mean the actual application itself it's

mean the actual application itself it's

mean the actual application itself it's simply the layer that provides access to

simply the layer that provides access to

simply the layer that provides access to the information from an application now

the information from an application now

the information from an application now just like the OSI model there are a few

just like the OSI model there are a few

just like the OSI model there are a few mnemonic devices that can be used to

mnemonic devices that can be used to

mnemonic devices that can be used to help in Remembering these layers in

help in Remembering these layers in

help in Remembering these layers in order and the one that I use the most

order and the one that I use the most

order and the one that I use the most going from the top down is called All

going from the top down is called All

going from the top down is called All Things in networking again that's

Things in networking again that's

Things in networking again that's application All Transport things

application All Transport things

application All Transport things internet in network interface networking

internet in network interface networking

internet in network interface networking so now we have a better understanding of

so now we have a better understanding of

so now we have a better understanding of how the data is going to proceed from

how the data is going to proceed from

how the data is going to proceed from layer to layer through encapsulation

layer to layer through encapsulation

layer to layer through encapsulation going down from application to transport

going down from application to transport

going down from application to transport to internet to network interface right

to internet to network interface right

to internet to network interface right and then through D inter

and then through D inter

and then through D inter de-encapsulation which goes the opposite

de-encapsulation which goes the opposite

de-encapsulation which goes the opposite way let's take a closer look at these

way let's take a closer look at these

way let's take a closer look at these layers starting with the topmost layer

layers starting with the topmost layer

layers starting with the topmost layer the application layer so here on the

the application layer so here on the

the application layer so here on the application layer much like the

application layer much like the

application layer much like the application layer of the OSI model we

application layer of the OSI model we

application layer of the OSI model we find what's considered the highest level

find what's considered the highest level

find what's considered the highest level protocols higher level meaning these

protocols higher level meaning these

protocols higher level meaning these protocols such as SMTP FTP and so on

protocols such as SMTP FTP and so on

protocols such as SMTP FTP and so on these Protocols are not necessarily

these Protocols are not necessarily

these Protocols are not necessarily concerned with the method by which the

concerned with the method by which the

concerned with the method by which the data arrives at it says destination but

data arrives at it says destination but

data arrives at it says destination but simply that it just arrives period

simply that it just arrives period

simply that it just arrives period here in the application layer we also

here in the application layer we also

here in the application layer we also provide the functions that relate to the

provide the functions that relate to the

provide the functions that relate to the presentation and the session layers of

presentation and the session layers of

presentation and the session layers of the OSI model as we've already pointed

the OSI model as we've already pointed

the OSI model as we've already pointed out it does this typically through the

out it does this typically through the

out it does this typically through the use of what are called libraries

which are collections of Behavioral

which are collections of Behavioral

which are collections of Behavioral implementations that can be utilized and

implementations that can be utilized and

implementations that can be utilized and called upon by services that are

called upon by services that are

called upon by services that are unrelated

unrelated

unrelated so this means that the application layer

so this means that the application layer

so this means that the application layer of the TCP model

of the TCP model

of the TCP model encodes the data and performs any

encodes the data and performs any

encodes the data and performs any encryption and compression that's

encryption and compression that's

encryption and compression that's necessary

necessary

necessary as well as initiating and maintaining

as well as initiating and maintaining

as well as initiating and maintaining the connection or the session as we can

the connection or the session as we can

the connection or the session as we can see here these are just some of the

see here these are just some of the

see here these are just some of the protocols that we find at the

protocols that we find at the

protocols that we find at the application layer we can also further

application layer we can also further

application layer we can also further group some of these applications based

group some of these applications based

group some of these applications based on the specific type of function that

on the specific type of function that

on the specific type of function that they provide for instance if we're

they provide for instance if we're

they provide for instance if we're looking at protocols that are dedicated

looking at protocols that are dedicated

looking at protocols that are dedicated to transferring files such as FTP or

to transferring files such as FTP or

to transferring files such as FTP or tftp which of your call is the trivial

tftp which of your call is the trivial

tftp which of your call is the trivial FTP then there are also protocols that

FTP then there are also protocols that

FTP then there are also protocols that can be categorized by supporting

can be categorized by supporting

can be categorized by supporting services so some of those are going to

services so some of those are going to

services so some of those are going to be for instance DNS the domain name

be for instance DNS the domain name

be for instance DNS the domain name service

service

service and SNMP which is for management

and SNMP which is for management

and SNMP which is for management purposes

purposes

purposes or even boot P or the bootstrap protocol

or even boot P or the bootstrap protocol

or even boot P or the bootstrap protocol now just like the OSI models application

now just like the OSI models application

now just like the OSI models application layer this tcpip application layer is

layer this tcpip application layer is

layer this tcpip application layer is responsible for process to process level

responsible for process to process level

responsible for process to process level data communication this means that the

data communication this means that the

data communication this means that the application itself doesn't necessarily

application itself doesn't necessarily

application itself doesn't necessarily reside on this layer

reside on this layer

reside on this layer what more means is that it defines what

what more means is that it defines what

what more means is that it defines what the application or what type of

the application or what type of

the application or what type of application can be utilized depending on

application can be utilized depending on

application can be utilized depending on the protocol so for example SMTP

the protocol so for example SMTP

the protocol so for example SMTP specifies that outgoing mail

specifies that outgoing mail

specifies that outgoing mail communication with the mail or exchange

communication with the mail or exchange

communication with the mail or exchange server and IMAP specifies the incoming

server and IMAP specifies the incoming

server and IMAP specifies the incoming mail communication with the mail server

mail communication with the mail server

mail communication with the mail server also remember that only those

also remember that only those

also remember that only those applications that are network relatable

applications that are network relatable

applications that are network relatable are going to be managed this layer not

are going to be managed this layer not

are going to be managed this layer not necessarily all application so this

necessarily all application so this

necessarily all application so this layer's role is more towards software

layer's role is more towards software

layer's role is more towards software applications and protocols and their

applications and protocols and their

applications and protocols and their interaction with the user it's not as

interaction with the user it's not as

interaction with the user it's not as concerned with the formatting or

concerned with the formatting or

concerned with the formatting or transmitting the data across the media

transmitting the data across the media

transmitting the data across the media for that we have to move lower down into

for that we have to move lower down into

for that we have to move lower down into the model and get to the transport layer

the model and get to the transport layer

the model and get to the transport layer now on the transport layer of the tcpip

now on the transport layer of the tcpip

now on the transport layer of the tcpip model we have two main protocols that we

model we have two main protocols that we

model we have two main protocols that we need to be familiar with first we have

need to be familiar with first we have

need to be familiar with first we have the transmission control protocol or TCP

the transmission control protocol or TCP

the transmission control protocol or TCP and the second is the user datagram

and the second is the user datagram

and the second is the user datagram protocol or UDP let me just write those

protocol or UDP let me just write those

protocol or UDP let me just write those out here so that you can see what these

out here so that you can see what these

out here so that you can see what these stand for again

now on this layer three things are going

now on this layer three things are going

now on this layer three things are going on

on

on uh data verification

error checking

and flow control

now our two heavy hitting Protocols are

now our two heavy hitting Protocols are

now our two heavy hitting Protocols are done in very different ways so tcpap as

done in very different ways so tcpap as

done in very different ways so tcpap as we've talked about in the past is what

we've talked about in the past is what

we've talked about in the past is what we call connection

we call connection

we call connection oriented which means there's a

oriented which means there's a

oriented which means there's a guaranteed delivery whereas UDP is

guaranteed delivery whereas UDP is

guaranteed delivery whereas UDP is connection last which means it's just a

connection last which means it's just a

connection last which means it's just a best effort delivery

best effort delivery

best effort delivery UDP doesn't have any means of error

UDP doesn't have any means of error

UDP doesn't have any means of error checking that's one of tcp's areas of

checking that's one of tcp's areas of

checking that's one of tcp's areas of expertise so to put TCP and UDP in

expertise so to put TCP and UDP in

expertise so to put TCP and UDP in perspective I've always thought about it

perspective I've always thought about it

perspective I've always thought about it as if say a grade school teacher needs

as if say a grade school teacher needs

as if say a grade school teacher needs to send a note to a student's parent

to send a note to a student's parent

to send a note to a student's parent because the student hadn't turned in

because the student hadn't turned in

because the student hadn't turned in their homework for more than a week now

their homework for more than a week now

their homework for more than a week now the teacher can send the note one of two

the teacher can send the note one of two

the teacher can send the note one of two ways the first is through UDP or the

ways the first is through UDP or the

ways the first is through UDP or the uninterested doubtful pre-teen now this

uninterested doubtful pre-teen now this

uninterested doubtful pre-teen now this UDP is certainly going to make it home

UDP is certainly going to make it home

UDP is certainly going to make it home as quickly as possible but whether the

as quickly as possible but whether the

as quickly as possible but whether the message gets sent to the parent or not

message gets sent to the parent or not

message gets sent to the parent or not it really isn't udp's biggest concern

it really isn't udp's biggest concern

it really isn't udp's biggest concern getting there quickly is so UDP is going

getting there quickly is so UDP is going

getting there quickly is so UDP is going to have you that quick

to have you that quick

to have you that quick but not necessarily guaranteed now

but not necessarily guaranteed now

but not necessarily guaranteed now meanwhile the other method TCP or

meanwhile the other method TCP or

meanwhile the other method TCP or Teacher Calls parent this is the way the

Teacher Calls parent this is the way the

Teacher Calls parent this is the way the teacher has a guaranteed delivery of the

teacher has a guaranteed delivery of the

teacher has a guaranteed delivery of the message the parents aren't home the

message the parents aren't home the

message the parents aren't home the message cannot be delivered or something

message cannot be delivered or something

message cannot be delivered or something happens during the communication process

happens during the communication process

happens during the communication process TCP will wait and attempt to send the

TCP will wait and attempt to send the

TCP will wait and attempt to send the message again

message again

message again so whereas TCP

so whereas TCP

so whereas TCP UDP is quick TCP is guaranteed

UDP is quick TCP is guaranteed

UDP is quick TCP is guaranteed and so that's sort of the give and take

and so that's sort of the give and take

and so that's sort of the give and take there

there

there now while our story is a generalization

now while our story is a generalization

now while our story is a generalization it really touches on the two most

it really touches on the two most

it really touches on the two most important characteristics of these

important characteristics of these

important characteristics of these protocols now there are a few other uh

protocols now there are a few other uh

protocols now there are a few other uh specifics about TCP that are are really

specifics about TCP that are are really

specifics about TCP that are are really worth mentioning firstly and most

worth mentioning firstly and most

worth mentioning firstly and most importantly we have reliability like we

importantly we have reliability like we

importantly we have reliability like we just mentioned how it accomplishes this

just mentioned how it accomplishes this

just mentioned how it accomplishes this is TCP assigns a sequence numbers to

is TCP assigns a sequence numbers to

is TCP assigns a sequence numbers to each segment of data and the receiving

each segment of data and the receiving

each segment of data and the receiving end looks for these sequence numbers and

end looks for these sequence numbers and

end looks for these sequence numbers and sends what's called an ack or

sends what's called an ack or

sends what's called an ack or acknowledgment message

acknowledgment message

acknowledgment message which is something important that you do

which is something important that you do

which is something important that you do want to

want to

want to um

um

um be familiar with and you might also see

be familiar with and you might also see

be familiar with and you might also see that as a

that as a

that as a sin act which is the synchronization and

sin act which is the synchronization and

sin act which is the synchronization and that act message is sent when the data

that act message is sent when the data

that act message is sent when the data is successfully received now the sending

is successfully received now the sending

is successfully received now the sending transport layer doesn't receive the

transport layer doesn't receive the

transport layer doesn't receive the accurate acknowledgment message then

accurate acknowledgment message then

accurate acknowledgment message then it's going to re-transmit the Lost

it's going to re-transmit the Lost

it's going to re-transmit the Lost segment secondly we have data flow

segment secondly we have data flow

segment secondly we have data flow control which is we've already mentioned

control which is we've already mentioned

control which is we've already mentioned this is important in as networking

this is important in as networking

this is important in as networking devices are not always going to operate

devices are not always going to operate

devices are not always going to operate at the same speeds and without flow

at the same speeds and without flow

at the same speeds and without flow control slower devices might overrun by

control slower devices might overrun by

control slower devices might overrun by might be overrun with data causing

might be overrun with data causing

might be overrun with data causing Network downtime thirdly we have

Network downtime thirdly we have

Network downtime thirdly we have something called segmentation and

something called segmentation and

something called segmentation and segmentation occurs at this layer taking

segmentation occurs at this layer taking

segmentation occurs at this layer taking the tedious task away from the

the tedious task away from the

the tedious task away from the application layer of sectioning the data

application layer of sectioning the data

application layer of sectioning the data into pieces or segments these segments

into pieces or segments these segments

into pieces or segments these segments can then get sent to the next layer

can then get sent to the next layer

can then get sent to the next layer below to be prepared for transmittal

below to be prepared for transmittal

below to be prepared for transmittal across the media so the final

across the media so the final

across the media so the final consideration for TCP is in order for an

consideration for TCP is in order for an

consideration for TCP is in order for an application to be able to utilize this

application to be able to utilize this

application to be able to utilize this protocol a connection between port

protocol a connection between port

protocol a connection between port numbers has to be established the

numbers has to be established the

numbers has to be established the devices try to create this session using

devices try to create this session using

devices try to create this session using a combination of an IP address and a

a combination of an IP address and a

a combination of an IP address and a port number now this combination is

port number now this combination is

port number now this combination is called a socket

called a socket

called a socket in the future modules we're going to

in the future modules we're going to

in the future modules we're going to look at at referencing TCP and UDP as

look at at referencing TCP and UDP as

look at at referencing TCP and UDP as well as going a bit more further into

well as going a bit more further into

well as going a bit more further into explaining how they function and

explaining how they function and

explaining how they function and interact with different protocols but

interact with different protocols but

interact with different protocols but what you see here is the IP address

on a specific port number so we know

on a specific port number so we know

on a specific port number so we know based on this port number what the

based on this port number what the

based on this port number what the connection

connection

connection is trying to attempt and whether or not

is trying to attempt and whether or not

is trying to attempt and whether or not it's TCP or UDP we know whether it's

it's TCP or UDP we know whether it's

it's TCP or UDP we know whether it's connection oriented or connection less

connection oriented or connection less

connection oriented or connection less the internet layer of the tcpip model

the internet layer of the tcpip model

the internet layer of the tcpip model corresponds directly to the network

corresponds directly to the network

corresponds directly to the network layer of the OSI model now the data

layer of the OSI model now the data

layer of the OSI model now the data terminology on this layer as I think we

terminology on this layer as I think we

terminology on this layer as I think we discussed when we talked about the OSI

discussed when we talked about the OSI

discussed when we talked about the OSI model is a datagram

model is a datagram

model is a datagram now as the internet layer relates

now as the internet layer relates

now as the internet layer relates directly to the network layer which if

directly to the network layer which if

directly to the network layer which if you recall

you recall

you recall was layer three we can a little more

was layer three we can a little more

was layer three we can a little more easily understand a few things that

easily understand a few things that

easily understand a few things that happen on this layer first it tells us

happen on this layer first it tells us

happen on this layer first it tells us that this layer is responsible for

that this layer is responsible for

that this layer is responsible for routing if you recall layer 3 devices

routing if you recall layer 3 devices

routing if you recall layer 3 devices for OSI are routers

this means that it ensures the typically

this means that it ensures the typically

this means that it ensures the typically fastest and best path from the source to

fastest and best path from the source to

fastest and best path from the source to the destination

the destination

the destination this layer is also responsible for data

this layer is also responsible for data

this layer is also responsible for data addressing and if you recall with data

addressing and if you recall with data

addressing and if you recall with data addressing we're dealing with the second

addressing we're dealing with the second

addressing we're dealing with the second part of TCP IP which is the internet

protocol aptly name send is since it is

protocol aptly name send is since it is

protocol aptly name send is since it is on the internet layer and the Internet

on the internet layer and the Internet

on the internet layer and the Internet Protocol is responsible for a couple

Protocol is responsible for a couple

Protocol is responsible for a couple main functions the first of those

main functions the first of those

main functions the first of those functions is what we call fragmentation

functions is what we call fragmentation

functions is what we call fragmentation it's important for us to understand

it's important for us to understand

it's important for us to understand something called mtus which are maximum

something called mtus which are maximum

something called mtus which are maximum transmission units

so that we know why fragmentation has to

so that we know why fragmentation has to

so that we know why fragmentation has to occur now the MTU is the term as the

occur now the MTU is the term as the

occur now the MTU is the term as the name implies that's used to define the

name implies that's used to define the

name implies that's used to define the largest size of increment of data in

largest size of increment of data in

largest size of increment of data in bytes that can pass through the given

bytes that can pass through the given

bytes that can pass through the given Network device such as a router now

Network device such as a router now

Network device such as a router now often data is going to need to pass

often data is going to need to pass

often data is going to need to pass through networks with mtus that are less

through networks with mtus that are less

through networks with mtus that are less than

than

than the MTU listed on that device

the MTU listed on that device

the MTU listed on that device generally even uh not just match two but

generally even uh not just match two but

generally even uh not just match two but the lower it is the more it's preferred

the lower it is the more it's preferred

the lower it is the more it's preferred because then we can make sure that it's

because then we can make sure that it's

because then we can make sure that it's not going to have a problem so network

not going to have a problem so network

not going to have a problem so network devices are going to send and receive

devices are going to send and receive

devices are going to send and receive messages or responses to datagrams that

messages or responses to datagrams that

messages or responses to datagrams that are larger than the device's MTU

are larger than the device's MTU

are larger than the device's MTU in these instances when there is a

in these instances when there is a

in these instances when there is a datagram that's larger than the MTU of a

datagram that's larger than the MTU of a

datagram that's larger than the MTU of a device the transmitting internet layer

device the transmitting internet layer

device the transmitting internet layer fragments the data or the datagram and

fragments the data or the datagram and

fragments the data or the datagram and then tries to resend it

then tries to resend it

then tries to resend it in smaller and more easily manageable

in smaller and more easily manageable

in smaller and more easily manageable blocks

blocks

blocks so once the data is fragmented enough to

so once the data is fragmented enough to

so once the data is fragmented enough to pass through the remaining devices the

pass through the remaining devices the

pass through the remaining devices the receiving ends internet layer then

receiving ends internet layer then

receiving ends internet layer then pieces together those fragments during

pieces together those fragments during

pieces together those fragments during the reassembly process now in the header

the reassembly process now in the header

the reassembly process now in the header of those fragmented datagrams if we go

of those fragmented datagrams if we go

of those fragmented datagrams if we go back just a bit you'll see right here

back just a bit you'll see right here

back just a bit you'll see right here the header

the header

the header there is a specific field that's set

there is a specific field that's set

there is a specific field that's set aside for what we call three flag bits

the first flag bit is reserved and

the first flag bit is reserved and

the first flag bit is reserved and should always be zero the second is the

should always be zero the second is the

should always be zero the second is the don't fragment or the DF bit now either

don't fragment or the DF bit now either

don't fragment or the DF bit now either this bit is off or zero which means

this bit is off or zero which means

this bit is off or zero which means fragment this datagram or on meaning

fragment this datagram or on meaning

fragment this datagram or on meaning don't fragment this datagram the third

don't fragment this datagram the third

don't fragment this datagram the third flag bit is the more fragments bit

flag bit is the more fragments bit

flag bit is the more fragments bit MF

MF

MF and when this is on it means that there

and when this is on it means that there

and when this is on it means that there are more fragments on the way

are more fragments on the way

are more fragments on the way and finally when the MF flag is off it

and finally when the MF flag is off it

and finally when the MF flag is off it means there are no more fragments to be

means there are no more fragments to be

means there are no more fragments to be sent as you can see right here

sent as you can see right here

sent as you can see right here and that there were never any fragments

and that there were never any fragments

and that there were never any fragments to send so as we see here our initial

to send so as we see here our initial

to send so as we see here our initial datagram that we wanted to transmit

datagram that we wanted to transmit

datagram that we wanted to transmit had an MTU that was too large to send it

had an MTU that was too large to send it

had an MTU that was too large to send it was

was

was 2500 and it was too large therefore to

2500 and it was too large therefore to

2500 and it was too large therefore to go through router B and so then we

go through router B and so then we

go through router B and so then we fragmented this datagram and added those

fragmented this datagram and added those

fragmented this datagram and added those bits to the headers of the fragments

bits to the headers of the fragments

bits to the headers of the fragments so that's how this all works and that's

so that's how this all works and that's

so that's how this all works and that's why fragmenting is so important now

why fragmenting is so important now

why fragmenting is so important now let's take a look at a networking

let's take a look at a networking

let's take a look at a networking problem that used to plague Network

problem that used to plague Network

problem that used to plague Network engineers and technicians that has to do

engineers and technicians that has to do

engineers and technicians that has to do with mtus for some time this is also

with mtus for some time this is also

with mtus for some time this is also something that's specifically called for

something that's specifically called for

something that's specifically called for on the network plus exam now a black

on the network plus exam now a black

on the network plus exam now a black hole router is the name given to a

hole router is the name given to a

hole router is the name given to a situation where a datagram is sent with

situation where a datagram is sent with

situation where a datagram is sent with an MTU that's greater than the MTU of

an MTU that's greater than the MTU of

an MTU that's greater than the MTU of the receiving device as we can see here

the receiving device as we can see here

the receiving device as we can see here now when the destination device is

now when the destination device is

now when the destination device is unable to receive the IP datagram

unable to receive the IP datagram

unable to receive the IP datagram it's supposed to send a specific icmp

it's supposed to send a specific icmp

it's supposed to send a specific icmp response that notifies the transmitting

response that notifies the transmitting

response that notifies the transmitting station that there's an MTU mismatch

station that there's an MTU mismatch

station that there's an MTU mismatch this can be due to a variety of reasons

this can be due to a variety of reasons

this can be due to a variety of reasons one of which could be as simple as a

one of which could be as simple as a

one of which could be as simple as a firewall that's blocking the icmp

firewall that's blocking the icmp

firewall that's blocking the icmp response and by the way when we talk

response and by the way when we talk

response and by the way when we talk about icmp we're really talking about

about icmp we're really talking about

about icmp we're really talking about the ping utility as well now in these

the ping utility as well now in these

the ping utility as well now in these cases this is called a black hole

cases this is called a black hole

cases this is called a black hole because of The Disappearance of

because of The Disappearance of

because of The Disappearance of datagrams basically as you can see I'm

datagrams basically as you can see I'm

datagrams basically as you can see I'm sending the data

sending the data

sending the data the data gets here the device the router

the data gets here the device the router

the data gets here the device the router here says wait a minute I can't fit that

here says wait a minute I can't fit that

here says wait a minute I can't fit that 2500 MTU through my 1500 sends a

2500 MTU through my 1500 sends a

2500 MTU through my 1500 sends a response but for some reason the

response but for some reason the

response but for some reason the response

response

response hits this firewall and doesn't make it

hits this firewall and doesn't make it

hits this firewall and doesn't make it back to the router and so the data is

back to the router and so the data is

back to the router and so the data is lost into this black hole now this is

lost into this black hole now this is

lost into this black hole now this is called a black hole because this

called a black hole because this

called a black hole because this datagram disappears as if it were sucked

datagram disappears as if it were sucked

datagram disappears as if it were sucked into a black hole now there are some

into a black hole now there are some

into a black hole now there are some ways to detect or find this MTU black

ways to detect or find this MTU black

ways to detect or find this MTU black hole and one of the best ways is to use

hole and one of the best ways is to use

hole and one of the best ways is to use the Ping utility and specify a syntax

the Ping utility and specify a syntax

the Ping utility and specify a syntax that sets the MTU of the icmp echo

that sets the MTU of the icmp echo

that sets the MTU of the icmp echo request meaning you tell it I want to

request meaning you tell it I want to

request meaning you tell it I want to Ping with this much of an MTU and so

Ping with this much of an MTU and so

Ping with this much of an MTU and so then we can see if the Ping's not coming

then we can see if the Ping's not coming

then we can see if the Ping's not coming back if it's coming back at one MTU and

back if it's coming back at one MTU and

back if it's coming back at one MTU and not another then we know oh this is

not another then we know oh this is

not another then we know oh this is what's happening right here and we can

what's happening right here and we can

what's happening right here and we can determine uh where the black hole is

determine uh where the black hole is

determine uh where the black hole is specifically occurring

specifically occurring

specifically occurring now on the bottom of the tcpip stack is

now on the bottom of the tcpip stack is

now on the bottom of the tcpip stack is the network interface layer now this

the network interface layer now this

the network interface layer now this layer is completely dedicated to the

layer is completely dedicated to the

layer is completely dedicated to the actual transfer of bits across the

actual transfer of bits across the

actual transfer of bits across the network medium the network interface

network medium the network interface

network medium the network interface layer of the tcpip model directly

layer of the tcpip model directly

layer of the tcpip model directly correlates to the physical

and the data link layer

of the OSI model

now the data type we're going to be

now the data type we're going to be

now the data type we're going to be talking about on this layer are what we

talking about on this layer are what we

talking about on this layer are what we call frames as opposed to datagrams

call frames as opposed to datagrams

call frames as opposed to datagrams and the major functions that are

and the major functions that are

and the major functions that are performed on this layer on the data link

performed on this layer on the data link

performed on this layer on the data link of the OSI model are also occurring at

of the OSI model are also occurring at

of the OSI model are also occurring at this layer so we're really talking about

this layer so we're really talking about

this layer so we're really talking about switching operations that occur on Layer

switching operations that occur on Layer

switching operations that occur on Layer Two

Two

Two which again is that data link layer

and so this is where we see switches

and so this is where we see switches

and so this is where we see switches operating

which means that we're really dealing

which means that we're really dealing

which means that we're really dealing with Mac addresses okay now a MAC

with Mac addresses okay now a MAC

with Mac addresses okay now a MAC address again is a 48

bit hexadecimal universally unique

bit hexadecimal universally unique

bit hexadecimal universally unique identifier that's broken up into several

identifier that's broken up into several

identifier that's broken up into several parts

parts

parts first part of it is what we call the oui

first part of it is what we call the oui

first part of it is what we call the oui or the organizational

or the organizational

or the organizational unique identifier

unique identifier

unique identifier this basically says what company

this basically says what company

this basically says what company is uh sending out this device

is uh sending out this device

is uh sending out this device and then we have the second part which

and then we have the second part which

and then we have the second part which is the Nic specific

is the Nic specific

is the Nic specific and then we have the second part

and then we have the second part

and then we have the second part which is specific to that device itself

which is specific to that device itself

which is specific to that device itself so this is the manufacturer

and this is for the device you can

and this is for the device you can

and this is for the device you can literally go online search for this part

literally go online search for this part

literally go online search for this part of the MAC address and it'll tell you

of the MAC address and it'll tell you

of the MAC address and it'll tell you what company is creating this device

what company is creating this device

what company is creating this device now the easiest way to find the MAC

now the easiest way to find the MAC

now the easiest way to find the MAC address in a Windows PC is by opening up

address in a Windows PC is by opening up

address in a Windows PC is by opening up the command prompt and using ipconfig

the command prompt and using ipconfig

the command prompt and using ipconfig all which we've talked about in a plus

all which we've talked about in a plus

all which we've talked about in a plus this brings up the Internet Protocol

this brings up the Internet Protocol

this brings up the Internet Protocol information the IP address and it also

information the IP address and it also

information the IP address and it also brings up the MAC address or the

brings up the MAC address or the

brings up the MAC address or the physical address that's assigned to your

physical address that's assigned to your

physical address that's assigned to your Nick

Nick

Nick so now that we've covered the MAC

so now that we've covered the MAC

so now that we've covered the MAC address is it's really important to

address is it's really important to

address is it's really important to understand the parts of an Ethernet

understand the parts of an Ethernet

understand the parts of an Ethernet frame and remember we're talking about

frame and remember we're talking about

frame and remember we're talking about frames at this juncture

frames at this juncture

frames at this juncture so the Preamble of an Ethernet frame is

so the Preamble of an Ethernet frame is

so the Preamble of an Ethernet frame is made up of seven bytes or 56 bits and

made up of seven bytes or 56 bits and

made up of seven bytes or 56 bits and this serves as synchronization

and gives the receiving station a heads

and gives the receiving station a heads

and gives the receiving station a heads up to standby and look out for a signal

up to standby and look out for a signal

up to standby and look out for a signal that's coming

that's coming

that's coming the next part is what we call the start

the next part is what we call the start

the next part is what we call the start of frame delimiter the only purpose of

of frame delimiter the only purpose of

of frame delimiter the only purpose of this is to indicate the start of data

this is to indicate the start of data

this is to indicate the start of data the next two parts are the source and

the next two parts are the source and

the next two parts are the source and destination Mac addresses so the

destination Mac addresses so the

destination Mac addresses so the ethernet frame again this is everything

ethernet frame again this is everything

ethernet frame again this is everything that's going over this ethernet uh over

that's going over this ethernet uh over

that's going over this ethernet uh over the network we have the Preamble it says

the network we have the Preamble it says

the network we have the Preamble it says Hey pay attention now this that says now

Hey pay attention now this that says now

Hey pay attention now this that says now I'm giving you some data and then we

I'm giving you some data and then we

I'm giving you some data and then we have the destination and the source Mac

have the destination and the source Mac

have the destination and the source Mac addresses so that way we know where it's

addresses so that way we know where it's

addresses so that way we know where it's coming from who it's going to and this

coming from who it's going to and this

coming from who it's going to and this takes up 96 bits

or 12 bytes

because remember this is 48 bits right

because remember this is 48 bits right

because remember this is 48 bits right here so if we double that that's going

here so if we double that that's going

here so if we double that that's going to be 96 and then the next type is

to be 96 and then the next type is

to be 96 and then the next type is What's called the frame type this is two

What's called the frame type this is two

What's called the frame type this is two uh bytes that contain either the client

uh bytes that contain either the client

uh bytes that contain either the client protocol information or the number of

protocol information or the number of

protocol information or the number of bytes that are found in the data field

bytes that are found in the data field

bytes that are found in the data field which happen to be the next part of the

which happen to be the next part of the

which happen to be the next part of the frame

frame

frame which is the data this field is going to

which is the data this field is going to

which is the data this field is going to be a certain number of bytes and the

be a certain number of bytes and the

be a certain number of bytes and the amount of data is going to change with

amount of data is going to change with

amount of data is going to change with any given transmission the maximum

any given transmission the maximum

any given transmission the maximum amount of data allowed in this field is

amount of data allowed in this field is

amount of data allowed in this field is 1500 bytes we can't have more than that

1500 bytes we can't have more than that

1500 bytes we can't have more than that now if this field is any less than 46

now if this field is any less than 46

now if this field is any less than 46 bytes then we have to actually have

bytes then we have to actually have

bytes then we have to actually have something called a pad which is actually

something called a pad which is actually

something called a pad which is actually just going to be used to fill in the

just going to be used to fill in the

just going to be used to fill in the rest of the data

rest of the data

rest of the data and the final part of this ethernet

and the final part of this ethernet

and the final part of this ethernet frame is called the FCS or the frame

check sequence and this is used for

check sequence and this is used for

check sequence and this is used for cyclic redundancy check which is also

cyclic redundancy check which is also

cyclic redundancy check which is also called CRC this basically allows us to

called CRC this basically allows us to

called CRC this basically allows us to make sure that there are no errors in

make sure that there are no errors in

make sure that there are no errors in the data now similar to the way that a

the data now similar to the way that a

the data now similar to the way that a an algorithm is going to be used to

an algorithm is going to be used to

an algorithm is going to be used to ensure Integrity of data the CRC uses a

ensure Integrity of data the CRC uses a

ensure Integrity of data the CRC uses a mathematical algorithm which sometimes

mathematical algorithm which sometimes

mathematical algorithm which sometimes we're going to refer to as hashing which

we're going to refer to as hashing which

we're going to refer to as hashing which we'll talk a lot more about when we get

we'll talk a lot more about when we get

we'll talk a lot more about when we get to Security Plus

that's made before the data is sent and

that's made before the data is sent and

that's made before the data is sent and then it is checked when it gets there

then it is checked when it gets there

then it is checked when it gets there that way we can compare the two results

that way we can compare the two results

that way we can compare the two results bit for bit and if the two numbers don't

bit for bit and if the two numbers don't

bit for bit and if the two numbers don't match then we know the frame needs to be

match then we know the frame needs to be

match then we know the frame needs to be discarded we assume there's been a

discarded we assume there's been a

discarded we assume there's been a transmission error or that there was a

transmission error or that there was a

transmission error or that there was a data Collision of some sort and then we

data Collision of some sort and then we

data Collision of some sort and then we ask the data to be resent

ask the data to be resent

ask the data to be resent now this layer by the way this network

now this layer by the way this network

now this layer by the way this network interface layer is also responsible for

interface layer is also responsible for

interface layer is also responsible for the network access control and some of

the network access control and some of

the network access control and some of the protocols that operate on this are

the protocols that operate on this are

the protocols that operate on this are what are called uh point to point

what are called uh point to point

what are called uh point to point protocols ISDN which is a which we've

protocols ISDN which is a which we've

protocols ISDN which is a which we've talked about also a type of

talked about also a type of

talked about also a type of um

um

um Network and also DSL so these are some

Network and also DSL so these are some

Network and also DSL so these are some of the things that exist at this and

of the things that exist at this and

of the things that exist at this and this makes sense because again we're

this makes sense because again we're

this makes sense because again we're dealing with the physical bits bytes of

dealing with the physical bits bytes of

dealing with the physical bits bytes of data

data

data so now that we've taken a look at each

so now that we've taken a look at each

so now that we've taken a look at each of the layers in the TCP model there's

of the layers in the TCP model there's

of the layers in the TCP model there's still a couple things that we still need

still a couple things that we still need

still a couple things that we still need to Define now we've discussed how some

to Define now we've discussed how some

to Define now we've discussed how some of the protocols that we've seen relate

of the protocols that we've seen relate

of the protocols that we've seen relate to the OSI model as well as the tcpip

to the OSI model as well as the tcpip

to the OSI model as well as the tcpip model and we found that some of the

model and we found that some of the

model and we found that some of the protocols function much more smoothly

protocols function much more smoothly

protocols function much more smoothly when they're put into the context of an

when they're put into the context of an

when they're put into the context of an outline of one of these models so the

outline of one of these models so the

outline of one of these models so the next definition I want to make sure to

next definition I want to make sure to

next definition I want to make sure to cover is something called protocol

cover is something called protocol

cover is something called protocol binding this is when a network interface

binding this is when a network interface

binding this is when a network interface card receives an assigned protocol it's

card receives an assigned protocol it's

card receives an assigned protocol it's considered binding that protocol to that

considered binding that protocol to that

considered binding that protocol to that Nick so just we learned how the data is

Nick so just we learned how the data is

Nick so just we learned how the data is going to be passed down from one layer

going to be passed down from one layer

going to be passed down from one layer to the next it's very important that we

to the next it's very important that we

to the next it's very important that we have these protocols bound to the Nick

have these protocols bound to the Nick

have these protocols bound to the Nick we can have multiple protocols actually

we can have multiple protocols actually

we can have multiple protocols actually bound to one network interface card now

bound to one network interface card now

bound to one network interface card now of course the most easily recognized we

of course the most easily recognized we

of course the most easily recognized we can most easily recognize these when

can most easily recognize these when

can most easily recognize these when we're looking at the ipv4 and IPv6

we're looking at the ipv4 and IPv6

we're looking at the ipv4 and IPv6 configurations in our network connection

configurations in our network connection

configurations in our network connection Properties or adapter settings in

Properties or adapter settings in

Properties or adapter settings in Windows so for instance you use a

Windows so for instance you use a

Windows so for instance you use a specific protocol more than others and

specific protocol more than others and

specific protocol more than others and you're confident in the stability of the

you're confident in the stability of the

you're confident in the stability of the connection you can change the order of

connection you can change the order of

connection you can change the order of binding

binding

binding to potentially speed up your network

to potentially speed up your network

to potentially speed up your network since what it basically does is it's

since what it basically does is it's

since what it basically does is it's going to give a list

of each protocol that exists and it's

of each protocol that exists and it's

of each protocol that exists and it's going to hit each protocol one after the

going to hit each protocol one after the

going to hit each protocol one after the other so if there's one that you use

other so if there's one that you use

other so if there's one that you use more you can set that at the top so it

more you can set that at the top so it

more you can set that at the top so it doesn't have as far to go so as we can

doesn't have as far to go so as we can

doesn't have as far to go so as we can see here we have several default

see here we have several default

see here we have several default protocols

protocols

protocols and they're going to be tested in order

and they're going to be tested in order

and they're going to be tested in order for that available connection

for that available connection

for that available connection and the first protocol that's found to

and the first protocol that's found to

and the first protocol that's found to have a matching active protocol on the

have a matching active protocol on the

have a matching active protocol on the receiving end is going to be the one we

receiving end is going to be the one we

receiving end is going to be the one we use now that while this might sound like

use now that while this might sound like

use now that while this might sound like a pretty decent method of doing things

a pretty decent method of doing things

a pretty decent method of doing things it also opens your computer up to

it also opens your computer up to

it also opens your computer up to utilizing a lesser protocol which is

utilizing a lesser protocol which is

utilizing a lesser protocol which is potentially going to give you a slower

potentially going to give you a slower

potentially going to give you a slower speed

speed

speed so the graphical interface or properties

so the graphical interface or properties

so the graphical interface or properties menu for your um network interface card

menu for your um network interface card

menu for your um network interface card is where you're going to be able to

is where you're going to be able to

is where you're going to be able to configure all of this stuff stuff such

configure all of this stuff stuff such

configure all of this stuff stuff such as tcpip

as tcpip

as tcpip DNS server assignment DHCP and so on and

DNS server assignment DHCP and so on and

DNS server assignment DHCP and so on and so forth so after all of this it's

so forth so after all of this it's

so forth so after all of this it's really important to understand that all

really important to understand that all

really important to understand that all this organizing categorizing defining of

this organizing categorizing defining of

this organizing categorizing defining of these protocols the assigning of rules

these protocols the assigning of rules

these protocols the assigning of rules and roles all of this the the internet

and roles all of this the the internet

and roles all of this the the internet didn't just happen overnight it's not

didn't just happen overnight it's not

didn't just happen overnight it's not even necessarily the way we did it on

even necessarily the way we did it on

even necessarily the way we did it on purpose these standards and these models

purpose these standards and these models

purpose these standards and these models are going to continue to expand and

are going to continue to expand and

are going to continue to expand and change and eventually might even have a

change and eventually might even have a

change and eventually might even have a brand new model that we're going to have

brand new model that we're going to have

brand new model that we're going to have to learn about

to learn about

to learn about but in the meantime these models are

but in the meantime these models are

but in the meantime these models are here to stay and they're going to remain

here to stay and they're going to remain

here to stay and they're going to remain really important and especially uh in

really important and especially uh in

really important and especially uh in the future you have to understand the

the future you have to understand the

the future you have to understand the historical roots of the network so you

historical roots of the network so you

historical roots of the network so you can be able to Define not only how to go

can be able to Define not only how to go

can be able to Define not only how to go forward in the future but also how to

forward in the future but also how to

forward in the future but also how to you know prepare yourself for a network

you know prepare yourself for a network

you know prepare yourself for a network plus exam so let's just go back over

plus exam so let's just go back over

plus exam so let's just go back over everything we've talked about one last

everything we've talked about one last

everything we've talked about one last time we covered in great a lot of stuff

time we covered in great a lot of stuff

time we covered in great a lot of stuff here right first we explain the purpose

here right first we explain the purpose

here right first we explain the purpose of the TCP model and we compared the

of the TCP model and we compared the

of the TCP model and we compared the tcpip model with the OSI model

tcpip model with the OSI model

tcpip model with the OSI model remembering that the top three layers if

remembering that the top three layers if

remembering that the top three layers if we look at this

we look at this

we look at this if we do the three two one and then we

if we do the three two one and then we

if we do the three two one and then we look at seven six five four

look at seven six five four

look at seven six five four right two and one physical and data link

right two and one physical and data link

right two and one physical and data link are going to go straight over here

are going to go straight over here

are going to go straight over here to uh that physical layer one of the

to uh that physical layer one of the

to uh that physical layer one of the tcpip model

tcpip model

tcpip model then

then

then the network layer is going to

the network layer is going to

the network layer is going to correspond directly to the internet

correspond directly to the internet

correspond directly to the internet layer the transport layers are going to

layer the transport layers are going to

layer the transport layers are going to be the same

and

and

and session presentation and application all

session presentation and application all

session presentation and application all go over to the presentation layer in TCP

go over to the presentation layer in TCP

go over to the presentation layer in TCP we also talked about defining data

we also talked about defining data

we also talked about defining data encapsulation and we walk through how

encapsulation and we walk through how

encapsulation and we walk through how fragmentation works on the internet

fragmentation works on the internet

fragmentation works on the internet layer

and the reason we need to do that is

and the reason we need to do that is

and the reason we need to do that is because of the maximum transmission unit

because of the maximum transmission unit

because of the maximum transmission unit finally we talked about the fourth third

finally we talked about the fourth third

finally we talked about the fourth third second and first layers of the tcpip

second and first layers of the tcpip

second and first layers of the tcpip model and on each model we outlined some

model and on each model we outlined some

model and on each model we outlined some of the important aspects of each layer

of the important aspects of each layer

of the important aspects of each layer such as the

such as the

such as the um

um

um application layer

application layer

application layer which again is the way that the

which again is the way that the

which again is the way that the application is going to process all this

application is going to process all this

application is going to process all this information the Tran sport layer

information the Tran sport layer

information the Tran sport layer which is in charge of reliability

and it is where TCP which is connection

and it is where TCP which is connection

and it is where TCP which is connection oriented or UDP which is connection less

oriented or UDP which is connection less

oriented or UDP which is connection less live and this is also going to deal with

live and this is also going to deal with

live and this is also going to deal with flow control

and also segmentation

we looked at uh Layer Two as well which

we looked at uh Layer Two as well which

we looked at uh Layer Two as well which is the internet layer

is the internet layer

is the internet layer and the fragmentation that happens there

and network one the network interface

and network one the network interface

and network one the network interface layer

which is equivalent to all that physical

which is equivalent to all that physical

which is equivalent to all that physical stuff that we've talked about we also

stuff that we've talked about we also

stuff that we've talked about we also looked at how the terminology changes

looked at how the terminology changes

looked at how the terminology changes remember on layer four we're talking

remember on layer four we're talking

remember on layer four we're talking about data

about data

about data on layer three

on layer three

on layer three we're dealing with segments

we're dealing with segments

we're dealing with segments on Layer Two

we're dealing with datagrams also called

we're dealing with datagrams also called

we're dealing with datagrams also called packets and we broke down then on layer

packets and we broke down then on layer

packets and we broke down then on layer one

one

one frames and an Ethernet frame and all the

frames and an Ethernet frame and all the

frames and an Ethernet frame and all the information that goes into that

finally we Define what an MTU black hole

finally we Define what an MTU black hole

finally we Define what an MTU black hole was and we finished off everything by

was and we finished off everything by

was and we finished off everything by talking about protocol binding which is

talking about protocol binding which is

talking about protocol binding which is binding certain protocols to specific

binding certain protocols to specific

binding certain protocols to specific Nicks and in a in a delineated order

[Music]

Network infrastructure and design

Network infrastructure and design

Network infrastructure and design ethernet and implementing a wireless

ethernet and implementing a wireless

ethernet and implementing a wireless network

network

network so in the previous modules we were

so in the previous modules we were

so in the previous modules we were introduced to many networking standards

introduced to many networking standards

introduced to many networking standards models and Technologies now this module

models and Technologies now this module

models and Technologies now this module is going into ethernet a little bit

is going into ethernet a little bit

is going into ethernet a little bit further and specifically the

further and specifically the

further and specifically the implementation of a wireless network so

implementation of a wireless network so

implementation of a wireless network so the module objectives are first to

the module objectives are first to

the module objectives are first to outline the different types of ethernet

outline the different types of ethernet

outline the different types of ethernet networks that exist and then we're going

networks that exist and then we're going

networks that exist and then we're going to go into the explanation of WLAN or

to go into the explanation of WLAN or

to go into the explanation of WLAN or wireless LAN architecture

wireless LAN architecture

wireless LAN architecture then we're going to Define and describe

then we're going to Define and describe

then we're going to Define and describe the characteristics of an antenna and

the characteristics of an antenna and

the characteristics of an antenna and have different types of antennas which

have different types of antennas which

have different types of antennas which is actually pretty important for the

is actually pretty important for the

is actually pretty important for the network plus exam specifically

network plus exam specifically

network plus exam specifically wireless antenna performance factors and

wireless antenna performance factors and

wireless antenna performance factors and then by the end of the module we're

then by the end of the module we're

then by the end of the module we're going to have a complete understanding

going to have a complete understanding

going to have a complete understanding of the 802.11 standard and its

of the 802.11 standard and its

of the 802.11 standard and its Associated modes we're going to talk

Associated modes we're going to talk

Associated modes we're going to talk about uh the beacon frame and we're also

about uh the beacon frame and we're also

about uh the beacon frame and we're also going to talk about what determines

going to talk about what determines

going to talk about what determines where you place your wireless access

where you place your wireless access

where you place your wireless access point or your WAP

point or your WAP

point or your WAP and we'll finish by talking about how to

and we'll finish by talking about how to

and we'll finish by talking about how to properly Implement a wireless network

properly Implement a wireless network

properly Implement a wireless network so an Ethernet network is perhaps one of

so an Ethernet network is perhaps one of

so an Ethernet network is perhaps one of the easiest networks to plan and

the easiest networks to plan and

the easiest networks to plan and implement depending on the size of your

implement depending on the size of your

implement depending on the size of your network and the equipment being used

network and the equipment being used

network and the equipment being used there are a bunch of different kinds of

there are a bunch of different kinds of

there are a bunch of different kinds of small ethernet Network implementations

small ethernet Network implementations

small ethernet Network implementations that you can use some of the typical

that you can use some of the typical

that you can use some of the typical equipment that you're going to find in

equipment that you're going to find in

equipment that you're going to find in an Ethernet Network might be a hub

an Ethernet Network might be a hub

an Ethernet Network might be a hub an ethernet cable which can either be

an ethernet cable which can either be

an ethernet cable which can either be what we call straight through

or crossover

or crossover

or crossover and we've looked at that a little bit

and we've looked at that a little bit

and we've looked at that a little bit more in depth previously

more in depth previously

more in depth previously and a switch

and a switch

and a switch or and a router so a network can also

or and a router so a network can also

or and a router so a network can also contain a combination of these or all of

contain a combination of these or all of

contain a combination of these or all of them generally so much we're not going

them generally so much we're not going

them generally so much we're not going to see hubs a lot anymore but they're

to see hubs a lot anymore but they're

to see hubs a lot anymore but they're still mentioned on the exam

still mentioned on the exam

still mentioned on the exam so a very simple ethernet Network that

so a very simple ethernet Network that

so a very simple ethernet Network that involves a hub is called a Hub Network

involves a hub is called a Hub Network

involves a hub is called a Hub Network Now to create this network all you need

Now to create this network all you need

Now to create this network all you need is two devices

is two devices

is two devices a hub

a hub

a hub and an ethernet cable

and an ethernet cable

and an ethernet cable this type of network is not capable of

this type of network is not capable of

this type of network is not capable of reaching the internet and it's typically

reaching the internet and it's typically

reaching the internet and it's typically only going to be used for file sharing

only going to be used for file sharing

only going to be used for file sharing or printing and you're not going to want

or printing and you're not going to want

or printing and you're not going to want to have a lot of devices either because

to have a lot of devices either because

to have a lot of devices either because it's quickly going to become very slow

it's quickly going to become very slow

it's quickly going to become very slow due to the fact that hubs as you

due to the fact that hubs as you

due to the fact that hubs as you remember operate on layer one of the OSI

remember operate on layer one of the OSI

remember operate on layer one of the OSI model and therefore broadcast every

model and therefore broadcast every

model and therefore broadcast every um uh input data out to everything else

um uh input data out to everything else

um uh input data out to everything else now the next type is also very easy to

now the next type is also very easy to

now the next type is also very easy to implement this is considered a crossover

implement this is considered a crossover

implement this is considered a crossover Network or a peer

Network or a peer

Network or a peer to peer Network and the reason is

to peer Network and the reason is

to peer Network and the reason is because there is no device sitting in

because there is no device sitting in

because there is no device sitting in the center

the center

the center a crossover Network only needs the two

a crossover Network only needs the two

a crossover Network only needs the two devices in the crossover cable to

devices in the crossover cable to

devices in the crossover cable to connect them and the reason we must use

connect them and the reason we must use

connect them and the reason we must use a crossover cable is because we're

a crossover cable is because we're

a crossover cable is because we're switching if you recall the one two

switching if you recall the one two

switching if you recall the one two three six pins we're switching these

three six pins we're switching these

three six pins we're switching these pins so that way on one side the data is

pins so that way on one side the data is

pins so that way on one side the data is sent on the other side it's received

of course newer devices might not always

of course newer devices might not always

of course newer devices might not always need this crossover cable anymore

need this crossover cable anymore

need this crossover cable anymore because a lot of modern Nicks have Auto

because a lot of modern Nicks have Auto

because a lot of modern Nicks have Auto switching capabilities which will

switching capabilities which will

switching capabilities which will automatically determine and switch these

automatically determine and switch these

automatically determine and switch these pins for you now another ethernet

pins for you now another ethernet

pins for you now another ethernet network is one that uses a router to

network is one that uses a router to

network is one that uses a router to connect devices to the outside world or

connect devices to the outside world or

connect devices to the outside world or to the internet

to the internet

to the internet and a switch can often be placed in

and a switch can often be placed in

and a switch can often be placed in between the router which leads out to

between the router which leads out to

between the router which leads out to the Wan

the Wan

the Wan in the internal Network or the LAN in

in the internal Network or the LAN in

in the internal Network or the LAN in order to alleviate Network congestion

order to alleviate Network congestion

order to alleviate Network congestion and to allow for more devices to be

and to allow for more devices to be

and to allow for more devices to be added

added

added now just so we remember a switch

now just so we remember a switch

now just so we remember a switch operates on Layer Two although there are

operates on Layer Two although there are

operates on Layer Two although there are switches that do routing and those are

switches that do routing and those are

switches that do routing and those are called layer 3 switches and then the

called layer 3 switches and then the

called layer 3 switches and then the router as we just mentioned operates on

router as we just mentioned operates on

router as we just mentioned operates on layer three of the OSI model

layer three of the OSI model

layer three of the OSI model now another point about ethernet

now another point about ethernet

now another point about ethernet networks that is important is that

networks that is important is that

networks that is important is that ethernet uses destination and Source

ethernet uses destination and Source

ethernet uses destination and Source access points to assist in keeping tabs

access points to assist in keeping tabs

access points to assist in keeping tabs on all the multiple channels that are

on all the multiple channels that are

on all the multiple channels that are used in network communications these are

used in network communications these are

used in network communications these are called sap or service access points and

called sap or service access points and

called sap or service access points and in the previous modules we discussed how

in the previous modules we discussed how

in the previous modules we discussed how data flows through these layers in the

data flows through these layers in the

data flows through these layers in the network models well here these access

network models well here these access

network models well here these access points are used to map the network layer

points are used to map the network layer

points are used to map the network layer communication or IP through the physical

communication or IP through the physical

communication or IP through the physical layer or layer 1. now the access points

layer or layer 1. now the access points

layer or layer 1. now the access points allow a single physical connection to be

allow a single physical connection to be

allow a single physical connection to be utilized for many logical connections

utilized for many logical connections

utilized for many logical connections for tcpip this would be like a Nick

for tcpip this would be like a Nick

for tcpip this would be like a Nick because these access points are going to

because these access points are going to

because these access points are going to be on the local side only they're

be on the local side only they're

be on the local side only they're selected by the server managing those

selected by the server managing those

selected by the server managing those services

services

services now to keep what TCP as an example when

now to keep what TCP as an example when

now to keep what TCP as an example when a user is accessing a website for

a user is accessing a website for

a user is accessing a website for example

example

example a connection is made with the web server

a connection is made with the web server

a connection is made with the web server and the computer downloads that website

and the computer downloads that website

and the computer downloads that website along with the website are references to

along with the website are references to

along with the website are references to parts of the page such as files that are

parts of the page such as files that are

parts of the page such as files that are associated with the web page sound image

associated with the web page sound image

associated with the web page sound image other things like JavaScript and these

other things like JavaScript and these

other things like JavaScript and these files are stored on the web server and

files are stored on the web server and

files are stored on the web server and when the user interacts with the website

when the user interacts with the website

when the user interacts with the website the access point ensures that the

the access point ensures that the

the access point ensures that the computer can differentiate between the

computer can differentiate between the

computer can differentiate between the ethernet frames for the images and those

ethernet frames for the images and those

ethernet frames for the images and those for sound files and those for other

for sound files and those for other

for sound files and those for other types

types

types okay so in a lot of the previous lessons

okay so in a lot of the previous lessons

okay so in a lot of the previous lessons we've been talking about the methods of

we've been talking about the methods of

we've been talking about the methods of connecting our devices mostly through

connecting our devices mostly through

connecting our devices mostly through physical means and we defined that many

physical means and we defined that many

physical means and we defined that many Technologies are commonly used in both

Technologies are commonly used in both

Technologies are commonly used in both wired and wireless networks otherwise

wired and wireless networks otherwise

wired and wireless networks otherwise known as bounded and unbounded networks

known as bounded and unbounded networks

known as bounded and unbounded networks so here we're going to discuss

so here we're going to discuss

so here we're going to discuss specifically WLAN or Wireless local area

specifically WLAN or Wireless local area

specifically WLAN or Wireless local area networks in Greater detail starting with

networks in Greater detail starting with

networks in Greater detail starting with the architecture

the architecture

the architecture there are several components that we

there are several components that we

there are several components that we really need to Define

really need to Define

really need to Define the first component is what's called an

the first component is what's called an

the first component is what's called an sta or the station

sta or the station

sta or the station the wireless sta is any device that has

the wireless sta is any device that has

the wireless sta is any device that has a network adapter card or Nick that

a network adapter card or Nick that

a network adapter card or Nick that conforms to the 802.11 standard

conforms to the 802.11 standard

conforms to the 802.11 standard and you remember the specific standard

and you remember the specific standard

and you remember the specific standard for wireless is 802.11 as opposed to

for wireless is 802.11 as opposed to

for wireless is 802.11 as opposed to 8023 which is ethernet now the next

8023 which is ethernet now the next

8023 which is ethernet now the next device is called an AP or an access

device is called an AP or an access

device is called an AP or an access point look familiar now this is very

point look familiar now this is very

point look familiar now this is very different from the service access point

different from the service access point

different from the service access point I just talked about because an AP in

I just talked about because an AP in

I just talked about because an AP in this sense it is a device or a software

this sense it is a device or a software

this sense it is a device or a software implementation that allows wireless

implementation that allows wireless

implementation that allows wireless devices to communicate with each other

devices to communicate with each other

devices to communicate with each other and to connect to a wired Network an

and to connect to a wired Network an

and to connect to a wired Network an access pointer AP also sometimes called

access pointer AP also sometimes called

access pointer AP also sometimes called wireless access point offers wireless

wireless access point offers wireless

wireless access point offers wireless devices some higher levels of security

devices some higher levels of security

devices some higher levels of security as well and can act as the bridging

as well and can act as the bridging

as well and can act as the bridging component

component

component between the STA

between the STA

between the STA and the backbone of the network for

and the backbone of the network for

and the backbone of the network for access

access

access so the next component that we need to

so the next component that we need to

so the next component that we need to identify is the WDS or the wireless

identify is the WDS or the wireless

identify is the WDS or the wireless distribution system this device is the

distribution system this device is the

distribution system this device is the authority in terms of Access Control to

authority in terms of Access Control to

authority in terms of Access Control to resources and ensures that devices are

resources and ensures that devices are

resources and ensures that devices are mobile this allows multiple access

mobile this allows multiple access

mobile this allows multiple access points

points

points to be interconnected wirelessly which

to be interconnected wirelessly which

to be interconnected wirelessly which allows you which allows the aps to be

allows you which allows the aps to be

allows you which allows the aps to be connected and extend the wireless range

connected and extend the wireless range

connected and extend the wireless range of the network without having to connect

of the network without having to connect

of the network without having to connect the wire at the access points directly

the wire at the access points directly

the wire at the access points directly to the backbone and again the backbone

to the backbone and again the backbone

to the backbone and again the backbone would be the internet

or the rest of the network if we're

or the rest of the network if we're

or the rest of the network if we're talking about a lan now the system has

talking about a lan now the system has

talking about a lan now the system has three types of AP stations we have

three types of AP stations we have

three types of AP stations we have something called a remote base station

something called a remote base station

something called a remote base station which is the access point that connects

which is the access point that connects

which is the access point that connects directly to the wireless clients or

directly to the wireless clients or

directly to the wireless clients or devices a relay based station just

devices a relay based station just

devices a relay based station just relays or repeats the information

relays or repeats the information

relays or repeats the information between other stations or devices and a

between other stations or devices and a

between other stations or devices and a main base station

main base station

main base station now the last thing I want to talk about

now the last thing I want to talk about

now the last thing I want to talk about is the main base station which is

is the main base station which is

is the main base station which is connected to the wired or Ethernet or

connected to the wired or Ethernet or

connected to the wired or Ethernet or backbone Network

backbone Network

backbone Network using these components there are a

using these components there are a

using these components there are a number of different ways we can actually

number of different ways we can actually

number of different ways we can actually configure a wireless LAN the service set

configure a wireless LAN the service set

configure a wireless LAN the service set is what defines how your network is

is what defines how your network is

is what defines how your network is configured now there are three standard

configured now there are three standard

configured now there are three standard ways that W lands or Wireless Lans can

ways that W lands or Wireless Lans can

ways that W lands or Wireless Lans can be configured

be configured

be configured first configuration is what's called a

first configuration is what's called a

first configuration is what's called a BSS or a basic service set the BSS in

BSS or a basic service set the BSS in

BSS or a basic service set the BSS in its simplest sense is comprised of an AP

its simplest sense is comprised of an AP

its simplest sense is comprised of an AP an access point and an sta a station

an access point and an sta a station

an access point and an sta a station although many stations with a single AP

although many stations with a single AP

although many stations with a single AP is also considered a BSS so I only need

is also considered a BSS so I only need

is also considered a BSS so I only need one station but I can have multiple the

one station but I can have multiple the

one station but I can have multiple the trick here is that I have only one AP

trick here is that I have only one AP

trick here is that I have only one AP now client nodes like these may not be

now client nodes like these may not be

now client nodes like these may not be necessarily explicitly aware of each

necessarily explicitly aware of each

necessarily explicitly aware of each other using a BSS we are easily

able to extend our network coverage area

able to extend our network coverage area

able to extend our network coverage area and the distance between our wireless

and the distance between our wireless

and the distance between our wireless devices by forwarding

devices by forwarding

devices by forwarding packets

packets

packets through a wireless access point

through a wireless access point

through a wireless access point so that we can gain access to the wired

so that we can gain access to the wired

so that we can gain access to the wired Network

Network

Network now wlans can also be configured in

now wlans can also be configured in

now wlans can also be configured in what's called an ESS or an extended

what's called an ESS or an extended

what's called an ESS or an extended service set an ESS is comprised of two

service set an ESS is comprised of two

service set an ESS is comprised of two or more bss's basic service sets and the

or more bss's basic service sets and the

or more bss's basic service sets and the purpose of an ESS is to allow mobile

purpose of an ESS is to allow mobile

purpose of an ESS is to allow mobile devices to maintain a constant

devices to maintain a constant

devices to maintain a constant connection

connection

connection it's the network while you're roaming so

it's the network while you're roaming so

it's the network while you're roaming so each BSS in an ESS or an extended

each BSS in an ESS or an extended

each BSS in an ESS or an extended service set is going to have the same

service set is going to have the same

service set is going to have the same service set identifier otherwise known

service set identifier otherwise known

service set identifier otherwise known as an SSID

as an SSID

as an SSID this makes multiple bsses appear as if

this makes multiple bsses appear as if

this makes multiple bsses appear as if they're only one

they're only one

they're only one so as an example if you think about when

so as an example if you think about when

so as an example if you think about when you walk through an airport pretty much

you walk through an airport pretty much

you walk through an airport pretty much wherever you sit we have a decently

wherever you sit we have a decently

wherever you sit we have a decently strong Wireless signal theoretically of

strong Wireless signal theoretically of

strong Wireless signal theoretically of course so thinking about what's that

course so thinking about what's that

course so thinking about what's that signal they wouldn't be easy for a

signal they wouldn't be easy for a

signal they wouldn't be easy for a single access point to provide you a

single access point to provide you a

single access point to provide you a signal that's that strong for that much

signal that's that strong for that much

signal that's that strong for that much space in fact it's pretty much

space in fact it's pretty much

space in fact it's pretty much impossible so instead there are many

impossible so instead there are many

impossible so instead there are many access points APS arrange strategically

access points APS arrange strategically

access points APS arrange strategically to allow full coverage throughout the

to allow full coverage throughout the

to allow full coverage throughout the airport and combined they make up this

airport and combined they make up this

airport and combined they make up this ESS or extended service set that's why

ESS or extended service set that's why

ESS or extended service set that's why we see the same network name no matter

we see the same network name no matter

we see the same network name no matter where you are within that Network range

where you are within that Network range

where you are within that Network range now the BSS can either operate on the

now the BSS can either operate on the

now the BSS can either operate on the same channel or on separate channels

same channel or on separate channels

same channel or on separate channels which effectively increases the

which effectively increases the

which effectively increases the throughput by having separate channels

throughput by having separate channels

throughput by having separate channels that they're not going to overlap on

that they're not going to overlap on

that they're not going to overlap on finally we have What's called the ibss

finally we have What's called the ibss

finally we have What's called the ibss this is an independent basic service set

this is an independent basic service set

this is an independent basic service set and ibss is created when there is a

and ibss is created when there is a

and ibss is created when there is a isn't a controlling access point but

isn't a controlling access point but

isn't a controlling access point but instead there's what we call an ad hoc

instead there's what we call an ad hoc

instead there's what we call an ad hoc network and as the name implies

network and as the name implies

network and as the name implies this means that uh this is a makeshift

this means that uh this is a makeshift

this means that uh this is a makeshift or an improvised in technical terms uh

or an improvised in technical terms uh

or an improvised in technical terms uh wireless network that combines Network

wireless network that combines Network

wireless network that combines Network elements to make a network with minimal

elements to make a network with minimal

elements to make a network with minimal planning where all the devices on the

planning where all the devices on the

planning where all the devices on the network are essentially equal in status

network are essentially equal in status

network are essentially equal in status and are free to talk with any other ad

and are free to talk with any other ad

and are free to talk with any other ad hoc devices that are in range this ad

hoc devices that are in range this ad

hoc devices that are in range this ad hoc configuration which is also called

hoc configuration which is also called

hoc configuration which is also called by the way a peer-to-peer configuration

is where stas are performing their own

is where stas are performing their own

is where stas are performing their own AP functions as well as their own client

AP functions as well as their own client

AP functions as well as their own client operations independent of any sort of

operations independent of any sort of

operations independent of any sort of central device

central device

central device so if you've ever connected two

so if you've ever connected two

so if you've ever connected two computers directly together in order to

computers directly together in order to

computers directly together in order to say

say

say transfer files or perhaps you've

transfer files or perhaps you've

transfer files or perhaps you've connected your smartphone directly to

connected your smartphone directly to

connected your smartphone directly to your computer in order to transfer files

your computer in order to transfer files

your computer in order to transfer files without the use of an access point

without the use of an access point

without the use of an access point you're using what's called an ibss or an

you're using what's called an ibss or an

you're using what's called an ibss or an ad hoc wireless network many aspects of

ad hoc wireless network many aspects of

ad hoc wireless network many aspects of antennas and their characteristics that

antennas and their characteristics that

antennas and their characteristics that are a little outside of the scope the

are a little outside of the scope the

are a little outside of the scope the network plus exam but there are still a

network plus exam but there are still a

network plus exam but there are still a few Basics that are important

few Basics that are important

few Basics that are important the first of which is to Define what an

the first of which is to Define what an

the first of which is to Define what an antenna actually is and how it functions

antenna actually is and how it functions

antenna actually is and how it functions on a fundamental level

on a fundamental level

on a fundamental level so an antenna is a physical device that

so an antenna is a physical device that

so an antenna is a physical device that are transmits or receives

are transmits or receives

are transmits or receives electromagnetic waves and then converts

electromagnetic waves and then converts

electromagnetic waves and then converts those waves to and from high frequency

those waves to and from high frequency

those waves to and from high frequency signal now the antenna's physical

signal now the antenna's physical

signal now the antenna's physical characteristics and dimensions are going

characteristics and dimensions are going

characteristics and dimensions are going to dictate these frequencies that it can

to dictate these frequencies that it can

to dictate these frequencies that it can transmit or receive and depending on the

transmit or receive and depending on the

transmit or receive and depending on the purpose of the antenna

purpose of the antenna

purpose of the antenna there are different types that can be

there are different types that can be

there are different types that can be used for instance the radiation pattern

used for instance the radiation pattern

used for instance the radiation pattern is different on some antennas versus

is different on some antennas versus

is different on some antennas versus others

others

others now another term we really need to

now another term we really need to

now another term we really need to understand is the term gain which

understand is the term gain which

understand is the term gain which describes the intensity of an antenna in

describes the intensity of an antenna in

describes the intensity of an antenna in a specific Direction related to the

a specific Direction related to the

a specific Direction related to the hypothetical intensity of a given

hypothetical intensity of a given

hypothetical intensity of a given standard which is the ideal in other

standard which is the ideal in other

standard which is the ideal in other words we always have a hypothetical

versus

the reality

the reality

the reality now this is achieved by focusing on

now this is achieved by focusing on

now this is achieved by focusing on What's called the RF or the radio

What's called the RF or the radio

What's called the RF or the radio frequency

frequency

frequency in a more manageable or concentrated

in a more manageable or concentrated

in a more manageable or concentrated plane this is what we see as strength on

plane this is what we see as strength on

plane this is what we see as strength on your computer right if you've seen this

your computer right if you've seen this

your computer right if you've seen this thing and you have different

thing and you have different

thing and you have different number of bars that's what we're really

number of bars that's what we're really

number of bars that's what we're really talking about here is the gain

talking about here is the gain

talking about here is the gain in most cases we want more gain which is

in most cases we want more gain which is

in most cases we want more gain which is better but there are certain legal

better but there are certain legal

better but there are certain legal limits and adding power can potentially

limits and adding power can potentially

limits and adding power can potentially have some negative ramifications so gain

have some negative ramifications so gain

have some negative ramifications so gain can also come from an external Source

can also come from an external Source

can also come from an external Source like an amplifier which means that it

like an amplifier which means that it

like an amplifier which means that it amplifies the signal making it stronger

amplifies the signal making it stronger

amplifies the signal making it stronger and it's measured in decibels

and it's measured in decibels

and it's measured in decibels now while this explanation is very

now while this explanation is very

now while this explanation is very simplified the antenna gain is how it's

simplified the antenna gain is how it's

simplified the antenna gain is how it's affected by things such as the size and

affected by things such as the size and

affected by things such as the size and shape of the antenna and the amount of

shape of the antenna and the amount of

shape of the antenna and the amount of electrical power that's applied to the

electrical power that's applied to the

electrical power that's applied to the signal and it's all kind of complicated

signal and it's all kind of complicated

signal and it's all kind of complicated which is why there are people who

which is why there are people who

which is why there are people who specifically are RF or radio frequency

specifically are RF or radio frequency

specifically are RF or radio frequency engineers

engineers

engineers so what you really need to remember

so what you really need to remember

so what you really need to remember about all this is first

about all this is first

about all this is first the physical characteristics of an

the physical characteristics of an

the physical characteristics of an antenna affect its gain

antenna affect its gain

antenna affect its gain second a higher gain is usually good but

second a higher gain is usually good but

second a higher gain is usually good but potentially dangerous

potentially dangerous

potentially dangerous third more gain can be achieved by using

third more gain can be achieved by using

third more gain can be achieved by using an amplifier and fourth we're going to

an amplifier and fourth we're going to

an amplifier and fourth we're going to measure it in decibels

measure it in decibels

measure it in decibels so now that we've defined some of this

so now that we've defined some of this

so now that we've defined some of this terminology when it comes to antennas

terminology when it comes to antennas

terminology when it comes to antennas let's take a look at some of the

let's take a look at some of the

let's take a look at some of the wireless antenna types

wireless antenna types

wireless antenna types now Wireless antennas can be fairly

now Wireless antennas can be fairly

now Wireless antennas can be fairly organized into two general broad

organized into two general broad

organized into two general broad categories the first category is

categories the first category is

categories the first category is directional directional antennas attempt

directional directional antennas attempt

directional directional antennas attempt to focus the radio waves into a narrow

to focus the radio waves into a narrow

to focus the radio waves into a narrow beam going in one specific Direction

beam going in one specific Direction

beam going in one specific Direction because the signal is being focused it

because the signal is being focused it

because the signal is being focused it typically means that these antennas are

typically means that these antennas are

typically means that these antennas are going to have a higher gain

going to have a higher gain

going to have a higher gain and for the same reason a relatively

and for the same reason a relatively

and for the same reason a relatively narrower transmission beam versus other

narrower transmission beam versus other

narrower transmission beam versus other types as you can see

types as you can see

types as you can see these characteristics allow for a couple

these characteristics allow for a couple

these characteristics allow for a couple of Bennetts benefits such as a focus

of Bennetts benefits such as a focus

of Bennetts benefits such as a focus beam which ensures a better signal

beam which ensures a better signal

beam which ensures a better signal quality and a smaller transmission beam

quality and a smaller transmission beam

quality and a smaller transmission beam which means that there's less area of

which means that there's less area of

which means that there's less area of interference

interference

interference how directional antennas are really

how directional antennas are really

how directional antennas are really commonplace in implementations of

commonplace in implementations of

commonplace in implementations of point-to-point networks which makes

point-to-point networks which makes

point-to-point networks which makes sense because I have this Limited sort

sense because I have this Limited sort

sense because I have this Limited sort of area in which the waves are going to

of area in which the waves are going to

of area in which the waves are going to be traveling and perhaps most commonly

be traveling and perhaps most commonly

be traveling and perhaps most commonly you've seen them in Dish Networks for

you've seen them in Dish Networks for

you've seen them in Dish Networks for satellite TV and the internet

satellite TV and the internet

satellite TV and the internet now the next category of antenna is are

now the next category of antenna is are

now the next category of antenna is are called omnidirectional antennas this

called omnidirectional antennas this

called omnidirectional antennas this type of antenna emits the radio waves in

type of antenna emits the radio waves in

type of antenna emits the radio waves in all directions on the same plane equally

all directions on the same plane equally

all directions on the same plane equally in some ways these are called donuts

in some ways these are called donuts

in some ways these are called donuts because

because

because the wave comes out in a donut looking

the wave comes out in a donut looking

the wave comes out in a donut looking shape now because the signal is being

shape now because the signal is being

shape now because the signal is being transmitted in any direction such as on

transmitted in any direction such as on

transmitted in any direction such as on a wireless router

a wireless router

a wireless router these antennas have a relatively low

these antennas have a relatively low

these antennas have a relatively low gain when compared

gain when compared

gain when compared with a uh directional antenna now where

with a uh directional antenna now where

with a uh directional antenna now where these antennas lack and gain they make

these antennas lack and gain they make

these antennas lack and gain they make up for it because obviously they have a

up for it because obviously they have a

up for it because obviously they have a greater coverage area

as the donut wave implies

as the donut wave implies

as the donut wave implies the good part about this greater

the good part about this greater

the good part about this greater coverage area is that transmitting and

coverage area is that transmitting and

coverage area is that transmitting and receiving Stations don't have to have a

receiving Stations don't have to have a

receiving Stations don't have to have a specific alignment with one another

specific alignment with one another

specific alignment with one another they can be in any direction from the

they can be in any direction from the

they can be in any direction from the antenna these antennas are really going

antenna these antennas are really going

antenna these antennas are really going to be used in distributed networks and

to be used in distributed networks and

to be used in distributed networks and multi-point networks as well so

multi-point networks as well so

multi-point networks as well so omnidirectional antennas are implemented

omnidirectional antennas are implemented

omnidirectional antennas are implemented everywhere from cell phones to radio

everywhere from cell phones to radio

everywhere from cell phones to radio broadcasting antennas to walkie-talkies

broadcasting antennas to walkie-talkies

broadcasting antennas to walkie-talkies to GPS to mostly our wireless networks

to GPS to mostly our wireless networks

to GPS to mostly our wireless networks at home and in a lot of offices Etc

at home and in a lot of offices Etc

at home and in a lot of offices Etc so now that we've talked about a lot of

so now that we've talked about a lot of

so now that we've talked about a lot of the different types of antennas and

the different types of antennas and

the different types of antennas and their characteristics the the last thing

their characteristics the the last thing

their characteristics the the last thing I'd like to mention about gain is the

I'd like to mention about gain is the

I'd like to mention about gain is the more gain the antenna has the smaller

more gain the antenna has the smaller

more gain the antenna has the smaller the effective angle of use needs to be

the effective angle of use needs to be

the effective angle of use needs to be so the next thing we need to do is

so the next thing we need to do is

so the next thing we need to do is outline what's going to affect the

outline what's going to affect the

outline what's going to affect the performance of these antennas

performance of these antennas

performance of these antennas so the physical layer of the network the

so the physical layer of the network the

so the physical layer of the network the transmission of bits from one point to

transmission of bits from one point to

transmission of bits from one point to the other there are a lot of things that

the other there are a lot of things that

the other there are a lot of things that can hinder the data while it's in

can hinder the data while it's in

can hinder the data while it's in transit these things that are going to

transit these things that are going to

transit these things that are going to impede our signal are going to depend on

impede our signal are going to depend on

impede our signal are going to depend on the type of data in transmission

the type of data in transmission

the type of data in transmission so for infrared data Transmissions the

so for infrared data Transmissions the

so for infrared data Transmissions the antennas need a line of sight or Los

antennas need a line of sight or Los

antennas need a line of sight or Los just like your remote control almost

just like your remote control almost

just like your remote control almost anything that obstructs this loss is

anything that obstructs this loss is

anything that obstructs this loss is going to affect the signal this could

going to affect the signal this could

going to affect the signal this could include stuff like smoke smog fog dust

include stuff like smoke smog fog dust

include stuff like smoke smog fog dust even pulses of light and bright sunlight

even pulses of light and bright sunlight

even pulses of light and bright sunlight can very easily change the maximum

can very easily change the maximum

can very easily change the maximum transmitting distance and obviously if

transmitting distance and obviously if

transmitting distance and obviously if anything

anything

anything standing in the way we're going to be in

standing in the way we're going to be in

standing in the way we're going to be in big trouble

big trouble

big trouble now for microwave Transmissions the

now for microwave Transmissions the

now for microwave Transmissions the signals also considered Los or line of

signals also considered Los or line of

signals also considered Los or line of sight this typically doesn't mean that

sight this typically doesn't mean that

sight this typically doesn't mean that we need to be able to see the receiving

we need to be able to see the receiving

we need to be able to see the receiving station with our naked eye it just means

station with our naked eye it just means

station with our naked eye it just means that the signal has to have an unimpeded

that the signal has to have an unimpeded

that the signal has to have an unimpeded path from the source of the destination

path from the source of the destination

path from the source of the destination most commonly satellite the ground

most commonly satellite the ground

most commonly satellite the ground station has to be within the footprint

station has to be within the footprint

station has to be within the footprint of the orbiting satellite generally

of the orbiting satellite generally

of the orbiting satellite generally speaking

speaking

speaking distance is the performance Factor

distance is the performance Factor

distance is the performance Factor that's going to affect these microwave

that's going to affect these microwave

that's going to affect these microwave Transmissions the most

Transmissions the most

Transmissions the most now the factors that are going to affect

now the factors that are going to affect

now the factors that are going to affect radio Transmissions which are the ones

radio Transmissions which are the ones

radio Transmissions which are the ones we use in Wi-Fi settings mostly start

we use in Wi-Fi settings mostly start

we use in Wi-Fi settings mostly start with the antenna itself

with the antenna itself

with the antenna itself so the signal characteristics of an

so the signal characteristics of an

so the signal characteristics of an antenna can affect the maximum

antenna can affect the maximum

antenna can affect the maximum transmitting distance also performance

transmitting distance also performance

transmitting distance also performance can be limited if there are any objects

can be limited if there are any objects

can be limited if there are any objects that are very electrical or give off a

that are very electrical or give off a

that are very electrical or give off a lot of magnet magnetic fields near or

lot of magnet magnetic fields near or

lot of magnet magnetic fields near or around the transmitting or receiving

around the transmitting or receiving

around the transmitting or receiving stations and this is going to cause

stations and this is going to cause

stations and this is going to cause problems to arise

problems to arise

problems to arise we can also have normal ambient noise or

we can also have normal ambient noise or

we can also have normal ambient noise or environmental conditions which can

environmental conditions which can

environmental conditions which can affect the distance these signals can

affect the distance these signals can

affect the distance these signals can travel finally the greatest factor

travel finally the greatest factor

travel finally the greatest factor that's going to affect Bluetooth

that's going to affect Bluetooth

that's going to affect Bluetooth Transmissions is the distance between

Transmissions is the distance between

Transmissions is the distance between the uh the devices just because of the

the uh the devices just because of the

the uh the devices just because of the technology we're using as most Bluetooth

technology we're using as most Bluetooth

technology we're using as most Bluetooth devices are what we call Class 2 devices

devices are what we call Class 2 devices

devices are what we call Class 2 devices this means that we have about a 10 meter

this means that we have about a 10 meter

this means that we have about a 10 meter which is equivalent to around although a

which is equivalent to around although a

which is equivalent to around although a little more than 30 feet

little more than 30 feet

little more than 30 feet and this is due to power limitations now

and this is due to power limitations now

and this is due to power limitations now depending on the type of Bluetooth

depending on the type of Bluetooth

depending on the type of Bluetooth device it may operate on the 2.4

device it may operate on the 2.4

device it may operate on the 2.4 gigahertz

gigahertz

gigahertz frequency which by the way is the same

frequency which by the way is the same

frequency which by the way is the same as Wi-Fi and so there that's why we're

as Wi-Fi and so there that's why we're

as Wi-Fi and so there that's why we're going to have a problem and sometimes

going to have a problem and sometimes

going to have a problem and sometimes we're also going to see it on the 4.6

we're also going to see it on the 4.6

we're also going to see it on the 4.6 gigahertz frequency

gigahertz frequency

gigahertz frequency and for those that operate at 2.4

and for those that operate at 2.4

and for those that operate at 2.4 obviously not only does radio operate at

obviously not only does radio operate at

obviously not only does radio operate at those or Wi-Fi connections but also

those or Wi-Fi connections but also

those or Wi-Fi connections but also phones and so on so there's a lot of

phones and so on so there's a lot of

phones and so on so there's a lot of potential for

potential for

potential for having devices on the same frequency

having devices on the same frequency

having devices on the same frequency that are going to impede its

that are going to impede its

that are going to impede its communication

communication

communication now one other term I want to talk about

now one other term I want to talk about

now one other term I want to talk about is a term called latency this is we've

is a term called latency this is we've

is a term called latency this is we've mentioned it a couple times in previous

mentioned it a couple times in previous

mentioned it a couple times in previous modules but I haven't really defined it

modules but I haven't really defined it

modules but I haven't really defined it latency is basically the time delay in a

latency is basically the time delay in a

latency is basically the time delay in a given system depending on what system

given system depending on what system

given system depending on what system you're measuring it might mean slightly

you're measuring it might mean slightly

you're measuring it might mean slightly different things so the system we're

different things so the system we're

different things so the system we're most concerned with is the network

most concerned with is the network

most concerned with is the network latency which can be measured in either

latency which can be measured in either

latency which can be measured in either one way or round trip latency and I'm

one way or round trip latency and I'm

one way or round trip latency and I'm sure that you can understand the

sure that you can understand the

sure that you can understand the difference there

difference there

difference there the latency is the amount of time it

the latency is the amount of time it

the latency is the amount of time it takes for data to go from a source to

takes for data to go from a source to

takes for data to go from a source to destination and we're just dealing with

destination and we're just dealing with

destination and we're just dealing with bat round trip

bat round trip

bat round trip it coming back as well so the round trip

it coming back as well so the round trip

it coming back as well so the round trip adds the two one-way totals

adds the two one-way totals

adds the two one-way totals and doesn't include the processing time

and doesn't include the processing time

and doesn't include the processing time of the packet so only because it's sent

of the packet so only because it's sent

of the packet so only because it's sent and then takes a certain amount of time

and then takes a certain amount of time

and then takes a certain amount of time to come back doesn't mean that is all

to come back doesn't mean that is all

to come back doesn't mean that is all latency because some of that is how much

latency because some of that is how much

latency because some of that is how much time the computer is spending processing

time the computer is spending processing

time the computer is spending processing that information

that information

that information obviously we want lower latency

and to measure it we can generally use

and to measure it we can generally use

and to measure it we can generally use the Ping utility which is going to tell

the Ping utility which is going to tell

the Ping utility which is going to tell us in milliseconds how long a packet

us in milliseconds how long a packet

us in milliseconds how long a packet took to go there and come back

took to go there and come back

took to go there and come back now let's look at some of the 802 11

now let's look at some of the 802 11

now let's look at some of the 802 11 standards and see which specifications

standards and see which specifications

standards and see which specifications have the least amount of latency so

have the least amount of latency so

have the least amount of latency so these 802 11 standards cover the proper

these 802 11 standards cover the proper

these 802 11 standards cover the proper implementation setup and performance

implementation setup and performance

implementation setup and performance minimums and device specifications for

minimums and device specifications for

minimums and device specifications for wireless local area networks these all

wireless local area networks these all

wireless local area networks these all fall under the 802.11 specifications

fall under the 802.11 specifications

fall under the 802.11 specifications they also specify the method for which

they also specify the method for which

they also specify the method for which those wireless networks as carrier sense

those wireless networks as carrier sense

those wireless networks as carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance

or csma CA which we've talked about

or csma CA which we've talked about

or csma CA which we've talked about are going to operate

are going to operate

are going to operate and it also designates the 2.4 gigahertz

and it also designates the 2.4 gigahertz

and it also designates the 2.4 gigahertz frequency

frequency

frequency as the band for the sped Spectrum

as the band for the sped Spectrum

as the band for the sped Spectrum devices that are going to utilize for

devices that are going to utilize for

devices that are going to utilize for reliability now over the years there

reliability now over the years there

reliability now over the years there have been several standards in this

have been several standards in this

have been several standards in this family that have been ratified the

family that have been ratified the

family that have been ratified the original was 802.11 just plain old it

original was 802.11 just plain old it

original was 802.11 just plain old it was named for its release in 1997 so the

was named for its release in 1997 so the

was named for its release in 1997 so the 1997 is part of that and it was

1997 is part of that and it was

1997 is part of that and it was specified to operate the 2.4 gigahertz

specified to operate the 2.4 gigahertz

specified to operate the 2.4 gigahertz frequency band and was rated for data

frequency band and was rated for data

frequency band and was rated for data bits at about 2 megabits per second

bits at about 2 megabits per second

bits at about 2 megabits per second which as you imagine would not be very

which as you imagine would not be very

which as you imagine would not be very useful for us now and therefore it is

useful for us now and therefore it is

useful for us now and therefore it is very obsolete at this point

very obsolete at this point

very obsolete at this point the 802 a standard which was released

the 802 a standard which was released

the 802 a standard which was released two years later was designed to operate

two years later was designed to operate

two years later was designed to operate at the 5 gigahertz band and it had a 54

at the 5 gigahertz band and it had a 54

at the 5 gigahertz band and it had a 54 megabit data rate now while it would

megabit data rate now while it would

megabit data rate now while it would seem that this standard would sort of

seem that this standard would sort of

seem that this standard would sort of lead the charge in Wireless standards at

lead the charge in Wireless standards at

lead the charge in Wireless standards at the same time that 802a was released

the same time that 802a was released

the same time that 802a was released there was also 802 B which was released

there was also 802 B which was released

there was also 802 B which was released and 802b operates at the 2.4 gigahertz

and 802b operates at the 2.4 gigahertz

and 802b operates at the 2.4 gigahertz band and essentially was a direct

band and essentially was a direct

band and essentially was a direct extension of the original

extension of the original

extension of the original 802.11 1997 standard now even though the

802.11 1997 standard now even though the

802.11 1997 standard now even though the data rate was faster with 802.11a there

data rate was faster with 802.11a there

data rate was faster with 802.11a there were some initial downsides to that

were some initial downsides to that

were some initial downsides to that standard that kept it from being the

standard that kept it from being the

standard that kept it from being the most popular

most popular

most popular first this higher frequency uh had a

first this higher frequency uh had a

first this higher frequency uh had a lesser range and so you could travel

lesser range and so you could travel

lesser range and so you could travel travel less distance

also when 802.11b came out it was a lot

also when 802.11b came out it was a lot

also when 802.11b came out it was a lot cheaper

cheaper

cheaper than 802.11a and that made up quickly uh

than 802.11a and that made up quickly uh

than 802.11a and that made up quickly uh with consumers and so it quickly became

with consumers and so it quickly became

with consumers and so it quickly became the de facto standard now it's popularly

the de facto standard now it's popularly

the de facto standard now it's popularly grew rapidly and though it operated at

grew rapidly and though it operated at

grew rapidly and though it operated at 2.4 gigahertz and therefore was open to

2.4 gigahertz and therefore was open to

2.4 gigahertz and therefore was open to uh you know was really susceptible

uh you know was really susceptible

uh you know was really susceptible to a lot of interference uh it still was

to a lot of interference uh it still was

to a lot of interference uh it still was the one that almost everyone used uh and

the one that almost everyone used uh and

the one that almost everyone used uh and so that's sort of where it went because

so that's sort of where it went because

so that's sort of where it went because range

range

range was such a big deal the next standard

was such a big deal the next standard

was such a big deal the next standard which was released in 2003 was the 802

which was released in 2003 was the 802

which was released in 2003 was the 802 11g standard and this specification used

11g standard and this specification used

11g standard and this specification used the 2.4 gigahertz frequency again

the 2.4 gigahertz frequency again

the 2.4 gigahertz frequency again but the data rates took a major leap up

but the data rates took a major leap up

but the data rates took a major leap up to 54 megabits per second just like

to 54 megabits per second just like

to 54 megabits per second just like 802.11a now since it used the 2.4 band

802.11a now since it used the 2.4 band

802.11a now since it used the 2.4 band it made backwards compatible with

it made backwards compatible with

it made backwards compatible with 802.11b so it was very easy to integrate

802.11b so it was very easy to integrate

802.11b so it was very easy to integrate and it therefore became the preferred

and it therefore became the preferred

and it therefore became the preferred standard now after 80211g took over the

standard now after 80211g took over the

standard now after 80211g took over the market it wasn't until 2009 that we

market it wasn't until 2009 that we

market it wasn't until 2009 that we finally got the 802.11 N standard and it

finally got the 802.11 N standard and it

finally got the 802.11 N standard and it was released with something called a

was released with something called a

was released with something called a memo

memo

memo which was a type of antenna

which was a type of antenna

which was a type of antenna or multiple

input

multiple output

multiple output

multiple output and it had multiple antennas and that

and it had multiple antennas and that

and it had multiple antennas and that greatly improved the network performance

greatly improved the network performance

greatly improved the network performance also this amendment was specified for

also this amendment was specified for

also this amendment was specified for both 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz bands

both 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz bands

both 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz bands and so these improvements made the

and so these improvements made the

and so these improvements made the standard really popular especially

standard really popular especially

standard really popular especially because it was backwards compatible not

because it was backwards compatible not

because it was backwards compatible not only with G but also with b and even a

only with G but also with b and even a

only with G but also with b and even a and it was rated for a maximum of up to

and it was rated for a maximum of up to

and it was rated for a maximum of up to 150 megabits per second now the range of

150 megabits per second now the range of

150 megabits per second now the range of these Wireless standards is also

these Wireless standards is also

these Wireless standards is also specified the original 802 11 1997 and a

specified the original 802 11 1997 and a

specified the original 802 11 1997 and a have a range of about

have a range of about

have a range of about 20 meters B and G

have a hundred meters

have a hundred meters

have a hundred meters and N is approximately 70 meters so we

and N is approximately 70 meters so we

and N is approximately 70 meters so we lost a little bit of distance because we

lost a little bit of distance because we

lost a little bit of distance because we added that five gigahertz band in but

added that five gigahertz band in but

added that five gigahertz band in but for most people this didn't really

for most people this didn't really

for most people this didn't really matter since we could use again an

matter since we could use again an

matter since we could use again an extended service set and simply add

extended service set and simply add

extended service set and simply add several 80211 devices

several 80211 devices

several 80211 devices now while you might have heard of some

now while you might have heard of some

now while you might have heard of some newer standards available and even some

newer standards available and even some

newer standards available and even some that are just coming around the corner

that are just coming around the corner

that are just coming around the corner these four are the ones you really need

these four are the ones you really need

these four are the ones you really need to know for the exam and so those are

to know for the exam and so those are

to know for the exam and so those are the ones I really want to concentrate on

so if we look at these in a little more

so if we look at these in a little more

so if we look at these in a little more organized Manner and we can recap the

organized Manner and we can recap the

organized Manner and we can recap the important parts the 802.11 standard 1997

important parts the 802.11 standard 1997

important parts the 802.11 standard 1997 worked on a 9 a 2.4 frequency had a

worked on a 9 a 2.4 frequency had a

worked on a 9 a 2.4 frequency had a range of 20 meters

range of 20 meters

range of 20 meters and had a two megabit per second data

and had a two megabit per second data

and had a two megabit per second data rate

rate

rate Ada 211A was at 5 gigahertz 20 meters in

Ada 211A was at 5 gigahertz 20 meters in

Ada 211A was at 5 gigahertz 20 meters in range 54 megabits it's compatible with

range 54 megabits it's compatible with

range 54 megabits it's compatible with 802.11n 8211b operated at 2.4 gigahertz

802.11n 8211b operated at 2.4 gigahertz

802.11n 8211b operated at 2.4 gigahertz had a 100 meter range 11 megabits per

had a 100 meter range 11 megabits per

had a 100 meter range 11 megabits per second and is compatible with G and n

second and is compatible with G and n

second and is compatible with G and n ative to 11g also 2.4 gigahertz 100

ative to 11g also 2.4 gigahertz 100

ative to 11g also 2.4 gigahertz 100 meters and it was 54 megabits per second

meters and it was 54 megabits per second

meters and it was 54 megabits per second so it's increasing the top the speed

so it's increasing the top the speed

so it's increasing the top the speed and was compatible with the previous and

and was compatible with the previous and

and was compatible with the previous and the next one which is 802.11n which not

the next one which is 802.11n which not

the next one which is 802.11n which not only operates at 2.4 gigahertz but also

only operates at 2.4 gigahertz but also

only operates at 2.4 gigahertz but also five

five

five has a slightly less range but it does

has a slightly less range but it does

has a slightly less range but it does have a higher megabit per second data

have a higher megabit per second data

have a higher megabit per second data rate some would even claim that this

rate some would even claim that this

rate some would even claim that this goes up to 600 depending on your

goes up to 600 depending on your

goes up to 600 depending on your theoretical and it's compatible with all

theoretical and it's compatible with all

theoretical and it's compatible with all of the previous versions

of the previous versions

of the previous versions now there are two modes that are

now there are two modes that are

now there are two modes that are supported by the Ada 211 standard the

supported by the Ada 211 standard the

supported by the Ada 211 standard the first is what we call infrastructure

first is what we call infrastructure

first is what we call infrastructure mode this is the mode that's configured

mode this is the mode that's configured

mode this is the mode that's configured to use wireless access points to connect

to use wireless access points to connect

to use wireless access points to connect workstations to a cable backbone

workstations to a cable backbone

workstations to a cable backbone the network using the infrastructure

the network using the infrastructure

the network using the infrastructure mode is going to either use a basic

mode is going to either use a basic

mode is going to either use a basic service set or an extended service set

service set or an extended service set

service set or an extended service set the other one we have which we already

the other one we have which we already

the other one we have which we already mentioned is called ad hoc mode this is

mentioned is called ad hoc mode this is

mentioned is called ad hoc mode this is for those peer-to-peer configurations

for those peer-to-peer configurations

for those peer-to-peer configurations and again it's referred to as an

and again it's referred to as an

and again it's referred to as an independent basic service set or an ibss

independent basic service set or an ibss

independent basic service set or an ibss now the configuration of this mode is

now the configuration of this mode is

now the configuration of this mode is designed with each Wireless workstation

designed with each Wireless workstation

designed with each Wireless workstation able to communicate directly with one

able to communicate directly with one

able to communicate directly with one another without having to go through a

another without having to go through a

another without having to go through a central device

central device

central device now earlier in this module we talked

now earlier in this module we talked

now earlier in this module we talked about the service sets of many kinds and

about the service sets of many kinds and

about the service sets of many kinds and we talked about frames in previous

we talked about frames in previous

we talked about frames in previous modules now keeping those in mind it's

modules now keeping those in mind it's

modules now keeping those in mind it's important to understand how these

important to understand how these

important to understand how these devices such as laptops and smartphones

devices such as laptops and smartphones

devices such as laptops and smartphones know what wireless networks are

know what wireless networks are

know what wireless networks are available when we access them

available when we access them

available when we access them now this comes by detecting and

now this comes by detecting and

now this comes by detecting and receiving what are called Beacon frames

receiving what are called Beacon frames

receiving what are called Beacon frames a beacon frame is a management frame

a beacon frame is a management frame

a beacon frame is a management frame that's 50 bytes long and it contains

that's 50 bytes long and it contains

that's 50 bytes long and it contains information about the transmission

information about the transmission

information about the transmission process such as the SSID or the service

process such as the SSID or the service

process such as the SSID or the service set identifier

set identifier

set identifier which is essentially the name of your

which is essentially the name of your

which is essentially the name of your network

network

network the SSID is that text string that

the SSID is that text string that

the SSID is that text string that identifies the network it's 32 bytes

identifies the network it's 32 bytes

identifies the network it's 32 bytes long might be for instance Bill's

long might be for instance Bill's

long might be for instance Bill's Network or something like that now the

Network or something like that now the

Network or something like that now the beacon frame is used to start and

beacon frame is used to start and

beacon frame is used to start and maintain

maintain

maintain the wireless communication session and

the wireless communication session and

the wireless communication session and it's sent in regular intervals from the

it's sent in regular intervals from the

it's sent in regular intervals from the axis point and those intervals can be

axis point and those intervals can be

axis point and those intervals can be manually changed or set by an

manually changed or set by an

manually changed or set by an administrator and we can even turn them

administrator and we can even turn them

administrator and we can even turn them off so that way or hide them so that's

off so that way or hide them so that's

off so that way or hide them so that's not being broadcast

not being broadcast

not being broadcast now when it comes to installing a proper

now when it comes to installing a proper

now when it comes to installing a proper wireless network implementation we need

wireless network implementation we need

wireless network implementation we need to be familiar with the typical process

to be familiar with the typical process

to be familiar with the typical process and the steps to maintain the highest

and the steps to maintain the highest

and the steps to maintain the highest level of functionality now much like a

level of functionality now much like a

level of functionality now much like a lot of different processes the basic

lot of different processes the basic

lot of different processes the basic steps to take are pretty much the same

steps to take are pretty much the same

steps to take are pretty much the same they begin with planning so there are a

they begin with planning so there are a

they begin with planning so there are a few things that are helpful to collect

few things that are helpful to collect

few things that are helpful to collect before the planning process

before the planning process

before the planning process we need to collect information about the

we need to collect information about the

we need to collect information about the floor plan of the building where we want

floor plan of the building where we want

floor plan of the building where we want to install and so we can design a

to install and so we can design a

to install and so we can design a topology and figure out where to put

topology and figure out where to put

topology and figure out where to put access points we need to establish

access points we need to establish

access points we need to establish requirements for how many devices are

requirements for how many devices are

requirements for how many devices are going to connect which 802.11 standard

going to connect which 802.11 standard

going to connect which 802.11 standard we're going to use what type of security

we're going to use what type of security

we're going to use what type of security is going to be required and so on now

is going to be required and so on now

is going to be required and so on now all of these are crucial to proper

all of these are crucial to proper

all of these are crucial to proper planning without this information it's

planning without this information it's

planning without this information it's just going to be easy to choose the

just going to be easy to choose the

just going to be easy to choose the wrong devices or the wrong Technologies

wrong devices or the wrong Technologies

wrong devices or the wrong Technologies also if the research isn't done

also if the research isn't done

also if the research isn't done beforehand you're going to find yourself

beforehand you're going to find yourself

beforehand you're going to find yourself performing a lot of rework at the end

performing a lot of rework at the end

performing a lot of rework at the end now once this information is designed

now once this information is designed

now once this information is designed and gathered

and gathered

and gathered we can start to establish the type of

we can start to establish the type of

we can start to establish the type of access points and the number of APs

access points and the number of APs

access points and the number of APs needed knowing the number of users on

needed knowing the number of users on

needed knowing the number of users on the network is going to help us

the network is going to help us

the network is going to help us determine for instance how many access

determine for instance how many access

determine for instance how many access points and we want to balance the number

points and we want to balance the number

points and we want to balance the number of users with the access points in order

of users with the access points in order

of users with the access points in order to make sure that we have a good load

to make sure that we have a good load

to make sure that we have a good load balance

balance

balance the next step is to assess the building

the next step is to assess the building

the next step is to assess the building to see if anything around might cause

to see if anything around might cause

to see if anything around might cause interference

interference

interference specifically it's important to install

specifically it's important to install

specifically it's important to install anything that's going to be on the 2.4

anything that's going to be on the 2.4

anything that's going to be on the 2.4 gigahertz band now remember some of the

gigahertz band now remember some of the

gigahertz band now remember some of the things that can cause interference are

things that can cause interference are

things that can cause interference are Bluetooth devices other wireless

Bluetooth devices other wireless

Bluetooth devices other wireless networks heavy duty machinery and so on

networks heavy duty machinery and so on

networks heavy duty machinery and so on we also need to determine the exact

we also need to determine the exact

we also need to determine the exact placement of the access points are they

placement of the access points are they

placement of the access points are they going to be placed in the ceiling or

going to be placed in the ceiling or

going to be placed in the ceiling or somewhere visible or somewhere like a

somewhere visible or somewhere like a

somewhere visible or somewhere like a secure room and when we determine this

secure room and when we determine this

secure room and when we determine this we need to make sure that there's we're

we need to make sure that there's we're

we need to make sure that there's we're looking for obstacles that are going to

looking for obstacles that are going to

looking for obstacles that are going to impede like thick walls doors metal

impede like thick walls doors metal

impede like thick walls doors metal shelving uh proximity to large

shelving uh proximity to large

shelving uh proximity to large electrical equipment and if those

electrical equipment and if those

electrical equipment and if those obstacles Can't Be Moved we might want

obstacles Can't Be Moved we might want

obstacles Can't Be Moved we might want to choose a different location for our

to choose a different location for our

to choose a different location for our access point

access point

access point so now that we've planned the next part

so now that we've planned the next part

so now that we've planned the next part is the fun part the actual installation

is the fun part the actual installation

is the fun part the actual installation here we need to configure the device to

here we need to configure the device to

here we need to configure the device to connect it to the network and some of

connect it to the network and some of

connect it to the network and some of the standard things we're going to do

the standard things we're going to do

the standard things we're going to do are connect the router

are connect the router

are connect the router change the administrator default

change the administrator default

change the administrator default settings that the device came with and

settings that the device came with and

settings that the device came with and configure DHCP services and encryption

configure DHCP services and encryption

configure DHCP services and encryption levels such as whether we're going to

levels such as whether we're going to

levels such as whether we're going to use WPA

or WEP and also are we going to use one

or WEP and also are we going to use one

or WEP and also are we going to use one of the three channels are we going to

of the three channels are we going to

of the three channels are we going to have them auto check or what another

have them auto check or what another

have them auto check or what another thing we might want to do is create

thing we might want to do is create

thing we might want to do is create what's called an access control list

what's called an access control list

what's called an access control list which means we can allow only specific

which means we can allow only specific

which means we can allow only specific computers to get access to our

computers to get access to our

computers to get access to our network via Mac addresses which are

network via Mac addresses which are

network via Mac addresses which are again the physical addresses on a

again the physical addresses on a

again the physical addresses on a computer

computer

computer or on a network card

next we need to configure the client

next we need to configure the client

next we need to configure the client workstations and we need to test your

workstations and we need to test your

workstations and we need to test your functionality now it's important here

functionality now it's important here

functionality now it's important here because not all operating systems can

because not all operating systems can

because not all operating systems can use all the different standards they

use all the different standards they

use all the different standards they might even require a software update of

might even require a software update of

might even require a software update of some sort

some sort

some sort you might want to make sure to test the

you might want to make sure to test the

you might want to make sure to test the wireless device by walking around a

wireless device by walking around a

wireless device by walking around a building and make sure you can stay

building and make sure you can stay

building and make sure you can stay connected and that you can connect in

connected and that you can connect in

connected and that you can connect in the first place anywhere you need to and

the first place anywhere you need to and

the first place anywhere you need to and then you also need to take the device

then you also need to take the device

then you also need to take the device outside and make sure that no one can

outside and make sure that no one can

outside and make sure that no one can get in from the outside so it's actually

get in from the outside so it's actually

get in from the outside so it's actually quite difficult to just start one of

quite difficult to just start one of

quite difficult to just start one of these from scratch the last step in the

these from scratch the last step in the

these from scratch the last step in the process is to document every single step

process is to document every single step

process is to document every single step that was made and it's always a good

that was made and it's always a good

that was made and it's always a good idea to Baseline for future testing and

idea to Baseline for future testing and

idea to Baseline for future testing and implementations now being able to

implementations now being able to

implementations now being able to successfully accomplish the two phases

successfully accomplish the two phases

successfully accomplish the two phases the planning phase and the installation

the planning phase and the installation

the planning phase and the installation phase needs to be a part of your skill

phase needs to be a part of your skill

phase needs to be a part of your skill set needs to be something you understand

set needs to be something you understand

set needs to be something you understand for the network plus exam so just to

for the network plus exam so just to

for the network plus exam so just to recap everything we've talked about the

recap everything we've talked about the

recap everything we've talked about the first thing we did is we outlined the

first thing we did is we outlined the

first thing we did is we outlined the different types of ethernet networks

different types of ethernet networks

different types of ethernet networks whether that means it's a Hub Network

whether that means it's a Hub Network

whether that means it's a Hub Network a router Network

a router Network

a router Network or a peer-to-peer Network

we also explained WLAN architecture

we also explained WLAN architecture

we also explained WLAN architecture looking at the difference between a

looking at the difference between a

looking at the difference between a basic service set an extended service

basic service set an extended service

basic service set an extended service set and an independent basic service set

set and an independent basic service set

set and an independent basic service set we defined and describe the

we defined and describe the

we defined and describe the characteristics of antennas looking at

characteristics of antennas looking at

characteristics of antennas looking at gain

gain

gain and the types of impedances that could

and the types of impedances that could

and the types of impedances that could occur

then we outline the Ada to 11 standard

then we outline the Ada to 11 standard

then we outline the Ada to 11 standard including a b g and N which are the

including a b g and N which are the

including a b g and N which are the different modes

different modes

different modes we also talked about which frequencies

we also talked about which frequencies

we also talked about which frequencies these live on whether 2.4 or 5

these live on whether 2.4 or 5

these live on whether 2.4 or 5 and how fast are the megabits per second

and how fast are the megabits per second

and how fast are the megabits per second that each one provides you want to make

that each one provides you want to make

that each one provides you want to make sure to commit to memory that table that

sure to commit to memory that table that

sure to commit to memory that table that we displayed on an earlier frame

we displayed on an earlier frame

we displayed on an earlier frame we also talked about defining Beacon

we also talked about defining Beacon

we also talked about defining Beacon frames which broadcast the SSID and tell

frames which broadcast the SSID and tell

frames which broadcast the SSID and tell computers how to connect to the wireless

computers how to connect to the wireless

computers how to connect to the wireless network

network

network finally we outlined what factors are

finally we outlined what factors are

finally we outlined what factors are going to result in where you place your

going to result in where you place your

going to result in where you place your access point and how to properly

access point and how to properly

access point and how to properly Implement a wireless network point

Implement a wireless network point

Implement a wireless network point from the planning

from the planning

from the planning and implementation stages

[Music]

welcome to module 5 lesson five

welcome to module 5 lesson five

welcome to module 5 lesson five IEEE 802.11 AC actually we're going to

IEEE 802.11 AC actually we're going to

IEEE 802.11 AC actually we're going to look at a little bit more than that the

look at a little bit more than that the

look at a little bit more than that the N standard 82.11n

N standard 82.11n

N standard 82.11n AC Channel bonding

AC Channel bonding

AC Channel bonding now the 802.11 it's a specification for

now the 802.11 it's a specification for

now the 802.11 it's a specification for wireless LAN WLAN communication it uses

wireless LAN WLAN communication it uses

wireless LAN WLAN communication it uses mimo which we shorten from a multiple

mimo which we shorten from a multiple

mimo which we shorten from a multiple input multiple outputs I'm sure you can

input multiple outputs I'm sure you can

input multiple outputs I'm sure you can see why

see why

see why so in this technology the transmitter

so in this technology the transmitter

so in this technology the transmitter and receiver use multiple antennas

and receiver use multiple antennas

and receiver use multiple antennas I've put a little diagram on the bottom

I've put a little diagram on the bottom

I've put a little diagram on the bottom here from um ieb media

here from um ieb media

here from um ieb media that it will demonstrate at the bottom

that it will demonstrate at the bottom

that it will demonstrate at the bottom certainly you can see three channels in

certainly you can see three channels in

certainly you can see three channels in use simultaneously multiple channels on

use simultaneously multiple channels on

use simultaneously multiple channels on the top part of the Fig you can see you

the top part of the Fig you can see you

the top part of the Fig you can see you can select from but it's only using one

can select from but it's only using one

can select from but it's only using one so in this standard the end standard

so in this standard the end standard

so in this standard the end standard multiple antennas provide independent

multiple antennas provide independent

multiple antennas provide independent paths in space between the transmitter

paths in space between the transmitter

paths in space between the transmitter and the receiver

and the receiver

and the receiver to send or receive streams of

to send or receive streams of

to send or receive streams of information at the same time on the same

information at the same time on the same

information at the same time on the same band

band

band what my mode does is increase the number

what my mode does is increase the number

what my mode does is increase the number of data streams sent from an access

of data streams sent from an access

of data streams sent from an access point to a client which you can see in

point to a client which you can see in

point to a client which you can see in the bottom part

the bottom part

the bottom part in 802.11 mimo four spatial streams can

in 802.11 mimo four spatial streams can

in 802.11 mimo four spatial streams can be sent to a single client at a time

be sent to a single client at a time

be sent to a single client at a time again if you want to read further you

again if you want to read further you

again if you want to read further you can now look up the specifications

can now look up the specifications

can now look up the specifications there's a few Wireless specialty books

there's a few Wireless specialty books

there's a few Wireless specialty books if it's something you're interested in

if it's something you're interested in

if it's something you're interested in doing it's certainly an interesting

doing it's certainly an interesting

doing it's certainly an interesting field

field

field uh the 802.11 AC is an enhancement of um

uh the 802.11 AC is an enhancement of um

uh the 802.11 AC is an enhancement of um 11n

11n

11n obviously still Wireless networking it's

obviously still Wireless networking it's

obviously still Wireless networking it's designed for high throughput our

designed for high throughput our

designed for high throughput our wireless Lans on the five gigahertz band

wireless Lans on the five gigahertz band

wireless Lans on the five gigahertz band there's a few advantages to using that

there's a few advantages to using that

there's a few advantages to using that it uses a multi-user form of Mimo

in their mind mode the access points has

in their mind mode the access points has

in their mind mode the access points has multiple streams of data at the same

multiple streams of data at the same

multiple streams of data at the same time to different clients over the same

time to different clients over the same

time to different clients over the same frequency spectrum

frequency spectrum

frequency spectrum in uh 802.11 acmu mimo eight special

in uh 802.11 acmu mimo eight special

in uh 802.11 acmu mimo eight special streams can be divided among up to four

streams can be divided among up to four

streams can be divided among up to four clients I think the MU is multiple user

clients I think the MU is multiple user

clients I think the MU is multiple user yeah multi-user mimo at the bottom and

yeah multi-user mimo at the bottom and

yeah multi-user mimo at the bottom and you can see the stream can be broken up

you can see the stream can be broken up

you can see the stream can be broken up you've got a few options you can have a

you've got a few options you can have a

you've got a few options you can have a higher stream to one client and then

higher stream to one client and then

higher stream to one client and then lower bandwidth stream to another

lower bandwidth stream to another

lower bandwidth stream to another clients

supports treatment of HD videos which is

supports treatment of HD videos which is

supports treatment of HD videos which is really handy and to multiple clients

really handy and to multiple clients

really handy and to multiple clients because of low latency high throughput

because of low latency high throughput

because of low latency high throughput and reliability

and reliability

and reliability it operates in the five gigahertz band I

it operates in the five gigahertz band I

it operates in the five gigahertz band I already mentioned that theoretical data

already mentioned that theoretical data

already mentioned that theoretical data rate of 600 this has been improved on

rate of 600 this has been improved on

rate of 600 this has been improved on all the time so maybe check up on the um

all the time so maybe check up on the um

all the time so maybe check up on the um standard before exam day

standard before exam day

standard before exam day you've got less interference than in the

you've got less interference than in the

you've got less interference than in the 2.4 gigahertz band which is where you

2.4 gigahertz band which is where you

2.4 gigahertz band which is where you get the increased performance more

get the increased performance more

get the increased performance more channels available for data transmission

channels available for data transmission

channels available for data transmission greater number of non-overlapping

greater number of non-overlapping

greater number of non-overlapping channels than you do in 2.4 megahertz I

channels than you do in 2.4 megahertz I

channels than you do in 2.4 megahertz I think there's a couple of disadvantages

think there's a couple of disadvantages

think there's a couple of disadvantages as well but I'm not sure I'll put them

as well but I'm not sure I'll put them

as well but I'm not sure I'll put them down here in the slide

down here in the slide

down here in the slide so the U.S a five gigahertz band has 25

so the U.S a five gigahertz band has 25

so the U.S a five gigahertz band has 25 non-overlapping channels whereas 2.4

non-overlapping channels whereas 2.4

non-overlapping channels whereas 2.4 gigahertz is only three

uh Channel bandwidth of the following 80

uh Channel bandwidth of the following 80

uh Channel bandwidth of the following 80 160 20 it's worth and making a note of

160 20 it's worth and making a note of

160 20 it's worth and making a note of all of these in case it's asked in the

all of these in case it's asked in the

all of these in case it's asked in the exam and 40.

exam and 40.

exam and 40. uh obviously needs to comply with the

uh obviously needs to comply with the

uh obviously needs to comply with the standard you can see this particular

standard you can see this particular

standard you can see this particular adapter's got it written on it it's got

adapter's got it written on it it's got

adapter's got it written on it it's got a AC standard written on it

a AC standard written on it

a AC standard written on it to comply with the standard as to

to comply with the standard as to

to comply with the standard as to support the 2040 80 megahertz Channel

support the 2040 80 megahertz Channel

support the 2040 80 megahertz Channel bandwidth in the 5 gigahertz band

bandwidth in the 5 gigahertz band

bandwidth in the 5 gigahertz band the 160 megahertz Channel bandwidth is

the 160 megahertz Channel bandwidth is

the 160 megahertz Channel bandwidth is optional

optional

optional 80 megahertz channels are formed by

80 megahertz channels are formed by

80 megahertz channels are formed by combining combining the following

combining combining the following

combining combining the following following two adjacent none overlapping

following two adjacent none overlapping

following two adjacent none overlapping 40 megahertz

40 megahertz

40 megahertz 160 megahertz are uh combined to 80

160 megahertz are uh combined to 80

160 megahertz are uh combined to 80 megahertz I think you can see how this

megahertz I think you can see how this

megahertz I think you can see how this works

works

works so here I've put

so here I've put

so here I've put um

um

um a slide from Wi-Fi Jetty website they've

a slide from Wi-Fi Jetty website they've

a slide from Wi-Fi Jetty website they've combined two channels here to 20

combined two channels here to 20

combined two channels here to 20 megahertz channels are made of 40 for

megahertz channels are made of 40 for

megahertz channels are made of 40 for channel bonding

so Channel bonding was first introduced

so Channel bonding was first introduced

so Channel bonding was first introduced with 802.11n

with 802.11n

with 802.11n in Channel bonding two or more channels

in Channel bonding two or more channels

in Channel bonding two or more channels adjacent to each other are combined to

adjacent to each other are combined to

adjacent to each other are combined to increase bandwidth as you can see in the

increase bandwidth as you can see in the

increase bandwidth as you can see in the figure put there

figure put there

figure put there benefits 802.11 AC benefits because it

benefits 802.11 AC benefits because it

benefits 802.11 AC benefits because it supports the following channels 2040

supports the following channels 2040

supports the following channels 2040 80 megahertz

80 megahertz

80 megahertz uh although 160 megahertz channels are

uh although 160 megahertz channels are

uh although 160 megahertz channels are supported as an option is its

supported as an option is its

supported as an option is its availability depends on your geography

availability depends on your geography

availability depends on your geography Where You Are

Where You Are

Where You Are well I just had a bandwidth increases

well I just had a bandwidth increases

well I just had a bandwidth increases the data rates so

the data rates so

the data rates so um 11ac uses eight spatial streams and

um 11ac uses eight spatial streams and

um 11ac uses eight spatial streams and 160 megahertz bandwidth

160 megahertz bandwidth

160 megahertz bandwidth to achieve a maximum data rate of 6.933

to achieve a maximum data rate of 6.933

to achieve a maximum data rate of 6.933 gig

gig

gig uh data rates vary on the following for

uh data rates vary on the following for

uh data rates vary on the following for 11ac you're given bandwidth and the

11ac you're given bandwidth and the

11ac you're given bandwidth and the number of spatial streams used

number of spatial streams used

number of spatial streams used probably worth um writing out this

probably worth um writing out this

probably worth um writing out this um

um

um table here if you want the information

table here if you want the information

table here if you want the information or you can do a screen capture

or you can do a screen capture

or you can do a screen capture 802.11 AC with one spatial stream and

802.11 AC with one spatial stream and

802.11 AC with one spatial stream and for a bandwidth of 20 megahertz can

for a bandwidth of 20 megahertz can

for a bandwidth of 20 megahertz can ensure either data rate of

ensure either data rate of

ensure either data rate of 86.7 megahertz and so on and so forth

86.7 megahertz and so on and so forth

86.7 megahertz and so on and so forth for the others um their data rate

for the others um their data rate

for the others um their data rate increases both vertically and

increases both vertically and

increases both vertically and horizontally

horizontally

horizontally all right so we've covered NAC Channel

all right so we've covered NAC Channel

all right so we've covered NAC Channel bonding that's all for now thanks for

bonding that's all for now thanks for

bonding that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

plug the module 5 lesson 6 in network

plug the module 5 lesson 6 in network

plug the module 5 lesson 6 in network segmentation

quite a bit to cover and some of this is

quite a bit to cover and some of this is

quite a bit to cover and some of this is a little bit esoteric to be honest so um

a little bit esoteric to be honest so um

a little bit esoteric to be honest so um it's conceptual

it's conceptual

it's conceptual it can be a bit hard to get your head

it can be a bit hard to get your head

it can be a bit hard to get your head around

around

around um in that sense

um in that sense

um in that sense what is Network segmentation what is

what is Network segmentation what is

what is Network segmentation what is physical segmentation logical

physical segmentation logical

physical segmentation logical uh the uses why bother

uh the uses why bother

uh the uses why bother and critical situations so we're hitting

and critical situations so we're hitting

and critical situations so we're hitting a few the syllabus topics here in the um

a few the syllabus topics here in the um

a few the syllabus topics here in the um Network plus syllabus so

Network plus syllabus so

Network plus syllabus so in a sense Network segmentation concerns

in a sense Network segmentation concerns

in a sense Network segmentation concerns dividing a computer into Network or sub

dividing a computer into Network or sub

dividing a computer into Network or sub networks not in the sense of

networks not in the sense of

networks not in the sense of um subnetting

um subnetting

um subnetting um in the context of Ip addressing but

um in the context of Ip addressing but

um in the context of Ip addressing but um dividing our network down

um dividing our network down

um dividing our network down so each portion of the network is called

so each portion of the network is called

so each portion of the network is called a network segment

a network segment

a network segment it can be characterized by a physical

it can be characterized by a physical

it can be characterized by a physical boundary

boundary

boundary or logical So Physical something you can

or logical So Physical something you can

or logical So Physical something you can see logical something that the network

see logical something that the network

see logical something that the network can see but you couldn't see physically

can see but you couldn't see physically

can see but you couldn't see physically you would then have to log in and check

you would then have to log in and check

you would then have to log in and check the configurations

the configurations

the configurations so physical or logical boundary

so physical or logical boundary

so physical or logical boundary separates various Network segments from

separates various Network segments from

separates various Network segments from one another

one another

one another physical is a bit easier the computer is

physical is a bit easier the computer is

physical is a bit easier the computer is divided into segments for example with

divided into segments for example with

divided into segments for example with switches

switches

switches routers a group of physical access and

routers a group of physical access and

routers a group of physical access and assets is part of a specific Network

assets is part of a specific Network

assets is part of a specific Network segment

segment

segment so a bit harder to do with switches

so a bit harder to do with switches

so a bit harder to do with switches because you would normally needed to add

because you would normally needed to add

because you would normally needed to add a configuration because switches are

a configuration because switches are

a configuration because switches are designed to broadcast to other

designed to broadcast to other

designed to broadcast to other um parts of the network if it doesn't

um parts of the network if it doesn't

um parts of the network if it doesn't know where that part of the network is

know where that part of the network is

know where that part of the network is or particularly device

or particularly device

or particularly device whereas routers do the opposite

whereas routers do the opposite

whereas routers do the opposite computer network is logically

computer network is logically

computer network is logically um

um

um virtually divided into Network segment

virtually divided into Network segment

virtually divided into Network segment so this is uh from The Logical

so this is uh from The Logical

so this is uh from The Logical standpoint so we could do it with

standpoint so we could do it with

standpoint so we could do it with virtual lands or vlans

virtual lands or vlans

virtual lands or vlans virtual segmentation is done or

virtual segmentation is done or

virtual segmentation is done or different connections or the same

different connections or the same

different connections or the same physical switch so you can have 10

physical switch so you can have 10

physical switch so you can have 10 switch ports and the first five ports

switch ports and the first five ports

switch ports and the first five ports are in one logical part of the network

are in one logical part of the network

are in one logical part of the network in one VLAN VLAN 10 for example and the

in one VLAN VLAN 10 for example and the

in one VLAN VLAN 10 for example and the other five in VLAN 20. and you could

other five in VLAN 20. and you could

other five in VLAN 20. and you could have multiple vlans depending on your

have multiple vlans depending on your

have multiple vlans depending on your capabilities or whatever switch you're

capabilities or whatever switch you're

capabilities or whatever switch you're using

using

using through through Network segments are

through through Network segments are

through through Network segments are isolated although secure communication

isolated although secure communication

isolated although secure communication can be established between them to share

can be established between them to share

can be established between them to share network resources we cover that with

network resources we cover that with

network resources we cover that with security and elsewhere you can actually

security and elsewhere you can actually

security and elsewhere you can actually have an internal and external network

have an internal and external network

have an internal and external network security it isn't just for example vpns

security it isn't just for example vpns

security it isn't just for example vpns connecting and through from remote

connecting and through from remote

connecting and through from remote offices

offices

offices so why would you bother in a sense it

so why would you bother in a sense it

so why would you bother in a sense it enhances the security of the network you

enhances the security of the network you

enhances the security of the network you can isolate critical parts of your

can isolate critical parts of your

can isolate critical parts of your infrastructure from an authorized access

infrastructure from an authorized access

infrastructure from an authorized access for example if you've got a special

for example if you've got a special

for example if you've got a special service and server you can restrict

service and server you can restrict

service and server you can restrict access to the um users don't access it

access to the um users don't access it

access to the um users don't access it and they don't have direct access so

and they don't have direct access so

and they don't have direct access so they'll be in a different VLAN for

they'll be in a different VLAN for

they'll be in a different VLAN for example or just in it wouldn't appear on

example or just in it wouldn't appear on

example or just in it wouldn't appear on the network and you normally or may well

the network and you normally or may well

the network and you normally or may well have depending on the size of your

have depending on the size of your

have depending on the size of your network a different team or Department

network a different team or Department

network a different team or Department managing that part of the network

managing that part of the network

managing that part of the network it can be used for reducing Network

it can be used for reducing Network

it can be used for reducing Network congestion so you're dedicating certain

congestion so you're dedicating certain

congestion so you're dedicating certain parts of bandwidth for certain segments

parts of bandwidth for certain segments

parts of bandwidth for certain segments of the network and you can even have a

of the network and you can even have a

of the network and you can even have a high-speed department for example

high-speed department for example

high-speed department for example um the company I used to work at we had

um the company I used to work at we had

um the company I used to work at we had a design team who all used

a design team who all used

a design team who all used um high speed high resolution files and

um high speed high resolution files and

um high speed high resolution files and graphics and it um they needed

graphics and it um they needed

graphics and it um they needed um a fast connection so they had their

um a fast connection so they had their

um a fast connection so they had their own logical segment

own logical segment

own logical segment and you could also limit traffic as I

and you could also limit traffic as I

and you could also limit traffic as I said faster connection for some slower

said faster connection for some slower

said faster connection for some slower for others and the available bandwidth

for others and the available bandwidth

for others and the available bandwidth is um increased or reduced accordingly

is um increased or reduced accordingly

is um increased or reduced accordingly uh also useful for load balancing you

uh also useful for load balancing you

uh also useful for load balancing you can distribute the traffic a load based

can distribute the traffic a load based

can distribute the traffic a load based on the

on the

on the for the network certain devices certain

for the network certain devices certain

for the network certain devices certain devices can be placed in certain

devices can be placed in certain

devices can be placed in certain segments

segments

segments and network segmentation is also done

and network segmentation is also done

and network segmentation is also done for the PCI the payment card industry

for the PCI the payment card industry

for the PCI the payment card industry that's different from the PCI bus

that's different from the PCI bus

that's different from the PCI bus technology which we discuss elsewhere

technology which we discuss elsewhere

technology which we discuss elsewhere the PCA compliance standards were

the PCA compliance standards were

the PCA compliance standards were created by Major card issuers and you

created by Major card issuers and you

created by Major card issuers and you may come across it if you have to take

may come across it if you have to take

may come across it if you have to take online payments

online payments

online payments um depending on the processor you use

um depending on the processor you use

um depending on the processor you use even if you've got a small

even if you've got a small

even if you've got a small um Network for your business or shop you

um Network for your business or shop you

um Network for your business or shop you um may have to or you will be affected

um may have to or you will be affected

um may have to or you will be affected by PCR compliance

by PCR compliance

by PCR compliance so this is to ensure that the payment

so this is to ensure that the payment

so this is to ensure that the payment transactions are done in a secure

transactions are done in a secure

transactions are done in a secure environment

environment

environment if someone processes stores or transmits

if someone processes stores or transmits

if someone processes stores or transmits credit card information it must comply

credit card information it must comply

credit card information it must comply with the PCI Data security standard

with the PCI Data security standard

with the PCI Data security standard which is the DSs

which is the DSs

which is the DSs this is mandated by Visa Mastercard

this is mandated by Visa Mastercard

this is mandated by Visa Mastercard American Express discovering JCB

American Express discovering JCB

American Express discovering JCB obviously because people will try and

obviously because people will try and

obviously because people will try and capture

capture

capture and credit card information so it needs

and credit card information so it needs

and credit card information so it needs to comply with the standards

um Network segmentation is actually not

um Network segmentation is actually not

um Network segmentation is actually not a PCI DSS requirement it's done to

a PCI DSS requirement it's done to

a PCI DSS requirement it's done to isolate the traffic that stores

isolate the traffic that stores

isolate the traffic that stores processes or channels emits the card

processes or channels emits the card

processes or channels emits the card holder information from the rest of the

holder information from the rest of the

holder information from the rest of the network

network

network and reduces the scope of the network

and reduces the scope of the network

and reduces the scope of the network environment subject to PCI compliance if

environment subject to PCI compliance if

environment subject to PCI compliance if you didn't have your network segmented

you didn't have your network segmented

you didn't have your network segmented then your entire network would have to

then your entire network would have to

then your entire network would have to comply with all of the various pcid SS

comply with all of the various pcid SS

comply with all of the various pcid SS requirements if you segment the card

requirements if you segment the card

requirements if you segment the card processing and part of your network then

processing and part of your network then

processing and part of your network then only that part of the network needs to

only that part of the network needs to

only that part of the network needs to comply so it's going to make your life a

comply so it's going to make your life a

comply so it's going to make your life a lot easier

lot easier

lot easier um uses the footprints of a sensitive

um uses the footprints of a sensitive

um uses the footprints of a sensitive information is confined and this is what

information is confined and this is what

information is confined and this is what I I mentioned a moment ago and you can

I I mentioned a moment ago and you can

I I mentioned a moment ago and you can protect it using firewall or your

protect it using firewall or your

protect it using firewall or your intrusion detection or Protection

intrusion detection or Protection

intrusion detection or Protection Systems

and reduces the audit cost as well

and reduces the audit cost as well

and reduces the audit cost as well the audit is done for specific Network

the audit is done for specific Network

the audit is done for specific Network segment as opposed to your entire

segment as opposed to your entire

segment as opposed to your entire network and again the best example is

network and again the best example is

network and again the best example is when you're getting audited for the

when you're getting audited for the

when you're getting audited for the purposes of of PCI compliance

purposes of of PCI compliance

purposes of of PCI compliance and this is one of the uh topics for

and this is one of the uh topics for

and this is one of the uh topics for these syllabus actually Network segment

these syllabus actually Network segment

these syllabus actually Network segment segmentations

segmentations

segmentations in critical situations numerous

in critical situations numerous

in critical situations numerous situations where the network

situations where the network

situations where the network segmentation is critical

segmentation is critical

segmentation is critical so the scada the supervisory control and

so the scada the supervisory control and

so the scada the supervisory control and data acquisition and the ICS industrial

data acquisition and the ICS industrial

data acquisition and the ICS industrial Control Systems so again you'll see

Control Systems so again you'll see

Control Systems so again you'll see you'll see this on the syllabus when you

you'll see this on the syllabus when you

you'll see this on the syllabus when you look the ICS refers to several control

look the ICS refers to several control

look the ICS refers to several control systems that are used in the industry in

systems that are used in the industry in

systems that are used in the industry in various Industries this is an industrial

various Industries this is an industrial

various Industries this is an industrial control system so you may not have heard

control system so you may not have heard

control system so you may not have heard of this or may never come to deal or

of this or may never come to deal or

of this or may never come to deal or support or manage this unless you're

support or manage this unless you're

support or manage this unless you're part of the industrial Network

part of the industrial Network

part of the industrial Network infrastructure

infrastructure

infrastructure thank you

and the additional facilities are

and the additional facilities are

and the additional facilities are electrical electrical power grids water

electrical electrical power grids water

electrical electrical power grids water distribution oil natural gas pipeline

distribution oil natural gas pipeline

distribution oil natural gas pipeline systems

systems

systems and they're dependent on electrical

and they're dependent on electrical

and they're dependent on electrical hydraulic and mechanical equipment

hydraulic and mechanical equipment

hydraulic and mechanical equipment this equipment is all monitored by

this equipment is all monitored by

this equipment is all monitored by sensors that transform the physical

sensors that transform the physical

sensors that transform the physical stimulus for example something's broken

stimulus for example something's broken

stimulus for example something's broken or stuck

or stuck

or stuck or doing too much or too little of what

or doing too much or too little of what

or doing too much or too little of what it should be doing and this is

it should be doing and this is

it should be doing and this is um changed into electrical signal

um changed into electrical signal

um changed into electrical signal and in a basic SC Ada system when

and in a basic SC Ada system when

and in a basic SC Ada system when industrial operations are performed the

industrial operations are performed the

industrial operations are performed the information from the sensors is sent to

information from the sensors is sent to

information from the sensors is sent to a a controller or a number of

a a controller or a number of

a a controller or a number of controllers the controller is a type of

controllers the controller is a type of

controllers the controller is a type of computer that receives the information

computer that receives the information

computer that receives the information from the sensor

from the sensor

from the sensor now what happens with this information

now what happens with this information

now what happens with this information just depends on the environment and

just depends on the environment and

just depends on the environment and what's required and the sensor type it

what's required and the sensor type it

what's required and the sensor type it sends the information to computers with

sends the information to computers with

sends the information to computers with the seada software

so this helps the systems monitor

so this helps the systems monitor

so this helps the systems monitor interact and control a variety of

interact and control a variety of

interact and control a variety of equipment

equipment

equipment prevents outside attacks the um seida

prevents outside attacks the um seida

prevents outside attacks the um seida systems are segmented from the rest of

systems are segmented from the rest of

systems are segmented from the rest of the network

the network

the network and in addition they have the firewalls

and in addition they have the firewalls

and in addition they have the firewalls installed

installed

installed you'd need probably help from a

you'd need probably help from a

you'd need probably help from a specialist and design company and

specialist and design company and

specialist and design company and probably installation as well because

probably installation as well because

probably installation as well because it's kind of outside the purview of the

it's kind of outside the purview of the

it's kind of outside the purview of the normal Network Engineers roles

normal Network Engineers roles

normal Network Engineers roles um old and outdated compute systems

um old and outdated compute systems

um old and outdated compute systems often referred to as Legacy these May

often referred to as Legacy these May

often referred to as Legacy these May well be running applications and you'll

well be running applications and you'll

well be running applications and you'll you could see this a lot if you do a new

you could see this a lot if you do a new

you could see this a lot if you do a new network Consulting you'll go to

network Consulting you'll go to

network Consulting you'll go to companies that are just running in Old

companies that are just running in Old

companies that are just running in Old software and they want to keep it

software and they want to keep it

software and they want to keep it because it still works and it's due to

because it still works and it's due to

because it still works and it's due to the cost and all of the heartache of

the cost and all of the heartache of

the cost and all of the heartache of having to upgrade and translate all of

having to upgrade and translate all of

having to upgrade and translate all of the data

the data

the data these systems can't be taken out of

these systems can't be taken out of

these systems can't be taken out of service usually but because of the age

service usually but because of the age

service usually but because of the age they're more vulnerable to attacks and

they're more vulnerable to attacks and

they're more vulnerable to attacks and because of the lack of support and the

because of the lack of support and the

because of the lack of support and the support means there's no more security

support means there's no more security

support means there's no more security patches

patches

patches so basically we'll come back into back

so basically we'll come back into back

so basically we'll come back into back to segmentation and it's important to

to segmentation and it's important to

to segmentation and it's important to segment these from the rest of the

segment these from the rest of the

segment these from the rest of the network

network

network service in the network for Public Public

service in the network for Public Public

service in the network for Public Public Access would normally restrict access

Access would normally restrict access

Access would normally restrict access this is classic example is at a public

this is classic example is at a public

this is classic example is at a public library where customers come in and want

library where customers come in and want

library where customers come in and want to use the systems but obviously you

to use the systems but obviously you

to use the systems but obviously you don't want them to have visibility to

don't want them to have visibility to

don't want them to have visibility to the back end systems where customers

the back end systems where customers

the back end systems where customers data is kept and people can get books

data is kept and people can get books

data is kept and people can get books and make payments and all that sort of

and make payments and all that sort of

and make payments and all that sort of stuff

stuff

stuff so you'd segment the servers and

so you'd segment the servers and

so you'd segment the servers and resources used by employees on a private

resources used by employees on a private

resources used by employees on a private Network public access to the public

and net Network segmentations critical

and net Network segmentations critical

and net Network segmentations critical situations if a private network is

situations if a private network is

situations if a private network is restricted only to employees it's less

restricted only to employees it's less

restricted only to employees it's less prone to outside attacks probably

prone to outside attacks probably

prone to outside attacks probably certainly obvious here in a public

certainly obvious here in a public

certainly obvious here in a public network even if the server is

network even if the server is

network even if the server is compromised it won't actually affect

compromised it won't actually affect

compromised it won't actually affect your internal private Network so you

your internal private Network so you

your internal private Network so you could do your troubleshooting and

could do your troubleshooting and

could do your troubleshooting and resolution without worrying about

resolution without worrying about

resolution without worrying about um affecting your critical Business

um affecting your critical Business

um affecting your critical Business Systems

Systems

Systems uh testing patches and updates for

uh testing patches and updates for

uh testing patches and updates for applications should be carried out in a

applications should be carried out in a

applications should be carried out in a test the environment it's often called a

test the environment it's often called a

test the environment it's often called a test bed where you've got a copy of your

test bed where you've got a copy of your

test bed where you've got a copy of your devices

devices

devices and you could even be running them

and you could even be running them

and you could even be running them virtually

virtually

virtually and it's all done in order to prevent or

and it's all done in order to prevent or

and it's all done in order to prevent or foresee problems on your live equipment

a honey pot is a decoy server set to

a honey pot is a decoy server set to

a honey pot is a decoy server set to lure attackers studies there and

lure attackers studies there and

lure attackers studies there and methodology and how they break into the

methodology and how they break into the

methodology and how they break into the systems gathers for our zinc forensic

systems gathers for our zinc forensic

systems gathers for our zinc forensic information and it can be used in the

information and it can be used in the

information and it can be used in the event that you actually prosecute

event that you actually prosecute

event that you actually prosecute somebody

somebody

somebody designed to be a little bit more easily

designed to be a little bit more easily

designed to be a little bit more easily exploited exploited than the actual

exploited exploited than the actual

exploited exploited than the actual production server so this would probably

production server so this would probably

production server so this would probably be the first device discovered by the

be the first device discovered by the

be the first device discovered by the attackers

attackers

attackers has attackers activities logged to get

has attackers activities logged to get

has attackers activities logged to get insight into their sneaky little methods

okay an early part is a network segment

okay an early part is a network segment

okay an early part is a network segment that contains more than one

that contains more than one

that contains more than one um honey pot or only net sorry

um honey pot or only net sorry

um honey pot or only net sorry so the honey net would normally look

so the honey net would normally look

so the honey net would normally look like a normal operational Network for

like a normal operational Network for

like a normal operational Network for the attacker

the attacker

the attacker and it'll make the attacker spend more

and it'll make the attacker spend more

and it'll make the attacker spend more time in the system which gives you more

time in the system which gives you more

time in the system which gives you more time to analyze what they're doing and

time to analyze what they're doing and

time to analyze what they're doing and where they're coming from

where they're coming from

where they're coming from all right so we've covered segmentation

all right so we've covered segmentation

all right so we've covered segmentation physically logically uses of it and

physically logically uses of it and

physically logically uses of it and critical situations that's the end of

critical situations that's the end of

critical situations that's the end of the presentation thanks for watching

[Music]

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP addresses and conversion

addresses and conversion

addresses and conversion so welcome to this module we're going to

so welcome to this module we're going to

so welcome to this module we're going to cover IP addresses and conversions and

cover IP addresses and conversions and

cover IP addresses and conversions and in some of the previous modules we

in some of the previous modules we

in some of the previous modules we talked about a lot of the Technologies

talked about a lot of the Technologies

talked about a lot of the Technologies and theories and protocols that make up

and theories and protocols that make up

and theories and protocols that make up computer networks and so here we're

computer networks and so here we're

computer networks and so here we're going to discuss some of the more

going to discuss some of the more

going to discuss some of the more important aspects of networking

important aspects of networking

important aspects of networking specifically the IP address so this

specifically the IP address so this

specifically the IP address so this module is going to begin by introducing

module is going to begin by introducing

module is going to begin by introducing us to some of the specific protocols

us to some of the specific protocols

us to some of the specific protocols that are found within the tcpip protocol

that are found within the tcpip protocol

that are found within the tcpip protocol Suite that you need to know about for

Suite that you need to know about for

Suite that you need to know about for the network plus exam and these are TCP

the network plus exam and these are TCP

the network plus exam and these are TCP and IP and a little more depth we

and IP and a little more depth we

and IP and a little more depth we mentioned them briefly when we talked

mentioned them briefly when we talked

mentioned them briefly when we talked about the TCP model and then we're going

about the TCP model and then we're going

about the TCP model and then we're going to describe UDP which is a connection

to describe UDP which is a connection

to describe UDP which is a connection less protocol then we're going to look

less protocol then we're going to look

less protocol then we're going to look at ARP and rarp two versions that allow

at ARP and rarp two versions that allow

at ARP and rarp two versions that allow us to basically or two protocols rather

us to basically or two protocols rather

us to basically or two protocols rather that basically allow us to map Mac

that basically allow us to map Mac

that basically allow us to map Mac addresses to IP address and which are

addresses to IP address and which are

addresses to IP address and which are basically responsible for routing in

basically responsible for routing in

basically responsible for routing in general and after that we're going to

general and after that we're going to

general and after that we're going to look at two management protocols one

look at two management protocols one

look at two management protocols one called icmp which I introduced to you in

called icmp which I introduced to you in

called icmp which I introduced to you in previous modules and I said it was

previous modules and I said it was

previous modules and I said it was related to the Ping a utility we're

related to the Ping a utility we're

related to the Ping a utility we're going to learn a little more about that

going to learn a little more about that

going to learn a little more about that and then igmp which is uh slightly

and then igmp which is uh slightly

and then igmp which is uh slightly different has to do more with

different has to do more with

different has to do more with multicasting and unicasting and then

multicasting and unicasting and then

multicasting and unicasting and then we're going to continue by outlining uh

we're going to continue by outlining uh

we're going to continue by outlining uh IP packet delivery processes and we're

IP packet delivery processes and we're

IP packet delivery processes and we're going to finish off the module with a

going to finish off the module with a

going to finish off the module with a bit of an introduction into binary and

bit of an introduction into binary and

bit of an introduction into binary and decimal conversions so that later on we

decimal conversions so that later on we

decimal conversions so that later on we can talk a little more in depth about IP

can talk a little more in depth about IP

can talk a little more in depth about IP addressing and how

addressing and how

addressing and how something called subnetting Works which

something called subnetting Works which

something called subnetting Works which is going to require us to understand the

is going to require us to understand the

is going to require us to understand the difference between these two ways of

difference between these two ways of

difference between these two ways of writing our numbers and after we have

writing our numbers and after we have

writing our numbers and after we have covered all these topics we're gonna

covered all these topics we're gonna

covered all these topics we're gonna have a fundamental understanding of Ip

have a fundamental understanding of Ip

have a fundamental understanding of Ip that's going to prepare us for some of

that's going to prepare us for some of

that's going to prepare us for some of the more in-depth topics as I just

the more in-depth topics as I just

the more in-depth topics as I just mentioned in the following modules

mentioned in the following modules

mentioned in the following modules so let's begin by taking a look at two

so let's begin by taking a look at two

so let's begin by taking a look at two of the most important protocols that

of the most important protocols that

of the most important protocols that make up the suite TCP and IP now in

make up the suite TCP and IP now in

make up the suite TCP and IP now in previous chapters we briefly described

previous chapters we briefly described

previous chapters we briefly described these two but we still need to take a

these two but we still need to take a

these two but we still need to take a closer look at them to assure that we

closer look at them to assure that we

closer look at them to assure that we have a complete understanding of the

have a complete understanding of the

have a complete understanding of the many different protocols that are found

many different protocols that are found

many different protocols that are found in our protocol Suite so first for those

in our protocol Suite so first for those

in our protocol Suite so first for those applications and instances that depend

applications and instances that depend

applications and instances that depend on data to be reliable in terms of

on data to be reliable in terms of

on data to be reliable in terms of delivery and integrity the transmission

delivery and integrity the transmission

delivery and integrity the transmission control protocol or TCP and I'm just

control protocol or TCP and I'm just

control protocol or TCP and I'm just going to write out

transmission

control

control

control protocol is a really Dependable protocol

protocol is a really Dependable protocol

protocol is a really Dependable protocol and provides a number of features first

and provides a number of features first

and provides a number of features first it guarantees that data delivery and

it guarantees that data delivery and

it guarantees that data delivery and besides

besides

besides um guaranteeing that delivery it also

um guaranteeing that delivery it also

um guaranteeing that delivery it also has a certain amount of reliability it

has a certain amount of reliability it

has a certain amount of reliability it also offers flow control which as we've

also offers flow control which as we've

also offers flow control which as we've mentioned in the past assists ascending

mentioned in the past assists ascending

mentioned in the past assists ascending station in making sure it doesn't send

station in making sure it doesn't send

station in making sure it doesn't send data faster then the receiver can handle

data faster then the receiver can handle

data faster then the receiver can handle this function also is going to assist in

this function also is going to assist in

this function also is going to assist in the reliability of data because it

the reliability of data because it

the reliability of data because it ensures that there isn't any data lost

ensures that there isn't any data lost

ensures that there isn't any data lost due to overloading

due to overloading

due to overloading um

um

um the receiving station

now TCP also contains something called a

now TCP also contains something called a

now TCP also contains something called a checksum mechanism and what this does is

checksum mechanism and what this does is

checksum mechanism and what this does is it assists with error detection the

it assists with error detection the

it assists with error detection the level of error detection isn't as strong

level of error detection isn't as strong

level of error detection isn't as strong as that of some of the lower layers and

as that of some of the lower layers and

as that of some of the lower layers and you recall that this is in the transport

you recall that this is in the transport

you recall that this is in the transport layer of the tcpip stack

layer of the tcpip stack

layer of the tcpip stack but it does catch some specific errors

but it does catch some specific errors

but it does catch some specific errors that may go unnoticed by other layers

that may go unnoticed by other layers

that may go unnoticed by other layers and and by the way this checksum

and and by the way this checksum

and and by the way this checksum basically it's it sort of has a number

basically it's it sort of has a number

basically it's it sort of has a number that it creates

that it creates

that it creates based on the data and it can check that

based on the data and it can check that

based on the data and it can check that number at the beginning and at the end

number at the beginning and at the end

number at the beginning and at the end to make sure we haven't lost anything

to make sure we haven't lost anything

to make sure we haven't lost anything now this protocol attempts to alleviate

now this protocol attempts to alleviate

now this protocol attempts to alleviate MTU if you recall uh what we talked

MTU if you recall uh what we talked

MTU if you recall uh what we talked about with MTU there mismatches on the

about with MTU there mismatches on the

about with MTU there mismatches on the data link layer by establishing maximum

data link layer by establishing maximum

data link layer by establishing maximum segment sizes that can be accepted by

segment sizes that can be accepted by

segment sizes that can be accepted by TCP this is also going to reduce what we

TCP this is also going to reduce what we

TCP this is also going to reduce what we talked about earlier that MTU black hole

talked about earlier that MTU black hole

talked about earlier that MTU black hole now further examining IP or the Internet

now further examining IP or the Internet

now further examining IP or the Internet Protocol

Protocol

Protocol which is aptly name and exists at the

which is aptly name and exists at the

which is aptly name and exists at the internet

internet

internet layer unlike TCP IP is characterized as

layer unlike TCP IP is characterized as

layer unlike TCP IP is characterized as being connectionless or a best effort

being connectionless or a best effort

being connectionless or a best effort delivery which is also like UDP which

delivery which is also like UDP which

delivery which is also like UDP which we'll see in a second it outlines the

we'll see in a second it outlines the

we'll see in a second it outlines the structure then of information which is

structure then of information which is

structure then of information which is called datagrams or packets

and how we're going to package this

and how we're going to package this

and how we're going to package this stuff to send it over the network this

stuff to send it over the network this

stuff to send it over the network this protocol is more concerned with source

protocol is more concerned with source

protocol is more concerned with source to destination navigation or planning or

to destination navigation or planning or

to destination navigation or planning or routing as well as host identification

routing as well as host identification

routing as well as host identification and data delivery solely by using the IP

and data delivery solely by using the IP

and data delivery solely by using the IP address so this is slightly different

address so this is slightly different

address so this is slightly different from TCP which is doing stuff in a much

from TCP which is doing stuff in a much

from TCP which is doing stuff in a much more different way now IP is used for

more different way now IP is used for

more different way now IP is used for communications between one or many IP

communications between one or many IP

communications between one or many IP based networks and because of its design

based networks and because of its design

based networks and because of its design it makes it the principal protocol of

it makes it the principal protocol of

it makes it the principal protocol of the internet and it's essential to

the internet and it's essential to

the internet and it's essential to connect to it so unless we are using IP

connect to it so unless we are using IP

connect to it so unless we are using IP address in today's day and age we will

address in today's day and age we will

address in today's day and age we will not be able to connect to this big thing

not be able to connect to this big thing

not be able to connect to this big thing called the internet now the terms

called the internet now the terms

called the internet now the terms connection less and connection oriented

connection less and connection oriented

connection less and connection oriented relate to the steps that are taken

relate to the steps that are taken

relate to the steps that are taken before the data is transmitted by a

before the data is transmitted by a

before the data is transmitted by a given protocol whatever that protocol

given protocol whatever that protocol

given protocol whatever that protocol might be with TCP we're looking at

might be with TCP we're looking at

might be with TCP we're looking at connection oriented and of course with

connection oriented and of course with

connection oriented and of course with IP we're looking at connection less

IP we're looking at connection less

IP we're looking at connection less and for instance the connection oriented

and for instance the connection oriented

and for instance the connection oriented protocol is going to ensure a connection

protocol is going to ensure a connection

protocol is going to ensure a connection is established before the sending of

is established before the sending of

is established before the sending of data meaning it is oriented towards a

data meaning it is oriented towards a

data meaning it is oriented towards a connection whereas a connection less

connection whereas a connection less

connection whereas a connection less isn't going to doesn't matter if there

isn't going to doesn't matter if there

isn't going to doesn't matter if there is a connection established already

is a connection established already

is a connection established already so the next protocol which is also

so the next protocol which is also

so the next protocol which is also connection last that we want to talk

connection last that we want to talk

connection last that we want to talk about is something called UDP now since

about is something called UDP now since

about is something called UDP now since we have many applications and their

we have many applications and their

we have many applications and their functions depend on data being sent in a

functions depend on data being sent in a

functions depend on data being sent in a timely manner TCP and its connection

timely manner TCP and its connection

timely manner TCP and its connection oriented properties hinder their

oriented properties hinder their

oriented properties hinder their performance in these cases we're able to

performance in these cases we're able to

performance in these cases we're able to use something called

use something called

use something called UDP again the user

datagram protocol

and UDP is connection last just like IP

and UDP is connection last just like IP

and UDP is connection last just like IP is

is

is and it's a that means it's a best effort

and it's a that means it's a best effort

and it's a that means it's a best effort delivery protocol so with TCP if packets

delivery protocol so with TCP if packets

delivery protocol so with TCP if packets get delayed or if they're needed to be

get delayed or if they're needed to be

get delayed or if they're needed to be resent due to a collision the TCP on the

resent due to a collision the TCP on the

resent due to a collision the TCP on the receiving end is going to wait for the

receiving end is going to wait for the

receiving end is going to wait for the lost or late packets to arrive and with

lost or late packets to arrive and with

lost or late packets to arrive and with some sensitive data delivery this is

some sensitive data delivery this is

some sensitive data delivery this is going to cause a lot of problems and UDP

going to cause a lot of problems and UDP

going to cause a lot of problems and UDP is what we call a stateless protocol

is what we call a stateless protocol

is what we call a stateless protocol which prefers the packet loss over the

which prefers the packet loss over the

which prefers the packet loss over the delay in waiting so UDP is only going to

delay in waiting so UDP is only going to

delay in waiting so UDP is only going to add a checksum to the data for data

add a checksum to the data for data

add a checksum to the data for data Integrity it's also going to uh address

Integrity it's also going to uh address

Integrity it's also going to uh address port numbers for specific functions

port numbers for specific functions

port numbers for specific functions between the source and the destination

between the source and the destination

between the source and the destination nodes such as UDP Port 53 for DNS which

nodes such as UDP Port 53 for DNS which

nodes such as UDP Port 53 for DNS which is one that you should remember from an

is one that you should remember from an

is one that you should remember from an earlier module Now udp's features make

earlier module Now udp's features make

earlier module Now udp's features make it a solid protocol and it's used for

it a solid protocol and it's used for

it a solid protocol and it's used for applications such as VoIP or voice over

applications such as VoIP or voice over

applications such as VoIP or voice over IP

IP

IP and online gaming this makes sense

and online gaming this makes sense

and online gaming this makes sense because we don't care if every single

because we don't care if every single

because we don't care if every single little packet arrives what we want is we

little packet arrives what we want is we

little packet arrives what we want is we want the speed with which

want the speed with which

want the speed with which UDP is going to deliver stuff obviously

UDP is going to deliver stuff obviously

UDP is going to deliver stuff obviously if we miss a couple packets in voice

if we miss a couple packets in voice

if we miss a couple packets in voice that's okay they drop but we don't want

that's okay they drop but we don't want

that's okay they drop but we don't want to have to wait until the next packet

to have to wait until the next packet

to have to wait until the next packet arrives that's going to actually cause

arrives that's going to actually cause

arrives that's going to actually cause much more of a delay and so we're going

much more of a delay and so we're going

much more of a delay and so we're going to use this one in more VoIP and online

to use this one in more VoIP and online

to use this one in more VoIP and online gaming purposes now the next protocol we

gaming purposes now the next protocol we

gaming purposes now the next protocol we want to be familiar with

want to be familiar with

want to be familiar with is called ARP and it's also necessary

is called ARP and it's also necessary

is called ARP and it's also necessary for routing ARP or the address

for routing ARP or the address

for routing ARP or the address resolution

protocol and

protocol and

protocol and the reverse

the reverse

the reverse address resolution protocol our request

address resolution protocol our request

address resolution protocol our request and reply protocols that are used to map

and reply protocols that are used to map

and reply protocols that are used to map one kind of address to another

one kind of address to another

one kind of address to another specifically ARP is designed to map IP

specifically ARP is designed to map IP

specifically ARP is designed to map IP addresses you need addresses that are

addresses you need addresses that are

addresses you need addresses that are necessary to tcpip communication to Mac

necessary to tcpip communication to Mac

necessary to tcpip communication to Mac addresses which are also known as we've

addresses which are also known as we've

addresses which are also known as we've discussed in the past as physical

discussed in the past as physical

discussed in the past as physical addresses

and again IP addresses

and again IP addresses

and again IP addresses work on the networking layer

or in tcpi PV internet layer

whereas Mac addresses operate on the

whereas Mac addresses operate on the

whereas Mac addresses operate on the network interface layer of TCP which in

network interface layer of TCP which in

network interface layer of TCP which in OSI would be the data link layer

OSI would be the data link layer

OSI would be the data link layer layer 2.

layer 2.

layer 2. now in tcpipnetworking

now in tcpipnetworking

now in tcpipnetworking ARP operates at the lowest layer the

ARP operates at the lowest layer the

ARP operates at the lowest layer the network interface layer in total whereas

network interface layer in total whereas

network interface layer in total whereas in the OSI model we say that it actually

in the OSI model we say that it actually

in the OSI model we say that it actually operates between

operates between

operates between the data link layer

the data link layer

the data link layer and the physical layer

and this is because it wasn't designed

and this is because it wasn't designed

and this is because it wasn't designed specifically for the OSI model it was

specifically for the OSI model it was

specifically for the OSI model it was designed for the tcpip model now ARP and

designed for the tcpip model now ARP and

designed for the tcpip model now ARP and rarp play very important roles in the

rarp play very important roles in the

rarp play very important roles in the way networks operate the computer wants

way networks operate the computer wants

way networks operate the computer wants to communicate with any other computer

to communicate with any other computer

to communicate with any other computer within the local area network the MAC

within the local area network the MAC

within the local area network the MAC address is the identifier that's used

address is the identifier that's used

address is the identifier that's used and if that device wishes to communicate

and if that device wishes to communicate

and if that device wishes to communicate outside of the local area network the

outside of the local area network the

outside of the local area network the destination Mac address is going to be

destination Mac address is going to be

destination Mac address is going to be that of the router so the our process

that of the router so the our process

that of the router so the our process works by first

works by first

works by first receiving the IP address from IP or the

receiving the IP address from IP or the

receiving the IP address from IP or the Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol then ARP has the MAC address in its

then ARP has the MAC address in its

then ARP has the MAC address in its cached table so the router has what are

cached table so the router has what are

cached table so the router has what are called ARP tables

called ARP tables

called ARP tables that link IP addresses to Mac addresses

that link IP addresses to Mac addresses

that link IP addresses to Mac addresses we call this the ARP table

we call this the ARP table

we call this the ARP table so it looks in there to see if it no if

so it looks in there to see if it no if

so it looks in there to see if it no if it has a MAC address for the IP address

it has a MAC address for the IP address

it has a MAC address for the IP address listed

listed

listed it then sends it back to the IP if it if

it then sends it back to the IP if it if

it then sends it back to the IP if it if it does have it and if it doesn't have

it does have it and if it doesn't have

it does have it and if it doesn't have it it broadcasts the message it's sent

it it broadcasts the message it's sent

it it broadcasts the message it's sent in order to resolve what we call resolve

in order to resolve what we call resolve

in order to resolve what we call resolve the address

the address

the address to a MAC address

to a MAC address

to a MAC address and the target computer with the IP

and the target computer with the IP

and the target computer with the IP address responds to that broadcast

address responds to that broadcast

address responds to that broadcast message with what's called a unicast

message with what's called a unicast

message with what's called a unicast message and we've discussed that that

message and we've discussed that that

message and we've discussed that that contains the MAC address that it's

contains the MAC address that it's

contains the MAC address that it's seeking

seeking

seeking ARP then will add the MAC address to its

ARP then will add the MAC address to its

ARP then will add the MAC address to its table so the next time we don't have to

table so the next time we don't have to

table so the next time we don't have to go through this whole process

and then it Returns the IP address to

and then it Returns the IP address to

and then it Returns the IP address to the requesting device as it would have

the requesting device as it would have

the requesting device as it would have if it just had it

if it just had it

if it just had it now RP is used to do the opposite that

now RP is used to do the opposite that

now RP is used to do the opposite that is to map Mac addresses of a given

is to map Mac addresses of a given

is to map Mac addresses of a given system to their assigned IP addresses

system to their assigned IP addresses

system to their assigned IP addresses and it sort of works in Reverse from all

and it sort of works in Reverse from all

and it sort of works in Reverse from all this now that's a very general overview

this now that's a very general overview

this now that's a very general overview of ARP and rarp and if you were to go

of ARP and rarp and if you were to go

of ARP and rarp and if you were to go into Cisco certifications for instance

into Cisco certifications for instance

into Cisco certifications for instance you go a little more in depth into this

you go a little more in depth into this

you go a little more in depth into this but for Network plus this is really

but for Network plus this is really

but for Network plus this is really where we need to stop with this protocol

where we need to stop with this protocol

where we need to stop with this protocol so the next protocol I want to talk

so the next protocol I want to talk

so the next protocol I want to talk about is icmp which is also called the

about is icmp which is also called the

about is icmp which is also called the internet

control

message protocol

message protocol

message protocol it's a protocol designed to send

it's a protocol designed to send

it's a protocol designed to send messages that relate to the status of a

messages that relate to the status of a

messages that relate to the status of a system it's not meant to actually send

system it's not meant to actually send

system it's not meant to actually send data so icmp messages are used generally

data so icmp messages are used generally

data so icmp messages are used generally speaking for Diagnostic and testing

speaking for Diagnostic and testing

speaking for Diagnostic and testing purposes and they can also be used as a

purposes and they can also be used as a

purposes and they can also be used as a response to errors that occur in the

response to errors that occur in the

response to errors that occur in the normal operations of Ip and if you

normal operations of Ip and if you

normal operations of Ip and if you recall one of the times that we talked

recall one of the times that we talked

recall one of the times that we talked about that was for instance with the MTU

about that was for instance with the MTU

about that was for instance with the MTU black hole

black hole

black hole when that icmp message couldn't get back

when that icmp message couldn't get back

when that icmp message couldn't get back to the original router now many Internet

to the original router now many Internet

to the original router now many Internet Protocol utilities are actually derived

Protocol utilities are actually derived

Protocol utilities are actually derived from icmp messages such as Tracer or

from icmp messages such as Tracer or

from icmp messages such as Tracer or trace route

trace route

trace route path ping and ping and we'll talk about

path ping and ping and we'll talk about

path ping and ping and we'll talk about these in a little more depth than if you

these in a little more depth than if you

these in a little more depth than if you were around for uh a plus we definitely

were around for uh a plus we definitely

were around for uh a plus we definitely talked about these two quite a bit icmp

talked about these two quite a bit icmp

talked about these two quite a bit icmp is actually one of the core Protocols of

is actually one of the core Protocols of

is actually one of the core Protocols of the IP suite and it operates at the

the IP suite and it operates at the

the IP suite and it operates at the internet layer which as you recall is

internet layer which as you recall is

internet layer which as you recall is tcpip

tcpip

tcpip second layer

second layer

second layer now icmp is a control protocol used by

now icmp is a control protocol used by

now icmp is a control protocol used by networked computers and operating

networked computers and operating

networked computers and operating systems and the most common utility that

systems and the most common utility that

systems and the most common utility that we're going to see is what's called

we're going to see is what's called

we're going to see is what's called ping which we've talked about which uses

ping which we've talked about which uses

ping which we've talked about which uses what are called icmp Echo requests and

what are called icmp Echo requests and

what are called icmp Echo requests and they reply to determine connection

they reply to determine connection

they reply to determine connection statuses of a Target system so I could

statuses of a Target system so I could

statuses of a Target system so I could ping a specific system to see if it's on

ping a specific system to see if it's on

ping a specific system to see if it's on the network of course there are some

the network of course there are some

the network of course there are some reasons why the icmp as we've talked

reasons why the icmp as we've talked

reasons why the icmp as we've talked about might not make it back to me or

about might not make it back to me or

about might not make it back to me or it's configured not to respond perhaps

it's configured not to respond perhaps

it's configured not to respond perhaps through a firewall finally we need to

through a firewall finally we need to

through a firewall finally we need to talk about igmp or the internet

group

group

group management protocol

management protocol

management protocol it should not be confused with icmp it's

it should not be confused with icmp it's

it should not be confused with icmp it's slightly different

slightly different

slightly different it is used to establish memberships for

it is used to establish memberships for

it is used to establish memberships for multicast groups now multicasting is

multicast groups now multicasting is

multicast groups now multicasting is where a computer wishes to send data to

where a computer wishes to send data to

where a computer wishes to send data to a lot of other computers through the

a lot of other computers through the

a lot of other computers through the internet by identifying which computers

internet by identifying which computers

internet by identifying which computers have subscribed or which ones wish to

have subscribed or which ones wish to

have subscribed or which ones wish to receive the data we looked at this

receive the data we looked at this

receive the data we looked at this earlier and determined that routers

earlier and determined that routers

earlier and determined that routers determine a multicast group now in a

determine a multicast group now in a

determine a multicast group now in a host implementation a host is going to

host implementation a host is going to

host implementation a host is going to make a request for

make a request for

make a request for and igmp implemented router to join the

and igmp implemented router to join the

and igmp implemented router to join the membership of a multicast group

membership of a multicast group

membership of a multicast group certain applications such as those for

certain applications such as those for

certain applications such as those for online gaming can use igmp for what are

online gaming can use igmp for what are

online gaming can use igmp for what are called

called

called one-to-many Communications the one being

one-to-many Communications the one being

one-to-many Communications the one being the game server and the many being all

the game server and the many being all

the game server and the many being all of those end users that have subscribed

of those end users that have subscribed

of those end users that have subscribed to the gaming session

to the gaming session

to the gaming session so those routers with igmp

so those routers with igmp

so those routers with igmp implementation periodically will send

implementation periodically will send

implementation periodically will send out queries to determine the multicast

out queries to determine the multicast

out queries to determine the multicast membership of those devices within range

membership of those devices within range

membership of those devices within range and then those hosts that have

and then those hosts that have

and then those hosts that have membership are going to respond to the

membership are going to respond to the

membership are going to respond to the queries with a membership

queries with a membership

queries with a membership report

now the process of delivering an IP

now the process of delivering an IP

now the process of delivering an IP packet is simple

packet is simple

packet is simple it begins with resolving the name of the

it begins with resolving the name of the

it begins with resolving the name of the host to its assigned IP address like we

host to its assigned IP address like we

host to its assigned IP address like we talked about with arp and the connection

talked about with arp and the connection

talked about with arp and the connection is established by a service at if you

is established by a service at if you

is established by a service at if you recall the transport layer

recall the transport layer

recall the transport layer now after the name resolution and

now after the name resolution and

now after the name resolution and connection establishment the IP address

connection establishment the IP address

connection establishment the IP address is then sent down to the internet layer

is then sent down to the internet layer

is then sent down to the internet layer and the next step is where the IP looks

and the next step is where the IP looks

and the next step is where the IP looks at the subnet mask which we've talked

at the subnet mask which we've talked

at the subnet mask which we've talked about in a plus and we'll talk about

about in a plus and we'll talk about

about in a plus and we'll talk about more of the IP address to determine

more of the IP address to determine

more of the IP address to determine whether the destination is local to the

whether the destination is local to the

whether the destination is local to the computer on what we say is the same

computer on what we say is the same

computer on what we say is the same subnet or whether it's remote or on

subnet or whether it's remote or on

subnet or whether it's remote or on another Network after this determination

another Network after this determination

another Network after this determination is made then finally the packet is

is made then finally the packet is

is made then finally the packet is routed and delivered

routed and delivered

routed and delivered okay so we now understand TCP a little

okay so we now understand TCP a little

okay so we now understand TCP a little more fully some of the protocols that

more fully some of the protocols that

more fully some of the protocols that are dealt with in great detail and how

are dealt with in great detail and how

are dealt with in great detail and how IP packet delivery works so let's talk

IP packet delivery works so let's talk

IP packet delivery works so let's talk about binary and decimal which are going

about binary and decimal which are going

about binary and decimal which are going to be really important when we get into

to be really important when we get into

to be really important when we get into what's called subnetting and it's just

what's called subnetting and it's just

what's called subnetting and it's just good to know as an I.T professional

good to know as an I.T professional

good to know as an I.T professional anyway

anyway

anyway specifically

specifically

specifically understanding binary or how to convert

understanding binary or how to convert

understanding binary or how to convert binary which is the number of computers

binary which is the number of computers

binary which is the number of computers the way computers talk to decimal which

the way computers talk to decimal which

the way computers talk to decimal which is the way that we deal with numbers and

is the way that we deal with numbers and

is the way that we deal with numbers and decimal to binary

decimal to binary

decimal to binary pertains to a lot of different aspects

pertains to a lot of different aspects

pertains to a lot of different aspects of as I just mentioned networking so to

of as I just mentioned networking so to

of as I just mentioned networking so to begin with binary is the name implies

begin with binary is the name implies

begin with binary is the name implies from buy is what we call a base 2 system

from buy is what we call a base 2 system

from buy is what we call a base 2 system more commonly we used a base 10 system

more commonly we used a base 10 system

more commonly we used a base 10 system decimal

decimal

decimal now this means that we have 10

now this means that we have 10

now this means that we have 10 possibilities for every place value we

possibilities for every place value we

possibilities for every place value we have between a zero and nine you add

have between a zero and nine you add

have between a zero and nine you add that up there are 10.

that up there are 10.

that up there are 10. now with binary there's only two options

now with binary there's only two options

now with binary there's only two options either zero or one

so we can either have a single zero or a

so we can either have a single zero or a

so we can either have a single zero or a single one and that's what we call a DOT

single one and that's what we call a DOT

single one and that's what we call a DOT a binary digit or

a binary digit or

a binary digit or a bit

so the binary number has Place markers

so the binary number has Place markers

so the binary number has Place markers that are similar to the base 10 system

that are similar to the base 10 system

that are similar to the base 10 system for instance if we have a a decimal base

for instance if we have a a decimal base

for instance if we have a a decimal base 10 numbering system the second place

10 numbering system the second place

10 numbering system the second place Mark designates the tens if we imagine

Mark designates the tens if we imagine

Mark designates the tens if we imagine that there's a

that there's a

that there's a uh period or a decimal right there

uh period or a decimal right there

uh period or a decimal right there the third designates the hundreds and

the third designates the hundreds and

the third designates the hundreds and then we move to thousandths and ten

then we move to thousandths and ten

then we move to thousandths and ten thousandths and hundred thousandths and

thousandths and hundred thousandths and

thousandths and hundred thousandths and so on and so forth and in each one of

so on and so forth and in each one of

so on and so forth and in each one of these we can have anywhere from zero

these we can have anywhere from zero

these we can have anywhere from zero to 9 and that's ten options in each one

to 9 and that's ten options in each one

to 9 and that's ten options in each one of those spots

of those spots

of those spots now in base 2 numbering system which is

now in base 2 numbering system which is

now in base 2 numbering system which is binary we have only two options a one or

binary we have only two options a one or

binary we have only two options a one or a zero in either one of those places and

a zero in either one of those places and

a zero in either one of those places and in computers especially in a lot of Ip

in computers especially in a lot of Ip

in computers especially in a lot of Ip addressing we really deal with the

addressing we really deal with the

addressing we really deal with the difference between uh eight different

places

places

places so we're going to call these eight and

so we're going to call these eight and

so we're going to call these eight and octet

octet

octet so this eight Place binary digit is

so this eight Place binary digit is

so this eight Place binary digit is referred to as an octet because there's

referred to as an octet because there's

referred to as an octet because there's one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight of them and you'll see these numbers pop

of them and you'll see these numbers pop

of them and you'll see these numbers pop up over and over again so this is really

up over and over again so this is really

up over and over again so this is really as far as you need to know for binary

as far as you need to know for binary

as far as you need to know for binary although you can go even further so if

although you can go even further so if

although you can go even further so if we look at this octet from the right

we look at this octet from the right

we look at this octet from the right side to the left

side to the left

side to the left the first place Mark is what we call

the first place Mark is what we call

the first place Mark is what we call 2 to the 0 power

2 to the 0 power

2 to the 0 power right if we were talking about this in

right if we were talking about this in

right if we were talking about this in tens this would be the ones place y

tens this would be the ones place y

tens this would be the ones place y because it's 10 to the zero power which

because it's 10 to the zero power which

because it's 10 to the zero power which is ones anything taken to the zero power

is ones anything taken to the zero power

is ones anything taken to the zero power is one

is one

is one next we have 10 to the first Power which

next we have 10 to the first Power which

next we have 10 to the first Power which is going to equal 2. if you recall we

is going to equal 2. if you recall we

is going to equal 2. if you recall we call this the tens place 10 to the one

call this the tens place 10 to the one

call this the tens place 10 to the one power means 10 by itself is 10.

power means 10 by itself is 10.

power means 10 by itself is 10. then we have 10 to the second power

then we have 10 to the second power

then we have 10 to the second power which is 4 and if you recall in decimal

which is 4 and if you recall in decimal

which is 4 and if you recall in decimal this is 10 to the second which would be

this is 10 to the second which would be

this is 10 to the second which would be 10 times 10 which is 100 you can see

10 times 10 which is 100 you can see

10 times 10 which is 100 you can see where this is going

where this is going

where this is going so 2 to the third is eight two to the

so 2 to the third is eight two to the

so 2 to the third is eight two to the fourth equals 16 2 to the fifth equals

fourth equals 16 2 to the fifth equals

fourth equals 16 2 to the fifth equals 32 2 to the 6 equals 64 and 2 to the 7

32 2 to the 6 equals 64 and 2 to the 7

32 2 to the 6 equals 64 and 2 to the 7 equals 128. so each one of these Place

equals 128. so each one of these Place

equals 128. so each one of these Place markers is equivalent

to this number whether it's turned on or

to this number whether it's turned on or

to this number whether it's turned on or off

now to help clarify this a bit each

now to help clarify this a bit each

now to help clarify this a bit each place here

place here

place here has one of two options correct because

has one of two options correct because

has one of two options correct because it's base two if it's off that means

it's base two if it's off that means

it's base two if it's off that means it's a zero as you see right here and

it's a zero as you see right here and

it's a zero as you see right here and the numbered means it's not being

the numbered means it's not being

the numbered means it's not being counted so we don't count any of these

counted so we don't count any of these

counted so we don't count any of these numbers we've just calculated so if all

numbers we've just calculated so if all

numbers we've just calculated so if all the bits are off that means that we have

the bits are off that means that we have

the bits are off that means that we have a number of zero

a number of zero

a number of zero if all of the bits are on then this

if all of the bits are on then this

if all of the bits are on then this means we add each of the numbers

means we add each of the numbers

means we add each of the numbers together

together

together so we get 128 plus 64 plus 32 plus 16

so we get 128 plus 64 plus 32 plus 16

so we get 128 plus 64 plus 32 plus 16 plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 which equals

plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 which equals

plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 which equals 255. now believe it or not you can

255. now believe it or not you can

255. now believe it or not you can create any combination of numbers from

create any combination of numbers from

create any combination of numbers from just binary you don't need decimal we're

just binary you don't need decimal we're

just binary you don't need decimal we're going to see that in just a second

going to see that in just a second

going to see that in just a second so for example

so for example

so for example let's say the binary number is uh

zero zero zero zero zero one one one

zero zero zero zero zero one one one

zero zero zero zero zero one one one well in this case the 128 64 32 16 and 8

well in this case the 128 64 32 16 and 8

well in this case the 128 64 32 16 and 8 Bits are all off the only ones that are

Bits are all off the only ones that are

Bits are all off the only ones that are on are four two and one and if we add

on are four two and one and if we add

on are four two and one and if we add those together four plus two plus one

those together four plus two plus one

those together four plus two plus one we'll get 7.

we'll get 7.

we'll get 7. 4 plus 2 is 6 plus 1 is 7.

4 plus 2 is 6 plus 1 is 7.

4 plus 2 is 6 plus 1 is 7. if we take another number

if we take another number

if we take another number say 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.

say 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.

say 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0. then this is going to equate to 102. why

then this is going to equate to 102. why

then this is going to equate to 102. why 64 plus 32 equals 96 plus 4 equals 100

64 plus 32 equals 96 plus 4 equals 100

64 plus 32 equals 96 plus 4 equals 100 plus 2 equals 102.

plus 2 equals 102.

plus 2 equals 102. so it's pretty simple you just take the

so it's pretty simple you just take the

so it's pretty simple you just take the number with the ones under it and add

number with the ones under it and add

number with the ones under it and add them together so now that we've

them together so now that we've

them together so now that we've converted binary into decimal a number

converted binary into decimal a number

converted binary into decimal a number that we all know let's go ahead and see

that we all know let's go ahead and see

that we all know let's go ahead and see if we can convert the other way decimal

if we can convert the other way decimal

if we can convert the other way decimal to Binary now for this process we're

to Binary now for this process we're

to Binary now for this process we're going to use the same exact chart

going to use the same exact chart

going to use the same exact chart that we just saw

that we just saw

that we just saw with the binary conversion

with the binary conversion

with the binary conversion and this chart is going to help us

and this chart is going to help us

and this chart is going to help us visually represent all the binary digits

visually represent all the binary digits

visually represent all the binary digits which is why I like it in their

which is why I like it in their

which is why I like it in their placeholders and it makes it a lot

placeholders and it makes it a lot

placeholders and it makes it a lot easier so for decimal to Binary we

easier so for decimal to Binary we

easier so for decimal to Binary we simply go from left to right and break

simply go from left to right and break

simply go from left to right and break down the number until we reach the zero

down the number until we reach the zero

down the number until we reach the zero so let me break that down a little bit

so let me break that down a little bit

so let me break that down a little bit for instance if we take the number 128

for instance if we take the number 128

for instance if we take the number 128 right this is pretty easy to convert we

right this is pretty easy to convert we

right this is pretty easy to convert we plug it into this chart how many times

plug it into this chart how many times

plug it into this chart how many times does 128 go into 128

does 128 go into 128

does 128 go into 128 one time

one time

one time if we take all the others and we

if we take all the others and we

if we take all the others and we subtract them we're going to have zero

subtract them we're going to have zero

subtract them we're going to have zero right because now 128 minus 128 is zero

right because now 128 minus 128 is zero

right because now 128 minus 128 is zero that leaves us with our binary number

that leaves us with our binary number

that leaves us with our binary number one zero zero zero zero zero zero zero

one zero zero zero zero zero zero zero

one zero zero zero zero zero zero zero which is equivalent to 128.

which is equivalent to 128.

which is equivalent to 128. now if we take a look at a different

now if we take a look at a different

now if we take a look at a different number let's say the number 218

number let's say the number 218

number let's say the number 218 this is going to take a little more math

this is going to take a little more math

this is going to take a little more math does 218 go in does 128 go into 218 it

does 218 go in does 128 go into 218 it

does 218 go in does 128 go into 218 it certainly does

certainly does

certainly does so 218 minus 128 has a remainder

so 218 minus 128 has a remainder

so 218 minus 128 has a remainder of a certain amount which is 90.

of a certain amount which is 90.

of a certain amount which is 90. does 64 go into 90 it does we now have a

does 64 go into 90 it does we now have a

does 64 go into 90 it does we now have a remainder of 26. does 32 go into 26 no

remainder of 26. does 32 go into 26 no

remainder of 26. does 32 go into 26 no it doesn't so we put a zero

it doesn't so we put a zero

it doesn't so we put a zero does 16 go into 26 yep it does which

does 16 go into 26 yep it does which

does 16 go into 26 yep it does which leaves us with a remainder of 10.

leaves us with a remainder of 10.

leaves us with a remainder of 10. does 8 go into 10 it does which leaves

does 8 go into 10 it does which leaves

does 8 go into 10 it does which leaves us a remainder of 2 does 4 go into 2 it

us a remainder of 2 does 4 go into 2 it

us a remainder of 2 does 4 go into 2 it does not so that leaves us with zero we

does not so that leaves us with zero we

does not so that leaves us with zero we still have our two does two go into 2

still have our two does two go into 2

still have our two does two go into 2 yep and then do we have anything left

yep and then do we have anything left

yep and then do we have anything left over nope we're at zero now so we have

over nope we're at zero now so we have

over nope we're at zero now so we have zero if we now add all those up this is

zero if we now add all those up this is

zero if we now add all those up this is our binary number one one zero one one

our binary number one one zero one one

our binary number one one zero one one zero one zero now while this might seem

zero one zero now while this might seem

zero one zero now while this might seem like a fairly long process it's

like a fairly long process it's

like a fairly long process it's important to understand how this works

important to understand how this works

important to understand how this works because when we get into subnetting it's

because when we get into subnetting it's

because when we get into subnetting it's really going to become important so we

really going to become important so we

really going to become important so we can have a better understanding of

can have a better understanding of

can have a better understanding of networking in general

so just to recap everything we've talked

so just to recap everything we've talked

so just to recap everything we've talked about we described these protocols in

about we described these protocols in

about we described these protocols in the tcpip suite first TCP transmission

the tcpip suite first TCP transmission

the tcpip suite first TCP transmission control and IP Internet Protocol one is

control and IP Internet Protocol one is

control and IP Internet Protocol one is connection oriented

and the other is

connection less

connection less

connection less meaning that it just is worried about

meaning that it just is worried about

meaning that it just is worried about delivery remember IP is what is

delivery remember IP is what is

delivery remember IP is what is responsible for that IP addressing

responsible for that IP addressing

responsible for that IP addressing UDP is also connection less

UDP is also connection less

UDP is also connection less similar in some ways to TCP but it's not

similar in some ways to TCP but it's not

similar in some ways to TCP but it's not connection oriented

connection oriented

connection oriented then we had ARP and reverse ARP address

then we had ARP and reverse ARP address

then we had ARP and reverse ARP address resolution protocol which job is to map

resolution protocol which job is to map

resolution protocol which job is to map IP addresses

IP addresses

IP addresses to Mac addresses

to Mac addresses

to Mac addresses we talked about icmp which is what we

we talked about icmp which is what we

we talked about icmp which is what we use

use

use when we're dealing with the status of a

when we're dealing with the status of a

when we're dealing with the status of a system

system

system internet control message protocol

internet control message protocol

internet control message protocol and then we talk about igmp the internet

and then we talk about igmp the internet

and then we talk about igmp the internet group management protocol which is more

group management protocol which is more

group management protocol which is more dealing with multicast groups

dealing with multicast groups

dealing with multicast groups we then talked very briefly about the IP

we then talked very briefly about the IP

we then talked very briefly about the IP packet delivery process which was pretty

packet delivery process which was pretty

packet delivery process which was pretty simple right it's packaged it's sent we

simple right it's packaged it's sent we

simple right it's packaged it's sent we determine where it needs to go once it's

determine where it needs to go once it's

determine where it needs to go once it's determined where it needs to go it's

determined where it needs to go it's

determined where it needs to go it's sent there

sent there

sent there finally we explained the binary

finally we explained the binary

finally we explained the binary conversion which is going to be really

conversion which is going to be really

conversion which is going to be really important for IP addressing including

important for IP addressing including

important for IP addressing including how to go from binary

how to go from binary

how to go from binary which is a base 2 system

which is a base 2 system

which is a base 2 system to decimal

which is a base 10 system

which is a base 10 system

which is a base 10 system and Back Again

[Music]

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP addresses and subnetting

addresses and subnetting

addresses and subnetting so having discussed IP addressing and

so having discussed IP addressing and

so having discussed IP addressing and routing in general we're now going to

routing in general we're now going to

routing in general we're now going to further examine IP addressing and the

further examine IP addressing and the

further examine IP addressing and the methods of logically not physically

methods of logically not physically

methods of logically not physically dividing up our networks this way we can

dividing up our networks this way we can

dividing up our networks this way we can keep not only better track of all the

keep not only better track of all the

keep not only better track of all the devices on the network but also organize

devices on the network but also organize

devices on the network but also organize them for security performance and other

them for security performance and other

them for security performance and other reasons after we complete this module

reasons after we complete this module

reasons after we complete this module we're going to have a better

we're going to have a better

we're going to have a better understanding of how our network devices

understanding of how our network devices

understanding of how our network devices are identified both by other devices and

are identified both by other devices and

are identified both by other devices and by individuals such as ourselves since

by individuals such as ourselves since

by individuals such as ourselves since we're not computers

we're not computers

we're not computers so first we're going to identify what a

so first we're going to identify what a

so first we're going to identify what a network address is versus a network name

network address is versus a network name

network address is versus a network name one the network address is for other

one the network address is for other

one the network address is for other devices a network name is really for us

devices a network name is really for us

devices a network name is really for us since it would be difficult for us to

since it would be difficult for us to

since it would be difficult for us to remember all these numbers much like

remember all these numbers much like

remember all these numbers much like using a phone number and a cell phone

using a phone number and a cell phone

using a phone number and a cell phone next we're going to describe the ipv4

next we're going to describe the ipv4

next we're going to describe the ipv4 addressing scheme and ipv4 is important

addressing scheme and ipv4 is important

addressing scheme and ipv4 is important to know because even though we have a

to know because even though we have a

to know because even though we have a newer version IPv6 ipv4 is still

newer version IPv6 ipv4 is still

newer version IPv6 ipv4 is still deployed in most situations and it's

deployed in most situations and it's

deployed in most situations and it's covered to the most extent on network

covered to the most extent on network

covered to the most extent on network plus when we get to IPv6 which is

plus when we get to IPv6 which is

plus when we get to IPv6 which is different version six there are a lot of

different version six there are a lot of

different version six there are a lot of benefits then we'll describe it later

benefits then we'll describe it later

benefits then we'll describe it later but really understanding ipv4 is really

but really understanding ipv4 is really

but really understanding ipv4 is really important after we take a look at that

important after we take a look at that

important after we take a look at that we're going to look at subnetting and a

we're going to look at subnetting and a

we're going to look at subnetting and a subnet mask you might have seen this and

subnet mask you might have seen this and

subnet mask you might have seen this and these are the numbers and we've probably

these are the numbers and we've probably

these are the numbers and we've probably mentioned to them in the past such as

255.255.0.0 and so on and so forth and

255.255.0.0 and so on and so forth and

255.255.0.0 and so on and so forth and we're going to describe how this allows

we're going to describe how this allows

we're going to describe how this allows us to separate out the network ID from

us to separate out the network ID from

us to separate out the network ID from the node ID or the device's ID or

the node ID or the device's ID or

the node ID or the device's ID or address from the networks address much

address from the networks address much

address from the networks address much like our ZIP code versus our street

like our ZIP code versus our street

like our ZIP code versus our street address after that we're gonna just

address after that we're gonna just

address after that we're gonna just describe the rules of subnet masks and

describe the rules of subnet masks and

describe the rules of subnet masks and their IP addresses and knowing binary is

their IP addresses and knowing binary is

their IP addresses and knowing binary is really going to help us understand all

really going to help us understand all

really going to help us understand all of this stuff

of this stuff

of this stuff after that we're going to apply a subnet

after that we're going to apply a subnet

after that we're going to apply a subnet mask to an IP address using something

mask to an IP address using something

mask to an IP address using something called anding which again gets back to

called anding which again gets back to

called anding which again gets back to Binary and might even remind you of

Binary and might even remind you of

Binary and might even remind you of something you learned in high school

something you learned in high school

something you learned in high school this ending principle which is really

this ending principle which is really

this ending principle which is really going to come in handy again this is

going to come in handy again this is

going to come in handy again this is something that we only have to do now

something that we only have to do now

something that we only have to do now with ipv4 IPv6 doesn't have to do it and

with ipv4 IPv6 doesn't have to do it and

with ipv4 IPv6 doesn't have to do it and we'll describe why finally we're going

we'll describe why finally we're going

we'll describe why finally we're going to take a look at what are called custom

to take a look at what are called custom

to take a look at what are called custom subnet masks which are slightly

subnet masks which are slightly

subnet masks which are slightly different from these default ones the

different from these default ones the

different from these default ones the 255 to 255 to 255s and so on so having

255 to 255 to 255s and so on so having

255 to 255 to 255s and so on so having said all that let's get into it by

said all that let's get into it by

said all that let's get into it by looking at Network addresses and names

looking at Network addresses and names

looking at Network addresses and names so let's begin by looking at how nodes

so let's begin by looking at how nodes

so let's begin by looking at how nodes on a network are identified specifically

on a network are identified specifically

on a network are identified specifically on the Internet or network layer if you

on the Internet or network layer if you

on the Internet or network layer if you recall the network

layer

is layer 3 of The OSI model

is layer 3 of The OSI model

is layer 3 of The OSI model and the internet layer

and the internet layer

and the internet layer is layer 2 of the tcpip model

so to begin a network address is

so to begin a network address is

so to begin a network address is assigned to every device and I think

assigned to every device and I think

assigned to every device and I think we've discussed this that wants to

we've discussed this that wants to

we've discussed this that wants to communicate on a computer network the

communicate on a computer network the

communicate on a computer network the network address is actually made up of

network address is actually made up of

network address is actually made up of two parts the node portion that belongs

two parts the node portion that belongs

two parts the node portion that belongs to the specific device and the network

to the specific device and the network

to the specific device and the network portion which identifies what network

portion which identifies what network

portion which identifies what network the device belongs to I think I've just

the device belongs to I think I've just

the device belongs to I think I've just described this as a zip code which

described this as a zip code which

described this as a zip code which describes the sort of network or the

describes the sort of network or the

describes the sort of network or the area you're in versus your street number

area you're in versus your street number

area you're in versus your street number and your street address which is

and your street address which is

and your street address which is specific to where you live this address

specific to where you live this address

specific to where you live this address is what is used by devices for

is what is used by devices for

is what is used by devices for identification and as it's only made up

identification and as it's only made up

identification and as it's only made up of numbers whereas a network name is

of numbers whereas a network name is

of numbers whereas a network name is made up of

made up of

made up of um letters and such the real reason

um letters and such the real reason

um letters and such the real reason being readability we would have a lot of

being readability we would have a lot of

being readability we would have a lot of trouble remembering we already have

trouble remembering we already have

trouble remembering we already have trouble remembering a phone number but

trouble remembering a phone number but

trouble remembering a phone number but if you imagine remembering a whole

if you imagine remembering a whole

if you imagine remembering a whole binary number a set of numbers where

binary number a set of numbers where

binary number a set of numbers where there infinite possibilities unless

there infinite possibilities unless

there infinite possibilities unless you're using it a lot it's easier to

you're using it a lot it's easier to

you're using it a lot it's easier to remember a name such as the conference

remember a name such as the conference

remember a name such as the conference room laptop or resource server one than

room laptop or resource server one than

room laptop or resource server one than it is to remember an IP address which

it is to remember an IP address which

it is to remember an IP address which might be something like 132.168.56.43

especially when there are a lot more

especially when there are a lot more

especially when there are a lot more computers involved the names become a

computers involved the names become a

computers involved the names become a lot easier so the network named is

lot easier so the network named is

lot easier so the network named is actually mapped to the address or the IP

actually mapped to the address or the IP

actually mapped to the address or the IP address by one or another naming

address by one or another naming

address by one or another naming services and some of these we've

services and some of these we've

services and some of these we've discussed now as devices only

discussed now as devices only

discussed now as devices only communicate with each other by their

communicate with each other by their

communicate with each other by their Network address the naming service is a

Network address the naming service is a

Network address the naming service is a really crucial to the operation of a

really crucial to the operation of a

really crucial to the operation of a network there are three different

network there are three different

network there are three different network Services used that you should be

network Services used that you should be

network Services used that you should be aware of the first DNS which we've

aware of the first DNS which we've

aware of the first DNS which we've mentioned before also called the domain

mentioned before also called the domain

mentioned before also called the domain name service is an Aiming service that's

name service is an Aiming service that's

name service is an Aiming service that's used on the internet in most networks

used on the internet in most networks

used on the internet in most networks it's what allows for instance you to

it's what allows for instance you to

it's what allows for instance you to type in Google

type in Google

type in Google dot com which we would call a fully

dot com which we would call a fully

dot com which we would call a fully qualified domain name and it will

qualified domain name and it will

qualified domain name and it will translate that to the IP address of

translate that to the IP address of

translate that to the IP address of Google whatever that might be

Google whatever that might be

Google whatever that might be the next naming service is Windows

the next naming service is Windows

the next naming service is Windows specific and it's called wins or the

specific and it's called wins or the

specific and it's called wins or the windows internet naming service it's

windows internet naming service it's

windows internet naming service it's really outdated and it was used on

really outdated and it was used on

really outdated and it was used on Windows networks the only reason I

Windows networks the only reason I

Windows networks the only reason I mention it is you might see it mentioned

mention it is you might see it mentioned

mention it is you might see it mentioned in a test question and it might help you

in a test question and it might help you

in a test question and it might help you but you're really not going to see it

but you're really not going to see it

but you're really not going to see it used in the field much anymore and

used in the field much anymore and

used in the field much anymore and finally we have one called net bios

finally we have one called net bios

finally we have one called net bios which is a broadcast type of service

which is a broadcast type of service

which is a broadcast type of service that has a maximum length of uh 15

that has a maximum length of uh 15

that has a maximum length of uh 15 characters

and it was used or still is used to a

and it was used or still is used to a

and it was used or still is used to a certain extent on Windows networks as

certain extent on Windows networks as

certain extent on Windows networks as well a good understanding of all of

well a good understanding of all of

well a good understanding of all of these Network identification aspects

these Network identification aspects

these Network identification aspects addresses and names is important at this

addresses and names is important at this

addresses and names is important at this very fundamental level

very fundamental level

very fundamental level so now that we sort of have a general

so now that we sort of have a general

so now that we sort of have a general overview of these let's take a look at

overview of these let's take a look at

overview of these let's take a look at some of the specific type of network

some of the specific type of network

some of the specific type of network addressing specifically

addressing specifically

addressing specifically ipv4 now ipv4 ipv4 addresses is a very

ipv4 now ipv4 ipv4 addresses is a very

ipv4 now ipv4 ipv4 addresses is a very important aspect of networking for any

important aspect of networking for any

important aspect of networking for any administrator or technician or even just

administrator or technician or even just

administrator or technician or even just you know it guy to understand

you know it guy to understand

you know it guy to understand it is a 32-bit binary address that's

it is a 32-bit binary address that's

it is a 32-bit binary address that's used to identify and differentiate nodes

used to identify and differentiate nodes

used to identify and differentiate nodes on a network in other words it is your

on a network in other words it is your

on a network in other words it is your address on the network or your social

address on the network or your social

address on the network or your social security number with the ipv4 addressing

security number with the ipv4 addressing

security number with the ipv4 addressing scheme being a 32-bit address and you

scheme being a 32-bit address and you

scheme being a 32-bit address and you can see if we counted each one of these

can see if we counted each one of these

can see if we counted each one of these up remember a bit is either 0 or 1 and

up remember a bit is either 0 or 1 and

up remember a bit is either 0 or 1 and we can count up there are 32 of these

we can count up there are 32 of these

we can count up there are 32 of these this means that there are theoretically

this means that there are theoretically

this means that there are theoretically up to

up to

up to 4.29 billion

4.29 billion

4.29 billion addresses available now that might not

addresses available now that might not

addresses available now that might not sound uh like we're ever going to hit

sound uh like we're ever going to hit

sound uh like we're ever going to hit that but in fact we've already gotten

that but in fact we've already gotten

that but in fact we've already gotten there and so part of the problem is how

there and so part of the problem is how

there and so part of the problem is how do we share 4.29 billion devices with

do we share 4.29 billion devices with

do we share 4.29 billion devices with our 4.29 billion addresses with even

our 4.29 billion addresses with even

our 4.29 billion addresses with even more billions devices in the world so

more billions devices in the world so

more billions devices in the world so this 32-bit address which is why we've

this 32-bit address which is why we've

this 32-bit address which is why we've had to develop another one called IPv6

had to develop another one called IPv6

had to develop another one called IPv6 but anyway I digress the 32-bit address

but anyway I digress the 32-bit address

but anyway I digress the 32-bit address is broken up into four octets this makes

is broken up into four octets this makes

is broken up into four octets this makes it easier for people to remember and to

it easier for people to remember and to

it easier for people to remember and to read

read

read and you can see those here and if you've

and you can see those here and if you've

and you can see those here and if you've ever seen like a

ever seen like a

ever seen like a 192.168.0.1 those are the four octets

192.168.0.1 those are the four octets

192.168.0.1 those are the four octets this system and structure of these

this system and structure of these

this system and structure of these address schemes is governed and managed

address schemes is governed and managed

address schemes is governed and managed by two standard organizations one is

by two standard organizations one is

by two standard organizations one is called the a i a n a

which stands for the internet assigned

which stands for the internet assigned

which stands for the internet assigned numbers Authority and the other is

numbers Authority and the other is

numbers Authority and the other is called the rir or the regional internet

called the rir or the regional internet

called the rir or the regional internet registry I wouldn't worry about

registry I wouldn't worry about

registry I wouldn't worry about memorizing these I'm just mentioning

memorizing these I'm just mentioning

memorizing these I'm just mentioning them so you know sort of who's coming up

them so you know sort of who's coming up

them so you know sort of who's coming up with all this stuff

with all this stuff

with all this stuff now every device on the network is going

now every device on the network is going

now every device on the network is going to have its own unique address

to have its own unique address

to have its own unique address so there are two types of addresses in

so there are two types of addresses in

so there are two types of addresses in general one is called class full and

general one is called class full and

general one is called class full and these are default addresses and the

these are default addresses and the

these are default addresses and the other are called class less which are

other are called class less which are

other are called class less which are custom addresses we're going to talk

custom addresses we're going to talk

custom addresses we're going to talk about the class less ones in a later

about the class less ones in a later

about the class less ones in a later module and we're going to Define both of

module and we're going to Define both of

module and we're going to Define both of these in Greater detail a little bit

these in Greater detail a little bit

these in Greater detail a little bit later on

later on

later on as a network address it's also made up

as a network address it's also made up

as a network address it's also made up of two parts the network portion and the

of two parts the network portion and the

of two parts the network portion and the node portion let me just erase all this

node portion let me just erase all this

node portion let me just erase all this writing here so you can see exactly what

writing here so you can see exactly what

writing here so you can see exactly what I mean in order to tell now in this

I mean in order to tell now in this

I mean in order to tell now in this section

section

section you can see the network portion are the

you can see the network portion are the

you can see the network portion are the first two octets and the node portion of

first two octets and the node portion of

first two octets and the node portion of the last two octets but that is not

the last two octets but that is not

the last two octets but that is not always the case in fact if we were to

always the case in fact if we were to

always the case in fact if we were to just take those away for a second uh and

just take those away for a second uh and

just take those away for a second uh and this is how the computer looks at them

this is how the computer looks at them

this is how the computer looks at them we can't actually tell which is which

we can't actually tell which is which

we can't actually tell which is which and that's why we need something called

and that's why we need something called

and that's why we need something called a subnet mask the subnet mask allows us

a subnet mask the subnet mask allows us

a subnet mask the subnet mask allows us to determine which is the network

to determine which is the network

to determine which is the network portion and which is the node portion

portion and which is the node portion

portion and which is the node portion that way we know for instance where the

that way we know for instance where the

that way we know for instance where the area code of the phone number begins and

area code of the phone number begins and

area code of the phone number begins and the rest of the number ends so the

the rest of the number ends so the

the rest of the number ends so the network portion would be like the area

network portion would be like the area

network portion would be like the area code of your phone number or the

code of your phone number or the

code of your phone number or the international code it tells you which

international code it tells you which

international code it tells you which network that is on the Node portion

network that is on the Node portion

network that is on the Node portion tells you exactly which phone on that

tells you exactly which phone on that

tells you exactly which phone on that Network we're going to try reaching out

Network we're going to try reaching out

Network we're going to try reaching out to so we're going to further logically

to so we're going to further logically

to so we're going to further logically again not physically divide a network

again not physically divide a network

again not physically divide a network into smaller sub networks called sub

into smaller sub networks called sub

into smaller sub networks called sub Nets

Nets

Nets now this logical division is beneficial

now this logical division is beneficial

now this logical division is beneficial because of three reasons one it can

because of three reasons one it can

because of three reasons one it can effectively increase the efficiency in

effectively increase the efficiency in

effectively increase the efficiency in packet routing because if I know that my

packet routing because if I know that my

packet routing because if I know that my information is destined for a specific

information is destined for a specific

information is destined for a specific Network I don't have to bother with

Network I don't have to bother with

Network I don't have to bother with asking let's say 5 000 or 5 million or

asking let's say 5 000 or 5 million or

asking let's say 5 000 or 5 million or five billion computers if I'm meant for

five billion computers if I'm meant for

five billion computers if I'm meant for them I can go directly to the network

them I can go directly to the network

them I can go directly to the network where I want to go just like with area

where I want to go just like with area

where I want to go just like with area codes and phone numbers the next is it

codes and phone numbers the next is it

codes and phone numbers the next is it allows for better management of multiple

allows for better management of multiple

allows for better management of multiple networks within a single Organization

networks within a single Organization

networks within a single Organization for instance if I'm a network

for instance if I'm a network

for instance if I'm a network administrator it might be easier to have

administrator it might be easier to have

administrator it might be easier to have separate subnets so I can organize who's

separate subnets so I can organize who's

separate subnets so I can organize who's on which subnet so that way not only are

on which subnet so that way not only are

on which subnet so that way not only are things going to be routed more

things going to be routed more

things going to be routed more efficiently for that person but it's

efficiently for that person but it's

efficiently for that person but it's easier for me to manage on paper and uh

easier for me to manage on paper and uh

easier for me to manage on paper and uh in my administrative duties and finally

in my administrative duties and finally

in my administrative duties and finally it potentially offers a certain level of

it potentially offers a certain level of

it potentially offers a certain level of security since I'm only going to be able

security since I'm only going to be able

security since I'm only going to be able to access easily information that's on

to access easily information that's on

to access easily information that's on the same net work or sub Network that

the same net work or sub Network that

the same net work or sub Network that I'm on

I'm on

I'm on now a subnetted ipv4 address is actually

now a subnetted ipv4 address is actually

now a subnetted ipv4 address is actually comprised of three different parts the

comprised of three different parts the

comprised of three different parts the netid

netid

netid the host ID

the host ID

the host ID and the subnet ID

and the subnet ID

and the subnet ID now if a device on a subnetted tcpip

now if a device on a subnetted tcpip

now if a device on a subnetted tcpip network wants to communicate it's going

network wants to communicate it's going

network wants to communicate it's going to need to be configured with an IP

to need to be configured with an IP

to need to be configured with an IP address and a subnet mask and we'll look

address and a subnet mask and we'll look

address and a subnet mask and we'll look at these in just a second the subnet

at these in just a second the subnet

at these in just a second the subnet mask is what is used to identify the

mask is what is used to identify the

mask is what is used to identify the subnet that each node belongs to this

subnet that each node belongs to this

subnet that each node belongs to this also allows us to determine which

also allows us to determine which

also allows us to determine which network it's on connectivity devices

network it's on connectivity devices

network it's on connectivity devices such as routers or upper layer switches

such as routers or upper layer switches

such as routers or upper layer switches and we're talking about layer 3 devices

and we're talking about layer 3 devices

and we're talking about layer 3 devices here and remember layer 3 devices look

here and remember layer 3 devices look

here and remember layer 3 devices look at IP addresses

at IP addresses

at IP addresses not just Mac addresses

not just Mac addresses

not just Mac addresses are used on the borders of these

are used on the borders of these

are used on the borders of these networks to manage the data passage

networks to manage the data passage

networks to manage the data passage between and within the network that's

between and within the network that's

between and within the network that's how we're going to get better routing

how we're going to get better routing

how we're going to get better routing efficiency easier management and

efficiency easier management and

efficiency easier management and potentially make it more secure because

potentially make it more secure because

potentially make it more secure because if I have any one network and I have a

if I have any one network and I have a

if I have any one network and I have a let's say a switch

let's say a switch

let's say a switch we'll put this a switch and it has four

we'll put this a switch and it has four

we'll put this a switch and it has four computers on it and then I have another

computers on it and then I have another

computers on it and then I have another switch

switch

switch and these are layer 2 switches okay

and each of these let's say we have our

and each of these let's say we have our

and each of these let's say we have our different subnets then I'm going to

different subnets then I'm going to

different subnets then I'm going to divide these up

by a router which now is going to make

by a router which now is going to make

by a router which now is going to make sure that data that's going here kind of

sure that data that's going here kind of

sure that data that's going here kind of gets bounced back unless it's meant for

gets bounced back unless it's meant for

gets bounced back unless it's meant for this guy and this way we're really

this guy and this way we're really

this guy and this way we're really reducing the traffic on it

reducing the traffic on it

reducing the traffic on it now a subnet mask is like an IP address

now a subnet mask is like an IP address

now a subnet mask is like an IP address a 32-bit binary address broken up into

a 32-bit binary address broken up into

a 32-bit binary address broken up into four octets and a dotted decimal format

four octets and a dotted decimal format

four octets and a dotted decimal format just like an IP address

just like an IP address

just like an IP address and it's used to separate the network

and it's used to separate the network

and it's used to separate the network portion from the node portion I'm going

portion from the node portion I'm going

portion from the node portion I'm going to show you how that works in just a

to show you how that works in just a

to show you how that works in just a minute and it involves a little bit

minute and it involves a little bit

minute and it involves a little bit knowledge of binary which we've already

knowledge of binary which we've already

knowledge of binary which we've already talked about so the subnet mask and that

talked about so the subnet mask and that

talked about so the subnet mask and that name mask sort of lets you think of it

name mask sort of lets you think of it

name mask sort of lets you think of it as being put onto the IP address is

as being put onto the IP address is

as being put onto the IP address is applied to that IP address and removes

applied to that IP address and removes

applied to that IP address and removes the node ID the subnet mask therefore

the node ID the subnet mask therefore

the node ID the subnet mask therefore eliminates removes an entire octet of

eliminates removes an entire octet of

eliminates removes an entire octet of the IP address by using eight binary

the IP address by using eight binary

the IP address by using eight binary ones or 255 in decimal format meaning

ones or 255 in decimal format meaning

ones or 255 in decimal format meaning that this 255 if we add it up in binary

that this 255 if we add it up in binary

that this 255 if we add it up in binary would be one two three four five six

would be one two three four five six

would be one two three four five six seven eight

seven eight

seven eight one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight and then this would be one two three

and then this would be one two three

and then this would be one two three four five six seven eight so meaning

four five six seven eight so meaning

four five six seven eight so meaning that a 255 equals eight

that a 255 equals eight

that a 255 equals eight ones which is the reason why an IP

ones which is the reason why an IP

ones which is the reason why an IP address can never be 255. and if this is

address can never be 255. and if this is

address can never be 255. and if this is a little confusing that's okay we're

a little confusing that's okay we're

a little confusing that's okay we're about to clarify that in just a second

about to clarify that in just a second

about to clarify that in just a second so IP addresses IP address assignments

so IP addresses IP address assignments

so IP addresses IP address assignments and subnet masks all have to follow a

and subnet masks all have to follow a

and subnet masks all have to follow a certain set of rules I'm going to

certain set of rules I'm going to

certain set of rules I'm going to describe the rules and then I'm going to

describe the rules and then I'm going to

describe the rules and then I'm going to apply them so if some of this is a

apply them so if some of this is a

apply them so if some of this is a little confusing or over your head keep

little confusing or over your head keep

little confusing or over your head keep paying attention keep with me and I

paying attention keep with me and I

paying attention keep with me and I think it's going to clarify itself

think it's going to clarify itself

think it's going to clarify itself the first is that the ones in a subnet

the first is that the ones in a subnet

the first is that the ones in a subnet mask will always start at the left

mask will always start at the left

mask will always start at the left meaning the first octet will always be

meaning the first octet will always be

meaning the first octet will always be 255 or 8 binary ones so my I my subnet

255 or 8 binary ones so my I my subnet

255 or 8 binary ones so my I my subnet mask I'm always going to start at the

mask I'm always going to start at the

mask I'm always going to start at the left when I'm writing it out

this says that the first octet is going

this says that the first octet is going

this says that the first octet is going to be 255 which means 8 Bits

to be 255 which means 8 Bits

to be 255 which means 8 Bits now the zeros of the Mask will always

now the zeros of the Mask will always

now the zeros of the Mask will always start

start

start at the one bit

at the one bit

at the one bit or all the way on the right

or all the way on the right

or all the way on the right meaning that I'm going to have zeros

meaning that I'm going to have zeros

meaning that I'm going to have zeros from the right

from the right

from the right and ones from the left

and ones from the left

and ones from the left and the ones in The Mask have to be

and the ones in The Mask have to be

and the ones in The Mask have to be adjoining adjoining or con consistent or

adjoining adjoining or con consistent or

adjoining adjoining or con consistent or continuous or contiguous whichever word

continuous or contiguous whichever word

continuous or contiguous whichever word you want to use meaning once there is a

you want to use meaning once there is a

you want to use meaning once there is a zero we cannot then go back to ones so

zero we cannot then go back to ones so

zero we cannot then go back to ones so we're not going to see like this sort of

we're not going to see like this sort of

we're not going to see like this sort of thing happen

thing happen

thing happen in fact we have to have continuous ones

in fact we have to have continuous ones

in fact we have to have continuous ones from the left and continuous zeros from

from the left and continuous zeros from

from the left and continuous zeros from the right

the right

the right this is the only way a subnet mask is

this is the only way a subnet mask is

this is the only way a subnet mask is going to work and I'll talk about why in

going to work and I'll talk about why in

going to work and I'll talk about why in just a minute

just a minute

just a minute also if there is more than one subnet on

also if there is more than one subnet on

also if there is more than one subnet on a network every subnet has to have a

a network every subnet has to have a

a network every subnet has to have a unique network ID and I'll explain this

unique network ID and I'll explain this

unique network ID and I'll explain this in a bit but it makes sense if I have a

in a bit but it makes sense if I have a

in a bit but it makes sense if I have a different network IDs

different network IDs

different network IDs then I'm not really I'm sorry if I have

then I'm not really I'm sorry if I have

then I'm not really I'm sorry if I have similar Network IDs then I'm not really

similar Network IDs then I'm not really

similar Network IDs then I'm not really dealing with multiple networks I'm

dealing with multiple networks I'm

dealing with multiple networks I'm dealing with the same network

dealing with the same network

dealing with the same network now assignment of IP addresses have to

now assignment of IP addresses have to

now assignment of IP addresses have to follow a few more rules so these are the

follow a few more rules so these are the

follow a few more rules so these are the subnet masks first there cannot be any

subnet masks first there cannot be any

subnet masks first there cannot be any duplicate IP addresses on the network

duplicate IP addresses on the network

duplicate IP addresses on the network this means that every Network every

this means that every Network every

this means that every Network every device has to have its own unique

device has to have its own unique

device has to have its own unique IP address we cannot have more than one

IP address we cannot have more than one

IP address we cannot have more than one device with the same IP address if we do

device with the same IP address if we do

device with the same IP address if we do they're not going to communicate because

they're not going to communicate because

they're not going to communicate because the switches won't know where to send

the switches won't know where to send

the switches won't know where to send packets next if there are subnets every

packets next if there are subnets every

packets next if there are subnets every node must be assigned to one of them

node must be assigned to one of them

node must be assigned to one of them meaning that every address every IP

meaning that every address every IP

meaning that every address every IP address has to be assigned to a specific

address has to be assigned to a specific

address has to be assigned to a specific Network

Network

Network now the address of a known cannot be all

now the address of a known cannot be all

now the address of a known cannot be all ones or all zeros remember all ones

ones or all zeros remember all ones

ones or all zeros remember all ones would be 255. all zeros would be just

would be 255. all zeros would be just

would be 255. all zeros would be just 0.0.0.0 so I cannot have an IP address

0.0.0.0 so I cannot have an IP address

0.0.0.0 so I cannot have an IP address that is either

255.255.255 or that can be

255.255.255 or that can be

255.255.255 or that can be 0.0.0.0 and you'll see why when we get

0.0.0.0 and you'll see why when we get

0.0.0.0 and you'll see why when we get to the mathematics of this in just a

to the mathematics of this in just a

to the mathematics of this in just a second it's because then I would never

second it's because then I would never

second it's because then I would never be able to determine a network ID from a

be able to determine a network ID from a

be able to determine a network ID from a node ID

node ID

node ID finally and this is something you sort

finally and this is something you sort

finally and this is something you sort of have to remember the IP address can

of have to remember the IP address can

of have to remember the IP address can never be

never be

never be 127.0.0.1 we've talked about this in um

127.0.0.1 we've talked about this in um

127.0.0.1 we've talked about this in um a plus but that's because this is what's

a plus but that's because this is what's

a plus but that's because this is what's called the loopback it's a reserved IP

called the loopback it's a reserved IP

called the loopback it's a reserved IP address specifically for yourself be

address specifically for yourself be

address specifically for yourself be like saying me myself or I I cannot have

like saying me myself or I I cannot have

like saying me myself or I I cannot have a a

a a

a a 127.0.0.1 IP address assigned to a

127.0.0.1 IP address assigned to a

127.0.0.1 IP address assigned to a device because every device calls itself

device because every device calls itself

device because every device calls itself 127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1

127.0.0.1 now besides understanding these rules

now besides understanding these rules

now besides understanding these rules which are a bit abstract I think we need

which are a bit abstract I think we need

which are a bit abstract I think we need to know how to apply them and how to

to know how to apply them and how to

to know how to apply them and how to apply a subnet mask to an IP address I

apply a subnet mask to an IP address I

apply a subnet mask to an IP address I think it's going to make some of these

think it's going to make some of these

think it's going to make some of these rules a little clearer so let's take a

rules a little clearer so let's take a

rules a little clearer so let's take a look at those now when a subnet mask is

look at those now when a subnet mask is

look at those now when a subnet mask is applied to an IP address

applied to an IP address

applied to an IP address the remainder is the network portion

the remainder is the network portion

the remainder is the network portion meaning when we take the IP address and

meaning when we take the IP address and

meaning when we take the IP address and we apply the subnet mask and I'll show

we apply the subnet mask and I'll show

we apply the subnet mask and I'll show you how to do that in a second what we

you how to do that in a second what we

you how to do that in a second what we get as a remainder what's left over is

get as a remainder what's left over is

get as a remainder what's left over is going to be the network ID this allows

going to be the network ID this allows

going to be the network ID this allows us to then determine what the node ID is

us to then determine what the node ID is

us to then determine what the node ID is this will make more sense in just a

this will make more sense in just a

this will make more sense in just a minute the way we do this is through

minute the way we do this is through

minute the way we do this is through something called anding ending is a

something called anding ending is a

something called anding ending is a mathematics term it really has to do

mathematics term it really has to do

mathematics term it really has to do with Logic the way it works is and you

with Logic the way it works is and you

with Logic the way it works is and you just have to sort of remember these

just have to sort of remember these

just have to sort of remember these rules

rules

rules one

one

one and one

and one

and one is one

is one

is one one

one

one and zero

and zero

and zero is zero and the trick there is that that

is zero and the trick there is that that

is zero and the trick there is that that zero is there

zero is there

zero is there zero

zero

zero and one

and one

and one is zero

is zero

is zero and zero

and zero

and zero and zero is also zero so basically what

and zero is also zero so basically what

and zero is also zero so basically what anding does is allows us to hide

anding does is allows us to hide

anding does is allows us to hide certain

certain

certain um address certain bits

um address certain bits

um address certain bits from the rest of the network and

from the rest of the network and

from the rest of the network and therefore we're allowed to get the IP

therefore we're allowed to get the IP

therefore we're allowed to get the IP address or rather the network address

address or rather the network address

address or rather the network address from the node address

from the node address

from the node address so let's take a look at this for just a

so let's take a look at this for just a

so let's take a look at this for just a second let's say we have an IP address

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0

now let's take a look at how this works

now let's take a look at how this works

now let's take a look at how this works when we move it into binary

162.85.120.127 equals this in binary and

162.85.120.127 equals this in binary and

162.85.120.127 equals this in binary and if we wanted to write out these places

if we wanted to write out these places

if we wanted to write out these places again if you remember we had this was a

again if you remember we had this was a

again if you remember we had this was a base two

base two

base two right so these are the place settings

I'm just going to write these out real

I'm just going to write these out real

I'm just going to write these out real quickly and then I'm going to erase it

quickly and then I'm going to erase it

quickly and then I'm going to erase it all

okay

okay

okay and so we get one

and so we get one

and so we get one two four

two four

two four eight

eight

eight sixteen thirty two sixty four

sixteen thirty two sixty four

sixteen thirty two sixty four 128 and it's good to sort of commit

128 and it's good to sort of commit

128 and it's good to sort of commit these to memory therefore the reason

these to memory therefore the reason

these to memory therefore the reason this is one one one is we take that 128

this is one one one is we take that 128

this is one one one is we take that 128 we add it to 32 and we add it to the 2

we add it to 32 and we add it to the 2

we add it to 32 and we add it to the 2 because those are the bits that are on

because those are the bits that are on

because those are the bits that are on and when we add 128 plus 32

we get 160

we get 160

we get 160 plus 2 gives us 1 62. so it works out

plus 2 gives us 1 62. so it works out

plus 2 gives us 1 62. so it works out and you can see my math is correct here

and you can see my math is correct here

and you can see my math is correct here I'm going to erase all this now try to

I'm going to erase all this now try to

I'm going to erase all this now try to remember this and thing in here for a

remember this and thing in here for a

remember this and thing in here for a minute

minute

minute now if we convert

now if we convert

now if we convert 255.255.255.0 into binary we've already

255.255.255.0 into binary we've already

255.255.255.0 into binary we've already talked about this we're going to get

talked about this we're going to get

talked about this we're going to get all these ones and then because this is

all these ones and then because this is

all these ones and then because this is zero we're gonna get zero now if we

zero we're gonna get zero now if we

zero we're gonna get zero now if we apply the anding principle

apply the anding principle

apply the anding principle this is what we're going to get

this is what we're going to get

this is what we're going to get anything with one and one turns into one

anything with one and one turns into one

anything with one and one turns into one anytime we see a one and a zero we're

anytime we see a one and a zero we're

anytime we see a one and a zero we're going to get a zero and if we apply this

going to get a zero and if we apply this

going to get a zero and if we apply this out

out

out here's what we get now because we have

here's what we get now because we have

here's what we get now because we have all these zeros here it's basically

all these zeros here it's basically

all these zeros here it's basically going to block all these ones from

going to block all these ones from

going to block all these ones from coming down and coming through

coming down and coming through

coming down and coming through right they all turn into zero

so if we convert this back into a

so if we convert this back into a

so if we convert this back into a decimal we now get 162.85.120.0

basically this is pretty simple to see

basically this is pretty simple to see

basically this is pretty simple to see we can see that the 162 drops down the 8

we can see that the 162 drops down the 8

we can see that the 162 drops down the 8 5 drops down the 120 drops down because

5 drops down the 120 drops down because

5 drops down the 120 drops down because of this ending that we just talked about

of this ending that we just talked about

of this ending that we just talked about and the 27 gets blocked might be zeros

and the 27 gets blocked might be zeros

and the 27 gets blocked might be zeros and so we can determine

and so we can determine

and so we can determine that the

that the

that the 162.85.120 is what we call

162.85.120 is what we call

162.85.120 is what we call the network

ID

ID

ID Now by looking at it this way we can see

Now by looking at it this way we can see

Now by looking at it this way we can see then that the network portion of the

then that the network portion of the

then that the network portion of the address is going to be the first three

address is going to be the first three

address is going to be the first three octets as we just pointed out and the

octets as we just pointed out and the

octets as we just pointed out and the node portion is going to be the last

node portion is going to be the last

node portion is going to be the last octet

octet

octet so this is the first step in subnetting

so this is the first step in subnetting

so this is the first step in subnetting and it tells us a lot of things about

and it tells us a lot of things about

and it tells us a lot of things about the networks just by knowing the IP

the networks just by knowing the IP

the networks just by knowing the IP address and the subnet mask a technician

address and the subnet mask a technician

address and the subnet mask a technician can now discern a lot of things such as

can now discern a lot of things such as

can now discern a lot of things such as what portion is the network ID what

what portion is the network ID what

what portion is the network ID what portion is the node ID

portion is the node ID

portion is the node ID and therefore what is my first usable IP

and therefore what is my first usable IP

and therefore what is my first usable IP address and what's my last usable IP

address and what's my last usable IP

address and what's my last usable IP address that I could start to give to

address that I could start to give to

address that I could start to give to devices

devices

devices I can also determine stuff like what we

I can also determine stuff like what we

I can also determine stuff like what we call the default gateway which we'll

call the default gateway which we'll

call the default gateway which we'll look at in a second

and

and

and the broadcast address which will also

the broadcast address which will also

the broadcast address which will also look look at not in a second then in the

look look at not in a second then in the

look look at not in a second then in the next module

now there are three default subnet masks

now there are three default subnet masks

now there are three default subnet masks as you can imagine

as you can imagine

as you can imagine and these have to do with what we call a

and these have to do with what we call a

and these have to do with what we call a class uh a class full IP addressing

class uh a class full IP addressing

class uh a class full IP addressing system and we'll talk about that next

system and we'll talk about that next

system and we'll talk about that next the next module but the default subnet

the next module but the default subnet

the next module but the default subnet masks are 255.0.0.0

masks are 255.0.0.0

masks are 255.0.0.0 just going to go with the class A and

just going to go with the class A and

just going to go with the class A and we'll talk about that

we'll talk about that

we'll talk about that 255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0 and 255.255.255.0 what you can see is if you have a

what you can see is if you have a

what you can see is if you have a default subnet mask then you know

default subnet mask then you know

default subnet mask then you know immediately just by looking

immediately just by looking

immediately just by looking what the network address is and what the

what the network address is and what the

what the network address is and what the node address is

node address is

node address is as you can imagine

as you can imagine

as you can imagine if I have this as my network address

if I have this as my network address

if I have this as my network address I can have a lot of Networks and only so

I can have a lot of Networks and only so

I can have a lot of Networks and only so many nodes this one I have

many nodes this one I have

many nodes this one I have more nodes a little bit less networks

more nodes a little bit less networks

more nodes a little bit less networks and this one I have a lot of nodes but

and this one I have a lot of nodes but

and this one I have a lot of nodes but fewer networks to divide them up on

fewer networks to divide them up on

fewer networks to divide them up on now would be great if all subnet masks

now would be great if all subnet masks

now would be great if all subnet masks were as simple as this we wouldn't even

were as simple as this we wouldn't even

were as simple as this we wouldn't even really ever have to break it down into

really ever have to break it down into

really ever have to break it down into this binary sort of coding because you

this binary sort of coding because you

this binary sort of coding because you could just look at it and say oh it's

could just look at it and say oh it's

could just look at it and say oh it's 255 I know they're all going to be ones

255 I know they're all going to be ones

255 I know they're all going to be ones I know that's going to end out and

I know that's going to end out and

I know that's going to end out and therefore I know it's going to end up

therefore I know it's going to end up

therefore I know it's going to end up right here

right here

right here but unfortunately this is not always the

but unfortunately this is not always the

but unfortunately this is not always the case sometimes we have what are called

case sometimes we have what are called

case sometimes we have what are called custom subnet masks Now by using a

custom subnet masks Now by using a

custom subnet masks Now by using a custom subnet mask we can actually

custom subnet mask we can actually

custom subnet mask we can actually further divide or subdivide our IP

further divide or subdivide our IP

further divide or subdivide our IP address and in these cases it can be a

address and in these cases it can be a

address and in these cases it can be a little more difficult uh and so

little more difficult uh and so

little more difficult uh and so converting to Binary is actually

converting to Binary is actually

converting to Binary is actually necessary to break it down custom subnet

necessary to break it down custom subnet

necessary to break it down custom subnet masks are created by what we call

masks are created by what we call

masks are created by what we call borrowing bits

borrowing bits

borrowing bits from the host portion to use to identify

from the host portion to use to identify

from the host portion to use to identify the subnet motion so you can see we've

the subnet motion so you can see we've

the subnet motion so you can see we've just borrowed a bit this one right over

just borrowed a bit this one right over

just borrowed a bit this one right over here

here

here now keeping in mind that the subnet mask

now keeping in mind that the subnet mask

now keeping in mind that the subnet mask rules allow us to borrow bits from the

rules allow us to borrow bits from the

rules allow us to borrow bits from the node portion and give them to the

node portion and give them to the

node portion and give them to the network portion the bits from the left

network portion the bits from the left

network portion the bits from the left to the right of the portion

to the right of the portion

to the right of the portion like this

like this

like this are switched on

are switched on

are switched on now turning this bit on means we now

now turning this bit on means we now

now turning this bit on means we now have different values for the subnet

have different values for the subnet

have different values for the subnet mask instead of just 255

mask instead of just 255

mask instead of just 255 .255.

.255.

.255. 255.

255.

255. dot zero we know this is no longer zero

dot zero we know this is no longer zero

dot zero we know this is no longer zero right so this is actually now going to

right so this is actually now going to

right so this is actually now going to be

be

be 128.

128.

128. and we can have a a number of these and

and we can have a a number of these and

and we can have a a number of these and if you keep adding over to the right

if you keep adding over to the right

if you keep adding over to the right so 128 and then we added 64. we'd get

so 128 and then we added 64. we'd get

so 128 and then we added 64. we'd get 192 and so on and so forth so we can

192 and so on and so forth so we can

192 and so on and so forth so we can actually have a number of custom subnet

actually have a number of custom subnet

actually have a number of custom subnet mask values in the last octet and that's

mask values in the last octet and that's

mask values in the last octet and that's those are these and so you can see in

those are these and so you can see in

those are these and so you can see in this case uh it's not really going to

this case uh it's not really going to

this case uh it's not really going to make much of a difference when I I'll do

make much of a difference when I I'll do

make much of a difference when I I'll do all the binary bidding because

all the binary bidding because

all the binary bidding because you see that the zero and the zero is

you see that the zero and the zero is

you see that the zero and the zero is still going to become a zero here and so

still going to become a zero here and so

still going to become a zero here and so all of this is really going to look the

all of this is really going to look the

all of this is really going to look the same and so our Network portion is

same and so our Network portion is

same and so our Network portion is actually going to look the same as it

actually going to look the same as it

actually going to look the same as it did before we have the same network ID

did before we have the same network ID

did before we have the same network ID as we did before but let's say that this

as we did before but let's say that this

as we did before but let's say that this was actually uh you know this number by

was actually uh you know this number by

was actually uh you know this number by the way is the same as the one we had

the way is the same as the one we had

the way is the same as the one we had before

162.85.120.27 if this was instead

162.85.120.27 if this was instead

162.85.120.27 if this was instead 162.85.120

dot I don't know one

dot I don't know one

dot I don't know one 128 we're gonna have an issue because

128 we're gonna have an issue because

128 we're gonna have an issue because this is going to be on these would say

this is going to be on these would say

this is going to be on these would say let's be off and when they come down

let's be off and when they come down

let's be off and when they come down this is going to turn into a zero as

this is going to turn into a zero as

this is going to turn into a zero as opposed to that one dropping down and so

opposed to that one dropping down and so

opposed to that one dropping down and so it's going to change what our IP address

it's going to change what our IP address

it's going to change what our IP address in the end looks like and so we actually

in the end looks like and so we actually

in the end looks like and so we actually need to do some backward engineering to

need to do some backward engineering to

need to do some backward engineering to get to our subnet mask now this is all

get to our subnet mask now this is all

get to our subnet mask now this is all really complex and when we get into if

really complex and when we get into if

really complex and when we get into if you ever get into Cisco you'd really

you ever get into Cisco you'd really

you ever get into Cisco you'd really have to know this but for our purposes

have to know this but for our purposes

have to know this but for our purposes you really don't need to know this that

you really don't need to know this that

you really don't need to know this that in depth all right so just to recap what

in depth all right so just to recap what

in depth all right so just to recap what we talked about here we got a basic

we talked about here we got a basic

we talked about here we got a basic understanding of a lot of things not too

understanding of a lot of things not too

understanding of a lot of things not too in depth and you might need to re-watch

in depth and you might need to re-watch

in depth and you might need to re-watch this video to really get it and maybe

this video to really get it and maybe

this video to really get it and maybe even do a little bit of exercises on

even do a little bit of exercises on

even do a little bit of exercises on your own

your own

your own first we talked about the difference

first we talked about the difference

first we talked about the difference between a network address and a network

between a network address and a network

between a network address and a network name remembering that the three network

name remembering that the three network

name remembering that the three network name services that match a name such as

name services that match a name such as

name services that match a name such as Bill's laptop to an address which would

Bill's laptop to an address which would

Bill's laptop to an address which would be something like 192.168.0.1

uh we can use either DNS the domain name

uh we can use either DNS the domain name

uh we can use either DNS the domain name service which is the most popular one

service which is the most popular one

service which is the most popular one something called wins which is specific

something called wins which is specific

something called wins which is specific to Windows or net bios also a Windows

to Windows or net bios also a Windows

to Windows or net bios also a Windows based

naming system

naming system

naming system the one we want to be most familiar with

the one we want to be most familiar with

the one we want to be most familiar with is this this one's not really used

is this this one's not really used

is this this one's not really used anymore netbios is still used in certain

anymore netbios is still used in certain

anymore netbios is still used in certain instances especially in older networks

instances especially in older networks

instances especially in older networks we then talked about the IP version 4

we then talked about the IP version 4

we then talked about the IP version 4 address and the things that it requires

address and the things that it requires

address and the things that it requires including and remember a ipv4 address is

including and remember a ipv4 address is

including and remember a ipv4 address is that 32 bit broken up into four octets

that 32 bit broken up into four octets

that 32 bit broken up into four octets the reason it's called an octet is

the reason it's called an octet is

the reason it's called an octet is because we have eight times four

because we have eight times four

because we have eight times four gives us that 32 and we break it up so

gives us that 32 and we break it up so

gives us that 32 and we break it up so for instance 192 is going to break down

for instance 192 is going to break down

for instance 192 is going to break down to a certain amount of bits okay

to a certain amount of bits okay

to a certain amount of bits okay we also talked about defining subnetting

we also talked about defining subnetting

we also talked about defining subnetting in a subnet mask which the most

in a subnet mask which the most

in a subnet mask which the most important thing it does is distinguishes

our Network

from our node

from our node

from our node ID in other words what's our area code

ID in other words what's our area code

ID in other words what's our area code and then what is our phone number

and then what is our phone number

and then what is our phone number we can have the same phone number

we can have the same phone number

we can have the same phone number in different area codes but they go to

in different area codes but they go to

in different area codes but they go to very different people

very different people

very different people we also talked about the rules of subnet

we also talked about the rules of subnet

we also talked about the rules of subnet masks and IP addresses we can only have

masks and IP addresses we can only have

masks and IP addresses we can only have one IP address

on any network

on any network

on any network and we can not use

and we can not use

and we can not use 127.0.0.1 because that is what we call

127.0.0.1 because that is what we call

127.0.0.1 because that is what we call the loop back address

the loop back address

the loop back address as far as for the subnet mask remember

as far as for the subnet mask remember

as far as for the subnet mask remember that all ones have to be continuous from

that all ones have to be continuous from

that all ones have to be continuous from the left

the left

the left and zeros have to be continuous from the

and zeros have to be continuous from the

and zeros have to be continuous from the right

right

right our defaults our 255.255.0.0.0

and then 255

and then 255

and then 255 I'm sorry I think I just said

I'm sorry I think I just said

I'm sorry I think I just said 255.0.0.0

255.0.0.0

255.0.0.0 285.255.0.0.0 and

255.255.255.0 those are our defaults and

255.255.255.0 those are our defaults and

255.255.255.0 those are our defaults and so we talked about applying a subnet

so we talked about applying a subnet

so we talked about applying a subnet mask using something called anding

mask using something called anding

mask using something called anding and we looked at how that divides up

and we looked at how that divides up

and we looked at how that divides up again the network ID from the node ID

again the network ID from the node ID

again the network ID from the node ID and we saw that in practice finally we

and we saw that in practice finally we

and we saw that in practice finally we talked very briefly about custom subnet

talked very briefly about custom subnet

talked very briefly about custom subnet masks something that we don't have to

masks something that we don't have to

masks something that we don't have to get very much into but we talked about

get very much into but we talked about

get very much into but we talked about how if we had 255.255

.255 dot for instance 128 we could have

.255 dot for instance 128 we could have

.255 dot for instance 128 we could have these sort of sub subnets or these uh we

these sort of sub subnets or these uh we

these sort of sub subnets or these uh we could break it down even further and

could break it down even further and

could break it down even further and therefore we could start to do a lot

therefore we could start to do a lot

therefore we could start to do a lot more stuff and in the next module I'm

more stuff and in the next module I'm

more stuff and in the next module I'm going to talk about this in a lot more

going to talk about this in a lot more

going to talk about this in a lot more detail and why we would want to do it

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

Network routing and IP addressing

Network routing and IP addressing

Network routing and IP addressing default and custom addressing

default and custom addressing

default and custom addressing so we described in the previous module

so we described in the previous module

so we described in the previous module subnetting how to determine the network

subnetting how to determine the network

subnetting how to determine the network from the node ID and we talked

from the node ID and we talked

from the node ID and we talked specifically about ipv4 and we're going

specifically about ipv4 and we're going

specifically about ipv4 and we're going to continue talking about ipv4 a little

to continue talking about ipv4 a little

to continue talking about ipv4 a little bit more first by defining the default

bit more first by defining the default

bit more first by defining the default ipv4 addressing scheme now some of this

ipv4 addressing scheme now some of this

ipv4 addressing scheme now some of this we sort of touched on in the previous

we sort of touched on in the previous

we sort of touched on in the previous module and some of the stuff we're going

module and some of the stuff we're going

module and some of the stuff we're going to talk about right now is going to

to talk about right now is going to

to talk about right now is going to probably help clarify that and so it

probably help clarify that and so it

probably help clarify that and so it might not it might even help to go back

might not it might even help to go back

might not it might even help to go back and watch the previous module after

and watch the previous module after

and watch the previous module after watching this one after that we're going

watching this one after that we're going

watching this one after that we're going to talk about the reserved or restricted

to talk about the reserved or restricted

to talk about the reserved or restricted ipv4 addresses one of the ones we've

ipv4 addresses one of the ones we've

ipv4 addresses one of the ones we've already mentioned is what we called the

already mentioned is what we called the

already mentioned is what we called the loop back or

loop back or

loop back or 127.0.0.1 that's an example of a

127.0.0.1 that's an example of a

127.0.0.1 that's an example of a reserved IP address a restricted IP

reserved IP address a restricted IP

reserved IP address a restricted IP address and so we're going to talk about

address and so we're going to talk about

address and so we're going to talk about those in more depth and some of the ones

those in more depth and some of the ones

those in more depth and some of the ones that some of the ranges that are

that some of the ranges that are

that some of the ranges that are restricted and why they are then we're

restricted and why they are then we're

restricted and why they are then we're going to discuss what are called the

going to discuss what are called the

going to discuss what are called the private address addresses and we're

private address addresses and we're

private address addresses and we're gonna talk about these specifically

gonna talk about these specifically

gonna talk about these specifically because these are different from public

because these are different from public

because these are different from public IP addresses uh one you might be

IP addresses uh one you might be

IP addresses uh one you might be familiar with is the

familiar with is the

familiar with is the 192.168 uh public at a private addresses

192.168 uh public at a private addresses

192.168 uh public at a private addresses rather and you'll this is going to

rather and you'll this is going to

rather and you'll this is going to explain why every router that you

explain why every router that you

explain why every router that you purchase that you know electronics store

purchase that you know electronics store

purchase that you know electronics store has this as its default not everyone but

has this as its default not everyone but

has this as its default not everyone but a lot of them have this is the default

a lot of them have this is the default

a lot of them have this is the default IP address and yet we talked about how

IP address and yet we talked about how

IP address and yet we talked about how you can't have more than one IP address

you can't have more than one IP address

you can't have more than one IP address with any device and so we're going to

with any device and so we're going to

with any device and so we're going to describe why with private IP addresses

describe why with private IP addresses

describe why with private IP addresses this is the case and we'll talk about

this is the case and we'll talk about

this is the case and we'll talk about some other private IP addresses as well

some other private IP addresses as well

some other private IP addresses as well now we're going to talk about the ipv4

now we're going to talk about the ipv4

now we're going to talk about the ipv4 formulas and that's the that's what

formulas and that's the that's what

formulas and that's the that's what allows us to determine how many

hosts

hosts

hosts and networks are permissible based on

and networks are permissible based on

and networks are permissible based on the type of IP address the class that

the type of IP address the class that

the type of IP address the class that it's in and the subnet mask that's

it's in and the subnet mask that's

it's in and the subnet mask that's supplied and this will help us also

supplied and this will help us also

supplied and this will help us also determine and talk about in a second uh

determine and talk about in a second uh

determine and talk about in a second uh why we might want to use custom subnet

why we might want to use custom subnet

why we might want to use custom subnet masks and custom IP addresses

masks and custom IP addresses

masks and custom IP addresses so then we're going to talk about the

so then we're going to talk about the

so then we're going to talk about the default gateway is this gets back to

default gateway is this gets back to

default gateway is this gets back to actually this right here it is the

actually this right here it is the

actually this right here it is the device which the any node needs to know

device which the any node needs to know

device which the any node needs to know in order to get out to the network and

in order to get out to the network and

in order to get out to the network and to the rest of the um the rest of the

to the rest of the um the rest of the

to the rest of the um the rest of the world

world

world finally we're going to talk about custom

finally we're going to talk about custom

finally we're going to talk about custom IP address schemes

IP address schemes

IP address schemes vlsm and cidr these are a little more in

vlsm and cidr these are a little more in

vlsm and cidr these are a little more in depth but these really get back to the

depth but these really get back to the

depth but these really get back to the subnet masks and why we can apply those

subnet masks and why we can apply those

subnet masks and why we can apply those uh how we can apply sort of specific

uh how we can apply sort of specific

uh how we can apply sort of specific subnet masks to things and we'll look at

subnet masks to things and we'll look at

subnet masks to things and we'll look at this thing which you might have seen

this thing which you might have seen

this thing which you might have seen cidr which is has to do with why there

cidr which is has to do with why there

cidr which is has to do with why there might be a slash after an IP address

might be a slash after an IP address

might be a slash after an IP address which really gets to the number of bits

which really gets to the number of bits

which really gets to the number of bits it has and we'll talk about that just a

it has and we'll talk about that just a

it has and we'll talk about that just a minute now aside from being an aspect

minute now aside from being an aspect

minute now aside from being an aspect that's covered in many areas of the

that's covered in many areas of the

that's covered in many areas of the network plus exam understanding the

network plus exam understanding the

network plus exam understanding the classes in a default IP address scheme

classes in a default IP address scheme

classes in a default IP address scheme is really important for us and this gets

is really important for us and this gets

is really important for us and this gets back to uh right here so let's talk

back to uh right here so let's talk

back to uh right here so let's talk about remember we talked about class

about remember we talked about class

about remember we talked about class lesson class full we're going to talk

lesson class full we're going to talk

lesson class full we're going to talk about the classes that exist in an IP

about the classes that exist in an IP

about the classes that exist in an IP address right now so as we learned in

address right now so as we learned in

address right now so as we learned in previous modules the ipv4 addressing

previous modules the ipv4 addressing

previous modules the ipv4 addressing scheme is again 32 bits broken up into

scheme is again 32 bits broken up into

scheme is again 32 bits broken up into four octets and each octet can range

four octets and each octet can range

four octets and each octet can range from 0 to 255.

from 0 to 255.

from 0 to 255. now the international standards

now the international standards

now the international standards organization icann which we've mentioned

organization icann which we've mentioned

organization icann which we've mentioned in a previous module is in control of

in a previous module is in control of

in a previous module is in control of how these IP addresses are leased and

how these IP addresses are leased and

how these IP addresses are leased and distributed out to individuals and

distributed out to individuals and

distributed out to individuals and companies around the world now because

companies around the world now because

companies around the world now because of the limited amount of IP addresses

of the limited amount of IP addresses

of the limited amount of IP addresses the default ipv4 addressing scheme is

the default ipv4 addressing scheme is

the default ipv4 addressing scheme is designed and outlined which what are

designed and outlined which what are

designed and outlined which what are called classes and there are five of

called classes and there are five of

called classes and there are five of them that we need to know now these

them that we need to know now these

them that we need to know now these classes are identified as a b c d and e

classes are identified as a b c d and e

classes are identified as a b c d and e and each class is designed to facilitate

and each class is designed to facilitate

and each class is designed to facilitate in the distribution of IP addresses for

in the distribution of IP addresses for

in the distribution of IP addresses for certain types of purposes now the First

certain types of purposes now the First

certain types of purposes now the First Class A Class A allows you to have is

Class A Class A allows you to have is

Class A Class A allows you to have is designed for really large Networks

designed for really large Networks

designed for really large Networks meaning that it does not have a lot of

meaning that it does not have a lot of

meaning that it does not have a lot of networks because we only have a few of

networks because we only have a few of

networks because we only have a few of them and that is because a Class A Range

them and that is because a Class A Range

them and that is because a Class A Range goes from one

goes from one

goes from one to 127.

to 127.

to 127. in the

in the

in the first

first

first octet meaning that the remaining octets

octet meaning that the remaining octets

octet meaning that the remaining octets are reserved for nodes and so we see

are reserved for nodes and so we see

are reserved for nodes and so we see that we don't have a lot of networks we

that we don't have a lot of networks we

that we don't have a lot of networks we only have 126 networks one to 127.

only have 126 networks one to 127.

only have 126 networks one to 127. but we do have up to 16

but we do have up to 16

but we do have up to 16 .7 or 0.8 around about million net I

.7 or 0.8 around about million net I

.7 or 0.8 around about million net I nodes that can be on

nodes that can be on

nodes that can be on this network and so uh we have so many

this network and so uh we have so many

this network and so uh we have so many nodes for so few uh networks and so this

nodes for so few uh networks and so this

nodes for so few uh networks and so this is really for very large large networks

is really for very large large networks

is really for very large large networks and there are some specifically reserved

and there are some specifically reserved

and there are some specifically reserved addresses in this as well we'll talk

addresses in this as well we'll talk

addresses in this as well we'll talk about those in just a minute now with

about those in just a minute now with

about those in just a minute now with class B here we have

class B here we have

class B here we have 128 to 191.

128 to 191.

128 to 191. and these are called Class B they allow

and these are called Class B they allow

and these are called Class B they allow for a lot more Networks

for a lot more Networks

for a lot more Networks and fewer nodes which makes sense

Now the default subnet mask for class A

Now the default subnet mask for class A

Now the default subnet mask for class A which might make this a little clearer

255.0.0.0 whereas for a class B it's

255.0.0.0 whereas for a class B it's

255.0.0.0 whereas for a class B it's 255.255.0.0 now as you can tell the

255.255.0.0 now as you can tell the

255.255.0.0 now as you can tell the class is actually determined by the very

class is actually determined by the very

class is actually determined by the very first octet the number in the first

first octet the number in the first

first octet the number in the first octet

octet

octet and it's important to then therefore

and it's important to then therefore

and it's important to then therefore memorize these numbers because you'll

memorize these numbers because you'll

memorize these numbers because you'll see on your exam they'll ask you which

see on your exam they'll ask you which

see on your exam they'll ask you which class is this IP address a part of if

class is this IP address a part of if

class is this IP address a part of if it's between 1 and 127 you know it's a

it's between 1 and 127 you know it's a

it's between 1 and 127 you know it's a Class A if it's between 128 and 191 you

Class A if it's between 128 and 191 you

Class A if it's between 128 and 191 you know it's a Class B if we get to a class

know it's a Class B if we get to a class

know it's a Class B if we get to a class C now we have a lot of networks and not

C now we have a lot of networks and not

C now we have a lot of networks and not a lot of nodes and you can see that

a lot of nodes and you can see that

a lot of nodes and you can see that these are 192 to 223 in the first

these are 192 to 223 in the first

these are 192 to 223 in the first octet and the default subnet mask

octet and the default subnet mask

octet and the default subnet mask for this is going to be 255 to

for this is going to be 255 to

for this is going to be 255 to 255.255.0 and if you remember that gives

255.255.0 and if you remember that gives

255.255.0 and if you remember that gives us only this octet for nodes and all of

us only this octet for nodes and all of

us only this octet for nodes and all of these octets for networks this is

these octets for networks this is

these octets for networks this is usually one of the most recognizable for

usually one of the most recognizable for

usually one of the most recognizable for home networks because we have the

192.168.0.1 for instance that is going

192.168.0.1 for instance that is going

192.168.0.1 for instance that is going to obviously fall into this class C now

to obviously fall into this class C now

to obviously fall into this class C now there are two other classes they're not

there are two other classes they're not

there are two other classes they're not very common but they're important to be

very common but they're important to be

very common but they're important to be able to recognize they're a Class D i p

able to recognize they're a Class D i p

able to recognize they're a Class D i p addresses which are only used for what

addresses which are only used for what

addresses which are only used for what we call multicast Transmissions

we call multicast Transmissions

we call multicast Transmissions and these are for special routers that

and these are for special routers that

and these are for special routers that are able to support the use of IP

are able to support the use of IP

are able to support the use of IP addresses within this range you don't

addresses within this range you don't

addresses within this range you don't really need to worry about this for much

really need to worry about this for much

really need to worry about this for much application unless you're dealing with a

application unless you're dealing with a

application unless you're dealing with a lot more advanced stuff and these deal

lot more advanced stuff and these deal

lot more advanced stuff and these deal with 224 to 239

with 224 to 239

with 224 to 239 finally we have class E which is from

finally we have class E which is from

finally we have class E which is from 240 to 255 and these are really for

240 to 255 and these are really for

240 to 255 and these are really for experimental reasons so we're really not

experimental reasons so we're really not

experimental reasons so we're really not going to see these in much play the ones

going to see these in much play the ones

going to see these in much play the ones you really want to be familiar with

you really want to be familiar with

you really want to be familiar with are these first three classes a b and c

are these first three classes a b and c

are these first three classes a b and c remember 1 to 127 is a class A 128 to

remember 1 to 127 is a class A 128 to

remember 1 to 127 is a class A 128 to 191 is a Class B 192 to 223 is a Class C

191 is a Class B 192 to 223 is a Class C

191 is a Class B 192 to 223 is a Class C if you can remember those ranges I would

if you can remember those ranges I would

if you can remember those ranges I would commit them to Memory you'll be good to

commit them to Memory you'll be good to

commit them to Memory you'll be good to go for the exam now within each of these

go for the exam now within each of these

go for the exam now within each of these classes there are a number of addresses

classes there are a number of addresses

classes there are a number of addresses that are not allowed to be assigned or

that are not allowed to be assigned or

that are not allowed to be assigned or leased for specific reasons these are

leased for specific reasons these are

leased for specific reasons these are what we call reserved and restricted IP

what we call reserved and restricted IP

what we call reserved and restricted IP addresses now we've mentioned the

addresses now we've mentioned the

addresses now we've mentioned the 127.0.0.1 or the local loopback or the

127.0.0.1 or the local loopback or the

127.0.0.1 or the local loopback or the localhost i p address before which can't

localhost i p address before which can't

localhost i p address before which can't be assigned because it's reserved for me

be assigned because it's reserved for me

be assigned because it's reserved for me for myself from for I this means that

for myself from for I this means that

for myself from for I this means that this address is used when I want to

this address is used when I want to

this address is used when I want to address myself

address myself

address myself so if I wanted to for instance assign

so if I wanted to for instance assign

so if I wanted to for instance assign myself my own name via DNS and my name

myself my own name via DNS and my name

myself my own name via DNS and my name was me

was me

was me me would link up to the IP address

me would link up to the IP address

me would link up to the IP address 127.0.0.1 and that way it's going back

127.0.0.1 and that way it's going back

127.0.0.1 and that way it's going back to myself now we're really going to use

to myself now we're really going to use

to myself now we're really going to use this for mostly diagnostic purposes if I

this for mostly diagnostic purposes if I

this for mostly diagnostic purposes if I want to double check to make sure for

want to double check to make sure for

want to double check to make sure for instance that tcpip is running correctly

instance that tcpip is running correctly

instance that tcpip is running correctly and it's also going to be used for

and it's also going to be used for

and it's also going to be used for programmers and such like that now the

programmers and such like that now the

programmers and such like that now the address

10.0.0.0 is also restricted and it's not

10.0.0.0 is also restricted and it's not

10.0.0.0 is also restricted and it's not available to use because again this a

available to use because again this a

available to use because again this a host address can never have all zeros

host address can never have all zeros

host address can never have all zeros conversely the addresses that have all

conversely the addresses that have all

conversely the addresses that have all ones for instance

255.255.255.255 cannot be used for

255.255.255.255 cannot be used for

255.255.255.255 cannot be used for um uh addresses obviously this one can't

um uh addresses obviously this one can't

um uh addresses obviously this one can't because it would sort of

because it would sort of

because it would sort of ruin the use of a subnet mask but even

ruin the use of a subnet mask but even

ruin the use of a subnet mask but even if I had something like

192.168.0.255 I can't use that because

192.168.0.255 I can't use that because

192.168.0.255 I can't use that because that's what's called a broadcast address

that's what's called a broadcast address

that's what's called a broadcast address and so it's just simply reserved for

and so it's just simply reserved for

and so it's just simply reserved for that this means that if a message is

that this means that if a message is

that this means that if a message is transmitted to a network address with

transmitted to a network address with

transmitted to a network address with all ones in the host portion or 255 that

all ones in the host portion or 255 that

all ones in the host portion or 255 that message is going to be transmitted to

message is going to be transmitted to

message is going to be transmitted to every single device on the subnet it's

every single device on the subnet it's

every single device on the subnet it's called a broadcast and we talked about

called a broadcast and we talked about

called a broadcast and we talked about broadcast before finally the address

broadcast before finally the address

broadcast before finally the address 1.1.1.1 cannot be used because this is

1.1.1.1 cannot be used because this is

1.1.1.1 cannot be used because this is what's called the all hosts or the who

what's called the all hosts or the who

what's called the all hosts or the who is address so these basically what

is address so these basically what

is address so these basically what whereas 127 is for me

whereas 127 is for me

whereas 127 is for me 1.1.1.1 is for everyone so these we can

1.1.1.1 is for everyone so these we can

1.1.1.1 is for everyone so these we can never use the important one I really

never use the important one I really

never use the important one I really want you to remember here is this one

want you to remember here is this one

want you to remember here is this one and you're going to want to remember

and you're going to want to remember

and you're going to want to remember that for instance 255 in the host

that for instance 255 in the host

that for instance 255 in the host portion can never be used again not only

portion can never be used again not only

portion can never be used again not only because that's going to ruin a subnet as

because that's going to ruin a subnet as

because that's going to ruin a subnet as we've talked about but also this is

we've talked about but also this is

we've talked about but also this is reserved for what's called a broadcast

reserved for what's called a broadcast

reserved for what's called a broadcast address now there are portions of each

address now there are portions of each

address now there are portions of each class that are allocated either for

class that are allocated either for

class that are allocated either for public or private use private IP

public or private use private IP

public or private use private IP addresses are not routable

addresses are not routable

addresses are not routable this means

this means

this means that they are assigned for use on

that they are assigned for use on

that they are assigned for use on internal networks such as your home

internal networks such as your home

internal networks such as your home network or your office Network when

network or your office Network when

network or your office Network when these addresses transmit data and it

these addresses transmit data and it

these addresses transmit data and it reaches a router the router is not going

reaches a router the router is not going

reaches a router the router is not going to uh route it outside of the network so

to uh route it outside of the network so

to uh route it outside of the network so these addresses can be used without

these addresses can be used without

these addresses can be used without needing to purchase or leasing an IP

needing to purchase or leasing an IP

needing to purchase or leasing an IP address from your ISP or Internet

address from your ISP or Internet

address from your ISP or Internet service provider or governing entity so

service provider or governing entity so

service provider or governing entity so this is how I could create an internal

this is how I could create an internal

this is how I could create an internal Network in my home and I don't need to

Network in my home and I don't need to

Network in my home and I don't need to go register it and I might not be able

go register it and I might not be able

go register it and I might not be able to access the internet but I don't need

to access the internet but I don't need

to access the internet but I don't need to register if I want to go out to the

to register if I want to go out to the

to register if I want to go out to the internet then I can share using devices

internet then I can share using devices

internet then I can share using devices and resources we've talked about

and resources we've talked about

and resources we've talked about previously and we'll talk about later a

previously and we'll talk about later a

previously and we'll talk about later a public IP address with all the internal

public IP address with all the internal

public IP address with all the internal devices that are configured using

devices that are configured using

devices that are configured using private IP addresses now since these are

private IP addresses now since these are

private IP addresses now since these are not able to be used externally to our

not able to be used externally to our

not able to be used externally to our Network these IP addresses can be used

Network these IP addresses can be used

Network these IP addresses can be used by as many devices as necessary as long

by as many devices as necessary as long

by as many devices as necessary as long as we never double over one IP address

as we never double over one IP address

as we never double over one IP address per device so the class a private IP

per device so the class a private IP

per device so the class a private IP address range remember we talked about

address range remember we talked about

address range remember we talked about 10.0.0.0 because we cannot have zeros

10.0.0.0 because we cannot have zeros

10.0.0.0 because we cannot have zeros right remember 10.0.0 and 285 we

right remember 10.0.0 and 285 we

right remember 10.0.0 and 285 we actually cannot assign but any address

actually cannot assign but any address

actually cannot assign but any address in between that so

10.1.126.5 would fall into what's called

10.1.126.5 would fall into what's called

10.1.126.5 would fall into what's called a private address range and you might

a private address range and you might

a private address range and you might see this in your home router as well so

see this in your home router as well so

see this in your home router as well so this makes it easily discernible from

this makes it easily discernible from

this makes it easily discernible from other addresses in its class anything

other addresses in its class anything

other addresses in its class anything that has the 10 to begin with cannot be

that has the 10 to begin with cannot be

that has the 10 to begin with cannot be used on a Class A Network or any network

used on a Class A Network or any network

used on a Class A Network or any network except privately

except privately

except privately we also have a class B uh Private

we also have a class B uh Private

we also have a class B uh Private Exchange which is

Exchange which is

Exchange which is 172.16.0.0 through

172.31.255.255 and Class C which is

172.31.255.255 and Class C which is

172.31.255.255 and Class C which is 192.168.0.0 through the 255 to 255. this

192.168.0.0 through the 255 to 255. this

192.168.0.0 through the 255 to 255. this one you might have seen the most this

one you might have seen the most this

one you might have seen the most this one I'm guessing you've seen the last

one I'm guessing you've seen the last

one I'm guessing you've seen the last this one's probably the second most

this one's probably the second most

this one's probably the second most common the 10 dot so if you have a

common the 10 dot so if you have a

common the 10 dot so if you have a internal Network at your home you might

internal Network at your home you might

internal Network at your home you might have your address on your computer right

have your address on your computer right

have your address on your computer right now for instance if it's not connected

now for instance if it's not connected

now for instance if it's not connected directly to the network if it's

directly to the network if it's

directly to the network if it's connected to a router might be something

connected to a router might be something

connected to a router might be something like this or like

like this or like

like this or like this or even

like this all right that's because these

like this all right that's because these

like this all right that's because these are each private addresses it's

are each private addresses it's

are each private addresses it's important that you commit these to

important that you commit these to

important that you commit these to memory as well because these will appear

memory as well because these will appear

memory as well because these will appear on the exam and remember the important

on the exam and remember the important

on the exam and remember the important thing with a uh

thing with a uh

thing with a uh with a private IP address as I mentioned

with a private IP address as I mentioned

with a private IP address as I mentioned right here is they're not routable and I

right here is they're not routable and I

right here is they're not routable and I don't need a lease to use them so when

don't need a lease to use them so when

don't need a lease to use them so when tasked with subnetting a network you

tasked with subnetting a network you

tasked with subnetting a network you need to understand how to calculate how

need to understand how to calculate how

need to understand how to calculate how many hosts and how many networks are

many hosts and how many networks are

many hosts and how many networks are available if we want to determine the

available if we want to determine the

available if we want to determine the number of hosts that are available we

number of hosts that are available we

number of hosts that are available we apply this Formula 2 to the x minus 2.

apply this Formula 2 to the x minus 2.

apply this Formula 2 to the x minus 2. and this is where X

equals the number of node bits and

equals the number of node bits and

equals the number of node bits and that's after we break it down from

that's after we break it down from

that's after we break it down from decimal to binary

decimal to binary

decimal to binary now the reason for the minus 2 here

is because again we cannot use a DOT

is because again we cannot use a DOT

is because again we cannot use a DOT 0.0.0 address or

a.255.255.255 address which would mean

a.255.255.255 address which would mean

a.255.255.255 address which would mean all zeros are all ones in the subnet and

all zeros are all ones in the subnet and

all zeros are all ones in the subnet and so we need to make sure uh rather in the

so we need to make sure uh rather in the

so we need to make sure uh rather in the um uh in the bit right when it's broken

um uh in the bit right when it's broken

um uh in the bit right when it's broken down and so we need to make sure that

down and so we need to make sure that

down and so we need to make sure that um this is the case

um this is the case

um this is the case we also need to know the number of

we also need to know the number of

we also need to know the number of networks and to do that we're going to

networks and to do that we're going to

networks and to do that we're going to do 2 to the Y minus 2 where y equals the

do 2 to the Y minus 2 where y equals the

do 2 to the Y minus 2 where y equals the number of network bits so let's take a

number of network bits so let's take a

number of network bits so let's take a look at this if we have the IP address

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask

162.85.120.27 and we have a subnet mask of

of

of 255.255.255.0 by the way

255.255.255.0 by the way

255.255.255.0 by the way we can look at this and we automatically

we can look at this and we automatically

we can look at this and we automatically know that

know that

know that 162.85.120.27 this looks like a class

162.85.120.27 this looks like a class

162.85.120.27 this looks like a class b i p address and the 255 the 255 to 255

b i p address and the 255 the 255 to 255

b i p address and the 255 the 255 to 255 is actually our default Class C subnet

is actually our default Class C subnet

is actually our default Class C subnet so this is not the default that we're

so this is not the default that we're

so this is not the default that we're working with here so we need to figure

working with here so we need to figure

working with here so we need to figure out uh some information here so let's

out uh some information here so let's

out uh some information here so let's break it down into bits and I'm do that

break it down into bits and I'm do that

break it down into bits and I'm do that here and if you wanted to check my math

here and if you wanted to check my math

here and if you wanted to check my math you could now the number of network bits

you could now the number of network bits

you could now the number of network bits is right here the Y and the number of

is right here the Y and the number of

is right here the Y and the number of node bits is right here

node bits is right here

node bits is right here the X so if we pop this into our

the X so if we pop this into our

the X so if we pop this into our equation the number of possible hosts we

equation the number of possible hosts we

equation the number of possible hosts we have is 254 and the number of possible

have is 254 and the number of possible

have is 254 and the number of possible networks is over 16 million if we go

networks is over 16 million if we go

networks is over 16 million if we go back to that table we saw a few slides

back to that table we saw a few slides

back to that table we saw a few slides ago we'd see then that that's why we

ago we'd see then that that's why we

ago we'd see then that that's why we have a default for class B and Class C

have a default for class B and Class C

have a default for class B and Class C networks is we can see how many networks

networks is we can see how many networks

networks is we can see how many networks are possible and how many hosts are

are possible and how many hosts are

are possible and how many hosts are possible now why would I want to know

possible now why would I want to know

possible now why would I want to know this well let's say that I have to

this well let's say that I have to

this well let's say that I have to divide up my network and I want to have

divide up my network and I want to have

divide up my network and I want to have a certain number of networks in a

a certain number of networks in a

a certain number of networks in a certain number of hosts well if I only

certain number of hosts well if I only

certain number of hosts well if I only need five networks but I need 30 000

need five networks but I need 30 000

need five networks but I need 30 000 hosts I'm going to be in major trouble

hosts I'm going to be in major trouble

hosts I'm going to be in major trouble here because now I have to divide this

here because now I have to divide this

here because now I have to divide this up so much I'm wasting a lot of networks

up so much I'm wasting a lot of networks

up so much I'm wasting a lot of networks and I don't have enough hosts so we want

and I don't have enough hosts so we want

and I don't have enough hosts so we want to determine how we can do this to

to determine how we can do this to

to determine how we can do this to reduce the amount of waste we're going

reduce the amount of waste we're going

reduce the amount of waste we're going to talk about that in just a bit

to talk about that in just a bit

to talk about that in just a bit going back to something called a default

going back to something called a default

going back to something called a default gateway for a second

gateway for a second

gateway for a second device that wants to connect to the

device that wants to connect to the

device that wants to connect to the internet has to go through what's called

internet has to go through what's called

internet has to go through what's called a default gateway this is not a physical

a default gateway this is not a physical

a default gateway this is not a physical device this is set by our IP address

device this is set by our IP address

device this is set by our IP address settings it is basically the IP address

settings it is basically the IP address

settings it is basically the IP address of the device which is usually the

of the device which is usually the

of the device which is usually the router or the Border router that's

router or the Border router that's

router or the Border router that's connected directly to the to the

connected directly to the to the

connected directly to the to the internet for instance we had other

internet for instance we had other

internet for instance we had other routers in here

routers in here

routers in here this is going to be the Gateway

this is going to be the Gateway

this is going to be the Gateway and so three things need to be

and so three things need to be

and so three things need to be configured on any device that wants to

configured on any device that wants to

configured on any device that wants to connect to the internet we've talked

connect to the internet we've talked

connect to the internet we've talked about it we need to have an IP address a

about it we need to have an IP address a

about it we need to have an IP address a subnet mask and this is the new one a

subnet mask and this is the new one a

subnet mask and this is the new one a default gateway so this is the device

default gateway so this is the device

default gateway so this is the device that's used when I want to communicate

that's used when I want to communicate

that's used when I want to communicate with the internet and it's not used when

with the internet and it's not used when

with the internet and it's not used when communicating with devices on the same

communicating with devices on the same

communicating with devices on the same subnet this is why it's called a Gateway

subnet this is why it's called a Gateway

subnet this is why it's called a Gateway think about it as your gateway out to

think about it as your gateway out to

think about it as your gateway out to the network most often and more often

the network most often and more often

the network most often and more often than not as I mentioned this is going to

than not as I mentioned this is going to

than not as I mentioned this is going to be the router so if you have at home for

be the router so if you have at home for

be the router so if you have at home for instance a router that's

instance a router that's

instance a router that's 192.168.0.1 that is also your default

192.168.0.1 that is also your default

192.168.0.1 that is also your default gateway and if you went and did an

gateway and if you went and did an

gateway and if you went and did an ipconfig all something we'll take a look

ipconfig all something we'll take a look

ipconfig all something we'll take a look at later and command prompt you'd be

at later and command prompt you'd be

at later and command prompt you'd be able to see then your default gateway is

able to see then your default gateway is

able to see then your default gateway is this address basically it means hey I

this address basically it means hey I

this address basically it means hey I don't know I want to get up to the

don't know I want to get up to the

don't know I want to get up to the internet I don't know how to get to

internet I don't know how to get to

internet I don't know how to get to Google I'm going to ask my default

Google I'm going to ask my default

Google I'm going to ask my default gateway the default gateway then takes

gateway the default gateway then takes

gateway the default gateway then takes care of everything else and then the

care of everything else and then the

care of everything else and then the information comes back and it sends it

information comes back and it sends it

information comes back and it sends it out to you again now there are a couple

out to you again now there are a couple

out to you again now there are a couple different ways of implementing custom IP

different ways of implementing custom IP

different ways of implementing custom IP addresses we previously described how we

addresses we previously described how we

addresses we previously described how we could use custom subnets and with that

could use custom subnets and with that

could use custom subnets and with that method a custom subnet mask and an IP

method a custom subnet mask and an IP

method a custom subnet mask and an IP address is what we call anded if you

address is what we call anded if you

address is what we call anded if you recall and together they allow the node

recall and together they allow the node

recall and together they allow the node to see the local network as part of its

to see the local network as part of its

to see the local network as part of its larger Network now each customized

larger Network now each customized

larger Network now each customized subnet is configured with its own

subnet is configured with its own

subnet is configured with its own default gateway allowing the subnets to

default gateway allowing the subnets to

default gateway allowing the subnets to be able to communicate with each other

be able to communicate with each other

be able to communicate with each other now another method of doing this is

now another method of doing this is

now another method of doing this is called vlsm or variable

length

subnet

mask

mask

mask and by using this we're going to assign

and by using this we're going to assign

and by using this we're going to assign each subnet its own separate customized

each subnet its own separate customized

each subnet its own separate customized subnet mask that varies

subnet mask that varies

subnet mask that varies now the VLS MF it allows for a more

now the VLS MF it allows for a more

now the VLS MF it allows for a more efficient allocation of IP addresses

efficient allocation of IP addresses

efficient allocation of IP addresses with minimal address waste which I was

with minimal address waste which I was

with minimal address waste which I was just talking about so for example let's

just talking about so for example let's

just talking about so for example let's take a situation in which a network

take a situation in which a network

take a situation in which a network administrator wants to have three

administrator wants to have three

administrator wants to have three networks and I have a class

networks and I have a class

networks and I have a class c space

c space

c space now just so you know some of this is

now just so you know some of this is

now just so you know some of this is very outdated and we're not going to see

very outdated and we're not going to see

very outdated and we're not going to see it used a lot of the time that being

it used a lot of the time that being

it used a lot of the time that being said Network plus really wants you to

said Network plus really wants you to

said Network plus really wants you to know about it so we're going to cover it

know about it so we're going to cover it

know about it so we're going to cover it so I know I need to have three different

so I know I need to have three different

so I know I need to have three different networks or sub Networks and I know on

networks or sub Networks and I know on

networks or sub Networks and I know on the first Network I want to have four

the first Network I want to have four

the first Network I want to have four hosts on the set network I want to have

hosts on the set network I want to have

hosts on the set network I want to have 11 hosts and on the third network I want

11 hosts and on the third network I want

11 hosts and on the third network I want to have 27 hosts now in order to

to have 27 hosts now in order to

to have 27 hosts now in order to accomplish this I could use the subnet

accomplish this I could use the subnet

accomplish this I could use the subnet mask

mask

mask 255.255 the 255.20 that 224.

255.255 the 255.20 that 224.

255.255 the 255.20 that 224. and for each of these subnets if I was

and for each of these subnets if I was

and for each of these subnets if I was to add this out right one two three four

to add this out right one two three four

to add this out right one two three four five six seven eight that's 255 one two

five six seven eight that's 255 one two

five six seven eight that's 255 one two three four five six seven eight

three four five six seven eight

three four five six seven eight that's 255 one two three four five six

that's 255 one two three four five six

that's 255 one two three four five six seven eight that's 255 let's write 224

seven eight that's 255 let's write 224

seven eight that's 255 let's write 224 in bits all right let's go through our

in bits all right let's go through our

in bits all right let's go through our calculation again here I'm just going to

calculation again here I'm just going to

calculation again here I'm just going to do this because it never hurts

do this because it never hurts

do this because it never hurts to do this a couple times

to do this a couple times

to do this a couple times so let's write all of these out

great all right we have one two four

great all right we have one two four

great all right we have one two four eight sixteen

eight sixteen

eight sixteen 32 64 128.

32 64 128.

32 64 128. now we remember that subnet masks have

now we remember that subnet masks have

now we remember that subnet masks have to have continuous ones so that's 128

to have continuous ones so that's 128

to have continuous ones so that's 128 128 plus 64 is

128 plus 64 is

128 plus 64 is 192 plus 32

192 plus 32

192 plus 32 is 224.

is 224.

is 224. so then if we broke this down into bits

so then if we broke this down into bits

so then if we broke this down into bits this is what it's going to look like

this is what it's going to look like

this is what it's going to look like okay

okay

okay so let's write that out here

and if we do our calculation we know we

and if we do our calculation we know we

and if we do our calculation we know we need to have how many hosts when we need

need to have how many hosts when we need

need to have how many hosts when we need four so let's do our calculation 2 to

four so let's do our calculation 2 to

four so let's do our calculation 2 to the 1 2 3 4 5 power

right

right

right we're going to figure out how many hosts

we're going to figure out how many hosts

we're going to figure out how many hosts that equals we already know it's 32.

that equals we already know it's 32.

that equals we already know it's 32. minus 2 means that we can have

minus 2 means that we can have

minus 2 means that we can have up to 30 hosts on this subnet

so I'm wasting an effect 26 addresses on

so I'm wasting an effect 26 addresses on

so I'm wasting an effect 26 addresses on this subnet 19 on this one and three on

this subnet 19 on this one and three on

this subnet 19 on this one and three on this one I'm not really doing a good job

this one I'm not really doing a good job

this one I'm not really doing a good job because I've had to apply the same

because I've had to apply the same

because I've had to apply the same subnet mask

subnet mask

subnet mask to every single

to every single

to every single IP address

IP address

IP address and in doing so I'm wasting a lot of my

and in doing so I'm wasting a lot of my

and in doing so I'm wasting a lot of my possible addresses

possible addresses

possible addresses now if I used vlsm instead it's going to

now if I used vlsm instead it's going to

now if I used vlsm instead it's going to erase all this

erase all this

erase all this I could do

255.255.248.240 and.224. now remember uh

255.255.248.240 and.224. now remember uh

255.255.248.240 and.224. now remember uh 248

248

248 if we route that out

if we route that out

if we route that out I'm just gonna

I'm just gonna

I'm just gonna really quickly

all right and you can double check my

all right and you can double check my

all right and you can double check my math here

math here

math here if we do 248

that is going to be

that is going to be

that is going to be one one one one one one

one one one one one one

one one one one one one zero zero zero

zero zero zero

zero zero zero all right and then if we do our

all right and then if we do our

all right and then if we do our calculation two to the 3 because we have

calculation two to the 3 because we have

calculation two to the 3 because we have three host bits

three host bits

three host bits what does that equal eight minus two

what does that equal eight minus two

what does that equal eight minus two well now

well now

well now we have a possibility of six hosts so

we have a possibility of six hosts so

we have a possibility of six hosts so what is our waste two because six minus

what is our waste two because six minus

what is our waste two because six minus four equals two a lot better right if we

four equals two a lot better right if we

four equals two a lot better right if we do the same thing with uh the next one

do the same thing with uh the next one

do the same thing with uh the next one and you were to do the same thing I just

and you were to do the same thing I just

and you were to do the same thing I just did that would look one one one one zero

did that would look one one one one zero

did that would look one one one one zero zero zero zero we did the calculation

zero zero zero we did the calculation

zero zero zero we did the calculation again two to the four because now we

again two to the four because now we

again two to the four because now we have four bits

have four bits

have four bits minus two

minus two

minus two which equals 16 minus two which equals

which equals 16 minus two which equals

which equals 16 minus two which equals fourteen so now I'm only wasting three

fourteen so now I'm only wasting three

fourteen so now I'm only wasting three bits because 16

bits because 16

bits because 16 sorry 14 minus 11 equals three and

sorry 14 minus 11 equals three and

sorry 14 minus 11 equals three and finally 224 is the same remember that

finally 224 is the same remember that

finally 224 is the same remember that was 30 bits or 30 hosts rather 30 minus

was 30 bits or 30 hosts rather 30 minus

was 30 bits or 30 hosts rather 30 minus 27 is 3. so doing this variable

we are a variable subnet mask we're no

we are a variable subnet mask we're no

we are a variable subnet mask we're no longer wasting as many host addresses so

longer wasting as many host addresses so

longer wasting as many host addresses so by utilizing this we're going to

by utilizing this we're going to

by utilizing this we're going to appropriately plan and Implement a

appropriately plan and Implement a

appropriately plan and Implement a scheme and it allows us to use our space

scheme and it allows us to use our space

scheme and it allows us to use our space much more effectively of course the

much more effectively of course the

much more effectively of course the negative aspect of this is it's a lot

negative aspect of this is it's a lot

negative aspect of this is it's a lot more harder to scale

more harder to scale

more harder to scale and if I want to add nodes to these

and if I want to add nodes to these

and if I want to add nodes to these customized networks I might have to go

customized networks I might have to go

customized networks I might have to go around and change all the subnet masks

around and change all the subnet masks

around and change all the subnet masks as well now cider which is cidr which

as well now cider which is cidr which

as well now cider which is cidr which stands for class less

stands for class less

stands for class less enter

enter

enter domain

domain

domain routing

routing

routing is also commonly called super netting

or classless routing it's another method

or classless routing it's another method

or classless routing it's another method of addressing that uses the vlsm but in

of addressing that uses the vlsm but in

of addressing that uses the vlsm but in a different way is at the 32-bit word so

a different way is at the 32-bit word so

a different way is at the 32-bit word so the notation is much easier to read

the notation is much easier to read

the notation is much easier to read because it combines the IP address

because it combines the IP address

because it combines the IP address with this Dash after it

with this Dash after it

with this Dash after it for instance the number is what denotes

for instance the number is what denotes

for instance the number is what denotes the amount of ones in the subnet mask

the amount of ones in the subnet mask

the amount of ones in the subnet mask from left to right so if we look at this

from left to right so if we look at this

from left to right so if we look at this notation right here we have

192.168.13.0.23 well the 23 means there

192.168.13.0.23 well the 23 means there

192.168.13.0.23 well the 23 means there are 23 ones from left to right in the

are 23 ones from left to right in the

are 23 ones from left to right in the subnet mask

subnet mask

subnet mask okay and now if we were to convert that

okay and now if we were to convert that

okay and now if we were to convert that this allows for a possible amount of

this allows for a possible amount of

this allows for a possible amount of host addresses 2 to the ninth

host addresses 2 to the ninth

host addresses 2 to the ninth minus two

minus two

minus two which equals 500

which equals 500

which equals 500 and 10 addresses so this allows for more

and 10 addresses so this allows for more

and 10 addresses so this allows for more than one class full Network to be

than one class full Network to be

than one class full Network to be represented by a single set basically we

represented by a single set basically we

represented by a single set basically we can now break it up further into smaller

can now break it up further into smaller

can now break it up further into smaller sub networks if we look at three of the

sub networks if we look at three of the

sub networks if we look at three of the most easily recognizable ones I'm just

most easily recognizable ones I'm just

most easily recognizable ones I'm just going to erase this so we can get a

going to erase this so we can get a

going to erase this so we can get a better look here uh the slash eight

better look here uh the slash eight

better look here uh the slash eight the slash 16 and the slash 24

the slash 16 and the slash 24

the slash 16 and the slash 24 we can see that these translate

we can see that these translate

we can see that these translate basically over to the basic Class A

basically over to the basic Class A

basically over to the basic Class A Class B and Class C networks right

Class B and Class C networks right

Class B and Class C networks right because slash eight Class A that means

because slash eight Class A that means

because slash eight Class A that means it's one one or one two three four five

it's one one or one two three four five

it's one one or one two three four five six seven eight dot zero dot zero dot

six seven eight dot zero dot zero dot

six seven eight dot zero dot zero dot zero which would mean

255.25.0.0.0 which is our default subnet

255.25.0.0.0 which is our default subnet

255.25.0.0.0 which is our default subnet mask for Class A

mask for Class A

mask for Class A because again

because again

because again this is my network ID is the first octet

this is my network ID is the first octet

this is my network ID is the first octet and the node ID are the last ones and

and the node ID are the last ones and

and the node ID are the last ones and you can see that that would fall out for

you can see that that would fall out for

you can see that that would fall out for the next ones as well so because of the

the next ones as well so because of the

the next ones as well so because of the ease by which it is we can subnet

ease by which it is we can subnet

ease by which it is we can subnet networks this way because of readability

networks this way because of readability

networks this way because of readability and efficiency cider notation has become

and efficiency cider notation has become

and efficiency cider notation has become extremely popular and wider widely

extremely popular and wider widely

extremely popular and wider widely adopted

adopted

adopted most of the internet in fact has become

most of the internet in fact has become

most of the internet in fact has become class less address space because of this

class less address space because of this

class less address space because of this meaning that we don't really use classes

meaning that we don't really use classes

meaning that we don't really use classes and we get to IPv6 we're not going to

and we get to IPv6 we're not going to

and we get to IPv6 we're not going to see it at all now again this is very

see it at all now again this is very

see it at all now again this is very complex the important thing I just want

complex the important thing I just want

complex the important thing I just want you to remember on this whole thing is

you to remember on this whole thing is

you to remember on this whole thing is that if you see this Dash after

an address here you know exactly what

an address here you know exactly what

an address here you know exactly what the subnet mask is and then you can

the subnet mask is and then you can

the subnet mask is and then you can backwards engineer or forward engineer

backwards engineer or forward engineer

backwards engineer or forward engineer the IP address or the network ID or node

the IP address or the network ID or node

the IP address or the network ID or node ID

ID

ID so just to review some of the points

so just to review some of the points

so just to review some of the points that we covered here we started by

that we covered here we started by

that we covered here we started by outlining the ipv4 addressing scheme we

outlining the ipv4 addressing scheme we

outlining the ipv4 addressing scheme we looked at the five classes the three I

looked at the five classes the three I

looked at the five classes the three I really want you to be aware of are a b

really want you to be aware of are a b

really want you to be aware of are a b and c remember a is anything in the

and c remember a is anything in the

and c remember a is anything in the first octet that's one

first octet that's one

first octet that's one through 127

through 127

through 127 with class B we're looking at anything

with class B we're looking at anything

with class B we're looking at anything from 128

from 128

from 128 to 191 and with class C we're looking at

to 191 and with class C we're looking at

to 191 and with class C we're looking at anything from 191 or rather 192.

to 223. anything else here we're really

to 223. anything else here we're really

to 223. anything else here we're really looking at experimental and stuff that

looking at experimental and stuff that

looking at experimental and stuff that we don't really need remember these

we don't really need remember these

we don't really need remember these ranges for that first octet it's easy

ranges for that first octet it's easy

ranges for that first octet it's easy then to determine what class we're

then to determine what class we're

then to determine what class we're looking at

looking at

looking at okay so we also described the reserved

okay so we also described the reserved

okay so we also described the reserved or restricted IP addresses for instance

or restricted IP addresses for instance

or restricted IP addresses for instance we can't have anything

we can't have anything

we can't have anything with a zot 0.0.0 or

with a zot 0.0.0 or

with a zot 0.0.0 or with a 255.255.255.

because these are a multicast addresses

because these are a multicast addresses

because these are a multicast addresses and we also can't have anything with

and we also can't have anything with

and we also can't have anything with 127.0.0.1 ever

127.0.0.1 ever

127.0.0.1 ever or

or

or 1.1.1.1 because these are both ones the

1.1.1.1 because these are both ones the

1.1.1.1 because these are both ones the localhost one is the who is address

localhost one is the who is address

localhost one is the who is address we then looked at uh private IP

we then looked at uh private IP

we then looked at uh private IP addresses remember we had three

addresses remember we had three

addresses remember we had three different ones each for each class for

different ones each for each class for

different ones each for each class for class A it was anything 10.x.x.x

with class B it was one seven two dot

with class B it was one seven two dot

with class B it was one seven two dot sixteen dot x dot X through

172.31.x.x and the one you're probably

172.31.x.x and the one you're probably

172.31.x.x and the one you're probably most familiar with is the class C which

most familiar with is the class C which

most familiar with is the class C which is 192.168.x.x

remember that you can see what class

remember that you can see what class

remember that you can see what class they're in

they're in

they're in by looking at this and most importantly

by looking at this and most importantly

by looking at this and most importantly class a private IP address can allow for

class a private IP address can allow for

class a private IP address can allow for the most networks the fewest I'm sorry

the most networks the fewest I'm sorry

the most networks the fewest I'm sorry the most nodes the fewest networks Class

the most nodes the fewest networks Class

the most nodes the fewest networks Class C is going to be the complete opposite

C is going to be the complete opposite

C is going to be the complete opposite I'm going to allow for the most nodes

I'm going to allow for the most nodes

I'm going to allow for the most nodes the most networks rather but the fewest

the most networks rather but the fewest

the most networks rather but the fewest nodes okay and again remember these

nodes okay and again remember these

nodes okay and again remember these ranges because they will come up what is

ranges because they will come up what is

ranges because they will come up what is make a private IP address it is not

make a private IP address it is not

make a private IP address it is not routed past a router onto the public

routed past a router onto the public

routed past a router onto the public network okay we also talked about the

network okay we also talked about the

network okay we also talked about the ipv4 formulas which allow us to

ipv4 formulas which allow us to

ipv4 formulas which allow us to determine

determine

determine how many hosts

how many hosts

how many hosts or how many networks are allowed on a

or how many networks are allowed on a

or how many networks are allowed on a network and that is where the x or the y

network and that is where the x or the y

network and that is where the x or the y equals the number of hosts or network

equals the number of hosts or network

equals the number of hosts or network bits we defined the default gateway

bits we defined the default gateway

bits we defined the default gateway which is what I need

to get out to the WAN it's what a local

to get out to the WAN it's what a local

to get out to the WAN it's what a local device a node on the local area network

device a node on the local area network

device a node on the local area network needs to go to this default gateway and

needs to go to this default gateway and

needs to go to this default gateway and finally we Define the two custom IP

finally we Define the two custom IP

finally we Define the two custom IP address schemes the one which allows me

address schemes the one which allows me

address schemes the one which allows me for variable subnetting and the other

for variable subnetting and the other

for variable subnetting and the other cider which allows me to

cider which allows me to

cider which allows me to use a slash and then put a number that

use a slash and then put a number that

use a slash and then put a number that number representing

number representing

number representing the number of

the number of

the number of Network bits in the subnet mask

right so the most popular of course 24

right so the most popular of course 24

right so the most popular of course 24 would be for a class C

would be for a class C

would be for a class C 16b for a class B and 8 would be for a

16b for a class B and 8 would be for a

16b for a class B and 8 would be for a class A because if we had a slash eight

class A because if we had a slash eight

class A because if we had a slash eight that would mean the subnet mask is

that would mean the subnet mask is

that would mean the subnet mask is 255.0.0.0

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] foreign

Network routing and IP addressing

Network routing and IP addressing

Network routing and IP addressing data delivery techniques and IPv6

now we've talked a lot about IP

now we've talked a lot about IP

now we've talked a lot about IP addressing when it comes to ipv4 or the

addressing when it comes to ipv4 or the

addressing when it comes to ipv4 or the Internet Protocol version 4 but fairly

Internet Protocol version 4 but fairly

Internet Protocol version 4 but fairly recently IPv6 or IP or Internet Protocol

recently IPv6 or IP or Internet Protocol

recently IPv6 or IP or Internet Protocol version 6 was released and has now begun

version 6 was released and has now begun

version 6 was released and has now begun to be implemented across the world in

to be implemented across the world in

to be implemented across the world in every Network situation so in this

every Network situation so in this

every Network situation so in this module we're going to discuss the Core

module we're going to discuss the Core

module we're going to discuss the Core Concepts that are involved with IPv6

Concepts that are involved with IPv6

Concepts that are involved with IPv6 addressing and some of the data delivery

addressing and some of the data delivery

addressing and some of the data delivery techniques as well so at the completion

techniques as well so at the completion

techniques as well so at the completion of this module we're going to have a

of this module we're going to have a

of this module we're going to have a complete understanding of the properties

complete understanding of the properties

complete understanding of the properties of IP version 6 or IPv6

of IP version 6 or IPv6

of IP version 6 or IPv6 and we're going to be able to

and we're going to be able to

and we're going to be able to differentiate between IPv6 and ipv4

differentiate between IPv6 and ipv4

differentiate between IPv6 and ipv4 which is the one we've been talking

which is the one we've been talking

which is the one we've been talking about up into this point as a reminder

about up into this point as a reminder

about up into this point as a reminder ipv4 is that IP address that is 38-bit

ipv4 is that IP address that is 38-bit

ipv4 is that IP address that is 38-bit 32 bits and divided into four octets

32 bits and divided into four octets

32 bits and divided into four octets and we're also going to outline some of

and we're also going to outline some of

and we're also going to outline some of the improvements in the mechanisms of

the improvements in the mechanisms of

the improvements in the mechanisms of IPv6 and why we needed to have another

IPv6 and why we needed to have another

IPv6 and why we needed to have another version of Ip addressing

version of Ip addressing

version of Ip addressing we're also going to cover the different

we're also going to cover the different

we're also going to cover the different data delivery techniques as well as what

data delivery techniques as well as what

data delivery techniques as well as what a connection is different connection

a connection is different connection

a connection is different connection modes and we touched on these briefly

modes and we touched on these briefly

modes and we touched on these briefly such as connection oriented and

such as connection oriented and

such as connection oriented and connection less and they're transmit

connection less and they're transmit

connection less and they're transmit types finally we're going to go further

types finally we're going to go further

types finally we're going to go further into data flow or flow control which

into data flow or flow control which

into data flow or flow control which we've talked about a bit and we've

we've talked about a bit and we've

we've talked about a bit and we've mentioned a bit buffering and data

mentioned a bit buffering and data

mentioned a bit buffering and data Windows these are all techniques that

Windows these are all techniques that

Windows these are all techniques that allow data to be sent over a network in

allow data to be sent over a network in

allow data to be sent over a network in varying ways and finally also we're

varying ways and finally also we're

varying ways and finally also we're going to talk about error detection

going to talk about error detection

going to talk about error detection methods that way we know when data

methods that way we know when data

methods that way we know when data arrives on the other end we can double

arrives on the other end we can double

arrives on the other end we can double check it to make sure it is the data

check it to make sure it is the data

check it to make sure it is the data that was in fact sent

that was in fact sent

that was in fact sent so in the last module we learned about

so in the last module we learned about

so in the last module we learned about the ipv4 addressing scheme and we talked

the ipv4 addressing scheme and we talked

the ipv4 addressing scheme and we talked about some aspects of How It's

about some aspects of How It's

about some aspects of How It's implemented now IPv6 is the successor to

implemented now IPv6 is the successor to

implemented now IPv6 is the successor to ibv4 and it offers a lot of benefits

ibv4 and it offers a lot of benefits

ibv4 and it offers a lot of benefits over its predecessor

over its predecessor

over its predecessor the first major Improvement that came

the first major Improvement that came

the first major Improvement that came with this new version is that there's

with this new version is that there's

with this new version is that there's been an exponential increase in the

been an exponential increase in the

been an exponential increase in the number of possible addresses that are

number of possible addresses that are

number of possible addresses that are available

available

available several other features were added to

several other features were added to

several other features were added to this addressing scheme as well such as

this addressing scheme as well such as

this addressing scheme as well such as security

security

security improved composition for what are called

improved composition for what are called

improved composition for what are called unicast addresses header simplification

unicast addresses header simplification

unicast addresses header simplification and how they're sent and a hierarchical

and how they're sent and a hierarchical

and how they're sent and a hierarchical addressing for what some would suggest

addressing for what some would suggest

addressing for what some would suggest is easier routing and there's also a

is easier routing and there's also a

is easier routing and there's also a support for what we call time sensitive

support for what we call time sensitive

support for what we call time sensitive traffic or traffic that needs to be

traffic or traffic that needs to be

traffic or traffic that needs to be received in a certain amount of time

received in a certain amount of time

received in a certain amount of time such as voice over IP and gaming and

such as voice over IP and gaming and

such as voice over IP and gaming and we're going to look at all this shortly

we're going to look at all this shortly

we're going to look at all this shortly so the IPv6 addressing scheme uses a 128

so the IPv6 addressing scheme uses a 128

so the IPv6 addressing scheme uses a 128 bit binary address this is different of

bit binary address this is different of

bit binary address this is different of course from ipv4 which again uses a

course from ipv4 which again uses a

course from ipv4 which again uses a 32-bit address so this means therefore

32-bit address so this means therefore

32-bit address so this means therefore that there are two

that there are two

that there are two to 128 power possible addresses as

to 128 power possible addresses as

to 128 power possible addresses as opposed to 2 to the 32 power with um IP

opposed to 2 to the 32 power with um IP

opposed to 2 to the 32 power with um IP address 4.

address 4.

address 4. and this means therefore that there are

and this means therefore that there are

and this means therefore that there are around

around

around 340

340

340 undecilion I'm going to write that out

undecilion I'm going to write that out

undecilion I'm going to write that out so that's a word that you probably

so that's a word that you probably

so that's a word that you probably haven't seen a lot on

decillion addresses and to put that

decillion addresses and to put that

decillion addresses and to put that another way it's enough for one trillion

another way it's enough for one trillion

another way it's enough for one trillion people to each have a trillion addresses

people to each have a trillion addresses

people to each have a trillion addresses or for an IP address for every single

or for an IP address for every single

or for an IP address for every single grain of sand on the earth times a

grain of sand on the earth times a

grain of sand on the earth times a trillion Earths give or take a bit so if

trillion Earths give or take a bit so if

trillion Earths give or take a bit so if the 128-bit address were written out in

the 128-bit address were written out in

the 128-bit address were written out in binary it would be

binary it would be

binary it would be 128 ones and zeros because that is

128 ones and zeros because that is

128 ones and zeros because that is binary

binary

binary and even in decimal form that's a pretty

and even in decimal form that's a pretty

and even in decimal form that's a pretty hard to read and keep track of so

hard to read and keep track of so

hard to read and keep track of so because of this we use what's called

because of this we use what's called

because of this we use what's called hexadecimal

hexadecimal

hexadecimal as the format in which uh IPv6 is

as the format in which uh IPv6 is

as the format in which uh IPv6 is written and if you imagine from the name

written and if you imagine from the name

written and if you imagine from the name hex uh binary is a base 2 system meaning

hex uh binary is a base 2 system meaning

hex uh binary is a base 2 system meaning that we take everything to the power of

that we take everything to the power of

that we take everything to the power of two so we have the ones place and then

two so we have the ones place and then

two so we have the ones place and then we have the two place and then we have

we have the two place and then we have

we have the two place and then we have the fourth place and so on and so forth

the fourth place and so on and so forth

the fourth place and so on and so forth with decimal which is a base 10 system

with decimal which is a base 10 system

with decimal which is a base 10 system we have the ones place the tens place

we have the ones place the tens place

we have the ones place the tens place the hundreds place which is ten times

the hundreds place which is ten times

the hundreds place which is ten times ten the thousands place and so on with

ten the thousands place and so on with

ten the thousands place and so on with hexadecimal though

hexadecimal though

hexadecimal though we're looking at a base 16.

we're looking at a base 16.

we're looking at a base 16. so every single digit

so every single digit

so every single digit has a possible 16 different options so

has a possible 16 different options so

has a possible 16 different options so we'd have a ones place which we always

we'd have a ones place which we always

we'd have a ones place which we always start with a ones place and then a 16s

start with a ones place and then a 16s

start with a ones place and then a 16s place and then so on and so forth now

place and then so on and so forth now

place and then so on and so forth now the way we do this is that every digit

the way we do this is that every digit

the way we do this is that every digit as opposed to decimal where we have zero

as opposed to decimal where we have zero

as opposed to decimal where we have zero to nine options for every digit and

to nine options for every digit and

to nine options for every digit and binary where you have either zero or one

binary where you have either zero or one

binary where you have either zero or one with hexadecimal we can either have zero

with hexadecimal we can either have zero

with hexadecimal we can either have zero to nine

to nine

to nine or a through F if we add this up we have

or a through F if we add this up we have

or a through F if we add this up we have 10 options here 0 through 9 and then a

10 options here 0 through 9 and then a

10 options here 0 through 9 and then a through F we have six so a hexadecimal

through F we have six so a hexadecimal

through F we have six so a hexadecimal number is going to be a combination of

number is going to be a combination of

number is going to be a combination of anywhere from 0 to f

anywhere from 0 to f

anywhere from 0 to f uh a would be 10 B would be 11 C would

uh a would be 10 B would be 11 C would

uh a would be 10 B would be 11 C would be 12 and so on and so forth so when you

be 12 and so on and so forth so when you

be 12 and so on and so forth so when you see uh this written out that's what that

see uh this written out that's what that

see uh this written out that's what that means okay now the address is broken up

means okay now the address is broken up

means okay now the address is broken up into eight groups of four hexadecimal

into eight groups of four hexadecimal

into eight groups of four hexadecimal digits

digits

digits and these are separated by colons

and these are separated by colons

and these are separated by colons now uh I'm going to show you this in

now uh I'm going to show you this in

now uh I'm going to show you this in just a second but there are also a

just a second but there are also a

just a second but there are also a couple of rules when it applies to when

couple of rules when it applies to when

couple of rules when it applies to when we come to readability

we come to readability

we come to readability so the first rule

so the first rule

so the first rule is that let's say this is our

is that let's say this is our

is that let's say this is our hexadecimal

hexadecimal

hexadecimal IPv6 address you notice first of all one

IPv6 address you notice first of all one

IPv6 address you notice first of all one two

two

two three

three

three four

four

four five

five

five six

six

six seven

seven

seven eight right there are eight groups

eight right there are eight groups

eight right there are eight groups of four hexadecimal digits each

of four hexadecimal digits each

of four hexadecimal digits each and of course each one of these digits

and of course each one of these digits

and of course each one of these digits has 16 possible values okay so let's

has 16 possible values okay so let's

has 16 possible values okay so let's look at two rules and these are also not

look at two rules and these are also not

look at two rules and these are also not only readability rules but what we call

only readability rules but what we call

only readability rules but what we call truncation rules meaning this is how we

truncation rules meaning this is how we

truncation rules meaning this is how we can shorten

can shorten

can shorten an IPv6 address since they can get quite

an IPv6 address since they can get quite

an IPv6 address since they can get quite long

long

long the first rule is that any leading zeros

the first rule is that any leading zeros

the first rule is that any leading zeros can be removed so if we imagine any

can be removed so if we imagine any

can be removed so if we imagine any leading zeros I'm going to circle them

leading zeros I'm going to circle them

leading zeros I'm going to circle them right there

right there

right there right here

right here and if we wanted we could

right here and if we wanted we could

right here and if we wanted we could even consider these leading zeros

even consider these leading zeros

even consider these leading zeros and therefore if we rewrite this out

and therefore if we rewrite this out

and therefore if we rewrite this out below you'll see we're going to remove

below you'll see we're going to remove

below you'll see we're going to remove all the leading zeros

all the leading zeros

all the leading zeros and that allows us to shorten

and that allows us to shorten

and that allows us to shorten our address

our address

our address now we could also

now we could also

now we could also if I was just going to take this one

if I was just going to take this one

if I was just going to take this one step further

I could also shorten

I could also shorten

I could also shorten these zeros if I so wished

these zeros if I so wished

these zeros if I so wished and just leave one zero there

now no matter how you write out

now no matter how you write out

now no matter how you write out the address the rules are put in place

the address the rules are put in place

the address the rules are put in place in a way that you can always go back to

in a way that you can always go back to

in a way that you can always go back to the

the

the main address and so you don't have to

main address and so you don't have to

main address and so you don't have to worry about you know you can sort of

worry about you know you can sort of

worry about you know you can sort of pick and choose there are best practices

pick and choose there are best practices

pick and choose there are best practices but the computer is always going to be

but the computer is always going to be

but the computer is always going to be able to figure it out okay

able to figure it out okay

able to figure it out okay now the second rule is that successive

now the second rule is that successive

now the second rule is that successive zeros or successive sets of zeros can be

zeros or successive sets of zeros can be

zeros or successive sets of zeros can be removed but they can only be removed

removed but they can only be removed

removed but they can only be removed once so any sets of successive zeros and

once so any sets of successive zeros and

once so any sets of successive zeros and here we see

here we see

here we see one set or two sets rather successive

one set or two sets rather successive

one set or two sets rather successive zeros can be removed and replaced

zeros can be removed and replaced

zeros can be removed and replaced with a double colon

with a double colon

with a double colon now the reason we can only apply that

now the reason we can only apply that

now the reason we can only apply that once is let's say these zeros

once is let's say these zeros

once is let's say these zeros were we had another set of zeros over

were we had another set of zeros over

were we had another set of zeros over here and we

here and we

here and we um

um

um truncated those

truncated those

truncated those we can add up right we know there's one

we can add up right we know there's one

we can add up right we know there's one two three four five six sets here so we

two three four five six sets here so we

two three four five six sets here so we know that this represents two sets

know that this represents two sets

know that this represents two sets of missing zeros but for instance if we

of missing zeros but for instance if we

of missing zeros but for instance if we had you know two other sets

had you know two other sets

had you know two other sets here and we remove those we might not

here and we remove those we might not

here and we remove those we might not know

know

know whether it's supposed to be one set and

whether it's supposed to be one set and

whether it's supposed to be one set and three sets or two sets and two sets and

three sets or two sets and two sets and

three sets or two sets and two sets and so on and so forth so we can only do

so on and so forth so we can only do

so on and so forth so we can only do this once because when we add them back

this once because when we add them back

this once because when we add them back there's no way to know

there's no way to know

there's no way to know um

um

um uh you know where that would sort of lie

uh you know where that would sort of lie

uh you know where that would sort of lie now uh I'm just gonna erase this for a

now uh I'm just gonna erase this for a

now uh I'm just gonna erase this for a second because we can even truncate this

second because we can even truncate this

second because we can even truncate this more we've applied this rule

more we've applied this rule

more we've applied this rule so this applies this rule this one is

so this applies this rule this one is

so this applies this rule this one is applied this rule but we can apply both

applied this rule but we can apply both

applied this rule but we can apply both rules right so we can remove these

rules right so we can remove these

rules right so we can remove these leading zeros here and actually write

leading zeros here and actually write

leading zeros here and actually write this out

this out

this out as 2001

d8

d8

d8 eight eight a three double colon which

eight eight a three double colon which

eight eight a three double colon which means that those are successive zeros

means that those are successive zeros

means that those are successive zeros three e seven zero seven three three

three e seven zero seven three three

three e seven zero seven three three four

four

four now let's just I just want to uh sort of

now let's just I just want to uh sort of

now let's just I just want to uh sort of follow up and explain write out what I

follow up and explain write out what I

follow up and explain write out what I was just talking about with why we can't

was just talking about with why we can't

was just talking about with why we can't have more than two sets of successive

have more than two sets of successive

have more than two sets of successive zeros okay let's say that we have zeros

zeros okay let's say that we have zeros

zeros okay let's say that we have zeros here as well

here as well

here as well okay so I'm gonna rewrite this out we

okay so I'm gonna rewrite this out we

okay so I'm gonna rewrite this out we have zero zero zero zero colon zero zero

have zero zero zero zero colon zero zero

have zero zero zero zero colon zero zero zero zero colon zero eight

zero zero colon zero eight

zero zero colon zero eight A3 colon zero zero zero zero zero zero

A3 colon zero zero zero zero zero zero

A3 colon zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero

zero zero

zero zero eight c three e zero zero seven zero

eight c three e zero zero seven zero

eight c three e zero zero seven zero seven three three four okay

seven three three four okay

seven three three four okay let's first apply our first rule which

let's first apply our first rule which

let's first apply our first rule which is that leading zeros can be removed so

is that leading zeros can be removed so

is that leading zeros can be removed so we rewrite this and we're going to get

we rewrite this and we're going to get

we rewrite this and we're going to get this

okay now we're allowed to remove one set

okay now we're allowed to remove one set

okay now we're allowed to remove one set of leading of successive zeros only

of leading of successive zeros only

of leading of successive zeros only which is the second rule okay but let's

which is the second rule okay but let's

which is the second rule okay but let's do it twice and just see what happens so

do it twice and just see what happens so

do it twice and just see what happens so let's say we have a double colon here

let's say we have a double colon here

let's say we have a double colon here 8a3 and then we have another double

8a3 and then we have another double

8a3 and then we have another double colon

colon

colon 8c3e

8c3e

8c3e seven zero

seven zero

seven zero seven three three four now

seven three three four now

seven three three four now let's say we want to expand this back

let's say we want to expand this back

let's say we want to expand this back out to its full version

out to its full version

out to its full version well if we have the successive zeros

well if we have the successive zeros

well if we have the successive zeros here

here

here we don't know if this would be written

we don't know if this would be written

we don't know if this would be written out zero zero zero zero

out zero zero zero zero

out zero zero zero zero dot 883

because from what we're seeing here

because from what we're seeing here

because from what we're seeing here theoretically we could put three zeros

theoretically we could put three zeros

theoretically we could put three zeros here and one zero here right or we could

here and one zero here right or we could

here and one zero here right or we could do it the other way around so the reason

do it the other way around so the reason

do it the other way around so the reason we can only do it once is because then

we can only do it once is because then

we can only do it once is because then mathematically we know exactly

mathematically we know exactly

mathematically we know exactly how many belong when we do that all

how many belong when we do that all

how many belong when we do that all right so hopefully that helps clarify

right so hopefully that helps clarify

right so hopefully that helps clarify the reason behind the success of zeros

the reason behind the success of zeros

the reason behind the success of zeros being removed

being removed

being removed all right now uh what this also means is

all right now uh what this also means is

all right now uh what this also means is that if you remember a loopback address

that if you remember a loopback address

that if you remember a loopback address an ipv4

the loopback was

the loopback was

the loopback was 127.0.0.1 while we also have a loop back

127.0.0.1 while we also have a loop back

127.0.0.1 while we also have a loop back when it comes to IPv6

when it comes to IPv6

when it comes to IPv6 that's all these zeros to one but

that's all these zeros to one but

that's all these zeros to one but because we can apply all of these rules

because we can apply all of these rules

because we can apply all of these rules we can truncate this to Simply this

we can truncate this to Simply this

we can truncate this to Simply this all right

all right

all right so uh this is important to remember

so uh this is important to remember

so uh this is important to remember these rules are important to remember

these rules are important to remember

these rules are important to remember the other thing I want you to remember

the other thing I want you to remember

the other thing I want you to remember is that hexadecimal

is that hexadecimal

is that hexadecimal zero to nine a to f so they might show

zero to nine a to f so they might show

zero to nine a to f so they might show you something and say which of these is

you something and say which of these is

you something and say which of these is not a valid IP

not a valid IP

not a valid IP if it has a letter say G or an H then

if it has a letter say G or an H then

if it has a letter say G or an H then you know it's not going to be valid and

you know it's not going to be valid and

you know it's not going to be valid and here we can check here's a d That's good

here we can check here's a d That's good

here we can check here's a d That's good here's an a that's good C good

here's an a that's good C good

here's an a that's good C good e good so this is good to go right if we

e good so this is good to go right if we

e good so this is good to go right if we had an H or a g or an X for instance

had an H or a g or an X for instance

had an H or a g or an X for instance then we would know that the um IPv6 was

then we would know that the um IPv6 was

then we would know that the um IPv6 was incorrect because there's no hexadecimal

incorrect because there's no hexadecimal

incorrect because there's no hexadecimal symbol X

symbol X

symbol X so the ipv4 addressing method is is

so the ipv4 addressing method is is

so the ipv4 addressing method is is really different from IPv6 addressing

really different from IPv6 addressing

really different from IPv6 addressing and it's comparatively it's lacking in

and it's comparatively it's lacking in

and it's comparatively it's lacking in many areas first as we've talked about

many areas first as we've talked about

many areas first as we've talked about we're using a 32-bit binary address in

we're using a 32-bit binary address in

we're using a 32-bit binary address in ipv4 versus a

ipv4 versus a

ipv4 versus a 128-bit binary address in IPv6 and of

128-bit binary address in IPv6 and of

128-bit binary address in IPv6 and of course this greatly increases the number

course this greatly increases the number

course this greatly increases the number of possible IP addresses I think around

of possible IP addresses I think around

of possible IP addresses I think around February of 2011 all of these IP

February of 2011 all of these IP

February of 2011 all of these IP addresses had been leased and uh so

addresses had been leased and uh so

addresses had been leased and uh so there weren't any addresses left I think

there weren't any addresses left I think

there weren't any addresses left I think we had something right like 4.8 0.7

we had something right like 4.8 0.7

we had something right like 4.8 0.7 billion right and all those were gone

billion right and all those were gone

billion right and all those were gone and so we were depleted of all of our IP

and so we were depleted of all of our IP

and so we were depleted of all of our IP addresses

addresses

addresses so this is why we had to transition to

so this is why we had to transition to

so this is why we had to transition to IPv6 because now we have that

IPv6 because now we have that

IPv6 because now we have that undecillion uh address which again is if

undecillion uh address which again is if

undecillion uh address which again is if every there were a trillion people they

every there were a trillion people they

every there were a trillion people they could each have a trillion addresses now

could each have a trillion addresses now

could each have a trillion addresses now another major difference between these

another major difference between these

another major difference between these two is that uh ipv4

two is that uh ipv4

two is that uh ipv4 utilized the classless inter-domain

utilized the classless inter-domain

utilized the classless inter-domain routing notation if you remember which

routing notation if you remember which

routing notation if you remember which had that slash and then a number of bits

had that slash and then a number of bits

had that slash and then a number of bits well

well

well in IPv6 this isn't necessary and IPv6

in IPv6 this isn't necessary and IPv6

in IPv6 this isn't necessary and IPv6 actually has a subnet size of 2 to the

actually has a subnet size of 2 to the

actually has a subnet size of 2 to the 64 power now if you remember

64 power now if you remember

64 power now if you remember that the total IPv6 is 2 to the 128 then

that the total IPv6 is 2 to the 128 then

that the total IPv6 is 2 to the 128 then what you realize is that the first half

what you realize is that the first half

what you realize is that the first half of the IPv6 address so if we were to

of the IPv6 address so if we were to

of the IPv6 address so if we were to write one out again let's say 2 0 8 a

3 6 4.

3 6 4.

3 6 4. uh nine two B

f

one zero zero zero right okay so then

one zero zero zero right okay so then

one zero zero zero right okay so then we're gonna have four more on this side

we're gonna have four more on this side

we're gonna have four more on this side the first four

the first four

the first four which again is the first 64 bits that's

which again is the first 64 bits that's

which again is the first 64 bits that's the subnet

the subnet

the subnet so now we've integrated the subnet into

so now we've integrated the subnet into

so now we've integrated the subnet into the IPv6 address which is the benefit

the IPv6 address which is the benefit

the IPv6 address which is the benefit now we don't have to sort of have this

now we don't have to sort of have this

now we don't have to sort of have this extra

extra

extra uh uh written out cidr thing so it's

uh uh written out cidr thing so it's

uh uh written out cidr thing so it's been standardized it's always 2 to the

been standardized it's always 2 to the

been standardized it's always 2 to the 64. we always know the subnet or the

64. we always know the subnet or the

64. we always know the subnet or the network node is on the first

section and the node ID is on the

section and the node ID is on the

section and the node ID is on the section the second section the other two

section the second section the other two

section the second section the other two to the 64. so this really help helps us

to the 64. so this really help helps us

to the 64. so this really help helps us simplify things to a great extent now

simplify things to a great extent now

simplify things to a great extent now obviously one of the issues is we're

obviously one of the issues is we're

obviously one of the issues is we're going to under use a lot of the

going to under use a lot of the

going to under use a lot of the addresses we're going to under use many

addresses we're going to under use many

addresses we're going to under use many of our addresses because we're never

of our addresses because we're never

of our addresses because we're never going to have to really use this many

going to have to really use this many

going to have to really use this many subnets or perhaps not even that many

subnets or perhaps not even that many

subnets or perhaps not even that many networks right but um there are so many

networks right but um there are so many

networks right but um there are so many other benefits that it has with routing

other benefits that it has with routing

other benefits that it has with routing and efficiency and simplified management

and efficiency and simplified management

and efficiency and simplified management that it it sort of

that it it sort of

that it it sort of um makes up for it and so that's why

um makes up for it and so that's why

um makes up for it and so that's why we're going to make that sacrifice now

we're going to make that sacrifice now

we're going to make that sacrifice now in terms of domain name systems uh with

in terms of domain name systems uh with

in terms of domain name systems uh with DNS when we talked about for instance a

DNS when we talked about for instance a

DNS when we talked about for instance a google.com

going over to say you know whatever that

going over to say you know whatever that

going over to say you know whatever that IP address is

I'm making this one up obviously it's

I'm making this one up obviously it's

I'm making this one up obviously it's not a real one because we're in a

not a real one because we're in a

not a real one because we're in a private IP

private IP

private IP but this was called an a record right so

but this was called an a record right so

but this was called an a record right so a server would have something or a DNS

a server would have something or a DNS

a server would have something or a DNS server would have something called an a

server would have something called an a

server would have something called an a record and that a record had this

record and that a record had this

record and that a record had this information in it

information in it

information in it all right now when we're dealing with

all right now when we're dealing with

all right now when we're dealing with IPv6 we're utilizing

IPv6 we're utilizing

IPv6 we're utilizing a quad a record for this mapping now we

a quad a record for this mapping now we

a quad a record for this mapping now we can also use the same a record but this

can also use the same a record but this

can also use the same a record but this quad a record can be used as well so if

quad a record can be used as well so if

quad a record can be used as well so if you see Four A's what we call a 4A

you see Four A's what we call a 4A

you see Four A's what we call a 4A record or a quad a record then you know

record or a quad a record then you know

record or a quad a record then you know we're using IPv6 it's one of the

we're using IPv6 it's one of the

we're using IPv6 it's one of the differences and again these are the

differences and again these are the

differences and again these are the records that are used to map IP

records that are used to map IP

records that are used to map IP addresses to what are called fully

addresses to what are called fully

addresses to what are called fully qualified domain names

qualified domain names

qualified domain names now while comparing these two schemes

now while comparing these two schemes

now while comparing these two schemes also

also

also ipsec which stands for IP

ipsec which stands for IP

ipsec which stands for IP security is another aspect that we need

security is another aspect that we need

security is another aspect that we need to consider in ipv4 ipsec is optional

to consider in ipv4 ipsec is optional

to consider in ipv4 ipsec is optional it's widely used for secure traffic over

it's widely used for secure traffic over

it's widely used for secure traffic over ipv4 Communications but when we dealt

ipv4 Communications but when we dealt

ipv4 Communications but when we dealt with

with

with IPv6 ipsec was designed for it and so uh

IPv6 ipsec was designed for it and so uh

IPv6 ipsec was designed for it and so uh it's required from the original

it's required from the original

it's required from the original specification and therefore all

specification and therefore all

specification and therefore all Communications that are working over

Communications that are working over

Communications that are working over IPv6 are automatically falling under

IPv6 are automatically falling under

IPv6 are automatically falling under ipsec so it can be considered in some

ipsec so it can be considered in some

ipsec so it can be considered in some ways optional I guess but it is required

ways optional I guess but it is required

ways optional I guess but it is required use from the get-go because it was built

use from the get-go because it was built

use from the get-go because it was built into IPv6 now the IPv6 scheme can also

into IPv6 now the IPv6 scheme can also

into IPv6 now the IPv6 scheme can also handle a much larger packet size the

handle a much larger packet size the

handle a much larger packet size the packet size for ipv4 is 65 535 octets

packet size for ipv4 is 65 535 octets

packet size for ipv4 is 65 535 octets payload when we get to IPv6 we're

payload when we get to IPv6 we're

payload when we get to IPv6 we're dealing with a

dealing with a

dealing with a 4.295 billion octets of payload so

4.295 billion octets of payload so

4.295 billion octets of payload so obviously these are a lot bigger these

obviously these are a lot bigger these

obviously these are a lot bigger these are what we call

are what we call

are what we call jumbo grams

jumbo grams

jumbo grams as a result you can imagine that if we

as a result you can imagine that if we

as a result you can imagine that if we want to deal with ipv4 and we're on an

want to deal with ipv4 and we're on an

want to deal with ipv4 and we're on an IPv6 Network we're going to have to make

IPv6 Network we're going to have to make

IPv6 Network we're going to have to make up for this now if you recall we were

up for this now if you recall we were

up for this now if you recall we were talking about ethernet we also were

talking about ethernet we also were

talking about ethernet we also were talking about the header sizes and all

talking about the header sizes and all

talking about the header sizes and all the information that was contained in

the information that was contained in

the information that was contained in there well the header size for ipv4 and

there well the header size for ipv4 and

there well the header size for ipv4 and IPv6 is also very different which

IPv6 is also very different which

IPv6 is also very different which actually makes these two

actually makes these two

actually makes these two protocols not compatible with each other

protocols not compatible with each other

protocols not compatible with each other so IPv6 is not compatible with ipv4

so IPv6 is not compatible with ipv4

so IPv6 is not compatible with ipv4 and so the way we're going to

and so the way we're going to

and so the way we're going to communicate with an IPv6

over an ipv4 network if we need to is by

over an ipv4 network if we need to is by

over an ipv4 network if we need to is by tunneling

tunneling

tunneling the packets in other words we take an

the packets in other words we take an

the packets in other words we take an ipv4 packet I mean an IPv6 packet and we

ipv4 packet I mean an IPv6 packet and we

ipv4 packet I mean an IPv6 packet and we literally wrap

literally wrap

literally wrap it around

it around

it around where we wrap around it in ipv4 packet

where we wrap around it in ipv4 packet

where we wrap around it in ipv4 packet and so we tunnel the IPv6 packet inside

and so we tunnel the IPv6 packet inside

and so we tunnel the IPv6 packet inside of the ipv4 now this allows it to

of the ipv4 now this allows it to

of the ipv4 now this allows it to communicate but this is also what we

communicate but this is also what we

communicate but this is also what we call a dual

call a dual

call a dual foreign

foreign

foreign in some cases we can have what's called

in some cases we can have what's called

in some cases we can have what's called a dual stack where we have an ipv4 and

a dual stack where we have an ipv4 and

a dual stack where we have an ipv4 and an IPv6 and so we can choose which one

an IPv6 and so we can choose which one

an IPv6 and so we can choose which one to go over and then this tunneling is

to go over and then this tunneling is

to go over and then this tunneling is not going to be necessary now

not going to be necessary now

not going to be necessary now we don't really want a tunnel because

we don't really want a tunnel because

we don't really want a tunnel because obviously the payloads are so much

obviously the payloads are so much

obviously the payloads are so much different in size that it's going to

different in size that it's going to

different in size that it's going to cause all sorts of trouble so what we'll

cause all sorts of trouble so what we'll

cause all sorts of trouble so what we'll try to do is create this dual stack in

try to do is create this dual stack in

try to do is create this dual stack in which we have one network and the other

which we have one network and the other

which we have one network and the other and they're both operating sort of side

and they're both operating sort of side

and they're both operating sort of side by side if we can't do that then we have

by side if we can't do that then we have

by side if we can't do that then we have to use tunneling in order to move the

to use tunneling in order to move the

to use tunneling in order to move the IPv6 data over an ipv4 Network which

IPv6 data over an ipv4 Network which

IPv6 data over an ipv4 Network which might be necessary even if the IPv6 data

might be necessary even if the IPv6 data

might be necessary even if the IPv6 data is traveling through an ipv4 Network

is traveling through an ipv4 Network

is traveling through an ipv4 Network all right so we've compared these let's

all right so we've compared these let's

all right so we've compared these let's talk about some of the improvements that

talk about some of the improvements that

talk about some of the improvements that ipv4 did not have that IPv6 does uh

ipv4 did not have that IPv6 does uh

ipv4 did not have that IPv6 does uh starting with some security and privacy

starting with some security and privacy

starting with some security and privacy measures if privacy extensions are

measures if privacy extensions are

measures if privacy extensions are enabled with IPv6 then we have something

enabled with IPv6 then we have something

enabled with IPv6 then we have something called an ephemeral address which is

called an ephemeral address which is

called an ephemeral address which is created

created

created and this is used as a temporary and

and this is used as a temporary and

and this is used as a temporary and random address that's used to

random address that's used to

random address that's used to communicate with external devices but

communicate with external devices but

communicate with external devices but the external device doesn't know the

the external device doesn't know the

the external device doesn't know the true address of the internal device and

true address of the internal device and

true address of the internal device and so this improves the the privacy and

so this improves the the privacy and

so this improves the the privacy and security for the user and this is what

security for the user and this is what

security for the user and this is what we call a privacy extension and it does

we call a privacy extension and it does

we call a privacy extension and it does have to be enabled

have to be enabled

have to be enabled some sort of a router point of view now

some sort of a router point of view now

some sort of a router point of view now another Improvement is a better

another Improvement is a better

another Improvement is a better composition of what we call the unicast

composition of what we call the unicast

composition of what we call the unicast address what this means is that IPv6

address what this means is that IPv6

address what this means is that IPv6 uses a unicast addressing structure to

uses a unicast addressing structure to

uses a unicast addressing structure to replace the classful addresses of ipv4

replace the classful addresses of ipv4

replace the classful addresses of ipv4 this offers a lot more flexibility and

this offers a lot more flexibility and

this offers a lot more flexibility and efficiency with addressing and depending

efficiency with addressing and depending

efficiency with addressing and depending on the category of the unicast address

on the category of the unicast address

on the category of the unicast address used there are different functions for

used there are different functions for

used there are different functions for each meaning that there are different

each meaning that there are different

each meaning that there are different types of addresses that are used and

types of addresses that are used and

types of addresses that are used and that way the computer automatically

that way the computer automatically

that way the computer automatically knows what the function is the first is

knows what the function is the first is

knows what the function is the first is called a global address which is sort of

called a global address which is sort of

called a global address which is sort of like the public or routable addresses uh

like the public or routable addresses uh

like the public or routable addresses uh in ipv4 if you recall most addresses

in ipv4 if you recall most addresses

in ipv4 if you recall most addresses could be routed those are what we call

could be routed those are what we call

could be routed those are what we call Global addresses

Global addresses

Global addresses we also have site local addresses which

we also have site local addresses which

we also have site local addresses which are essentially like the private

are essentially like the private

are essentially like the private addresses or non-routable addresses that

addresses or non-routable addresses that

addresses or non-routable addresses that are not routable to external networks if

are not routable to external networks if

are not routable to external networks if you recall

you recall

you recall these were for instance the

these were for instance the

these were for instance the 10.0.0.0 through

10.0.0.0 through

10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255 at 255 and then the

10.255.255 at 255 and then the

10.255.255 at 255 and then the 172.16-32 and then the 192.168 those are

172.16-32 and then the 192.168 those are

172.16-32 and then the 192.168 those are the private addresses well in IPv6 we

the private addresses well in IPv6 we

the private addresses well in IPv6 we call them site local addresses we also

call them site local addresses we also

call them site local addresses we also have something called link local

have something called link local

have something called link local addresses which are basically comparable

addresses which are basically comparable

addresses which are basically comparable to a pipa addresses in ipv4 and we're

to a pipa addresses in ipv4 and we're

to a pipa addresses in ipv4 and we're going to talk more about what those mean

going to talk more about what those mean

going to talk more about what those mean in just a little bit later but just to

in just a little bit later but just to

in just a little bit later but just to give you a little heads up and we have

give you a little heads up and we have

give you a little heads up and we have talked about it with uh uh a plus if you

talked about it with uh uh a plus if you

talked about it with uh uh a plus if you around for that this is automatic

around for that this is automatic

around for that this is automatic private

private

private IP addressing and we need because every

IP addressing and we need because every

IP addressing and we need because every device needs an automatic IP address if

device needs an automatic IP address if

device needs an automatic IP address if it's not given one by a server then it's

it's not given one by a server then it's

it's not given one by a server then it's going to give itself one what we call an

going to give itself one what we call an

going to give itself one what we call an apipa address and so in IPv6 these are

apipa address and so in IPv6 these are

apipa address and so in IPv6 these are called link local addresses

called link local addresses

called link local addresses finally there are IPv6 transitional

finally there are IPv6 transitional

finally there are IPv6 transitional addresses which are basically going to

addresses which are basically going to

addresses which are basically going to be used in the time being until we phase

be used in the time being until we phase

be used in the time being until we phase out of ipv4 these are used to Route IPv6

out of ipv4 these are used to Route IPv6

out of ipv4 these are used to Route IPv6 traffic across ipv4 networks through

traffic across ipv4 networks through

traffic across ipv4 networks through tunneling much like I've just described

tunneling much like I've just described

tunneling much like I've just described in the previous section

now a mechanism uh built into IPv6

now a mechanism uh built into IPv6

now a mechanism uh built into IPv6 addresses is a field located in the IP

addresses is a field located in the IP

addresses is a field located in the IP header

that's designed to guarantee network

that's designed to guarantee network

that's designed to guarantee network resources be allowed allocated to

resources be allowed allocated to

resources be allowed allocated to services that need time sensitive data

services that need time sensitive data

services that need time sensitive data such as voice over IP right we need that

such as voice over IP right we need that

such as voice over IP right we need that that is time sensitive because I'm

that is time sensitive because I'm

that is time sensitive because I'm talking and I want the person to hear

talking and I want the person to hear

talking and I want the person to hear almost as soon as I talk and so this

almost as soon as I talk and so this

almost as soon as I talk and so this time sensitive stuff is built into IPv6

time sensitive stuff is built into IPv6

time sensitive stuff is built into IPv6 one of the reasons that we use it now

one of the reasons that we use it now

one of the reasons that we use it now another improvement with this scheme

another improvement with this scheme

another improvement with this scheme IPv6 is called hierarchical addressing

IPv6 is called hierarchical addressing

IPv6 is called hierarchical addressing this eliminates the random allocation of

this eliminates the random allocation of

this eliminates the random allocation of addresses so connectivity devices such

addresses so connectivity devices such

addresses so connectivity devices such as top level routers are assigned a top

as top level routers are assigned a top

as top level routers are assigned a top level block of ivv6 addresses and then

level block of ivv6 addresses and then

level block of ivv6 addresses and then segments are added to those with blocks

segments are added to those with blocks

segments are added to those with blocks of addresses that are assigned at that

of addresses that are assigned at that

of addresses that are assigned at that level so basically it looks like a

level so basically it looks like a

level so basically it looks like a hierarchy

hierarchy

hierarchy from an IPv6 standpoint

from an IPv6 standpoint

from an IPv6 standpoint you remember we looked at an uh this

you remember we looked at an uh this

you remember we looked at an uh this sort of topology earlier

sort of topology earlier

sort of topology earlier now ibv6 scheme also has a much

now ibv6 scheme also has a much

now ibv6 scheme also has a much simplified header and it's going to make

simplified header and it's going to make

simplified header and it's going to make addressing a lot easier to read

addressing a lot easier to read

addressing a lot easier to read this improves the speed packet routing

this improves the speed packet routing

this improves the speed packet routing on an individual packet basis so

on an individual packet basis so

on an individual packet basis so obviously if we can

obviously if we can

obviously if we can simplify how information can get read

simplify how information can get read

simplify how information can get read it's going to simplify how routing can

it's going to simplify how routing can

it's going to simplify how routing can occur

occur

occur now data in transit is susceptible to a

now data in transit is susceptible to a

now data in transit is susceptible to a variety of things that could cause it to

variety of things that could cause it to

variety of things that could cause it to be delayed lost or damaged and these

be delayed lost or damaged and these

be delayed lost or damaged and these things can occur on the transmit side

things can occur on the transmit side

things can occur on the transmit side and quite commonly on the receiving side

and quite commonly on the receiving side

and quite commonly on the receiving side as well so the method the data is

as well so the method the data is

as well so the method the data is delivered makes a huge difference in

delivered makes a huge difference in

delivered makes a huge difference in whether the data is going to arrive at

whether the data is going to arrive at

whether the data is going to arrive at the destination correctively

the destination correctively

the destination correctively and efficiently

and efficiently

and efficiently so depending on the method of delivery

so depending on the method of delivery

so depending on the method of delivery there can be error detection which would

there can be error detection which would

there can be error detection which would mean we detect that there are errors and

mean we detect that there are errors and

mean we detect that there are errors and error correction which means we not only

error correction which means we not only

error correction which means we not only detect but we fix the errors when these

detect but we fix the errors when these

detect but we fix the errors when these recovery mechanisms are used now an

recovery mechanisms are used now an

recovery mechanisms are used now an important aspect of the data delivery

important aspect of the data delivery

important aspect of the data delivery begins with the actual connection itself

begins with the actual connection itself

begins with the actual connection itself so depending on the type of connection

so depending on the type of connection

so depending on the type of connection service used is going to give us an idea

service used is going to give us an idea

service used is going to give us an idea of what sort of delivery options are

of what sort of delivery options are

of what sort of delivery options are available

available

available so a connection in terms of networks is

so a connection in terms of networks is

so a connection in terms of networks is The Logical joining of two network

The Logical joining of two network

The Logical joining of two network devices through a specified medium that

devices through a specified medium that

devices through a specified medium that is established and maintained for a

is established and maintained for a

is established and maintained for a period of time during which the session

period of time during which the session

period of time during which the session exists in other words the connection is

exists in other words the connection is

exists in other words the connection is what allows data to be transferred

what allows data to be transferred

what allows data to be transferred between say my computer and a server

between say my computer and a server

between say my computer and a server computer

computer

computer now in networking and specifically in IP

now in networking and specifically in IP

now in networking and specifically in IP networks there will be connection

networks there will be connection

networks there will be connection services that attempt to provide data

services that attempt to provide data

services that attempt to provide data integrity and reliability now there are

integrity and reliability now there are

integrity and reliability now there are generally three types of connection

generally three types of connection

generally three types of connection services that we see when we discuss

services that we see when we discuss

services that we see when we discuss certain protocols and we've talked about

certain protocols and we've talked about

certain protocols and we've talked about these in some way shape or form but it

these in some way shape or form but it

these in some way shape or form but it doesn't hurt to sort of go over them in

doesn't hurt to sort of go over them in

doesn't hurt to sort of go over them in a little more specific detail

a little more specific detail

a little more specific detail first is an acknowledged connectionless

first is an acknowledged connectionless

first is an acknowledged connectionless service in these the connection isn't

service in these the connection isn't

service in these the connection isn't created

created

created however when data is received by the

however when data is received by the

however when data is received by the destination there is a acknowledgment of

destination there is a acknowledgment of

destination there is a acknowledgment of a receipt so website Communications use

a receipt so website Communications use

a receipt so website Communications use this type of service a great metaphor to

this type of service a great metaphor to

this type of service a great metaphor to think about this would be for instance a

think about this would be for instance a

think about this would be for instance a delivery receipt

delivery receipt

delivery receipt with regular mail

so it's not certified we're not going to

so it's not certified we're not going to

so it's not certified we're not going to get a signature but what we do is we get

get a signature but what we do is we get

get a signature but what we do is we get a receipt that it has been delivered now

a receipt that it has been delivered now

a receipt that it has been delivered now with unacknowledged connectionless

with unacknowledged connectionless

with unacknowledged connectionless Services there's no acknowledgment sent

Services there's no acknowledgment sent

Services there's no acknowledgment sent unless the application itself does this

unless the application itself does this

unless the application itself does this this could also be considered Simplex

this could also be considered Simplex

this could also be considered Simplex Communications which we'll talk about in

Communications which we'll talk about in

Communications which we'll talk about in just a second so this is just like

just a second so this is just like

just a second so this is just like regular

regular

regular mail

mail

mail we send it we drop in the mail there is

we send it we drop in the mail there is

we send it we drop in the mail there is no acknowledgment okay acknowledged at

no acknowledgment okay acknowledged at

no acknowledgment okay acknowledged at least has

least has

least has uh and acknowledge that data has been

uh and acknowledge that data has been

uh and acknowledge that data has been sent but there is no connection made

sent but there is no connection made

sent but there is no connection made right there is no established session

right there is no established session

right there is no established session made between the receiver and the sender

made between the receiver and the sender

made between the receiver and the sender finally we have connection oriented

finally we have connection oriented

finally we have connection oriented services and by the way when we talked

services and by the way when we talked

services and by the way when we talked about these connection lesses we recall

about these connection lesses we recall

about these connection lesses we recall this is like UDP which is connectionless

this is like UDP which is connectionless

this is like UDP which is connectionless and IP

and IP

and IP here connection oriented we're looking

here connection oriented we're looking

here connection oriented we're looking at TCP

at TCP

at TCP now these are where error detection and

now these are where error detection and

now these are where error detection and correction are available as well as some

correction are available as well as some

correction are available as well as some flow controller packet sequencing in

flow controller packet sequencing in

flow controller packet sequencing in other words this would be like certified

other words this would be like certified

other words this would be like certified mail

now there are also three types of

now there are also three types of

now there are also three types of connection modes that we're typically

connection modes that we're typically

connection modes that we're typically going to use they're Simplex half duplex

going to use they're Simplex half duplex

going to use they're Simplex half duplex and full duplex

and full duplex

and full duplex with Simplex this is one way

with Simplex this is one way

with Simplex this is one way communication only this is sort of

communication only this is sort of

communication only this is sort of similar to FM radio broadcast

similar to FM radio broadcast

similar to FM radio broadcast right you turn on your radio you tune in

right you turn on your radio you tune in

right you turn on your radio you tune in and you can receive but you cannot send

and you can receive but you cannot send

and you can receive but you cannot send data

data

data now we also have half duplex this is

now we also have half duplex this is

now we also have half duplex this is two-way communication but only one at a

two-way communication but only one at a

two-way communication but only one at a time this is like a pair of regular

time this is like a pair of regular

time this is like a pair of regular walkie-talkies only one device can

walkie-talkies only one device can

walkie-talkies only one device can transmit at any one time which is why we

transmit at any one time which is why we

transmit at any one time which is why we have to use those code words right over

have to use those code words right over

have to use those code words right over over over and out so this is like a

over over and out so this is like a

over over and out so this is like a walkie-talkie finally we have full

walkie-talkie finally we have full

walkie-talkie finally we have full duplex which is two-way and both ways

duplex which is two-way and both ways

duplex which is two-way and both ways simultaneously this is similar to the

simultaneously this is similar to the

simultaneously this is similar to the telephone in which we can talk and

telephone in which we can talk and

telephone in which we can talk and listen at the same time in some ways we

listen at the same time in some ways we

listen at the same time in some ways we have trouble understanding each other as

have trouble understanding each other as

have trouble understanding each other as a result of it now in networking devices

a result of it now in networking devices

a result of it now in networking devices are designed to receive and transmit

are designed to receive and transmit

are designed to receive and transmit data at different speeds and with

data at different speeds and with

data at different speeds and with different sizes of packets as well so

different sizes of packets as well so

different sizes of packets as well so certain devices are not going to be able

certain devices are not going to be able

certain devices are not going to be able to handle as much data as others at one

to handle as much data as others at one

to handle as much data as others at one point or another we talked about this

point or another we talked about this

point or another we talked about this briefly with mtus and MTU black holes so

briefly with mtus and MTU black holes so

briefly with mtus and MTU black holes so flow control is the managing of amounts

flow control is the managing of amounts

flow control is the managing of amounts of data and the rate at which the data

of data and the rate at which the data

of data and the rate at which the data is being transmitted emitted over a

is being transmitted emitted over a

is being transmitted emitted over a network connection

network connection

network connection flow control is necessary to help

flow control is necessary to help

flow control is necessary to help prevent devices from being overflowed

prevent devices from being overflowed

prevent devices from being overflowed with data some devices when there's too

with data some devices when there's too

with data some devices when there's too much data is received are going to

much data is received are going to

much data is received are going to potentially shut down to prevent certain

potentially shut down to prevent certain

potentially shut down to prevent certain attacks or simply are going to drop

attacks or simply are going to drop

attacks or simply are going to drop packets that are too large because

packets that are too large because

packets that are too large because they're going to cause delays on the

they're going to cause delays on the

they're going to cause delays on the other side of the scale if too little

other side of the scale if too little

other side of the scale if too little data is being received by the device it

data is being received by the device it

data is being received by the device it may just be sitting idly by waiting for

may just be sitting idly by waiting for

may just be sitting idly by waiting for the remaining packets in this case it's

the remaining packets in this case it's

the remaining packets in this case it's simply a matter of efficiency so there

simply a matter of efficiency so there

simply a matter of efficiency so there are two main types of flow control that

are two main types of flow control that

are two main types of flow control that are covered on the exam buffering and

are covered on the exam buffering and

are covered on the exam buffering and data windows

data windows

data windows buffering is a flow control technique

buffering is a flow control technique

buffering is a flow control technique where a portion of the memory either

where a portion of the memory either

where a portion of the memory either physical or logical via software is used

physical or logical via software is used

physical or logical via software is used to temporarily store data as it's being

to temporarily store data as it's being

to temporarily store data as it's being received in order to regulate the amount

received in order to regulate the amount

received in order to regulate the amount of data that's being processed buffering

of data that's being processed buffering

of data that's being processed buffering may be used to maintain data consistency

may be used to maintain data consistency

may be used to maintain data consistency as well as minimize overloading now Ram

as well as minimize overloading now Ram

as well as minimize overloading now Ram uses a type of buffer when data is being

uses a type of buffer when data is being

uses a type of buffer when data is being read from its cache right so remember we

read from its cache right so remember we

read from its cache right so remember we talked about RAM and that was what we

talked about RAM and that was what we

talked about RAM and that was what we called Cash

called Cash

called Cash now with buff bring there is a potential

now with buff bring there is a potential

now with buff bring there is a potential concern because what if the buffer

concern because what if the buffer

concern because what if the buffer becomes full well when receiving nodes

becomes full well when receiving nodes

becomes full well when receiving nodes buffer reaches a certain capacity it

buffer reaches a certain capacity it

buffer reaches a certain capacity it actually transmits a squelch signal I'm

actually transmits a squelch signal I'm

actually transmits a squelch signal I'm going to write that out just not only

going to write that out just not only

going to write that out just not only because it's a great word

because it's a great word

because it's a great word that says stops transmission or slow

that says stops transmission or slow

that says stops transmission or slow down your transmission so I can catch up

down your transmission so I can catch up

down your transmission so I can catch up now a commonplace we're going to see

now a commonplace we're going to see

now a commonplace we're going to see this type of flow controls when we're

this type of flow controls when we're

this type of flow controls when we're streaming movies you might have seen

streaming movies you might have seen

streaming movies you might have seen buffering when you're using movies for

buffering when you're using movies for

buffering when you're using movies for instance on YouTube

instance on YouTube

instance on YouTube or on Netflix or any of these sites the

or on Netflix or any of these sites the

or on Netflix or any of these sites the idea is if there's a problem with our

idea is if there's a problem with our

idea is if there's a problem with our communication

communication

communication we have a little buffer of data so that

we have a little buffer of data so that

we have a little buffer of data so that way we're not going to see a dip in

way we're not going to see a dip in

way we're not going to see a dip in quality of the film

quality of the film

quality of the film now another type of flow control is

now another type of flow control is

now another type of flow control is called Data windows the data window

called Data windows the data window

called Data windows the data window refers to the amount of data being sent

refers to the amount of data being sent

refers to the amount of data being sent and it can either be a fixed amount or

and it can either be a fixed amount or

and it can either be a fixed amount or it can vary and these are fixed length

it can vary and these are fixed length

it can vary and these are fixed length windows or sliding very sliding Windows

windows or sliding very sliding Windows

windows or sliding very sliding Windows rather if you think about the window

and I put the data inside of it

and I put the data inside of it

and I put the data inside of it we can either have a window that is a

we can either have a window that is a

we can either have a window that is a specific length like this

specific length like this

specific length like this or

or

or a window that can't possibly

a window that can't possibly

a window that can't possibly get smaller based on the data

get smaller based on the data

get smaller based on the data and that's what fixed length and sliding

and that's what fixed length and sliding

and that's what fixed length and sliding windows are so to go a little more in

windows are so to go a little more in

windows are so to go a little more in depth into these with fixed length

depth into these with fixed length

depth into these with fixed length Windows the size of the packet of the

Windows the size of the packet of the

Windows the size of the packet of the data being sent is determined by

data being sent is determined by

data being sent is determined by the sender and the rate of transmission

the sender and the rate of transmission

the sender and the rate of transmission is determined by the receiver so the

is determined by the receiver so the

is determined by the receiver so the size is typically going to be pretty

size is typically going to be pretty

size is typically going to be pretty small and overall this is going to be

small and overall this is going to be

small and overall this is going to be fairly efficient the other thing to

fairly efficient the other thing to

fairly efficient the other thing to remember is that the packet size is

remember is that the packet size is

remember is that the packet size is always going to remain the same it's

always going to remain the same it's

always going to remain the same it's never going to change so if I need to

never going to change so if I need to

never going to change so if I need to send

send

send 10 packets they're all going to be

10 packets they're all going to be

10 packets they're all going to be exactly the same size or as much as I

exactly the same size or as much as I

exactly the same size or as much as I can draw them as such

can draw them as such

can draw them as such and so on and so forth now with a

and so on and so forth now with a

and so on and so forth now with a sliding window method it's a bit

sliding window method it's a bit

sliding window method it's a bit different the sender begins to transmit

different the sender begins to transmit

different the sender begins to transmit data typically with a small number of

data typically with a small number of

data typically with a small number of packets and with each transmission

packets and with each transmission

packets and with each transmission it uh waits for an acknowledgment or act

it uh waits for an acknowledgment or act

it uh waits for an acknowledgment or act packet receipt now with each receipt

packet receipt now with each receipt

packet receipt now with each receipt this contains the current maximum

this contains the current maximum

this contains the current maximum threshold that can be reached and then

threshold that can be reached and then

threshold that can be reached and then the transmitter is going to begin

the transmitter is going to begin

the transmitter is going to begin increasing the number of packets by a

increasing the number of packets by a

increasing the number of packets by a specified amount in other words it's

specified amount in other words it's

specified amount in other words it's going to start sliding that window from

going to start sliding that window from

going to start sliding that window from here

here

here over

over

over now it's going to continue to increase

now it's going to continue to increase

now it's going to continue to increase this over and over and over

this over and over and over

this over and over and over until we reach a maximum potential

until we reach a maximum potential

until we reach a maximum potential at this point we're going to start

at this point we're going to start

at this point we're going to start getting some congestion and so the

getting some congestion and so the

getting some congestion and so the receiver is going to send another act

receiver is going to send another act

receiver is going to send another act saying listen you need to slow down now

saying listen you need to slow down now

saying listen you need to slow down now and and this is a good rate

and and this is a good rate

and and this is a good rate this method is really going to allow for

this method is really going to allow for

this method is really going to allow for minimal data traffic congestion and a

minimal data traffic congestion and a

minimal data traffic congestion and a lot of throughput

lot of throughput

lot of throughput depending on the amount of traffic the

depending on the amount of traffic the

depending on the amount of traffic the size of the window can really vary

size of the window can really vary

size of the window can really vary dramatically and so this really gives us

dramatically and so this really gives us

dramatically and so this really gives us a lot more flexibility if you imagine if

a lot more flexibility if you imagine if

a lot more flexibility if you imagine if I have a home that has a whole bunch of

I have a home that has a whole bunch of

I have a home that has a whole bunch of irregular Windows I'm going to want

irregular Windows I'm going to want

irregular Windows I'm going to want sliding Windows now if I have a home

sliding Windows now if I have a home

sliding Windows now if I have a home with all these similar Windows

with all these similar Windows

with all these similar Windows everything built the same then I can use

everything built the same then I can use

everything built the same then I can use a fixed link window but this one's going

a fixed link window but this one's going

a fixed link window but this one's going to give me a lot more flexibility

to give me a lot more flexibility

to give me a lot more flexibility now error detection and correction is an

now error detection and correction is an

now error detection and correction is an important aspect of how we know our

important aspect of how we know our

important aspect of how we know our information arrives at the destination

information arrives at the destination

information arrives at the destination unhindered and unaltered one method

unhindered and unaltered one method

unhindered and unaltered one method achieves this by attaching supplemental

achieves this by attaching supplemental

achieves this by attaching supplemental information at the end of the footer

information at the end of the footer

information at the end of the footer that pertains to its contents and the

that pertains to its contents and the

that pertains to its contents and the receiving station is going to look at

receiving station is going to look at

receiving station is going to look at that data and compare it to the data it

that data and compare it to the data it

that data and compare it to the data it received

received

received the data matches it's going to consider

the data matches it's going to consider

the data matches it's going to consider it error free if not the data is going

it error free if not the data is going

it error free if not the data is going to be requested to be re-transmitted now

to be requested to be re-transmitted now

to be requested to be re-transmitted now when an additional Correctional

when an additional Correctional

when an additional Correctional component is added that allows the data

component is added that allows the data

component is added that allows the data to be rebuilt in the error in the event

to be rebuilt in the error in the event

to be rebuilt in the error in the event of an error this is going to become an

of an error this is going to become an

of an error this is going to become an edac or error detection and correction

edac or error detection and correction

edac or error detection and correction now parity check is a process where an

now parity check is a process where an

now parity check is a process where an extra bit is added to every word of data

extra bit is added to every word of data

extra bit is added to every word of data the receiving station can look for the

the receiving station can look for the

the receiving station can look for the bit on this word by word basis remember

bit on this word by word basis remember

bit on this word by word basis remember we're talking about words we're not

we're talking about words we're not

we're talking about words we're not talking about uh language we're talking

talking about uh language we're talking

talking about uh language we're talking about words as far as data goes and so

about words as far as data goes and so

about words as far as data goes and so it can look at these and therefore it

it can look at these and therefore it

it can look at these and therefore it can determine any errors that are built

can determine any errors that are built

can determine any errors that are built in because parity adds this extra bit to

in because parity adds this extra bit to

in because parity adds this extra bit to every word this method takes a little

every word this method takes a little

every word this method takes a little bit of overhead so it does ADD

not only extra resources but some more

not only extra resources but some more

not only extra resources but some more data in there now with something called

data in there now with something called

data in there now with something called CRC or cyclic redundancy check a code is

CRC or cyclic redundancy check a code is

CRC or cyclic redundancy check a code is added to every block of data through a

added to every block of data through a

added to every block of data through a mathematical operation

mathematical operation

mathematical operation which is also referred to as hashing

which is also referred to as hashing

which is also referred to as hashing now this code is added to the end of the

now this code is added to the end of the

now this code is added to the end of the block and then it's transmitted

block and then it's transmitted

block and then it's transmitted when the receiving station applies this

when the receiving station applies this

when the receiving station applies this hashing method this mathematical

hashing method this mathematical

hashing method this mathematical operation to the code

operation to the code

operation to the code then it can should get the same data and

then it can should get the same data and

then it can should get the same data and if it doesn't then it knows there's a

if it doesn't then it knows there's a

if it doesn't then it knows there's a problem and it can request it to be

problem and it can request it to be

problem and it can request it to be resent like parity CRC is also going to

resent like parity CRC is also going to

resent like parity CRC is also going to add a certain amount of overhead because

add a certain amount of overhead because

add a certain amount of overhead because it takes data and calculation time all

it takes data and calculation time all

it takes data and calculation time all right so now just to review some of the

right so now just to review some of the

right so now just to review some of the topics we talked about we talked about

topics we talked about we talked about

topics we talked about we talked about the IPv6 addressing scheme specifically

the IPv6 addressing scheme specifically

the IPv6 addressing scheme specifically we talked to that it's a hexadecimal

we talked to that it's a hexadecimal

we talked to that it's a hexadecimal 128 bits

128 bits

128 bits divided into

divided into

divided into eight sections

eight sections

eight sections we also compared and contrasted IPv6

we also compared and contrasted IPv6

we also compared and contrasted IPv6 with ipv4 we saw that IPv6 for instance

with ipv4 we saw that IPv6 for instance

with ipv4 we saw that IPv6 for instance has ipsec built in

has ipsec built in

has ipsec built in and has a whole bunch of other

and has a whole bunch of other

and has a whole bunch of other improvements and mechanisms such as data

improvements and mechanisms such as data

improvements and mechanisms such as data delivery time sensitive and so on and so

delivery time sensitive and so on and so

delivery time sensitive and so on and so forth the important thing I really want

forth the important thing I really want

forth the important thing I really want you to know about IPv6

you to know about IPv6

you to know about IPv6 is that it does not require

is that it does not require

is that it does not require a subnet

a subnet

a subnet and we need to recall all of the

and we need to recall all of the

and we need to recall all of the truncation or readability rules

truncation or readability rules

truncation or readability rules which include removing leading zeros

which include removing leading zeros

which include removing leading zeros and

combining successive

combining successive

combining successive sets of zeros

sets of zeros

sets of zeros but only once

we also explained the different data

we also explained the different data

we also explained the different data delivery techniques and we defined a

delivery techniques and we defined a

delivery techniques and we defined a connection the different connection

connection the different connection

connection the different connection modes whether they're acknowledged

modes whether they're acknowledged

modes whether they're acknowledged connectionless

simply unacknowledged connectionless

simply unacknowledged connectionless

simply unacknowledged connectionless or connection oriented

or connection oriented

or connection oriented we also looked at the different transmit

we also looked at the different transmit

we also looked at the different transmit types including Simplex which is one way

types including Simplex which is one way

types including Simplex which is one way half duplex which is like our

half duplex which is like our

half duplex which is like our walkie-talkie

walkie-talkie

walkie-talkie and full duplex

and full duplex

and full duplex which in effect doubles our bandwidth

which in effect doubles our bandwidth

which in effect doubles our bandwidth we also explained flow control buffering

we also explained flow control buffering

we also explained flow control buffering and data windows we use buffering a lot

and data windows we use buffering a lot

and data windows we use buffering a lot when we're talking about videos in data

when we're talking about videos in data

when we're talking about videos in data Windows remember we talked about the

Windows remember we talked about the

Windows remember we talked about the fixed

and sliding windows

and sliding windows

and sliding windows finally we outlined error detection

finally we outlined error detection

finally we outlined error detection methods including parity which adds an

methods including parity which adds an

methods including parity which adds an extra bit to every word

extra bit to every word

extra bit to every word and

and

and CRC or cyclical redundancy check which

CRC or cyclical redundancy check which

CRC or cyclical redundancy check which uses hashing a mathematical operation so

uses hashing a mathematical operation so

uses hashing a mathematical operation so that we can ensure the data that was

that we can ensure the data that was

that we can ensure the data that was received was also the data that was sent

[Music]

welcome to module 6 lesson 4A IPv6

welcome to module 6 lesson 4A IPv6

welcome to module 6 lesson 4A IPv6 Concepts

now we actually covered IPv6 earlier

now we actually covered IPv6 earlier

now we actually covered IPv6 earlier however as per usual some new ideas have

however as per usual some new ideas have

however as per usual some new ideas have been added to the syllabus so what I'll

been added to the syllabus so what I'll

been added to the syllabus so what I'll do here is I'll review some areas that

do here is I'll review some areas that

do here is I'll review some areas that you've already covered with Josh

you've already covered with Josh

you've already covered with Josh with my own take and then we'll go into

with my own take and then we'll go into

with my own take and then we'll go into the new stuff

the new stuff

the new stuff so IPv6 addressing address types

so IPv6 addressing address types

so IPv6 addressing address types new is a neighbor Discovery protocol

new is a neighbor Discovery protocol

new is a neighbor Discovery protocol which is part of IPv6 built in

which is part of IPv6 built in

which is part of IPv6 built in the eui 64 addressing is new

the eui 64 addressing is new

the eui 64 addressing is new tunneling types is new

so ipv4 which is obviously the precursor

so ipv4 which is obviously the precursor

so ipv4 which is obviously the precursor to IPv6 it created a long time before we

to IPv6 it created a long time before we

to IPv6 it created a long time before we had home computers computers were pretty

had home computers computers were pretty

had home computers computers were pretty expensive and big probably the size of

expensive and big probably the size of

expensive and big probably the size of any room in your house

any room in your house

any room in your house so no

so no

so no um nobody foresaw that people would be

um nobody foresaw that people would be

um nobody foresaw that people would be using

using

using uh home computers just like when the

uh home computers just like when the

uh home computers just like when the telephone was created I think uh one of

telephone was created I think uh one of

telephone was created I think uh one of the first comments was why would I I

the first comments was why would I I

the first comments was why would I I don't need to phone anyone

don't need to phone anyone

don't need to phone anyone so uh there we go

so uh there we go

so uh there we go uh so it was just the scheme was

uh so it was just the scheme was

uh so it was just the scheme was designed just to cater for commercial

designed just to cater for commercial

designed just to cater for commercial Enterprises only so we didn't think we

Enterprises only so we didn't think we

Enterprises only so we didn't think we were going to run out

were going to run out

were going to run out lack of a simple Auto configuration

lack of a simple Auto configuration

lack of a simple Auto configuration mechanism so I eventually we had

mechanism so I eventually we had

mechanism so I eventually we had um DHCP was uh created

um DHCP was uh created

um DHCP was uh created which works well obviously it's got some

which works well obviously it's got some

which works well obviously it's got some drawbacks

drawbacks

drawbacks an ipv4 has no security built in again

an ipv4 has no security built in again

an ipv4 has no security built in again nobody realized that

nobody realized that

nobody realized that well there was no such thing as hackers

well there was no such thing as hackers

well there was no such thing as hackers obviously when IP was brought out

obviously when IP was brought out

obviously when IP was brought out because they hadn't been invented yet so

because they hadn't been invented yet so

because they hadn't been invented yet so nobody thought that we needed to have it

nobody thought that we needed to have it

nobody thought that we needed to have it built in

built in

built in ipv4 is hard to use with mobile devices

ipv4 is hard to use with mobile devices

ipv4 is hard to use with mobile devices especially when we're using the cellular

especially when we're using the cellular

especially when we're using the cellular Networks

ipv4 needs massive writing tables

ipv4 needs massive writing tables

ipv4 needs massive writing tables required over the internet internet

required over the internet internet

required over the internet internet service providers have huge tables for

service providers have huge tables for

service providers have huge tables for routing all the IP traffic

routing all the IP traffic

routing all the IP traffic uh there's only around four million

uh there's only around four million

uh there's only around four million addresses available we actually ran out

addresses available we actually ran out

addresses available we actually ran out of ip4 addresses some time ago and

of ip4 addresses some time ago and

of ip4 addresses some time ago and around 50 of the traffic going over the

around 50 of the traffic going over the

around 50 of the traffic going over the internet at the moment is IPv6 which is

internet at the moment is IPv6 which is

internet at the moment is IPv6 which is why yeah we need to know about it

why yeah we need to know about it

why yeah we need to know about it so IPv6 uh there's that many addresses I

so IPv6 uh there's that many addresses I

so IPv6 uh there's that many addresses I don't even know what the numbering

don't even know what the numbering

don't even know what the numbering system is called for calling out that

system is called for calling out that

system is called for calling out that many but for every person alive there's

many but for every person alive there's

many but for every person alive there's many millions of available addresses now

many millions of available addresses now

many millions of available addresses now and that can be used with IPv6 and

and that can be used with IPv6 and

and that can be used with IPv6 and you'll read some documents about an app

you'll read some documents about an app

you'll read some documents about an app PT not really used and there's no need

PT not really used and there's no need

PT not really used and there's no need two and not because there's just no

two and not because there's just no

two and not because there's just no shortage of addresses really security is

shortage of addresses really security is

shortage of addresses really security is built into one of the fields in the IPv6

built into one of the fields in the IPv6

built into one of the fields in the IPv6 packet

packet

packet we have addressed Auto configuration

we have addressed Auto configuration

we have addressed Auto configuration which um is a major part of IPv6

which um is a major part of IPv6

which um is a major part of IPv6 and it's plug and play as well so things

and it's plug and play as well so things

and it's plug and play as well so things like when you enable IPv6 on an

like when you enable IPv6 on an

like when you enable IPv6 on an interface with most devices now it

interface with most devices now it

interface with most devices now it actually self-configures an IPv6 address

actually self-configures an IPv6 address

actually self-configures an IPv6 address we do not have broadcast and IPv6 we'll

we do not have broadcast and IPv6 we'll

we do not have broadcast and IPv6 we'll come to that later

come to that later

come to that later uh it's built to work plug and play with

uh it's built to work plug and play with

uh it's built to work plug and play with mobile devices again which is Handy

mobile devices again which is Handy

mobile devices again which is Handy so the address is there's several rfcs

so the address is there's several rfcs

so the address is there's several rfcs one of the main ones is 1884 if you want

one of the main ones is 1884 if you want

one of the main ones is 1884 if you want to read it it's a 128 bits each of these

to read it it's a 128 bits each of these

to read it it's a 128 bits each of these bits is divided into into eight groups

bits is divided into into eight groups

bits is divided into into eight groups of 16 bits and then each of those bits

of 16 bits and then each of those bits

of 16 bits and then each of those bits is separated by a colon which is a DOT

is separated by a colon which is a DOT

is separated by a colon which is a DOT on top of a dart

on top of a dart

on top of a dart HEX number it is used because it's just

HEX number it is used because it's just

HEX number it is used because it's just a lot easier to write out that many bits

a lot easier to write out that many bits

a lot easier to write out that many bits using hex and it is in um binary it

using hex and it is in um binary it

using hex and it is in um binary it would take forever

would take forever

would take forever the address is when you're typing them

the address is when you're typing them

the address is when you're typing them out on interfaces is not case sensitive

out on interfaces is not case sensitive

out on interfaces is not case sensitive so you could use caps lock or lowercase

so you could use caps lock or lowercase

so you could use caps lock or lowercase and the address will work fine and be

and the address will work fine and be

and the address will work fine and be accepted

accepted

accepted here is an example of an IPv6 and you

here is an example of an IPv6 and you

here is an example of an IPv6 and you can see

can see

can see if we just come over here

if we just come over here

if we just come over here so eight groups of 16 bits which you'll

so eight groups of 16 bits which you'll

so eight groups of 16 bits which you'll go into into a minute uh divided here by

go into into a minute uh divided here by

go into into a minute uh divided here by the colon and another 16 bit 16 16 16 16

the colon and another 16 bit 16 16 16 16

the colon and another 16 bit 16 16 16 16 and so on

so if you wrote the address out in

so if you wrote the address out in

so if you wrote the address out in binary just for the

binary just for the

binary just for the I don't know why I should have said D

I don't know why I should have said D

I don't know why I should have said D here sorry Eed e e d e

here sorry Eed e e d e

here sorry Eed e e d e but if you change the hexadecimal here

but if you change the hexadecimal here

but if you change the hexadecimal here so this is the hex

so this is the hex

so this is the hex into the binary value it's one in the uh

into the binary value it's one in the uh

into the binary value it's one in the uh if I go one

if I go one

if I go one to I know you already know how um binary

to I know you already know how um binary

to I know you already know how um binary works for eight so one in the eight

works for eight so one in the eight

works for eight so one in the eight column one in the four one in the two so

column one in the four one in the two so

column one in the four one in the two so eight plus four

eight plus four

eight plus four uh it's twelve eight nine ten eleven

uh it's twelve eight nine ten eleven

uh it's twelve eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen at fourteen so the E is

twelve thirteen at fourteen so the E is

twelve thirteen at fourteen so the E is number fourteen

number fourteen

number fourteen here uh 14 here in HEX

here uh 14 here in HEX

here uh 14 here in HEX now we've got the D so we've got uh one

now we've got the D so we've got uh one

now we've got the D so we've got uh one plus four plus eight so eight nine ten

plus four plus eight so eight nine ten

plus four plus eight so eight nine ten eleven twelve

eleven twelve

eleven twelve thirteen so D is 13.

thirteen so D is 13.

thirteen so D is 13. and then we're back to another 14. 16

and then we're back to another 14. 16

and then we're back to another 14. 16 bits two bytes in total so four bits

bits two bytes in total so four bits

bits two bytes in total so four bits uh four bits eight and then another

uh four bits eight and then another

uh four bits eight and then another eight 16 bits so that's two bytes

eight 16 bits so that's two bytes

eight 16 bits so that's two bytes we can compress the address

we can compress the address

we can compress the address so you can remove the leading zeros

so you can remove the leading zeros

so you can remove the leading zeros leading zeros are numbers that appear

leading zeros are numbers that appear

leading zeros are numbers that appear before and so this is a leading zero

before and so this is a leading zero

before and so this is a leading zero leading zero this is a trailing zero so

leading zero this is a trailing zero so

leading zero this is a trailing zero so we can't remove these because they've

we can't remove these because they've

we can't remove these because they've got numbers uh prior just before so if

got numbers uh prior just before so if

got numbers uh prior just before so if we get rid of the leading zeros for

we get rid of the leading zeros for

we get rid of the leading zeros for example here zero zero zero one becomes

example here zero zero zero one becomes

example here zero zero zero one becomes a one

a one

a one zero seven eight nine becomes seven

zero seven eight nine becomes seven

zero seven eight nine becomes seven eight nine and this is uh to save space

eight nine and this is uh to save space

eight nine and this is uh to save space and for when we're writing out the

and for when we're writing out the

and for when we're writing out the address is zero ABC becomes ABC and you

address is zero ABC becomes ABC and you

address is zero ABC becomes ABC and you can get rid of the trailing zeros here

can get rid of the trailing zeros here

can get rid of the trailing zeros here and just have one zero so this address

and just have one zero so this address

and just have one zero so this address is uh legal

to write that out you could possibly

to write that out you could possibly

to write that out you could possibly have questions in the exam uh asking you

have questions in the exam uh asking you

have questions in the exam uh asking you to choose the correct compressed address

to choose the correct compressed address

to choose the correct compressed address you can use a double colon

you can use a double colon

you can use a double colon wants to represent consecutive zeros so

wants to represent consecutive zeros so

wants to represent consecutive zeros so here we go we've got all these

here we go we've got all these

here we go we've got all these consecutive zeros here for some reason

consecutive zeros here for some reason

consecutive zeros here for some reason well we've got rid of them just by

well we've got rid of them just by

well we've got rid of them just by having the double curl on here

having the double curl on here

having the double curl on here and we've got a double coal on here

and we've got a double coal on here

and we've got a double coal on here between the one two three four

between the one two three four

between the one two three four so what we've done is just compress all

so what we've done is just compress all

so what we've done is just compress all of these zeros and we've done it again

of these zeros and we've done it again

of these zeros and we've done it again here

and then just to we could have put it in

and then just to we could have put it in

and then just to we could have put it in the second set of zeros but just to save

the second set of zeros but just to save

the second set of zeros but just to save space we've got rid of all these zeros

space we've got rid of all these zeros

space we've got rid of all these zeros here

here

here so practice this work out your own

so practice this work out your own

so practice this work out your own numbers because this is a typical exam

numbers because this is a typical exam

numbers because this is a typical exam type question

type question

type question main

main

main IPv6 address types Global unicast unique

IPv6 address types Global unicast unique

IPv6 address types Global unicast unique local link local and multicast you'll

local link local and multicast you'll

local link local and multicast you'll note we don't have broadcast that isn't

note we don't have broadcast that isn't

note we don't have broadcast that isn't a legal address and we also have any

a legal address and we also have any

a legal address and we also have any cast which I'm not sure if I mentioned

cast which I'm not sure if I mentioned

cast which I'm not sure if I mentioned here

here

here so the global unicast the this is

so the global unicast the this is

so the global unicast the this is allocated by the ISP and then you will

allocated by the ISP and then you will

allocated by the ISP and then you will get a mask Associated whatever the mask

get a mask Associated whatever the mask

get a mask Associated whatever the mask may be

these are routable on the internet so

these are routable on the internet so

these are routable on the internet so you can send them out of your company

you can send them out of your company

you can send them out of your company and um

and um

and um they're legal they're legally recognized

they're legal they're legally recognized

they're legal they're legally recognized the numbers range from 2000 to 3 FFF in

the numbers range from 2000 to 3 FFF in

the numbers range from 2000 to 3 FFF in the first 16 bits

current allocation there's there's

current allocation there's there's

current allocation there's there's trillions of these addresses so the

trillions of these addresses so the

trillions of these addresses so the current allocation has come in from

current allocation has come in from

current allocation has come in from 2001. this will this will last quite

2001. this will this will last quite

2001. this will this will last quite some time obviously

some time obviously

some time obviously there's a 48-bit provider prefix and if

there's a 48-bit provider prefix and if

there's a 48-bit provider prefix and if you uh check the

you uh check the

you uh check the images of the address packet you'll see

images of the address packet you'll see

images of the address packet you'll see the 48-bit uh there's a subnet ID

the 48-bit uh there's a subnet ID

the 48-bit uh there's a subnet ID you can submit inside the organization

you can submit inside the organization

you can submit inside the organization if you wish subnet to IPv6 is a topic

if you wish subnet to IPv6 is a topic

if you wish subnet to IPv6 is a topic but it's not in the CompTIA it is in the

but it's not in the CompTIA it is in the

but it's not in the CompTIA it is in the Cisco ctna and then the rest is the host

Cisco ctna and then the rest is the host

Cisco ctna and then the rest is the host portion of the address

now I'm sure most equipment can actually

now I'm sure most equipment can actually

now I'm sure most equipment can actually do this but Cisco routers can

do this but Cisco routers can

do this but Cisco routers can self-generate this part here

self-generate this part here

self-generate this part here so what you would do is if you configure

so what you would do is if you configure

so what you would do is if you configure an interface you would you would

an interface you would you would

an interface you would you would basically configure whatever the address

basically configure whatever the address

basically configure whatever the address is

dot b dot whatever whatever and then the

dot b dot whatever whatever and then the

dot b dot whatever whatever and then the host portion here the interface would

host portion here the interface would

host portion here the interface would um self-configure

so

um I've issued oh this is on my um

um I've issued oh this is on my um

um I've issued oh this is on my um Windows computer for the looks of it

Windows computer for the looks of it

Windows computer for the looks of it I've just issued an IP config or

forward slash all and I've seen the IPv6

forward slash all and I've seen the IPv6

forward slash all and I've seen the IPv6 address that's been allocated here and I

address that's been allocated here and I

address that's been allocated here and I think Windows self-allocates these

think Windows self-allocates these

think Windows self-allocates these addresses also

addresses also

addresses also uh link local address the prefix for

uh link local address the prefix for

uh link local address the prefix for link local addresses are feat these are

link local addresses are feat these are

link local addresses are feat these are only valid between the link between two

only valid between the link between two

only valid between the link between two IB V6 interfaces so you've got an

IB V6 interfaces so you've got an

IB V6 interfaces so you've got an internal router and say for example an

internal router and say for example an

internal router and say for example an ethernet connection here

ethernet connection here

ethernet connection here then these addresses will be valid and

then these addresses will be valid and

then these addresses will be valid and these two IPv6 routers

can communicate with one another using

can communicate with one another using

can communicate with one another using this link local address what it can't do

this link local address what it can't do

this link local address what it can't do is this address in here it can't be used

is this address in here it can't be used

is this address in here it can't be used to reach another device out here

to reach another device out here

to reach another device out here now if you've got another device the

now if you've got another device the

now if you've got another device the link local addresses of these two facing

link local addresses of these two facing

link local addresses of these two facing interfaces so for example fast ethernet

interfaces so for example fast ethernet

interfaces so for example fast ethernet here fast ethernet here they will

here fast ethernet here they will

here fast ethernet here they will communicate between one another here

automatically created once IPv6 is

automatically created once IPv6 is

automatically created once IPv6 is enabled

enabled

enabled now these are used for writing protocol

now these are used for writing protocol

now these are used for writing protocol Communications IPv6 protocols mentioned

Communications IPv6 protocols mentioned

Communications IPv6 protocols mentioned in the syllabus but I don't think I've

in the syllabus but I don't think I've

in the syllabus but I don't think I've left it out for now because looking at

left it out for now because looking at

left it out for now because looking at all the official guides there's no um

all the official guides there's no um

all the official guides there's no um questions yet I will add it later on if

questions yet I will add it later on if

questions yet I will add it later on if um if that changes though

traffic isn't forwarded off the local

traffic isn't forwarded off the local

traffic isn't forwarded off the local link certainly not using the link local

link certainly not using the link local

link certainly not using the link local address

address

address so here's a configuration for a Cisco

so here's a configuration for a Cisco

so here's a configuration for a Cisco router you I've enabled IPv6 routing

router you I've enabled IPv6 routing

router you I've enabled IPv6 routing I've gone to the faster ethernet

I've gone to the faster ethernet

I've gone to the faster ethernet interface all I've done is turned on

interface all I've done is turned on

interface all I've done is turned on IPv6 for this interface here the fast

IPv6 for this interface here the fast

IPv6 for this interface here the fast ethernet zero slash zero

ethernet zero slash zero

ethernet zero slash zero I've typed end and then it I've said

I've typed end and then it I've said

I've typed end and then it I've said show me this interface it's down I

show me this interface it's down I

show me this interface it's down I haven't connected it to anything but as

haven't connected it to anything but as

haven't connected it to anything but as we can see this address this link local

we can see this address this link local

we can see this address this link local address has been allocated

address has been allocated

address has been allocated self-allocated this is an important bit

self-allocated this is an important bit

self-allocated this is an important bit here

here

here FFF as we'll see in a minute but

FFF as we'll see in a minute but

FFF as we'll see in a minute but basically this is my IPv6 address I have

basically this is my IPv6 address I have

basically this is my IPv6 address I have an app to write it out manually at all

I've already um shown you the windows

I've already um shown you the windows

I've already um shown you the windows one

one

one yeah unique local uh it's the IPv6

yeah unique local uh it's the IPv6

yeah unique local uh it's the IPv6 version of private IP addresses so you

version of private IP addresses so you

version of private IP addresses so you can use all of these on the inside of

can use all of these on the inside of

can use all of these on the inside of your network you wouldn't be able to

your network you wouldn't be able to

your network you wouldn't be able to Route them onto the internet don't think

Route them onto the internet don't think

Route them onto the internet don't think these are used anymore I think they're

these are used anymore I think they're

these are used anymore I think they're actually been depreciated

if you get a question in the exam here

if you get a question in the exam here

if you get a question in the exam here it would be something like this what

it would be something like this what

it would be something like this what prefixes link local addresses are taken

prefixes link local addresses are taken

prefixes link local addresses are taken from fc00

from fc00

from fc00 uh forward slash seven for your subnet

uh forward slash seven for your subnet

uh forward slash seven for your subnet mask

mask

mask these depreciate site local addresses oh

these depreciate site local addresses oh

these depreciate site local addresses oh sorry so site local addresses that have

sorry so site local addresses that have

sorry so site local addresses that have been depreciated and overtaken by link

been depreciated and overtaken by link

been depreciated and overtaken by link local a unique local so you'd use this

local a unique local so you'd use this

local a unique local so you'd use this on the inside of your network if you

on the inside of your network if you

on the inside of your network if you want to do any internal routing what you

want to do any internal routing what you

want to do any internal routing what you couldn't do is use it out on your on the

couldn't do is use it out on your on the

couldn't do is use it out on your on the internet though

internet though

internet though multicast addresses are still used very

multicast addresses are still used very

multicast addresses are still used very much in IPv6 this is the prefix so write

much in IPv6 this is the prefix so write

much in IPv6 this is the prefix so write it down and put it into your studying

it down and put it into your studying

it down and put it into your studying crumb notes

crumb notes

crumb notes and multicast replaces address

and multicast replaces address

and multicast replaces address resolution protocol for IPv6

a use for duplicate address detection so

a use for duplicate address detection so

a use for duplicate address detection so when you first fire up your interface

when you first fire up your interface

when you first fire up your interface I'll talk about neighbor Discovery in a

I'll talk about neighbor Discovery in a

I'll talk about neighbor Discovery in a moment but I'll say just to save space

moment but I'll say just to save space

moment but I'll say just to save space I'll say this is the address obviously

I'll say this is the address obviously

I'll say this is the address obviously it would be the IPv6 address it will

it would be the IPv6 address it will

it would be the IPv6 address it will this interface will advertise out this

this interface will advertise out this

this interface will advertise out this address

address

address to um

to um

to um the network this multicast address

the network this multicast address

the network this multicast address saying I want to use this address X and

saying I want to use this address X and

saying I want to use this address X and if any of the any of these interfaces

if any of the any of these interfaces

if any of the any of these interfaces are using that address so this is using

are using that address so this is using

are using that address so this is using Y that's using Zed

Y that's using Zed

Y that's using Zed it will come back and say no you can't

it will come back and say no you can't

it will come back and say no you can't use that address but in this case my

use that address but in this case my

use that address but in this case my example here nobody's using it

example here nobody's using it

example here nobody's using it all routers must join the All host

all routers must join the All host

all routers must join the All host multicast group of

multicast group of

multicast group of ff02 and then whatever in the middle uh

ff02 and then whatever in the middle uh

ff02 and then whatever in the middle uh one so it'll all be zeros and then one

one so it'll all be zeros and then one

one so it'll all be zeros and then one and the all routers multicast group this

and the all routers multicast group this

and the all routers multicast group this is how enable Discovery protocol works

is how enable Discovery protocol works

is how enable Discovery protocol works so it must be allocated and listening to

so it must be allocated and listening to

so it must be allocated and listening to these two addresses

these two addresses

these two addresses and if I issue a show IPv6 interface

and if I issue a show IPv6 interface

and if I issue a show IPv6 interface fast ethernet 0 0 you can say you can

fast ethernet 0 0 you can say you can

fast ethernet 0 0 you can say you can see that it's joined these two groups

see that it's joined these two groups

see that it's joined these two groups appear the um the F2 and the F1

eui 64 addressing is the new part in the

eui 64 addressing is the new part in the

eui 64 addressing is the new part in the syllabus

syllabus

syllabus yeah so I've issued a show ipv

yeah so I've issued a show ipv

yeah so I've issued a show ipv IP interface sorry I've didn't do IPv6

IP interface sorry I've didn't do IPv6

IP interface sorry I've didn't do IPv6 because I want to see what the MAC

because I want to see what the MAC

because I want to see what the MAC address is

address is

address is because this is how eui 64 obtains the

because this is how eui 64 obtains the

because this is how eui 64 obtains the um eui 64 address

um eui 64 address

um eui 64 address so this is how or one of the ways you

so this is how or one of the ways you

so this is how or one of the ways you can self generate an interface it uses

can self generate an interface it uses

can self generate an interface it uses the MAC address

the MAC address

the MAC address the 48-bit MAC address obviously we need

the 48-bit MAC address obviously we need

the 48-bit MAC address obviously we need 128 bits 48 bits isn't enough to

128 bits 48 bits isn't enough to

128 bits 48 bits isn't enough to generate this address

generate this address

generate this address but what it does it takes the MAC

but what it does it takes the MAC

but what it does it takes the MAC address

address

address it inverts the seventh bit and adds FFF

it inverts the seventh bit and adds FFF

it inverts the seventh bit and adds FFF Fe in the center so right in the middle

Fe in the center so right in the middle

Fe in the center so right in the middle of the MAC address it's going to add

of the MAC address it's going to add

of the MAC address it's going to add fffe make sure you take a note of this

fffe make sure you take a note of this

fffe make sure you take a note of this for the exam so

for the exam so

for the exam so uh we've got zero zero one one

uh we've got zero zero one one

uh we've got zero zero one one hold cover white it doesn't say zero

hold cover white it doesn't say zero

hold cover white it doesn't say zero zero one one here and then here's the a

zero one one here and then here's the a

zero one one here and then here's the a here

here

here and then you can see the fffe has

and then you can see the fffe has

and then you can see the fffe has appeared he has inserted it and then it

appeared he has inserted it and then it

appeared he has inserted it and then it carries on with the rest of the MAC

carries on with the rest of the MAC

carries on with the rest of the MAC address BB c c d d so b b c c c m c d so

address BB c c d d so b b c c c m c d so

address BB c c d d so b b c c c m c d so this is how it pads out the address

this is how it pads out the address

this is how it pads out the address so there's two bits Mac address

so there's two bits Mac address

so there's two bits Mac address plus this but then it does this other

plus this but then it does this other

plus this but then it does this other bit here which is inverting the seventh

bit here which is inverting the seventh

bit here which is inverting the seventh bit

so

so

so just to recap what I've already said

just to recap what I've already said

just to recap what I've already said we're looking at this part now zero zero

we're looking at this part now zero zero

we're looking at this part now zero zero one one well instead of that now we've

one one well instead of that now we've

one one well instead of that now we've got zero two one one

all right so going into the seventh

all right so going into the seventh

all right so going into the seventh seventh most significant bit

seventh most significant bit

seventh most significant bit so this is our sample address here

so this is our sample address here

so this is our sample address here the first two nibbles uh or is one byte

the first two nibbles uh or is one byte

the first two nibbles uh or is one byte so this is 0.0 so a nibble if we have

so this is 0.0 so a nibble if we have

so this is 0.0 so a nibble if we have one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight

one two three four five six seven eight so eight bits is one byte which we've

so eight bits is one byte which we've

so eight bits is one byte which we've covered already oops

covered already oops

covered already oops one byte

one byte

one byte one byte eight bits but what we can do

one byte eight bits but what we can do

one byte eight bits but what we can do is kind of subdivide it in the middle

is kind of subdivide it in the middle

is kind of subdivide it in the middle here

and we can have a nibble here

and a nibble here

all right so our first two nibbles one

all right so our first two nibbles one

all right so our first two nibbles one byte here

byte here

byte here is zero zero

is zero zero

is zero zero which would have all the binary bits

which would have all the binary bits

which would have all the binary bits basically pretty easy to work out

so this here

so this here

so this here if you write it out with a nice uh

if you write it out with a nice uh

if you write it out with a nice uh font is zero zero zero zero zero zero

font is zero zero zero zero zero zero

font is zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero so what we need to do is flip

zero zero so what we need to do is flip

zero zero so what we need to do is flip the seventh most significant bit

the seventh most significant bit

the seventh most significant bit so what we've done is one two three four

so what we've done is one two three four

so what we've done is one two three four five six seven eight so this is the

five six seven eight so this is the

five six seven eight so this is the seventh most significant bit and what

seventh most significant bit and what

seventh most significant bit and what we've done is gone all the way over here

we've done is gone all the way over here

we've done is gone all the way over here to find the seventh bit and we've

to find the seventh bit and we've

to find the seventh bit and we've flipped it so whatever it was here in

flipped it so whatever it was here in

flipped it so whatever it was here in binary we flipped it so one

binary we flipped it so one

binary we flipped it so one flip two

sorry zero flip to be a one

now if you wrote that out uh this part

now if you wrote that out uh this part

now if you wrote that out uh this part here

here

here you'd have um

you'd have um

you'd have um your zero would be covered two that's

your zero would be covered two that's

your zero would be covered two that's the one two four eight one two four

the one two four eight one two four

the one two four eight one two four eight Okay so we've uh enabled this

eight Okay so we've uh enabled this

eight Okay so we've uh enabled this column here and our zero has flipped to

column here and our zero has flipped to

column here and our zero has flipped to A2

and you can see here zero two one one

and you can see here zero two one one

and you can see here zero two one one and then um this is the MAC address

and then um this is the MAC address

and then um this is the MAC address we've got the fffe in the middle and

we've got the fffe in the middle and

we've got the fffe in the middle and then the rest of the MAC address this is

then the rest of the MAC address this is

then the rest of the MAC address this is how you work it out you might get a

how you work it out you might get a

how you work it out you might get a question on this so this is why I

question on this so this is why I

question on this so this is why I brought it to uh your attention and you

brought it to uh your attention and you

brought it to uh your attention and you just need to practice a few examples

just need to practice a few examples

just need to practice a few examples so what would this address be changed to

so what would this address be changed to

so what would this address be changed to if you write it down

all right so I've just carried it over

all right so I've just carried it over

all right so I've just carried it over to the next slide here

so Charlotte IPv6 interface we've got

so Charlotte IPv6 interface we've got

so Charlotte IPv6 interface we've got this address here and we end up with

this address here and we end up with

this address here and we end up with this global unicass address here

this global unicass address here

this global unicass address here and you can see already we've got the

and you can see already we've got the

and you can see already we've got the fffe

fffe

fffe created here

created here

created here so and because it's it might not show

so and because it's it might not show

so and because it's it might not show you another

you another

you another vendors but you can see here there's a

vendors but you can see here there's a

vendors but you can see here there's a clue it says eui so we know eui 64 is

clue it says eui so we know eui 64 is

clue it says eui so we know eui 64 is addressing

addressing

addressing well C2 in decimal is 192.

well C2 in decimal is 192.

well C2 in decimal is 192. or um in binary here one one zero zero

or um in binary here one one zero zero

or um in binary here one one zero zero double one double zero in hexadecimal is

double one double zero in hexadecimal is

double one double zero in hexadecimal is C

C

C and if you've just got a one in the uh

and if you've just got a one in the uh

and if you've just got a one in the uh two the two column here so one two four

two the two column here so one two four

two the two column here so one two four eight you can see uh that's a two

eight you can see uh that's a two

eight you can see uh that's a two see in hexadecimal is 12 so we've got 8

see in hexadecimal is 12 so we've got 8

see in hexadecimal is 12 so we've got 8 9 10 11 12. so I think we've covered hex

9 10 11 12. so I think we've covered hex

9 10 11 12. so I think we've covered hex earlier so you swap the seventh bit

earlier so you swap the seventh bit

earlier so you swap the seventh bit so one two three four five six seven

so one two three four five six seven

so one two three four five six seven this bit has to be swapped if we're

this bit has to be swapped if we're

this bit has to be swapped if we're doing the UI 64.

doing the UI 64.

doing the UI 64. and then it becomes a zero if you work

and then it becomes a zero if you work

and then it becomes a zero if you work this out zero zero zero zero the second

this out zero zero zero zero the second

this out zero zero zero zero the second part is uh C zero so here we go c0 and

part is uh C zero so here we go c0 and

part is uh C zero so here we go c0 and then it carries on as normal zero zero

then it carries on as normal zero zero

then it carries on as normal zero zero instead of C2

instead of C2

instead of C2 so I know it's a lot to get your head

so I know it's a lot to get your head

so I know it's a lot to get your head around just practice it watch this over

around just practice it watch this over

around just practice it watch this over a few times and then practice some of

a few times and then practice some of

a few times and then practice some of your own examples

your own examples

your own examples applying it enter your desired subnet

applying it enter your desired subnet

applying it enter your desired subnet and then add the command the tag eui 64.

and then add the command the tag eui 64.

and then add the command the tag eui 64. this is how you do it in Cisco you won't

this is how you do it in Cisco you won't

this is how you do it in Cisco you won't be asked about vendors or how to apply

be asked about vendors or how to apply

be asked about vendors or how to apply it I'm sure I'm just telling you how it

it I'm sure I'm just telling you how it

it I'm sure I'm just telling you how it works so I've added this address I want

works so I've added this address I want

works so I've added this address I want to say we're using um

to say we're using um

to say we're using um this subnet here this address and uh

this subnet here this address and uh

this subnet here this address and uh double colon so I don't care what goes

double colon so I don't care what goes

double colon so I don't care what goes there

there

there 64 and then I add the tag basically

64 and then I add the tag basically

64 and then I add the tag basically saying you um you allocate

uh using the MAC address plus the

uh using the MAC address plus the

uh using the MAC address plus the seventh

seventh

seventh bit rule which will swap the seventh

bit rule which will swap the seventh

bit rule which will swap the seventh most significant bit from a zero to one

most significant bit from a zero to one

most significant bit from a zero to one or one to a zero

and here's the command on an actual

and here's the command on an actual

and here's the command on an actual router so yeah you have to you can't

router so yeah you have to you can't

router so yeah you have to you can't just say create the entire address for

just say create the entire address for

just say create the entire address for the routable address

the routable address

the routable address um you have to add this tag here

all right next is the neighbor Discovery

all right next is the neighbor Discovery

all right next is the neighbor Discovery protocol which is a major feature of uh

protocol which is a major feature of uh

protocol which is a major feature of uh of IPv6 this allows other routers on the

of IPv6 this allows other routers on the

of IPv6 this allows other routers on the link to be discovered there's a couple

link to be discovered there's a couple

link to be discovered there's a couple of messages you you need to be aware of

of messages you you need to be aware of

of messages you you need to be aware of which is RS router solicitation like are

which is RS router solicitation like are

which is RS router solicitation like are are any routers on the link this is the

are any routers on the link this is the

are any routers on the link this is the router solicitation message

router solicitation message

router solicitation message and it's sent out saying what what else

and it's sent out saying what what else

and it's sent out saying what what else is here

is here

is here the router advertisement is the reply

the router advertisement is the reply

the router advertisement is the reply you'll get from the routers IPv6 routers

you'll get from the routers IPv6 routers

you'll get from the routers IPv6 routers uh yep I'm here R A I'm here

uh yep I'm here R A I'm here

uh yep I'm here R A I'm here it just give us prefixes so whatever

it just give us prefixes so whatever

it just give us prefixes so whatever your prefix is on the network

Etc these routers will say we're using

Etc these routers will say we're using

Etc these routers will say we're using this prefix and then this will be able

this prefix and then this will be able

this prefix and then this will be able to Auto allocate an address so it can

to Auto allocate an address so it can

to Auto allocate an address so it can communicate communicate on the subnet

communicate communicate on the subnet

communicate communicate on the subnet so this replaces our we don't have ARP

so this replaces our we don't have ARP

so this replaces our we don't have ARP working on the uh on IPv6 subnets

working on the uh on IPv6 subnets

working on the uh on IPv6 subnets also works to duplicate address

also works to duplicate address

also works to duplicate address detection which I've already mentioned

detection which I've already mentioned

detection which I've already mentioned the device the ipvx ibv6 device will say

the device the ipvx ibv6 device will say

the device the ipvx ibv6 device will say I want to use address X are any of you

I want to use address X are any of you

I want to use address X are any of you using it and then there'll be a reply if

using it and then there'll be a reply if

using it and then there'll be a reply if it is in use

so there was solicitation asking for a

so there was solicitation asking for a

so there was solicitation asking for a neighbor's information

neighbor's information

neighbor's information their neighbor advertisement you

their neighbor advertisement you

their neighbor advertisement you advertise yourself out to Neighbors

advertise yourself out to Neighbors

advertise yourself out to Neighbors the solicitation asks for information

the solicitation asks for information

the solicitation asks for information about local routers these are the four

about local routers these are the four

about local routers these are the four types that you need to know about router

types that you need to know about router

types that you need to know about router advertisement advertise yourself as

advertisement advertise yourself as

advertisement advertise yourself as active these are the four types so make

active these are the four types so make

active these are the four types so make a note of them

the idea I've already mentioned the

the idea I've already mentioned the

the idea I've already mentioned the neighbor advertisements are sent to

neighbor advertisements are sent to

neighbor advertisements are sent to check if your address is unique this is

check if your address is unique this is

check if your address is unique this is the address it's sent to which is the um

the address it's sent to which is the um

the address it's sent to which is the um save as a broadcast address but we're

save as a broadcast address but we're

save as a broadcast address but we're multi-cat we're multicasting in IPv6

multi-cat we're multicasting in IPv6

multi-cat we're multicasting in IPv6 no reply means your address is available

no reply means your address is available

no reply means your address is available to use the amount of air seconds

should vary from vendor to vendor I

should vary from vendor to vendor I

should vary from vendor to vendor I haven't read the RFC actually but if you

haven't read the RFC actually but if you

haven't read the RFC actually but if you really wanted to you can read it

so you can see the advertisement is

so you can see the advertisement is

so you can see the advertisement is going out with this address reply if you

going out with this address reply if you

going out with this address reply if you are this address

are this address

are this address using the icmpv6 packet

using the icmpv6 packet

using the icmpv6 packet um and then the

um and then the

um and then the advertisement here I am this address so

advertisement here I am this address so

advertisement here I am this address so basically you can't use it

DHCP version 6 is used for IPv6 this is

DHCP version 6 is used for IPv6 this is

DHCP version 6 is used for IPv6 this is for auto allocation of addresses

for auto allocation of addresses

for auto allocation of addresses also used with uh it's used in

also used with uh it's used in

also used with uh it's used in conjunction with DNS for IPv6

conjunction with DNS for IPv6

conjunction with DNS for IPv6 and here's the RSC if you've got some

and here's the RSC if you've got some

and here's the RSC if you've got some spare time in your hands allocate IPv6

spare time in your hands allocate IPv6

spare time in your hands allocate IPv6 information to hose obviously the IPv6

information to hose obviously the IPv6

information to hose obviously the IPv6 is um

the Gateway the the DNS server

the Gateway the the DNS server

the Gateway the the DNS server and another DHCP information

host can request it with an outgoing

host can request it with an outgoing

host can request it with an outgoing router advertisement message

router advertisement message

router advertisement message allocated and requested using UDP bear

allocated and requested using UDP bear

allocated and requested using UDP bear that in mind because some people think

that in mind because some people think

that in mind because some people think it's TCP it's Port 546 and 547

the other subject you need to be aware

the other subject you need to be aware

the other subject you need to be aware of now is if you're running uh IPv6 on

of now is if you're running uh IPv6 on

of now is if you're running uh IPv6 on your network and then ipv4 nobody is

your network and then ipv4 nobody is

your network and then ipv4 nobody is going to

going to

going to come into work one day and have ipv4

come into work one day and have ipv4

come into work one day and have ipv4 taken off and only even in IPv6 you're

taken off and only even in IPv6 you're

taken off and only even in IPv6 you're going to have a transition period where

going to have a transition period where

going to have a transition period where you're running both of these protocols

you're running both of these protocols

you're running both of these protocols so what's going to happen is somehow

so what's going to happen is somehow

so what's going to happen is somehow IPv6 host reaches an ipv4 router and

IPv6 host reaches an ipv4 router and

IPv6 host reaches an ipv4 router and what you're going to have to do

what you're going to have to do

what you're going to have to do is tunnel the IPv6

is tunnel the IPv6

is tunnel the IPv6 information inside

an ipv4 packet with a header and the

an ipv4 packet with a header and the

an ipv4 packet with a header and the trailer running ipv4

there's a few versions isotap

there's a few versions isotap

there's a few versions isotap uh

uh

uh 64 to the link

64 to the link

64 to the link dual stack is when you're running both

dual stack is when you're running both

dual stack is when you're running both at the same time

at the same time

at the same time there's a static to null I think yeah

there's a static to null I think yeah

there's a static to null I think yeah that's different to GRE you don't have

that's different to GRE you don't have

that's different to GRE you don't have to know the config so don't worry about

to know the config so don't worry about

to know the config so don't worry about it generic routing encapsulation has

it generic routing encapsulation has

it generic routing encapsulation has been around a long time but you can use

been around a long time but you can use

been around a long time but you can use that for tunnel in

that for tunnel in

that for tunnel in automatic as another type you can choose

automatic as another type you can choose

automatic as another type you can choose from

from

from if you want to study more I recommend

if you want to study more I recommend

if you want to study more I recommend everyone needs to do about

everyone needs to do about

everyone needs to do about uh four hours

uh four hours

uh four hours studying to IPv6 this is for interviews

studying to IPv6 this is for interviews

studying to IPv6 this is for interviews technical jobs uh technical interviews

technical jobs uh technical interviews

technical jobs uh technical interviews and just to do your day-to-day job you

and just to do your day-to-day job you

and just to do your day-to-day job you do need to understand it there's a

do need to understand it there's a

do need to understand it there's a course on them cartoon network.com it's

course on them cartoon network.com it's

course on them cartoon network.com it's 16 hours in total but I broke it down

16 hours in total but I broke it down

16 hours in total but I broke it down into I think the beginner course is

into I think the beginner course is

into I think the beginner course is about three there's an intermediate with

about three there's an intermediate with

about three there's an intermediate with loads of routing

loads of routing

loads of routing and then maybe I think five or I'm

and then maybe I think five or I'm

and then maybe I think five or I'm trying to do my math now six to 12.

trying to do my math now six to 12.

trying to do my math now six to 12. seven hours extra which is Advanced so

seven hours extra which is Advanced so

seven hours extra which is Advanced so you could just do one part and then when

you could just do one part and then when

you could just do one part and then when you come to do something a bit more

you come to do something a bit more

you come to do something a bit more difficult do the second part and if you

difficult do the second part and if you

difficult do the second part and if you want the third but um you really do need

want the third but um you really do need

want the third but um you really do need to know IPv6 I've been talking about

to know IPv6 I've been talking about

to know IPv6 I've been talking about this for about four years now and it's

this for about four years now and it's

this for about four years now and it's becoming more and more urgent so you I

becoming more and more urgent so you I

becoming more and more urgent so you I used to recommend it and now basically

used to recommend it and now basically

used to recommend it and now basically the the level of uh understanding in the

the the level of uh understanding in the

the the level of uh understanding in the the level of adoption is basically you

the level of adoption is basically you

the level of adoption is basically you you have to know it it's just like not

you have to know it it's just like not

you have to know it it's just like not knowing ipv4 now if you go into it um if

knowing ipv4 now if you go into it um if

knowing ipv4 now if you go into it um if you go into an interview so please do

you go into an interview so please do

you go into an interview so please do learn it and we've covered IPv6 address

learn it and we've covered IPv6 address

learn it and we've covered IPv6 address types Navy Discovery eui 64 and then

types Navy Discovery eui 64 and then

types Navy Discovery eui 64 and then tunnel in that's all for now thanks for

tunnel in that's all for now thanks for

tunnel in that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP

Network routing and IP addressing IP assigning and addressing methods

assigning and addressing methods

assigning and addressing methods so having discussed both ipv4 and IPv6

so having discussed both ipv4 and IPv6

so having discussed both ipv4 and IPv6 and the difference between these

and the difference between these

and the difference between these different types of IP addresses we now

different types of IP addresses we now

different types of IP addresses we now want to talk specifically and in more

want to talk specifically and in more

want to talk specifically and in more depth about how IP addresses are

depth about how IP addresses are

depth about how IP addresses are assigned to a specific node or client or

assigned to a specific node or client or

assigned to a specific node or client or server so in this module we're going to

server so in this module we're going to

server so in this module we're going to look at the two different ways that IP

look at the two different ways that IP

look at the two different ways that IP addresses are assigned this involves

addresses are assigned this involves

addresses are assigned this involves defining the first static IP addressing

defining the first static IP addressing

defining the first static IP addressing static meaning that the IP address is

static meaning that the IP address is

static meaning that the IP address is always the same and dynamic IP

always the same and dynamic IP

always the same and dynamic IP addressing which means that the IP

addressing which means that the IP

addressing which means that the IP address can change we also want to talk

address can change we also want to talk

address can change we also want to talk about the strengths and weaknesses of

about the strengths and weaknesses of

about the strengths and weaknesses of each of these addressing methods and we

each of these addressing methods and we

each of these addressing methods and we want to compare the features of one and

want to compare the features of one and

want to compare the features of one and the other

the other

the other we're also going to identify when we

we're also going to identify when we

we're also going to identify when we want to use Dynamic IP addressing as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as opposed to static IP addressing and

opposed to static IP addressing and

opposed to static IP addressing and Define when we're talking about Dynamic

Define when we're talking about Dynamic

Define when we're talking about Dynamic IP addressing the terms DHCP the server

IP addressing the terms DHCP the server

IP addressing the terms DHCP the server and protocol that are responsible for

and protocol that are responsible for

and protocol that are responsible for allowing Dynamic IP addressing to work

allowing Dynamic IP addressing to work

allowing Dynamic IP addressing to work something called the scope which lets

something called the scope which lets

something called the scope which lets the DHCP server know which IP addresses

the DHCP server know which IP addresses

the DHCP server know which IP addresses are up for grabs and then the lease

are up for grabs and then the lease

are up for grabs and then the lease which just like the lease on an

which just like the lease on an

which just like the lease on an apartment

apartment

apartment lets the both the server and the client

lets the both the server and the client

lets the both the server and the client know when a IP address can be used and

know when a IP address can be used and

know when a IP address can be used and for how long we also want to talk about

for how long we also want to talk about

for how long we also want to talk about when static IP addressing would be

when static IP addressing would be

when static IP addressing would be preferred and as you can probably tell

preferred and as you can probably tell

preferred and as you can probably tell from the way this is worded we generally

from the way this is worded we generally

from the way this is worded we generally want to use Dynamic IP addressing as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as

want to use Dynamic IP addressing as we'll talk about but there are certain

we'll talk about but there are certain

we'll talk about but there are certain instances in which a static IP

instances in which a static IP

instances in which a static IP addressing is the best method for us and

addressing is the best method for us and

addressing is the best method for us and we'll talk about those as well

we'll talk about those as well

we'll talk about those as well so first let's talk about static IP

so first let's talk about static IP

so first let's talk about static IP addressing it's done manually and that's

addressing it's done manually and that's

addressing it's done manually and that's what this really means static means

what this really means static means

what this really means static means manual assignment which means that I

manual assignment which means that I

manual assignment which means that I literally have to go to the computer and

literally have to go to the computer and

literally have to go to the computer and type in what the IP address is and how I

type in what the IP address is and how I

type in what the IP address is and how I want to use it so there are two major

want to use it so there are two major

want to use it so there are two major flaws with this first it can be very

flaws with this first it can be very

flaws with this first it can be very time consuming because it has to be done

time consuming because it has to be done

time consuming because it has to be done manually and each address has to be

manually and each address has to be

manually and each address has to be entered individually by hand in addition

entered individually by hand in addition

entered individually by hand in addition this takes a lot of time and it's prone

this takes a lot of time and it's prone

this takes a lot of time and it's prone to a lot of Errors

to a lot of Errors

to a lot of Errors human error is often a factor when we're

human error is often a factor when we're

human error is often a factor when we're configuring addresses for a large amount

configuring addresses for a large amount

configuring addresses for a large amount of systems and if you can imagine I'm

of systems and if you can imagine I'm

of systems and if you can imagine I'm working in a system of say 5

working in a system of say 5

working in a system of say 5 000 computers then I'm going to be

000 computers then I'm going to be

000 computers then I'm going to be typing in IP addresses a lot now while

typing in IP addresses a lot now while

typing in IP addresses a lot now while this may be a worthwhile method when

this may be a worthwhile method when

this may be a worthwhile method when assigning a very small amount of

assigning a very small amount of

assigning a very small amount of addresses it's obviously not very

addresses it's obviously not very

addresses it's obviously not very practical when I'm talking about large

practical when I'm talking about large

practical when I'm talking about large quantities and the other major flaw is

quantities and the other major flaw is

quantities and the other major flaw is that it has to be reconfigured every

that it has to be reconfigured every

that it has to be reconfigured every time the address sync scheme changes so

time the address sync scheme changes so

time the address sync scheme changes so for instance if I was going from ipv4 to

for instance if I was going from ipv4 to

for instance if I was going from ipv4 to IPv6 on my internal Network I'm going to

IPv6 on my internal Network I'm going to

IPv6 on my internal Network I'm going to have to re-change everything once I've

have to re-change everything once I've

have to re-change everything once I've switched over or let's say I want to

switched over or let's say I want to

switched over or let's say I want to change my naming system maybe I want to

change my naming system maybe I want to

change my naming system maybe I want to go from a Class C to a class AIP

go from a Class C to a class AIP

go from a Class C to a class AIP addressing system if I'm an ipv4 and in

addressing system if I'm an ipv4 and in

addressing system if I'm an ipv4 and in this case I would have to then

this case I would have to then

this case I would have to then reconfigure everything on each computer

reconfigure everything on each computer

reconfigure everything on each computer and you can imagine the amount of time

and you can imagine the amount of time

and you can imagine the amount of time that that's going to take

that that's going to take

that that's going to take so due to its many flaws we're really

so due to its many flaws we're really

so due to its many flaws we're really not going to use this method static IP

not going to use this method static IP

not going to use this method static IP addressing which means again manual

addressing which means again manual

addressing which means again manual assignment the way you can remember that

assignment the way you can remember that

assignment the way you can remember that is that static does not change right it

is that static does not change right it

is that static does not change right it remains constants

and the word static meaning not changing

and the word static meaning not changing

and the word static meaning not changing is what tells us that so we're only

is what tells us that so we're only

is what tells us that so we're only going to use that in specific instances

going to use that in specific instances

going to use that in specific instances and I'll talk about that a little bit

and I'll talk about that a little bit

and I'll talk about that a little bit later

later

later so as a result it's very rarely used

so as a result it's very rarely used

so as a result it's very rarely used except in very specific instances I'm

except in very specific instances I'm

except in very specific instances I'm guessing you've never had to enter the

guessing you've never had to enter the

guessing you've never had to enter the IAP address on your Soho router or at

IAP address on your Soho router or at

IAP address on your Soho router or at your computers at home and that's

your computers at home and that's

your computers at home and that's because we're going to use this other

because we're going to use this other

because we're going to use this other method being Dynamic addressing now as

method being Dynamic addressing now as

method being Dynamic addressing now as the name Dynamic implies the IP address

the name Dynamic implies the IP address

the name Dynamic implies the IP address can change which means that it is

can change which means that it is

can change which means that it is automatically assigned now this is a lot

automatically assigned now this is a lot

automatically assigned now this is a lot more useful of the of the two that we

more useful of the of the two that we

more useful of the of the two that we have for many reasons it's done

have for many reasons it's done

have for many reasons it's done automatically through a protocol called

automatically through a protocol called

automatically through a protocol called Dynamic host configuration protocol or

Dynamic host configuration protocol or

Dynamic host configuration protocol or DHCP so you ever hear DHCP that is what

DHCP so you ever hear DHCP that is what

DHCP so you ever hear DHCP that is what is referred to when we're talking about

is referred to when we're talking about

is referred to when we're talking about Dynamic IP addressing this is part of

Dynamic IP addressing this is part of

Dynamic IP addressing this is part of the tcpip suite and it allows a central

the tcpip suite and it allows a central

the tcpip suite and it allows a central system to provide IP addresses to client

system to provide IP addresses to client

system to provide IP addresses to client systems now since it's done

systems now since it's done

systems now since it's done automatically there's no possibility of

automatically there's no possibility of

automatically there's no possibility of human error and it's also a lot more

human error and it's also a lot more

human error and it's also a lot more efficient than static IP addressing as a

efficient than static IP addressing as a

efficient than static IP addressing as a result it's a lot more common of a

result it's a lot more common of a

result it's a lot more common of a method

method

method uh it also eliminates the need to

uh it also eliminates the need to

uh it also eliminates the need to reconfigure a system if the addressing

reconfigure a system if the addressing

reconfigure a system if the addressing scheme is changed so it's far more

scheme is changed so it's far more

scheme is changed so it's far more commonly used because of all these

commonly used because of all these

commonly used because of all these reasons like we just said

it's more practical and more efficient

it's more practical and more efficient

it's more practical and more efficient because I don't have to change every

because I don't have to change every

because I don't have to change every computer

all I have to do is tell the DHCP

all I have to do is tell the DHCP

all I have to do is tell the DHCP service computer we'll talk about that

service computer we'll talk about that

service computer we'll talk about that in a second

in a second

in a second that we're changing everything and all

that we're changing everything and all

that we're changing everything and all the underling computers automatically

the underling computers automatically

the underling computers automatically are going to change

so if we move over real quickly

into our Windows system

into our Windows system

into our Windows system and let's go into our Network

properties

and we'll go ahead and go to change

and we'll go ahead and go to change

and we'll go ahead and go to change adapter settings I'm going to right

adapter settings I'm going to right

adapter settings I'm going to right click on this and go to properties

click on this and go to properties

click on this and go to properties now we'll see over here if I click on

now we'll see over here if I click on

now we'll see over here if I click on tcpi P4 and go to properties it says

tcpi P4 and go to properties it says

tcpi P4 and go to properties it says obtain an IP address automatically

obtain an IP address automatically

obtain an IP address automatically so through DHCP the IP address is being

so through DHCP the IP address is being

so through DHCP the IP address is being automatically obtained just like DNS is

automatically obtained just like DNS is

automatically obtained just like DNS is also going to be given out automatically

also going to be given out automatically

also going to be given out automatically now if I wanted to do it statically I

now if I wanted to do it statically I

now if I wanted to do it statically I would have to manually assign an IP

would have to manually assign an IP

would have to manually assign an IP address a subnet mask and a default

address a subnet mask and a default

address a subnet mask and a default gateway for each device so you can see

gateway for each device so you can see

gateway for each device so you can see where we're not going to want to do that

so let's talk a little bit more about

so let's talk a little bit more about

so let's talk a little bit more about DHCP or the dynamic host configuration

DHCP or the dynamic host configuration

DHCP or the dynamic host configuration protocol

protocol

protocol this is the protocol which assigns IP

this is the protocol which assigns IP

this is the protocol which assigns IP addresses and it does this first by

addresses and it does this first by

addresses and it does this first by assigning what's called or defining

assigning what's called or defining

assigning what's called or defining rather What's called the scope the scope

rather What's called the scope the scope

rather What's called the scope the scope or the ranges of all of the available IP

or the ranges of all of the available IP

or the ranges of all of the available IP address on the system that's running the

address on the system that's running the

address on the system that's running the DHCP service and what this does is it

DHCP service and what this does is it

DHCP service and what this does is it takes one of the IP addresses from this

takes one of the IP addresses from this

takes one of the IP addresses from this scope and assigns it to a computer or a

scope and assigns it to a computer or a

scope and assigns it to a computer or a client so for instance let's say that

client so for instance let's say that

client so for instance let's say that we're dealing for simplicity's sake with

we're dealing for simplicity's sake with

we're dealing for simplicity's sake with a uh

a uh

a uh 192.168 Class C Network so the scope

192.168 Class C Network so the scope

192.168 Class C Network so the scope might be something like 192.168

dots one

dots one

dots one dot 10

dot 10

dot 10 through

through

through 254. this means that of the IP addresses

254. this means that of the IP addresses

254. this means that of the IP addresses it's going to assign it's not going to

it's going to assign it's not going to

it's going to assign it's not going to take anything in front of the 10. so

take anything in front of the 10. so

take anything in front of the 10. so this gives us dot 1 through dot 9 to use

this gives us dot 1 through dot 9 to use

this gives us dot 1 through dot 9 to use for static IP addressing so what this

for static IP addressing so what this

for static IP addressing so what this ensures is that the DHCP server is not

ensures is that the DHCP server is not

ensures is that the DHCP server is not going to assign an IP address that we

going to assign an IP address that we

going to assign an IP address that we have already manually or statically

have already manually or statically

have already manually or statically assigned to another device we'll talk

assigned to another device we'll talk

assigned to another device we'll talk about why we would want to do that in a

about why we would want to do that in a

about why we would want to do that in a minute but this ensures again that the

minute but this ensures again that the

minute but this ensures again that the scope

scope

scope uh that the DHCP is not going to assign

uh that the DHCP is not going to assign

uh that the DHCP is not going to assign an IP address outside of its scope then

an IP address outside of its scope then

an IP address outside of its scope then what it does it takes this available

what it does it takes this available

what it does it takes this available address and assigned it to the client

address and assigned it to the client

address and assigned it to the client for a set amount of time and this is

for a set amount of time and this is

for a set amount of time and this is called a lease so the lease says how

called a lease so the lease says how

called a lease so the lease says how long

the IP address is going to last

now the reason that we had leases is

now the reason that we had leases is

now the reason that we had leases is because remember if I turn off my

because remember if I turn off my

because remember if I turn off my computer it no longer needs an IP

computer it no longer needs an IP

computer it no longer needs an IP address it also means that let's say I'm

address it also means that let's say I'm

address it also means that let's say I'm taking a computer away I don't if I have

taking a computer away I don't if I have

taking a computer away I don't if I have a if it has a lease of forever then that

a if it has a lease of forever then that

a if it has a lease of forever then that computer now has one of my available IP

computer now has one of my available IP

computer now has one of my available IP addresses so sometimes we'll have an IP

addresses so sometimes we'll have an IP

addresses so sometimes we'll have an IP address with a 24-hour lease or maybe a

address with a 24-hour lease or maybe a

address with a 24-hour lease or maybe a two day lease but whatever that lease is

two day lease but whatever that lease is

two day lease but whatever that lease is at the end of that lease it's going to

at the end of that lease it's going to

at the end of that lease it's going to have to re-again ask for another IP

have to re-again ask for another IP

have to re-again ask for another IP address this is also the way that we can

address this is also the way that we can

address this is also the way that we can share a limited number of IP addresses

with a lot of uh computers or nodes

so when we had the internet we used to

so when we had the internet we used to

so when we had the internet we used to dial up to the to our ISP or Internet

dial up to the to our ISP or Internet

dial up to the to our ISP or Internet service provider what this would allow

service provider what this would allow

service provider what this would allow is it allowed our

is it allowed our

is it allowed our uh ISP to provide us with one IP address

uh ISP to provide us with one IP address

uh ISP to provide us with one IP address that only lasted for a certain amount of

that only lasted for a certain amount of

that only lasted for a certain amount of time and then when we disconnected the

time and then when we disconnected the

time and then when we disconnected the IP address or disconnected from the

IP address or disconnected from the

IP address or disconnected from the server and therefore didn't need the IP

server and therefore didn't need the IP

server and therefore didn't need the IP address it could assign it to someone

address it could assign it to someone

address it could assign it to someone else and it didn't have to worry about

else and it didn't have to worry about

else and it didn't have to worry about us coming back on and wanting to use the

us coming back on and wanting to use the

us coming back on and wanting to use the same IP address because remember one of

same IP address because remember one of

same IP address because remember one of the rules is you cannot

have

have

have two devices

with one IP address

all right now let's talk about how this

all right now let's talk about how this

all right now let's talk about how this works from the client's point of view

works from the client's point of view

works from the client's point of view basically what happens is I have a DHCP

basically what happens is I have a DHCP

basically what happens is I have a DHCP server here and it has what's called a

server here and it has what's called a

server here and it has what's called a trusted connection to the switch

trusted connection to the switch

trusted connection to the switch we'll defined what a switch is

we'll defined what a switch is

we'll defined what a switch is previously and we'll talk a bit more

previously and we'll talk a bit more

previously and we'll talk a bit more about them later as well but it has a

about them later as well but it has a

about them later as well but it has a trusted connection this computer say

trusted connection this computer say

trusted connection this computer say comes online

comes online

comes online and says hi

and says hi

and says hi can I join your network

can I join your network

can I join your network can I get an IP address it sends its

can I get an IP address it sends its

can I get an IP address it sends its request through what's called an

request through what's called an

request through what's called an untrusted connection

untrusted connection

untrusted connection to wherever the DHCP server is now the

to wherever the DHCP server is now the

to wherever the DHCP server is now the DHCP server at some point finds this

DHCP server at some point finds this

DHCP server at some point finds this because this is generally a broadcast

because this is generally a broadcast

because this is generally a broadcast because again it's not a unicast it's a

because again it's not a unicast it's a

because again it's not a unicast it's a broadcast because this computer coming

broadcast because this computer coming

broadcast because this computer coming on doesn't know where the DHCP server is

on doesn't know where the DHCP server is

on doesn't know where the DHCP server is so it sends a broadcast message out the

so it sends a broadcast message out the

so it sends a broadcast message out the DHC per P server then responds and

DHC per P server then responds and

DHC per P server then responds and offers a lease on an IP address at which

offers a lease on an IP address at which

offers a lease on an IP address at which point this untrusted or unassigned

point this untrusted or unassigned

point this untrusted or unassigned connection becomes a trusted one now

connection becomes a trusted one now

connection becomes a trusted one now when the lease goes out it's again

when the lease goes out it's again

when the lease goes out it's again untrusted and so it needs to repeat the

untrusted and so it needs to repeat the

untrusted and so it needs to repeat the entire process again

entire process again

entire process again now so far we've been pretty fair to

now so far we've been pretty fair to

now so far we've been pretty fair to DHCP and expanded on the benefits for

DHCP and expanded on the benefits for

DHCP and expanded on the benefits for dynamic addressing but there are some

dynamic addressing but there are some

dynamic addressing but there are some exceptions when a network is configured

exceptions when a network is configured

exceptions when a network is configured uh for DHCP and we don't want every

uh for DHCP and we don't want every

uh for DHCP and we don't want every single device to be automatically

single device to be automatically

single device to be automatically assigned an IP address

assigned an IP address

assigned an IP address for instance

for instance

for instance um

um

um the DHCP server itself needs to have a

the DHCP server itself needs to have a

the DHCP server itself needs to have a static IP address this is because we

static IP address this is because we

static IP address this is because we don't want the DHCP server to be

don't want the DHCP server to be

don't want the DHCP server to be changing addresses and what's going to

changing addresses and what's going to

changing addresses and what's going to happen is if we have a lease

happen is if we have a lease

happen is if we have a lease theoretically the DHCP server could

theoretically the DHCP server could

theoretically the DHCP server could change its IP address and since every

change its IP address and since every

change its IP address and since every computer on the network needs to know

computer on the network needs to know

computer on the network needs to know where to go that's going to have to

where to go that's going to have to

where to go that's going to have to remain the same this is going to go the

remain the same this is going to go the

remain the same this is going to go the same with the domain name server so the

same with the domain name server so the

same with the domain name server so the DNS server which allows us to convert

DNS server which allows us to convert

DNS server which allows us to convert between say google.com

between say google.com

between say google.com and the IP address so we don't want to

and the IP address so we don't want to

and the IP address so we don't want to have to find this every single time and

have to find this every single time and

have to find this every single time and we have to set it as something specific

we have to set it as something specific

we have to set it as something specific meaning static we're also going to put

meaning static we're also going to put

meaning static we're also going to put our web server as some static IP address

our web server as some static IP address

our web server as some static IP address this is the reason why if you wanted to

this is the reason why if you wanted to

this is the reason why if you wanted to get an account with your ISP or internet

get an account with your ISP or internet

get an account with your ISP or internet service provider and you wanted to run

service provider and you wanted to run

service provider and you wanted to run and web server from your computer at

and web server from your computer at

and web server from your computer at home you would need to ask for a static

home you would need to ask for a static

home you would need to ask for a static IP address be because

IP address be because

IP address be because that's the only way that someone can

that's the only way that someone can

that's the only way that someone can link through DNS

link through DNS

link through DNS to your web server and so our web

to your web server and so our web

to your web server and so our web servers always has to be static because

servers always has to be static because

servers always has to be static because when I type in google.com I always

when I type in google.com I always

when I type in google.com I always wanted to go to one of a few different

wanted to go to one of a few different

wanted to go to one of a few different IP addresses

IP addresses

IP addresses finally printers are something else that

finally printers are something else that

finally printers are something else that we want to have

the printer we don't want to move around

the printer we don't want to move around

the printer we don't want to move around we want to be able to lock it in when we

we want to be able to lock it in when we

we want to be able to lock it in when we install it on the computer same with any

install it on the computer same with any

install it on the computer same with any servers also routers the Gateway

servers also routers the Gateway

servers also routers the Gateway computer or the Gateway device that

computer or the Gateway device that

computer or the Gateway device that allows us to get out to the network we

allows us to get out to the network we

allows us to get out to the network we need that to remain the same so that's

need that to remain the same so that's

need that to remain the same so that's why when we Define the scope and in

why when we Define the scope and in

why when we Define the scope and in previous example we defined it as any IP

previous example we defined it as any IP

previous example we defined it as any IP address between 10 and 254. we don't

address between 10 and 254. we don't

address between 10 and 254. we don't want it to change

want it to change

want it to change because we want these nine IP addresses

because we want these nine IP addresses

because we want these nine IP addresses to be ones that we can assign now

to be ones that we can assign now

to be ones that we can assign now sometimes we're going to make this a

sometimes we're going to make this a

sometimes we're going to make this a little larger so that way

little larger so that way

little larger so that way we can assign a lot more static IP

we can assign a lot more static IP

we can assign a lot more static IP addresses so also maybe a wireless

addresses so also maybe a wireless

addresses so also maybe a wireless access point we might want to be static

access point we might want to be static

access point we might want to be static etc etc and all of this again is done

etc etc and all of this again is done

etc etc and all of this again is done through a web interface or through

through a web interface or through

through a web interface or through some sort of

some sort of

some sort of router

router

router device or through a terminal or

device or through a terminal or

device or through a terminal or something so this is not something we're

something so this is not something we're

something so this is not something we're physically hard wiring onto the device

physically hard wiring onto the device

physically hard wiring onto the device because again that's that's a MAC

because again that's that's a MAC

because again that's that's a MAC address a physical address but this is

address a physical address but this is

address a physical address but this is something that we want to set through a

something that we want to set through a

something that we want to set through a software of some sort

software of some sort

software of some sort all right so just to recap what we

all right so just to recap what we

all right so just to recap what we talked about we defined static IP

talked about we defined static IP

talked about we defined static IP addressing again static means that the

addressing again static means that the

addressing again static means that the IP address does not change

IP address does not change

IP address does not change it also means that it had to have been

it also means that it had to have been

it also means that it had to have been manually assigned

manually assigned

manually assigned okay

okay

okay now we also talked about Dynamic IP

now we also talked about Dynamic IP

now we also talked about Dynamic IP addressing

addressing

addressing which DHCP allows us to do and this

which DHCP allows us to do and this

which DHCP allows us to do and this means that the IP address can change

means that the IP address can change

means that the IP address can change because it is automatically assigned

because it is automatically assigned

because it is automatically assigned one thing I didn't specifically talk

one thing I didn't specifically talk

one thing I didn't specifically talk about what we referenced in previous

about what we referenced in previous

about what we referenced in previous modules too is that a pipa address

modules too is that a pipa address

modules too is that a pipa address that automatically assigned IP address

that automatically assigned IP address

that automatically assigned IP address which if the dynamic IP address system

which if the dynamic IP address system

which if the dynamic IP address system is not working so the DHCP server for

is not working so the DHCP server for

is not working so the DHCP server for instance is down and it can't get an IP

instance is down and it can't get an IP

instance is down and it can't get an IP address from the DHCP server it's going

address from the DHCP server it's going

address from the DHCP server it's going to assign itself its own IP address if

to assign itself its own IP address if

to assign itself its own IP address if you remember that was 169 about 254 dot

you remember that was 169 about 254 dot

you remember that was 169 about 254 dot x dot X so if you see this is your IP

x dot X so if you see this is your IP

x dot X so if you see this is your IP address then guess what your DHCP server

address then guess what your DHCP server

address then guess what your DHCP server is down

is down

is down we also identify the strengths and

we also identify the strengths and

we also identify the strengths and weaknesses of each of these so um

weaknesses of each of these so um

weaknesses of each of these so um we Define the static we Define dynamic

we Define the static we Define dynamic

we Define the static we Define dynamic and then we identify the strengths and

and then we identify the strengths and

and then we identify the strengths and weaknesses of each remember the strength

weaknesses of each remember the strength

weaknesses of each remember the strength of dynamic is that

of dynamic is that

of dynamic is that it's easy

it's easy

it's easy and it requires less work if we change

and it requires less work if we change

and it requires less work if we change anything

anything

anything of course the Dynamics or the the

of course the Dynamics or the the

of course the Dynamics or the the downside of it

downside of it

downside of it could be this apipa or we don't want

could be this apipa or we don't want

could be this apipa or we don't want um the IP address to change

um the IP address to change

um the IP address to change we also talked about when to use Dynamic

we also talked about when to use Dynamic

we also talked about when to use Dynamic IP addressing which is in most cases we

IP addressing which is in most cases we

IP addressing which is in most cases we Define DHCP which allows a dynamic IP

Define DHCP which allows a dynamic IP

Define DHCP which allows a dynamic IP addressing to work

addressing to work

addressing to work scope which is basically the range of IP

scope which is basically the range of IP

scope which is basically the range of IP addresses

and the lease

and the lease

and the lease which is how long the IP address is

which is how long the IP address is

which is how long the IP address is going to be

going to be

going to be sent out for and then we recognize when

sent out for and then we recognize when

sent out for and then we recognize when static IP addressing is preferred for

static IP addressing is preferred for

static IP addressing is preferred for instance when we're dealing with

instance when we're dealing with

instance when we're dealing with printers

printers

printers or routers

or routers

or routers or even the DHCP server itself

or even the DHCP server itself

or even the DHCP server itself which we cannot have change

[Music]

welcome to module 6 lessons lesson 6 DNS

welcome to module 6 lessons lesson 6 DNS

welcome to module 6 lessons lesson 6 DNS the name naming system

covered up we're going to cover a lot of

covered up we're going to cover a lot of

covered up we're going to cover a lot of stuff in this presentation but I'll try

stuff in this presentation but I'll try

stuff in this presentation but I'll try and get through as quickly as I can

and get through as quickly as I can

and get through as quickly as I can what uh we need to know what DNS is what

what uh we need to know what DNS is what

what uh we need to know what DNS is what our domains the fully qualified domain

our domains the fully qualified domain

our domains the fully qualified domain name

name

name the DNS root servers so what happens or

the DNS root servers so what happens or

the DNS root servers so what happens or how does the system actually how do we

how does the system actually how do we

how does the system actually how do we interrogate it and how does it update

interrogate it and how does it update

interrogate it and how does it update itself

itself

itself what are DNS records as well this is

what are DNS records as well this is

what are DNS records as well this is stuff that's actually in the syllabus

stuff that's actually in the syllabus

stuff that's actually in the syllabus now I'm sure you've already heard of

now I'm sure you've already heard of

now I'm sure you've already heard of domain name system or DNS you can see in

domain name system or DNS you can see in

domain name system or DNS you can see in the um output here the image we've

the um output here the image we've

the um output here the image we've got.com dot org.us there's actually

got.com dot org.us there's actually

got.com dot org.us there's actually loads and they're added um quite rapidly

loads and they're added um quite rapidly

loads and they're added um quite rapidly and as each country has

and as each country has

and as each country has um appealed for their own top level

um appealed for their own top level

um appealed for their own top level domain more and more have been added so

domain more and more have been added so

domain more and more have been added so there's lots of countries now that you

there's lots of countries now that you

there's lots of countries now that you can register domain names for some of

can register domain names for some of

can register domain names for some of them are protected for example

them are protected for example

them are protected for example um if we go to.com

um if we go to.com

um if we go to.com dot a u for Australia you actually have

dot a u for Australia you actually have

dot a u for Australia you actually have to have a business uh number so

to have a business uh number so

to have a business uh number so even if you live in Australia you must

even if you live in Australia you must

even if you live in Australia you must have um it's called an ABN Australian

have um it's called an ABN Australian

have um it's called an ABN Australian business number so not you can't just

business number so not you can't just

business number so not you can't just have anyone having a DOT com.eu other

have anyone having a DOT com.eu other

have anyone having a DOT com.eu other countries have got restrictions some

countries have got restrictions some

countries have got restrictions some haven't so it just depends on where you

haven't so it just depends on where you

haven't so it just depends on where you are so it's the name of a computer it's

are so it's the name of a computer it's

are so it's the name of a computer it's got a an IP address on the internet now

got a an IP address on the internet now

got a an IP address on the internet now these can actually be shared you can

these can actually be shared you can

these can actually be shared you can have some of the same domain names if

have some of the same domain names if

have some of the same domain names if you buy cheap hosting and they'll all be

you buy cheap hosting and they'll all be

you buy cheap hosting and they'll all be sitting on the same IP address but this

sitting on the same IP address but this

sitting on the same IP address but this DNS can deal with this

DNS can deal with this

DNS can deal with this so yep that's just what I've said

so yep that's just what I've said

so yep that's just what I've said if you uh

if you uh

if you uh for example I used to host of these but

for example I used to host of these but

for example I used to host of these but not anymore

not anymore

not anymore uh

uh

uh what was it called HostGator

I'm not recommending these by the way

I'm not recommending these by the way

I'm not recommending these by the way you could have this guy's website

you could have this guy's website

you could have this guy's website somebody else's another person another

somebody else's another person another

somebody else's another person another person but they're all sharing

the same IP address but that's easily

the same IP address but that's easily

the same IP address but that's easily taken care of

taken care of

taken care of so what is it it resolves the names

so what is it it resolves the names

so what is it it resolves the names associated with a server to its IP

associated with a server to its IP

associated with a server to its IP address

so you can see on my home computer here

so you can see on my home computer here

so you can see on my home computer here I issued a ping cisco.com well this

I issued a ping cisco.com well this

I issued a ping cisco.com well this a URL is sitting on a server somewhere

a URL is sitting on a server somewhere

a URL is sitting on a server somewhere and probably on spread among quite a few

and probably on spread among quite a few

and probably on spread among quite a few servers actually but somewhere from my

servers actually but somewhere from my

servers actually but somewhere from my home

home

home wherever I am I've got to get through to

wherever I am I've got to get through to

wherever I am I've got to get through to my

my

my ISP and then obviously we've got a whole

ISP and then obviously we've got a whole

ISP and then obviously we've got a whole bunch of other hosting companies

bunch of other hosting companies

bunch of other hosting companies wherever they may be and then finally we

wherever they may be and then finally we

wherever they may be and then finally we get to the building

get to the building

get to the building hmm

hmm

hmm that Cisco owned maybe Paulo Alto or

that Cisco owned maybe Paulo Alto or

that Cisco owned maybe Paulo Alto or somewhere else but there has to be a

somewhere else but there has to be a

somewhere else but there has to be a result between this and what actually

result between this and what actually

result between this and what actually comes back because tcpip doesn't ping

comes back because tcpip doesn't ping

comes back because tcpip doesn't ping names it pings uh IP addresses so 172

names it pings uh IP addresses so 172

names it pings uh IP addresses so 172 163 4.161 that could have changed but

163 4.161 that could have changed but

163 4.161 that could have changed but something has to happen before the icmp

something has to happen before the icmp

something has to happen before the icmp packet can be built and as you know from

packet can be built and as you know from

packet can be built and as you know from other lectures he's got to have uh

other lectures he's got to have uh

other lectures he's got to have uh inside their Source destination and

inside their Source destination and

inside their Source destination and their data whatever else inside the

their data whatever else inside the

their data whatever else inside the packet so DNS will take care of the uh

packet so DNS will take care of the uh

packet so DNS will take care of the uh resolve for us

resolve for us

resolve for us when we tried to access a

when we tried to access a

when we tried to access a samplecompany.com from the web browser

samplecompany.com from the web browser

samplecompany.com from the web browser DNS translates the domain name into an

DNS translates the domain name into an

DNS translates the domain name into an IP address

so I've just put an IP address if you're

so I've just put an IP address if you're

so I've just put an IP address if you're super super smart and got a great memory

super super smart and got a great memory

super super smart and got a great memory you could basically browse the entire

you could basically browse the entire

you could basically browse the entire internet just using IP addresses however

internet just using IP addresses however

internet just using IP addresses however if it's something new for example if you

if it's something new for example if you

if it's something new for example if you want to go to

want to go to

want to go to xyzsite.com you're not going to know

xyzsite.com you're not going to know

xyzsite.com you're not going to know obviously the IP address and this can

obviously the IP address and this can

obviously the IP address and this can change over time by the way they can

change over time by the way they can

change over time by the way they can move to another company and assimilate

move to another company and assimilate

move to another company and assimilate with someone else or buy them out

so that IP address is used by our

so that IP address is used by our

so that IP address is used by our computer to communicate with the

computer to communicate with the

computer to communicate with the corresponding server on the network

as a database DLS knows about the

as a database DLS knows about the

as a database DLS knows about the relationship between the domain name and

relationship between the domain name and

relationship between the domain name and its IP address it's a distributed

its IP address it's a distributed

its IP address it's a distributed databases spread across the world I'll

databases spread across the world I'll

databases spread across the world I'll come up to this morning here but um

come up to this morning here but um

come up to this morning here but um you've got your ISP which will probably

you've got your ISP which will probably

you've got your ISP which will probably have several thousand of the most common

have several thousand of the most common

have several thousand of the most common DNS addresses

DNS addresses

DNS addresses and and mappings in there if there isn't

and and mappings in there if there isn't

and and mappings in there if there isn't one there then when you do your search

one there then when you do your search

one there then when you do your search at home

at home

at home if it's not there then quite quickly it

if it's not there then quite quickly it

if it's not there then quite quickly it will be forwarded to

will be forwarded to

will be forwarded to like possibly it might not be the um one

like possibly it might not be the um one

like possibly it might not be the um one of the root servers which I'll come to

of the root servers which I'll come to

of the root servers which I'll come to but it might be an authoritative DNS

but it might be an authoritative DNS

but it might be an authoritative DNS server that will hopefully resolve if

server that will hopefully resolve if

server that will hopefully resolve if not then it can carry on

it uses UDP Port 53 just uh bear that in

it uses UDP Port 53 just uh bear that in

it uses UDP Port 53 just uh bear that in mind because you could come up in the

mind because you could come up in the

mind because you could come up in the exam

exam

exam uh just people argue that it DNS doesn't

uh just people argue that it DNS doesn't

uh just people argue that it DNS doesn't use

use

use UDP it does for our for our purposes DNS

UDP it does for our for our purposes DNS

UDP it does for our for our purposes DNS uses UDP now if you happen to be working

uses UDP now if you happen to be working

uses UDP now if you happen to be working for an internet service provider then um

for an internet service provider then um

for an internet service provider then um TCP is used but it's used for Zone

TCP is used but it's used for Zone

TCP is used but it's used for Zone transfer so all the domain names that um

transfer so all the domain names that um

transfer so all the domain names that um will be transferred across that

will be transferred across that

will be transferred across that obviously has to be done reliably or

obviously has to be done reliably or

obviously has to be done reliably or large requests

large requests

large requests it can also be used if there's multiple

this depends how you've got it all set

this depends how you've got it all set

this depends how you've got it all set up if there's multiple failures looking

up if there's multiple failures looking

up if there's multiple failures looking for

for

for xyz.com then it could also move to TCP

xyz.com then it could also move to TCP

xyz.com then it could also move to TCP this is because it could be caused by a

this is because it could be caused by a

this is because it could be caused by a UDP dropouts or fragmentation

UDP dropouts or fragmentation

UDP dropouts or fragmentation but we probably wouldn't need to worry

but we probably wouldn't need to worry

but we probably wouldn't need to worry about that for our day-to-day jobs

about that for our day-to-day jobs

about that for our day-to-day jobs our DNS database or the DNS database

our DNS database or the DNS database

our DNS database or the DNS database divided into sections called zones these

divided into sections called zones these

divided into sections called zones these store name information about one or more

store name information about one or more

store name information about one or more domains

and the domain is included in the zone

and the domain is included in the zone

and the domain is included in the zone The Zone becomes an authoritative source

The Zone becomes an authoritative source

The Zone becomes an authoritative source of information about that domain

so as I've already said we need our

so as I've already said we need our

so as I've already said we need our routers and multiles which is we we

routers and multiles which is we we

routers and multiles which is we we concerned about IP addresses to make

concerned about IP addresses to make

concerned about IP addresses to make forwarding decisions so we had to have

forwarding decisions so we had to have

forwarding decisions so we had to have this service created

uh you we know this stuff already

uh you we know this stuff already

uh you we know this stuff already difficult to remember kind of alluded to

difficult to remember kind of alluded to

difficult to remember kind of alluded to it

so the IP address with the domain system

so the IP address with the domain system

so the IP address with the domain system we don't need to go through the headache

we don't need to go through the headache

we don't need to go through the headache of remembering the IP addresses

of remembering the IP addresses

of remembering the IP addresses a little flogging the flogging the point

a little flogging the flogging the point

a little flogging the flogging the point a bit here

a bit here

a bit here so the DNS name system is based upon the

so the DNS name system is based upon the

so the DNS name system is based upon the domain name space

domain name space

domain name space collection of unique names that denote

collection of unique names that denote

collection of unique names that denote other kinds of information such as the

other kinds of information such as the

other kinds of information such as the IP address now there has to be certain

IP address now there has to be certain

IP address now there has to be certain rules in place obviously and these rules

rules in place obviously and these rules

rules in place obviously and these rules have been added to and amended if you if

have been added to and amended if you if

have been added to and amended if you if you've got the time and the inclination

you've got the time and the inclination

you've got the time and the inclination to read through the rfcs and certainly

to read through the rfcs and certainly

to read through the rfcs and certainly when we come to see Name Records

when we come to see Name Records

when we come to see Name Records conical names I'm not saying that twice

conical names I'm not saying that twice

conical names I'm not saying that twice they had to issue an update on the RFC

they had to issue an update on the RFC

they had to issue an update on the RFC because people were getting a bit

because people were getting a bit

because people were getting a bit confused about what it what it did and

confused about what it what it did and

confused about what it what it did and this is one of the things about when you

this is one of the things about when you

this is one of the things about when you when you create something and you write

when you create something and you write

when you create something and you write the rules

the rules

the rules of the documentation you

of the documentation you

of the documentation you you presume people already understand

you presume people already understand

you presume people already understand stuff because it's in your head this is

stuff because it's in your head this is

stuff because it's in your head this is why it's handy to get other people to

why it's handy to get other people to

why it's handy to get other people to write the documentation and then you

write the documentation and then you

write the documentation and then you read it

read it

read it and I'm saying that because

and I'm saying that because

and I'm saying that because documentation is included in the network

documentation is included in the network

documentation is included in the network plus the exam

plus the exam

plus the exam so the namespace is a hierarchically

so the namespace is a hierarchically

so the namespace is a hierarchically there's too many long words today

there's too many long words today

there's too many long words today structured and has rules to uh that let

structured and has rules to uh that let

structured and has rules to uh that let the namespace be divided into subsets

the namespace be divided into subsets

the namespace be divided into subsets so in the land uh the domain is a sub

so in the land uh the domain is a sub

so in the land uh the domain is a sub Network consisting of a group of clients

Network consisting of a group of clients

Network consisting of a group of clients and servers I'm not talking about the um

and servers I'm not talking about the um

and servers I'm not talking about the um your internal

your internal

your internal um intranet for example

I'm just talking about the day-to-day

I'm just talking about the day-to-day

I'm just talking about the day-to-day lands of IP addresses you could have the

lands of IP addresses you could have the

lands of IP addresses you could have the intranet or obviously

intranet or obviously

intranet or obviously um Microsoft also has a naming system

um Microsoft also has a naming system

um Microsoft also has a naming system the active directory so we're not

the active directory so we're not

the active directory so we're not talking about that

so Internet domain is a descriptor of

so Internet domain is a descriptor of

so Internet domain is a descriptor of The Logical grouping of names and it

The Logical grouping of names and it

The Logical grouping of names and it indicates whether the names belong to

indicates whether the names belong to

indicates whether the names belong to the following commercial entities and

the following commercial entities and

the following commercial entities and non-non-profits I'm not sure what the

non-non-profits I'm not sure what the

non-non-profits I'm not sure what the non-profit is.org isn't it

non-profit is.org isn't it

non-profit is.org isn't it which isn't isn't really the case

which isn't isn't really the case

which isn't isn't really the case because

because

because um I've got a DOT org website so it's

um I've got a DOT org website so it's

um I've got a DOT org website so it's not protected you don't have to be a

not protected you don't have to be a

not protected you don't have to be a registered uh charity

registered uh charity

registered uh charity educational is dot uh Ed I don't think

educational is dot uh Ed I don't think

educational is dot uh Ed I don't think it's dot EU it's dot e d u now I you

it's dot EU it's dot e d u now I you

it's dot EU it's dot e d u now I you can't get these as far as I know

can't get these as far as I know

can't get these as far as I know certainly not for USA you have to be um

certainly not for USA you have to be um

certainly not for USA you have to be um a uni

a uni

a uni College something like that so I presume

College something like that so I presume

College something like that so I presume you have to have some sort of

you have to have some sort of

you have to have some sort of documentation or number

documentation or number

documentation or number government agencies.gov

government agencies.gov

government agencies.gov and so on

and so on

and so on you can subdivide the domain into groups

you can subdivide the domain into groups

you can subdivide the domain into groups called subdomain

called subdomain

called subdomain so the DNS domain can also contain hosts

so the DNS domain can also contain hosts

so the DNS domain can also contain hosts these refer to computers and services so

these refer to computers and services so

these refer to computers and services so we've got an example here

we've got an example here

we've got an example here training.samplecompany.com

so this is the first obviously the top

so this is the first obviously the top

so this is the first obviously the top top level domain which we talk about

top level domain which we talk about

top level domain which we talk about then somebody's registered this

then somebody's registered this

then somebody's registered this but then when you go into your

but then when you go into your

but then when you go into your admin panel

admin panel

admin panel you can add these sub domains here for

you can add these sub domains here for

you can add these sub domains here for example my

I think it's called rack start

I think it's called rack start

I think it's called rack start how to

network.com I've got the same sort of

network.com I've got the same sort of

network.com I've got the same sort of thing I created this subdomain which has

thing I created this subdomain which has

thing I created this subdomain which has got its own IP address at

got its own IP address at

got its own IP address at howtonnetwork.com is sitting somewhere

howtonnetwork.com is sitting somewhere

howtonnetwork.com is sitting somewhere um

um

um actually know where it is it's sitting

actually know where it is it's sitting

actually know where it is it's sitting on a server say say no

on a server say say no

on a server say say no I IO the the um racks are sitting

I IO the the um racks are sitting

I IO the the um racks are sitting somewhere else because I've used DNS

somewhere else because I've used DNS

somewhere else because I've used DNS records that sit in in um oh

I actually remember where it is

I actually remember where it is

I actually remember where it is up at Nevada just so you get the point

up at Nevada just so you get the point

up at Nevada just so you get the point anyway

so samplecomedy.com the.com is known as

so samplecomedy.com the.com is known as

so samplecomedy.com the.com is known as the TLD top level domain

the TLD top level domain

the TLD top level domain okay so you could be asked this in the

okay so you could be asked this in the

okay so you could be asked this in the exam this is ISA the fqdn the fully

exam this is ISA the fqdn the fully

exam this is ISA the fqdn the fully qualified domain name is a complete

qualified domain name is a complete

qualified domain name is a complete domain name for a specific computer or

domain name for a specific computer or

domain name for a specific computer or host so it's got the host name and the

host so it's got the host name and the

host so it's got the host name and the domain name

domain name

domain name so for the fqdn for a hypothetical main

so for the fqdn for a hypothetical main

so for the fqdn for a hypothetical main mail server might be mail one and you

mail server might be mail one and you

mail server might be mail one and you probably have this if you're in a

probably have this if you're in a

probably have this if you're in a reasonably sized company that's got a

reasonably sized company that's got a

reasonably sized company that's got a dedicated Mouse server so you're

dedicated Mouse server so you're

dedicated Mouse server so you're handling all your mail

handling all your mail

handling all your mail most of these services are named you

most of these services are named you

most of these services are named you know mail one mail two whatever and then

know mail one mail two whatever and then

know mail one mail two whatever and then your company name so you're managing all

your company name so you're managing all

your company name so you're managing all of your

of your

of your um incoming and outgoing mail which is

um incoming and outgoing mail which is

um incoming and outgoing mail which is probably

probably

probably um a good idea

um a good idea

um a good idea so you can Blacklist and and comply with

so you can Blacklist and and comply with

so you can Blacklist and and comply with other legal requirements

so mail one is a host obviously you can

so mail one is a host obviously you can

so mail one is a host obviously you can use more than one server you can use

use more than one server you can use

use more than one server you can use virtualization whatever you want but um

virtualization whatever you want but um

virtualization whatever you want but um hypothetically speaking it's a a server

hypothetically speaking it's a a server

hypothetically speaking it's a a server dot com is the TRD as we mentioned

so DNS root servers these are the

so DNS root servers these are the

so DNS root servers these are the contain the top level domain registry

contain the top level domain registry

contain the top level domain registry that maintain the global domains so at

that maintain the global domains so at

that maintain the global domains so at some point if you register a brand new

some point if you register a brand new

some point if you register a brand new domain name

domain name

domain name you'd register it with your

you'd register it with your

you'd register it with your um

um

um it could be with your hosting company

it could be with your hosting company

it could be with your hosting company I'll just put HC and then that

I'll just put HC and then that

I'll just put HC and then that eventually will get forwarded to the um

eventually will get forwarded to the um

eventually will get forwarded to the um the TLD and then that will be forwarded

the TLD and then that will be forwarded

the TLD and then that will be forwarded to non-root service So eventually your

to non-root service So eventually your

to non-root service So eventually your ISP will probably

ISP will probably

ISP will probably get a copy

so as of first of August 2018 root

so as of first of August 2018 root

so as of first of August 2018 root server consists of 933 instances these

server consists of 933 instances these

server consists of 933 instances these are operated by 12 independent route

are operated by 12 independent route

are operated by 12 independent route servers if you're interested in more

servers if you're interested in more

servers if you're interested in more information you can go to root

information you can go to root

information you can go to root service.org and have a read up and

service.org and have a read up and

service.org and have a read up and they've got some maps on there of where

they've got some maps on there of where

they've got some maps on there of where all these root servers are

all these root servers are

all these root servers are some examples of globaldomainsr.com or

some examples of globaldomainsr.com or

some examples of globaldomainsr.com or netgov.edu country codes US Canada

netgov.edu country codes US Canada

netgov.edu country codes US Canada CN

CN

CN oh I don't know Denmark France Japan

oh I don't know Denmark France Japan

oh I don't know Denmark France Japan CN oh that's going to annoy me now I'll

CN oh that's going to annoy me now I'll

CN oh that's going to annoy me now I'll have to look when I finish this

have to look when I finish this

have to look when I finish this presentation if he comes to me I'll say

presentation if he comes to me I'll say

presentation if he comes to me I'll say uh you wouldn't be tested on that by the

uh you wouldn't be tested on that by the

uh you wouldn't be tested on that by the way uh DNS root servers also known as

way uh DNS root servers also known as

way uh DNS root servers also known as root name servers if anyone says that to

root name servers if anyone says that to

root name servers if anyone says that to you it's perfectly um fine for them to

you it's perfectly um fine for them to

you it's perfectly um fine for them to say that and it describes where the

say that and it describes where the

say that and it describes where the authoritative did a service for the T

authoritative did a service for the T

authoritative did a service for the T top level domains are located

please give answers for specified set of

please give answers for specified set of

please give answers for specified set of zones from its own source so it doesn't

zones from its own source so it doesn't

zones from its own source so it doesn't have anywhere else to go if there isn't

have anywhere else to go if there isn't

have anywhere else to go if there isn't a response something's gone wrong

a response something's gone wrong

a response something's gone wrong or the domain doesn't exist

or the domain doesn't exist

or the domain doesn't exist at the moment and you'll you'll get some

at the moment and you'll you'll get some

at the moment and you'll you'll get some sort of timeout message on your web

sort of timeout message on your web

sort of timeout message on your web browser

browser

browser non-authoritative servers these provide

non-authoritative servers these provide

non-authoritative servers these provide cash dancers or Cash Aid I know some

cash dancers or Cash Aid I know some

cash dancers or Cash Aid I know some people say that are obtained from

people say that are obtained from

people say that are obtained from another name server

another name server

another name server so as I said you've got the uh the root

so as I said you've got the uh the root

so as I said you've got the uh the root servers here

servers here

servers here and then

and then

and then other companies large organizations just

other companies large organizations just

other companies large organizations just to save traffic and time can query these

to save traffic and time can query these

to save traffic and time can query these and then if they so wish

and then if they so wish

and then if they so wish they could also be queried by other

they could also be queried by other

they could also be queried by other servers and so on and so on and so on

the DNS is composed of a namespace this

the DNS is composed of a namespace this

the DNS is composed of a namespace this is distributed database it contains the

is distributed database it contains the

is distributed database it contains the data that includes the host names

data that includes the host names

data that includes the host names if you recognize the structure there

if you recognize the structure there

if you recognize the structure there it's similar to a file system in Unix

the name server translates the domain

the name server translates the domain

the name server translates the domain name to its corresponding IP address and

name to its corresponding IP address and

name to its corresponding IP address and we've seen an example of that

we've seen an example of that

we've seen an example of that does the response to the DNS query it

does the response to the DNS query it

does the response to the DNS query it receives from resolvers or the name

receives from resolvers or the name

receives from resolvers or the name servers I'm going to talk about

servers I'm going to talk about

servers I'm going to talk about um

um

um to our resolvers in a minute I think I'm

to our resolvers in a minute I think I'm

to our resolvers in a minute I think I'm not sure which slide it is

not sure which slide it is

not sure which slide it is so the answers to the DNS queries are

so the answers to the DNS queries are

so the answers to the DNS queries are based upon the contents of the name

based upon the contents of the name

based upon the contents of the name server database so obviously the

server database so obviously the

server database so obviously the database is full of records of um

database is full of records of um

database is full of records of um mappings so um

mappings so um

mappings so um x.com and it will be mapped to

there's a lot more than this but as a

there's a lot more than this but as a

there's a lot more than this but as a simplified illustration

simplified illustration

simplified illustration cached information is learned by the

cached information is learned by the

cached information is learned by the name server from other name servers how

name server from other name servers how

name server from other name servers how often they update the cache uh just

often they update the cache uh just

often they update the cache uh just depends on obviously their local

depends on obviously their local

depends on obviously their local configurations

configurations

configurations now you can get an authoritative answer

now you can get an authoritative answer

now you can get an authoritative answer this is based on the contents of the

this is based on the contents of the

this is based on the contents of the name server database if it's a cached

name server database if it's a cached

name server database if it's a cached answer it's known as non-authoritative

answer it's known as non-authoritative

answer it's known as non-authoritative now on your PC you can issue

now on your PC you can issue

now on your PC you can issue ip

ip

ip config and this has worked for me before

config and this has worked for me before

config and this has worked for me before and forward slash

and forward slash

and forward slash flush DNS say I've moved my my website

flush DNS say I've moved my my website

flush DNS say I've moved my my website from one hosting company which I have

from one hosting company which I have

from one hosting company which I have done in the past to another

done in the past to another

done in the past to another I can um I can force a flush to find out

I can um I can force a flush to find out

I can um I can force a flush to find out where to to see if this

where to to see if this

where to to see if this um it's been moved correctly

um it's been moved correctly

um it's been moved correctly and obviously I could put the IP address

and obviously I could put the IP address

and obviously I could put the IP address in

but this is quite a stressful time if

but this is quite a stressful time if

but this is quite a stressful time if you own a business because you've got

you own a business because you've got

you own a business because you've got your website

your website

your website um technically in two places although

um technically in two places although

um technically in two places although this is the old version and eventually

this is the old version and eventually

this is the old version and eventually the records will update but uh could

the records will update but uh could

the records will update but uh could possibly be asked in the exam ipconfig

possibly be asked in the exam ipconfig

possibly be asked in the exam ipconfig uh forward slash flush DNS and try it at

uh forward slash flush DNS and try it at

uh forward slash flush DNS and try it at home if you like

home if you like

home if you like what's the DNS composed of as resolvo is

what's the DNS composed of as resolvo is

what's the DNS composed of as resolvo is the next part which I mentioned it's a

the next part which I mentioned it's a

the next part which I mentioned it's a software component that comes bundled

software component that comes bundled

software component that comes bundled with your operating system also in

with your operating system also in

with your operating system also in network Hardware

the internet applications such as web

the internet applications such as web

the internet applications such as web browsers and email clients need a domain

browsers and email clients need a domain

browsers and email clients need a domain name lookup so this is a piece of

name lookup so this is a piece of

name lookup so this is a piece of software that um issues the DNS request

the resolver accepts the DNS queries and

the resolver accepts the DNS queries and

the resolver accepts the DNS queries and if the required information is available

if the required information is available

if the required information is available in the local cache it returns that data

in the local cache it returns that data

in the local cache it returns that data to the client so your PC will use the

to the client so your PC will use the

to the client so your PC will use the resolver

resolver

resolver a piece of little piece of software

a piece of little piece of software

a piece of little piece of software somewhere

then it will go out to the internet and

then it will go out to the internet and

then it will go out to the internet and obviously return it so then you can

obviously return it so then you can

obviously return it so then you can issue the ping which we already saw

issue the ping which we already saw

issue the ping which we already saw and it's not available it sends the

and it's not available it sends the

and it's not available it sends the query to the name server

query to the name server

query to the name server when the resolver resumes the name

when the resolver resumes the name

when the resolver resumes the name server's response it hands the result to

server's response it hands the result to

server's response it hands the result to the application that initiated the

the application that initiated the

the application that initiated the request so this will be your web browser

request so this will be your web browser

request so this will be your web browser email

email

email um email package whatever you've already

um email package whatever you've already

um email package whatever you've already in obviously most of us are in our email

in obviously most of us are in our email

in obviously most of us are in our email off the cloud now like um

off the cloud now like um

off the cloud now like um Gmail

Gmail

Gmail so internet application sends a query

so internet application sends a query

so internet application sends a query for translating the sampler company

for translating the sampler company

for translating the sampler company resolver checks the local cash so you

resolver checks the local cash so you

resolver checks the local cash so you you could actually check your DNS cache

you could actually check your DNS cache

you could actually check your DNS cache on your home computer

if it's not available then it hands over

if it's not available then it hands over

if it's not available then it hands over to the result the resolver hands it over

to the result the resolver hands it over

to the result the resolver hands it over to the nearest name server which would

to the nearest name server which would

to the nearest name server which would be normally your ISP

be normally your ISP

be normally your ISP name serversy determines whether it can

name serversy determines whether it can

name serversy determines whether it can provide the data

if it's not available then it goes all

if it's not available then it goes all

if it's not available then it goes all the way off

the way off

the way off so PC

so PC

so PC resolver

which basically just checks your your

which basically just checks your your

which basically just checks your your DNS

DNS

DNS cash on your home computer if not it'll

cash on your home computer if not it'll

cash on your home computer if not it'll go off to your ISP if the ISP doesn't

go off to your ISP if the ISP doesn't

go off to your ISP if the ISP doesn't know

know

know it could query another server but let's

it could query another server but let's

it could query another server but let's just say it goes off to the the air

just say it goes off to the the air

just say it goes off to the the air route there so this would all happen

route there so this would all happen

route there so this would all happen pretty quickly obviously you've you know

pretty quickly obviously you've you know

pretty quickly obviously you've you know yourself you've put in a URL and just

yourself you've put in a URL and just

yourself you've put in a URL and just sat there in how we're so impatient

sat there in how we're so impatient

sat there in how we're so impatient nowadays you sat there in any more than

nowadays you sat there in any more than

nowadays you sat there in any more than five seconds you start hitting the

five seconds you start hitting the

five seconds you start hitting the refresh button

refresh button

refresh button all right so the name server ask the.com

all right so the name server ask the.com

all right so the name server ask the.com name server and gets finally gets the IP

name server and gets finally gets the IP

name server and gets finally gets the IP address

address

address since the sample company has the IP

since the sample company has the IP

since the sample company has the IP address in its own database uh this this

address in its own database uh this this

address in its own database uh this this would be for a new domain I guess the

would be for a new domain I guess the

would be for a new domain I guess the name server that requested the IP

name server that requested the IP

name server that requested the IP address now gets an authoritative IP

address now gets an authoritative IP

address now gets an authoritative IP address as the answer

address as the answer

address as the answer and that's all finally relayed

and that's all finally relayed

and that's all finally relayed you could have a couple of query types a

you could have a couple of query types a

you could have a couple of query types a query received by the name server this

query received by the name server this

query received by the name server this is a recursive query this is received by

is a recursive query this is received by

is a recursive query this is received by the uh received from the resolver

the uh received from the resolver

the uh received from the resolver non-recursive is received by other

non-recursive is received by other

non-recursive is received by other servers so they could just be doing an

servers so they could just be doing an

servers so they could just be doing an update of their own records

uh probably in the exam you'll be asked

uh probably in the exam you'll be asked

uh probably in the exam you'll be asked a little bit about what are DNS records

a little bit about what are DNS records

a little bit about what are DNS records what do they consist of

what do they consist of

what do they consist of also known as resource records these

also known as resource records these

also known as resource records these have the information that we need to do

have the information that we need to do

have the information that we need to do the resolving

the resolving

the resolving the records map a domain to its ipv4

the records map a domain to its ipv4

the records map a domain to its ipv4 address these are a records

address these are a records

address these are a records so this is the type of question you

so this is the type of question you

so this is the type of question you might get asked what has an a record it

might get asked what has an a record it

might get asked what has an a record it maps The Domain to its high people for

maps The Domain to its high people for

maps The Domain to its high people for address

address

address so here's an example you would put these

so here's an example you would put these

so here's an example you would put these in when you register your domain name if

in when you register your domain name if

in when you register your domain name if you host with the same company that you

you host with the same company that you

you host with the same company that you register so there's a company called one

register so there's a company called one

register so there's a company called one two three reg dot Co dot UK that I used

two three reg dot Co dot UK that I used

two three reg dot Co dot UK that I used to register my names with and host so I

to register my names with and host so I

to register my names with and host so I think it was all done for me there

think it was all done for me there

think it was all done for me there now some of these domain names

now some of these domain names

now some of these domain names um say in

um say in

um say in 60 days.com

I um had it registered here but it's

I um had it registered here but it's

I um had it registered here but it's actually hosted somewhere else now so

actually hosted somewhere else now so

actually hosted somewhere else now so about to go in and

about to go in and

about to go in and um I actually put the name server that's

um I actually put the name server that's

um I actually put the name server that's the only part I've put in but there's a

the only part I've put in but there's a

the only part I've put in but there's a there's other records I can manipulate

there's other records I can manipulate

there's other records I can manipulate and as the owner of this domain I can do

and as the owner of this domain I can do

and as the owner of this domain I can do that but just be very careful what you

that but just be very careful what you

that but just be very careful what you do if you don't know what you're doing

do if you don't know what you're doing

do if you don't know what you're doing then you need to ask for help because

then you need to ask for help because

then you need to ask for help because things can go wrong because as I've told

things can go wrong because as I've told

things can go wrong because as I've told you you can split

you you can split

you you can split your mail

your mail

your mail to go to oneip address your

to go to oneip address your

to go to oneip address your um your web server can be hosted on

um your web server can be hosted on

um your web server can be hosted on another IP address you've got to have

another IP address you've got to have

another IP address you've got to have records for all of this

records for all of this

records for all of this so example of an a record first is used

so example of an a record first is used

so example of an a record first is used to take care of situations when someone

to take care of situations when someone

to take care of situations when someone tries to access the domain name without

tries to access the domain name without

tries to access the domain name without typing www most of us don't bother now

typing www most of us don't bother now

typing www most of us don't bother now so it'll resolved correctly the the

so it'll resolved correctly the the

so it'll resolved correctly the the first one being

first one being

first one being they say ah sorry

they say ah sorry

they say ah sorry so somebody hasn't put www

so somebody hasn't put www

so somebody hasn't put www and this is um this is a wild card so

and this is um this is a wild card so

and this is um this is a wild card so anything before your domain name is just

anything before your domain name is just

anything before your domain name is just going to go to and whatever server

going to go to and whatever server

going to go to and whatever server they're hosting it on here

the second record we saw is the wild

the second record we saw is the wild

the second record we saw is the wild card it will direct any subdomains to

card it will direct any subdomains to

card it will direct any subdomains to the hosting server if you so wish you

the hosting server if you so wish you

the hosting server if you so wish you can then point it off somewhere else or

can then point it off somewhere else or

can then point it off somewhere else or you can add it into the DNA DNS records

you can add it into the DNA DNS records

you can add it into the DNA DNS records the quadrupalade if there's any quick

the quadrupalade if there's any quick

the quadrupalade if there's any quick way of saying this actually AAA oh could

way of saying this actually AAA oh could

way of saying this actually AAA oh could you play

you play

you play because um over in Australia this means

because um over in Australia this means

because um over in Australia this means the Australian

the Australian

the Australian um Automobile Association I know it's

um Automobile Association I know it's

um Automobile Association I know it's Triple A we've got over here so you're

Triple A we've got over here so you're

Triple A we've got over here so you're just gonna be careful what if anyone

just gonna be careful what if anyone

just gonna be careful what if anyone else is using these uh letters

else is using these uh letters

else is using these uh letters this is an IPv6 address that maps The

this is an IPv6 address that maps The

this is an IPv6 address that maps The Domain to its IPv6 address obvious

Domain to its IPv6 address obvious

Domain to its IPv6 address obvious obviously because um we need to be we're

obviously because um we need to be we're

obviously because um we need to be we're moving to IPv6 now

moving to IPv6 now

moving to IPv6 now so the 128-bit address

so the 128-bit address

so the 128-bit address there's an MX record which you probably

there's an MX record which you probably

there's an MX record which you probably won't be touching unless you're doing

won't be touching unless you're doing

won't be touching unless you're doing your own mail stuff

your own mail stuff

your own mail stuff to Maps the domain name to an email

to Maps the domain name to an email

to Maps the domain name to an email server if you're working for a big

server if you're working for a big

server if you're working for a big company they'll take care of that

company they'll take care of that

company they'll take care of that but looking at the MX record we could

but looking at the MX record we could

but looking at the MX record we could identify the mail server to which the

identify the mail server to which the

identify the mail server to which the emails are sent

emails are sent

emails are sent uh C name conical name record

uh C name conical name record

uh C name conical name record used to specify a domain name or

used to specify a domain name or

used to specify a domain name or subdomain as an alias of another domain

subdomain as an alias of another domain

subdomain as an alias of another domain so it allows the mapping of a domain to

so it allows the mapping of a domain to

so it allows the mapping of a domain to another domain

another domain

another domain so for example

so for example

so for example um

um

um you complete subdomains such as the mail

you complete subdomains such as the mail

you complete subdomains such as the mail or your FTP to your main address and you

or your FTP to your main address and you

or your FTP to your main address and you can do you could do this to make your

can do you could do this to make your

can do you could do this to make your company look bigger

company look bigger

company look bigger and I think my FTP certainly just points

and I think my FTP certainly just points

and I think my FTP certainly just points to my my normal server

to my my normal server

to my my normal server yeah but obviously when you're doing FTP

yeah but obviously when you're doing FTP

yeah but obviously when you're doing FTP you need to specify

you need to specify

you need to specify um in your software that you're using

um in your software that you're using

um in your software that you're using FTP so this that was that's how it would

FTP so this that was that's how it would

FTP so this that was that's how it would work

work

work so there must be an a record for the

so there must be an a record for the

so there must be an a record for the hosting server before aliases can be

hosting server before aliases can be

hosting server before aliases can be added

added

added so cname aliases must point to another

so cname aliases must point to another

so cname aliases must point to another domain

domain

domain so if somebody types

so if somebody types

so if somebody types um

um

um bar.example.com there's a cname record

bar.example.com there's a cname record

bar.example.com there's a cname record that basically says that is actually on

that basically says that is actually on

that basically says that is actually on um

um

um the C name is food.example.com then the

the C name is food.example.com then the

the C name is food.example.com then the the search takes place the DNS search

the search takes place the DNS search

the search takes place the DNS search takes place for food.example.com there's

takes place for food.example.com there's

takes place for food.example.com there's an a record so IP B4 record and it's

an a record so IP B4 record and it's

an a record so IP B4 record and it's saying yeah this is posted on this

saying yeah this is posted on this

saying yeah this is posted on this particular server

PTR records pointers Maps like pv4

PTR records pointers Maps like pv4

PTR records pointers Maps like pv4 address to a clinical name for the

address to a clinical name for the

address to a clinical name for the purposes of the reverse DNS lookup

purposes of the reverse DNS lookup

purposes of the reverse DNS lookup so this is uh the reverse so normally we

so this is uh the reverse so normally we

so this is uh the reverse so normally we do

do

do um

um

um xyz.com and that goes to

but the reverse can happen somebody

but the reverse can happen somebody

but the reverse can happen somebody could type

could type

could type 192.1.1.1 when you type that in your

192.1.1.1 when you type that in your

192.1.1.1 when you type that in your browser I think

browser I think

browser I think you um

you um

you um I need to test that actually

I need to test that actually

I need to test that actually it won't stay so if you if you type that

it won't stay so if you if you type that

it won't stay so if you if you type that you may well see it actually resolves to

you may well see it actually resolves to

you may well see it actually resolves to this

this

this might depend on your browser software

might depend on your browser software

might depend on your browser software SOA State start of authority record it's

SOA State start of authority record it's

SOA State start of authority record it's the first record in the zone file it

the first record in the zone file it

the first record in the zone file it declares it contains the most

declares it contains the most

declares it contains the most authoritative information for the zone

information is the email address of the

information is the email address of the

information is the email address of the administrator you normally have to put

administrator you normally have to put

administrator you normally have to put something in unless you want it to be

something in unless you want it to be

something in unless you want it to be private the name of the primary DNS

private the name of the primary DNS

private the name of the primary DNS server there's a serial number time

server there's a serial number time

server there's a serial number time Fields when it was all registered and on

Fields when it was all registered and on

Fields when it was all registered and on their last updates

their last updates

their last updates uh two of the types of Records static is

uh two of the types of Records static is

uh two of the types of Records static is when it's done manually

when it's done manually

when it's done manually here and dynamic it's automatically

here and dynamic it's automatically

here and dynamic it's automatically updated there's two types of Records

and Dynamic DNS this is a process of

and Dynamic DNS this is a process of

and Dynamic DNS this is a process of automatically

automatically

automatically um updating a Dynamic DNS record in the

um updating a Dynamic DNS record in the

um updating a Dynamic DNS record in the name server what can happen is this is

name server what can happen is this is

name server what can happen is this is all almost

all almost

all almost in real time

in real time

in real time could well be used if you're using cloud

could well be used if you're using cloud

could well be used if you're using cloud computing and your setting up servers

computing and your setting up servers

computing and your setting up servers tearing down servers moving information

tearing down servers moving information

tearing down servers moving information Dynamic DNS

will update the lap information and the

will update the lap information and the

will update the lap information and the um names

so useful when the IP addresses of our

so useful when the IP addresses of our

so useful when the IP addresses of our devices keep changing

uh whenever a client computer using DHCP

uh whenever a client computer using DHCP

uh whenever a client computer using DHCP gets a new IP address it can use Dynamic

gets a new IP address it can use Dynamic

gets a new IP address it can use Dynamic DNS

DNS

DNS all right so we covered a lot of stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff you know the core stuff about root

you know the core stuff about root

you know the core stuff about root servers and AE records and quadruple a

servers and AE records and quadruple a

servers and AE records and quadruple a records I think that's the type of stuff

records I think that's the type of stuff

records I think that's the type of stuff that has questions on

that has questions on

that has questions on DNS domains fully quite fully qualified

DNS domains fully quite fully qualified

DNS domains fully quite fully qualified domains root servers records a lot of

domains root servers records a lot of

domains root servers records a lot of information and thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 6 lesson 7 proxy

welcome to module 6 lesson 7 proxy

welcome to module 6 lesson 7 proxy servers

objectives we're looking at what a proxy

objectives we're looking at what a proxy

objectives we're looking at what a proxy server is an introduction uh the uses of

server is an introduction uh the uses of

server is an introduction uh the uses of proxy servers and forward proxy servers

proxy servers and forward proxy servers

proxy servers and forward proxy servers reverse proxy servers

reverse proxy servers

reverse proxy servers so you may have actually heard of these

so you may have actually heard of these

so you may have actually heard of these before especially if you've worked in an

before especially if you've worked in an

before especially if you've worked in an office whereby

office whereby

office whereby instead of connecting directly out to

instead of connecting directly out to

instead of connecting directly out to the internet your settings will be

the internet your settings will be

the internet your settings will be searched that you'll connect to a proxy

searched that you'll connect to a proxy

searched that you'll connect to a proxy server especially

server especially

server especially um for getting out to surfing websites

um for getting out to surfing websites

um for getting out to surfing websites the proxy server will do a few things

the proxy server will do a few things

the proxy server will do a few things which we'll look at in a bit

which we'll look at in a bit

which we'll look at in a bit so it's in a mediator or an intermediary

so it's in a mediator or an intermediary

so it's in a mediator or an intermediary between you and some other service

between you and some other service

between you and some other service you've got the client computer the

you've got the client computer the

you've got the client computer the destination server and then obviously

destination server and then obviously

destination server and then obviously the proxy in the middle

the proxy in the middle

the proxy in the middle here's an illustration here which we'll

here's an illustration here which we'll

here's an illustration here which we'll talk about the caching and web filter in

talk about the caching and web filter in

talk about the caching and web filter in so it's mainly uh used for uh surfing

so it's mainly uh used for uh surfing

so it's mainly uh used for uh surfing when you want to go out and surf the web

when you want to go out and surf the web

when you want to go out and surf the web for whatever reason it can then filter

for whatever reason it can then filter

for whatever reason it can then filter what sites you can and can't connect to

what sites you can and can't connect to

what sites you can and can't connect to it's um

it's um

it's um caches some of the content so it's got a

caches some of the content so it's got a

caches some of the content so it's got a copy of regularly visited our websites

copy of regularly visited our websites

copy of regularly visited our websites to speed up the um

to speed up the um

to speed up the um the surfing experience for you

the surfing experience for you

the surfing experience for you makes requests on behalf of the client

makes requests on behalf of the client

makes requests on behalf of the client computer so you're sending the request

computer so you're sending the request

computer so you're sending the request out to you to what you think is the

out to you to what you think is the

out to you to what you think is the internet but it's going to the proxy and

internet but it's going to the proxy and

internet but it's going to the proxy and then the proxy design your behalf the

then the proxy design your behalf the

then the proxy design your behalf the proxy receives a response from whichever

proxy receives a response from whichever

proxy receives a response from whichever server say the web server on the

server say the web server on the

server say the web server on the internet and then sends that information

internet and then sends that information

internet and then sends that information back to you

so it intercepts the communication

so it intercepts the communication

so it intercepts the communication between the client's computer and the

between the client's computer and the

between the client's computer and the destination server

destination server

destination server I've already mentioned that you don't

I've already mentioned that you don't

I've already mentioned that you don't actually directly connect to the

actually directly connect to the

actually directly connect to the destination you can have different proxy

destination you can have different proxy

destination you can have different proxy servers to serve different traffic needs

servers to serve different traffic needs

servers to serve different traffic needs you might have a proxy server to handle

you might have a proxy server to handle

you might have a proxy server to handle only HTTP and then if you're doing FTP

only HTTP and then if you're doing FTP

only HTTP and then if you're doing FTP then it may handle those requests and on

then it may handle those requests and on

then it may handle those requests and on a different server

what does it do it increases performance

what does it do it increases performance

what does it do it increases performance so

so

so um it's mainly due to caching or you may

um it's mainly due to caching or you may

um it's mainly due to caching or you may have quite a powerful proxy server

have quite a powerful proxy server

have quite a powerful proxy server that's done doing all these requests for

that's done doing all these requests for

that's done doing all these requests for you

you

you increases security because what the

increases security because what the

increases security because what the outside servers on the web see is the

outside servers on the web see is the

outside servers on the web see is the connection coming from the proxy are not

connection coming from the proxy are not

connection coming from the proxy are not actually and the uh the client device or

actually and the uh the client device or

actually and the uh the client device or the host device

the host device

the host device it also as I said caches content so it

it also as I said caches content so it

it also as I said caches content so it can serve up and saved copies of a

can serve up and saved copies of a

can serve up and saved copies of a website it could be a News website or

website it could be a News website or

website it could be a News website or something else that may not um be

something else that may not um be

something else that may not um be updated too regularly and then whatever

updated too regularly and then whatever

updated too regularly and then whatever these rules are on that proxy server it

these rules are on that proxy server it

these rules are on that proxy server it will refresh that content at given

will refresh that content at given

will refresh that content at given intervals

intervals

intervals so you've got to be careful sometimes

so you've got to be careful sometimes

so you've got to be careful sometimes you can actually be served up a cache of

you can actually be served up a cache of

you can actually be served up a cache of a web page and the actual live website

a web page and the actual live website

a web page and the actual live website has changed so it's something to bear in

has changed so it's something to bear in

has changed so it's something to bear in mind when you're configuring this on

mind when you're configuring this on

mind when you're configuring this on your network if you do it

crazy security as well filters our

crazy security as well filters our

crazy security as well filters our unwanted web traffic malicious files

unwanted web traffic malicious files

unwanted web traffic malicious files before sending that onto the end client

before sending that onto the end client

before sending that onto the end client if the client tries to download a

if the client tries to download a

if the client tries to download a malicious file unknowingly the proxy

malicious file unknowingly the proxy

malicious file unknowingly the proxy server can filter it out and you can

server can filter it out and you can

server can filter it out and you can have a firewall in between your proxy

have a firewall in between your proxy

have a firewall in between your proxy server and a client or between the proxy

server and a client or between the proxy

server and a client or between the proxy server and the internet or both

server and the internet or both

server and the internet or both depending on what your requirements are

depending on what your requirements are

depending on what your requirements are so already covered that actually

so already covered that actually

so already covered that actually a forward proxy server is a new thing on

a forward proxy server is a new thing on

a forward proxy server is a new thing on this syllabus it acts on behalf of a

this syllabus it acts on behalf of a

this syllabus it acts on behalf of a client computer it gets the requested

client computer it gets the requested

client computer it gets the requested information from different servers

information from different servers

information from different servers servers on the Internet only interact

servers on the Internet only interact

servers on the Internet only interact with the proxy server and they don't

with the proxy server and they don't

with the proxy server and they don't know about the client's existence which

know about the client's existence which

know about the client's existence which is the concept we've already been

is the concept we've already been

is the concept we've already been discussing now there's something

discussing now there's something

discussing now there's something um known as a reverse proxy server

um known as a reverse proxy server

um known as a reverse proxy server and the clues in the title I suppose it

and the clues in the title I suppose it

and the clues in the title I suppose it acts on behalf of the servers on the

acts on behalf of the servers on the

acts on behalf of the servers on the inside of an organization but you can

inside of an organization but you can

inside of an organization but you can see here

see here

see here some host on the Internet is trying to

some host on the Internet is trying to

some host on the Internet is trying to access your web server internally and

access your web server internally and

access your web server internally and the proxy server will act as the

the proxy server will act as the

the proxy server will act as the intermediary deciding what does and

intermediary deciding what does and

intermediary deciding what does and doesn't go out and also obviously it

doesn't go out and also obviously it

doesn't go out and also obviously it will could have cached copies of what's

will could have cached copies of what's

will could have cached copies of what's actually on the web server the actual

actually on the web server the actual

actually on the web server the actual web server on the inside

so um since the service is behind the

so um since the service is behind the

so um since the service is behind the proxy server the following is true the

proxy server the following is true the

proxy server the following is true the client is not aware of the services

client is not aware of the services

client is not aware of the services existence this is the internet client

existence this is the internet client

existence this is the internet client wherever that may be and it treats a

wherever that may be and it treats a

wherever that may be and it treats a proxy server as the origin

proxy server as the origin

proxy server as the origin foreign it can also be used to balance

foreign it can also be used to balance

foreign it can also be used to balance the load under server farm so it can

the load under server farm so it can

the load under server farm so it can pull different servers at the same time

pull different servers at the same time

pull different servers at the same time or load balance

now the servers are considered to be on

now the servers are considered to be on

now the servers are considered to be on the server side of the internet because

the server side of the internet because

the server side of the internet because of the following The Intercept all the

of the following The Intercept all the

of the following The Intercept all the traffic coming from the internet they

traffic coming from the internet they

traffic coming from the internet they make it more difficult for hackers not

make it more difficult for hackers not

make it more difficult for hackers not impossible but more difficult to get to

impossible but more difficult to get to

impossible but more difficult to get to get the details of the internal Network

all right so in brief we've covered

all right so in brief we've covered

all right so in brief we've covered proxies and introduction the uses of

proxies and introduction the uses of

proxies and introduction the uses of them forward proxy servers and reverse

them forward proxy servers and reverse

them forward proxy servers and reverse proxy servers

proxy servers

proxy servers all right that's all for now thanks for

all right that's all for now thanks for

all right that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to the lesson on network address

welcome to the lesson on network address

welcome to the lesson on network address translation on Nat for short

and a look at what it is ipv4 addresses

and a look at what it is ipv4 addresses

and a look at what it is ipv4 addresses IPv6 addresses

IPv6 addresses

IPv6 addresses benefit of having NASA using it

benefit of having NASA using it

benefit of having NASA using it Source Network address translation

Source Network address translation

Source Network address translation destination that and port address

destination that and port address

destination that and port address translation or also called Pat or Nat

translation or also called Pat or Nat

translation or also called Pat or Nat overload

overload

overload so what is in that

so what is in that

so what is in that it basically translates in private IP

it basically translates in private IP

it basically translates in private IP addresses into public IP for addresses

addresses into public IP for addresses

addresses into public IP for addresses the private IP for addresses

the private IP for addresses

the private IP for addresses um

um

um RFC 1918 I think it is these provide

RFC 1918 I think it is these provide

RFC 1918 I think it is these provide addresses that you can use internally on

addresses that you can use internally on

addresses that you can use internally on your network but they can't be routed

your network but they can't be routed

your network but they can't be routed over the Internet so all of a sudden

over the Internet so all of a sudden

over the Internet so all of a sudden you've got a problem

you've got a problem

you've got a problem so this helped solve the issue of

so this helped solve the issue of

so this helped solve the issue of running out of ipv4 addresses however

running out of ipv4 addresses however

running out of ipv4 addresses however then we have to resolve the issue of not

then we have to resolve the issue of not

then we have to resolve the issue of not being able to wrote route those

being able to wrote route those

being able to wrote route those addresses

so and that is a router function

so and that is a router function

so and that is a router function actually these routers and firewalls can

actually these routers and firewalls can

actually these routers and firewalls can do nothing

so normally it's enabled at the boundary

so normally it's enabled at the boundary

so normally it's enabled at the boundary where your local area network meets your

where your local area network meets your

where your local area network meets your internet connection

internet connection

internet connection you don't need to bother not in usually

you don't need to bother not in usually

you don't need to bother not in usually internally on your network no particular

internally on your network no particular

internally on your network no particular reason and we use Nat with ipv4

reason and we use Nat with ipv4

reason and we use Nat with ipv4 addresses

addresses

addresses ipv4 has approximately 4.3 billion

ipv4 has approximately 4.3 billion

ipv4 has approximately 4.3 billion unfortunately the DraStic growth of the

unfortunately the DraStic growth of the

unfortunately the DraStic growth of the internet due to affordability of and and

internet due to affordability of and and

internet due to affordability of and and user equipment basically I mean maybe we

user equipment basically I mean maybe we

user equipment basically I mean maybe we were running out of ipv4 addresses

were running out of ipv4 addresses

were running out of ipv4 addresses so Nat was a temporary solution to a

so Nat was a temporary solution to a

so Nat was a temporary solution to a permanent problem

IPv6 is the replacement obviously for

IPv6 is the replacement obviously for

IPv6 is the replacement obviously for ipv version 4. now this is the long-term

ipv version 4. now this is the long-term

ipv version 4. now this is the long-term solution there is a version of nat

solution there is a version of nat

solution there is a version of nat available for IPv6 I don't even think

available for IPv6 I don't even think

available for IPv6 I don't even think Cisco included on the syllabus anymore

Cisco included on the syllabus anymore

Cisco included on the syllabus anymore the reason is there's an almost

the reason is there's an almost

the reason is there's an almost inexhaustible

inexhaustible

inexhaustible number of available IP version 6

number of available IP version 6

number of available IP version 6 addresses

addresses

addresses um I think something like Millions per

um I think something like Millions per

um I think something like Millions per every per every person in the world so

every per every person in the world so

every per every person in the world so it's pretty much inconceivable that

it's pretty much inconceivable that

it's pretty much inconceivable that we're going to be running out of them

we're going to be running out of them

we're going to be running out of them anytime soon certainly within our

anytime soon certainly within our

anytime soon certainly within our lifetimes anyway

lifetimes anyway

lifetimes anyway so it benefits as well as using it so we

so it benefits as well as using it so we

so it benefits as well as using it so we don't really have addresses it actually

don't really have addresses it actually

don't really have addresses it actually hides our internal addresses on our

hides our internal addresses on our

hides our internal addresses on our private network from the internet which

private network from the internet which

private network from the internet which is pretty handy so it's a security

is pretty handy so it's a security

is pretty handy so it's a security feature

feature

feature these are the private addresses which

these are the private addresses which

these are the private addresses which hopefully you're already familiar with

hopefully you're already familiar with

hopefully you're already familiar with you need to know this range of addresses

you need to know this range of addresses

you need to know this range of addresses because this is a favorite exam topic

because this is a favorite exam topic

because this is a favorite exam topic for comtier and also Cisco and Microsoft

for comtier and also Cisco and Microsoft

for comtier and also Cisco and Microsoft these addresses you can arbitrarily

these addresses you can arbitrarily

these addresses you can arbitrarily inside them with the dhp server inside

inside them with the dhp server inside

inside them with the dhp server inside your network or

your network or

your network or um yeah you'll have DHCP server

um yeah you'll have DHCP server

um yeah you'll have DHCP server somewhere usually

somewhere usually

somewhere usually I wouldn't let any users assign their

I wouldn't let any users assign their

I wouldn't let any users assign their own IP addresses

own IP addresses

own IP addresses so let's say we have a lan with

so let's say we have a lan with

so let's say we have a lan with computers that assign these private IP

computers that assign these private IP

computers that assign these private IP addresses and internally we've got a PC

addresses and internally we've got a PC

addresses and internally we've got a PC one the data back it goes to our router

one the data back it goes to our router

one the data back it goes to our router the router will Nat to this address for

the router will Nat to this address for

the router will Nat to this address for a routable address which you've added to

a routable address which you've added to

a routable address which you've added to the configuration somewhere

the configuration somewhere

the configuration somewhere and it's one of the addresses you've

and it's one of the addresses you've

and it's one of the addresses you've been allocated the packet goes out to

been allocated the packet goes out to

been allocated the packet goes out to the internet somewhere comes back your

the internet somewhere comes back your

the internet somewhere comes back your router will have a table and that

router will have a table and that

router will have a table and that translation table

translation table

translation table and it will recall which address on is

and it will recall which address on is

and it will recall which address on is on the inside which is on the outside

on the inside which is on the outside

on the inside which is on the outside and then

and then

and then um re-nut it so it populates the packets

um re-nut it so it populates the packets

um re-nut it so it populates the packets for the correct header and then forwards

for the correct header and then forwards

for the correct header and then forwards it back to the

it back to the

it back to the um PC on the inside of your LAN

so in this case this is in Long longer

so in this case this is in Long longer

so in this case this is in Long longer version of what I've said really this

version of what I've said really this

version of what I've said really this case the hudternetwork.com so if I have

case the hudternetwork.com so if I have

case the hudternetwork.com so if I have the server on the right there a scene

the server on the right there a scene

the server on the right there a scene that it's coming from a routable IP

that it's coming from a routable IP

that it's coming from a routable IP address

address

address it just wouldn't get routed by your um

it just wouldn't get routed by your um

it just wouldn't get routed by your um ISP otherwise

ISP otherwise

ISP otherwise you can tunnel addresses but you still

you can tunnel addresses but you still

you can tunnel addresses but you still need to Tunnel them inside a routable

need to Tunnel them inside a routable

need to Tunnel them inside a routable packet

packet

packet Source Network address translation a bit

Source Network address translation a bit

Source Network address translation a bit of a strange term this but comps here

of a strange term this but comps here

of a strange term this but comps here are coining it

are coining it

are coining it basically it means the um Source on the

basically it means the um Source on the

basically it means the um Source on the inside of your network is being nattted

inside of your network is being nattted

inside of your network is being nattted out to a routable address so you're

out to a routable address so you're

out to a routable address so you're initiating the connection from your

initiating the connection from your

initiating the connection from your source

source

source so you've got a 192 Network and it's

so you've got a 192 Network and it's

so you've got a 192 Network and it's been translated to a range of addresses

been translated to a range of addresses

been translated to a range of addresses on this router probably not a good idea

on this router probably not a good idea

on this router probably not a good idea to have one routable address because you

to have one routable address because you

to have one routable address because you can only ever have

can only ever have

can only ever have uh one connection live from the inside

uh one connection live from the inside

uh one connection live from the inside to the outside

so I've covered that and since the

so I've covered that and since the

so I've covered that and since the source private IP address is replaced

source private IP address is replaced

source private IP address is replaced with an external public address it's

with an external public address it's

with an external public address it's called sourcenat

called sourcenat

called sourcenat to be honest I've only heard um the term

to be honest I've only heard um the term

to be honest I've only heard um the term that's used in all my years on

that's used in all my years on

that's used in all my years on networking but you need to be familiar

networking but you need to be familiar

networking but you need to be familiar with this because they've put it in the

with this because they've put it in the

with this because they've put it in the syllabus for some reason

okay so I've covered this the other

okay so I've covered this the other

okay so I've covered this the other thing is destination Nat this is where

thing is destination Nat this is where

thing is destination Nat this is where the connection has been initiated from

the connection has been initiated from

the connection has been initiated from outside the network

outside the network

outside the network and say you've got some sort of internal

and say you've got some sort of internal

and say you've got some sort of internal um web server that serves members of the

um web server that serves members of the

um web server that serves members of the public who want to find out more about

public who want to find out more about

public who want to find out more about your company you normally have this off

your company you normally have this off

your company you normally have this off a DMZ on a router interface also or a

a DMZ on a router interface also or a

a DMZ on a router interface also or a firewall somewhere so this time the

firewall somewhere so this time the

firewall somewhere so this time the packet has come from and the in the

packet has come from and the in the

packet has come from and the in the internet

internet

internet and it's hitting your router and your

and it's hitting your router and your

and it's hitting your router and your router has a map in so this will be a

router has a map in so this will be a

router has a map in so this will be a permanently permanently featured address

permanently permanently featured address

permanently permanently featured address um a mapping inside your router or

um a mapping inside your router or

um a mapping inside your router or firewall

firewall

firewall now if you look at this image it's

now if you look at this image it's

now if you look at this image it's probably would make more sense just to

probably would make more sense just to

probably would make more sense just to have a routable address anyway on the

have a routable address anyway on the

have a routable address anyway on the inside of your

inside of your

inside of your um Network somewhere in the DMZ

um Network somewhere in the DMZ

um Network somewhere in the DMZ the demilitarized zone which is a safe

the demilitarized zone which is a safe

the demilitarized zone which is a safe zone for

zone for

zone for external hosts to access that isn't on

external hosts to access that isn't on

external hosts to access that isn't on the same interface as your local area

the same interface as your local area

the same interface as your local area network that would probably be a better

network that would probably be a better

network that would probably be a better idea but otherwise this destination that

idea but otherwise this destination that

idea but otherwise this destination that is an option here

is an option here

is an option here so I've mentioned dmz's

so I've mentioned dmz's

so I've mentioned dmz's uh through our public facing server

uh through our public facing server

uh through our public facing server Although our public facing server has an

Although our public facing server has an

Although our public facing server has an internal IP address the users on the

internal IP address the users on the

internal IP address the users on the internet obviously cannot connect to it

internet obviously cannot connect to it

internet obviously cannot connect to it which we've already covered so dnat to

which we've already covered so dnat to

which we've already covered so dnat to destination that is the solution there

destination that is the solution there

destination that is the solution there you can use destination app for load

you can use destination app for load

you can use destination app for load balancing

balancing

balancing um the traffic coming to servers from

um the traffic coming to servers from

um the traffic coming to servers from the internet so you could have three

the internet so you could have three

the internet so you could have three servers low balancing

servers low balancing

servers low balancing um lots of web connections coming in and

um lots of web connections coming in and

um lots of web connections coming in and there's different types of device you

there's different types of device you

there's different types of device you can actually use for this

can actually use for this

can actually use for this um and so it's all getting load balanced

um and so it's all getting load balanced

um and so it's all getting load balanced to one routerable IP address but then

to one routerable IP address but then

to one routerable IP address but then two three four or more and non-routable

two three four or more and non-routable

two three four or more and non-routable addresses on the inside of your network

so when the user sends a packet it

so when the user sends a packet it

so when the user sends a packet it changes the destination public IP

changes the destination public IP

changes the destination public IP address and to one of the internal

address and to one of the internal

address and to one of the internal private IP addresses

private IP addresses

private IP addresses the last thing is Pat which is actually

the last thing is Pat which is actually

the last thing is Pat which is actually used more often than that

used more often than that

used more often than that port address translation normally when

port address translation normally when

port address translation normally when you have a small company you'll be

you have a small company you'll be

you have a small company you'll be allocated a single IP address but you

allocated a single IP address but you

allocated a single IP address but you still want to do nothing so what this

still want to do nothing so what this

still want to do nothing so what this does is it uses your oneop address but

does is it uses your oneop address but

does is it uses your oneop address but uses port numbers after the IP address

uses port numbers after the IP address

uses port numbers after the IP address for source and destination

for source and destination

for source and destination so this is the this is the solution

so this is the this is the solution

so this is the this is the solution normally

normally

normally um for this solution here you'd have a

um for this solution here you'd have a

um for this solution here you'd have a static IP address in one to one but you

static IP address in one to one but you

static IP address in one to one but you can't afford that for whatever reason so

can't afford that for whatever reason so

can't afford that for whatever reason so you've just got one IP address

you've just got one IP address

you've just got one IP address externally but several hosts on the

externally but several hosts on the

externally but several hosts on the inside

so what we have is a port number for

so what we have is a port number for

so what we have is a port number for example 192 168 1.3 and then a port

example 192 168 1.3 and then a port

example 192 168 1.3 and then a port number your connection would go out

number your connection would go out

number your connection would go out on a specific port number for example

on a specific port number for example

on a specific port number for example Port 80 if you were doing a web

Port 80 if you were doing a web

Port 80 if you were doing a web connection but it would come back in and

connection but it would come back in and

connection but it would come back in and then get changed to a a random port

then get changed to a a random port

then get changed to a a random port number or you can configure a range of

number or you can configure a range of

number or you can configure a range of usable port numbers that are outside the

usable port numbers that are outside the

usable port numbers that are outside the well-known port numbers of m0 to 10 23 I

well-known port numbers of m0 to 10 23 I

well-known port numbers of m0 to 10 23 I think it is

when the internal host of the private IP

when the internal host of the private IP

when the internal host of the private IP address initiates the session it will

address initiates the session it will

address initiates the session it will generate a TCP or UDP port and that's

generate a TCP or UDP port and that's

generate a TCP or UDP port and that's just unique to that session so you can

just unique to that session so you can

just unique to that session so you can see here internally we've got Port

see here internally we've got Port

see here internally we've got Port 15345 externally two zero two zero one

15345 externally two zero two zero one

15345 externally two zero two zero one to be honest it would normally be a

to be honest it would normally be a

to be honest it would normally be a well-known port number such as a FTP DNS

well-known port number such as a FTP DNS

well-known port number such as a FTP DNS or web traffic

yeah

yeah

yeah this port um mapping is kept on a table

this port um mapping is kept on a table

this port um mapping is kept on a table inside the router it does expire after a

inside the router it does expire after a

inside the router it does expire after a while just to clear the table but

while just to clear the table but

while just to clear the table but normally

normally

normally um more than enough time for you to

um more than enough time for you to

um more than enough time for you to complete all of your sessions but that

complete all of your sessions but that

complete all of your sessions but that end table expiration time can be altered

end table expiration time can be altered

end table expiration time can be altered on the router

all right so now at ipv4 IPv6 which is a

all right so now at ipv4 IPv6 which is a

all right so now at ipv4 IPv6 which is a solution to address to depletion but we

solution to address to depletion but we

solution to address to depletion but we don't really use that much at all with

don't really use that much at all with

don't really use that much at all with IPv6 some of the advantages remember

IPv6 some of the advantages remember

IPv6 some of the advantages remember security and also you get to use lots of

security and also you get to use lots of

security and also you get to use lots of addresses on the inside of your network

addresses on the inside of your network

addresses on the inside of your network and and up and and one address or more

and and up and and one address or more

and and up and and one address or more on the outside of your network

on the outside of your network

on the outside of your network all right so that's all for now thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

tcpip

tcpip

tcpip tcpip simple services

tcpip simple services

tcpip simple services in the previous module and lesson we

in the previous module and lesson we

in the previous module and lesson we discussed the way that IP addresses are

discussed the way that IP addresses are

discussed the way that IP addresses are assigned now in this next lesson we're

assigned now in this next lesson we're

assigned now in this next lesson we're going to be talking more about the tcpip

going to be talking more about the tcpip

going to be talking more about the tcpip suite and specifically in this module I

suite and specifically in this module I

suite and specifically in this module I want to discuss some of the simple

want to discuss some of the simple

want to discuss some of the simple services that are in the tcpip suite

services that are in the tcpip suite

services that are in the tcpip suite what they do and what some of the output

what they do and what some of the output

what they do and what some of the output might look like for some of the services

might look like for some of the services

might look like for some of the services and why we might not see output for some

and why we might not see output for some

and why we might not see output for some of the other services

of the other services

of the other services now you might see this on the exam and

now you might see this on the exam and

now you might see this on the exam and you might not but either way it's a good

you might not but either way it's a good

you might not but either way it's a good thing to know about and just in case

thing to know about and just in case

thing to know about and just in case now first we're going to talk about all

now first we're going to talk about all

now first we're going to talk about all of these different simple tcpip services

of these different simple tcpip services

of these different simple tcpip services and in some cases we're going to

and in some cases we're going to

and in some cases we're going to demonstrate them and just to give you an

demonstrate them and just to give you an

demonstrate them and just to give you an overview of what these are these are

overview of what these are these are

overview of what these are these are cargen or charge in or character

cargen or charge in or character

cargen or charge in or character generation

generation

generation the daytime service

the daytime service

the daytime service the discard service

the discard service

the discard service the echo service and quote of the day

the echo service and quote of the day

the echo service and quote of the day service now some of these happen in the

service now some of these happen in the

service now some of these happen in the background are sort of embedded into

background are sort of embedded into

background are sort of embedded into other protocols and services that we

other protocols and services that we

other protocols and services that we might have seen but these are important

might have seen but these are important

might have seen but these are important again to know about in a sort of General

again to know about in a sort of General

again to know about in a sort of General way

way

way so

so

so the five uh simple tcpip services are

the five uh simple tcpip services are

the five uh simple tcpip services are listed here along with the description

listed here along with the description

listed here along with the description of what it is they do

of what it is they do

of what it is they do cargan or character generation or charge

cargan or character generation or charge

cargan or character generation or charge n or whatever the uh preferred way that

n or whatever the uh preferred way that

n or whatever the uh preferred way that you want to pronounce it is is

you want to pronounce it is is

you want to pronounce it is is essentially what you get anytime you

essentially what you get anytime you

essentially what you get anytime you choose the option send test page to a

choose the option send test page to a

choose the option send test page to a printer it's made up of ASCII characters

printer it's made up of ASCII characters

printer it's made up of ASCII characters and ASCII again stands for the American

and ASCII again stands for the American

and ASCII again stands for the American Standard code

Standard code

Standard code for information

for information

for information interchange so this is usually used as a

interchange so this is usually used as a

interchange so this is usually used as a debugging tool when you're uh creating

debugging tool when you're uh creating

debugging tool when you're uh creating or troubleshooting printers or print

or troubleshooting printers or print

or troubleshooting printers or print test pages and so what it does it

test pages and so what it does it

test pages and so what it does it literally just generates characters and

literally just generates characters and

literally just generates characters and we'll look at this in a little bit the

we'll look at this in a little bit the

we'll look at this in a little bit the next one is the daytime service that ATM

next one is the daytime service that ATM

next one is the daytime service that ATM service is usually used for checking

service is usually used for checking

service is usually used for checking errors or changes that happen within a

errors or changes that happen within a

errors or changes that happen within a system's internal clock it presents a

system's internal clock it presents a

system's internal clock it presents a message with the exact time that a

message with the exact time that a

message with the exact time that a change was made or an error occurred and

change was made or an error occurred and

change was made or an error occurred and we'll look at this format in just a

we'll look at this format in just a

we'll look at this format in just a minute but basically what's important

minute but basically what's important

minute but basically what's important here is that the output from this can be

here is that the output from this can be

here is that the output from this can be used for for instance the Event Viewer

used for for instance the Event Viewer

used for for instance the Event Viewer sort of what provides information to

sort of what provides information to

sort of what provides information to that and if we're going to see it in a

that and if we're going to see it in a

that and if we're going to see it in a um text based mode you will see exactly

um text based mode you will see exactly

um text based mode you will see exactly what that's going to present in the next

what that's going to present in the next

what that's going to present in the next slide now the discard service so we've

slide now the discard service so we've

slide now the discard service so we've talked about

talked about

talked about character generator and daytime the

character generator and daytime the

character generator and daytime the discard service is basically used for

discard service is basically used for

discard service is basically used for messages and information that are not

messages and information that are not

messages and information that are not important and therefore should be

important and therefore should be

important and therefore should be disposed of it discards these messages

disposed of it discards these messages

disposed of it discards these messages automatically when they enter this port

automatically when they enter this port

automatically when they enter this port or the port that discard is working off

or the port that discard is working off

or the port that discard is working off of this can be useful when you're

of this can be useful when you're

of this can be useful when you're configuring a system and using test

configuring a system and using test

configuring a system and using test messages that you don't want necessarily

messages that you don't want necessarily

messages that you don't want necessarily to display

to display

to display so note that because the messages are

so note that because the messages are

so note that because the messages are immediately discarded there's really no

immediately discarded there's really no

immediately discarded there's really no response message that's issued and

response message that's issued and

response message that's issued and therefore I can't show you an example of

therefore I can't show you an example of

therefore I can't show you an example of one but just realize that discard is

one but just realize that discard is

one but just realize that discard is going to usually be used for network

going to usually be used for network

going to usually be used for network setup and configuration

setup and configuration

setup and configuration and is going to make sure there is no

and is going to make sure there is no

and is going to make sure there is no response or acknowledgment

response or acknowledgment

response or acknowledgment now echo or the echo service sends an

now echo or the echo service sends an

now echo or the echo service sends an exact copy or an echo hence the name of

exact copy or an echo hence the name of

exact copy or an echo hence the name of any message that enters its port to a

any message that enters its port to a

any message that enters its port to a place in the system where the message

place in the system where the message

place in the system where the message can be monitored so this is often useful

can be monitored so this is often useful

can be monitored so this is often useful for when you're monitoring things that

for when you're monitoring things that

for when you're monitoring things that are going on in a network because the

are going on in a network because the

are going on in a network because the echo service simply Echoes and copies

echo service simply Echoes and copies

echo service simply Echoes and copies and forwards any messages it receives

and forwards any messages it receives

and forwards any messages it receives there's really no way to show what an

there's really no way to show what an

there's really no way to show what an example would look like because they

example would look like because they

example would look like because they each look very different from each other

each look very different from each other

each look very different from each other but basically in many cases we're going

but basically in many cases we're going

but basically in many cases we're going to get some sort of message that happens

to get some sort of message that happens

to get some sort of message that happens internally and we want the computer to

internally and we want the computer to

internally and we want the computer to tell us that message once again so we

tell us that message once again so we

tell us that message once again so we can see what's going on internally and

can see what's going on internally and

can see what's going on internally and that's when we're going to use the echo

that's when we're going to use the echo

that's when we're going to use the echo service finally the quote or the quote

service finally the quote or the quote

service finally the quote or the quote of the day service sends a short message

of the day service sends a short message

of the day service sends a short message that's been selected by the

that's been selected by the

that's been selected by the administrator of the system to a

administrator of the system to a

administrator of the system to a client's device now this service is used

client's device now this service is used

client's device now this service is used primarily for checking the connection to

primarily for checking the connection to

primarily for checking the connection to client devices so it's really similar to

client devices so it's really similar to

client devices so it's really similar to like Echo the content of the message is

like Echo the content of the message is

like Echo the content of the message is not this is not what's important what's

not this is not what's important what's

not this is not what's important what's important is that

important is that

important is that it is sending something and that way we

it is sending something and that way we

it is sending something and that way we can make sure that the service is

can make sure that the service is

can make sure that the service is working and that the um

working and that the um

working and that the um troubleshooting is sort of easily

troubleshooting is sort of easily

troubleshooting is sort of easily solved now as it mentions here it can be

solved now as it mentions here it can be

solved now as it mentions here it can be taken from a specific file

taken from a specific file

taken from a specific file right in here which is where random

right in here which is where random

right in here which is where random quotes can be taken of if you remember

quotes can be taken of if you remember

quotes can be taken of if you remember or if you know the hosts file it is also

or if you know the hosts file it is also

or if you know the hosts file it is also located

located

located in this folder

in this folder

in this folder so let's take a look at this character

so let's take a look at this character

so let's take a look at this character generator uh and some output that it

generator uh and some output that it

generator uh and some output that it might give you

now this is what a test code page would

now this is what a test code page would

now this is what a test code page would look like these characters are used uh

look like these characters are used uh

look like these characters are used uh and they are the 95 printable ASCII

and they are the 95 printable ASCII

and they are the 95 printable ASCII characters as you can see

characters as you can see

characters as you can see from here and basically What's Happening

from here and basically What's Happening

from here and basically What's Happening Here is that when I uh for instance and

Here is that when I uh for instance and

Here is that when I uh for instance and this is someone going into telnet so

this is someone going into telnet so

this is someone going into telnet so they've talented in

they've talented in

they've talented in they have connected and now I've told it

they have connected and now I've told it

they have connected and now I've told it basically to create some characters and

basically to create some characters and

basically to create some characters and that's what it's doing here and it's

that's what it's doing here and it's

that's what it's doing here and it's using all the characters that are

using all the characters that are

using all the characters that are available to it in ASCII

and you would usually use this when

and you would usually use this when

and you would usually use this when you're setting up a printer testing a

you're setting up a printer testing a

you're setting up a printer testing a connection to a device or printer it

connection to a device or printer it

connection to a device or printer it doesn't really have much of a function

doesn't really have much of a function

doesn't really have much of a function otherwise you can see that the content

otherwise you can see that the content

otherwise you can see that the content is not very important but all it's doing

is not very important but all it's doing

is not very important but all it's doing is basically creating characters or

is basically creating characters or

is basically creating characters or content for us to test with

content for us to test with

content for us to test with the next one is the daytime service

the next one is the daytime service

the next one is the daytime service report and this is what it looks like

report and this is what it looks like

report and this is what it looks like and you can see that it's presented in

and you can see that it's presented in

and you can see that it's presented in the following order it's going to show

the following order it's going to show

the following order it's going to show us the day of the week

us the day of the week

us the day of the week the months

the months

the months the day

the day

the day the year

the year

the year the hours minutes and seconds in that

the hours minutes and seconds in that

the hours minutes and seconds in that format and finally and very importantly

format and finally and very importantly

format and finally and very importantly the time zone the reason the time zone

the time zone the reason the time zone

the time zone the reason the time zone is important is let's say that we're

is important is let's say that we're

is important is let's say that we're looking at this daytime in an email and

looking at this daytime in an email and

looking at this daytime in an email and sometimes the headers are going to use

sometimes the headers are going to use

sometimes the headers are going to use this same format all right that's

this same format all right that's

this same format all right that's provided by the daytime service and

provided by the daytime service and

provided by the daytime service and tcpap well I can see that oh yeah it was

tcpap well I can see that oh yeah it was

tcpap well I can see that oh yeah it was sent

sent

sent at 1845 which that's military time so

at 1845 which that's military time so

at 1845 which that's military time so this would be 6 45 PM in sort of our

this would be 6 45 PM in sort of our

this would be 6 45 PM in sort of our lingo but by knowing the time zone I can

lingo but by knowing the time zone I can

lingo but by knowing the time zone I can actually determine where in the world it

actually determine where in the world it

actually determine where in the world it was sent from and therefore for instance

was sent from and therefore for instance

was sent from and therefore for instance this was sent on Pacific Standard time

this was sent on Pacific Standard time

this was sent on Pacific Standard time which is in the U.S then uh I would know

which is in the U.S then uh I would know

which is in the U.S then uh I would know that this is three hours later or 9 45

that this is three hours later or 9 45

that this is three hours later or 9 45 in the Eastern Time Zone

now none of the other uh as we've

now none of the other uh as we've

now none of the other uh as we've mentioned none of the other uh Services

mentioned none of the other uh Services

mentioned none of the other uh Services have any sort of output I can show you

have any sort of output I can show you

have any sort of output I can show you but just to recap

but just to recap

but just to recap what we've talked about we described and

what we've talked about we described and

what we've talked about we described and demonstrated really briefly the TCP

demonstrated really briefly the TCP

demonstrated really briefly the TCP simple services and these again include

simple services and these again include

simple services and these again include a character generator we're really going

a character generator we're really going

a character generator we're really going to see this a lot when we're dealing

to see this a lot when we're dealing

to see this a lot when we're dealing with printers it's just generating

with printers it's just generating

with printers it's just generating ASCII code

ASCII code

ASCII code we looked at the daytime service which

we looked at the daytime service which

we looked at the daytime service which is presenting the day

is presenting the day

is presenting the day the time and also don't forget the time

the time and also don't forget the time

the time and also don't forget the time zone which is really important

zone which is really important

zone which is really important we looked at the discard service which

we looked at the discard service which

we looked at the discard service which automatically deletes

automatically deletes

automatically deletes messages that we don't need and so

messages that we don't need and so

messages that we don't need and so there's really nothing there

there's really nothing there

there's really nothing there Echo simply repeats

Echo simply repeats

Echo simply repeats or Echoes any services or a message that

or Echoes any services or a message that

or Echoes any services or a message that are happening internally and finally the

are happening internally and finally the

are happening internally and finally the quote of the day takes a random quote

quote of the day takes a random quote

quote of the day takes a random quote selected by the administrator or taken

selected by the administrator or taken

selected by the administrator or taken out of a etc folder in the system 32

out of a etc folder in the system 32

out of a etc folder in the system 32 quotes area so that would be if we had

quotes area so that would be if we had

quotes area so that would be if we had the root

which would be like system 32

and then Etc and then quotes that's

and then Etc and then quotes that's

and then Etc and then quotes that's where it's going to draw something from

where it's going to draw something from

where it's going to draw something from and again this is also used for

and again this is also used for

and again this is also used for troubleshooting purposes

troubleshooting purposes

troubleshooting purposes I showed you examples of these two

I showed you examples of these two

I showed you examples of these two because they're the only ones that have

because they're the only ones that have

because they're the only ones that have their own format all of the others the

their own format all of the others the

their own format all of the others the form is not as important all it does is

form is not as important all it does is

form is not as important all it does is take other information sort of

take other information sort of

take other information sort of regurgitate it

now in the next module we're going to

now in the next module we're going to

now in the next module we're going to take a step further and talk more about

take a step further and talk more about

take a step further and talk more about some of the tcpi tools and commands and

some of the tcpi tools and commands and

some of the tcpi tools and commands and get into the operating system when we do

get into the operating system when we do

get into the operating system when we do so

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

tcpip

tcpip

tcpip tcpip tools and commands

tcpip tools and commands

tcpip tools and commands so in the last module we talked about

so in the last module we talked about

so in the last module we talked about the simple services that tcpip provides

the simple services that tcpip provides

the simple services that tcpip provides and those you may or may not see on the

and those you may or may not see on the

and those you may or may not see on the network plus exam

network plus exam

network plus exam however in this module we're going to

however in this module we're going to

however in this module we're going to talk about some of the most essential

talk about some of the most essential

talk about some of the most essential tools when it comes to the tcpip suite

tools when it comes to the tcpip suite

tools when it comes to the tcpip suite and I can almost guarantee you you're

and I can almost guarantee you you're

and I can almost guarantee you you're going to see these on the exam so we're

going to see these on the exam so we're

going to see these on the exam so we're first going to discuss and demonstrate

first going to discuss and demonstrate

first going to discuss and demonstrate all of the tcpip tools and some of these

all of the tcpip tools and some of these

all of the tcpip tools and some of these tools include the Ping command and some

tools include the Ping command and some

tools include the Ping command and some of these we might have seen previously

of these we might have seen previously

of these we might have seen previously as well perhaps an A-Plus and some of

as well perhaps an A-Plus and some of

as well perhaps an A-Plus and some of these also I'll go into the operating

these also I'll go into the operating

these also I'll go into the operating system and show you so we're going to

system and show you so we're going to

system and show you so we're going to see the Ping command which basically

see the Ping command which basically

see the Ping command which basically tests

for connectivity

we're also going to look at the trace

we're also going to look at the trace

we're also going to look at the trace route command which basically traces a

route command which basically traces a

route command which basically traces a ping

ping

ping route

route

route and remember when we were talking about

and remember when we were talking about

and remember when we were talking about um uh protocols previously we mentioned

um uh protocols previously we mentioned

um uh protocols previously we mentioned the icmp protocol

the icmp protocol

the icmp protocol the control messaging protocol and that

the control messaging protocol and that

the control messaging protocol and that is what a ping and a trace route command

is what a ping and a trace route command

is what a ping and a trace route command use or these types of packets

use or these types of packets

use or these types of packets so we're also going to look at a

so we're also going to look at a

so we're also going to look at a protocol analyzer not necessarily a

protocol analyzer not necessarily a

protocol analyzer not necessarily a command line tool but something that

command line tool but something that

command line tool but something that allows us to analyze the protocols uh or

allows us to analyze the protocols uh or

allows us to analyze the protocols uh or rather the packets that are going in and

rather the packets that are going in and

rather the packets that are going in and out of a

out of a

out of a network or system

network or system

network or system we'll get a port scanner sort of does

we'll get a port scanner sort of does

we'll get a port scanner sort of does the same thing we'll talk about the

the same thing we'll talk about the

the same thing we'll talk about the difference between these two

difference between these two

difference between these two we'll also get something called nslookup

we'll also get something called nslookup

we'll also get something called nslookup and

and

and NS doesn't ring a bell with you that is

NS doesn't ring a bell with you that is

NS doesn't ring a bell with you that is like DNS or name server lookup

like DNS or name server lookup

like DNS or name server lookup how we convert between an IP address

and a fully qualified domain name such

and a fully qualified domain name such

and a fully qualified domain name such as

as

as Google

Google

Google we're also look at the ARP command which

we're also look at the ARP command which

we're also look at the ARP command which allows us just like NS DNS which does a

allows us just like NS DNS which does a

allows us just like NS DNS which does a name to an IP address ARP is what is

name to an IP address ARP is what is

name to an IP address ARP is what is responsible for routing and allowed us

responsible for routing and allowed us

responsible for routing and allowed us to convert between an IP address

to convert between an IP address

to convert between an IP address and a MAC address or physical address

and a MAC address or physical address

and a MAC address or physical address so you can see where this is really

so you can see where this is really

so you can see where this is really going to come into uh into handy when

going to come into uh into handy when

going to come into uh into handy when we're talking about routing and switches

finally we're going to look at the route

finally we're going to look at the route

finally we're going to look at the route command which can present us with

command which can present us with

command which can present us with routing tables

routing tables

routing tables and it's specifically more or less used

and it's specifically more or less used

and it's specifically more or less used when we're dealing with routers not so

when we're dealing with routers not so

when we're dealing with routers not so much in Windows

all right so first the Ping command the

all right so first the Ping command the

all right so first the Ping command the Ping tool in the Ping command are

Ping tool in the Ping command are

Ping tool in the Ping command are extremely useful when it comes to

extremely useful when it comes to

extremely useful when it comes to troubleshooting and testing connectivity

troubleshooting and testing connectivity

troubleshooting and testing connectivity basically what the tool does is send a

basically what the tool does is send a

basically what the tool does is send a packet of information in that packet

packet of information in that packet

packet of information in that packet again is icmp

again is icmp

again is icmp through a connection and waits to see if

through a connection and waits to see if

through a connection and waits to see if it receives some packets back this is

it receives some packets back this is

it receives some packets back this is not unlike when you used to see the

not unlike when you used to see the

not unlike when you used to see the radar screens on a computer on a TV or

radar screens on a computer on a TV or

radar screens on a computer on a TV or program we're talking about with um uh

program we're talking about with um uh

program we're talking about with um uh submarines for instance and you would

submarines for instance and you would

submarines for instance and you would see basically a submarine here and you'd

see basically a submarine here and you'd

see basically a submarine here and you'd hear a ping

hear a ping

hear a ping coming off of that so it gets its name

coming off of that so it gets its name

coming off of that so it gets its name from that sort of sound so the data

from that sort of sound so the data

from that sort of sound so the data literally bounces or pings right back if

literally bounces or pings right back if

literally bounces or pings right back if there's an established connection

there's an established connection

there's an established connection can be also used to test the maximum

can be also used to test the maximum

can be also used to test the maximum transmission unit or the mtus and

transmission unit or the mtus and

transmission unit or the mtus and remember we talked about that when we

remember we talked about that when we

remember we talked about that when we dealt with an MTU black hole was in a

dealt with an MTU black hole was in a

dealt with an MTU black hole was in a previous lesson this is the maximum

previous lesson this is the maximum

previous lesson this is the maximum amount of data packets that can be sent

amount of data packets that can be sent

amount of data packets that can be sent over a network at any one time or the

over a network at any one time or the

over a network at any one time or the maximum size of that data packets so

maximum size of that data packets so

maximum size of that data packets so using this you can test the time it

using this you can test the time it

using this you can test the time it takes in milliseconds for data to travel

takes in milliseconds for data to travel

takes in milliseconds for data to travel end to Android to other devices on the

end to Android to other devices on the

end to Android to other devices on the network

network

network this can also be done on the localhost

this can also be done on the localhost

this can also be done on the localhost and you remember the localhost is

and you remember the localhost is

and you remember the localhost is 127.0.0.1 that's the IP address for it

and we can test this all by opening the

and we can test this all by opening the

and we can test this all by opening the command prompt and typing in ping and

command prompt and typing in ping and

command prompt and typing in ping and then the IP address

then the IP address

then the IP address so let's take a look at this uh for just

so let's take a look at this uh for just

so let's take a look at this uh for just a second

if we're here and we have our Command

if we're here and we have our Command

if we're here and we have our Command Prompt and I wanted to type for instance

Prompt and I wanted to type for instance

Prompt and I wanted to type for instance ping 127.0.0.1

ping 127.0.0.1

ping 127.0.0.1 which would be the Local Host

which would be the Local Host

which would be the Local Host I can tell that my time is less than one

I can tell that my time is less than one

I can tell that my time is less than one millisecond which makes complete sense

millisecond which makes complete sense

millisecond which makes complete sense since there should be no loss of data it

since there should be no loss of data it

since there should be no loss of data it should take no time and you can see that

should take no time and you can see that

should take no time and you can see that no loss of data right here

no loss of data right here

no loss of data right here right because we're sending it there and

right because we're sending it there and

right because we're sending it there and back and obviously we're dealing with

back and obviously we're dealing with

back and obviously we're dealing with ourselves the local host or the 127.0.01

ourselves the local host or the 127.0.01

ourselves the local host or the 127.0.01 so it shouldn't be an issue and if we do

so it shouldn't be an issue and if we do

so it shouldn't be an issue and if we do that notice that when I use localhost

that notice that when I use localhost

that notice that when I use localhost I'm using my own name and and it's also

I'm using my own name and and it's also

I'm using my own name and and it's also giving the IPv6 IP address here now if I

giving the IPv6 IP address here now if I

giving the IPv6 IP address here now if I clear the screen for a second I can also

clear the screen for a second I can also

clear the screen for a second I can also for instance ping google.com and you'll

for instance ping google.com and you'll

for instance ping google.com and you'll see that it actually sends first it

see that it actually sends first it

see that it actually sends first it figures out what the IP address is and

figures out what the IP address is and

figures out what the IP address is and then sends that and it gives us the time

then sends that and it gives us the time

then sends that and it gives us the time that it takes

that it takes

that it takes to get there and back it also gives us

to get there and back it also gives us

to get there and back it also gives us some statistics for instance it was sent

some statistics for instance it was sent

some statistics for instance it was sent four of them were sent for them received

four of them were sent for them received

four of them were sent for them received zero lost and so we know that on average

zero lost and so we know that on average

zero lost and so we know that on average this is taking 13 milliseconds to get

this is taking 13 milliseconds to get

this is taking 13 milliseconds to get from us to Google and if you imagine

from us to Google and if you imagine

from us to Google and if you imagine that this was a local host uh or rather

that this was a local host uh or rather

that this was a local host uh or rather a sorry a local uh server on my network

a sorry a local uh server on my network

a sorry a local uh server on my network and I was rebooting that server this

and I was rebooting that server this

and I was rebooting that server this could help me tell whether the server is

could help me tell whether the server is

could help me tell whether the server is back up again and one of the things I

back up again and one of the things I

back up again and one of the things I might want to do with that and I'm just

might want to do with that and I'm just

might want to do with that and I'm just going to use

going to use

going to use The Local Host right now is use the

The Local Host right now is use the

The Local Host right now is use the slash T

slash T

slash T um

um

um switch and what this will do is it'll

switch and what this will do is it'll

switch and what this will do is it'll continually ping the same IP address

continually ping the same IP address

continually ping the same IP address over and over again now I so for

over and over again now I so for

over and over again now I so for instance if I was waiting for a server

instance if I was waiting for a server

instance if I was waiting for a server to come back online this would be an

to come back online this would be an

to come back online this would be an easy way for me to tell whether it's

easy way for me to tell whether it's

easy way for me to tell whether it's come back online or not and I could exit

come back online or not and I could exit

come back online or not and I could exit that by pressing Ctrl C all right

that by pressing Ctrl C all right

that by pressing Ctrl C all right so the next one I want to talk about is

so the next one I want to talk about is

so the next one I want to talk about is trace route which actually goes hand in

trace route which actually goes hand in

trace route which actually goes hand in hand with ping because he also uses that

hand with ping because he also uses that

hand with ping because he also uses that icmp data packet or

icmp data packet or

icmp data packet or protocol it basically tells us the time

protocol it basically tells us the time

protocol it basically tells us the time it takes for a pack to travel between

it takes for a pack to travel between

it takes for a pack to travel between different routers and devices and we

different routers and devices and we

different routers and devices and we call this the amount of hops along the

call this the amount of hops along the

call this the amount of hops along the uh the network so not only tests where

uh the network so not only tests where

uh the network so not only tests where connectivity might have been lost but

connectivity might have been lost but

connectivity might have been lost but it's also going to test

it's also going to test

it's also going to test um

um

um the time that it takes to get from one

the time that it takes to get from one

the time that it takes to get from one end to the other end of the connection

end to the other end of the connection

end to the other end of the connection and it's also going to also show us the

and it's also going to also show us the

and it's also going to also show us the number of hops

number of hops

number of hops between those computers so for instance

between those computers so for instance

between those computers so for instance between me and Google there might be

between me and Google there might be

between me and Google there might be four different computers and so

four different computers and so

four different computers and so each one of these is called a hop

and we can measure how far the packet is

and we can measure how far the packet is

and we can measure how far the packet is traveling before it gets back to us

traveling before it gets back to us

traveling before it gets back to us now I can also use this to test where a

now I can also use this to test where a

now I can also use this to test where a where a downed router might be or where

where a downed router might be or where

where a downed router might be or where in the connection a down to router might

in the connection a down to router might

in the connection a down to router might be so if we go in here for a second and

be so if we go in here for a second and

be so if we go in here for a second and let's take a look at the command prompt

let's take a look at the command prompt

let's take a look at the command prompt here

here

here and let's say I go to trace route

and let's say I go to trace route

and let's say I go to trace route google.com now what's going to happen is

google.com now what's going to happen is

google.com now what's going to happen is it's going to start saying all the

it's going to start saying all the

it's going to start saying all the different hops going to tell me how long

different hops going to tell me how long

different hops going to tell me how long it takes to get from one place to the

it takes to get from one place to the

it takes to get from one place to the next and we can see also where it's so

next and we can see also where it's so

next and we can see also where it's so right here we're still in New York let's

right here we're still in New York let's

right here we're still in New York let's see NYC I can probably guess this is

see NYC I can probably guess this is

see NYC I can probably guess this is some place in my ISP and now it looks

some place in my ISP and now it looks

some place in my ISP and now it looks like it's starting to go out get further

like it's starting to go out get further

like it's starting to go out get further out and we can see that the amount of

out and we can see that the amount of

out and we can see that the amount of time it's taking is also more and more

time it's taking is also more and more

time it's taking is also more and more so between getting between me and and

so between getting between me and and

so between getting between me and and Google you can see how far we're having

Google you can see how far we're having

Google you can see how far we're having to go until we finally get to the

to go until we finally get to the

to go until we finally get to the google.com web uh server which would be

google.com web uh server which would be

google.com web uh server which would be right here and we know it took about 10

right here and we know it took about 10

right here and we know it took about 10 hops

hops

hops now you can see it has a maximum of 30

now you can see it has a maximum of 30

now you can see it has a maximum of 30 Hops and we can actually set that in the

Hops and we can actually set that in the

Hops and we can actually set that in the switches if we need to but I wouldn't

switches if we need to but I wouldn't

switches if we need to but I wouldn't worry about that for the exam

worry about that for the exam

worry about that for the exam and just to show you what it looks like

and just to show you what it looks like

and just to show you what it looks like if I'm tracing the Local Host you can

if I'm tracing the Local Host you can

if I'm tracing the Local Host you can see it only takes one hop obviously

see it only takes one hop obviously

see it only takes one hop obviously because or not even a hop because it's

because or not even a hop because it's

because or not even a hop because it's myself I should be no route to get to me

myself I should be no route to get to me

myself I should be no route to get to me now going away from the command line for

now going away from the command line for

now going away from the command line for a second I want to talk about what's

a second I want to talk about what's

a second I want to talk about what's called a protocol analyzer or a network

called a protocol analyzer or a network

called a protocol analyzer or a network analyzer this is an essential tool when

analyzer this is an essential tool when

analyzer this is an essential tool when you're running a network it basically

you're running a network it basically

you're running a network it basically gives you a readable report of virtually

gives you a readable report of virtually

gives you a readable report of virtually everything that's being sent and

everything that's being sent and

everything that's being sent and transferred over your network so these

transferred over your network so these

transferred over your network so these analyzers will capture packets that are

analyzers will capture packets that are

analyzers will capture packets that are going through the network and put them

going through the network and put them

going through the network and put them into a buffer zone now this buffer zone

into a buffer zone now this buffer zone

into a buffer zone now this buffer zone just like the buffer zone we're dealing

just like the buffer zone we're dealing

just like the buffer zone we're dealing with YouTube or Netflix and buffering a

with YouTube or Netflix and buffering a

with YouTube or Netflix and buffering a video is going to hold on to these

video is going to hold on to these

video is going to hold on to these packets and we can either capture all

packets and we can either capture all

packets and we can either capture all the packets or we can capture specific

the packets or we can capture specific

the packets or we can capture specific packets based on a filter

it can then provide us with an easy

it can then provide us with an easy

it can then provide us with an easy readable overview of what is contained

readable overview of what is contained

readable overview of what is contained within each packet this allows the

within each packet this allows the

within each packet this allows the administrator total control of what does

administrator total control of what does

administrator total control of what does and doesn't pass through the network and

and doesn't pass through the network and

and doesn't pass through the network and can also stop potentially dangerous or

can also stop potentially dangerous or

can also stop potentially dangerous or unwanted pieces of data to pass through

unwanted pieces of data to pass through

unwanted pieces of data to pass through the network undetected

the network undetected

the network undetected and so what you can see here is if this

and so what you can see here is if this

and so what you can see here is if this is our cloud or our Network we're going

is our cloud or our Network we're going

is our cloud or our Network we're going to call this a TCP Network just because

to call this a TCP Network just because

to call this a TCP Network just because this is basically our our Wan and here

this is basically our our Wan and here

this is basically our our Wan and here let's say I have one Lan and another

let's say I have one Lan and another

let's say I have one Lan and another land I'm going to have a protocol

land I'm going to have a protocol

land I'm going to have a protocol analyzer a network analyzer in between

analyzer a network analyzer in between

analyzer a network analyzer in between my network

my network

my network in my land that way I can analyze

in my land that way I can analyze

in my land that way I can analyze exactly what's going on some ways this

exactly what's going on some ways this

exactly what's going on some ways this might also take the form of a firewall

might also take the form of a firewall

might also take the form of a firewall now this is different from what's called

now this is different from what's called

now this is different from what's called a port scanner a port scanner does

a port scanner a port scanner does

a port scanner a port scanner does exactly what it sounds like it basically

exactly what it sounds like it basically

exactly what it sounds like it basically scans the network for open ports either

scans the network for open ports either

scans the network for open ports either for malicious or for safety reasons so

for malicious or for safety reasons so

for malicious or for safety reasons so it's usually used by administrators to

it's usually used by administrators to

it's usually used by administrators to check the security of their system and

check the security of their system and

check the security of their system and make sure nothing's left open oppositely

make sure nothing's left open oppositely

make sure nothing's left open oppositely it can be used by attackers for their

it can be used by attackers for their

it can be used by attackers for their advantage so uh if a poor if I'm on the

advantage so uh if a poor if I'm on the

advantage so uh if a poor if I'm on the internal I might use a port scanner to

internal I might use a port scanner to

internal I might use a port scanner to scan my firewall to see what's going to

scan my firewall to see what's going to

scan my firewall to see what's going to be allowed through I might also put my

be allowed through I might also put my

be allowed through I might also put my port scanner over here and have it try

port scanner over here and have it try

port scanner over here and have it try to come in alternatively a hacker could

to come in alternatively a hacker could

to come in alternatively a hacker could use a port scanner to go through and

use a port scanner to go through and

use a port scanner to go through and scan for open ports if there are any

scan for open ports if there are any

scan for open ports if there are any open ports it can then use those

open ports it can then use those

open ports it can then use those to try to get into my system so I can

to try to get into my system so I can

to try to get into my system so I can use it either as a white hat

or as a black hat

or as a black hat

or as a black hat white hat means a good hacker black hat

white hat means a good hacker black hat

white hat means a good hacker black hat means a bad hacker

means a bad hacker

means a bad hacker now let's get back into uh our command

now let's get back into uh our command

now let's get back into uh our command line for just a second here the name

line for just a second here the name

line for just a second here the name server lookup or NS lookup and again

server lookup or NS lookup and again

server lookup or NS lookup and again whenever you see NS as in DNS domain

whenever you see NS as in DNS domain

whenever you see NS as in DNS domain name system you can think that has

name system you can think that has

name system you can think that has something to do with name server or name

something to do with name server or name

something to do with name server or name system it's used to basically find out

system it's used to basically find out

system it's used to basically find out uh what the server and address

uh what the server and address

uh what the server and address information is for a domain that's

information is for a domain that's

information is for a domain that's queried it's mostly used to troubleshoot

queried it's mostly used to troubleshoot

queried it's mostly used to troubleshoot domain name service related items and

domain name service related items and

domain name service related items and you can also get information about a

you can also get information about a

you can also get information about a systems configuration now dig actually

systems configuration now dig actually

systems configuration now dig actually does the same thing but it's a little

does the same thing but it's a little

does the same thing but it's a little more detailed and it only works with

more detailed and it only works with

more detailed and it only works with Unix or Linux systems so here's an

Unix or Linux systems so here's an

Unix or Linux systems so here's an example of what the NS lookup would look

example of what the NS lookup would look

example of what the NS lookup would look like and you can see if NS look up here

like and you can see if NS look up here

like and you can see if NS look up here and then what did we do well we asked it

and then what did we do well we asked it

and then what did we do well we asked it for Wikipedia's name and up it pops the

for Wikipedia's name and up it pops the

for Wikipedia's name and up it pops the IP address and it also tells us when

IP address and it also tells us when

IP address and it also tells us when whether it's authoritative or

whether it's authoritative or

whether it's authoritative or non-authoritative authoritative would be

non-authoritative authoritative would be

non-authoritative authoritative would be a DNS server that's somewhere out on the

a DNS server that's somewhere out on the

a DNS server that's somewhere out on the internet that is definitely has all the

internet that is definitely has all the

internet that is definitely has all the information non-authoritative means it

information non-authoritative means it

information non-authoritative means it might be a local one so if we were to

might be a local one so if we were to

might be a local one so if we were to look at this for a second for ourselves

look at this for a second for ourselves

look at this for a second for ourselves let's do NS lookup to go into the

let's do NS lookup to go into the

let's do NS lookup to go into the utility

utility

utility and now we could for instance look up uh

and now we could for instance look up uh

and now we could for instance look up uh google.com

and it'll tell us all the different IP

and it'll tell us all the different IP

and it'll tell us all the different IP addresses that are available for

addresses that are available for

addresses that are available for google.com

google.com

google.com yahoo.com

yahoo.com

yahoo.com maybe even microsoft.com

maybe even microsoft.com

maybe even microsoft.com CNN.com

CNN.com

CNN.com etc etc so you can see all these

etc etc so you can see all these

etc etc so you can see all these different ones that are coming through

different ones that are coming through

different ones that are coming through now notice that CNN.com actually

now notice that CNN.com actually

now notice that CNN.com actually wouldn't let us out and neither would

wouldn't let us out and neither would

wouldn't let us out and neither would microsoft.com that's because they're

microsoft.com that's because they're

microsoft.com that's because they're actually blocking the they're filtering

actually blocking the they're filtering

actually blocking the they're filtering out the type of uh ports or protocols

out the type of uh ports or protocols

out the type of uh ports or protocols that are going to be allowing uh that

that are going to be allowing uh that

that are going to be allowing uh that are going to allow like the icmp Ping so

are going to allow like the icmp Ping so

are going to allow like the icmp Ping so if we were to go out of this for a

if we were to go out of this for a

if we were to go out of this for a second

second

second and by the way you do that as Ctrl C and

and by the way you do that as Ctrl C and

and by the way you do that as Ctrl C and if I tried pinging microsoft.com you'll

if I tried pinging microsoft.com you'll

if I tried pinging microsoft.com you'll notice

notice

notice that it actually doesn't come back and

that it actually doesn't come back and

that it actually doesn't come back and that's because they're actually shutting

that's because they're actually shutting

that's because they're actually shutting out icmp packets from going in

now another one related somewhat is

now another one related somewhat is

now another one related somewhat is what's called ARP or address resolution

what's called ARP or address resolution

what's called ARP or address resolution protocol we actually talked about this

protocol we actually talked about this

protocol we actually talked about this previously and it's you really use to

previously and it's you really use to

previously and it's you really use to find the media access control or Mac

find the media access control or Mac

find the media access control or Mac address or the physical address for an

address or the physical address for an

address or the physical address for an IP address or vice versa remember this

IP address or vice versa remember this

IP address or vice versa remember this is the physical

is the physical

is the physical address it's hardwired onto the device

address it's hardwired onto the device

address it's hardwired onto the device the MAC address is the system's physical

the MAC address is the system's physical

the MAC address is the system's physical address and the IP address is the one

address and the IP address is the one

address and the IP address is the one again assigned by a server or manually

again assigned by a server or manually

again assigned by a server or manually assigned in a way this would be like

assigned in a way this would be like

assigned in a way this would be like your phone number

your phone number

your phone number and this would be like your social

and this would be like your social

and this would be like your social security number which is given to you by

security number which is given to you by

security number which is given to you by the government

the government

the government the way it does this is we're actually

the way it does this is we're actually

the way it does this is we're actually going to send out Discovery packets in

going to send out Discovery packets in

going to send out Discovery packets in order to find out the MAC address of a

order to find out the MAC address of a

order to find out the MAC address of a destination system and once it

destination system and once it

destination system and once it establishes that it sends that Mac

establishes that it sends that Mac

establishes that it sends that Mac address to the sending or receiving

address to the sending or receiving

address to the sending or receiving computer now the two computers can now

computer now the two computers can now

computer now the two computers can now communicate using IP addresses because

communicate using IP addresses because

communicate using IP addresses because they can both actually resolve to IP

they can both actually resolve to IP

they can both actually resolve to IP addresses so basically I want to send

addresses so basically I want to send

addresses so basically I want to send something

something

something right so what I'm going to do is I'm

right so what I'm going to do is I'm

right so what I'm going to do is I'm going to go out hit a router the router

going to go out hit a router the router

going to go out hit a router the router uses arp in order to get the MAC address

to the sending computer and now we can

to the sending computer and now we can

to the sending computer and now we can talk directly

talk directly

talk directly because now I know what your Mac address

because now I know what your Mac address

because now I know what your Mac address and IP address equal

finally

the route command is extremely handy and

the route command is extremely handy and

the route command is extremely handy and can be used

can be used

can be used fairly often it basically just shows you

fairly often it basically just shows you

fairly often it basically just shows you the routing table which is going to give

the routing table which is going to give

the routing table which is going to give you a list of all the routes network

you a list of all the routes network

you a list of all the routes network connections and so on that the user has

connections and so on that the user has

connections and so on that the user has the option to then edit now the reason

the option to then edit now the reason

the option to then edit now the reason you might want to edit it is if for

you might want to edit it is if for

you might want to edit it is if for instance in your router you want to tell

instance in your router you want to tell

instance in your router you want to tell it to use one route instead of another

it to use one route instead of another

it to use one route instead of another so an example here

so an example here

so an example here shows us The Gateway

shows us The Gateway

shows us The Gateway the mask

so draw these really quickly

so draw these really quickly

so draw these really quickly and the interface and the sorry the

and the interface and the sorry the

and the interface and the sorry the metric

metric

metric as well as the interface and these are

as well as the interface and these are

as well as the interface and these are all numbers so these might not mean a

all numbers so these might not mean a

all numbers so these might not mean a lot to you but if you had a guide and

lot to you but if you had a guide and

lot to you but if you had a guide and you knew where they were going if you

you knew where they were going if you

you knew where they were going if you knew what your interface was for

knew what your interface was for

knew what your interface was for instance is it a wireless internet base

instance is it a wireless internet base

instance is it a wireless internet base or was it a your wired interface that

or was it a your wired interface that

or was it a your wired interface that would prescribe a specific number

would prescribe a specific number

would prescribe a specific number the Gateway is going to say what Gateway

the Gateway is going to say what Gateway

the Gateway is going to say what Gateway you need to get out and the subnet mask

you need to get out and the subnet mask

you need to get out and the subnet mask and you could actually add

specific information to this to create

specific information to this to create

specific information to this to create your own routing table and this you

your own routing table and this you

your own routing table and this you would do really not so much on your

would do really not so much on your

would do really not so much on your computer but more if you're working on a

computer but more if you're working on a

computer but more if you're working on a router say Cisco router so you can do

router say Cisco router so you can do

router say Cisco router so you can do to tell it exactly where you want

to tell it exactly where you want

to tell it exactly where you want information to be routed

so just to recap we discussed and

so just to recap we discussed and

so just to recap we discussed and demonstrated several TCP tools including

demonstrated several TCP tools including

demonstrated several TCP tools including ping which we're really going to use to

ping which we're really going to use to

ping which we're really going to use to test connectivity

test connectivity

test connectivity and remember you want to hold on to the

and remember you want to hold on to the

and remember you want to hold on to the Slash

Slash

Slash t-switch which is going to do it

t-switch which is going to do it

t-switch which is going to do it indefinitely trace route which is going

indefinitely trace route which is going

indefinitely trace route which is going to measure the Hops and can also tell

to measure the Hops and can also tell

to measure the Hops and can also tell you where

uh connection has been lost a protocol

uh connection has been lost a protocol

uh connection has been lost a protocol analyzer which is going to look at or

analyzer which is going to look at or

analyzer which is going to look at or network protocol analyzer we're going to

network protocol analyzer we're going to

network protocol analyzer we're going to look at all the protocols coming in and

look at all the protocols coming in and

look at all the protocols coming in and can actually filter them in or out a

can actually filter them in or out a

can actually filter them in or out a port scanner which can be used to show

port scanner which can be used to show

port scanner which can be used to show open ports either as a security

open ports either as a security

open ports either as a security precaution or if I'm trying to

precaution or if I'm trying to

precaution or if I'm trying to infiltrate your network the NS lookup

infiltrate your network the NS lookup

infiltrate your network the NS lookup which is that name server could also be

which is that name server could also be

which is that name server could also be dig by the way which is on Unix systems

dig by the way which is on Unix systems

dig by the way which is on Unix systems and this is going to allow me to get my

and this is going to allow me to get my

and this is going to allow me to get my IP address to a fully qualified domain

IP address to a fully qualified domain

IP address to a fully qualified domain name

name

name ARP address resolution protocol which is

ARP address resolution protocol which is

ARP address resolution protocol which is specifically going from IP address to

specifically going from IP address to

specifically going from IP address to MAC address it sort of really allows

MAC address it sort of really allows

MAC address it sort of really allows routing to occur this is really a

routing to occur this is really a

routing to occur this is really a principle in routers

principle in routers

principle in routers and finally the route command which

and finally the route command which

and finally the route command which allows us to edit the routing tables and

allows us to edit the routing tables and

allows us to edit the routing tables and would be really useful if I was using

would be really useful if I was using

would be really useful if I was using one of my servers as a router you're not

one of my servers as a router you're not

one of my servers as a router you're not really going to see routing a route

really going to see routing a route

really going to see routing a route command on the network plus exam but I

command on the network plus exam but I

command on the network plus exam but I guarantee you'll see all these others

guarantee you'll see all these others

guarantee you'll see all these others mentioned

mentioned

mentioned so uh now that we've finished up this

so uh now that we've finished up this

so uh now that we've finished up this very brief lesson on TCP the tools and

very brief lesson on TCP the tools and

very brief lesson on TCP the tools and the simple Services we're going to go

the simple Services we're going to go

the simple Services we're going to go into Lan Administration and

into Lan Administration and

into Lan Administration and implementation a bit more in depth

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

foreign

Network Administration and

Network Administration and

Network Administration and implementation

implementation

implementation so in previous lessons we've discussed a

so in previous lessons we've discussed a

so in previous lessons we've discussed a lot of the tools the networking

lot of the tools the networking

lot of the tools the networking fundamentals the theory and so on and

fundamentals the theory and so on and

fundamentals the theory and so on and now we're going to get into a little

now we're going to get into a little

now we're going to get into a little more of the Practical side and that's in

more of the Practical side and that's in

more of the Practical side and that's in creating and maintaining a local area

creating and maintaining a local area

creating and maintaining a local area network wide area network and so on and

network wide area network and so on and

network wide area network and so on and so forth this module is certainly just

so forth this module is certainly just

so forth this module is certainly just an overview of local area network and

an overview of local area network and

an overview of local area network and some of the best practices that go along

some of the best practices that go along

some of the best practices that go along with it as we get more in depth over the

with it as we get more in depth over the

with it as we get more in depth over the coming lessons and modules we'll talk

coming lessons and modules we'll talk

coming lessons and modules we'll talk more about the specifics and what we

more about the specifics and what we

more about the specifics and what we need to do

need to do

need to do so in this module we're going to talk

so in this module we're going to talk

so in this module we're going to talk about an overview of a lan kind of go

about an overview of a lan kind of go

about an overview of a lan kind of go back over what it is and also

back over what it is and also

back over what it is and also um when we'd probably want to use one

um when we'd probably want to use one

um when we'd probably want to use one and then we're going to identify the

and then we're going to identify the

and then we're going to identify the steps to setting up a lan including

steps to setting up a lan including

steps to setting up a lan including using a network plan having backups

using a network plan having backups

using a network plan having backups creating proper documentation auditing

creating proper documentation auditing

creating proper documentation auditing and security

and security

and security so first what is a lan well there are

so first what is a lan well there are

so first what is a lan well there are two types of networks as you recall one

two types of networks as you recall one

two types of networks as you recall one is a lan and the other is a Wan a land

is a lan and the other is a Wan a land

is a lan and the other is a Wan a land stands for again a local area network

stands for again a local area network

stands for again a local area network and the local area network is really any

and the local area network is really any

and the local area network is really any sort of local or geographically

sort of local or geographically

sort of local or geographically um

um

um uh specific Network now Wan stands for a

uh specific Network now Wan stands for a

uh specific Network now Wan stands for a wide area network and we're going to

wide area network and we're going to

wide area network and we're going to talk about that in more depth in the

talk about that in more depth in the

talk about that in more depth in the future so because Lan is restricted to

future so because Lan is restricted to

future so because Lan is restricted to one geographical location such as a

one geographical location such as a

one geographical location such as a school or a small office building it's a

school or a small office building it's a

school or a small office building it's a lot easier to administer and requires a

lot easier to administer and requires a

lot easier to administer and requires a certain specific set of skills since

certain specific set of skills since

certain specific set of skills since it's so localized it also has higher

it's so localized it also has higher

it's so localized it also has higher speed capabilities than a Wan and it's

speed capabilities than a Wan and it's

speed capabilities than a Wan and it's often a lot less expensive so here's an

often a lot less expensive so here's an

often a lot less expensive so here's an example of a local area network the

example of a local area network the

example of a local area network the internet connectivity comes from the

internet connectivity comes from the

internet connectivity comes from the server

which is going to also go out

which is going to also go out

which is going to also go out to the WAN which would generally be

to the WAN which would generally be

to the WAN which would generally be represented by a cloud the WAN being the

represented by a cloud the WAN being the

represented by a cloud the WAN being the internet and we can see that there is a

internet and we can see that there is a

internet and we can see that there is a switch here which connects each one of

switch here which connects each one of

switch here which connects each one of these PCS

these PCS

these PCS wirelessly perhaps has a PC connected

wirelessly perhaps has a PC connected

wirelessly perhaps has a PC connected through it thanks to a wireless access

through it thanks to a wireless access

through it thanks to a wireless access point perhaps connected to the switch or

point perhaps connected to the switch or

point perhaps connected to the switch or router by the way here this server is

router by the way here this server is

router by the way here this server is acting as a router and we might also

acting as a router and we might also

acting as a router and we might also have the network connected printer very

have the network connected printer very

have the network connected printer very simple but effective Lan here

simple but effective Lan here

simple but effective Lan here now at the heart of every network is a

now at the heart of every network is a

now at the heart of every network is a server the server is really what powers

server the server is really what powers

server the server is really what powers the internet connection to every device

the internet connection to every device

the internet connection to every device that's on the network and provides

that's on the network and provides

that's on the network and provides um

um

um devices on the network with resources

devices on the network with resources

devices on the network with resources and other sorts of information now in

and other sorts of information now in

and other sorts of information now in some cases we're not going to have a

some cases we're not going to have a

some cases we're not going to have a server network but we're going to assume

server network but we're going to assume

server network but we're going to assume here that we're talking about very

here that we're talking about very

here that we're talking about very technical Network okay and the first

technical Network okay and the first

technical Network okay and the first step to implementing a local area

step to implementing a local area

step to implementing a local area network is to generally set up the

network is to generally set up the

network is to generally set up the server or if we don't have a server to

server or if we don't have a server to

server or if we don't have a server to set up the router

set up the router

set up the router or the Soho router in a small office

or the Soho router in a small office

or the Soho router in a small office home office remember the server is

home office remember the server is

home office remember the server is really going to serve up resources

really going to serve up resources

really going to serve up resources it's going to serve up a DHCP server so

it's going to serve up a DHCP server so

it's going to serve up a DHCP server so on and so forth so the word Server

on and so forth so the word Server

on and so forth so the word Server doesn't necessarily mean a freestanding

doesn't necessarily mean a freestanding

doesn't necessarily mean a freestanding personal computer or a more powerful

personal computer or a more powerful

personal computer or a more powerful computer it's really just the device

computer it's really just the device

computer it's really just the device that's at the center of our Network

that's at the center of our Network

that's at the center of our Network now usually we're going to do this with

now usually we're going to do this with

now usually we're going to do this with some sort of professional setup

some sort of professional setup

some sort of professional setup sometimes we'll have someone else come

sometimes we'll have someone else come

sometimes we'll have someone else come in and sometimes we're going to do it

in and sometimes we're going to do it

in and sometimes we're going to do it ourselves

ourselves

ourselves now the network topography and design is

now the network topography and design is

now the network topography and design is also pretty important we need to figure

also pretty important we need to figure

also pretty important we need to figure out how we're going to set up the

out how we're going to set up the

out how we're going to set up the network we talked about different

network we talked about different

network we talked about different topographies previously so we probably

topographies previously so we probably

topographies previously so we probably are going to want some sort of star

are going to want some sort of star

are going to want some sort of star Network

Network

Network if you recall what that is we might for

if you recall what that is we might for

if you recall what that is we might for some reason have a ring if we have a

some reason have a ring if we have a

some reason have a ring if we have a really intense local area network all

really intense local area network all

really intense local area network all this is usually going to be used in a

this is usually going to be used in a

this is usually going to be used in a Wan setting so really what we're going

Wan setting so really what we're going

Wan setting so really what we're going to see usually is a star

to see usually is a star

to see usually is a star and as you can see everything is

and as you can see everything is

and as you can see everything is hardwired and this is a bird's eye view

hardwired and this is a bird's eye view

hardwired and this is a bird's eye view of how we're going to connect this

of how we're going to connect this

of how we're going to connect this network

so you can see we see each device

so you can see we see each device

so you can see we see each device plugged up we see where every device

plugged up we see where every device

plugged up we see where every device plugs in for instance this printer plugs

plugs in for instance this printer plugs

plugs in for instance this printer plugs up directly to Mike's PC so if you're

up directly to Mike's PC so if you're

up directly to Mike's PC so if you're having a trouble problem with the

having a trouble problem with the

having a trouble problem with the printer we know that actually the PC

printer we know that actually the PC

printer we know that actually the PC could be the problem not necessarily

could be the problem not necessarily

could be the problem not necessarily this chord here and so knowing where

this chord here and so knowing where

this chord here and so knowing where everything is set up and how everything

everything is set up and how everything

everything is set up and how everything is set up is really important as you go

is set up is really important as you go

is set up is really important as you go forth and of course important before I

forth and of course important before I

forth and of course important before I start to create a huge Network by the

start to create a huge Network by the

start to create a huge Network by the way your network and your plan

way your network and your plan

way your network and your plan probably a lot more complex than this

probably a lot more complex than this

probably a lot more complex than this but try drawing out your network at home

but try drawing out your network at home

but try drawing out your network at home and see if you can do it as well

and see if you can do it as well

and see if you can do it as well now backups are extremely important when

now backups are extremely important when

now backups are extremely important when I have especially Enterprise setup the

I have especially Enterprise setup the

I have especially Enterprise setup the loss of data that can occur could take

loss of data that can occur could take

loss of data that can occur could take us out of operating and if I'm talking

us out of operating and if I'm talking

us out of operating and if I'm talking about a network that is running Bank

about a network that is running Bank

about a network that is running Bank information or health care then I really

information or health care then I really

information or health care then I really need to potentially stop or avoid this

need to potentially stop or avoid this

need to potentially stop or avoid this critical loss of data so regular backups

critical loss of data so regular backups

critical loss of data so regular backups are key now there are a lot of different

are key now there are a lot of different

are key now there are a lot of different ways to do this and we'll talk about

ways to do this and we'll talk about

ways to do this and we'll talk about specifically some of the difference

specifically some of the difference

specifically some of the difference between an incremental backup

and a differential backup

and a differential backup

and a differential backup disgusting a plus as well

disgusting a plus as well

disgusting a plus as well but there are some other Surefire ways

but there are some other Surefire ways

but there are some other Surefire ways that we want to do this first all users

that we want to do this first all users

that we want to do this first all users on the networks need to be regularly

on the networks need to be regularly

on the networks need to be regularly saving and backing up their own work

saving and backing up their own work

saving and backing up their own work then we might want to have an outside

then we might want to have an outside

then we might want to have an outside service also taking care of our backups

service also taking care of our backups

service also taking care of our backups so I might want to have the backup going

so I might want to have the backup going

so I might want to have the backup going out

out

out to a cloud or to a Wan in this case I

to a cloud or to a Wan in this case I

to a cloud or to a Wan in this case I probably have and this computer is

probably have and this computer is

probably have and this computer is representing My Lan all of the

representing My Lan all of the

representing My Lan all of the information going to a central service

information going to a central service

information going to a central service and then going out if I have a server

and then going out if I have a server

and then going out if I have a server and all of the devices are hooked up

and all of the devices are hooked up

and all of the devices are hooked up to the server then they're going to feed

to the server then they're going to feed

to the server then they're going to feed the server with the information once

the server with the information once

the server with the information once that information is on the server then I

that information is on the server then I

that information is on the server then I can make sure that battle goes out to

can make sure that battle goes out to

can make sure that battle goes out to the cloud the important thing is to

the cloud the important thing is to

the cloud the important thing is to centralize where your information is

centralize where your information is

centralize where your information is being saved if I have for instance data

being saved if I have for instance data

being saved if I have for instance data being saved to

being saved to

being saved to various computers and those computers

various computers and those computers

various computers and those computers don't have a central place to store all

don't have a central place to store all

don't have a central place to store all the data then backing up simply the

the data then backing up simply the

the data then backing up simply the server is not going to do it a map to go

server is not going to do it a map to go

server is not going to do it a map to go back up every individual computer and

back up every individual computer and

back up every individual computer and that really doesn't work so what we

that really doesn't work so what we

that really doesn't work so what we really want to have is a centralized

really want to have is a centralized

really want to have is a centralized backup system and sometimes we want to

backup system and sometimes we want to

backup system and sometimes we want to have redundancy

have redundancy

have redundancy in this system

in this system

in this system by not only backing it up locally but

by not only backing it up locally but

by not only backing it up locally but backing it up out to the WAN or

backing it up out to the WAN or

backing it up out to the WAN or alternatively having tapes that we're

alternatively having tapes that we're

alternatively having tapes that we're going to take off site in case God

going to take off site in case God

going to take off site in case God forbid something happened to my backup

forbid something happened to my backup

forbid something happened to my backup plan

plan

plan now it's also important that we document

now it's also important that we document

now it's also important that we document our Network and once we've documented it

our Network and once we've documented it

our Network and once we've documented it we need to continually audit where our

we need to continually audit where our

we need to continually audit where our Network's weaknesses and strengths are

Network's weaknesses and strengths are

Network's weaknesses and strengths are so I want to keep track of everything

so I want to keep track of everything

so I want to keep track of everything that's on the network including the

that's on the network including the

that's on the network including the hardware the software

hardware the software

hardware the software diagrams that we have numbers serial

diagrams that we have numbers serial

diagrams that we have numbers serial numbers Etc we also need to audit the

numbers Etc we also need to audit the

numbers Etc we also need to audit the network for security strengths and

network for security strengths and

network for security strengths and weaknesses we might do this by using a

weaknesses we might do this by using a

weaknesses we might do this by using a port scanner

port scanner

port scanner by having some sort of centralized virus

by having some sort of centralized virus

by having some sort of centralized virus scan program like we'll see in a minute

scan program like we'll see in a minute

scan program like we'll see in a minute and maybe even by hiring an outside

and maybe even by hiring an outside

and maybe even by hiring an outside security firm to try to hack into my

security firm to try to hack into my

security firm to try to hack into my system so I can see where the weaknesses

system so I can see where the weaknesses

system so I can see where the weaknesses and strengths are

and strengths are

and strengths are all this information is going to be key

all this information is going to be key

all this information is going to be key in recovering

in recovering

in recovering in case of major data loss

and that's the reason I want to always

and that's the reason I want to always

and that's the reason I want to always just keep a nice long paper trail

just keep a nice long paper trail

just keep a nice long paper trail sometimes you might want to print this

sometimes you might want to print this

sometimes you might want to print this stuff off too because again the computer

stuff off too because again the computer

stuff off too because again the computer goes down I can't access anything that's

goes down I can't access anything that's

goes down I can't access anything that's digital or throw it up in the cloud then

digital or throw it up in the cloud then

digital or throw it up in the cloud then I don't have to worry about it

I don't have to worry about it

I don't have to worry about it now when we kept the management and

now when we kept the management and

now when we kept the management and troubleshooting we always want to make

troubleshooting we always want to make

troubleshooting we always want to make sure the network is running smoothly and

sure the network is running smoothly and

sure the network is running smoothly and since you're the administrator you're

since you're the administrator you're

since you're the administrator you're the person who has to be monitoring and

the person who has to be monitoring and

the person who has to be monitoring and managing everything that's going on now

managing everything that's going on now

managing everything that's going on now when there are issues you want to

when there are issues you want to

when there are issues you want to troubleshoot and solve the issues where

troubleshoot and solve the issues where

troubleshoot and solve the issues where they arise using the OSI model can be

they arise using the OSI model can be

they arise using the OSI model can be really helpful in this case because you

really helpful in this case because you

really helpful in this case because you can determine where the issue is

can determine where the issue is

can determine where the issue is occurring for instance if I'm having a

occurring for instance if I'm having a

occurring for instance if I'm having a trouble getting out to a certain website

trouble getting out to a certain website

trouble getting out to a certain website but everyone seems to be getting out to

but everyone seems to be getting out to

but everyone seems to be getting out to information then maybe the DNS is the

information then maybe the DNS is the

information then maybe the DNS is the problem if for instance new devices

problem if for instance new devices

problem if for instance new devices can't get on the network but if I

can't get on the network but if I

can't get on the network but if I manually assign them an IP address it

manually assign them an IP address it

manually assign them an IP address it does work well then probably my DHCP

does work well then probably my DHCP

does work well then probably my DHCP server is is getting funky again this is

server is is getting funky again this is

server is is getting funky again this is just an overview we're going to talk

just an overview we're going to talk

just an overview we're going to talk about all this in more specifics as we

about all this in more specifics as we

about all this in more specifics as we go forward

go forward

go forward so I need to take a look at what the

so I need to take a look at what the

so I need to take a look at what the error is figure out what the problem is

error is figure out what the problem is

error is figure out what the problem is and get to the root issue especially

and get to the root issue especially

and get to the root issue especially because what I'm really going for here

because what I'm really going for here

because what I'm really going for here is what's called five nines which means

is what's called five nines which means

is what's called five nines which means I want to be up

I want to be up

I want to be up 99.999 of the time

99.999 of the time

99.999 of the time that's like five minutes of downtime per

that's like five minutes of downtime per

that's like five minutes of downtime per year that five minutes however can be

year that five minutes however can be

year that five minutes however can be really a big issue this also means I

really a big issue this also means I

really a big issue this also means I want to be updating with Windows updates

want to be updating with Windows updates

want to be updating with Windows updates and I want to be providing as much

and I want to be providing as much

and I want to be providing as much information as possible to my network

information as possible to my network

information as possible to my network and my network staff and even the

and my network staff and even the

and my network staff and even the individuals who are using the network as

individuals who are using the network as

individuals who are using the network as possible

possible

possible finally when it comes to security and

finally when it comes to security and

finally when it comes to security and virus protection I want to make sure to

virus protection I want to make sure to

virus protection I want to make sure to audit and protect prevent the attacks

audit and protect prevent the attacks

audit and protect prevent the attacks before they can happen so I'm going to

before they can happen so I'm going to

before they can happen so I'm going to audit it and once I audit I can see what

audit it and once I audit I can see what

audit it and once I audit I can see what sort of the issues are if I notice that

sort of the issues are if I notice that

sort of the issues are if I notice that there's no Virus Protection Program then

there's no Virus Protection Program then

there's no Virus Protection Program then I'm going to want to use some antivirus

I'm going to want to use some antivirus

I'm going to want to use some antivirus software if I notice that there are open

software if I notice that there are open

software if I notice that there are open ports getting out to the server through

ports getting out to the server through

ports getting out to the server through the firewall then I'm going to want to

the firewall then I'm going to want to

the firewall then I'm going to want to use that if I notice there isn't a

use that if I notice there isn't a

use that if I notice there isn't a firewall I'm going to want to have to

firewall I'm going to want to have to

firewall I'm going to want to have to put a firewall up so basically all the

put a firewall up so basically all the

put a firewall up so basically all the things I can do there's no one size fits

things I can do there's no one size fits

things I can do there's no one size fits all practice what you really have to do

all practice what you really have to do

all practice what you really have to do is use the skills that you have in order

is use the skills that you have in order

is use the skills that you have in order to audit the system and then prevent the

to audit the system and then prevent the

to audit the system and then prevent the attacks before they happen using a

attacks before they happen using a

attacks before they happen using a number of different tools might even use

number of different tools might even use

number of different tools might even use something called an IPS or IDs which

something called an IPS or IDs which

something called an IPS or IDs which would be uh

would be uh

would be uh intrusion protection or intrusion

intrusion protection or intrusion

intrusion protection or intrusion detection service or scanner

detection service or scanner

detection service or scanner all right so just to go back over this

all right so just to go back over this

all right so just to go back over this it was a very broad overview of what a

it was a very broad overview of what a

it was a very broad overview of what a local area network is and some of the

local area network is and some of the

local area network is and some of the things that we need to do in setting up

things that we need to do in setting up

things that we need to do in setting up maintaining a land including creating

maintaining a land including creating

maintaining a land including creating and having a network plan performing

and having a network plan performing

and having a network plan performing regular backups providing documentation

regular backups providing documentation

regular backups providing documentation keeping holding on to that documentation

keeping holding on to that documentation

keeping holding on to that documentation auditing our Network to identify

auditing our Network to identify

auditing our Network to identify weaknesses which is the main reason for

weaknesses which is the main reason for

weaknesses which is the main reason for an audit we also might want to use the

an audit we also might want to use the

an audit we also might want to use the audit to

audit to

audit to identify bottlenecks or slow issues that

identify bottlenecks or slow issues that

identify bottlenecks or slow issues that are going to cause speed issues

so on and then of course having proper

so on and then of course having proper

so on and then of course having proper security such as virus scan programs

security such as virus scan programs

security such as virus scan programs intrusion detection prevention systems

intrusion detection prevention systems

intrusion detection prevention systems firewalls and so on we're going to talk

firewalls and so on we're going to talk

firewalls and so on we're going to talk all about this and more in the coming

all about this and more in the coming

all about this and more in the coming lessons but this was just a broad

lessons but this was just a broad

lessons but this was just a broad overview to get a sort of set up

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

local area networks switching

local area networks switching

local area networks switching so in the last module we talked about

so in the last module we talked about

so in the last module we talked about local area networks in general what they

local area networks in general what they

local area networks in general what they do how we set them up how we administer

do how we set them up how we administer

do how we set them up how we administer them but in order to have a functioning

them but in order to have a functioning

them but in order to have a functioning local area network one of the most

local area network one of the most

local area network one of the most important developments that we had was

important developments that we had was

important developments that we had was called switching if you recall earlier

called switching if you recall earlier

called switching if you recall earlier on we talked about the OSI model and if

on we talked about the OSI model and if

on we talked about the OSI model and if you recall the OSI model went from level

you recall the OSI model went from level

you recall the OSI model went from level one all the way up to level seven

one all the way up to level seven

one all the way up to level seven now level one was the physical layer and

now level one was the physical layer and

now level one was the physical layer and on there we talked briefly about a

on there we talked briefly about a

on there we talked briefly about a device called a hub

device called a hub

device called a hub now the problem with the Hub was

now the problem with the Hub was

now the problem with the Hub was whenever data

whenever data

whenever data went from one computer into the Hub

went from one computer into the Hub

went from one computer into the Hub The Hub spouted all of that data out

The Hub spouted all of that data out

The Hub spouted all of that data out to all the other computers on the

to all the other computers on the

to all the other computers on the network this created a lot of broadcast

network this created a lot of broadcast

network this created a lot of broadcast traffic because the Hub itself worked on

traffic because the Hub itself worked on

traffic because the Hub itself worked on the physical layer all it did was repeat

the physical layer all it did was repeat

the physical layer all it did was repeat all of the bits that went into it out to

all of the bits that went into it out to

all of the bits that went into it out to all the other devices

all the other devices

all the other devices but now we have something and we've had

but now we have something and we've had

but now we have something and we've had for quite a while a thing called a

for quite a while a thing called a

for quite a while a thing called a switch and this allows for switching

switch and this allows for switching

switch and this allows for switching which operates mostly on level two

which operates mostly on level two

which operates mostly on level two of the OSI model which if you recall is

of the OSI model which if you recall is

of the OSI model which if you recall is the

the

the data link layer

data link layer

data link layer switching allows us to have a fully

switching allows us to have a fully

switching allows us to have a fully functioning local area network because

functioning local area network because

functioning local area network because it allows devices to talk

using the MAC address or the physical

using the MAC address or the physical

using the MAC address or the physical address of the computer

address of the computer

address of the computer so in this module we're going to talk

so in this module we're going to talk

so in this module we're going to talk more in depth about what a switch is

more in depth about what a switch is

more in depth about what a switch is how a switch operates which I just

how a switch operates which I just

how a switch operates which I just touched upon a bit and then I'm going to

touched upon a bit and then I'm going to

touched upon a bit and then I'm going to talk about a couple Advanced switches

talk about a couple Advanced switches

talk about a couple Advanced switches you need to know about for the network

you need to know about for the network

you need to know about for the network plus exam these are the multi-layer

plus exam these are the multi-layer

plus exam these are the multi-layer switch also called a layer 3 switch or a

switch also called a layer 3 switch or a

switch also called a layer 3 switch or a Smart Switch

Smart Switch

Smart Switch and then we're going to talk about a

and then we're going to talk about a

and then we're going to talk about a Content switch which as the name implies

Content switch which as the name implies

Content switch which as the name implies deals with the content in the packet not

deals with the content in the packet not

deals with the content in the packet not just relaying the packet of data itself

so a switch is an extremely important

so a switch is an extremely important

so a switch is an extremely important part of a functioning Network so let's

part of a functioning Network so let's

part of a functioning Network so let's look for a minute about a light switch a

look for a minute about a light switch a

look for a minute about a light switch a light switch essentially has two pieces

light switch essentially has two pieces

light switch essentially has two pieces of wire attached to it if we look at

of wire attached to it if we look at

of wire attached to it if we look at like so

I'll put the little switch right there

I'll put the little switch right there

I'll put the little switch right there and when the switch is flipped in One

and when the switch is flipped in One

and when the switch is flipped in One Direction the circuit is completed when

Direction the circuit is completed when

Direction the circuit is completed when it's flipped the other way then the

it's flipped the other way then the

it's flipped the other way then the circuit is sort of broken and so the

circuit is sort of broken and so the

circuit is sort of broken and so the light turns off

light turns off

light turns off in a way an ethernet switch follows the

in a way an ethernet switch follows the

in a way an ethernet switch follows the same principle except it's not only

same principle except it's not only

same principle except it's not only attached to one single wire and cable

attached to one single wire and cable

attached to one single wire and cable but to many some switches can even have

but to many some switches can even have

but to many some switches can even have upwards of 200 cables attached to them

upwards of 200 cables attached to them

upwards of 200 cables attached to them now these ethernet switches are used to

now these ethernet switches are used to

now these ethernet switches are used to connect many if not all of the devices

connect many if not all of the devices

connect many if not all of the devices on network and it establishes a flow of

on network and it establishes a flow of

on network and it establishes a flow of data between them

data between them

data between them this switch like a light switch makes a

this switch like a light switch makes a

this switch like a light switch makes a connection between two different cables

connection between two different cables

connection between two different cables and allows the data to flow specifically

and allows the data to flow specifically

and allows the data to flow specifically between those two devices

between those two devices

between those two devices now Lan switches are used to send data

now Lan switches are used to send data

now Lan switches are used to send data from a single device to another

from a single device to another

from a single device to another sometimes uh the and sometimes even

sometimes uh the and sometimes even

sometimes uh the and sometimes even multiple devices there are devices as I

multiple devices there are devices as I

multiple devices there are devices as I said called hubs but these do something

said called hubs but these do something

said called hubs but these do something different

different

different so what the switch really does here is

so what the switch really does here is

so what the switch really does here is it allows data sent from one device to

it allows data sent from one device to

it allows data sent from one device to go specifically

go specifically

go specifically to the other device that it's meant for

to the other device that it's meant for

to the other device that it's meant for and it does this

and it does this

and it does this because it knows the MAC address

because it knows the MAC address

because it knows the MAC address that it wants to send to now it doesn't

that it wants to send to now it doesn't

that it wants to send to now it doesn't necessarily know where that Mac address

necessarily know where that Mac address

necessarily know where that Mac address is on the network all it knows and it

is on the network all it knows and it

is on the network all it knows and it puts this into the packet remember we

puts this into the packet remember we

puts this into the packet remember we talked about that it puts it into the

talked about that it puts it into the

talked about that it puts it into the header of the packet

header of the packet

header of the packet the address which would be sort of like

the address which would be sort of like

the address which would be sort of like the phone number or the social security

the phone number or the social security

the phone number or the social security number of the computer that wants to

number of the computer that wants to

number of the computer that wants to receive the data the switch then has a

receive the data the switch then has a

receive the data the switch then has a table that says in each port

table that says in each port

table that says in each port so if we had Port 1 2 3 4 and 5 it would

so if we had Port 1 2 3 4 and 5 it would

so if we had Port 1 2 3 4 and 5 it would say

say

say the MAC address connected to each port

the MAC address connected to each port

the MAC address connected to each port and so when Port 1 sends data meant for

and so when Port 1 sends data meant for

and so when Port 1 sends data meant for a MAC address

a MAC address

a MAC address it knows oh I'm going to send that to

it knows oh I'm going to send that to

it knows oh I'm going to send that to Port 5.

Port 5.

Port 5. now it could also do this for multiple

now it could also do this for multiple

now it could also do this for multiple for instance I'm going to send it to

for instance I'm going to send it to

for instance I'm going to send it to Port 2 and port 5.

Port 2 and port 5.

Port 2 and port 5. the key difference here as I pointed out

the key difference here as I pointed out

the key difference here as I pointed out in the very first slide was rather than

in the very first slide was rather than

in the very first slide was rather than a hub

a hub

a hub which broadcasts out

to all devices

to all devices

to all devices the switch creates a single switch

between two specific devices and closes

between two specific devices and closes

between two specific devices and closes a connection

a connection

a connection what this does in effect therefore is

what this does in effect therefore is

what this does in effect therefore is reduce broadcast traffic and allow the

reduce broadcast traffic and allow the

reduce broadcast traffic and allow the network to run much more efficiently

network to run much more efficiently

network to run much more efficiently than a hub allowed

than a hub allowed

than a hub allowed now there was a time when networking

now there was a time when networking

now there was a time when networking devices only served one purpose and

devices only served one purpose and

devices only served one purpose and their functions were specific to that

their functions were specific to that

their functions were specific to that type of device but over years things

type of device but over years things

type of device but over years things have evolved so now devices can do

have evolved so now devices can do

have evolved so now devices can do multiple things now we see this

multiple things now we see this

multiple things now we see this multi-layer switch or what you might

multi-layer switch or what you might

multi-layer switch or what you might also see as a layer three switch or a

also see as a layer three switch or a

also see as a layer three switch or a Smart Switch

Smart Switch

Smart Switch what it does is it is not only a switch

what it does is it is not only a switch

what it does is it is not only a switch it's also a router this is the reason

it's also a router this is the reason

it's also a router this is the reason why it's called a layer 3 switch I

why it's called a layer 3 switch I

why it's called a layer 3 switch I brought up the OSI model on the very

brought up the OSI model on the very

brought up the OSI model on the very first slide

first slide

first slide layer 1 physical

layer 2 data link

and if you recall layer three let's use

and if you recall layer three let's use

and if you recall layer three let's use our mnemonic device please do not throw

our mnemonic device please do not throw

our mnemonic device please do not throw sausage pizza away so this is the

sausage pizza away so this is the

sausage pizza away so this is the network layer

network layer

network layer if you recall we mentioned briefly that

if you recall we mentioned briefly that

if you recall we mentioned briefly that routers which we'll talk about in more

routers which we'll talk about in more

routers which we'll talk about in more depth later

depth later

depth later operate on layer three that's because

operate on layer three that's because

operate on layer three that's because IP addresses operate on layer three so a

IP addresses operate on layer three so a

IP addresses operate on layer three so a switch can not only look at the MAC

switch can not only look at the MAC

switch can not only look at the MAC address

address

address but a multi-layer switch one that

but a multi-layer switch one that

but a multi-layer switch one that operates not only in Layer Two but also

operates not only in Layer Two but also

operates not only in Layer Two but also on layer three

on layer three

on layer three can also look at IP addresses

so because this switch operates as both

so because this switch operates as both

so because this switch operates as both a router and a switch it can send

a router and a switch it can send

a router and a switch it can send information between several different

information between several different

information between several different networks so here for instance I have

networks so here for instance I have

networks so here for instance I have Network a and network B and let's see

Network a and network B and let's see

Network a and network B and let's see this PC wants to talk with the server

this PC wants to talk with the server

this PC wants to talk with the server on network B in the old system uh unless

on network B in the old system uh unless

on network B in the old system uh unless network uh unless the server was

network uh unless the server was

network uh unless the server was actually connected directly to the

actually connected directly to the

actually connected directly to the switch there would be no way for the two

switch there would be no way for the two

switch there would be no way for the two networks to sort of speak to one another

networks to sort of speak to one another

networks to sort of speak to one another but because we have a device here

but because we have a device here

but because we have a device here that's perhaps operating as a switch and

that's perhaps operating as a switch and

that's perhaps operating as a switch and a router

a router

a router it can route the data onto a different

it can route the data onto a different

it can route the data onto a different network using an IP address

in some ways you could think about this

in some ways you could think about this

in some ways you could think about this as the Advent of the area code

as the Advent of the area code

as the Advent of the area code when we had a phone number

when we had a phone number

when we had a phone number which was only

which was only

which was only five digits or uh sorry seven digits

five digits or uh sorry seven digits

five digits or uh sorry seven digits such as

such as

such as um seven two three

um seven two three

um seven two three five four one one we could talk to

five four one one we could talk to

five four one one we could talk to anyone within our local network if we

anyone within our local network if we

anyone within our local network if we knew

knew

knew this number when we added the area code

this number when we added the area code

this number when we added the area code we were allowed to then dial out to

we were allowed to then dial out to

we were allowed to then dial out to other states and then we were allowed by

other states and then we were allowed by

other states and then we were allowed by putting an international code to dial

putting an international code to dial

putting an international code to dial out to different countries so we're

out to different countries so we're

out to different countries so we're allowed to go then outside of our

allowed to go then outside of our

allowed to go then outside of our specific Network in this way we're not

specific Network in this way we're not

specific Network in this way we're not just dealing with Mac addresses we're

just dealing with Mac addresses we're

just dealing with Mac addresses we're dealing with IP addresses and as we've

dealing with IP addresses and as we've

dealing with IP addresses and as we've talked about IP addresses

talked about IP addresses

talked about IP addresses are assigned by for instance a DHCP

are assigned by for instance a DHCP

are assigned by for instance a DHCP server and so as a result they're more

server and so as a result they're more

server and so as a result they're more temporary they're not hardwired onto the

temporary they're not hardwired onto the

temporary they're not hardwired onto the device and it not only allows for

device and it not only allows for

device and it not only allows for routing but it makes it a little more

routing but it makes it a little more

routing but it makes it a little more complex to figure out where a device is

complex to figure out where a device is

complex to figure out where a device is at any one time we'll talk more about

at any one time we'll talk more about

at any one time we'll talk more about that in the next module the important

that in the next module the important

that in the next module the important thing here to realize though is that a

thing here to realize though is that a

thing here to realize though is that a multi-layer switch operates both as a

multi-layer switch operates both as a

multi-layer switch operates both as a router

router

router and as a switch because it works on

and as a switch because it works on

and as a switch because it works on layer 3 and layer 2 which means it not

layer 3 and layer 2 which means it not

layer 3 and layer 2 which means it not only reads

only reads

only reads Mac addresses

Mac addresses

Mac addresses but also IP addresses

now the next type of switch I want to

now the next type of switch I want to

now the next type of switch I want to mention is something called a Content

mention is something called a Content

mention is something called a Content switch the name content should give away

switch the name content should give away

switch the name content should give away what we're about to talk about here now

what we're about to talk about here now

what we're about to talk about here now these are not really used as much as we

these are not really used as much as we

these are not really used as much as we see in today's networks because they're

see in today's networks because they're

see in today's networks because they're quite costly but a Content switch will

quite costly but a Content switch will

quite costly but a Content switch will actually analyze the data it receives

actually analyze the data it receives

actually analyze the data it receives and forward it based on its content only

and forward it based on its content only

and forward it based on its content only so rather than dealing with simply an IP

so rather than dealing with simply an IP

so rather than dealing with simply an IP address or Mac address it actually looks

address or Mac address it actually looks

address or Mac address it actually looks at what's inside

at what's inside

at what's inside of the of the packet if we have a MAC

of the of the packet if we have a MAC

of the of the packet if we have a MAC address here and then we put an IP

address here and then we put an IP

address here and then we put an IP address on the outside of that in order

address on the outside of that in order

address on the outside of that in order to tell where to go it's actually going

to tell where to go it's actually going

to tell where to go it's actually going to look inside and look at the data and

to look inside and look at the data and

to look inside and look at the data and determine where that content is going to

determine where that content is going to

determine where that content is going to go

go

go these switches are also sometimes called

these switches are also sometimes called

these switches are also sometimes called load bearing switches

load bearing switches

load bearing switches because they can evenly distribute data

because they can evenly distribute data

because they can evenly distribute data based on the type of data there is in

based on the type of data there is in

based on the type of data there is in the appropriate destinations which can

the appropriate destinations which can

the appropriate destinations which can alleviate stress on a single server or

alleviate stress on a single server or

alleviate stress on a single server or device

device

device so for instance if I erase all this for

so for instance if I erase all this for

so for instance if I erase all this for a second let's say we have

a second let's say we have

a second let's say we have for some reason and let's say we have a

for some reason and let's say we have a

for some reason and let's say we have a router right here which allows us to

router right here which allows us to

router right here which allows us to connect out to the internet and then

connect out to the internet and then

connect out to the internet and then information comes in straight from the

information comes in straight from the

information comes in straight from the router to the content switch and we

router to the content switch and we

router to the content switch and we don't know where the information is set

don't know where the information is set

don't know where the information is set for or let's say we have

for or let's say we have

for or let's say we have six different clients or servers it

six different clients or servers it

six different clients or servers it doesn't really matter that each could

doesn't really matter that each could

doesn't really matter that each could operate under the same sort of IP

operate under the same sort of IP

operate under the same sort of IP address for instance we're going to put

address for instance we're going to put

address for instance we're going to put them all together or group them the

them all together or group them the

them all together or group them the content switch can say which one it's

content switch can say which one it's

content switch can say which one it's going to go to based on the type of

going to go to based on the type of

going to go to based on the type of information it's receiving so for

information it's receiving so for

information it's receiving so for instance email is probably going to go

instance email is probably going to go

instance email is probably going to go to one computer whereas web is going to

to one computer whereas web is going to

to one computer whereas web is going to go to another whereas the FTP might go

go to another whereas the FTP might go

go to another whereas the FTP might go to another and the packet itself doesn't

to another and the packet itself doesn't

to another and the packet itself doesn't have to know which computer it's going

have to know which computer it's going

have to know which computer it's going to the packet just has to have an IP

to the packet just has to have an IP

to the packet just has to have an IP address and or Mac address and then the

address and or Mac address and then the

address and or Mac address and then the contents which itself based on the

contents which itself based on the

contents which itself based on the content is going to send that over

content is going to send that over

content is going to send that over another way to think about this is if

another way to think about this is if

another way to think about this is if I'm dealing with some sort of firewall

I'm dealing with some sort of firewall

I'm dealing with some sort of firewall and I want the firewall to put certain

and I want the firewall to put certain

and I want the firewall to put certain types of data into a

types of data into a

types of data into a um

um

um filtered

filtered

filtered area

area

area that needs to be scanned for viruses so

that needs to be scanned for viruses so

that needs to be scanned for viruses so this is really going to help me

this is really going to help me

this is really going to help me alleviate uh certain processes

alleviate uh certain processes

alleviate uh certain processes and also help keep my network safer and

and also help keep my network safer and

and also help keep my network safer and we'll talk about other devices that do

we'll talk about other devices that do

we'll talk about other devices that do this as well

this as well

this as well but when we're dealing with the content

but when we're dealing with the content

but when we're dealing with the content we're dealing with further up on the OSI

we're dealing with further up on the OSI

we're dealing with further up on the OSI model so we're not just dealing with

model so we're not just dealing with

model so we're not just dealing with layer one or two or three even we might

layer one or two or three even we might

layer one or two or three even we might even be dealing with layer four to some

even be dealing with layer four to some

even be dealing with layer four to some extent

extent

extent so just to recap we first talked about

so just to recap we first talked about

so just to recap we first talked about what a switch is a switch again allows

what a switch is a switch again allows

what a switch is a switch again allows for a direct connection

for a direct connection

for a direct connection between

between

between two devices

or more

or more

or more the important thing to hear to realize

the important thing to hear to realize

the important thing to hear to realize is that the devices communicate directly

is that the devices communicate directly

is that the devices communicate directly because the switch creates a circuit

because the switch creates a circuit

because the switch creates a circuit between those two devices Within

between those two devices Within

between those two devices Within a box based on ports

a box based on ports

a box based on ports now how it does this is it creates a

now how it does this is it creates a

now how it does this is it creates a table

defining which ports are connected

defining which ports are connected

defining which ports are connected to which Mac addresses again a MAC

to which Mac addresses again a MAC

to which Mac addresses again a MAC address is the physical address that's

address is the physical address that's

address is the physical address that's built into a device when it's made

built into a device when it's made

built into a device when it's made this is different from a hub which just

this is different from a hub which just

this is different from a hub which just broadcasts everything so if we were to

broadcasts everything so if we were to

broadcasts everything so if we were to create an analogy we could say broadcast

create an analogy we could say broadcast

create an analogy we could say broadcast which would mean all the data going out

which would mean all the data going out

which would mean all the data going out to every other device

to every other device

to every other device is

is

is to a hub

to a hub

to a hub what unicast

what unicast

what unicast or multicast

is

is

is to a switch

to a switch

to a switch we also looked at some Advanced switches

we also looked at some Advanced switches

we also looked at some Advanced switches you need to know about the first is a

you need to know about the first is a

you need to know about the first is a multi-layer switch which operates on

multi-layer switch which operates on

multi-layer switch which operates on layer 2 and 3. our usual switch because

layer 2 and 3. our usual switch because

layer 2 and 3. our usual switch because it's only dealing with Mac addresses is

it's only dealing with Mac addresses is

it's only dealing with Mac addresses is dealing with the data link layer

dealing with the data link layer

dealing with the data link layer which on the OSI model

which on the OSI model

which on the OSI model is Layer Two

is Layer Two

is Layer Two a multi-layer switch is also operating

a multi-layer switch is also operating

a multi-layer switch is also operating on layer 3. it also routes

on layer 3. it also routes

on layer 3. it also routes so it is not just a switch it's also a

so it is not just a switch it's also a

so it is not just a switch it's also a router a Content switch is even going

router a Content switch is even going

router a Content switch is even going further up the OSI model and analyzes

further up the OSI model and analyzes

further up the OSI model and analyzes the content

in a packet

in a packet

in a packet to determine

to determine

to determine where to send it

where to send it

where to send it this is also why it's called a load

this is also why it's called a load

this is also why it's called a load bearing switch because it helps reduce

bearing switch because it helps reduce

bearing switch because it helps reduce the load on a specific node by

the load on a specific node by

the load on a specific node by sending the data out to several

sending the data out to several

sending the data out to several different devices

different devices

different devices that can all deal with the same content

that can all deal with the same content

that can all deal with the same content in a device

in a device

in a device now we're going to talk further about

now we're going to talk further about

now we're going to talk further about routing in the next lesson

[Music]

spanning tree protocol

so what is spanning tree

so what is spanning tree

so what is spanning tree it's defined by the IEEE

it's defined by the IEEE

it's defined by the IEEE 802.1d standard

802.1d standard

802.1d standard and basically it allows switches to

and basically it allows switches to

and basically it allows switches to communicate in order to prevent loops on

communicate in order to prevent loops on

communicate in order to prevent loops on our switch Network

our switch Network

our switch Network it runs a mathematical algorithm

it runs a mathematical algorithm

it runs a mathematical algorithm it finds out on blocks which ports would

it finds out on blocks which ports would

it finds out on blocks which ports would be the possible causes of layer 2 loops

be the possible causes of layer 2 loops

be the possible causes of layer 2 loops basically a loop will occur on our

basically a loop will occur on our

basically a loop will occur on our switch Network when there's more than

switch Network when there's more than

switch Network when there's more than one path for a frame to take

one path for a frame to take

one path for a frame to take and this could cause obviously confusion

and this could cause obviously confusion

and this could cause obviously confusion as I'll illustrate in a moment so it's a

as I'll illustrate in a moment so it's a

as I'll illustrate in a moment so it's a real simple

real simple

real simple illustration here with our diagram

illustration here with our diagram

illustration here with our diagram so switch one for example will receive a

so switch one for example will receive a

so switch one for example will receive a frame on its fast ethernet zero slash

frame on its fast ethernet zero slash

frame on its fast ethernet zero slash one

one

one and it will flood it out of its next

and it will flood it out of its next

and it will flood it out of its next interface fast ethernet zero slash two

interface fast ethernet zero slash two

interface fast ethernet zero slash two and remember if there's 24 interfaces

and remember if there's 24 interfaces

and remember if there's 24 interfaces then it would be flooded in them out of

then it would be flooded in them out of

then it would be flooded in them out of all 24.

all 24.

all 24. now switch 2 would receive this

now switch 2 would receive this

now switch 2 would receive this um and the address

um and the address

um and the address would be for host a and it would be

would be for host a and it would be

would be for host a and it would be firstly received by switch a switch one

firstly received by switch a switch one

firstly received by switch a switch one and recognize that host a was connected

and recognize that host a was connected

and recognize that host a was connected to fast ethernet 0.1 unfortunately that

to fast ethernet 0.1 unfortunately that

to fast ethernet 0.1 unfortunately that address would come out of the bottom of

address would come out of the bottom of

address would come out of the bottom of switch one go around and reach the

switch one go around and reach the

switch one go around and reach the bottom of switch two switch two then

bottom of switch two switch two then

bottom of switch two switch two then thinks that

thinks that

thinks that it knows the way to get to host a and

it knows the way to get to host a and

it knows the way to get to host a and the direction to go is through fast

the direction to go is through fast

the direction to go is through fast ethernet zero slash one it will send

ethernet zero slash one it will send

ethernet zero slash one it will send that out of fast ethernet uh sorry first

that out of fast ethernet uh sorry first

that out of fast ethernet uh sorry first ethernet 0-2 and it will send that to

ethernet 0-2 and it will send that to

ethernet 0-2 and it will send that to zero slash one now we have a problem in

zero slash one now we have a problem in

zero slash one now we have a problem in that the ports on the switch all think

that the ports on the switch all think

that the ports on the switch all think that they can release reach host a and

that they can release reach host a and

that they can release reach host a and that isn't in fact the case

now there's no time to live field in

now there's no time to live field in

now there's no time to live field in layer 2 frames so that would go around

layer 2 frames so that would go around

layer 2 frames so that would go around around the network until every single

around the network until every single

around the network until every single switch thinks it knows how to get to

switch thinks it knows how to get to

switch thinks it knows how to get to host a

host a

host a and it would bring your network to a

and it would bring your network to a

and it would bring your network to a grinding halt

grinding halt

grinding halt so there's a mathematical algorithm was

so there's a mathematical algorithm was

so there's a mathematical algorithm was created

and it's based on two key components the

and it's based on two key components the

and it's based on two key components the bridge ID

bridge ID

bridge ID for bridge ID you can basically read

for bridge ID you can basically read

for bridge ID you can basically read switch ID it's the same thing and the

switch ID it's the same thing and the

switch ID it's the same thing and the path cost

path cost

path cost so these are contained inside the frame

so these are contained inside the frame

so these are contained inside the frame Bridge ideas and eight byte field

Bridge ideas and eight byte field

Bridge ideas and eight byte field consisting of the bridge priority and

consisting of the bridge priority and

consisting of the bridge priority and the MAC address the base Mac address of

the MAC address the base Mac address of

the MAC address the base Mac address of the switch

the default Bridge priority is 32768

the default Bridge priority is 32768

the default Bridge priority is 32768 and then this is added to the MAC

and then this is added to the MAC

and then this is added to the MAC address now I've issued a show version

address now I've issued a show version

address now I've issued a show version on a switch and it showed the base Mac

on a switch and it showed the base Mac

on a switch and it showed the base Mac address among other information and each

address among other information and each

address among other information and each one will be different

so the path cost is used to calculate

so the path cost is used to calculate

so the path cost is used to calculate the proximity to neighbor switches the

the proximity to neighbor switches the

the proximity to neighbor switches the higher the bandwidth the lower the

higher the bandwidth the lower the

higher the bandwidth the lower the default cost so we can see the 10

default cost so we can see the 10

default cost so we can see the 10 gigabit connection here has got the

gigabit connection here has got the

gigabit connection here has got the lowest forecast allocated to it

lowest forecast allocated to it

lowest forecast allocated to it so there's a four-step path selection

so there's a four-step path selection

so there's a four-step path selection process

process

process so the lowest route to bridge ID the

so the lowest route to bridge ID the

so the lowest route to bridge ID the lowest path cost to the root Bridge

lowest path cost to the root Bridge

lowest path cost to the root Bridge the lowest sender Bridge ID

the lowest sender Bridge ID

the lowest sender Bridge ID and the lowest Port ID and it will go

and the lowest Port ID and it will go

and the lowest Port ID and it will go through this four steps until it makes a

through this four steps until it makes a

through this four steps until it makes a decision

decision

decision this all happens after the exchange of

this all happens after the exchange of

this all happens after the exchange of bridge protocol data units which are

bridge protocol data units which are

bridge protocol data units which are called bpdus

so let's have a look at our diagram we

so let's have a look at our diagram we

so let's have a look at our diagram we have three switches here and just to

have three switches here and just to

have three switches here and just to keep things simple we've given them the

keep things simple we've given them the

keep things simple we've given them the Mac addresses of all A's or B's and all

Mac addresses of all A's or B's and all

Mac addresses of all A's or B's and all C's

C's

C's they're all connected so we could

they're all connected so we could

they're all connected so we could possibly have a loop here unless

possibly have a loop here unless

possibly have a loop here unless something is done to close down one or

something is done to close down one or

something is done to close down one or more of the ports

more of the ports

more of the ports so there's a root Bridge election

so there's a root Bridge election

so there's a root Bridge election firstly

firstly

firstly then there's root Port selection

then there's root Port selection

then there's root Port selection then there's a designated Port election

then there's a designated Port election

then there's a designated Port election the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is

the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is

the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is selected as a route and remember it's a

selected as a route and remember it's a

selected as a route and remember it's a combination between the priority and the

combination between the priority and the

combination between the priority and the MAC address in this case the lowest Mac

MAC address in this case the lowest Mac

MAC address in this case the lowest Mac address is going to be the one with all

address is going to be the one with all

address is going to be the one with all of the A's because that's a lower number

of the A's because that's a lower number

of the A's because that's a lower number in hexadecimal

in hexadecimal

in hexadecimal so root Port is the port closest to the

so root Port is the port closest to the

so root Port is the port closest to the root bridge now the route bridge will

root bridge now the route bridge will

root bridge now the route bridge will not have any root ports because it is

not have any root ports because it is

not have any root ports because it is the route Bridge so its ports will all

the route Bridge so its ports will all

the route Bridge so its ports will all be known as designated ports you can see

be known as designated ports you can see

be known as designated ports you can see switch two and three has elected its

switch two and three has elected its

switch two and three has elected its closest port to the uh route Bridge as

closest port to the uh route Bridge as

closest port to the uh route Bridge as fast ethernet zero slash one

every bridge you set the root Bridge

every bridge you set the root Bridge

every bridge you set the root Bridge must elect the root ports and each

must elect the root ports and each

must elect the root ports and each interface adds a cost

interface adds a cost

interface adds a cost so as it goes as the frame goes through

so as it goes as the frame goes through

so as it goes as the frame goes through different interfaces the cost is added

different interfaces the cost is added

different interfaces the cost is added you can see fast ethernet 0 1 is 19. as

you can see fast ethernet 0 1 is 19. as

you can see fast ethernet 0 1 is 19. as it gets to fast ethernet 0 2. that Port

it gets to fast ethernet 0 2. that Port

it gets to fast ethernet 0 2. that Port cost is added again and 19 plus 19 costs

cost is added again and 19 plus 19 costs

cost is added again and 19 plus 19 costs have been 19 each uh comes up as 38. so

have been 19 each uh comes up as 38. so

have been 19 each uh comes up as 38. so fast ethernet 0 1 wins

fast ethernet 0 1 wins

fast ethernet 0 1 wins the designated Port election and

the designated Port election and

the designated Port election and designated report sends it receives

designated report sends it receives

designated report sends it receives traffic on the segment to the root

traffic on the segment to the root

traffic on the segment to the root Bridge

Bridge

Bridge only one designated Port per segment you

only one designated Port per segment you

only one designated Port per segment you can see there's a segment at the bottom

can see there's a segment at the bottom

can see there's a segment at the bottom here

here

here if I see Zero slash two on switch two

if I see Zero slash two on switch two

if I see Zero slash two on switch two and three

and three

and three the toy goes to the lowest root Bridge

the toy goes to the lowest root Bridge

the toy goes to the lowest root Bridge ID lowest root path cost lowest sender

ID lowest root path cost lowest sender

ID lowest root path cost lowest sender Bridge ID and lowest Port ID

Bridge ID and lowest Port ID

Bridge ID and lowest Port ID and you can see on switch two and three

and you can see on switch two and three

and you can see on switch two and three the lowest out of the two would be the

the lowest out of the two would be the

the lowest out of the two would be the switch with the number MAC address bb bb

switch with the number MAC address bb bb

switch with the number MAC address bb bb and so on

and so on

and so on the port States for STP can only be one

the port States for STP can only be one

the port States for STP can only be one of the five following it's forwarding

of the five following it's forwarding

of the five following it's forwarding it's learning it's listening blocking or

it's learning it's listening blocking or

it's learning it's listening blocking or disabled

disabled

disabled all right so we've covered a fair bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit there I only wanted to give you a taster

there I only wanted to give you a taster

there I only wanted to give you a taster STP and um there could be a lab on this

STP and um there could be a lab on this

STP and um there could be a lab on this I haven't decided yet obviously you'll

I haven't decided yet obviously you'll

I haven't decided yet obviously you'll be digging into a lot more detail when

be digging into a lot more detail when

be digging into a lot more detail when you actually come to do the CCNA thanks

you actually come to do the CCNA thanks

you actually come to do the CCNA thanks for listening

[Music]

welcome to modulate lesson 2B power over

welcome to modulate lesson 2B power over

welcome to modulate lesson 2B power over ethernet

ethernet

ethernet or Poe

or Poe

or Poe what is poe the benefits components

what is poe the benefits components

what is poe the benefits components the power supply equipment we love our

the power supply equipment we love our

the power supply equipment we love our abbreviations there PSE

abbreviations there PSE

abbreviations there PSE n-span mid span

n-span mid span

n-span mid span power devices

power devices

power devices modes in Poe standards how does it work

modes in Poe standards how does it work

modes in Poe standards how does it work what is it first

what is it first

what is it first Poe is a technology that allows a um a

Poe is a technology that allows a um a

Poe is a technology that allows a um a device connected to an ethernet cable to

device connected to an ethernet cable to

device connected to an ethernet cable to receive the following electrical power

receive the following electrical power

receive the following electrical power and data

and data

and data now obviously a device connected to an

now obviously a device connected to an

now obviously a device connected to an ether cable was already going to be

ether cable was already going to be

ether cable was already going to be receiving data because that's what um

receiving data because that's what um

receiving data because that's what um ethernet was designed for

ethernet was designed for

ethernet was designed for however what it wasn't initially

however what it wasn't initially

however what it wasn't initially designed for and some very clever people

designed for and some very clever people

designed for and some very clever people [Music]

[Music]

[Music] um found or realized away and tested it

um found or realized away and tested it

um found or realized away and tested it is to deliver power

is to deliver power

is to deliver power and it's got all sorts of uses we're

and it's got all sorts of uses we're

and it's got all sorts of uses we're talking in the context of networking

talking in the context of networking

talking in the context of networking however I recently bought a guitar

however I recently bought a guitar

however I recently bought a guitar effects board that plugs into the back

effects board that plugs into the back

effects board that plugs into the back of my amp using a ethernet cable and I

of my amp using a ethernet cable and I

of my amp using a ethernet cable and I thought it was going to come with a

thought it was going to come with a

thought it was going to come with a power supply but as soon as I plug the

power supply but as soon as I plug the

power supply but as soon as I plug the ethernet cable in it actually powered up

ethernet cable in it actually powered up

ethernet cable in it actually powered up the pedalboard

the pedalboard

the pedalboard and the pedal board offers a whole bunch

and the pedal board offers a whole bunch

and the pedal board offers a whole bunch of effects you can record about five

of effects you can record about five

of effects you can record about five minutes of Music Loop it add other

minutes of Music Loop it add other

minutes of Music Loop it add other tracks onto that Loop and a whole bunch

tracks onto that Loop and a whole bunch

tracks onto that Loop and a whole bunch of stuff so um very clever technology

of stuff so um very clever technology

of stuff so um very clever technology and it's got a multitude of purposes

and it's got a multitude of purposes

and it's got a multitude of purposes and it's just one of those things when

and it's just one of those things when

and it's just one of those things when it's invented you think why didn't

it's invented you think why didn't

it's invented you think why didn't somebody think of that earlier

somebody think of that earlier

somebody think of that earlier the power devices that support Poe only

the power devices that support Poe only

the power devices that support Poe only operate from the piracies through the

operate from the piracies through the

operate from the piracies through the ethernet cable obviously there's a

ethernet cable obviously there's a

ethernet cable obviously there's a finite amount of charge or power that

finite amount of charge or power that

finite amount of charge or power that you can push through the cable because

you can push through the cable because

you can push through the cable because it's quite a thin strand of metal

it's quite a thin strand of metal

it's quite a thin strand of metal but um obviously avoid the need for

but um obviously avoid the need for

but um obviously avoid the need for additional electrical wiring are you

additional electrical wiring are you

additional electrical wiring are you your power supply unit and all the wires

your power supply unit and all the wires

your power supply unit and all the wires that come with that and as we all know

that come with that and as we all know

that come with that and as we all know every single power device has got a

every single power device has got a

every single power device has got a different

different

different and socket a jack on it and it just

and socket a jack on it and it just

and socket a jack on it and it just makes it very awkward to keep a track of

makes it very awkward to keep a track of

makes it very awkward to keep a track of which is which and then obviously your

which is which and then obviously your

which is which and then obviously your power supply can die making our lives a

power supply can die making our lives a

power supply can die making our lives a misery

misery

misery so what is it we're supplying electrical

so what is it we're supplying electrical

so what is it we're supplying electrical power through the electrical ethernet

power through the electrical ethernet

power through the electrical ethernet cable in order to power devices I know

cable in order to power devices I know

cable in order to power devices I know I'm stating the obvious here

I'm stating the obvious here

I'm stating the obvious here and of course is uh designed for

and of course is uh designed for

and of course is uh designed for beginners as well very handy for voice

beginners as well very handy for voice

beginners as well very handy for voice over IP uh telephony very useful indeed

over IP uh telephony very useful indeed

over IP uh telephony very useful indeed because it just um saves those extra

because it just um saves those extra

because it just um saves those extra wires and cables

wires and cables

wires and cables wireless access points network cameras

wireless access points network cameras

wireless access points network cameras um very big in the field of security

um very big in the field of security

um very big in the field of security especially industrial security and shops

especially industrial security and shops

especially industrial security and shops and warehouses

since the devices can consume the

since the devices can consume the

since the devices can consume the required power from the ethernet cable

required power from the ethernet cable

required power from the ethernet cable there's no need for the separate local

there's no need for the separate local

there's no need for the separate local power supply

power supply

power supply if the device is an outdoor wireless

if the device is an outdoor wireless

if the device is an outdoor wireless access point or a WAP it supports then

access point or a WAP it supports then

access point or a WAP it supports then we can do the following we can send it

we can do the following we can send it

we can do the following we can send it electrical power and we can send data

electrical power and we can send data

electrical power and we can send data through the cable

through the cable

through the cable eliminates the local power source

eliminates the local power source

eliminates the local power source it's saving you money no great no need

it's saving you money no great no need

it's saving you money no great no need to upgrade the existing CAT5 or coccyx

to upgrade the existing CAT5 or coccyx

to upgrade the existing CAT5 or coccyx cabling which is another Lifesaver and a

cabling which is another Lifesaver and a

cabling which is another Lifesaver and a wallet saver for companies no need to

wallet saver for companies no need to

wallet saver for companies no need to purchase the power outlets electrical

purchase the power outlets electrical

purchase the power outlets electrical wiring

wiring

wiring I'm not sure if I'd talk about that in a

I'm not sure if I'd talk about that in a

I'm not sure if I'd talk about that in a moment as well but it's just another

moment as well but it's just another

moment as well but it's just another thing uh that that wouldn't possibly go

thing uh that that wouldn't possibly go

thing uh that that wouldn't possibly go wrong I can't remember if I've put this

wrong I can't remember if I've put this

wrong I can't remember if I've put this in a slide somewhere so you've got one

in a slide somewhere so you've got one

in a slide somewhere so you've got one less

less

less um point of failure there

very easy to install basically you just

very easy to install basically you just

very easy to install basically you just plug it plug and play you can install it

plug it plug and play you can install it

plug it plug and play you can install it even though locations that are hard to

even though locations that are hard to

even though locations that are hard to reach because there's no need for local

reach because there's no need for local

reach because there's no need for local power

power

power increase reliability

increase reliability

increase reliability um less risk of power interruptions

um less risk of power interruptions

um less risk of power interruptions caused by human interference because the

caused by human interference because the

caused by human interference because the device is essentially powered a lot of

device is essentially powered a lot of

device is essentially powered a lot of the time our networking equipment has a

the time our networking equipment has a

the time our networking equipment has a redundant power supplies as well and

redundant power supplies as well and

redundant power supplies as well and backup generators especially if it's an

backup generators especially if it's an

backup generators especially if it's an ISP

ISP

ISP so they'll keep working

so they'll keep working

so they'll keep working enhanced Operational Support and

enhanced Operational Support and

enhanced Operational Support and monitoring and Remote Management we can

monitoring and Remote Management we can

monitoring and Remote Management we can do through SNMP so we can power the

do through SNMP so we can power the

do through SNMP so we can power the devices and perform different operations

devices and perform different operations

devices and perform different operations over the network

over the network

over the network very handy I know I could remotely

very handy I know I could remotely

very handy I know I could remotely reboot different devices on my remote

reboot different devices on my remote

reboot different devices on my remote rack

rack

rack um if I couldn't reach it and I didn't

um if I couldn't reach it and I didn't

um if I couldn't reach it and I didn't want to pay a tech to go and power cycle

want to pay a tech to go and power cycle

want to pay a tech to go and power cycle stuff I could just send a message for

stuff I could just send a message for

stuff I could just send a message for the power unit to reboot if it needed to

the power unit to reboot if it needed to

the power unit to reboot if it needed to all right two basic components your

all right two basic components your

all right two basic components your power supply equipment and your powered

power supply equipment and your powered

power supply equipment and your powered device

device

device your PSE is the a unit that adds

your PSE is the a unit that adds

your PSE is the a unit that adds electrical power to the ethernet cable

electrical power to the ethernet cable

electrical power to the ethernet cable you've got n Span and mid span

you've got n Span and mid span

you've got n Span and mid span the end span is it refers to a switch

the end span is it refers to a switch

the end span is it refers to a switch that supports Poe in addition to its

that supports Poe in addition to its

that supports Poe in addition to its switching role so we can do both these

switching role so we can do both these

switching role so we can do both these switches are capable of sending

switches are capable of sending

switches are capable of sending electrical power and data to the device

electrical power and data to the device

electrical power and data to the device mid-span refers to a standalone inline

mid-span refers to a standalone inline

mid-span refers to a standalone inline injector that provides power to the

injector that provides power to the

injector that provides power to the Ethernet cable so it's not built into a

Ethernet cable so it's not built into a

Ethernet cable so it's not built into a switch

switch

switch this is a situations where a switch

this is a situations where a switch

this is a situations where a switch doesn't have the built-in Poe it could

doesn't have the built-in Poe it could

doesn't have the built-in Poe it could be an older model or a cheaper model for

be an older model or a cheaper model for

be an older model or a cheaper model for whatever reason

whatever reason

whatever reason so you can pass the data coming from the

so you can pass the data coming from the

so you can pass the data coming from the switch to the inline injector and can

switch to the inline injector and can

switch to the inline injector and can output the same data but it adds power

output the same data but it adds power

output the same data but it adds power to the um

to the um

to the um points of the cable there

points of the cable there

points of the cable there the power device supports Poe receives

the power device supports Poe receives

the power device supports Poe receives the power via an ethernet cable

the power via an ethernet cable

the power via an ethernet cable now in Poe there's two different modes

now in Poe there's two different modes

now in Poe there's two different modes for combining the following data and

for combining the following data and

for combining the following data and power of the ethernet cable the two

power of the ethernet cable the two

power of the ethernet cable the two modes are not very imaginative

modes are not very imaginative

modes are not very imaginative unfortunately mode a and mode B

unfortunately mode a and mode B

unfortunately mode a and mode B suppose it could have been one or two or

suppose it could have been one or two or

suppose it could have been one or two or Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill mode a the electrical power and the data

mode a the electrical power and the data

mode a the electrical power and the data are combined on the same wires over the

are combined on the same wires over the

are combined on the same wires over the ethernet cable

ethernet cable

ethernet cable this is called Phantom powering

this is called Phantom powering

this is called Phantom powering mode B the electrical power and data are

mode B the electrical power and data are

mode B the electrical power and data are carried on different wires which is more

carried on different wires which is more

carried on different wires which is more common

common

common separate the data and power inside the

separate the data and power inside the

separate the data and power inside the ethernet cable

ethernet cable

ethernet cable so in the internet cable if you've got a

so in the internet cable if you've got a

so in the internet cable if you've got a pair of wires carried only the power

pair of wires carried only the power

pair of wires carried only the power then the other pair of wires would carry

then the other pair of wires would carry

then the other pair of wires would carry only the data

only the data

only the data uh First International standard was

uh First International standard was

uh First International standard was 802.3 AF

802.3 AF

802.3 AF ratified a long time ago June 2003 and

ratified a long time ago June 2003 and

ratified a long time ago June 2003 and it defines um a power supply of up to

it defines um a power supply of up to

it defines um a power supply of up to 1.54 watts of DC

uses 48 volts

uses 48 volts

uses 48 volts as growing demand for more power over

as growing demand for more power over

as growing demand for more power over Ethernet cable so the standard was

Ethernet cable so the standard was

Ethernet cable so the standard was updated and 802.3

Poe Plus

Poe Plus

Poe Plus this was adopted back in 2009

this was adopted back in 2009

this was adopted back in 2009 and it defines the following a power

and it defines the following a power

and it defines the following a power supply of up to 34.2 watts of DC power

supply of up to 34.2 watts of DC power

supply of up to 34.2 watts of DC power using 48 volts

using 48 volts

using 48 volts both the I um IEEE 802.3 AF and 80 are

both the I um IEEE 802.3 AF and 80 are

both the I um IEEE 802.3 AF and 80 are now included in the ethernet standards

now included in the ethernet standards

now included in the ethernet standards they've all been combined together

they've all been combined together

they've all been combined together as we know from earlier presentations

as we know from earlier presentations

as we know from earlier presentations the ethernet cable has four

the ethernet cable has four

the ethernet cable has four pairs of Twisted wire

pairs of Twisted wire

pairs of Twisted wire this is cart 5e and Cat6

this is cart 5e and Cat6

this is cart 5e and Cat6 uh for and we already covered earlier

uh for and we already covered earlier

uh for and we already covered earlier that 10 base T and about um 100 base T

that 10 base T and about um 100 base T

that 10 base T and about um 100 base T ethernet only use uh two pairs of wire

ethernet only use uh two pairs of wire

ethernet only use uh two pairs of wire to send the data so this leaves us some

to send the data so this leaves us some

to send the data so this leaves us some spare wires two pairs of spare wires

spare wires two pairs of spare wires

spare wires two pairs of spare wires so electrical current flows in the loop

so electrical current flows in the loop

so electrical current flows in the loop powering the electrical components such

powering the electrical components such

powering the electrical components such as bulbs and fans the loop is an

as bulbs and fans the loop is an

as bulbs and fans the loop is an electrical circuit

and since the electrical current flows

and since the electrical current flows

and since the electrical current flows in the loop we need two conductors to

in the loop we need two conductors to

in the loop we need two conductors to deliver power over an ethernet cable

uh typically we use 48 volts that says

uh typically we use 48 volts that says

uh typically we use 48 volts that says sufficient power to transfer over the

sufficient power to transfer over the

sufficient power to transfer over the cable and it's safe for users so it's

cable and it's safe for users so it's

cable and it's safe for users so it's not going to injure anyone

not going to injure anyone

not going to injure anyone now if you plug a Poe device into one

now if you plug a Poe device into one

now if you plug a Poe device into one that isn't designed for use with Poe

that isn't designed for use with Poe

that isn't designed for use with Poe then you could cause damage and fry it

then you could cause damage and fry it

then you could cause damage and fry it and

and

and in other words

in other words

in other words and the PSE sends a lower voltage to a

and the PSE sends a lower voltage to a

and the PSE sends a lower voltage to a device to detect the characteristic

device to detect the characteristic

device to detect the characteristic signature of a compatible PD

signature of a compatible PD

signature of a compatible PD if he takes a signature then it knows

if he takes a signature then it knows

if he takes a signature then it knows the 48 volts can be applied

the 48 volts can be applied

the 48 volts can be applied the PD lets the PSE know how much power

the PD lets the PSE know how much power

the PD lets the PSE know how much power it requires to operate so this is to

it requires to operate so this is to

it requires to operate so this is to save a surge basically on the

save a surge basically on the

save a surge basically on the um line now too much power has been sent

um line now too much power has been sent

um line now too much power has been sent the requirement of power is classified

the requirement of power is classified

the requirement of power is classified in the power classes shown below

in the power classes shown below

in the power classes shown below probably worth making a note of these

probably worth making a note of these

probably worth making a note of these write them down just in case it comes up

write them down just in case it comes up

write them down just in case it comes up in the exam

difference between the following power

difference between the following power

difference between the following power supplied by the PSE power received by

supplied by the PSE power received by

supplied by the PSE power received by the PD account for lostpower

the PD account for lostpower

the PD account for lostpower now there is a maximum distance which

now there is a maximum distance which

now there is a maximum distance which matches in with the ethernet standards

matches in with the ethernet standards

matches in with the ethernet standards and maximum support distance is 100

and maximum support distance is 100

and maximum support distance is 100 meters

there's a new standard which increases

there's a new standard which increases

there's a new standard which increases the power available and uses a wide

the power available and uses a wide

the power available and uses a wide range of the following devices Thin

range of the following devices Thin

range of the following devices Thin Client Terminals and pointer sales stuff

Client Terminals and pointer sales stuff

Client Terminals and pointer sales stuff in shops

in shops

in shops video conferencing

video conferencing

video conferencing so I think that's all we need to know

so I think that's all we need to know

so I think that's all we need to know we've covered Poe the benefits the

we've covered Poe the benefits the

we've covered Poe the benefits the components the PSE end span mid-span the

components the PSE end span mid-span the

components the PSE end span mid-span the power device the the modes for Poe

power device the the modes for Poe

power device the the modes for Poe which is a and b uh the standards and

which is a and b uh the standards and

which is a and b uh the standards and how does it work so that's all for now

how does it work so that's all for now

how does it work so that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

local area Networks routing

local area Networks routing

local area Networks routing so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed switches and as you remember they're

switches and as you remember they're

switches and as you remember they're very important for the functionality of

very important for the functionality of

very important for the functionality of a local area network

a local area network

a local area network now when we talk about connecting

now when we talk about connecting

now when we talk about connecting several different local area networks

several different local area networks

several different local area networks together through

together through

together through the internet we have to deal with how a

the internet we have to deal with how a

the internet we have to deal with how a switch which again

switch which again

switch which again is based on Mac addresses the physical

is based on Mac addresses the physical

is based on Mac addresses the physical address on a computer

address on a computer

address on a computer can find the MAC address of a computer

can find the MAC address of a computer

can find the MAC address of a computer halfway across

halfway across

halfway across the world

the world

the world and the way it does this is by assigning

and the way it does this is by assigning

and the way it does this is by assigning each Mac address uh an IP address

each Mac address uh an IP address

each Mac address uh an IP address now when we start dealing with IP

now when we start dealing with IP

now when we start dealing with IP address we deal with a completely

address we deal with a completely

address we deal with a completely different type of device one which is

different type of device one which is

different type of device one which is called routing and the process of

called routing and the process of

called routing and the process of routing is what really allows the

routing is what really allows the

routing is what really allows the internet to work and so in this module

internet to work and so in this module

internet to work and so in this module we're going to talk more about the

we're going to talk more about the

we're going to talk more about the devices that allow routing to work

devices that allow routing to work

devices that allow routing to work called routers

called routers

called routers so first of all we're going to Define

so first of all we're going to Define

so first of all we're going to Define what a router is and then we're going to

what a router is and then we're going to

what a router is and then we're going to talk about how it functions which is

talk about how it functions which is

talk about how it functions which is also called routing

then we're going to identify something

then we're going to identify something

then we're going to identify something called static routing just like we've

called static routing just like we've

called static routing just like we've talked about dynamic

versus static IP addresses

versus static IP addresses

versus static IP addresses we also have

we also have

we also have Dynamic and static routing obviously one

Dynamic and static routing obviously one

Dynamic and static routing obviously one is more resilient than the other but

is more resilient than the other but

is more resilient than the other but there are certain instances in which we

there are certain instances in which we

there are certain instances in which we want to always go to the same location

want to always go to the same location

want to always go to the same location and that's why we're going to have

and that's why we're going to have

and that's why we're going to have static routing then we need to cover

static routing then we need to cover

static routing then we need to cover some terms that you might see when

some terms that you might see when

some terms that you might see when you're dealing with routing these terms

you're dealing with routing these terms

you're dealing with routing these terms are hop counts

are hop counts

are hop counts costs

costs

costs latency

latency

latency and convergence so we're going to cover

and convergence so we're going to cover

and convergence so we're going to cover all those terms so you have a good idea

all those terms so you have a good idea

all those terms so you have a good idea in case you see them on the exam what

in case you see them on the exam what

in case you see them on the exam what they're referring to

they're referring to

they're referring to so a router is essentially like an

so a router is essentially like an

so a router is essentially like an extension cable an extension cable

extension cable an extension cable

extension cable an extension cable connects two sources of power and in

connects two sources of power and in

connects two sources of power and in this case a router connects to networks

this case a router connects to networks

this case a router connects to networks together in order to make a larger

together in order to make a larger

together in order to make a larger Network

Network

Network in networking the router is used to

in networking the router is used to

in networking the router is used to connect two networks together and give a

connect two networks together and give a

connect two networks together and give a clear route for data to travel between

clear route for data to travel between

clear route for data to travel between these two devices now in smaller

these two devices now in smaller

these two devices now in smaller settings such as houses or a small

settings such as houses or a small

settings such as houses or a small office home office or Soho

office home office or Soho

office home office or Soho the router connects the device is to the

the router connects the device is to the

the router connects the device is to the Internet so for instance you have uh

Internet so for instance you have uh

Internet so for instance you have uh your computer and you have a laptop and

your computer and you have a laptop and

your computer and you have a laptop and perhaps you have some sort of Apple TV

perhaps you have some sort of Apple TV

perhaps you have some sort of Apple TV device or some device that's connecting

device or some device that's connecting

device or some device that's connecting to your TV and the internet and all of

to your TV and the internet and all of

to your TV and the internet and all of these connect through what you call your

these connect through what you call your

these connect through what you call your router

router

router now this Soho router is actually doing

now this Soho router is actually doing

now this Soho router is actually doing several things it's not just a router

several things it's not just a router

several things it's not just a router but one of the things that it does is it

but one of the things that it does is it

but one of the things that it does is it allows you to connect all of these

allows you to connect all of these

allows you to connect all of these devices in your internal Network

devices in your internal Network

devices in your internal Network otherwise known as your Lan out to the

otherwise known as your Lan out to the

otherwise known as your Lan out to the large Wan or wide area network that

large Wan or wide area network that

large Wan or wide area network that exists in the world this is called the

exists in the world this is called the

exists in the world this is called the internet

so in a larger scale environment the

so in a larger scale environment the

so in a larger scale environment the routers are used to make bigger Network

routers are used to make bigger Network

routers are used to make bigger Network pieces so if you can imagine that

pieces so if you can imagine that

pieces so if you can imagine that instead of just having my own home I

instead of just having my own home I

instead of just having my own home I have say a number of buildings across a

have say a number of buildings across a

have say a number of buildings across a city or a number of buildings across the

city or a number of buildings across the

city or a number of buildings across the world and I want them all to talk to one

world and I want them all to talk to one

world and I want them all to talk to one another and be able to locate one

another and be able to locate one

another and be able to locate one another as though they're sitting right

another as though they're sitting right

another as though they're sitting right next to each other this is where routers

next to each other this is where routers

next to each other this is where routers are going to come into play

are going to come into play

are going to come into play this is also why routers do a lot more

this is also why routers do a lot more

this is also why routers do a lot more and are more expensive than switches

and are more expensive than switches

and are more expensive than switches it's also why we need fewer of them

it's also why we need fewer of them

it's also why we need fewer of them now in modern networking the router is

now in modern networking the router is

now in modern networking the router is either going to be a dedicated device or

either going to be a dedicated device or

either going to be a dedicated device or it could be a server

it could be a server

it could be a server with a routing functionality

with a routing functionality

with a routing functionality meaning it's a large computer with two

meaning it's a large computer with two

meaning it's a large computer with two or more network cards or Nicks in it so

or more network cards or Nicks in it so

or more network cards or Nicks in it so that you can have traffic going in and

that you can have traffic going in and

that you can have traffic going in and then traffic going out

then traffic going out

then traffic going out now when a router receives a packet of

now when a router receives a packet of

now when a router receives a packet of data from a client device it reads the

data from a client device it reads the

data from a client device it reads the information in the packets header and

information in the packets header and

information in the packets header and determines what the destination of the

determines what the destination of the

determines what the destination of the packet is after it finds out what the

packet is after it finds out what the

packet is after it finds out what the destination address is it looks at a

destination address is it looks at a

destination address is it looks at a routing table

routing table

routing table in the router in order to determine

in the router in order to determine

in the router in order to determine where the packet is going to go in its

where the packet is going to go in its

where the packet is going to go in its next route so for instance let's say

next route so for instance let's say

next route so for instance let's say this PC here which for sake of ease

this PC here which for sake of ease

this PC here which for sake of ease we'll call pc1 wants to talk to PC2

we'll call pc1 wants to talk to PC2

we'll call pc1 wants to talk to PC2 now it has an IP address in mind and so

now it has an IP address in mind and so

now it has an IP address in mind and so what it does is it goes perhaps through

what it does is it goes perhaps through

what it does is it goes perhaps through a switch but eventually to the router at

a switch but eventually to the router at

a switch but eventually to the router at the end of its LAN

and it says hey I'm looking for this

and it says hey I'm looking for this

and it says hey I'm looking for this specific PC now this router has what's

specific PC now this router has what's

specific PC now this router has what's called a routing table which sometimes

called a routing table which sometimes

called a routing table which sometimes we're going to call an ARP table because

we're going to call an ARP table because

we're going to call an ARP table because ARP again the address resolution

ARP again the address resolution

ARP again the address resolution protocol is what allows routing to occur

protocol is what allows routing to occur

protocol is what allows routing to occur it's this protocol that we've talked

it's this protocol that we've talked

it's this protocol that we've talked about which allows for a table that

about which allows for a table that

about which allows for a table that would say for instance one goes to IP

would say for instance one goes to IP

would say for instance one goes to IP address 192 whatever whatever Etc

address 192 whatever whatever Etc

address 192 whatever whatever Etc and so this router would look for this

and so this router would look for this

and so this router would look for this information if it doesn't know it it's

information if it doesn't know it it's

information if it doesn't know it it's going to say I don't know it but I'm

going to say I don't know it but I'm

going to say I don't know it but I'm going to go to the next router that

going to go to the next router that

going to go to the next router that might goes to this router and the second

might goes to this router and the second

might goes to this router and the second router says oh yeah I know where that

router says oh yeah I know where that

router says oh yeah I know where that computer is

computer is

computer is and then can forward the packet onto the

and then can forward the packet onto the

and then can forward the packet onto the computer

computer

computer it also tells this router the first one

it also tells this router the first one

it also tells this router the first one which we'll call let's say router a and

which we'll call let's say router a and

which we'll call let's say router a and router B

router B

router B where that destination was so it can add

where that destination was so it can add

where that destination was so it can add it to its ARP or routing table

it to its ARP or routing table

it to its ARP or routing table and if you imagine this is only what we

and if you imagine this is only what we

and if you imagine this is only what we call one hop

call one hop

call one hop because there is one hop between these

because there is one hop between these

because there is one hop between these two routers but you can imagine in the

two routers but you can imagine in the

two routers but you can imagine in the entire world if I'm traveling from say

entire world if I'm traveling from say

entire world if I'm traveling from say here in New York City all the way to

here in New York City all the way to

here in New York City all the way to Australia for instance I might have to

Australia for instance I might have to

Australia for instance I might have to take several different Hops and also if

take several different Hops and also if

take several different Hops and also if you imagine there are probably many

you imagine there are probably many

you imagine there are probably many different routes that I can take to get

different routes that I can take to get

different routes that I can take to get to a specific computer

to a specific computer

to a specific computer if we imagine

if we imagine

if we imagine that the circles are the two computers

that the circles are the two computers

that the circles are the two computers and the squares are the different types

and the squares are the different types

and the squares are the different types of routers and we have them connected

like so

like so

like so well there are a lot of different routes

well there are a lot of different routes

well there are a lot of different routes that a packet can take to get from point

that a packet can take to get from point

that a packet can take to get from point A

A

A to point B and so we were allowed on WE

to point B and so we were allowed on WE

to point B and so we were allowed on WE rely rather on routers to tell us which

rely rather on routers to tell us which

rely rather on routers to tell us which path it's going to take it could take

path it's going to take it could take

path it's going to take it could take this path

this path

this path or it could take

this path and so on and so forth and so

this path and so on and so forth and so

this path and so on and so forth and so uh depending on the number of hops and a

uh depending on the number of hops and a

uh depending on the number of hops and a number of other things we'll talk about

number of other things we'll talk about

number of other things we'll talk about in just a minute it'll determine where

in just a minute it'll determine where

in just a minute it'll determine where the packet needs to go in order to get

the packet needs to go in order to get

the packet needs to go in order to get from point A to point B some other

from point A to point B some other

from point A to point B some other things it's going to determine too or

things it's going to determine too or

things it's going to determine too or what if there's a cut in the line well

what if there's a cut in the line well

what if there's a cut in the line well now it can't get here

now it can't get here

now it can't get here and so instead it'll say well let's try

and so instead it'll say well let's try

and so instead it'll say well let's try one of our alternate routes as well

one of our alternate routes as well

one of our alternate routes as well now in the previous slide I talked about

now in the previous slide I talked about

now in the previous slide I talked about how routers might talk to one another in

how routers might talk to one another in

how routers might talk to one another in order to automatically update their

order to automatically update their

order to automatically update their routing tables this way two routers

routing tables this way two routers

routing tables this way two routers always know how to communicate with each

always know how to communicate with each

always know how to communicate with each other or one computer on one side of the

other or one computer on one side of the

other or one computer on one side of the world can always get routed or the

world can always get routed or the

world can always get routed or the information sent from one computer on

information sent from one computer on

information sent from one computer on one side of the world can always get

one side of the world can always get

one side of the world can always get routed to the information on another

routed to the information on another

routed to the information on another side of the world

side of the world

side of the world but in some instances we want to tell a

but in some instances we want to tell a

but in some instances we want to tell a router exactly where to send information

router exactly where to send information

router exactly where to send information destined for a specific Network now it

destined for a specific Network now it

destined for a specific Network now it might not always be the most practical

might not always be the most practical

might not always be the most practical way but sometimes it's necessary so

way but sometimes it's necessary so

way but sometimes it's necessary so static routing is when a routes and

static routing is when a routes and

static routing is when a routes and routing information are entered into

routing information are entered into

routing information are entered into routing tables manually and this can be

routing tables manually and this can be

routing tables manually and this can be time consuming and because it's prone to

time consuming and because it's prone to

time consuming and because it's prone to human error it can be error written and

human error it can be error written and

human error it can be error written and can cause some problems so this is why

can cause some problems so this is why

can cause some problems so this is why it's only done on very small systems or

it's only done on very small systems or

it's only done on very small systems or on ones that are very internal and

on ones that are very internal and

on ones that are very internal and controlled

controlled

controlled now in order to statically add a route

now in order to statically add a route

now in order to statically add a route we're usually going to use something

we're usually going to use something

we're usually going to use something called the route add command now this is

called the route add command now this is

called the route add command now this is the sort of thing you might use if you

the sort of thing you might use if you

the sort of thing you might use if you were adding a route to a Cisco router or

were adding a route to a Cisco router or

were adding a route to a Cisco router or to a Windows machine for instance that

to a Windows machine for instance that

to a Windows machine for instance that was acting as a router or even a Windows

was acting as a router or even a Windows

was acting as a router or even a Windows machine that's at the edge of a network

machine that's at the edge of a network

machine that's at the edge of a network and needs to go out to another the way

and needs to go out to another the way

and needs to go out to another the way it works is we use the route add command

it works is we use the route add command

it works is we use the route add command with the network name

The Mask or the subnet mask

and the IP address of the Gateway

and the IP address of the Gateway

and the IP address of the Gateway so this tells us if we want to get to

so this tells us if we want to get to

so this tells us if we want to get to the network 192.168.2.1

we need to go to the subnet mask

we need to go to the subnet mask

we need to go to the subnet mask 255.255.0

255.255.0

255.255.0 and the Gateway

and the Gateway

and the Gateway 192.168.2.4 now all this information

192.168.2.4 now all this information

192.168.2.4 now all this information would automatically be done uh

would automatically be done uh

would automatically be done uh dynamically by most routers but in some

dynamically by most routers but in some

dynamically by most routers but in some cases we're going to want to add it or

cases we're going to want to add it or

cases we're going to want to add it or statically now this isn't something of

statically now this isn't something of

statically now this isn't something of necessarily seen come up on the network

necessarily seen come up on the network

necessarily seen come up on the network plus exam but I did want to clarify it

plus exam but I did want to clarify it

plus exam but I did want to clarify it and go over it just briefly in case you

and go over it just briefly in case you

and go over it just briefly in case you ever saw it in the field since this

ever saw it in the field since this

ever saw it in the field since this might be something to do something that

might be something to do something that

might be something to do something that your administrator or your boss asks you

your administrator or your boss asks you

your administrator or your boss asks you to do for whatever reason or maybe

to do for whatever reason or maybe

to do for whatever reason or maybe something you want to play around with

something you want to play around with

something you want to play around with if you need more information

if you need more information

if you need more information simply Google the route add command but

simply Google the route add command but

simply Google the route add command but again I don't think you'll see it on the

again I don't think you'll see it on the

again I don't think you'll see it on the network plus exam

network plus exam

network plus exam finally I mentioned that there were some

finally I mentioned that there were some

finally I mentioned that there were some important terms we had to mention when

important terms we had to mention when

important terms we had to mention when we talk about routing the first is the

we talk about routing the first is the

we talk about routing the first is the hop count this is the number of hops it

hop count this is the number of hops it

hop count this is the number of hops it takes to reach a connection or before an

takes to reach a connection or before an

takes to reach a connection or before an appropriate connection is made if you

appropriate connection is made if you

appropriate connection is made if you remember when we used the trace route

remember when we used the trace route

remember when we used the trace route command

command

command remember that was trace route it went

remember that was trace route it went

remember that was trace route it went through a number of hops or a number of

through a number of hops or a number of

through a number of hops or a number of routers until it got from our computer

routers until it got from our computer

routers until it got from our computer to for instance Googles so if our

to for instance Googles so if our

to for instance Googles so if our computer and the destination computer

computer and the destination computer

computer and the destination computer are represented by these two circles and

are represented by these two circles and

are represented by these two circles and let's say we have our internal router so

let's say we have our internal router so

let's say we have our internal router so for instance perhaps we are in a

10.0.0.xnetwork and then they're on

10.0.0.xnetwork and then they're on

10.0.0.xnetwork and then they're on their own network as well

their own network as well

their own network as well let's say that this is a for instance uh

124.68.24.3 Network

124.68.24.3 Network

124.68.24.3 Network now we need to get from hours to theirs

now we need to get from hours to theirs

now we need to get from hours to theirs and so let's say there are a number of

and so let's say there are a number of

and so let's say there are a number of different routers in between well in

different routers in between well in

different routers in between well in this case we have one two three four

this case we have one two three four

this case we have one two three four five six hops between us and the

five six hops between us and the

five six hops between us and the destination

destination

destination so if there are an infinite number of

so if there are an infinite number of

so if there are an infinite number of hops that means that the destination is

hops that means that the destination is

hops that means that the destination is unreachable or that for some reason

unreachable or that for some reason

unreachable or that for some reason we're getting caught into some sort of

we're getting caught into some sort of

we're getting caught into some sort of loop

loop

loop so the Hops keep coming back to itself

so the Hops keep coming back to itself

so the Hops keep coming back to itself one another way that this can you can

one another way that this can you can

one another way that this can you can see this as I erase this is for instance

see this as I erase this is for instance

see this as I erase this is for instance we have

A system that looks something like

A system that looks something like

A system that looks something like this and these are each routers

this and these are each routers

this and these are each routers so what might happen

so what might happen

so what might happen as I draw out all the connections

as I draw out all the connections

as I draw out all the connections is the route might go from here one hop

is the route might go from here one hop

is the route might go from here one hop to here and then instead of going to the

to here and then instead of going to the

to here and then instead of going to the destination it simply goes like this

destination it simply goes like this

destination it simply goes like this because

because

because this could be a valid way of getting to

this could be a valid way of getting to

this could be a valid way of getting to the router right we could hop here and

the router right we could hop here and

the router right we could hop here and then we could go over there but instead

then we could go over there but instead

then we could go over there but instead it hops and then this one sends it along

it hops and then this one sends it along

it hops and then this one sends it along this route so we move here and basically

this route so we move here and basically

this route so we move here and basically we create a loop in which the

we create a loop in which the

we create a loop in which the destination is never reachable now this

destination is never reachable now this

destination is never reachable now this could be because of some sort of poor uh

could be because of some sort of poor uh

could be because of some sort of poor uh routing table and what you would need to

routing table and what you would need to

routing table and what you would need to do is basically tell one of these

do is basically tell one of these

do is basically tell one of these routers that the destination goes over

routers that the destination goes over

routers that the destination goes over here

here

here the next term is What's called the cost

the next term is What's called the cost

the next term is What's called the cost this is the number of uh or these are

this is the number of uh or these are

this is the number of uh or these are the numbers rather that are associated

the numbers rather that are associated

the numbers rather that are associated with traveling from point A to point B

with traveling from point A to point B

with traveling from point A to point B generally this means Hops and several

generally this means Hops and several

generally this means Hops and several different links along the path the lower

different links along the path the lower

different links along the path the lower number of of

number of of

number of of hops the better we are so the cost would

hops the better we are so the cost would

hops the better we are so the cost would be how many hops total we need to travel

be how many hops total we need to travel

be how many hops total we need to travel from point A to point B generally

from point A to point B generally

from point A to point B generally speaking we're going to look at the

speaking we're going to look at the

speaking we're going to look at the lowest number of hops possible but there

lowest number of hops possible but there

lowest number of hops possible but there are some instances in which we could

are some instances in which we could

are some instances in which we could want to go more hops or have a higher

want to go more hops or have a higher

want to go more hops or have a higher cost through hops in order to save on

cost through hops in order to save on

cost through hops in order to save on something else for instance latency

something else for instance latency

something else for instance latency latency is the time it takes from a

latency is the time it takes from a

latency is the time it takes from a packet to go from one location to

packet to go from one location to

packet to go from one location to another so to give you an example of

another so to give you an example of

another so to give you an example of what I was just talking about sometimes

what I was just talking about sometimes

what I was just talking about sometimes we go route specific

we go route specific

we go route specific which means that it's going to choose

which means that it's going to choose

which means that it's going to choose this route because this is only two hops

this route because this is only two hops

this route because this is only two hops however

however

however let's say

let's say that instead of traveling this

let's say that instead of traveling this

let's say that instead of traveling this let's say this was a dial-up connection

let's say this was a dial-up connection

let's say this was a dial-up connection right here

right here

right here and this was a broadband connection

and this was a broadband connection

and this was a broadband connection well obviously

well obviously

well obviously even though we have to go one two three

even though we have to go one two three

even though we have to go one two three four hops as opposed to three on this

four hops as opposed to three on this

four hops as opposed to three on this one

one

one we would want to take the four hops

we would want to take the four hops

we would want to take the four hops because the latency is going to be less

because the latency is going to be less

because the latency is going to be less and so the cost would be determined

and so the cost would be determined

and so the cost would be determined based not only in hops but on latency as

based not only in hops but on latency as

based not only in hops but on latency as well

well

well now convergence is the process of

now convergence is the process of

now convergence is the process of routers discovering the network

routers discovering the network

routers discovering the network structure has changed in this way it

structure has changed in this way it

structure has changed in this way it updates the routing tables to the

updates the routing tables to the

updates the routing tables to the knowledge of the networks so for

knowledge of the networks so for

knowledge of the networks so for instance

if we have two different paths that a

if we have two different paths that a

if we have two different paths that a route could take

route could take

route could take it could either go

it could either go

it could either go like this or

like this or

like this or like this we would want to know if one

like this we would want to know if one

like this we would want to know if one of the connections had been severed and

of the connections had been severed and

of the connections had been severed and then this routing table would be updated

then this routing table would be updated

then this routing table would be updated to know don't go on this route instead

to know don't go on this route instead

to know don't go on this route instead go on that route

go on that route

go on that route the process of this happening

the process of this happening

the process of this happening is called convergence

is called convergence

is called convergence so although this module might have been

so although this module might have been

so although this module might have been short and a brief overview of routing we

short and a brief overview of routing we

short and a brief overview of routing we went over some key things first of all

went over some key things first of all

went over some key things first of all we talked about a router this is the

we talked about a router this is the

we talked about a router this is the device that generally allows us to

device that generally allows us to

device that generally allows us to connect our Lan out to a Wan

connect our Lan out to a Wan

connect our Lan out to a Wan it does this by operating on layer 3 of

it does this by operating on layer 3 of

it does this by operating on layer 3 of The OSI model which again is responsible

The OSI model which again is responsible

The OSI model which again is responsible for IP addresses as opposed to switches

for IP addresses as opposed to switches

for IP addresses as opposed to switches which work with Mac addresses and

which work with Mac addresses and

which work with Mac addresses and therefore operate on layer 2. we also

therefore operate on layer 2. we also

therefore operate on layer 2. we also talked about how a router functions in

talked about how a router functions in

talked about how a router functions in this case we talked about the fact that

this case we talked about the fact that

this case we talked about the fact that a router has what's called a routing

a router has what's called a routing

a router has what's called a routing table

table

table which can sometimes be called an ARP

which can sometimes be called an ARP

which can sometimes be called an ARP table

table

table the ARP table

the ARP table

the ARP table tells it where an IP address goes to get

tells it where an IP address goes to get

tells it where an IP address goes to get to a specific place so it Maps basic IPS

to a specific place so it Maps basic IPS

to a specific place so it Maps basic IPS to Mac addresses and then the routing

to Mac addresses and then the routing

to Mac addresses and then the routing table would say how many routes you take

table would say how many routes you take

table would say how many routes you take to get to a specific node on the network

to get to a specific node on the network

to get to a specific node on the network we also looked at static routing which

we also looked at static routing which

we also looked at static routing which is manually updating the routing table

is manually updating the routing table

is manually updating the routing table so that way you can tell it where to go

so that way you can tell it where to go

so that way you can tell it where to go we also talked about some key terms

we also talked about some key terms

we also talked about some key terms including hop counts which would be like

including hop counts which would be like

including hop counts which would be like the number of places we're going to go

the number of places we're going to go

the number of places we're going to go if we're going to take a trip this would

if we're going to take a trip this would

if we're going to take a trip this would be for instance the miles

be for instance the miles

be for instance the miles we looked at the cost which basically

we looked at the cost which basically

we looked at the cost which basically means we're going to take several things

means we're going to take several things

means we're going to take several things into consideration when determining our

into consideration when determining our

into consideration when determining our trip

trip

trip for instance if one has a highway

for instance if one has a highway

for instance if one has a highway whereas the other are a bunch of local

whereas the other are a bunch of local

whereas the other are a bunch of local roads with stop lights

roads with stop lights

roads with stop lights then even though it might be more miles

then even though it might be more miles

then even though it might be more miles to go on the Highway we're going to go

to go on the Highway we're going to go

to go on the Highway we're going to go there as opposed to this one with the

there as opposed to this one with the

there as opposed to this one with the stop lights because we know we're

stop lights because we know we're

stop lights because we know we're getting there faster

getting there faster

getting there faster finally convergence is keeping all these

finally convergence is keeping all these

finally convergence is keeping all these routing tables up to date

routing tables up to date

routing tables up to date that way we know which route is the most

that way we know which route is the most

that way we know which route is the most effective at any one time

in the next module I'm going to talk

in the next module I'm going to talk

in the next module I'm going to talk more about how all this works in Dynamic

more about how all this works in Dynamic

more about how all this works in Dynamic routing and the protocols that are

routing and the protocols that are

routing and the protocols that are involved with it

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 8 lesson 3A on routing

welcome to module 8 lesson 3A on routing

welcome to module 8 lesson 3A on routing metrics or if you're in the UK routing

metrics or if you're in the UK routing

metrics or if you're in the UK routing metrics

metrics

metrics so this is a little bit esoteric in as

so this is a little bit esoteric in as

so this is a little bit esoteric in as much as

much as

much as you're better off configuring routing

you're better off configuring routing

you're better off configuring routing and playing with this and doing Hands-On

and playing with this and doing Hands-On

and playing with this and doing Hands-On labs which you don't do for the content

labs which you don't do for the content

labs which you don't do for the content Network plus but if you're doing a CCNA

Network plus but if you're doing a CCNA

Network plus but if you're doing a CCNA exam for Cisco for example you'd

exam for Cisco for example you'd

exam for Cisco for example you'd actually have examples where you could

actually have examples where you could

actually have examples where you could see this and been affected as you

see this and been affected as you

see this and been affected as you configure the different routing

configure the different routing

configure the different routing protocols and add more hops or other

protocols and add more hops or other

protocols and add more hops or other devices

devices

devices but we'll do our best we're going to

but we'll do our best we're going to

but we'll do our best we're going to look at routing metrics the MTU

look at routing metrics the MTU

look at routing metrics the MTU metric costs latency load reliability

metric costs latency load reliability

metric costs latency load reliability so routing metrics and tables on a

so routing metrics and tables on a

so routing metrics and tables on a router

router

router and it's actually the same for servers

and it's actually the same for servers

and it's actually the same for servers as well

as well

as well and the writing table can contain a

and the writing table can contain a

and the writing table can contain a field known as the metric

field known as the metric

field known as the metric now a metric is a value and that value

now a metric is a value and that value

now a metric is a value and that value can be made from a number of different

can be made from a number of different

can be made from a number of different factors depending on the route the

factors depending on the route the

factors depending on the route the routing protocol

routing protocol

routing protocol this is used by the router when it runs

this is used by the router when it runs

this is used by the router when it runs a mathematical algorithm to work out the

a mathematical algorithm to work out the

a mathematical algorithm to work out the best path to get from a which will be

best path to get from a which will be

best path to get from a which will be the local router 2B which is the remote

the local router 2B which is the remote

the local router 2B which is the remote router

router

router now I issue the show IP routes on a

now I issue the show IP routes on a

now I issue the show IP routes on a router in the image here and I just

router in the image here and I just

router in the image here and I just highlighted MD if you did look at the

highlighted MD if you did look at the

highlighted MD if you did look at the table there is short for eigrp on Cisco

table there is short for eigrp on Cisco

table there is short for eigrp on Cisco routing tables it'd be different if

routing tables it'd be different if

routing tables it'd be different if you're using Juniper or a different

you're using Juniper or a different

you're using Juniper or a different device but just for your information the

device but just for your information the

device but just for your information the different numbers there are the routing

different numbers there are the routing

different numbers there are the routing metrics the ergrp is calculated based

metrics the ergrp is calculated based

metrics the ergrp is calculated based upon the location of the different

upon the location of the different

upon the location of the different networks which are 34 uh

networks which are 34 uh

networks which are 34 uh 4.4.4.4 the 23 Network 24 and the 12

4.4.4.4 the 23 Network 24 and the 12

4.4.4.4 the 23 Network 24 and the 12 Network

Network

Network don't worry too much about that but I

don't worry too much about that but I

don't worry too much about that but I just wanted to show you that you can

just wanted to show you that you can

just wanted to show you that you can actually see it in a routing table and

actually see it in a routing table and

actually see it in a routing table and the number 90 before the

the number 90 before the

the number 90 before the the routing metric there is the

the routing metric there is the

the routing metric there is the administrative distance that um is is

administrative distance that um is is

administrative distance that um is is allocated to the protocol and for ergrp

allocated to the protocol and for ergrp

allocated to the protocol and for ergrp it's um 90 internally ergrp

it's um 90 internally ergrp

it's um 90 internally ergrp so if a router has different routes to

so if a router has different routes to

so if a router has different routes to the same network the routing metric

the same network the routing metric

the same network the routing metric helps the router decide which of these

helps the router decide which of these

helps the router decide which of these routes to choose because you could have

routes to choose because you could have

routes to choose because you could have 30 40 50 plus ways to get from A to B

30 40 50 plus ways to get from A to B

30 40 50 plus ways to get from A to B and the writing table will just be too

and the writing table will just be too

and the writing table will just be too big and the router would crash so it

big and the router would crash so it

big and the router would crash so it uses the best path and inserts the best

uses the best path and inserts the best

uses the best path and inserts the best path in the routing table

path in the routing table

path in the routing table all right each writing protocol uses a

all right each writing protocol uses a

all right each writing protocol uses a different metric I think you probably

different metric I think you probably

different metric I think you probably need an overview just for the network

need an overview just for the network

need an overview just for the network Plus

Plus

Plus so we've got two routers a router one

so we've got two routers a router one

so we've got two routers a router one and a router 11 between these two

and a router 11 between these two

and a router 11 between these two routers you've got nine other routers

routers you've got nine other routers

routers you've got nine other routers that connect to different Networks

that connect to different Networks

that connect to different Networks and you can see the different routers

and you can see the different routers

and you can see the different routers there path x y and z are the different

there path x y and z are the different

there path x y and z are the different paths in order to get to router 11 and

paths in order to get to router 11 and

paths in order to get to router 11 and of course you could make it more

of course you could make it more

of course you could make it more complicated by connecting all of the

complicated by connecting all of the

complicated by connecting all of the routers in between the paths which may

routers in between the paths which may

routers in between the paths which may well be the case

well be the case

well be the case so you want to get from router 1 to

so you want to get from router 1 to

so you want to get from router 1 to router 11 and there's three different

router 11 and there's three different

router 11 and there's three different paths to choose from

paths to choose from

paths to choose from sake of convenience as I said x y and z

sake of convenience as I said x y and z

sake of convenience as I said x y and z are the different path names writing

are the different path names writing

are the different path names writing protocols will choose a route with the

protocols will choose a route with the

protocols will choose a route with the lowest metric

lowest metric

lowest metric now if we use rip routing information

now if we use rip routing information

now if we use rip routing information protocol it only uses hop count it

protocol it only uses hop count it

protocol it only uses hop count it doesn't care about the speed of the link

doesn't care about the speed of the link

doesn't care about the speed of the link or if the Link's reliable or anything

or if the Link's reliable or anything

or if the Link's reliable or anything like that it's

like that it's

like that it's um a fairly old writing protocol and it

um a fairly old writing protocol and it

um a fairly old writing protocol and it was built for quite small networks

was built for quite small networks

was built for quite small networks because all networks were small at the

because all networks were small at the

because all networks were small at the time

time

time and so you can see there that there's uh

and so you can see there that there's uh

and so you can see there that there's uh one path has got three hops one has got

one path has got three hops one has got

one path has got three hops one has got one two three four hops in the middle if

one two three four hops in the middle if

one two three four hops in the middle if you're not counting the um source and

you're not counting the um source and

you're not counting the um source and destination the other has two routers

destination the other has two routers

destination the other has two routers nine and ten so that's going to be the

nine and ten so that's going to be the

nine and ten so that's going to be the shortest amount of hops

two hops four or three

so if rip chooses the route between

so if rip chooses the route between

so if rip chooses the route between router 1 and 11 it will choose the best

router 1 and 11 it will choose the best

router 1 and 11 it will choose the best path as path X

path as path X

path as path X it's got the lowest top count

it's got the lowest top count

it's got the lowest top count now I've introduced a problem here I've

now I've introduced a problem here I've

now I've introduced a problem here I've actually shown you the speed of the

actually shown you the speed of the

actually shown you the speed of the links and the speed of path X is only

links and the speed of path X is only

links and the speed of path X is only 56k

56k

56k which is a crazy slow when you compare

which is a crazy slow when you compare

which is a crazy slow when you compare it to path Y which is one Meg however

it to path Y which is one Meg however

it to path Y which is one Meg however rip won't understand this now you can

rip won't understand this now you can

rip won't understand this now you can configure it

configure it

configure it and and do extra configurations to

and and do extra configurations to

and and do extra configurations to um force it to take path y but by

um force it to take path y but by

um force it to take path y but by default it um it won't it won't use path

default it um it won't it won't use path

default it um it won't it won't use path y because the volt counts

so different routes and protocols use

so different routes and protocols use

so different routes and protocols use different metrics and since the link

different metrics and since the link

different metrics and since the link speed affects the throughput writing

speed affects the throughput writing

speed affects the throughput writing protocols such as ergrp which is an

protocols such as ergrp which is an

protocols such as ergrp which is an advanced writing protocol take into

advanced writing protocol take into

advanced writing protocol take into account now it can take into account

account now it can take into account

account now it can take into account Cisco's version of vrgrp only uses two

Cisco's version of vrgrp only uses two

Cisco's version of vrgrp only uses two of the possible values

of the possible values

of the possible values um that um are usable Within ergrp

um that um are usable Within ergrp

um that um are usable Within ergrp and Cisco have their own version of

and Cisco have their own version of

and Cisco have their own version of ergrp

ergrp

ergrp now considering now ergb ergrp can

now considering now ergb ergrp can

now considering now ergb ergrp can actually use five but we've only listed

actually use five but we've only listed

actually use five but we've only listed the two used by Cisco devices here which

the two used by Cisco devices here which

the two used by Cisco devices here which are bandwidth and delay

now considering the link speeds path Y

now considering the link speeds path Y

now considering the link speeds path Y is better because we want to take the

is better because we want to take the

is better because we want to take the faster

faster

faster um route there

um route there

um route there routine can be based on the following

routine can be based on the following

routine can be based on the following factors the MTU

factors the MTU

factors the MTU the costs cost latency administrative

the costs cost latency administrative

the costs cost latency administrative distance shortest path bridging

distance shortest path bridging

distance shortest path bridging uh the MTU

uh the MTU

uh the MTU um is one factor as I've mentioned

um is one factor as I've mentioned

um is one factor as I've mentioned stands for maximum transmission unit

stands for maximum transmission unit

stands for maximum transmission unit this is the largest size of the packet

this is the largest size of the packet

this is the largest size of the packet that can be transmitted across the link

that can be transmitted across the link

that can be transmitted across the link without that packet being fragmented

without that packet being fragmented

without that packet being fragmented fragmented means it gets chopped into

fragmented means it gets chopped into

fragmented means it gets chopped into different sizes

different sizes

different sizes and numbered sent and then reassembled

and numbered sent and then reassembled

and numbered sent and then reassembled on the other side of the link and

on the other side of the link and

on the other side of the link and obviously this can introduce the scope

obviously this can introduce the scope

obviously this can introduce the scope for errors and obviously there's delay

for errors and obviously there's delay

for errors and obviously there's delay while this fragmentation takes place

while this fragmentation takes place

while this fragmentation takes place thank you also overhead involved because

thank you also overhead involved because

thank you also overhead involved because of the acknowledgments each packet is

of the acknowledgments each packet is

of the acknowledgments each packet is sent and received as it goes along and

sent and received as it goes along and

sent and received as it goes along and it could be requested to be

it could be requested to be

it could be requested to be re-transmitted also

re-transmitted also

re-transmitted also largest packet you can send by an

largest packet you can send by an

largest packet you can send by an Ethernet Network because of the way the

Ethernet Network because of the way the

Ethernet Network because of the way the technology is designed is a 1500 byte

technology is designed is a 1500 byte

technology is designed is a 1500 byte now cost I actually did an output here

now cost I actually did an output here

now cost I actually did an output here of a router running ospf or an interface

of a router running ospf or an interface

of a router running ospf or an interface running ospf here

running ospf here

running ospf here and you can see the other information is

and you can see the other information is

and you can see the other information is irrelevant for our purposes but the cost

irrelevant for our purposes but the cost

irrelevant for our purposes but the cost has been allocated as 64. different

has been allocated as 64. different

has been allocated as 64. different interface speeds are given different

interface speeds are given different

interface speeds are given different costs by ospf

total cost so this link and the other

total cost so this link and the other

total cost so this link and the other link and all the other links between and

link and all the other links between and

link and all the other links between and the hosts are added up together and then

the hosts are added up together and then

the hosts are added up together and then the best cast which is the lowest one is

the best cast which is the lowest one is

the best cast which is the lowest one is installed into the routing table and the

installed into the routing table and the

installed into the routing table and the other costs

other costs

other costs um can be put into the topology table

um can be put into the topology table

um can be put into the topology table for use if the best path goes down so

for use if the best path goes down so

for use if the best path goes down so you can have second best third best and

you can have second best third best and

you can have second best third best and so on

a router protocol can also use delay or

a router protocol can also use delay or

a router protocol can also use delay or latency as a metric

latency as a metric

latency as a metric delay refers to the delay of the links

delay refers to the delay of the links

delay refers to the delay of the links across the route so is there any delays

across the route so is there any delays

across the route so is there any delays to the packets been sent and received

to the packets been sent and received

to the packets been sent and received a load I've actually issued a show

a load I've actually issued a show

a load I've actually issued a show interfaces serial zero slash one on this

interfaces serial zero slash one on this

interfaces serial zero slash one on this router and you can see some of the

router and you can see some of the

router and you can see some of the metrics that are allocated

metrics that are allocated

metrics that are allocated to this particular interface the mtus

to this particular interface the mtus

to this particular interface the mtus 1500 the bandwidth is 1544 so one Meg

1500 the bandwidth is 1544 so one Meg

1500 the bandwidth is 1544 so one Meg delay and twenty thousand millisecs

delay and twenty thousand millisecs

delay and twenty thousand millisecs a reliability 255 out of 255 is the best

a reliability 255 out of 255 is the best

a reliability 255 out of 255 is the best it means um it's very reliable and that

it means um it's very reliable and that

it means um it's very reliable and that if there's problems then the number goes

if there's problems then the number goes

if there's problems then the number goes down like 10 out of two five five is

down like 10 out of two five five is

down like 10 out of two five five is very bad

very bad

very bad the transmission load is low it's the

the transmission load is low it's the

the transmission load is low it's the lowest one out of two five five receive

lowest one out of two five five receive

lowest one out of two five five receive load is one out of two five five

load is one out of two five five

load is one out of two five five which is an arbitrary value

which is an arbitrary value

which is an arbitrary value so load is the measure of traffic

so load is the measure of traffic

so load is the measure of traffic consuming the links we don't want our

consuming the links we don't want our

consuming the links we don't want our package to be traveling along a path

package to be traveling along a path

package to be traveling along a path with high traffic

with high traffic

with high traffic so the past with the lowest load would

so the past with the lowest load would

so the past with the lowest load would be the best path if we're using load as

be the best path if we're using load as

be the best path if we're using load as a metric of course

a metric of course

a metric of course reliability is in there also which I've

reliability is in there also which I've

reliability is in there also which I've discussed we want to take into

discussed we want to take into

discussed we want to take into consideration the reliability of the

consideration the reliability of the

consideration the reliability of the path

path

path reliability metric has a value that

reliability metric has a value that

reliability metric has a value that denotes a number of times any of the

denotes a number of times any of the

denotes a number of times any of the following occurs the link goes down or

following occurs the link goes down or

following occurs the link goes down or had errors at a certain period of time

the router protocol may use the

the router protocol may use the

the router protocol may use the following one metric as in rip multiple

following one metric as in rip multiple

following one metric as in rip multiple link characteristics to calculate a

link characteristics to calculate a

link characteristics to calculate a metric for example ergrp which is

metric for example ergrp which is

metric for example ergrp which is bandwidth and delay of the line

ergp uses characteristics to calculate a

ergp uses characteristics to calculate a

ergp uses characteristics to calculate a metric for best path I've actually

metric for best path I've actually

metric for best path I've actually done a output of a Cisco router here

done a output of a Cisco router here

done a output of a Cisco router here for ergrp and you can see the different

for ergrp and you can see the different

for ergrp and you can see the different metrics here some won't be used

metrics here some won't be used

metrics here some won't be used you can actually affect this if you want

you can actually affect this if you want

you can actually affect this if you want in the configuration normally best to

in the configuration normally best to

in the configuration normally best to speak to a Cisco engineer before you do

speak to a Cisco engineer before you do

speak to a Cisco engineer before you do this

this

this so some of the delay characteristics are

so some of the delay characteristics are

so some of the delay characteristics are delay bandwidth reliability load

delay bandwidth reliability load

delay bandwidth reliability load and you can see others in there but

and you can see others in there but

and you can see others in there but again it's bandwidth And Delay the line

again it's bandwidth And Delay the line

again it's bandwidth And Delay the line is usually used

uh summary so far we've covered routing

uh summary so far we've covered routing

uh summary so far we've covered routing metrics the MTU

metrics the MTU

metrics the MTU metric costs uh latency load reliability

metric costs uh latency load reliability

metric costs uh latency load reliability so that's all we need to know for now

so that's all we need to know for now

so that's all we need to know for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 8 lesson 3B routing

welcome to module 8 lesson 3B routing

welcome to module 8 lesson 3B routing tables

tables

tables another hard one to put in perspective

another hard one to put in perspective

another hard one to put in perspective if we don't configure

if we don't configure

if we don't configure live routers but we'll do our best we're

live routers but we'll do our best we're

live routers but we'll do our best we're going to look at routing the routing

going to look at routing the routing

going to look at routing the routing table

table

table static routes and a static route example

static routes and a static route example

static routes and a static route example and dynamic routing protocols only an

and dynamic routing protocols only an

and dynamic routing protocols only an overview really and then an example and

overview really and then an example and

overview really and then an example and physically connected Networks

physically connected Networks

physically connected Networks so routing is the process of sending a

so routing is the process of sending a

so routing is the process of sending a packet from a source Network to a

packet from a source Network to a

packet from a source Network to a destination in another Network

destination in another Network

destination in another Network we actually have to differentiate

we actually have to differentiate

we actually have to differentiate between routing and packet switching

between routing and packet switching

between routing and packet switching writing is a process where the router

writing is a process where the router

writing is a process where the router actually decides the best route to get

actually decides the best route to get

actually decides the best route to get from A to Z and then switching in the in

from A to Z and then switching in the in

from A to Z and then switching in the in the context of sending IP packets is

the context of sending IP packets is

the context of sending IP packets is actually pushing the packet out of the

actually pushing the packet out of the

actually pushing the packet out of the correct interface I just want to do

correct interface I just want to do

correct interface I just want to do highlight the difference between the two

highlight the difference between the two

highlight the difference between the two and obviously we're looking at Network

and obviously we're looking at Network

and obviously we're looking at Network plus level stuff here so there's two

plus level stuff here so there's two

plus level stuff here so there's two aspects determining the optimal route

aspects determining the optimal route

aspects determining the optimal route which is the routing part and then

which is the routing part and then

which is the routing part and then pushing the packet through the network

pushing the packet through the network

pushing the packet through the network which is the switching part

which is the switching part

which is the switching part so routes are based on networks we don't

so routes are based on networks we don't

so routes are based on networks we don't really

really

really um

um

um we don't want to concern ourselves with

we don't want to concern ourselves with

we don't want to concern ourselves with host on networks because if you can

host on networks because if you can

host on networks because if you can imagine even an Enterprise Network for

imagine even an Enterprise Network for

imagine even an Enterprise Network for some large company could have thousands

some large company could have thousands

some large company could have thousands of hosts

of hosts

of hosts it'd be pointless every router having

it'd be pointless every router having

it'd be pointless every router having thousands of hosts listed so what it

thousands of hosts listed so what it

thousands of hosts listed so what it wants to do is focus on Networks

wants to do is focus on Networks

wants to do is focus on Networks and then it will then switch the packet

and then it will then switch the packet

and then it will then switch the packet to the correct Network and another

to the correct Network and another

to the correct Network and another router and then finally the host address

router and then finally the host address

router and then finally the host address in

in

in the Mac part of the address will be

the Mac part of the address will be

the Mac part of the address will be taken care of by the Lan switches

taken care of by the Lan switches

taken care of by the Lan switches so a route is not based on the host

so a route is not based on the host

so a route is not based on the host because the packets are routed through

because the packets are routed through

because the packets are routed through the networks it doesn't use the physical

the networks it doesn't use the physical

the networks it doesn't use the physical Mac address of the hosts

Mac address of the hosts

Mac address of the hosts so here's the example we've got a a few

so here's the example we've got a a few

so here's the example we've got a a few different I've shrunk down each switch

different I've shrunk down each switch

different I've shrunk down each switch would have it could have a 12 or 24 host

would have it could have a 12 or 24 host

would have it could have a 12 or 24 host connected but I've just added one and

connected but I've just added one and

connected but I've just added one and you can see we've got three different

you can see we've got three different

you can see we've got three different networks listed here the 192 a 10 and a

networks listed here the 192 a 10 and a

networks listed here the 192 a 10 and a 172 Network

172 Network

172 Network so the MAC address of the destination

so the MAC address of the destination

so the MAC address of the destination host is only used for the final delivery

host is only used for the final delivery

host is only used for the final delivery so the switch if these are layer 2

so the switch if these are layer 2

so the switch if these are layer 2 switches which are my examples they are

switches which are my examples they are

switches which are my examples they are it won't understand the IP

it won't understand the IP

it won't understand the IP address portion of the packet because

address portion of the packet because

address portion of the packet because we're looking inside the frame and it

we're looking inside the frame and it

we're looking inside the frame and it will match the MAC address

will match the MAC address

will match the MAC address to the correct port and then deliver the

to the correct port and then deliver the

to the correct port and then deliver the frame to that particular Port this is

frame to that particular Port this is

frame to that particular Port this is what our switches are concerned with

what our switches are concerned with

what our switches are concerned with whereas all the routing between the

whereas all the routing between the

whereas all the routing between the three routers in the diagram here

three routers in the diagram here

three routers in the diagram here they're concerned with which network or

they're concerned with which network or

they're concerned with which network or which Port which network is connected to

which Port which network is connected to

which Port which network is connected to of the router

of the router

of the router so the switch down here on the right if

so the switch down here on the right if

so the switch down here on the right if you issue a show Mac address table on a

you issue a show Mac address table on a

you issue a show Mac address table on a Cisco switch at least you'll see a map

Cisco switch at least you'll see a map

Cisco switch at least you'll see a map in and you'll see which Mac address and

in and you'll see which Mac address and

in and you'll see which Mac address and each one's unique is connected to which

each one's unique is connected to which

each one's unique is connected to which physical ports and this particular one

physical ports and this particular one

physical ports and this particular one they're all in the same VLAN because

they're all in the same VLAN because

they're all in the same VLAN because we're not worried about

we're not worried about

we're not worried about um into VLAN any any VLAN stuff here so

um into VLAN any any VLAN stuff here so

um into VLAN any any VLAN stuff here so gigabit zero slash two zero slash two

gigabit zero slash two zero slash two

gigabit zero slash two zero slash two zero slash two and fast ethernet zero

zero slash two and fast ethernet zero

zero slash two and fast ethernet zero slash one if you see more than one host

slash one if you see more than one host

slash one if you see more than one host connected to one port it means it's a

connected to one port it means it's a

connected to one port it means it's a trunk and it's connected to another

trunk and it's connected to another

trunk and it's connected to another switch somebody somewhere

switch somebody somewhere

switch somebody somewhere so this switch down here would be

so this switch down here would be

so this switch down here would be connected to another switch via a

connected to another switch via a

connected to another switch via a gigabit Ethernet port and it's learned a

gigabit Ethernet port and it's learned a

gigabit Ethernet port and it's learned a few host addresses that are connected to

few host addresses that are connected to

few host addresses that are connected to that

that

that all right so when we send packets out to

all right so when we send packets out to

all right so when we send packets out to the internet the following is true the

the internet the following is true the

the internet the following is true the routers have a database of routes stored

routers have a database of routes stored

routers have a database of routes stored in a table called a routing table it

in a table called a routing table it

in a table called a routing table it could actually be a database consisting

could actually be a database consisting

could actually be a database consisting of one route or just connected routes

of one route or just connected routes

of one route or just connected routes depends how we configure stuff really

depends how we configure stuff really

depends how we configure stuff really the writers use this information in the

the writers use this information in the

the writers use this information in the writing tables and they make a decision

writing tables and they make a decision

writing tables and they make a decision based upon the next hop this is what

based upon the next hop this is what

based upon the next hop this is what routers all do they send a packet to the

routers all do they send a packet to the

routers all do they send a packet to the next hop

next hop

next hop unless they are the the last hop in the

unless they are the the last hop in the

unless they are the the last hop in the journey

journey

journey so there's a routing table here you can

so there's a routing table here you can

so there's a routing table here you can see uh there's a network been learned

see uh there's a network been learned

see uh there's a network been learned and

and

and if I just put the text here the routing

if I just put the text here the routing

if I just put the text here the routing table contains the following the network

table contains the following the network

table contains the following the network ID here the network is three zero zero

ID here the network is three zero zero

ID here the network is three zero zero zero and it's actually found a host on

zero and it's actually found a host on

zero and it's actually found a host on this network

destination Network address and subnet

destination Network address and subnet

destination Network address and subnet mask I'm not sure how this is been

mask I'm not sure how this is been

mask I'm not sure how this is been configured because I pulled this one off

configured because I pulled this one off

configured because I pulled this one off the um off the internet you can actually

the um off the internet you can actually

the um off the internet you can actually see at the bottom 10 10 23 0 is a

see at the bottom 10 10 23 0 is a

see at the bottom 10 10 23 0 is a network found by ospf

network found by ospf

network found by ospf and it will have the next top and

and it will have the next top and

and it will have the next top and Gateway so if we go to the bottom 10 10

Gateway so if we go to the bottom 10 10

Gateway so if we go to the bottom 10 10 23 0 110 is the administrative distance

23 0 110 is the administrative distance

23 0 110 is the administrative distance for rspf 20 is the cost

for rspf 20 is the cost

for rspf 20 is the cost and it's been learned via the address 10

and it's been learned via the address 10

and it's been learned via the address 10 10 12.2 which will be another router

10 12.2 which will be another router

10 12.2 which will be another router interface somewhere connected

interface somewhere connected

interface somewhere connected it was actually learned one minute and

it was actually learned one minute and

it was actually learned one minute and 17 seconds ago via the fast ethernet 0 0

17 seconds ago via the fast ethernet 0 0

17 seconds ago via the fast ethernet 0 0 interface

interface

interface all right so these the router has enough

all right so these the router has enough

all right so these the router has enough information that if it wants to send any

information that if it wants to send any

information that if it wants to send any packets to any host on the 10 10 23

packets to any host on the 10 10 23

packets to any host on the 10 10 23 Network it knows where to send it and it

Network it knows where to send it and it

Network it knows where to send it and it also knows how fresh that route is

all right the metric metrics used to

all right the metric metrics used to

all right the metric metrics used to decide which route is to be taken if if

decide which route is to be taken if if

decide which route is to be taken if if multiple routes exist for a given

multiple routes exist for a given

multiple routes exist for a given destination Network so we can see some

destination Network so we can see some

destination Network so we can see some metrics here in fact

metrics here in fact

metrics here in fact um squared in the yellow highlighting

um squared in the yellow highlighting

um squared in the yellow highlighting you can see two routes have been learned

you can see two routes have been learned

you can see two routes have been learned to the same network the reason is the

to the same network the reason is the

to the same network the reason is the metric is exactly the same so it must be

metric is exactly the same so it must be

metric is exactly the same so it must be exactly the same cost

exactly the same cost

exactly the same cost to reach the destination via two

to reach the destination via two

to reach the destination via two different IP addresses one seven two

different IP addresses one seven two

different IP addresses one seven two twenty four one two two and one seven

twenty four one two two and one seven

twenty four one two two and one seven two twenty four one three four so as

two twenty four one three four so as

two twenty four one three four so as long as the costs are the same then

long as the costs are the same then

long as the costs are the same then ergrp is configured to load balance over

ergrp is configured to load balance over

ergrp is configured to load balance over those

those

those I think with um Cisco ergrp

I think with um Cisco ergrp

I think with um Cisco ergrp automatically load balances over up to

automatically load balances over up to

automatically load balances over up to four links and you can change that value

four links and you can change that value

four links and you can change that value up to 16. but this could change

up to 16. but this could change

up to 16. but this could change depending on your platform

depending on your platform

depending on your platform all right so the administrative distance

all right so the administrative distance

all right so the administrative distance when a router's right running two roads

when a router's right running two roads

when a router's right running two roads right on protocols such as rip and SPF

right on protocols such as rip and SPF

right on protocols such as rip and SPF and everything else is equal

and everything else is equal

and everything else is equal so for example rip and SPF it will use

so for example rip and SPF it will use

so for example rip and SPF it will use the ad administrative distance to

the ad administrative distance to

the ad administrative distance to determine which route to choose I've

determine which route to choose I've

determine which route to choose I've configured uh two routers up here just

configured uh two routers up here just

configured uh two routers up here just connected by a gigabit zero and zero

connected by a gigabit zero and zero

connected by a gigabit zero and zero slash one

slash one

slash one the top Network for the top link is 192.

the top Network for the top link is 192.

the top Network for the top link is 192. the bot and it's using rip the bottom is

the bot and it's using rip the bottom is

the bot and it's using rip the bottom is rspf and it's 172. and at the end we

rspf and it's 172. and at the end we

rspf and it's 172. and at the end we have another Network a Ted Network that

have another Network a Ted Network that

have another Network a Ted Network that is advertised via rip and ospf

is advertised via rip and ospf

is advertised via rip and ospf so rip I know the administrative

so rip I know the administrative

so rip I know the administrative distance is 120 ospf is 110 so routes to

distance is 120 ospf is 110 so routes to

distance is 120 ospf is 110 so routes to get from router 0 to the 10 Network

get from router 0 to the 10 Network

get from router 0 to the 10 Network should use ospf

should use ospf

should use ospf and if the ospf network goes down or the

and if the ospf network goes down or the

and if the ospf network goes down or the interface is really no SPF then the rip

interface is really no SPF then the rip

interface is really no SPF then the rip Network could be chosen this is a part

Network could be chosen this is a part

Network could be chosen this is a part of the output from a show ospf you can

of the output from a show ospf you can

of the output from a show ospf you can see 120 is the ad one is how many hops

see 120 is the ad one is how many hops

see 120 is the ad one is how many hops and under the 810 is the ad Slash 2 is

and under the 810 is the ad Slash 2 is

and under the 810 is the ad Slash 2 is the cost because rspf uses a cost not a

the cost because rspf uses a cost not a

the cost because rspf uses a cost not a hop value so it's the um the calculation

hop value so it's the um the calculation

hop value so it's the um the calculation is used looking at the um speed of the

is used looking at the um speed of the

is used looking at the um speed of the link is put into a formula

link is put into a formula

link is put into a formula and each link between source and

and each link between source and

and each link between source and destination is added to the cast so the

destination is added to the cast so the

destination is added to the cast so the cost is only two which is the gigabit

cost is only two which is the gigabit

cost is only two which is the gigabit Ethernet speed there

Ethernet speed there

Ethernet speed there and it'll be the speed of the interface

and it'll be the speed of the interface

and it'll be the speed of the interface that the 10 networks connected to

that the 10 networks connected to

that the 10 networks connected to so if if I try and Trace traffic going

so if if I try and Trace traffic going

so if if I try and Trace traffic going from router 0 to the 10 Network you can

from router 0 to the 10 Network you can

from router 0 to the 10 Network you can see it's traced and it's used the next

see it's traced and it's used the next

see it's traced and it's used the next hop address of

hop address of

hop address of 172.16.1.2 which is the gigabit uh zero

172.16.1.2 which is the gigabit uh zero

172.16.1.2 which is the gigabit uh zero slash one of router one

slash one of router one

slash one of router one and so that's basically the preferred

and so that's basically the preferred

and so that's basically the preferred path if for some reason that path went

path if for some reason that path went

path if for some reason that path went down it would start using the next best

down it would start using the next best

down it would start using the next best a next best ad which is Rip

a next best ad which is Rip

a next best ad which is Rip writing table writing information is

writing table writing information is

writing table writing information is populated through a few different means

populated through a few different means

populated through a few different means it can be a connected route actually a

it can be a connected route actually a

it can be a connected route actually a static route I I suppose I said

static route I I suppose I said

static route I I suppose I said connected there or a dynamic routing

connected there or a dynamic routing

connected there or a dynamic routing protocol what you can figure depends on

protocol what you can figure depends on

protocol what you can figure depends on your network if it's a tiny little

your network if it's a tiny little

your network if it's a tiny little Network or if it's in a remote office

Network or if it's in a remote office

Network or if it's in a remote office somewhere then you probably use a static

somewhere then you probably use a static

somewhere then you probably use a static route to just send all traffic to the

route to just send all traffic to the

route to just send all traffic to the next top router

next top router

next top router so this is the show IP route and I've

so this is the show IP route and I've

so this is the show IP route and I've highlighted in red the connected routes

highlighted in red the connected routes

highlighted in red the connected routes for router 0.

for router 0.

for router 0. it's a 17216 another 192.1681 network is

it's a 17216 another 192.1681 network is

it's a 17216 another 192.1681 network is showing as C connected are in Cisco at

showing as C connected are in Cisco at

showing as C connected are in Cisco at least that's for it oh stands for ospf

least that's for it oh stands for ospf

least that's for it oh stands for ospf and L stands for local

static route is a route that is manually

static route is a route that is manually

static route is a route that is manually added to a router by administrator

added to a router by administrator

added to a router by administrator so you can see here router 1 on the left

so you can see here router 1 on the left

so you can see here router 1 on the left has got a default static route

has got a default static route

has got a default static route which you can recognize it because it's

which you can recognize it because it's

which you can recognize it because it's all zeros

all zeros

all zeros I'll give you an example in a moment if

I'll give you an example in a moment if

I'll give you an example in a moment if router 1 receives traffic destined to

router 1 receives traffic destined to

router 1 receives traffic destined to any network other than a local one are

any network other than a local one are

any network other than a local one are you one that's connected it should

you one that's connected it should

you one that's connected it should really know where to send that traffic

really know where to send that traffic

really know where to send that traffic if there's no entry listed then it by

if there's no entry listed then it by

if there's no entry listed then it by default routers will drop the packets

default routers will drop the packets

default routers will drop the packets since R2 is the next hop for router want

since R2 is the next hop for router want

since R2 is the next hop for router want to reach the internet what we can

to reach the internet what we can

to reach the internet what we can basically do is put a static route on

basically do is put a static route on

basically do is put a static route on router 1 saying send any traffic to any

router 1 saying send any traffic to any

router 1 saying send any traffic to any network over to R2 and let R2 worry

network over to R2 and let R2 worry

network over to R2 and let R2 worry about where to send it

about where to send it

about where to send it when our one receives the traffic for a

when our one receives the traffic for a

when our one receives the traffic for a network it's not available it will now

network it's not available it will now

network it's not available it will now send it out of its interface using the

send it out of its interface using the

send it out of its interface using the default static routes I've actually

default static routes I've actually

default static routes I've actually configured a static route here on a

configured a static route here on a

configured a static route here on a Cisco router

Cisco router

Cisco router iprout000 and then zero zero zero zero

iprout000 and then zero zero zero zero

iprout000 and then zero zero zero zero so any

so any

so any and IP address

and IP address

and IP address and any network go out to our gigabit

and any network go out to our gigabit

and any network go out to our gigabit Ethernet interface instead of g00 I

Ethernet interface instead of g00 I

Ethernet interface instead of g00 I could have put an IP address for the

could have put an IP address for the

could have put an IP address for the next top router as long as the router

next top router as long as the router

next top router as long as the router knows how to get there

knows how to get there

knows how to get there and for the R2 you can do the same thing

and for the R2 you can do the same thing

and for the R2 you can do the same thing you could have a static route as long as

you could have a static route as long as

you could have a static route as long as you know your next hop which would be

you know your next hop which would be

you know your next hop which would be your ISP router let your ISP take care

your ISP router let your ISP take care

your ISP router let your ISP take care of any routing decisions

all right Dynamic routing practicals

all right Dynamic routing practicals

all right Dynamic routing practicals this is a routing protocol that

this is a routing protocol that

this is a routing protocol that dynamically builds routing information

dynamically builds routing information

dynamically builds routing information such as the following the network the

such as the following the network the

such as the following the network the next harp and it will build a topology

next harp and it will build a topology

next harp and it will build a topology table and from the topology table it

table and from the topology table it

table and from the topology table it will choose the best route to put in the

will choose the best route to put in the

will choose the best route to put in the routing table and the topology table

routing table and the topology table

routing table and the topology table can supply second third and fourth best

can supply second third and fourth best

can supply second third and fourth best routes and so on

routes and so on

routes and so on static routing does not do well in large

static routing does not do well in large

static routing does not do well in large networks because you would have to

networks because you would have to

networks because you would have to manually add 5 10 15 20 routes per

manually add 5 10 15 20 routes per

manually add 5 10 15 20 routes per router

router

router so you can imagine you're going to have

so you can imagine you're going to have

so you can imagine you're going to have a lot of work there if you decide to

a lot of work there if you decide to

a lot of work there if you decide to change the IP address and or even add

change the IP address and or even add

change the IP address and or even add one device

one device

one device so you don't want your routers to

so you don't want your routers to

so you don't want your routers to automatically learn the routes update

automatically learn the routes update

automatically learn the routes update any changes without you having to worry

any changes without you having to worry

any changes without you having to worry about it and this is where routing

about it and this is where routing

about it and this is where routing protocols make our life a lot easier

protocols make our life a lot easier

protocols make our life a lot easier once you've configured which networks

once you've configured which networks

once you've configured which networks you want to advertise then depending on

you want to advertise then depending on

you want to advertise then depending on which protocol you're using

which protocol you're using

which protocol you're using and the writing protocol will go ahead

and the writing protocol will go ahead

and the writing protocol will go ahead and run on automatic settings unless you

and run on automatic settings unless you

and run on automatic settings unless you change the settings for whatever reason

change the settings for whatever reason

change the settings for whatever reason the routers use the router protocols to

the routers use the router protocols to

the routers use the router protocols to learn about available routes to build a

learn about available routes to build a

learn about available routes to build a routing table

and the routing protocol communicates

and the routing protocol communicates

and the routing protocol communicates with the same router protocol on another

with the same router protocol on another

with the same router protocol on another router you can't have rip on one router

router you can't have rip on one router

router you can't have rip on one router communicating with rspf on the other

communicating with rspf on the other

communicating with rspf on the other because they work in entirely different

because they work in entirely different

because they work in entirely different ways and use different protocols and

ways and use different protocols and

ways and use different protocols and ports

ports

ports to um send their information

to um send their information

to um send their information so this information is placed in the

so this information is placed in the

so this information is placed in the writing table

writing table

writing table so as an example here router one two and

so as an example here router one two and

so as an example here router one two and three you've got some different networks

three you've got some different networks

three you've got some different networks connected

connected

connected a pc1's default gateway because PCS

a pc1's default gateway because PCS

a pc1's default gateway because PCS won't do the routing will always be

won't do the routing will always be

won't do the routing will always be router one you'll just send all traffic

router one you'll just send all traffic

router one you'll just send all traffic to whatever the IP address is of the

to whatever the IP address is of the

to whatever the IP address is of the router there normally in In fairness the

router there normally in In fairness the

router there normally in In fairness the PC is connected to a switch and then a

PC is connected to a switch and then a

PC is connected to a switch and then a router this is just a simplified diagram

router this is just a simplified diagram

router this is just a simplified diagram so if router one has two routes to the

so if router one has two routes to the

so if router one has two routes to the internet then it will choose the best

internet then it will choose the best

internet then it will choose the best one depending on the routing protocol

one depending on the routing protocol

one depending on the routing protocol unless you've changed the settings you

unless you've changed the settings you

unless you've changed the settings you can obviously manipulate things

can obviously manipulate things

can obviously manipulate things if rip has been used then it will choose

if rip has been used then it will choose

if rip has been used then it will choose a hop count and it will choose the

a hop count and it will choose the

a hop count and it will choose the lowest top count so it will be router 1

lowest top count so it will be router 1

lowest top count so it will be router 1 to router 3. even though it's

to router 3. even though it's

to router 3. even though it's 128k the link there

128k the link there

128k the link there if rspf is being used

if rspf is being used

if rspf is being used um then it will choose R2

um then it will choose R2

um then it will choose R2 that might not be correct actually if I

that might not be correct actually if I

that might not be correct actually if I look at the diagram

look at the diagram

look at the diagram you'd have to add up the um speed of the

you'd have to add up the um speed of the

you'd have to add up the um speed of the links but the speed between router 2 and

links but the speed between router 2 and

links but the speed between router 2 and router 3 is being put as 128k so um that

router 3 is being put as 128k so um that

router 3 is being put as 128k so um that isn't quite correct say you've got a one

isn't quite correct say you've got a one

isn't quite correct say you've got a one Meg link between router one and two and

Meg link between router one and two and

Meg link between router one and two and then two and three then ospf should

then two and three then ospf should

then two and three then ospf should choose the

choose the

choose the um that link even though it's more hops

um that link even though it's more hops

um that link even though it's more hops because it's only looking at the costs

because it's only looking at the costs

because it's only looking at the costs so Dynamic router protocol also allows a

so Dynamic router protocol also allows a

so Dynamic router protocol also allows a router to reroute around a fellow link

router to reroute around a fellow link

router to reroute around a fellow link and this is where the topology table

and this is where the topology table

and this is where the topology table will come in it will have a um ability

will come in it will have a um ability

will come in it will have a um ability or most advanced protocols do to have

or most advanced protocols do to have

or most advanced protocols do to have some backup routes in the topology table

some backup routes in the topology table

some backup routes in the topology table that will quickly take over

that will quickly take over

that will quickly take over uh physically connected networks routers

uh physically connected networks routers

uh physically connected networks routers interfaces physically connected to a

interfaces physically connected to a

interfaces physically connected to a network it obviously knows how to reach

network it obviously knows how to reach

network it obviously knows how to reach that Network

that Network

that Network since r1's interface is directly

since r1's interface is directly

since r1's interface is directly connected to these networks it already

connected to these networks it already

connected to these networks it already knows how to reach them

all right so we've covered routing just

all right so we've covered routing just

all right so we've covered routing just in an overview the routing table

in an overview the routing table

in an overview the routing table static routes an example of a static

static routes an example of a static

static routes an example of a static route autonomic routing protocols as an

route autonomic routing protocols as an

route autonomic routing protocols as an example and then physically connected

example and then physically connected

example and then physically connected Networks

Networks

Networks now your physically connected networks

now your physically connected networks

now your physically connected networks you don't have to advertise but

you don't have to advertise but

you don't have to advertise but obviously if you want traffic to be able

obviously if you want traffic to be able

obviously if you want traffic to be able to reach that Network then you're going

to reach that Network then you're going

to reach that Network then you're going to need to add a dynamic or static route

to need to add a dynamic or static route

to need to add a dynamic or static route but that's all for now thanks for

but that's all for now thanks for

but that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

local area networks Dynamic routing and

local area networks Dynamic routing and

local area networks Dynamic routing and protocols

protocols

protocols so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed

so in the previous module we discussed what a router is and how it functions

what a router is and how it functions

what a router is and how it functions and we discussed static routing which is

and we discussed static routing which is

and we discussed static routing which is the process of manually creating a

the process of manually creating a

the process of manually creating a routing table so in this module we're

routing table so in this module we're

routing table so in this module we're going to Define in more depth

going to Define in more depth

going to Define in more depth Dynamic routing which is what allows

Dynamic routing which is what allows

Dynamic routing which is what allows routing just like with DHCP and IP

routing just like with DHCP and IP

routing just like with DHCP and IP addresses to be dynamically up kept

addresses to be dynamically up kept

addresses to be dynamically up kept which is going to allow for

which is going to allow for

which is going to allow for a much more flexible Network now

a much more flexible Network now

a much more flexible Network now although this title of this entire

although this title of this entire

although this title of this entire lesson is local area networks in some

lesson is local area networks in some

lesson is local area networks in some ways we could extend this to wide area

ways we could extend this to wide area

ways we could extend this to wide area Networks so we're going to talk about

Networks so we're going to talk about

Networks so we're going to talk about Dynamic routing and then we're going to

Dynamic routing and then we're going to

Dynamic routing and then we're going to talk about two different types of

talk about two different types of

talk about two different types of dynamic routing these are distant vector

dynamic routing these are distant vector

dynamic routing these are distant vector and Link State now we sort of alluded to

and Link State now we sort of alluded to

and Link State now we sort of alluded to the difference between these in the

the difference between these in the

the difference between these in the previous module when I was discussing

previous module when I was discussing

previous module when I was discussing Hops and simply relying on the number of

Hops and simply relying on the number of

Hops and simply relying on the number of hops to get from one place to the other

hops to get from one place to the other

hops to get from one place to the other versus looking at for instance if one

versus looking at for instance if one

versus looking at for instance if one link was a dial-up or Broadband or if

link was a dial-up or Broadband or if

link was a dial-up or Broadband or if the link was even shut down completely

the link was even shut down completely

the link was even shut down completely and so there are two different types of

and so there are two different types of

and so there are two different types of protocol sets we're going to look at

protocol sets we're going to look at

protocol sets we're going to look at there are distant Vector protocols these

there are distant Vector protocols these

there are distant Vector protocols these are the protocols that allow distant

are the protocols that allow distant

are the protocols that allow distant Vector routing and then there are link

Vector routing and then there are link

Vector routing and then there are link State protocols you'll see them listed

State protocols you'll see them listed

State protocols you'll see them listed here and we'll talk about each one in

here and we'll talk about each one in

here and we'll talk about each one in depth and if the acronyms are already

depth and if the acronyms are already

depth and if the acronyms are already starting to freak you out don't worry

starting to freak you out don't worry

starting to freak you out don't worry about it what we want to do is just know

about it what we want to do is just know

about it what we want to do is just know which ones are distance vector and which

which ones are distance vector and which

which ones are distance vector and which ones are link state so as you can tell

ones are link state so as you can tell

ones are link state so as you can tell if you can remember that these two are

if you can remember that these two are

if you can remember that these two are link State you'll be fine for the

link State you'll be fine for the

link State you'll be fine for the network plus exam which again is

network plus exam which again is

network plus exam which again is multiple choice and will ask you to

multiple choice and will ask you to

multiple choice and will ask you to recognize it but we'll go over them in a

recognize it but we'll go over them in a

recognize it but we'll go over them in a little more depth than that

little more depth than that

little more depth than that so Dynamic routing uses a series of

so Dynamic routing uses a series of

so Dynamic routing uses a series of protocols to establish the routing table

protocols to establish the routing table

protocols to establish the routing table as opposed to the route add command all

as opposed to the route add command all

as opposed to the route add command all of the routers pass information about

of the routers pass information about

of the routers pass information about themselves along to the other routers

themselves along to the other routers

themselves along to the other routers and they use this information to

and they use this information to

and they use this information to establish a routing table based on

establish a routing table based on

establish a routing table based on certain specifics of the other routers

certain specifics of the other routers

certain specifics of the other routers now there are two different types of

now there are two different types of

now there are two different types of protocols that are used like I just

protocols that are used like I just

protocols that are used like I just mentioned there are the distance Vector

mentioned there are the distance Vector

mentioned there are the distance Vector protocols which in some ways are older

protocols which in some ways are older

protocols which in some ways are older and the link State protocols

and the link State protocols

and the link State protocols which are newer the reason being that

which are newer the reason being that

which are newer the reason being that distance vector

distance vector

distance vector looks just at the number of miles we

looks just at the number of miles we

looks just at the number of miles we have to travel and the link state

have to travel and the link state

have to travel and the link state also looks at the traffic so it can tell

also looks at the traffic so it can tell

also looks at the traffic so it can tell us if although we'll have to go further

us if although we'll have to go further

us if although we'll have to go further miles it's going to be quicker based on

miles it's going to be quicker based on

miles it's going to be quicker based on traffic just like our GPS system

traffic just like our GPS system

traffic just like our GPS system so

so

so let's talk about distance Vector first

let's talk about distance Vector first

let's talk about distance Vector first in distance Vector routing the routers

in distance Vector routing the routers

in distance Vector routing the routers on the network are only aware of the

on the network are only aware of the

on the network are only aware of the routers that they are directly connected

routers that they are directly connected

routers that they are directly connected to so if this is one router let's call

to so if this is one router let's call

to so if this is one router let's call this router one

this router one

this router one and there's a router two

and there's a router two

and there's a router two a router three

and a router four router 1 is only aware

and a router four router 1 is only aware

and a router four router 1 is only aware of routers two and three so these

of routers two and three so these

of routers two and three so these routers don't know anything about the

routers don't know anything about the

routers don't know anything about the rest of the routers on the network

rest of the routers on the network

rest of the routers on the network unless of course they're directly linked

unless of course they're directly linked

unless of course they're directly linked now they can share route information

now they can share route information

now they can share route information with these directly connected routers

with these directly connected routers

with these directly connected routers but the flow of communication is limited

but the flow of communication is limited

but the flow of communication is limited as a result the spaces between distance

as a result the spaces between distance

as a result the spaces between distance Vector routers are known as we just

Vector routers are known as we just

Vector routers are known as we just talked about this

talked about this

talked about this hops now each router along these paths

hops now each router along these paths

hops now each router along these paths represent a hop for example a network

represent a hop for example a network

represent a hop for example a network with a five distance Vector routers has

with a five distance Vector routers has

with a five distance Vector routers has four hops from the first to last router

four hops from the first to last router

four hops from the first to last router if we have one two three four five

if we have one two three four five

if we have one two three four five routers

routers

routers there's one two three

there's one two three

there's one two three four hops

four hops

four hops it's also important to notice that

it's also important to notice that

it's also important to notice that convergence that's the updating of all

convergence that's the updating of all

convergence that's the updating of all of the information to the router table

is going to take longer with this set of

is going to take longer with this set of

is going to take longer with this set of protocols than with link state which

protocols than with link state which

protocols than with link state which we'll look at in a second this is

we'll look at in a second this is

we'll look at in a second this is because the routers don't have the

because the routers don't have the

because the routers don't have the knowledge of the entire network so it

knowledge of the entire network so it

knowledge of the entire network so it takes longer for them to become aware of

takes longer for them to become aware of

takes longer for them to become aware of a change in the network

a change in the network

a change in the network so there are four main distance Vector

so there are four main distance Vector

so there are four main distance Vector protocols that are still in use today

protocols that are still in use today

protocols that are still in use today the first one is called the routing

the first one is called the routing

the first one is called the routing information protocol or rip

information protocol or rip

information protocol or rip routing information protocol version 2

routing information protocol version 2

routing information protocol version 2 there's the Border Gateway protocol or

there's the Border Gateway protocol or

there's the Border Gateway protocol or bgp and finally the enhanced interior

bgp and finally the enhanced interior

bgp and finally the enhanced interior Gateway routing protocol or eigrp you

Gateway routing protocol or eigrp you

Gateway routing protocol or eigrp you see how these two sort of have some

see how these two sort of have some

see how these two sort of have some similar

similar

similar names in them and these two are

names in them and these two are

names in them and these two are obviously related

obviously related

obviously related rip or routing information protocol is

rip or routing information protocol is

rip or routing information protocol is limited to only 15 hops

limited to only 15 hops

limited to only 15 hops originally it required the information

originally it required the information

originally it required the information that updated every 30 seconds

that updated every 30 seconds

that updated every 30 seconds and on a small Network this wouldn't

and on a small Network this wouldn't

and on a small Network this wouldn't have been a problem but if we're talking

have been a problem but if we're talking

have been a problem but if we're talking about a very large Network which is

about a very large Network which is

about a very large Network which is where networks went there was going to

where networks went there was going to

where networks went there was going to be a large amount of traffic being sent

be a large amount of traffic being sent

be a large amount of traffic being sent between routers at any one time and so

between routers at any one time and so

between routers at any one time and so this became not very useful because of

this became not very useful because of

this became not very useful because of speed and also the protocol itself was

speed and also the protocol itself was

speed and also the protocol itself was just not very secure and it was very

just not very secure and it was very

just not very secure and it was very vulnerable to attacks and it didn't

vulnerable to attacks and it didn't

vulnerable to attacks and it didn't support authentication of any sort now

support authentication of any sort now

support authentication of any sort now remember we want something like

remember we want something like

remember we want something like authentication which would be a username

authentication which would be a username

authentication which would be a username and a password so I can make sure the

and a password so I can make sure the

and a password so I can make sure the router contacted me is the one that I

router contacted me is the one that I

router contacted me is the one that I wanted to talk with so

wanted to talk with so

wanted to talk with so rip 2 came out and this featured

rip 2 came out and this featured

rip 2 came out and this featured authentication so it added it for better

authentication so it added it for better

authentication so it added it for better security

and it also was designed to reduce

and it also was designed to reduce

and it also was designed to reduce traffic flow

but it only supported 15 hops because it

but it only supported 15 hops because it

but it only supported 15 hops because it had to be backwards compatible with the

had to be backwards compatible with the

had to be backwards compatible with the previous version and since the previous

previous version and since the previous

previous version and since the previous version was only 15 hops so was this one

version was only 15 hops so was this one

version was only 15 hops so was this one so again not very useful for very large

so again not very useful for very large

so again not very useful for very large intense networks such as the internet

now bgp is often associated with the

now bgp is often associated with the

now bgp is often associated with the internet and the reason is because it

internet and the reason is because it

internet and the reason is because it can be used between internet gateway

can be used between internet gateway

can be used between internet gateway hosts as this name

hosts as this name

hosts as this name implies

implies

implies so it examines the routing table and

so it examines the routing table and

so it examines the routing table and decides what is the best route for data

decides what is the best route for data

decides what is the best route for data to travel based on the connections the

to travel based on the connections the

to travel based on the connections the distances and certain addresses

distances and certain addresses

distances and certain addresses now the enhanced interior Gateway

now the enhanced interior Gateway

now the enhanced interior Gateway routing protocol are eigrp draws upon

routing protocol are eigrp draws upon

routing protocol are eigrp draws upon information that its neighboring routers

information that its neighboring routers

information that its neighboring routers have

have

have so it would look at all the routers

so it would look at all the routers

so it would look at all the routers that it's a neighbor with now route is

that it's a neighbor with now route is

that it's a neighbor with now route is configured with eigrp would use that

configured with eigrp would use that

configured with eigrp would use that information to determine the best path

information to determine the best path

information to determine the best path for data all determined by what all

for data all determined by what all

for data all determined by what all these other routers know so that's one

these other routers know so that's one

these other routers know so that's one of the benefits is it went outside of

of the benefits is it went outside of

of the benefits is it went outside of itself

itself

itself so here's an example of basically

so here's an example of basically

so here's an example of basically distance Vector routing the router on

distance Vector routing the router on

distance Vector routing the router on the top left over here

the top left over here

the top left over here has no idea what's going on

has no idea what's going on

has no idea what's going on with the routers over here

with the routers over here

with the routers over here it can only make a routing table based

it can only make a routing table based

it can only make a routing table based on the routers it's connected to just

on the routers it's connected to just

on the routers it's connected to just like the one on the right can only make

like the one on the right can only make

like the one on the right can only make uh

uh

uh routing table based on the routers it's

routing table based on the routers it's

routing table based on the routers it's connected to

connected to

connected to therefore these two are unaware of each

therefore these two are unaware of each

therefore these two are unaware of each other's dis of each other's

other's dis of each other's

other's dis of each other's existence because they're not connected

existence because they're not connected

existence because they're not connected to each other

to each other

to each other now of course they can still communicate

now of course they can still communicate

now of course they can still communicate because there's probably a router some

because there's probably a router some

because there's probably a router some place that one of these is connected to

place that one of these is connected to

place that one of these is connected to that will connect them but you can see

that will connect them but you can see

that will connect them but you can see how this is going to make for a lot less

how this is going to make for a lot less

how this is going to make for a lot less efficient routing

so unlike those distance Vector routers

so unlike those distance Vector routers

so unlike those distance Vector routers routers configured with link State

routers configured with link State

routers configured with link State Protocols are aware of every other

Protocols are aware of every other

Protocols are aware of every other router on the entire network they use

router on the entire network they use

router on the entire network they use each other to build an enormous Network

each other to build an enormous Network

each other to build an enormous Network map

and then this network Mac is shared with

and then this network Mac is shared with

and then this network Mac is shared with each other unlike distance Vector link

each other unlike distance Vector link

each other unlike distance Vector link State routers will update with less

State routers will update with less

State routers will update with less frequency so there's less traffic on the

frequency so there's less traffic on the

frequency so there's less traffic on the network

now if a change in the Network's

now if a change in the Network's

now if a change in the Network's topography occurs then they

topography occurs then they

topography occurs then they automatically update with each other and

automatically update with each other and

automatically update with each other and share the map with each other so instead

share the map with each other so instead

share the map with each other so instead of Simply updating at a certain interval

of Simply updating at a certain interval

of Simply updating at a certain interval of time they're going to update whenever

of time they're going to update whenever

of time they're going to update whenever there's a change

there's a change

there's a change now though this seems like link state

now though this seems like link state

now though this seems like link state has a better set of protocols link State

has a better set of protocols link State

has a better set of protocols link State routers also require a more powerful

routers also require a more powerful

routers also require a more powerful system components such as better Ram

system components such as better Ram

system components such as better Ram cetera then distance vector and that's

cetera then distance vector and that's

cetera then distance vector and that's why we still see distance Vector used

why we still see distance Vector used

why we still see distance Vector used quite a bit in some cases we don't need

quite a bit in some cases we don't need

quite a bit in some cases we don't need link state

link state

link state so it offers quicker convergence

so it offers quicker convergence

so it offers quicker convergence as a result of this automatically

as a result of this automatically

as a result of this automatically updating but this also means it needs

updating but this also means it needs

updating but this also means it needs more power

more power

more power so there are two protocols I want to go

so there are two protocols I want to go

so there are two protocols I want to go over with this the first is

over with this the first is

over with this the first is the open shortest path first or ospf and

the open shortest path first or ospf and

the open shortest path first or ospf and the second is the intermediate system to

the second is the intermediate system to

the second is the intermediate system to intermediate system protocol these are

intermediate system protocol these are

intermediate system protocol these are really similar and they both use a

really similar and they both use a

really similar and they both use a shortest path algorithm

shortest path algorithm

shortest path algorithm to determine the shortest way for the

to determine the shortest way for the

to determine the shortest way for the data to travel however we're generally

data to travel however we're generally

data to travel however we're generally going to see this one the OS PF on

going to see this one the OS PF on

going to see this one the OS PF on medium networks and Isis

medium networks and Isis

medium networks and Isis on larger Networks

on larger Networks

on larger Networks another benefit of this is because it

another benefit of this is because it

another benefit of this is because it knows all of the routers on the network

knows all of the routers on the network

knows all of the routers on the network it doesn't just think about distance it

it doesn't just think about distance it

it doesn't just think about distance it also looks at what type of connections

also looks at what type of connections

also looks at what type of connections we have it looks at the state of the

we have it looks at the state of the

we have it looks at the state of the links and therefore it can make give you

links and therefore it can make give you

links and therefore it can make give you in some cases the best route available

in some cases the best route available

in some cases the best route available not just based on the number of hops but

not just based on the number of hops but

not just based on the number of hops but on a lot of different factors so here we

on a lot of different factors so here we

on a lot of different factors so here we can see what a link State protocol might

can see what a link State protocol might

can see what a link State protocol might look like the two different groups

look like the two different groups

look like the two different groups aren't connected directly however

aren't connected directly however

aren't connected directly however they're both aware of the entire network

they're both aware of the entire network

they're both aware of the entire network layout as you can see if we imagine that

layout as you can see if we imagine that

layout as you can see if we imagine that this was a map inside of the router and

this was a map inside of the router and

this was a map inside of the router and then they can then share that Network

then they can then share that Network

then they can then share that Network layout with all of their other routers

layout with all of their other routers

layout with all of their other routers in this way they create a massive

in this way they create a massive

in this way they create a massive Network

Network

Network and massive routing map on their Network

and massive routing map on their Network

and massive routing map on their Network and can communicate much more

and can communicate much more

and can communicate much more efficiently and quickly

efficiently and quickly

efficiently and quickly so we've just talked about Dynamic

so we've just talked about Dynamic

so we've just talked about Dynamic routing which means basically that the

routing which means basically that the

routing which means basically that the routers

routers

routers builds

their own network map

or routing table

or routing table

or routing table this is much more efficient than static

this is much more efficient than static

this is much more efficient than static routing we also compare distance Vector

routing we also compare distance Vector

routing we also compare distance Vector to link State again distance Vector is

to link State again distance Vector is

to link State again distance Vector is focused very much on Hops and isn't

focused very much on Hops and isn't

focused very much on Hops and isn't aware of all of the devices on the

aware of all of the devices on the

aware of all of the devices on the network only direct connections

link State on the other hand

link State on the other hand

link State on the other hand looks at other features

looks at other features

looks at other features so for instance traffic latency Etc

so for instance traffic latency Etc

so for instance traffic latency Etc and has a huge Network map

and has a huge Network map

and has a huge Network map of course the downside is that distance

of course the downside is that distance

of course the downside is that distance Vector is going to be a lot more

Vector is going to be a lot more

Vector is going to be a lot more efficient with the resources it has in

efficient with the resources it has in

efficient with the resources it has in the router than link state which

the router than link state which

the router than link state which requires uh perhaps better or more

requires uh perhaps better or more

requires uh perhaps better or more powerful system components

powerful system components

powerful system components we also finally talked about the

we also finally talked about the

we also finally talked about the different protocols rip rip version 2

different protocols rip rip version 2

different protocols rip rip version 2 bgp and eigrp were our disinspectors and

bgp and eigrp were our disinspectors and

bgp and eigrp were our disinspectors and our two link States again ospf is for

our two link States again ospf is for

our two link States again ospf is for medium Networks

medium Networks

medium Networks and Isis

and Isis

and Isis or Isis is for larger Networks

or Isis is for larger Networks

or Isis is for larger Networks we still see all of these used

we still see all of these used

we still see all of these used but these are newer

but these are newer

but these are newer perhaps a faster at convergence

although perhaps not the most ideal for

although perhaps not the most ideal for

although perhaps not the most ideal for our Network or necessary for the network

our Network or necessary for the network

our Network or necessary for the network we have

we have

we have so now that we've talked about switching

so now that we've talked about switching

so now that we've talked about switching and routing I want to talk about

and routing I want to talk about

and routing I want to talk about something which is a little not so much

something which is a little not so much

something which is a little not so much complex but allows for more organization

complex but allows for more organization

complex but allows for more organization within our Network which is called vlans

within our Network which is called vlans

within our Network which is called vlans or virtual lands

[Music]

welcome to module 8 lesson 4A igp and

welcome to module 8 lesson 4A igp and

welcome to module 8 lesson 4A igp and EGP

all right so we're going to look uh this

all right so we're going to look uh this

all right so we're going to look uh this is an overview really to put things in

is an overview really to put things in

is an overview really to put things in context a dynamic router protocols

context a dynamic router protocols

context a dynamic router protocols interior Gateway protocols autonomous

interior Gateway protocols autonomous

interior Gateway protocols autonomous systems

systems

systems bgp in brief obviously how the protocol

bgp in brief obviously how the protocol

bgp in brief obviously how the protocol works much

works much

works much so we can classify Dynamic writing

so we can classify Dynamic writing

so we can classify Dynamic writing protocols into interior uh and exterior

protocols into interior uh and exterior

protocols into interior uh and exterior the interior protocols these are the

the interior protocols these are the

the interior protocols these are the ones that we'll be using mostly As

ones that we'll be using mostly As

ones that we'll be using mostly As Network Engineers on a day-to-day basis

Network Engineers on a day-to-day basis

Network Engineers on a day-to-day basis unless we end up working for an ISP an

unless we end up working for an ISP an

unless we end up working for an ISP an internet service provider

internet service provider

internet service provider so in order to understand what we mean

so in order to understand what we mean

so in order to understand what we mean by the inside of a network we actually

by the inside of a network we actually

by the inside of a network we actually need to understand the term autonomous

need to understand the term autonomous

need to understand the term autonomous system which we generally shorten as an

system which we generally shorten as an

system which we generally shorten as an m2as

m2as

m2as so an AES is one or more networks that

so an AES is one or more networks that

so an AES is one or more networks that are governed by a single Administration

are governed by a single Administration

are governed by a single Administration so it could be a company Network or a

so it could be a company Network or a

so it could be a company Network or a large company Network and you can see

large company Network and you can see

large company Network and you can see here we have um three different asses

here we have um three different asses

here we have um three different asses now these as could actually all belong

now these as could actually all belong

now these as could actually all belong to the same company and inside you've

to the same company and inside you've

to the same company and inside you've got a different administrative domains

got a different administrative domains

got a different administrative domains for example the large Cloud as200 could

for example the large Cloud as200 could

for example the large Cloud as200 could all be running ospf and you could have

all be running ospf and you could have

all be running ospf and you could have bought a company on the top left there

bought a company on the top left there

bought a company on the top left there that um is running ergrp or just has a

that um is running ergrp or just has a

that um is running ergrp or just has a different set of administrative

different set of administrative

different set of administrative principle principles and roles in this

principle principles and roles in this

principle principles and roles in this particular example you can see as100 on

particular example you can see as100 on

particular example you can see as100 on the top left and as300 on the top right

the top left and as300 on the top right

the top left and as300 on the top right are actually isps

are actually isps

are actually isps these are internet service providers

these are internet service providers

these are internet service providers so

so

so um even though it says here that the as

um even though it says here that the as

um even though it says here that the as within is under the control of a single

within is under the control of a single

within is under the control of a single Authority you could have various teams

Authority you could have various teams

Authority you could have various teams managing different parts of the network

managing different parts of the network

managing different parts of the network however it's all under the same

however it's all under the same

however it's all under the same administrative control

as is actually defined in the one of the

as is actually defined in the one of the

as is actually defined in the one of the rfcs 1930 if you wanted to Google that

rfcs 1930 if you wanted to Google that

rfcs 1930 if you wanted to Google that but it'd probably be a fairly long and

but it'd probably be a fairly long and

but it'd probably be a fairly long and boring read I think

boring read I think

boring read I think according to the definition of the as

according to the definition of the as

according to the definition of the as it's a set of routers under a single

it's a set of routers under a single

it's a set of routers under a single technical Administration uses an igp

technical Administration uses an igp

technical Administration uses an igp interior Gateway protocol and common

interior Gateway protocol and common

interior Gateway protocol and common metrics to Route packets within the as

metrics to Route packets within the as

metrics to Route packets within the as you would you generally use an exterior

you would you generally use an exterior

you would you generally use an exterior Gateway protocol an EGP to Route package

Gateway protocol an EGP to Route package

Gateway protocol an EGP to Route package to other autonomous systems

The ROC says that the as a single and

The ROC says that the as a single and

The ROC says that the as a single and clearly defined routing policy which

clearly defined routing policy which

clearly defined routing policy which makes sense if your company is running

makes sense if your company is running

makes sense if your company is running the administration

the administration

the administration now routers within an AES use an igp

now routers within an AES use an igp

now routers within an AES use an igp which I've already said so here's um

which I've already said so here's um

which I've already said so here's um an image from Microsoft's tech net you

an image from Microsoft's tech net you

an image from Microsoft's tech net you can see there's two different autonomous

can see there's two different autonomous

can see there's two different autonomous systems here they're running an igp and

systems here they're running an igp and

systems here they're running an igp and is here we Gateway protocol doing all

is here we Gateway protocol doing all

is here we Gateway protocol doing all their ospf routing whatever they need to

their ospf routing whatever they need to

their ospf routing whatever they need to do and then in order to communicate with

do and then in order to communicate with

do and then in order to communicate with another autonomous system it's running

another autonomous system it's running

another autonomous system it's running in the EGP between the two border

in the EGP between the two border

in the EGP between the two border routers there

you can further and divide igps into

you can further and divide igps into

you can further and divide igps into distance Vector link state or hybrid

distance Vector link state or hybrid

distance Vector link state or hybrid some of the common ones are rip or rip

some of the common ones are rip or rip

some of the common ones are rip or rip version two

version two

version two ospf is an advanced writing protocol

ospf is an advanced writing protocol

ospf is an advanced writing protocol Isis

Isis

Isis ergrp is a hybrid which is uses parts of

ergrp is a hybrid which is uses parts of

ergrp is a hybrid which is uses parts of the distance vector and part of the link

the distance vector and part of the link

the distance vector and part of the link state igrp is um

state igrp is um

state igrp is um pretty redundant now to be honest it's

pretty redundant now to be honest it's

pretty redundant now to be honest it's not very rarely used because of its

not very rarely used because of its

not very rarely used because of its aging it's not very flexible at all

uh exterior Gateway protocol is a

uh exterior Gateway protocol is a

uh exterior Gateway protocol is a routing protocol used to route between a

routing protocol used to route between a

routing protocol used to route between a s's which we've already mentioned if

s's which we've already mentioned if

s's which we've already mentioned if you're going to route between autonomous

you're going to route between autonomous

you're going to route between autonomous systems it's referred to as inter as

systems it's referred to as inter as

systems it's referred to as inter as routing

routing

routing so an example is bgp which is mentioned

so an example is bgp which is mentioned

so an example is bgp which is mentioned in the syllabus is used for inter as

in the syllabus is used for inter as

in the syllabus is used for inter as routing so it's a route between

routing so it's a route between

routing so it's a route between as1 2 and 3 here we've got an exterior

as1 2 and 3 here we've got an exterior

as1 2 and 3 here we've got an exterior Gateway routing protocol there is

Gateway routing protocol there is

Gateway routing protocol there is actually a writing protocol called

actually a writing protocol called

actually a writing protocol called interior bgp which you can use to Route

interior bgp which you can use to Route

interior bgp which you can use to Route within an autonomous system and I think

within an autonomous system and I think

within an autonomous system and I think that's mentioned in the syllabus in any

that's mentioned in the syllabus in any

that's mentioned in the syllabus in any detail but um bgp is used to route

detail but um bgp is used to route

detail but um bgp is used to route between autonomous systems exterior bgp

between autonomous systems exterior bgp

between autonomous systems exterior bgp now each as is actually given a unique

now each as is actually given a unique

now each as is actually given a unique number you have to apply for these

number you have to apply for these

number you have to apply for these numbers to your service provider or your

numbers to your service provider or your

numbers to your service provider or your internet registry whoever that may be

and as I said I've already said this it

and as I said I've already said this it

and as I said I've already said this it needs to be a unique Asm

needs to be a unique Asm

needs to be a unique Asm and the ASN is a actually supplied by

and the ASN is a actually supplied by

and the ASN is a actually supplied by the internet assigned numbers Authority

the internet assigned numbers Authority

the internet assigned numbers Authority and they'll split the numbers between

and they'll split the numbers between

and they'll split the numbers between whoever governs the numbers within your

whoever governs the numbers within your

whoever governs the numbers within your country

country

country uh all organizations within the network

uh all organizations within the network

uh all organizations within the network don't need ASN the Network that has a

don't need ASN the Network that has a

don't need ASN the Network that has a single connection to an ISP and a single

single connection to an ISP and a single

single connection to an ISP and a single prefix

prefix

prefix which is a subnet mask doesn't need the

which is a subnet mask doesn't need the

which is a subnet mask doesn't need the ASM because the prefix of that network

ASM because the prefix of that network

ASM because the prefix of that network is managed by the internet service

is managed by the internet service

is managed by the internet service provider so you may not actually need to

provider so you may not actually need to

provider so you may not actually need to worry about any of the exterior routing

worry about any of the exterior routing

worry about any of the exterior routing you could be really low SPF all through

you could be really low SPF all through

you could be really low SPF all through your network send your traffic to your

your network send your traffic to your

your network send your traffic to your internet service provider and let that

internet service provider and let that

internet service provider and let that let them take care of any exterior

let them take care of any exterior

let them take care of any exterior routing

routing

routing bgp exterior Gateway protocol and it

bgp exterior Gateway protocol and it

bgp exterior Gateway protocol and it routes packets between the Asus which

routes packets between the Asus which

routes packets between the Asus which I've already said here is an example of

I've already said here is an example of

I've already said here is an example of some different ases and on the bottom

some different ases and on the bottom

some different ases and on the bottom you've got as1

you've got as1

you've got as1 which has the um prefix

which has the um prefix

which has the um prefix 192.020 and the subnet mask of Slash 24.

192.020 and the subnet mask of Slash 24.

192.020 and the subnet mask of Slash 24. 24 bits

24 bits

24 bits according to the RFC and bgp is an

according to the RFC and bgp is an

according to the RFC and bgp is an inter-autonomous system router protocol

inter-autonomous system router protocol

inter-autonomous system router protocol it actually uses TCP so it uses a

it actually uses TCP so it uses a

it actually uses TCP so it uses a reliable transport method as opposed to

reliable transport method as opposed to

reliable transport method as opposed to other protocols it listens on TC Port

other protocols it listens on TC Port

other protocols it listens on TC Port what TCP Port 179

what TCP Port 179

what TCP Port 179 and you can see we've caught a captured

and you can see we've caught a captured

and you can see we've caught a captured a bgp message with a a packet capture

a bgp message with a a packet capture

a bgp message with a a packet capture program looks like Wireshark there's an

program looks like Wireshark there's an

program looks like Wireshark there's an open message and you can see the

open message and you can see the

open message and you can see the destination Port there is 179 and it's

destination Port there is 179 and it's

destination Port there is 179 and it's using TCP

current version is four if you could

current version is four if you could

current version is four if you could look further down inside the bgp packet

look further down inside the bgp packet

look further down inside the bgp packet it says version four

it says version four

it says version four that's the current version in use today

all right so CompTIA they actually list

all right so CompTIA they actually list

all right so CompTIA they actually list it as a hybrid protocol I'm not sure why

it as a hybrid protocol I'm not sure why

it as a hybrid protocol I'm not sure why they do that

they do that

they do that it's a path Vector routing protocol

it's a path Vector routing protocol

it's a path Vector routing protocol so you can see the paths here as1 at the

so you can see the paths here as1 at the

so you can see the paths here as1 at the bottom is sending the nlris network

bottom is sending the nlris network

bottom is sending the nlris network layer reachability information I.E how

layer reachability information I.E how

layer reachability information I.E how to get to that particular Network and

to get to that particular Network and

to get to that particular Network and prefix

prefix

prefix router 3 appends its path which is as3

router 3 appends its path which is as3

router 3 appends its path which is as3 and then when the

and then when the

and then when the um

um

um network

network

network 192020 is sent to as5 it's appended with

192020 is sent to as5 it's appended with

192020 is sent to as5 it's appended with the paths four three and one

the paths four three and one

the paths four three and one as a reply is sent the different paths

as a reply is sent the different paths

as a reply is sent the different paths are removed so as4 will remove path four

are removed so as4 will remove path four

are removed so as4 will remove path four and send it to three we'll remove three

and send it to three we'll remove three

and send it to three we'll remove three and back over to one

all right so we've covered an overview

all right so we've covered an overview

all right so we've covered an overview of dynamic protocols interior routing

of dynamic protocols interior routing

of dynamic protocols interior routing protocols what an as is bgp that's all

protocols what an as is bgp that's all

protocols what an as is bgp that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

log into module 8 lesson 4B routing

log into module 8 lesson 4B routing

log into module 8 lesson 4B routing loops

loops

loops but look at what a writing loop is and

but look at what a writing loop is and

but look at what a writing loop is and distance Vector writing protocols

distance Vector writing protocols

distance Vector writing protocols splitter Eisen and poison reverse which

splitter Eisen and poison reverse which

splitter Eisen and poison reverse which are there a couple of the solutions to

are there a couple of the solutions to

are there a couple of the solutions to prevent

prevent

prevent routing loops on a network layer 3 loops

routing loops on a network layer 3 loops

routing loops on a network layer 3 loops so writing Loop is a network problem

so writing Loop is a network problem

so writing Loop is a network problem where a pucky gets routed between two or

where a pucky gets routed between two or

where a pucky gets routed between two or more routers endlessly

more routers endlessly

more routers endlessly now this is a different solution to

now this is a different solution to

now this is a different solution to layer 2 Loops where we have a spanning

layer 2 Loops where we have a spanning

layer 2 Loops where we have a spanning tree protocol

tree protocol

tree protocol and some Advanced versions of that that

and some Advanced versions of that that

and some Advanced versions of that that uh there to stop layer 2 packet

uh there to stop layer 2 packet

uh there to stop layer 2 packet circulated because Layer Two packets

circulated because Layer Two packets

circulated because Layer Two packets don't have a time to live value

don't have a time to live value

don't have a time to live value so this happens when the writing table

so this happens when the writing table

so this happens when the writing table has incorrect information

has incorrect information

has incorrect information as we know during the writing process

as we know during the writing process

as we know during the writing process routers forward packets to various

routers forward packets to various

routers forward packets to various destinations these are based on the

destinations these are based on the

destinations these are based on the entries in the routing table now if one

entries in the routing table now if one

entries in the routing table now if one of these entries is incorrect for

of these entries is incorrect for

of these entries is incorrect for example a network goes down

example a network goes down

example a network goes down then a routing Loop can occur so here's

then a routing Loop can occur so here's

then a routing Loop can occur so here's an example I'll go into more detail in a

an example I'll go into more detail in a

an example I'll go into more detail in a bit but for today's advertising

bit but for today's advertising

bit but for today's advertising 192.168.20 which advertises out of both

192.168.20 which advertises out of both

192.168.20 which advertises out of both interfaces there it goes to router BM

interfaces there it goes to router BM

interfaces there it goes to router BM router C both of which advertise to

router C both of which advertise to

router C both of which advertise to router a

router a

router a now rights array unfortunately has two

now rights array unfortunately has two

now rights array unfortunately has two ways to send the packet to router

ways to send the packet to router

ways to send the packet to router um or to to paths to see

um or to to paths to see

um or to to paths to see uh 192.16820 which isn't necessarily a

uh 192.16820 which isn't necessarily a

uh 192.16820 which isn't necessarily a problem however what router a does

problem however what router a does

problem however what router a does advertised the fact that it knows how to

advertised the fact that it knows how to

advertised the fact that it knows how to get to that Network to router C to

get to that Network to router C to

get to that Network to router C to router B which then forwards it to

router B which then forwards it to

router B which then forwards it to router D now router D is hearing from

router D now router D is hearing from

router D now router D is hearing from other routers that they know or they

other routers that they know or they

other routers that they know or they have a route to get to 192.1682.0

have a route to get to 192.1682.0

have a route to get to 192.1682.0 now if that Network goes down router d

now if that Network goes down router d

now if that Network goes down router d will be sending packets to that Network

will be sending packets to that Network

will be sending packets to that Network either to router C or router B because

either to router C or router B because

either to router C or router B because it's heard from those routers that it

it's heard from those routers that it

it's heard from those routers that it knows how to reach that Network

knows how to reach that Network

knows how to reach that Network so this is how our writing Loop can

so this is how our writing Loop can

so this is how our writing Loop can um cause havoc on your network

um cause havoc on your network

um cause havoc on your network so go go to a bit more detail with

so go go to a bit more detail with

so go go to a bit more detail with another example here obviously have a

another example here obviously have a

another example here obviously have a detrimental effect

detrimental effect

detrimental effect increases packet loss utilization of the

increases packet loss utilization of the

increases packet loss utilization of the links CPU utilization on your routers

links CPU utilization on your routers

links CPU utilization on your routers because it has to process

because it has to process

because it has to process every time the packet's received

every time the packet's received

every time the packet's received so in distance Vector protocols slow

so in distance Vector protocols slow

so in distance Vector protocols slow convergence causes routing Loops this is

convergence causes routing Loops this is

convergence causes routing Loops this is when other parts of the network are

when other parts of the network are

when other parts of the network are stabilizing their routing tables slower

stabilizing their routing tables slower

stabilizing their routing tables slower than other parts of the network

than other parts of the network

than other parts of the network any change in the network is updated in

any change in the network is updated in

any change in the network is updated in the writing tables

so during the process the routing tables

so during the process the routing tables

so during the process the routing tables have inconsistent entries due to slow

have inconsistent entries due to slow

have inconsistent entries due to slow convergence this could be due to

convergence this could be due to

convergence this could be due to bandwidth or pros and processing speeds

bandwidth or pros and processing speeds

bandwidth or pros and processing speeds on your router

on your router

on your router the network is said to have converged

the network is said to have converged

the network is said to have converged when all writing tables are consistent

when all writing tables are consistent

when all writing tables are consistent so this means every router's got the

so this means every router's got the

so this means every router's got the same picture of the network and they all

same picture of the network and they all

same picture of the network and they all agree on which networks are where

agree on which networks are where

agree on which networks are where so here we've got router C advertising

so here we've got router C advertising

so here we've got router C advertising the 1011 Network

the 1011 Network

the 1011 Network when the net was converged all routers

when the net was converged all routers

when the net was converged all routers will agree that that Network exists and

will agree that that Network exists and

will agree that that Network exists and they will agree on how to reach that

they will agree on how to reach that

they will agree on how to reach that Network so a will send it out of the

Network so a will send it out of the

Network so a will send it out of the right hand interface B out to the right

right hand interface B out to the right

right hand interface B out to the right hand interface and then C is directly

hand interface and then C is directly

hand interface and then C is directly connected

connected

connected now if this network goes down or the

now if this network goes down or the

now if this network goes down or the interface goes down

interface goes down

interface goes down relative c will remove that route to the

relative c will remove that route to the

relative c will remove that route to the network from his writing table but

network from his writing table but

network from his writing table but before this update is the center out to

before this update is the center out to

before this update is the center out to be

be

be router B sends a periodic update to

router B sends a periodic update to

router B sends a periodic update to router C saying it knows how to reach

router C saying it knows how to reach

router C saying it knows how to reach the 10110 Network

so this update makes for how to c think

so this update makes for how to c think

so this update makes for how to c think that router B has an alternative path to

that router B has an alternative path to

that router B has an alternative path to get there

get there

get there obviously through some of the series of

obviously through some of the series of

obviously through some of the series of routers it doesn't

routers it doesn't

routers it doesn't uh have a picture of the entire network

uh have a picture of the entire network

uh have a picture of the entire network and well it's got this directly

and well it's got this directly

and well it's got this directly connected Network and it believes what

connected Network and it believes what

connected Network and it believes what it has from other routers

it has from other routers

it has from other routers so it will mark this uh route to get to

so it will mark this uh route to get to

so it will mark this uh route to get to the 10110 Network as reachable through

the 10110 Network as reachable through

the 10110 Network as reachable through router B

a periodic update from RTC will contain

a periodic update from RTC will contain

a periodic update from RTC will contain that Network which we've already said

that Network which we've already said

that Network which we've already said router B assumes it knows how to reach

router B assumes it knows how to reach

router B assumes it knows how to reach that Network mentioned in the update

that Network mentioned in the update

that Network mentioned in the update now when router B receives a packet

now when router B receives a packet

now when router B receives a packet destined to the 10110 Network it will

destined to the 10110 Network it will

destined to the 10110 Network it will forward it to router C

when Route 60 receives the packet it

when Route 60 receives the packet it

when Route 60 receives the packet it sends it back to router B and this is

sends it back to router B and this is

sends it back to router B and this is where the loop is happening

where the loop is happening

where the loop is happening so unlike switching Loops the in writing

so unlike switching Loops the in writing

so unlike switching Loops the in writing like the packet will last until the time

like the packet will last until the time

like the packet will last until the time to live value which is TTL in the packet

to live value which is TTL in the packet

to live value which is TTL in the packet header reaches zero

header reaches zero

header reaches zero so you can see the time to live fields

so you can see the time to live fields

so you can see the time to live fields in this particular packet here which is

in this particular packet here which is

in this particular packet here which is a bgp packet capture

a bgp packet capture

a bgp packet capture once the time to live value reaches zero

once the time to live value reaches zero

once the time to live value reaches zero the routers then drop that packet

the routers then drop that packet

the routers then drop that packet and disinfected protocols we've got a

and disinfected protocols we've got a

and disinfected protocols we've got a couple of solutions

couple of solutions

couple of solutions splitterizing and poison reverse so this

splitterizing and poison reverse so this

splitterizing and poison reverse so this is split Horizon the rule is that if an

is split Horizon the rule is that if an

is split Horizon the rule is that if an interface learns a particular route it

interface learns a particular route it

interface learns a particular route it doesn't advertise that route back out of

doesn't advertise that route back out of

doesn't advertise that route back out of the same interface now this causes

the same interface now this causes

the same interface now this causes problems when you come to configure a

problems when you come to configure a

problems when you come to configure a hub and spoke Network and there's ways

hub and spoke Network and there's ways

hub and spoke Network and there's ways around it which we're not going to cover

around it which we're not going to cover

around it which we're not going to cover here with ergrp and ospf in particular

here with ergrp and ospf in particular

here with ergrp and ospf in particular you can change this rule or turn this

you can change this rule or turn this

you can change this rule or turn this rule off and set of ways to get around

rule off and set of ways to get around

rule off and set of ways to get around it so routing works

it so routing works

it so routing works so router a learns about rata C from

so router a learns about rata C from

so router a learns about rata C from router B what it won't do then is

router B what it won't do then is

router B what it won't do then is advertise the network back out of the

advertise the network back out of the

advertise the network back out of the same interface to router B because this

same interface to router B because this

same interface to router B because this would breach the split Horizon Rule and

would breach the split Horizon Rule and

would breach the split Horizon Rule and basically route and the networks

basically route and the networks

basically route and the networks attached to router C can be reached via

attached to router C can be reached via

attached to router C can be reached via B so it doesn't need to be re-advertised

B so it doesn't need to be re-advertised

B so it doesn't need to be re-advertised back to router B and cause confusion

back to router B and cause confusion

back to router B and cause confusion poison reverses a form of split Horizon

poison reverses a form of split Horizon

poison reverses a form of split Horizon it uses a method to use um known as

it uses a method to use um known as

it uses a method to use um known as route posing angle poison reverse it

route posing angle poison reverse it

route posing angle poison reverse it allows the router to set a distance to

allows the router to set a distance to

allows the router to set a distance to the network as Infinity this is for the

the network as Infinity this is for the

the network as Infinity this is for the um

um

um how many hops for example in rip

how many hops for example in rip

how many hops for example in rip this allows the network to converge so

this allows the network to converge so

this allows the network to converge so perhaps you've had some instability

perhaps you've had some instability

perhaps you've had some instability the network attached to router E network

the network attached to router E network

the network attached to router E network 5 has gone down so router e will quickly

5 has gone down so router e will quickly

5 has gone down so router e will quickly advertise that with an infinite distance

advertise that with an infinite distance

advertise that with an infinite distance which is known as rat poisoning

which is known as rat poisoning

which is known as rat poisoning so I've looked at Loops distance Vector

so I've looked at Loops distance Vector

so I've looked at Loops distance Vector routing protocols bit Horizon poison

routing protocols bit Horizon poison

routing protocols bit Horizon poison reverse that's all for now thanks for

reverse that's all for now thanks for

reverse that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] foreign

networks vlans and sohos

networks vlans and sohos

networks vlans and sohos so we finished talking about switching

so we finished talking about switching

so we finished talking about switching and routing how networks communicate

and routing how networks communicate

and routing how networks communicate with one another and so now we want to

with one another and so now we want to

with one another and so now we want to talk about two other terms that we see a

talk about two other terms that we see a

talk about two other terms that we see a lot when we talk about local area

lot when we talk about local area

lot when we talk about local area networks and they're important to know

networks and they're important to know

networks and they're important to know for the network plus exam

for the network plus exam

for the network plus exam the first is called VLAN or virtual

the first is called VLAN or virtual

the first is called VLAN or virtual local area network it has to do with

local area network it has to do with

local area network it has to do with segmenting a physical local area network

segmenting a physical local area network

segmenting a physical local area network into two or more virtual or logical

into two or more virtual or logical

into two or more virtual or logical local area networks and we're also going

local area networks and we're also going

local area networks and we're also going to discuss what they do and how we

to discuss what they do and how we

to discuss what they do and how we Define memberships in vlans since this

Define memberships in vlans since this

Define memberships in vlans since this is not a physical distinction but a

is not a physical distinction but a

is not a physical distinction but a logical one we're also going to discuss

logical one we're also going to discuss

logical one we're also going to discuss a Soho Network also called a small

a Soho Network also called a small

a Soho Network also called a small office home office Network we've

office home office Network we've

office home office Network we've probably seen this term in the past

probably seen this term in the past

probably seen this term in the past because we deal with it when we talk

because we deal with it when we talk

because we deal with it when we talk about Soho routers which are those

about Soho routers which are those

about Soho routers which are those routers like the d-links and the Linksys

routers like the d-links and the Linksys

routers like the d-links and the Linksys that you have at your home that allow

that you have at your home that allow

that you have at your home that allow you to get for instance wireless access

you to get for instance wireless access

you to get for instance wireless access although

although

although these provide many different things

these provide many different things

these provide many different things they're distinct from a regular router a

they're distinct from a regular router a

they're distinct from a regular router a Soho router because a regular router

Soho router because a regular router

Soho router because a regular router just does routing whereas a Soho router

just does routing whereas a Soho router

just does routing whereas a Soho router does several different things now that's

does several different things now that's

does several different things now that's an example of why a small office home

an example of why a small office home

an example of why a small office home office is so such an important term when

office is so such an important term when

office is so such an important term when it comes to network Plus

it comes to network Plus

it comes to network Plus so virtual local area networks or vlans

so virtual local area networks or vlans

so virtual local area networks or vlans are a type of local area network

are a type of local area network

are a type of local area network configuration they're actually somewhat

configuration they're actually somewhat

configuration they're actually somewhat of a misnomer though the word virtual is

of a misnomer though the word virtual is

of a misnomer though the word virtual is really the focus of the name they're

really the focus of the name they're

really the focus of the name they're really more segmented than virtual VLAN

really more segmented than virtual VLAN

really more segmented than virtual VLAN can be described or defined as a group

can be described or defined as a group

can be described or defined as a group of computers that are connected to one

of computers that are connected to one

of computers that are connected to one another although they function as though

another although they function as though

another although they function as though they are on different networks even

they are on different networks even

they are on different networks even though they sometimes aren't so the

though they sometimes aren't so the

though they sometimes aren't so the computers that are segmented together

computers that are segmented together

computers that are segmented together are usually ones that are in a same

are usually ones that are in a same

are usually ones that are in a same Department as the others for example we

Department as the others for example we

Department as the others for example we might have an office building with four

might have an office building with four

might have an office building with four floors

and the encounting employees could be on

and the encounting employees could be on

and the encounting employees could be on every floor

a VLAN would allow them to all be

a VLAN would allow them to all be

a VLAN would allow them to all be connected to one another

connected to one another

connected to one another even though they're really

even though they're really

even though they're really sort of sharing the network

sort of sharing the network

sort of sharing the network with every other department in other

with every other department in other

with every other department in other words

words

words if we had the accountants and then let's

if we had the accountants and then let's

if we had the accountants and then let's say the managers they would all be

say the managers they would all be

say the managers they would all be connected to the same physical Network

connected to the same physical Network

connected to the same physical Network in the building but we could segment

in the building but we could segment

in the building but we could segment them into separate virtual local area

them into separate virtual local area

them into separate virtual local area networks so that way they can

networks so that way they can

networks so that way they can communicate with one another and other

communicate with one another and other

communicate with one another and other folks can't communicate with them

folks can't communicate with them

folks can't communicate with them they would therefore think that they

they would therefore think that they

they would therefore think that they were connected physically to one another

were connected physically to one another

were connected physically to one another or all plugged into the same switch even

or all plugged into the same switch even

or all plugged into the same switch even though were you really using four

though were you really using four

though were you really using four different switches one for each floor

different switches one for each floor

different switches one for each floor now there's some very clear benefits to

now there's some very clear benefits to

now there's some very clear benefits to having VLAN set up

having VLAN set up

having VLAN set up first the security is increased this is

first the security is increased this is

first the security is increased this is because when we segment a network

because when we segment a network

because when we segment a network there are virtual boundaries and that

there are virtual boundaries and that

there are virtual boundaries and that makes attacking the entire network very

makes attacking the entire network very

makes attacking the entire network very unlikely it also makes sure that

unlikely it also makes sure that

unlikely it also makes sure that accounting people are going to have a

accounting people are going to have a

accounting people are going to have a harder time getting into the management

harder time getting into the management

harder time getting into the management people's information

people's information

people's information so again even though they're physically

so again even though they're physically

so again even though they're physically connected all the same we're giving them

connected all the same we're giving them

connected all the same we're giving them a virtual segmentation so that they are

a virtual segmentation so that they are

a virtual segmentation so that they are separate and therefore it's a slightly

separate and therefore it's a slightly

separate and therefore it's a slightly more secure

more secure

more secure they also increase the performance by

they also increase the performance by

they also increase the performance by freeing up bandwidth and reducing and

freeing up bandwidth and reducing and

freeing up bandwidth and reducing and splitting up traffic from the network if

splitting up traffic from the network if

splitting up traffic from the network if accounting for instance uses a lot of

accounting for instance uses a lot of

accounting for instance uses a lot of bandwidth and management doesn't well we

bandwidth and management doesn't well we

bandwidth and management doesn't well we don't want management to suffer because

don't want management to suffer because

don't want management to suffer because accounting is using QuickBooks and the

accounting is using QuickBooks and the

accounting is using QuickBooks and the servers so much therefore by segmenting

servers so much therefore by segmenting

servers so much therefore by segmenting it we can make sure all of the traffic

it we can make sure all of the traffic

it we can make sure all of the traffic that accounting is using is staying on

that accounting is using is staying on

that accounting is using is staying on their segment and management performance

their segment and management performance

their segment and management performance doesn't suffer as a result

doesn't suffer as a result

doesn't suffer as a result we can also group users that often

we can also group users that often

we can also group users that often communicate and share data and so this

communicate and share data and so this

communicate and share data and so this network becomes far more organized this

network becomes far more organized this

network becomes far more organized this is not just from security and

is not just from security and

is not just from security and performance perspectives organization is

performance perspectives organization is

performance perspectives organization is just from a logistical perspective as

just from a logistical perspective as

just from a logistical perspective as well I can put someone in a VLAN and

well I can put someone in a VLAN and

well I can put someone in a VLAN and automatically they're going to have all

automatically they're going to have all

automatically they're going to have all the benefits that come with being in

the benefits that come with being in

the benefits that come with being in that segmented area independent of their

that segmented area independent of their

that segmented area independent of their physical location

physical location

physical location finally it also makes the

finally it also makes the

finally it also makes the administrator's job a lot more easier

administrator's job a lot more easier

administrator's job a lot more easier because when everything is segmented up

because when everything is segmented up

because when everything is segmented up things become easier to deal with I

things become easier to deal with I

things become easier to deal with I don't have to create a specific set of

don't have to create a specific set of

don't have to create a specific set of policies or security for one individual

policies or security for one individual

policies or security for one individual when I can simply

when I can simply

when I can simply uh put them into a VLAN and let it all

uh put them into a VLAN and let it all

uh put them into a VLAN and let it all sort of work itself out

sort of work itself out

sort of work itself out so here's an example of what a VLAN

so here's an example of what a VLAN

so here's an example of what a VLAN might look like as you can see there are

might look like as you can see there are

might look like as you can see there are four floors to the building with

four floors to the building with

four floors to the building with computers on each of them and the

computers on each of them and the

computers on each of them and the computers are all connected to the same

computers are all connected to the same

computers are all connected to the same network I very much simplified this in

network I very much simplified this in

network I very much simplified this in fact we would probably have uh switch on

fact we would probably have uh switch on

fact we would probably have uh switch on every floor

every floor

every floor remember this would be called the idfs

remember this would be called the idfs

remember this would be called the idfs and then they would all come together

and then they would all come together

and then they would all come together like we see here in one Central MDF but

like we see here in one Central MDF but

like we see here in one Central MDF but for all intensive purposes they're all

for all intensive purposes they're all

for all intensive purposes they're all connected to the same physical Network

connected to the same physical Network

connected to the same physical Network however we only want the accounting

however we only want the accounting

however we only want the accounting employees to share data with themselves

employees to share data with themselves

employees to share data with themselves not with the graphic designers or the

not with the graphic designers or the

not with the graphic designers or the marketing folks and we want them to have

marketing folks and we want them to have

marketing folks and we want them to have their own segmented Network as well

their own segmented Network as well

their own segmented Network as well so with VLAN we can actually segment out

so with VLAN we can actually segment out

so with VLAN we can actually segment out the

the

the counting folks into their own virtual

counting folks into their own virtual

counting folks into their own virtual Network even though they're on the same

Network even though they're on the same

Network even though they're on the same physical Network

physical Network

physical Network the same could go for the graphic design

the same could go for the graphic design

the same could go for the graphic design folks and the marketing folks they're

folks and the marketing folks they're

folks and the marketing folks they're all split into segments with similar

all split into segments with similar

all split into segments with similar employees and we would actually give

employees and we would actually give

employees and we would actually give these vlans numbers for instance VLAN 1

these vlans numbers for instance VLAN 1

these vlans numbers for instance VLAN 1 2

2

2 and three

now there are three different ways that

now there are three different ways that

now there are three different ways that VLAN membership can be assigned a

VLAN membership can be assigned a

VLAN membership can be assigned a membership is a way that the device is

membership is a way that the device is

membership is a way that the device is assigned to that specific VLAN for

assigned to that specific VLAN for

assigned to that specific VLAN for instance the one two or three that we

instance the one two or three that we

instance the one two or three that we just mentioned the first method involves

just mentioned the first method involves

just mentioned the first method involves protocol-based vlans in this way

protocol-based vlans in this way

protocol-based vlans in this way computers are assigned to vlans using

computers are assigned to vlans using

computers are assigned to vlans using networking protocols that are in place

networking protocols that are in place

networking protocols that are in place such as the IP address the IP number is

such as the IP address the IP number is

such as the IP address the IP number is only used to determine the membership

only used to determine the membership

only used to determine the membership but has nothing to do with the routing

but has nothing to do with the routing

but has nothing to do with the routing of the VLAN Network so for instance we

of the VLAN Network so for instance we

of the VLAN Network so for instance we could say all IP addresses from 1 to 100

could say all IP addresses from 1 to 100

could say all IP addresses from 1 to 100 are on a specific VLAN and all the ones

are on a specific VLAN and all the ones

are on a specific VLAN and all the ones from 101 to 200 are in another

from 101 to 200 are in another

from 101 to 200 are in another another thing we can do is what's called

another thing we can do is what's called

another thing we can do is what's called Port based vlans

Port based vlans

Port based vlans this requires that ports on the network

this requires that ports on the network

this requires that ports on the network switch are assigned to specific vlans so

switch are assigned to specific vlans so

switch are assigned to specific vlans so as you saw previously we had uh

as you saw previously we had uh

as you saw previously we had uh accounting and marketing and Graphics

accounting and marketing and Graphics

accounting and marketing and Graphics all in sort of different

all in sort of different

all in sort of different um physical locations but they were all

um physical locations but they were all

um physical locations but they were all plugged up to a central switch

plugged up to a central switch

plugged up to a central switch so what we would say is for instance

so what we would say is for instance

so what we would say is for instance any computers plugged up to supports one

any computers plugged up to supports one

any computers plugged up to supports one through three are in VLAN one and the

through three are in VLAN one and the

through three are in VLAN one and the ports plugged up to four and five or in

ports plugged up to four and five or in

ports plugged up to four and five or in two and six and seven are three now

two and six and seven are three now

two and six and seven are three now remember a lot of switches can have

remember a lot of switches can have

remember a lot of switches can have perhaps 200 ports so this can get a

perhaps 200 ports so this can get a

perhaps 200 ports so this can get a little complex

finally there's mac address based vlans

finally there's mac address based vlans

finally there's mac address based vlans in this way you've heard of the physical

in this way you've heard of the physical

in this way you've heard of the physical address and when you know that we can

address and when you know that we can

address and when you know that we can use this to actually filter out

use this to actually filter out

use this to actually filter out um using a what's called an ACL or

um using a what's called an ACL or

um using a what's called an ACL or Access Control lists certain Mac

Access Control lists certain Mac

Access Control lists certain Mac addresses from a wireless access point

addresses from a wireless access point

addresses from a wireless access point well it works the same way with a VLAN

well it works the same way with a VLAN

well it works the same way with a VLAN depending on the Mac address of the

depending on the Mac address of the

depending on the Mac address of the computer that is being connected it will

computer that is being connected it will

computer that is being connected it will automatically place it into a specific

automatically place it into a specific

automatically place it into a specific VLAN of course the benefit with this is

VLAN of course the benefit with this is

VLAN of course the benefit with this is because the MAC address is the physical

because the MAC address is the physical

because the MAC address is the physical address of the computer and is always

address of the computer and is always

address of the computer and is always hardwired onto that computer

hardwired onto that computer

hardwired onto that computer I can move the computer into any

I can move the computer into any

I can move the computer into any different port and it can get any

different port and it can get any

different port and it can get any different IP address and it'll always

different IP address and it'll always

different IP address and it'll always remain in the same virtual local area

remain in the same virtual local area

remain in the same virtual local area network

now the other term we want to talk about

now the other term we want to talk about

now the other term we want to talk about is a Soho Network or a small office home

is a Soho Network or a small office home

is a Soho Network or a small office home office Network this is generally

office Network this is generally

office Network this is generally speaking as the name implies a smaller

speaking as the name implies a smaller

speaking as the name implies a smaller home office Network that serves between

home office Network that serves between

home office Network that serves between one to ten users on the network now you

one to ten users on the network now you

one to ten users on the network now you can have more users or less users

can have more users or less users

can have more users or less users although I guess you wouldn't have less

although I guess you wouldn't have less

although I guess you wouldn't have less users than one but generally speaking

users than one but generally speaking

users than one but generally speaking it's really going to designate a very

it's really going to designate a very

it's really going to designate a very small Network although they're smaller

small Network although they're smaller

small Network although they're smaller in physical size and generally smaller

in physical size and generally smaller

in physical size and generally smaller than the number of users they're going

than the number of users they're going

than the number of users they're going to accommodate the network in the same

to accommodate the network in the same

to accommodate the network in the same sort of way meaning we're going to use

sort of way meaning we're going to use

sort of way meaning we're going to use some of the same protocols and devices

some of the same protocols and devices

some of the same protocols and devices they're just going to be built

they're just going to be built

they're just going to be built differently because they don't need to

differently because they don't need to

differently because they don't need to be as powerful

be as powerful

be as powerful so for instance here is a small office

so for instance here is a small office

so for instance here is a small office home office Network you have two PCS in

home office Network you have two PCS in

home office Network you have two PCS in it perhaps I have one in the living room

it perhaps I have one in the living room

it perhaps I have one in the living room or one in the bedroom and one in my home

or one in the bedroom and one in my home

or one in the bedroom and one in my home office and maybe even we have a laptop

office and maybe even we have a laptop

office and maybe even we have a laptop as well

as well

as well so maybe we have three different

so maybe we have three different

so maybe we have three different computers ones for the kids one's for my

computers ones for the kids one's for my

computers ones for the kids one's for my wife and one's for me

wife and one's for me

wife and one's for me now

now

now we have what's called a small office

we have what's called a small office

we have what's called a small office home office router

home office router

home office router now it's called just a router to many of

now it's called just a router to many of

now it's called just a router to many of us but really this is a small office

us but really this is a small office

us but really this is a small office home office router because it does

home office router because it does

home office router because it does several things it has a built-in DHCP

several things it has a built-in DHCP

several things it has a built-in DHCP server

server

server for a lot of us it also is Wireless

for a lot of us it also is Wireless

for a lot of us it also is Wireless so it's a wireless access point or WAP

so it's a wireless access point or WAP

so it's a wireless access point or WAP it's also has uh plugs on the back so in

it's also has uh plugs on the back so in

it's also has uh plugs on the back so in some ways it acts as a switch for us

some ways it acts as a switch for us

some ways it acts as a switch for us although that's built into a router so

although that's built into a router so

although that's built into a router so I'm not going to write that separately

I'm not going to write that separately

I'm not going to write that separately it does something called Network address

it does something called Network address

it does something called Network address translation which allows the IP address

translation which allows the IP address

translation which allows the IP address coming from our internet service

coming from our internet service

coming from our internet service provider on our modem which might be

provider on our modem which might be

provider on our modem which might be let's say

126.43.17.3 to be shared among three

126.43.17.3 to be shared among three

126.43.17.3 to be shared among three different uh internal devices

different uh internal devices

different uh internal devices so that way when information comes in

so that way when information comes in

so that way when information comes in from the internet it knows which device

from the internet it knows which device

from the internet it knows which device to send it out to

to send it out to

to send it out to and also does a couple other things for

and also does a couple other things for

and also does a couple other things for instance it might have a firewall

instance it might have a firewall

instance it might have a firewall and to do some other stuff we've

and to do some other stuff we've

and to do some other stuff we've mentioned as well

mentioned as well

mentioned as well no matter and it might even allow for

no matter and it might even allow for

no matter and it might even allow for vlans actually

vlans actually

vlans actually but no matter you can see that this one

but no matter you can see that this one

but no matter you can see that this one device is taking on several devices that

device is taking on several devices that

device is taking on several devices that we've talked about previously

we've talked about previously

we've talked about previously this was your only uh experience with a

this was your only uh experience with a

this was your only uh experience with a router and you might think all routers

router and you might think all routers

router and you might think all routers operate this way in fact they don't we

operate this way in fact they don't we

operate this way in fact they don't we just call it a router because that's

just call it a router because that's

just call it a router because that's probably the most important function it

probably the most important function it

probably the most important function it does which allows us to get out to the

does which allows us to get out to the

does which allows us to get out to the network

network

network but there's not floors and floors and

but there's not floors and floors and

but there's not floors and floors and floors of stuff going on here and this

floors of stuff going on here and this

floors of stuff going on here and this router wouldn't do very well

router wouldn't do very well

router wouldn't do very well is because it's not built to if I tried

is because it's not built to if I tried

is because it's not built to if I tried plugging a hundred computers up to it so

plugging a hundred computers up to it so

plugging a hundred computers up to it so the real important thing here is as you

the real important thing here is as you

the real important thing here is as you go forward in your career you'll

go forward in your career you'll

go forward in your career you'll probably be seeing more and more of this

probably be seeing more and more of this

probably be seeing more and more of this and if you're going to be supporting

and if you're going to be supporting

and if you're going to be supporting homes or really small businesses then

homes or really small businesses then

homes or really small businesses then you want to know that perhaps they don't

you want to know that perhaps they don't

you want to know that perhaps they don't need a separate switch and router they

need a separate switch and router they

need a separate switch and router they just need one device that being said if

just need one device that being said if

just need one device that being said if a company is growing really fast perhaps

a company is growing really fast perhaps

a company is growing really fast perhaps they need to purchase a separate switch

they need to purchase a separate switch

they need to purchase a separate switch that then plugs into the router the

that then plugs into the router the

that then plugs into the router the switch therefore can help work with

switch therefore can help work with

switch therefore can help work with traffic internally of the network and

traffic internally of the network and

traffic internally of the network and the router will help get the information

the router will help get the information

the router will help get the information out onto the network

out onto the network

out onto the network but it's important again to realize that

but it's important again to realize that

but it's important again to realize that even though this is a small office home

even though this is a small office home

even though this is a small office home office or Soho that's not the area or

office or Soho that's not the area or

office or Soho that's not the area or the geographic location remember that's

the geographic location remember that's

the geographic location remember that's just the name of this type of network

just the name of this type of network

just the name of this type of network that it's going to have all the same

that it's going to have all the same

that it's going to have all the same principles apply it's just the devices

principles apply it's just the devices

principles apply it's just the devices might be smaller and less able to handle

might be smaller and less able to handle

might be smaller and less able to handle a lot of people

a lot of people

a lot of people so we've talked about uh virtual local

so we've talked about uh virtual local

so we've talked about uh virtual local area network which is basically

area network which is basically

area network which is basically segmenting

a lan or local area network into several

a lan or local area network into several

a lan or local area network into several logical partitions

logical partitions

logical partitions but physically everything is exactly the

but physically everything is exactly the

but physically everything is exactly the same

we talked about how we do the

we talked about how we do the

we talked about how we do the memberships for these we can do it based

memberships for these we can do it based

memberships for these we can do it based on the port it's plugged into

on the port it's plugged into

on the port it's plugged into we can also do it based on the Mac

we can also do it based on the Mac

we can also do it based on the Mac address

address

address or based on the protocol

or based on the protocol

or based on the protocol which in some ways would be linked to

which in some ways would be linked to

which in some ways would be linked to the IP address

the IP address

the IP address finally we talked about a Soho Network

finally we talked about a Soho Network

finally we talked about a Soho Network or small office home office Network

or small office home office Network

or small office home office Network which the real reason we want to know

which the real reason we want to know

which the real reason we want to know that is because the devices are going to

that is because the devices are going to

that is because the devices are going to be less powerful

be less powerful

be less powerful okay

okay

okay and they're going to sort of converge

and they're going to sort of converge

and they're going to sort of converge meaning that we're going to have a

meaning that we're going to have a

meaning that we're going to have a wireless access point that's also a

wireless access point that's also a

wireless access point that's also a router that's also a DHCP server whereas

router that's also a DHCP server whereas

router that's also a DHCP server whereas in a large Network we would separate all

in a large Network we would separate all

in a large Network we would separate all of this out

of this out

of this out so that's sort of

so that's sort of

so that's sort of finishes our discussion on local area

finishes our discussion on local area

finishes our discussion on local area networks and lands the next lesson is

networks and lands the next lesson is

networks and lands the next lesson is going to talk about wide area networks

going to talk about wide area networks

going to talk about wide area networks or wans which we've already talked about

or wans which we've already talked about

or wans which we've already talked about slightly when dealing with routing but

slightly when dealing with routing but

slightly when dealing with routing but we're going to talk about that in a bit

we're going to talk about that in a bit

we're going to talk about that in a bit more depth

more depth

more depth vlans and drugs

vlans and drugs

vlans and drugs we'll be doing some Labs on this as we

we'll be doing some Labs on this as we

we'll be doing some Labs on this as we go through the course so don't worry

go through the course so don't worry

go through the course so don't worry um if it doesn't sink in straight away

um if it doesn't sink in straight away

um if it doesn't sink in straight away a VLAN is a virtual local area network

a VLAN is a virtual local area network

a VLAN is a virtual local area network so it's not something you can see by

so it's not something you can see by

so it's not something you can see by physically looking at the network you'd

physically looking at the network you'd

physically looking at the network you'd have to look at the configuration of the

have to look at the configuration of the

have to look at the configuration of the switches

switches

switches it defines a broadcast domain in the

it defines a broadcast domain in the

it defines a broadcast domain in the layer 2 Network

layer 2 Network

layer 2 Network so just the same as

so just the same as

so just the same as local area network using the switch

local area network using the switch

local area network using the switch the switch will forward broadcasts

the switch will forward broadcasts

the switch will forward broadcasts however if you have two vlans on a

however if you have two vlans on a

however if you have two vlans on a switch for example the one on the top

switch for example the one on the top

switch for example the one on the top right diagram there

right diagram there

right diagram there the broadcast will stop as far as the

the broadcast will stop as far as the

the broadcast will stop as far as the VLAN reason is you need a layer 3 device

VLAN reason is you need a layer 3 device

VLAN reason is you need a layer 3 device which is normally a router in order to

which is normally a router in order to

which is normally a router in order to send information from one network to

send information from one network to

send information from one network to another so virtual local area network

another so virtual local area network

another so virtual local area network for all intents and purposes it follows

for all intents and purposes it follows

for all intents and purposes it follows the same rule as a normal Network or

the same rule as a normal Network or

the same rule as a normal Network or subnet

so you can separate broadcast domains

so you can separate broadcast domains

so you can separate broadcast domains even though it's on the same physical

even though it's on the same physical

even though it's on the same physical switch by configuring a layer 2.

a VLAN is a logical division of switch

a VLAN is a logical division of switch

a VLAN is a logical division of switch ports so if you had 20

ports so if you had 20

ports so if you had 20 switch ports physically on the switch

switch ports physically on the switch

switch ports physically on the switch you could in theory have 20 different

you could in theory have 20 different

you could in theory have 20 different um

um

um devices each in its own VLAN

devices each in its own VLAN

devices each in its own VLAN you need a router to pass packets

you need a router to pass packets

you need a router to pass packets between vlans some switches actually

between vlans some switches actually

between vlans some switches actually come with a

come with a

come with a a writing module that you can insert

a writing module that you can insert

a writing module that you can insert which is a bit beyond CCNA level to be

which is a bit beyond CCNA level to be

which is a bit beyond CCNA level to be honest just for your own information so

honest just for your own information so

honest just for your own information so vlans can spun multiple physical

vlans can spun multiple physical

vlans can spun multiple physical switches

switches

switches so we've got switch one two and three

so we've got switch one two and three

so we've got switch one two and three here and you can see we've got a couple

here and you can see we've got a couple

here and you can see we've got a couple of different vlans configured

of different vlans configured

of different vlans configured best to have all hosts in the same VLAN

best to have all hosts in the same VLAN

best to have all hosts in the same VLAN on the same subnet that's all really

on the same subnet that's all really

on the same subnet that's all really wanted to say on that particular subject

wanted to say on that particular subject

wanted to say on that particular subject but it's just the best

but it's just the best

but it's just the best um idea

um idea

um idea no need for a variety to communicate if

no need for a variety to communicate if

no need for a variety to communicate if all the devices are all on the same VLAN

some of the benefits or why would you

some of the benefits or why would you

some of the benefits or why would you bother logical separation just gives you

bother logical separation just gives you

bother logical separation just gives you better security

better security

better security helps with the broadcast issues if you

helps with the broadcast issues if you

helps with the broadcast issues if you do up on better utilization of your

do up on better utilization of your

do up on better utilization of your bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth Avila marking obviously it has to be

Avila marking obviously it has to be

Avila marking obviously it has to be some way if you're chopping your network

some way if you're chopping your network

some way if you're chopping your network into vlans for the VLAN to identify

into vlans for the VLAN to identify

into vlans for the VLAN to identify itself

itself

itself vendors use different approaches for

vendors use different approaches for

vendors use different approaches for example Cisco created ISL into switch

example Cisco created ISL into switch

example Cisco created ISL into switch link which is a proprietary for Cisco

link which is a proprietary for Cisco

link which is a proprietary for Cisco devices they've actually moved away from

devices they've actually moved away from

devices they've actually moved away from ISL now though many of their switches

ISL now though many of their switches

ISL now though many of their switches still support it and they moved on to

still support it and they moved on to

still support it and they moved on to IEEE standard 802.1q

IEEE standard 802.1q

IEEE standard 802.1q called frame tagging frame tagging

called frame tagging frame tagging

called frame tagging frame tagging inserts a 32-bit tag field into the

inserts a 32-bit tag field into the

inserts a 32-bit tag field into the original frame

original frame

original frame so concept of a native VLAN is something

so concept of a native VLAN is something

so concept of a native VLAN is something you should be familiar with as a Cisco

you should be familiar with as a Cisco

you should be familiar with as a Cisco engineer

engineer

engineer a native VLAN on Cisco devices certainly

a native VLAN on Cisco devices certainly

a native VLAN on Cisco devices certainly is all allocated to VLAN one by default

is all allocated to VLAN one by default

is all allocated to VLAN one by default all devices in a VLAN will be assigned

all devices in a VLAN will be assigned

all devices in a VLAN will be assigned to VLAN 1 unless you configure and then

to VLAN 1 unless you configure and then

to VLAN 1 unless you configure and then to be in a different VLAN

to be in a different VLAN

to be in a different VLAN so traffic on a VLAN on that on the

so traffic on a VLAN on that on the

so traffic on a VLAN on that on the native VLAN is not tagged it's not given

native VLAN is not tagged it's not given

native VLAN is not tagged it's not given the 802.1 Q tagging

the 802.1 Q tagging

the 802.1 Q tagging well the reason is it uh we have it is

well the reason is it uh we have it is

well the reason is it uh we have it is it allows the switch to communicate with

it allows the switch to communicate with

it allows the switch to communicate with the device that doesn't understand

the device that doesn't understand

the device that doesn't understand 802.1q

802.1q

802.1q it is a security risk which we'll cover

it is a security risk which we'll cover

it is a security risk which we'll cover later on

vlr membership so you can assign VLAN

vlr membership so you can assign VLAN

vlr membership so you can assign VLAN devices or ports to a VLAN statically as

devices or ports to a VLAN statically as

devices or ports to a VLAN statically as a network administrator

a network administrator

a network administrator it can be dynamic based upon device Mac

it can be dynamic based upon device Mac

it can be dynamic based upon device Mac address

address

address switch ports are assigned to vlans and

switch ports are assigned to vlans and

switch ports are assigned to vlans and then devices plug into the physical

then devices plug into the physical

then devices plug into the physical ports

ports

ports access ports connect to network hosts

a network hosts connect to access ports

a network hosts connect to access ports

a network hosts connect to access ports it works both way around that sentence

it works both way around that sentence

it works both way around that sentence if you want to connect to another switch

if you want to connect to another switch

if you want to connect to another switch and you're using multiple vlans then

and you're using multiple vlans then

and you're using multiple vlans then these connections are known as trunk

these connections are known as trunk

these connections are known as trunk ports

ports

ports so trunk ports uh will connect more than

so trunk ports uh will connect more than

so trunk ports uh will connect more than one VLAN which is connecting more than

one VLAN which is connecting more than

one VLAN which is connecting more than one VLAN together

so a special Port type carries data from

so a special Port type carries data from

so a special Port type carries data from multiple vlans it can use ISL although

multiple vlans it can use ISL although

multiple vlans it can use ISL although that's pretty much been depreciated now

that's pretty much been depreciated now

that's pretty much been depreciated now so you shouldn't be looking at it for

so you shouldn't be looking at it for

so you shouldn't be looking at it for the CISCO exams at least

the CISCO exams at least

the CISCO exams at least frame tag in is transparent to end hosts

frame tag in is transparent to end hosts

frame tag in is transparent to end hosts so the tag is attached by the switch

so the tag is attached by the switch

so the tag is attached by the switch sent to another switch and before it

sent to another switch and before it

sent to another switch and before it reaches the end hosts the tag is

reaches the end hosts the tag is

reaches the end hosts the tag is actually removed

actually removed

actually removed trunkport modes we can manually set the

trunkport modes we can manually set the

trunkport modes we can manually set the interface to trunk with the command

interface to trunk with the command

interface to trunk with the command switch Port mode trunk

switch Port mode trunk

switch Port mode trunk trunk modes include on which is manually

trunk modes include on which is manually

trunk modes include on which is manually set the interface to trunk off you can

set the interface to trunk off you can

set the interface to trunk off you can tell it to never become a trunk

tell it to never become a trunk

tell it to never become a trunk Auto silently wait for a request to

Auto silently wait for a request to

Auto silently wait for a request to become a trunk desirable which means

become a trunk desirable which means

become a trunk desirable which means actively seek to become a trunk or no

actively seek to become a trunk or no

actively seek to become a trunk or no negotiate you'll cover these commands

negotiate you'll cover these commands

negotiate you'll cover these commands in detail when you come to do the CCNA I

in detail when you come to do the CCNA I

in detail when you come to do the CCNA I probably won't be doing

probably won't be doing

probably won't be doing um

um

um covering these commands and how to

covering these commands and how to

covering these commands and how to configure them for the primer

configure them for the primer

configure them for the primer configuring a VLAN you need to manually

configuring a VLAN you need to manually

configuring a VLAN you need to manually add the ports to vlans

add the ports to vlans

add the ports to vlans and you need to set your ports to trunk

and you need to set your ports to trunk

and you need to set your ports to trunk so here's a configuration I've just done

so here's a configuration I've just done

so here's a configuration I've just done one side because the configuration is

one side because the configuration is

one side because the configuration is the same for both switches

the same for both switches

the same for both switches I've created VLAN 5 in config mode by

I've created VLAN 5 in config mode by

I've created VLAN 5 in config mode by typing VLAN 5.

typing VLAN 5.

typing VLAN 5. I've given it a name called RND so you

I've given it a name called RND so you

I've given it a name called RND so you can name your vlans it probably makes it

can name your vlans it probably makes it

can name your vlans it probably makes it easy for you to manage interface fast

easy for you to manage interface fast

easy for you to manage interface fast ethernet zero slash one I've created

ethernet zero slash one I've created

ethernet zero slash one I've created switch Port access VLAN 5. so this is

switch Port access VLAN 5. so this is

switch Port access VLAN 5. so this is telling the port that it's a switch Port

telling the port that it's a switch Port

telling the port that it's a switch Port layer 2 and it and the device is belongs

layer 2 and it and the device is belongs

layer 2 and it and the device is belongs to VLAN file that's connected to it

to VLAN file that's connected to it

to VLAN file that's connected to it I've gone on to my fast ethernet 0-15

I've gone on to my fast ethernet 0-15

I've gone on to my fast ethernet 0-15 switchboard trunk encapsulation.1q

switchboard trunk encapsulation.1q

switchboard trunk encapsulation.1q to tell it what encapsulation to use

to tell it what encapsulation to use

to tell it what encapsulation to use that won't work on a 2960 switch because

that won't work on a 2960 switch because

that won't work on a 2960 switch because 2960 will only recognize.monkey

2960 will only recognize.monkey

2960 will only recognize.monkey and I've told it to become a trump port

okay so you'll be labbing some of this

okay so you'll be labbing some of this

okay so you'll be labbing some of this up later on but for now that's the end

up later on but for now that's the end

up later on but for now that's the end thanks for listening

[Music]

wide area networks implementation and

wide area networks implementation and

wide area networks implementation and administration

administration

administration in the previous lesson we discussed

in the previous lesson we discussed

in the previous lesson we discussed local area networks or lands these were

local area networks or lands these were

local area networks or lands these were networks that were restricted to a

networks that were restricted to a

networks that were restricted to a specific single geographic location now

specific single geographic location now

specific single geographic location now in this lesson we're going to talk more

in this lesson we're going to talk more

in this lesson we're going to talk more about wide area networks or wans we're

about wide area networks or wans we're

about wide area networks or wans we're going to Define them and talk about how

going to Define them and talk about how

going to Define them and talk about how they compare to local area Networks

they compare to local area Networks

they compare to local area Networks so we're first going to define a Wan

so we're first going to define a Wan

so we're first going to define a Wan which we've talked about in general

which we've talked about in general

which we've talked about in general before and then we're going to identify

before and then we're going to identify

before and then we're going to identify some of the steps we would take to

some of the steps we would take to

some of the steps we would take to implement one uh specifically some of

implement one uh specifically some of

implement one uh specifically some of the things that make it different from a

the things that make it different from a

the things that make it different from a local area network or LAN

local area network or LAN

local area network or LAN finally we want to identify some of the

finally we want to identify some of the

finally we want to identify some of the administrative tasks that go along with

administrative tasks that go along with

administrative tasks that go along with or that challenge us as Wan

or that challenge us as Wan

or that challenge us as Wan administrators specifically backup and

administrators specifically backup and

administrators specifically backup and security

security

security so a Wan is a wide area network and

so a Wan is a wide area network and

so a Wan is a wide area network and though it functions very similarly to a

though it functions very similarly to a

though it functions very similarly to a lan it is different in that it's the way

lan it is different in that it's the way

lan it is different in that it's the way it's set up and the way it's connected

it's set up and the way it's connected

it's set up and the way it's connected when is uh Network that's not restricted

when is uh Network that's not restricted

when is uh Network that's not restricted to a single geographic location like a

to a single geographic location like a

to a single geographic location like a lan in fact it's often made up of

lan in fact it's often made up of

lan in fact it's often made up of multiple lands all linked into one big

multiple lands all linked into one big

multiple lands all linked into one big win and these lands can be across town

win and these lands can be across town

win and these lands can be across town from each other or even across the globe

from each other or even across the globe

from each other or even across the globe now we've talked about some other terms

now we've talked about some other terms

now we've talked about some other terms for instance can like a campus area

for instance can like a campus area

for instance can like a campus area network or city area network and a man

network or city area network and a man

network or city area network and a man or a metropolitan area network but all

or a metropolitan area network but all

or a metropolitan area network but all of these could be in some way shape or

of these could be in some way shape or

of these could be in some way shape or form are considered a Wan and of course

form are considered a Wan and of course

form are considered a Wan and of course the biggest win that's out there is the

the biggest win that's out there is the

the biggest win that's out there is the internet

internet

internet usually referred to as the cloud because

usually referred to as the cloud because

usually referred to as the cloud because on network diagrams a cloud is used to

on network diagrams a cloud is used to

on network diagrams a cloud is used to represent it

represent it

represent it now because of this Geographic distance

now because of this Geographic distance

now because of this Geographic distance lands are generally slower than lands

lands are generally slower than lands

lands are generally slower than lands because they have to as it makes sense

because they have to as it makes sense

because they have to as it makes sense travel a longer distance to deliver data

travel a longer distance to deliver data

travel a longer distance to deliver data just like if I sent a letter

just like if I sent a letter

just like if I sent a letter internationally it's going to take

internationally it's going to take

internationally it's going to take longer to get there than one across town

longer to get there than one across town

longer to get there than one across town or even across the country that being

or even across the country that being

or even across the country that being said newer Technologies such as fiber

said newer Technologies such as fiber

said newer Technologies such as fiber optics and etc etc are making Wan

optics and etc etc are making Wan

optics and etc etc are making Wan connections faster and therefore are

connections faster and therefore are

connections faster and therefore are connecting parts of the globe that have

connecting parts of the globe that have

connecting parts of the globe that have never really been connected before

never really been connected before

never really been connected before so here's an example of what a wide area

so here's an example of what a wide area

so here's an example of what a wide area network might look like let's say for

network might look like let's say for

network might look like let's say for example that a company had two branches

example that a company had two branches

example that a company had two branches one in New York

one in New York

one in New York and the one in Houston each of the

and the one in Houston each of the

and the one in Houston each of the branches has their own local area

branches has their own local area

branches has their own local area network

network

network here the one in New York and the one in

here the one in New York and the one in

here the one in New York and the one in Houston obviously these are simplified

Houston obviously these are simplified

Houston obviously these are simplified so imagine that instead of just two PCS

so imagine that instead of just two PCS

so imagine that instead of just two PCS on each there are maybe five thousand

on each there are maybe five thousand

on each there are maybe five thousand and instead of just one server maybe

and instead of just one server maybe

and instead of just one server maybe there are 20. but they each have their

there are 20. but they each have their

there are 20. but they each have their own switch to talk locally to one

own switch to talk locally to one

own switch to talk locally to one another through Mac addresses

another through Mac addresses

another through Mac addresses then there's a router on the edge of

then there's a router on the edge of

then there's a router on the edge of each Network that connects it out to the

each Network that connects it out to the

each Network that connects it out to the WAN or the internet

WAN or the internet

WAN or the internet of course the WAN if configured

of course the WAN if configured

of course the WAN if configured correctly can also connect these two

correctly can also connect these two

correctly can also connect these two lands as though they seem like they're

lands as though they seem like they're

lands as though they seem like they're in the same location just like their

in the same location just like their

in the same location just like their next door now we could set up our own

next door now we could set up our own

next door now we could set up our own Wan in other words we could have our own

Wan in other words we could have our own

Wan in other words we could have our own cables and wires running through uh from

cables and wires running through uh from

cables and wires running through uh from New York to Houston and that's going to

New York to Houston and that's going to

New York to Houston and that's going to get really expensive and so we've come

get really expensive and so we've come

get really expensive and so we've come up with Technologies to use the existing

up with Technologies to use the existing

up with Technologies to use the existing Wan that's out there I.E the internet

Wan that's out there I.E the internet

Wan that's out there I.E the internet in order to create secure connections

in order to create secure connections

in order to create secure connections between two locations without having to

between two locations without having to

between two locations without having to actually physically lay our own chords

actually physically lay our own chords

actually physically lay our own chords however the idea is the same we connect

however the idea is the same we connect

however the idea is the same we connect two lands through a Wan

two lands through a Wan

two lands through a Wan and this allows users in both locations

and this allows users in both locations

and this allows users in both locations to share data easily

to share data easily

to share data easily a great example of how this is deployed

a great example of how this is deployed

a great example of how this is deployed worldwide would be Banks or for instance

worldwide would be Banks or for instance

worldwide would be Banks or for instance American Express or chase

American Express or chase

American Express or chase you can buy something with your American

you can buy something with your American

you can buy something with your American Express card just about anywhere in the

Express card just about anywhere in the

Express card just about anywhere in the world and it still takes the money out

world and it still takes the money out

world and it still takes the money out of your bank or puts it onto your

of your bank or puts it onto your

of your bank or puts it onto your account almost instantaneously

account almost instantaneously

account almost instantaneously now the process of establishing a wide

now the process of establishing a wide

now the process of establishing a wide area network is really it can be quite

area network is really it can be quite

area network is really it can be quite complicated although it's gotten more

complicated although it's gotten more

complicated although it's gotten more and more simplified over the years so

and more simplified over the years so

and more simplified over the years so I'm just going to go over some of the

I'm just going to go over some of the

I'm just going to go over some of the basic steps and do it in a really

basic steps and do it in a really

basic steps and do it in a really simplified manner uh basically what you

simplified manner uh basically what you

simplified manner uh basically what you need to understand for Network plus a

need to understand for Network plus a

need to understand for Network plus a good way to start with the Implement

good way to start with the Implement

good way to start with the Implement implementation process to set up what we

implementation process to set up what we

implementation process to set up what we call a VPN or a virtual

call a VPN or a virtual

call a VPN or a virtual private

private

private Network so the name implies it's not

Network so the name implies it's not

Network so the name implies it's not actually a private Network that would be

actually a private Network that would be

actually a private Network that would be one in which I actually have a cord

one in which I actually have a cord

one in which I actually have a cord stretched across the country connecting

stretched across the country connecting

stretched across the country connecting one computer to another rather this is a

one computer to another rather this is a

one computer to another rather this is a virtual private Network

virtual private Network

virtual private Network so this is a type of Wan and what it

so this is a type of Wan and what it

so this is a type of Wan and what it does is it actually allows us

does is it actually allows us

does is it actually allows us to use the public Wan the internet and

to use the public Wan the internet and

to use the public Wan the internet and create a tunnel through it

create a tunnel through it

create a tunnel through it called a virtual private Network that

called a virtual private Network that

called a virtual private Network that then makes it seem like the two

then makes it seem like the two

then makes it seem like the two locations are right there next to each

locations are right there next to each

locations are right there next to each other the benefit of a VPN is that it

other the benefit of a VPN is that it

other the benefit of a VPN is that it makes it secure

makes it secure

makes it secure so once you basically install the

so once you basically install the

so once you basically install the settings you need to put in some

settings you need to put in some

settings you need to put in some administrative policies and rules so not

administrative policies and rules so not

administrative policies and rules so not just anyone can tap into your tunnel

just anyone can tap into your tunnel

just anyone can tap into your tunnel otherwise it wouldn't be very secure and

otherwise it wouldn't be very secure and

otherwise it wouldn't be very secure and there wouldn't be any point we also need

there wouldn't be any point we also need

there wouldn't be any point we also need to select certain users who are going to

to select certain users who are going to

to select certain users who are going to be able to get access to it and how we

be able to get access to it and how we

be able to get access to it and how we want to allow them to have these remote

want to allow them to have these remote

want to allow them to have these remote capabilities we'll talk about a VPN in a

capabilities we'll talk about a VPN in a

capabilities we'll talk about a VPN in a bit more detail and we've talked about

bit more detail and we've talked about

bit more detail and we've talked about it a bit in the past

it a bit in the past

it a bit in the past finally we have to add the user accounts

finally we have to add the user accounts

finally we have to add the user accounts to our local networks

to our local networks

to our local networks so that then they can communicate

so that then they can communicate

so that then they can communicate throughout uh the Wan

throughout uh the Wan

throughout uh the Wan this can be configured using either IP

this can be configured using either IP

this can be configured using either IP addresses or Mac addresses or domain

addresses or Mac addresses or domain

addresses or Mac addresses or domain names so just to go back over that again

names so just to go back over that again

names so just to go back over that again I create the VPN I give access to the

I create the VPN I give access to the

I create the VPN I give access to the users and then I connect those users to

users and then I connect those users to

users and then I connect those users to the network perhaps I connect them to

the network perhaps I connect them to

the network perhaps I connect them to the network from home perhaps from their

the network from home perhaps from their

the network from home perhaps from their own internet access at home or their own

own internet access at home or their own

own internet access at home or their own internet router but in some way I have

internet router but in some way I have

internet router but in some way I have to give them access and that generally

to give them access and that generally

to give them access and that generally involves some sort of special software

involves some sort of special software

involves some sort of special software or device and some sort of

or device and some sort of

or device and some sort of authentication such as a password or pin

authentication such as a password or pin

authentication such as a password or pin number

number

number now being the administrator for Awan can

now being the administrator for Awan can

now being the administrator for Awan can actually be pretty demanding because

actually be pretty demanding because

actually be pretty demanding because it's not restricted to a single location

it's not restricted to a single location

it's not restricted to a single location the job involves a lot more than being a

the job involves a lot more than being a

the job involves a lot more than being a land administrator because you might

land administrator because you might

land administrator because you might have a land that's all in New York but

have a land that's all in New York but

have a land that's all in New York but if I have a win I could have offices all

if I have a win I could have offices all

if I have a win I could have offices all over the world so the main tasks though

over the world so the main tasks though

over the world so the main tasks though are still the same they're just

are still the same they're just

are still the same they're just generally on a much larger scale in fact

generally on a much larger scale in fact

generally on a much larger scale in fact almost every task that both

almost every task that both

almost every task that both administrators would share is just

administrators would share is just

administrators would share is just larger in scale and just a little more

larger in scale and just a little more

larger in scale and just a little more difficult for the wan to admin

difficult for the wan to admin

difficult for the wan to admin so backups are just as important on a

so backups are just as important on a

so backups are just as important on a Wan as they are in a land if not more so

Wan as they are in a land if not more so

Wan as they are in a land if not more so because data loss of any kind is

because data loss of any kind is

because data loss of any kind is something that needs to be avoided it's

something that needs to be avoided it's

something that needs to be avoided it's the way an admin's job to be in charge

the way an admin's job to be in charge

the way an admin's job to be in charge of backups for the entire wide area

of backups for the entire wide area

of backups for the entire wide area network and make sure that everything

network and make sure that everything

network and make sure that everything goes well the actual process of backing

goes well the actual process of backing

goes well the actual process of backing up everything is virtually identical on

up everything is virtually identical on

up everything is virtually identical on both networks however with Wan it's much

both networks however with Wan it's much

both networks however with Wan it's much more difficult because as we said before

more difficult because as we said before

more difficult because as we said before lands span over two or more physical

lands span over two or more physical

lands span over two or more physical locations geographically and are

locations geographically and are

locations geographically and are grouping Lan networks together so we

grouping Lan networks together so we

grouping Lan networks together so we need to not only back up stuff at the

need to not only back up stuff at the

need to not only back up stuff at the individual Land locations but then we

individual Land locations but then we

individual Land locations but then we need to put all that together into one

need to put all that together into one

need to put all that together into one big huge backup of course one of the

big huge backup of course one of the

big huge backup of course one of the main differences we mentioned at the

main differences we mentioned at the

main differences we mentioned at the outset is speed and so when we're trying

outset is speed and so when we're trying

outset is speed and so when we're trying to back stuff up to a wan to the

to back stuff up to a wan to the

to back stuff up to a wan to the internet

internet

internet speed becomes an issue I can back

speed becomes an issue I can back

speed becomes an issue I can back something up really quickly if I plug it

something up really quickly if I plug it

something up really quickly if I plug it into the computer when I start going

into the computer when I start going

into the computer when I start going over the network that's a little slower

over the network that's a little slower

over the network that's a little slower and then when I start going over a Wan

and then when I start going over a Wan

and then when I start going over a Wan it's going to get a little bit slower

it's going to get a little bit slower

it's going to get a little bit slower too so full backups can take days

too so full backups can take days

too so full backups can take days depending on the size of the WAN and

depending on the size of the WAN and

depending on the size of the WAN and obviously the issue with that is if it

obviously the issue with that is if it

obviously the issue with that is if it takes days for me to back something up

takes days for me to back something up

takes days for me to back something up and I'm working on it then by the time

and I'm working on it then by the time

and I'm working on it then by the time it's backed up it's actually hasn't

it's backed up it's actually hasn't

it's backed up it's actually hasn't gotten the backup at all and so we have

gotten the backup at all and so we have

gotten the backup at all and so we have to deal with all sorts of stuff when

to deal with all sorts of stuff when

to deal with all sorts of stuff when we're doing this

we're doing this

we're doing this so as you can see here I generally might

so as you can see here I generally might

so as you can see here I generally might have some sort of off-site

have some sort of off-site

have some sort of off-site backup area that all the data would sort

backup area that all the data would sort

backup area that all the data would sort of Route into sometimes what we'll do is

of Route into sometimes what we'll do is

of Route into sometimes what we'll do is we'll actually back stuff onto a local

we'll actually back stuff onto a local

we'll actually back stuff onto a local backup

backup

backup and then the local backup will be backed

and then the local backup will be backed

and then the local backup will be backed up to a cloud backup or a Wan backup

up to a cloud backup or a Wan backup

up to a cloud backup or a Wan backup so we have to deal with space issues and

so we have to deal with space issues and

so we have to deal with space issues and we also have to deal with speed issues

we also have to deal with speed issues

we also have to deal with speed issues now when it comes to backups as you can

now when it comes to backups as you can

now when it comes to backups as you can imagine that's some pretty important

imagine that's some pretty important

imagine that's some pretty important data that's flying over the network and

data that's flying over the network and

data that's flying over the network and so I also need to make sure not only my

so I also need to make sure not only my

so I also need to make sure not only my backups but my entire network are secure

backups but my entire network are secure

backups but my entire network are secure and this is a massive job for the

and this is a massive job for the

and this is a massive job for the administrator of Rowan in fact generally

administrator of Rowan in fact generally

administrator of Rowan in fact generally when administrators don't do this they

when administrators don't do this they

when administrators don't do this they hire someone else to specifically focus

hire someone else to specifically focus

hire someone else to specifically focus on security again the big difference

on security again the big difference

on security again the big difference with Wan is that the network is not

with Wan is that the network is not

with Wan is that the network is not limited to a single location so there

limited to a single location so there

limited to a single location so there are many more points for Access for

are many more points for Access for

are many more points for Access for people who might have nefarious uh

people who might have nefarious uh

people who might have nefarious uh purposes to get into our Network

purposes to get into our Network

purposes to get into our Network this means the administrators not only

this means the administrators not only

this means the administrators not only controlling the security at each

controlling the security at each

controlling the security at each physical location but also the security

physical location but also the security

physical location but also the security of the entire network as a whole

of the entire network as a whole

of the entire network as a whole theoretically if an attacker were to

theoretically if an attacker were to

theoretically if an attacker were to infiltrate one of the lands it could

infiltrate one of the lands it could

infiltrate one of the lands it could infect the rest of the WAN so we have to

infect the rest of the WAN so we have to

infect the rest of the WAN so we have to have a lot of fault sort of safety

have a lot of fault sort of safety

have a lot of fault sort of safety measures in there as well it makes our

measures in there as well it makes our

measures in there as well it makes our job really difficult and we not only

job really difficult and we not only

job really difficult and we not only have to spread against these attacks but

have to spread against these attacks but

have to spread against these attacks but also the spread of attacks if one site

also the spread of attacks if one site

also the spread of attacks if one site gets infiltrated well I can't do

gets infiltrated well I can't do

gets infiltrated well I can't do anything about that at that point but I

anything about that at that point but I

anything about that at that point but I want to make sure all my other sites

want to make sure all my other sites

want to make sure all my other sites don't get infiltrated as well

don't get infiltrated as well

don't get infiltrated as well so here we see the same wind from

so here we see the same wind from

so here we see the same wind from earlier but unfortunately a virus has

earlier but unfortunately a virus has

earlier but unfortunately a virus has been sent by a hacker and it's making

been sent by a hacker and it's making

been sent by a hacker and it's making its way through the wan to the other

its way through the wan to the other

its way through the wan to the other land this is an example of something an

land this is an example of something an

land this is an example of something an admin would have to be diligent about in

admin would have to be diligent about in

admin would have to be diligent about in some ways what we want to do is create

some ways what we want to do is create

some ways what we want to do is create some sort of wall here so that way the

some sort of wall here so that way the

some sort of wall here so that way the virus or the logic bomb in this case

virus or the logic bomb in this case

virus or the logic bomb in this case couldn't make its way over and just got

couldn't make its way over and just got

couldn't make its way over and just got stuck and stayed in Houston while it's

stuck and stayed in Houston while it's

stuck and stayed in Houston while it's still a pretty bad scenario at least New

still a pretty bad scenario at least New

still a pretty bad scenario at least New York hasn't gotten infected

York hasn't gotten infected

York hasn't gotten infected so in this module I really briefly

so in this module I really briefly

so in this module I really briefly talked about a Wan or a wide area

talked about a Wan or a wide area

talked about a Wan or a wide area network

network

network remember a Wan is comprised of several

remember a Wan is comprised of several

remember a Wan is comprised of several lands that are connected

lands that are connected

lands that are connected over a geographic area

over a geographic area

over a geographic area in some cases we're going to connect

in some cases we're going to connect

in some cases we're going to connect them through the use of what's called a

them through the use of what's called a

them through the use of what's called a VPN

VPN

VPN well we have a VPN or a virtual private

well we have a VPN or a virtual private

well we have a VPN or a virtual private Network it creates a tunnel over the

Network it creates a tunnel over the

Network it creates a tunnel over the Internet which is our public switched

Internet which is our public switched

Internet which is our public switched Network or our public network and we

Network or our public network and we

Network or our public network and we create a private Network within that

create a private Network within that

create a private Network within that using all sorts of protocols we'll

using all sorts of protocols we'll

using all sorts of protocols we'll discuss so that way these two lands can

discuss so that way these two lands can

discuss so that way these two lands can communicate as though they are actually

communicate as though they are actually

communicate as though they are actually one Lan or they're right next to each

one Lan or they're right next to each

one Lan or they're right next to each other we also need to have user accounts

other we also need to have user accounts

other we also need to have user accounts so that way the users

so that way the users

so that way the users can't just not anyone can get onto a

can't just not anyone can get onto a

can't just not anyone can get onto a network they have to have a specific

network they have to have a specific

network they have to have a specific password authentication Etc and those

password authentication Etc and those

password authentication Etc and those users also have to have access somehow

users also have to have access somehow

users also have to have access somehow whether that's through the internet or

whether that's through the internet or

whether that's through the internet or they actually are physically connected

they actually are physically connected

they actually are physically connected through our land site

through our land site

through our land site we also talked about some of the

we also talked about some of the

we also talked about some of the administrative tasks that can be

administrative tasks that can be

administrative tasks that can be difficult for lands specifically backup

difficult for lands specifically backup

difficult for lands specifically backup where we're dealing not only with speed

where we're dealing not only with speed

where we're dealing not only with speed but also with amount of data

but also with amount of data

but also with amount of data and we talked about security we're not

and we talked about security we're not

and we talked about security we're not just stopping intrusions

just stopping intrusions

just stopping intrusions but we also need to limit the spread of

but we also need to limit the spread of

but we also need to limit the spread of an attack

[Music]

wide area networks Wan transmission

wide area networks Wan transmission

wide area networks Wan transmission technologies

technologies

technologies so in the last module we talked very uh

so in the last module we talked very uh

so in the last module we talked very uh briefly and in an overview sense about

briefly and in an overview sense about

briefly and in an overview sense about the implementation and administration of

the implementation and administration of

the implementation and administration of wide area networks now the reason we

wide area networks now the reason we

wide area networks now the reason we didn't get into too much detail is

didn't get into too much detail is

didn't get into too much detail is because it gets quite complicated when

because it gets quite complicated when

because it gets quite complicated when we talk not only about connecting

we talk not only about connecting

we talk not only about connecting computers together in a local area

computers together in a local area

computers together in a local area network but in a wide area network and

network but in a wide area network and

network but in a wide area network and as a result the Technologies become more

as a result the Technologies become more

as a result the Technologies become more and more complex and just like we have

and more complex and just like we have

and more complex and just like we have people who specialize in lands they're

people who specialize in lands they're

people who specialize in lands they're people who specialize in lands since the

people who specialize in lands since the

people who specialize in lands since the purpose of network plus is to give you

purpose of network plus is to give you

purpose of network plus is to give you an overview of all the stuff we just

an overview of all the stuff we just

an overview of all the stuff we just want to get you familiar with certain

want to get you familiar with certain

want to get you familiar with certain terms so in case you were to come across

terms so in case you were to come across

terms so in case you were to come across them you would sort of know where to

them you would sort of know where to

them you would sort of know where to look or what to start with when you look

look or what to start with when you look

look or what to start with when you look for more information now in this module

for more information now in this module

for more information now in this module we're going to talk a little more

we're going to talk a little more

we're going to talk a little more specifically about Wan transmission

specifically about Wan transmission

specifically about Wan transmission techniques again we're going to look at

techniques again we're going to look at

techniques again we're going to look at this from a mile high view so the

this from a mile high view so the

this from a mile high view so the techniques then the transmission

techniques then the transmission

techniques then the transmission technologies we're going to talk about

technologies we're going to talk about

technologies we're going to talk about are specifically ISDN which you might

are specifically ISDN which you might

are specifically ISDN which you might remember if you've been around for a

remember if you've been around for a

remember if you've been around for a while it's mostly been supplanted by DSL

while it's mostly been supplanted by DSL

while it's mostly been supplanted by DSL and cable to this uh nowadays as

and cable to this uh nowadays as

and cable to this uh nowadays as actually you have most of these

actually you have most of these

actually you have most of these Technologies but some of these are still

Technologies but some of these are still

Technologies but some of these are still around and you probably have heard of

around and you probably have heard of

around and you probably have heard of them so ISDN is the first we're going to

them so ISDN is the first we're going to

them so ISDN is the first we're going to talk about we're also going to talk

talk about we're also going to talk

talk about we're also going to talk about t carrier and if you've ever seen

about t carrier and if you've ever seen

about t carrier and if you've ever seen the term a T1 or T3 line that's what

the term a T1 or T3 line that's what

the term a T1 or T3 line that's what this is referring to we're going to talk

this is referring to we're going to talk

this is referring to we're going to talk about Sonet which is responsible for a

about Sonet which is responsible for a

about Sonet which is responsible for a different type of classification it's

different type of classification it's

different type of classification it's also using some Optics which is why it's

also using some Optics which is why it's

also using some Optics which is why it's a bit faster and required a completely

a bit faster and required a completely

a bit faster and required a completely different form of rating the cabling and

different form of rating the cabling and

different form of rating the cabling and the speeds and then we're going to look

the speeds and then we're going to look

the speeds and then we're going to look at some technologies that allow the data

at some technologies that allow the data

at some technologies that allow the data to transmit over this stuff these T

to transmit over this stuff these T

to transmit over this stuff these T carrier and sonets including x25 and

carrier and sonets including x25 and

carrier and sonets including x25 and frame relay x25 was supplanted by frame

frame relay x25 was supplanted by frame

frame relay x25 was supplanted by frame relay and ATM which is not the thing you

relay and ATM which is not the thing you

relay and ATM which is not the thing you put your card into to get money out of

put your card into to get money out of

put your card into to get money out of but rather a technology of protocol that

but rather a technology of protocol that

but rather a technology of protocol that allows us to communicate over when

allows us to communicate over when

allows us to communicate over when Networks

Networks

Networks so the first one we're going to talk

so the first one we're going to talk

so the first one we're going to talk about here is the integrated Services

about here is the integrated Services

about here is the integrated Services digital Network or

digital Network or

digital Network or ISDN now uh the ISDN is very high speed

ISDN now uh the ISDN is very high speed

ISDN now uh the ISDN is very high speed but it's also high cost and the reason

but it's also high cost and the reason

but it's also high cost and the reason for that is because in order to use ISDN

for that is because in order to use ISDN

for that is because in order to use ISDN a special phone line is required to set

a special phone line is required to set

a special phone line is required to set it up now the line is paid for monthly

it up now the line is paid for monthly

it up now the line is paid for monthly just like with any phone line and this

just like with any phone line and this

just like with any phone line and this is where the high costs come in because

is where the high costs come in because

is where the high costs come in because the service is pretty expensive to pay

the service is pretty expensive to pay

the service is pretty expensive to pay for every month in order to set up a

for every month in order to set up a

for every month in order to set up a connection the phone line has to dial

connection the phone line has to dial

connection the phone line has to dial the address of the receiving computer

the address of the receiving computer

the address of the receiving computer very similar to the process of calling a

very similar to the process of calling a

very similar to the process of calling a phone on the other end and once the

phone on the other end and once the

phone on the other end and once the connection is established you can drop

connection is established you can drop

connection is established you can drop it by just hanging it up so if we were

it by just hanging it up so if we were

it by just hanging it up so if we were to consider this for instance to be our

to consider this for instance to be our

to consider this for instance to be our um uh ISDN line you would notice there

um uh ISDN line you would notice there

um uh ISDN line you would notice there is sort of a box here and that's because

is sort of a box here and that's because

is sort of a box here and that's because we need a special box to allow the istn

we need a special box to allow the istn

we need a special box to allow the istn to communicate and it would then

to communicate and it would then

to communicate and it would then communicate onto the other side to the

communicate onto the other side to the

communicate onto the other side to the ISP now what's interesting here is this

ISP now what's interesting here is this

ISP now what's interesting here is this is actually a plain old telephone system

is actually a plain old telephone system

is actually a plain old telephone system line or uh by the way Plano telephone

line or uh by the way Plano telephone

line or uh by the way Plano telephone system or pstn public switch telephone

system or pstn public switch telephone

system or pstn public switch telephone Network so this is using uh old

Network so this is using uh old

Network so this is using uh old telephone technology but the difference

telephone technology but the difference

telephone technology but the difference is instead of using the one that's

is instead of using the one that's

is instead of using the one that's already been installed into your home or

already been installed into your home or

already been installed into your home or to your office it's actually another one

to your office it's actually another one

to your office it's actually another one that has to be laid down which is how

that has to be laid down which is how

that has to be laid down which is how it's different from DSL now there are

it's different from DSL now there are

it's different from DSL now there are actually two different types of ISDN

actually two different types of ISDN

actually two different types of ISDN we've talked about these in a plus as

we've talked about these in a plus as

we've talked about these in a plus as well one is the Bri and the other is PRI

well one is the Bri and the other is PRI

well one is the Bri and the other is PRI Bri by the way stands for basic

rate interface and this one stands for

rate interface and this one stands for

rate interface and this one stands for primary rate interface primary is a bit

primary rate interface primary is a bit

primary rate interface primary is a bit faster

faster

faster but it's also a little bit more

but it's also a little bit more

but it's also a little bit more expensive now there are certain speeds

expensive now there are certain speeds

expensive now there are certain speeds these operate at generally 64 kilobits

these operate at generally 64 kilobits

these operate at generally 64 kilobits per second or 128 kilobits per second

per second or 128 kilobits per second

per second or 128 kilobits per second again that's pretty slow when we compare

again that's pretty slow when we compare

again that's pretty slow when we compare it to modern day DSL or modern day cable

it to modern day DSL or modern day cable

it to modern day DSL or modern day cable Technologies but this was a dedicated

Technologies but this was a dedicated

Technologies but this was a dedicated line specifically from you to uh the ISP

line specifically from you to uh the ISP

line specifically from you to uh the ISP which is the reason why even though it

which is the reason why even though it

which is the reason why even though it was a little less fast it was still used

was a little less fast it was still used

was a little less fast it was still used although nowadays we don't see it used

although nowadays we don't see it used

although nowadays we don't see it used as much because it requires special

as much because it requires special

as much because it requires special technology special boxes special

technology special boxes special

technology special boxes special equipment and so on and so forth

equipment and so on and so forth

equipment and so on and so forth now the next technology I want to talk

now the next technology I want to talk

now the next technology I want to talk about are called t carrier lines T

about are called t carrier lines T

about are called t carrier lines T carrier lines are dedicated digital

carrier lines are dedicated digital

carrier lines are dedicated digital lines that are leased from the telephone

lines that are leased from the telephone

lines that are leased from the telephone companies much like ISDN but they're

companies much like ISDN but they're

companies much like ISDN but they're high speed and they establish a stable

high speed and they establish a stable

high speed and they establish a stable connection on both sides just like ISDN

connection on both sides just like ISDN

connection on both sides just like ISDN now these connections are always open

now these connections are always open

now these connections are always open unlike isdns so communication can be

unlike isdns so communication can be

unlike isdns so communication can be made between the two ends whenever it's

made between the two ends whenever it's

made between the two ends whenever it's needed there's no hanging up in other

needed there's no hanging up in other

needed there's no hanging up in other words because they provide such a good

words because they provide such a good

words because they provide such a good dedicated link they're also expensive to

dedicated link they're also expensive to

dedicated link they're also expensive to use on lands although they were faster

use on lands although they were faster

use on lands although they were faster and so we saw a lot of companies used to

and so we saw a lot of companies used to

and so we saw a lot of companies used to have T1 or T3 connections and they might

have T1 or T3 connections and they might

have T1 or T3 connections and they might still do now there are different types

still do now there are different types

still do now there are different types of T connections available depending on

of T connections available depending on

of T connections available depending on the speed you require the first T1 is

the speed you require the first T1 is

the speed you require the first T1 is the slowest of the four types now

the slowest of the four types now

the slowest of the four types now like the other three it does create

like the other three it does create

like the other three it does create dedicated ends and it's secure

dedicated ends and it's secure

dedicated ends and it's secure and t1s are generally going to be used

and t1s are generally going to be used

and t1s are generally going to be used to connect lands together so for

to connect lands together so for

to connect lands together so for instance if I have my Lan on in one side

instance if I have my Lan on in one side

instance if I have my Lan on in one side of the city and you have another one we

of the city and you have another one we

of the city and you have another one we might get or lease a line from the

might get or lease a line from the

might get or lease a line from the telephone company to directly connect

telephone company to directly connect

telephone company to directly connect them if we don't want to use the

them if we don't want to use the

them if we don't want to use the internet nowadays we have the internet

internet nowadays we have the internet

internet nowadays we have the internet so a lot of organizations are going to

so a lot of organizations are going to

so a lot of organizations are going to use that and just get a very fast

use that and just get a very fast

use that and just get a very fast connection perhaps a T1 or T3 line

connection perhaps a T1 or T3 line

connection perhaps a T1 or T3 line between them and their ISP your internet

between them and their ISP your internet

between them and their ISP your internet service provider you might sometimes see

service provider you might sometimes see

service provider you might sometimes see this by the way referred to as Digital

this by the way referred to as Digital

this by the way referred to as Digital Signal one or DS1

Signal one or DS1

Signal one or DS1 so if you ever see DS it's the same

so if you ever see DS it's the same

so if you ever see DS it's the same thing as a t line now T2 as you can

thing as a t line now T2 as you can

thing as a t line now T2 as you can imagine are slightly faster than T1

imagine are slightly faster than T1

imagine are slightly faster than T1 lines they're not much different they're

lines they're not much different they're

lines they're not much different they're for some reason used a little less it's

for some reason used a little less it's

for some reason used a little less it's probably because the speed is not worth

probably because the speed is not worth

probably because the speed is not worth the uh upgrade uh and because

the uh upgrade uh and because

the uh upgrade uh and because the T3 is actually even faster than T1

the T3 is actually even faster than T1

the T3 is actually even faster than T1 and 2 T2 put together so if we add both

and 2 T2 put together so if we add both

and 2 T2 put together so if we add both of those together we'll get a T3 this is

of those together we'll get a T3 this is

of those together we'll get a T3 this is sometimes also called a DS3 and t1s

sometimes also called a DS3 and t1s

sometimes also called a DS3 and t1s and t3s

and t3s

and t3s are the most commonly one used T lines

are the most commonly one used T lines

are the most commonly one used T lines that you'll probably see out in the

that you'll probably see out in the

that you'll probably see out in the field

field

field T4 is even faster in fact it is a

T4 is even faster in fact it is a

T4 is even faster in fact it is a combination of all of the top ones

combination of all of the top ones

combination of all of the top ones meaning it's faster than all of them

meaning it's faster than all of them

meaning it's faster than all of them combined but it's also pretty expensive

combined but it's also pretty expensive

combined but it's also pretty expensive and for most part we're going to see if

and for most part we're going to see if

and for most part we're going to see if you really want to fast line a T3 and if

you really want to fast line a T3 and if

you really want to fast line a T3 and if not you'll probably see a T1 out in the

not you'll probably see a T1 out in the

not you'll probably see a T1 out in the field a lot of companies maybe 10 15

field a lot of companies maybe 10 15

field a lot of companies maybe 10 15 years ago used to connect via a T1 or a

years ago used to connect via a T1 or a

years ago used to connect via a T1 or a T3

T3

T3 sometimes you'll still see that if it's

sometimes you'll still see that if it's

sometimes you'll still see that if it's a very large company otherwise they're

a very large company otherwise they're

a very large company otherwise they're going to connect via perhaps a DSL or

going to connect via perhaps a DSL or

going to connect via perhaps a DSL or cable connection generally commercially

cable connection generally commercially

cable connection generally commercially again this was before you had cable and

again this was before you had cable and

again this was before you had cable and DSL at everyone's homes so now the

DSL at everyone's homes so now the

DSL at everyone's homes so now the technology has shifted a bit but it's

technology has shifted a bit but it's

technology has shifted a bit but it's important to know about this for Network

important to know about this for Network

important to know about this for Network plus because they're testing knowledge

plus because they're testing knowledge

plus because they're testing knowledge that you might see even Legacy

that you might see even Legacy

that you might see even Legacy information meaning old information that

information meaning old information that

information meaning old information that you might run into or encounter at an

you might run into or encounter at an

you might run into or encounter at an office or a building

office or a building

office or a building now in 1984 if you recall your history

now in 1984 if you recall your history

now in 1984 if you recall your history or if you were around then you might

or if you were around then you might

or if you were around then you might recall that 18t in the United States

recall that 18t in the United States

recall that 18t in the United States held a monopoly on the network carrier

held a monopoly on the network carrier

held a monopoly on the network carrier industry I.E phones so preceding this

industry I.E phones so preceding this

industry I.E phones so preceding this smaller companies were given a chance

smaller companies were given a chance

smaller companies were given a chance and a challenge to come up with a system

and a challenge to come up with a system

and a challenge to come up with a system that was going to rival a t that the one

that was going to rival a t that the one

that was going to rival a t that the one that they had so a company called Bell

that they had so a company called Bell

that they had so a company called Bell Communications which you might have

Communications which you might have

Communications which you might have heard of came up with this called the

heard of came up with this called the

heard of came up with this called the synchronous Optical Network or Sonet now

synchronous Optical Network or Sonet now

synchronous Optical Network or Sonet now sonnet is fiber optic okay so rather

sonnet is fiber optic okay so rather

sonnet is fiber optic okay so rather than being copper we're dealing with

than being copper we're dealing with

than being copper we're dealing with fiber optics which uses plastic or glass

fiber optics which uses plastic or glass

fiber optics which uses plastic or glass and delivers information and either

and delivers information and either

and delivers information and either voice data and Video in much higher

voice data and Video in much higher

voice data and Video in much higher speeds as a result because it's using

speeds as a result because it's using

speeds as a result because it's using light pulses

light pulses

light pulses now this achievement was so great that

now this achievement was so great that

now this achievement was so great that it sparked a new system of defining data

it sparked a new system of defining data

it sparked a new system of defining data rates meaning that the old systems uh

rates meaning that the old systems uh

rates meaning that the old systems uh just didn't

just didn't

just didn't it was so slow in comparison there was

it was so slow in comparison there was

it was so slow in comparison there was nothing that could sort of uh uh counter

nothing that could sort of uh uh counter

nothing that could sort of uh uh counter this and so we start seeing the OC

this and so we start seeing the OC

this and so we start seeing the OC levels like for instance one you might

levels like for instance one you might

levels like for instance one you might have seen is

have seen is

have seen is oc9 and that would be really really fast

oc9 and that would be really really fast

oc9 and that would be really really fast now don't worry about knowing the

now don't worry about knowing the

now don't worry about knowing the specific speeds for the network plus

specific speeds for the network plus

specific speeds for the network plus exam that's why I'm not covering them

exam that's why I'm not covering them

exam that's why I'm not covering them what you just want to make sure of is if

what you just want to make sure of is if

what you just want to make sure of is if you see OC versus like a T1 or T3 you

you see OC versus like a T1 or T3 you

you see OC versus like a T1 or T3 you want to know that the OC is generally

want to know that the OC is generally

want to know that the OC is generally going to be faster because again look at

going to be faster because again look at

going to be faster because again look at this word Optical carrier levels

this word Optical carrier levels

this word Optical carrier levels now in the mid

now in the mid

now in the mid um 1970s we had something called x25

um 1970s we had something called x25

um 1970s we had something called x25 which was everywhere and this was

which was everywhere and this was

which was everywhere and this was technology that was developed as a way

technology that was developed as a way

technology that was developed as a way to send data over copper wiring so not

to send data over copper wiring so not

to send data over copper wiring so not that OC stuff but more the t1s ETC and

that OC stuff but more the t1s ETC and

that OC stuff but more the t1s ETC and isdns but during its creation everyone

isdns but during its creation everyone

isdns but during its creation everyone in the networking Communications world

in the networking Communications world

in the networking Communications world had a part in creating and implementing

had a part in creating and implementing

had a part in creating and implementing it you might see x25 or terms and you

it you might see x25 or terms and you

it you might see x25 or terms and you used to talk about how they would take

used to talk about how they would take

used to talk about how they would take data and send it over these uh this

data and send it over these uh this

data and send it over these uh this technologies that it had and its format

technologies that it had and its format

technologies that it had and its format was virtually Universal however it was

was virtually Universal however it was

was virtually Universal however it was really limited by speeds because of the

really limited by speeds because of the

really limited by speeds because of the copper wiring and just because of the

copper wiring and just because of the

copper wiring and just because of the way that the protocol worked uh which

way that the protocol worked uh which

way that the protocol worked uh which I'll write up here

and so it was replaced by something

and so it was replaced by something

and so it was replaced by something called frame relay now frame relay is a

called frame relay now frame relay is a

called frame relay now frame relay is a protocol that was developed basically to

protocol that was developed basically to

protocol that was developed basically to transfer between LAN

transfer between LAN

transfer between LAN and Wan end points in other words

and Wan end points in other words

and Wan end points in other words between My Lan and the ISP or my larger

between My Lan and the ISP or my larger

between My Lan and the ISP or my larger wide area network the way it functions

wide area network the way it functions

wide area network the way it functions is not important just know that it

is not important just know that it

is not important just know that it functions similarly to x25 but it's

functions similarly to x25 but it's

functions similarly to x25 but it's faster

and it has a more modern build behind it

and it has a more modern build behind it

and it has a more modern build behind it they're also both called packet

they're also both called packet

they're also both called packet switching Technologies and we'll talk

switching Technologies and we'll talk

switching Technologies and we'll talk about that later but frame relay can can

about that later but frame relay can can

about that later but frame relay can can send smaller packets and it can send

send smaller packets and it can send

send smaller packets and it can send them faster

we'll talk more about uh packet

we'll talk more about uh packet

we'll talk more about uh packet switching in the next module

switching in the next module

switching in the next module finally I want to talk about

finally I want to talk about

finally I want to talk about asynchronous transfer mode or ATMs if

asynchronous transfer mode or ATMs if

asynchronous transfer mode or ATMs if you ever see ATM on the test this is

you ever see ATM on the test this is

you ever see ATM on the test this is what they're referring to a wide area

what they're referring to a wide area

what they're referring to a wide area network uh transmission or transfer mode

network uh transmission or transfer mode

network uh transmission or transfer mode it was introduced in the 90s as a

it was introduced in the 90s as a

it was introduced in the 90s as a successor two frame relay and it was

successor two frame relay and it was

successor two frame relay and it was really considered a breakthrough because

really considered a breakthrough because

really considered a breakthrough because it was what they call an end-to-end

it was what they call an end-to-end

it was what they call an end-to-end solution that could work either desk

solution that could work either desk

solution that could work either desk from the desktop or remotely what this

from the desktop or remotely what this

from the desktop or remotely what this meant is that it could work on a Wan a

meant is that it could work on a Wan a

meant is that it could work on a Wan a wide area network and within the land

wide area network and within the land

wide area network and within the land however this sort of proves not really

however this sort of proves not really

however this sort of proves not really to be true because the technology sort

to be true because the technology sort

to be true because the technology sort of got

of got

of got for lack of a better word pushed out of

for lack of a better word pushed out of

for lack of a better word pushed out of the land market because other

the land market because other

the land market because other technologists came around that were just

technologists came around that were just

technologists came around that were just better it was actually pretty expensive

better it was actually pretty expensive

better it was actually pretty expensive to use but it did have some benefits one

to use but it did have some benefits one

to use but it did have some benefits one of the main ones just like with the T

of the main ones just like with the T

of the main ones just like with the T aligns is it could transfer data voice

aligns is it could transfer data voice

aligns is it could transfer data voice and video it's also a packet switching

and video it's also a packet switching

and video it's also a packet switching technology something we're going to talk

technology something we're going to talk

technology something we're going to talk about and it's pretty fast and one of

about and it's pretty fast and one of

about and it's pretty fast and one of the major things we're going to talk

the major things we're going to talk

the major things we're going to talk about with it is that it used what are

about with it is that it used what are

about with it is that it used what are called cells and the cells were 53 bytes

called cells and the cells were 53 bytes

called cells and the cells were 53 bytes long which is fairly large for a packet

long which is fairly large for a packet

long which is fairly large for a packet of data and I shouldn't say even pack it

of data and I shouldn't say even pack it

of data and I shouldn't say even pack it because what it really we're talking

because what it really we're talking

because what it really we're talking about is it was replaced by cells so

about is it was replaced by cells so

about is it was replaced by cells so these cells have proven to work more

these cells have proven to work more

these cells have proven to work more efficiently for transferring than

efficiently for transferring than

efficiently for transferring than packets that were used by frame relay

packets that were used by frame relay

packets that were used by frame relay and this is really sort of the legacy of

and this is really sort of the legacy of

and this is really sort of the legacy of ATM was using these cells that had a lot

ATM was using these cells that had a lot

ATM was using these cells that had a lot more information in them than the frame

more information in them than the frame

more information in them than the frame relay packets which were much smaller

relay packets which were much smaller

relay packets which were much smaller obviously the more information we could

obviously the more information we could

obviously the more information we could cram into a packet the faster we could

cram into a packet the faster we could

cram into a packet the faster we could send it the quicker we can get

send it the quicker we can get

send it the quicker we can get information to the other side

information to the other side

information to the other side of a network or a wide area network

of a network or a wide area network

of a network or a wide area network and if we just look at this this is just

and if we just look at this this is just

and if we just look at this this is just to show us that it has again voice

to show us that it has again voice

to show us that it has again voice data and video

data and video

data and video all in one

all in one

all in one cell which was sort of the amazing thing

cell which was sort of the amazing thing

cell which was sort of the amazing thing that this technology ATM did good way to

that this technology ATM did good way to

that this technology ATM did good way to remember it is to think about going to

remember it is to think about going to

remember it is to think about going to the ATM you can check your balance you

the ATM you can check your balance you

the ATM you can check your balance you can get money you can pull out of your

can get money you can pull out of your

can get money you can pull out of your savings you can pull out of your

savings you can pull out of your

savings you can pull out of your checking and so it sort of does a lot of

checking and so it sort of does a lot of

checking and so it sort of does a lot of things when it comes to your bank same

things when it comes to your bank same

things when it comes to your bank same with the ATM cell

with the ATM cell

with the ATM cell all right so those are all the WAN

all right so those are all the WAN

all right so those are all the WAN transmission technologies I just want to

transmission technologies I just want to

transmission technologies I just want to briefly go over obviously we took a very

briefly go over obviously we took a very

briefly go over obviously we took a very cursory overview of them and and you

cursory overview of them and and you

cursory overview of them and and you could probably Google and find a lot

could probably Google and find a lot

could probably Google and find a lot more information that's going to go over

more information that's going to go over

more information that's going to go over your head and you don't need to know

your head and you don't need to know

your head and you don't need to know that for Network plus but what I want

that for Network plus but what I want

that for Network plus but what I want you to remember again is that ISDN was

you to remember again is that ISDN was

you to remember again is that ISDN was used it really either came in that BPI

used it really either came in that BPI

used it really either came in that BPI or rather Bri or PRI modes PR was

or rather Bri or PRI modes PR was

or rather Bri or PRI modes PR was slightly faster it was either in 64

slightly faster it was either in 64

slightly faster it was either in 64 kilobits per second or 128 kilobits per

kilobits per second or 128 kilobits per

kilobits per second or 128 kilobits per second it worked over the existing pots

second it worked over the existing pots

second it worked over the existing pots or pstn phone system but it was still

or pstn phone system but it was still

or pstn phone system but it was still relatively slow we don't see it much

relatively slow we don't see it much

relatively slow we don't see it much anymore although it was pretty big maybe

anymore although it was pretty big maybe

anymore although it was pretty big maybe 15 years ago the T carriers the big ones

15 years ago the T carriers the big ones

15 years ago the T carriers the big ones you're going to see are T1 and T3

you're going to see are T1 and T3

you're going to see are T1 and T3 remember that T3 is faster than T1 Sonet

remember that T3 is faster than T1 Sonet

remember that T3 is faster than T1 Sonet as well was introduced

as well was introduced

as well was introduced excuse me it replaced

excuse me it replaced

excuse me it replaced the sort of tea way of looking at speeds

the sort of tea way of looking at speeds

the sort of tea way of looking at speeds with the OC

with the OC

with the OC system OC

system OC

system OC is fiber optic and if you think about

is fiber optic and if you think about

is fiber optic and if you think about the O in there being optic that's why it

the O in there being optic that's why it

the O in there being optic that's why it was faster x25 and frame relay both ways

was faster x25 and frame relay both ways

was faster x25 and frame relay both ways of transferring

of transferring

of transferring when data this was replaced mostly by

when data this was replaced mostly by

when data this was replaced mostly by ATM both of these are what we call

ATM both of these are what we call

ATM both of these are what we call packet switching which we will look at

packet switching which we will look at

packet switching which we will look at in the next module

in the next module

in the next module and the important thing with ATM again

and the important thing with ATM again

and the important thing with ATM again not the thing that you put your money

not the thing that you put your money

not the thing that you put your money into but rather a Wan technology it was

into but rather a Wan technology it was

into but rather a Wan technology it was marketed as being

marketed as being

marketed as being end to end meaning it could work from

end to end meaning it could work from

end to end meaning it could work from the computer to the computer although

the computer to the computer although

the computer to the computer although nowadays we really use it in Wan

nowadays we really use it in Wan

nowadays we really use it in Wan Technologies from a land to a land

Technologies from a land to a land

Technologies from a land to a land endpoint and the other thing it really

endpoint and the other thing it really

endpoint and the other thing it really introduced was that 53 byte long info

introduced was that 53 byte long info

introduced was that 53 byte long info cell

cell

cell which again can hold video voice and

which again can hold video voice and

which again can hold video voice and data in it

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

look at the module 9 lesson 2A least

look at the module 9 lesson 2A least

look at the module 9 lesson 2A least lines

lines

lines I'm gonna look at T1 E1 T3 E3 and sonnet

I'm gonna look at T1 E1 T3 E3 and sonnet

I'm gonna look at T1 E1 T3 E3 and sonnet synchronized Optical networking

synchronized Optical networking

synchronized Optical networking these are a syllabus talking points so

these are a syllabus talking points so

these are a syllabus talking points so kind of need to cover some of the things

kind of need to cover some of the things

kind of need to cover some of the things I think could come up it's uh Ali you've

I think could come up it's uh Ali you've

I think could come up it's uh Ali you've got a lot of choices when you want to

got a lot of choices when you want to

got a lot of choices when you want to connect your small office or even a

connect your small office or even a

connect your small office or even a larger office

larger office

larger office across to the internet or to another

across to the internet or to another

across to the internet or to another remote office somewhere else that you

remote office somewhere else that you

remote office somewhere else that you own

now one of these options is a lease line

now one of these options is a lease line

now one of these options is a lease line which is a dedicated telecoms line

which is a dedicated telecoms line

which is a dedicated telecoms line now you don't install the line it'll be

now you don't install the line it'll be

now you don't install the line it'll be the roads will be dug up or wherever

the roads will be dug up or wherever

the roads will be dug up or wherever they put their cables will be

they put their cables will be

they put their cables will be um all laid by telecoms company and

um all laid by telecoms company and

um all laid by telecoms company and you'll release that line for a fixed fee

you'll release that line for a fixed fee

you'll release that line for a fixed fee usually monthly and you have to sign a

usually monthly and you have to sign a

usually monthly and you have to sign a contract this lease line is available to

contract this lease line is available to

contract this lease line is available to you all of the time 24 7.

you all of the time 24 7.

you all of the time 24 7. so since this dedicated line it's not

so since this dedicated line it's not

so since this dedicated line it's not shared with other users here's an

shared with other users here's an

shared with other users here's an illustration it's an image from

illustration it's an image from

illustration it's an image from Wikipedia at the bottom you've got

Wikipedia at the bottom you've got

Wikipedia at the bottom you've got remote users using the public uh switch

remote users using the public uh switch

remote users using the public uh switch telephone Network they're dialing in

telephone Network they're dialing in

telephone Network they're dialing in I suppose nowadays they'd be using

I suppose nowadays they'd be using

I suppose nowadays they'd be using broadband and um vpns they could be

broadband and um vpns they could be

broadband and um vpns they could be working from anywhere

working from anywhere

working from anywhere but you've got two Regional Offices on

but you've got two Regional Offices on

but you've got two Regional Offices on the left that need a dedicated

the left that need a dedicated

the left that need a dedicated connection of 24 7. they'll go through

connection of 24 7. they'll go through

connection of 24 7. they'll go through the telecoms network using a lease line

the telecoms network using a lease line

the telecoms network using a lease line foreign

foreign

foreign based on the technology the bandwidth of

based on the technology the bandwidth of

based on the technology the bandwidth of a lease line varies typically between

a lease line varies typically between

a lease line varies typically between 56k and 2 Meg to be honest there's

56k and 2 Meg to be honest there's

56k and 2 Meg to be honest there's unlikely be using 56k unless you just

unlikely be using 56k unless you just

unlikely be using 56k unless you just wanted to have

wanted to have

wanted to have um like some sort of keyless entry

um like some sort of keyless entry

um like some sort of keyless entry system perhaps for a gym where it just

system perhaps for a gym where it just

system perhaps for a gym where it just needs to authenticate people but even

needs to authenticate people but even

needs to authenticate people but even then the costs are so low now that um

then the costs are so low now that um

then the costs are so low now that um it's unlikely to be that slow

it's unlikely to be that slow

it's unlikely to be that slow okay some advantages we've already said

okay some advantages we've already said

okay some advantages we've already said it's it's your connection dedicated to

it's it's your connection dedicated to

it's it's your connection dedicated to you and you can choose how you allocate

you and you can choose how you allocate

you and you can choose how you allocate that bandwidth if you want to use it

that bandwidth if you want to use it

that bandwidth if you want to use it mainly for video conferencing or some of

mainly for video conferencing or some of

mainly for video conferencing or some of the some of the use disadvantage they

the some of the use disadvantage they

the some of the use disadvantage they are quite expensive

are quite expensive

are quite expensive and typically used to connect businesses

and typically used to connect businesses

and typically used to connect businesses that have a geographically distant

that have a geographically distant

that have a geographically distant offices so they tend to be um Somewhere

offices so they tend to be um Somewhere

offices so they tend to be um Somewhere Out In The Sticks

Out In The Sticks

Out In The Sticks and a bit more difficult to use other

and a bit more difficult to use other

and a bit more difficult to use other connections for example a broadband

connections for example a broadband

connections for example a broadband connection with a VPN

connection with a VPN

connection with a VPN always active and like a dial-up

always active and like a dial-up

always active and like a dial-up connection dial-ups are fairly old

connection dial-ups are fairly old

connection dial-ups are fairly old technology now

technology now

technology now and quite expensive

and quite expensive

and quite expensive okay the telecoms company will charge

okay the telecoms company will charge

okay the telecoms company will charge you monthly for use of the lease line

you monthly for use of the lease line

you monthly for use of the lease line fee varies based upon the distant speed

fee varies based upon the distant speed

fee varies based upon the distant speed of the connection also where you are in

of the connection also where you are in

of the connection also where you are in the world

the world

the world um some places the Technologies still

um some places the Technologies still

um some places the Technologies still emerging

emerging

emerging some places still established

some places still established

some places still established so level level of quality is assured

so level level of quality is assured

so level level of quality is assured it's not as if you can use more

it's not as if you can use more

it's not as if you can use more bandwidth at certain times of the day

bandwidth at certain times of the day

bandwidth at certain times of the day like frame relay and lesser others

like frame relay and lesser others

like frame relay and lesser others uh quite uh old technology still in

uh quite uh old technology still in

uh quite uh old technology still in quite prominent use but the technology

quite prominent use but the technology

quite prominent use but the technology is quite old originally used to connect

is quite old originally used to connect

is quite old originally used to connect your mainframes to remote sites

your mainframes to remote sites

your mainframes to remote sites so a few examples that they mentioned in

so a few examples that they mentioned in

so a few examples that they mentioned in the syllabus the T carrier and e-carrier

the syllabus the T carrier and e-carrier

the syllabus the T carrier and e-carrier T carrier one e carrier one and then T3

T carrier one e carrier one and then T3

T carrier one e carrier one and then T3 and E3

and E3

and E3 the T1 transmission system originally

the T1 transmission system originally

the T1 transmission system originally developed by a t

1 induced introduced back in 1961.

1 induced introduced back in 1961.

1 induced introduced back in 1961. originally uh developed to to transmit

originally uh developed to to transmit

originally uh developed to to transmit 24 phone signals at the same time over

24 phone signals at the same time over

24 phone signals at the same time over uh the copper wire

uh the copper wire

uh the copper wire he uses something called TDM time

he uses something called TDM time

he uses something called TDM time divisional multiplexing this mixes up

divisional multiplexing this mixes up

divisional multiplexing this mixes up the signal in order to use

the signal in order to use

the signal in order to use um multiple signals over the same

um multiple signals over the same

um multiple signals over the same physical link

physical link

physical link I don't think they go into any detail on

I don't think they go into any detail on

I don't think they go into any detail on TDM in the exam there

TDM in the exam there

TDM in the exam there so T1 will give you a bandwidth of 1.544

so T1 will give you a bandwidth of 1.544

so T1 will give you a bandwidth of 1.544 Meg upstream and downstream so

Meg upstream and downstream so

Meg upstream and downstream so synchronous T1 system is used in America

synchronous T1 system is used in America

synchronous T1 system is used in America Japan and South Korea e the e-system is

Japan and South Korea e the e-system is

Japan and South Korea e the e-system is generally used in Europe

the bandwidth level of T1 was originally

the bandwidth level of T1 was originally

the bandwidth level of T1 was originally called the digital signal level 1 or DS1

called the digital signal level 1 or DS1

called the digital signal level 1 or DS1 I mentioned before the T1 line has 24

I mentioned before the T1 line has 24

I mentioned before the T1 line has 24 channels each channel is called a ds0

channels each channel is called a ds0

channels each channel is called a ds0 and you could have one two three of

and you could have one two three of

and you could have one two three of these channels or all of the channels

these channels or all of the channels

these channels or all of the channels depending on how much you want to pay

depending on how much you want to pay

depending on how much you want to pay and how much bandwidth you need

and how much bandwidth you need

and how much bandwidth you need each channel is capable of transmitting

each channel is capable of transmitting

each channel is capable of transmitting data at up to 64k

uh lease line T1 multiple channels

uh lease line T1 multiple channels

uh lease line T1 multiple channels provide flexibility so I've said you

provide flexibility so I've said you

provide flexibility so I've said you could already choose some channels or

could already choose some channels or

could already choose some channels or all the channels E1 is the European

all the channels E1 is the European

all the channels E1 is the European version of T1 however because of the

version of T1 however because of the

version of T1 however because of the infrastructure that was in place at the

infrastructure that was in place at the

infrastructure that was in place at the time you could get up to two Meg

time you could get up to two Meg

time you could get up to two Meg 2.048 mag

2.048 mag

2.048 mag this has 32 channels in each Channel's

this has 32 channels in each Channel's

this has 32 channels in each Channel's capable of transmitting data up to 64k

capable of transmitting data up to 64k

capable of transmitting data up to 64k you can add them all up and then there's

you can add them all up and then there's

you can add them all up and then there's a um a signaling Channel also

a um a signaling Channel also

a um a signaling Channel also T3 is equivalent to bundling together 28

T3 is equivalent to bundling together 28

T3 is equivalent to bundling together 28 T1 line so much faster

T1 line so much faster

T1 line so much faster also referred to as DS3

also referred to as DS3

also referred to as DS3 since there are 24 channels the T3 is

since there are 24 channels the T3 is

since there are 24 channels the T3 is capable of carrying 672 T1 circuits so

capable of carrying 672 T1 circuits so

capable of carrying 672 T1 circuits so multiple companies will be using these

multiple companies will be using these

multiple companies will be using these it's not likely that B1 companies

so you get up to

so you get up to

so you get up to 44.736 megabits per second with the T3

44.736 megabits per second with the T3

44.736 megabits per second with the T3 lease line if you add the whole line

lease line if you add the whole line

lease line if you add the whole line 30 times faster than T1

30 times faster than T1

30 times faster than T1 E1 is the equivalent to 16 or E3 sorry

E1 is the equivalent to 16 or E3 sorry

E1 is the equivalent to 16 or E3 sorry equivalent to 16 E1 lines

equivalent to 16 E1 lines

equivalent to 16 E1 lines 512 E1 channels so you get up to 34.4

512 E1 channels so you get up to 34.4

512 E1 channels so you get up to 34.4 mag there

mag there

mag there so T3 has more bandwidth than E3

so T3 has more bandwidth than E3

so T3 has more bandwidth than E3 sonnet I think is mentioned in the

sonnet I think is mentioned in the

sonnet I think is mentioned in the syllabus which is why we've got it here

syllabus which is why we've got it here

syllabus which is why we've got it here synchronous Optical networking this can

synchronous Optical networking this can

synchronous Optical networking this can be used as lease lines also but it uses

be used as lease lines also but it uses

be used as lease lines also but it uses fiber cabling instead of copper

fiber cabling instead of copper

fiber cabling instead of copper you get um higher bandwidth for that

you get um higher bandwidth for that

you get um higher bandwidth for that obviously because it's using fiber optic

um the transmission of solid fiber

um the transmission of solid fiber

um the transmission of solid fiber networks is specified as Optical carrier

networks is specified as Optical carrier

networks is specified as Optical carrier or OC transmission rates

or OC transmission rates

or OC transmission rates oc1 is a transmission line with speeds

oc1 is a transmission line with speeds

oc1 is a transmission line with speeds of up to 51.84 Meg

of up to 51.84 Meg

of up to 51.84 Meg oc3 you get up to 155.52

oc3 you get up to 155.52

oc3 you get up to 155.52 and then OC 12 you get up to 622

and then OC 12 you get up to 622

and then OC 12 you get up to 622 megabits per second

uh the oc-12 is typically used by your

uh the oc-12 is typically used by your

uh the oc-12 is typically used by your isps as a wide area connection you

isps as a wide area connection you

isps as a wide area connection you wouldn't be using it in a

wouldn't be using it in a

wouldn't be using it in a and small company for sure

and small company for sure

and small company for sure so we've looked at T1 E1 T1 T3 and E3

so we've looked at T1 E1 T1 T3 and E3

so we've looked at T1 E1 T1 T3 and E3 and also solid networking

and also solid networking

and also solid networking thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] foreign

module 9 lesson 2B wavelength division

module 9 lesson 2B wavelength division

module 9 lesson 2B wavelength division multiplexing bit of a mouthful but it's

multiplexing bit of a mouthful but it's

multiplexing bit of a mouthful but it's a new um

a new um

a new um objective in the network plus exam

objective in the network plus exam

objective in the network plus exam we'll look at what is a wdm

that he said wmd wdm system course

that he said wmd wdm system course

that he said wmd wdm system course length division multiplexing cwdm again

length division multiplexing cwdm again

length division multiplexing cwdm again we love our abbreviations here a dense

we love our abbreviations here a dense

we love our abbreviations here a dense wavelength division multiplexing

so what is it basically the idea is to

so what is it basically the idea is to

so what is it basically the idea is to get the most you can out of what you've

get the most you can out of what you've

get the most you can out of what you've got and this

got and this

got and this um instance what we've got is a single

um instance what we've got is a single

um instance what we've got is a single optical fiber and what we need to do is

optical fiber and what we need to do is

optical fiber and what we need to do is is get as many signals to cross this

is get as many signals to cross this

is get as many signals to cross this fiber at the same time as possible if

fiber at the same time as possible if

fiber at the same time as possible if you just had one signal pass in then

you just had one signal pass in then

you just had one signal pass in then um so the internet would grow into a

um so the internet would grow into a

um so the internet would grow into a whole basically it allows bi-directional

whole basically it allows bi-directional

whole basically it allows bi-directional Communications over a single fiber so

Communications over a single fiber so

Communications over a single fiber so two directions

two directions

two directions uh wdm uses a multiplexer which is um

uh wdm uses a multiplexer which is um

uh wdm uses a multiplexer which is um you'll often see it referred to in

you'll often see it referred to in

you'll often see it referred to in diagrams as mux mux and then a d

diagrams as mux mux and then a d

diagrams as mux mux and then a d multiplexer on the other side dmux

multiplexer on the other side dmux

multiplexer on the other side dmux d-e-m-u-x

so this um if we just go back sorry it

so this um if we just go back sorry it

so this um if we just go back sorry it um

um

um the multiplexers that the transmitter to

the multiplexers that the transmitter to

the multiplexers that the transmitter to combine multiple obstacle signals of

combine multiple obstacle signals of

combine multiple obstacle signals of different wavelengths and at the other

different wavelengths and at the other

different wavelengths and at the other side this needs to be demultiplexed back

side this needs to be demultiplexed back

side this needs to be demultiplexed back to the original separate signals

to the original separate signals

to the original separate signals wdm systems mostly used by telecoms

wdm systems mostly used by telecoms

wdm systems mostly used by telecoms companies because of the capacity of the

companies because of the capacity of the

companies because of the capacity of the network and the again the idea is and

network and the again the idea is and

network and the again the idea is and getting more out of less so they can

getting more out of less so they can

getting more out of less so they can expand the network without having to lay

expand the network without having to lay

expand the network without having to lay more fiber optic cables which obviously

more fiber optic cables which obviously

more fiber optic cables which obviously take uh takes a lot of time and money

take uh takes a lot of time and money

take uh takes a lot of time and money wdm they're divided into two types and

wdm they're divided into two types and

wdm they're divided into two types and these are based on the wavelength

these are based on the wavelength

these are based on the wavelength patterns that are used CWD

patterns that are used CWD

patterns that are used CWD um and DWD um

um and DWD um

um and DWD um wavelength division multiplexing through

wavelength division multiplexing through

wavelength division multiplexing through um dwdm and cwdm these they use multiple

um dwdm and cwdm these they use multiple

um dwdm and cwdm these they use multiple wavelengths or lights but they differ in

wavelengths or lights but they differ in

wavelengths or lights but they differ in the spacing I'll show a diagram actually

the spacing I'll show a diagram actually

the spacing I'll show a diagram actually in a moment

in a moment

in a moment um so in the following factors a

um so in the following factors a

um so in the following factors a wavelength on the number of channels the

wavelength on the number of channels the

wavelength on the number of channels the ability to amplify the multiplex signals

ability to amplify the multiplex signals

ability to amplify the multiplex signals in the optical space

in the optical space

in the optical space cwdm uses a smaller number of channels

you can use four or eight channels with

you can use four or eight channels with

you can use four or eight channels with large space in between the channels the

large space in between the channels the

large space in between the channels the bandwidth of each channel is

bandwidth of each channel is

bandwidth of each channel is 3.125 gigabits

so here's an example of cwdm used to

so here's an example of cwdm used to

so here's an example of cwdm used to transporting data within 100 kilometers

transporting data within 100 kilometers

transporting data within 100 kilometers So within a metropolis area

an example of cwdm is 10 base lx4

an example of cwdm is 10 base lx4

an example of cwdm is 10 base lx4 Network it can transmit data at up to 10

Network it can transmit data at up to 10

Network it can transmit data at up to 10 gigabits per second

gigabits per second

gigabits per second cwdm cable televisions actually use this

cwdm cable televisions actually use this

cwdm cable televisions actually use this where different wavelengths are used for

where different wavelengths are used for

where different wavelengths are used for the downstream and Upstream signals

a dense wave then dense wave length

a dense wave then dense wave length

a dense wave then dense wave length division multiplexing dwdm uses a large

division multiplexing dwdm uses a large

division multiplexing dwdm uses a large number of channels it could be 40 80 or

number of channels it could be 40 80 or

number of channels it could be 40 80 or 160 but they have small spacing between

160 but they have small spacing between

160 but they have small spacing between the channels and here we go is an

the channels and here we go is an

the channels and here we go is an example from I'll put the link in down

example from I'll put the link in down

example from I'll put the link in down here you can see the difference here

here you can see the difference here

here you can see the difference here between the spacing and obviously the

between the spacing and obviously the

between the spacing and obviously the numbers

numbers

numbers um

um

um the numbers are shown in the diagrams

the numbers are shown in the diagrams

the numbers are shown in the diagrams there cwdm you can see the spacing where

there cwdm you can see the spacing where

there cwdm you can see the spacing where it's DW DM

it's DW DM

it's DW DM um very hard to see any spacing between

um very hard to see any spacing between

um very hard to see any spacing between the channels

okay the high number of channels was the

okay the high number of channels was the

okay the high number of channels was the reason for the name dense wave

typical dwdm system would use one of the

typical dwdm system would use one of the

typical dwdm system would use one of the following 40 channels at 100 gigahertz

following 40 channels at 100 gigahertz

following 40 channels at 100 gigahertz spacing 80 Channels with 50 gigahertz

spacing 80 Channels with 50 gigahertz

spacing 80 Channels with 50 gigahertz space in

space in

space in the bandwidth of a single channel is 100

the bandwidth of a single channel is 100

the bandwidth of a single channel is 100 Gig

used for transporting data over long

used for transporting data over long

used for transporting data over long distances mainly used as the internet

distances mainly used as the internet

distances mainly used as the internet background so this cable will be laid

background so this cable will be laid

background so this cable will be laid over long stretches and um under the

over long stretches and um under the

over long stretches and um under the ocean

ocean

ocean into interconnects large strategic

into interconnects large strategic

into interconnects large strategic computer networks and core routers

computer networks and core routers

computer networks and core routers all right so we looked at what is wdm

all right so we looked at what is wdm

all right so we looked at what is wdm the system and cwdm

the system and cwdm

the system and cwdm dndm no dwdm sorry typo

dndm no dwdm sorry typo

dndm no dwdm sorry typo all right that's all for now thanks for

all right that's all for now thanks for

all right that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 9 lesson 2C uh

welcome to module 9 lesson 2C uh

welcome to module 9 lesson 2C uh multi-protocol label switching mpls

so what is it a label switch path

so what is it a label switch path

so what is it a label switch path benefits tunneling

benefits tunneling

benefits tunneling [Music]

[Music]

[Music] it's just an overview really because

it's just an overview really because

it's just an overview really because they mention it once in brief in the

they mention it once in brief in the

they mention it once in brief in the syllabus

syllabus

syllabus but an mperls Network it provides one

but an mperls Network it provides one

but an mperls Network it provides one connectivity between two geographically

connectivity between two geographically

connectivity between two geographically distant offices so it's one of a number

distant offices so it's one of a number

distant offices so it's one of a number of methods for connecting across a wide

of methods for connecting across a wide

of methods for connecting across a wide area network and obviously each has its

area network and obviously each has its

area network and obviously each has its pros and cons which we'll go into mpls

pros and cons which we'll go into mpls

pros and cons which we'll go into mpls it's high performance it's packet

it's high performance it's packet

it's high performance it's packet switching a packet forward in it uses

switching a packet forward in it uses

switching a packet forward in it uses labels to address packets in the

labels to address packets in the

labels to address packets in the telecoms network

now uh it's called label switching

now uh it's called label switching

now uh it's called label switching because it makes forwarding decisions of

because it makes forwarding decisions of

because it makes forwarding decisions of the packets based upon the values of the

the packets based upon the values of the

the packets based upon the values of the labels and as opposed to the usual way

labels and as opposed to the usual way

labels and as opposed to the usual way which is looking at the IP headers

which is looking at the IP headers

which is looking at the IP headers so this avoids having to look at the

so this avoids having to look at the

so this avoids having to look at the routing table lookups and all of the

routing table lookups and all of the

routing table lookups and all of the problems associated associated with uh

problems associated associated with uh

problems associated associated with uh routing table lookups

routing table lookups

routing table lookups cool concept is labels are assigned or

cool concept is labels are assigned or

cool concept is labels are assigned or pushed into Data packets this is the

pushed into Data packets this is the

pushed into Data packets this is the packets are labeled the routers in the

packets are labeled the routers in the

packets are labeled the routers in the impulse Network make forwarding

impulse Network make forwarding

impulse Network make forwarding decisions based upon that label

decisions based upon that label

decisions based upon that label you're still without having to examine

you're still without having to examine

you're still without having to examine the actual packet it's only the label

the actual packet it's only the label

the actual packet it's only the label has to be examined

so say remote office say what's the same

so say remote office say what's the same

so say remote office say what's the same package to remote office B

package to remote office B

package to remote office B and the data sent by a reaches the mpls

and the data sent by a reaches the mpls

and the data sent by a reaches the mpls network the data will be labeled just

network the data will be labeled just

network the data will be labeled just like how we'd label

like how we'd label

like how we'd label um a packet if we were sending it by

um a packet if we were sending it by

um a packet if we were sending it by shipping

shipping

shipping and then the routers in the mpls network

and then the routers in the mpls network

and then the routers in the mpls network will act like a courier service the

will act like a courier service the

will act like a courier service the routers do not open the packet they just

routers do not open the packet they just

routers do not open the packet they just look at the label and decide where to

look at the label and decide where to

look at the label and decide where to send it for the next destination

send it for the next destination

send it for the next destination process continues until you reach the

process continues until you reach the

process continues until you reach the edge of the mpls network when the label

edge of the mpls network when the label

edge of the mpls network when the label is removed or popped before being

is removed or popped before being

is removed or popped before being forwarded to the remote office B

forwarded to the remote office B

forwarded to the remote office B here's an example of a mpls network from

here's an example of a mpls network from

here's an example of a mpls network from netcerts.net

netcerts.net

netcerts.net the labels in the mpls network have the

the labels in the mpls network have the

the labels in the mpls network have the information that tells the routers where

information that tells the routers where

information that tells the routers where to forward the packets this is a

to forward the packets this is a

to forward the packets this is a simplified diagram where the IP packet

simplified diagram where the IP packet

simplified diagram where the IP packet has gone across to two routers and then

has gone across to two routers and then

has gone across to two routers and then it's hitting the mpls network at router

it's hitting the mpls network at router

it's hitting the mpls network at router p e a which adds a label and then the

p e a which adds a label and then the

p e a which adds a label and then the label is finally removed at router p e

label is finally removed at router p e

label is finally removed at router p e Zed

Zed

Zed so there's only three routers involved

so there's only three routers involved

so there's only three routers involved in the mpls network here

so as I said this is different to the

so as I said this is different to the

so as I said this is different to the traditional routing where each packet's

traditional routing where each packet's

traditional routing where each packet's header has to be examined each router

header has to be examined each router

header has to be examined each router step by step has to do complex lookups

step by step has to do complex lookups

step by step has to do complex lookups and obviously deal with all the other

and obviously deal with all the other

and obviously deal with all the other issues associated with routing

issues associated with routing

issues associated with routing a label switch pass the data

a label switch pass the data

a label switch pass the data transmission in an mpls Network occurs

transmission in an mpls Network occurs

transmission in an mpls Network occurs through a path called the label switch

through a path called the label switch

through a path called the label switch paths

paths

paths this is the sequence of labels that each

this is the sequence of labels that each

this is the sequence of labels that each and every nose along the path that

and every nose along the path that

and every nose along the path that establishes between the source and the

establishes between the source and the

establishes between the source and the destination this is all actually set up

destination this is all actually set up

destination this is all actually set up before the data is transmitted

before the data is transmitted

before the data is transmitted multi-protocol basically means a number

multi-protocol basically means a number

multi-protocol basically means a number of protocols can be used really the only

of protocols can be used really the only

of protocols can be used really the only protocol left to send over mpls is IP

protocol left to send over mpls is IP

protocol left to send over mpls is IP and ipx SPX and other such protocols or

and ipx SPX and other such protocols or

and ipx SPX and other such protocols or apple talk aren't used anymore at all

apple talk aren't used anymore at all

apple talk aren't used anymore at all npls is often referred to as layer 2.5

npls is often referred to as layer 2.5

npls is often referred to as layer 2.5 because it sits between layers 2 and

because it sits between layers 2 and

because it sits between layers 2 and layer 3 of The OSI

layer 3 of The OSI

layer 3 of The OSI some of the benefits not dependent on

some of the benefits not dependent on

some of the benefits not dependent on layer two technologies such as ATMs

layer two technologies such as ATMs

layer two technologies such as ATMs sonnet and ethernet

sonnet and ethernet

sonnet and ethernet it can be used to carry different types

it can be used to carry different types

it can be used to carry different types of traffic

of traffic

of traffic and

and

and ATMs on it and ethernet frames

tunneling mpls can control the entire

tunneling mpls can control the entire

tunneling mpls can control the entire path of a packet by tunneling through

path of a packet by tunneling through

path of a packet by tunneling through the intermediate routers that span

the intermediate routers that span

the intermediate routers that span multiple segments

this is a unique feature of mpls it's

this is a unique feature of mpls it's

this is a unique feature of mpls it's used in provisioning in mpls based vpns

used in provisioning in mpls based vpns

used in provisioning in mpls based vpns which is actually outside the syllabus

which is actually outside the syllabus

which is actually outside the syllabus all right so we've looked at mpls LSPs

all right so we've looked at mpls LSPs

all right so we've looked at mpls LSPs some of the benefits and we've mentioned

some of the benefits and we've mentioned

some of the benefits and we've mentioned tunneling we haven't gone into any

tunneling we haven't gone into any

tunneling we haven't gone into any detail obviously that's all for now

detail obviously that's all for now

detail obviously that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 9 lesson 2D an

welcome to module 9 lesson 2D an

welcome to module 9 lesson 2D an overview of GSM CDMA and Y Max again

overview of GSM CDMA and Y Max again

overview of GSM CDMA and Y Max again we're just hitting a few syllabus topics

we're just hitting a few syllabus topics

we're just hitting a few syllabus topics that comment here kind of mentioned in

that comment here kind of mentioned in

that comment here kind of mentioned in passing really but they are marked down

passing really but they are marked down

passing really but they are marked down there

there

there look at what is 2G

look at what is 2G

look at what is 2G um you may have be familiar with it if

um you may have be familiar with it if

um you may have be familiar with it if you've had a a mobile phone or I think

you've had a a mobile phone or I think

you've had a a mobile phone or I think you call them cellular phones in um

you call them cellular phones in um

you call them cellular phones in um America perhaps

America perhaps

America perhaps enhanced rates for GSM

enhanced rates for GSM

enhanced rates for GSM LTE long-term Evolution and CDMA

LTE long-term Evolution and CDMA

LTE long-term Evolution and CDMA so what is it it stands for global

so what is it it stands for global

so what is it it stands for global system for mobile Communications

system for mobile Communications

system for mobile Communications I used to actually be able to plug an

I used to actually be able to plug an

I used to actually be able to plug an adapter

adapter

adapter into your

into your

into your um a laptop

um a laptop

um a laptop and use a GSM card for accessing the

and use a GSM card for accessing the

and use a GSM card for accessing the internet but it was pretty slow my

internet but it was pretty slow my

internet but it was pretty slow my experience was pretty unreliable and

experience was pretty unreliable and

experience was pretty unreliable and pretty expensive so not fantastic but um

pretty expensive so not fantastic but um

pretty expensive so not fantastic but um if you were desperate it kind of did the

if you were desperate it kind of did the

if you were desperate it kind of did the job developed by European Telecom

job developed by European Telecom

job developed by European Telecom standards Institute

standards Institute

standards Institute Etsy

Etsy

Etsy and this is the protocols for second

and this is the protocols for second

and this is the protocols for second generation the 2G cellular networks

generation the 2G cellular networks

generation the 2G cellular networks digital used by mobiles

digital used by mobiles

digital used by mobiles the original standard was for 2G

the original standard was for 2G

the original standard was for 2G Wireless telephone technology and it

Wireless telephone technology and it

Wireless telephone technology and it became the global standard for mobile

became the global standard for mobile

became the global standard for mobile Communications a bit left behind now

Communications a bit left behind now

Communications a bit left behind now so GSM is a cellular network that uses

so GSM is a cellular network that uses

so GSM is a cellular network that uses radio signals for mobile and mobile

radio signals for mobile and mobile

radio signals for mobile and mobile comms

comms

comms the cellular network is a mobile network

the cellular network is a mobile network

the cellular network is a mobile network that is spread across the land area

that is spread across the land area

that is spread across the land area called cells

called cells

called cells one or more fixed transceivers or base

one or more fixed transceivers or base

one or more fixed transceivers or base stations were probably more familiar

stations were probably more familiar

stations were probably more familiar with they provide each cell with network

with they provide each cell with network

with they provide each cell with network coverage obviously

coverage obviously

coverage obviously the further away you are from these base

the further away you are from these base

the further away you are from these base stations the poorier signal light is

stations the poorier signal light is

stations the poorier signal light is until at some point you'll have no

until at some point you'll have no

until at some point you'll have no signal at all

um we commonly call them mobile phones

um we commonly call them mobile phones

um we commonly call them mobile phones during the cellular network calls

all right so what is 2G second

all right so what is 2G second

all right so what is 2G second generation as we've said they use radio

generation as we've said they use radio

generation as we've said they use radio signals developed as a replacement for

signals developed as a replacement for

signals developed as a replacement for the old cellular network they used

the old cellular network they used

the old cellular network they used um analog radio signals so that was a

um analog radio signals so that was a

um analog radio signals so that was a real old school and stuff

real old school and stuff

real old school and stuff they were quite easily hacked into at

they were quite easily hacked into at

they were quite easily hacked into at the time you if you had the equipment

the time you if you had the equipment

the time you if you had the equipment you could listen to people's

you could listen to people's

you could listen to people's um telephone conversations with a

um telephone conversations with a

um telephone conversations with a scanner

the original GSM standard was actually

the original GSM standard was actually

the original GSM standard was actually designed for full duplex voice telephony

designed for full duplex voice telephony

designed for full duplex voice telephony it was just adopted for data later on

it was just adopted for data later on

it was just adopted for data later on originally operated at 96 bits per

originally operated at 96 bits per

originally operated at 96 bits per second

second

second which is pretty darn slow evolved over

which is pretty darn slow evolved over

which is pretty darn slow evolved over time to allow Datacom through an

time to allow Datacom through an

time to allow Datacom through an enhanced GSM technology called Edge or

enhanced GSM technology called Edge or

enhanced GSM technology called Edge or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution

this was considered a pre-3g radio

this was considered a pre-3g radio

this was considered a pre-3g radio technology

technology

technology it's part of the itu's 3G definition and

it's part of the itu's 3G definition and

it's part of the itu's 3G definition and the idea is it delivers higher rate bits

the idea is it delivers higher rate bits

the idea is it delivers higher rate bits per radio channel so it's three times

per radio channel so it's three times

per radio channel so it's three times faster than ordinary GSM also used for

faster than ordinary GSM also used for

faster than ordinary GSM also used for internet connections

internet connections

internet connections a long-term Evolution LTE is today's

a long-term Evolution LTE is today's

a long-term Evolution LTE is today's mobile networks used something called um

mobile networks used something called um

mobile networks used something called um LTE

LTE

LTE commonly marketed as 4G you may have

commonly marketed as 4G you may have

commonly marketed as 4G you may have heard 4G LTE

high-speed data rate access based on the

high-speed data rate access based on the

high-speed data rate access based on the edge and HSPA network Technologies which

edge and HSPA network Technologies which

edge and HSPA network Technologies which are Legacy

are Legacy

are Legacy download speed is 300 Meg upload is 75

download speed is 300 Meg upload is 75

download speed is 300 Meg upload is 75 so it's asynchronous

so it's asynchronous

so it's asynchronous CDMA is code division multiple access

CDMA is code division multiple access

CDMA is code division multiple access this uses a special spread Spectrum

this uses a special spread Spectrum

this uses a special spread Spectrum technology and basically the idea is

technology and basically the idea is

technology and basically the idea is multiple users can communicate

multiple users can communicate

multiple users can communicate independently but using the same

independently but using the same

independently but using the same bandwidth and they shouldn't in theory

bandwidth and they shouldn't in theory

bandwidth and they shouldn't in theory be any interference on the connection

be any interference on the connection

be any interference on the connection uh represents a second generation 2G

uh represents a second generation 2G

uh represents a second generation 2G Digital radio solution

Digital radio solution

Digital radio solution uses the spectrally efficient technology

uses the spectrally efficient technology

uses the spectrally efficient technology for mobile communication

for mobile communication

for mobile communication all right moving on to Y Max

all right moving on to Y Max

all right moving on to Y Max worldwide interrupt interoperability for

worldwide interrupt interoperability for

worldwide interrupt interoperability for microwave access now what do they've

microwave access now what do they've

microwave access now what do they've shortened that one technology is based

shortened that one technology is based

shortened that one technology is based on 802.16 standard which you can look up

on 802.16 standard which you can look up

on 802.16 standard which you can look up in your own time

in your own time

in your own time it delivers a wireless Broadband

it delivers a wireless Broadband

it delivers a wireless Broadband Services anytime and anywhere

Services anytime and anywhere

Services anytime and anywhere here's an image from conique.com

here's an image from conique.com

here's an image from conique.com of indirect access with the outdoor

of indirect access with the outdoor

of indirect access with the outdoor customer premise equipment connecting

customer premise equipment connecting

customer premise equipment connecting through a base station when you've got a

through a base station when you've got a

through a base station when you've got a poor

poor

poor um connectivity and but you've got the

um connectivity and but you've got the

um connectivity and but you've got the signal goes through multiple paths

signal goes through multiple paths

signal goes through multiple paths uh the 802.16 standard is developed for

uh the 802.16 standard is developed for

uh the 802.16 standard is developed for providing an online science connectivity

providing an online science connectivity

providing an online science connectivity so it'd be quite useful in um

so it'd be quite useful in um

so it'd be quite useful in um areas where there's a lot of buildings

areas where there's a lot of buildings

areas where there's a lot of buildings and things in the way trees and other

and things in the way trees and other

and things in the way trees and other buildings and antennas

buildings and antennas

buildings and antennas why Max is sometimes referred to as

why Max is sometimes referred to as

why Max is sometimes referred to as Wi-Fi on steroids similar to Wi-Fi but

Wi-Fi on steroids similar to Wi-Fi but

Wi-Fi on steroids similar to Wi-Fi but can provide Broadband access to a large

can provide Broadband access to a large

can provide Broadband access to a large area supports Communications over a

area supports Communications over a

area supports Communications over a maximum of 30 mile radius

there are other available for fixed

there are other available for fixed

there are other available for fixed usage or mobile

so why Max is the standard which we've

so why Max is the standard which we've

so why Max is the standard which we've already said download speed is up to 37

already said download speed is up to 37

already said download speed is up to 37 Meg and the upload speed is up to 17.

mobile y next is based on the

mobile y next is based on the

mobile y next is based on the 802.16a standard from 2005. and this the

802.16a standard from 2005. and this the

802.16a standard from 2005. and this the got a throughput of up to 100 Meg

got a throughput of up to 100 Meg

got a throughput of up to 100 Meg so we've covered in brief GSM 2G

so we've covered in brief GSM 2G

so we've covered in brief GSM 2G enhanced data rates for GSM

enhanced data rates for GSM

enhanced data rates for GSM LTE CDMA and Y Max that's all for now

LTE CDMA and Y Max that's all for now

LTE CDMA and Y Max that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

wide area networks Wan connectivity and

wide area networks Wan connectivity and

wide area networks Wan connectivity and voice over IP

voice over IP

voice over IP in the last module we discussed the

in the last module we discussed the

in the last module we discussed the different types of Wan switching and the

different types of Wan switching and the

different types of Wan switching and the different transmission technologies some

different transmission technologies some

different transmission technologies some of which are going to reappear in this

of which are going to reappear in this

of which are going to reappear in this module that's because uh transmission

module that's because uh transmission

module that's because uh transmission technologies and connectivity options

technologies and connectivity options

technologies and connectivity options are going to go hand in hand so we're

are going to go hand in hand so we're

are going to go hand in hand so we're going to talk about some of the WAN

going to talk about some of the WAN

going to talk about some of the WAN connectivity options that we have

connectivity options that we have

connectivity options that we have including a least line

including a least line

including a least line packet switching which is different from

packet switching which is different from

packet switching which is different from circuit switching we've seen in the past

circuit switching we've seen in the past

circuit switching we've seen in the past something called cell relay which is the

something called cell relay which is the

something called cell relay which is the name implies it's related to ATM

name implies it's related to ATM

name implies it's related to ATM and then we're going to discuss briefly

and then we're going to discuss briefly

and then we're going to discuss briefly voice over IP which is something that

voice over IP which is something that

voice over IP which is something that will come up again but which is more and

will come up again but which is more and

will come up again but which is more and more become a necessary part of our

more become a necessary part of our

more become a necessary part of our networks that is making phone calls over

networks that is making phone calls over

networks that is making phone calls over our internet Network or our ethernet

our internet Network or our ethernet

our internet Network or our ethernet Network rather than over the plain old

Network rather than over the plain old

Network rather than over the plain old telephone system or public switch

telephone system or public switch

telephone system or public switch telephone Network and just to recall

telephone Network and just to recall

telephone Network and just to recall that's either called pots or pstn that

that's either called pots or pstn that

that's either called pots or pstn that was the phone network we used for lots

was the phone network we used for lots

was the phone network we used for lots and lots of years until we started

and lots of years until we started

and lots of years until we started getting more into a why internet wide

getting more into a why internet wide

getting more into a why internet wide world

world

world so

so

so when we talk about voice over IP I want

when we talk about voice over IP I want

when we talk about voice over IP I want to bring up a very important protocol

to bring up a very important protocol

to bring up a very important protocol called sip if you see sip on the test it

called sip if you see sip on the test it

called sip if you see sip on the test it is going to be directly related to voice

is going to be directly related to voice

is going to be directly related to voice over IP

over IP

over IP now one of the ways in which wide area

now one of the ways in which wide area

now one of the ways in which wide area networks can gain connectivity is

networks can gain connectivity is

networks can gain connectivity is through a leased line we've seen this in

through a leased line we've seen this in

through a leased line we've seen this in the past module at least line is sold to

the past module at least line is sold to

the past module at least line is sold to a company for a set amount of time thus

a company for a set amount of time thus

a company for a set amount of time thus the word least

the word least

the word least now a least line provides steady

now a least line provides steady

now a least line provides steady permanently set up connection such as a

permanently set up connection such as a

permanently set up connection such as a T1 connection or perhaps even a T3

T1 connection or perhaps even a T3

T1 connection or perhaps even a T3 connection or oc9 connection this

connection or oc9 connection this

connection or oc9 connection this connection usually allows data voice and

connection usually allows data voice and

connection usually allows data voice and internet connectivity to pass through it

internet connectivity to pass through it

internet connectivity to pass through it now typically these are used for

now typically these are used for

now typically these are used for establishing a Wan and connecting two

establishing a Wan and connecting two

establishing a Wan and connecting two different geographical locations to One

different geographical locations to One

different geographical locations to One Network though this connection is

Network though this connection is

Network though this connection is permanently there it can only be

permanently there it can only be

permanently there it can only be accessed as long as the customer is

accessed as long as the customer is

accessed as long as the customer is paying the lease for it this is where

paying the lease for it this is where

paying the lease for it this is where the disadvantage to it is this can be

the disadvantage to it is this can be

the disadvantage to it is this can be pretty expensive to buy a lease for

pretty expensive to buy a lease for

pretty expensive to buy a lease for because again if I have an office in

because again if I have an office in

because again if I have an office in let's say Manhattan and I have an office

let's say Manhattan and I have an office

let's say Manhattan and I have an office in Houston the idea is I'm leasing a

in Houston the idea is I'm leasing a

in Houston the idea is I'm leasing a direct line

direct line

direct line between the two and as you can imagine

between the two and as you can imagine

between the two and as you can imagine because I have my own line that's going

because I have my own line that's going

because I have my own line that's going between these it's pretty expensive the

between these it's pretty expensive the

between these it's pretty expensive the reason I lease it again is because I'm

reason I lease it again is because I'm

reason I lease it again is because I'm not a telecommunications company I can't

not a telecommunications company I can't

not a telecommunications company I can't just lay this cord I need them to lay it

just lay this cord I need them to lay it

just lay this cord I need them to lay it for me and then I'm going to lease it

for me and then I'm going to lease it

for me and then I'm going to lease it from them

from them

from them so the upside to this although that's

so the upside to this although that's

so the upside to this although that's the downside is that it's the most

the downside is that it's the most

the downside is that it's the most secure connection that we have

secure connection that we have

secure connection that we have now in the last module we talked about a

now in the last module we talked about a

now in the last module we talked about a t carrier lines and a T1 line can be

t carrier lines and a T1 line can be

t carrier lines and a T1 line can be leased and provides a secure connection

leased and provides a secure connection

leased and provides a secure connection so therefore it is a leased line

and we also talked about in previous

and we also talked about in previous

and we also talked about in previous lessons switching we talked about how

lessons switching we talked about how

lessons switching we talked about how important switches were to the

important switches were to the

important switches were to the functionality of a local area network

functionality of a local area network

functionality of a local area network they provide a communication path

they provide a communication path

they provide a communication path between two endpoints and they manage

between two endpoints and they manage

between two endpoints and they manage that flow of data so that way we don't

that flow of data so that way we don't

that flow of data so that way we don't have a bunch of traffic going on in

have a bunch of traffic going on in

have a bunch of traffic going on in effect they basically make sure that

effect they basically make sure that

effect they basically make sure that packet going from one location gets to

packet going from one location gets to

packet going from one location gets to the other and doesn't sort of interrupt

the other and doesn't sort of interrupt

the other and doesn't sort of interrupt the flow of all the other packets that

the flow of all the other packets that

the flow of all the other packets that are going on now in Lan these two

are going on now in Lan these two

are going on now in Lan these two endpoints aren't very far away from each

endpoints aren't very far away from each

endpoints aren't very far away from each other however on a Wan or a wide area

other however on a Wan or a wide area

other however on a Wan or a wide area network these endpoints could be on

network these endpoints could be on

network these endpoints could be on opposite sides

opposite sides

opposite sides the globe and that's why switching is

the globe and that's why switching is

the globe and that's why switching is such an important topic to understand

such an important topic to understand

such an important topic to understand now when it comes to a win or a wide

now when it comes to a win or a wide

now when it comes to a win or a wide area network there are two different

area network there are two different

area network there are two different types of switching there's packet

types of switching there's packet

types of switching there's packet switching and there's circuit switching

switching and there's circuit switching

switching and there's circuit switching packet switching is when the data is

packet switching is when the data is

packet switching is when the data is broken up into smaller chunks

or

or

or pockets

pockets

pockets and then they're assigned a source and a

and then they're assigned a source and a

and then they're assigned a source and a destination and they stop at different

destination and they stop at different

destination and they stop at different nodes along the way

nodes along the way

nodes along the way every packet has these assigned to it

every packet has these assigned to it

every packet has these assigned to it because they don't always stay in the

because they don't always stay in the

because they don't always stay in the same path as the other packet and I'll

same path as the other packet and I'll

same path as the other packet and I'll show you a visual to clarify this in

show you a visual to clarify this in

show you a visual to clarify this in just a second they're usually going to

just a second they're usually going to

just a second they're usually going to split up which paths they're going to

split up which paths they're going to

split up which paths they're going to take in order to avoid colliding with

take in order to avoid colliding with

take in order to avoid colliding with each other and to make it much faster

this principle of packet switching is

this principle of packet switching is

this principle of packet switching is sort of similar to a torrent if you

sort of similar to a torrent if you

sort of similar to a torrent if you remember a torrent file if you've ever

remember a torrent file if you've ever

remember a torrent file if you've ever used one

used one

used one it contains information about data like

it contains information about data like

it contains information about data like files and folders that can be

files and folders that can be

files and folders that can be distributed now if someone torrents a

distributed now if someone torrents a

distributed now if someone torrents a file the folders and files within that

file the folders and files within that

file the folders and files within that torrent are downloaded to the user's

torrent are downloaded to the user's

torrent are downloaded to the user's computer but the torrents are

computer but the torrents are

computer but the torrents are peer-to-peer sharing system they Mark

peer-to-peer sharing system they Mark

peer-to-peer sharing system they Mark almost exactly like packet switching

almost exactly like packet switching

almost exactly like packet switching does torrents collects packets of data

does torrents collects packets of data

does torrents collects packets of data from wherever the data is available and

from wherever the data is available and

from wherever the data is available and then reassemble it in the whole file on

then reassemble it in the whole file on

then reassemble it in the whole file on your computer

your computer

your computer in other words you can be downloading

in other words you can be downloading

in other words you can be downloading information for the movie you're

information for the movie you're

information for the movie you're torrenting or of course the movie that

torrenting or of course the movie that

torrenting or of course the movie that you own that you're torrent and we

you own that you're torrent and we

you own that you're torrent and we wouldn't want to say to do anything

wouldn't want to say to do anything

wouldn't want to say to do anything illegal and what you're doing is you're

illegal and what you're doing is you're

illegal and what you're doing is you're actually taking that information from

actually taking that information from

actually taking that information from say 5 or 10 or 100 different systems

say 5 or 10 or 100 different systems

say 5 or 10 or 100 different systems that are out there they're all coming

that are out there they're all coming

that are out there they're all coming down into your system and then you're

down into your system and then you're

down into your system and then you're compiling it all together

compiling it all together

compiling it all together to make

to make

to make one movie

one movie

one movie this isn't unlike Willy Wonka where the

this isn't unlike Willy Wonka where the

this isn't unlike Willy Wonka where the information goes up into the Wonka

information goes up into the Wonka

information goes up into the Wonka vision gets split up into a whole bunch

vision gets split up into a whole bunch

vision gets split up into a whole bunch of little pieces and then gets brought

of little pieces and then gets brought

of little pieces and then gets brought back to you except all the little pieces

back to you except all the little pieces

back to you except all the little pieces don't have to be sent from all the same

don't have to be sent from all the same

don't have to be sent from all the same place

place

place so the benefit of this is that it can go

so the benefit of this is that it can go

so the benefit of this is that it can go a lot faster that's with packet

a lot faster that's with packet

a lot faster that's with packet switching the downside of course is that

switching the downside of course is that

switching the downside of course is that there's a good chance that the packets

there's a good chance that the packets

there's a good chance that the packets can be lost along the way now the second

can be lost along the way now the second

can be lost along the way now the second type of switching is called circuit

type of switching is called circuit

type of switching is called circuit switching this method of switching

switching this method of switching

switching this method of switching requires dedicated

requires dedicated

requires dedicated physical connections so whereas packet

physical connections so whereas packet

physical connections so whereas packet we're dealing with data in circuit we're

we're dealing with data in circuit we're

we're dealing with data in circuit we're dealing with physical connections that

dealing with physical connections that

dealing with physical connections that allow data to be transferred now it can

allow data to be transferred now it can

allow data to be transferred now it can be difficult to establish these

be difficult to establish these

be difficult to establish these connections but the results are a lot

connections but the results are a lot

connections but the results are a lot more reliable than with packet switching

more reliable than with packet switching

more reliable than with packet switching with circuit switching the connection

with circuit switching the connection

with circuit switching the connection that's made is dedicated for that

that's made is dedicated for that

that's made is dedicated for that purpose only in other words I create

purpose only in other words I create

purpose only in other words I create switch over which all the data is going

to be sent once I'm done with that and

to be sent once I'm done with that and

to be sent once I'm done with that and the transfer is complete I no longer

the transfer is complete I no longer

the transfer is complete I no longer need this circuit and so it might be

need this circuit and so it might be

need this circuit and so it might be switched to allow another computer or

switched to allow another computer or

switched to allow another computer or system to talk to one another now

system to talk to one another now

system to talk to one another now there's a very small chance of the data

there's a very small chance of the data

there's a very small chance of the data getting lost or along the way because

getting lost or along the way because

getting lost or along the way because the circuit switching establishes a

the circuit switching establishes a

the circuit switching establishes a consistent data transfer however the

consistent data transfer however the

consistent data transfer however the downside is I can't take it from say 10

downside is I can't take it from say 10

downside is I can't take it from say 10 different sources instead I have to have

different sources instead I have to have

different sources instead I have to have one sender one receiver and in this case

one sender one receiver and in this case

one sender one receiver and in this case because I can't split it up it might

because I can't split it up it might

because I can't split it up it might take longer to find that one connection

take longer to find that one connection

take longer to find that one connection although once that connection is

although once that connection is

although once that connection is established it's a lot stronger so

established it's a lot stronger so

established it's a lot stronger so here's an example of what packet

here's an example of what packet

here's an example of what packet switching might look like the packets

switching might look like the packets

switching might look like the packets that are traveling across the network

that are traveling across the network

that are traveling across the network are all going on different paths right

are all going on different paths right

are all going on different paths right one might be going like this

one might be going like this

one might be going like this one might be going like this the other

one might be going like this the other

one might be going like this the other might be going like this

might be going like this

might be going like this etc etc

etc etc

etc etc they're all going to reach the

they're all going to reach the

they're all going to reach the destination on the right but they're

destination on the right but they're

destination on the right but they're going to do so in a different way if we

going to do so in a different way if we

going to do so in a different way if we say that this is the source

say that this is the source

say that this is the source and this is the destination

this is going to alleviate traffic

this is going to alleviate traffic

this is going to alleviate traffic Network because as you can imagine

I don't have to require everything to go

I don't have to require everything to go

I don't have to require everything to go across this one

across this one

across this one dedicated line instead it can use

dedicated line instead it can use

dedicated line instead it can use whichever line has the least traffic on

whichever line has the least traffic on

whichever line has the least traffic on it at that time and therefore

it at that time and therefore

it at that time and therefore everything's going to get there without

everything's going to get there without

everything's going to get there without with the least amount of traffic however

with the least amount of traffic however

with the least amount of traffic however it's also not the most secure way

it's also not the most secure way

it's also not the most secure way because obviously there are a lot more

because obviously there are a lot more

because obviously there are a lot more points for someone to enter in and

points for someone to enter in and

points for someone to enter in and perhaps steal information or sniff

perhaps steal information or sniff

perhaps steal information or sniff information and this packet for instance

information and this packet for instance

information and this packet for instance might have been gobbled up by a hacker

might have been gobbled up by a hacker

might have been gobbled up by a hacker someone who wanted to get the

someone who wanted to get the

someone who wanted to get the information or it somehow just got lost

information or it somehow just got lost

information or it somehow just got lost so this is where the issues with packet

so this is where the issues with packet

so this is where the issues with packet switching come in

switching come in

switching come in now in the last module we talked about

now in the last module we talked about

now in the last module we talked about many of the different transmission

many of the different transmission

many of the different transmission technologies that Wan has in one of

technologies that Wan has in one of

technologies that Wan has in one of those if you recall was ATM or

those if you recall was ATM or

those if you recall was ATM or asynchronous transfer mode and imagine

asynchronous transfer mode and imagine

asynchronous transfer mode and imagine that name asynchronous

that name asynchronous

that name asynchronous that's important because it's not at the

that's important because it's not at the

that's important because it's not at the same time it's asynchronous now ATM

same time it's asynchronous now ATM

same time it's asynchronous now ATM splits data packets into these cells and

splits data packets into these cells and

splits data packets into these cells and these cells again are 53 bytes in order

these cells again are 53 bytes in order

these cells again are 53 bytes in order to send them now this made data flow

to send them now this made data flow

to send them now this made data flow simple and it did not back up the system

simple and it did not back up the system

simple and it did not back up the system and didn't cause too much traffic so

and didn't cause too much traffic so

and didn't cause too much traffic so very similar to ATM is what we call cell

very similar to ATM is what we call cell

very similar to ATM is what we call cell relay

relay

relay so relay is a connectivity method that

so relay is a connectivity method that

so relay is a connectivity method that breaks data up into equal size cells and

breaks data up into equal size cells and

breaks data up into equal size cells and then sends them to the destination now

then sends them to the destination now

then sends them to the destination now unlike ATM these cells aren't

unlike ATM these cells aren't

unlike ATM these cells aren't necessarily 53 bytes but they're all

necessarily 53 bytes but they're all

necessarily 53 bytes but they're all even with each other

even with each other

even with each other so they're all sent across the network

so they're all sent across the network

so they're all sent across the network and they all

and they all

and they all are even meaning they each have the same

are even meaning they each have the same

are even meaning they each have the same amount of bytes now the data itself is

amount of bytes now the data itself is

amount of bytes now the data itself is transferred very similar to a method

transferred very similar to a method

transferred very similar to a method that we just talked about in packet

that we just talked about in packet

that we just talked about in packet switching the difference is that packet

switching the difference is that packet

switching the difference is that packet switching doesn't evenly break up the

switching doesn't evenly break up the

switching doesn't evenly break up the packs which could cause some Network

packs which could cause some Network

packs which could cause some Network traffic so cell relay is good for

traffic so cell relay is good for

traffic so cell relay is good for simultaneous transfer of data and voice

simultaneous transfer of data and voice

simultaneous transfer of data and voice meaning it allows me to do voice and

meaning it allows me to do voice and

meaning it allows me to do voice and data

data

data at the same time however just like with

at the same time however just like with

at the same time however just like with packet switching it's not very secure

packet switching it's not very secure

packet switching it's not very secure and some of the cells could also be

and some of the cells could also be

and some of the cells could also be easily lost along the way now as we all

easily lost along the way now as we all

easily lost along the way now as we all know voice over IP has sort of taken the

know voice over IP has sort of taken the

know voice over IP has sort of taken the World by storm international calling can

World by storm international calling can

World by storm international calling can be really really expensive and so voice

be really really expensive and so voice

be really really expensive and so voice over IP is a way to make calls through

over IP is a way to make calls through

over IP is a way to make calls through IP packets or using the internet you

IP packets or using the internet you

IP packets or using the internet you recall IP packets are part of the TCP

recall IP packets are part of the TCP

recall IP packets are part of the TCP Suite they involve giving every single

Suite they involve giving every single

Suite they involve giving every single device on a network and IP address which

device on a network and IP address which

device on a network and IP address which is just like a phone number in an old

is just like a phone number in an old

is just like a phone number in an old system and uh this would allow us to

system and uh this would allow us to

system and uh this would allow us to save money on international calls it's

save money on international calls it's

save money on international calls it's by far cheaper alternative to a phone

by far cheaper alternative to a phone

by far cheaper alternative to a phone service because unlike a phone service

service because unlike a phone service

service because unlike a phone service there are no monthly bills to pay and

there are no monthly bills to pay and

there are no monthly bills to pay and there are no long distance charges to

there are no long distance charges to

there are no long distance charges to deal with so VoIP uses the existing

deal with so VoIP uses the existing

deal with so VoIP uses the existing internet infrastructure that's already

internet infrastructure that's already

internet infrastructure that's already in place to make connections for calls

in place to make connections for calls

in place to make connections for calls and what it does is it

and what it does is it

and what it does is it basically puts the information from your

basically puts the information from your

basically puts the information from your voice into packets and streams those

voice into packets and streams those

voice into packets and streams those across a network now like almost

across a network now like almost

across a network now like almost everything in Computing there is a

everything in Computing there is a

everything in Computing there is a protocol that allows this to work and

protocol that allows this to work and

protocol that allows this to work and that is called the session initiation

that is called the session initiation

that is called the session initiation protocol

protocol

protocol or sip

or sip

or sip write that out

now if you see sip on the test or if you

now if you see sip on the test or if you

now if you see sip on the test or if you see voice over IP on the test you can be

see voice over IP on the test you can be

see voice over IP on the test you can be guaranteed they're related the other

guaranteed they're related the other

guaranteed they're related the other thing you're going to see when it comes

thing you're going to see when it comes

thing you're going to see when it comes to voice over p is called qos or quality

of

of

of service the reason is we want to make

service the reason is we want to make

service the reason is we want to make sure the quality is pretty good

sure the quality is pretty good

sure the quality is pretty good otherwise if we're getting the packet at

otherwise if we're getting the packet at

otherwise if we're getting the packet at the end you know if we're getting uh if

the end you know if we're getting uh if

the end you know if we're getting uh if I say a sentence and I get the end of

I say a sentence and I get the end of

I say a sentence and I get the end of the sentence before I get the beginning

the sentence before I get the beginning

the sentence before I get the beginning of the sentence then the quality is not

of the sentence then the quality is not

of the sentence then the quality is not really good and I can't really rely on

really good and I can't really rely on

really good and I can't really rely on this so getting back to sip for a second

this so getting back to sip for a second

this so getting back to sip for a second this is the protocol that's designed to

this is the protocol that's designed to

this is the protocol that's designed to set up and maintain internet multimedia

set up and maintain internet multimedia

set up and maintain internet multimedia sessions such as voice calls it's also

sessions such as voice calls it's also

sessions such as voice calls it's also responsible for communication that's

responsible for communication that's

responsible for communication that's used in video and audio conferencing

used in video and audio conferencing

used in video and audio conferencing online games voice Chats on the internet

online games voice Chats on the internet

online games voice Chats on the internet and so on so it's extremely important

and so on so it's extremely important

and so on so it's extremely important and without it basically VoIP wouldn't

and without it basically VoIP wouldn't

and without it basically VoIP wouldn't function

function

function so here's an example of what VoIP might

so here's an example of what VoIP might

so here's an example of what VoIP might look like as you can see there's both a

look like as you can see there's both a

look like as you can see there's both a phone and a computer that are connected

phone and a computer that are connected

phone and a computer that are connected to this network on the top end

to this network on the top end

to this network on the top end PC connects through a modem or perhaps

PC connects through a modem or perhaps

PC connects through a modem or perhaps even a network card

even a network card

even a network card and the telephone connects through some

and the telephone connects through some

and the telephone connects through some sort of adapter and they both connect

sort of adapter and they both connect

sort of adapter and they both connect through the internet generally there's

through the internet generally there's

through the internet generally there's also one box that everything sort of

also one box that everything sort of

also one box that everything sort of connects into and that sends it out into

connects into and that sends it out into

connects into and that sends it out into the internet out to your internet

the internet out to your internet

the internet out to your internet service provider and again the important

service provider and again the important

service provider and again the important thing here is that everything is being

thing here is that everything is being

thing here is that everything is being captured into IP packets so your voice

captured into IP packets so your voice

captured into IP packets so your voice is being turned into for lack of a

is being turned into for lack of a

is being turned into for lack of a better term data in an IP packet which

better term data in an IP packet which

better term data in an IP packet which can then be sent over the internet

can then be sent over the internet

can then be sent over the internet great so now we've identified some Wan

great so now we've identified some Wan

great so now we've identified some Wan connectivity options including a leased

connectivity options including a leased

connectivity options including a leased line which is a line that you lease

line which is a line that you lease

line which is a line that you lease between two places an example of that

between two places an example of that

between two places an example of that would be that T1 or that T3 line the

would be that T1 or that T3 line the

would be that T1 or that T3 line the reason it's leased is we don't actually

reason it's leased is we don't actually

reason it's leased is we don't actually put it in the Telecommunications Company

put it in the Telecommunications Company

put it in the Telecommunications Company does that for us we simply lease it for

does that for us we simply lease it for

does that for us we simply lease it for a certain amount of time it's very

a certain amount of time it's very

a certain amount of time it's very expensive and so a lot of companies

expensive and so a lot of companies

expensive and so a lot of companies don't use lease lines unless they

don't use lease lines unless they

don't use lease lines unless they require one what they use instead is a

require one what they use instead is a

require one what they use instead is a connection to the internet and then they

connection to the internet and then they

connection to the internet and then they will have uh basically virtual private

will have uh basically virtual private

will have uh basically virtual private networks and software and other Hardware

networks and software and other Hardware

networks and software and other Hardware that create a virtual leased line over a

that create a virtual leased line over a

that create a virtual leased line over a public line we also talked about packet

public line we also talked about packet

public line we also talked about packet switching which was important different

switching which was important different

switching which was important different from circuit switching which is sort of

from circuit switching which is sort of

from circuit switching which is sort of what switches do pocket switching would

what switches do pocket switching would

what switches do pocket switching would allow me to send

allow me to send

allow me to send data and if I had many different routes

data and if I had many different routes

data and if I had many different routes for that data to take it could take any

for that data to take it could take any

for that data to take it could take any one of those pack those those data

one of those pack those those data

one of those pack those those data packets run in sort of any different

packets run in sort of any different

packets run in sort of any different configuration I wanted it to and it

configuration I wanted it to and it

configuration I wanted it to and it would all arrive at the enemy put back

would all arrive at the enemy put back

would all arrive at the enemy put back together so the packets all basically

together so the packets all basically

together so the packets all basically get broken up sent out

get broken up sent out

get broken up sent out shuffled sent in whatever order they

shuffled sent in whatever order they

shuffled sent in whatever order they need in the packet each packet has the

need in the packet each packet has the

need in the packet each packet has the source and the destination and also it

source and the destination and also it

source and the destination and also it has a number basically

so that way at the end it knows how to

so that way at the end it knows how to

so that way at the end it knows how to put it back together in the correct

put it back together in the correct

put it back together in the correct order this is somewhat similar to cell

order this is somewhat similar to cell

order this is somewhat similar to cell relay the difference with cell relay

relay the difference with cell relay

relay the difference with cell relay which is linked sormal to ATM is that

which is linked sormal to ATM is that

which is linked sormal to ATM is that all packets

all packets

all packets are the same

size

size

size we also briefly which we'll talk about

we also briefly which we'll talk about

we also briefly which we'll talk about more discussed VoIP or voice over IP

more discussed VoIP or voice over IP

more discussed VoIP or voice over IP which allows us to make

phone calls or voice calls

phone calls or voice calls

phone calls or voice calls over the Internet or using ethernet

over the Internet or using ethernet

over the Internet or using ethernet technology the protocol that allows us

technology the protocol that allows us

technology the protocol that allows us to occur is called sip or the session

initiation

initiation

initiation protocol again if you see sip on the

protocol again if you see sip on the

protocol again if you see sip on the test you can guarantee that it has to do

test you can guarantee that it has to do

test you can guarantee that it has to do with VoIP or voice over IP now in the

with VoIP or voice over IP now in the

with VoIP or voice over IP now in the net next lesson we're going to talk more

net next lesson we're going to talk more

net next lesson we're going to talk more about remote networking obviously

about remote networking obviously

about remote networking obviously something more and more of us need to do

something more and more of us need to do

something more and more of us need to do with telecommuting and also something

with telecommuting and also something

with telecommuting and also something that would allow us to replace for

that would allow us to replace for

that would allow us to replace for instance a leased line with more of a

instance a leased line with more of a

instance a leased line with more of a temporary solution

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 9 lesson 4.1

welcome to module 9 lesson 4.1

welcome to module 9 lesson 4.1 practicals and services uh as usual

practicals and services uh as usual

practicals and services uh as usual covering the things we haven't already

covering the things we haven't already

covering the things we haven't already gone over

gone over

gone over it's a wonder wide area network still

it's a wonder wide area network still

it's a wonder wide area network still we're in brief I.E the stuff I think you

we're in brief I.E the stuff I think you

we're in brief I.E the stuff I think you need to know because there's entire

need to know because there's entire

need to know because there's entire books on some of these protocols PPP

books on some of these protocols PPP

books on some of these protocols PPP PPP over ethernet

PPP over ethernet

PPP over ethernet Dynamic multi-point VPN which has

Dynamic multi-point VPN which has

Dynamic multi-point VPN which has actually just been brought into the

actually just been brought into the

actually just been brought into the Cisco CCNA syllabus

Cisco CCNA syllabus

Cisco CCNA syllabus sip trunks uh Josh talked about sip

sip trunks uh Josh talked about sip

sip trunks uh Josh talked about sip trunks earlier

trunks earlier

trunks earlier uh briefly it he actually wrote it onto

uh briefly it he actually wrote it onto

uh briefly it he actually wrote it onto one of the slides when he talked about

one of the slides when he talked about

one of the slides when he talked about voice so I'll just cover an extra little

voice so I'll just cover an extra little

voice so I'll just cover an extra little bit

bit

bit PPP very popular over dedicated and

PPP very popular over dedicated and

PPP very popular over dedicated and circuit switch links for wide area

circuit switch links for wide area

circuit switch links for wide area connection

connection

connection now where the typical question you would

now where the typical question you would

now where the typical question you would get certainly for Cisco is if you're

get certainly for Cisco is if you're

get certainly for Cisco is if you're collecting a Cisco to a device over a

collecting a Cisco to a device over a

collecting a Cisco to a device over a wide area network to a non-cisco device

wide area network to a non-cisco device

wide area network to a non-cisco device what protocol would you use you'd

what protocol would you use you'd

what protocol would you use you'd probably use PPP

probably use PPP

probably use PPP because it's a vendor neutral anyone can

because it's a vendor neutral anyone can

because it's a vendor neutral anyone can use it whereas Cisco has a their own set

use it whereas Cisco has a their own set

use it whereas Cisco has a their own set of protocols that you can choose from

of protocols that you can choose from

of protocols that you can choose from for your server-wide area networks also

for your server-wide area networks also

for your server-wide area networks also works over many different link types so

works over many different link types so

works over many different link types so synchronous ISDN asynchronous DSL Etc

synchronous ISDN asynchronous DSL Etc

synchronous ISDN asynchronous DSL Etc two components inside

two components inside

two components inside PPP you've got your ncps which show your

PPP you've got your ncps which show your

PPP you've got your ncps which show your network control protocols these

network control protocols these

network control protocols these interface with the TCP or network layer

interface with the TCP or network layer

interface with the TCP or network layer talking about OSI and then you've got

talking about OSI and then you've got

talking about OSI and then you've got link control protocols this manages the

link control protocols this manages the

link control protocols this manages the data link sessions and connections

data link sessions and connections

data link sessions and connections that'd be a typical exam type question

the other thing about PPP is it offers

the other thing about PPP is it offers

the other thing about PPP is it offers authentication built in which is very

authentication built in which is very

authentication built in which is very useful

useful

useful now you've got two types pap

now you've got two types pap

now you've got two types pap and chap

and chap

and chap uh unfortunately if we go over to

uh unfortunately if we go over to

uh unfortunately if we go over to password authenticate Authentication

password authenticate Authentication

password authenticate Authentication Protocol

Protocol

Protocol your password if you sniffed the packet

your password if you sniffed the packet

your password if you sniffed the packet been sent over the line

been sent over the line

been sent over the line uh the fields you would see

password it doesn't encrypt the password

password it doesn't encrypt the password

password it doesn't encrypt the password chap

chap

chap actually sends a hashed value

actually sends a hashed value

actually sends a hashed value of

of

of characters whatever they may be

so you don't actually see the password

so you don't actually see the password

so you don't actually see the password so this is the one you're going to want

so this is the one you're going to want

so this is the one you're going to want to use no one really is going to use Pap

to use no one really is going to use Pap

to use no one really is going to use Pap anymore unless it's um you can configure

anymore unless it's um you can configure

anymore unless it's um you can configure it if for any reason chap goes down you

it if for any reason chap goes down you

it if for any reason chap goes down you can configure it's a it's called a full

can configure it's a it's called a full

can configure it's a it's called a full back PPP fullback but really you'd

back PPP fullback but really you'd

back PPP fullback but really you'd probably rather just have your PPP line

probably rather just have your PPP line

probably rather just have your PPP line go down and you troubleshoot it

go down and you troubleshoot it

go down and you troubleshoot it but search up is what you will want to

but search up is what you will want to

but search up is what you will want to use because it offers the encryption

use because it offers the encryption

use because it offers the encryption there's a three-way handshake this is

there's a three-way handshake this is

there's a three-way handshake this is another typical exam question

another typical exam question

another typical exam question um and you can see it in the diagram

um and you can see it in the diagram

um and you can see it in the diagram here there's a challenge a response and

here there's a challenge a response and

here there's a challenge a response and then it's accepted or rejected if it's

then it's accepted or rejected if it's

then it's accepted or rejected if it's accepted then the line comes up and you

accepted then the line comes up and you

accepted then the line comes up and you can pass then your data if um it's

can pass then your data if um it's

can pass then your data if um it's rejected then obviously the PPP session

rejected then obviously the PPP session

rejected then obviously the PPP session uh won't come up and I spent some time

uh won't come up and I spent some time

uh won't come up and I spent some time debugging this when I work for Cisco

debugging this when I work for Cisco

debugging this when I work for Cisco Systems

Systems

Systems a continual authentication so it doesn't

a continual authentication so it doesn't

a continual authentication so it doesn't just do it once I'm not sure you'd have

just do it once I'm not sure you'd have

just do it once I'm not sure you'd have to read the RFC and see how it's been

to read the RFC and see how it's been

to read the RFC and see how it's been implemented but there's regular

implemented but there's regular

implemented but there's regular challenges take place during the session

challenges take place during the session

challenges take place during the session uh usually there's a a host name and

uh usually there's a a host name and

uh usually there's a a host name and password for example the host name of

password for example the host name of

password for example the host name of this router is router B

this router is router B

this router is router B and you would configure on this side

and you would configure on this side

and you would configure on this side here you would say the host the username

here you would say the host the username

here you would say the host the username that's permitted is router a and I've

that's permitted is router a and I've

that's permitted is router a and I've just used a simple password so what

just used a simple password so what

just used a simple password so what happens is this router's host name acts

happens is this router's host name acts

happens is this router's host name acts as the Authentication

as the Authentication

as the Authentication a hostname it calls using its um host

a hostname it calls using its um host

a hostname it calls using its um host name here and its password and in the

name here and its password and in the

name here and its password and in the database over here you've configured

database over here you've configured

database over here you've configured that as the parameters that's going to

that as the parameters that's going to

that as the parameters that's going to be permitted

be permitted

be permitted you can do it in a lot more complicated

you can do it in a lot more complicated

you can do it in a lot more complicated ways

ways

ways the commands on a Cisco router are PPP

the commands on a Cisco router are PPP

the commands on a Cisco router are PPP authentication chap uh or if you want to

authentication chap uh or if you want to

authentication chap uh or if you want to use um and

use um and

use um and um your clear text is pap

um your clear text is pap

um your clear text is pap moving on to pppoe it allows

moving on to pppoe it allows

moving on to pppoe it allows encapsulating PPP inside ethernet frames

encapsulating PPP inside ethernet frames

encapsulating PPP inside ethernet frames no surprise really because the clues in

no surprise really because the clues in

no surprise really because the clues in the name there often used with your DSL

the name there often used with your DSL

the name there often used with your DSL connections and it tunnels to the your

connections and it tunnels to the your

connections and it tunnels to the your internet service provider I'm just

internet service provider I'm just

internet service provider I'm just thinking of questions of the last

thinking of questions of the last

thinking of questions of the last because you're not going to have to

because you're not going to have to

because you're not going to have to configure this so they may ask a

configure this so they may ask a

configure this so they may ask a question what are the pppoe stage is

question what are the pppoe stage is

question what are the pppoe stage is there's a discovery which is obviously

there's a discovery which is obviously

there's a discovery which is obviously the um building up the connection

the um building up the connection

the um building up the connection between the two devices and then the

between the two devices and then the

between the two devices and then the actual session where the data is going

actual session where the data is going

actual session where the data is going to be sent across the line

to be sent across the line

to be sent across the line this is the same with most protocols as

this is the same with most protocols as

this is the same with most protocols as you know

you know

you know moving on to Dynamic multi-point vpm

moving on to Dynamic multi-point vpm

moving on to Dynamic multi-point vpm this allows your remote VPN connections

this allows your remote VPN connections

this allows your remote VPN connections to bypass your your headquarters VPN so

to bypass your your headquarters VPN so

to bypass your your headquarters VPN so in your traditional

in your traditional

in your traditional VPN service your spoke router over here

VPN service your spoke router over here

VPN service your spoke router over here say

say

say um say it's in Las Vegas this is in LA

um say it's in Las Vegas this is in LA

um say it's in Las Vegas this is in LA and

and

and um this is in

um this is in

um this is in where can we have this Atlanta

a bit of a pain your branch office would

a bit of a pain your branch office would

a bit of a pain your branch office would have to communicate to your headquarters

have to communicate to your headquarters

have to communicate to your headquarters in order for the the tunnel to actually

in order for the the tunnel to actually

in order for the the tunnel to actually take place but it'll be routed from here

take place but it'll be routed from here

take place but it'll be routed from here to here and obviously if there's

to here and obviously if there's

to here and obviously if there's problems in your headquarters office for

problems in your headquarters office for

problems in your headquarters office for whatever reason or the line is congested

whatever reason or the line is congested

whatever reason or the line is congested your connection won't take place so the

your connection won't take place so the

your connection won't take place so the point of

point of

point of um Dynamic multiple in VPN is your

um Dynamic multiple in VPN is your

um Dynamic multiple in VPN is your Branch offices your spoke routers can

Branch offices your spoke routers can

Branch offices your spoke routers can directly make a connection and it

directly make a connection and it

directly make a connection and it bypasses your vpn's router

bypasses your vpn's router

bypasses your vpn's router you do require a hub and spoke topology

you do require a hub and spoke topology

you do require a hub and spoke topology which we spoke about earlier in our

which we spoke about earlier in our

which we spoke about earlier in our topology

topology

topology topology sessions

topology sessions

topology sessions um oh that shouldn't be in there sorry

um oh that shouldn't be in there sorry

um oh that shouldn't be in there sorry about that

about that

about that left that in from my last slide

all right and finally I've got this

all right and finally I've got this

all right and finally I've got this slide here this image from

slide here this image from

slide here this image from um my

um my

um my netphone.com.au this explains basically

netphone.com.au this explains basically

netphone.com.au this explains basically how citrunks work especially an

how citrunks work especially an

how citrunks work especially an initiation protocol if you ever hear sip

initiation protocol if you ever hear sip

initiation protocol if you ever hear sip or a session initiative initiation

or a session initiative initiation

or a session initiative initiation protocol which Josh mentioned you

protocol which Josh mentioned you

protocol which Josh mentioned you immediately think voice over IP this is

immediately think voice over IP this is

immediately think voice over IP this is what enables voice over IP to work

what enables voice over IP to work

what enables voice over IP to work trunks enable your PBX to send and

trunks enable your PBX to send and

trunks enable your PBX to send and receive calls via the Internet so what

receive calls via the Internet so what

receive calls via the Internet so what it does is it takes your

it does is it takes your

it does is it takes your um the phone your typical phone

um the phone your typical phone

um the phone your typical phone connection

connection

connection and acts as a bridge between the

and acts as a bridge between the

and acts as a bridge between the internet

internet

internet that's the

that's the

that's the um the point of this the SIP trunk

um the point of this the SIP trunk

um the point of this the SIP trunk so digital equivalent of a phone line

so digital equivalent of a phone line

so digital equivalent of a phone line enables you to make and voice and or

enables you to make and voice and or

enables you to make and voice and or video calls video conferencing calls via

video calls video conferencing calls via

video calls video conferencing calls via the Internet

acts as a bridge between your PBX which

acts as a bridge between your PBX which

acts as a bridge between your PBX which is your phone system that you'd have at

is your phone system that you'd have at

is your phone system that you'd have at your um corporate office there and IP

your um corporate office there and IP

your um corporate office there and IP telephony

telephony

telephony all right so we covered a lot of stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff

all right so we covered a lot of stuff but I think only what you need today and

but I think only what you need today and

but I think only what you need today and it is covered in other presentations as

it is covered in other presentations as

it is covered in other presentations as well uh by Josh PPP

well uh by Josh PPP

well uh by Josh PPP pppoe Dynamic multi-point VPN and zip

pppoe Dynamic multi-point VPN and zip

pppoe Dynamic multi-point VPN and zip Trunks and I've highlighted what I think

Trunks and I've highlighted what I think

Trunks and I've highlighted what I think would be the typical exam questions so

would be the typical exam questions so

would be the typical exam questions so that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

remote access remote networking

remote access remote networking

remote access remote networking fundamentals

fundamentals

fundamentals in the last lesson we talked about wide

in the last lesson we talked about wide

in the last lesson we talked about wide area networks we talked about how they

area networks we talked about how they

area networks we talked about how they can be implemented what their benefits

can be implemented what their benefits

can be implemented what their benefits are how they transfer information some

are how they transfer information some

are how they transfer information some of the Technologies we use and so on and

of the Technologies we use and so on and

of the Technologies we use and so on and so forth now in this lesson we're going

so forth now in this lesson we're going

so forth now in this lesson we're going to talk more about remote networking

to talk more about remote networking

to talk more about remote networking access remote networking in wands

access remote networking in wands

access remote networking in wands actually really go hand in hand and if

actually really go hand in hand and if

actually really go hand in hand and if you think about it more of what we do

you think about it more of what we do

you think about it more of what we do now more than ever allows us to remote

now more than ever allows us to remote

now more than ever allows us to remote in from home to the Wan

in from home to the Wan

in from home to the Wan the largest land in the world being the

the largest land in the world being the

the largest land in the world being the wide area network of the internet and

wide area network of the internet and

wide area network of the internet and then access

then access

then access our lands at work this really allows us

our lands at work this really allows us

our lands at work this really allows us to not only get stuff done but is

to not only get stuff done but is

to not only get stuff done but is changing the landscape of how networking

changing the landscape of how networking

changing the landscape of how networking the internet and security have

the internet and security have

the internet and security have been created and how we continue to work

been created and how we continue to work

been created and how we continue to work with them so we're going to talk about

with them so we're going to talk about

with them so we're going to talk about this in this module and in the next

this in this module and in the next

this in this module and in the next couple but for this one the first thing

couple but for this one the first thing

couple but for this one the first thing we want to do is Define what remote

we want to do is Define what remote

we want to do is Define what remote networking really is then we want to

networking really is then we want to

networking really is then we want to identify some of the technologies that

identify some of the technologies that

identify some of the technologies that we see in place when we discuss remote

we see in place when we discuss remote

we see in place when we discuss remote networking these include VPN which we've

networking these include VPN which we've

networking these include VPN which we've already discussed in some raw detail or

already discussed in some raw detail or

already discussed in some raw detail or a virtual

a virtual

a virtual private

Network

radius which allows us to authenticate

radius which allows us to authenticate

radius which allows us to authenticate users once they connect and Tech acts

users once they connect and Tech acts

users once they connect and Tech acts which allows us to keep its all secure

which allows us to keep its all secure

which allows us to keep its all secure so these three are used in Enterprise

so these three are used in Enterprise

so these three are used in Enterprise settings to allow someone to remote in

settings to allow someone to remote in

settings to allow someone to remote in from home and connect to the network at

from home and connect to the network at

from home and connect to the network at work

work

work so wands are networks that are not

so wands are networks that are not

so wands are networks that are not restrained to one single physical

restrained to one single physical

restrained to one single physical location they're typically as we've

location they're typically as we've

location they're typically as we've discussed many local area networks that

discussed many local area networks that

discussed many local area networks that are joined together to create one big

are joined together to create one big

are joined together to create one big Wham however this isn't the only

Wham however this isn't the only

Wham however this isn't the only configuration they can have and remote

configuration they can have and remote

configuration they can have and remote networking is something that ties in

networking is something that ties in

networking is something that ties in really well with wide area Networks you

really well with wide area Networks you

really well with wide area Networks you see remote networking is the process of

see remote networking is the process of

see remote networking is the process of connecting to a network without being

connecting to a network without being

connecting to a network without being directly attached to it or physically

directly attached to it or physically

directly attached to it or physically present at the site in other words a

present at the site in other words a

present at the site in other words a user or group of users can remotely

user or group of users can remotely

user or group of users can remotely connect to a network without actually

connect to a network without actually

connect to a network without actually being where the network is established

being where the network is established

being where the network is established so if I were at home and wanted to

so if I were at home and wanted to

so if I were at home and wanted to connect to a network say in China I

connect to a network say in China I

connect to a network say in China I could actually connect as though I were

could actually connect as though I were

could actually connect as though I were sitting right in an office in China

sitting right in an office in China

sitting right in an office in China without actually physically being

without actually physically being

without actually physically being present this type of thing comes in

present this type of thing comes in

present this type of thing comes in handy quite a bit

handy quite a bit

handy quite a bit now remote networking isn't always

now remote networking isn't always

now remote networking isn't always happen between two very distant

happen between two very distant

happen between two very distant locations in fact it can be used within

locations in fact it can be used within

locations in fact it can be used within the same building the same room while

the same building the same room while

the same building the same room while traveling and remote networking not only

traveling and remote networking not only

traveling and remote networking not only works on a long distance level but on a

works on a long distance level but on a

works on a long distance level but on a local network as well for instance

local network as well for instance

local network as well for instance suppose that I'm an administrator in my

suppose that I'm an administrator in my

suppose that I'm an administrator in my office and I want to access the contents

office and I want to access the contents

office and I want to access the contents of a user's computer where I want to

of a user's computer where I want to

of a user's computer where I want to restart a server well instead of having

restart a server well instead of having

restart a server well instead of having to get up walk up to the fourth floor or

to get up walk up to the fourth floor or

to get up walk up to the fourth floor or down to the basement wherever the server

down to the basement wherever the server

down to the basement wherever the server is I could simply remote in to the

is I could simply remote in to the

is I could simply remote in to the server and reboot it from there so you

server and reboot it from there so you

server and reboot it from there so you can see that it's a huge time saving

can see that it's a huge time saving

can see that it's a huge time saving device however it also opens up a lot of

device however it also opens up a lot of

device however it also opens up a lot of possibilities for security issues and so

possibilities for security issues and so

possibilities for security issues and so on so here is an example of what remote

on so here is an example of what remote

on so here is an example of what remote network connectivity could look like the

network connectivity could look like the

network connectivity could look like the user is in China on the right and they

user is in China on the right and they

user is in China on the right and they need to connect into the network in New

need to connect into the network in New

need to connect into the network in New York here on the left so they're sitting

York here on the left so they're sitting

York here on the left so they're sitting at one physical location and they

at one physical location and they

at one physical location and they connect through a Wan which we're going

connect through a Wan which we're going

connect through a Wan which we're going to called the internet the largest Wan

to called the internet the largest Wan

to called the internet the largest Wan in the entire world and they remotely

in the entire world and they remotely

in the entire world and they remotely connect in some sort of way which we'll

connect in some sort of way which we'll

connect in some sort of way which we'll talk about usually through something

talk about usually through something

talk about usually through something called a VPN using all sorts of public

called a VPN using all sorts of public

called a VPN using all sorts of public networks and eventually they reach the

networks and eventually they reach the

networks and eventually they reach the router at their corporate office

router at their corporate office

router at their corporate office and then it's as if they are actually

and then it's as if they are actually

and then it's as if they are actually sitting there connected into the network

sitting there connected into the network

sitting there connected into the network they can now access resources on local

they can now access resources on local

they can now access resources on local clients or even on the server and all

clients or even on the server and all

clients or even on the server and all without physically being at the location

without physically being at the location

without physically being at the location in New York now there are a lot of terms

in New York now there are a lot of terms

in New York now there are a lot of terms we hear when we talk about remote

we hear when we talk about remote

we hear when we talk about remote networking and remote access most of

networking and remote access most of

networking and remote access most of them end up being acronyms for the sake

them end up being acronyms for the sake

them end up being acronyms for the sake of time and convenience but there are

of time and convenience but there are

of time and convenience but there are three that I want to specifically talk

three that I want to specifically talk

three that I want to specifically talk about here that we're going to talk

about here that we're going to talk

about here that we're going to talk about in more detail in the coming

about in more detail in the coming

about in more detail in the coming modules the first is VPN or virtual

modules the first is VPN or virtual

modules the first is VPN or virtual private network is this something we've

private network is this something we've

private network is this something we've talked before and we'll talk about late

talked before and we'll talk about late

talked before and we'll talk about late a little bit later but in essence it

a little bit later but in essence it

a little bit later but in essence it extends a lan or a local area network by

extends a lan or a local area network by

extends a lan or a local area network by adding the ability to have remote users

adding the ability to have remote users

adding the ability to have remote users connect to it the way it does this is by

connect to it the way it does this is by

connect to it the way it does this is by using what's called tunneling it

using what's called tunneling it

using what's called tunneling it basically creates a tunnel in a through

basically creates a tunnel in a through

basically creates a tunnel in a through the wide area network

the wide area network

the wide area network the internet

the internet

the internet that then I can connect to and through

that then I can connect to and through

that then I can connect to and through so all of my data is traveling through

so all of my data is traveling through

so all of my data is traveling through this tunnel between the server or the

this tunnel between the server or the

this tunnel between the server or the corporate office and the client computer

corporate office and the client computer

corporate office and the client computer this way I can make sure that no one

this way I can make sure that no one

this way I can make sure that no one outside the tunnel or anyone else on the

outside the tunnel or anyone else on the

outside the tunnel or anyone else on the network can get in and I can be sure

network can get in and I can be sure

network can get in and I can be sure that all of my data is kept secure this

that all of my data is kept secure this

that all of my data is kept secure this is why it's called a virtual

is why it's called a virtual

is why it's called a virtual private Network it's virtual it's not

private Network it's virtual it's not

private Network it's virtual it's not real it's not physical it's definitely

real it's not physical it's definitely

real it's not physical it's definitely private because the tunnel makes sure to

private because the tunnel makes sure to

private because the tunnel makes sure to keep everything out now the next term we

keep everything out now the next term we

keep everything out now the next term we want to talk about is called radius

want to talk about is called radius

want to talk about is called radius radius by the way stands for remote

radius by the way stands for remote

radius by the way stands for remote authentication dial in user service I'm

authentication dial in user service I'm

authentication dial in user service I'm going to write that out here remote

going to write that out here remote

going to write that out here remote Authentication

dial

dial

dial in

U-verse user service now if you notice

U-verse user service now if you notice

U-verse user service now if you notice there's a dial in well remote can

there's a dial in well remote can

there's a dial in well remote can actually be uh

actually be uh

actually be uh dialing in using a modem we don't use

dialing in using a modem we don't use

dialing in using a modem we don't use that much anymore but this is an older

that much anymore but this is an older

that much anymore but this is an older service what this does is it allows us

service what this does is it allows us

service what this does is it allows us to have centralized authorization

to have centralized authorization

to have centralized authorization authentication and accounting management

authentication and accounting management

authentication and accounting management for computers and users on a remote

for computers and users on a remote

for computers and users on a remote Network

Network

Network in other words it allows me to have one

in other words it allows me to have one

in other words it allows me to have one server that's going to be responsible

server that's going to be responsible

server that's going to be responsible and we're going to call this the radius

and we're going to call this the radius

and we're going to call this the radius server

server

server that's responsible for making sure once

that's responsible for making sure once

that's responsible for making sure once a VPN is established

a VPN is established

a VPN is established that the person on the other end is

that the person on the other end is

that the person on the other end is actually someone who should be

actually someone who should be

actually someone who should be connecting to my network remember I

connecting to my network remember I

connecting to my network remember I don't want to just let anyone connect I

don't want to just let anyone connect I

don't want to just let anyone connect I want to make sure the person who

want to make sure the person who

want to make sure the person who connects is someone who belongs to my

connects is someone who belongs to my

connects is someone who belongs to my network generally what we'll do is we'll

network generally what we'll do is we'll

network generally what we'll do is we'll have active directories

have active directories

have active directories which is what Microsoft uses

to create for instance usernames and

to create for instance usernames and

to create for instance usernames and passwords and we'll link that up or sync

passwords and we'll link that up or sync

passwords and we'll link that up or sync it with the radius server sometimes this

it with the radius server sometimes this

it with the radius server sometimes this is done on a separate um a separate

is done on a separate um a separate

is done on a separate um a separate server sometimes it's done on the same

server sometimes it's done on the same

server sometimes it's done on the same server either way once you connect the

server either way once you connect the

server either way once you connect the VPN the VPN then goes to the radius

VPN the VPN then goes to the radius

VPN the VPN then goes to the radius server the radius server checks the

server the radius server checks the

server the radius server checks the active directory and now I can make sure

active directory and now I can make sure

active directory and now I can make sure that only users of the network are

that only users of the network are

that only users of the network are allowed onto my network

allowed onto my network

allowed onto my network finally we have something called tacax

finally we have something called tacax

finally we have something called tacax or terminal Access Controller access

or terminal Access Controller access

or terminal Access Controller access control system it's really long I'm not

control system it's really long I'm not

control system it's really long I'm not going to write it out this is actually a

going to write it out this is actually a

going to write it out this is actually a replacement for radius there was another

replacement for radius there was another

replacement for radius there was another replacement for radius by the way it was

replacement for radius by the way it was

replacement for radius by the way it was called diameter and if you're a math

called diameter and if you're a math

called diameter and if you're a math whiz you'll notice that radius is half

whiz you'll notice that radius is half

whiz you'll notice that radius is half of a diameter when we talk about circles

of a diameter when we talk about circles

of a diameter when we talk about circles but diameter wasn't really used much

but diameter wasn't really used much

but diameter wasn't really used much tacx on the other hand is a security

tacx on the other hand is a security

tacx on the other hand is a security protocol it allows us to validate

protocol it allows us to validate

protocol it allows us to validate information with the network

information with the network

information with the network administrator or server and the

administrator or server and the

administrator or server and the validation is tested when we try to

validation is tested when we try to

validation is tested when we try to connect just like with radius of course

connect just like with radius of course

connect just like with radius of course the benefit is tacx is newer

the benefit is tacx is newer

the benefit is tacx is newer and

and

and more secure than radius so it basically

more secure than radius so it basically

more secure than radius so it basically does the same thing it's just a little

does the same thing it's just a little

does the same thing it's just a little more powerful

more powerful

more powerful all right so this was short but I just

all right so this was short but I just

all right so this was short but I just wanted to give us an overview of remote

wanted to give us an overview of remote

wanted to give us an overview of remote networking and we're going to talk more

networking and we're going to talk more

networking and we're going to talk more about that in the coming modules so we

about that in the coming modules so we

about that in the coming modules so we talked about remote networking what it

talked about remote networking what it

talked about remote networking what it is allowing us

is allowing us

is allowing us to access a lan

to access a lan

to access a lan basically through

basically through

basically through a Wham whether that Wan is the internet

a Wham whether that Wan is the internet

a Wham whether that Wan is the internet or public switch telephone Network it

or public switch telephone Network it

or public switch telephone Network it also allows us to access the LAN

from a different

physical

physical

physical location

we can also identify three remote

we can also identify three remote

we can also identify three remote networking Technologies the first

networking Technologies the first

networking Technologies the first virtual private

virtual private

virtual private Network

creates a tunnel

creates a tunnel

creates a tunnel over the win

through which we create a virtual

through which we create a virtual

through which we create a virtual Network that is also private we also

Network that is also private we also

Network that is also private we also talked about radius and tachs both of

talked about radius and tachs both of

talked about radius and tachs both of these allow for authentication so we can

these allow for authentication so we can

these allow for authentication so we can make sure the person who establishes the

make sure the person who establishes the

make sure the person who establishes the VPN is actually allowed on our Network

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

remote access remote access and

remote access remote access and

remote access remote access and implementation

we've now talked about some of the basic

we've now talked about some of the basic

we've now talked about some of the basic information when it comes to remote

information when it comes to remote

information when it comes to remote networking and with that base knowledge

networking and with that base knowledge

networking and with that base knowledge it's going to come into play in this

it's going to come into play in this

it's going to come into play in this module we're going to talk more about

module we're going to talk more about

module we're going to talk more about remote access and how to implement it

remote access and how to implement it

remote access and how to implement it some of the stuff we're going to talk

some of the stuff we're going to talk

some of the stuff we're going to talk about is overview and some of it is

about is overview and some of it is

about is overview and some of it is still pretty basic again you're not

still pretty basic again you're not

still pretty basic again you're not going to take this information and just

going to take this information and just

going to take this information and just Implement a network or remote access to

Implement a network or remote access to

Implement a network or remote access to a network that would take a little more

a network that would take a little more

a network that would take a little more leg work and a little more research what

leg work and a little more research what

leg work and a little more research what this is really giving us is an overview

this is really giving us is an overview

this is really giving us is an overview of how it all functions and what you

of how it all functions and what you

of how it all functions and what you need to know for the exam so we're going

need to know for the exam so we're going

need to know for the exam so we're going to talk about remote access as opposed

to talk about remote access as opposed

to talk about remote access as opposed to remote networking remember remote

to remote networking remember remote

to remote networking remember remote networking is sort of the act of

networking is sort of the act of

networking is sort of the act of creating the network to allow remote

creating the network to allow remote

creating the network to allow remote access so we're going to talk about what

access so we're going to talk about what

access so we're going to talk about what it is what it does and the benefits for

it is what it does and the benefits for

it is what it does and the benefits for it we're then going to discuss the steps

it we're then going to discuss the steps

it we're then going to discuss the steps of implementing a remote access policy

of implementing a remote access policy

of implementing a remote access policy or remote access Technologies

or remote access Technologies

or remote access Technologies so remote access is a practice that's

so remote access is a practice that's

so remote access is a practice that's extremely useful and becoming more and

extremely useful and becoming more and

extremely useful and becoming more and more popular constantly All Around the

more popular constantly All Around the

more popular constantly All Around the World in every I.T situation as we've

World in every I.T situation as we've

World in every I.T situation as we've mentioned it's a way for someone to

mentioned it's a way for someone to

mentioned it's a way for someone to connect to a corporate land from outs

connect to a corporate land from outs

connect to a corporate land from outs from an outside location it's not always

from an outside location it's not always

from an outside location it's not always used in a corporate setting but for the

used in a corporate setting but for the

used in a corporate setting but for the most part that is its main use however

most part that is its main use however

most part that is its main use however for instance perhaps you wanted to

for instance perhaps you wanted to

for instance perhaps you wanted to remote into your home network or a home

remote into your home network or a home

remote into your home network or a home computer from the office or you wanted

computer from the office or you wanted

computer from the office or you wanted to remote in from outside your home

to remote in from outside your home

to remote in from outside your home these are things you could set up as

these are things you could set up as

these are things you could set up as well

well

well with remote access you then have the

with remote access you then have the

with remote access you then have the ability to connect to a physical Network

ability to connect to a physical Network

ability to connect to a physical Network without having to be anywhere near the

without having to be anywhere near the

without having to be anywhere near the network in fact you could be on the

network in fact you could be on the

network in fact you could be on the other side of the world and still

other side of the world and still

other side of the world and still connect as though you're sitting at a

connect as though you're sitting at a

connect as though you're sitting at a desktop PC on your land now you can

desktop PC on your land now you can

desktop PC on your land now you can imagine how this is even going to take

imagine how this is even going to take

imagine how this is even going to take it to another step where we could start

it to another step where we could start

it to another step where we could start to have computers that are on a lan or a

to have computers that are on a lan or a

to have computers that are on a lan or a land that we don't even control or have

land that we don't even control or have

land that we don't even control or have any physical access to at all instead

any physical access to at all instead

any physical access to at all instead all of our Computing will be done

all of our Computing will be done

all of our Computing will be done remotely this is already coming into

remotely this is already coming into

remotely this is already coming into play when we talk about cloud computing

play when we talk about cloud computing

play when we talk about cloud computing and things like Amazon's elastic cloud

and things like Amazon's elastic cloud

and things like Amazon's elastic cloud which allows you to set up a virtual

which allows you to set up a virtual

which allows you to set up a virtual computer on a remote system and then

computer on a remote system and then

computer on a remote system and then remote into it and through remote access

remote into it and through remote access

remote into it and through remote access and connect to it just like you would be

and connect to it just like you would be

and connect to it just like you would be connecting to the computers though you

connecting to the computers though you

connecting to the computers though you were sitting in front of an actual

were sitting in front of an actual

were sitting in front of an actual computer now this obviously speaks to

computer now this obviously speaks to

computer now this obviously speaks to not only a greatly reduct reduced amount

not only a greatly reduct reduced amount

not only a greatly reduct reduced amount of cost but also a lot more flexibility

of cost but also a lot more flexibility

of cost but also a lot more flexibility because now I can set up a computer

because now I can set up a computer

because now I can set up a computer anywhere in the world and for instance

anywhere in the world and for instance

anywhere in the world and for instance if I had 20 computers I could remotely

if I had 20 computers I could remotely

if I had 20 computers I could remotely access them and I would only need one

access them and I would only need one

access them and I would only need one monitor keyboard and mouse

monitor keyboard and mouse

monitor keyboard and mouse so you can see where this is really

so you can see where this is really

so you can see where this is really going to come into major play

going to come into major play

going to come into major play now we've already seen this before but

now we've already seen this before but

now we've already seen this before but here's another example of what remote

here's another example of what remote

here's another example of what remote access might look like I'm at home and I

access might look like I'm at home and I

access might look like I'm at home and I want to access the office computer so I

want to access the office computer so I

want to access the office computer so I connect through the internet to the

connect through the internet to the

connect through the internet to the router over at the office through

router over at the office through

router over at the office through something called a VPN

something called a VPN

something called a VPN and now it says though I'm sitting there

and now it says though I'm sitting there

and now it says though I'm sitting there working at the office in fact if it

working at the office in fact if it

working at the office in fact if it wasn't for the fact the boss had to see

wasn't for the fact the boss had to see

wasn't for the fact the boss had to see my face they would think that I was

my face they would think that I was

my face they would think that I was actually there

actually there

actually there so the first step in implementing on

so the first step in implementing on

so the first step in implementing on remote access is assessing it we need to

remote access is assessing it we need to

remote access is assessing it we need to before we can set anything up we need to

before we can set anything up we need to

before we can set anything up we need to know what exactly we are going to set up

know what exactly we are going to set up

know what exactly we are going to set up so first you need to review and

so first you need to review and

so first you need to review and determine all the connections that are

determine all the connections that are

determine all the connections that are going in and out of the Lan this means

going in and out of the Lan this means

going in and out of the Lan this means deciding how remote users are going to

deciding how remote users are going to

deciding how remote users are going to connect to the network for instance if I

connect to the network for instance if I

connect to the network for instance if I want someone to dial in directly they

want someone to dial in directly they

want someone to dial in directly they could use a modem this is going to go

could use a modem this is going to go

could use a modem this is going to go over the public switch telephone Network

over the public switch telephone Network

over the public switch telephone Network or pots the

or pots the

or pots the plain old telephone system alternatively

plain old telephone system alternatively

plain old telephone system alternatively let's say I have a T3 connection

let's say I have a T3 connection

let's say I have a T3 connection connecting to corporate Lan out to an

connecting to corporate Lan out to an

connecting to corporate Lan out to an ISP well then as long as people at home

ISP well then as long as people at home

ISP well then as long as people at home have internet access which today they

have internet access which today they

have internet access which today they basically would and most of them have

basically would and most of them have

basically would and most of them have Broadband access they'd be able to

Broadband access they'd be able to

Broadband access they'd be able to connect back through their ISP to the

connect back through their ISP to the

connect back through their ISP to the network

network

network second we have to understand know

second we have to understand know

second we have to understand know exactly what applications and systems

exactly what applications and systems

exactly what applications and systems they're going to need for instance I can

they're going to need for instance I can

they're going to need for instance I can give them access to their computer which

give them access to their computer which

give them access to their computer which might be one way to do it but if I have

might be one way to do it but if I have

might be one way to do it but if I have a lot of people logging in constantly

a lot of people logging in constantly

a lot of people logging in constantly remotely and I need to give them access

remotely and I need to give them access

remotely and I need to give them access to their computer that's going to be

to their computer that's going to be

to their computer that's going to be pretty difficult to set up and quite

pretty difficult to set up and quite

pretty difficult to set up and quite um

uncentralized so what I might do is

uncentralized so what I might do is

uncentralized so what I might do is create one remote access server RS in

create one remote access server RS in

create one remote access server RS in which uh everyone can connect and get

which uh everyone can connect and get

which uh everyone can connect and get their profile or information this also

their profile or information this also

their profile or information this also goes with something called

goes with something called

goes with something called virtualization or

virtualization or

virtualization or cloud computing so basically they would

cloud computing so basically they would

cloud computing so basically they would log on to this very powerful server and

log on to this very powerful server and

log on to this very powerful server and they would see what looks like their

they would see what looks like their

they would see what looks like their computer in fact if I was basically

computer in fact if I was basically

computer in fact if I was basically doing this all the time I might just do

doing this all the time I might just do

doing this all the time I might just do this for when they sit at the office

this for when they sit at the office

this for when they sit at the office they just sit at a terminal sort of

they just sit at a terminal sort of

they just sit at a terminal sort of thing turn on the computer and they're

thing turn on the computer and they're

thing turn on the computer and they're connecting actually to a server that's

connecting actually to a server that's

connecting actually to a server that's not even located in the building

not even located in the building

not even located in the building finally I want to determine the number

finally I want to determine the number

finally I want to determine the number of remote users if I'm only giving this

of remote users if I'm only giving this

of remote users if I'm only giving this to say uh the top hun shows at the firm

to say uh the top hun shows at the firm

to say uh the top hun shows at the firm that's one thing that's going to be for

that's one thing that's going to be for

that's one thing that's going to be for everyone in the entire operation I'm

everyone in the entire operation I'm

everyone in the entire operation I'm going to need to spend a lot more time

going to need to spend a lot more time

going to need to spend a lot more time and resources devoted to setting up

and resources devoted to setting up

and resources devoted to setting up remote access

remote access

remote access now the next thing I have to do is think

now the next thing I have to do is think

now the next thing I have to do is think about the considerations and the things

about the considerations and the things

about the considerations and the things that are necessary for remote access in

that are necessary for remote access in

that are necessary for remote access in order to implement for instance the

order to implement for instance the

order to implement for instance the first step is to make sure that the

first step is to make sure that the

first step is to make sure that the remote access solution you create is

remote access solution you create is

remote access solution you create is flexible enough to support all those

flexible enough to support all those

flexible enough to support all those connections and the users that are that

connections and the users that are that

connections and the users that are that you've just established for example if

you've just established for example if

you've just established for example if one remote user is connected to a T1

one remote user is connected to a T1

one remote user is connected to a T1 Line and other ones can't get through

Line and other ones can't get through

Line and other ones can't get through dial up your solution is going to need

dial up your solution is going to need

dial up your solution is going to need to be able to accommodate both of them

to be able to accommodate both of them

to be able to accommodate both of them of course nowadays that's not such an

of course nowadays that's not such an

of course nowadays that's not such an issue because everyone has

issue because everyone has

issue because everyone has um Broadband connections but if they're

um Broadband connections but if they're

um Broadband connections but if they're not connecting in the same way or one

not connecting in the same way or one

not connecting in the same way or one person is going to be connect traveling

person is going to be connect traveling

person is going to be connect traveling around while most people are going to be

around while most people are going to be

around while most people are going to be coming from home well and those are all

coming from home well and those are all

coming from home well and those are all things I need to take into account

things I need to take into account

things I need to take into account next need to establish some sort of

next need to establish some sort of

next need to establish some sort of centralized access point meaning when

centralized access point meaning when

centralized access point meaning when they hit that router uh if they're

they hit that router uh if they're

they hit that router uh if they're coming out of the internet into the

coming out of the internet into the

coming out of the internet into the router I need something here that is

router I need something here that is

router I need something here that is going to centralize all of the stuff

going to centralize all of the stuff

going to centralize all of the stuff coming in I also don't want to just give

coming in I also don't want to just give

coming in I also don't want to just give them access to the network I might want

them access to the network I might want

them access to the network I might want to send them into a separate

to send them into a separate

to send them into a separate Network temporarily while I make sure

Network temporarily while I make sure

Network temporarily while I make sure that they get authenticated perhaps a

that they get authenticated perhaps a

that they get authenticated perhaps a virtual Lan or a Honeypot or something

virtual Lan or a Honeypot or something

virtual Lan or a Honeypot or something so it's important or demilitarized zone

so it's important or demilitarized zone

so it's important or demilitarized zone so it's important that I have some area

so it's important that I have some area

so it's important that I have some area where they can go and understand what

where they can go and understand what

where they can go and understand what the central device is going to be in

the central device is going to be in

the central device is going to be in some cases we could call this a VPN

some cases we could call this a VPN

some cases we could call this a VPN concentrator

concentrator

concentrator which is basically a device that helps

which is basically a device that helps

which is basically a device that helps set up vpns finally I need to consider

set up vpns finally I need to consider

set up vpns finally I need to consider security when I'm establishing this

security when I'm establishing this

security when I'm establishing this remote system as I mentioned I don't

remote system as I mentioned I don't

remote system as I mentioned I don't just want to give people access to the

just want to give people access to the

just want to give people access to the network I want to make sure the people

network I want to make sure the people

network I want to make sure the people on my network connecting wirelessly or

on my network connecting wirelessly or

on my network connecting wirelessly or remotely or physically connecting can

remotely or physically connecting can

remotely or physically connecting can all connect securely I don't want

all connect securely I don't want

all connect securely I don't want someone to tap into their connection on

someone to tap into their connection on

someone to tap into their connection on my end or on their end so it's really

my end or on their end so it's really

my end or on their end so it's really important we take security into account

important we take security into account

important we take security into account nowadays we have a lot of uh

nowadays we have a lot of uh

nowadays we have a lot of uh authentication methods that would

authentication methods that would

authentication methods that would provide you with say a key ring and on

provide you with say a key ring and on

provide you with say a key ring and on that key ring you'll have it what's

that key ring you'll have it what's

that key ring you'll have it what's called a token

called a token

called a token the token provides you with say a six

the token provides you with say a six

the token provides you with say a six digit number that randomly alternates

digit number that randomly alternates

digit number that randomly alternates every minute unless you have the token

every minute unless you have the token

every minute unless you have the token and that token is set up with your

and that token is set up with your

and that token is set up with your computer you won't be able to get access

computer you won't be able to get access

computer you won't be able to get access to the internet these things we've

to the internet these things we've

to the internet these things we've talked about in a plus but I'm just

talked about in a plus but I'm just

talked about in a plus but I'm just reviewing them a bit more

reviewing them a bit more

reviewing them a bit more now I also need to have some procedures

now I also need to have some procedures

now I also need to have some procedures and policies in place so that people

and policies in place so that people

and policies in place so that people understand how they're going to be able

understand how they're going to be able

understand how they're going to be able to access and what they're going to be

to access and what they're going to be

to access and what they're going to be able to do

able to do

able to do the policies ensure that the procedures

the policies ensure that the procedures

the policies ensure that the procedures are followed and the procedures ensure

are followed and the procedures ensure

are followed and the procedures ensure that the safety is used when remoting

that the safety is used when remoting

that the safety is used when remoting into the system so designing these

into the system so designing these

into the system so designing these policies is up to the network

policies is up to the network

policies is up to the network administrator and perhaps this Central

administrator and perhaps this Central

administrator and perhaps this Central information officer or the CIO or the

information officer or the CIO or the

information officer or the CIO or the Chief Information officer now it's

Chief Information officer now it's

Chief Information officer now it's common to have a system configuration

common to have a system configuration

common to have a system configuration that does not allow users to remotely

that does not allow users to remotely

that does not allow users to remotely access uh the system after a certain

access uh the system after a certain

access uh the system after a certain time at night I might want to do this

time at night I might want to do this

time at night I might want to do this for a number of reasons however the

for a number of reasons however the

for a number of reasons however the policies need to be whatever they are

policies need to be whatever they are

policies need to be whatever they are well documented and easy to understand I

well documented and easy to understand I

well documented and easy to understand I need to know exactly how I'm going to

need to know exactly how I'm going to

need to know exactly how I'm going to access stuff otherwise what's going to

access stuff otherwise what's going to

access stuff otherwise what's going to happen is you're going to say hey we

happen is you're going to say hey we

happen is you're going to say hey we have remote access and suddenly people

have remote access and suddenly people

have remote access and suddenly people are going to start calling the help desk

are going to start calling the help desk

are going to start calling the help desk saying it's not working properly

saying it's not working properly

saying it's not working properly we also want to make sure that they're

we also want to make sure that they're

we also want to make sure that they're accountable if they don't follow

accountable if they don't follow

accountable if they don't follow specific rules policies Etc so I need to

specific rules policies Etc so I need to

specific rules policies Etc so I need to say if someone remotes in or loses their

say if someone remotes in or loses their

say if someone remotes in or loses their token they could be possibly fired

token they could be possibly fired

token they could be possibly fired because that's a huge security breach

because that's a huge security breach

because that's a huge security breach just like I don't want to give my laptop

just like I don't want to give my laptop

just like I don't want to give my laptop or my token to someone even if it's some

or my token to someone even if it's some

or my token to someone even if it's some within the network if I've been told

within the network if I've been told

within the network if I've been told specifically to keep it same with

specifically to keep it same with

specifically to keep it same with passwords usernames basically the idea

passwords usernames basically the idea

passwords usernames basically the idea is the more ability I give people the

is the more ability I give people the

is the more ability I give people the flexibility I get people to connect it

flexibility I get people to connect it

flexibility I get people to connect it also makes it much more of a security

also makes it much more of a security

also makes it much more of a security hazard

hazard

hazard finally you need to make sure Human

finally you need to make sure Human

finally you need to make sure Human Resources is behind all of your policies

Resources is behind all of your policies

Resources is behind all of your policies they're the ones who are going to be

they're the ones who are going to be

they're the ones who are going to be training everyone and so if HR isn't

training everyone and so if HR isn't

training everyone and so if HR isn't behind you you're going to be in major

behind you you're going to be in major

behind you you're going to be in major issues and they're going to fight you

issues and they're going to fight you

issues and they're going to fight you the whole way speaking of Human

the whole way speaking of Human

the whole way speaking of Human Resources I bet it's pretty fair to say

Resources I bet it's pretty fair to say

Resources I bet it's pretty fair to say that not everyone is going to be

that not everyone is going to be

that not everyone is going to be qualified or knowledgeable to enough to

qualified or knowledgeable to enough to

qualified or knowledgeable to enough to connect to remote access so it's really

connect to remote access so it's really

connect to remote access so it's really important that we train the end users on

important that we train the end users on

important that we train the end users on what's happening on their end and how

what's happening on their end and how

what's happening on their end and how the connection works it's a good idea to

the connection works it's a good idea to

the connection works it's a good idea to have the remote users learn about what's

have the remote users learn about what's

have the remote users learn about what's actually happening when they connect and

actually happening when they connect and

actually happening when they connect and how to set up their ends of the

how to set up their ends of the

how to set up their ends of the connections otherwise your help desk is

connections otherwise your help desk is

connections otherwise your help desk is going to be inundated with calls and not

going to be inundated with calls and not

going to be inundated with calls and not only that but you're gonna have a lot of

only that but you're gonna have a lot of

only that but you're gonna have a lot of people upset when things aren't working

people upset when things aren't working

people upset when things aren't working properly even if it's something that

properly even if it's something that

properly even if it's something that they could easily fix

they could easily fix

they could easily fix so like the job of an admin in any other

so like the job of an admin in any other

so like the job of an admin in any other case it falls upon your shoulders to

case it falls upon your shoulders to

case it falls upon your shoulders to help users when there's any sort of

help users when there's any sort of

help users when there's any sort of issue this will become a lot more

issue this will become a lot more

issue this will become a lot more difficult when the admin doesn't go over

difficult when the admin doesn't go over

difficult when the admin doesn't go over to the user's desk and help them out or

to the user's desk and help them out or

to the user's desk and help them out or doesn't have the time to go over

doesn't have the time to go over

doesn't have the time to go over hundreds people desks you have to

hundreds people desks you have to

hundreds people desks you have to connect with the user in some other way

connect with the user in some other way

connect with the user in some other way though perhaps it's through a handout or

though perhaps it's through a handout or

though perhaps it's through a handout or through an email or perhaps you remotely

through an email or perhaps you remotely

through an email or perhaps you remotely access their computer or even give the

access their computer or even give the

access their computer or even give the computers to them set up already to to

computers to them set up already to to

computers to them set up already to to remotely connect or talk to HR about

remotely connect or talk to HR about

remotely connect or talk to HR about creating some sort of training program

creating some sort of training program

creating some sort of training program that's going to help support all of this

that's going to help support all of this

that's going to help support all of this finally once we've set all this up we

finally once we've set all this up we

finally once we've set all this up we need to monitor the network to make sure

need to monitor the network to make sure

need to monitor the network to make sure the remote access is working as intended

the remote access is working as intended

the remote access is working as intended the first step towards doing this is to

the first step towards doing this is to

the first step towards doing this is to manage all of the entry points that any

manage all of the entry points that any

manage all of the entry points that any of the users could use it should be kept

of the users could use it should be kept

of the users could use it should be kept down to one single access point and

down to one single access point and

down to one single access point and that's important because obviously it's

that's important because obviously it's

that's important because obviously it's easier to manage one access point than

easier to manage one access point than

easier to manage one access point than several father users enter the network

several father users enter the network

several father users enter the network in the same place it's going to be a lot

in the same place it's going to be a lot

in the same place it's going to be a lot easier to monitor them

easier to monitor them

easier to monitor them next we need to make sure that the

next we need to make sure that the

next we need to make sure that the policies and procedures are followed so

policies and procedures are followed so

policies and procedures are followed so when users start using wrong procedures

when users start using wrong procedures

when users start using wrong procedures don't follow the policies there's a

don't follow the policies there's a

don't follow the policies there's a really good chance something's going to

really good chance something's going to

really good chance something's going to go wrong and it's important to have the

go wrong and it's important to have the

go wrong and it's important to have the remote users follow a strict procedure

remote users follow a strict procedure

remote users follow a strict procedure in order to avoid any problems and to

in order to avoid any problems and to

in order to avoid any problems and to help take the load off of you and the

help take the load off of you and the

help take the load off of you and the help desk

help desk

help desk it's also very important to understand

it's also very important to understand

it's also very important to understand everything that's going on within the

everything that's going on within the

everything that's going on within the network you have to know where the

network you have to know where the

network you have to know where the connections are what they're doing what

connections are what they're doing what

connections are what they're doing what the users are up to you have to keep

the users are up to you have to keep

the users are up to you have to keep track of all of this stuff and there are

track of all of this stuff and there are

track of all of this stuff and there are different ways to do this different

different ways to do this different

different ways to do this different devices we can deploy and software that

devices we can deploy and software that

devices we can deploy and software that we'll talk about

we'll talk about

we'll talk about so just to recap we've defined what

so just to recap we've defined what

so just to recap we've defined what remote access is what it is what it does

remote access is what it is what it does

remote access is what it is what it does and its benefits all in all it allows us

and its benefits all in all it allows us

and its benefits all in all it allows us to again be geographically at a

to again be geographically at a

to again be geographically at a different location

and connect

to the lamp

to the lamp

to the lamp we also talked about lots of the steps

we also talked about lots of the steps

we also talked about lots of the steps of implementation and although this

of implementation and although this

of implementation and although this isn't very technical all this stuff

isn't very technical all this stuff

isn't very technical all this stuff comes up on the network plus exam you

comes up on the network plus exam you

comes up on the network plus exam you have to know what it is you're supposed

have to know what it is you're supposed

have to know what it is you're supposed to do so remember we talked about some

to do so remember we talked about some

to do so remember we talked about some policies procedures

policies procedures

policies procedures [Music]

[Music]

[Music] training

and monitoring

and monitoring

and monitoring now in the next module we're going to

now in the next module we're going to

now in the next module we're going to talk more specifically about how we set

talk more specifically about how we set

talk more specifically about how we set some of this stuff up and what we're

some of this stuff up and what we're

some of this stuff up and what we're going to do to make sure it works

going to do to make sure it works

going to do to make sure it works properly

[Music]

welcome to module 10 lesson 2A a remote

welcome to module 10 lesson 2A a remote

welcome to module 10 lesson 2A a remote access methods

access methods

access methods so remote access is all about how you

so remote access is all about how you

so remote access is all about how you can reach various network devices when

can reach various network devices when

can reach various network devices when you're not at the physical location

you're not at the physical location

you're not at the physical location look at RDP SSH VNC

look at RDP SSH VNC

look at RDP SSH VNC telnet management through the https

telnet management through the https

telnet management through the https and file access and then outer band

and file access and then outer band

and file access and then outer band RDP this is uh proprietary to Microsoft

RDP this is uh proprietary to Microsoft

RDP this is uh proprietary to Microsoft so they've come up with this software

so they've come up with this software

so they've come up with this software you may have seen it before when you can

you may have seen it before when you can

you may have seen it before when you can um if you check on your Windows machine

um if you check on your Windows machine

um if you check on your Windows machine you can normally

you can normally

you can normally and find the uh

and find the uh

and find the uh the button to click that it will allow

the button to click that it will allow

the button to click that it will allow you to connect to a remote computer and

you to connect to a remote computer and

you to connect to a remote computer and you might use this if you work in a harp

you might use this if you work in a harp

you might use this if you work in a harp desk if you need to support a remote

desk if you need to support a remote

desk if you need to support a remote user

user

user you can have remote access and control

you can have remote access and control

you can have remote access and control via screen sharing

via screen sharing

via screen sharing this is actually how a lot of scammers

this is actually how a lot of scammers

this is actually how a lot of scammers will

will

will get people to hand over remote control

get people to hand over remote control

get people to hand over remote control they'll phone somebody who's a bit naive

they'll phone somebody who's a bit naive

they'll phone somebody who's a bit naive and say um we've found a technical floor

and say um we've found a technical floor

and say um we've found a technical floor in your computer and Handover can you

in your computer and Handover can you

in your computer and Handover can you hand over access so we can fix it

hand over access so we can fix it

hand over access so we can fix it typical exam question would be what port

typical exam question would be what port

typical exam question would be what port does it use it's TCP it has to be

does it use it's TCP it has to be

does it use it's TCP it has to be reliable obviously and the port is three

reliable obviously and the port is three

reliable obviously and the port is three three eight nine

three eight nine

three eight nine you need to know this kind of stuff if

you need to know this kind of stuff if

you need to know this kind of stuff if you need to permit this through your

you need to permit this through your

you need to permit this through your firewall

firewall

firewall or deny obviously

or deny obviously

or deny obviously now the client side can be Windows Mac

now the client side can be Windows Mac

now the client side can be Windows Mac or Linux there's a few different

or Linux there's a few different

or Linux there's a few different operating systems that are supported

operating systems that are supported

operating systems that are supported SSH

SSH

SSH this allows remote terminal access by

this allows remote terminal access by

this allows remote terminal access by terminal we mean a window like this

terminal we mean a window like this

terminal we mean a window like this where you've got command line access to

where you've got command line access to

where you've got command line access to a remote computer server

a remote computer server

a remote computer server or in this case I'm not sure what this

or in this case I'm not sure what this

or in this case I'm not sure what this is actually it could be a Cisco device

is actually it could be a Cisco device

is actually it could be a Cisco device of some sort

of some sort

of some sort it encrypts communication between the

it encrypts communication between the

it encrypts communication between the endpoint so most places now you can't

endpoint so most places now you can't

endpoint so most places now you can't tell Nets across the network

tell Nets across the network

tell Nets across the network you uh because it's all traffic is sent

you uh because it's all traffic is sent

you uh because it's all traffic is sent in clear text you have to use secure

in clear text you have to use secure

in clear text you have to use secure shell as part of the policy the network

shell as part of the policy the network

shell as part of the policy the network policy

policy

policy in order to use the Kershaw you have to

in order to use the Kershaw you have to

in order to use the Kershaw you have to enable it on your server router or

enable it on your server router or

enable it on your server router or switch it isn't usually enabled by

switch it isn't usually enabled by

switch it isn't usually enabled by default

default

default the client software you install on your

the client software you install on your

the client software you install on your computer

computer

computer the one I use mostly to get my remote

the one I use mostly to get my remote

the one I use mostly to get my remote secure uh shell sessions is putty it's a

secure uh shell sessions is putty it's a

secure uh shell sessions is putty it's a free download if you Google putty I

free download if you Google putty I

free download if you Google putty I think it's pretty.org you got to you get

think it's pretty.org you got to you get

think it's pretty.org you got to you get taken to

taken to

taken to BNC I used this a while ago when I was

BNC I used this a while ago when I was

BNC I used this a while ago when I was at holiday and needed to connect to my

at holiday and needed to connect to my

at holiday and needed to connect to my work computer this is platform

work computer this is platform

work computer this is platform independent it's a GUI based

which is pretty handy if you're not too

which is pretty handy if you're not too

which is pretty handy if you're not too familiar with command line desktop

familiar with command line desktop

familiar with command line desktop sharing it uses remote frame buffer to a

sharing it uses remote frame buffer to a

sharing it uses remote frame buffer to a remote controller computer

all right you get the TCP Port basic uh

all right you get the TCP Port basic uh

all right you get the TCP Port basic uh the port is um 5900 and then there's a

the port is um 5900 and then there's a

the port is um 5900 and then there's a number the number will you check the

number the number will you check the

number the number will you check the documentation but there's various

documentation but there's various

documentation but there's various numbers you will be using depending on

numbers you will be using depending on

numbers you will be using depending on what you're connecting to and how you

what you're connecting to and how you

what you're connecting to and how you want to connect

now telnet is uh TCP protocol is used

now telnet is uh TCP protocol is used

now telnet is uh TCP protocol is used for remote access I did mention SSH so

for remote access I did mention SSH so

for remote access I did mention SSH so really tell net you'd use it at home if

really tell net you'd use it at home if

really tell net you'd use it at home if you've got a rack or something you want

you've got a rack or something you want

you've got a rack or something you want to troubleshoot you would never use this

to troubleshoot you would never use this

to troubleshoot you would never use this in a corporate environment now you'd if

in a corporate environment now you'd if

in a corporate environment now you'd if you went and did some configuration or

you went and did some configuration or

you went and did some configuration or network installation for a company and

network installation for a company and

network installation for a company and left town to open then I think you're

left town to open then I think you're

left town to open then I think you're probably

probably

probably um be in trouble legally because you've

um be in trouble legally because you've

um be in trouble legally because you've left a big hole in their Network for

left a big hole in their Network for

left a big hole in their Network for other people to connect

other people to connect

other people to connect it requires client software just uh

it requires client software just uh

it requires client software just uh something like putty used to have hyper

something like putty used to have hyper

something like putty used to have hyper terminal with a Microsoft they stopped a

terminal with a Microsoft they stopped a

terminal with a Microsoft they stopped a bundle in it with the software I think

bundle in it with the software I think

bundle in it with the software I think um about four or five years ago

um about four or five years ago

um about four or five years ago you could still enable it but you had to

you could still enable it but you had to

you could still enable it but you had to go into the back end and um I think you

go into the back end and um I think you

go into the back end and um I think you have to download some extra software but

have to download some extra software but

have to download some extra software but um it didn't work it doesn't work too

um it didn't work it doesn't work too

um it didn't work it doesn't work too well anyway uh uses TCP Port 23 make a

well anyway uh uses TCP Port 23 make a

well anyway uh uses TCP Port 23 make a note of that all traffic isn't encrypted

note of that all traffic isn't encrypted

note of that all traffic isn't encrypted not secure which is why we don't

not secure which is why we don't

not secure which is why we don't recommend you use it

I've already mentioned this bundle

I've already mentioned this bundle

I've already mentioned this bundle blocked

blocked

blocked https management

https management

https management this gives you the graphical uh access

this gives you the graphical uh access

this gives you the graphical uh access method for a device when you first buy

method for a device when you first buy

method for a device when you first buy for example a Cisco router and say you

for example a Cisco router and say you

for example a Cisco router and say you don't know how to configure it you can

don't know how to configure it you can

don't know how to configure it you can get the router you basically plug in an

get the router you basically plug in an

get the router you basically plug in an ethernet cable here

ethernet cable here

ethernet cable here you connect your

you connect your

you connect your PC or laptop and in the documentation

PC or laptop and in the documentation

PC or laptop and in the documentation that will come on a CD-ROM or you get a

that will come on a CD-ROM or you get a

that will come on a CD-ROM or you get a little card it will basically say in

little card it will basically say in

little card it will basically say in your browser window you put

your browser window you put

your browser window you put HTTP possibly https and then you will

HTTP possibly https and then you will

HTTP possibly https and then you will put a number so say for example your

put a number so say for example your

put a number so say for example your home router will normally be something

home router will normally be something

home router will normally be something like this 192.168.0.1

and then that will result that will

and then that will result that will

and then that will result that will resolve it doesn't need to use DNS

resolve it doesn't need to use DNS

resolve it doesn't need to use DNS because it's uh the using an IP address

because it's uh the using an IP address

because it's uh the using an IP address it will resolve them to this management

it will resolve them to this management

it will resolve them to this management window and on my route up on my home

window and on my route up on my home

window and on my route up on my home router you've got a whole bunch of menus

router you've got a whole bunch of menus

router you've got a whole bunch of menus here you can configure the firewall you

here you can configure the firewall you

here you can configure the firewall you can reboot

can reboot

can reboot you can check your DNS settings you can

you can check your DNS settings you can

you can check your DNS settings you can permit or deny different devices if you

permit or deny different devices if you

permit or deny different devices if you want your kids to access the internet or

want your kids to access the internet or

want your kids to access the internet or you want to block them and you can you

you want to block them and you can you

you want to block them and you can you can configure that

can configure that

can configure that um

um

um firmware etc etc anyway you get you get

firmware etc etc anyway you get you get

firmware etc etc anyway you get you get the idea so this is your way of managing

the idea so this is your way of managing

the idea so this is your way of managing your device it's a security issue if

your device it's a security issue if

your device it's a security issue if enabled by default

enabled by default

enabled by default I'm trying to remember now I think uh

I'm trying to remember now I think uh

I'm trying to remember now I think uh Cisco devices is disabled by default but

Cisco devices is disabled by default but

Cisco devices is disabled by default but sometimes you can have different

sometimes you can have different

sometimes you can have different versions of iOS

versions of iOS

versions of iOS where all enabled and then there's

where all enabled and then there's

where all enabled and then there's something there's some change happens

something there's some change happens

something there's some change happens and the command changes or the default

and the command changes or the default

and the command changes or the default setting changes this is for routing

setting changes this is for routing

setting changes this is for routing commands security commands how to switch

commands security commands how to switch

commands security commands how to switch traffic packet switching and track and

traffic packet switching and track and

traffic packet switching and track and frame switching

frame switching

frame switching so um check what device you're on and if

so um check what device you're on and if

so um check what device you're on and if it's enabled or disabled by default

it's enabled or disabled by default

it's enabled or disabled by default generally you'll want it uh disabled

generally you'll want it uh disabled

generally you'll want it uh disabled otherwise you've got to configure

otherwise you've got to configure

otherwise you've got to configure Advanced usernames and passwords so put

Advanced usernames and passwords so put

Advanced usernames and passwords so put the IP address into the browser bar

the IP address into the browser bar

the IP address into the browser bar remote file access

remote file access

remote file access FTP is used to upload and download large

FTP is used to upload and download large

FTP is used to upload and download large files in securely

files in securely

files in securely so this represents a problem

SFTP this is a protocol in its own right

SFTP this is a protocol in its own right

SFTP this is a protocol in its own right so it's not as if you've got FTP and

so it's not as if you've got FTP and

so it's not as if you've got FTP and added something to it this is its own

added something to it this is its own

added something to it this is its own protocol

protocol

protocol so just be careful it's encrypts a

so just be careful it's encrypts a

so just be careful it's encrypts a secures an eclipse traffic it uses SSH

secures an eclipse traffic it uses SSH

secures an eclipse traffic it uses SSH which is port 22.

which is port 22.

which is port 22. so um don't think that it's an FTP with

so um don't think that it's an FTP with

so um don't think that it's an FTP with some little extra bit on here

some little extra bit on here

some little extra bit on here security bit security issue if enabled

security bit security issue if enabled

security bit security issue if enabled by default this is um again I've done

by default this is um again I've done

by default this is um again I've done that again sorry I've left it from the

that again sorry I've left it from the

that again sorry I've left it from the last slide

last slide

last slide your other file transfer method is

your other file transfer method is

your other file transfer method is Trivial file transfer protocol which I

Trivial file transfer protocol which I

Trivial file transfer protocol which I think we've mentioned earlier if you've

think we've mentioned earlier if you've

think we've mentioned earlier if you've got a small file that you want to send

got a small file that you want to send

got a small file that you want to send over your network again please don't use

over your network again please don't use

over your network again please don't use this this is just what it's used for if

this this is just what it's used for if

this this is just what it's used for if you've got a router and you want to back

you've got a router and you want to back

you've got a router and you want to back up the configuration you've got a tiny

up the configuration you've got a tiny

up the configuration you've got a tiny little file like about

little file like about

little file like about a by uh eight bytes whatever or eight

a by uh eight bytes whatever or eight

a by uh eight bytes whatever or eight kilobytes probably

kilobytes probably

kilobytes probably um you'll you'll back it up here using

um you'll you'll back it up here using

um you'll you'll back it up here using tftp

tftp

tftp but again this file really is sensitive

but again this file really is sensitive

but again this file really is sensitive because it's got IP addresses passwords

because it's got IP addresses passwords

because it's got IP addresses passwords and heaven knows what so really using

and heaven knows what so really using

and heaven knows what so really using tftp it shouldn't be done anymore if

tftp it shouldn't be done anymore if

tftp it shouldn't be done anymore if you're at home you've got your little

you're at home you've got your little

you're at home you've got your little home network and you want to have a play

home network and you want to have a play

home network and you want to have a play with your software fine and if you're in

with your software fine and if you're in

with your software fine and if you're in a corporate environment no I I think

a corporate environment no I I think

a corporate environment no I I think it's a really bad idea

it's a really bad idea

it's a really bad idea out of band access outer band basically

out of band access outer band basically

out of band access outer band basically um

um

um it's not within your normal ethernet

it's not within your normal ethernet

it's not within your normal ethernet connection

connection

connection so say you've got a router you've got a

so say you've got a router you've got a

so say you've got a router you've got a fast ethernet port here and then you've

fast ethernet port here and then you've

fast ethernet port here and then you've got your again your PC or whatever you

got your again your PC or whatever you

got your again your PC or whatever you use to connect

use to connect

use to connect so this will be your in-band

out of band would be something like a

out of band would be something like a

out of band would be something like a modem connection so you've got your

modem connection so you've got your

modem connection so you've got your router

router

router and your

and your

and your your you've got your telephone

your you've got your telephone

your you've got your telephone connection here and then a modem

which is connected to your computer so

which is connected to your computer so

which is connected to your computer so out of band

out of band

out of band used for emergency access normally if

used for emergency access normally if

used for emergency access normally if you're connecting out a band something

you're connecting out a band something

you're connecting out a band something has gone wrong

has gone wrong

has gone wrong now it looks like this is a modem here

now it looks like this is a modem here

now it looks like this is a modem here and you can connect uh over the Internet

and you can connect uh over the Internet

and you can connect uh over the Internet so you could connect to the modem and

so you could connect to the modem and

so you could connect to the modem and then there's a a modem Port here

then there's a a modem Port here

then there's a a modem Port here normally on Cisco devices it's got aux

normally on Cisco devices it's got aux

normally on Cisco devices it's got aux written on it again check your

written on it again check your

written on it again check your documentation because things change over

documentation because things change over

documentation because things change over time

time

time so attach your mode and support what you

so attach your mode and support what you

so attach your mode and support what you would normally do is this wouldn't be

would normally do is this wouldn't be

would normally do is this wouldn't be connected say you're in a corporate

connected say you're in a corporate

connected say you're in a corporate environment so this is in your corporate

environment so this is in your corporate

environment so this is in your corporate Network

Network

Network and you've got a um

you've got your remote hands so this is

you've got your remote hands so this is

you've got your remote hands so this is like your help desk team they're not

like your help desk team they're not

like your help desk team they're not they're not that technical say they're

they're not that technical say they're

they're not that technical say they're level one but you've got people who if

level one but you've got people who if

level one but you've got people who if you send them in the instructions to go

you send them in the instructions to go

you send them in the instructions to go to rack

to rack

to rack one and

one and

one and um find

um find

um find say Row three or whatever and ask them

say Row three or whatever and ask them

say Row three or whatever and ask them to plug in the cable and you'll have the

to plug in the cable and you'll have the

to plug in the cable and you'll have the cable sitting there but not plugged in

cable sitting there but not plugged in

cable sitting there but not plugged in you'll do the fix bring the router back

you'll do the fix bring the router back

you'll do the fix bring the router back up so all the other ports are working

up so all the other ports are working

up so all the other ports are working and then they will disconnect that again

and then they will disconnect that again

and then they will disconnect that again and you'll normally have obviously a

and you'll normally have obviously a

and you'll normally have obviously a ticketing system of some sort where

ticketing system of some sort where

ticketing system of some sort where you'll say plug it in and then confirm

you'll say plug it in and then confirm

you'll say plug it in and then confirm that they have unplugged it because it's

that they have unplugged it because it's

that they have unplugged it because it's a security

a security

a security um issue so just be careful

um issue so just be careful

um issue so just be careful so I've mentioned remote hands um you

so I've mentioned remote hands um you

so I've mentioned remote hands um you can use a console oh you can use a

can use a console oh you can use a

can use a console oh you can use a console router for multiple out of band

console router for multiple out of band

console router for multiple out of band devices so say you've got this is

devices so say you've got this is

devices so say you've got this is normally we used to do this when we were

normally we used to do this when we were

normally we used to do this when we were practicing for Cisco exams you out of a

practicing for Cisco exams you out of a

practicing for Cisco exams you out of a rack of all of these different routers

rack of all of these different routers

rack of all of these different routers say router 1 router 2 router 3 switch

say router 1 router 2 router 3 switch

say router 1 router 2 router 3 switch one

one

one switch to and you haven't got ethernet

switch to and you haven't got ethernet

switch to and you haven't got ethernet access for whatever reason so what you

access for whatever reason so what you

access for whatever reason so what you do is you'd have this uh a console

do is you'd have this uh a console

do is you'd have this uh a console router I can't fit it all in a console

router I can't fit it all in a console

router I can't fit it all in a console router

router

router which basically connects to the console

which basically connects to the console

which basically connects to the console ports of all these devices now console

ports of all these devices now console

ports of all these devices now console connections don't work over the Internet

connections don't work over the Internet

connections don't work over the Internet it's an out of band thing so what you

it's an out of band thing so what you

it's an out of band thing so what you would do would would tell net to this

would do would would tell net to this

would do would would tell net to this device here

device here

device here and then through this router here it

and then through this router here it

and then through this router here it would have the telnet the software the

would have the telnet the software the

would have the telnet the software the client software that you could configure

client software that you could configure

client software that you could configure all of these devices through a command

all of these devices through a command

all of these devices through a command line

line

line and um really handy way of connecting to

and um really handy way of connecting to

and um really handy way of connecting to remote racks but you could have this for

remote racks but you could have this for

remote racks but you could have this for your corporate Network

your corporate Network

your corporate Network this is an example of one this is a the

this is an example of one this is a the

this is an example of one this is a the the models of routers for Cisco are 25

the models of routers for Cisco are 25

the models of routers for Cisco are 25 11 and 25

11 and 25

11 and 25 21. now you can see how old this is this

21. now you can see how old this is this

21. now you can see how old this is this is your ethernet connection look at that

is your ethernet connection look at that

is your ethernet connection look at that the aui

the aui

the aui so what you do we've all we've talked

so what you do we've all we've talked

so what you do we've all we've talked about transceivers already you think but

about transceivers already you think but

about transceivers already you think but you'd have this transceiver that's got a

you'd have this transceiver that's got a

you'd have this transceiver that's got a an ethernet port in here so you could

an ethernet port in here so you could

an ethernet port in here so you could connect an Ethernet cable to another

connect an Ethernet cable to another

connect an Ethernet cable to another device which then lets you get in at 10

device which then lets you get in at 10

device which then lets you get in at 10 Meg

Meg

Meg um so pretty slow uh old-fashioned

um so pretty slow uh old-fashioned

um so pretty slow uh old-fashioned serial connection there I said db60

serial connection there I said db60

serial connection there I said db60 and then your console port for console

and then your console port for console

and then your console port for console connections this is your modem I've

connections this is your modem I've

connections this is your modem I've talked about

talked about

talked about your uh for your outer band access

your uh for your outer band access

your uh for your outer band access and what this is is a bunch of console

and what this is is a bunch of console

and what this is is a bunch of console connections so you can see one here

connections so you can see one here

connections so you can see one here they've all got numbers on

they've all got numbers on

they've all got numbers on and it's numbered one to eight here and

and it's numbered one to eight here and

and it's numbered one to eight here and then if you plugged in the second one if

then if you plugged in the second one if

then if you plugged in the second one if you needed um up to 16 devices then

you needed um up to 16 devices then

you needed um up to 16 devices then these numbers I won't tell you how to

these numbers I won't tell you how to

these numbers I won't tell you how to configure it I've got a video on YouTube

configure it I've got a video on YouTube

configure it I've got a video on YouTube if you want to look that up under my

if you want to look that up under my

if you want to look that up under my name Paul Browning

name Paul Browning

name Paul Browning and you could connect these from a load

and you could connect these from a load

and you could connect these from a load of other devices so really what you were

of other devices so really what you were

of other devices so really what you were doing is connecting to this device

doing is connecting to this device

doing is connecting to this device whatever this modeler switch is

whatever this modeler switch is

whatever this modeler switch is but you're doing it you're telnetting or

but you're doing it you're telnetting or

but you're doing it you're telnetting or get all rem or connected through a modem

get all rem or connected through a modem

get all rem or connected through a modem connection to this device and then from

connection to this device and then from

connection to this device and then from here you're choosing whatever console

here you're choosing whatever console

here you're choosing whatever console line is free so for example one and then

line is free so for example one and then

line is free so for example one and then you can actually configure this device

you can actually configure this device

you can actually configure this device so it's a slightly longer way of doing

so it's a slightly longer way of doing

so it's a slightly longer way of doing things but

things but

things but um that saves you having to configure

um that saves you having to configure

um that saves you having to configure tile net connections

tile net connections

tile net connections to 16 different devices so pretty handy

to 16 different devices so pretty handy

to 16 different devices so pretty handy so we covered a load of stuff RDP SSH

so we covered a load of stuff RDP SSH

so we covered a load of stuff RDP SSH VNC telnet

VNC telnet

VNC telnet https for your GUI uh

https for your GUI uh

https for your GUI uh access here file access and then outer

access here file access and then outer

access here file access and then outer band so it covered a lot of stuff so

band so it covered a lot of stuff so

band so it covered a lot of stuff so thanks for listening I'll see you on the

thanks for listening I'll see you on the

thanks for listening I'll see you on the next presentation

[Music]

remote access

remote access

remote access vpns and their protocols

vpns and their protocols

vpns and their protocols in the last two modules we discussed

in the last two modules we discussed

in the last two modules we discussed remote access and remote networking both

remote access and remote networking both

remote access and remote networking both are basically around the same concept

are basically around the same concept

are basically around the same concept remote networking meaning that I can

remote networking meaning that I can

remote networking meaning that I can create a network that exists in two very

create a network that exists in two very

create a network that exists in two very different geographical locations and

different geographical locations and

different geographical locations and remote access meaning that I can access

remote access meaning that I can access

remote access meaning that I can access a computer or a network from one

a computer or a network from one

a computer or a network from one geographic location to another so

geographic location to another so

geographic location to another so they're both basically the same thing

they're both basically the same thing

they're both basically the same thing but how we accomplish this in a secure

but how we accomplish this in a secure

but how we accomplish this in a secure fashion is what we're going to talk

fashion is what we're going to talk

fashion is what we're going to talk about in this module and that revolves

about in this module and that revolves

about in this module and that revolves around this term VPN a VPN I've talked

around this term VPN a VPN I've talked

around this term VPN a VPN I've talked about a bit in the future in the past

about a bit in the future in the past

about a bit in the future in the past rather and it stands for virtual

rather and it stands for virtual

rather and it stands for virtual private

private

private Network and as that term implies and

Network and as that term implies and

Network and as that term implies and like we've discussed it creates a tunnel

like we've discussed it creates a tunnel

like we've discussed it creates a tunnel through the net the internet the wide

through the net the internet the wide

through the net the internet the wide area network in which we can securely

area network in which we can securely

area network in which we can securely send uh data between two locations and

send uh data between two locations and

send uh data between two locations and why the tunnel well that's what keeps it

why the tunnel well that's what keeps it

why the tunnel well that's what keeps it secure and private from everyone else on

secure and private from everyone else on

secure and private from everyone else on the internet and this is how we've been

the internet and this is how we've been

the internet and this is how we've been able to allow remote networking to

able to allow remote networking to

able to allow remote networking to become so ubiquitous in our world

become so ubiquitous in our world

become so ubiquitous in our world because I no longer have to have a

because I no longer have to have a

because I no longer have to have a direct T3 or T1 line between my office

direct T3 or T1 line between my office

direct T3 or T1 line between my office and my home instead I can use the

and my home instead I can use the

and my home instead I can use the internet which is fairly ubiquitous

internet which is fairly ubiquitous

internet which is fairly ubiquitous these days and create a virtual private

these days and create a virtual private

these days and create a virtual private Network again virtual being the key word

Network again virtual being the key word

Network again virtual being the key word there because it's not actually a

there because it's not actually a

there because it's not actually a private Network it's a virtual private

private Network it's a virtual private

private Network it's a virtual private Network because of this sort of

Network because of this sort of

Network because of this sort of tunneling concept that we're going to

tunneling concept that we're going to

tunneling concept that we're going to talk about

talk about

talk about so what we're going to talk about in

so what we're going to talk about in

so what we're going to talk about in this module is first to Define virtual

this module is first to Define virtual

this module is first to Define virtual private networks a bit more and then

private networks a bit more and then

private networks a bit more and then talk about the different scene of VPN

talk about the different scene of VPN

talk about the different scene of VPN client and VPN server we've seen the

client and VPN server we've seen the

client and VPN server we've seen the terms client and server in the past so

terms client and server in the past so

terms client and server in the past so these shouldn't be too new for you

these shouldn't be too new for you

these shouldn't be too new for you then I want to talk about the VPN

then I want to talk about the VPN

then I want to talk about the VPN protocols there are two specific ones

protocols there are two specific ones

protocols there are two specific ones that you need to know about for the exam

that you need to know about for the exam

that you need to know about for the exam one is called pptp and the other is l2tp

one is called pptp and the other is l2tp

one is called pptp and the other is l2tp notice the T in there for tunneling

notice the T in there for tunneling

notice the T in there for tunneling so we're going to discuss both of those

so we're going to discuss both of those

so we're going to discuss both of those and how they all work all right so first

and how they all work all right so first

and how they all work all right so first virtual private networks a virtual

virtual private networks a virtual

virtual private networks a virtual private Network or a VPN is is nowadays

private Network or a VPN is is nowadays

private Network or a VPN is is nowadays an essential part of networking it's

an essential part of networking it's

an essential part of networking it's basically used anytime a network is

basically used anytime a network is

basically used anytime a network is extended Beyond a lan or local area

extended Beyond a lan or local area

extended Beyond a lan or local area network so it establishes a remote

network so it establishes a remote

network so it establishes a remote connection through a public network such

connection through a public network such

connection through a public network such as the internet in order to extend the

as the internet in order to extend the

as the internet in order to extend the Lan and I'll show you a graphic of this

Lan and I'll show you a graphic of this

Lan and I'll show you a graphic of this in just a second once the extension is

in just a second once the extension is

in just a second once the extension is made a dedicated point-to-point link

made a dedicated point-to-point link

made a dedicated point-to-point link point

to point link which you might also have

to point link which you might also have

to point link which you might also have seen P2P a dedicated point-to-point link

seen P2P a dedicated point-to-point link

seen P2P a dedicated point-to-point link is created between two points using the

is created between two points using the

is created between two points using the same IP network meaning that even though

same IP network meaning that even though

same IP network meaning that even though we are on two very different IP networks

we are on two very different IP networks

we are on two very different IP networks I might not be on my land you might be

I might not be on my land you might be

I might not be on my land you might be on yours we can create a virtual

on yours we can create a virtual

on yours we can create a virtual point-to-point connection between the

point-to-point connection between the

point-to-point connection between the two using tunneling that makes it as

two using tunneling that makes it as

two using tunneling that makes it as though we are on the same point-to-point

though we are on the same point-to-point

though we are on the same point-to-point network the same IP network and I'll

network the same IP network and I'll

network the same IP network and I'll show you that in just a second now the

show you that in just a second now the

show you that in just a second now the extension of the Lan are sometimes the

extension of the Lan are sometimes the

extension of the Lan are sometimes the linking of two lands

linking of two lands

linking of two lands creates a new wide area network so you

creates a new wide area network so you

creates a new wide area network so you could say that anytime a VPN is

could say that anytime a VPN is

could say that anytime a VPN is established

and a new land sort of added on a new

and a new land sort of added on a new

and a new land sort of added on a new Wan is created don't worry too much

Wan is created don't worry too much

Wan is created don't worry too much about that concept but the idea again is

about that concept but the idea again is

about that concept but the idea again is if I have the office slam

if I have the office slam

if I have the office slam and let's say either another office

and let's say either another office

and let's say either another office and then perhaps a remote user

all connecting through VPN

all connecting through VPN

all connecting through VPN over the internet

over the internet

over the internet I now have created an effect

a wide area network out of three very

a wide area network out of three very

a wide area network out of three very distinct local area networks but I

distinct local area networks but I

distinct local area networks but I haven't used any different

haven't used any different

haven't used any different infrastructure than something that was

infrastructure than something that was

infrastructure than something that was already there

already there

already there now vpns are actually a type of remote

now vpns are actually a type of remote

now vpns are actually a type of remote access probably the most popular one

access probably the most popular one

access probably the most popular one they share similarities to all the

they share similarities to all the

they share similarities to all the different remote access for instance

different remote access for instance

different remote access for instance you might think of dialing via modem but

you might think of dialing via modem but

you might think of dialing via modem but vpns are inexpensive way to extend your

vpns are inexpensive way to extend your

vpns are inexpensive way to extend your network because it uses the internet so

network because it uses the internet so

network because it uses the internet so you don't need to purchase a leased line

you don't need to purchase a leased line

you don't need to purchase a leased line service now remote users just Connect

service now remote users just Connect

service now remote users just Connect using the VPN to their remote office

using the VPN to their remote office

using the VPN to their remote office through the internet

through the internet

through the internet and so that's really the key here is it

and so that's really the key here is it

and so that's really the key here is it uses the internet as its platform

uses the internet as its platform

uses the internet as its platform so

so

so this is what access through a VPN might

this is what access through a VPN might

this is what access through a VPN might look like the remote users

look like the remote users

look like the remote users connect let's say from home through the

connect let's say from home through the

connect let's say from home through the internet and then there is a

internet and then there is a

internet and then there is a authentication server that verifies that

authentication server that verifies that

authentication server that verifies that this user is allowed on the network once

this user is allowed on the network once

this user is allowed on the network once you pass through that it puts you into a

you pass through that it puts you into a

you pass through that it puts you into a switch which then makes it as though

switch which then makes it as though

switch which then makes it as though both of these computers

both of these computers

both of these computers are on this LAN

are on this LAN

are on this LAN so in effect I've created a new Wan

so in effect I've created a new Wan

so in effect I've created a new Wan without having to lay down any extra

without having to lay down any extra

without having to lay down any extra line because I'm again using the

line because I'm again using the

line because I'm again using the internet now

internet now

internet now say that this was an office building

say that this was an office building

say that this was an office building it could have an office building here

it could have an office building here

it could have an office building here perhaps another one and these can be any

perhaps another one and these can be any

perhaps another one and these can be any place in the world

and because I'm using tunneling through

and because I'm using tunneling through

and because I'm using tunneling through the virtual private Network

I create an effect a tunnel which allows

I create an effect a tunnel which allows

I create an effect a tunnel which allows all of these to each create a

all of these to each create a

all of these to each create a point-to-point connection

point-to-point connection

point-to-point connection between themselves and this

between themselves and this

between themselves and this authentication server that then

authentication server that then

authentication server that then basically puts them

basically puts them

basically puts them onto this Lan so any one of these

onto this Lan so any one of these

onto this Lan so any one of these offices is now part of

offices is now part of

offices is now part of the land and in effect then making a

the land and in effect then making a

the land and in effect then making a brand new Wan or wide area network

now there are a lot of things we need in

now there are a lot of things we need in

now there are a lot of things we need in order to set up a VPN connection and

order to set up a VPN connection and

order to set up a VPN connection and some of them are

some of them are

some of them are more important than others but I'm just

more important than others but I'm just

more important than others but I'm just going to key in on the the main things

going to key in on the the main things

going to key in on the the main things we need

we need

we need first we need a VPN client now the

first we need a VPN client now the

first we need a VPN client now the client is the remote access user without

client is the remote access user without

client is the remote access user without this user there's no point in setting up

this user there's no point in setting up

this user there's no point in setting up a VPN so why bother if no one needs to

a VPN so why bother if no one needs to

a VPN so why bother if no one needs to connect they are one of the most

connect they are one of the most

connect they are one of the most important clients or the ways that we

important clients or the ways that we

important clients or the ways that we components rather and what's interesting

components rather and what's interesting

components rather and what's interesting about a VPN client is it can either be

about a VPN client is it can either be

about a VPN client is it can either be software

software

software or Hardware

or Hardware

or Hardware if it's software then it's

if it's software then it's

if it's software then it's built into the operating system

built into the operating system

built into the operating system generally or into the networking package

generally or into the networking package

generally or into the networking package of the operating system if it's Hardware

of the operating system if it's Hardware

of the operating system if it's Hardware it's generally either built

it's generally either built

it's generally either built into the router

into the router

into the router or it's a separate device

which is generally called

which is generally called

which is generally called VPN concentrator

now the benefit is

now the benefit is

now the benefit is if I have for instance two offices

if I have for instance two offices

if I have for instance two offices we'll call them office one and office

we'll call them office one and office

we'll call them office one and office two and they are located in different

two and they are located in different

two and they are located in different parts of the world

parts of the world

parts of the world but they both connect to the internet

but they both connect to the internet

but they both connect to the internet then I don't want each so let's say each

then I don't want each so let's say each

then I don't want each so let's say each of these offices has we'll put four

of these offices has we'll put four

of these offices has we'll put four users for now but let's say these four

users for now but let's say these four

users for now but let's say these four really represent 4 000 users I don't

really represent 4 000 users I don't

really represent 4 000 users I don't want each one of these people to have to

want each one of these people to have to

want each one of these people to have to set up on their computers a piece of

set up on their computers a piece of

set up on their computers a piece of software that's going to allow them to

software that's going to allow them to

software that's going to allow them to connect

connect

connect through this tunnel so instead what I've

through this tunnel so instead what I've

through this tunnel so instead what I've done

done

done is I do something on the network side of

is I do something on the network side of

is I do something on the network side of the office for instance in the router or

the office for instance in the router or

the office for instance in the router or with a device that automatically creates

with a device that automatically creates

with a device that automatically creates this tunnel between the two offices

this tunnel between the two offices

this tunnel between the two offices and then these members don't have to do

and then these members don't have to do

and then these members don't have to do anything now if I am a lone user at home

then I'm probably it's going to be

then I'm probably it's going to be

then I'm probably it's going to be easier for me instead of buying a device

easier for me instead of buying a device

easier for me instead of buying a device that's going to allow a network to

that's going to allow a network to

that's going to allow a network to always set up to just plug in through my

always set up to just plug in through my

always set up to just plug in through my computer and put it into the software

computer and put it into the software

computer and put it into the software whenever I need

whenever I need

whenever I need and if I go into Windows 7 real quickly

and if I go into Windows 7 real quickly

and if I go into Windows 7 real quickly go over here into

go over here into

go over here into our Network and Sharing

our Network and Sharing

our Network and Sharing and say we were going to set up a new

and say we were going to set up a new

and say we were going to set up a new network you can see right here it says

network you can see right here it says

network you can see right here it says set up a VPN connection and if we go and

set up a VPN connection and if we go and

set up a VPN connection and if we go and do this you can actually connect to a

do this you can actually connect to a

do this you can actually connect to a workplace now connecting to a workplace

workplace now connecting to a workplace

workplace now connecting to a workplace what they really mean is setting up a

what they really mean is setting up a

what they really mean is setting up a VPN connection so I'm going to click

VPN connection so I'm going to click

VPN connection so I'm going to click next

next

next now you can see I can either dial

now you can see I can either dial

now you can see I can either dial directly which is something that we

directly which is something that we

directly which is something that we might have done years ago or one the one

might have done years ago or one the one

might have done years ago or one the one we're going to use more likely now is

we're going to use more likely now is

we're going to use more likely now is the through the internet connection

the through the internet connection

the through the internet connection again creating that VPN

again creating that VPN

again creating that VPN we could call this whatever now one

we could call this whatever now one

we could call this whatever now one thing we would need here is the server

thing we would need here is the server

thing we would need here is the server address we'll talk about that but why in

address we'll talk about that but why in

address we'll talk about that but why in just a second but we are the client and

just a second but we are the client and

just a second but we are the client and we need to connect to a server so this

we need to connect to a server so this

we need to connect to a server so this is where for instance that

is where for instance that

is where for instance that server address is going to go now you

server address is going to go now you

server address is going to go now you know this IP address wouldn't work

know this IP address wouldn't work

know this IP address wouldn't work because this is a private IP address but

because this is a private IP address but

because this is a private IP address but we're just using this for the time being

we're just using this for the time being

we're just using this for the time being right here you can use sharing Etc but

right here you can use sharing Etc but

right here you can use sharing Etc but for right now let's just go ahead and

for right now let's just go ahead and

for right now let's just go ahead and click next

click next

click next let's say our username

let's say our username

let's say our username so let's say user and then we have a

so let's say user and then we have a

so let's say user and then we have a password I'm just going to do password

password I'm just going to do password

password I'm just going to do password we can have it remember the password or

we can have it remember the password or

we can have it remember the password or not you might have a domain if you're

not you might have a domain if you're

not you might have a domain if you're connecting to a Windows computer and

connecting to a Windows computer and

connecting to a Windows computer and then you click connect

then you click connect

then you click connect the next thing I need obviously is

the next thing I need obviously is

the next thing I need obviously is something for the VPN client to connect

something for the VPN client to connect

something for the VPN client to connect to and this is the VPN server the VPN

to and this is the VPN server the VPN

to and this is the VPN server the VPN server not only allows the connection to

server not only allows the connection to

server not only allows the connection to take place but is also going to

take place but is also going to

take place but is also going to authenticate

the client and allow them to connect

now this might be done through again

now this might be done through again

now this might be done through again some sort of device like this VPN

some sort of device like this VPN

some sort of device like this VPN concentrator I've mentioned or through a

concentrator I've mentioned or through a

concentrator I've mentioned or through a separate server that has software hooked

separate server that has software hooked

separate server that has software hooked up on it either way I need some sort of

up on it either way I need some sort of

up on it either way I need some sort of device

device

device that allows

that allows

that allows outside

clients

clients

clients to connect in to the network basically

to connect in to the network basically

to connect in to the network basically to give them permission act as sort of a

to give them permission act as sort of a

to give them permission act as sort of a a controller or or a Gates person

a controller or or a Gates person

a controller or or a Gates person uh there are different ways of setting

uh there are different ways of setting

uh there are different ways of setting this up and you remember I mentioned

this up and you remember I mentioned

this up and you remember I mentioned something called an Ras remote access

something called an Ras remote access

something called an Ras remote access server and the specific one we mentioned

server and the specific one we mentioned

server and the specific one we mentioned previously was a radius server

previously was a radius server

previously was a radius server which was a remote access dial-in uh

which was a remote access dial-in uh

which was a remote access dial-in uh server and

server and

server and although this was for dial up it still

although this was for dial up it still

although this was for dial up it still does the same thing which is it allows

does the same thing which is it allows

does the same thing which is it allows someone to remotely access the local

someone to remotely access the local

someone to remotely access the local network so we have some sort of Ras and

network so we have some sort of Ras and

network so we have some sort of Ras and again an Ras stands for let me just

again an Ras stands for let me just

again an Ras stands for let me just write that out remote

write that out remote

write that out remote access

access

access server

now the access method is also pretty

now the access method is also pretty

now the access method is also pretty important without a connection there's

important without a connection there's

important without a connection there's no way for a user to get onto the

no way for a user to get onto the

no way for a user to get onto the network so most of the time this

network so most of the time this

network so most of the time this connection comes from the internet but

connection comes from the internet but

connection comes from the internet but it's not uncommon for a VPN

it's not uncommon for a VPN

it's not uncommon for a VPN implementation to actually come through

implementation to actually come through

implementation to actually come through a private intranet as well so we have

a private intranet as well so we have

a private intranet as well so we have the internet which is the public version

the internet which is the public version

the internet which is the public version but there's also something called the

but there's also something called the

but there's also something called the intranet if you recall the internet is

intranet if you recall the internet is

intranet if you recall the internet is like a private internet and sometimes we

like a private internet and sometimes we

like a private internet and sometimes we might actually have a private leased

might actually have a private leased

might actually have a private leased line or we have several different sub

line or we have several different sub

line or we have several different sub networks within a larger Network and so

networks within a larger Network and so

networks within a larger Network and so it's important to know where your people

it's important to know where your people

it's important to know where your people are connecting from most the time you're

are connecting from most the time you're

are connecting from most the time you're not going to see the intranet it's all

not going to see the intranet it's all

not going to see the intranet it's all going to be through the internet and

going to be through the internet and

going to be through the internet and sometimes you'll also have people

sometimes you'll also have people

sometimes you'll also have people dialing up so it's all important to know

dialing up so it's all important to know

dialing up so it's all important to know even though internet is the most popular

even though internet is the most popular

even though internet is the most popular sometimes we're going to be doing it

sometimes we're going to be doing it

sometimes we're going to be doing it internally through an intranet and

internally through an intranet and

internally through an intranet and finally there are two protocols that we

finally there are two protocols that we

finally there are two protocols that we need to know about and the generally are

need to know about and the generally are

need to know about and the generally are set up on the server side and the client

set up on the server side and the client

set up on the server side and the client needs to be configured to set up through

needs to be configured to set up through

needs to be configured to set up through the first is PP TP which we're going to

the first is PP TP which we're going to

the first is PP TP which we're going to talk about in a minute and this stands

talk about in a minute and this stands

talk about in a minute and this stands for

for

for point

point

point two point

two point

two point tunneling

protocol

protocol

protocol the other is

the other is

the other is l2tp which stands for Layer Two

l2tp which stands for Layer Two

l2tp which stands for Layer Two tunneling

tunneling

tunneling protocol

protocol

protocol and if you remember talking about the OS

and if you remember talking about the OS

and if you remember talking about the OS and I and the tcpip models that's what

and I and the tcpip models that's what

and I and the tcpip models that's what that layer 2 refers to

that layer 2 refers to

that layer 2 refers to so let's talk a little bit more about

so let's talk a little bit more about

so let's talk a little bit more about these protocols the VPN Protocols are

these protocols the VPN Protocols are

these protocols the VPN Protocols are really important to the security and

really important to the security and

really important to the security and efficiency of VPN so the protocols

efficiency of VPN so the protocols

efficiency of VPN so the protocols manage establish and secure the data

manage establish and secure the data

manage establish and secure the data that's going on through that VPN

that's going on through that VPN

that's going on through that VPN connection so pptp and l2tp are the two

connection so pptp and l2tp are the two

connection so pptp and l2tp are the two most common protocols that are out there

most common protocols that are out there

most common protocols that are out there they function pretty differently but

they function pretty differently but

they function pretty differently but their jobs are fairly similar they

their jobs are fairly similar they

their jobs are fairly similar they enable

encryption

encryption

encryption which means the data isn't sent in its

which means the data isn't sent in its

which means the data isn't sent in its sort of plain text format it's sent in a

sort of plain text format it's sent in a

sort of plain text format it's sent in a way that if you were just to see it it

way that if you were just to see it it

way that if you were just to see it it would look like it's all gobbley

would look like it's all gobbley

would look like it's all gobbley and so what happens it's set on one end

and so what happens it's set on one end

and so what happens it's set on one end in a code and then received and decode

in a code and then received and decode

in a code and then received and decode on the other end and it also provides

on the other end and it also provides

on the other end and it also provides authentication so only those who are

authentication so only those who are

authentication so only those who are allowed on the network actually get on

allowed on the network actually get on

allowed on the network actually get on the authentication it also establishes

the authentication it also establishes

the authentication it also establishes the identities of the people in the

the identities of the people in the

the identities of the people in the network so we can audit them it's a way

network so we can audit them it's a way

network so we can audit them it's a way for the clients and the servers to be on

for the clients and the servers to be on

for the clients and the servers to be on the same page about who is on the

the same page about who is on the

the same page about who is on the network

network

network and like I mentioned encryption is

and like I mentioned encryption is

and like I mentioned encryption is really for the data protection so

really for the data protection so

really for the data protection so because we're going through the internet

because we're going through the internet

because we're going through the internet which is public this is really at risk

which is public this is really at risk

which is public this is really at risk for attackers and so the encryption

for attackers and so the encryption

for attackers and so the encryption protects that data that's traveling

protects that data that's traveling

protects that data that's traveling through the network and prevents these

through the network and prevents these

through the network and prevents these issues from happening generally speaking

issues from happening generally speaking

issues from happening generally speaking we're going to prefer l2tp over pptp

we're going to prefer l2tp over pptp

we're going to prefer l2tp over pptp just because it's a more advanced

just because it's a more advanced

just because it's a more advanced protocol and uses a different form of

protocol and uses a different form of

protocol and uses a different form of encryption

encryption

encryption I think in fact

I think in fact

I think in fact Windows 7 and Vista only allows lttdp

Windows 7 and Vista only allows lttdp

Windows 7 and Vista only allows lttdp now it doesn't even allow pptp as we

now it doesn't even allow pptp as we

now it doesn't even allow pptp as we just saw when we looked into windows

just saw when we looked into windows

just saw when we looked into windows all right so just to recap what we just

all right so just to recap what we just

all right so just to recap what we just talked about first we mentioned virtual

talked about first we mentioned virtual

talked about first we mentioned virtual private networks which you'll never see

private networks which you'll never see

private networks which you'll never see referred to as virtual private networks

referred to as virtual private networks

referred to as virtual private networks you'll see them referred to as vpns and

you'll see them referred to as vpns and

you'll see them referred to as vpns and those basically create a tunnel

those basically create a tunnel

those basically create a tunnel through generally the internet sometimes

through generally the internet sometimes

through generally the internet sometimes the Intranet

the Intranet

the Intranet to connect

to connect

to connect lands together and in effect then

lands together and in effect then

lands together and in effect then creating one large Wan now this can be

creating one large Wan now this can be

creating one large Wan now this can be done between office and office or say a

done between office and office or say a

done between office and office or say a home user in an office and either way

home user in an office and either way

home user in an office and either way you have a VPN client which would be the

you have a VPN client which would be the

you have a VPN client which would be the one connecting to the server and

one connecting to the server and

one connecting to the server and remember we have either software

remember we have either software

remember we have either software or Hardware we looked at the software

or Hardware we looked at the software

or Hardware we looked at the software that was built into windows we also have

that was built into windows we also have

that was built into windows we also have Hardware the generally the thing that

Hardware the generally the thing that

Hardware the generally the thing that you'll see with there is something

you'll see with there is something

you'll see with there is something called a VPN concentrator it could also

called a VPN concentrator it could also

called a VPN concentrator it could also be for instance built into your Soho

be for instance built into your Soho

be for instance built into your Soho router or be built into a Cisco router

router or be built into a Cisco router

router or be built into a Cisco router of some sort as well we also discussed

of some sort as well we also discussed

of some sort as well we also discussed the two VPN protocols remember these

the two VPN protocols remember these

the two VPN protocols remember these were the point-to-point tunneling

were the point-to-point tunneling

were the point-to-point tunneling protocol and the layer 2 tunneling

protocol and the layer 2 tunneling

protocol and the layer 2 tunneling protocol notice that these both you know

protocol notice that these both you know

protocol notice that these both you know are VPN protocols because of this T the

are VPN protocols because of this T the

are VPN protocols because of this T the tunneling protocol generally speaking

tunneling protocol generally speaking

tunneling protocol generally speaking we're going to see l2tp used more than

we're going to see l2tp used more than

we're going to see l2tp used more than pptp and what these really are

pptp and what these really are

pptp and what these really are responsible for is defining how

responsible for is defining how

responsible for is defining how encryption takes place

and authentication which is something

and authentication which is something

and authentication which is something that works in conjunction with the VPN

that works in conjunction with the VPN

that works in conjunction with the VPN server to accomplish

[Music]

welcome to module 10 lesson 4 gra SSL

welcome to module 10 lesson 4 gra SSL

welcome to module 10 lesson 4 gra SSL VPN and VPN concentrators

we look at them

we look at them

we look at them secure sockets for VPN also

secure sockets for VPN also

secure sockets for VPN also what is SSL

what is SSL

what is SSL VPN concentrators ipsec this is just an

VPN concentrators ipsec this is just an

VPN concentrators ipsec this is just an overview

overview

overview as usual there's a whole entire um exams

as usual there's a whole entire um exams

as usual there's a whole entire um exams for security stuff like this in more

for security stuff like this in more

for security stuff like this in more detail like the CompTIA Security Plus

detail like the CompTIA Security Plus

detail like the CompTIA Security Plus which we host on howturnetwork.com and

which we host on howturnetwork.com and

which we host on howturnetwork.com and the CCNA security also

the CCNA security also

the CCNA security also GRE stands for generic routing

GRE stands for generic routing

GRE stands for generic routing encapsulation and it was actually

encapsulation and it was actually

encapsulation and it was actually developed by Cisco Systems as a

developed by Cisco Systems as a

developed by Cisco Systems as a tunneling protocol and I totally in

tunneling protocol and I totally in

tunneling protocol and I totally in protocol tunnels something else another

protocol tunnels something else another

protocol tunnels something else another Prodigy call within a protocol

Prodigy call within a protocol

Prodigy call within a protocol so it allows Network users to access the

so it allows Network users to access the

so it allows Network users to access the network service it's not supported by

network service it's not supported by

network service it's not supported by the underlying Network so you can

the underlying Network so you can

the underlying Network so you can actually tunnel

actually tunnel

actually tunnel um lots of different things you can sort

um lots of different things you can sort

um lots of different things you can sort of IP version 4 inside IPv6 if the um

of IP version 4 inside IPv6 if the um

of IP version 4 inside IPv6 if the um hop by hot pair devices don't support it

hop by hot pair devices don't support it

hop by hot pair devices don't support it here is an image of a GRE tunnel going

here is an image of a GRE tunnel going

here is an image of a GRE tunnel going across an internet

across an internet

across an internet Source interface or IP address

Source interface or IP address

Source interface or IP address destination IP address of the tunnel an

destination IP address of the tunnel an

destination IP address of the tunnel an IP address of the tunnel that's part of

IP address of the tunnel that's part of

IP address of the tunnel that's part of the configuration you don't really need

the configuration you don't really need

the configuration you don't really need to worry about that

to worry about that

to worry about that but the traffic will pass through the

but the traffic will pass through the

but the traffic will pass through the GRE to Norm

GRE to Norm

GRE to Norm and the device is actually sending the

and the device is actually sending the

and the device is actually sending the traffic will only examine the header of

traffic will only examine the header of

traffic will only examine the header of the GRE packet which is um wrapping the

the GRE packet which is um wrapping the

the GRE packet which is um wrapping the uh the traditional IP traffic

uh the traditional IP traffic

uh the traditional IP traffic so we already know we can run a protocol

so we already know we can run a protocol

so we already know we can run a protocol every Network you can actually run

every Network you can actually run

every Network you can actually run non-routable addresses as well so inside

non-routable addresses as well so inside

non-routable addresses as well so inside that tunnel you could have a 192 address

that tunnel you could have a 192 address

that tunnel you could have a 192 address and as long as the tunnel is going via

and as long as the tunnel is going via

and as long as the tunnel is going via routable IP addresses you'll be fine

routable IP addresses you'll be fine

routable IP addresses you'll be fine a gra creates a virtual point-to-point

a gra creates a virtual point-to-point

a gra creates a virtual point-to-point link and encapsulates a variety of

link and encapsulates a variety of

link and encapsulates a variety of network protocols

network protocols

network protocols uh

uh

uh yeah I've already mentioned the private

yeah I've already mentioned the private

yeah I've already mentioned the private IP addresses it's used in conjunction

IP addresses it's used in conjunction

IP addresses it's used in conjunction often with pptp point-to-point tunneling

often with pptp point-to-point tunneling

often with pptp point-to-point tunneling protocol and ipsec if you want to create

protocol and ipsec if you want to create

protocol and ipsec if you want to create a VPN and there's an image there for

a VPN and there's an image there for

a VPN and there's an image there for with the GRE tunnel also working with an

with the GRE tunnel also working with an

with the GRE tunnel also working with an IP sector null from networkstraining.com

uh VPN

uh VPN

uh VPN a virtual Network a virtual private

a virtual Network a virtual private

a virtual Network a virtual private network is a full term it's built on top

network is a full term it's built on top

network is a full term it's built on top of an existing public network obviously

of an existing public network obviously

of an existing public network obviously very handy if we need to securely

very handy if we need to securely

very handy if we need to securely connect over the internet from

connect over the internet from

connect over the internet from um two different network locations

um two different network locations

um two different network locations often used by companies because they

often used by companies because they

often used by companies because they don't want to buy a dedicated lease line

don't want to buy a dedicated lease line

don't want to buy a dedicated lease line so they'll just use existing security

so they'll just use existing security

so they'll just use existing security technology

technology

technology you have a secure Communications between

you have a secure Communications between

you have a secure Communications between two private Networks

two private Networks

two private Networks SSL VPN this is a secure sockets layer

SSL VPN this is a secure sockets layer

SSL VPN this is a secure sockets layer virtual private Network

virtual private Network

virtual private Network it provides encrypted communication

it provides encrypted communication

it provides encrypted communication between a clients and server one example

between a clients and server one example

between a clients and server one example is SSL equips communication between a

is SSL equips communication between a

is SSL equips communication between a web browser and a web server and your

web browser and a web server and your

web browser and a web server and your browser will be a Google Chrome or

browser will be a Google Chrome or

browser will be a Google Chrome or whatever you're running on your laptop

whatever you're running on your laptop

whatever you're running on your laptop or PC

or PC

or PC the user connects to VPN devices using

the user connects to VPN devices using

the user connects to VPN devices using their web browsers traffic between the

their web browsers traffic between the

their web browsers traffic between the web browser and the VPN is encrypted

web browser and the VPN is encrypted

web browser and the VPN is encrypted with the SSL protocol

so as a result you've got a secure

so as a result you've got a secure

so as a result you've got a secure access to web applications and client

access to web applications and client

access to web applications and client server applications

server applications

server applications you'll see this working with the um

you'll see this working with the um

you'll see this working with the um green padlock when you're browsing

green padlock when you're browsing

green padlock when you're browsing different websites built into all

different websites built into all

different websites built into all standard web browsers you'd have to add

standard web browsers you'd have to add

standard web browsers you'd have to add anything extra on you don't have to

anything extra on you don't have to

anything extra on you don't have to configure or install any client software

configure or install any client software

configure or install any client software anymore you used to have to that was a

anymore you used to have to that was a

anymore you used to have to that was a few years ago now and it's all built

few years ago now and it's all built

few years ago now and it's all built into the web browsers

into the web browsers

into the web browsers uh the SSL VPN can be accessed from

uh the SSL VPN can be accessed from

uh the SSL VPN can be accessed from anywhere including airport hotel rooms

anywhere including airport hotel rooms

anywhere including airport hotel rooms coffee shops as long as you've got web

coffee shops as long as you've got web

coffee shops as long as you've got web connectivity and the user has a standard

connectivity and the user has a standard

connectivity and the user has a standard SSL client that's used with that

SSL client that's used with that

SSL client that's used with that particular SSL VPN

particular SSL VPN

particular SSL VPN uh SSL VPN products usually Standalone

uh SSL VPN products usually Standalone

uh SSL VPN products usually Standalone Hardware Appliances and other software

Hardware Appliances and other software

Hardware Appliances and other software Solutions available speak to uh whatever

Solutions available speak to uh whatever

Solutions available speak to uh whatever the whoever the sales representative is

the whoever the sales representative is

the whoever the sales representative is for Cisco or whoever you're using for

for Cisco or whoever you're using for

for Cisco or whoever you're using for the technology

the technology

the technology you also get common security services

you also get common security services

you also get common security services such as authentication encryption

such as authentication encryption

such as authentication encryption Integrity protection Access Control who

Integrity protection Access Control who

Integrity protection Access Control who can access

can access

can access even how long they can access for

even how long they can access for

even how long they can access for security and endpoint security controls

security and endpoint security controls

security and endpoint security controls in choosing prevention IPS

authentication as we know I'm sure is

authentication as we know I'm sure is

authentication as we know I'm sure is just authenticating that particular

just authenticating that particular

just authenticating that particular person to verify they are who they say

person to verify they are who they say

person to verify they are who they say they are encryption encryption protects

they are encryption encryption protects

they are encryption encryption protects the con

the con

the con confidentiality of the data as it passes

confidentiality of the data as it passes

confidentiality of the data as it passes through through the internet

Integrity ensures that the data is not

Integrity ensures that the data is not

Integrity ensures that the data is not altered so

altered so

altered so um there's a whole bunch of ways to um

um there's a whole bunch of ways to um

um there's a whole bunch of ways to um showing and offer Integrity of the data

showing and offer Integrity of the data

showing and offer Integrity of the data as it's sent from the source and

as it's sent from the source and

as it's sent from the source and received at the destination

received at the destination

received at the destination Access Control gives restricted access

Access Control gives restricted access

Access Control gives restricted access and that can be based upon a number of

and that can be based upon a number of

and that can be based upon a number of things and the access control is then

things and the access control is then

things and the access control is then associated with whatever privilege is

associated with whatever privilege is

associated with whatever privilege is you wanted to give that particular user

you wanted to give that particular user

you wanted to give that particular user the endpoint security controls checks

the endpoint security controls checks

the endpoint security controls checks the user system for compliance whenever

the user system for compliance whenever

the user system for compliance whenever the user attempts to use the SSL VPN

intrusion prevention checks the data for

intrusion prevention checks the data for

intrusion prevention checks the data for any Potential Threat after it's been

any Potential Threat after it's been

any Potential Threat after it's been decrypted

decrypted

decrypted VPN concentrators these were supported

VPN concentrators these were supported

VPN concentrators these were supported originally when I worked at Cisco by the

originally when I worked at Cisco by the

originally when I worked at Cisco by the security team

security team

security team they provide a remote user with secure

they provide a remote user with secure

they provide a remote user with secure access to the organization's resources

access to the organization's resources

access to the organization's resources and the concentrator is basically an

and the concentrator is basically an

and the concentrator is basically an endpoint for multiple VPN connections so

endpoint for multiple VPN connections so

endpoint for multiple VPN connections so there's maybe lots of Home users or

there's maybe lots of Home users or

there's maybe lots of Home users or people dialing in and

people dialing in and

people dialing in and Mobile sales people that need to connect

Mobile sales people that need to connect

Mobile sales people that need to connect from certain places and the VPN

from certain places and the VPN

from certain places and the VPN concentrator will be the point where

concentrator will be the point where

concentrator will be the point where their connection is terminated

all right uh the concentrate is a device

all right uh the concentrate is a device

all right uh the concentrate is a device it can handle multiple tunnels coming in

it can handle multiple tunnels coming in

it can handle multiple tunnels coming in a VPN they provide VPN encryption either

a VPN they provide VPN encryption either

a VPN they provide VPN encryption either by using ipsec or SSL

by using ipsec or SSL

by using ipsec or SSL again check with your vendor for

again check with your vendor for

again check with your vendor for documentation

documentation

documentation ipsec is IP security provides a high

ipsec is IP security provides a high

ipsec is IP security provides a high level of security and encryption and

level of security and encryption and

level of security and encryption and because client software to establish the

because client software to establish the

because client software to establish the VPN tunnel

ipsec is better for fixed locations SSR

ipsec is better for fixed locations SSR

ipsec is better for fixed locations SSR when the remote users need to connect

when the remote users need to connect

when the remote users need to connect from various locations for example

from various locations for example

from various locations for example they're a traveling salesperson

they're a traveling salesperson

they're a traveling salesperson and nowadays VPN concentrators are not

and nowadays VPN concentrators are not

and nowadays VPN concentrators are not manufactured as separate devices they

manufactured as separate devices they

manufactured as separate devices they normally combined with devices that also

normally combined with devices that also

normally combined with devices that also provide firewall protection if you go to

provide firewall protection if you go to

provide firewall protection if you go to cisco.com and then click on I think it's

cisco.com and then click on I think it's

cisco.com and then click on I think it's sales or products you'll see the type of

sales or products you'll see the type of

sales or products you'll see the type of devices that are available and what they

devices that are available and what they

devices that are available and what they do

do

do all right so we've covered a fair bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit

all right so we've covered a fair bit GRE tunneling VPN SSL

Security Services of SSL VPN and a VPN

Security Services of SSL VPN and a VPN

Security Services of SSL VPN and a VPN concentrator on ipsec

concentrator on ipsec

concentrator on ipsec that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

Network management Network

Network management Network

Network management Network Administration

Administration

Administration in the previous lessons we've talked

in the previous lessons we've talked

in the previous lessons we've talked about a lot of the technical aspects of

about a lot of the technical aspects of

about a lot of the technical aspects of networking including remote networking

networking including remote networking

networking including remote networking remote access virtual private networks

remote access virtual private networks

remote access virtual private networks local area networks wide area networks

local area networks wide area networks

local area networks wide area networks and so on there's someone who's required

and so on there's someone who's required

and so on there's someone who's required to sort of put all of this into place

to sort of put all of this into place

to sort of put all of this into place and that's where an administrator comes

and that's where an administrator comes

and that's where an administrator comes in so in this lesson and in the

in so in this lesson and in the

in so in this lesson and in the following modules I want to talk about

following modules I want to talk about

following modules I want to talk about what an administrator is and some of the

what an administrator is and some of the

what an administrator is and some of the tasks they have to do in this module in

tasks they have to do in this module in

tasks they have to do in this module in specific we're going to start by

specific we're going to start by

specific we're going to start by defining an administrator or network

defining an administrator or network

defining an administrator or network administrator now there can be several

administrator now there can be several

administrator now there can be several administrators at any one's site but

administrators at any one's site but

administrators at any one's site but we're going to give an overview of what

we're going to give an overview of what

we're going to give an overview of what an administrator no matter what their

an administrator no matter what their

an administrator no matter what their specific role is going to do then we're

specific role is going to do then we're

specific role is going to do then we're going to identify some of the key admin

going to identify some of the key admin

going to identify some of the key admin duties and these might be documentation

duties and these might be documentation

duties and these might be documentation and monitoring we'll talk more about

and monitoring we'll talk more about

and monitoring we'll talk more about these in further modules and we've

these in further modules and we've

these in further modules and we've probably already mentioned already

probably already mentioned already

probably already mentioned already mentioned these to some degree so some

mentioned these to some degree so some

mentioned these to some degree so some of this might be recap in some cases it

of this might be recap in some cases it

of this might be recap in some cases it might be overview but a lot of what's on

might be overview but a lot of what's on

might be overview but a lot of what's on the network plus exam is is sort of

the network plus exam is is sort of

the network plus exam is is sort of applying not just having knowledge but

applying not just having knowledge but

applying not just having knowledge but applying the knowledge in certain

applying the knowledge in certain

applying the knowledge in certain administrator roles since that's what

administrator roles since that's what

administrator roles since that's what they assume you're going to do with your

they assume you're going to do with your

they assume you're going to do with your certification

certification

certification so there's no doubt that we have used

so there's no doubt that we have used

so there's no doubt that we have used administrator or admin for short

administrator or admin for short

administrator or admin for short in uh hundreds of times by now so it

in uh hundreds of times by now so it

in uh hundreds of times by now so it might be useful to stop for a minute and

might be useful to stop for a minute and

might be useful to stop for a minute and actually take time to talk about what

actually take time to talk about what

actually take time to talk about what this term means so the administrator of

this term means so the administrator of

this term means so the administrator of a network is the most important person

a network is the most important person

a network is the most important person involved in network it they are in

involved in network it they are in

involved in network it they are in charge of everything that happens on the

charge of everything that happens on the

charge of everything that happens on the network and know what all of the users

network and know what all of the users

network and know what all of the users are doing in charge of security and they

are doing in charge of security and they

are doing in charge of security and they can be held responsible for everything

can be held responsible for everything

can be held responsible for everything that happens on their Network so not

that happens on their Network so not

that happens on their Network so not only are they responsible for sort of

only are they responsible for sort of

only are they responsible for sort of creating the network but if someone

creating the network but if someone

creating the network but if someone misuses the network the really acts is

misuses the network the really acts is

misuses the network the really acts is going to fall on them more than that

going to fall on them more than that

going to fall on them more than that they're in control of all the accounts

they're in control of all the accounts

they're in control of all the accounts the resources the data that users have

the resources the data that users have

the resources the data that users have access to the administrator is the only

access to the administrator is the only

access to the administrator is the only person that has access to everything in

person that has access to everything in

person that has access to everything in the network and can control what others

the network and can control what others

the network and can control what others can access even if they give access to

can access even if they give access to

can access even if they give access to say an assistant administrator in the

say an assistant administrator in the

say an assistant administrator in the end if that assistant administrator

end if that assistant administrator

end if that assistant administrator screws something up it was the

screws something up it was the

screws something up it was the administrator who gave them access in

administrator who gave them access in

administrator who gave them access in the first place so clearly this is a

the first place so clearly this is a

the first place so clearly this is a really important person and are

really important person and are

really important person and are essential to managing and monitoring the

essential to managing and monitoring the

essential to managing and monitoring the network without them there really

network without them there really

network without them there really wouldn't be anyone with enough knowledge

wouldn't be anyone with enough knowledge

wouldn't be anyone with enough knowledge or ability to manage how these networks

or ability to manage how these networks

or ability to manage how these networks and you can see how large they get

and you can see how large they get

and you can see how large they get sometimes

sometimes

sometimes so here is essentially what an

so here is essentially what an

so here is essentially what an administrator's view might be like they

administrator's view might be like they

administrator's view might be like they have a view of everything that happens

have a view of everything that happens

have a view of everything that happens going in right they know all of the

going in right they know all of the

going in right they know all of the nodes all of the servers and this is

nodes all of the servers and this is

nodes all of the servers and this is very simplified all of the routers and

very simplified all of the routers and

very simplified all of the routers and switches this is what we might call a

switches this is what we might call a

switches this is what we might call a network diagram we might also have

network diagram we might also have

network diagram we might also have printers

printers

printers and if this is a cloud environment as it

and if this is a cloud environment as it

and if this is a cloud environment as it seems to be then they're going to be

seems to be then they're going to be

seems to be then they're going to be aware of all the virtual sort of stuff

aware of all the virtual sort of stuff

aware of all the virtual sort of stuff that is set up

that is set up

that is set up they're going to beware of all of the

they're going to beware of all of the

they're going to beware of all of the user accounts

user accounts

user accounts the network security

they're also going to be dealing with

they're also going to be dealing with

they're also going to be dealing with all the remote access

if there is this going out to the

if there is this going out to the

if there is this going out to the internet are there firewalls

internet are there firewalls

internet are there firewalls are there intrusion systems etc etc so

are there intrusion systems etc etc so

are there intrusion systems etc etc so they really have an overview of

they really have an overview of

they really have an overview of everything they have to maintain

everything they have to maintain

everything they have to maintain everything as well you can see how

everything as well you can see how

everything as well you can see how complicated this can get which is the

complicated this can get which is the

complicated this can get which is the reason why one network administrator

reason why one network administrator

reason why one network administrator might have several under administrators

might have several under administrators

might have several under administrators to help them they not only log when

to help them they not only log when

to help them they not only log when someone comes in or out they can see

someone comes in or out they can see

someone comes in or out they can see when someone visits a specific website

when someone visits a specific website

when someone visits a specific website when they're sending or where they're

when they're sending or where they're

when they're sending or where they're sending data what the type of data is we

sending data what the type of data is we

sending data what the type of data is we might also have for instance an exchange

might also have for instance an exchange

might also have for instance an exchange server which would be for email in which

server which would be for email in which

server which would be for email in which case we need someone to manage that as

case we need someone to manage that as

case we need someone to manage that as well for instance what if someone sends

well for instance what if someone sends

well for instance what if someone sends a 50 megabyte or 50 gigabyte file by

a 50 megabyte or 50 gigabyte file by

a 50 megabyte or 50 gigabyte file by email or they try to that's going to log

email or they try to that's going to log

email or they try to that's going to log up the entire network

up the entire network

up the entire network so one of the first duties of an

so one of the first duties of an

so one of the first duties of an administrator is documentation there's a

administrator is documentation there's a

administrator is documentation there's a couple reasons why this is so important

couple reasons why this is so important

couple reasons why this is so important when it comes to managing and running a

when it comes to managing and running a

when it comes to managing and running a network it's going to be the focus of

network it's going to be the focus of

network it's going to be the focus of its own module but it's good to get a

its own module but it's good to get a

its own module but it's good to get a basic understanding right now because

basic understanding right now because

basic understanding right now because the process of documenting everything

the process of documenting everything

the process of documenting everything can be really time consuming but it's

can be really time consuming but it's

can be really time consuming but it's also really worth it can save you a lot

also really worth it can save you a lot

also really worth it can save you a lot of time trouble and money when things

of time trouble and money when things

of time trouble and money when things are well documented and no one has to go

are well documented and no one has to go

are well documented and no one has to go searching for them especially if the

searching for them especially if the

searching for them especially if the administrator is out of town or if we

administrator is out of town or if we

administrator is out of town or if we switch administrators we want to make

switch administrators we want to make

switch administrators we want to make sure that the network can still live on

sure that the network can still live on

sure that the network can still live on its own now there are no shortage of

its own now there are no shortage of

its own now there are no shortage of things to handle for the administrator

things to handle for the administrator

things to handle for the administrator and documentation is OB usually the

and documentation is OB usually the

and documentation is OB usually the thing that's going to get pushed aside

thing that's going to get pushed aside

thing that's going to get pushed aside and forgotten about but there are some

and forgotten about but there are some

and forgotten about but there are some really key items that we can look over

really key items that we can look over

really key items that we can look over that are helpful to be dealt with first

that are helpful to be dealt with first

that are helpful to be dealt with first of all properly documenting information

of all properly documenting information

of all properly documenting information is useful when training new admins it's

is useful when training new admins it's

is useful when training new admins it's not uncommon for the old administrator

not uncommon for the old administrator

not uncommon for the old administrator to leave and then have to train a new

to leave and then have to train a new

to leave and then have to train a new one is their replacement however the new

one is their replacement however the new

one is their replacement however the new admin doesn't have time to learn the

admin doesn't have time to learn the

admin doesn't have time to learn the topography the cable connections

topography the cable connections

topography the cable connections everything about the network from

everything about the network from

everything about the network from scratch so this is where proper

scratch so this is where proper

scratch so this is where proper documentation is really helpful it can

documentation is really helpful it can

documentation is really helpful it can save the new administrator a lot of time

save the new administrator a lot of time

save the new administrator a lot of time and effort especially if even if you're

and effort especially if even if you're

and effort especially if even if you're not leaving if you bring on someone to

not leaving if you bring on someone to

not leaving if you bring on someone to assist you allowing them to look at

assist you allowing them to look at

assist you allowing them to look at documentation is going to save the super

documentation is going to save the super

documentation is going to save the super administrator time from having to teach

administrator time from having to teach

administrator time from having to teach the new administrator

the new administrator

the new administrator it's also going to help us when we

it's also going to help us when we

it's also going to help us when we troubleshoot problems on the network it

troubleshoot problems on the network it

troubleshoot problems on the network it can save time and money because we can

can save time and money because we can

can save time and money because we can eliminate the time it takes to test

eliminate the time it takes to test

eliminate the time it takes to test every possible problem because we can

every possible problem because we can

every possible problem because we can now isolate where the potential problems

now isolate where the potential problems

now isolate where the potential problems are for instance if I have an overview

are for instance if I have an overview

are for instance if I have an overview of where things are set on the network

of where things are set on the network

of where things are set on the network and I know one side of the Network's not

and I know one side of the Network's not

and I know one side of the Network's not working then I can automatically sort of

working then I can automatically sort of

working then I can automatically sort of go to that side of the network and not

go to that side of the network and not

go to that side of the network and not have to worry about the other side

have to worry about the other side

have to worry about the other side finally it's also really important when

finally it's also really important when

finally it's also really important when I'm bringing in outside workers to make

I'm bringing in outside workers to make

I'm bringing in outside workers to make changes to the network they need

changes to the network they need

changes to the network they need accurate and up-to-date information

accurate and up-to-date information

accurate and up-to-date information about the network its layout and if

about the network its layout and if

about the network its layout and if they don't have an idea of how my

they don't have an idea of how my

they don't have an idea of how my network looks and I just start to tell

network looks and I just start to tell

network looks and I just start to tell them to fix things they're going to have

them to fix things they're going to have

them to fix things they're going to have major issues and one of the things

major issues and one of the things

major issues and one of the things that's really big these days is having a

that's really big these days is having a

that's really big these days is having a contractor come in because we're sort of

contractor come in because we're sort of

contractor come in because we're sort of going to Outsource a lot of our network

going to Outsource a lot of our network

going to Outsource a lot of our network administrator duties or sometimes the

administrator duties or sometimes the

administrator duties or sometimes the administrator is not a specialist in

administrator is not a specialist in

administrator is not a specialist in something Sprints in security and so

something Sprints in security and so

something Sprints in security and so they need to bring in contractors to

they need to bring in contractors to

they need to bring in contractors to implement a better security plan

implement a better security plan

implement a better security plan now monitoring is also an extremely

now monitoring is also an extremely

now monitoring is also an extremely important job for the administrator it's

important job for the administrator it's

important job for the administrator it's necessary to monitor a network for a lot

necessary to monitor a network for a lot

necessary to monitor a network for a lot of reasons and again we're going to talk

of reasons and again we're going to talk

of reasons and again we're going to talk talk about this in its own module but

talk about this in its own module but

talk about this in its own module but it's good to understand it a little bit

it's good to understand it a little bit

it's good to understand it a little bit right now so when you monitor a network

right now so when you monitor a network

right now so when you monitor a network the administrator can almost always find

the administrator can almost always find

the administrator can almost always find faults in the system and find out where

faults in the system and find out where

faults in the system and find out where they are there are tools that help the

they are there are tools that help the

they are there are tools that help the administrator check all the devices to

administrator check all the devices to

administrator check all the devices to find out where the faults are and how

find out where the faults are and how

find out where the faults are and how they can be fixed and I think we've

they can be fixed and I think we've

they can be fixed and I think we've looked at some of those and we might

looked at some of those and we might

looked at some of those and we might look at it a couple more but some of the

look at it a couple more but some of the

look at it a couple more but some of the tools the Ping trace route Etc looking

tools the Ping trace route Etc looking

tools the Ping trace route Etc looking at routing tables looking at broadcast

at routing tables looking at broadcast

at routing tables looking at broadcast all this stuff and also performance

all this stuff and also performance

all this stuff and also performance detection is very important when we're

detection is very important when we're

detection is very important when we're involved with network monitoring when an

involved with network monitoring when an

involved with network monitoring when an administrator monitors performance

administrator monitors performance

administrator monitors performance they're able to find some very useful

they're able to find some very useful

they're able to find some very useful data they can discover Network usage

data they can discover Network usage

data they can discover Network usage data how each user has been using the

data how each user has been using the

data how each user has been using the network and make sure that the bandwidth

network and make sure that the bandwidth

network and make sure that the bandwidth is load balanced properly a term that we

is load balanced properly a term that we

is load balanced properly a term that we have seen a bit and we're probably going

have seen a bit and we're probably going

have seen a bit and we're probably going to see a little more

to see a little more

to see a little more and also we can make sure that nothing

and also we can make sure that nothing

and also we can make sure that nothing if there's not too much traffic on the

if there's not too much traffic on the

if there's not too much traffic on the system obviously too much traffic slows

system obviously too much traffic slows

system obviously too much traffic slows things down and makes everyone miserable

things down and makes everyone miserable

things down and makes everyone miserable finally security monitoring is really

finally security monitoring is really

finally security monitoring is really essential because uh one thing we don't

essential because uh one thing we don't

essential because uh one thing we don't want is someone outside of our Network

want is someone outside of our Network

want is someone outside of our Network getting access to all the stuff we set

getting access to all the stuff we set

getting access to all the stuff we set up it's really going to make your bosses

up it's really going to make your bosses

up it's really going to make your bosses upset too and we're not just talking

upset too and we're not just talking

upset too and we're not just talking about hackers we're talking about

about hackers we're talking about

about hackers we're talking about viruses attackers any of this stuff so

viruses attackers any of this stuff so

viruses attackers any of this stuff so when we're monitoring security an

when we're monitoring security an

when we're monitoring security an administrator can find holes in the

administrator can find holes in the

administrator can find holes in the system and then take preventative

system and then take preventative

system and then take preventative actions in order to stop the attacks

actions in order to stop the attacks

actions in order to stop the attacks before they happen one thing that's

before they happen one thing that's

before they happen one thing that's going to help with this are two devices

going to help with this are two devices

going to help with this are two devices called an IPS or an IDs an intrusion

detection system

detection system

detection system and then an intrusion

prevention system

prevention system

prevention system these are actually two different things

these are actually two different things

these are actually two different things as you can see from the name intrusion

as you can see from the name intrusion

as you can see from the name intrusion detection just detects when something

detection just detects when something

detection just detects when something happens intrusion prevention is actually

happens intrusion prevention is actually

happens intrusion prevention is actually going to stop it in its tracks so that

going to stop it in its tracks so that

going to stop it in its tracks so that was just a broad overview of defining

was just a broad overview of defining

was just a broad overview of defining what an administrator does the person

what an administrator does the person

what an administrator does the person who overview who has a complete overview

who overview who has a complete overview

who overview who has a complete overview of the network

of the network

of the network and then we looked at a couple of the

and then we looked at a couple of the

and then we looked at a couple of the reasons why their admin duties of the

reasons why their admin duties of the

reasons why their admin duties of the documentation monitoring are so

documentation monitoring are so

documentation monitoring are so important documentation for training new

important documentation for training new

important documentation for training new people

people

people tech support

uh bringing in outside resources

and also monitoring not just for uh

and also monitoring not just for uh

and also monitoring not just for uh security reasons

security reasons

security reasons but also for performance

but also for performance

but also for performance because obviously if we have a slow

because obviously if we have a slow

because obviously if we have a slow Network it's going to result in everyone

Network it's going to result in everyone

Network it's going to result in everyone being unhappy and your boss is not being

being unhappy and your boss is not being

being unhappy and your boss is not being able to be able to accomplish the work

able to be able to accomplish the work

able to be able to accomplish the work they need not to mention if we talk

they need not to mention if we talk

they need not to mention if we talk about one extra minute in work time that

about one extra minute in work time that

about one extra minute in work time that can actually cost us quite a bit of

can actually cost us quite a bit of

can actually cost us quite a bit of money in the real world so having giving

money in the real world so having giving

money in the real world so having giving us a broad overview of this we're going

us a broad overview of this we're going

us a broad overview of this we're going to talk more about uh optimizing a

to talk more about uh optimizing a

to talk more about uh optimizing a network Performance Based on the

network Performance Based on the

network Performance Based on the monitoring that we do

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

Network management optimizing Network

Network management optimizing Network

Network management optimizing Network performance

performance

performance we're going to be covering a lot in this

we're going to be covering a lot in this

we're going to be covering a lot in this module it's all about the optimization

module it's all about the optimization

module it's all about the optimization of a network and its performance and

of a network and its performance and

of a network and its performance and there's a lot that we have to do as

there's a lot that we have to do as

there's a lot that we have to do as administrators when it comes to that

administrators when it comes to that

administrators when it comes to that we're going to specifically focus on

we're going to specifically focus on

we're going to specifically focus on strategies to optimize network speed and

strategies to optimize network speed and

strategies to optimize network speed and efficiency

efficiency

efficiency so first we're going to give an overview

so first we're going to give an overview

so first we're going to give an overview of what network optimization is and then

of what network optimization is and then

of what network optimization is and then we're going to define something called

we're going to define something called

we're going to define something called quality of service qos which I want to

quality of service qos which I want to

quality of service qos which I want to point out right now you're going to see

point out right now you're going to see

point out right now you're going to see anytime we talk about voice over IP this

anytime we talk about voice over IP this

anytime we talk about voice over IP this is the name implies what we're doing is

is the name implies what we're doing is

is the name implies what we're doing is trying to make sure the service provided

trying to make sure the service provided

trying to make sure the service provided on our network has a high degree of

on our network has a high degree of

on our network has a high degree of quality and when it comes to voice over

quality and when it comes to voice over

quality and when it comes to voice over IP we need to make sure the quality is

IP we need to make sure the quality is

IP we need to make sure the quality is pretty high

pretty high

pretty high there are two ways to do this one is

there are two ways to do this one is

there are two ways to do this one is called latency sensitive and the other

called latency sensitive and the other

called latency sensitive and the other is latency insensitive and we'll Define

is latency insensitive and we'll Define

is latency insensitive and we'll Define that a bit more

that a bit more

that a bit more we're also going to talk about something

we're also going to talk about something

we're also going to talk about something called traffic shaping and methods in

called traffic shaping and methods in

called traffic shaping and methods in which we do this and finally caching

which we do this and finally caching

which we do this and finally caching engines which help speed up Network

engines which help speed up Network

engines which help speed up Network performance as well

performance as well

performance as well so

so

so bandwidth is essentially the amount of

bandwidth is essentially the amount of

bandwidth is essentially the amount of data that can be transferred and

data that can be transferred and

data that can be transferred and utilized at any given time this amount

utilized at any given time this amount

utilized at any given time this amount is usually expressed in bits per second

is usually expressed in bits per second

is usually expressed in bits per second so if you remember we see for instance

so if you remember we see for instance

so if you remember we see for instance mega bits per second with the small B

mega bits per second with the small B

mega bits per second with the small B and I want to point out again that this

and I want to point out again that this

and I want to point out again that this is not megabytes per second as you

is not megabytes per second as you

is not megabytes per second as you recall there are eight bits

recall there are eight bits

recall there are eight bits in every bite

in every bite

in every bite so we would really need eight

mega bits per second to equal one

mega bits per second to equal one

mega bits per second to equal one megabyte per second just something to

megabyte per second just something to

megabyte per second just something to keep in mind as you purchase uh perhaps

keep in mind as you purchase uh perhaps

keep in mind as you purchase uh perhaps a broadband connection now how the

a broadband connection now how the

a broadband connection now how the bandwidth flows is dependent on how many

bandwidth flows is dependent on how many

bandwidth flows is dependent on how many people are using it at once and for what

people are using it at once and for what

people are using it at once and for what purpose so everything in today's world

purpose so everything in today's world

purpose so everything in today's world is expected to be fast and we can settle

is expected to be fast and we can settle

is expected to be fast and we can settle for no less than the fastest it will

for no less than the fastest it will

for no less than the fastest it will become really impatient with network

become really impatient with network

become really impatient with network speeds very easily and unfortunately

speeds very easily and unfortunately

speeds very easily and unfortunately they fluctuate fairly easily too

they fluctuate fairly easily too

they fluctuate fairly easily too especially in a corporate environment

especially in a corporate environment

especially in a corporate environment where there are a lot of people using

where there are a lot of people using

where there are a lot of people using and taking up the same bandwidth just

and taking up the same bandwidth just

and taking up the same bandwidth just imagine how frustrated workers are going

imagine how frustrated workers are going

imagine how frustrated workers are going to become with uh when they can access

to become with uh when they can access

to become with uh when they can access something really fast one second and

something really fast one second and

something really fast one second and very slow the next you can imagine this

very slow the next you can imagine this

very slow the next you can imagine this at home as well

at home as well

at home as well so the purpose of network optimization

so the purpose of network optimization

so the purpose of network optimization is really to help control the traffic on

is really to help control the traffic on

is really to help control the traffic on a network the large group of people are

a network the large group of people are

a network the large group of people are trying to enter a building through one

trying to enter a building through one

trying to enter a building through one door the flow is going to be a lot

door the flow is going to be a lot

door the flow is going to be a lot slower than if there are multiple doors

slower than if there are multiple doors

slower than if there are multiple doors and the same principle applies to

and the same principle applies to

and the same principle applies to networks if the network is laid out and

networks if the network is laid out and

networks if the network is laid out and run in an optimal way there is less

run in an optimal way there is less

run in an optimal way there is less chance of blockage so in addition to

chance of blockage so in addition to

chance of blockage so in addition to network traffic optimization Works to

network traffic optimization Works to

network traffic optimization Works to utilize bandwidth in the best possible

utilize bandwidth in the best possible

utilize bandwidth in the best possible way so that everyone can use it at the

way so that everyone can use it at the

way so that everyone can use it at the same time this would be also called

same time this would be also called

same time this would be also called throughput

throughput

throughput so whereas bandwidth

so whereas bandwidth

so whereas bandwidth is our ideal or possible

throughput

is the actual

is the actual

is the actual in other words what actually makes it

in other words what actually makes it

in other words what actually makes it through the bandwidth

through the bandwidth

through the bandwidth so here's a representation of what

so here's a representation of what

so here's a representation of what bandwidth might look like imagine the

bandwidth might look like imagine the

bandwidth might look like imagine the bandwidth capabilities are like tubes

bandwidth capabilities are like tubes

bandwidth capabilities are like tubes and the bigger the tube the more that is

and the bigger the tube the more that is

and the bigger the tube the more that is free to throw flow through it so here

free to throw flow through it so here

free to throw flow through it so here you can see there's much more ability to

you can see there's much more ability to

you can see there's much more ability to flow through the tube on the right

flow through the tube on the right

flow through the tube on the right because it's a lot bigger than the tube

because it's a lot bigger than the tube

because it's a lot bigger than the tube on the left that being said only because

on the left that being said only because

on the left that being said only because our bandwidth is for instance 90

our bandwidth is for instance 90

our bandwidth is for instance 90 megabits per second or one gigabit per

megabits per second or one gigabit per

megabits per second or one gigabit per second doesn't mean that the throughput

second doesn't mean that the throughput

second doesn't mean that the throughput is actually going to be that I'm sure

is actually going to be that I'm sure

is actually going to be that I'm sure that you have at home uh bandwidth or

that you have at home uh bandwidth or

that you have at home uh bandwidth or broadband internet

broadband internet

broadband internet and it probably says it has up to

and it probably says it has up to

and it probably says it has up to perhaps maybe 15 megabits per second if

perhaps maybe 15 megabits per second if

perhaps maybe 15 megabits per second if you're on cable but sometimes you're not

you're on cable but sometimes you're not

you're on cable but sometimes you're not always getting 15 megabits per second

always getting 15 megabits per second

always getting 15 megabits per second you might be getting five or eight

you might be getting five or eight

you might be getting five or eight megabits per second and you can test

megabits per second and you can test

megabits per second and you can test this using different sort of online

this using different sort of online

this using different sort of online speed test uh utilities but only because

speed test uh utilities but only because

speed test uh utilities but only because we have a certain amount of bandwidth

we have a certain amount of bandwidth

we have a certain amount of bandwidth doesn't mean our throughput is going to

doesn't mean our throughput is going to

doesn't mean our throughput is going to equal that which is an important

equal that which is an important

equal that which is an important distinction

distinction

distinction to make

what we want to do is get the bandwidth

what we want to do is get the bandwidth

what we want to do is get the bandwidth and throughput to equal as close as

and throughput to equal as close as

and throughput to equal as close as possible to one another

possible to one another

possible to one another so there are strategies used to increase

so there are strategies used to increase

so there are strategies used to increase the use and optimization of bandwidth on

the use and optimization of bandwidth on

the use and optimization of bandwidth on a network

a network

a network these strategies are called quality of

these strategies are called quality of

these strategies are called quality of service or short-term qos

service or short-term qos

service or short-term qos now they have a lot to do with

now they have a lot to do with

now they have a lot to do with information and helping it optimize the

information and helping it optimize the

information and helping it optimize the network so qos allows administrators to

network so qos allows administrators to

network so qos allows administrators to predict the bandwidth use on their

predict the bandwidth use on their

predict the bandwidth use on their Network monitor the use of it and then

Network monitor the use of it and then

Network monitor the use of it and then control it this is done to make sure

control it this is done to make sure

control it this is done to make sure that there is available bandwidth for

that there is available bandwidth for

that there is available bandwidth for any one application that requires it the

any one application that requires it the

any one application that requires it the applications that need this bandwidth

applications that need this bandwidth

applications that need this bandwidth are generally split into two different

are generally split into two different

are generally split into two different categories

categories

categories latency sensitive and

latency sensitive and

latency sensitive and latency insensitive latency sensitive

latency insensitive latency sensitive

latency insensitive latency sensitive applications are appropriately named

applications are appropriately named

applications are appropriately named these are applications that are affected

these are applications that are affected

these are applications that are affected by latency or a delay caused by a device

by latency or a delay caused by a device

by latency or a delay caused by a device so latency is sort of the slowness with

so latency is sort of the slowness with

so latency is sort of the slowness with which bandwidth occurs or not living up

which bandwidth occurs or not living up

which bandwidth occurs or not living up to its full potential

to its full potential

to its full potential so an application that needs bandwidth

so an application that needs bandwidth

so an application that needs bandwidth because of its Effectiveness is impacted

because of its Effectiveness is impacted

because of its Effectiveness is impacted by lag time for example applications

by lag time for example applications

by lag time for example applications that use VoIP fall into this category or

that use VoIP fall into this category or

that use VoIP fall into this category or voice over IP they're latency sensitive

voice over IP they're latency sensitive

voice over IP they're latency sensitive because lag time could disrupt a video

because lag time could disrupt a video

because lag time could disrupt a video or a phone call latency insensitive

or a phone call latency insensitive

or a phone call latency insensitive applications still require bandwidth but

applications still require bandwidth but

applications still require bandwidth but for a very different reason these don't

for a very different reason these don't

for a very different reason these don't have video or voice transfer so the

have video or voice transfer so the

have video or voice transfer so the bandwidth is just as important to them

bandwidth is just as important to them

bandwidth is just as important to them but the latency doesn't really matter

but the latency doesn't really matter

but the latency doesn't really matter these applications are those that are

these applications are those that are

these applications are those that are used to transfer large amount of data

used to transfer large amount of data

used to transfer large amount of data like during backup or FTP

like during backup or FTP

like during backup or FTP just to cover this one more time and

just to cover this one more time and

just to cover this one more time and perhaps say it in a different way

perhaps say it in a different way

perhaps say it in a different way latency sensitive would be meaning that

latency sensitive would be meaning that

latency sensitive would be meaning that if something for some reason I have a

if something for some reason I have a

if something for some reason I have a huge uh amount of traffic then I'm going

huge uh amount of traffic then I'm going

huge uh amount of traffic then I'm going to start seeing a degradation in service

to start seeing a degradation in service

to start seeing a degradation in service when it comes to my latency sensitive

when it comes to my latency sensitive

when it comes to my latency sensitive applications such as VoIP for instance I

applications such as VoIP for instance I

applications such as VoIP for instance I need to make sure that no matter when

need to make sure that no matter when

need to make sure that no matter when I'm talking over my VoIP phone it's

I'm talking over my VoIP phone it's

I'm talking over my VoIP phone it's still reaching the end person in the

still reaching the end person in the

still reaching the end person in the same degree of quality it can't be

same degree of quality it can't be

same degree of quality it can't be dropping a lot of packets because if it

dropping a lot of packets because if it

dropping a lot of packets because if it is then they're not going to be able to

is then they're not going to be able to

is then they're not going to be able to hear my voice very clearly with latency

hear my voice very clearly with latency

hear my voice very clearly with latency insensitive the traffic can modulate

insensitive the traffic can modulate

insensitive the traffic can modulate quite a degree because as long as the

quite a degree because as long as the

quite a degree because as long as the files get from one end to the other if

files get from one end to the other if

files get from one end to the other if at one point it's transferring at 90

at one point it's transferring at 90

at one point it's transferring at 90 megabits per second and the next the

megabits per second and the next the

megabits per second and the next the transmit one gigabit per second it's

transmit one gigabit per second it's

transmit one gigabit per second it's still going to get over to the other

still going to get over to the other

still going to get over to the other place but it doesn't really matter if I

place but it doesn't really matter if I

place but it doesn't really matter if I don't receive the packets in a sort of

don't receive the packets in a sort of

don't receive the packets in a sort of steady stream so in this case the

steady stream so in this case the

steady stream so in this case the latency doesn't really matter as much as

latency doesn't really matter as much as

latency doesn't really matter as much as the fact that it simply gets from one

the fact that it simply gets from one

the fact that it simply gets from one place to the other it within a certain

place to the other it within a certain

place to the other it within a certain degree of time

degree of time

degree of time so a very important qos strategy to help

so a very important qos strategy to help

so a very important qos strategy to help exist to help control the flow of data

exist to help control the flow of data

exist to help control the flow of data through a network is called traffic

through a network is called traffic

through a network is called traffic shaping

shaping

shaping its main purpose is to reduce latency

its main purpose is to reduce latency

its main purpose is to reduce latency which it does by controlling the amount

which it does by controlling the amount

which it does by controlling the amount of data passing through a network data

of data passing through a network data

of data passing through a network data traffic is sort of split into different

traffic is sort of split into different

traffic is sort of split into different categories and put put in something

categories and put put in something

categories and put put in something called a queue a queue by the way would

called a queue a queue by the way would

called a queue a queue by the way would be something like a line basically I'm

be something like a line basically I'm

be something like a line basically I'm going to put certain types of

going to put certain types of

going to put certain types of information into one queue and certain

information into one queue and certain

information into one queue and certain it to another and those cues are going

it to another and those cues are going

it to another and those cues are going to be given priority

to be given priority

to be given priority so my voice application is going to have

so my voice application is going to have

so my voice application is going to have the highest priority whereas maybe my

the highest priority whereas maybe my

the highest priority whereas maybe my FTP will have a bit of a lower priority

FTP will have a bit of a lower priority

FTP will have a bit of a lower priority now there are quite a few different ways

now there are quite a few different ways

now there are quite a few different ways to use traffic shaping and each method

to use traffic shaping and each method

to use traffic shaping and each method has its own benefit and needs to be

has its own benefit and needs to be

has its own benefit and needs to be chosen based on the circumstances of the

chosen based on the circumstances of the

chosen based on the circumstances of the situation now here are a couple of the

situation now here are a couple of the

situation now here are a couple of the common methods actually three

common methods actually three

common methods actually three first is shaping by application

first is shaping by application

first is shaping by application this is a strategy that involves the

this is a strategy that involves the

this is a strategy that involves the administrator allowing only a certain

administrator allowing only a certain

administrator allowing only a certain amount of bandwidth to be used by a

amount of bandwidth to be used by a

amount of bandwidth to be used by a certain application for instance an

certain application for instance an

certain application for instance an admin only allows a VoIP application to

admin only allows a VoIP application to

admin only allows a VoIP application to use for instance six megabits per second

use for instance six megabits per second

use for instance six megabits per second and it can't use any more than that so

and it can't use any more than that so

and it can't use any more than that so in some ways we set a limit

in some ways we set a limit

in some ways we set a limit to the bandwidth that's going to be used

to the bandwidth that's going to be used

to the bandwidth that's going to be used by a certain protocol or a certain

by a certain protocol or a certain

by a certain protocol or a certain application

application

application the next which is called shaping Network

the next which is called shaping Network

the next which is called shaping Network traffic per user allows the

traffic per user allows the

traffic per user allows the administrator to limit the bandwidth

administrator to limit the bandwidth

administrator to limit the bandwidth that any individual user can use now

that any individual user can use now

that any individual user can use now shaving by application is something that

shaving by application is something that

shaving by application is something that we're going to be seeing a lot now on

we're going to be seeing a lot now on

we're going to be seeing a lot now on airplanes and trains we don't want to

airplanes and trains we don't want to

airplanes and trains we don't want to let for instance people use Netflix and

let for instance people use Netflix and

let for instance people use Netflix and YouTube on the plane because there are

YouTube on the plane because there are

YouTube on the plane because there are other people who need to be using email

other people who need to be using email

other people who need to be using email and so we're just going to say if you

and so we're just going to say if you

and so we're just going to say if you want to do bandwidth for video we're not

want to do bandwidth for video we're not

want to do bandwidth for video we're not going to allow that as much as bandwidth

going to allow that as much as bandwidth

going to allow that as much as bandwidth for say

for say

for say email or for text messaging for instance

email or for text messaging for instance

email or for text messaging for instance but when I'm talking about Network

but when I'm talking about Network

but when I'm talking about Network traffic per user I'm allowing specific

traffic per user I'm allowing specific

traffic per user I'm allowing specific users to have a certain amount of

users to have a certain amount of

users to have a certain amount of bandwidth so some users might use more

bandwidth so some users might use more

bandwidth so some users might use more bandwidth than others and sometimes it

bandwidth than others and sometimes it

bandwidth than others and sometimes it isn't all for work reasons for instance

isn't all for work reasons for instance

isn't all for work reasons for instance let's say that Anthony from sales is

let's say that Anthony from sales is

let's say that Anthony from sales is constantly streaming video or audio to

constantly streaming video or audio to

constantly streaming video or audio to his computer this is using a lot of

his computer this is using a lot of

his computer this is using a lot of bandwidth so now the discipline part of

bandwidth so now the discipline part of

bandwidth so now the discipline part of this may not be up to the administrator

this may not be up to the administrator

this may not be up to the administrator but he or she can certainly limit the

but he or she can certainly limit the

but he or she can certainly limit the amount of bandwidth Anthony is allowed

amount of bandwidth Anthony is allowed

amount of bandwidth Anthony is allowed to use so if each and visual for

to use so if each and visual for

to use so if each and visual for instance Anthony is limited to 256

instance Anthony is limited to 256

instance Anthony is limited to 256 kilobits per second it's not going to

kilobits per second it's not going to

kilobits per second it's not going to access what he can access just how fast

access what he can access just how fast

access what he can access just how fast he's able to access it so whereas this

he's able to access it so whereas this

he's able to access it so whereas this is really doing it shipping by

is really doing it shipping by

is really doing it shipping by application based on the type of

application based on the type of

application based on the type of information shaping the network traffic

information shaping the network traffic

information shaping the network traffic per user

per user

per user is on an individual basis and this way I

is on an individual basis and this way I

is on an individual basis and this way I can give each user

can give each user

can give each user let's say Anthony Maria

Amy each a certain degree

Amy each a certain degree

Amy each a certain degree of bandwidth

so that no person can use one more than

so that no person can use one more than

so that no person can use one more than the other of course a downside with this

the other of course a downside with this

the other of course a downside with this is if Amy's only using let's say 10

is if Amy's only using let's say 10

is if Amy's only using let's say 10 kilobits per second to send emails and

kilobits per second to send emails and

kilobits per second to send emails and Maria is on the video team and is trying

Maria is on the video team and is trying

Maria is on the video team and is trying to use all of her 256 she might be able

to use all of her 256 she might be able

to use all of her 256 she might be able to use some of Amy's but because of the

to use some of Amy's but because of the

to use some of Amy's but because of the way we've shaped this per user Marie

way we've shaped this per user Marie

way we've shaped this per user Marie doesn't get any more and sometimes what

doesn't get any more and sometimes what

doesn't get any more and sometimes what we'll do is give people in certain roles

we'll do is give people in certain roles

we'll do is give people in certain roles the company a little more traffic or

the company a little more traffic or

the company a little more traffic or bandwidth allowability than some of the

bandwidth allowability than some of the

bandwidth allowability than some of the others for instance accounting probably

others for instance accounting probably

others for instance accounting probably doesn't need as much as our Graphics

doesn't need as much as our Graphics

doesn't need as much as our Graphics team

team

team finally we have something called

finally we have something called

finally we have something called priority shaping which is the way to

priority shaping which is the way to

priority shaping which is the way to allow more bandwidth to to those who

allow more bandwidth to to those who

allow more bandwidth to to those who require it most sort of what I'm

require it most sort of what I'm

require it most sort of what I'm referring to

referring to

referring to here for example in a school system the

here for example in a school system the

here for example in a school system the teachers need more bandwidth in the

teachers need more bandwidth in the

teachers need more bandwidth in the students so the network admin shapes the

students so the network admin shapes the

students so the network admin shapes the traffic again we have that great term

traffic again we have that great term

traffic again we have that great term priority shaping so that it's dedicated

priority shaping so that it's dedicated

priority shaping so that it's dedicated more to the teachers but the students

more to the teachers but the students

more to the teachers but the students can still use it at a slower speed so

can still use it at a slower speed so

can still use it at a slower speed so when the teachers don't need the

when the teachers don't need the

when the teachers don't need the bandwidth the students are able to

bandwidth the students are able to

bandwidth the students are able to access it at faster speeds so we're

access it at faster speeds so we're

access it at faster speeds so we're really taking this sort of concept

really taking this sort of concept

really taking this sort of concept and allowing it to be a little more

and allowing it to be a little more

and allowing it to be a little more flexible

now another technique used is something

now another technique used is something

now another technique used is something called a caching engine

called a caching engine

called a caching engine caching is essentially temporary storage

caching is essentially temporary storage

caching is essentially temporary storage although the storing of what is changing

although the storing of what is changing

although the storing of what is changing every single time

every single time

every single time in the case of caching engines the

in the case of caching engines the

in the case of caching engines the temporarily storage of data is actually

temporarily storage of data is actually

temporarily storage of data is actually web data that can be used in the future

web data that can be used in the future

web data that can be used in the future so this is happening through something

so this is happening through something

so this is happening through something called a proxy server

basically what's happening is without

basically what's happening is without

basically what's happening is without going too far in depth into it is that a

going too far in depth into it is that a

going too far in depth into it is that a proxy server caches web data for future

proxy server caches web data for future

proxy server caches web data for future uses by others so if I have let's say

uses by others so if I have let's say

uses by others so if I have let's say three users

three users

three users and the first user and I have a proxy

and the first user and I have a proxy

and the first user and I have a proxy server in between them before it goes

server in between them before it goes

server in between them before it goes out to the internet

and the first user requests

and the first user requests

and the first user requests CNN

CNN

CNN the proxy server which holds a cache

the proxy server which holds a cache

the proxy server which holds a cache or sort of copies of everything

or sort of copies of everything

or sort of copies of everything we'll first say hey I have the latest

we'll first say hey I have the latest

we'll first say hey I have the latest CNN or I don't have the latest CNN it'll

CNN or I don't have the latest CNN it'll

CNN or I don't have the latest CNN it'll then go out to the internet

then go out to the internet

then go out to the internet get the latest CNN

get the latest CNN

get the latest CNN and hold that

and hold that

and hold that in its proxy now when the second user

in its proxy now when the second user

in its proxy now when the second user five seconds later says Hey I want the

five seconds later says Hey I want the

five seconds later says Hey I want the latest CNN the proxy server does not

latest CNN the proxy server does not

latest CNN the proxy server does not have to go out to the internet we can

have to go out to the internet we can

have to go out to the internet we can basically cut out this entire process

basically cut out this entire process

basically cut out this entire process and instead it just Returns what it is

and instead it just Returns what it is

and instead it just Returns what it is already cached it can do this with as

already cached it can do this with as

already cached it can do this with as many uses as possible and what we'll

many uses as possible and what we'll

many uses as possible and what we'll generally say is that every minute or

generally say is that every minute or

generally say is that every minute or every few seconds it's going to update

every few seconds it's going to update

every few seconds it's going to update the proxy server is going to update its

the proxy server is going to update its

the proxy server is going to update its information that way we can make sure

information that way we can make sure

information that way we can make sure that it's still the most up-to-date

that it's still the most up-to-date

that it's still the most up-to-date information which is one of the

information which is one of the

information which is one of the downsides of using proxy servers and

downsides of using proxy servers and

downsides of using proxy servers and caching is that sometimes

caching is that sometimes

caching is that sometimes um it's not going to have the most

um it's not going to have the most

um it's not going to have the most up-to-date information but it certainly

up-to-date information but it certainly

up-to-date information but it certainly speeds things up by cutting out this

speeds things up by cutting out this

speeds things up by cutting out this whole process of having to go out to the

whole process of having to go out to the

whole process of having to go out to the Internet by keeping it locally

Internet by keeping it locally

Internet by keeping it locally now this all saves bandwidth because

now this all saves bandwidth because

now this all saves bandwidth because obviously I'm not having to go out to

obviously I'm not having to go out to

obviously I'm not having to go out to the internet and therefore I can reserve

the internet and therefore I can reserve

the internet and therefore I can reserve that bandwidth speed that would have

that bandwidth speed that would have

that bandwidth speed that would have been used for video or something else

been used for video or something else

been used for video or something else that's new uh instead of having to use

that's new uh instead of having to use

that's new uh instead of having to use it for information that I'm gathering

it for information that I'm gathering

it for information that I'm gathering over and over and over again you can

over and over and over again you can

over and over and over again you can imagine in a corporation of thousands or

imagine in a corporation of thousands or

imagine in a corporation of thousands or hundreds of thousands of people this is

hundreds of thousands of people this is

hundreds of thousands of people this is really going to save us a lot of time

all right so just to recap we talked

all right so just to recap we talked

all right so just to recap we talked about Network optimization there were a

about Network optimization there were a

about Network optimization there were a couple terms we mentioned first was

couple terms we mentioned first was

couple terms we mentioned first was bandwidth bandwidth is the highest

bandwidth bandwidth is the highest

bandwidth bandwidth is the highest possible speed that we have on our data

possible speed that we have on our data

possible speed that we have on our data connection we also talked about

connection we also talked about

connection we also talked about something called throughput whereas

something called throughput whereas

something called throughput whereas bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth is the ideal or potential

is the ideal or potential

is the ideal or potential speed

speed

speed throughput

throughput

throughput is the actual speed how much is actually

is the actual speed how much is actually

is the actual speed how much is actually traveling and what we want to do is get

traveling and what we want to do is get

traveling and what we want to do is get these two to equal one another as much

these two to equal one another as much

these two to equal one another as much as possible however we also want to make

as possible however we also want to make

as possible however we also want to make sure to make good use of our bandwidth

sure to make good use of our bandwidth

sure to make good use of our bandwidth so that everyone can get information

so that everyone can get information

so that everyone can get information they need when they need it so then we

they need when they need it so then we

they need when they need it so then we talked about something called quality of

talked about something called quality of

talked about something called quality of service quality of service make sure

service quality of service make sure

service quality of service make sure that we're using our bandwidth in a way

that we're using our bandwidth in a way

that we're using our bandwidth in a way that's going to promote good quality we

that's going to promote good quality we

that's going to promote good quality we talked about two different types of

talked about two different types of

talked about two different types of applications in ways that we use quality

applications in ways that we use quality

applications in ways that we use quality of service first we look at latency

of service first we look at latency

of service first we look at latency sensitive applications these are the

sensitive applications these are the

sensitive applications these are the applications that where there is latency

applications that where there is latency

applications that where there is latency or

or

or another word for this might be traffic

another word for this might be traffic

another word for this might be traffic it's going to reduce the speed on the

it's going to reduce the speed on the

it's going to reduce the speed on the network the quality of the service is

network the quality of the service is

network the quality of the service is going to start degrading so voice over

going to start degrading so voice over

going to start degrading so voice over IP is a great example of this if there's

IP is a great example of this if there's

IP is a great example of this if there's a lot of things going on in the network

a lot of things going on in the network

a lot of things going on in the network then our voice over IP isn't going to

then our voice over IP isn't going to

then our voice over IP isn't going to work as effectively and then I can't

work as effectively and then I can't

work as effectively and then I can't count on voice over IP as a good

count on voice over IP as a good

count on voice over IP as a good technology so it's important that I make

technology so it's important that I make

technology so it's important that I make sure Voiceover IP always has a certain

sure Voiceover IP always has a certain

sure Voiceover IP always has a certain degree of say bandwidth with latency

degree of say bandwidth with latency

degree of say bandwidth with latency insensitive applications we're looking

insensitive applications we're looking

insensitive applications we're looking at stuff where the speed although it

at stuff where the speed although it

at stuff where the speed although it still needs to be fast doesn't matter if

still needs to be fast doesn't matter if

still needs to be fast doesn't matter if there's latency one second and no

there's latency one second and no

there's latency one second and no latency the next when we're transferring

latency the next when we're transferring

latency the next when we're transferring high high or large files such as through

high high or large files such as through

high high or large files such as through FTP then we don't need to make sure that

FTP then we don't need to make sure that

FTP then we don't need to make sure that we're not modulating between 90 kilobits

we're not modulating between 90 kilobits

we're not modulating between 90 kilobits per second and 90 megabits per second or

per second and 90 megabits per second or

per second and 90 megabits per second or one gigabit per second as long as the

one gigabit per second as long as the

one gigabit per second as long as the data gets to where it needs to go

data gets to where it needs to go

data gets to where it needs to go I don't need to make sure that it's

I don't need to make sure that it's

I don't need to make sure that it's getting there at the exact time because

getting there at the exact time because

getting there at the exact time because for instance with voice over IP if I'm

for instance with voice over IP if I'm

for instance with voice over IP if I'm talking it needs to be able to reach the

talking it needs to be able to reach the

talking it needs to be able to reach the person sort of the degree that I'm

person sort of the degree that I'm

person sort of the degree that I'm talking but with FTP it doesn't really

talking but with FTP it doesn't really

talking but with FTP it doesn't really matter if it's getting there in the same

matter if it's getting there in the same

matter if it's getting there in the same instant

instant

instant we also talked about traffic shaping

we also talked about traffic shaping

we also talked about traffic shaping which is one of the ways that we use

which is one of the ways that we use

which is one of the ways that we use quality of service and we shape

quality of service and we shape

quality of service and we shape the bandwidth so that it is used in an

the bandwidth so that it is used in an

the bandwidth so that it is used in an appropriate way we talked about three

appropriate way we talked about three

appropriate way we talked about three different ways of doing this

different ways of doing this

different ways of doing this the first we talked about was based on

the first we talked about was based on

the first we talked about was based on application so for instance I'm going to

application so for instance I'm going to

application so for instance I'm going to give a certain degree of bandwidth to

give a certain degree of bandwidth to

give a certain degree of bandwidth to one application and a certain to another

one application and a certain to another

one application and a certain to another once all the voice over IP bandwidth is

once all the voice over IP bandwidth is

once all the voice over IP bandwidth is used that's it once all the FTP

used that's it once all the FTP

used that's it once all the FTP bandwidth is used I don't have any more

bandwidth is used I don't have any more

bandwidth is used I don't have any more and so I'm only giving if I have a large

and so I'm only giving if I have a large

and so I'm only giving if I have a large bandwidth let's say this box represents

bandwidth let's say this box represents

bandwidth let's say this box represents bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth then I'm going to sort of divide this

then I'm going to sort of divide this

then I'm going to sort of divide this into layers

into layers

into layers so FTP gets some

so FTP gets some

so FTP gets some HTTP gets some voice over IP gets some

HTTP gets some voice over IP gets some

HTTP gets some voice over IP gets some Etc

Etc

Etc we also talked about user specific

we also talked about user specific

we also talked about user specific which means that instead of dividing

which means that instead of dividing

which means that instead of dividing things up

things up

things up based on the application I'm going to

based on the application I'm going to

based on the application I'm going to divide it up based on the individual

divide it up based on the individual

divide it up based on the individual so Maria gets a certain amount

so Maria gets a certain amount

so Maria gets a certain amount Anthony gets a certain amount

Anthony gets a certain amount

Anthony gets a certain amount and Amy gets a certain amount

and Amy gets a certain amount

and Amy gets a certain amount finally we looked at priority shaping

finally we looked at priority shaping

finally we looked at priority shaping which is a really cool term

which is a really cool term

which is a really cool term and what this means is I can give

and what this means is I can give

and what this means is I can give certain priority to certain individuals

certain priority to certain individuals

certain priority to certain individuals or groups so for instance we use the

or groups so for instance we use the

or groups so for instance we use the teachers versus students comparison

teachers versus students comparison

teachers versus students comparison teachers we want to have a lot more than

teachers we want to have a lot more than

teachers we want to have a lot more than the students so students get a very

the students so students get a very

the students so students get a very small amount whereas teachers get a very

small amount whereas teachers get a very

small amount whereas teachers get a very large amount same with on a corporate

large amount same with on a corporate

large amount same with on a corporate Network perhaps I want a management or

Network perhaps I want a management or

Network perhaps I want a management or my Graphics team to have a lot more than

my Graphics team to have a lot more than

my Graphics team to have a lot more than say my accounting team or lower

say my accounting team or lower

say my accounting team or lower management or the secretaries finally we

management or the secretaries finally we

management or the secretaries finally we talked about caching engines and we use

talked about caching engines and we use

talked about caching engines and we use the word proxy server this is going to

the word proxy server this is going to

the word proxy server this is going to save us time because whenever I go out

save us time because whenever I go out

save us time because whenever I go out to get information from a website I

to get information from a website I

to get information from a website I don't have to go get the information

don't have to go get the information

don't have to go get the information fresh every time instead I'm going to

fresh every time instead I'm going to

fresh every time instead I'm going to use the proxy server to hold a copy or a

use the proxy server to hold a copy or a

use the proxy server to hold a copy or a cached version of my website and that

cached version of my website and that

cached version of my website and that way I don't have to go out to the

way I don't have to go out to the

way I don't have to go out to the internet every time and I can reserve

internet every time and I can reserve

internet every time and I can reserve that bandwidth for other things I might

that bandwidth for other things I might

that bandwidth for other things I might need to use

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

okay welcome to module 11 lesson 3

okay welcome to module 11 lesson 3

okay welcome to module 11 lesson 3 Network documentation a little bit um of

Network documentation a little bit um of

Network documentation a little bit um of a harder on this it's just a bit

a harder on this it's just a bit

a harder on this it's just a bit easier Terry can wishy-washy

easier Terry can wishy-washy

easier Terry can wishy-washy um although it's obviously important

um although it's obviously important

um although it's obviously important but just to discuss and what is it I'm

but just to discuss and what is it I'm

but just to discuss and what is it I'm sure you could actually work out well

sure you could actually work out well

sure you could actually work out well one network documentation is why do we

one network documentation is why do we

one network documentation is why do we why do we have it importance of it

why do we have it importance of it

why do we have it importance of it parts of it

parts of it

parts of it and many General assets and our Network

and many General assets and our Network

and many General assets and our Network diagrams

diagrams

diagrams RFID which we go into

RFID which we go into

RFID which we go into tracking our IP address utilization

tracking our IP address utilization

tracking our IP address utilization which is quite a handy thing to have

which is quite a handy thing to have

which is quite a handy thing to have actually information about vendors and

actually information about vendors and

actually information about vendors and contractors and all of our policies and

contractors and all of our policies and

contractors and all of our policies and procedures

procedures

procedures so the whole principle behind Network

so the whole principle behind Network

so the whole principle behind Network documentation is professionalism really

documentation is professionalism really

documentation is professionalism really and business continuity and it's um an

and business continuity and it's um an

and business continuity and it's um an emerging field

emerging field

emerging field and in the world of I.T non-technical

and in the world of I.T non-technical

and in the world of I.T non-technical but looking at audit trails and um yeah

but looking at audit trails and um yeah

but looking at audit trails and um yeah in the context of documentation really

in the context of documentation really

in the context of documentation really and all of our procedures

so critical role and especially when

so critical role and especially when

so critical role and especially when there's a problem because people start

there's a problem because people start

there's a problem because people start scrambling looking for what to do in

scrambling looking for what to do in

scrambling looking for what to do in terms of procedures and policies who

terms of procedures and policies who

terms of procedures and policies who does what

does what

does what um where to find them how to contact

um where to find them how to contact

um where to find them how to contact them and

them and

them and um where the technology is and how to

um where the technology is and how to

um where the technology is and how to fix here there's a whole bunch of

fix here there's a whole bunch of

fix here there's a whole bunch of procedures and documents that have to

procedures and documents that have to

procedures and documents that have to all be easily accessible and come

all be easily accessible and come

all be easily accessible and come together and bear in mind that um the

together and bear in mind that um the

together and bear in mind that um the network could be down there could be an

network could be down there could be an

network could be down there could be an outage so if it's contained on a service

outage so if it's contained on a service

outage so if it's contained on a service somewhere then that might not be um

somewhere then that might not be um

somewhere then that might not be um ideal if it's only kept on the server

ideal if it's only kept on the server

ideal if it's only kept on the server anyway

anyway

anyway so um you can't remember everything

so um you can't remember everything

so um you can't remember everything especially if it's a large Network or

especially if it's a large Network or

especially if it's a large Network or even worse if it's a small company and

even worse if it's a small company and

even worse if it's a small company and somebody leaves the business and you

somebody leaves the business and you

somebody leaves the business and you take over from them if there's no

take over from them if there's no

take over from them if there's no documentation then it causes a lot of

documentation then it causes a lot of

documentation then it causes a lot of Heartache

um and yeah if you're the one to have

um and yeah if you're the one to have

um and yeah if you're the one to have joined it's um it's pretty difficult

joined it's um it's pretty difficult

joined it's um it's pretty difficult because you've got to learn the network

because you've got to learn the network

because you've got to learn the network from scratch

from scratch

from scratch and it's not possible to go and search a

and it's not possible to go and search a

and it's not possible to go and search a network organization administrators

network organization administrators

network organization administrators who've quit

who've quit

who've quit don't believe they have their phones

don't believe they have their phones

don't believe they have their phones taken off them or they're just going a

taken off them or they're just going a

taken off them or they're just going a long vacation so you don't got to find

long vacation so you don't got to find

long vacation so you don't got to find them

them

them so it gives Network administrators

so it gives Network administrators

so it gives Network administrators information about the network appearance

information about the network appearance

information about the network appearance logical versus physical

logical versus physical

logical versus physical baselines how it's performing I should

baselines how it's performing I should

baselines how it's performing I should perform to see if there's anything

perform to see if there's anything

perform to see if there's anything um out of the ordinary

um out of the ordinary

um out of the ordinary um where to begin troubleshooting

um where to begin troubleshooting

um where to begin troubleshooting so the main purpose is to keep the

so the main purpose is to keep the

so the main purpose is to keep the network running smoothly so we've got

network running smoothly so we've got

network running smoothly so we've got that five nines

that five nines

that five nines 99.99 uptime ideally

99.99 uptime ideally

99.99 uptime ideally it's important to maintain the

it's important to maintain the

it's important to maintain the documentation and keep it while

documentation and keep it while

documentation and keep it while maintaining means keep it up to date

maintaining means keep it up to date

maintaining means keep it up to date because out of date documentation

because out of date documentation

because out of date documentation actually causes more problems than it

actually causes more problems than it

actually causes more problems than it fixes because all of a sudden you're

fixes because all of a sudden you're

fixes because all of a sudden you're looking at the wrong devices or the

looking at the wrong devices or the

looking at the wrong devices or the wrong ports or the wrong IP addresses

wrong ports or the wrong IP addresses

wrong ports or the wrong IP addresses and I've been there

and I've been there

and I've been there um so yeah that's what I've said

um so yeah that's what I've said

um so yeah that's what I've said essential Parts include Network diagrams

essential Parts include Network diagrams

essential Parts include Network diagrams Asset Management IP address utilization

Asset Management IP address utilization

Asset Management IP address utilization you could have more or less depending on

you could have more or less depending on

you could have more or less depending on your organization and the size of it you

your organization and the size of it you

your organization and the size of it you did information about the vendors and

did information about the vendors and

did information about the vendors and contractors procedures and policies who

contractors procedures and policies who

contractors procedures and policies who should be doing what and when and also

should be doing what and when and also

should be doing what and when and also logical and

logical and

logical and um physical this is a

um physical this is a

um physical this is a a topology diagram of all the hardware

a topology diagram of all the hardware

a topology diagram of all the hardware and the connections we haven't named the

and the connections we haven't named the

and the connections we haven't named the ports on this particular diagram it's

ports on this particular diagram it's

ports on this particular diagram it's copyright as Scott McDonald

copyright as Scott McDonald

copyright as Scott McDonald uh just to give you an idea this looks

uh just to give you an idea this looks

uh just to give you an idea this looks like it was done in Vizio which is a

like it was done in Vizio which is a

like it was done in Vizio which is a Cisco Network creation

Cisco Network creation

Cisco Network creation um diagramming tool there's others out

um diagramming tool there's others out

um diagramming tool there's others out there it's a free to troll or some are

there it's a free to troll or some are

there it's a free to troll or some are free to use

free to use

free to use and it shows you all your different

and it shows you all your different

and it shows you all your different devices

devices

devices The Logical provides the logical view of

The Logical provides the logical view of

The Logical provides the logical view of how the network sees itself not how we

how the network sees itself not how we

how the network sees itself not how we will physically see the network in the

will physically see the network in the

will physically see the network in the server room

server room

server room uh indicates how the traffic flows

uh indicates how the traffic flows

uh indicates how the traffic flows between devices in the network so you'll

between devices in the network so you'll

between devices in the network so you'll see all of your vlans routing

see all of your vlans routing

see all of your vlans routing redistribution all these kind of things

redistribution all these kind of things

redistribution all these kind of things bgp if you have it

bgp if you have it

bgp if you have it a logical net Network diagrams include

a logical net Network diagrams include

a logical net Network diagrams include domain names IP addresses and the tasks

domain names IP addresses and the tasks

domain names IP addresses and the tasks performed by each different device

performed by each different device

performed by each different device logically includes how devices

logically includes how devices

logically includes how devices communicate with each other which

communicate with each other which

communicate with each other which direction the traffic flows

direction the traffic flows

direction the traffic flows and how all these devices work together

and how all these devices work together

and how all these devices work together the physical network shows the actual

the physical network shows the actual

the physical network shows the actual physical connection so you can look at

physical connection so you can look at

physical connection so you can look at the diagram of a certain router and you

the diagram of a certain router and you

the diagram of a certain router and you can see which ports

can see which ports

can see which ports are on the router how many and what it's

are on the router how many and what it's

are on the router how many and what it's actually physically connected to and a

actually physically connected to and a

actually physically connected to and a lot of companies use the concept of

lot of companies use the concept of

lot of companies use the concept of remote hands so you can use these

remote hands so you can use these

remote hands so you can use these diagrams to tell the remote hands where

diagrams to tell the remote hands where

diagrams to tell the remote hands where to find the device and which cable to

to find the device and which cable to

to find the device and which cable to plug unplug Etc

physical network is the physical layout

physical network is the physical layout

physical network is the physical layout that I've mentioned so here's a typical

that I've mentioned so here's a typical

that I've mentioned so here's a typical diagram above is the physical topology

diagram above is the physical topology

diagram above is the physical topology and below is logical topology

and below is logical topology

and below is logical topology so you might not necessarily see all of

so you might not necessarily see all of

so you might not necessarily see all of the hardware devices you're going to see

the hardware devices you're going to see

the hardware devices you're going to see things like vlans connections going out

things like vlans connections going out

things like vlans connections going out to isps

to isps

to isps and hot standby routing protocol all

and hot standby routing protocol all

and hot standby routing protocol all this kind of thing

this kind of thing

this kind of thing uh you won't generally see end devices

uh you won't generally see end devices

uh you won't generally see end devices on the topology diagram so this is a

on the topology diagram so this is a

on the topology diagram so this is a very small Network or unless one of the

very small Network or unless one of the

very small Network or unless one of the end devices happens to be your network

end devices happens to be your network

end devices happens to be your network management server or something like that

so your documentation should include

so your documentation should include

so your documentation should include notes about Asset Management a whole

notes about Asset Management a whole

notes about Asset Management a whole bunch of things name model number

bunch of things name model number

bunch of things name model number manufacturer data purchase a version of

manufacturer data purchase a version of

manufacturer data purchase a version of software running does it need updating

software running does it need updating

software running does it need updating is there problems of that particular

is there problems of that particular

is there problems of that particular release of software updates location

release of software updates location

release of software updates location warranty and who has it who's

warranty and who has it who's

warranty and who has it who's responsible for it if you're sitting

responsible for it if you're sitting

responsible for it if you're sitting under some under somebody's desk and

under some under somebody's desk and

under some under somebody's desk and nobody knows and it doesn't serve any

nobody knows and it doesn't serve any

nobody knows and it doesn't serve any purpose

purpose

purpose so you should keep track of all your

so you should keep track of all your

so you should keep track of all your assets and eventually there's normally a

assets and eventually there's normally a

assets and eventually there's normally a disposal

disposal

disposal a procedure as well where the devices

a procedure as well where the devices

a procedure as well where the devices are wiped and fragmented defragmented

are wiped and fragmented defragmented

are wiped and fragmented defragmented whatever and whatever type of um

whatever and whatever type of um

whatever and whatever type of um scrubbing is done on their drives if

scrubbing is done on their drives if

scrubbing is done on their drives if necessary so there's no data that's

necessary so there's no data that's

necessary so there's no data that's important devices are tagged with the

important devices are tagged with the

important devices are tagged with the barcodes or RFID is an example of one

barcodes or RFID is an example of one

barcodes or RFID is an example of one here these are normally read by little

here these are normally read by little

here these are normally read by little um reader gun like you find in

um reader gun like you find in

um reader gun like you find in supermarkets if it's been tagged with a

supermarkets if it's been tagged with a

supermarkets if it's been tagged with a barcode a barcode scanner will help

barcode a barcode scanner will help

barcode a barcode scanner will help retrieve information

retrieve information

retrieve information and the RFID stands for radio frequency

and the RFID stands for radio frequency

and the RFID stands for radio frequency ID tags that normally have electrically

ID tags that normally have electrically

ID tags that normally have electrically stored information and the readers are

stored information and the readers are

stored information and the readers are used to track devices this would

used to track devices this would

used to track devices this would obviously be on a pretty big Network

obviously be on a pretty big Network

obviously be on a pretty big Network um

um

um yeah Network documentation should

yeah Network documentation should

yeah Network documentation should include your IP address utilization

include your IP address utilization

include your IP address utilization there's normally one or two people in

there's normally one or two people in

there's normally one or two people in charge of allocating addresses or blocks

charge of allocating addresses or blocks

charge of allocating addresses or blocks of addresses

of addresses

of addresses because they're aware of which addresses

because they're aware of which addresses

because they're aware of which addresses should be where which subnets and which

should be where which subnets and which

should be where which subnets and which addresses are summarized

addresses are summarized

addresses are summarized and this helps with all of our routing

and this helps with all of our routing

and this helps with all of our routing updates I have seen problems in the in

updates I have seen problems in the in

updates I have seen problems in the in the past and people should know better

the past and people should know better

the past and people should know better in fact have manually allocated IP

in fact have manually allocated IP

in fact have manually allocated IP addresses to their devices for whatever

addresses to their devices for whatever

addresses to their devices for whatever reason and it's caused Network

reason and it's caused Network

reason and it's caused Network instability

instability

instability so Network administrators should keep

so Network administrators should keep

so Network administrators should keep track of the number of IP addresses that

track of the number of IP addresses that

track of the number of IP addresses that have been allocated to the network how

have been allocated to the network how

have been allocated to the network how many have been in user it'll normally

many have been in user it'll normally

many have been in user it'll normally Flagger pay alert if you're running

Flagger pay alert if you're running

Flagger pay alert if you're running short

short

short if a subnet grows the number of IP

if a subnet grows the number of IP

if a subnet grows the number of IP addresses assigned to it you're likely

addresses assigned to it you're likely

addresses assigned to it you're likely to have a problem

to have a problem

to have a problem okay all important to keep uh you know

okay all important to keep uh you know

okay all important to keep uh you know the utilization as I've said in case we

the utilization as I've said in case we

the utilization as I've said in case we need to run out or buy some more order

need to run out or buy some more order

need to run out or buy some more order them in advance

them in advance

them in advance you should also have information about

you should also have information about

you should also have information about vendors and contractors

that should include vendor names their

that should include vendor names their

that should include vendor names their services the cost contact information we

services the cost contact information we

services the cost contact information we normally get our point of contact and

normally get our point of contact and

normally get our point of contact and the support hours

the support hours

the support hours or should have um

or should have um

or should have um documentation about all of our policies

documentation about all of our policies

documentation about all of our policies and standards well worth looking into a

and standards well worth looking into a

and standards well worth looking into a project management and also ITIL exams

project management and also ITIL exams

project management and also ITIL exams so change management and managing all

so change management and managing all

so change management and managing all your processes and procedures and

your processes and procedures and

your processes and procedures and problems and on the network

problems and on the network

problems and on the network uh provides for example the list of

uh provides for example the list of

uh provides for example the list of people who should be contacted certainly

people who should be contacted certainly

people who should be contacted certainly when I worked on a pretty large Network

when I worked on a pretty large Network

when I worked on a pretty large Network there was a number of key people so you

there was a number of key people so you

there was a number of key people so you have thousands in the organization that

have thousands in the organization that

have thousands in the organization that you would contact four or five or six

you would contact four or five or six

you would contact four or five or six key people and they would each have a

key people and they would each have a

key people and they would each have a role of who's going to communicate to

role of who's going to communicate to

role of who's going to communicate to who who's going to tell the boss and do

who who's going to tell the boss and do

who who's going to tell the boss and do the does the press or other customers

the does the press or other customers

the does the press or other customers need to be informed of what's going on

need to be informed of what's going on

need to be informed of what's going on this is to stop uh confusion and also

this is to stop uh confusion and also

this is to stop uh confusion and also track back as to who should have been

track back as to who should have been

track back as to who should have been doing what

doing what

doing what policies require compliance and in their

policies require compliance and in their

policies require compliance and in their enforce discipline or disciplinary

enforce discipline or disciplinary

enforce discipline or disciplinary actions or obviously training if a

actions or obviously training if a

actions or obviously training if a person hasn't been given sufficient

person hasn't been given sufficient

person hasn't been given sufficient training

training

training and normally an acceptable use policy

and normally an acceptable use policy

and normally an acceptable use policy which new people will sign and everyone

which new people will sign and everyone

which new people will sign and everyone has to sign if there's any changes you

has to sign if there's any changes you

has to sign if there's any changes you standards of acceptable behavior on the

standards of acceptable behavior on the

standards of acceptable behavior on the network

network

network for example creating strong passwords is

for example creating strong passwords is

for example creating strong passwords is a very good one and obviously not

a very good one and obviously not

a very good one and obviously not putting it on a Post-It note and

putting it on a Post-It note and

putting it on a Post-It note and sticking it on your monitor

sticking it on your monitor

sticking it on your monitor so we've covered Network documentation

so we've covered Network documentation

so we've covered Network documentation why the importance parts of it diagrams

why the importance parts of it diagrams

why the importance parts of it diagrams Asset Management the RFID

Asset Management the RFID

Asset Management the RFID and monitoring your IP addresses vendors

and monitoring your IP addresses vendors

and monitoring your IP addresses vendors and contractors all your internal

and contractors all your internal

and contractors all your internal policies and procedures

policies and procedures

policies and procedures all right so that's all for now thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks

all right so that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

welcome to module 11 lesson 4 Network

welcome to module 11 lesson 4 Network

welcome to module 11 lesson 4 Network troubleshooting model

troubleshooting model

troubleshooting model he'll actually develop your own model as

he'll actually develop your own model as

he'll actually develop your own model as you get some experience and obviously

you get some experience and obviously

you get some experience and obviously depends on your Network whatever your

depends on your Network whatever your

depends on your Network whatever your network or if you're managing just a

network or if you're managing just a

network or if you're managing just a small part of the network and if you're

small part of the network and if you're

small part of the network and if you're managing a certain OSI layout for

managing a certain OSI layout for

managing a certain OSI layout for example firewalls or you're a hardware

example firewalls or you're a hardware

example firewalls or you're a hardware engineer something like that so it could

engineer something like that so it could

engineer something like that so it could vary this is the generic kind of stuff

vary this is the generic kind of stuff

vary this is the generic kind of stuff that CompTIA want you to know and

that CompTIA want you to know and

that CompTIA want you to know and understand and follow so we'll identify

understand and follow so we'll identify

understand and follow so we'll identify the problem establish a theory of

the problem establish a theory of

the problem establish a theory of probable cause

probable cause

probable cause normally Whoever has just made a change

normally Whoever has just made a change

normally Whoever has just made a change or plugged or unplugged something has

or plugged or unplugged something has

or plugged or unplugged something has broken it in my experience

broken it in my experience

broken it in my experience test the theory to determine the cause

test the theory to determine the cause

test the theory to determine the cause establish a plan of action

establish a plan of action

establish a plan of action and then implement the solution sort of

and then implement the solution sort of

and then implement the solution sort of Common Sense stuff really

Common Sense stuff really

Common Sense stuff really uh verification documentation

uh verification documentation

uh verification documentation all right so we'll normally gather

all right so we'll normally gather

all right so we'll normally gather information

information

information duplicate the problem if possible you'll

duplicate the problem if possible you'll

duplicate the problem if possible you'll normally duplicate it if it's some sort

normally duplicate it if it's some sort

normally duplicate it if it's some sort of bug and you want to recreate it so

of bug and you want to recreate it so

of bug and you want to recreate it so you can send the information to the

you can send the information to the

you can send the information to the vendor to release some sort of update

vendor to release some sort of update

vendor to release some sort of update uh question users users you've got to be

uh question users users you've got to be

uh question users users you've got to be very careful obviously because they can

very careful obviously because they can

very careful obviously because they can give you the wrong information or a lot

give you the wrong information or a lot

give you the wrong information or a lot of users think they know what the

of users think they know what the

of users think they know what the solution is so they'll just give you

solution is so they'll just give you

solution is so they'll just give you answers to questions

answers to questions

answers to questions that um that they think you they think

that um that they think you they think

that um that they think you they think will direct you to what they think the

will direct you to what they think the

will direct you to what they think the issue is so you'd have to be careful and

issue is so you'd have to be careful and

issue is so you'd have to be careful and question more than one user if you can

question more than one user if you can

question more than one user if you can identify symptoms determine if anything

identify symptoms determine if anything

identify symptoms determine if anything has changed normally there has been a

has changed normally there has been a

has changed normally there has been a change almost always not every case but

change almost always not every case but

change almost always not every case but almost always approach multiple problems

almost always approach multiple problems

almost always approach multiple problems individually

individually

individually so dividing conquer kind of approach

so dividing conquer kind of approach

so dividing conquer kind of approach okay question the obvious it's nearly

okay question the obvious it's nearly

okay question the obvious it's nearly always something that's pretty obvious

always something that's pretty obvious

always something that's pretty obvious I've seen people waste a lot of time and

I've seen people waste a lot of time and

I've seen people waste a lot of time and energy

energy

energy troubleshooting less likely issues when

troubleshooting less likely issues when

troubleshooting less likely issues when it's almost always the most obvious

it's almost always the most obvious

it's almost always the most obvious thing that's wrong

thing that's wrong

thing that's wrong consider multiple approaches

an example is a top to bottom or bottom

an example is a top to bottom or bottom

an example is a top to bottom or bottom to top using the OSI is it an

to top using the OSI is it an

to top using the OSI is it an application problem and then moving down

application problem and then moving down

application problem and then moving down or is it a physical problem moving up

or is it a physical problem moving up

or is it a physical problem moving up and it depends on what the users are

and it depends on what the users are

and it depends on what the users are telling you and what the symptoms are

telling you and what the symptoms are

telling you and what the symptoms are obviously

obviously

obviously I mentioned divide and conquer

I mentioned divide and conquer

I mentioned divide and conquer and this all depends on your network

and this all depends on your network

and this all depends on your network really but it could be um dividing it

really but it could be um dividing it

really but it could be um dividing it into Hardware all Hardware or and all

into Hardware all Hardware or and all

into Hardware all Hardware or and all layer 7 issues or all cabling issues

layer 7 issues or all cabling issues

layer 7 issues or all cabling issues something like that it just depends all

something like that it just depends all

something like that it just depends all the Divine and concrete could be

the Divine and concrete could be

the Divine and concrete could be segments in your network so looking if a

segments in your network so looking if a

segments in your network so looking if a particular vlans affected

particular vlans affected

particular vlans affected or all vlans test the theory once it's

or all vlans test the theory once it's

or all vlans test the theory once it's confirmed and determine the next steps

confirmed and determine the next steps

confirmed and determine the next steps to resolve the problem for example if

to resolve the problem for example if

to resolve the problem for example if it's an email issue then try sending an

it's an email issue then try sending an

it's an email issue then try sending an email try it from a different users

email try it from a different users

email try it from a different users um device to see if there's more than

um device to see if there's more than

um device to see if there's more than one person affected if the theory is not

one person affected if the theory is not

one person affected if the theory is not confirmed you start at the beginning

confirmed you start at the beginning

confirmed you start at the beginning plan of action obviously and if you can

plan of action obviously and if you can

plan of action obviously and if you can fix it there and then fix it if it's

fix it there and then fix it if it's

fix it there and then fix it if it's requiring a network downtime then you're

requiring a network downtime then you're

requiring a network downtime then you're going to need to schedule an outage if

going to need to schedule an outage if

going to need to schedule an outage if you're working on a production Network

you're working on a production Network

you're working on a production Network again and generally this sort of issue

again and generally this sort of issue

again and generally this sort of issue is decided by this seniority manager or

is decided by this seniority manager or

is decided by this seniority manager or network manager

network manager

network manager potential effects what's going to happen

potential effects what's going to happen

potential effects what's going to happen is it going to cause make the problem

is it going to cause make the problem

is it going to cause make the problem worse is it going to fix it is it going

worse is it going to fix it is it going

worse is it going to fix it is it going to cause a different problem somewhere

to cause a different problem somewhere

to cause a different problem somewhere else

else

else when you implement the solution escalate

when you implement the solution escalate

when you implement the solution escalate is necessary again you normally need

is necessary again you normally need

is necessary again you normally need verification of somebody else a senior

verification of somebody else a senior

verification of somebody else a senior manager that this is um

manager that this is um

manager that this is um the correct course of action

the correct course of action

the correct course of action verifiable system functionality

verifiable system functionality

verifiable system functionality speak to the user who actually logged

speak to the user who actually logged

speak to the user who actually logged the issue and see if it's resolved for

the issue and see if it's resolved for

the issue and see if it's resolved for them and whoever else was experiencing

them and whoever else was experiencing

them and whoever else was experiencing it if applicable Implement preventative

it if applicable Implement preventative

it if applicable Implement preventative measures document the outcomes findings

measures document the outcomes findings

measures document the outcomes findings and actions

and actions

and actions this is basically useful if somebody

this is basically useful if somebody

this is basically useful if somebody else deals with the same problem I know

else deals with the same problem I know

else deals with the same problem I know when I worked at Cisco attack you could

when I worked at Cisco attack you could

when I worked at Cisco attack you could often put in

often put in

often put in error messages and similar things or

error messages and similar things or

error messages and similar things or look at certain model numbers and you'd

look at certain model numbers and you'd

look at certain model numbers and you'd often find somebody else that had the

often find somebody else that had the

often find somebody else that had the same problem and you could see how they

same problem and you could see how they

same problem and you could see how they fixed it or if they'd established that a

fixed it or if they'd established that a

fixed it or if they'd established that a bug had been found and then if that

bug had been found and then if that

bug had been found and then if that bug's been fixed in another iOS

bug's been fixed in another iOS

bug's been fixed in another iOS all right so pretty Common Sense stuff

all right so pretty Common Sense stuff

all right so pretty Common Sense stuff hopefully but we've put it into writing

hopefully but we've put it into writing

hopefully but we've put it into writing now so you've got uh some sort of method

now so you've got uh some sort of method

now so you've got uh some sort of method to follow I'd identify the problem

to follow I'd identify the problem

to follow I'd identify the problem establish your theory test it plan of

establish your theory test it plan of

establish your theory test it plan of action implement the solution verify

action implement the solution verify

action implement the solution verify document you need to write that down a

document you need to write that down a

document you need to write that down a few times you get the correct order in

few times you get the correct order in

few times you get the correct order in case it's a drag and drop type question

case it's a drag and drop type question

case it's a drag and drop type question all right so that's the end thanks for

all right so that's the end thanks for

all right so that's the end thanks for listening

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

foreign

foreign

foreign network security security fundamentals

network security security fundamentals

network security security fundamentals in the last lesson we discussed managing

in the last lesson we discussed managing

in the last lesson we discussed managing a network and administering a network

a network and administering a network

a network and administering a network this ranged everywhere from

this ranged everywhere from

this ranged everywhere from troubleshooting to speed optimization

troubleshooting to speed optimization

troubleshooting to speed optimization and in this lesson in the next four

and in this lesson in the next four

and in this lesson in the next four modules we're going to discuss security

modules we're going to discuss security

modules we're going to discuss security now just like with a plus we talked

now just like with a plus we talked

now just like with a plus we talked about networking and Security in network

about networking and Security in network

about networking and Security in network plus we're going to talk about security

plus we're going to talk about security

plus we're going to talk about security with the understanding that there is a

with the understanding that there is a

with the understanding that there is a whole other certification and a whole

whole other certification and a whole

whole other certification and a whole other lesson that revolves specifically

other lesson that revolves specifically

other lesson that revolves specifically around this uh concept so we're just

around this uh concept so we're just

around this uh concept so we're just going to sort of brush over the

going to sort of brush over the

going to sort of brush over the important things that we need to know in

important things that we need to know in

important things that we need to know in a network Plus or network Administration

a network Plus or network Administration

a network Plus or network Administration environment so to start us off we're

environment so to start us off we're

environment so to start us off we're going to talk about the basis of network

going to talk about the basis of network

going to talk about the basis of network security and the fundamentals that we're

security and the fundamentals that we're

security and the fundamentals that we're going to discuss in the next three

going to discuss in the next three

going to discuss in the next three modules

modules

modules so this involves discussing network

so this involves discussing network

so this involves discussing network security and identifying exactly what it

security and identifying exactly what it

security and identifying exactly what it is when we talk about the basics then

is when we talk about the basics then

is when we talk about the basics then we're going to go over some of the

we're going to go over some of the

we're going to go over some of the things that are fundamental to having a

things that are fundamental to having a

things that are fundamental to having a secure network these include keeping the

secure network these include keeping the

secure network these include keeping the network up to date

network up to date

network up to date strong passwords

strong passwords

strong passwords having a secure VPN virtual private

having a secure VPN virtual private

having a secure VPN virtual private Network

Network

Network administrating user access in a proper

administrating user access in a proper

administrating user access in a proper way

way

way and making sure to remove any inactive

and making sure to remove any inactive

and making sure to remove any inactive accounts now the reason I focus on these

accounts now the reason I focus on these

accounts now the reason I focus on these fundamentals are these are the things

fundamentals are these are the things

fundamentals are these are the things that we'll see on the network plus exam

that we'll see on the network plus exam

that we'll see on the network plus exam now the word security means the same

now the word security means the same

now the word security means the same thing just about anywhere you look when

thing just about anywhere you look when

thing just about anywhere you look when it comes to homes it may refer to Locks

it comes to homes it may refer to Locks

it comes to homes it may refer to Locks and alarm systems but when it comes to

and alarm systems but when it comes to

and alarm systems but when it comes to networks it refers to a lot of different

networks it refers to a lot of different

networks it refers to a lot of different methods but the concept is still the

methods but the concept is still the

methods but the concept is still the same the point of security regardless of

same the point of security regardless of

same the point of security regardless of where it is or what it's protecting is

where it is or what it's protecting is

where it is or what it's protecting is to keep the threats out and the

to keep the threats out and the

to keep the threats out and the valuables in think of a bank vault the

valuables in think of a bank vault the

valuables in think of a bank vault the door to a bank fault is a few feet thick

door to a bank fault is a few feet thick

door to a bank fault is a few feet thick it's made of very sturdy metal and this

it's made of very sturdy metal and this

it's made of very sturdy metal and this is because the bank needs to keep the

is because the bank needs to keep the

is because the bank needs to keep the money invaluable securely inside while

money invaluable securely inside while

money invaluable securely inside while also keeping the potential threats

also keeping the potential threats

also keeping the potential threats outside now if someone really wants to

outside now if someone really wants to

outside now if someone really wants to break into a bank and steal the money

break into a bank and steal the money

break into a bank and steal the money they're going to be able to what we want

they're going to be able to what we want

they're going to be able to what we want to do is make it as hard as possible for

to do is make it as hard as possible for

to do is make it as hard as possible for them to come in and steal the money

them to come in and steal the money

them to come in and steal the money nothing is beyond anyone's purview it's

nothing is beyond anyone's purview it's

nothing is beyond anyone's purview it's simply that we want to make it as

simply that we want to make it as

simply that we want to make it as difficult as possible for these thieves

difficult as possible for these thieves

difficult as possible for these thieves hackers or whoever to get in and take it

hackers or whoever to get in and take it

hackers or whoever to get in and take it now the same principle applies to

now the same principle applies to

now the same principle applies to network security on a network data can

network security on a network data can

network security on a network data can sometimes be more valuable than money in

sometimes be more valuable than money in

sometimes be more valuable than money in fact I know a lot of CEO cios CFOs out

fact I know a lot of CEO cios CFOs out

fact I know a lot of CEO cios CFOs out there who would much prefer that you

there who would much prefer that you

there who would much prefer that you steal some of their money rather than

steal some of their money rather than

steal some of their money rather than steal their data especially when it

steal their data especially when it

steal their data especially when it comes to user data or to private or

comes to user data or to private or

comes to user data or to private or privileged information because this

privileged information because this

privileged information because this stuff is literally Priceless this is why

stuff is literally Priceless this is why

stuff is literally Priceless this is why it's really important to have a properly

it's really important to have a properly

it's really important to have a properly secured Network and make sure that it

secured Network and make sure that it

secured Network and make sure that it stays that way and these are two

stays that way and these are two

stays that way and these are two different things securing it and then

different things securing it and then

different things securing it and then monitoring it to make sure it remains

monitoring it to make sure it remains

monitoring it to make sure it remains secured

secured

secured now it's very important to make sure

now it's very important to make sure

now it's very important to make sure that everything on the network is kept

that everything on the network is kept

that everything on the network is kept up to date when programs and patches

up to date when programs and patches

up to date when programs and patches have been used for a long time and

have been used for a long time and

have been used for a long time and they're well known the attackers who've

they're well known the attackers who've

they're well known the attackers who've had an opportunity to find holes with

had an opportunity to find holes with

had an opportunity to find holes with them begin to make use of those holes

them begin to make use of those holes

them begin to make use of those holes and hack through them

and hack through them

and hack through them so the longer something is out there and

so the longer something is out there and

so the longer something is out there and being used without a new version the

being used without a new version the

being used without a new version the more times attackers have to find

more times attackers have to find

more times attackers have to find exploits within the program or the patch

exploits within the program or the patch

exploits within the program or the patch this is why as Network admins we need to

this is why as Network admins we need to

this is why as Network admins we need to make sure that all the programs and

make sure that all the programs and

make sure that all the programs and patches are kept up to date programs

patches are kept up to date programs

patches are kept up to date programs that get used often should be updated as

that get used often should be updated as

that get used often should be updated as soon as there is a new version or as

soon as there is a new version or as

soon as there is a new version or as soon as a new version proves to not be

soon as a new version proves to not be

soon as a new version proves to not be buggy now when running a device on

buggy now when running a device on

buggy now when running a device on Windows the admin should always check to

Windows the admin should always check to

Windows the admin should always check to see if there's anything available in

see if there's anything available in

see if there's anything available in Windows Live update or Microsoft update

Windows Live update or Microsoft update

Windows Live update or Microsoft update which we have talked about in a plus

which we have talked about in a plus

which we have talked about in a plus quite a bit now usually this can install

quite a bit now usually this can install

quite a bit now usually this can install new drivers in patches that have been

new drivers in patches that have been

new drivers in patches that have been updated for performance and security but

updated for performance and security but

updated for performance and security but other things we need to be aware of are

other things we need to be aware of are

other things we need to be aware of are Adobe products Java which is integrated

Adobe products Java which is integrated

Adobe products Java which is integrated into a lot of browsers and the browsers

into a lot of browsers and the browsers

into a lot of browsers and the browsers themselves to make sure that they're all

themselves to make sure that they're all

themselves to make sure that they're all tight and secure once again we don't

tight and secure once again we don't

tight and secure once again we don't want to update things immediately

want to update things immediately

want to update things immediately because maybe they'll bring down the

because maybe they'll bring down the

because maybe they'll bring down the system but we need to weigh this against

system but we need to weigh this against

system but we need to weigh this against the fact that if a patch goes out there

the fact that if a patch goes out there

the fact that if a patch goes out there to to plug up a security flaw that as

to to plug up a security flaw that as

to to plug up a security flaw that as soon as it goes out there the hackers

soon as it goes out there the hackers

soon as it goes out there the hackers now know oh look there was a security

now know oh look there was a security

now know oh look there was a security flaw and now they can begin to make use

flaw and now they can begin to make use

flaw and now they can begin to make use of that security flaw until you update

of that security flaw until you update

of that security flaw until you update things so what we're really looking to

things so what we're really looking to

things so what we're really looking to do is balance

updating immediately

versus

buggy Updates this is an important thing

buggy Updates this is an important thing

buggy Updates this is an important thing to keep in mind

now it's very important that we keep

now it's very important that we keep

now it's very important that we keep another aspect of security in mind when

another aspect of security in mind when

another aspect of security in mind when it comes not just to our networks but to

it comes not just to our networks but to

it comes not just to our networks but to just about anything we're dealing with

just about anything we're dealing with

just about anything we're dealing with on devices and this is our passport our

on devices and this is our passport our

on devices and this is our passport our passwords people tend to think that just

passwords people tend to think that just

passwords people tend to think that just because something is password protected

because something is password protected

because something is password protected that means it's safe but this really

that means it's safe but this really

that means it's safe but this really isn't true something that's protected by

isn't true something that's protected by

isn't true something that's protected by a password is ultimately safer than

a password is ultimately safer than

a password is ultimately safer than something that's not but a password is

something that's not but a password is

something that's not but a password is nearly useless unless it's a strong one

nearly useless unless it's a strong one

nearly useless unless it's a strong one think about all the movies in which

think about all the movies in which

think about all the movies in which someone has to figure out someone's

someone has to figure out someone's

someone has to figure out someone's password looks around the room sees a

password looks around the room sees a

password looks around the room sees a picture types in the name of that person

picture types in the name of that person

picture types in the name of that person and Bam they're in attackers can use

and Bam they're in attackers can use

and Bam they're in attackers can use things called key loggers in order to

things called key loggers in order to

things called key loggers in order to log uh what passwords you are entering

log uh what passwords you are entering

log uh what passwords you are entering on your computer and then send that over

on your computer and then send that over

on your computer and then send that over to the hacker they can then take the

to the hacker they can then take the

to the hacker they can then take the letters symbols Etc and being used and

letters symbols Etc and being used and

letters symbols Etc and being used and try to piece together what the password

try to piece together what the password

try to piece together what the password could be depending on the attacker they

could be depending on the attacker they

could be depending on the attacker they might be really successful at stealing

might be really successful at stealing

might be really successful at stealing your password simply by just observing

your password simply by just observing

your password simply by just observing what you type in this is called shoulder

what you type in this is called shoulder

what you type in this is called shoulder surfing

surfing

surfing and it is a big problem when we think

and it is a big problem when we think

and it is a big problem when we think about ATMs people typing at their office

about ATMs people typing at their office

about ATMs people typing at their office and so on this is a huge problem in

and so on this is a huge problem in

and so on this is a huge problem in general but it's really problematic if

general but it's really problematic if

general but it's really problematic if you use the same password for more than

you use the same password for more than

you use the same password for more than one thing think about it as soon as they

one thing think about it as soon as they

one thing think about it as soon as they get one password they have access to

get one password they have access to

get one password they have access to everything especially if they get access

everything especially if they get access

everything especially if they get access to your email they now have access to

to your email they now have access to

to your email they now have access to your entire life because they can reset

your entire life because they can reset

your entire life because they can reset everything through your email so it's

everything through your email so it's

everything through your email so it's really important to keep different

really important to keep different

really important to keep different passwords for each sort of service that

passwords for each sort of service that

passwords for each sort of service that you access in a general rule you

you access in a general rule you

you access in a general rule you shouldn't use the same password for more

shouldn't use the same password for more

shouldn't use the same password for more than one thing this can end up becoming

than one thing this can end up becoming

than one thing this can end up becoming really confusing if you're dealing with

really confusing if you're dealing with

really confusing if you're dealing with a lot of different accounts that require

a lot of different accounts that require

a lot of different accounts that require many different passwords so there are

many different passwords so there are

many different passwords so there are some programs that act as basically

some programs that act as basically

some programs that act as basically password vaults and they require one

password vaults and they require one

password vaults and they require one master password to access them and then

master password to access them and then

master password to access them and then you have all of your information stored

you have all of your information stored

you have all of your information stored inside of those but I think some of

inside of those but I think some of

inside of those but I think some of those just have as many problems as

those just have as many problems as

those just have as many problems as regular passwords all you need to do is

regular passwords all you need to do is

regular passwords all you need to do is get access to the one program and

get access to the one program and

get access to the one program and suddenly you have access to all of the

suddenly you have access to all of the

suddenly you have access to all of the password programs so it's important

password programs so it's important

password programs so it's important sometimes for you to create a long

sometimes for you to create a long

sometimes for you to create a long random password word that can contain

random password word that can contain

random password word that can contain special characters like slashes

special characters like slashes

special characters like slashes ampersands Etc these programs can do

ampersands Etc these programs can do

ampersands Etc these programs can do that as well but the problem with that

that as well but the problem with that

that as well but the problem with that is we're also not going to be able to

is we're also not going to be able to

is we're also not going to be able to memorize that

memorize that

memorize that so and another important aspect of

so and another important aspect of

so and another important aspect of password Corrections uh protection

password Corrections uh protection

password Corrections uh protection rather when it comes to strong passwords

rather when it comes to strong passwords

rather when it comes to strong passwords is to use random letters symbols Etc and

is to use random letters symbols Etc and

is to use random letters symbols Etc and long passwords which are always better

long passwords which are always better

long passwords which are always better than short ones

than short ones

than short ones for instance using the password

for instance using the password

for instance using the password password123 is really weak whereas this

password123 is really weak whereas this

password123 is really weak whereas this one on the right which I can't even

one on the right which I can't even

one on the right which I can't even pronounce is really strong now of course

pronounce is really strong now of course

pronounce is really strong now of course the problem with this is it's difficult

the problem with this is it's difficult

the problem with this is it's difficult to memorize and if it's difficult to

to memorize and if it's difficult to

to memorize and if it's difficult to memorize you're probably going to have

memorize you're probably going to have

memorize you're probably going to have to write it down if you write it down

to write it down if you write it down

to write it down if you write it down that gives someone something to steal or

that gives someone something to steal or

that gives someone something to steal or you put it in a password Vault or this

you put it in a password Vault or this

you put it in a password Vault or this is maybe made up automatically but in

is maybe made up automatically but in

is maybe made up automatically but in all these cases one password can get

all these cases one password can get

all these cases one password can get access to all the passwords and so it's

access to all the passwords and so it's

access to all the passwords and so it's important again we talked in the

important again we talked in the

important again we talked in the previous one about we sort of have to

previous one about we sort of have to

previous one about we sort of have to decide whether we want to update

decide whether we want to update

decide whether we want to update something immediately or whether we want

something immediately or whether we want

something immediately or whether we want to update it you know after a little bit

to update it you know after a little bit

to update it you know after a little bit after it's been tested the same sort of

after it's been tested the same sort of

after it's been tested the same sort of thing with passwords we don't want

thing with passwords we don't want

thing with passwords we don't want something too weak but we also don't

something too weak but we also don't

something too weak but we also don't want something too strong that we can't

want something too strong that we can't

want something too strong that we can't remember so the best thing I think is to

remember so the best thing I think is to

remember so the best thing I think is to think about for instance a pass a code

think about for instance a pass a code

think about for instance a pass a code that for yourself so for instance a

that for yourself so for instance a

that for yourself so for instance a common one with the term password is to

common one with the term password is to

common one with the term password is to replace

the A's with ATS and the O's with zeros

the A's with ATS and the O's with zeros

the A's with ATS and the O's with zeros if you think about creating your own

if you think about creating your own

if you think about creating your own password we could do this for instance

password we could do this for instance

password we could do this for instance let's say we wanted to turn this secure

let's say we wanted to turn this secure

let's say we wanted to turn this secure and organized into a password well I

and organized into a password well I

and organized into a password well I could replace the S with fives

could replace the S with fives

could replace the S with fives I could replace the ease with threes

I can replace the A's with and

I can replace the A's with and

I can replace the A's with and ampersands

and so on and so forth

even an I replace that with a

even an I replace that with a

even an I replace that with a exclamation point or the number one

and voila I've just created what looks

and voila I've just created what looks

and voila I've just created what looks to the plane eye

to the plane eye

to the plane eye as a pretty s complex password that a

as a pretty s complex password that a

as a pretty s complex password that a computer wouldn't be able to necessarily

computer wouldn't be able to necessarily

computer wouldn't be able to necessarily break but you remember it because you've

break but you remember it because you've

break but you remember it because you've come up with your own code of how you're

come up with your own code of how you're

come up with your own code of how you're going to replace certain symbols and

going to replace certain symbols and

going to replace certain symbols and numbers and it wouldn't hurt to throw in

numbers and it wouldn't hurt to throw in

numbers and it wouldn't hurt to throw in a couple uppercase letters there as well

a couple uppercase letters there as well

a couple uppercase letters there as well now with virtual private networks

now with virtual private networks

now with virtual private networks there's a lot that can go wrong security

there's a lot that can go wrong security

there's a lot that can go wrong security wise because it travels over a public

wise because it travels over a public

wise because it travels over a public network in order to collect connect to

network in order to collect connect to

network in order to collect connect to your local land and the users remotely

your local land and the users remotely

your local land and the users remotely connect an attack can happen from

connect an attack can happen from

connect an attack can happen from literally anywhere so in order to help

literally anywhere so in order to help

literally anywhere so in order to help stop attacks the admin needs to require

stop attacks the admin needs to require

stop attacks the admin needs to require remote users to have multiple points of

remote users to have multiple points of

remote users to have multiple points of identification remember in a plus we

identification remember in a plus we

identification remember in a plus we talked about having multi-authentication

and remember authentication we have

and remember authentication we have

and remember authentication we have three different things

three different things

three different things something you know

something you know

something you know something you have

something you have

something you have it's something you are

it's something you are

it's something you are so if we're going to use multiple forms

so if we're going to use multiple forms

so if we're going to use multiple forms of identification

of identification

of identification maybe one thing we want to do is have a

maybe one thing we want to do is have a

maybe one thing we want to do is have a standard username and password and also

standard username and password and also

standard username and password and also a pin or security question they would

a pin or security question they would

a pin or security question they would have to answer these both fall under

have to answer these both fall under

have to answer these both fall under something you know we could also give

something you know we could also give

something you know we could also give them a fob key that has a rotating

them a fob key that has a rotating

them a fob key that has a rotating password on it this would be something

password on it this would be something

password on it this would be something they have it makes it more difficult if

they have it makes it more difficult if

they have it makes it more difficult if I use multiple forms of this

I use multiple forms of this

I use multiple forms of this authentication and that way it's not

authentication and that way it's not

authentication and that way it's not just things that are written down or

just things that are written down or

just things that are written down or known it's also things that are have had

known it's also things that are have had

known it's also things that are have had or even better things that you are for

or even better things that you are for

or even better things that you are for instance a retinal scan fingerprint

instance a retinal scan fingerprint

instance a retinal scan fingerprint voice recognition

voice recognition

voice recognition Etc the point is the more of these you

Etc the point is the more of these you

Etc the point is the more of these you have the easier it is for you to keep

have the easier it is for you to keep

have the easier it is for you to keep your stuff secure however it's also more

your stuff secure however it's also more

your stuff secure however it's also more difficult to log in and it's going to

difficult to log in and it's going to

difficult to log in and it's going to take more time so again we're dealing

take more time so again we're dealing

take more time so again we're dealing with time

with time

with time and ease

and ease

and ease versus security and we have to find the

versus security and we have to find the

versus security and we have to find the right balance

right balance

right balance because we don't want people to get so

because we don't want people to get so

because we don't want people to get so turned off by all the heightened

turned off by all the heightened

turned off by all the heightened security that then they can't use our

security that then they can't use our

security that then they can't use our product

product

product it also might be necessary to have a

it also might be necessary to have a

it also might be necessary to have a firewall between the VPN and the

firewall between the VPN and the

firewall between the VPN and the physical Network the firewall acts as a

physical Network the firewall acts as a

physical Network the firewall acts as a sort of last line of defense and if

sort of last line of defense and if

sort of last line of defense and if somehow an attacker manages to get

somehow an attacker manages to get

somehow an attacker manages to get through the points of identification the

through the points of identification the

through the points of identification the firewall might be able to stop them from

firewall might be able to stop them from

firewall might be able to stop them from connecting to the network based on where

connecting to the network based on where

connecting to the network based on where they are the information they're trying

they are the information they're trying

they are the information they're trying to transmit if they're using an unknown

to transmit if they're using an unknown

to transmit if they're using an unknown or untrusted

or untrusted

or untrusted IP address the firewall may be able to

IP address the firewall may be able to

IP address the firewall may be able to stop them before they connect the local

stop them before they connect the local

stop them before they connect the local area network

area network

area network now it's often the case that users have

now it's often the case that users have

now it's often the case that users have to access things that they have no

to access things that they have no

to access things that they have no business accessing for example someone

business accessing for example someone

business accessing for example someone in the graphic design part of the

in the graphic design part of the

in the graphic design part of the company has no need to access the

company has no need to access the

company has no need to access the accounting records of the company and

accounting records of the company and

accounting records of the company and sometimes however users are given

sometimes however users are given

sometimes however users are given permissions to access data like this

permissions to access data like this

permissions to access data like this simply because it's overlooked by the

simply because it's overlooked by the

simply because it's overlooked by the administrator so this is a huge security

administrator so this is a huge security

administrator so this is a huge security issue and one that's easy to fix and

issue and one that's easy to fix and

issue and one that's easy to fix and needs to be looked after with care the

needs to be looked after with care the

needs to be looked after with care the admin should only make sure that users

admin should only make sure that users

admin should only make sure that users are given only access to the data they

are given only access to the data they

are given only access to the data they need to do their job this is what we

need to do their job this is what we

need to do their job this is what we call the principle of least

privilege now this change can be made by

privilege now this change can be made by

privilege now this change can be made by password protecting

or it can be made

or it can be made

or it can be made using group policy

using group policy

using group policy meaning that we have an Accounting Group

meaning that we have an Accounting Group

meaning that we have an Accounting Group and we have a Marketing Group if you're

and we have a Marketing Group if you're

and we have a Marketing Group if you're placed into one of those groups then

placed into one of those groups then

placed into one of those groups then you're not going to be able to uh access

you're not going to be able to uh access

you're not going to be able to uh access anything except for what your group has

anything except for what your group has

anything except for what your group has access to

access to

access to now the other thing we want to do is

now the other thing we want to do is

now the other thing we want to do is make sure to clean up inactive accounts

make sure to clean up inactive accounts

make sure to clean up inactive accounts when a worker leaves the company the

when a worker leaves the company the

when a worker leaves the company the first thing the admin needs to do is to

first thing the admin needs to do is to

first thing the admin needs to do is to change the password to the user's

change the password to the user's

change the password to the user's account or what we call deactivate the

account or what we call deactivate the

account or what we call deactivate the account it'll be a very bad thing if a

account it'll be a very bad thing if a

account it'll be a very bad thing if a for former employee were to access the

for former employee were to access the

for former employee were to access the company's files and who knows what they

company's files and who knows what they

company's files and who knows what they could do with those especially if they

could do with those especially if they

could do with those especially if they were fired so once the passwords has

were fired so once the passwords has

were fired so once the passwords has been changed there's no way for them to

been changed there's no way for them to

been changed there's no way for them to access the account but it's not

access the account but it's not

access the account but it's not necessary for the admin to delete the

necessary for the admin to delete the

necessary for the admin to delete the account right away if the employee was

account right away if the employee was

account right away if the employee was to come back to the company soon after

to come back to the company soon after

to come back to the company soon after and needed to access their old files

and needed to access their old files

and needed to access their old files they could be given a temporary password

they could be given a temporary password

they could be given a temporary password and then monitored to make sure they

and then monitored to make sure they

and then monitored to make sure they could get their old information however

could get their old information however

could get their old information however if an account has been inactive for a

if an account has been inactive for a

if an account has been inactive for a while it should be deleted or

while it should be deleted or

while it should be deleted or discontinued an idle account is really

discontinued an idle account is really

discontinued an idle account is really dangerous thing to have on your network

dangerous thing to have on your network

dangerous thing to have on your network if an attacker is about to access this

if an attacker is about to access this

if an attacker is about to access this account they could easily slip past

account they could easily slip past

account they could easily slip past unnoticed on the network until something

unnoticed on the network until something

unnoticed on the network until something actually happens we wouldn't really know

actually happens we wouldn't really know

actually happens we wouldn't really know that there's a problem so in order to

that there's a problem so in order to

that there's a problem so in order to prevent this we really want to delete

prevent this we really want to delete

prevent this we really want to delete accounts soon as the users do not need

accounts soon as the users do not need

accounts soon as the users do not need them anymore this is why generally HR

them anymore this is why generally HR

them anymore this is why generally HR and IT talk to one another so we can

and IT talk to one another so we can

and IT talk to one another so we can make sure once we let a person go or

make sure once we let a person go or

make sure once we let a person go or fire someone their account is turned off

fire someone their account is turned off

fire someone their account is turned off almost immediately

almost immediately

almost immediately all right so these are some of the

all right so these are some of the

all right so these are some of the fundamentals we talked about the

fundamentals we talked about the

fundamentals we talked about the necessity of network security remember

necessity of network security remember

necessity of network security remember data can sometimes be more important

data can sometimes be more important

data can sometimes be more important than money because it's going to cost a

than money because it's going to cost a

than money because it's going to cost a lot of money in order to recover or make

lot of money in order to recover or make

lot of money in order to recover or make up for the loss of data we also

up for the loss of data we also

up for the loss of data we also identified some of the fundamentals of a

identified some of the fundamentals of a

identified some of the fundamentals of a secure network first of all we talked

secure network first of all we talked

secure network first of all we talked about keeping things up to date we

about keeping things up to date we

about keeping things up to date we talked about keeping up the firmware

talked about keeping up the firmware

talked about keeping up the firmware drivers

operating systems

operating systems

operating systems patches to Software

patches to Software

patches to Software Etc and we're always dealing with a

Etc and we're always dealing with a

Etc and we're always dealing with a balancing act here are we

balancing act here are we

balancing act here are we doing things immediately

or are we going to wait and possibly uh

or are we going to wait and possibly uh

or are we going to wait and possibly uh be susceptible but we might have buggy

be susceptible but we might have buggy

be susceptible but we might have buggy updates

updates

updates so we sort of want to find a good medium

so we sort of want to find a good medium

so we sort of want to find a good medium middle of the road solution there

middle of the road solution there

middle of the road solution there realizing the longer we wait the more

realizing the longer we wait the more

realizing the longer we wait the more susceptible we are to attacks we also

susceptible we are to attacks we also

susceptible we are to attacks we also want to make sure to have strong

want to make sure to have strong

want to make sure to have strong passwords

passwords

passwords remember a strong password generally

remember a strong password generally

remember a strong password generally means it's 15 characters or more the

means it's 15 characters or more the

means it's 15 characters or more the longer the better

longer the better

longer the better we have numbers

we have numbers

we have numbers symbols

symbols

symbols lowercase letters

lowercase letters

lowercase letters uppercase letters

uppercase letters

uppercase letters and we want to use them in a varied

and we want to use them in a varied

and we want to use them in a varied random combination

random combination

random combination we also want to make sure that we're not

we also want to make sure that we're not

we also want to make sure that we're not reusing the same passwords

reusing the same passwords

reusing the same passwords and don't write them down that's always

and don't write them down that's always

and don't write them down that's always a problem

a problem

a problem now of course again we have a balancing

now of course again we have a balancing

now of course again we have a balancing act here because the more difficult it

act here because the more difficult it

act here because the more difficult it is

is

is the

the

the more difficult to password rather than

more difficult to password rather than

more difficult to password rather than the more likely someone's going to write

the more likely someone's going to write

the more likely someone's going to write it down and so we need to also make sure

it down and so we need to also make sure

it down and so we need to also make sure that the passwords are have a certain

that the passwords are have a certain

that the passwords are have a certain degree of ease of use

degree of ease of use

degree of ease of use we also are probably going to want the

we also are probably going to want the

we also are probably going to want the passwords to expire every once in a

passwords to expire every once in a

passwords to expire every once in a while

while

while and so on and so forth with a VPN we

and so on and so forth with a VPN we

and so on and so forth with a VPN we need to make sure that there are

need to make sure that there are

need to make sure that there are multiple forms of Authentication

remember the three things we have when

remember the three things we have when

remember the three things we have when it comes to authentication something you

it comes to authentication something you

it comes to authentication something you have

have

have like a fob something you know like a

like a fob something you know like a

like a fob something you know like a password and something you are like a

password and something you are like a

password and something you are like a retinal scan or a biometrics

retinal scan or a biometrics

retinal scan or a biometrics when it comes to user access we want to

when it comes to user access we want to

when it comes to user access we want to practice the principle of least

practice the principle of least

practice the principle of least privilege meaning you're only going to

privilege meaning you're only going to

privilege meaning you're only going to be given access to that which you need

be given access to that which you need

be given access to that which you need access to to do your job accounting does

access to to do your job accounting does

access to to do your job accounting does not need access to marketing and vice

not need access to marketing and vice

not need access to marketing and vice versa finally we want to make sure to

versa finally we want to make sure to

versa finally we want to make sure to disable

disable

disable or delete inactive accounts keeping in

or delete inactive accounts keeping in

or delete inactive accounts keeping in mind of course that someone who leaves

mind of course that someone who leaves

mind of course that someone who leaves the company might need to come back and

the company might need to come back and

the company might need to come back and therefore we might want to make it easy

therefore we might want to make it easy

therefore we might want to make it easy for them to have access to their old

for them to have access to their old

for them to have access to their old stuff

[Music]

network security authentication

network security authentication

network security authentication authorization and accounting

authorization and accounting

authorization and accounting in the last module we started off this

in the last module we started off this

in the last module we started off this lesson by discussing the fundamentals of

lesson by discussing the fundamentals of

lesson by discussing the fundamentals of network security Now a big portion of

network security Now a big portion of

network security Now a big portion of network security has to do with AAA or

network security has to do with AAA or

network security has to do with AAA or authentication authorization and

authentication authorization and

authentication authorization and accounting

accounting

accounting AAA server on a network is probably one

AAA server on a network is probably one

AAA server on a network is probably one of the most important things when it

of the most important things when it

of the most important things when it comes to security and it's quite a bit

comes to security and it's quite a bit

comes to security and it's quite a bit of work so in this module we're going to

of work so in this module we're going to

of work so in this module we're going to Define and discuss these three A's

Define and discuss these three A's

Define and discuss these three A's Authentication

Authentication

Authentication authorization

authorization

authorization and accounting in further detail so we

and accounting in further detail so we

and accounting in further detail so we know not just what they are but how

know not just what they are but how

know not just what they are but how they're implemented in a very general

they're implemented in a very general

they're implemented in a very general way

way

way authentication is the first a it's used

authentication is the first a it's used

authentication is the first a it's used to identify the user and make sure that

to identify the user and make sure that

to identify the user and make sure that the user is legitimate sometimes

the user is legitimate sometimes

the user is legitimate sometimes attackers and Bots will try to access

attackers and Bots will try to access

attackers and Bots will try to access the network or secure data by acting

the network or secure data by acting

the network or secure data by acting like they're a legitimate user this is

like they're a legitimate user this is

like they're a legitimate user this is where authentication comes into play

where authentication comes into play

where authentication comes into play any secure network is going to require

any secure network is going to require

any secure network is going to require something like a username and password

something like a username and password

something like a username and password to log in and any data that's really

to log in and any data that's really

to log in and any data that's really important or secure needs to be

important or secure needs to be

important or secure needs to be protected now there are ways of course

protected now there are ways of course

protected now there are ways of course for these attackers to gather the

for these attackers to gather the

for these attackers to gather the password and username information but

password and username information but

password and username information but the smart thing for us to do is to

the smart thing for us to do is to

the smart thing for us to do is to change passwords for all users on a

change passwords for all users on a

change passwords for all users on a network frequently probably every 30 to

network frequently probably every 30 to

network frequently probably every 30 to 90 days again we have to balance that

90 days again we have to balance that

90 days again we have to balance that with how easy it is for someone to come

with how easy it is for someone to come

with how easy it is for someone to come up with a new password and they're going

up with a new password and they're going

up with a new password and they're going to remember the new password they come

to remember the new password they come

to remember the new password they come up with we need to make sure that the

up with we need to make sure that the

up with we need to make sure that the passwords are documented in some way

passwords are documented in some way

passwords are documented in some way although we want to be careful again

although we want to be careful again

although we want to be careful again because when we write them down and

because when we write them down and

because when we write them down and document them that opens up another way

document them that opens up another way

document them that opens up another way they can be stolen and we want to make

they can be stolen and we want to make

they can be stolen and we want to make sure that they're all secure if an

sure that they're all secure if an

sure that they're all secure if an attacker has an outdated password it's

attacker has an outdated password it's

attacker has an outdated password it's going to do them no good so if we can

going to do them no good so if we can

going to do them no good so if we can put this in another way

put this in another way

put this in another way authentication verifies identity this is

authentication verifies identity this is

authentication verifies identity this is sort of like you have a ID card or

sort of like you have a ID card or

sort of like you have a ID card or driver's license that provides your

driver's license that provides your

driver's license that provides your identity and authenticates you are who

identity and authenticates you are who

identity and authenticates you are who you are one of the reasons we have

you are one of the reasons we have

you are one of the reasons we have pictures on our driver's license or

pictures on our driver's license or

pictures on our driver's license or government issued IDs is so that people

government issued IDs is so that people

government issued IDs is so that people can look at it and guarantee We Are Who

can look at it and guarantee We Are Who

can look at it and guarantee We Are Who We Are this used to be done with

We Are this used to be done with

We Are this used to be done with signatures they would look at two

signatures they would look at two

signatures they would look at two signatures make sure they were identical

signatures make sure they were identical

signatures make sure they were identical and then we could authenticate the

and then we could authenticate the

and then we could authenticate the person was actually us now we've moved

person was actually us now we've moved

person was actually us now we've moved way past this now we can even use things

way past this now we can even use things

way past this now we can even use things like fingerprints which more or less

like fingerprints which more or less

like fingerprints which more or less authenticate that we are who we say we

authenticate that we are who we say we

authenticate that we are who we say we are

are

are so here is another form of

so here is another form of

so here is another form of authentication you may have encountered

authentication you may have encountered

authentication you may have encountered this one before when you're trying to

this one before when you're trying to

this one before when you're trying to access things on the internet this is

access things on the internet this is

access things on the internet this is called or looks like a captcha and it's

called or looks like a captcha and it's

called or looks like a captcha and it's used to stop Bots from accessing secure

used to stop Bots from accessing secure

used to stop Bots from accessing secure data or infiltrating someone's account

data or infiltrating someone's account

data or infiltrating someone's account or making an account when we don't want

or making an account when we don't want

or making an account when we don't want them to so the text in the gray box is

them to so the text in the gray box is

them to so the text in the gray box is difficult to read for a bot it's

difficult to read for a bot it's

difficult to read for a bot it's actually a picture and it's very

actually a picture and it's very

actually a picture and it's very difficult for robots to read this and

difficult for robots to read this and

difficult for robots to read this and know exactly what to type in

know exactly what to type in

know exactly what to type in so because of this the captcha is

so because of this the captcha is

so because of this the captcha is usually made different fonts distorted

usually made different fonts distorted

usually made different fonts distorted text pictures Etc and it can be slightly

text pictures Etc and it can be slightly

text pictures Etc and it can be slightly different for a human to read but not so

different for a human to read but not so

different for a human to read but not so difficult for them that they can't

difficult for them that they can't

difficult for them that they can't actually type it in when you type in the

actually type it in when you type in the

actually type it in when you type in the image into here is text then you can

image into here is text then you can

image into here is text then you can basically ensure that you are who you

basically ensure that you are who you

basically ensure that you are who you say you are that you are a human rather

say you are that you are a human rather

say you are that you are a human rather than a bot now authorization is the next

than a bot now authorization is the next

than a bot now authorization is the next security level after authentication it's

security level after authentication it's

security level after authentication it's the second a so once a user has been

the second a so once a user has been

the second a so once a user has been determined authentic we've authenticated

determined authentic we've authenticated

determined authentic we've authenticated their identity they're going to be

their identity they're going to be

their identity they're going to be allowed onto the network but they can't

allowed onto the network but they can't

allowed onto the network but they can't just have free reign and do whatever

just have free reign and do whatever

just have free reign and do whatever they want we want to make sure that they

they want we want to make sure that they

they want we want to make sure that they can only access specific things remember

can only access specific things remember

can only access specific things remember that concept of least privilege well we

that concept of least privilege well we

that concept of least privilege well we want to make sure that the person who's

want to make sure that the person who's

want to make sure that the person who's on there is only going to access stuff

on there is only going to access stuff

on there is only going to access stuff that they are allowed to access so

that they are allowed to access so

that they are allowed to access so you're authorized to access only certain

you're authorized to access only certain

you're authorized to access only certain things now there are users such as the

things now there are users such as the

things now there are users such as the admin who can generally access a quiet

admin who can generally access a quiet

admin who can generally access a quiet deal more but we don't want for instance

deal more but we don't want for instance

deal more but we don't want for instance the administrator to have access to the

the administrator to have access to the

the administrator to have access to the partner's private email in a law firm

partner's private email in a law firm

partner's private email in a law firm and we don't want someone who works in

and we don't want someone who works in

and we don't want someone who works in accounting to have access to marketing

accounting to have access to marketing

accounting to have access to marketing so authorization basically provides the

so authorization basically provides the

so authorization basically provides the information on what the person or the ID

information on what the person or the ID

information on what the person or the ID person who has been authenticated is

person who has been authenticated is

person who has been authenticated is authorized to get access to now

authorized to get access to now

authorized to get access to now authorization procedures can stop users

authorization procedures can stop users

authorization procedures can stop users from accessing certain datas Services

from accessing certain datas Services

from accessing certain datas Services programs Etc and can even stop users

programs Etc and can even stop users

programs Etc and can even stop users from accessing certain web pages for

from accessing certain web pages for

from accessing certain web pages for instance we sometimes have filters that

instance we sometimes have filters that

instance we sometimes have filters that make sure our kids don't access very

make sure our kids don't access very

make sure our kids don't access very specific information unless they can

specific information unless they can

specific information unless they can type in a password that would

type in a password that would

type in a password that would authenticate that they're an adult so

authenticate that they're an adult so

authenticate that they're an adult so here's an example of what a denied web

here's an example of what a denied web

here's an example of what a denied web page might look like as you can see the

page might look like as you can see the

page might look like as you can see the user is being told that an error 403 has

user is being told that an error 403 has

user is being told that an error 403 has occurred other words the web page has

occurred other words the web page has

occurred other words the web page has been forbidden it requires you to log on

been forbidden it requires you to log on

been forbidden it requires you to log on and you have not logged on successfully

and you have not logged on successfully

and you have not logged on successfully so you have not authenticated who you

so you have not authenticated who you

so you have not authenticated who you are and therefore you are not authorized

are and therefore you are not authorized

are and therefore you are not authorized to have access to specific degree of

to have access to specific degree of

to have access to specific degree of information

information

information now users other than the administrator

now users other than the administrator

now users other than the administrator will most likely not be authorized to

will most likely not be authorized to

will most likely not be authorized to run commands in the command prompt and

run commands in the command prompt and

run commands in the command prompt and we've looked at this with a plus running

we've looked at this with a plus running

we've looked at this with a plus running things in an administrator mode if the

things in an administrator mode if the

things in an administrator mode if the user does they're probably going to

user does they're probably going to

user does they're probably going to receive an error that looks like this

receive an error that looks like this

receive an error that looks like this this command prompt has been disabled by

this command prompt has been disabled by

this command prompt has been disabled by your administrator the administrator can

your administrator the administrator can

your administrator the administrator can deny every other user on the network the

deny every other user on the network the

deny every other user on the network the ability to use the command prompt

ability to use the command prompt

ability to use the command prompt because they could do something that

because they could do something that

because they could do something that they are not authorized to do so it's up

they are not authorized to do so it's up

they are not authorized to do so it's up to the administrator to make sure that

to the administrator to make sure that

to the administrator to make sure that only authorized users can access the

only authorized users can access the

only authorized users can access the command prompt or do other things on the

command prompt or do other things on the

command prompt or do other things on the computer or on the network for instance

computer or on the network for instance

computer or on the network for instance rebooting computers accessing servers

rebooting computers accessing servers

rebooting computers accessing servers and so on

and so on

and so on now the final a we talked about

now the final a we talked about

now the final a we talked about authorization and authentication is

authorization and authentication is

authorization and authentication is accounting accounting is not the same as

accounting accounting is not the same as

accounting accounting is not the same as in bookkeeping it's Accounting in the

in bookkeeping it's Accounting in the

in bookkeeping it's Accounting in the sense that everything a user does while

sense that everything a user does while

sense that everything a user does while on the network has to be accounted for

on the network has to be accounted for

on the network has to be accounted for and carefully watched this is sometimes

and carefully watched this is sometimes

and carefully watched this is sometimes also called auditing

also called auditing

also called auditing another term that gets back to

another term that gets back to

another term that gets back to accounting in a sort of financial sense

accounting in a sort of financial sense

accounting in a sort of financial sense but it means something different the

but it means something different the

but it means something different the users on a network uh can often be one

users on a network uh can often be one

users on a network uh can often be one of the biggest of our security concerns

of the biggest of our security concerns

of the biggest of our security concerns most of the time someone is going to

most of the time someone is going to

most of the time someone is going to hack our network from inside rather than

hack our network from inside rather than

hack our network from inside rather than outside and so keeping track of how

outside and so keeping track of how

outside and so keeping track of how users spend their time is one of the

users spend their time is one of the

users spend their time is one of the most important aspects of network

most important aspects of network

most important aspects of network security the accounting function of the

security the accounting function of the

security the accounting function of the AAA servers to do exactly that it

AAA servers to do exactly that it

AAA servers to do exactly that it watches all of the users and monitors

watches all of the users and monitors

watches all of the users and monitors their activity as well as all the

their activity as well as all the

their activity as well as all the resources they're using these resources

resources they're using these resources

resources they're using these resources could include stuff like bandwidth CPU

could include stuff like bandwidth CPU

could include stuff like bandwidth CPU usage and a lot more not to mention what

usage and a lot more not to mention what

usage and a lot more not to mention what websites they're accessing and so on now

websites they're accessing and so on now

websites they're accessing and so on now some people say hey wait you're

some people say hey wait you're

some people say hey wait you're infringing on my right to use the

infringing on my right to use the

infringing on my right to use the internet but if you are at your company

internet but if you are at your company

internet but if you are at your company using your company's internet then you

using your company's internet then you

using your company's internet then you have signed most likely an agreement

have signed most likely an agreement

have signed most likely an agreement saying you're only going to use it for

saying you're only going to use it for

saying you're only going to use it for specific purposes and you've probably

specific purposes and you've probably

specific purposes and you've probably also signed an agreement whether you

also signed an agreement whether you

also signed an agreement whether you know it or not that allows them to

know it or not that allows them to

know it or not that allows them to monitor you while you're using the

monitor you while you're using the

monitor you while you're using the internet

internet

internet so here's representation of what the

so here's representation of what the

so here's representation of what the accounting function of AAA server does

accounting function of AAA server does

accounting function of AAA server does it oversees everything the users are

it oversees everything the users are

it oversees everything the users are doing and keeps track of what the

doing and keeps track of what the

doing and keeps track of what the resources are those users are taking up

resources are those users are taking up

resources are those users are taking up and how they're spending their time

and how they're spending their time

and how they're spending their time now this was a short module but it

now this was a short module but it

now this was a short module but it discussed the AAA and these are three

discussed the AAA and these are three

discussed the AAA and these are three really important Concepts you need to

really important Concepts you need to

really important Concepts you need to know and understand for Network plus

know and understand for Network plus

know and understand for Network plus first we looked at authentication

first we looked at authentication

first we looked at authentication authentication make sure that the

authentication make sure that the

authentication make sure that the identity has been verified this is just

identity has been verified this is just

identity has been verified this is just like in a metaphor your driver's license

like in a metaphor your driver's license

like in a metaphor your driver's license which has a picture ID

next we talked about authorization this

next we talked about authorization this

next we talked about authorization this is what you are allowed to do

is what you are allowed to do

is what you are allowed to do this could be just like you're

this could be just like you're

this could be just like you're authorized if you have your driver's

authorized if you have your driver's

authorized if you have your driver's license and you're 21 and up in the

license and you're 21 and up in the

license and you're 21 and up in the United States to drink

so

so

so authentication is provided by the

authentication is provided by the

authentication is provided by the driver's license you are who you say you

driver's license you are who you say you

driver's license you are who you say you are and then authorization says whether

are and then authorization says whether

are and then authorization says whether or not you're allowed to drink or even

or not you're allowed to drink or even

or not you're allowed to drink or even drive depending on your age and a

drive depending on your age and a

drive depending on your age and a variety of other circumstances finally

variety of other circumstances finally

variety of other circumstances finally accounting is basically a log

accounting is basically a log

accounting is basically a log of what you do

if you get in trouble with the law

if you get in trouble with the law

if you get in trouble with the law that's put on a record that way if

that's put on a record that way if

that's put on a record that way if you're pulled over by a policeman let's

you're pulled over by a policeman let's

you're pulled over by a policeman let's say for speeding they can scan your

say for speeding they can scan your

say for speeding they can scan your driver's license and see if you have any

driver's license and see if you have any

driver's license and see if you have any outstanding warrants or if you've been

outstanding warrants or if you've been

outstanding warrants or if you've been pulled over in the past in this way

pulled over in the past in this way

pulled over in the past in this way accounting provides a background

accounting provides a background

accounting provides a background information on you and can make sure

information on you and can make sure

information on you and can make sure that we know what you're doing on the

that we know what you're doing on the

that we know what you're doing on the network what information you're

network what information you're

network what information you're accessing and also make sure when you're

accessing and also make sure when you're

accessing and also make sure when you're accessing it and so on let's say that we

accessing it and so on let's say that we

accessing it and so on let's say that we have someone rob our store at midnight

have someone rob our store at midnight

have someone rob our store at midnight and the store is closed well if your

and the store is closed well if your

and the store is closed well if your security card was used to get access to

security card was used to get access to

security card was used to get access to the store then we know that either you

the store then we know that either you

the store then we know that either you rob the store or someone who stole your

rob the store or someone who stole your

rob the store or someone who stole your security card robbed your store

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

network security system security tools

network security system security tools

network security system security tools in the last module we talked about the

in the last module we talked about the

in the last module we talked about the AAA authentication authorization and

AAA authentication authorization and

AAA authentication authorization and accounting there's three aspects of

accounting there's three aspects of

accounting there's three aspects of security are really important to running

security are really important to running

security are really important to running a safe and secure network but there are

a safe and secure network but there are

a safe and secure network but there are also some security tools and programs

also some security tools and programs

also some security tools and programs that prove really useful when we're

that prove really useful when we're

that prove really useful when we're trying to put these into action most

trying to put these into action most

trying to put these into action most notably we're going to talk in this

notably we're going to talk in this

notably we're going to talk in this module about firewalls and antivirus

module about firewalls and antivirus

module about firewalls and antivirus software there are a lot of other tools

software there are a lot of other tools

software there are a lot of other tools and pieces of software that we can use

and pieces of software that we can use

and pieces of software that we can use and we'll talk about these in a bit but

and we'll talk about these in a bit but

and we'll talk about these in a bit but these two come up quite a bit on the

these two come up quite a bit on the

these two come up quite a bit on the network plus exam especially because

network plus exam especially because

network plus exam especially because they're the two most prevalent that we

they're the two most prevalent that we

they're the two most prevalent that we see in the field especially from a

see in the field especially from a

see in the field especially from a consumer's point of view

consumer's point of view

consumer's point of view so in this module we're going to Define

so in this module we're going to Define

so in this module we're going to Define what a firewall is and then identify its

what a firewall is and then identify its

what a firewall is and then identify its importance and how it works we're also

importance and how it works we're also

importance and how it works we're also going to Define anti-virus software and

going to Define anti-virus software and

going to Define anti-virus software and identify its importance and how it works

identify its importance and how it works

identify its importance and how it works so let's start by talking about a

so let's start by talking about a

so let's start by talking about a firewall this is something you've

firewall this is something you've

firewall this is something you've probably heard about you might even have

probably heard about you might even have

probably heard about you might even have on your computer or on your home network

on your computer or on your home network

on your computer or on your home network a firewall is an essential part of any

a firewall is an essential part of any

a firewall is an essential part of any secure network especially in today's day

secure network especially in today's day

secure network especially in today's day and age and a network would just be at

and age and a network would just be at

and age and a network would just be at risk almost constantly without it it's

risk almost constantly without it it's

risk almost constantly without it it's basically a security system that serves

basically a security system that serves

basically a security system that serves as a barrier between the local network

as a barrier between the local network

as a barrier between the local network and the wide Network or VPN it analyzes

and the wide Network or VPN it analyzes

and the wide Network or VPN it analyzes the data packets that are trying to

the data packets that are trying to

the data packets that are trying to enter the local network and exit the

enter the local network and exit the

enter the local network and exit the local network and determines whether

local network and determines whether

local network and determines whether it's safe to let them in or out or not

it's safe to let them in or out or not

it's safe to let them in or out or not in a more General sense a firewall is

in a more General sense a firewall is

in a more General sense a firewall is set up between local private Network and

set up between local private Network and

set up between local private Network and a public network like the internet so

a public network like the internet so

a public network like the internet so internet protection is actually a large

internet protection is actually a large

internet protection is actually a large part of what the firewall is used for

part of what the firewall is used for

part of what the firewall is used for now the reason it's called a firewall is

now the reason it's called a firewall is

now the reason it's called a firewall is because if you think about it the fire

because if you think about it the fire

because if you think about it the fire is going to burn up all the bad stuff

is going to burn up all the bad stuff

is going to burn up all the bad stuff but not the good stuff

but not the good stuff

but not the good stuff as opposed to a brick wall which

as opposed to a brick wall which

as opposed to a brick wall which wouldn't let anything in so the name

wouldn't let anything in so the name

wouldn't let anything in so the name sort of describes what it does people

sort of describes what it does people

sort of describes what it does people often establish firewalls as their main

often establish firewalls as their main

often establish firewalls as their main line of defense from internet attacks

line of defense from internet attacks

line of defense from internet attacks and they can be configured to not allow

and they can be configured to not allow

and they can be configured to not allow access to certain websites as well as

access to certain websites as well as

access to certain websites as well as not allow downloads from certain

not allow downloads from certain

not allow downloads from certain websites or certain ports to be open

websites or certain ports to be open

websites or certain ports to be open we'll use something called a port

we'll use something called a port

we'll use something called a port scanner to see if there are any open

scanner to see if there are any open

scanner to see if there are any open ports on our Network that are going to

ports on our Network that are going to

ports on our Network that are going to let bad stuff in and what we can do is

let bad stuff in and what we can do is

let bad stuff in and what we can do is actually set the firewall to allow

actually set the firewall to allow

actually set the firewall to allow inbound

inbound

inbound and outbound ports

and outbound ports

and outbound ports now I know inbound probably makes more

now I know inbound probably makes more

now I know inbound probably makes more sense than outbound but if you think

sense than outbound but if you think

sense than outbound but if you think about it if somehow I get a virus into

about it if somehow I get a virus into

about it if somehow I get a virus into my computer and it starts sending

my computer and it starts sending

my computer and it starts sending information out I want to make sure to

information out I want to make sure to

information out I want to make sure to keep that information in so that I don't

keep that information in so that I don't

keep that information in so that I don't release any say private information

release any say private information

release any say private information about my network

about my network

about my network now the term firewall as I was just

now the term firewall as I was just

now the term firewall as I was just talking about comes from the physical

talking about comes from the physical

talking about comes from the physical firewalls or doors that a lot of

firewalls or doors that a lot of

firewalls or doors that a lot of buildings contain these doors are

buildings contain these doors are

buildings contain these doors are fireproof and they contain a fire to one

fireproof and they contain a fire to one

fireproof and they contain a fire to one area stop it from spreading elsewhere

area stop it from spreading elsewhere

area stop it from spreading elsewhere which is another way we get that term

which is another way we get that term

which is another way we get that term they're also meant to block out fires so

they're also meant to block out fires so

they're also meant to block out fires so this is what a network firewall does but

this is what a network firewall does but

this is what a network firewall does but with threats from outside and inside of

with threats from outside and inside of

with threats from outside and inside of the network

the network

the network so think about a firewall if we can use

so think about a firewall if we can use

so think about a firewall if we can use a metaphor as the moat and the stone

a metaphor as the moat and the stone

a metaphor as the moat and the stone walls around a castle everything within

walls around a castle everything within

walls around a castle everything within the castle walls is really contained and

the castle walls is really contained and

the castle walls is really contained and localized outside the walls however

localized outside the walls however

localized outside the walls however there's a public domain the internet

there's a public domain the internet

there's a public domain the internet walls in the mode of the castle are the

walls in the mode of the castle are the

walls in the mode of the castle are the last line of a large-scale defense

last line of a large-scale defense

last line of a large-scale defense before an attack can infiltrate so this

before an attack can infiltrate so this

before an attack can infiltrate so this is exactly what a firewall does it keeps

is exactly what a firewall does it keeps

is exactly what a firewall does it keeps the public network and the private

the public network and the private

the public network and the private Network separate from each other now the

Network separate from each other now the

Network separate from each other now the castle much like a firewall does allow

castle much like a firewall does allow

castle much like a firewall does allow certain things inside this is like the

certain things inside this is like the

certain things inside this is like the drawbridge of the castle so when the

drawbridge of the castle so when the

drawbridge of the castle so when the walls and the moat keep unwanted things

walls and the moat keep unwanted things

walls and the moat keep unwanted things out but then things are trusted so they

out but then things are trusted so they

out but then things are trusted so they are allowed in through the drawbridge so

are allowed in through the drawbridge so

are allowed in through the drawbridge so firewalls do the same thing with packets

firewalls do the same thing with packets

firewalls do the same thing with packets of data they only allow the ones that

of data they only allow the ones that

of data they only allow the ones that they trust to enter the network and we

they trust to enter the network and we

they trust to enter the network and we do this again by allowing or not

do this again by allowing or not

do this again by allowing or not allowing certain ports now of course one

allowing certain ports now of course one

allowing certain ports now of course one of the downsides of a firewall is it can

of the downsides of a firewall is it can

of the downsides of a firewall is it can block good stuff

block good stuff

block good stuff so for instance if I have Quickbooks on

so for instance if I have Quickbooks on

so for instance if I have Quickbooks on my computer and it's trying to access

my computer and it's trying to access

my computer and it's trying to access its download server to update the

its download server to update the

its download server to update the program I could block the inbound Port

program I could block the inbound Port

program I could block the inbound Port by accident through my firewall and

by accident through my firewall and

by accident through my firewall and um then it wouldn't be able to get

um then it wouldn't be able to get

um then it wouldn't be able to get updates so this is one of the issues now

updates so this is one of the issues now

updates so this is one of the issues now firewalls can be either software

firewalls can be either software

firewalls can be either software or Hardware

or Hardware

or Hardware you probably without even realizing it

you probably without even realizing it

you probably without even realizing it or maybe you do have a software firewall

or maybe you do have a software firewall

or maybe you do have a software firewall built into your I OS

built into your I OS

built into your I OS so if you have Windows 7 Windows 8

so if you have Windows 7 Windows 8

so if you have Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows Vista then you actually have a

Windows Vista then you actually have a

Windows Vista then you actually have a firewall built in now you could also

firewall built in now you could also

firewall built in now you could also have a hardware firewall which if we're

have a hardware firewall which if we're

have a hardware firewall which if we're talking about your home network is

talking about your home network is

talking about your home network is generally built into your Soho router

generally built into your Soho router

generally built into your Soho router that's right your Soho router contains a

that's right your Soho router contains a

that's right your Soho router contains a firewall built in and will allow or not

firewall built in and will allow or not

firewall built in and will allow or not allow certain ports to come in this

allow certain ports to come in this

allow certain ports to come in this awfuls us

awfuls us

awfuls us two levels

two levels

two levels of security

of security

of security one through the hardware and once it

one through the hardware and once it

one through the hardware and once it gets through indoor Network then we have

gets through indoor Network then we have

gets through indoor Network then we have one on our computer

one on our computer

one on our computer now like we said before firewalls are

now like we said before firewalls are

now like we said before firewalls are mostly used to block uh attacks from the

mostly used to block uh attacks from the

mostly used to block uh attacks from the outside but it's not the only use see

outside but it's not the only use see

outside but it's not the only use see there are quite a few actually as we

there are quite a few actually as we

there are quite a few actually as we already talked about they keep attacks

already talked about they keep attacks

already talked about they keep attacks out by monitoring everything that tries

out by monitoring everything that tries

out by monitoring everything that tries to enter if something isn't trustworthy

to enter if something isn't trustworthy

to enter if something isn't trustworthy it's not going to let it through now

it's not going to let it through now

it's not going to let it through now though this might be the most recognized

though this might be the most recognized

though this might be the most recognized use there are some other important

use there are some other important

use there are some other important aspects that we want to talk about for

aspects that we want to talk about for

aspects that we want to talk about for instance the firewall acts as a barrier

instance the firewall acts as a barrier

instance the firewall acts as a barrier which not only keeps things out but it

which not only keeps things out but it

which not only keeps things out but it makes sure that important things inside

makes sure that important things inside

makes sure that important things inside the network don't get out which in

the network don't get out which in

the network don't get out which in effect keeps the data secure this is

effect keeps the data secure this is

effect keeps the data secure this is what I was talking about without bound

what I was talking about without bound

what I was talking about without bound ports

ports

ports for example if secure data is being

for example if secure data is being

for example if secure data is being accessed and taken from someone on the

accessed and taken from someone on the

accessed and taken from someone on the outside then we can make sure that the

outside then we can make sure that the

outside then we can make sure that the data can't get out through our Network

data can't get out through our Network

data can't get out through our Network it's going to be stopped just like

it's going to be stopped just like

it's going to be stopped just like containing the fire within the building

containing the fire within the building

containing the fire within the building this is really important to businesses

this is really important to businesses

this is really important to businesses and organizations where data really

and organizations where data really

and organizations where data really equals money or more than money now for

equals money or more than money now for

equals money or more than money now for individuals it can help secure important

individuals it can help secure important

individuals it can help secure important information like your social security

information like your social security

information like your social security number credit card information

number credit card information

number credit card information Etc these aren't things that you want in

Etc these aren't things that you want in

Etc these aren't things that you want in the hands of attackers so a firewall can

the hands of attackers so a firewall can

the hands of attackers so a firewall can actually prevent these problems that an

actually prevent these problems that an

actually prevent these problems that an attack might cause

attack might cause

attack might cause just as a matter of example I'm here in

just as a matter of example I'm here in

just as a matter of example I'm here in Windows 7 and let's go ahead and check

Windows 7 and let's go ahead and check

Windows 7 and let's go ahead and check out the Windows firewall

out the Windows firewall

out the Windows firewall now I actually have two options here one

now I actually have two options here one

now I actually have two options here one is far with Advanced security and the

is far with Advanced security and the

is far with Advanced security and the plain old Windows firewall

plain old Windows firewall

plain old Windows firewall if we go into plan we'll win this far

if we go into plan we'll win this far

if we go into plan we'll win this far well you can see the firewall is on and

well you can see the firewall is on and

well you can see the firewall is on and it's working on this network and if I go

it's working on this network and if I go

it's working on this network and if I go over here I can choose whether or not to

over here I can choose whether or not to

over here I can choose whether or not to turn the firewall off or on

turn the firewall off or on

turn the firewall off or on now if we go to those advanced settings

now if we go to those advanced settings

now if we go to those advanced settings I referred to earlier

I referred to earlier

I referred to earlier you can see that I have inbound rules

you can see that I have inbound rules

you can see that I have inbound rules and outbound rules

and outbound rules

and outbound rules there are inbound rules that allow and

there are inbound rules that allow and

there are inbound rules that allow and disallow certain information

disallow certain information

disallow certain information for instance this rule which says file

for instance this rule which says file

for instance this rule which says file and print sharing Echo request allows

and print sharing Echo request allows

and print sharing Echo request allows the connection to be made for icmp

the connection to be made for icmp

the connection to be made for icmp packets which is basically for Ping now

packets which is basically for Ping now

packets which is basically for Ping now I can choose to disable a rule or create

I can choose to disable a rule or create

I can choose to disable a rule or create a new rule for instance if I have a

a new rule for instance if I have a

a new rule for instance if I have a specific program or Port that I know

specific program or Port that I know

specific program or Port that I know needs to have access

needs to have access

needs to have access you remember the ports that we talked

you remember the ports that we talked

you remember the ports that we talked about previously and this is an example

about previously and this is an example

about previously and this is an example of how you would use that now I also

of how you would use that now I also

of how you would use that now I also have outbound rules so for instance

have outbound rules so for instance

have outbound rules so for instance instead of allowing information into the

instead of allowing information into the

instead of allowing information into the system I want to talk about information

system I want to talk about information

system I want to talk about information I want to let out so for instance

I want to let out so for instance

I want to let out so for instance Windows Media Player has a number of

Windows Media Player has a number of

Windows Media Player has a number of rules that are here notice that none of

rules that are here notice that none of

rules that are here notice that none of them are enabled

them are enabled

them are enabled so if we were to check this one out for

so if we were to check this one out for

so if we were to check this one out for instance it says there's an outbound

instance it says there's an outbound

instance it says there's an outbound rule to allow the sharing service for a

rule to allow the sharing service for a

rule to allow the sharing service for a Windows Media Player now I could enable

Windows Media Player now I could enable

Windows Media Player now I could enable this and that would allow it to occur

this and that would allow it to occur

this and that would allow it to occur but because it is disabled to this

but because it is disabled to this

but because it is disabled to this moment it's actually not going to allow

moment it's actually not going to allow

moment it's actually not going to allow any of that information out so this is

any of that information out so this is

any of that information out so this is how very quickly

how very quickly

how very quickly the firewall works on your software but

the firewall works on your software but

the firewall works on your software but it would also work the same way if you

it would also work the same way if you

it would also work the same way if you had a hardware device too you can also

had a hardware device too you can also

had a hardware device too you can also have it monitor what's going on so for

have it monitor what's going on so for

have it monitor what's going on so for instance this is telling me that the

instance this is telling me that the

instance this is telling me that the inbound connections aren't matching a

inbound connections aren't matching a

inbound connections aren't matching a rule so that I could go in and check out

rule so that I could go in and check out

rule so that I could go in and check out exactly what that is

exactly what that is

exactly what that is and it's also telling me I can see all

and it's also telling me I can see all

and it's also telling me I can see all the active rules and so on that are

the active rules and so on that are

the active rules and so on that are going on here now here's an example of

going on here now here's an example of

going on here now here's an example of what a fire mole might do as you can see

what a fire mole might do as you can see

what a fire mole might do as you can see it's separating the WAN which usually

it's separating the WAN which usually

it's separating the WAN which usually would be shown by a cloud

would be shown by a cloud

would be shown by a cloud which we could call the internet

which we could call the internet

which we could call the internet and the users on the WAN have to be

and the users on the WAN have to be

and the users on the WAN have to be authenticated and allowed before their

authenticated and allowed before their

authenticated and allowed before their go past this firewall this is useful

go past this firewall this is useful

go past this firewall this is useful because an attack could very possibly

because an attack could very possibly

because an attack could very possibly infiltrate the WAN and try to get access

infiltrate the WAN and try to get access

infiltrate the WAN and try to get access to the local network but if they're not

to the local network but if they're not

to the local network but if they're not recognized not given permission by the

recognized not given permission by the

recognized not given permission by the firewall they're not going to be able to

firewall they're not going to be able to

firewall they're not going to be able to enter the land sometimes what we'll also

enter the land sometimes what we'll also

enter the land sometimes what we'll also have is a separate Network that they'll

have is a separate Network that they'll

have is a separate Network that they'll be allowed into

be allowed into

be allowed into that's sort of not between the firewall

that's sort of not between the firewall

that's sort of not between the firewall in some cases even if I erase this we'll

in some cases even if I erase this we'll

in some cases even if I erase this we'll actually have

actually have

actually have two firewalls

one which allows a lot of stuff in and

one which allows a lot of stuff in and

one which allows a lot of stuff in and creates sort of a demilitarized zone

creates sort of a demilitarized zone

creates sort of a demilitarized zone which then we can either put a test

which then we can either put a test

which then we can either put a test server on or a test computer sometimes

server on or a test computer sometimes

server on or a test computer sometimes we'll call this

we'll call this

we'll call this a Honeypot will allow a lot of stuff in

a Honeypot will allow a lot of stuff in

a Honeypot will allow a lot of stuff in through the first firewall

through the first firewall

through the first firewall and then when the hackers find stuff

and then when the hackers find stuff

and then when the hackers find stuff they're going to start attacking this

they're going to start attacking this

they're going to start attacking this Honeypot

Honeypot

Honeypot Honeypot being sort of like bees go into

Honeypot being sort of like bees go into

Honeypot being sort of like bees go into honey we can then see what they're

honey we can then see what they're

honey we can then see what they're looking at what they're trying to get

looking at what they're trying to get

looking at what they're trying to get access to Etc and this gives us a sense

access to Etc and this gives us a sense

access to Etc and this gives us a sense of testing the network security

of testing the network security

of testing the network security then once they get into the

then once they get into the

then once they get into the demilitarized zone they have to pass

demilitarized zone they have to pass

demilitarized zone they have to pass another set of protocols to get in to

another set of protocols to get in to

another set of protocols to get in to our Network and as we mentioned there

our Network and as we mentioned there

our Network and as we mentioned there might also be firewalls

might also be firewalls

might also be firewalls on each one of these computers if you

on each one of these computers if you

on each one of these computers if you can pardon my awful drawing

can pardon my awful drawing

can pardon my awful drawing so we're going to have software

so we're going to have software

so we're going to have software firewalls just like we have Hardware

firewalls just like we have Hardware

firewalls just like we have Hardware firewalls in fact this might be a device

firewalls in fact this might be a device

firewalls in fact this might be a device or it could be a server

or it could be a server

or it could be a server with firewall software built in

with firewall software built in

with firewall software built in now anti-virus software is everywhere

now anti-virus software is everywhere

now anti-virus software is everywhere and there are more companies and

and there are more companies and

and there are more companies and softwares that protect against attacks

softwares that protect against attacks

softwares that protect against attacks than you can count some of the ones you

than you can count some of the ones you

than you can count some of the ones you might even know are for instance McAfee

might even know are for instance McAfee

might even know are for instance McAfee and Norton two big ones there's also AVG

and Norton two big ones there's also AVG

and Norton two big ones there's also AVG which offers a free one Trend and the

which offers a free one Trend and the

which offers a free one Trend and the list goes on and on and on now in

list goes on and on and on now in

list goes on and on and on now in general most of the software is pretty

general most of the software is pretty

general most of the software is pretty similar and they all do the same types

similar and they all do the same types

similar and they all do the same types of things some more expensive than the

of things some more expensive than the

of things some more expensive than the others some are more for Enterprises

others some are more for Enterprises

others some are more for Enterprises they have a server set up so you could

they have a server set up so you could

they have a server set up so you could monitor your entire network without

monitor your entire network without

monitor your entire network without having to go to each individual computer

having to go to each individual computer

having to go to each individual computer but in effect they all do the same thing

but in effect they all do the same thing

but in effect they all do the same thing so although a firewall is a really good

so although a firewall is a really good

so although a firewall is a really good resource against attacks there's nothing

resource against attacks there's nothing

resource against attacks there's nothing it can do once the attack has already

it can do once the attack has already

it can do once the attack has already taken place once the system is already

taken place once the system is already

taken place once the system is already infiltrated so attacks are not always

infiltrated so attacks are not always

infiltrated so attacks are not always obvious and sometimes attacks are so

obvious and sometimes attacks are so

obvious and sometimes attacks are so subtle they happen right under our noses

subtle they happen right under our noses

subtle they happen right under our noses you might not even know you have a virus

you might not even know you have a virus

you might not even know you have a virus until it's already done damage so even

until it's already done damage so even

until it's already done damage so even though firewall protects the attack it

though firewall protects the attack it

though firewall protects the attack it can't get rid of the malicious things

can't get rid of the malicious things

can't get rid of the malicious things that have gotten through this is where

that have gotten through this is where

that have gotten through this is where antivirus comes in

antivirus comes in

antivirus comes in this software has many functions one of

this software has many functions one of

this software has many functions one of the more important ones is that it

the more important ones is that it

the more important ones is that it offers real-time protection the software

offers real-time protection the software

offers real-time protection the software is constantly on the lookout for attacks

is constantly on the lookout for attacks

is constantly on the lookout for attacks and malicious things software that

and malicious things software that

and malicious things software that doesn't look right and firewalls merely

doesn't look right and firewalls merely

doesn't look right and firewalls merely block the attacks whereas antivirus

block the attacks whereas antivirus

block the attacks whereas antivirus software will go after an attack before

software will go after an attack before

software will go after an attack before it goes before it can get through the

it goes before it can get through the

it goes before it can get through the firewall now uh this software can also

firewall now uh this software can also

firewall now uh this software can also scan for viruses and remove them once

scan for viruses and remove them once

scan for viruses and remove them once they're found now sometimes this can be

they're found now sometimes this can be

they're found now sometimes this can be tricky because just like if I install

tricky because just like if I install

tricky because just like if I install the antivirus software

the antivirus software

the antivirus software after

the virus has infected my system the

the virus has infected my system the

the virus has infected my system the viruses might not be found by the virus

viruses might not be found by the virus

viruses might not be found by the virus software it's also going to look at

software it's also going to look at

software it's also going to look at suspicious files and data and place them

suspicious files and data and place them

suspicious files and data and place them into what we call the quarantine

into what we call the quarantine

into what we call the quarantine the quarantine just like the name is a

the quarantine just like the name is a

the quarantine just like the name is a place where we're going to put all those

place where we're going to put all those

place where we're going to put all those files that might be infected and that

files that might be infected and that

files that might be infected and that way we can make sure that we can look

way we can make sure that we can look

way we can make sure that we can look over them as an administrators see if

over them as an administrators see if

over them as an administrators see if they're infected and either delete them

they're infected and either delete them

they're infected and either delete them or bring them back into the network

or bring them back into the network

or bring them back into the network finally antivirus software is going to

finally antivirus software is going to

finally antivirus software is going to update itself constantly if you imagine

update itself constantly if you imagine

update itself constantly if you imagine that viruses and hackers are constantly

that viruses and hackers are constantly

that viruses and hackers are constantly doing their work to keep everything up

doing their work to keep everything up

doing their work to keep everything up to date well then you probably have an

to date well then you probably have an

to date well then you probably have an understanding that we need to keep the

understanding that we need to keep the

understanding that we need to keep the antivirus software up to date just like

antivirus software up to date just like

antivirus software up to date just like every year we have to create new uh

every year we have to create new uh

every year we have to create new uh vaccines for the flu and so on we want

vaccines for the flu and so on we want

vaccines for the flu and so on we want to make sure that the antivirus software

to make sure that the antivirus software

to make sure that the antivirus software is kept to date this is generally what's

is kept to date this is generally what's

is kept to date this is generally what's referred to as data files or dat files

referred to as data files or dat files

referred to as data files or dat files and you used to have to download these

and you used to have to download these

and you used to have to download these off the internet and install them now

off the internet and install them now

off the internet and install them now this happens usually automatically just

this happens usually automatically just

this happens usually automatically just like Windows update but we need to make

like Windows update but we need to make

like Windows update but we need to make sure the setting is correct so that it

sure the setting is correct so that it

sure the setting is correct so that it allows itself to be updated

allows itself to be updated

allows itself to be updated automatically

so just to recap we talked about a

so just to recap we talked about a

so just to recap we talked about a firewall remember it works with inbound

firewall remember it works with inbound

firewall remember it works with inbound and outbound ports it's going to allow

and outbound ports it's going to allow

and outbound ports it's going to allow some good things and good things out but

some good things and good things out but

some good things and good things out but it keeps the ins the bad stuff out and

it keeps the ins the bad stuff out and

it keeps the ins the bad stuff out and the good stuff in

the good stuff in

the good stuff in we're also going to identify we also

we're also going to identify we also

we're also going to identify we also identified rather its importance talking

identified rather its importance talking

identified rather its importance talking about how we can have several Hardware

about how we can have several Hardware

about how we can have several Hardware and software firewall Solutions

and software firewall Solutions

and software firewall Solutions and again we might have to manually edit

and again we might have to manually edit

and again we might have to manually edit the inbound and outbound ports

the inbound and outbound ports

the inbound and outbound ports to allow for instance a software program

to allow for instance a software program

to allow for instance a software program that uses its own port to get out and

that uses its own port to get out and

that uses its own port to get out and get updates one of that software that

get updates one of that software that

get updates one of that software that might need to go out and get updates

might need to go out and get updates

might need to go out and get updates would be our antivirus software which is

would be our antivirus software which is

would be our antivirus software which is what we talked about this is software

what we talked about this is software

what we talked about this is software that does not it can prevent

that does not it can prevent

that does not it can prevent an attack but it can sort of take over

an attack but it can sort of take over

an attack but it can sort of take over from where the firewall stops whereas a

from where the firewall stops whereas a

from where the firewall stops whereas a firewall can't stop it once it's already

firewall can't stop it once it's already

firewall can't stop it once it's already started an antivirus software program

started an antivirus software program

started an antivirus software program can go a little more in depth it has to

can go a little more in depth it has to

can go a little more in depth it has to be kept up to date

and it might not necessarily be able to

and it might not necessarily be able to

and it might not necessarily be able to remove the virus but it will put the

remove the virus but it will put the

remove the virus but it will put the virus and the files that it has infected

virus and the files that it has infected

virus and the files that it has infected into a quarantine

into a quarantine

into a quarantine so that's really what's important about

so that's really what's important about

so that's really what's important about it and if you've been working on a

it and if you've been working on a

it and if you've been working on a computer at all in the past 15 or 20

computer at all in the past 15 or 20

computer at all in the past 15 or 20 years you've definitely had to use this

years you've definitely had to use this

years you've definitely had to use this and nowadays actually Windows requires

that you have a virus scan on or it will

that you have a virus scan on or it will

that you have a virus scan on or it will actually bother you in the notification

actually bother you in the notification

actually bother you in the notification center quite often

center quite often

center quite often so now that we've talked about this

so now that we've talked about this

so now that we've talked about this let's end by talking about how we can

let's end by talking about how we can

let's end by talking about how we can protect our data in a very raw sense

protect our data in a very raw sense

protect our data in a very raw sense called encryption and cryptography

[Music]

network security encryption and

network security encryption and

network security encryption and cryptography 101

cryptography 101

cryptography 101 so to round up our discussion of network

so to round up our discussion of network

so to round up our discussion of network security I want to talk about the way

security I want to talk about the way

security I want to talk about the way that we secure data at the source and

that we secure data at the source and

that we secure data at the source and this gets to basically encoding the data

this gets to basically encoding the data

this gets to basically encoding the data that we send so even if it's captured or

that we send so even if it's captured or

that we send so even if it's captured or sniffed we can't allow the hackers to

sniffed we can't allow the hackers to

sniffed we can't allow the hackers to figure out what it is that we were

figure out what it is that we were

figure out what it is that we were sending in the first place and so this

sending in the first place and so this

sending in the first place and so this gets to encryption and cryptography just

gets to encryption and cryptography just

gets to encryption and cryptography just like code breaking from World War II or

like code breaking from World War II or

like code breaking from World War II or from our military when they would send

from our military when they would send

from our military when they would send encrypted messages

encrypted messages

encrypted messages and because this is a pretty in-depth

and because this is a pretty in-depth

and because this is a pretty in-depth topic we're only going to cover this

topic we're only going to cover this

topic we're only going to cover this broadly so first we're going to Define

broadly so first we're going to Define

broadly so first we're going to Define and discuss cryptography

and discuss cryptography

and discuss cryptography and then we're going to Define and

and then we're going to Define and

and then we're going to Define and discuss encryption including the

discuss encryption including the

discuss encryption including the difference between plain text and

difference between plain text and

difference between plain text and ciphertext one being the way that text

ciphertext one being the way that text

ciphertext one being the way that text is sent if we don't add any encryption

is sent if we don't add any encryption

is sent if we don't add any encryption and the other one if we do add

and the other one if we do add

and the other one if we do add encryption and then public and private

encryption and then public and private

encryption and then public and private Keys sort of like decoder rings for how

Keys sort of like decoder rings for how

Keys sort of like decoder rings for how we can read the ciphertext the public

we can read the ciphertext the public

we can read the ciphertext the public and private part comes about in the way

and private part comes about in the way

and private part comes about in the way that we have the sender and the receiver

that we have the sender and the receiver

that we have the sender and the receiver decode and encrypt certain messages

decode and encrypt certain messages

decode and encrypt certain messages finally we'll identify examples of both

finally we'll identify examples of both

finally we'll identify examples of both and how they work now this entire

and how they work now this entire

and how they work now this entire subject gets a lot more in depth if you

subject gets a lot more in depth if you

subject gets a lot more in depth if you go into Security Plus and the CompTIA

go into Security Plus and the CompTIA

go into Security Plus and the CompTIA Security Plus certification so here

Security Plus certification so here

Security Plus certification so here we're just covering this in a sort of

we're just covering this in a sort of

we're just covering this in a sort of very broad sense there are people whose

very broad sense there are people whose

very broad sense there are people whose entire jobs it is to Simply deal with

entire jobs it is to Simply deal with

entire jobs it is to Simply deal with this aspect of networking

this aspect of networking

this aspect of networking so in a very general sense cryptography

so in a very general sense cryptography

so in a very general sense cryptography is the practice of securing information

is the practice of securing information

is the practice of securing information using codes in order to keep adversaries

using codes in order to keep adversaries

using codes in order to keep adversaries or hackers or outside folks from

or hackers or outside folks from

or hackers or outside folks from understanding it now the word adversary

understanding it now the word adversary

understanding it now the word adversary generally means an enemy or an opponent

generally means an enemy or an opponent

generally means an enemy or an opponent in this case it just means someone who

in this case it just means someone who

in this case it just means someone who would want to intercept the information

would want to intercept the information

would want to intercept the information you're sending it's very likely that

you're sending it's very likely that

you're sending it's very likely that this adversary is your enemy

this adversary is your enemy

this adversary is your enemy quote-unquote such as a computer hacker

quote-unquote such as a computer hacker

quote-unquote such as a computer hacker and although cryptography is not only

and although cryptography is not only

and although cryptography is not only used in Computing in fact it's been used

used in Computing in fact it's been used

used in Computing in fact it's been used throughout the world even in the United

throughout the world even in the United

throughout the world even in the United States and Military Etc it's used quite

States and Military Etc it's used quite

States and Military Etc it's used quite a bit here in networking and it's used a

a bit here in networking and it's used a

a bit here in networking and it's used a lot in how we package data into packets

lot in how we package data into packets

lot in how we package data into packets so cryptography simply means writing

so cryptography simply means writing

so cryptography simply means writing speaking communicating in code this

speaking communicating in code this

speaking communicating in code this practice dates back to the time of

practice dates back to the time of

practice dates back to the time of Julius Caesar and quite possibly even

Julius Caesar and quite possibly even

Julius Caesar and quite possibly even earlier than that Caesar used something

earlier than that Caesar used something

earlier than that Caesar used something that's referred to as the Caesar Cipher

that's referred to as the Caesar Cipher

that's referred to as the Caesar Cipher which we'll look at in just a second a

which we'll look at in just a second a

which we'll look at in just a second a cipher is a way to encode and decode

cipher is a way to encode and decode

cipher is a way to encode and decode data so Caesar used it to send messages

data so Caesar used it to send messages

data so Caesar used it to send messages and commands that needed to remain

and commands that needed to remain

and commands that needed to remain secret we were also used it in the

secret we were also used it in the

secret we were also used it in the United States during World War II uh the

United States during World War II uh the

United States during World War II uh the Japanese used there have been a whole

Japanese used there have been a whole

Japanese used there have been a whole bunch of movies about this cryptography

bunch of movies about this cryptography

bunch of movies about this cryptography and ciphers play a large role in

and ciphers play a large role in

and ciphers play a large role in communication especially when we don't

communication especially when we don't

communication especially when we don't want our enemies to know what we're

want our enemies to know what we're

want our enemies to know what we're talking about

talking about

talking about this was true all over the world people

this was true all over the world people

this was true all over the world people began speaking over the radio writing in

began speaking over the radio writing in

began speaking over the radio writing in codes in order to keep information

codes in order to keep information

codes in order to keep information secure so a language like the English

secure so a language like the English

secure so a language like the English language might be a form of cryptography

language might be a form of cryptography

language might be a form of cryptography to someone who speaks Spanish if they

to someone who speaks Spanish if they

to someone who speaks Spanish if they don't understand the language However

don't understand the language However

don't understand the language However the fact that there is a dictionary out

the fact that there is a dictionary out

the fact that there is a dictionary out there that translates everything for

there that translates everything for

there that translates everything for them means that the code is pretty easy

them means that the code is pretty easy

them means that the code is pretty easy to break so what we're really talking

to break so what we're really talking

to break so what we're really talking about and what the Caesar code did for

about and what the Caesar code did for

about and what the Caesar code did for instance is replace

instance is replace

instance is replace um every a went down three numbers and

um every a went down three numbers and

um every a went down three numbers and replace it with a d so whenever you saw

replace it with a d so whenever you saw

replace it with a d so whenever you saw for instance uh the word

for instance uh the word

for instance uh the word Apple

Apple

Apple we would add

we would add

we would add plus 3 would be our code and so if we

plus 3 would be our code and so if we

plus 3 would be our code and so if we went down three if we wrote this out

went down three if we wrote this out

went down three if we wrote this out from a is b c d

from a is b c d

from a is b c d from p is QRS

from p is QRS

from p is QRS from L is M N O and from E is fgh so if

from L is M N O and from E is fgh so if

from L is M N O and from E is fgh so if we were to write Apple in the Caesar

we were to write Apple in the Caesar

we were to write Apple in the Caesar code this is what it would look like and

code this is what it would look like and

code this is what it would look like and that's because if we went back three for

that's because if we went back three for

that's because if we went back three for each of these we would get the word

each of these we would get the word

each of these we would get the word Apple now there was only one code that

Apple now there was only one code that

Apple now there was only one code that remained unbreakable in World War II and

remained unbreakable in World War II and

remained unbreakable in World War II and it was used uh by the US so the Japanese

it was used uh by the US so the Japanese

it was used uh by the US so the Japanese could not intercept messages that were

could not intercept messages that were

could not intercept messages that were being sent the US actually Enlisted the

being sent the US actually Enlisted the

being sent the US actually Enlisted the help this is a really interesting fact

help this is a really interesting fact

help this is a really interesting fact of Navajo Native Americans in order to

of Navajo Native Americans in order to

of Navajo Native Americans in order to help them transmit messages and these

help them transmit messages and these

help them transmit messages and these Navajo code talkers spoke a language

Navajo code talkers spoke a language

Navajo code talkers spoke a language that was so dead and was only spoken by

that was so dead and was only spoken by

that was so dead and was only spoken by very few people that every U.S major

very few people that every U.S major

very few people that every U.S major base had a Navajo code Docker with them

base had a Navajo code Docker with them

base had a Navajo code Docker with them and they would translate messages and

and they would translate messages and

and they would translate messages and send them over to each other it was

send them over to each other it was

send them over to each other it was never cracked by the Japanese there was

never cracked by the Japanese there was

never cracked by the Japanese there was even a movie about this so this is how

even a movie about this so this is how

even a movie about this so this is how cryptography worked right if we have a

cryptography worked right if we have a

cryptography worked right if we have a language that someone doesn't understand

language that someone doesn't understand

language that someone doesn't understand then that is a form of cryptography fee

then that is a form of cryptography fee

then that is a form of cryptography fee there's no dictionary in this case of

there's no dictionary in this case of

there's no dictionary in this case of the Caesar code all right this is what

the Caesar code all right this is what

the Caesar code all right this is what he did

he did

he did and uh if we want to look a little bit

and uh if we want to look a little bit

and uh if we want to look a little bit closer at how that worked we can see the

closer at how that worked we can see the

closer at how that worked we can see the Caesar Cipher basically every letter in

Caesar Cipher basically every letter in

Caesar Cipher basically every letter in this case we're going back three

this case we're going back three

this case we're going back three uh it was in the original text and then

uh it was in the original text and then

uh it was in the original text and then you would go back and so a became x b

you would go back and so a became x b

you would go back and so a became x b became Y and so on what we did earlier

became Y and so on what we did earlier

became Y and so on what we did earlier was actually go forward three so

was actually go forward three so

was actually go forward three so whatever it was we could figure out what

whatever it was we could figure out what

whatever it was we could figure out what the code would be simply by minusing or

the code would be simply by minusing or

the code would be simply by minusing or adding three so for instance if we were

adding three so for instance if we were

adding three so for instance if we were to write ABC right now in the Caesar

to write ABC right now in the Caesar

to write ABC right now in the Caesar code with a minus three it would turn

code with a minus three it would turn

code with a minus three it would turn into x y z this is a really simple code

into x y z this is a really simple code

into x y z this is a really simple code which is why it's not used anymore now

which is why it's not used anymore now

which is why it's not used anymore now we have a much more

we have a much more

we have a much more intense codes that are used now compared

intense codes that are used now compared

intense codes that are used now compared to cryptography encryption is the

to cryptography encryption is the

to cryptography encryption is the practice of putting important and

practice of putting important and

practice of putting important and confidential information into a code

confidential information into a code

confidential information into a code that can't be accessed by unauthorized

that can't be accessed by unauthorized

that can't be accessed by unauthorized users encryption is basically the use of

users encryption is basically the use of

users encryption is basically the use of cryptography as you can see by the word

cryptography as you can see by the word

cryptography as you can see by the word here

here

here so encryption is usually used for

so encryption is usually used for

so encryption is usually used for information that we want to keep as a

information that we want to keep as a

information that we want to keep as a secret or that's someone we we want to

secret or that's someone we we want to

secret or that's someone we we want to make sure is not going to get out to

make sure is not going to get out to

make sure is not going to get out to other people now a lot of times we're

other people now a lot of times we're

other people now a lot of times we're going to use encryption with not just

going to use encryption with not just

going to use encryption with not just regulate and we're going to add higher

regulate and we're going to add higher

regulate and we're going to add higher end encryption to stuff like credit card

end encryption to stuff like credit card

end encryption to stuff like credit card numbers Social Security numbers Bank

numbers Social Security numbers Bank

numbers Social Security numbers Bank information

information

information Etc

Etc

Etc so encryption is really just a part of

so encryption is really just a part of

so encryption is really just a part of cryptography cryptography is broader

cryptography cryptography is broader

cryptography cryptography is broader encryption happens with the data that is

encryption happens with the data that is

encryption happens with the data that is being sent through a network so like

being sent through a network so like

being sent through a network so like cryptography and encryption encrypted

cryptography and encryption encrypted

cryptography and encryption encrypted message is coded and appears to be

message is coded and appears to be

message is coded and appears to be complete nonsense to someone who doesn't

complete nonsense to someone who doesn't

complete nonsense to someone who doesn't know what the code is now the data is

know what the code is now the data is

know what the code is now the data is run through an algorithm in order to

run through an algorithm in order to

run through an algorithm in order to place encryption on it then on the other

place encryption on it then on the other

place encryption on it then on the other side the reverse of the algorithm is

side the reverse of the algorithm is

side the reverse of the algorithm is used to decrypt the data and an

used to decrypt the data and an

used to decrypt the data and an algorithm is a mathematical equation

algorithm is a mathematical equation

algorithm is a mathematical equation that can be used for several different

that can be used for several different

that can be used for several different things for instance in the Caesar code

things for instance in the Caesar code

things for instance in the Caesar code the mathematical equation if we had X as

the mathematical equation if we had X as

the mathematical equation if we had X as the uh plain text

the uh plain text

the uh plain text and Y as the cipher text or the text

and Y as the cipher text or the text

and Y as the cipher text or the text that had a code added to it we could say

that had a code added to it we could say

that had a code added to it we could say that if we took the code it would equal

that if we took the code it would equal

that if we took the code it would equal y plus 3. so if we had x y z and that

y plus 3. so if we had x y z and that

y plus 3. so if we had x y z and that was our code

was our code

was our code and we added 3 to that

and we added 3 to that

and we added 3 to that then we would end up with a b c and so

then we would end up with a b c and so

then we would end up with a b c and so that's how that all sort of works now

that's how that all sort of works now

that's how that all sort of works now encryption in an algorithms are a lot

encryption in an algorithms are a lot

encryption in an algorithms are a lot more intense than the one I just sort of

more intense than the one I just sort of

more intense than the one I just sort of laid out and they're used not only to

laid out and they're used not only to

laid out and they're used not only to code data but also to decrypt it or

code data but also to decrypt it or

code data but also to decrypt it or unencode it in a way that can't be read

unencode it in a way that can't be read

unencode it in a way that can't be read by our adversaries or people outside of

by our adversaries or people outside of

by our adversaries or people outside of of ourselves

of ourselves

of ourselves so through the encryption process we

so through the encryption process we

so through the encryption process we come across around two different types

come across around two different types

come across around two different types of text that I just pointed out first

of text that I just pointed out first

of text that I just pointed out first there's plain text this is the

there's plain text this is the

there's plain text this is the unencrypted data at this point anyone

unencrypted data at this point anyone

unencrypted data at this point anyone can read what it says because there's no

can read what it says because there's no

can read what it says because there's no code on it then there's ciphertext which

code on it then there's ciphertext which

code on it then there's ciphertext which is the encrypted data the data that can

is the encrypted data the data that can

is the encrypted data the data that can only be decrypted using a special key or

only be decrypted using a special key or

only be decrypted using a special key or using that special algorithm

using that special algorithm

using that special algorithm so in the world of encryption there are

so in the world of encryption there are

so in the world of encryption there are normally two different types of keys or

normally two different types of keys or

normally two different types of keys or algorithms in other words that come into

algorithms in other words that come into

algorithms in other words that come into play first there are what are called

play first there are what are called

play first there are what are called public Keys these are generally used in

public Keys these are generally used in

public Keys these are generally used in some cases

some cases

some cases to encrypt the data these keys are known

to encrypt the data these keys are known

to encrypt the data these keys are known by both parties that's why they're

by both parties that's why they're

by both parties that's why they're public they're put out on the web or

public they're put out on the web or

public they're put out on the web or they're sent out by email or something

they're sent out by email or something

they're sent out by email or something so everyone has it and these keys are

so everyone has it and these keys are

so everyone has it and these keys are known by both parties so that in a data

known by both parties so that in a data

known by both parties so that in a data transfer they can be used to encrypt the

transfer they can be used to encrypt the

transfer they can be used to encrypt the data now in most cases the and receiving

data now in most cases the and receiving

data now in most cases the and receiving the data receives the public key also so

the data receives the public key also so

the data receives the public key also so if I'm sending you uh an encrypted sort

if I'm sending you uh an encrypted sort

if I'm sending you uh an encrypted sort of message I'm going to send you the

of message I'm going to send you the

of message I'm going to send you the public key along with my data now the

public key along with my data now the

public key along with my data now the way that encryption and decryption will

way that encryption and decryption will

way that encryption and decryption will work is the same way these public Keys

work is the same way these public Keys

work is the same way these public Keys run plain text through the encryption

run plain text through the encryption

run plain text through the encryption algorithm and they Place coding on it

algorithm and they Place coding on it

algorithm and they Place coding on it now private keys on the other hand are

now private keys on the other hand are

now private keys on the other hand are usually only used to decrypt the data so

usually only used to decrypt the data so

usually only used to decrypt the data so I will send you my public key you will

I will send you my public key you will

I will send you my public key you will encrypt a message send it to me and I

encrypt a message send it to me and I

encrypt a message send it to me and I can only decrypt that using a private

can only decrypt that using a private

can only decrypt that using a private key which only I have and so this is

key which only I have and so this is

key which only I have and so this is basically how the whole system works now

basically how the whole system works now

basically how the whole system works now there are different types of uh

there are different types of uh

there are different types of uh encryption systems somewhere both sides

encryption systems somewhere both sides

encryption systems somewhere both sides have to have public keys somewhere we

have to have public keys somewhere we

have to have public keys somewhere we have a private key again I'm not going

have a private key again I'm not going

have a private key again I'm not going to get too in depth with that right now

to get too in depth with that right now

to get too in depth with that right now because this really gets into more of

because this really gets into more of

because this really gets into more of security and Security Plus but the

security and Security Plus but the

security and Security Plus but the important thing to realize is that the

important thing to realize is that the

important thing to realize is that the public key

public key

public key goes to both parties whereas the private

goes to both parties whereas the private

goes to both parties whereas the private key which is only used usually to

key which is only used usually to

key which is only used usually to decrypt the data is only held on to one

decrypt the data is only held on to one

decrypt the data is only held on to one person so I could anyone can encrypt the

person so I could anyone can encrypt the

person so I could anyone can encrypt the message but only someone with the

message but only someone with the

message but only someone with the private key is going to be able to

private key is going to be able to

private key is going to be able to decrypt the message

decrypt the message

decrypt the message so if we take a look at how this works

so if we take a look at how this works

so if we take a look at how this works um company a needs to send data to

um company a needs to send data to

um company a needs to send data to Company B but it's really important

Company B but it's really important

Company B but it's really important information that needs to be secure and

information that needs to be secure and

information that needs to be secure and encrypted so Company B sends the public

encrypted so Company B sends the public

encrypted so Company B sends the public key to company a

key to company a

key to company a company be created this public key so

company be created this public key so

company be created this public key so that the encryption and decryption would

that the encryption and decryption would

that the encryption and decryption would work with each other now company a uses

work with each other now company a uses

work with each other now company a uses this key to encrypt the data then sends

this key to encrypt the data then sends

this key to encrypt the data then sends it to Company B and Company B uses the

it to Company B and Company B uses the

it to Company B and Company B uses the private key that only they have

private key that only they have

private key that only they have in order to decrypt the data now you can

in order to decrypt the data now you can

in order to decrypt the data now you can only encrypt in this case with the

only encrypt in this case with the

only encrypt in this case with the public key and you need the private key

public key and you need the private key

public key and you need the private key in order to decrypt that's how this

in order to decrypt that's how this

in order to decrypt that's how this works but the way that company a got it

works but the way that company a got it

works but the way that company a got it is because Company B sent the public key

is because Company B sent the public key

is because Company B sent the public key over to them

over to them

over to them all right so just to recap we began by

all right so just to recap we began by

all right so just to recap we began by defining And discussing cryptography

defining And discussing cryptography

defining And discussing cryptography cryptography again is basically having a

cryptography again is basically having a

cryptography again is basically having a code of some sort uh we use codes in all

code of some sort uh we use codes in all

code of some sort uh we use codes in all sorts of ways we talked about the Navajo

sorts of ways we talked about the Navajo

sorts of ways we talked about the Navajo Indians using codes during World War II

Indians using codes during World War II

Indians using codes during World War II and we also talked about the Caesar

and we also talked about the Caesar

and we also talked about the Caesar Cipher which basically just means adding

Cipher which basically just means adding

Cipher which basically just means adding a certain number

a certain number

a certain number two uh letters so for instance if I have

two uh letters so for instance if I have

two uh letters so for instance if I have plus 2 as my Caesar Cipher and I want to

plus 2 as my Caesar Cipher and I want to

plus 2 as my Caesar Cipher and I want to write the letter A instead I'm going to

write the letter A instead I'm going to

write the letter A instead I'm going to write the letter c because it goes a b c

write the letter c because it goes a b c

write the letter c because it goes a b c right there are two added so then if I

right there are two added so then if I

right there are two added so then if I sent this C to someone they know oh I

sent this C to someone they know oh I

sent this C to someone they know oh I can subtract two from it and that's my

can subtract two from it and that's my

can subtract two from it and that's my Caesar Cipher now we also defined

Caesar Cipher now we also defined

Caesar Cipher now we also defined encryption and encryption is actually

encryption and encryption is actually

encryption and encryption is actually the process of doing all this we have

the process of doing all this we have

the process of doing all this we have the code we have the cryptography and

the code we have the cryptography and

the code we have the cryptography and then what we want to do is actually

then what we want to do is actually

then what we want to do is actually encrypt the data using it now we talked

encrypt the data using it now we talked

encrypt the data using it now we talked about two different things plain text

about two different things plain text

about two different things plain text and ciphertext plain text is the data

and ciphertext plain text is the data

and ciphertext plain text is the data before we apply the code to it

before we apply the code to it

before we apply the code to it ciphertext is after we've applied it to

ciphertext is after we've applied it to

ciphertext is after we've applied it to it so plain text anyone can read

it so plain text anyone can read

it so plain text anyone can read ciphertext only those people with the

ciphertext only those people with the

ciphertext only those people with the code breaker can read or the keys we

code breaker can read or the keys we

code breaker can read or the keys we also talked about that in a public and

also talked about that in a public and

also talked about that in a public and private key public keys are sent to

private key public keys are sent to

private key public keys are sent to everyone so everyone has access to them

everyone so everyone has access to them

everyone so everyone has access to them private keys are only held by one party

private keys are only held by one party

private keys are only held by one party they are private now generally speaking

they are private now generally speaking

they are private now generally speaking public keys are used to encrypt

public keys are used to encrypt

public keys are used to encrypt whereas private keys are used to decrypt

whereas private keys are used to decrypt

whereas private keys are used to decrypt so anyone can make uh a message that is

so anyone can make uh a message that is

so anyone can make uh a message that is in ciphertext but only the people with

in ciphertext but only the people with

in ciphertext but only the people with the private keys can actually decipher

the private keys can actually decipher

the private keys can actually decipher it

it

it and then we talked about some like

and then we talked about some like

and then we talked about some like examples of using this for instance not

examples of using this for instance not

examples of using this for instance not only the Caesar and the Navajo but we

only the Caesar and the Navajo but we

only the Caesar and the Navajo but we also talked about wanting to use it for

also talked about wanting to use it for

also talked about wanting to use it for Social Security numbers passwords are a

Social Security numbers passwords are a

Social Security numbers passwords are a big one

big one

big one and of course today's market with all

and of course today's market with all

and of course today's market with all the finances going on bank and credit

the finances going on bank and credit

the finances going on bank and credit card information

[Music]

network security IDs IPS implementation

network security IDs IPS implementation

network security IDs IPS implementation in the previous lesson we talked about

in the previous lesson we talked about

in the previous lesson we talked about different aspects of network security

different aspects of network security

different aspects of network security now because this topic is so

now because this topic is so

now because this topic is so encompassing we're going to continue on

encompassing we're going to continue on

encompassing we're going to continue on with this network security in this

with this network security in this

with this network security in this lesson where we're going to focus

lesson where we're going to focus

lesson where we're going to focus specifically on two types of security

specifically on two types of security

specifically on two types of security one is IP security which we'll talk

one is IP security which we'll talk

one is IP security which we'll talk about in the next module and in this

about in the next module and in this

about in the next module and in this module we're going to talk about

module we're going to talk about

module we're going to talk about intrusion detection prevention systems

intrusion detection prevention systems

intrusion detection prevention systems otherwise known as IDs and IPS these are

otherwise known as IDs and IPS these are

otherwise known as IDs and IPS these are pretty important and come up a bit on

pretty important and come up a bit on

pretty important and come up a bit on the network plus exam which is why I

the network plus exam which is why I

the network plus exam which is why I want to commit an entire module to them

want to commit an entire module to them

want to commit an entire module to them so we're going to begin by talking about

so we're going to begin by talking about

so we're going to begin by talking about an IDs or intrusion

detection system

notice the D there and we're going to

notice the D there and we're going to

notice the D there and we're going to talk about the two different types of

talk about the two different types of

talk about the two different types of IDs that exist one is behavior based and

IDs that exist one is behavior based and

IDs that exist one is behavior based and one is signature based we'll discuss

one is signature based we'll discuss

one is signature based we'll discuss what this means in a bit we're also

what this means in a bit we're also

what this means in a bit we're also going to Define and discuss ips's the

going to Define and discuss ips's the

going to Define and discuss ips's the difference between an IPS and an IDs is

difference between an IPS and an IDs is

difference between an IPS and an IDs is where an IDs is an intrusion detection

where an IDs is an intrusion detection

where an IDs is an intrusion detection system and IPS is an intrusion

system and IPS is an intrusion

system and IPS is an intrusion prevention system notice the difference

prevention system notice the difference

prevention system notice the difference between the D and the P one simply

between the D and the P one simply

between the D and the P one simply notifies you the other will actually

notifies you the other will actually

notifies you the other will actually prevent we're then going to discuss the

prevent we're then going to discuss the

prevent we're then going to discuss the importance of having an IDs IPS and in

importance of having an IDs IPS and in

importance of having an IDs IPS and in some cases we will have devices that do

some cases we will have devices that do

some cases we will have devices that do both

both

both and we're then going to discuss very

and we're then going to discuss very

and we're then going to discuss very briefly implementation now of course

briefly implementation now of course

briefly implementation now of course just like anything we're going to look

just like anything we're going to look

just like anything we're going to look at this from a mile high view so this

at this from a mile high view so this

at this from a mile high view so this isn't the in-depth the detailed version

isn't the in-depth the detailed version

isn't the in-depth the detailed version this is the broad overview now an

this is the broad overview now an

this is the broad overview now an intrusion detection system is software

intrusion detection system is software

intrusion detection system is software or network device that's used to detect

or network device that's used to detect

or network device that's used to detect again remember that word d detect

again remember that word d detect

again remember that word d detect attacks or intrusions that are made on

attacks or intrusions that are made on

attacks or intrusions that are made on the network the attacks that it detects

the network the attacks that it detects

the network the attacks that it detects are then reported to either the

are then reported to either the

are then reported to either the administrator or to a threat log sort of

administrator or to a threat log sort of

administrator or to a threat log sort of like the Event Viewer if it logs the

like the Event Viewer if it logs the

like the Event Viewer if it logs the information first it then alerts the

information first it then alerts the

information first it then alerts the administrator so the administrator can

administrator so the administrator can

administrator so the administrator can look into the issue now while IDs are up

look into the issue now while IDs are up

look into the issue now while IDs are up to date and make alerts as soon as an

to date and make alerts as soon as an

to date and make alerts as soon as an attack occurs they are still referred to

attack occurs they are still referred to

attack occurs they are still referred to as passive the reason they are called a

as passive the reason they are called a

as passive the reason they are called a passive security system is because they

passive security system is because they

passive security system is because they don't do anything to actually prevent

don't do anything to actually prevent

don't do anything to actually prevent the intrusion from stopping all they do

the intrusion from stopping all they do

the intrusion from stopping all they do is they passively notice that it's

is they passively notice that it's

is they passively notice that it's occurring this is because again they

occurring this is because again they

occurring this is because again they merely a detect the attack they don't do

merely a detect the attack they don't do

merely a detect the attack they don't do anything to prevent or combat it now

anything to prevent or combat it now

anything to prevent or combat it now there are a few different types of

there are a few different types of

there are a few different types of intrusion detection systems but I want

intrusion detection systems but I want

intrusion detection systems but I want to focus specifically on two different

to focus specifically on two different

to focus specifically on two different types the first is called a

types the first is called a

types the first is called a behavior-based system this makes alerts

behavior-based system this makes alerts

behavior-based system this makes alerts and reports of attacks based on the

and reports of attacks based on the

and reports of attacks based on the behavior that they deem to be suspicious

behavior that they deem to be suspicious

behavior that they deem to be suspicious or out of the ordinary these unusual

or out of the ordinary these unusual

or out of the ordinary these unusual behaviors can include large amounts of

behaviors can include large amounts of

behaviors can include large amounts of traffic policies being violated

traffic policies being violated

traffic policies being violated um and even people attempting to access

um and even people attempting to access

um and even people attempting to access things that they're not supposed to

now a signature-based system detects the

now a signature-based system detects the

now a signature-based system detects the Rest by reading their attack signatures

Rest by reading their attack signatures

Rest by reading their attack signatures just like a virus scan program has a

just like a virus scan program has a

just like a virus scan program has a signature remember those data files we

signature remember those data files we

signature remember those data files we talked about that tells it what to look

talked about that tells it what to look

talked about that tells it what to look for in a virus intrusion or attack

for in a virus intrusion or attack

for in a virus intrusion or attack systems have a signature and a signature

systems have a signature and a signature

systems have a signature and a signature file that they can look at that lines up

file that they can look at that lines up

file that they can look at that lines up with the signature of an attack or an

with the signature of an attack or an

with the signature of an attack or an intrusion

intrusion

intrusion so signature based systems scan the

so signature based systems scan the

so signature based systems scan the signatures of known attacks and when it

signatures of known attacks and when it

signatures of known attacks and when it detects one of these signatures

detects one of these signatures

detects one of these signatures attacking its system it makes an alert

attacking its system it makes an alert

attacking its system it makes an alert to the administrator or reports it to a

to the administrator or reports it to a

to the administrator or reports it to a log so again the signature is based on

log so again the signature is based on

log so again the signature is based on more or less a history whereas behavior

more or less a history whereas behavior

more or less a history whereas behavior is based on what we see

is based on what we see

is based on what we see they're looking at two different types

they're looking at two different types

they're looking at two different types of attacks and there are the pluses and

of attacks and there are the pluses and

of attacks and there are the pluses and benefits pluses and minuses rather of

benefits pluses and minuses rather of

benefits pluses and minuses rather of both but you can see Behavior again is

both but you can see Behavior again is

both but you can see Behavior again is looking at a more all-encompassing

looking at a more all-encompassing

looking at a more all-encompassing General sort of view where a signature

General sort of view where a signature

General sort of view where a signature based is looking at previous histories

based is looking at previous histories

based is looking at previous histories of attacks and aligning the upcoming or

of attacks and aligning the upcoming or

of attacks and aligning the upcoming or current attack with that

current attack with that

current attack with that so here's how an IDs Works an attacker

so here's how an IDs Works an attacker

so here's how an IDs Works an attacker shown on the left sends an attack

shown on the left sends an attack

shown on the left sends an attack through the internet in order to access

through the internet in order to access

through the internet in order to access the network of the local app

the network of the local app

the network of the local app area network the attacks go through the

area network the attacks go through the

area network the attacks go through the internet towards the network now in

internet towards the network now in

internet towards the network now in between the internet and the firewall is

between the internet and the firewall is

between the internet and the firewall is this IDs and what it does is it detects

this IDs and what it does is it detects

this IDs and what it does is it detects the attacks being made and sends an

the attacks being made and sends an

the attacks being made and sends an alert to the administrator

alert to the administrator

alert to the administrator though it doesn't do anything to block

though it doesn't do anything to block

though it doesn't do anything to block the attack this is okay because the

the attack this is okay because the

the attack this is okay because the firewall is still set up to handle the

firewall is still set up to handle the

firewall is still set up to handle the attack so the attacker comes in isn't

attack so the attacker comes in isn't

attack so the attacker comes in isn't able to access the information

able to access the information

able to access the information but the administrator is still alerted

but the administrator is still alerted

but the administrator is still alerted that there is an issue going on and in

that there is an issue going on and in

that there is an issue going on and in case the attacker begins to double their

case the attacker begins to double their

case the attacker begins to double their efforts the administrator can sort of

efforts the administrator can sort of

efforts the administrator can sort of get on it and make sure that nothing is

get on it and make sure that nothing is

get on it and make sure that nothing is going to get through now similar to the

going to get through now similar to the

going to get through now similar to the intrusion detection system and intrusion

intrusion detection system and intrusion

intrusion detection system and intrusion prevention system also detects attacks

prevention system also detects attacks

prevention system also detects attacks that are targeting the network however

that are targeting the network however

that are targeting the network however intrusion prevention systems not only

intrusion prevention systems not only

intrusion prevention systems not only detect the attack they also prevent it

detect the attack they also prevent it

detect the attack they also prevent it from happening and causing more issues

from happening and causing more issues

from happening and causing more issues on the network these are considered more

on the network these are considered more

on the network these are considered more reactive

reactive

reactive or proactive

or proactive

or proactive software or Hardware because ips's do a

software or Hardware because ips's do a

software or Hardware because ips's do a lot more than ids's do they're reactive

lot more than ids's do they're reactive

lot more than ids's do they're reactive in the sense that if an attack is

in the sense that if an attack is

in the sense that if an attack is attempted they're going to block it from

attempted they're going to block it from

attempted they're going to block it from entering the network just like uh a

entering the network just like uh a

entering the network just like uh a breaker box is going to

breaker box is going to

breaker box is going to sort of kill the circuit by breaking by

sort of kill the circuit by breaking by

sort of kill the circuit by breaking by switching the breaker before the

switching the breaker before the

switching the breaker before the electricity can do any damage to the

electricity can do any damage to the

electricity can do any damage to the wall a ips's might even kill the

wall a ips's might even kill the

wall a ips's might even kill the connection out to the internet to stop

connection out to the internet to stop

connection out to the internet to stop anything from happening they're also

anything from happening they're also

anything from happening they're also proactive because certain ips's are

proactive because certain ips's are

proactive because certain ips's are going to seek out attacks and stop them

going to seek out attacks and stop them

going to seek out attacks and stop them before they even make an attempt on the

before they even make an attempt on the

before they even make an attempt on the network uh for instance scanning for

network uh for instance scanning for

network uh for instance scanning for ports in this way an intrusion

ports in this way an intrusion

ports in this way an intrusion prevention system is more expensive than

prevention system is more expensive than

prevention system is more expensive than an IDs but this is because it does a lot

an IDs but this is because it does a lot

an IDs but this is because it does a lot more to provide safety for the network

more to provide safety for the network

more to provide safety for the network rather than leaving the job in the hands

rather than leaving the job in the hands

rather than leaving the job in the hands of administrator who perhaps isn't even

of administrator who perhaps isn't even

of administrator who perhaps isn't even on site at three in the morning the IPS

on site at three in the morning the IPS

on site at three in the morning the IPS is going to handle the attack and

is going to handle the attack and

is going to handle the attack and prevent the attacker from connecting to

prevent the attacker from connecting to

prevent the attacker from connecting to the network and IDs only alerts the

the network and IDs only alerts the

the network and IDs only alerts the administrator and does nothing about it

administrator and does nothing about it

administrator and does nothing about it for this reason ips's are more expensive

for this reason ips's are more expensive

for this reason ips's are more expensive neither system is exactly cheap and

neither system is exactly cheap and

neither system is exactly cheap and ips's can sell for maybe even fifty

ips's can sell for maybe even fifty

ips's can sell for maybe even fifty thousand dollars depending on how

thousand dollars depending on how

thousand dollars depending on how versatile it is so here's what an

versatile it is so here's what an

versatile it is so here's what an intrusion prevention system looks like

intrusion prevention system looks like

intrusion prevention system looks like as you can see it's pretty similar to

as you can see it's pretty similar to

as you can see it's pretty similar to the IDS but with one major difference

the IDS but with one major difference

the IDS but with one major difference it's that

it's that

it's that the intrusion prevention system is

the intrusion prevention system is

the intrusion prevention system is actually going to stop the attack from

actually going to stop the attack from

actually going to stop the attack from taking place it still sends an alert out

taking place it still sends an alert out

taking place it still sends an alert out to the administrator so the

to the administrator so the

to the administrator so the administrator can take care of this but

administrator can take care of this but

administrator can take care of this but it actually stops the attack in its

it actually stops the attack in its

it actually stops the attack in its place and makes sure that nothing is

place and makes sure that nothing is

place and makes sure that nothing is going to occur whereas the IDS is going

going to occur whereas the IDS is going

going to occur whereas the IDS is going to rely mostly on the firewall to add

to rely mostly on the firewall to add

to rely mostly on the firewall to add Prevention Services again this is a lot

Prevention Services again this is a lot

Prevention Services again this is a lot more expensive but if my network has a

more expensive but if my network has a

more expensive but if my network has a lot of stuff going on in it I probably

lot of stuff going on in it I probably

lot of stuff going on in it I probably want to spend the money in order to

want to spend the money in order to

want to spend the money in order to provide more security for my network

provide more security for my network

provide more security for my network now there are a few reasons why

now there are a few reasons why

now there are a few reasons why implementing an IDs or IPS is beneficial

implementing an IDs or IPS is beneficial

implementing an IDs or IPS is beneficial first they're going to help provide

first they're going to help provide

first they're going to help provide additional security to a network the

additional security to a network the

additional security to a network the more security we have the more one of

more security we have the more one of

more security we have the more one of the important words we see a lot in

the important words we see a lot in

the important words we see a lot in computers the more redundancy we have

computers the more redundancy we have

computers the more redundancy we have the better adding layers of security and

the better adding layers of security and

the better adding layers of security and IPS and a firewall for instance is like

IPS and a firewall for instance is like

IPS and a firewall for instance is like wearing multiple layers of clothing in

wearing multiple layers of clothing in

wearing multiple layers of clothing in the cold the more layers the more

the cold the more layers the more

the cold the more layers the more protected you are now firewalls and

protected you are now firewalls and

protected you are now firewalls and Antivirus systems are great but they are

Antivirus systems are great but they are

Antivirus systems are great but they are flawed in that they're not able to

flawed in that they're not able to

flawed in that they're not able to handle every type of threat ids's and

handle every type of threat ids's and

handle every type of threat ids's and ips's can detect and take care of

ips's can detect and take care of

ips's can detect and take care of threats that might not otherwise be

threats that might not otherwise be

threats that might not otherwise be found by the firewall or by the virus

found by the firewall or by the virus

found by the firewall or by the virus scan program so there's really not a

scan program so there's really not a

scan program so there's really not a single system or program that can

single system or program that can

single system or program that can protect against all attacks but the

protect against all attacks but the

protect against all attacks but the protection features of multiple

protection features of multiple

protection features of multiple different types of systems can actually

different types of systems can actually

different types of systems can actually add up to very thick layers of

add up to very thick layers of

add up to very thick layers of protection for an attack finally the IDS

protection for an attack finally the IDS

protection for an attack finally the IDS IPS keeps a record of all the attacks

IPS keeps a record of all the attacks

IPS keeps a record of all the attacks they detect this comes in handy because

they detect this comes in handy because

they detect this comes in handy because it lets the administrator see where on

it lets the administrator see where on

it lets the administrator see where on the network they're being targeted most

the network they're being targeted most

the network they're being targeted most and then allows the administrator to

and then allows the administrator to

and then allows the administrator to make changes add protection of the

make changes add protection of the

make changes add protection of the places that are attacked most often and

places that are attacked most often and

places that are attacked most often and most importantly create new policies

most importantly create new policies

most importantly create new policies that are going to prevent security

that are going to prevent security

that are going to prevent security breaches in the future now while I'm not

breaches in the future now while I'm not

breaches in the future now while I'm not going to get into the technical aspects

going to get into the technical aspects

going to get into the technical aspects of implementing these systems as I said

of implementing these systems as I said

of implementing these systems as I said I want to talk about what we need to

I want to talk about what we need to

I want to talk about what we need to consider while we're considering putting

consider while we're considering putting

consider while we're considering putting in an IPS or IDs first we need to figure

in an IPS or IDs first we need to figure

in an IPS or IDs first we need to figure out the ideal placement of the IDS IPS

out the ideal placement of the IDS IPS

out the ideal placement of the IDS IPS on the network this means figure figure

on the network this means figure figure

on the network this means figure figure out where the sensors are that are going

out where the sensors are that are going

out where the sensors are that are going to provide the most coverage an IDs IPS

to provide the most coverage an IDs IPS

to provide the most coverage an IDs IPS needs to be set up where choke points

needs to be set up where choke points

needs to be set up where choke points are available a choke point is a

are available a choke point is a

are available a choke point is a strategy that involves narrowing down

strategy that involves narrowing down

strategy that involves narrowing down the physical space that an attacker is

the physical space that an attacker is

the physical space that an attacker is able to utilize and The Logical space as

able to utilize and The Logical space as

able to utilize and The Logical space as well this way the defenses must easier

well this way the defenses must easier

well this way the defenses must easier so we're really limiting the area

so we're really limiting the area

so we're really limiting the area of our vulnerability much like

of our vulnerability much like

of our vulnerability much like Achilles heel using choke points is

Achilles heel using choke points is

Achilles heel using choke points is actually something that's been in

actually something that's been in

actually something that's been in militaries throughout history notable is

militaries throughout history notable is

militaries throughout history notable is like the Spartan Army of 300 men which

like the Spartan Army of 300 men which

like the Spartan Army of 300 men which it used against the Persians when they

it used against the Persians when they

it used against the Persians when they were greatly outnumbered by forcing all

were greatly outnumbered by forcing all

were greatly outnumbered by forcing all of the attackers into a smaller path

so if we had a mountain right

so if we had a mountain right

so if we had a mountain right and we make sure that everyone's coming

and we make sure that everyone's coming

and we make sure that everyone's coming up through this path then we can really

up through this path then we can really

up through this path then we can really attack them a lot easier from Atop The

attack them a lot easier from Atop The

attack them a lot easier from Atop The Mountain rather than having them come

Mountain rather than having them come

Mountain rather than having them come all around the mountain

all around the mountain

all around the mountain next the administrator needs to

next the administrator needs to

next the administrator needs to fine-tune the alerts the IDS and IPS

fine-tune the alerts the IDS and IPS

fine-tune the alerts the IDS and IPS outputs so that they are more useful if

outputs so that they are more useful if

outputs so that they are more useful if the alert merely says an attack is

the alert merely says an attack is

the alert merely says an attack is taking place this doesn't give the

taking place this doesn't give the

taking place this doesn't give the administrator anything to go off of the

administrator anything to go off of the

administrator anything to go off of the alerts really need to be detailed and

alerts really need to be detailed and

alerts really need to be detailed and tailored to exactly what the

tailored to exactly what the

tailored to exactly what the administrator needs to know this is

administrator needs to know this is

administrator needs to know this is something that has to be set up and

something that has to be set up and

something that has to be set up and tested by the administrator once the

tested by the administrator once the

tested by the administrator once the alerts have been configured and once

alerts have been configured and once

alerts have been configured and once attacks start taking place next the

attacks start taking place next the

attacks start taking place next the monitoring of the alerts needs to be

monitoring of the alerts needs to be

monitoring of the alerts needs to be handled what use are the alerts if no

handled what use are the alerts if no

handled what use are the alerts if no one's seeing them the administrator

one's seeing them the administrator

one's seeing them the administrator can't always be on the network

can't always be on the network

can't always be on the network constantly looking out for the alerts

constantly looking out for the alerts

constantly looking out for the alerts they're sent so it's their job however

they're sent so it's their job however

they're sent so it's their job however to set up a way for the alerts to be

to set up a way for the alerts to be

to set up a way for the alerts to be monitored this might involve hiring an

monitored this might involve hiring an

monitored this might involve hiring an employee to monitor it constantly

employee to monitor it constantly

employee to monitor it constantly something we used to call beeper Duty

something we used to call beeper Duty

something we used to call beeper Duty where someone was always on 24-hour call

where someone was always on 24-hour call

where someone was always on 24-hour call or configuring a way for the

or configuring a way for the

or configuring a way for the administrator to get alerts remotely say

administrator to get alerts remotely say

administrator to get alerts remotely say a text message

a text message

a text message finally procedures need to be put in

finally procedures need to be put in

finally procedures need to be put in place for what's going to happen in the

place for what's going to happen in the

place for what's going to happen in the event of an attack the question what's

event of an attack the question what's

event of an attack the question what's our plan of action needs to be asked

our plan of action needs to be asked

our plan of action needs to be asked just in case an attack goes on so we

just in case an attack goes on so we

just in case an attack goes on so we know what is going to uh what programs

know what is going to uh what programs

know what is going to uh what programs are we going to deploy what Hardware do

are we going to deploy what Hardware do

are we going to deploy what Hardware do we shut off our connection to the

we shut off our connection to the

we shut off our connection to the network Etc if an attack happens it's

network Etc if an attack happens it's

network Etc if an attack happens it's really up to the administrator to lead

really up to the administrator to lead

really up to the administrator to lead the defense and the strategy around that

the defense and the strategy around that

the defense and the strategy around that defense

defense

defense so just to recap we first talked about

so just to recap we first talked about

so just to recap we first talked about an intrusion detection system and

an intrusion detection system and

an intrusion detection system and remember that D is really important

remember that D is really important

remember that D is really important which is a passive system because it

which is a passive system because it

which is a passive system because it simply detects an intrusion as it's

simply detects an intrusion as it's

simply detects an intrusion as it's occurring and notifies

occurring and notifies

occurring and notifies an administrator

we also talked about the two different

we also talked about the two different

we also talked about the two different types of IDs as there are behavior-based

types of IDs as there are behavior-based

types of IDs as there are behavior-based and signature based behavior-based looks

and signature based behavior-based looks

and signature based behavior-based looks at behaviors

at behaviors

at behaviors such as high traffic

such as high traffic

such as high traffic people accessing things they shouldn't

people accessing things they shouldn't

people accessing things they shouldn't be or areas being accessed that aren't

be or areas being accessed that aren't

be or areas being accessed that aren't normally accessed whereas signature

normally accessed whereas signature

normally accessed whereas signature based looks at historical data in the

based looks at historical data in the

based looks at historical data in the form of signature files

form of signature files

form of signature files and tries to match these up

and tries to match these up

and tries to match these up with known attacks

with known attacks

with known attacks of course if the attack isn't known then

of course if the attack isn't known then

of course if the attack isn't known then it's not going to be available in the

it's not going to be available in the

it's not going to be available in the signature and so this is where a

signature and so this is where a

signature and so this is where a behavior would come in play

behavior would come in play

behavior would come in play we also talked about ips's or intrusion

we also talked about ips's or intrusion

we also talked about ips's or intrusion prevention systems

prevention systems

prevention systems which are proactive because they might

which are proactive because they might

which are proactive because they might search for vulnerabilities

search for vulnerabilities

search for vulnerabilities in the system such as looking for open

in the system such as looking for open

in the system such as looking for open ports and reactive

ports and reactive

ports and reactive because they actually stop an attack in

because they actually stop an attack in

because they actually stop an attack in its tracks or at least they attempt to

its tracks or at least they attempt to

its tracks or at least they attempt to now the importance of IDs and ips's is

now the importance of IDs and ips's is

now the importance of IDs and ips's is added or extra security

just like as we mentioned having

just like as we mentioned having

just like as we mentioned having multiple layers if you're going out and

multiple layers if you're going out and

multiple layers if you're going out and it's cold outside

it's cold outside

it's cold outside it's also important because we want to

it's also important because we want to

it's also important because we want to know how to alter

know how to alter

know how to alter our security policies over time to make

our security policies over time to make

our security policies over time to make them more secure

and when we talked about implementation

and when we talked about implementation

and when we talked about implementation from a very Broad View some of the

from a very Broad View some of the

from a very Broad View some of the things we talked about is placement

things we talked about is placement

things we talked about is placement we want them remember in areas called

we want them remember in areas called

we want them remember in areas called choke points

choke points

choke points meaning we want to limit the amount of

meaning we want to limit the amount of

meaning we want to limit the amount of areas that are outside network has

areas that are outside network has

areas that are outside network has access to to the inside we also talked

access to to the inside we also talked

access to to the inside we also talked about monitoring

about monitoring

about monitoring and how we get notifications which in

and how we get notifications which in

and how we get notifications which in some cases needs to be through text

some cases needs to be through text

some cases needs to be through text messaging or email

messaging or email

messaging or email or anything else finally we needed to

or anything else finally we needed to

or anything else finally we needed to talk about what we do a plan of action

in case we actually have an attack

in case we actually have an attack

in case we actually have an attack occurring

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

network security

network security

network security ipsec and ipsec policies

ipsec and ipsec policies

ipsec and ipsec policies having discussed intrusion detection and

having discussed intrusion detection and

having discussed intrusion detection and prevention systems which are mostly

prevention systems which are mostly

prevention systems which are mostly having to do with keeping attacks and

having to do with keeping attacks and

having to do with keeping attacks and malicious software off our Network I

malicious software off our Network I

malicious software off our Network I want to talk about something called

want to talk about something called

want to talk about something called ipsec or IP security which is a sort of

ipsec or IP security which is a sort of

ipsec or IP security which is a sort of group of protocols and policies that are

group of protocols and policies that are

group of protocols and policies that are used to keep the data that we have

used to keep the data that we have

used to keep the data that we have secure on a network whenever we talk

secure on a network whenever we talk

secure on a network whenever we talk about security there's something called

about security there's something called

about security there's something called CIA the CIA Triad that we need to keep

CIA the CIA Triad that we need to keep

CIA the CIA Triad that we need to keep in mind C stands for

in mind C stands for

in mind C stands for confidentiality meaning only the people

confidentiality meaning only the people

confidentiality meaning only the people we want to see something actually see it

we want to see something actually see it

we want to see something actually see it the I stands for integrity meaning what

the I stands for integrity meaning what

the I stands for integrity meaning what we send is what the other party receives

we send is what the other party receives

we send is what the other party receives it hasn't been tampered with and finally

it hasn't been tampered with and finally

it hasn't been tampered with and finally we have to balance all of this against

we have to balance all of this against

we have to balance all of this against availability it doesn't matter if

availability it doesn't matter if

availability it doesn't matter if something is super secure if no one can

something is super secure if no one can

something is super secure if no one can access it so broadening out into this

access it so broadening out into this

access it so broadening out into this that's where ipsec comes into play so

that's where ipsec comes into play so

that's where ipsec comes into play so we're going to talk about ipsec defining

we're going to talk about ipsec defining

we're going to talk about ipsec defining And discussing what it is and then talk

And discussing what it is and then talk

And discussing what it is and then talk about two protocols that we focus on

about two protocols that we focus on

about two protocols that we focus on with ipsec ah and ESP

with ipsec ah and ESP

with ipsec ah and ESP we're also going to discuss three

we're also going to discuss three

we're also going to discuss three different services that ipsec uses or

different services that ipsec uses or

different services that ipsec uses or serves one is data verification

serves one is data verification

serves one is data verification protection from data tampering again

protection from data tampering again

protection from data tampering again getting into that integrity

getting into that integrity

getting into that integrity and private transactions going along

and private transactions going along

and private transactions going along with that confidentiality all of this

with that confidentiality all of this

with that confidentiality all of this supports availability and the reason we

supports availability and the reason we

supports availability and the reason we have ipsec is to make sure that in our

have ipsec is to make sure that in our

have ipsec is to make sure that in our security we have available data finally

security we have available data finally

security we have available data finally I want to talk about some of the

I want to talk about some of the

I want to talk about some of the policies the ways that we use ipsec

policies the ways that we use ipsec

policies the ways that we use ipsec so as I mentioned a good amount of the

so as I mentioned a good amount of the

so as I mentioned a good amount of the security measures that we use on a

security measures that we use on a

security measures that we use on a network are used to prevent attacks and

network are used to prevent attacks and

network are used to prevent attacks and shield the network from viruses and

shield the network from viruses and

shield the network from viruses and other malicious software but not all

other malicious software but not all

other malicious software but not all security measures are used for the

security measures are used for the

security measures are used for the preventions of this malicious stuff some

preventions of this malicious stuff some

preventions of this malicious stuff some are intended to keep data and

are intended to keep data and

are intended to keep data and Communications secure within a network

Communications secure within a network

Communications secure within a network while preventing attacks is certainly a

while preventing attacks is certainly a

while preventing attacks is certainly a part of this there are some security

part of this there are some security

part of this there are some security measures that exist to establish secure

measures that exist to establish secure

measures that exist to establish secure and safe communication paths between two

and safe communication paths between two

and safe communication paths between two parties this is what IP security or

parties this is what IP security or

parties this is what IP security or ipsec protocols do

ipsec protocols do

ipsec protocols do they're used to provide a secure channel

they're used to provide a secure channel

they're used to provide a secure channel of communication between two systems or

of communication between two systems or

of communication between two systems or more systems these systems can be within

more systems these systems can be within

more systems these systems can be within a local network within a wide area

a local network within a wide area

a local network within a wide area network perhaps even over a virtual

network perhaps even over a virtual

network perhaps even over a virtual private Network now some people might

private Network now some people might

private Network now some people might think that data traveling within a local

think that data traveling within a local

think that data traveling within a local network is secure but this is only

network is secure but this is only

network is secure but this is only sometimes true imagine that someone has

sometimes true imagine that someone has

sometimes true imagine that someone has hacked into our Network and we're

hacked into our Network and we're

hacked into our Network and we're sending data across it well now we want

sending data across it well now we want

sending data across it well now we want to make sure that the data itself is

to make sure that the data itself is

to make sure that the data itself is secure so while the entire network might

secure so while the entire network might

secure so while the entire network might be protected by firewalls antivirus IDs

be protected by firewalls antivirus IDs

be protected by firewalls antivirus IDs IPS there might be nothing protecting

IPS there might be nothing protecting

IPS there might be nothing protecting the actual connection between the two

the actual connection between the two

the actual connection between the two users generally the data that gets sent

users generally the data that gets sent

users generally the data that gets sent across the network is not really heavily

across the network is not really heavily

across the network is not really heavily protected or didn't used to be so people

protected or didn't used to be so people

protected or didn't used to be so people tend to think that just because their

tend to think that just because their

tend to think that just because their network has a shield around it

network has a shield around it

network has a shield around it everything inside it is safe as well but

everything inside it is safe as well but

everything inside it is safe as well but this isn't the case it's important to

this isn't the case it's important to

this isn't the case it's important to have ipsec protocols in place to secure

have ipsec protocols in place to secure

have ipsec protocols in place to secure the data sent and the connections made

the data sent and the connections made

the data sent and the connections made over a network both local and wide area

over a network both local and wide area

over a network both local and wide area now there are two main protocols that

now there are two main protocols that

now there are two main protocols that are categorized in ipsec they are ah or

are categorized in ipsec they are ah or

are categorized in ipsec they are ah or authentication header and ESP the

authentication header and ESP the

authentication header and ESP the encapsulating security payload let's

encapsulating security payload let's

encapsulating security payload let's talk a little bit more about what these

talk a little bit more about what these

talk a little bit more about what these are

are

are as the name States ah or authentication

as the name States ah or authentication

as the name States ah or authentication header is used to authenticate

header is used to authenticate

header is used to authenticate connections made over a network it does

connections made over a network it does

connections made over a network it does this by checking the IP address

of the users that are trying to

of the users that are trying to

of the users that are trying to communicate and make sure that they're

communicate and make sure that they're

communicate and make sure that they're trusted it also checks the Integrity of

trusted it also checks the Integrity of

trusted it also checks the Integrity of the data packets that are being sent in

the data packets that are being sent in

the data packets that are being sent in other words is this the data that we

other words is this the data that we

other words is this the data that we actually intended and was it received

actually intended and was it received

actually intended and was it received properly

properly

properly the other one encapsulating security

the other one encapsulating security

the other one encapsulating security payload or ESP is used for encryption

payload or ESP is used for encryption

payload or ESP is used for encryption Services which I think we've talked

Services which I think we've talked

Services which I think we've talked about it encrypts data that's being sent

about it encrypts data that's being sent

about it encrypts data that's being sent over a network using ah to authenticate

over a network using ah to authenticate

over a network using ah to authenticate the users ESP will only give the keys to

the users ESP will only give the keys to

the users ESP will only give the keys to the users that have been authenticated

the users that have been authenticated

the users that have been authenticated so I make sure to authenticate using ah

so I make sure to authenticate using ah

so I make sure to authenticate using ah that this is the user I want to give

that this is the user I want to give

that this is the user I want to give something to and then the ESP

does the encryption

does the encryption

does the encryption for the people who have been

for the people who have been

for the people who have been authenticated providing Keys only to the

authenticated providing Keys only to the

authenticated providing Keys only to the people who meet the first condition now

people who meet the first condition now

people who meet the first condition now if this seems like a broad overview of

if this seems like a broad overview of

if this seems like a broad overview of these two it is we're not going to see

these two it is we're not going to see

these two it is we're not going to see this a whole lot on the network plus

this a whole lot on the network plus

this a whole lot on the network plus exam maybe one question but it's not

exam maybe one question but it's not

exam maybe one question but it's not really worth going into depth because

really worth going into depth because

really worth going into depth because that's what Security Plus is going to do

that's what Security Plus is going to do

that's what Security Plus is going to do and when you talk about Security Plus

and when you talk about Security Plus

and when you talk about Security Plus you're really going to talk about these

you're really going to talk about these

you're really going to talk about these nip Security in more depth then

nip Security in more depth then

nip Security in more depth then and there are a few benefits and

and there are a few benefits and

and there are a few benefits and services that ipsec protocols provide

services that ipsec protocols provide

services that ipsec protocols provide the first service is data verification

the first service is data verification

the first service is data verification this service ensures that the data that

this service ensures that the data that

this service ensures that the data that is being sent across the network is

is being sent across the network is

is being sent across the network is coming from a legitimate Source or

coming from a legitimate Source or

coming from a legitimate Source or legitimate place

legitimate place

legitimate place they make sure that the end users are

they make sure that the end users are

they make sure that the end users are the intended users and to keep an eye on

the intended users and to keep an eye on

the intended users and to keep an eye on packets as they travel across the

packets as they travel across the

packets as they travel across the network

network

network the next service that ipsec is going to

the next service that ipsec is going to

the next service that ipsec is going to provide is protection from data

provide is protection from data

provide is protection from data tampering again that integrity

tampering again that integrity

tampering again that integrity service make sure that while data is in

service make sure that while data is in

service make sure that while data is in transit nothing changes this could mean

transit nothing changes this could mean

transit nothing changes this could mean the data somehow becomes corrupted or

the data somehow becomes corrupted or

the data somehow becomes corrupted or that someone literally tampers with it

that someone literally tampers with it

that someone literally tampers with it again while ipsec protocols provide

again while ipsec protocols provide

again while ipsec protocols provide secure Communications within the network

secure Communications within the network

secure Communications within the network they don't actually stop an attacker

they don't actually stop an attacker

they don't actually stop an attacker from entering the network so while there

from entering the network so while there

from entering the network so while there is a chance of an attacker on the

is a chance of an attacker on the

is a chance of an attacker on the network they can't tamper with the data

network they can't tamper with the data

network they can't tamper with the data as it travels through because ipsec is

as it travels through because ipsec is

as it travels through because ipsec is going to make sure that doesn't happen

going to make sure that doesn't happen

going to make sure that doesn't happen finally ipsec provides private

finally ipsec provides private

finally ipsec provides private transactions over the network this means

transactions over the network this means

transactions over the network this means that data is unreadable by everyone

that data is unreadable by everyone

that data is unreadable by everyone except the end users this is where that

except the end users this is where that

except the end users this is where that authentication comes in and where

authentication comes in and where

authentication comes in and where confidentiality comes into play

confidentiality comes into play

confidentiality comes into play for example if Mike and Steve have to

for example if Mike and Steve have to

for example if Mike and Steve have to send some private banking information to

send some private banking information to

send some private banking information to each other the service makes sure that

each other the service makes sure that

each other the service makes sure that Mike and Steve were the only people who

Mike and Steve were the only people who

Mike and Steve were the only people who can read it this isn't happening at any

can read it this isn't happening at any

can read it this isn't happening at any level that you can see it's happening

level that you can see it's happening

level that you can see it's happening all within the protocols that already

all within the protocols that already

all within the protocols that already exist when we talked much earlier about

exist when we talked much earlier about

exist when we talked much earlier about ipv4 versus

ipv4 versus

ipv4 versus IPv6 one of the great benefits of IPv6

IPv6 one of the great benefits of IPv6

IPv6 one of the great benefits of IPv6 is it has all the ipsec stuff built in

is it has all the ipsec stuff built in

is it has all the ipsec stuff built in so all of this is happening

so all of this is happening

so all of this is happening automatically within our new version of

automatically within our new version of

automatically within our new version of IPv6 it's not even something we need to

IPv6 it's not even something we need to

IPv6 it's not even something we need to really worry about just something we

really worry about just something we

really worry about just something we need to know is taking place so we can

need to know is taking place so we can

need to know is taking place so we can be a little more sure that our data is

be a little more sure that our data is

be a little more sure that our data is actually being secured

actually being secured

actually being secured so here is what ipsec might look like if

so here is what ipsec might look like if

so here is what ipsec might look like if they were connecting two lands to make a

they were connecting two lands to make a

they were connecting two lands to make a Wan

Wan

Wan though the two networks have their own

though the two networks have their own

though the two networks have their own firewalls and Protection Systems they

firewalls and Protection Systems they

firewalls and Protection Systems they still have to connect the Republic

still have to connect the Republic

still have to connect the Republic Network which we know isn't the safest

Network which we know isn't the safest

Network which we know isn't the safest thing this is especially true in the

thing this is especially true in the

thing this is especially true in the public network is the internet

public network is the internet

public network is the internet Now using ipsec the two lands are going

Now using ipsec the two lands are going

Now using ipsec the two lands are going to create a tunnel of communication

to create a tunnel of communication

to create a tunnel of communication through the network or through the

through the network or through the

through the network or through the internet this tunnel is secure and only

internet this tunnel is secure and only

internet this tunnel is secure and only accessible by people inside their

accessible by people inside their

accessible by people inside their Network the is ipsec tunnel by the way

Network the is ipsec tunnel by the way

Network the is ipsec tunnel by the way is what we're referring to when we talk

is what we're referring to when we talk

is what we're referring to when we talk about VPN or virtual private Networks

about VPN or virtual private Networks

about VPN or virtual private Networks so when we set up ipsec the service

so when we set up ipsec the service

so when we set up ipsec the service doesn't just configure itself

doesn't just configure itself

doesn't just configure itself necessarily there's some things that

necessarily there's some things that

necessarily there's some things that have to be put into place for the

have to be put into place for the

have to be put into place for the services to run properly these are

services to run properly these are

services to run properly these are called policies and policies is what

called policies and policies is what

called policies and policies is what configures the services that ipsec

configures the services that ipsec

configures the services that ipsec provides they're used to provide

provides they're used to provide

provides they're used to provide different levels of protection data and

different levels of protection data and

different levels of protection data and connections based on what in getting

connections based on what in getting

connections based on what in getting what is getting passed through them in

what is getting passed through them in

what is getting passed through them in other words just like with passwords we

other words just like with passwords we

other words just like with passwords we have the passwords and we know they're

have the passwords and we know they're

have the passwords and we know they're built into windows but unless we set

built into windows but unless we set

built into windows but unless we set some sort of policy that tells the users

some sort of policy that tells the users

some sort of policy that tells the users how their passwords have to function

how their passwords have to function

how their passwords have to function they may not be used very well someone

they may not be used very well someone

they may not be used very well someone might just use the password password

might just use the password password

might just use the password password which isn't even a safe password so we

which isn't even a safe password so we

which isn't even a safe password so we have a password policy that ensures that

have a password policy that ensures that

have a password policy that ensures that people have a certain length uh history

people have a certain length uh history

people have a certain length uh history and certain characters included in their

and certain characters included in their

and certain characters included in their passwords the same thing sort of goes

passwords the same thing sort of goes

passwords the same thing sort of goes with ipsec

with ipsec

with ipsec now there are some important elements

now there are some important elements

now there are some important elements that we have to address when setting up

that we have to address when setting up

that we have to address when setting up ipsec policies first we have filters

ipsec policies first we have filters

ipsec policies first we have filters that are put into place the filters

that are put into place the filters

that are put into place the filters determine which packets should be secure

determine which packets should be secure

determine which packets should be secure and which can be left alone

and which can be left alone

and which can be left alone now every filter addresses a different

now every filter addresses a different

now every filter addresses a different type of packet so there's generally a

type of packet so there's generally a

type of packet so there's generally a good amount of different types of

good amount of different types of

good amount of different types of filters all of these filters get

filters all of these filters get

filters all of these filters get compiled into a filter list where the

compiled into a filter list where the

compiled into a filter list where the administrator can easily change and

administrator can easily change and

administrator can easily change and reconfigure the filters to address the

reconfigure the filters to address the

reconfigure the filters to address the needs of their Network now again the

needs of their Network now again the

needs of their Network now again the reason we're going to want to have

reason we're going to want to have

reason we're going to want to have filters is because the more security

just like the more layers you have on if

just like the more layers you have on if

just like the more layers you have on if it's cold outside

the more data it takes up

the more data it takes up

the more data it takes up and the longer it takes to decode so the

and the longer it takes to decode so the

and the longer it takes to decode so the less security we have the faster the

less security we have the faster the

less security we have the faster the data is going to travel but the more

data is going to travel but the more

data is going to travel but the more security uh the less easy it is to

security uh the less easy it is to

security uh the less easy it is to tamper with so we need to weigh this

tamper with so we need to weigh this

tamper with so we need to weigh this stuff like browsing on the internet

stuff like browsing on the internet

stuff like browsing on the internet might not be something we need to secure

might not be something we need to secure

might not be something we need to secure a lot whereas we probably want to secure

a lot whereas we probably want to secure

a lot whereas we probably want to secure uh for instance email a lot more or even

uh for instance email a lot more or even

uh for instance email a lot more or even Bank Social Security numbers

Bank Social Security numbers

Bank Social Security numbers etc etc

etc etc

etc etc next policies have to be provided the

next policies have to be provided the

next policies have to be provided the proper Network information this involves

proper Network information this involves

proper Network information this involves what security map methods connection

what security map methods connection

what security map methods connection types and tunnel settings are being used

types and tunnel settings are being used

types and tunnel settings are being used the security methods are basically

the security methods are basically

the security methods are basically algorithms that are used in encrypting

algorithms that are used in encrypting

algorithms that are used in encrypting and authenticating the data connection

and authenticating the data connection

and authenticating the data connection types determine whether the policies are

types determine whether the policies are

types determine whether the policies are going to handle

going to handle

going to handle a local area network

a local area network

a local area network a Wan or a VPN

a Wan or a VPN

a Wan or a VPN in other words ipsec needs to know what

in other words ipsec needs to know what

in other words ipsec needs to know what type of connection I have here so it

type of connection I have here so it

type of connection I have here so it knows what level of security to put into

knows what level of security to put into

knows what level of security to put into place you can imagine that with a wide

place you can imagine that with a wide

place you can imagine that with a wide area network or VPN we need more

area network or VPN we need more

area network or VPN we need more security than with a lan

security than with a lan

security than with a lan all right so although this might have

all right so although this might have

all right so although this might have been short duration we covered a lot of

been short duration we covered a lot of

been short duration we covered a lot of important things first we talked about

important things first we talked about

important things first we talked about the fact that ipsec exists remember

the fact that ipsec exists remember

the fact that ipsec exists remember ipsec stands for IP security and it's

ipsec stands for IP security and it's

ipsec stands for IP security and it's really not its own protocol what it is

really not its own protocol what it is

really not its own protocol what it is is a series or a group of protocols

is a series or a group of protocols

is a series or a group of protocols Services

Services

Services Etc that ensure security over the IP

Etc that ensure security over the IP

Etc that ensure security over the IP protocol or the Internet Protocol

protocol or the Internet Protocol

protocol or the Internet Protocol we also talked about two of the ways we

we also talked about two of the ways we

we also talked about two of the ways we do this one is the ah protocol and one

do this one is the ah protocol and one

do this one is the ah protocol and one is the ESP protocol remember ah stands

is the ESP protocol remember ah stands

is the ESP protocol remember ah stands for authentication header

for authentication header

for authentication header as the name implies it's a header in the

as the name implies it's a header in the

as the name implies it's a header in the IP packet that authenticates

IP packet that authenticates

IP packet that authenticates to make sure the users who are about to

to make sure the users who are about to

to make sure the users who are about to communicate are the ones for whom it's

communicate are the ones for whom it's

communicate are the ones for whom it's intended and who are sending

intended and who are sending

intended and who are sending ESP on the other hand which stands for

ESP on the other hand which stands for

ESP on the other hand which stands for encapsulating

security payload

is literally going to encapsulate the

is literally going to encapsulate the

is literally going to encapsulate the data in an encrypted form

data in an encrypted form

data in an encrypted form and it'll only release this encrypted

and it'll only release this encrypted

and it'll only release this encrypted information to someone who has been

information to someone who has been

information to someone who has been authenticated to receive it and remember

authenticated to receive it and remember

authenticated to receive it and remember to do this we use Keys both public and

to do this we use Keys both public and

to do this we use Keys both public and private

we also discussed the three different

we also discussed the three different

we also discussed the three different ipsec services that are provided

ipsec services that are provided

ipsec services that are provided including data verification which

including data verification which

including data verification which ensures that the data packets being sent

ensures that the data packets being sent

ensures that the data packets being sent are coming from legitimate places

protection from tampering which ensures

protection from tampering which ensures

protection from tampering which ensures the integrity

the integrity

the integrity of our data that it has not been

of our data that it has not been

of our data that it has not been tampered with either

tampered with either

tampered with either tampered with from say an attacker

tampered with from say an attacker

tampered with from say an attacker or the data might have just become

or the data might have just become

or the data might have just become corrupted

corrupted

corrupted finally we ensure that we're having

finally we ensure that we're having

finally we ensure that we're having private transactions meaning that the

private transactions meaning that the

private transactions meaning that the data is confidential between only the

data is confidential between only the

data is confidential between only the people who need to be having it and

people who need to be having it and

people who need to be having it and lastly we discussed ipsec policies some

lastly we discussed ipsec policies some

lastly we discussed ipsec policies some of the things that we need to have when

of the things that we need to have when

of the things that we need to have when we're creating our policies for IP

we're creating our policies for IP

we're creating our policies for IP security for instance we need to know

security for instance we need to know

security for instance we need to know the type of network we're on

and also filters

and also filters

and also filters so that the appropriate level of

so that the appropriate level of

so that the appropriate level of security can be applied to the

security can be applied to the

security can be applied to the appropriate type of data

[Music]

welcome to module 14 lesson 1 denial of

welcome to module 14 lesson 1 denial of

welcome to module 14 lesson 1 denial of service

so we're going to look at what is denial

so we're going to look at what is denial

so we're going to look at what is denial of service by the way this is a small uh

of service by the way this is a small uh

of service by the way this is a small uh subset of what you would get in the

subset of what you would get in the

subset of what you would get in the competitive Security Plus exam and and

competitive Security Plus exam and and

competitive Security Plus exam and and the network plus

the network plus

the network plus um sorry the CCNA security exam those

um sorry the CCNA security exam those

um sorry the CCNA security exam those are the vendors do security as well

are the vendors do security as well

are the vendors do security as well obviously like a juniper but um company

obviously like a juniper but um company

obviously like a juniper but um company is a good foundation and then in Vendor

is a good foundation and then in Vendor

is a good foundation and then in Vendor specific Cisco CCNA security is

specific Cisco CCNA security is

specific Cisco CCNA security is excellent you probably I think you need

excellent you probably I think you need

excellent you probably I think you need to do the CC and a first or at least one

to do the CC and a first or at least one

to do the CC and a first or at least one of the CCNA exams the um icnd one would

of the CCNA exams the um icnd one would

of the CCNA exams the um icnd one would do check so what is it bandwidth attacks

do check so what is it bandwidth attacks

do check so what is it bandwidth attacks connectivity attacks common types of

connectivity attacks common types of

connectivity attacks common types of denial of service attacks what is

denial of service attacks what is

denial of service attacks what is distributed denial of service

distributed denial of service

distributed denial of service types of those difference between a

types of those difference between a

types of those difference between a denial of service and distributed

denial of service and distributed

denial of service and distributed reflective dos attack and then types of

reflective dos attack and then types of

reflective dos attack and then types of reflective unintentional

reflective unintentional

reflective unintentional [Music]

[Music]

[Music] physical infrastructure attacks and how

physical infrastructure attacks and how

physical infrastructure attacks and how to prevent how to identify denial of

to prevent how to identify denial of

to prevent how to identify denial of service attack just bear in mind this is

service attack just bear in mind this is

service attack just bear in mind this is an overview so you need some fairly

an overview so you need some fairly

an overview so you need some fairly specific training on um hardening your

specific training on um hardening your

specific training on um hardening your network and also identifying and

network and also identifying and

network and also identifying and troubleshooting and resolving the denial

troubleshooting and resolving the denial

troubleshooting and resolving the denial service attack

service attack

service attack so what is it basically refers to an

so what is it basically refers to an

so what is it basically refers to an attack on a computer network to make its

attack on a computer network to make its

attack on a computer network to make its services unavailable to legitimate users

services unavailable to legitimate users

services unavailable to legitimate users you've heard of it I'm sure in the Press

you've heard of it I'm sure in the Press

you've heard of it I'm sure in the Press um

um

um before some big big companies have been

before some big big companies have been

before some big big companies have been attacked before Delilah service

attacked before Delilah service

attacked before Delilah service basically attacks the network with

basically attacks the network with

basically attacks the network with useless traffic

useless traffic

useless traffic it's a type of cyber threat

it's a type of cyber threat

it's a type of cyber threat so what do the denial attackers actually

so what do the denial attackers actually

so what do the denial attackers actually put their effort into doing preventing

put their effort into doing preventing

put their effort into doing preventing um legitimate users such as members of

um legitimate users such as members of

um legitimate users such as members of the public or employees from accessing

the public or employees from accessing

the public or employees from accessing Network Services

Network Services

Network Services emails websites online banking Etc

usually the denial of service attacks

usually the denial of service attacks

usually the denial of service attacks occur when the attacker floods a

occur when the attacker floods a

occur when the attacker floods a particular network with a huge amount of

particular network with a huge amount of

particular network with a huge amount of traffic

traffic

traffic so for example to access a website we

so for example to access a website we

so for example to access a website we type in the URL you send a request to

type in the URL you send a request to

type in the URL you send a request to the web server

the web server

the web server web server can only process a limited

web server can only process a limited

web server can only process a limited number of requests at a given time now

number of requests at a given time now

number of requests at a given time now there's a whole bunch of things that can

there's a whole bunch of things that can

there's a whole bunch of things that can go on for example uh load balancing and

go on for example uh load balancing and

go on for example uh load balancing and then CDN cloning the uh website copies

then CDN cloning the uh website copies

then CDN cloning the uh website copies all over the web but even so

all over the web but even so

all over the web but even so and there's only a finite amount of

and there's only a finite amount of

and there's only a finite amount of resources dedicated to all these

resources dedicated to all these

resources dedicated to all these Solutions and they can be used up

when the attacker burdens the server

when the attacker burdens the server

when the attacker burdens the server we're too many requests the web server

we're too many requests the web server

we're too many requests the web server is unable to process the legitimate ones

is unable to process the legitimate ones

is unable to process the legitimate ones as a result you can't access it and

as a result you can't access it and

as a result you can't access it and that's called the denial of service

that's called the denial of service

that's called the denial of service good you can then Google denial of

good you can then Google denial of

good you can then Google denial of service attacks and look at all the news

service attacks and look at all the news

service attacks and look at all the news stories over the past few years

and messages to establish a similar

and messages to establish a similar

and messages to establish a similar attack only limited the number of emails

attack only limited the number of emails

attack only limited the number of emails are allowed in your corporate accounts

are allowed in your corporate accounts

are allowed in your corporate accounts usually mind you even large

usually mind you even large

usually mind you even large um free providers like Gmail have got a

um free providers like Gmail have got a

um free providers like Gmail have got a limited amount of um storage

limited amount of um storage

limited amount of um storage so as a result the attacker can stop the

so as a result the attacker can stop the

so as a result the attacker can stop the users getting legitimate access to their

users getting legitimate access to their

users getting legitimate access to their account

account

account and in an email bomb the denial of

and in an email bomb the denial of

and in an email bomb the denial of service attack the attacker send a lot

service attack the attacker send a lot

service attack the attacker send a lot of spam emails and they disable the

of spam emails and they disable the

of spam emails and they disable the actual email server rather than just an

actual email server rather than just an

actual email server rather than just an account on the server

account on the server

account on the server generally not concerned with stealing

generally not concerned with stealing

generally not concerned with stealing information it's just quite an

information it's just quite an

information it's just quite an aggressive way of bringing down a

aggressive way of bringing down a

aggressive way of bringing down a particular service

particular service

particular service it could be a person a business or an

it could be a person a business or an

it could be a person a business or an entire company

entire company

entire company they can attack and Destroy files in

they can attack and Destroy files in

they can attack and Destroy files in affected computer system or Network

affected computer system or Network

affected computer system or Network and some situations the Denali service

and some situations the Denali service

and some situations the Denali service stack actually affects the website

stack actually affects the website

stack actually affects the website um accessed by the users

um accessed by the users

um accessed by the users most uh denial of service attacks are

most uh denial of service attacks are

most uh denial of service attacks are aimed at the computers Network bandwidth

aimed at the computers Network bandwidth

aimed at the computers Network bandwidth connectivity

connectivity

connectivity our resources also server resources

our resources also server resources

our resources also server resources bandwidth attacks on the computer or

bandwidth attacks on the computer or

bandwidth attacks on the computer or network with a huge amount of traffic

network with a huge amount of traffic

network with a huge amount of traffic huge burst of traffic legitimate users

huge burst of traffic legitimate users

huge burst of traffic legitimate users can't access every network resources

the connectivity attacks harm the

the connectivity attacks harm the

the connectivity attacks harm the computer with a large amount of

computer with a large amount of

computer with a large amount of connection requests

connection requests

connection requests available operating system resources are

available operating system resources are

available operating system resources are quickly consumed and the computers

quickly consumed and the computers

quickly consumed and the computers enable once again to perform legitimate

enable once again to perform legitimate

enable once again to perform legitimate requests

requests

requests another common type of denial of service

another common type of denial of service

another common type of denial of service attack is a buffer overflow all devices

attack is a buffer overflow all devices

attack is a buffer overflow all devices routers switches have buffers that

routers switches have buffers that

routers switches have buffers that manage a temporary

manage a temporary

manage a temporary excess amount of traffic

excess amount of traffic

excess amount of traffic send and receive buffers and if these

send and receive buffers and if these

send and receive buffers and if these buffers are actually overflowed then

buffers are actually overflowed then

buffers are actually overflowed then depending on how the devices are

depending on how the devices are

depending on how the devices are configured and what it is then it's

configured and what it is then it's

configured and what it is then it's going to cause problems and packet loss

going to cause problems and packet loss

going to cause problems and packet loss the sin attacks teardrop attack

the sin attacks teardrop attack

the sin attacks teardrop attack Smurf attacks viruses a whole bunch

Smurf attacks viruses a whole bunch

Smurf attacks viruses a whole bunch actually

actually

actually the buffer overflow is the most used

the buffer overflow is the most used

the buffer overflow is the most used distributes of a huge led to a network

distributes of a huge led to a network

distributes of a huge led to a network more than the um buffer is um able to

more than the um buffer is um able to

more than the um buffer is um able to handle

handle

handle when the attacker has awareness about

when the attacker has awareness about

when the attacker has awareness about the weaknesses of the target system or

the weaknesses of the target system or

the weaknesses of the target system or network that's when you'll get a buffer

network that's when you'll get a buffer

network that's when you'll get a buffer overflow attack and they can Target

overflow attack and they can Target

overflow attack and they can Target certain vendors or certain devices such

certain vendors or certain devices such

certain vendors or certain devices such as Cisco routers or uh the vendors

as Cisco routers or uh the vendors

as Cisco routers or uh the vendors firewalls Etc

firewalls Etc

firewalls Etc once when the attacker simply tries to

once when the attacker simply tries to

once when the attacker simply tries to attack not knowing whether it's going to

attack not knowing whether it's going to

attack not knowing whether it's going to work so it's a quite a Brute Force

work so it's a quite a Brute Force

work so it's a quite a Brute Force attack

attack

attack but for attacks are based on the system

but for attacks are based on the system

but for attacks are based on the system or programs above their characteristics

and other way distribute emails

and other way distribute emails

and other way distribute emails including 256 character file names which

including 256 character file names which

including 256 character file names which all take a matter of amount of time to

all take a matter of amount of time to

all take a matter of amount of time to process so the huge icmp packets

process so the huge icmp packets

process so the huge icmp packets email messages including a from

email messages including a from

email messages including a from statement that is more characters than

statement that is more characters than

statement that is more characters than 256 seems to be the limit for emails

now this is a sin and synark which you

now this is a sin and synark which you

now this is a sin and synark which you should be familiar with from the network

should be familiar with from the network

should be familiar with from the network of a plus and and the other network

of a plus and and the other network

of a plus and and the other network research you've done this is what

research you've done this is what

research you've done this is what happens before a connection can actually

happens before a connection can actually

happens before a connection can actually take place if you're using TCP

take place if you're using TCP

take place if you're using TCP so with a cell attack the attacker sends

so with a cell attack the attacker sends

so with a cell attack the attacker sends a TCP connection request faster than the

a TCP connection request faster than the

a TCP connection request faster than the Target computers processing speed using

Target computers processing speed using

Target computers processing speed using client server technology it begins to

client server technology it begins to

client server technology it begins to establish a three-way handshake

establish a three-way handshake

establish a three-way handshake so you'd have a sin sinach sin and there

so you'd have a sin sinach sin and there

so you'd have a sin sinach sin and there should be an acknowledgment happens

should be an acknowledgment happens

should be an acknowledgment happens before the data sent

before the data sent

before the data sent that doesn't actually happen

that doesn't actually happen

that doesn't actually happen so client sends a collection

so client sends a collection

so client sends a collection establishment using the sin synchronized

establishment using the sin synchronized

establishment using the sin synchronized message

message

message a server can then send a sin

a server can then send a sin

a server can then send a sin synchronization acknowledgment client

synchronization acknowledgment client

synchronization acknowledgment client responds with an act an act message and

responds with an act an act message and

responds with an act an act message and the connection is then established

the connection is then established

the connection is then established if the attacker sends repetitive sin

if the attacker sends repetitive sin

if the attacker sends repetitive sin packets to every port using a fake IP

packets to every port using a fake IP

packets to every port using a fake IP address the server establishes

address the server establishes

address the server establishes Communications

Communications

Communications and responds to all requests and what it

and responds to all requests and what it

and responds to all requests and what it also does is it leaves a

also does is it leaves a

also does is it leaves a a window open for the actual

a window open for the actual

a window open for the actual Communications to take place so for each

Communications to take place so for each

Communications to take place so for each request in request for a certain period

request in request for a certain period

request in request for a certain period of time depending on the traffic it will

of time depending on the traffic it will

of time depending on the traffic it will um Reserve resources

um Reserve resources

um Reserve resources replies to each attempt with a synap

replies to each attempt with a synap

replies to each attempt with a synap packet from every open port

packet from every open port

packet from every open port okay teardrop account attack sends

okay teardrop account attack sends

okay teardrop account attack sends fragmented packets to a Target computer

fragmented packets to a Target computer

fragmented packets to a Target computer when the computer receives the packets

when the computer receives the packets

when the computer receives the packets it's enabled to reassemble them because

it's enabled to reassemble them because

it's enabled to reassemble them because of the following

of the following

of the following a bug in the TCP fragment reassembly

a bug in the TCP fragment reassembly

a bug in the TCP fragment reassembly overlapping packets

overlapping packets

overlapping packets crashing of network devices

crashing of network devices

crashing of network devices can usually happen on older operating

can usually happen on older operating

can usually happen on older operating systems some of you might remember these

systems some of you might remember these

systems some of you might remember these three Windows 3.1 Windows 95

three Windows 3.1 Windows 95

three Windows 3.1 Windows 95 Windows NT and some versions of fair

Windows NT and some versions of fair

Windows NT and some versions of fair Linux

some Earth attacks is where the attacker

some Earth attacks is where the attacker

some Earth attacks is where the attacker fluids the victim's computer with ping

fluids the victim's computer with ping

fluids the victim's computer with ping packets the attack initiates the attack

packets the attack initiates the attack

packets the attack initiates the attack by sending a ping request and then

by sending a ping request and then

by sending a ping request and then spoofs the destination address ping

spoofs the destination address ping

spoofs the destination address ping replies are sent to the victim's

replies are sent to the victim's

replies are sent to the victim's computer address

since the Ping request is addressed to

since the Ping request is addressed to

since the Ping request is addressed to the broadcast address all computers in

the broadcast address all computers in

the broadcast address all computers in the network have to respond and

the network have to respond and

the network have to respond and um each packet is opened and checked and

um each packet is opened and checked and

um each packet is opened and checked and to see if it's the destination

to see if it's the destination

to see if it's the destination as a result the victim can't receive any

as a result the victim can't receive any

as a result the victim can't receive any genuine traffic because it's already

genuine traffic because it's already

genuine traffic because it's already flooded with ping packets

uh technique of assigning a network

uh technique of assigning a network

uh technique of assigning a network packet with a file side P address is

packet with a file side P address is

packet with a file side P address is called spoofing

computer viruses these are distributed

computer viruses these are distributed

computer viruses these are distributed and spread throughout the network in a

and spread throughout the network in a

and spread throughout the network in a number of ways

the attacker uses and controls the

the attacker uses and controls the

the attacker uses and controls the victim's computer to attack somebody

victim's computer to attack somebody

victim's computer to attack somebody else's low and weak uh security network

else's low and weak uh security network

else's low and weak uh security network security and some device some devices

security and some device some devices

security and some device some devices you're waiting to have patches applied

you're waiting to have patches applied

you're waiting to have patches applied to or they haven't rebooted after up and

to or they haven't rebooted after up and

to or they haven't rebooted after up and downloading some updates or whatever and

downloading some updates or whatever and

downloading some updates or whatever and this is when they become vulnerable

this is when they become vulnerable

this is when they become vulnerable attacker floods they target competes

attacker floods they target competes

attacker floods they target competes with a huge amount of data to a

with a huge amount of data to a

with a huge amount of data to a particular site or spam emails using a

particular site or spam emails using a

particular site or spam emails using a victim's computer so the name

victim's computer so the name

victim's computer so the name distributed indicates the attacker uses

distributed indicates the attacker uses

distributed indicates the attacker uses multiple host computers

multiple host computers

multiple host computers uh this is to throw

uh this is to throw

uh this is to throw um others off the trail and make it

um others off the trail and make it

um others off the trail and make it harder to actually identify the attack

harder to actually identify the attack

harder to actually identify the attack because the um victims are actually

because the um victims are actually

because the um victims are actually legitimate systems on the hosts

legitimate systems on the hosts

legitimate systems on the hosts the attacker can increase the

the attacker can increase the

the attacker can increase the effectiveness using client server

effectiveness using client server

effectiveness using client server technology

technology

technology in distributed denial of service

in distributed denial of service

in distributed denial of service master program or software is installed

master program or software is installed

master program or software is installed on one computer normally they use a

on one computer normally they use a

on one computer normally they use a stolen login credentials

stolen login credentials

stolen login credentials now it may not happen immediately but at

now it may not happen immediately but at

now it may not happen immediately but at some particular time the master program

some particular time the master program

some particular time the master program communicates with other agent programs

communicates with other agent programs

communicates with other agent programs that install the computers anywhere on

that install the computers anywhere on

that install the computers anywhere on the internet

the internet

the internet when the ages receive their command they

when the ages receive their command they

when the ages receive their command they start to attack

start to attack

start to attack the master program is able to spread

the master program is able to spread

the master program is able to spread thousands of agent programs within

thousands of agent programs within

thousands of agent programs within seconds using client server technology

so some characteristics of distributed

so some characteristics of distributed

so some characteristics of distributed denial of service attacks a botnet

denial of service attacks a botnet

denial of service attacks a botnet traffic spite coordinated attack

so if you can see that there's a

so if you can see that there's a

so if you can see that there's a attacking machine at the top there and

attacking machine at the top there and

attacking machine at the top there and handlers and compromise systems

handlers and compromise systems

handlers and compromise systems um going down to the targeted services

um going down to the targeted services

um going down to the targeted services or servers on the bottom there

or servers on the bottom there

or servers on the bottom there so botnet refers to a group of computers

so botnet refers to a group of computers

so botnet refers to a group of computers that can cooperate

that can cooperate

that can cooperate also known as zombies in this context

at the botnet owners also known as

at the botnet owners also known as

at the botnet owners also known as herders they manage computers in their

herders they manage computers in their

herders they manage computers in their botnet botners used to send spam emails

botnet botners used to send spam emails

botnet botners used to send spam emails or to participate in distributed denial

or to participate in distributed denial

or to participate in distributed denial of service attack

of service attack

of service attack so this is why it can be so difficult

so this is why it can be so difficult

so this is why it can be so difficult because all these legitimate devices at

because all these legitimate devices at

because all these legitimate devices at some point of time when there's a

some point of time when there's a

some point of time when there's a trigger it's a like a timer or it's time

trigger it's a like a timer or it's time

trigger it's a like a timer or it's time when everyone's off work or on a

when everyone's off work or on a

when everyone's off work or on a Saturday night on a bank holiday they'll

Saturday night on a bank holiday they'll

Saturday night on a bank holiday they'll start their attack

traffic spy overloads the victim's

traffic spy overloads the victim's

traffic spy overloads the victim's Network or server in order to

Network or server in order to

Network or server in order to its services and resources

its services and resources

its services and resources as a result the legitimate user will not

as a result the legitimate user will not

as a result the legitimate user will not be able to access the service

be able to access the service

be able to access the service they use when people are coordinated to

they use when people are coordinated to

they use when people are coordinated to carry out the attack on a site or site

carry out the attack on a site or site

carry out the attack on a site or site at the same time

at the same time

at the same time when many people attack the server the

when many people attack the server the

when many people attack the server the web Server slows down or gets overloaded

web Server slows down or gets overloaded

web Server slows down or gets overloaded it's difficult to differentiate such

it's difficult to differentiate such

it's difficult to differentiate such attacks from the normal traffic

attacks from the normal traffic

attacks from the normal traffic where many people do this at a similar

where many people do this at a similar

where many people do this at a similar time the web Server slows down or gets

time the web Server slows down or gets

time the web Server slows down or gets overloaded

overloaded

overloaded uh it's difficult to identify this a

uh it's difficult to identify this a

uh it's difficult to identify this a type of attack from normal traffic that

type of attack from normal traffic that

type of attack from normal traffic that can happen and obviously you do get

can happen and obviously you do get

can happen and obviously you do get spikes on networks and then if there's

spikes on networks and then if there's

spikes on networks and then if there's updates been applied

updates been applied

updates been applied to the servers again it can

to the servers again it can

to the servers again it can um appear to be slow legitimately slow

um appear to be slow legitimately slow

um appear to be slow legitimately slow difference between denial of service and

difference between denial of service and

difference between denial of service and distributed

distributed

distributed and using a single internet connection

and using a single internet connection

and using a single internet connection an attacker can harm a network in a Dos

an attacker can harm a network in a Dos

an attacker can harm a network in a Dos attack

attack

attack launching multiple connected devices

launching multiple connected devices

launching multiple connected devices that are distributed is a distributed

that are distributed is a distributed

that are distributed is a distributed denial of service attack

denial of service attack

denial of service attack uh the distributed another service also

uh the distributed another service also

uh the distributed another service also differs in the attacks that perform

differs in the attacks that perform

differs in the attacks that perform using botnets

um including mobile phones routers PCS

um including mobile phones routers PCS

um including mobile phones routers PCS Etc

Etc

Etc Denali service attacks can harm a single

Denali service attacks can harm a single

Denali service attacks can harm a single machine or they can attack an entire

machine or they can attack an entire

machine or they can attack an entire network

network

network moving on to the reflective Amplified

moving on to the reflective Amplified

moving on to the reflective Amplified denial of service

denial of service

denial of service the reflective user third-party machines

the reflective user third-party machines

the reflective user third-party machines to attack a targeted computer so

to attack a targeted computer so

to attack a targeted computer so basically the is one way for the

basically the is one way for the

basically the is one way for the attacker to mask their identity

attacker to mask their identity

attacker to mask their identity reflective denial service attacks use

reflective denial service attacks use

reflective denial service attacks use third-party servers for example DNS

third-party servers for example DNS

third-party servers for example DNS servers to attack a targeted computer

servers to attack a targeted computer

servers to attack a targeted computer the attacker sends a requested the

the attacker sends a requested the

the attacker sends a requested the reflector server or servers with the IP

reflector server or servers with the IP

reflector server or servers with the IP address of the target

address of the target

address of the target and what it does is overpowers the

and what it does is overpowers the

and what it does is overpowers the target using response packets

target using response packets

target using response packets an example is a DNS response

type of reflective denial of service

type of reflective denial of service

type of reflective denial of service attacks DNS amplification Network time

attacks DNS amplification Network time

attacks DNS amplification Network time protocol smurfing

protocol smurfing

protocol smurfing mentioned DNS amplification the attack

mentioned DNS amplification the attack

mentioned DNS amplification the attack explicit DNS server to make

explicit DNS server to make

explicit DNS server to make um change small requests into

um change small requests into

um change small requests into considerably larger payloads this can be

considerably larger payloads this can be

considerably larger payloads this can be used to overthrow the victim's servers

used to overthrow the victim's servers

used to overthrow the victim's servers Network time the attacker exploits a

Network time the attacker exploits a

Network time the attacker exploits a widely accessible Network time servers

widely accessible Network time servers

widely accessible Network time servers and destroys the targeted computer with

and destroys the targeted computer with

and destroys the targeted computer with UDP traffic which is what ntp uses

UDP traffic which is what ntp uses

UDP traffic which is what ntp uses uh can they're not all intentional they

uh can they're not all intentional they

uh can they're not all intentional they can be unintentional this is when a

can be unintentional this is when a

can be unintentional this is when a server crashes for example can't provide

server crashes for example can't provide

server crashes for example can't provide services because of traffic from

services because of traffic from

services because of traffic from legitimate users

legitimate users

legitimate users uh again have a look there's a whole

uh again have a look there's a whole

uh again have a look there's a whole bunch of quite

bunch of quite

bunch of quite um well reported and embarrassing

um well reported and embarrassing

um well reported and embarrassing examples for government and private

examples for government and private

examples for government and private companies large companies

companies large companies

companies large companies so in a popular website hosted news on a

so in a popular website hosted news on a

so in a popular website hosted news on a less equipped secondary site the server

less equipped secondary site the server

less equipped secondary site the server on that side won't be able to handle the

on that side won't be able to handle the

on that side won't be able to handle the traffic especially if there's a big

traffic especially if there's a big

traffic especially if there's a big breaking news story going on

a person physically attacks the

a person physically attacks the

a person physically attacks the infrastructure of an organization when

infrastructure of an organization when

infrastructure of an organization when it's a physical attack

it's a physical attack

it's a physical attack example is they snip or destroy a fiber

example is they snip or destroy a fiber

example is they snip or destroy a fiber optic cable

optic cable

optic cable again these I suppose these could be um

again these I suppose these could be um

again these I suppose these could be um malicious or accidental or known quite a

malicious or accidental or known quite a

malicious or accidental or known quite a few cases of work people cutting through

few cases of work people cutting through

few cases of work people cutting through cables by accident

if the attack is able to access the

if the attack is able to access the

if the attack is able to access the compute system

compute system

compute system then they can obtain information on the

then they can obtain information on the

then they can obtain information on the computers obviously

computers obviously

computers obviously there's no set way to rescue computers

there's no set way to rescue computers

there's no set way to rescue computers or a network from these type of attacks

or a network from these type of attacks

or a network from these type of attacks you can put into place certain steps to

you can put into place certain steps to

you can put into place certain steps to reduce the likelihood

reduce the likelihood

reduce the likelihood install to maintain an antivirus on your

install to maintain an antivirus on your

install to maintain an antivirus on your end devices you can also have antivirus

end devices you can also have antivirus

end devices you can also have antivirus on your

on your

on your mobile phones firewalls and computers

mobile phones firewalls and computers

mobile phones firewalls and computers and configure them to control the

and configure them to control the

and configure them to control the incoming an outgoing traffic

protect emails from spam they're just

protect emails from spam they're just

protect emails from spam they're just the latest uh hacking on the Democratic

the latest uh hacking on the Democratic

the latest uh hacking on the Democratic National Party actually where a guy

National Party actually where a guy

National Party actually where a guy received a link telling him to reset his

received a link telling him to reset his

received a link telling him to reset his password and that went off to some

password and that went off to some

password and that went off to some Russian site allegedly somewhere who

Russian site allegedly somewhere who

Russian site allegedly somewhere who then got into his system and read all of

then got into his system and read all of

then got into his system and read all of his emails and all the other emails for

his emails and all the other emails for

his emails and all the other emails for all of the people on the site

all of the people on the site

all of the people on the site and it will manage unwanted traffic and

and it will manage unwanted traffic and

and it will manage unwanted traffic and send alerts for spam email messages

send alerts for spam email messages

send alerts for spam email messages you can install a intrusion detection

you can install a intrusion detection

you can install a intrusion detection system an IDs that will protect systems

system an IDs that will protect systems

system an IDs that will protect systems from the distributed denial of service

from the distributed denial of service

from the distributed denial of service attacks

the RDS uses collection verification

the RDS uses collection verification

the RDS uses collection verification methods

methods

methods and speak to whatever your network

and speak to whatever your network

and speak to whatever your network equipment vendor is for more information

equipment vendor is for more information

equipment vendor is for more information you can disable and use networks or

you can disable and use networks or

you can disable and use networks or segments or devices or ports on switches

segments or devices or ports on switches

segments or devices or ports on switches regular system performance

and now you can have legitimate issues

and now you can have legitimate issues

and now you can have legitimate issues that represent denial of service like a

that represent denial of service like a

that represent denial of service like a fonty faulty network card a spanning

fonty faulty network card a spanning

fonty faulty network card a spanning tree issue

tree issue

tree issue a routing protocol convergence when

a routing protocol convergence when

a routing protocol convergence when you're either booty devices or a network

you're either booty devices or a network

you're either booty devices or a network has gone down or up

has gone down or up

has gone down or up and large file download by a user on the

and large file download by a user on the

and large file download by a user on the network who doesn't have a limit

network who doesn't have a limit

network who doesn't have a limit a bulk email sent for marketing for

a bulk email sent for marketing for

a bulk email sent for marketing for example

unusually slow Network I know and some

unusually slow Network I know and some

unusually slow Network I know and some networks I've worked up at for example a

networks I've worked up at for example a

networks I've worked up at for example a Friday afternoon there was a big backup

Friday afternoon there was a big backup

Friday afternoon there was a big backup and the whole network went slow but if

and the whole network went slow but if

and the whole network went slow but if that happened on another time of the

that happened on another time of the

that happened on another time of the week then it could be a warning sign

week then it could be a warning sign

week then it could be a warning sign unreachability of a particular website

unreachability of a particular website

unreachability of a particular website High numbers of spam messages received

High numbers of spam messages received

High numbers of spam messages received on an email account

on an email account

on an email account denial of service oh we've just

denial of service oh we've just

denial of service oh we've just summarizing what we've covered is

summarizing what we've covered is

summarizing what we've covered is deniala service bandwidth attacks

deniala service bandwidth attacks

deniala service bandwidth attacks connectivity attacks common types of

connectivity attacks common types of

connectivity attacks common types of deniala service and what is distributed

deniala service and what is distributed

deniala service and what is distributed to Denali service

to Denali service

to Denali service types of distributed attacks the

types of distributed attacks the

types of distributed attacks the difference differences between the two

difference differences between the two

difference differences between the two reflective denial of service types of

reflective denial of service types of

reflective denial of service types of reflective unintentional

reflective unintentional

reflective unintentional attacks on our physical infrastructure

attacks on our physical infrastructure

attacks on our physical infrastructure and then preventing denial of service

and then preventing denial of service

and then preventing denial of service and identifying one when it happens so

and identifying one when it happens so

and identifying one when it happens so that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 14 lesson 1A common

welcome to module 14 lesson 1A common

welcome to module 14 lesson 1A common networking attacks we've heard earlier

networking attacks we've heard earlier

networking attacks we've heard earlier about a few attacks but we need to just

about a few attacks but we need to just

about a few attacks but we need to just update the list because of the new stuff

update the list because of the new stuff

update the list because of the new stuff in the syllabus

you can look at Social Engineering

you can look at Social Engineering

you can look at Social Engineering Insider threats a logic bomb

Insider threats a logic bomb

Insider threats a logic bomb Rogue access point Wireless

Rogue access point Wireless

Rogue access point Wireless evil twin

evil twin

evil twin War driving could love to know who comes

War driving could love to know who comes

War driving could love to know who comes up with all of these names

up with all of these names

up with all of these names uh fishing

uh fishing

uh fishing around somewhere DNS poisoning ARP

around somewhere DNS poisoning ARP

around somewhere DNS poisoning ARP poisoning spoofing

poisoning spoofing

poisoning spoofing de-authentication Brute Force

de-authentication Brute Force

de-authentication Brute Force VLAN hopping man in the middle

VLAN hopping man in the middle

VLAN hopping man in the middle and then some exploits and

and then some exploits and

and then some exploits and vulnerabilities social engineering the

vulnerabilities social engineering the

vulnerabilities social engineering the funny thing about this threat is it

funny thing about this threat is it

funny thing about this threat is it isn't um electronically detectable so we

isn't um electronically detectable so we

isn't um electronically detectable so we don't have a little alarm go off

don't have a little alarm go off

don't have a little alarm go off somewhere it's um normally when an

somewhere it's um normally when an

somewhere it's um normally when an attacker convinces an employee to

attacker convinces an employee to

attacker convinces an employee to disclose confidential information so

disclose confidential information so

disclose confidential information so what happens is uh perhaps they could um

what happens is uh perhaps they could um

what happens is uh perhaps they could um say they make a phone call that it goes

say they make a phone call that it goes

say they make a phone call that it goes through to

through to

through to um

um

um headquarters office and then they

headquarters office and then they

headquarters office and then they um they asked to be put through to your

um they asked to be put through to your

um they asked to be put through to your office so what you'll probably see on

office so what you'll probably see on

office so what you'll probably see on your phone is the extension one two

your phone is the extension one two

your phone is the extension one two three four as if it's coming from here

three four as if it's coming from here

three four as if it's coming from here so you think it's an internal call and

so you think it's an internal call and

so you think it's an internal call and but really it's coming from outside here

but really it's coming from outside here

but really it's coming from outside here in the um the EU the hackers house

in the um the EU the hackers house

in the um the EU the hackers house wherever they may be so it looks like um

wherever they may be so it looks like um

wherever they may be so it looks like um uh the legitimate call

uh the legitimate call

uh the legitimate call they pretend to be a senior manager or

they pretend to be a senior manager or

they pretend to be a senior manager or someone inside the tech support

someone inside the tech support

someone inside the tech support department

department

department and um they'll access some information

and um they'll access some information

and um they'll access some information they'll ask you for passcodes or say

they'll ask you for passcodes or say

they'll ask you for passcodes or say there's a problem with your account and

there's a problem with your account and

there's a problem with your account and um this is a pretty successful way of of

um this is a pretty successful way of of

um this is a pretty successful way of of getting information

getting information

getting information the other thing is

the other thing is

the other thing is um or accounts are social engineering is

um or accounts are social engineering is

um or accounts are social engineering is somebody Who Walks Behind the employee

somebody Who Walks Behind the employee

somebody Who Walks Behind the employee who's already entered the security guard

who's already entered the security guard

who's already entered the security guard for a door also known as tailgating

for a door also known as tailgating

for a door also known as tailgating also another way is leaving the USB

also another way is leaving the USB

also another way is leaving the USB ground on the USB on the ground

ground on the USB on the ground

ground on the USB on the ground somewhere this is quite common sometimes

somewhere this is quite common sometimes

somewhere this is quite common sometimes this these USB sticks have actually got

this these USB sticks have actually got

this these USB sticks have actually got a battery in and it's designed whatever

a battery in and it's designed whatever

a battery in and it's designed whatever whatever device you plug it into sends

whatever device you plug it into sends

whatever device you plug it into sends an electrical current through it and it

an electrical current through it and it

an electrical current through it and it fries your circuit board and Fries your

fries your circuit board and Fries your

fries your circuit board and Fries your hard drive or it can actually plant some

hard drive or it can actually plant some

hard drive or it can actually plant some lines of code

Insider threats normally an employee or

Insider threats normally an employee or

Insider threats normally an employee or a contractor

a contractor

a contractor they could be under duress working for a

they could be under duress working for a

they could be under duress working for a competitor or a blackmailer looking to

competitor or a blackmailer looking to

competitor or a blackmailer looking to get information

get information

get information and most security focuses on external

and most security focuses on external

and most security focuses on external threats so it's looking at

threats so it's looking at

threats so it's looking at incoming attacks

incoming attacks

incoming attacks malware Trojans all that kind of stuff

malware Trojans all that kind of stuff

malware Trojans all that kind of stuff but inside your organization obviously

but inside your organization obviously

but inside your organization obviously you could have people that are posing

you could have people that are posing

you could have people that are posing the threat

the threat

the threat so people who work for your organization

so people who work for your organization

so people who work for your organization should know your systems policies

should know your systems policies

should know your systems policies procedures and weaknesses and they

procedures and weaknesses and they

procedures and weaknesses and they should know how to spot somebody Who's

should know how to spot somebody Who's

should know how to spot somebody Who's acting suspiciously or acting for

acting suspiciously or acting for

acting suspiciously or acting for suspicious information

suspicious information

suspicious information as you've probably seen in the movies

as you've probably seen in the movies

as you've probably seen in the movies you could have what's known as a sleeper

you could have what's known as a sleeper

you could have what's known as a sleeper so we normally uh

so we normally uh

so we normally uh associate this with spies sleeper agents

associate this with spies sleeper agents

associate this with spies sleeper agents let's sleep with somebody who could be

let's sleep with somebody who could be

let's sleep with somebody who could be waiting to be activated

waiting to be activated

waiting to be activated obviously they could easily go

obviously they could easily go

obviously they could easily go undetected and they could be doing

undetected and they could be doing

undetected and they could be doing um things to your network or passing

um things to your network or passing

um things to your network or passing information for some time

a logic bomb is a type of malware

a logic bomb is a type of malware

a logic bomb is a type of malware it does damage after a certain condition

it does damage after a certain condition

it does damage after a certain condition is met so an example is

is met so an example is

is met so an example is um the spyware or the the malware sorry

um the spyware or the the malware sorry

um the spyware or the the malware sorry is on your device

is on your device

is on your device and then when the clock ticks over to

and then when the clock ticks over to

and then when the clock ticks over to the first of the first say 2019 or

the first of the first say 2019 or

the first of the first say 2019 or whatever it then executes the

it executes the code and then does the

it executes the code and then does the

it executes the code and then does the damage

damage

damage it can be left behind after attack and

it can be left behind after attack and

it can be left behind after attack and what it could do is destroy any evidence

what it could do is destroy any evidence

what it could do is destroy any evidence that is taking place so it could destroy

that is taking place so it could destroy

that is taking place so it could destroy whatever fires it's actually put on your

whatever fires it's actually put on your

whatever fires it's actually put on your system making it harder for you to do a

system making it harder for you to do a

system making it harder for you to do a forensic analysis

forensic analysis

forensic analysis you may remember the Chernobyl virus

you may remember the Chernobyl virus

you may remember the Chernobyl virus this was an example of a logic bomb

this was an example of a logic bomb

this was an example of a logic bomb they wrote to the boot sector of discs

they wrote to the boot sector of discs

they wrote to the boot sector of discs swipe the bias on the hard drives and

swipe the bias on the hard drives and

swipe the bias on the hard drives and left the devices unusable

left the devices unusable

left the devices unusable so pretty bad

so pretty bad

so pretty bad uh Rogue access points so we're talking

uh Rogue access points so we're talking

uh Rogue access points so we're talking about the um waps wireless access points

about the um waps wireless access points

about the um waps wireless access points major concern especially in large

major concern especially in large

major concern especially in large environments

environments

environments so somebody's brought in a third-party

so somebody's brought in a third-party

so somebody's brought in a third-party access point by Network user often this

access point by Network user often this

access point by Network user often this can happen when somebody's complaining

can happen when somebody's complaining

can happen when somebody's complaining about

about

about their signals you've got you know you've

their signals you've got you know you've

their signals you've got you know you've got bars on your device so you've got

got bars on your device so you've got

got bars on your device so you've got one or two bars then I've seen instances

one or two bars then I've seen instances

one or two bars then I've seen instances where people have brought in their own

where people have brought in their own

where people have brought in their own access points and somehow managed to

access points and somehow managed to

access points and somehow managed to connect to the network and they get

connect to the network and they get

connect to the network and they get obviously a higher connection or faster

obviously a higher connection or faster

obviously a higher connection or faster connection

connection

connection so gives a network access to anybody in

so gives a network access to anybody in

so gives a network access to anybody in range of the Rogue access point so this

range of the Rogue access point so this

range of the Rogue access point so this is the the danger of people who uh on

is the the danger of people who uh on

is the the danger of people who uh on purpose or just accidentally they don't

purpose or just accidentally they don't

purpose or just accidentally they don't know how the technology works a lot of

know how the technology works a lot of

know how the technology works a lot of other devices will be associating with

other devices will be associating with

other devices will be associating with this access point here when it should

this access point here when it should

this access point here when it should have actually gone off to the corporate

have actually gone off to the corporate

have actually gone off to the corporate one

one

one you mitigate this for regular site

you mitigate this for regular site

you mitigate this for regular site surveys basically you're walking around

surveys basically you're walking around

surveys basically you're walking around with um your wireless wireless device

with um your wireless wireless device

with um your wireless wireless device checking for legitimate devices

checking for legitimate devices

checking for legitimate devices uh you can force users to authenticate

uh you can force users to authenticate

uh you can force users to authenticate user NATO 2.1x

user NATO 2.1x

user NATO 2.1x uh also can happen if you enable Wi-Fi

uh also can happen if you enable Wi-Fi

uh also can happen if you enable Wi-Fi sharing on your phone so if you're stuck

sharing on your phone so if you're stuck

sharing on your phone so if you're stuck somewhere you've got your smartphone

somewhere you've got your smartphone

somewhere you've got your smartphone there's a little

there's a little

there's a little um app in there where you can let the

um app in there where you can let the

um app in there where you can let the devices say for example your laptop if

devices say for example your laptop if

devices say for example your laptop if that doesn't have a capability it can

that doesn't have a capability it can

that doesn't have a capability it can actually piggyback onto your

actually piggyback onto your

actually piggyback onto your um phone with a wireless signal

um phone with a wireless signal

um phone with a wireless signal and then connect to the network so

and then connect to the network so

and then connect to the network so you've got to be careful of that

you've got to be careful of that

you've got to be careful of that Wireless evil twins this is uh configure

Wireless evil twins this is uh configure

Wireless evil twins this is uh configure an external access point to behave as

an external access point to behave as

an external access point to behave as The Trusted access points

The Trusted access points

The Trusted access points it used the same SSID

and their security settings

and their security settings

and their security settings so it'll all look the same

so it'll all look the same

so it'll all look the same and the user connects you can see the

and the user connects you can see the

and the user connects you can see the the legitimate one is here but the

the legitimate one is here but the

the legitimate one is here but the signal is pretty weak the signal here is

signal is pretty weak the signal here is

signal is pretty weak the signal here is much stronger so you'll more likely

much stronger so you'll more likely

much stronger so you'll more likely connect to the Rogue access point

connect to the Rogue access point

connect to the Rogue access point this device normally will have a quite a

this device normally will have a quite a

this device normally will have a quite a strong signal on purpose so it is chosen

strong signal on purpose so it is chosen

strong signal on purpose so it is chosen of the legitimate one

of the legitimate one

of the legitimate one again this can be brought in by Network

again this can be brought in by Network

again this can be brought in by Network users innocently or it can be done

users innocently or it can be done

users innocently or it can be done maliciously

maliciously

maliciously mitigate with https or VPN tunnels

while driving is just simply this

while driving is just simply this

while driving is just simply this happened when Wireless first came out

happened when Wireless first came out

happened when Wireless first came out and nobody had security or it was just a

and nobody had security or it was just a

and nobody had security or it was just a very weak security people drove around

very weak security people drove around

very weak security people drove around trying to find some wireless access

trying to find some wireless access

trying to find some wireless access somewhere and

somewhere and

somewhere and um

um

um if they could see your device and

if they could see your device and

if they could see your device and connect to it even when I it wasn't too

connect to it even when I it wasn't too

connect to it even when I it wasn't too many years ago and my my internet went

many years ago and my my internet went

many years ago and my my internet went down and I um I could see on my wireless

down and I um I could see on my wireless

down and I um I could see on my wireless um if you do a wireless search you'll

um if you do a wireless search you'll

um if you do a wireless search you'll see

see

see a few padlocks

a few padlocks

a few padlocks and then um you'd have one with a open

and then um you'd have one with a open

and then um you'd have one with a open padlock and you can just you could

padlock and you can just you could

padlock and you can just you could connect to that so you see it less now

connect to that so you see it less now

connect to that so you see it less now because most of them are configured

because most of them are configured

because most of them are configured quite easily for security

fishing email sent which is looks

fishing email sent which is looks

fishing email sent which is looks legitimate usually appears to be from an

legitimate usually appears to be from an

legitimate usually appears to be from an official website and it asks you to

official website and it asks you to

official website and it asks you to click on the URL so you click here the

click on the URL so you click here the

click on the URL so you click here the sort of things I'll see are

sort of things I'll see are

sort of things I'll see are it'll say Amazon or um

it'll say Amazon or um

it'll say Amazon or um text message

text message

text message and even smarter people have been caught

and even smarter people have been caught

and even smarter people have been caught out say for example if you're like me

out say for example if you're like me

out say for example if you're like me maybe every three days you've got an

maybe every three days you've got an

maybe every three days you've got an Amazon delivery coming or um or

Amazon delivery coming or um or

Amazon delivery coming or um or something from eBay so if you're busy

something from eBay so if you're busy

something from eBay so if you're busy you'll see it I think oh no I've missed

you'll see it I think oh no I've missed

you'll see it I think oh no I've missed my Amazon delivery too late you've

my Amazon delivery too late you've

my Amazon delivery too late you've clicked on it and um the damage has been

clicked on it and um the damage has been

clicked on it and um the damage has been done

done

done fishing can be phone based also you come

fishing can be phone based also you come

fishing can be phone based also you come to this with email security systems spun

to this with email security systems spun

to this with email security systems spun viruses fishing Etc

viruses fishing Etc

viruses fishing Etc ransomware has really been in the news

ransomware has really been in the news

ransomware has really been in the news lately because even the law enforcement

lately because even the law enforcement

lately because even the law enforcement agencies have been caught it's taken out

agencies have been caught it's taken out

agencies have been caught it's taken out large areas of um the National Health

large areas of um the National Health

large areas of um the National Health Service in the UK

Service in the UK

Service in the UK it limits all of some system access and

it limits all of some system access and

it limits all of some system access and it locks your screen as it does here

it locks your screen as it does here

it locks your screen as it does here until you've paid money to the extorters

until you've paid money to the extorters

until you've paid money to the extorters offers threatens to publish your data

offers threatens to publish your data

offers threatens to publish your data and if in the case of uh

and if in the case of uh

and if in the case of uh I can't remember what it was some sort

I can't remember what it was some sort

I can't remember what it was some sort of police department anyway but it

of police department anyway but it

of police department anyway but it accessed all of their systems somebody

accessed all of their systems somebody

accessed all of their systems somebody downloaded or somebody got an email uh

downloaded or somebody got an email uh

downloaded or somebody got an email uh opened it up

opened it up

opened it up and um they downloaded the software and

and um they downloaded the software and

and um they downloaded the software and it spread through all the all the

it spread through all the all the

it spread through all the all the devices

devices

devices often uses cryptocurrencies for payment

often uses cryptocurrencies for payment

often uses cryptocurrencies for payment so it's hard to trace the money

so it's hard to trace the money

so it's hard to trace the money I often uses Trojans uh wannacry the uh

I often uses Trojans uh wannacry the uh

I often uses Trojans uh wannacry the uh one of the latest ransomware

one of the latest ransomware

one of the latest ransomware that uh malware

that uh malware

that uh malware um software packages that came out

um software packages that came out

um software packages that came out automatically transferred it didn't use

automatically transferred it didn't use

automatically transferred it didn't use a Trojan

a Trojan

a Trojan DNS poisoning we've already learned

DNS poisoning we've already learned

DNS poisoning we've already learned about DNS this is a fake DNS cache entry

about DNS this is a fake DNS cache entry

about DNS this is a fake DNS cache entry it cropsy data inserted into your system

it cropsy data inserted into your system

it cropsy data inserted into your system and the name server returns a false

and the name server returns a false

and the name server returns a false result so you'll do a DNS lookup it goes

result so you'll do a DNS lookup it goes

result so you'll do a DNS lookup it goes to your DNS server but for whatever

to your DNS server but for whatever

to your DNS server but for whatever reason this attacker has somehow

reason this attacker has somehow

reason this attacker has somehow injected this fake entry and instead of

injected this fake entry and instead of

injected this fake entry and instead of going off to the real server here it

going off to the real server here it

going off to the real server here it queries the fake one and it just for all

queries the fake one and it just for all

queries the fake one and it just for all intents and purposes to you looks like

intents and purposes to you looks like

intents and purposes to you looks like you're actually on the correct site

you're actually on the correct site

you're actually on the correct site obviously then it'll try and get

obviously then it'll try and get

obviously then it'll try and get passwords usernames or credit card

passwords usernames or credit card

passwords usernames or credit card information and again this false entry

information and again this false entry

information and again this false entry here if you've got a DNS server it can

here if you've got a DNS server it can

here if you've got a DNS server it can actually propagate within your depending

actually propagate within your depending

actually propagate within your depending on the authority of This Server it'll

on the authority of This Server it'll

on the authority of This Server it'll propagate to other servers

propagate to other servers

propagate to other servers up poisoning

up poisoning

up poisoning requires the attacker to have access to

requires the attacker to have access to

requires the attacker to have access to the victim's local area network again

the victim's local area network again

the victim's local area network again this could be a contractor or somebody

this could be a contractor or somebody

this could be a contractor or somebody who's managed to get in somehow it

who's managed to get in somehow it

who's managed to get in somehow it provides a host of the wrong Mac address

provides a host of the wrong Mac address

provides a host of the wrong Mac address for hosts the host IP address so

for hosts the host IP address so

for hosts the host IP address so um if we go down here this host is

um if we go down here this host is

um if we go down here this host is looking for the you can't say it can't

looking for the you can't say it can't

looking for the you can't say it can't encapsulate the packet as we already

encapsulate the packet as we already

encapsulate the packet as we already know until it knows the MAC address so

know until it knows the MAC address so

know until it knows the MAC address so there's a field here for layer three and

there's a field here for layer three and

there's a field here for layer three and then but for Layer Two in order to send

then but for Layer Two in order to send

then but for Layer Two in order to send the packet out it needs to know the Mac

the packet out it needs to know the Mac

the packet out it needs to know the Mac and if it's got a the false entry here

and if it's got a the false entry here

and if it's got a the false entry here from the attacker then it will send it

from the attacker then it will send it

from the attacker then it will send it to the wrong host it'll send it to here

to the wrong host it'll send it to here

to the wrong host it'll send it to here instead of here or vice versa

instead of here or vice versa

instead of here or vice versa you combat this with Dynamic harp

you combat this with Dynamic harp

you combat this with Dynamic harp inspection which is you will enable this

inspection which is you will enable this

inspection which is you will enable this on switches

on switches

on switches our and DHCP snooping

our and DHCP snooping

our and DHCP snooping there's a lot of different type of

there's a lot of different type of

there's a lot of different type of spoofing when it comes to hacking this

spoofing when it comes to hacking this

spoofing when it comes to hacking this is pretending to be someone or something

is pretending to be someone or something

is pretending to be someone or something you want

you want

you want and one type of spoofing is DHCP

and one type of spoofing is DHCP

and one type of spoofing is DHCP spoofing the idea is the software

spoofing the idea is the software

spoofing the idea is the software exhausts the pool of addresses so you'll

exhausts the pool of addresses so you'll

exhausts the pool of addresses so you'll have a pool of say

have a pool of say

have a pool of say 10 000 addresses and it will spoof keep

10 000 addresses and it will spoof keep

10 000 addresses and it will spoof keep requesting the addresses until

requesting the addresses until

requesting the addresses until eventually there's zero left at which

eventually there's zero left at which

eventually there's zero left at which point in the DHCP server can't allocate

point in the DHCP server can't allocate

point in the DHCP server can't allocate information and then hosts on your

information and then hosts on your

information and then hosts on your network can't join the network

network can't join the network

network can't join the network uh the Mac impersonates house or device

uh the Mac impersonates house or device

uh the Mac impersonates house or device on Two Hosts on one switch Port so this

on Two Hosts on one switch Port so this

on Two Hosts on one switch Port so this is actually poisoning it looks like the

is actually poisoning it looks like the

is actually poisoning it looks like the port on the switch here it should have

port on the switch here it should have

port on the switch here it should have one Mac address per port

one Mac address per port

one Mac address per port but

but

but it's got two associated with the uh Port

it's got two associated with the uh Port

it's got two associated with the uh Port which um

which um

which um it can it can happen if you've got a um

it can it can happen if you've got a um

it can it can happen if you've got a um Hub plugged in but it would you would

Hub plugged in but it would you would

Hub plugged in but it would you would normally have this on your network

normally have this on your network

normally have this on your network however the ARP Source the MAC address

however the ARP Source the MAC address

however the ARP Source the MAC address is disguised and the arc cache is

is disguised and the arc cache is

is disguised and the arc cache is poisoned

poisoned

poisoned de-authentication this is used on Wi-Fi

de-authentication this is used on Wi-Fi

de-authentication this is used on Wi-Fi networks this is more of a pain than

networks this is more of a pain than

networks this is more of a pain than anything it sends a de-authentication

anything it sends a de-authentication

anything it sends a de-authentication frame to the host to end the session the

frame to the host to end the session the

frame to the host to end the session the attackers boosts the victim's Mac

attackers boosts the victim's Mac

attackers boosts the victim's Mac address which you could attain by

address which you could attain by

address which you could attain by sniffing while a sniffing now there's no

sniffing while a sniffing now there's no

sniffing while a sniffing now there's no need for encryption so even though

need for encryption so even though

need for encryption so even though you've got an encrypted uh connection

you've got an encrypted uh connection

you've got an encrypted uh connection so or your device or all your traffic is

so or your device or all your traffic is

so or your device or all your traffic is encrypted the de-authentication frame

encrypted the de-authentication frame

encrypted the de-authentication frame doesn't have to be

doesn't have to be

doesn't have to be so whatever that frame will say

whatever whatever it says in the frame

whatever whatever it says in the frame

whatever whatever it says in the frame to tell it to terminate the session that

to tell it to terminate the session that

to tell it to terminate the session that doesn't have to be so it's a floor in

doesn't have to be so it's a floor in

doesn't have to be so it's a floor in the technology

the technology

the technology brute force uh this is a type of

brute force uh this is a type of

brute force uh this is a type of password attack the other type is a

password attack the other type is a

password attack the other type is a dictionary attack so what the Brute

dictionary attack so what the Brute

dictionary attack so what the Brute Force attack does it just keeps guessing

Force attack does it just keeps guessing

Force attack does it just keeps guessing over and over

over and over

over and over to try and find the password

to try and find the password

to try and find the password typically the username would have been

typically the username would have been

typically the username would have been installed and

installed and

installed and um yeah you'll have a hashed version of

um yeah you'll have a hashed version of

um yeah you'll have a hashed version of the password this is what it's trying to

the password this is what it's trying to

the password this is what it's trying to guess

guess

guess the same hashing algorithm is used for

the same hashing algorithm is used for

the same hashing algorithm is used for example md5 is used

example md5 is used

example md5 is used and it will use this to try and send

and it will use this to try and send

and it will use this to try and send hash values

hash values

hash values you'll combat it using Advanced

you'll combat it using Advanced

you'll combat it using Advanced algorithms so you'd have like millions

algorithms so you'd have like millions

algorithms so you'd have like millions or billions of combinations

or billions of combinations

or billions of combinations um for example RSA or public key

um for example RSA or public key

um for example RSA or public key encryption

VLAN hop in uh host typically require a

VLAN hop in uh host typically require a

VLAN hop in uh host typically require a layer 3 device to reach under the VLAN

layer 3 device to reach under the VLAN

layer 3 device to reach under the VLAN and if I've got a picture of this

and if I've got a picture of this

and if I've got a picture of this actually but we've seen before if you've

actually but we've seen before if you've

actually but we've seen before if you've got a hosts

got a hosts

got a hosts in this VLAN

in this VLAN

in this VLAN and they will connect to a switch and

and they will connect to a switch and

and they will connect to a switch and then hosts in this VLAN

then hosts in this VLAN

then hosts in this VLAN so VLAN 10 VLAN 20 and they'll be

so VLAN 10 VLAN 20 and they'll be

so VLAN 10 VLAN 20 and they'll be they'll have different IP addresses but

they'll have different IP addresses but

they'll have different IP addresses but uh these do these devices can't connect

uh these do these devices can't connect

uh these do these devices can't connect to one another unless the switch is

to one another unless the switch is

to one another unless the switch is connected to a layer 3 device now this

connected to a layer 3 device now this

connected to a layer 3 device now this can actually be built into the switch it

can actually be built into the switch it

can actually be built into the switch it could be a multi-layer switch but it has

could be a multi-layer switch but it has

could be a multi-layer switch but it has to have this layer 3 capability

to have this layer 3 capability

to have this layer 3 capability well VLAN hopping the attacker attempts

well VLAN hopping the attacker attempts

well VLAN hopping the attacker attempts to bypass the layer 3 device to com

to bypass the layer 3 device to com

to bypass the layer 3 device to com compromise another device and you could

compromise another device and you could

compromise another device and you could have all your security

have all your security

have all your security or some of your security built into this

or some of your security built into this

or some of your security built into this layer 3 device

layer 3 device

layer 3 device here it's done by a switch spoofing or

here it's done by a switch spoofing or

here it's done by a switch spoofing or double tagging

double tagging

double tagging so switch spoofing the device

so switch spoofing the device

so switch spoofing the device impersonates a switch whatever this

impersonates a switch whatever this

impersonates a switch whatever this Rogue device is it's pretending to be a

Rogue device is it's pretending to be a

Rogue device is it's pretending to be a switch so probably we'll need a trunk

switch so probably we'll need a trunk

switch so probably we'll need a trunk link here

you combat it by disabling trunking

you combat it by disabling trunking

you combat it by disabling trunking where not required

to say this is your frame here and you

to say this is your frame here and you

to say this is your frame here and you would have your VLAN

would have your VLAN

would have your VLAN uh 10 here and say 20 here well normally

uh 10 here and say 20 here well normally

uh 10 here and say 20 here well normally when the frame reaches the destination

when the frame reaches the destination

when the frame reaches the destination the VLAN tag is removed because the

the VLAN tag is removed because the

the VLAN tag is removed because the hosts don't really care that they're in

hosts don't really care that they're in

hosts don't really care that they're in a VLAN but what they can do with VLAN

a VLAN but what they can do with VLAN

a VLAN but what they can do with VLAN hopping is they can add an extra one

um here in order to gain access to a

um here in order to gain access to a

um here in order to gain access to a VLAN when this device might be over here

VLAN when this device might be over here

VLAN when this device might be over here on VLAN 20.

on VLAN 20.

on VLAN 20. so that's double tagging

so that's double tagging

so that's double tagging combat by using a dedicated VLAN for all

combat by using a dedicated VLAN for all

combat by using a dedicated VLAN for all trunk links

trunk links

trunk links so your trunk link between this switch

so your trunk link between this switch

so your trunk link between this switch here

here

here is switch here this switch here you've

is switch here this switch here you've

is switch here this switch here you've got a special VLAN only used between

got a special VLAN only used between

got a special VLAN only used between these trunk links so save VLAN 101 102

these trunk links so save VLAN 101 102

these trunk links so save VLAN 101 102 103. these these numbers aren't used

103. these these numbers aren't used

103. these these numbers aren't used anywhere else on the network they're

anywhere else on the network they're

anywhere else on the network they're just used for the trunk links

uh this is just a diagram showing you um

uh this is just a diagram showing you um

uh this is just a diagram showing you um the double tag frame here so the switch

the double tag frame here so the switch

the double tag frame here so the switch arm removes the first tagging forwards

arm removes the first tagging forwards

arm removes the first tagging forwards to switch to and this time

to switch to and this time

to switch to and this time the tag is still attached to it

man in the middle attack uh convinces

man in the middle attack uh convinces

man in the middle attack uh convinces the sender and receiver that the

the sender and receiver that the

the sender and receiver that the computer in the middle is the actual

computer in the middle is the actual

computer in the middle is the actual host so this host here thinks it says

host so this host here thinks it says

host so this host here thinks it says speaking to the server the server thinks

speaking to the server the server thinks

speaking to the server the server thinks he's speaking to this host over here

he's speaking to this host over here

he's speaking to this host over here really it's going between this

really it's going between this

really it's going between this intermediary device here which is the

intermediary device here which is the

intermediary device here which is the attacker

attacker

attacker you normally accompany this with DNS or

you normally accompany this with DNS or

you normally accompany this with DNS or ARP spoofing so there'd be an ARP cache

ARP spoofing so there'd be an ARP cache

ARP spoofing so there'd be an ARP cache here

and here and it would say the back

and here and it would say the back

and here and it would say the back address for this particular host but

address for this particular host but

address for this particular host but really it's injected a false Mac address

really it's injected a false Mac address

really it's injected a false Mac address here

here

here and it and the messages are actually

and it and the messages are actually

and it and the messages are actually sent and received

sent and received

sent and received so there's acknowledgment it sends and

so there's acknowledgment it sends and

so there's acknowledgment it sends and then this device here will send out an

then this device here will send out an

then this device here will send out an acknowledgment but really it's going

acknowledgment but really it's going

acknowledgment but really it's going through the middle here

through the middle here

through the middle here type of spoofing attack

type of spoofing attack

type of spoofing attack I've renderability scanning

I've renderability scanning

I've renderability scanning um

um

um this should have appeared in a moment

this should have appeared in a moment

this should have appeared in a moment sorry it probes the host in order to

sorry it probes the host in order to

sorry it probes the host in order to find an explode exploitable service or

find an explode exploitable service or

find an explode exploitable service or process so you've got your server here

process so you've got your server here

process so you've got your server here and obviously there's ports permitted or

and obviously there's ports permitted or

and obviously there's ports permitted or denied but it will keep probing until it

denied but it will keep probing until it

denied but it will keep probing until it finally finds one that's open and then

finally finds one that's open and then

finally finds one that's open and then it will try and do some damage

it will try and do some damage

it will try and do some damage there's a whole bunch of tools if you do

there's a whole bunch of tools if you do

there's a whole bunch of tools if you do an ethical hacking course for example

an ethical hacking course for example

an ethical hacking course for example you can download there's a ton of free

you can download there's a ton of free

you can download there's a ton of free tools that um the idea is you're trying

tools that um the idea is you're trying

tools that um the idea is you're trying to learn how to protect your system but

to learn how to protect your system but

to learn how to protect your system but they're obviously available for use by

they're obviously available for use by

they're obviously available for use by hackers

hackers

hackers now say there's a particular Port open

now say there's a particular Port open

now say there's a particular Port open or a service so

or a service so

or a service so um like an instant messenger Port has

um like an instant messenger Port has

um like an instant messenger Port has been left open

been left open

been left open this will then tell the attacker the

this will then tell the attacker the

this will then tell the attacker the hacker what type of attack will work

hacker what type of attack will work

hacker what type of attack will work best on this particular Port so it may

best on this particular Port so it may

best on this particular Port so it may not use that specific pool but it may

not use that specific pool but it may

not use that specific pool but it may then be able to Target a vulnerability

then be able to Target a vulnerability

then be able to Target a vulnerability in the application

in the application

in the application one of the tools you could use is a nmap

one of the tools you could use is a nmap

one of the tools you could use is a nmap you obviously counteract all of this by

you obviously counteract all of this by

you obviously counteract all of this by doing some penetration testing or paying

doing some penetration testing or paying

doing some penetration testing or paying for it

for it

for it and here's a result from the nmap tool

and here's a result from the nmap tool

and here's a result from the nmap tool here

here

here and then it's giving you your your

and then it's giving you your your

and then it's giving you your your outputs you'll learn more if you do

outputs you'll learn more if you do

outputs you'll learn more if you do penetration testing which isn't really

penetration testing which isn't really

penetration testing which isn't really covered in the syllabus

covered in the syllabus

covered in the syllabus all right so we've covered a lot of

all right so we've covered a lot of

all right so we've covered a lot of stuff social engineering Insider threats

stuff social engineering Insider threats

stuff social engineering Insider threats logic bombs the Rogue access point that

logic bombs the Rogue access point that

logic bombs the Rogue access point that somebody brings in evil twin driving

somebody brings in evil twin driving

somebody brings in evil twin driving around looking for a free wireless

around looking for a free wireless

around looking for a free wireless fishing

fishing

fishing uh ransomware poisoning the DNS entries

uh ransomware poisoning the DNS entries

uh ransomware poisoning the DNS entries the ARP cache spoofing is pretending to

the ARP cache spoofing is pretending to

the ARP cache spoofing is pretending to be something or someone you're not

be something or someone you're not

be something or someone you're not D authentication the frames got

D authentication the frames got

D authentication the frames got um it can be in clear text Brute Force

um it can be in clear text Brute Force

um it can be in clear text Brute Force attacks VLAN hopping man in the middle

attacks VLAN hopping man in the middle

attacks VLAN hopping man in the middle and then exploits versus vulnerabilities

and then exploits versus vulnerabilities

and then exploits versus vulnerabilities that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

network security threat mitigation and

network security threat mitigation and

network security threat mitigation and user education

user education

user education we've now talked about a lot of the

we've now talked about a lot of the

we've now talked about a lot of the different types of attacks and security

different types of attacks and security

different types of attacks and security threats that you encounter in today's

threats that you encounter in today's

threats that you encounter in today's world when it comes to your network and

world when it comes to your network and

world when it comes to your network and we've talked about ways to protect from

we've talked about ways to protect from

we've talked about ways to protect from these threats from attacks to antivirus

these threats from attacks to antivirus

these threats from attacks to antivirus software and so on but let's talk a

software and so on but let's talk a

software and so on but let's talk a little further about how we can mitigate

little further about how we can mitigate

little further about how we can mitigate these threats and if that word is new to

these threats and if that word is new to

these threats and if that word is new to you the first thing we're going to talk

you the first thing we're going to talk

you the first thing we're going to talk about is what threat mitigation means

about is what threat mitigation means

about is what threat mitigation means we're then going to identify some of the

we're then going to identify some of the

we're then going to identify some of the steps in a good protection strategy

steps in a good protection strategy

steps in a good protection strategy these include developing strong security

these include developing strong security

these include developing strong security policies monitoring the threats on your

policies monitoring the threats on your

policies monitoring the threats on your network something that we've talked

network something that we've talked

network something that we've talked about in the past a hugely important one

about in the past a hugely important one

about in the past a hugely important one educating users since almost all the

educating users since almost all the

educating users since almost all the threats we've talked about in some way

threats we've talked about in some way

threats we've talked about in some way shape or form have to do with what we

shape or form have to do with what we

shape or form have to do with what we call social engineering

call social engineering

call social engineering in other words getting someone to do

in other words getting someone to do

in other words getting someone to do what you want them to do for instance

what you want them to do for instance

what you want them to do for instance give them your password

give them your password

give them your password automating scanning and updates both

automating scanning and updates both

automating scanning and updates both from uh updates of the operating system

from uh updates of the operating system

from uh updates of the operating system and from the virus scan program and

and from the virus scan program and

and from the virus scan program and patches and updates for our operating

patches and updates for our operating

patches and updates for our operating systems and our software

systems and our software

systems and our software so what is mitigation one of the only

so what is mitigation one of the only

so what is mitigation one of the only ways that a network can stand a chance

ways that a network can stand a chance

ways that a network can stand a chance against attacks is to do something

against attacks is to do something

against attacks is to do something before the attack is made isn't it said

before the attack is made isn't it said

before the attack is made isn't it said that an ounce of prevention is worth a

that an ounce of prevention is worth a

that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure well this means more than

pound of cure well this means more than

pound of cure well this means more than just having anti-virus and firewalls in

just having anti-virus and firewalls in

just having anti-virus and firewalls in place those things are great but they

place those things are great but they

place those things are great but they can only stop an attack that's already

can only stop an attack that's already

can only stop an attack that's already being made really the best way to

being made really the best way to

being made really the best way to protect a network is to set up

protect a network is to set up

protect a network is to set up prevention measures before an attack can

prevention measures before an attack can

prevention measures before an attack can happen

happen

happen the idiom of an ounce prevention is

the idiom of an ounce prevention is

the idiom of an ounce prevention is worth a pound of cure means that you

worth a pound of cure means that you

worth a pound of cure means that you save a huge amount of trouble by

save a huge amount of trouble by

save a huge amount of trouble by preventing the trouble from even

preventing the trouble from even

preventing the trouble from even happening so one of the best ways to do

happening so one of the best ways to do

happening so one of the best ways to do that is to mitigate the threats that are

that is to mitigate the threats that are

that is to mitigate the threats that are made on your network mitigation is a

made on your network mitigation is a

made on your network mitigation is a word that doesn't just apply to

word that doesn't just apply to

word that doesn't just apply to networking but in this case we're

networking but in this case we're

networking but in this case we're talking about it in the sense of

talking about it in the sense of

talking about it in the sense of lessening of a chance of an attack by

lessening of a chance of an attack by

lessening of a chance of an attack by using mitigation you're taking measures

using mitigation you're taking measures

using mitigation you're taking measures to reduce the frequency of attacks the

to reduce the frequency of attacks the

to reduce the frequency of attacks the size of those attacks when and if they

size of those attacks when and if they

size of those attacks when and if they take place how severely most importantly

take place how severely most importantly

take place how severely most importantly they're going to impact your network we

they're going to impact your network we

they're going to impact your network we need to have a strategy in place in

need to have a strategy in place in

need to have a strategy in place in order to mitigate threats and make life

order to mitigate threats and make life

order to mitigate threats and make life on the network easier

on the network easier

on the network easier so step one of the mitigation strategy

so step one of the mitigation strategy

so step one of the mitigation strategy needs to be to set up rules and policies

needs to be to set up rules and policies

needs to be to set up rules and policies within a network users are set up by the

within a network users are set up by the

within a network users are set up by the administrator and need to be agreed upon

administrator and need to be agreed upon

administrator and need to be agreed upon by all the high up people on the network

by all the high up people on the network

by all the high up people on the network and all the high up people in your

and all the high up people in your

and all the high up people in your corporation they then need to be told to

corporation they then need to be told to

corporation they then need to be told to all of the users these rules should be

all of the users these rules should be

all of the users these rules should be standard throughout the network with

standard throughout the network with

standard throughout the network with very few exceptions because these

very few exceptions because these

very few exceptions because these exceptions easily lead to a breach in

exceptions easily lead to a breach in

exceptions easily lead to a breach in security

security

security one of the rules that needs to be set up

one of the rules that needs to be set up

one of the rules that needs to be set up for instance is what can users download

for instance is what can users download

for instance is what can users download such as applications can they download

such as applications can they download

such as applications can they download stuff like browsers well some of them

stuff like browsers well some of them

stuff like browsers well some of them are trustable but are we going to trust

are trustable but are we going to trust

are trustable but are we going to trust people on our Network to choose the

people on our Network to choose the

people on our Network to choose the browsers that are actually worth

browsers that are actually worth

browsers that are actually worth trusting

trusting

trusting the administrator needs to be wary of

the administrator needs to be wary of

the administrator needs to be wary of just about any program that a user could

just about any program that a user could

just about any program that a user could download and as we learned in the last

download and as we learned in the last

download and as we learned in the last module viruses can hide within programs

module viruses can hide within programs

module viruses can hide within programs they don't just attack out of nowhere a

they don't just attack out of nowhere a

they don't just attack out of nowhere a user on your network could easily

user on your network could easily

user on your network could easily download a virus without even knowing it

download a virus without even knowing it

download a virus without even knowing it and then they end up infecting not just

and then they end up infecting not just

and then they end up infecting not just their computer but the entire network so

their computer but the entire network so

their computer but the entire network so a rule needs to be put in place that

a rule needs to be put in place that

a rule needs to be put in place that says whether or not downloading of

says whether or not downloading of

says whether or not downloading of applications is allowed and if it is

applications is allowed and if it is

applications is allowed and if it is from what sources you may even want to

from what sources you may even want to

from what sources you may even want to limit the fact that people can download

limit the fact that people can download

limit the fact that people can download by shutting off their user rights to

by shutting off their user rights to

by shutting off their user rights to download or to install programs on their

download or to install programs on their

download or to install programs on their network if they can't install anything

network if they can't install anything

network if they can't install anything they can install a virus another major

they can install a virus another major

they can install a virus another major Rule and this is really important is are

Rule and this is really important is are

Rule and this is really important is are they allowed to use outside storage

they allowed to use outside storage

they allowed to use outside storage devices such as uh removable hard drives

devices such as uh removable hard drives

devices such as uh removable hard drives thumb drives flash drives and storage

thumb drives flash drives and storage

thumb drives flash drives and storage CDs any one of these media storage

CDs any one of these media storage

CDs any one of these media storage devices can contain malware one of the

devices can contain malware one of the

devices can contain malware one of the uh classic examples is

uh classic examples is

uh classic examples is someone leaves flash drives in the

someone leaves flash drives in the

someone leaves flash drives in the parking lot when you find the flash

parking lot when you find the flash

parking lot when you find the flash drive what's the first thing you do oh

drive what's the first thing you do oh

drive what's the first thing you do oh you say it's a brand new flash drive I'm

you say it's a brand new flash drive I'm

you say it's a brand new flash drive I'm going to put it in my computer I want to

going to put it in my computer I want to

going to put it in my computer I want to test it out see what's on there see if I

test it out see what's on there see if I

test it out see what's on there see if I can find the owner well the minute they

can find the owner well the minute they

can find the owner well the minute they do that they've just infected your

do that they've just infected your

do that they've just infected your system and your network with a virus so

system and your network with a virus so

system and your network with a virus so we need to make sure that even though

we need to make sure that even though

we need to make sure that even though the person might not be

the person might not be

the person might not be trying or mean to infect the network

trying or mean to infect the network

trying or mean to infect the network they could do it simply because they

they could do it simply because they

they could do it simply because they don't understand the risks that are

don't understand the risks that are

don't understand the risks that are associated with flash drives and outside

associated with flash drives and outside

associated with flash drives and outside storage media they might also be

storage media they might also be

storage media they might also be bringing stuff from their home computer

bringing stuff from their home computer

bringing stuff from their home computer which very well could have a virus on it

which very well could have a virus on it

which very well could have a virus on it so storage devices could contain malware

so storage devices could contain malware

so storage devices could contain malware without the user even knowing it and

without the user even knowing it and

without the user even knowing it and this isn't something you want to risk so

this isn't something you want to risk so

this isn't something you want to risk so a policy is really important

a policy is really important

a policy is really important other things such as this would include

other things such as this would include

other things such as this would include stuff like tailgating when someone logs

stuff like tailgating when someone logs

stuff like tailgating when someone logs in

in

in uh swipes their card to get into a

uh swipes their card to get into a

uh swipes their card to get into a building in the morning if they open the

building in the morning if they open the

building in the morning if they open the door for someone else well now that

door for someone else well now that

door for someone else well now that person just got in without being audited

person just got in without being audited

person just got in without being audited we didn't have they didn't have to swipe

we didn't have they didn't have to swipe

we didn't have they didn't have to swipe their card so that's a pretty major

their card so that's a pretty major

their card so that's a pretty major concern when it comes to security

concern when it comes to security

concern when it comes to security another one uh is something like

another one uh is something like

another one uh is something like shoulder surfing or giving out your

shoulder surfing or giving out your

shoulder surfing or giving out your password we need to make sure the

password we need to make sure the

password we need to make sure the policies of how passwords are reset when

policies of how passwords are reset when

policies of how passwords are reset when they're reset and who you can give them

they're reset and who you can give them

they're reset and who you can give them to is fairly important if I give my

to is fairly important if I give my

to is fairly important if I give my password to my wife and suddenly my wife

password to my wife and suddenly my wife

password to my wife and suddenly my wife becomes my ex-wife she could do some

becomes my ex-wife she could do some

becomes my ex-wife she could do some major damage to me and to my company by

major damage to me and to my company by

major damage to me and to my company by using that password to get access to

using that password to get access to

using that password to get access to private information

so step two is a mitigation strategy

so step two is a mitigation strategy

so step two is a mitigation strategy which is to constantly monitor virus

which is to constantly monitor virus

which is to constantly monitor virus threats as you might already know

threats as you might already know

threats as you might already know attackers and computer hackers are very

attackers and computer hackers are very

attackers and computer hackers are very well educated when it comes to getting

well educated when it comes to getting

well educated when it comes to getting around security systems This Is How They

around security systems This Is How They

around security systems This Is How They infect networks and when their attacks

infect networks and when their attacks

infect networks and when their attacks are blocked most of them just update the

are blocked most of them just update the

are blocked most of them just update the attack and try a new version they don't

attack and try a new version they don't

attack and try a new version they don't just stop so this is why the

just stop so this is why the

just stop so this is why the administrator needs to be as on top of

administrator needs to be as on top of

administrator needs to be as on top of the virus versions and attackers and the

the virus versions and attackers and the

the virus versions and attackers and the threats that are out there it's up to

threats that are out there it's up to

threats that are out there it's up to the administrator to make sure that

the administrator to make sure that

the administrator to make sure that they're up to date and research is being

they're up to date and research is being

they're up to date and research is being done and they're knowledgeable at the

done and they're knowledgeable at the

done and they're knowledgeable at the newest attacks that could be coming to

newest attacks that could be coming to

newest attacks that could be coming to their Network again it's no one else

their Network again it's no one else

their Network again it's no one else that's going to get blamed except for

that's going to get blamed except for

that's going to get blamed except for the administrator when someone hacks to

the administrator when someone hacks to

the administrator when someone hacks to the network so not only do we need to

the network so not only do we need to

the network so not only do we need to monitor our Network we need to monitor

monitor our Network we need to monitor

monitor our Network we need to monitor the threats that are out there and this

the threats that are out there and this

the threats that are out there and this really involves doing research on what

really involves doing research on what

really involves doing research on what the latest and greatest techniques are

the latest and greatest techniques are

the latest and greatest techniques are to hack into a network

to hack into a network

to hack into a network step three is user education which is

step three is user education which is

step three is user education which is really I think the most important step

really I think the most important step

really I think the most important step that we have out there it's critical to

that we have out there it's critical to

that we have out there it's critical to have Network users educated in this

have Network users educated in this

have Network users educated in this field so that they know exactly what

field so that they know exactly what

field so that they know exactly what sort of threats are out there and what

sort of threats are out there and what

sort of threats are out there and what safety habits are there as well there's

safety habits are there as well there's

safety habits are there as well there's some safety habits that are obvious like

some safety habits that are obvious like

some safety habits that are obvious like locking a device and keeping your

locking a device and keeping your

locking a device and keeping your password secure but there are other

password secure but there are other

password secure but there are other security measures and knowledge that's

security measures and knowledge that's

security measures and knowledge that's less obvious but just as important

less obvious but just as important

less obvious but just as important Network users need to be knowledgeable

Network users need to be knowledgeable

Network users need to be knowledgeable on how to protect themselves from

on how to protect themselves from

on how to protect themselves from viruses and how to recognize them so

viruses and how to recognize them so

viruses and how to recognize them so they don't just click on something when

they don't just click on something when

they don't just click on something when it pops up on their browser first they

it pops up on their browser first they

it pops up on their browser first they personally need to back up their

personally need to back up their

personally need to back up their important data because in the event of

important data because in the event of

important data because in the event of an attack perhaps are

an attack perhaps are

an attack perhaps are major system goes down alternatively

major system goes down alternatively

major system goes down alternatively they need to know that they should be

they need to know that they should be

they need to know that they should be um backing up their data to perhaps a

um backing up their data to perhaps a

um backing up their data to perhaps a central location or they need to be

central location or they need to be

central location or they need to be taught where to back up their data for

taught where to back up their data for

taught where to back up their data for instance to the network share and not to

instance to the network share and not to

instance to the network share and not to removable hard drive or not on their

removable hard drive or not on their

removable hard drive or not on their desktop because if they back it up to

desktop because if they back it up to

desktop because if they back it up to their desktop then what happens when

their desktop then what happens when

their desktop then what happens when their computer gets broken now they've

their computer gets broken now they've

their computer gets broken now they've lost all the work they didn't back up

lost all the work they didn't back up

lost all the work they didn't back up automatically to the server they also

automatically to the server they also

automatically to the server they also need to be diligent about web browsing

need to be diligent about web browsing

need to be diligent about web browsing what they download what they click and

what they download what they click and

what they download what they click and so on if they're administrator is going

so on if they're administrator is going

so on if they're administrator is going to allow them to download programs they

to allow them to download programs they

to allow them to download programs they need to be careful about where they

need to be careful about where they

need to be careful about where they downloaded them from again we always

downloaded them from again we always

downloaded them from again we always have this

have this

have this interval between responsibility

and power the more powerful you are the

and power the more powerful you are the

and power the more powerful you are the more responsible you have to be if I can

more responsible you have to be if I can

more responsible you have to be if I can install things on my computer that also

install things on my computer that also

install things on my computer that also means a hacker could use my information

means a hacker could use my information

means a hacker could use my information to install something on the computer as

to install something on the computer as

to install something on the computer as well and finally if a if they download a

well and finally if a if they download a

well and finally if a if they download a program that seems illegitimate or they

program that seems illegitimate or they

program that seems illegitimate or they think they've been attacked they need to

think they've been attacked they need to

think they've been attacked they need to be able to spot the issue and report it

be able to spot the issue and report it

be able to spot the issue and report it to the administrator before the risky

to the administrator before the risky

to the administrator before the risky program has a chance to damage sometimes

program has a chance to damage sometimes

program has a chance to damage sometimes they don't want to say anything because

they don't want to say anything because

they don't want to say anything because they don't want to get in trouble but if

they don't want to get in trouble but if

they don't want to get in trouble but if they had said something earlier we could

they had said something earlier we could

they had said something earlier we could have prevented more damage it's really

have prevented more damage it's really

have prevented more damage it's really important for them to know when they are

important for them to know when they are

important for them to know when they are being deceived by something and when

being deceived by something and when

being deceived by something and when something is legitimate so I see this

something is legitimate so I see this

something is legitimate so I see this all the time people send up these emails

all the time people send up these emails

all the time people send up these emails saying beware of this and an easy Google

saying beware of this and an easy Google

saying beware of this and an easy Google search would show that the thing that

search would show that the thing that

search would show that the thing that they're actually being aware of isn't

they're actually being aware of isn't

they're actually being aware of isn't real it's something fake and they've

real it's something fake and they've

real it's something fake and they've spent time and energy everyone's time

spent time and energy everyone's time

spent time and energy everyone's time and energy getting worried about

and energy getting worried about

and energy getting worried about something that actually is not going to

something that actually is not going to

something that actually is not going to affect them on the other hand they don't

affect them on the other hand they don't

affect them on the other hand they don't seem to recognize when someone's account

seem to recognize when someone's account

seem to recognize when someone's account has been hacked and is asking for money

has been hacked and is asking for money

has been hacked and is asking for money money when that person would never do

money when that person would never do

money when that person would never do that it's not characteristic most of all

that it's not characteristic most of all

that it's not characteristic most of all they have to check and double check

they have to check and double check

they have to check and double check stuff and be willing to ask questions

stuff and be willing to ask questions

stuff and be willing to ask questions so here's an example of an extremely

so here's an example of an extremely

so here's an example of an extremely common virus that's intended to scam

common virus that's intended to scam

common virus that's intended to scam people out of money on the on the

people out of money on the on the

people out of money on the on the computer that's being infected the virus

computer that's being infected the virus

computer that's being infected the virus takes over your computer and only lets

takes over your computer and only lets

takes over your computer and only lets you see this screen or one very similar

you see this screen or one very similar

you see this screen or one very similar to it it claims that the IP address has

to it it claims that the IP address has

to it it claims that the IP address has been used to do very illegal things and

been used to do very illegal things and

been used to do very illegal things and the FBI sees the computer and in order

the FBI sees the computer and in order

the FBI sees the computer and in order to unlock the computer you have to pay a

to unlock the computer you have to pay a

to unlock the computer you have to pay a fine or purchase a code now this virus

fine or purchase a code now this virus

fine or purchase a code now this virus is extremely intrusive and obviously uh

is extremely intrusive and obviously uh

is extremely intrusive and obviously uh quite

quite

quite you know

you know

you know um

um

um successfully convincing look at all the

successfully convincing look at all the

successfully convincing look at all the 7-Eleven CVS Rite Aid all the logos at

7-Eleven CVS Rite Aid all the logos at

7-Eleven CVS Rite Aid all the logos at the bottom Department of Justice Etc and

the bottom Department of Justice Etc and

the bottom Department of Justice Etc and the reason they're gonna make you pay

the reason they're gonna make you pay

the reason they're gonna make you pay through money pack it looks so real is

through money pack it looks so real is

through money pack it looks so real is because that way they know they're

because that way they know they're

because that way they know they're getting the money on the other end so

getting the money on the other end so

getting the money on the other end so it's important for someone to recognize

it's important for someone to recognize

it's important for someone to recognize that this is actually fake look on here

that this is actually fake look on here

that this is actually fake look on here it even scares people by saying you have

it even scares people by saying you have

it even scares people by saying you have 72 hours to pay the fine or you're going

72 hours to pay the fine or you're going

72 hours to pay the fine or you're going to be arrested

to be arrested

to be arrested now someone might have been doing

now someone might have been doing

now someone might have been doing something like downloading uh a torrent

something like downloading uh a torrent

something like downloading uh a torrent off the internet and so they think oh my

off the internet and so they think oh my

off the internet and so they think oh my God I'm gonna be in trouble and they

God I'm gonna be in trouble and they

God I'm gonna be in trouble and they don't want to tell you because they

don't want to tell you because they

don't want to tell you because they think they're going to get in trouble

think they're going to get in trouble

think they're going to get in trouble with you as well we need to make sure

with you as well we need to make sure

with you as well we need to make sure that they have a judge-free Zone in

that they have a judge-free Zone in

that they have a judge-free Zone in which they can come tell someone and

which they can come tell someone and

which they can come tell someone and that way you could remove the virus and

that way you could remove the virus and

that way you could remove the virus and they could go on on their way and

they could go on on their way and

they could go on on their way and continue to work

continue to work

continue to work now as viruses and malware attacks

now as viruses and malware attacks

now as viruses and malware attacks become more and more advanced anti-virus

become more and more advanced anti-virus

become more and more advanced anti-virus software improves to combat them there

software improves to combat them there

software improves to combat them there are thousands of antivirus software and

are thousands of antivirus software and

are thousands of antivirus software and some are more advanced than you could

some are more advanced than you could

some are more advanced than you could possibly even imagine it's not at the

possibly even imagine it's not at the

possibly even imagine it's not at the ordinary however for antivirus software

ordinary however for antivirus software

ordinary however for antivirus software to have automatic features so step four

to have automatic features so step four

to have automatic features so step four in the mitigation strategy needs to be

in the mitigation strategy needs to be

in the mitigation strategy needs to be to make sure that antivirus systems and

to make sure that antivirus systems and

to make sure that antivirus systems and software are configured to do things

software are configured to do things

software are configured to do things automatically this means they have to

automatically this means they have to

automatically this means they have to automatically scan the computer scan the

automatically scan the computer scan the

automatically scan the computer scan the network and update themselves we don't

network and update themselves we don't

network and update themselves we don't want to rely on a human to do this very

want to rely on a human to do this very

want to rely on a human to do this very often when it comes to virus scan

often when it comes to virus scan

often when it comes to virus scan nothing's going to be rolled out

nothing's going to be rolled out

nothing's going to be rolled out automatically that's going to damage our

automatically that's going to damage our

automatically that's going to damage our computer so this stuff needs to happen

computer so this stuff needs to happen

computer so this stuff needs to happen automatically when are we going to scan

automatically when are we going to scan

automatically when are we going to scan the network well we want it to scan when

the network well we want it to scan when

the network well we want it to scan when no one's doing anything so we want to do

no one's doing anything so we want to do

no one's doing anything so we want to do it for instance at 2 am not at 2PM when

it for instance at 2 am not at 2PM when

it for instance at 2 am not at 2PM when people are busy opening things and

people are busy opening things and

people are busy opening things and closing things and that's when the virus

closing things and that's when the virus

closing things and that's when the virus scan program won't be able to get access

scan program won't be able to get access

scan program won't be able to get access to fifty percent of the network and

to fifty percent of the network and

to fifty percent of the network and therefore something could be hiding out

therefore something could be hiding out

therefore something could be hiding out this eliminates all this eliminates the

this eliminates all this eliminates the

this eliminates all this eliminates the human element it allows for more regular

human element it allows for more regular

human element it allows for more regular and controlled updates in the process

and controlled updates in the process

and controlled updates in the process which is important because when we allow

which is important because when we allow

which is important because when we allow humans in that's when errors occur

humans in that's when errors occur

humans in that's when errors occur finally when an update to a program is

finally when an update to a program is

finally when an update to a program is released it's generally to address bugs

released it's generally to address bugs

released it's generally to address bugs that were found within a previous

that were found within a previous

that were found within a previous version along with these bugs there

version along with these bugs there

version along with these bugs there might have been some security weaknesses

might have been some security weaknesses

might have been some security weaknesses in the software that need to be

in the software that need to be

in the software that need to be addressed but program updates don't come

addressed but program updates don't come

addressed but program updates don't come out very often in between uh updates

out very often in between uh updates

out very often in between uh updates patches and so on there might be a

patches and so on there might be a

patches and so on there might be a temporary fix that's released or a fix

temporary fix that's released or a fix

temporary fix that's released or a fix that is manual that have been found so a

that is manual that have been found so a

that is manual that have been found so a patch does exactly what you think it

patch does exactly what you think it

patch does exactly what you think it does it basically covers a hole in the

does it basically covers a hole in the

does it basically covers a hole in the software and temporarily repairs it

software and temporarily repairs it

software and temporarily repairs it until an update or a new revision of the

until an update or a new revision of the

until an update or a new revision of the software can come out so as soon as

software can come out so as soon as

software can come out so as soon as patches or updates are released the

patches or updates are released the

patches or updates are released the network admin needs to look at them and

network admin needs to look at them and

network admin needs to look at them and think about installing them on the

think about installing them on the

think about installing them on the network now notice that I don't

network now notice that I don't

network now notice that I don't necessarily want you to just install it

necessarily want you to just install it

necessarily want you to just install it right away

right away

right away I want you to test it

I want you to test it

I want you to test it and think about it

and think about it

and think about it because the patch or update could very

because the patch or update could very

because the patch or update could very well cause another problem on the

well cause another problem on the

well cause another problem on the computer and one thing we don't want to

computer and one thing we don't want to

computer and one thing we don't want to do is bring down our system because we

do is bring down our system because we

do is bring down our system because we put in a new update that suddenly stops

put in a new update that suddenly stops

put in a new update that suddenly stops our printers from working or something

our printers from working or something

our printers from working or something so we need to balance this with the idea

so we need to balance this with the idea

so we need to balance this with the idea that once the patch and the update is

that once the patch and the update is

that once the patch and the update is released the hacker now knows that this

released the hacker now knows that this

released the hacker now knows that this is something that they can exploit and

is something that they can exploit and

is something that they can exploit and so the longer you wait to update it the

so the longer you wait to update it the

so the longer you wait to update it the longer you're at risk of being exploited

longer you're at risk of being exploited

longer you're at risk of being exploited all right so we talked about a bunch of

all right so we talked about a bunch of

all right so we talked about a bunch of things in this module some of this is

things in this module some of this is

things in this module some of this is common sense but these are things that

common sense but these are things that

common sense but these are things that pop up on the network plus exam

pop up on the network plus exam

pop up on the network plus exam first we want to Define Network

first we want to Define Network

first we want to Define Network mitigation mitigation the word literally

mitigation mitigation the word literally

mitigation mitigation the word literally means to lessen

means to lessen

means to lessen and so what we're doing is we're

and so what we're doing is we're

and so what we're doing is we're lessening the threats that can hit us

lessening the threats that can hit us

lessening the threats that can hit us some of the steps that we identified in

some of the steps that we identified in

some of the steps that we identified in this strategy were first to develop

this strategy were first to develop

this strategy were first to develop strong policies for instance a password

strong policies for instance a password

strong policies for instance a password policy is important

policy is important

policy is important download policies

internet use policies

internet use policies

internet use policies and so on and so forth we also need to

and so on and so forth we also need to

and so on and so forth we also need to monitor threats not just internal

monitor threats not just internal

monitor threats not just internal but we need to research what's going on

but we need to research what's going on

but we need to research what's going on around the world so we know what the

around the world so we know what the

around the world so we know what the latest things are that are attacking our

latest things are that are attacking our

latest things are that are attacking our systems

systems

systems the most important one I think is

the most important one I think is

the most important one I think is educating users social engineering is

educating users social engineering is

educating users social engineering is how hackers and attackers get around the

how hackers and attackers get around the

how hackers and attackers get around the human element when there's a human

human element when there's a human

human element when there's a human element there's a flaw and so we need to

element there's a flaw and so we need to

element there's a flaw and so we need to educate users so they don't click things

educate users so they don't click things

educate users so they don't click things that look bad and they know

that look bad and they know

that look bad and they know when to ask questions since this can

when to ask questions since this can

when to ask questions since this can help them as well

help them as well

help them as well we also want to automate scanning and

we also want to automate scanning and

we also want to automate scanning and updates from virus scan programs and

updates from virus scan programs and

updates from virus scan programs and perhaps our firewall this should all

perhaps our firewall this should all

perhaps our firewall this should all happen automatically

because if we remove the human element

because if we remove the human element

because if we remove the human element then there's not going to be an issue we

then there's not going to be an issue we

then there's not going to be an issue we also want

also want

also want scans to happen in the middle of the

scans to happen in the middle of the

scans to happen in the middle of the night when no one else is using it for

night when no one else is using it for

night when no one else is using it for instance 2 am or 1 am make sure that you

instance 2 am or 1 am make sure that you

instance 2 am or 1 am make sure that you give enough time for the scanner to

give enough time for the scanner to

give enough time for the scanner to actually scan the entire system

actually scan the entire system

actually scan the entire system finally we need patches and updates and

finally we need patches and updates and

finally we need patches and updates and we want to balance

we want to balance

we want to balance the patches and the updates with uh the

the patches and the updates with uh the

the patches and the updates with uh the patch actually doing harm

versus the weakness

versus the weakness

versus the weakness or exploit that it's correcting

or exploit that it's correcting

or exploit that it's correcting the longer we wait

the longer we wait

the longer we wait to employ a new patch or update

to employ a new patch or update

to employ a new patch or update the longer we're at risk

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 14 lesson 2A Advanced

welcome to module 14 lesson 2A Advanced

welcome to module 14 lesson 2A Advanced threat mitigation

threat mitigation

threat mitigation so this is new stuff for the um double

so this is new stuff for the um double

so this is new stuff for the um double 07 version of the com2 exam managing

07 version of the com2 exam managing

07 version of the com2 exam managing your signatures hardening your devices

your signatures hardening your devices

your signatures hardening your devices in terms of security that is changing

in terms of security that is changing

in terms of security that is changing your native VLAN

your native VLAN

your native VLAN switch Port protection

switch Port protection

switch Port protection restricting access with access lists

restricting access with access lists

restricting access with access lists Honeypot and honey net uh penetration

Honeypot and honey net uh penetration

Honeypot and honey net uh penetration testing so signatures in terms of

testing so signatures in terms of

testing so signatures in terms of signature management we're talking about

signature management we're talking about

signature management we're talking about IDs and IPS which we've covered earlier

IDs and IPS which we've covered earlier

IDs and IPS which we've covered earlier the signature-based detection examines

the signature-based detection examines

the signature-based detection examines Network traffic for pre-configured and

Network traffic for pre-configured and

Network traffic for pre-configured and predetermined attacks so the signature

predetermined attacks so the signature

predetermined attacks so the signature is the thing that is matched against in

is the thing that is matched against in

is the thing that is matched against in these devices the threat the threat

these devices the threat the threat

these devices the threat the threat signature

signature

signature these are known as signatures attacker

these are known as signatures attacker

these are known as signatures attacker um convinces employee to disclose

um convinces employee to disclose

um convinces employee to disclose confidential information

confidential information

confidential information if adult signature is identified by the

if adult signature is identified by the

if adult signature is identified by the system an alarm is triggered or the

system an alarm is triggered or the

system an alarm is triggered or the traffic will be blocked this it depends

traffic will be blocked this it depends

traffic will be blocked this it depends on how you've configured your

on how you've configured your

on how you've configured your um IDs and IPS so it will either

um IDs and IPS so it will either

um IDs and IPS so it will either um send an SNMP alert or create some

um send an SNMP alert or create some

um send an SNMP alert or create some sort of log message or whatever you've

sort of log message or whatever you've

sort of log message or whatever you've designed it to do the signature codes

designed it to do the signature codes

designed it to do the signature codes are updated or they should be updated

are updated or they should be updated

are updated or they should be updated regularly for new or false patterns you

regularly for new or false patterns you

regularly for new or false patterns you don't you really don't want false

don't you really don't want false

don't you really don't want false positives either because it's just going

positives either because it's just going

positives either because it's just going to be in traffic's blocked when it

to be in traffic's blocked when it

to be in traffic's blocked when it shouldn't be

shouldn't be

shouldn't be uh there's a website called threat

uh there's a website called threat

uh there's a website called threat threatconnect.com they offer some sort

threatconnect.com they offer some sort

threatconnect.com they offer some sort of signature management uh system for

of signature management uh system for

of signature management uh system for for you to look after all your

for you to look after all your

for you to look after all your signatures uh I I only suggest it

signatures uh I I only suggest it

signatures uh I I only suggest it because I use their graphic and I wanted

because I use their graphic and I wanted

because I use their graphic and I wanted to credit them for that but this is what

to credit them for that but this is what

to credit them for that but this is what came up when I was researching threat

came up when I was researching threat

came up when I was researching threat signatures

signatures

signatures device hardening this is part of your

device hardening this is part of your

device hardening this is part of your daily weekly monthly admin task

daily weekly monthly admin task

daily weekly monthly admin task especially if you're in charge of

especially if you're in charge of

especially if you're in charge of security

security

security for uh looking after your network

for uh looking after your network

for uh looking after your network you'll Pat your update software or

you'll Pat your update software or

you'll Pat your update software or firmware in your Hardware devices

firmware in your Hardware devices

firmware in your Hardware devices check for non-compliant passwords this

check for non-compliant passwords this

check for non-compliant passwords this will obviously part of your password

will obviously part of your password

will obviously part of your password policy but I'm sure you've logged into

policy but I'm sure you've logged into

policy but I'm sure you've logged into something or had an email updating you

something or had an email updating you

something or had an email updating you saying that your current password isn't

saying that your current password isn't

saying that your current password isn't um strong enough and you need to update

um strong enough and you need to update

um strong enough and you need to update it

it

it removing redundant networks and IP

removing redundant networks and IP

removing redundant networks and IP addresses strangely enough I've known

addresses strangely enough I've known

addresses strangely enough I've known equipment found years after people

equipment found years after people

equipment found years after people thought it had been decommissioned it's

thought it had been decommissioned it's

thought it had been decommissioned it's sitting in a office somewhere plugged

sitting in a office somewhere plugged

sitting in a office somewhere plugged into the network and nobody knew it was

into the network and nobody knew it was

into the network and nobody knew it was there and this can then be a back door

there and this can then be a back door

there and this can then be a back door for hackers to find and get into your

for hackers to find and get into your

for hackers to find and get into your network changing security keys

network changing security keys

network changing security keys are changing the native VLAN so the

are changing the native VLAN so the

are changing the native VLAN so the native VLAN is used for any untagged

native VLAN is used for any untagged

native VLAN is used for any untagged traffic on your network you'll be

traffic on your network you'll be

traffic on your network you'll be familiar with this when you start doing

familiar with this when you start doing

familiar with this when you start doing Cisco configuration or any type of

Cisco configuration or any type of

Cisco configuration or any type of juniper or the other network management

juniper or the other network management

juniper or the other network management big security vulnerability your native

big security vulnerability your native

big security vulnerability your native VLAN is passes important information

VLAN is passes important information

VLAN is passes important information such as

such as

such as um your Cisco Discovery protocol or the

um your Cisco Discovery protocol or the

um your Cisco Discovery protocol or the equivalent which is device information

equivalent which is device information

equivalent which is device information foreign

foreign

foreign your operating system that it's running

your operating system that it's running

your operating system that it's running etc etc a dynamic drinking protocol is

etc etc a dynamic drinking protocol is

etc etc a dynamic drinking protocol is for uh trunking so your native VLAN will

for uh trunking so your native VLAN will

for uh trunking so your native VLAN will normally go across a trunk link and

normally go across a trunk link and

normally go across a trunk link and you've got all of this important

you've got all of this important

you've got all of this important information

information

information on The Cisco devices certainly and

on The Cisco devices certainly and

on The Cisco devices certainly and probably a lot of other vendors the

probably a lot of other vendors the

probably a lot of other vendors the native VLAN is VLAN one and if you leave

native VLAN is VLAN one and if you leave

native VLAN is VLAN one and if you leave this as the VLAN that the switches can

this as the VLAN that the switches can

this as the VLAN that the switches can communicate with you've left a possible

communicate with you've left a possible

communicate with you've left a possible security vulnerability

security vulnerability

security vulnerability because this traffic is actually

because this traffic is actually

because this traffic is actually untagged

untagged

untagged so what you want to do is on any drunk

so what you want to do is on any drunk

so what you want to do is on any drunk leg trunk link you change it to an

leg trunk link you change it to an

leg trunk link you change it to an unused VLAN

unused VLAN

unused VLAN so this is one that isn't been used on

so this is one that isn't been used on

so this is one that isn't been used on um

um

um so you've got to VLAN 10 20

so you've got to VLAN 10 20

so you've got to VLAN 10 20 30 and 40. you would use your an unused

30 and 40. you would use your an unused

30 and 40. you would use your an unused VLAN on your trunk links for example

VLAN on your trunk links for example

VLAN on your trunk links for example um

um

um two two two just something fairly high

two two two just something fairly high

two two two just something fairly high and then another trunk link to another

and then another trunk link to another

and then another trunk link to another switch

switch

switch you'd have another VLAN for example two

you'd have another VLAN for example two

you'd have another VLAN for example two two three

two three

two three Etc

is the output for a Cisco device and you

is the output for a Cisco device and you

is the output for a Cisco device and you can see this is trunk in so it's passing

can see this is trunk in so it's passing

can see this is trunk in so it's passing multiple vlans on this link but the

multiple vlans on this link but the

multiple vlans on this link but the native VLAN is uh VLAN one

so I've wiped over it there the native

so I've wiped over it there the native

so I've wiped over it there the native VLAN is VLAN one which you don't want so

VLAN is VLAN one which you don't want so

VLAN is VLAN one which you don't want so what I did I went to the trunk interface

what I did I went to the trunk interface

what I did I went to the trunk interface here I issued the command switchbot

here I issued the command switchbot

here I issued the command switchbot trunk native VLAN five

trunk native VLAN five

trunk native VLAN five you'll probably use something higher

you'll probably use something higher

you'll probably use something higher like I said like two two but it's just

like I said like two two but it's just

like I said like two two but it's just to illustrate the point so this traffic

to illustrate the point so this traffic

to illustrate the point so this traffic that passes over uh the native VLAN will

that passes over uh the native VLAN will

that passes over uh the native VLAN will use VLAN F5 it won't use VLAN one and

use VLAN F5 it won't use VLAN one and

use VLAN F5 it won't use VLAN one and you've got to be careful because you

you've got to be careful because you

you've got to be careful because you can't delete a VLAN one it's there all

can't delete a VLAN one it's there all

can't delete a VLAN one it's there all the time you just don't have to use it

the time you just don't have to use it

the time you just don't have to use it to pass any traffic and now you can see

to pass any traffic and now you can see

to pass any traffic and now you can see it's changed from VLAN one as a default

it's changed from VLAN one as a default

it's changed from VLAN one as a default to VLAN 5.

I've already mentioned all this sorry so

I've already mentioned all this sorry so

I've already mentioned all this sorry so another thing mentioned is bpdu guard

another thing mentioned is bpdu guard

another thing mentioned is bpdu guard this is arrived in the syllabus

this is arrived in the syllabus

this is arrived in the syllabus a bpdu guard it's on an interface the

a bpdu guard it's on an interface the

a bpdu guard it's on an interface the port is every disabled when a bpdu is

port is every disabled when a bpdu is

port is every disabled when a bpdu is received so Bridge protocol data unit we

received so Bridge protocol data unit we

received so Bridge protocol data unit we talked about earlier this is uh used for

talked about earlier this is uh used for

talked about earlier this is uh used for spanning tree traffic

spanning tree traffic

spanning tree traffic and it can actually change your layer 2

and it can actually change your layer 2

and it can actually change your layer 2 topologies for example let's say this

topologies for example let's say this

topologies for example let's say this switch is the root you've got a high a

switch is the root you've got a high a

switch is the root you've got a high a high-powered switch here and it would

high-powered switch here and it would

high-powered switch here and it would normally be a multi-layer switch here

normally be a multi-layer switch here

normally be a multi-layer switch here and all of your traffic is pointing to

and all of your traffic is pointing to

and all of your traffic is pointing to this device but what will happen is this

this device but what will happen is this

this device but what will happen is this device will announce a number

device will announce a number

device will announce a number to say I am the boss and say for example

to say I am the boss and say for example

to say I am the boss and say for example this is number 99. this is the number

this is number 99. this is the number

this is number 99. this is the number that determines the root of all your

that determines the root of all your

that determines the root of all your spanning tree traffic well what happens

spanning tree traffic well what happens

spanning tree traffic well what happens is if this device uh connects to the

is if this device uh connects to the

is if this device uh connects to the network say you've bought you've found

network say you've bought you've found

network say you've bought you've found it on a Shelf at work and for some crazy

it on a Shelf at work and for some crazy

it on a Shelf at work and for some crazy reason all you've done is plug it in and

reason all you've done is plug it in and

reason all you've done is plug it in and this has happened by the way I've seen

this has happened by the way I've seen

this has happened by the way I've seen it happen well this device could

it happen well this device could

it happen well this device could actually be configured with the number

actually be configured with the number

actually be configured with the number 100

100

100 in terms of um spanning tree and what

in terms of um spanning tree and what

in terms of um spanning tree and what could happen is then or this could be a

could happen is then or this could be a

could happen is then or this could be a really low switch is worth about say a

really low switch is worth about say a

really low switch is worth about say a hundred dollars and it's just got a tiny

hundred dollars and it's just got a tiny

hundred dollars and it's just got a tiny amount of process and power all of your

amount of process and power all of your

amount of process and power all of your spanning tree traffic all of a sudden

spanning tree traffic all of a sudden

spanning tree traffic all of a sudden will be converging onto this tiny little

will be converging onto this tiny little

will be converging onto this tiny little switch the CPU will go from almost

switch the CPU will go from almost

switch the CPU will go from almost nothing through the roof it'll probably

nothing through the roof it'll probably

nothing through the roof it'll probably crash bring you down your entire local

crash bring you down your entire local

crash bring you down your entire local area network and at that point you'll

area network and at that point you'll

area network and at that point you'll probably be out of a job to be honest

probably be out of a job to be honest

probably be out of a job to be honest so what happens is with bpdu guard you

so what happens is with bpdu guard you

so what happens is with bpdu guard you configure it on this interface here for

configure it on this interface here for

configure it on this interface here for example fast ethernet and 10 and if a BP

example fast ethernet and 10 and if a BP

example fast ethernet and 10 and if a BP do you frame is seen coming in onto this

do you frame is seen coming in onto this

do you frame is seen coming in onto this particular interface it will error

particular interface it will error

particular interface it will error disable

disable

disable um it will error disable it and it won't

um it will error disable it and it won't

um it will error disable it and it won't pass traffic until you the network

pass traffic until you the network

pass traffic until you the network administrator

administrator

administrator um what come comes shuts it manually and

um what come comes shuts it manually and

um what come comes shuts it manually and then manually no shits the interface so

then manually no shits the interface so

then manually no shits the interface so you have to re-enable it

you have to re-enable it

you have to re-enable it uh root guard

uh root guard

uh root guard so I mentioned uh if this is a topology

so I mentioned uh if this is a topology

so I mentioned uh if this is a topology where it's actually I think from my CCNA

where it's actually I think from my CCNA

where it's actually I think from my CCNA book where I'm telling you on what

book where I'm telling you on what

book where I'm telling you on what interfaces depending on the topology you

interfaces depending on the topology you

interfaces depending on the topology you would add bpdu guard root guard you

would add bpdu guard root guard you

would add bpdu guard root guard you would add down here

would add down here

would add down here on these level of interfaces so these

on these level of interfaces so these

on these level of interfaces so these are your layer 3 switches and these are

are your layer 3 switches and these are

are your layer 3 switches and these are your these images here represent Layer

your these images here represent Layer

your these images here represent Layer Two

Two

Two uh root guard is configured per Port so

uh root guard is configured per Port so

uh root guard is configured per Port so you wouldn't configure it on a device

you wouldn't configure it on a device

you wouldn't configure it on a device and expect the configuration to be

and expect the configuration to be

and expect the configuration to be passed out through your network

passed out through your network

passed out through your network and like um other configurations root

and like um other configurations root

and like um other configurations root ports are the closest to the spanning

ports are the closest to the spanning

ports are the closest to the spanning tree master these ports are furthest

tree master these ports are furthest

tree master these ports are furthest away if this is the master here in my

away if this is the master here in my

away if this is the master here in my topology

topology

topology these are the ports that would normally

these are the ports that would normally

these are the ports that would normally you would want to be root and it's

you would want to be root and it's

you would want to be root and it's basically saying the root equals

basically saying the root equals

basically saying the root equals um best

um best

um best path to take to the master this is not

path to take to the master this is not

path to take to the master this is not the best path to take to the master this

the best path to take to the master this

the best path to take to the master this would cause you a lot of problems this

would cause you a lot of problems this

would cause you a lot of problems this is why you would enable root guard on

is why you would enable root guard on

is why you would enable root guard on these ports here

these ports here

these ports here so Modesto for incoming Bridge protocol

so Modesto for incoming Bridge protocol

so Modesto for incoming Bridge protocol data units

data units

data units and it prevents support from becoming a

and it prevents support from becoming a

and it prevents support from becoming a root Port how it does it yeah you can

root Port how it does it yeah you can

root Port how it does it yeah you can learn a bit more when you do Cisco CCNA

learn a bit more when you do Cisco CCNA

learn a bit more when you do Cisco CCNA and ccmp Etc

and ccmp Etc

and ccmp Etc DHCP snooping this is the uh legitimate

DHCP snooping this is the uh legitimate

DHCP snooping this is the uh legitimate one

one

one here this is the Rogue that somebody's

here this is the Rogue that somebody's

here this is the Rogue that somebody's either somebody's attached it to your

either somebody's attached it to your

either somebody's attached it to your network or they've downloaded some code

network or they've downloaded some code

network or they've downloaded some code accidentally onto their device and it's

accidentally onto their device and it's

accidentally onto their device and it's trying to take over as a DHCP server for

trying to take over as a DHCP server for

trying to take over as a DHCP server for this segment of your network which you

this segment of your network which you

this segment of your network which you don't want to happen

don't want to happen

don't want to happen it forces the switch here to examine and

it forces the switch here to examine and

it forces the switch here to examine and filter inappropriate DHCP messages so if

filter inappropriate DHCP messages so if

filter inappropriate DHCP messages so if this port if this switch detects it

this port if this switch detects it

this port if this switch detects it coming on this port you've configured

coming on this port you've configured

coming on this port you've configured this port here as interested

and you know which ports you trust

and you know which ports you trust

and you know which ports you trust because you're the network administrator

because you're the network administrator

because you're the network administrator this port

so it comes in and that is permitted

so it comes in and that is permitted

so it comes in and that is permitted through untrusted it comes in and

through untrusted it comes in and

through untrusted it comes in and blocked and then you would normally get

blocked and then you would normally get

blocked and then you would normally get notified as the administrator that hang

notified as the administrator that hang

notified as the administrator that hang on something's not quite right here with

on something's not quite right here with

on something's not quite right here with a text phone call or other type of alert

a text phone call or other type of alert

a text phone call or other type of alert uh vlans these separate your host into

uh vlans these separate your host into

uh vlans these separate your host into function so here you've got the sales

function so here you've got the sales

function so here you've got the sales team you're accounting uh Team the IT

team you're accounting uh Team the IT

team you're accounting uh Team the IT team and then your human resources and

team and then your human resources and

team and then your human resources and what this does and it depends on the

what this does and it depends on the

what this does and it depends on the design methodology you're following by

design methodology you're following by

design methodology you're following by the way there's a whole bunch of ways to

the way there's a whole bunch of ways to

the way there's a whole bunch of ways to design your network depending on which

design your network depending on which

design your network depending on which vendor you're speaking to but we've

vendor you're speaking to but we've

vendor you're speaking to but we've separated ours into functions

separated ours into functions

separated ours into functions now if there's a broadcast say there's a

now if there's a broadcast say there's a

now if there's a broadcast say there's a a fault on the network card for this

a fault on the network card for this

a fault on the network card for this device here

device here

device here then um the broadcast traffic because

then um the broadcast traffic because

then um the broadcast traffic because each VLAN has its own network address so

each VLAN has its own network address so

each VLAN has its own network address so say that's in 10.10

say that's in 10.10

say that's in 10.10 uh 10.20

uh 10.20

uh 10.20 10.30

and uh

and uh

and uh 10.40

10.40

10.40 so these are all different

so these are all different

so these are all different um subnets and in order for these to

um subnets and in order for these to

um subnets and in order for these to communicate you'd either have to have a

communicate you'd either have to have a

communicate you'd either have to have a layer 3 module in this switch or the

layer 3 module in this switch or the

layer 3 module in this switch or the switch would be connected to a router as

switch would be connected to a router as

switch would be connected to a router as we've spoke about earlier if there's a

we've spoke about earlier if there's a

we've spoke about earlier if there's a broadcast through this faulty network

broadcast through this faulty network

broadcast through this faulty network card here it's basically restricted to

card here it's basically restricted to

card here it's basically restricted to all devices on this VLAN

all devices on this VLAN

all devices on this VLAN and then what would happen is the the

and then what would happen is the the

and then what would happen is the the your phone would go somebody would call

your phone would go somebody would call

your phone would go somebody would call tech support and

tech support and

tech support and um it would help you in your

um it would help you in your

um it would help you in your troubleshooting because the broadcast

troubleshooting because the broadcast

troubleshooting because the broadcast isn't affecting everyone here but

isn't affecting everyone here but

isn't affecting everyone here but basically you're told that um everyone

basically you're told that um everyone

basically you're told that um everyone in the sales team is getting a really

in the sales team is getting a really

in the sales team is getting a really slow Network response and then this this

slow Network response and then this this

slow Network response and then this this um this is known as the divide and

um this is known as the divide and

um this is known as the divide and conquer method of troubleshooting you

conquer method of troubleshooting you

conquer method of troubleshooting you know that everyone here is affected

know that everyone here is affected

know that everyone here is affected and then so you'd be looking at these

and then so you'd be looking at these

and then so you'd be looking at these ports on the switch you could use a the

ports on the switch you could use a the

ports on the switch you could use a the sniffer the network sniffer and you'd

sniffer the network sniffer and you'd

sniffer the network sniffer and you'd probably quite quickly see the IP

probably quite quickly see the IP

probably quite quickly see the IP address dot one is sending out normal

address dot one is sending out normal

address dot one is sending out normal about traffic and then it's gone through

about traffic and then it's gone through

about traffic and then it's gone through the roof whereas all the other devices

the roof whereas all the other devices

the roof whereas all the other devices on this particular and segment of

on this particular and segment of

on this particular and segment of sending a normal amount of traffic

access lists and these can be used to

access lists and these can be used to

access lists and these can be used to block an entire network or subnet one

block an entire network or subnet one

block an entire network or subnet one particular host or a number of hosts a

particular host or a number of hosts a

particular host or a number of hosts a particular port number or a protocol so

particular port number or a protocol so

particular port number or a protocol so um icmp or

um icmp or

um icmp or um

um

um whatever you want

whatever you want

whatever you want airport numbers could be anything dhep

airport numbers could be anything dhep

airport numbers could be anything dhep DNS host dot one and then obviously

entire Networks

entire Networks

entire Networks so it's a list of permitted or denied

so it's a list of permitted or denied

so it's a list of permitted or denied traffic so if you don't worry about the

traffic so if you don't worry about the

traffic so if you don't worry about the uh text here because you're not expected

uh text here because you're not expected

uh text here because you're not expected to know this for the exam you've give

to know this for the exam you've give

to know this for the exam you've give you've created an access list and you've

you've created an access list and you've

you've created an access list and you've said do you know this traffic icmp and

said do you know this traffic icmp and

said do you know this traffic icmp and permits IP traffic and what happens is

permits IP traffic and what happens is

permits IP traffic and what happens is the access list always processed top to

the access list always processed top to

the access list always processed top to bottom I've only got two two entries on

bottom I've only got two two entries on

bottom I've only got two two entries on this so it'll be pretty quick actually

this so it'll be pretty quick actually

this so it'll be pretty quick actually but as soon as the access to this reach

but as soon as the access to this reach

but as soon as the access to this reach is aligned so say it's icmp traffic it

is aligned so say it's icmp traffic it

is aligned so say it's icmp traffic it would reach this particular line

would reach this particular line

would reach this particular line and then it would be a match and it

and then it would be a match and it

and then it would be a match and it would be denied the access this wouldn't

would be denied the access this wouldn't

would be denied the access this wouldn't go all the way to the bottom if it's not

go all the way to the bottom if it's not

go all the way to the bottom if it's not icmp traffic it would reach the next

icmp traffic it would reach the next

icmp traffic it would reach the next item on your list and the chances are

item on your list and the chances are

item on your list and the chances are it's going to be some other sort of Ip

it's going to be some other sort of Ip

it's going to be some other sort of Ip traffic and it would be permitted

honey pot honey net honey pots attract

honey pot honey net honey pots attract

honey pot honey net honey pots attract possible attackers into an isolated

possible attackers into an isolated

possible attackers into an isolated environment

environment

environment so this is your attacker and it's a

so this is your attacker and it's a

so this is your attacker and it's a potential victim and what they don't

potential victim and what they don't

potential victim and what they don't know or they should know is they've

know or they should know is they've

know or they should know is they've actually been fooled into redirecting

actually been fooled into redirecting

actually been fooled into redirecting into this

into this

into this um new net system they can't do any harm

um new net system they can't do any harm

um new net system they can't do any harm in this place and what you can do

in this place and what you can do

in this place and what you can do is this is a pair of binoculars I know

is this is a pair of binoculars I know

is this is a pair of binoculars I know it's absolutely Dreadful isn't it

it's absolutely Dreadful isn't it

it's absolutely Dreadful isn't it this is you as the network administrator

this is you as the network administrator

this is you as the network administrator watching what they do you'll obviously

watching what they do you'll obviously

watching what they do you'll obviously be doing it via whatever software and

be doing it via whatever software and

be doing it via whatever software and you can see what commands are executing

you can see what commands are executing

you can see what commands are executing and trying to inject pieces of code and

and trying to inject pieces of code and

and trying to inject pieces of code and this whole environment here is um

this whole environment here is um

this whole environment here is um protected is segmented off from your

protected is segmented off from your

protected is segmented off from your network and then that that lets you

network and then that that lets you

network and then that that lets you design a series of steps to protect your

design a series of steps to protect your

design a series of steps to protect your network so you're analyzing the behavior

network so you're analyzing the behavior

network so you're analyzing the behavior and Gathering the information if it's a

and Gathering the information if it's a

and Gathering the information if it's a honey net it's basically a chain of

honey net it's basically a chain of

honey net it's basically a chain of Honey pots so you've got you've got your

Honey pots so you've got you've got your

Honey pots so you've got you've got your honey pot here and but what you've done

honey pot here and but what you've done

honey pot here and but what you've done is you've chained them together for

is you've chained them together for

is you've chained them together for whatever reason

whatever reason

whatever reason I usually place in um Network segments

I usually place in um Network segments

I usually place in um Network segments this will this will be isolated by your

this will this will be isolated by your

this will this will be isolated by your firewall so they're coming in and they

firewall so they're coming in and they

firewall so they're coming in and they get redirected to your firewall this is

get redirected to your firewall this is

get redirected to your firewall this is actually your local area network over

actually your local area network over

actually your local area network over here

sting uh comment here have actually got

sting uh comment here have actually got

sting uh comment here have actually got the um

the um

the um the pen test certification out I'm

the pen test certification out I'm

the pen test certification out I'm looking into adding it now

looking into adding it now

looking into adding it now um so keep your eyes open it scans your

um so keep your eyes open it scans your

um so keep your eyes open it scans your network in order to find ports or

network in order to find ports or

network in order to find ports or protocols with floors I've talked about

protocols with floors I've talked about

protocols with floors I've talked about this kind of stuff before part of your

this kind of stuff before part of your

this kind of stuff before part of your regular security ordering and audition

regular security ordering and audition

regular security ordering and audition process so say every every Monday you

process so say every every Monday you

process so say every every Monday you carry out this particular

carry out this particular

carry out this particular um test on your network

um test on your network

um test on your network it can simulate a type of attack and

it can simulate a type of attack and

it can simulate a type of attack and um it's well recommended that you you do

um it's well recommended that you you do

um it's well recommended that you you do this so we've covered a lot of stuff

this so we've covered a lot of stuff

this so we've covered a lot of stuff here

here

here um managing your signatures device

um managing your signatures device

um managing your signatures device hardening changing your native VLAN must

hardening changing your native VLAN must

hardening changing your native VLAN must do protecting your ports

do protecting your ports

do protecting your ports we looked at um

we looked at um

we looked at um protecting it from the STP packets

protecting it from the STP packets

protecting it from the STP packets coming in the bridge protocol data units

coming in the bridge protocol data units

coming in the bridge protocol data units so we don't it doesn't become a root

so we don't it doesn't become a root

so we don't it doesn't become a root or um and it doesn't change the

or um and it doesn't change the

or um and it doesn't change the um it doesn't become a report and it

um it doesn't become a report and it

um it doesn't become a report and it doesn't become the STP

doesn't become the STP

doesn't become the STP um root either both very bad things for

um root either both very bad things for

um root either both very bad things for your network

your network

your network access lists Honeypot and honey Nets and

access lists Honeypot and honey Nets and

access lists Honeypot and honey Nets and then penetration testing so that's all

then penetration testing so that's all

then penetration testing so that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 14 lesson three

welcome to module 14 lesson three

welcome to module 14 lesson three policies and best practices

a few things we want to cover here the

a few things we want to cover here the

a few things we want to cover here the privileged user agreement your password

privileged user agreement your password

privileged user agreement your password policy

policy

policy on off-boarding

on off-boarding

on off-boarding which is when people join your business

which is when people join your business

which is when people join your business and leave whatever reason

and leave whatever reason

and leave whatever reason your licensing restrictions restrictions

your licensing restrictions restrictions

your licensing restrictions restrictions International export controls

International export controls

International export controls preventing data loss and remote access

preventing data loss and remote access

preventing data loss and remote access policies

policies

policies incident response policies bring your

incident response policies bring your

incident response policies bring your own device

acceptable use policy your

acceptable use policy your

acceptable use policy your non-disclosure agreement

non-disclosure agreement

non-disclosure agreement uh system life cycle and safety

uh system life cycle and safety

uh system life cycle and safety so your privileged user the privileged

so your privileged user the privileged

so your privileged user the privileged users are people you could call them

users are people you could call them

users are people you could call them super users or administrators whatever

super users or administrators whatever

super users or administrators whatever this um agreement should be signed by

this um agreement should be signed by

this um agreement should be signed by administrators

administrators

administrators so the Crux of it is that they should

so the Crux of it is that they should

so the Crux of it is that they should only be using the networking tools for

only be using the networking tools for

only be using the networking tools for job purposes I know where I where I

job purposes I know where I where I

job purposes I know where I where I worked at this um ISP we all worked in

worked at this um ISP we all worked in

worked at this um ISP we all worked in the um

the um

the um the admin team we were doing the network

the admin team we were doing the network

the admin team we were doing the network support for large customers and then

support for large customers and then

support for large customers and then obviously there was a whole bunch of

obviously there was a whole bunch of

obviously there was a whole bunch of teams under us here

teams under us here

teams under us here like a HR

Finance Etc but none of these could get

Finance Etc but none of these could get

Finance Etc but none of these could get out to their social media this is say

out to their social media this is say

out to their social media this is say for example Facebook that was blocked

for example Facebook that was blocked

for example Facebook that was blocked but the admin team they could obviously

but the admin team they could obviously

but the admin team they could obviously decide what went in and out of the

decide what went in and out of the

decide what went in and out of the network so they let themselves get out

network so they let themselves get out

network so they let themselves get out on Facebook eBay whatever they wanted so

on Facebook eBay whatever they wanted so

on Facebook eBay whatever they wanted so um we didn't actually have a user

um we didn't actually have a user

um we didn't actually have a user agreement there we just got hired and we

agreement there we just got hired and we

agreement there we just got hired and we started working but really the point of

started working but really the point of

started working but really the point of a user agreement is you're not doing

a user agreement is you're not doing

a user agreement is you're not doing things for the network or giving people

things for the network or giving people

things for the network or giving people access to things that aren't really work

access to things that aren't really work

access to things that aren't really work related

related

related so access only areas that are under your

so access only areas that are under your

so access only areas that are under your purview so as the administrator you may

purview so as the administrator you may

purview so as the administrator you may or may not be able to configure ways of

or may not be able to configure ways of

or may not be able to configure ways of you getting into firewalls and other

you getting into firewalls and other

you getting into firewalls and other devices that you might not manage but

devices that you might not manage but

devices that you might not manage but the agreement that you've signed should

the agreement that you've signed should

the agreement that you've signed should prevent you from doing that

prevent you from doing that

prevent you from doing that user accounts only changed under company

user accounts only changed under company

user accounts only changed under company policy and with correct authorization so

policy and with correct authorization so

policy and with correct authorization so this would be something like a friend of

this would be something like a friend of

this would be something like a friend of yours that's asked to to get out on some

yours that's asked to to get out on some

yours that's asked to to get out on some device or they're asking if they can and

device or they're asking if they can and

device or they're asking if they can and access their emails from their home

access their emails from their home

access their emails from their home computer these things that you might be

computer these things that you might be

computer these things that you might be asked to do but you you shouldn't be

asked to do but you you shouldn't be

asked to do but you you shouldn't be allowed to do

allowed to do

allowed to do your password policy uh I've actually

your password policy uh I've actually

your password policy uh I've actually seen a few

seen a few

seen a few um News interviews especially in the

um News interviews especially in the

um News interviews especially in the last couple of years

last couple of years

last couple of years of people giving interviews when they're

of people giving interviews when they're

of people giving interviews when they're at work and you can actually see a

at work and you can actually see a

at work and you can actually see a Post-It note on their monitor yeah

Post-It note on their monitor yeah

Post-It note on their monitor yeah saying what their password is

saying what their password is

saying what their password is so this is obviously a big No-No some of

so this is obviously a big No-No some of

so this is obviously a big No-No some of the things that you maybe maybe

the things that you maybe maybe

the things that you maybe maybe implemented are they're no reuse or

implemented are they're no reuse or

implemented are they're no reuse or changing the last character such as a if

changing the last character such as a if

changing the last character such as a if your password is a b c d e f g one you

your password is a b c d e f g one you

your password is a b c d e f g one you wouldn't be allowed to change it to all

wouldn't be allowed to change it to all

wouldn't be allowed to change it to all be the same and then two on the end

be the same and then two on the end

be the same and then two on the end obviously for the work Network

obviously for the work Network

obviously for the work Network no writing on Post-it notes expiry

no writing on Post-it notes expiry

no writing on Post-it notes expiry length again this is all a pain because

length again this is all a pain because

length again this is all a pain because people are going to be forgetting their

people are going to be forgetting their

people are going to be forgetting their passwords and logging tickets it just

passwords and logging tickets it just

passwords and logging tickets it just depends how secure your environment is

depends how secure your environment is

depends how secure your environment is upper lower case is pretty common plus

upper lower case is pretty common plus

upper lower case is pretty common plus special characters and numbers

special characters and numbers

special characters and numbers non-dictionary words so again you could

non-dictionary words so again you could

non-dictionary words so again you could be just looking at

be just looking at

be just looking at and people choose things they're going

and people choose things they're going

and people choose things they're going to remember like um

I think there's only one Ellen Bloom but

I think there's only one Ellen Bloom but

I think there's only one Ellen Bloom but you know what I mean balloon kite teacup

you know what I mean balloon kite teacup

you know what I mean balloon kite teacup all these kind of things are they

all these kind of things are they

all these kind of things are they allowed to use passive password

allowed to use passive password

allowed to use passive password management software I've got password

management software I've got password

management software I've got password management because I've got maybe 150

management because I've got maybe 150

management because I've got maybe 150 different types of software and service

different types of software and service

different types of software and service I use I've managed about I've got about

I use I've managed about I've got about

I use I've managed about I've got about 14 15 websites some I'm on every day and

14 15 websites some I'm on every day and

14 15 websites some I'm on every day and some I only check in once a year maybe

some I only check in once a year maybe

some I only check in once a year maybe but I mean just to try to imagine you

but I mean just to try to imagine you

but I mean just to try to imagine you can't have the same password for all of

can't have the same password for all of

can't have the same password for all of these or you shouldn't so try to manage

these or you shouldn't so try to manage

these or you shouldn't so try to manage them this is a bit too difficult it's a

them this is a bit too difficult it's a

them this is a bit too difficult it's a robo form I think it's called

robo form I think it's called

robo form I think it's called on off-boarding so policy for hiring

on off-boarding so policy for hiring

on off-boarding so policy for hiring people and then terminating this should

people and then terminating this should

people and then terminating this should obviously go through the HR team as well

obviously go through the HR team as well

obviously go through the HR team as well because the chances are if it's a big

because the chances are if it's a big

because the chances are if it's a big company you may not know who's coming

company you may not know who's coming

company you may not know who's coming who's gone and and obviously sometimes

who's gone and and obviously sometimes

who's gone and and obviously sometimes people will give notice

people will give notice

people will give notice and they're for um privacy or whatever

and they're for um privacy or whatever

and they're for um privacy or whatever other reasons uh they're not allowed to

other reasons uh they're not allowed to

other reasons uh they're not allowed to work at the company anymore they're

work at the company anymore they're

work at the company anymore they're basically in in the UK it's called

basically in in the UK it's called

basically in in the UK it's called gardening leave they're told to leave

gardening leave they're told to leave

gardening leave they're told to leave immediately but they're paid for the

immediately but they're paid for the

immediately but they're paid for the rest of their contract

rest of their contract

rest of their contract what access and privilege levels they're

what access and privilege levels they're

what access and privilege levels they're given and when are they given email

given and when are they given email

given and when are they given email access and access to Shared directories

access and access to Shared directories

access and access to Shared directories and files are they given best practice

and files are they given best practice

and files are they given best practice training this is normally

training this is normally

training this is normally um in the form of CBT and then they get

um in the form of CBT and then they get

um in the form of CBT and then they get a certificate maybe and then that goes

a certificate maybe and then that goes

a certificate maybe and then that goes off to the manager for filing

off to the manager for filing

off to the manager for filing just to prove they've been shown what

just to prove they've been shown what

just to prove they've been shown what they should and shouldn't do do they get

they should and shouldn't do do they get

they should and shouldn't do do they get a smartphone another what are they

a smartphone another what are they

a smartphone another what are they allowed to use this Smartphone for

allowed to use this Smartphone for

allowed to use this Smartphone for uh licensing use of corporate hardware

uh licensing use of corporate hardware

uh licensing use of corporate hardware and software and I remember when I

and software and I remember when I

and software and I remember when I worked at a large company I won't say uh

worked at a large company I won't say uh

worked at a large company I won't say uh who they had

who they had

who they had um they had a few servers that we could

um they had a few servers that we could

um they had a few servers that we could use for internal files but people would

use for internal files but people would

use for internal files but people would download it was cracked software

crack software and it was video videos

crack software and it was video videos

crack software and it was video videos exams and a whole bunch of other stuff

exams and a whole bunch of other stuff

exams and a whole bunch of other stuff that technically should have been paid

that technically should have been paid

that technically should have been paid for with um hard-earned dollars but um

for with um hard-earned dollars but um

for with um hard-earned dollars but um it was all put on there for free now

it was all put on there for free now

it was all put on there for free now the um I'm sure the man at the top

the um I'm sure the man at the top

the um I'm sure the man at the top managers didn't know but some managers

managers didn't know but some managers

managers didn't know but some managers knew what was going on and this is going

knew what was going on and this is going

knew what was going on and this is going to leave your your company uh legally a

to leave your your company uh legally a

to leave your your company uh legally a light bulb download and sharing policy

light bulb download and sharing policy

light bulb download and sharing policy training with a sign off which I've

training with a sign off which I've

training with a sign off which I've already mentioned mentioned could be

already mentioned mentioned could be

already mentioned mentioned could be computer-based training end of training

computer-based training end of training

computer-based training end of training exam I had to do all sorts of things

exam I had to do all sorts of things

exam I had to do all sorts of things health and safety and harassment

health and safety and harassment

health and safety and harassment all this kind of stuff when I worked

all this kind of stuff when I worked

all this kind of stuff when I worked even when I was a contractor

even when I was a contractor

even when I was a contractor International export certainly in terms

International export certainly in terms

International export certainly in terms of hardware and software say for example

of hardware and software say for example

of hardware and software say for example the USA

the USA

the USA when they developed the um GPS software

when they developed the um GPS software

when they developed the um GPS software the it was only allowed a thing within

the it was only allowed a thing within

the it was only allowed a thing within something like 100 meters accuracy the

something like 100 meters accuracy the

something like 100 meters accuracy the soft the software you they could drop a

soft the software you they could drop a

soft the software you they could drop a bomb then within a window of a moving

bomb then within a window of a moving

bomb then within a window of a moving car

car

car um but um that was not allowed out to

um but um that was not allowed out to

um but um that was not allowed out to the public and now it's I think it's in

the public and now it's I think it's in

the public and now it's I think it's in in the range of around 10 meters the

in the range of around 10 meters the

in the range of around 10 meters the other thing is obviously encrypted

other thing is obviously encrypted

other thing is obviously encrypted software is uh restricted because

software is uh restricted because

software is uh restricted because depending on the level of encryption

depending on the level of encryption

depending on the level of encryption issues by uh for terrorist organizations

issues by uh for terrorist organizations

issues by uh for terrorist organizations so if you buy any software say for

so if you buy any software say for

so if you buy any software say for example for from Cisco if it's a high

example for from Cisco if it's a high

example for from Cisco if it's a high level encryption you'll normally need

level encryption you'll normally need

level encryption you'll normally need some sort of license uh you can get it

some sort of license uh you can get it

some sort of license uh you can get it from the government or um you know just

from the government or um you know just

from the government or um you know just to do your own research and see how your

to do your own research and see how your

to do your own research and see how your government deals with it satellite

government deals with it satellite

government deals with it satellite satellite technology and images that are

satellite technology and images that are

satellite technology and images that are protected or sensitive

protected or sensitive

protected or sensitive uh there could be Financial penalties or

uh there could be Financial penalties or

uh there could be Financial penalties or you could be criminally liable for uh

you could be criminally liable for uh

you could be criminally liable for uh what goes on so

what goes on so

what goes on so just be careful data loss could be

just be careful data loss could be

just be careful data loss could be accidental or malicious I've even heard

accidental or malicious I've even heard

accidental or malicious I've even heard instances of and the talk about this

instances of and the talk about this

instances of and the talk about this elsewhere but the word computer gets

elsewhere but the word computer gets

elsewhere but the word computer gets decommissioned sent off for sale in a

decommissioned sent off for sale in a

decommissioned sent off for sale in a shop somewhere and then somebody can see

shop somewhere and then somebody can see

shop somewhere and then somebody can see all the data I've actually on um eBay I

all the data I've actually on um eBay I

all the data I've actually on um eBay I bought a Cisco router I'll do this image

bought a Cisco router I'll do this image

bought a Cisco router I'll do this image here bought a Cisco router I booted it

here bought a Cisco router I booted it

here bought a Cisco router I booted it up and I had a load of um IP information

up and I had a load of um IP information

up and I had a load of um IP information password information

password information

password information usernames and this was for a large ISP

um an internationally known ISP so

um an internationally known ISP so

um an internationally known ISP so heaven knows who was decommissioning

heaven knows who was decommissioning

heaven knows who was decommissioning their equipment but it wasn't being done

their equipment but it wasn't being done

their equipment but it wasn't being done very professionally

very professionally

very professionally have a policy for your clients devices

have a policy for your clients devices

have a policy for your clients devices your network devices and any storage

your network devices and any storage

your network devices and any storage devices and there's normally

devices and there's normally

devices and there's normally um software that you can wipe off hard

um software that you can wipe off hard

um software that you can wipe off hard drives or sometimes they have to be

drives or sometimes they have to be

drives or sometimes they have to be destroyed

destroyed

destroyed identify what's most sensitive normally

identify what's most sensitive normally

identify what's most sensitive normally addresses credit card information emails

addresses credit card information emails

addresses credit card information emails make sure people are trained and review

make sure people are trained and review

make sure people are trained and review the training

the training

the training I've talked about remote access

I've talked about remote access

I've talked about remote access equipment you need to also work out who

equipment you need to also work out who

equipment you need to also work out who is allowed remote access this can be

is allowed remote access this can be

is allowed remote access this can be um

um

um this could be sales if they're on the

this could be sales if they're on the

this could be sales if they're on the road it could be

road it could be

road it could be um

Telly see

telecomuters

telecomuters

telecomuters that kind of thing people who work from

that kind of thing people who work from

that kind of thing people who work from home

home

home what VPN software are they allowed to

what VPN software are they allowed to

what VPN software are they allowed to use are they allowed through SSH

use are they allowed through SSH

use are they allowed through SSH software or if they don't have a good

software or if they don't have a good

software or if they don't have a good internet connection probably people

internet connection probably people

internet connection probably people won't use modems anymore but

won't use modems anymore but

won't use modems anymore but uh disable HTTP access I've talked about

uh disable HTTP access I've talked about

uh disable HTTP access I've talked about this elsewhere https but when you have a

this elsewhere https but when you have a

this elsewhere https but when you have a device a lot of the time you can put an

device a lot of the time you can put an

device a lot of the time you can put an IP address into a browser and manage it

IP address into a browser and manage it

IP address into a browser and manage it what's your favorite VPN client software

what's your favorite VPN client software

what's your favorite VPN client software what are they allowed to download if

what are they allowed to download if

what are they allowed to download if anything onto Works laptops

anything onto Works laptops

anything onto Works laptops are they allowed the intranet what can

are they allowed the intranet what can

are they allowed the intranet what can they see on the internet and where can

they see on the internet and where can

they see on the internet and where can they access it from Works emails a big

they access it from Works emails a big

they access it from Works emails a big one especially with the uh the latest

one especially with the uh the latest

one especially with the uh the latest presidential campaign as you know

presidential campaign as you know

presidential campaign as you know um one of the candidates was accused of

um one of the candidates was accused of

um one of the candidates was accused of download insensitive email onto their

download insensitive email onto their

download insensitive email onto their from The Works servers onto their home

from The Works servers onto their home

from The Works servers onto their home servers

what happens when there's an incident

what happens when there's an incident

what happens when there's an incident there should be a policy because some

there should be a policy because some

there should be a policy because some places have worked people are blaming

places have worked people are blaming

places have worked people are blaming each other finger pointing nobody knows

each other finger pointing nobody knows

each other finger pointing nobody knows who's responsible for what so there

who's responsible for what so there

who's responsible for what so there should be

should be

should be written

written

written procedures and also training so

procedures and also training so

procedures and also training so everybody knows who's responsible and

everybody knows who's responsible and

everybody knows who's responsible and what the procedure is for um escalating

what the procedure is for um escalating

what the procedure is for um escalating it who gets called who gets paged

it who gets called who gets paged

it who gets called who gets paged uh who are the stakeholders so um you

uh who are the stakeholders so um you

uh who are the stakeholders so um you know your Chief technology officer your

know your Chief technology officer your

know your Chief technology officer your network manager security manager all

network manager security manager all

network manager security manager all these kind of people who are they

these kind of people who are they

these kind of people who are they involved depending on what the problem

involved depending on what the problem

involved depending on what the problem is

is

is so identify the start procedures the

so identify the start procedures the

so identify the start procedures the start the procedures and the steps that

start the procedures and the steps that

start the procedures and the steps that take place you're normally work in some

take place you're normally work in some

take place you're normally work in some sort of framework like

sort of framework like

sort of framework like ITIL it infrastructure Library

ITIL it infrastructure Library

ITIL it infrastructure Library they have qualifications on them

they have qualifications on them

they have qualifications on them procedures you should be using

procedures you should be using

procedures you should be using who declares it's an incident uh within

who declares it's an incident uh within

who declares it's an incident uh within ITIL you've got um

ITIL you've got um

ITIL you've got um you've got different streams problem

you've got the problem manager normally

you've got the problem manager normally

you've got the problem manager normally on any team that's one person who

on any team that's one person who

on any team that's one person who everyone reports a problem to

everyone reports a problem to

everyone reports a problem to instead of basically everyone in the

instead of basically everyone in the

instead of basically everyone in the team being told through help desk

team being told through help desk

team being told through help desk tickets and then they tell other people

tickets and then they tell other people

tickets and then they tell other people the problem manager will receive all of

the problem manager will receive all of

the problem manager will receive all of the reports of the problems and then

the reports of the problems and then

the reports of the problems and then they will escalate it when there's a

they will escalate it when there's a

they will escalate it when there's a resolution it'll go through the problem

resolution it'll go through the problem

resolution it'll go through the problem manager and they will communicate it

manager and they will communicate it

manager and they will communicate it through group email phone calls or

through group email phone calls or

through group email phone calls or whatever

whatever

whatever uh can their damage be isolated

uh can their damage be isolated

uh can their damage be isolated um can it be who's who's in charge of

um can it be who's who's in charge of

um can it be who's who's in charge of actually removing it who will they speak

actually removing it who will they speak

actually removing it who will they speak to can they um who's got the authority

to can they um who's got the authority

to can they um who's got the authority to um to escalate it to say

to um to escalate it to say

to um to escalate it to say um Cisco attack or um the AWS uh Senior

um Cisco attack or um the AWS uh Senior

um Cisco attack or um the AWS uh Senior Team if you've got a support contract

Team if you've got a support contract

Team if you've got a support contract with Amazon

with Amazon

with Amazon uh then eventually hopefully it's

uh then eventually hopefully it's

uh then eventually hopefully it's recovered Network restored to normal

recovered Network restored to normal

recovered Network restored to normal function there'll be a debrief after if

function there'll be a debrief after if

function there'll be a debrief after if you go through the idle procedures

you go through the idle procedures

you go through the idle procedures there's a normally a meeting a

there's a normally a meeting a

there's a normally a meeting a resolution and then something will

resolution and then something will

resolution and then something will happen to

happen to

happen to um change the procedures so it doesn't

um change the procedures so it doesn't

um change the procedures so it doesn't happen again

happen again

happen again the training or there could be some sort

the training or there could be some sort

the training or there could be some sort of consequence if somebody's made a

of consequence if somebody's made a

of consequence if somebody's made a mistake that they should have known

mistake that they should have known

mistake that they should have known better

better

better BYOD bring your own device normally and

BYOD bring your own device normally and

BYOD bring your own device normally and not allowed in fact most places really

not allowed in fact most places really

not allowed in fact most places really should have the USB ports disabled

should have the USB ports disabled

should have the USB ports disabled um and decided who can use what where

um and decided who can use what where

um and decided who can use what where the policy per device so for example

the policy per device so for example

the policy per device so for example um can they bring a whap in probably not

um can they bring a whap in probably not

um can they bring a whap in probably not could they bring a USB device in

could they bring a USB device in

could they bring a USB device in even phones are they allowed to bring

even phones are they allowed to bring

even phones are they allowed to bring phones in could they try and pig you

phones in could they try and pig you

phones in could they try and pig you back onto the wireless network all these

back onto the wireless network all these

back onto the wireless network all these kind of things there should be a policy

kind of things there should be a policy

kind of things there should be a policy for

for

for and who owns what data if somebody

and who owns what data if somebody

and who owns what data if somebody brings in their device and but they're

brings in their device and but they're

brings in their device and but they're using it for work you know who entered

using it for work you know who entered

using it for work you know who entered data this all needs to be clear what

data this all needs to be clear what

data this all needs to be clear what applications can they use

applications can they use

applications can they use and what can be taken off-site as well

and what can be taken off-site as well

and what can be taken off-site as well you need to decide what hardware and

you need to decide what hardware and

you need to decide what hardware and software can be taken off site

software can be taken off site

software can be taken off site the acceptable use policy uh stop and

the acceptable use policy uh stop and

the acceptable use policy uh stop and search depends where you are and how

search depends where you are and how

search depends where you are and how secure the site is but people can search

secure the site is but people can search

secure the site is but people can search your bag

your bag

your bag uh speaking of which I already mentioned

uh speaking of which I already mentioned

uh speaking of which I already mentioned the acceptable use policy there should

the acceptable use policy there should

the acceptable use policy there should be a security policy included

be a security policy included

be a security policy included how the network should and shouldn't be

how the network should and shouldn't be

how the network should and shouldn't be used what you're allowed to do it should

used what you're allowed to do it should

used what you're allowed to do it should be clearly spelled out and signed

be clearly spelled out and signed

be clearly spelled out and signed websites you can access I know when I

websites you can access I know when I

websites you can access I know when I worked at this particular ISP

worked at this particular ISP

worked at this particular ISP at the end of every month the manager

at the end of every month the manager

at the end of every month the manager would per employee

would per employee

would per employee they would have a list of every single

they would have a list of every single

they would have a list of every single website you went to and how many minutes

website you went to and how many minutes

website you went to and how many minutes you spent on the website so if you've

you spent on the website so if you've

you spent on the website so if you've spent 60 Minutes on whatever say eBay

spent 60 Minutes on whatever say eBay

spent 60 Minutes on whatever say eBay even though and we couldn't do it but

even though and we couldn't do it but

even though and we couldn't do it but say you were found to be on eBay for 60

say you were found to be on eBay for 60

say you were found to be on eBay for 60 minutes then obviously there's going to

minutes then obviously there's going to

minutes then obviously there's going to be a consequence you'd either be told

be a consequence you'd either be told

be a consequence you'd either be told off written or an invariable warning or

off written or an invariable warning or

off written or an invariable warning or you could be sacked

you could be sacked

you could be sacked and what you can and can't download a

and what you can and can't download a

and what you can and can't download a social media again this is a killer

social media again this is a killer

social media again this is a killer you're not really being paid at work to

you're not really being paid at work to

you're not really being paid at work to social media unless it's part of your

social media unless it's part of your

social media unless it's part of your job for example digital marketing NDA as

job for example digital marketing NDA as

job for example digital marketing NDA as well these are these are huge in the

well these are these are huge in the

well these are these are huge in the corporate environment

corporate environment

corporate environment protects non-public information so

protects non-public information so

protects non-public information so you're you're learning about customers

you're you're learning about customers

you're you're learning about customers names phone phone details uh who are the

names phone phone details uh who are the

names phone phone details uh who are the key contacts all of this kind of

key contacts all of this kind of

key contacts all of this kind of information what are the consequences of

information what are the consequences of

information what are the consequences of the breach this could be

the breach this could be

the breach this could be um Criminal

or it could be civil so you could have

or it could be civil so you could have

or it could be civil so you could have to pay Financial penalties

and this creates a confidential

and this creates a confidential

and this creates a confidential relationship between the disclosing

relationship between the disclosing

relationship between the disclosing party

party

party and the receiving party

and the receiving party

and the receiving party your boss or your company and you which

your boss or your company and you which

your boss or your company and you which is fair

is fair

is fair uh the system life cycle which is asset

uh the system life cycle which is asset

uh the system life cycle which is asset disposal something is brought into

disposal something is brought into

disposal something is brought into um Commission

um Commission

um Commission oh sorry I did this in a weird way so

oh sorry I did this in a weird way so

oh sorry I did this in a weird way so integrate devices some something is

integrate devices some something is

integrate devices some something is brought into the network and then it

brought into the network and then it

brought into the network and then it would have to go through a chain of

would have to go through a chain of

would have to go through a chain of events for example a router would all

events for example a router would all

events for example a router would all have to be cabled up then it'd be passed

have to be cabled up then it'd be passed

have to be cabled up then it'd be passed on to another team to do

on to another team to do

on to another team to do um username and passwords for example

um username and passwords for example

um username and passwords for example then it might go to the security team

then it might go to the security team

then it might go to the security team for configuration

for configuration

for configuration then it might go to the backup team to

then it might go to the backup team to

then it might go to the backup team to make sure that it could and they can

make sure that it could and they can

make sure that it could and they can download files and configurations and

download files and configurations and

download files and configurations and recover it if there's a problem

recover it if there's a problem

recover it if there's a problem and procedure to decommission what

and procedure to decommission what

and procedure to decommission what happens uh does it go in the bin does it

happens uh does it go in the bin does it

happens uh does it go in the bin does it go to a shop for sale

go to a shop for sale

go to a shop for sale and as I've already said and if it's

and as I've already said and if it's

and as I've already said and if it's going to go for sale then all the date

going to go for sale then all the date

going to go for sale then all the date all the data needs to be removed hard

all the data needs to be removed hard

all the data needs to be removed hard drives are they going to be scrubbed are

drives are they going to be scrubbed are

drives are they going to be scrubbed are they going to be physically destroyed in

they going to be physically destroyed in

they going to be physically destroyed in a furnace or some other device what are

a furnace or some other device what are

a furnace or some other device what are the laws for recycling a lot of

the laws for recycling a lot of

the laws for recycling a lot of countries now are really hot on and

countries now are really hot on and

countries now are really hot on and non-recyclable stuff so if you can't

non-recyclable stuff so if you can't

non-recyclable stuff so if you can't destroy it how are you going to render

destroy it how are you going to render

destroy it how are you going to render it and usable or the data on it unusable

it and usable or the data on it unusable

it and usable or the data on it unusable certainly

certainly

certainly safety procedures

safety procedures

safety procedures um

so who can troubleshoot the equipment

so who can troubleshoot the equipment

so who can troubleshoot the equipment people need to know what air their job

people need to know what air their job

people need to know what air their job is you could um

is you could um

is you could um ignore that sorry authorized Personnel

ignore that sorry authorized Personnel

ignore that sorry authorized Personnel who can cable stuff who's been trained

who can cable stuff who's been trained

who can cable stuff who's been trained who's insured monitors as well certainly

who's insured monitors as well certainly

who's insured monitors as well certainly the old cathode ray monitors there was

the old cathode ray monitors there was

the old cathode ray monitors there was the back of them and the front

the back of them and the front

the back of them and the front uh just massive things it would take two

uh just massive things it would take two

uh just massive things it would take two people to carry them and they'd have a

people to carry them and they'd have a

people to carry them and they'd have a massive electricity electrical current

massive electricity electrical current

massive electricity electrical current going in through them as well even when

going in through them as well even when

going in through them as well even when unplugged

unplugged

unplugged um it still held a massive uh current

um it still held a massive uh current

um it still held a massive uh current and could have shocked somebody or

and could have shocked somebody or

and could have shocked somebody or killed them

killed them

killed them who can move what uh heavy lifting so I

who can move what uh heavy lifting so I

who can move what uh heavy lifting so I work for as I said an ISP and I work for

work for as I said an ISP and I work for

work for as I said an ISP and I work for the network support team I remotely

the network support team I remotely

the network support team I remotely accessed routers and switches firewalls

accessed routers and switches firewalls

accessed routers and switches firewalls load balances and one day uh one of the

load balances and one day uh one of the

load balances and one day uh one of the one of my bosses asked you know you've

one of my bosses asked you know you've

one of my bosses asked you know you've got racks these big racks that are full

got racks these big racks that are full

got racks these big racks that are full of really heavy equipment and some of it

of really heavy equipment and some of it

of really heavy equipment and some of it can take up a half rack a massive Cisco

can take up a half rack a massive Cisco

can take up a half rack a massive Cisco switch and he came and asked me if I

switch and he came and asked me if I

switch and he came and asked me if I could remove one of the switches and put

could remove one of the switches and put

could remove one of the switches and put a new one in now I wasn't actually there

a new one in now I wasn't actually there

a new one in now I wasn't actually there for that this is down to the hardware

for that this is down to the hardware

for that this is down to the hardware team at the time this stuff weighed

team at the time this stuff weighed

team at the time this stuff weighed something likes

something likes

something likes um

um

um say 150 kilos and he was asking me to

say 150 kilos and he was asking me to

say 150 kilos and he was asking me to somehow pull it out

somehow pull it out

somehow pull it out put it somewhere and um put the new one

put it somewhere and um put the new one

put it somewhere and um put the new one in I wasn't actually trained to install

in I wasn't actually trained to install

in I wasn't actually trained to install this heavy equipment I I didn't have any

this heavy equipment I I didn't have any

this heavy equipment I I didn't have any safety equipment I couldn't move it

safety equipment I couldn't move it

safety equipment I couldn't move it and um maybe he just didn't care or he

and um maybe he just didn't care or he

and um maybe he just didn't care or he was just ignorant but I had to turn

was just ignorant but I had to turn

was just ignorant but I had to turn around and say well I'm not actually

around and say well I'm not actually

around and say well I'm not actually qualified to move this equipment but I

qualified to move this equipment but I

qualified to move this equipment but I am qualified to support it but I can

am qualified to support it but I can

am qualified to support it but I can only connect to it over the network

only connect to it over the network

only connect to it over the network um he wasn't very happy but it's better

um he wasn't very happy but it's better

um he wasn't very happy but it's better than me breaking my leg or whatever is

than me breaking my leg or whatever is

than me breaking my leg or whatever is there any safety equipment required

there any safety equipment required

there any safety equipment required normally when you're installing heavy

normally when you're installing heavy

normally when you're installing heavy stuff you need a hard hat

stuff you need a hard hat

stuff you need a hard hat so you you need your hat you need your

so you you need your hat you need your

so you you need your hat you need your boots uh you've you've got to have read

boots uh you've you've got to have read

boots uh you've you've got to have read the training manuals

the training manuals

the training manuals um are you insured and there's a whole

um are you insured and there's a whole

um are you insured and there's a whole bunch of stuff yeah normally it would go

bunch of stuff yeah normally it would go

bunch of stuff yeah normally it would go in a trolley again who's who can use

in a trolley again who's who can use

in a trolley again who's who can use this trolley

this trolley

this trolley uh electrical circuits certainly in many

uh electrical circuits certainly in many

uh electrical circuits certainly in many countries for example Germany and

countries for example Germany and

countries for example Germany and Australia you can't even change a plug

Australia you can't even change a plug

Australia you can't even change a plug you have to be a qualified electrician

you have to be a qualified electrician

you have to be a qualified electrician to access electronic equipment

all right so we've covered a lot of

all right so we've covered a lot of

all right so we've covered a lot of stuff your user agreement your password

stuff your user agreement your password

stuff your user agreement your password policy and the levels of password

policy and the levels of password

policy and the levels of password leaving the company so joining leaving

leaving the company so joining leaving

leaving the company so joining leaving the company any licensing uh export for

the company any licensing uh export for

the company any licensing uh export for example security images and um

example security images and um

example security images and um all this kind of stuff what's it

all this kind of stuff what's it

all this kind of stuff what's it protected by and what you can explore

protected by and what you can explore

protected by and what you can explore and import what happens to prevent data

and import what happens to prevent data

and import what happens to prevent data loss of remote access

loss of remote access

loss of remote access what happens was that when there's an

what happens was that when there's an

what happens was that when there's an incident can you bring your own device

incident can you bring your own device

incident can you bring your own device hopefully not

hopefully not

hopefully not sign in the acceptable use policy

sign in the acceptable use policy

sign in the acceptable use policy your non-disclosure

your non-disclosure

your non-disclosure system life cycle and then finally

system life cycle and then finally

system life cycle and then finally keeping keeping safe

keeping keeping safe

keeping keeping safe that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

thank you

welcome to module 14 lesson 4 securing

welcome to module 14 lesson 4 securing

welcome to module 14 lesson 4 securing the wireless network

a few things we want to cover syllabus

a few things we want to cover syllabus

a few things we want to cover syllabus items uh WPA WPA2 tkip rc4

items uh WPA WPA2 tkip rc4

items uh WPA WPA2 tkip rc4 ccmp AES

ccmp AES

ccmp AES EAP

EAP

EAP lots of abbreviations gfn sync

if you've been using wireless routers

if you've been using wireless routers

if you've been using wireless routers for any period of time you've probably

for any period of time you've probably

for any period of time you've probably heard of WEP which was the first

heard of WEP which was the first

heard of WEP which was the first protocol used

protocol used

protocol used um to secure your wireless network it

um to secure your wireless network it

um to secure your wireless network it was um it's pretty much better than

was um it's pretty much better than

was um it's pretty much better than nothing I guess but it was flawed very

nothing I guess but it was flawed very

nothing I guess but it was flawed very easily crackable and quite quickly after

easily crackable and quite quickly after

easily crackable and quite quickly after it came out they realized they had to

it came out they realized they had to

it came out they realized they had to upgrade it and replace it with something

upgrade it and replace it with something

upgrade it and replace it with something better

better

better and then it's upgraded uh replace with a

and then it's upgraded uh replace with a

and then it's upgraded uh replace with a Wi-Fi protected access as you can see

Wi-Fi protected access as you can see

Wi-Fi protected access as you can see the title at the top web is a wireless

the title at the top web is a wireless

the title at the top web is a wireless equivalent privacy I think it stands for

equivalent privacy I think it stands for

equivalent privacy I think it stands for from 2003 WPA was available it uses as a

from 2003 WPA was available it uses as a

from 2003 WPA was available it uses as a dynamic key management and it's based on

dynamic key management and it's based on

dynamic key management and it's based on EAP

EAP

EAP WPA uses temporal key Integrity protocol

WPA uses temporal key Integrity protocol

WPA uses temporal key Integrity protocol so I'm glad they do abbreviate it so

so I'm glad they do abbreviate it so

so I'm glad they do abbreviate it so you've got something like 50 trillion

you've got something like 50 trillion

you've got something like 50 trillion key compilations which is quite a lot

key compilations which is quite a lot

key compilations which is quite a lot you can use it with radius in the

you can use it with radius in the

you can use it with radius in the Enterprise we've talked about radius and

Enterprise we've talked about radius and

Enterprise we've talked about radius and radius servers elsewhere in the course

radius servers elsewhere in the course

radius servers elsewhere in the course so this basically offloads all of the

so this basically offloads all of the

so this basically offloads all of the management and um

management and um

management and um and authorization onto another device

and authorization onto another device

and authorization onto another device that's um designed for that purpose

that's um designed for that purpose

that's um designed for that purpose he uses an encrypted hash

he uses an encrypted hash

he uses an encrypted hash each packet has a unique encryption key

a WPA2 is based on the 802.11i

a WPA2 is based on the 802.11i

a WPA2 is based on the 802.11i architecture if you want to prove that

architecture if you want to prove that

architecture if you want to prove that documentation it can integrate with ATO

documentation it can integrate with ATO

documentation it can integrate with ATO 2.1 x there is they do allude to this I

2.1 x there is they do allude to this I

2.1 x there is they do allude to this I think in these syllabus actually and

think in these syllabus actually and

think in these syllabus actually and it's a method of authentication and

it's a method of authentication and

it's a method of authentication and authorization running on their layer 2

authorization running on their layer 2

authorization running on their layer 2 networks it's covered in quite some

networks it's covered in quite some

networks it's covered in quite some detail in the Cisco CCNA actually

detail in the Cisco CCNA actually

detail in the Cisco CCNA actually this allows users and devices to

this allows users and devices to

this allows users and devices to authenticate with EAP plus it uses

authenticate with EAP plus it uses

authenticate with EAP plus it uses tacaxa radius so just take a little bit

tacaxa radius so just take a little bit

tacaxa radius so just take a little bit of setting up but you'll certainly find

of setting up but you'll certainly find

of setting up but you'll certainly find this in Enterprise level Networks

the rc4 was replaced by Advanced

the rc4 was replaced by Advanced

the rc4 was replaced by Advanced encryption standard AES this is 256 bits

encryption standard AES this is 256 bits

encryption standard AES this is 256 bits as a minimum and Beyond

as a minimum and Beyond

as a minimum and Beyond a TK IP was replaced by computer mode

a TK IP was replaced by computer mode

a TK IP was replaced by computer mode with Cipher block chaining ccmp

uh and I've already mentioned uses uh

uh and I've already mentioned uses uh

uh and I've already mentioned uses uh encrypted hash

encrypted hash

encrypted hash each packet has a unique encryption key

each packet has a unique encryption key

each packet has a unique encryption key um again I mentioned this earlier

um again I mentioned this earlier

um again I mentioned this earlier MAC address filtering I've just found a

MAC address filtering I've just found a

MAC address filtering I've just found a basic uh router here and even this cheap

basic uh router here and even this cheap

basic uh router here and even this cheap one and looks like um maybe it Linksys

one and looks like um maybe it Linksys

one and looks like um maybe it Linksys one at the looking at the colors you can

one at the looking at the colors you can

one at the looking at the colors you can use their filtering enable prevents

use their filtering enable prevents

use their filtering enable prevents clients

clients

clients um listed from accessing the network if

um listed from accessing the network if

um listed from accessing the network if you want to stop certain clients or you

you want to stop certain clients or you

you want to stop certain clients or you can have a permit only list whereas you

can have a permit only list whereas you

can have a permit only list whereas you manually and decide which packets go and

manually and decide which packets go and

manually and decide which packets go and which Mac addresses are allowed

which Mac addresses are allowed

which Mac addresses are allowed uh should be used with other security

uh should be used with other security

uh should be used with other security features in case of Max spoofing and

features in case of Max spoofing and

features in case of Max spoofing and it's quite easy certainly on devices

it's quite easy certainly on devices

it's quite easy certainly on devices I've managed to log in and manually

I've managed to log in and manually

I've managed to log in and manually change the MAC address of your device

change the MAC address of your device

change the MAC address of your device and here's a permit list for just a

and here's a permit list for just a

and here's a permit list for just a random device a random device I found

EAP extensible Authentication Protocol

EAP extensible Authentication Protocol

EAP extensible Authentication Protocol it's a framework used in wireless

it's a framework used in wireless

it's a framework used in wireless networks they've got an RFC for it if

networks they've got an RFC for it if

networks they've got an RFC for it if you have the time to look

you have the time to look

you have the time to look 100 plus types available so I think

100 plus types available so I think

100 plus types available so I think they're only list three or four in the

they're only list three or four in the

they're only list three or four in the syllabus

syllabus

syllabus EAP md5 uses a series of challenges and

EAP md5 uses a series of challenges and

EAP md5 uses a series of challenges and responses

responses

responses TLS this was designed by Microsoft and

TLS this was designed by Microsoft and

TLS this was designed by Microsoft and uses a certificate system

uses a certificate system

uses a certificate system fast is a designed by Cisco and it uses

fast is a designed by Cisco and it uses

fast is a designed by Cisco and it uses a TLS tunnel with a secure socket layers

a TLS tunnel with a secure socket layers

a TLS tunnel with a secure socket layers and on that node it also uses shared

and on that node it also uses shared

and on that node it also uses shared secret Keys these are unique to each

secret Keys these are unique to each

secret Keys these are unique to each user and they have protected access

user and they have protected access

user and they have protected access credentials

credentials

credentials ttls uses the secure TLS tunnel

ttls uses the secure TLS tunnel

ttls uses the secure TLS tunnel and then finally this is also in a new

and then finally this is also in a new

and then finally this is also in a new one in the syllabus uh PE AP increases

one in the syllabus uh PE AP increases

one in the syllabus uh PE AP increases the protection of authentications by

the protection of authentications by

the protection of authentications by creating a protected TLS tunnel

creating a protected TLS tunnel

creating a protected TLS tunnel and within the tunnel on Authentication

and within the tunnel on Authentication

and within the tunnel on Authentication Protocol such as Ms chat version 2 can

Protocol such as Ms chat version 2 can

Protocol such as Ms chat version 2 can then be used

geofencing is a feature that is actually

geofencing is a feature that is actually

geofencing is a feature that is actually built inside software so you don't

built inside software so you don't

built inside software so you don't actually have it running on its own it

actually have it running on its own it

actually have it running on its own it uses GPS or radio to Define geographical

uses GPS or radio to Define geographical

uses GPS or radio to Define geographical boundaries I.E who's allowed in and out

boundaries I.E who's allowed in and out

boundaries I.E who's allowed in and out of your network or device

of your network or device

of your network or device uh triggers this default the triggers

uh triggers this default the triggers

uh triggers this default the triggers defined for devices entering or exiting

defined for devices entering or exiting

defined for devices entering or exiting the network boundaries

the network boundaries

the network boundaries all right so just some of the we're

all right so just some of the we're

all right so just some of the we're basically hitting some of the syllabus

basically hitting some of the syllabus

basically hitting some of the syllabus items so this is why we went through

items so this is why we went through

items so this is why we went through pretty quick uh WPA tkip

pretty quick uh WPA tkip

pretty quick uh WPA tkip ccmp EAP and GF and Tim

ccmp EAP and GF and Tim

ccmp EAP and GF and Tim okay that's all for now thanks for

okay that's all for now thanks for

okay that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

Network Tools hardware troubleshooting

Network Tools hardware troubleshooting

Network Tools hardware troubleshooting tools

tools

tools in all the previous lessons we've talked

in all the previous lessons we've talked

in all the previous lessons we've talked about a lot of different things and in

about a lot of different things and in

about a lot of different things and in the very previous lesson we talked about

the very previous lesson we talked about

the very previous lesson we talked about network security and how important it is

network security and how important it is

network security and how important it is so in this final lesson I want to talk

so in this final lesson I want to talk

so in this final lesson I want to talk briefly about some of the network tools

briefly about some of the network tools

briefly about some of the network tools that were going to be useful when we're

that were going to be useful when we're

that were going to be useful when we're running a network specifically in this

running a network specifically in this

running a network specifically in this module about some of the troubleshooting

module about some of the troubleshooting

module about some of the troubleshooting tools we're going to start off by

tools we're going to start off by

tools we're going to start off by discussing the general top topic of

discussing the general top topic of

discussing the general top topic of Hardware diagnosis and troubleshooting

Hardware diagnosis and troubleshooting

Hardware diagnosis and troubleshooting and then we're going to move on to talk

and then we're going to move on to talk

and then we're going to move on to talk about four common tools that are used in

about four common tools that are used in

about four common tools that are used in troubleshooting software these are the

troubleshooting software these are the

troubleshooting software these are the diagnostic disk multimeter cable testers

diagnostic disk multimeter cable testers

diagnostic disk multimeter cable testers and a postcard there are of course other

and a postcard there are of course other

and a postcard there are of course other tools however these are some of the

tools however these are some of the

tools however these are some of the major ones that we want to know

major ones that we want to know

major ones that we want to know specifically for this network plus exam

specifically for this network plus exam

specifically for this network plus exam if you recall very early we talked about

if you recall very early we talked about

if you recall very early we talked about some of the cable tools as well such as

some of the cable tools as well such as

some of the cable tools as well such as toner probes and punch down tools and

toner probes and punch down tools and

toner probes and punch down tools and those sort of fall into here but those

those sort of fall into here but those

those sort of fall into here but those are more tools that we use to create

are more tools that we use to create

are more tools that we use to create cables rather than ones that we're going

cables rather than ones that we're going

cables rather than ones that we're going to do troubleshooting with

to do troubleshooting with

to do troubleshooting with so we've briefly discussed Hardware in

so we've briefly discussed Hardware in

so we've briefly discussed Hardware in the past but we need to take a closer

the past but we need to take a closer

the past but we need to take a closer look at it for the sake of this module

look at it for the sake of this module

look at it for the sake of this module Hardware is a term that refers to the

Hardware is a term that refers to the

Hardware is a term that refers to the physical components of a computer system

physical components of a computer system

physical components of a computer system including hard drives power supplies RAM

including hard drives power supplies RAM

including hard drives power supplies RAM and other stuff Hardware unlike software

and other stuff Hardware unlike software

and other stuff Hardware unlike software it's not a program it can't be installed

it's not a program it can't be installed

it's not a program it can't be installed it can however be physically placed or

it can however be physically placed or

it can however be physically placed or installed or changed in some cases but

installed or changed in some cases but

installed or changed in some cases but this generally requires taking apart the

this generally requires taking apart the

this generally requires taking apart the unit and physically installing something

unit and physically installing something

unit and physically installing something new on it and when we're talking about a

new on it and when we're talking about a

new on it and when we're talking about a computer I just want to point out that a

computer I just want to point out that a

computer I just want to point out that a router a switch these are types of

router a switch these are types of

router a switch these are types of computers a printer they do have

computers a printer they do have

computers a printer they do have Hardware inside of them so important

Hardware inside of them so important

Hardware inside of them so important that we realize this term is really

that we realize this term is really

that we realize this term is really all-encompassing and because Hardware is

all-encompassing and because Hardware is

all-encompassing and because Hardware is made up of physical components it

made up of physical components it

made up of physical components it generally takes physical tools to

generally takes physical tools to

generally takes physical tools to troubleshoot them by saying physical

troubleshoot them by saying physical

troubleshoot them by saying physical tools this means tools that physically

tools this means tools that physically

tools this means tools that physically come into contact with the hardware in

come into contact with the hardware in

come into contact with the hardware in order to test it now some of the

order to test it now some of the

order to test it now some of the hardware troubleshooting tools can

hardware troubleshooting tools can

hardware troubleshooting tools can actually be programs that run on the

actually be programs that run on the

actually be programs that run on the computer and one of those I'm going to

computer and one of those I'm going to

computer and one of those I'm going to talk about in this module

talk about in this module

talk about in this module so this non-physical troubleshooting

so this non-physical troubleshooting

so this non-physical troubleshooting tool is commonly called a diagnostic or

tool is commonly called a diagnostic or

tool is commonly called a diagnostic or diagnosis disk this is common software

diagnosis disk this is common software

diagnosis disk this is common software that's used to test the system's

that's used to test the system's

that's used to test the system's Hardware or in some cases the router's

Hardware or in some cases the router's

Hardware or in some cases the router's hardware and so on it runs a series of

hardware and so on it runs a series of

hardware and so on it runs a series of tests on different pieces of the

tests on different pieces of the

tests on different pieces of the hardware in the system and if there are

hardware in the system and if there are

hardware in the system and if there are issues that need to be fixed it'll

issues that need to be fixed it'll

issues that need to be fixed it'll notify you you might be thinking if the

notify you you might be thinking if the

notify you you might be thinking if the hardware of the computer is meant

hardware of the computer is meant

hardware of the computer is meant malfunctioning how can you run a disk

malfunctioning how can you run a disk

malfunctioning how can you run a disk well as long as the system's clock

well as long as the system's clock

well as long as the system's clock circuits disk drive and CPU are

circuits disk drive and CPU are

circuits disk drive and CPU are functioning diagnostic disk can be used

functioning diagnostic disk can be used

functioning diagnostic disk can be used so again it does require CPU

the disk drive

the disk drive

the disk drive or the USB contact whatever it is that

or the USB contact whatever it is that

or the USB contact whatever it is that is going to

is going to

is going to contain the disk or we should say

contain the disk or we should say

contain the disk or we should say perhaps disk in some cases

perhaps disk in some cases

perhaps disk in some cases and

and

and clock circuits

clock circuits

clock circuits which are the circuits that allow the

which are the circuits that allow the

which are the circuits that allow the CPU to run

CPU to run

CPU to run now I just made the C right here because

now I just made the C right here because

now I just made the C right here because a disk with a K it's like a hard disk

a disk with a K it's like a hard disk

a disk with a K it's like a hard disk like USB drives flash drives a disk with

like USB drives flash drives a disk with

like USB drives flash drives a disk with a C

a C

a C is Optical

now in general these disks aren't going

now in general these disks aren't going

now in general these disks aren't going to State what the problem is they're

to State what the problem is they're

to State what the problem is they're just going to say that there is

just going to say that there is

just going to say that there is something malfunctioning and then it's

something malfunctioning and then it's

something malfunctioning and then it's your job to actually take that

your job to actually take that

your job to actually take that information and relate it into something

information and relate it into something

information and relate it into something useful

useful

useful they usually do this by producing a list

they usually do this by producing a list

they usually do this by producing a list of all the different Hardware components

of all the different Hardware components

of all the different Hardware components and basically saying which of them is

and basically saying which of them is

and basically saying which of them is malfunctioning the course of action is

malfunctioning the course of action is

malfunctioning the course of action is then up to whomever is going to

then up to whomever is going to

then up to whomever is going to physically make repairs or test for more

physically make repairs or test for more

physically make repairs or test for more this person is usually the administrator

this person is usually the administrator

this person is usually the administrator or an I.T consultant or specifically

or an I.T consultant or specifically

or an I.T consultant or specifically someone who's been sent out by the

someone who's been sent out by the

someone who's been sent out by the manufacturer there are a number of tools

manufacturer there are a number of tools

manufacturer there are a number of tools that they can use to diagnose once they

that they can use to diagnose once they

that they can use to diagnose once they know what part is malfunctioning a

know what part is malfunctioning a

know what part is malfunctioning a multimeter is one of the most common

multimeter is one of the most common

multimeter is one of the most common tools that we see in the field of

tools that we see in the field of

tools that we see in the field of electrical work and hardware

electrical work and hardware

electrical work and hardware troubleshooting

troubleshooting

troubleshooting it's used to test circuits outlets and

it's used to test circuits outlets and

it's used to test circuits outlets and other electrical components of most

other electrical components of most

other electrical components of most devices now there are very different

devices now there are very different

devices now there are very different types of multimeters out there but they

types of multimeters out there but they

types of multimeters out there but they all generally test for the same thing

all generally test for the same thing

all generally test for the same thing they measure electrical current

they measure electrical current

they measure electrical current resistance and wattage or voltage rather

resistance and wattage or voltage rather

resistance and wattage or voltage rather current is generally going to be

current is generally going to be

current is generally going to be measured in watts

measured in watts

measured in watts resistance in ohms

resistance in ohms

resistance in ohms and voltage

and voltage

and voltage in volts

in volts

in volts in the case of a hardware

in the case of a hardware

in the case of a hardware troubleshooting the voltage and

troubleshooting the voltage and

troubleshooting the voltage and resistance functions are actually going

resistance functions are actually going

resistance functions are actually going to matter the most

to matter the most

to matter the most may tell us information about say the

may tell us information about say the

may tell us information about say the power supply or the wall socket that's

power supply or the wall socket that's

power supply or the wall socket that's plugging into

plugging into

plugging into now the only times that you're really

now the only times that you're really

now the only times that you're really going to see or use a Multimeter

going to see or use a Multimeter

going to see or use a Multimeter to be helpful for troubleshooting is

to be helpful for troubleshooting is

to be helpful for troubleshooting is when we're talking about power supplies

when we're talking about power supplies

when we're talking about power supplies and fuses which are also related

and fuses which are also related

and fuses which are also related anything that has to do directly with

anything that has to do directly with

anything that has to do directly with the electrical on the OSI model what

the electrical on the OSI model what

the electrical on the OSI model what we're looking at here is layer one the

we're looking at here is layer one the

we're looking at here is layer one the physical layer

physical layer

physical layer voltage tests are important because they

voltage tests are important because they

voltage tests are important because they can see if the power supply of a

can see if the power supply of a

can see if the power supply of a computer or device is actually receiving

computer or device is actually receiving

computer or device is actually receiving power the multimeter shows there's no

power the multimeter shows there's no

power the multimeter shows there's no voltage and the power supply is probably

voltage and the power supply is probably

voltage and the power supply is probably malfunctioning the resistance function

malfunctioning the resistance function

malfunctioning the resistance function is used to test fuses if the fuse is

is used to test fuses if the fuse is

is used to test fuses if the fuse is blown or faulty needs to be replaced the

blown or faulty needs to be replaced the

blown or faulty needs to be replaced the multimeter is going to tell us this by

multimeter is going to tell us this by

multimeter is going to tell us this by the resistance

the resistance

the resistance so this is sort of what a multimeter

so this is sort of what a multimeter

so this is sort of what a multimeter looks like this one would be considered

looks like this one would be considered

looks like this one would be considered analog because you can see right here it

analog because you can see right here it

analog because you can see right here it has a

has a

has a basically a doesn't have a digital

basically a doesn't have a digital

basically a doesn't have a digital output it's going to measure it with

output it's going to measure it with

output it's going to measure it with this

this

this um arm here that will move and then you

um arm here that will move and then you

um arm here that will move and then you can read it based on the numbers that

can read it based on the numbers that

can read it based on the numbers that are above there are as well digital

are above there are as well digital

are above there are as well digital multimeters but either way they're all

multimeters but either way they're all

multimeters but either way they're all going to have two probes which are

going to have two probes which are

going to have two probes which are generally black and red the black road

generally black and red the black road

generally black and red the black road probe rather is usually either for the

probe rather is usually either for the

probe rather is usually either for the ground or the negative

ground or the negative

ground or the negative and the red just like on your car is

and the red just like on your car is

and the red just like on your car is going to be

going to be

going to be for positive the dial in the middle is

for positive the dial in the middle is

for positive the dial in the middle is going to be to test to determine what

going to be to test to determine what

going to be to test to determine what you're going to test for are you going

you're going to test for are you going

you're going to test for are you going to test your voltage are you going to

to test your voltage are you going to

to test your voltage are you going to test for ohms are you going to test for

test for ohms are you going to test for

test for ohms are you going to test for wattage etc etc

wattage etc etc

wattage etc etc by the way the reason it's called a

by the way the reason it's called a

by the way the reason it's called a multimeter is because it has a volt

multimeter is because it has a volt

multimeter is because it has a volt meter in it

meter in it

meter in it it has a

it has a

it has a ohm meter in it Etc

ohm meter in it Etc

ohm meter in it Etc so we combine all of these into one

so we combine all of these into one

so we combine all of these into one device which is called a multimeter this

device which is called a multimeter this

device which is called a multimeter this probably looks familiar if you have

probably looks familiar if you have

probably looks familiar if you have already taken the a plus exam

already taken the a plus exam

already taken the a plus exam now out of all the hardware failures

now out of all the hardware failures

now out of all the hardware failures that can happen the one that's most

that can happen the one that's most

that can happen the one that's most common has the biggest effect on the

common has the biggest effect on the

common has the biggest effect on the network is cable failure this type of

network is cable failure this type of

network is cable failure this type of thing happens all the time and there are

thing happens all the time and there are

thing happens all the time and there are tools that are created to help with this

tools that are created to help with this

tools that are created to help with this problem

problem

problem cable testers are generally hand held

cable testers are generally hand held

cable testers are generally hand held devices that are meant to test cable

devices that are meant to test cable

devices that are meant to test cable connectivity they test to make sure that

connectivity they test to make sure that

connectivity they test to make sure that the data is being communicated through

the data is being communicated through

the data is being communicated through these cables properly

these cables properly

these cables properly and there are a few main types of cable

and there are a few main types of cable

and there are a few main types of cable testers

testers

testers continuity testers are the least

continuity testers are the least

continuity testers are the least expensive kind and all they do is test

expensive kind and all they do is test

expensive kind and all they do is test for a broken cable basically they tell

for a broken cable basically they tell

for a broken cable basically they tell you if there is continuity in the line

you if there is continuity in the line

you if there is continuity in the line data cabling testers are a bit more

data cabling testers are a bit more

data cabling testers are a bit more expensive they can actually test broken

expensive they can actually test broken

expensive they can actually test broken cables and properly Twisted cables

cables and properly Twisted cables

cables and properly Twisted cables shorted connections and more they'll

shorted connections and more they'll

shorted connections and more they'll tell you what pins within the cable

tell you what pins within the cable

tell you what pins within the cable are faulty

finally there are things called time

finally there are things called time

finally there are things called time domain reflectors or tdrs they're the

domain reflectors or tdrs they're the

domain reflectors or tdrs they're the most expensive out of the three so as we

most expensive out of the three so as we

most expensive out of the three so as we move we're going from

move we're going from

move we're going from less

less

less to more they test exactly where a break

to more they test exactly where a break

to more they test exactly where a break or issue is and the cable can be found

or issue is and the cable can be found

or issue is and the cable can be found so they do this by sending basically out

so they do this by sending basically out

so they do this by sending basically out a signal and they wait to see how long

a signal and they wait to see how long

a signal and they wait to see how long that signal if I have a signal

that signal if I have a signal

that signal if I have a signal let's say we make a little chord here

let's say we make a little chord here

let's say we make a little chord here and I have my time domain reflector

and I have my time domain reflector

and I have my time domain reflector connected over here it's going to send a

connected over here it's going to send a

connected over here it's going to send a signal out

signal out

signal out and it's going to wait and see

and it's going to wait and see

and it's going to wait and see how long it takes before it's reflected

how long it takes before it's reflected

how long it takes before it's reflected back

then they convert this time into a

then they convert this time into a

then they convert this time into a distance so they know how far along the

distance so they know how far along the

distance so they know how far along the cable error was found this way they can

cable error was found this way they can

cable error was found this way they can literally tell us where

literally tell us where

literally tell us where the problem took place and help us fix

the problem took place and help us fix

the problem took place and help us fix the problem at its source as opposed to

the problem at its source as opposed to

the problem at its source as opposed to us having to sort of try to find this

us having to sort of try to find this

us having to sort of try to find this blindly the last thing I want to talk

blindly the last thing I want to talk

blindly the last thing I want to talk about we talked about this in a plus as

about we talked about this in a plus as

about we talked about this in a plus as well is postcards post stands for power

well is postcards post stands for power

well is postcards post stands for power on

on

on self-test and you might remember this

self-test and you might remember this

self-test and you might remember this from the beep that you get at the very

from the beep that you get at the very

from the beep that you get at the very beginning when your computer starts up

beginning when your computer starts up

beginning when your computer starts up this card is inserted into a slot of a

this card is inserted into a slot of a

this card is inserted into a slot of a device and it can tell us what is not

device and it can tell us what is not

device and it can tell us what is not working in the in the system by giving

working in the in the system by giving

working in the in the system by giving us generally a sort of code called a

us generally a sort of code called a

us generally a sort of code called a postcode sometimes this is a beep code

postcode sometimes this is a beep code

postcode sometimes this is a beep code as well

as well

as well generally speaking you have to relate

generally speaking you have to relate

generally speaking you have to relate the code to a manual to figure out what

the code to a manual to figure out what

the code to a manual to figure out what it's telling us

it's telling us

it's telling us these cards are really beneficial

these cards are really beneficial

these cards are really beneficial because they allow us to test a

because they allow us to test a

because they allow us to test a non-starting system without having to

non-starting system without having to

non-starting system without having to start from scratch and restore the

start from scratch and restore the

start from scratch and restore the entire thing in other words they can

entire thing in other words they can

entire thing in other words they can test the system that would otherwise

test the system that would otherwise

test the system that would otherwise have to be restored to a previous

have to be restored to a previous

have to be restored to a previous version or which we'd have to rebuild so

version or which we'd have to rebuild so

version or which we'd have to rebuild so the cards run the tests while the system

the cards run the tests while the system

the cards run the tests while the system is attempting to start up and gives us

is attempting to start up and gives us

is attempting to start up and gives us this beep code or this error code

this beep code or this error code

this beep code or this error code then we can go to the code

then we can go to the code

then we can go to the code look at a list and determine where the

look at a list and determine where the

look at a list and determine where the problem is for instance perhaps the ram

problem is for instance perhaps the ram

problem is for instance perhaps the ram is bad or is not just not seated

is bad or is not just not seated

is bad or is not just not seated properly or perhaps it's not able to

properly or perhaps it's not able to

properly or perhaps it's not able to find its firmware

find its firmware

find its firmware so just to recap we talked about

so just to recap we talked about

so just to recap we talked about hardware troubleshooting again Hardware

hardware troubleshooting again Hardware

hardware troubleshooting again Hardware is the hard stuff not software we

is the hard stuff not software we

is the hard stuff not software we physically have to deal with it and some

physically have to deal with it and some

physically have to deal with it and some of the common tools we looked at were a

of the common tools we looked at were a

of the common tools we looked at were a diagnostic disk which generally is just

diagnostic disk which generally is just

diagnostic disk which generally is just going to tell us which item

is malfunctioning

and remember a diagnostic disk is in

and remember a diagnostic disk is in

and remember a diagnostic disk is in effect

effect

effect piece of software

piece of software

piece of software we also looked at a multimeter

we also looked at a multimeter

we also looked at a multimeter which is for electrical things this is

which is for electrical things this is

which is for electrical things this is going to test volts

going to test volts

going to test volts resistance

resistance

resistance and current

faults and resistance are perhaps the

faults and resistance are perhaps the

faults and resistance are perhaps the most important ones resistance for fuses

most important ones resistance for fuses

most important ones resistance for fuses or Breakers

or Breakers

or Breakers Volts for power supplies

we also looked at cable testers remember

we also looked at cable testers remember

we also looked at cable testers remember there are three different ones that we

there are three different ones that we

there are three different ones that we looked at continuity testers are just

looked at continuity testers are just

looked at continuity testers are just going to tell us whether or not the

going to tell us whether or not the

going to tell us whether or not the cable works

cable works

cable works cabling testers

cabling testers

cabling testers otherwise known as data cabling testers

otherwise known as data cabling testers

otherwise known as data cabling testers will tell us actually which pins aren't

will tell us actually which pins aren't

will tell us actually which pins aren't working

working

working and

and

and time domain reflectometers

time domain reflectometers

time domain reflectometers let me write that out

will tell us where

the error is occurring

the error is occurring

the error is occurring finally we have our postcard remember

finally we have our postcard remember

finally we have our postcard remember post stands for power on

post stands for power on

post stands for power on self

self

self test

test

test and this is going to tell us in a

and this is going to tell us in a

and this is going to tell us in a non-functioning

or non-starting system

where the error is

it's very much like a diagnostic disc

it's very much like a diagnostic disc

it's very much like a diagnostic disc however the diagnostic disc does

however the diagnostic disc does

however the diagnostic disc does require the CPU

require the CPU

require the CPU clock

clock

clock and the disk interface

is functioning the postcard it's

is functioning the postcard it's

is functioning the postcard it's literally a card we insert and it'll

literally a card we insert and it'll

literally a card we insert and it'll tell us itself it does this again by

tell us itself it does this again by

tell us itself it does this again by giving us a code that we can then

giving us a code that we can then

giving us a code that we can then reference on a list

[Music]

welcome to module 15 lesson 1A physical

welcome to module 15 lesson 1A physical

welcome to module 15 lesson 1A physical testing tools just updated the uh from

testing tools just updated the uh from

testing tools just updated the uh from the last presentation really there's a

the last presentation really there's a

the last presentation really there's a few extra little things slipped into the

few extra little things slipped into the

few extra little things slipped into the syllabus which I I think is important to

syllabus which I I think is important to

syllabus which I I think is important to cover

cover

cover the cable crimper the punch down Tool

the cable crimper the punch down Tool

the cable crimper the punch down Tool The Wire Strippers

The Wire Strippers

The Wire Strippers otdr cable certifier we may have

otdr cable certifier we may have

otdr cable certifier we may have actually mentioned these in other areas

actually mentioned these in other areas

actually mentioned these in other areas of the presentation but I just wanted to

of the presentation but I just wanted to

of the presentation but I just wanted to specifically address each one

specifically address each one

specifically address each one cable crimpa also known as a y crimp hat

cable crimpa also known as a y crimp hat

cable crimpa also known as a y crimp hat you'll be familiar with this tool if

you'll be familiar with this tool if

you'll be familiar with this tool if you've created your own cables a lot of

you've created your own cables a lot of

you've created your own cables a lot of people do at home just to save money

people do at home just to save money

people do at home just to save money because they're so expensive if you buy

because they're so expensive if you buy

because they're so expensive if you buy them from the electronic shops for some

them from the electronic shops for some

them from the electronic shops for some reason

reason

reason and also if for any reason something

and also if for any reason something

and also if for any reason something goes wrong with the end of one of your

goes wrong with the end of one of your

goes wrong with the end of one of your cables you could just snip off the end

cables you could just snip off the end

cables you could just snip off the end and just um create your own

and just um create your own

and just um create your own a cable it's fairly easy to do well with

a cable it's fairly easy to do well with

a cable it's fairly easy to do well with a little bit of practice like anything

a little bit of practice like anything

a little bit of practice like anything so you'll need a cable crimpo which you

so you'll need a cable crimpo which you

so you'll need a cable crimpo which you also buy from the electronic shop use to

also buy from the electronic shop use to

also buy from the electronic shop use to connect the end of a cable to a

connect the end of a cable to a

connect the end of a cable to a connector it can depending on which one

connector it can depending on which one

connector it can depending on which one you buy you can actually strip the cable

you buy you can actually strip the cable

you buy you can actually strip the cable you separate the wires and then you can

you separate the wires and then you can

you separate the wires and then you can um insert into inside here the

um insert into inside here the

um insert into inside here the connector the plastic connector pop the

connector the plastic connector pop the

connector the plastic connector pop the ends of the cable in which you've also

ends of the cable in which you've also

ends of the cable in which you've also stripped With a Stripper and uh and then

stripped With a Stripper and uh and then

stripped With a Stripper and uh and then clamp it closed and that clamps down on

clamp it closed and that clamps down on

clamp it closed and that clamps down on the wires in the correct door down

the wires in the correct door down

the wires in the correct door down different types of cable crimples for

different types of cable crimples for

different types of cable crimples for different connectors

different connectors

different connectors the punch down tool is known as a chrome

the punch down tool is known as a chrome

the punch down tool is known as a chrome tool also used to connect wires into

tool also used to connect wires into

tool also used to connect wires into punch down blocks

it strips off the insulation on The Wire

it strips off the insulation on The Wire

it strips off the insulation on The Wire before inserting it into a punch block

before inserting it into a punch block

before inserting it into a punch block not something I've used before because I

not something I've used before because I

not something I've used before because I didn't

didn't

didn't um

um

um didn't use any of the punch down blocks

didn't use any of the punch down blocks

didn't use any of the punch down blocks uh I did some cabling but didn't use a

uh I did some cabling but didn't use a

uh I did some cabling but didn't use a punch down

punch down

punch down not something I was interested in wire

not something I was interested in wire

not something I was interested in wire strippers used to remove electrical

strippers used to remove electrical

strippers used to remove electrical insulation from my wire on this

insulation from my wire on this

insulation from my wire on this particular figure you can see the

particular figure you can see the

particular figure you can see the difference and sizes

difference and sizes

difference and sizes so you choose the correct size for the

so you choose the correct size for the

so you choose the correct size for the cable type and that strips out the

cable type and that strips out the

cable type and that strips out the um housing of the wire the plastic

um housing of the wire the plastic

um housing of the wire the plastic covering and exposes the actual cable

covering and exposes the actual cable

covering and exposes the actual cable itself

itself

itself it has a center notch

it has a center notch

it has a center notch otdr this stands for optical time domain

otdr this stands for optical time domain

otdr this stands for optical time domain reflectometer I'm not saying that again

reflectometer I'm not saying that again

reflectometer I'm not saying that again used to locate faults on networking

used to locate faults on networking

used to locate faults on networking cable

cable

cable I mean there's a argument that you if

I mean there's a argument that you if

I mean there's a argument that you if you just think there's a fault in a

you just think there's a fault in a

you just think there's a fault in a cable you just swap it out anyway it'd

cable you just swap it out anyway it'd

cable you just swap it out anyway it'd be cheaper but it's available tool

be cheaper but it's available tool

be cheaper but it's available tool anyway it sends light into the fiber and

anyway it sends light into the fiber and

anyway it sends light into the fiber and based on the quality of the reflected

based on the quality of the reflected

based on the quality of the reflected light it can determine the following

light it can determine the following

light it can determine the following thought location length of the cable

thought location length of the cable

thought location length of the cable loss of signal if applicable

loss of signal if applicable

loss of signal if applicable a cable certifier it's used to carry out

a cable certifier it's used to carry out

a cable certifier it's used to carry out tests it can test the following

tests it can test the following

tests it can test the following conductors in the ethernet cable

conductors in the ethernet cable

conductors in the ethernet cable continuity in the wires proper pairing

continuity in the wires proper pairing

continuity in the wires proper pairing of the wires as well it's quite handy

of the wires as well it's quite handy

of the wires as well it's quite handy you just plug it in

you just plug it in

you just plug it in and it will give you lots of different

and it will give you lots of different

and it will give you lots of different reading depending on the model you have

reading depending on the model you have

reading depending on the model you have and how much you've spent

and how much you've spent

and how much you've spent proper termination of cat cables

proper termination of cat cables

proper termination of cat cables so they're covered in the syllabus which

so they're covered in the syllabus which

so they're covered in the syllabus which is why I give them specific slide each

is why I give them specific slide each

is why I give them specific slide each instead of just mentioning them in

instead of just mentioning them in

instead of just mentioning them in passing as we may have done elsewhere so

passing as we may have done elsewhere so

passing as we may have done elsewhere so the cable crimp are the punch down Tool

the cable crimp are the punch down Tool

the cable crimp are the punch down Tool The Wire Strippers otdr cable certifier

The Wire Strippers otdr cable certifier

The Wire Strippers otdr cable certifier all right so that's all thanks for

all right so that's all thanks for

all right so that's all thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 15 a lesson 1B

welcome to module 15 a lesson 1B

welcome to module 15 a lesson 1B software testing tools

software testing tools

software testing tools I'm not going to cover stuff that has

I'm not going to cover stuff that has

I'm not going to cover stuff that has already been covered unless there's a

already been covered unless there's a

already been covered unless there's a new point

new point

new point or some of the reason for doing it

or some of the reason for doing it

or some of the reason for doing it uh packet sniffers

uh packet sniffers

uh packet sniffers Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth speed tester

Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth speed tester

Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth speed tester CLI tools command line tools uh not

CLI tools command line tools uh not

CLI tools command line tools uh not already covered because of the way the

already covered because of the way the

already covered because of the way the syllabus is set out we have to cover

syllabus is set out we have to cover

syllabus is set out we have to cover some stuff earlier in later and in the

some stuff earlier in later and in the

some stuff earlier in later and in the middle because it's relevant to that

middle because it's relevant to that

middle because it's relevant to that particular subject for example security

particular subject for example security

particular subject for example security or troubleshooting

or troubleshooting

or troubleshooting I put an image here for Wireshark

I put an image here for Wireshark

I put an image here for Wireshark um Wireshark I'm going to say a must no

um Wireshark I'm going to say a must no

um Wireshark I'm going to say a must no missed

now you must know sniffing and uh

now you must know sniffing and uh

now you must know sniffing and uh Wireshark is just the industry leader

Wireshark is just the industry leader

Wireshark is just the industry leader and the good news is it's free to

and the good news is it's free to

and the good news is it's free to download you could have a virtual

download you could have a virtual

download you could have a virtual Network on my Cisco virtual rack which

Network on my Cisco virtual rack which

Network on my Cisco virtual rack which is free on howturnetwork.com it actually

is free on howturnetwork.com it actually

is free on howturnetwork.com it actually you booted up you've got to find your

you booted up you've got to find your

you booted up you've got to find your own Cisco image because Cisco don't give

own Cisco image because Cisco don't give

own Cisco image because Cisco don't give them away but I wonder why sharks you

them away but I wonder why sharks you

them away but I wonder why sharks you can actually see traffic live passing

can actually see traffic live passing

can actually see traffic live passing between your routers and other devices

between your routers and other devices

between your routers and other devices this is an essential tool and you need

this is an essential tool and you need

this is an essential tool and you need to understand it for troubleshooting

to understand it for troubleshooting

to understand it for troubleshooting so uh really important you can see all

so uh really important you can see all

so uh really important you can see all your protocols and packets and all that

your protocols and packets and all that

your protocols and packets and all that kind of stuff so

kind of stuff so

kind of stuff so um you'd you'd normally load this uh

um you'd you'd normally load this uh

um you'd you'd normally load this uh software

software

software all right the Wireshark it'd be loaded

all right the Wireshark it'd be loaded

all right the Wireshark it'd be loaded onto your laptop if you're

onto your laptop if you're

onto your laptop if you're troubleshooting you would leave it

troubleshooting you would leave it

troubleshooting you would leave it running say for example you'd leave it

running say for example you'd leave it

running say for example you'd leave it running for an hour

running for an hour

running for an hour and and then you could analyze the

and and then you could analyze the

and and then you could analyze the output

output

output and see where a particular problems

and see where a particular problems

and see where a particular problems happening is it is it happening for the

happening is it is it happening for the

happening is it is it happening for the the whole hour is there some sort of

the whole hour is there some sort of

the whole hour is there some sort of um

um

um issue spikes and then or does the issue

issue spikes and then or does the issue

issue spikes and then or does the issue sort of happen over this period of time

sort of happen over this period of time

sort of happen over this period of time that kind of thing so the traffic is

that kind of thing so the traffic is

that kind of thing so the traffic is going into your switch from the server

going into your switch from the server

going into your switch from the server and you will configure

and you will configure

and you will configure um the switch over here you would do a

um the switch over here you would do a

um the switch over here you would do a configuration command on the switch to

configuration command on the switch to

configuration command on the switch to send the traffic out on whichever Port

send the traffic out on whichever Port

send the traffic out on whichever Port you've connected your laptop to

you've connected your laptop to

you've connected your laptop to um you've just got to be aware of I'm

um you've just got to be aware of I'm

um you've just got to be aware of I'm just telling you this because of the

just telling you this because of the

just telling you this because of the real world you've got to be aware of CPU

real world you've got to be aware of CPU

real world you've got to be aware of CPU and you've got to make sure that you get

and you've got to make sure that you get

and you've got to make sure that you get permission off whoever the

permission off whoever the

permission off whoever the um person in charge is when I've worked

um person in charge is when I've worked

um person in charge is when I've worked on network teams and

on network teams and

on network teams and um I knew the procedures and policies

um I knew the procedures and policies

um I knew the procedures and policies which we've already talked about what I

which we've already talked about what I

which we've already talked about what I can and can't do but if it could be

can and can't do but if it could be

can and can't do but if it could be Network effect in for example the CPU

Network effect in for example the CPU

Network effect in for example the CPU then you've got to make sure it is done

then you've got to make sure it is done

then you've got to make sure it is done out of hours or you've got permission

out of hours or you've got permission

out of hours or you've got permission so you'll check for traffic patterns of

so you'll check for traffic patterns of

so you'll check for traffic patterns of Base a traffic Baseline any

Base a traffic Baseline any

Base a traffic Baseline any irregularities they will pop up

irregularities they will pop up

irregularities they will pop up you'll be mirroring a port

you'll be mirroring a port

you'll be mirroring a port just be aware the package slippers can

just be aware the package slippers can

just be aware the package slippers can be used for good and bad so they cannot

be used for good and bad so they cannot

be used for good and bad so they cannot also be used by hackers so whenever

also be used by hackers so whenever

also be used by hackers so whenever possible if you're connecting over the

possible if you're connecting over the

possible if you're connecting over the network use a secure shell this is a

network use a secure shell this is a

network use a secure shell this is a Wireshark we and they call it captures

Wireshark we and they call it captures

Wireshark we and they call it captures as well it's handy to know the uh the

as well it's handy to know the uh the

as well it's handy to know the uh the vernaculars

vernaculars

vernaculars um ethernet zero looks like the port

um ethernet zero looks like the port

um ethernet zero looks like the port uh you'll you'll this is the dashboard

uh you'll you'll this is the dashboard

uh you'll you'll this is the dashboard all around here

all around here

all around here and in this part here you can actually

and in this part here you can actually

and in this part here you can actually click on these uh little arrows and it

click on these uh little arrows and it

click on these uh little arrows and it will expand so you'll see the layer one

will expand so you'll see the layer one

will expand so you'll see the layer one which probably won't be of interest to

which probably won't be of interest to

which probably won't be of interest to you then layer two and then you can

you then layer two and then you can

you then layer two and then you can click on this and you will see that it's

click on this and you will see that it's

click on this and you will see that it's an ARP packet you will see source

an ARP packet you will see source

an ARP packet you will see source uh destination all and all this kind of

uh destination all and all this kind of

uh destination all and all this kind of stuff and then down here is all your

stuff and then down here is all your

stuff and then down here is all your ones and zeros and hex which you

ones and zeros and hex which you

ones and zeros and hex which you probably generally won't be interested

probably generally won't be interested

probably generally won't be interested this looks like it's uh some sort of uh

this looks like it's uh some sort of uh

this looks like it's uh some sort of uh pattern over time and you can see

pattern over time and you can see

pattern over time and you can see there's a spike here that's more on here

there's a spike here that's more on here

there's a spike here that's more on here and here you can decide exactly what

and here you can decide exactly what

and here you can decide exactly what traffic you're you're monitoring this is

traffic you're you're monitoring this is

traffic you're you're monitoring this is SS H telnet and whatever you wanted to

SS H telnet and whatever you wanted to

SS H telnet and whatever you wanted to Monitor and then it's a in a pie chart

Monitor and then it's a in a pie chart

Monitor and then it's a in a pie chart here and obviously a graph form here

here and obviously a graph form here

here and obviously a graph form here really handy so you can go to your

really handy so you can go to your

really handy so you can go to your customer or your boss uh with all of the

customer or your boss uh with all of the

customer or your boss uh with all of the facts and say when this happens that

facts and say when this happens that

facts and say when this happens that happens when this happens such and such

happens when this happens such and such

happens when this happens such and such Doesn't happen and you can prove what is

Doesn't happen and you can prove what is

Doesn't happen and you can prove what is or isn't the issue on the network so um

or isn't the issue on the network so um

or isn't the issue on the network so um please do check out the Wireshark

please do check out the Wireshark

please do check out the Wireshark certified network analysis

certified network analysis

certified network analysis um

um

um the network associate sorry

the network associate sorry

the network associate sorry qualifications really important we've

qualifications really important we've

qualifications really important we've got it on um how to net

got it on um how to net

got it on um how to net work.com

um I think there's maybe other people

um I think there's maybe other people

um I think there's maybe other people offered the course but most people just

offered the course but most people just

offered the course but most people just seem to just Skip by but this this will

seem to just Skip by but this this will

seem to just Skip by but this this will be a lifesaver if you're looking at

be a lifesaver if you're looking at

be a lifesaver if you're looking at being a network engineer

being a network engineer

being a network engineer anyway Wi-Fi analyzer this is obviously

anyway Wi-Fi analyzer this is obviously

anyway Wi-Fi analyzer this is obviously a graphical

output that has been discovered with the

output that has been discovered with the

output that has been discovered with the piece of software it reports on your

piece of software it reports on your

piece of software it reports on your SSID which you can see here

SSID which you can see here

SSID which you can see here and Mac addresses channels use you can

and Mac addresses channels use you can

and Mac addresses channels use you can see the Mac addresses of devices here

see the Mac addresses of devices here

see the Mac addresses of devices here uh challenge use speed that kind of

uh challenge use speed that kind of

uh challenge use speed that kind of thing

thing

thing and it represents the output in the

and it represents the output in the

and it represents the output in the graphical form as you can see it tells

graphical form as you can see it tells

graphical form as you can see it tells you the security protocols and more

you the security protocols and more

you the security protocols and more importantly lack of so you could um we

importantly lack of so you could um we

importantly lack of so you could um we talked about Rogue access points and

talked about Rogue access points and

talked about Rogue access points and bring your own device earlier you could

bring your own device earlier you could

bring your own device earlier you could be doing this in work or you could do it

be doing this in work or you could do it

be doing this in work or you could do it as part of a security survey

as part of a security survey

as part of a security survey and here's another image from the same

and here's another image from the same

and here's another image from the same sort of piece of software

all right bandwidth speed test damage

all right bandwidth speed test damage

all right bandwidth speed test damage we've all used these because if we've

we've all used these because if we've

we've all used these because if we've got problems with our speed at home

got problems with our speed at home

got problems with our speed at home moving at work maybe known as throughput

moving at work maybe known as throughput

moving at work maybe known as throughput testers they can be Hardware software

testers they can be Hardware software

testers they can be Hardware software based it's easier for us obviously to

based it's easier for us obviously to

based it's easier for us obviously to use the piece of software which will

use the piece of software which will

use the piece of software which will send a certain amount of packets

send a certain amount of packets

send a certain amount of packets upstream and give you a report of x

upstream and give you a report of x

upstream and give you a report of x megabits per second then the downstream

megabits per second then the downstream

megabits per second then the downstream then the same sort of value

then the same sort of value

then the same sort of value so it injects traffic into the network

so it injects traffic into the network

so it injects traffic into the network you could actually use this on your Lan

you could actually use this on your Lan

you could actually use this on your Lan one or for your home broadband

one or for your home broadband

one or for your home broadband connection the handy thing is you'll

connection the handy thing is you'll

connection the handy thing is you'll normally get a graph saying um you know

normally get a graph saying um you know

normally get a graph saying um you know how fast or slow it is

how fast or slow it is

how fast or slow it is free to download if you want super duper

free to download if you want super duper

free to download if you want super duper uh outputs and charts and that kind of

uh outputs and charts and that kind of

uh outputs and charts and that kind of stuff it'd normally be paid

stuff it'd normally be paid

stuff it'd normally be paid CLI this is where the rubber meets a

CLI this is where the rubber meets a

CLI this is where the rubber meets a road and most Network Engineers kind of

road and most Network Engineers kind of

road and most Network Engineers kind of worry about using these color commands

worry about using these color commands

worry about using these color commands like even something simple like ipconfig

like even something simple like ipconfig

like even something simple like ipconfig gives you all of this useful information

gives you all of this useful information

gives you all of this useful information here that help you will help you

here that help you will help you

here that help you will help you troubleshoot now you can use the GUI but

troubleshoot now you can use the GUI but

troubleshoot now you can use the GUI but it's just a little bit more clunky

it's just a little bit more clunky

it's just a little bit more clunky you've got to go through a menu to get

you've got to go through a menu to get

you've got to go through a menu to get to another menu and then it's only going

to another menu and then it's only going

to another menu and then it's only going to show you maybe 50 of what you could

to show you maybe 50 of what you could

to show you maybe 50 of what you could actually see if you use the

actually see if you use the

actually see if you use the um command line and if you're doing some

um command line and if you're doing some

um command line and if you're doing some sort of emergency recovery you're

sort of emergency recovery you're

sort of emergency recovery you're probably only got command line available

probably only got command line available

probably only got command line available anyway

anyway

anyway a typical exam question

a typical exam question

a typical exam question ipconfig will give you the TCP

ipconfig will give you the TCP

ipconfig will give you the TCP information on Linux devices this

information on Linux devices this

information on Linux devices this ifconfig classic exam question that is

ifconfig classic exam question that is

ifconfig classic exam question that is IP information for your local interfaces

IP information for your local interfaces

IP information for your local interfaces including your wireless adapter any

including your wireless adapter any

including your wireless adapter any um virtual adapters

um virtual adapters

um virtual adapters virtual land cards Wireless

virtual land cards Wireless

virtual land cards Wireless or ethernet

or ethernet

or ethernet uh you can use switches to drill down

uh you can use switches to drill down

uh you can use switches to drill down for example ipconfig forward slash all

for example ipconfig forward slash all

for example ipconfig forward slash all there's a whole bunch of switches

there's a whole bunch of switches

there's a whole bunch of switches actually uh most

actually uh most

actually uh most um command line tools will let you issue

um command line tools will let you issue

um command line tools will let you issue the question mark and then it will save

the question mark and then it will save

the question mark and then it will save these year options

these year options

these year options IP tables this is a Unix command a lot a

IP tables this is a Unix command a lot a

IP tables this is a Unix command a lot a lot of people it's you'll either you you

lot of people it's you'll either you you

lot of people it's you'll either you you use Unix a lot because it's your job or

use Unix a lot because it's your job or

use Unix a lot because it's your job or you've probably never touched it at all

you've probably never touched it at all

you've probably never touched it at all but it configures the kernel firewall

but it configures the kernel firewall

but it configures the kernel firewall the only reason I mentioned this command

the only reason I mentioned this command

the only reason I mentioned this command is because it's in the

is because it's in the

is because it's in the the dreaded syllabus oops syllabus

the dreaded syllabus oops syllabus

the dreaded syllabus oops syllabus so

so

so um I think just know this command and

um I think just know this command and

um I think just know this command and what it does known all this stuff I've

what it does known all this stuff I've

what it does known all this stuff I've put it here so you can just see some of

put it here so you can just see some of

put it here so you can just see some of the options but I really doubt that you

the options but I really doubt that you

the options but I really doubt that you would need to know it

would need to know it

would need to know it um I took this uh lot here from

um I took this uh lot here from

um I took this uh lot here from tutorialspoint.com if you're nowhere

tutorialspoint.com if you're nowhere

tutorialspoint.com if you're nowhere look at that URL

look at that URL

look at that URL net starts a handy command basically

net starts a handy command basically

net starts a handy command basically short for Network statistics thankfully

short for Network statistics thankfully

short for Network statistics thankfully so it's easy to work that out shows your

so it's easy to work that out shows your

so it's easy to work that out shows your active connections tells you the type of

active connections tells you the type of

active connections tells you the type of services you're running and you could be

services you're running and you could be

services you're running and you could be in for a surprise

in for a surprise

in for a surprise um if you see things running on your

um if you see things running on your

um if you see things running on your device that you you didn't think should

device that you you didn't think should

device that you you didn't think should be there

be there

be there there's a few switches let's start minus

there's a few switches let's start minus

there's a few switches let's start minus n minus a minus B I'm not sure you'll

n minus a minus B I'm not sure you'll

n minus a minus B I'm not sure you'll need to know the switches although I

need to know the switches although I

need to know the switches although I can't guarantee it active connections

can't guarantee it active connections

can't guarantee it active connections the applications the connections without

the applications the connections without

the applications the connections without doing a DNS resolution

doing a DNS resolution

doing a DNS resolution uh here's a net start from uh this is

uh here's a net start from uh this is

uh here's a net start from uh this is from one of my authors actually I

from one of my authors actually I

from one of my authors actually I recognize the name from his device he's

recognize the name from his device he's

recognize the name from his device he's obviously named his device after himself

obviously named his device after himself

obviously named his device after himself let's start mine is a and you can see

let's start mine is a and you can see

let's start mine is a and you can see the state of all of these um ports

the state of all of these um ports

the state of all of these um ports there's an established Port here

there's an established Port here

there's an established Port here and then you could obviously do a search

and then you could obviously do a search

and then you could obviously do a search and find out what this is he may what

and find out what this is he may what

and find out what this is he may what may well be connected to a Remote device

may well be connected to a Remote device

may well be connected to a Remote device he may be chatting on MSN or Facebook

he may be chatting on MSN or Facebook

he may be chatting on MSN or Facebook Messenger or and you could quite easily

Messenger or and you could quite easily

Messenger or and you could quite easily find out what all these ports are for

find out what all these ports are for

find out what all these ports are for TCP dump and here's the output here

TCP dump and here's the output here

TCP dump and here's the output here it's a Unix command it's a sniffing tool

it's a Unix command it's a sniffing tool

it's a Unix command it's a sniffing tool so what you can do is use it to Snoop

so what you can do is use it to Snoop

so what you can do is use it to Snoop um the if you're if you want to do the

um the if you're if you want to do the

um the if you're if you want to do the snooping it's the Snoop command if

snooping it's the Snoop command if

snooping it's the Snoop command if you're using Solaris

you're using Solaris

you're using Solaris um pretty specialized a bit of software

um pretty specialized a bit of software

um pretty specialized a bit of software but I've seen some of the network teams

but I've seen some of the network teams

but I've seen some of the network teams using Evernote menu you can view the

using Evernote menu you can view the

using Evernote menu you can view the packets on the Y app

packets on the Y app

packets on the Y app pathping

now this is a tracer command actually

now this is a tracer command actually

now this is a tracer command actually it's a TCP tool it provides information

it's a TCP tool it provides information

it's a TCP tool it provides information about Network latency and sends icmp

about Network latency and sends icmp

about Network latency and sends icmp Echo requests

Echo requests

Echo requests and map I think I mentioned this before

and map I think I mentioned this before

and map I think I mentioned this before actually she used to discover computers

actually she used to discover computers

actually she used to discover computers and services on a computer network in

and services on a computer network in

and services on a computer network in order to create a map

order to create a map

order to create a map and you can see

and you can see

and you can see there's a whole bunch of services here

there's a whole bunch of services here

there's a whole bunch of services here many of them probably look familiar to

many of them probably look familiar to

many of them probably look familiar to you

and at the end it says Two Hosts up and

and at the end it says Two Hosts up and

and at the end it says Two Hosts up and how long it took to scan it

how long it took to scan it

how long it took to scan it uh vulnerability scanning Tool uh just

uh vulnerability scanning Tool uh just

uh vulnerability scanning Tool uh just bear that in mind again typical type of

bear that in mind again typical type of

bear that in mind again typical type of question they'll ask you what's nmap

question they'll ask you what's nmap

question they'll ask you what's nmap used for or

used for or

used for or um tick the relevant vulnerability

um tick the relevant vulnerability

um tick the relevant vulnerability scanning tools used for auditing by you

scanning tools used for auditing by you

scanning tools used for auditing by you or obviously whatever can be used for

or obviously whatever can be used for

or obviously whatever can be used for good can be used for bad and it can be

good can be used for bad and it can be

good can be used for bad and it can be used by hackers

dig and he said the command has been

dig and he said the command has been

dig and he said the command has been used here

used here

used here domain information growth it basically

domain information growth it basically

domain information growth it basically sends off a query to DNS servers it's

sends off a query to DNS servers it's

sends off a query to DNS servers it's the same as the NS lookup tool but this

the same as the NS lookup tool but this

the same as the NS lookup tool but this particular one is used for Linux devices

now you can see it's done a search for

now you can see it's done a search for

now you can see it's done a search for example.com

example.com

example.com and you can see uh the name servers here

IP address DNS servers cash timers that

IP address DNS servers cash timers that

IP address DNS servers cash timers that kind of thing

that looks like a um that looks like

that looks like a um that looks like

that looks like a um that looks like Google actually

Google actually

Google actually from if my memory says I think they've

from if my memory says I think they've

from if my memory says I think they've got eight eight eight and eight eight

got eight eight eight and eight eight

got eight eight eight and eight eight four four you can check for yourself all

four four you can check for yourself all

four four you can check for yourself all right so looked at some cool stuff uh

right so looked at some cool stuff uh

right so looked at some cool stuff uh package sniffer Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth

package sniffer Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth

package sniffer Wi-Fi analyzer bandwidth speed taster and some important command

speed taster and some important command

speed taster and some important command line tools remember we're covering this

line tools remember we're covering this

line tools remember we're covering this in in other presentations too so this

in in other presentations too so this

in in other presentations too so this was just a subset of all the stuff that

was just a subset of all the stuff that

was just a subset of all the stuff that you need to know

you need to know

you need to know so that's the end of the presentation

so that's the end of the presentation

so that's the end of the presentation thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 15 lesson 2 height

welcome to module 15 lesson 2 height

welcome to module 15 lesson 2 height availability and low balancing we're

availability and low balancing we're

availability and low balancing we're just hitting another syllabus topic here

just hitting another syllabus topic here

just hitting another syllabus topic here um just a brief overview really high

um just a brief overview really high

um just a brief overview really high availability

availability

availability [Music]

[Music]

[Music] vrrp hsrp load balancing and high

vrrp hsrp load balancing and high

vrrp hsrp load balancing and high availability this refers to the ability

availability this refers to the ability

availability this refers to the ability of a user to access the service no

of a user to access the service no

of a user to access the service no surprise

surprise

surprise High availability is a common networking

High availability is a common networking

High availability is a common networking term it refers to the continuous

term it refers to the continuous

term it refers to the continuous availability of a service

availability of a service

availability of a service for a higher period than normal now

for a higher period than normal now

for a higher period than normal now obviously we're looking for the 99.99

obviously we're looking for the 99.99

obviously we're looking for the 99.99 percent

percent

percent in order to get the highest possible

in order to get the highest possible

in order to get the highest possible availability we usually need more than

availability we usually need more than

availability we usually need more than one other thing

one other thing

one other thing for example um some Cisco switches come

for example um some Cisco switches come

for example um some Cisco switches come with

with

with to power supplies

to power supplies

to power supplies and even

and even

and even even this has been improved upon so they

even this has been improved upon so they

even this has been improved upon so they have not just the fact they've got two

have not just the fact they've got two

have not just the fact they've got two power supplies but they're hot swappable

power supplies but they're hot swappable

power supplies but they're hot swappable so what that means is you don't need to

so what that means is you don't need to

so what that means is you don't need to reboot the switch you can pull one out

reboot the switch you can pull one out

reboot the switch you can pull one out the inactive one and then slot another

the inactive one and then slot another

the inactive one and then slot another one in and then you've got two active

one in and then you've got two active

one in and then you've got two active power supply units and in case one fails

power supply units and in case one fails

power supply units and in case one fails so measured as a percentage of uptime

so measured as a percentage of uptime

so measured as a percentage of uptime which is five minutes a year

which is five minutes a year

which is five minutes a year uh for a network to be highly

uh for a network to be highly

uh for a network to be highly availability it should survive any kind

availability it should survive any kind

availability it should survive any kind of failure

of failure

of failure I'm not saying there's such a thing

I'm not saying there's such a thing

I'm not saying there's such a thing doesn't exist but even the most robust

doesn't exist but even the most robust

doesn't exist but even the most robust networks there was a recent outage due

networks there was a recent outage due

networks there was a recent outage due to

to

to um severe flooding in Australia I think

um severe flooding in Australia I think

um severe flooding in Australia I think it was just a few months ago where it

it was just a few months ago where it

it was just a few months ago where it took out Amazon uh S3

took out Amazon uh S3

took out Amazon uh S3 service so which you would think would

service so which you would think would

service so which you would think would be one of the most available and secure

be one of the most available and secure

be one of the most available and secure and robust uh hosting Platforms in the

and robust uh hosting Platforms in the

and robust uh hosting Platforms in the world but even some of those customers

world but even some of those customers

world but even some of those customers were taken out

were taken out

were taken out so high availability can be achieved by

so high availability can be achieved by

so high availability can be achieved by configuring redundant components so if

configuring redundant components so if

configuring redundant components so if one one part of it fails the other part

one one part of it fails the other part

one one part of it fails the other part takes over

now in the context of a routing we've

now in the context of a routing we've

now in the context of a routing we've got protocols such as vrrp Virtual

got protocols such as vrrp Virtual

got protocols such as vrrp Virtual Router redundancy protocol and hsrp

Router redundancy protocol and hsrp

Router redundancy protocol and hsrp which is done by router protocol

which is done by router protocol

which is done by router protocol these are what are what is known as um

these are what are what is known as um

these are what are what is known as um High availability protocols

High availability protocols

High availability protocols these enable multiple multiple routers

these enable multiple multiple routers

these enable multiple multiple routers oral layer 3 switches in fact to act as

oral layer 3 switches in fact to act as

oral layer 3 switches in fact to act as Virtual Router with a virtual IP address

a default gateway is configured with

a default gateway is configured with

a default gateway is configured with this virtual IP address so one router

this virtual IP address so one router

this virtual IP address so one router will be active and this handles all the

will be active and this handles all the

will be active and this handles all the requests to the default gateway and the

requests to the default gateway and the

requests to the default gateway and the other router will be a standby so the

other router will be a standby so the

other router will be a standby so the other router actually takes over if the

other router actually takes over if the

other router actually takes over if the main router goes down now this isn't

main router goes down now this isn't

main router goes down now this isn't load balancing because um you've got one

load balancing because um you've got one

load balancing because um you've got one master router and the other one is a

master router and the other one is a

master router and the other one is a slave or backup depending on the

slave or backup depending on the

slave or backup depending on the protocol you use they have different

protocol you use they have different

protocol you use they have different terms so here's an image of uh the Cisco

terms so here's an image of uh the Cisco

terms so here's an image of uh the Cisco hot standby router protocol

hot standby router protocol

hot standby router protocol at the top you with the red and the blue

at the top you with the red and the blue

at the top you with the red and the blue you got a layer 3 switch

you got a layer 3 switch

you got a layer 3 switch it should be another there we go

it should be another there we go

it should be another there we go so uh we'll see you see the host on the

so uh we'll see you see the host on the

so uh we'll see you see the host on the bottom they both have the same default

bottom they both have the same default

bottom they both have the same default Gateway the Gateway is 10.10.10.1 now

Gateway the Gateway is 10.10.10.1 now

Gateway the Gateway is 10.10.10.1 now 10.10.10.1 is configured as a virtual IP

10.10.10.1 is configured as a virtual IP

10.10.10.1 is configured as a virtual IP address on the two layer three devices

address on the two layer three devices

address on the two layer three devices on the top

on the top

on the top these two devices are connected and they

these two devices are connected and they

these two devices are connected and they monitor each other so if one goes down

monitor each other so if one goes down

monitor each other so if one goes down the other one takes over you see the

the other one takes over you see the

the other one takes over you see the priority on the right hand switch is 100

priority on the right hand switch is 100

priority on the right hand switch is 100 the priority on the left hand switch is

the priority on the left hand switch is

the priority on the left hand switch is 105 so it's got a higher priority so

105 so it's got a higher priority so

105 so it's got a higher priority so this one in the case of hsrp will be the

this one in the case of hsrp will be the

this one in the case of hsrp will be the primary router

primary router

primary router uh all traffic will go via this router

uh all traffic will go via this router

uh all traffic will go via this router until there's an issue with it if it

until there's an issue with it if it

until there's an issue with it if it goes down then all traffic immediately

goes down then all traffic immediately

goes down then all traffic immediately in a split second swaps to the standby

in a split second swaps to the standby

in a split second swaps to the standby router which is on the rides they both

router which is on the rides they both

router which is on the rides they both run a virtual Mac address we don't need

run a virtual Mac address we don't need

run a virtual Mac address we don't need to worry about that because I don't

to worry about that because I don't

to worry about that because I don't think it'd be asked but they run a

think it'd be asked but they run a

think it'd be asked but they run a virtual Mac address so that um a layer 2

virtual Mac address so that um a layer 2

virtual Mac address so that um a layer 2 connectivity works also

connectivity works also

connectivity works also I think that's all we need to know about

I think that's all we need to know about

I think that's all we need to know about this diagram

load balancing is a distribution of work

load balancing is a distribution of work

load balancing is a distribution of work across two or more resources such as

across two or more resources such as

across two or more resources such as servers and networks if you have a

servers and networks if you have a

servers and networks if you have a server overloaded with requests then we

server overloaded with requests then we

server overloaded with requests then we can have several servers share the

can have several servers share the

can have several servers share the burden of that single server in fact

burden of that single server in fact

burden of that single server in fact even better than that you can

even better than that you can

even better than that you can um it will it can work so that the load

um it will it can work so that the load

um it will it can work so that the load is balanced automatically so you don't

is balanced automatically so you don't

is balanced automatically so you don't have to wait till one server to be

have to wait till one server to be

have to wait till one server to be overloaded the load is shared over two

overloaded the load is shared over two

overloaded the load is shared over two or more servers

now the other thing is just going back

now the other thing is just going back

now the other thing is just going back to that last point the servers are

to that last point the servers are

to that last point the servers are acting as a single server so devices

acting as a single server so devices

acting as a single server so devices don't realize that load balancing is

don't realize that load balancing is

don't realize that load balancing is taking place the servers are acting as a

taking place the servers are acting as a

taking place the servers are acting as a group of servers with the actual hosts

group of servers with the actual hosts

group of servers with the actual hosts that are contacting their services on

that are contacting their services on

that are contacting their services on these servers for example

these servers for example

these servers for example um surfing a web site and doesn't don't

um surfing a web site and doesn't don't

um surfing a web site and doesn't don't realize then load balancing is taking

realize then load balancing is taking

realize then load balancing is taking place

place

place so here's an image of load balancing

so here's an image of load balancing

so here's an image of load balancing you've got two load balances here so one

you've got two load balances here so one

you've got two load balances here so one would be

would be

would be um redundant or possibly taking a part

um redundant or possibly taking a part

um redundant or possibly taking a part of the load from the other one

of the load from the other one

of the load from the other one and then we've got an array of servers

and then we've got an array of servers

and then we've got an array of servers providing whichever Services they they

providing whichever Services they they

providing whichever Services they they may be FTP or web services

may be FTP or web services

may be FTP or web services so load is distributed uh across the

so load is distributed uh across the

so load is distributed uh across the servers they'll all have the same IP

servers they'll all have the same IP

servers they'll all have the same IP address

address

address and if there's a problem with one of the

and if there's a problem with one of the

and if there's a problem with one of the servers that will be removed from

servers that will be removed from

servers that will be removed from rotation if they're not responding I

rotation if they're not responding I

rotation if they're not responding I presume you'll have some sort of

presume you'll have some sort of

presume you'll have some sort of reporting software that will send a

reporting software that will send a

reporting software that will send a message to the administrator saying one

message to the administrator saying one

message to the administrator saying one of the servers has been taken out of

of the servers has been taken out of

of the servers has been taken out of rotation so that can be looked into

rotation so that can be looked into

rotation so that can be looked into some of the benefits optimization of

some of the benefits optimization of

some of the benefits optimization of resources you get faster throughput

resources you get faster throughput

resources you get faster throughput obviously requires careful planning for

obviously requires careful planning for

obviously requires careful planning for all your bandwidth efficiency

all your bandwidth efficiency

all your bandwidth efficiency High availability which is the whole

High availability which is the whole

High availability which is the whole point of the presentation so we've

point of the presentation so we've

point of the presentation so we've looked at high availability two types of

looked at high availability two types of

looked at high availability two types of protocols vrrp and hsrp

protocols vrrp and hsrp

protocols vrrp and hsrp low balancing all right that's all for

low balancing all right that's all for

low balancing all right that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

thank you

welcome to module 15 lesson 3 we're

welcome to module 15 lesson 3 we're

welcome to module 15 lesson 3 we're looking at SNMP syslog and s-i-e-m

looking at SNMP syslog and s-i-e-m

looking at SNMP syslog and s-i-e-m these are exam objectives

these are exam objectives

these are exam objectives you could go into each of these subjects

you could go into each of these subjects

you could go into each of these subjects in quite a lot of detail actually

in quite a lot of detail actually

in quite a lot of detail actually there's the entire book so that's an MP

there's the entire book so that's an MP

there's the entire book so that's an MP which um we won't we'll only be doing an

which um we won't we'll only be doing an

which um we won't we'll only be doing an overview so you're familiar with the

overview so you're familiar with the

overview so you're familiar with the the terms used we'll talk about these

the terms used we'll talk about these

the terms used we'll talk about these services

services

services Harrison MP Works email Cinemas SMS

Harrison MP Works email Cinemas SMS

Harrison MP Works email Cinemas SMS alerting

alerting

alerting syslogs and the benefits and Siem SNMP

syslogs and the benefits and Siem SNMP

syslogs and the benefits and Siem SNMP you'll be referring to a fair amount as

you'll be referring to a fair amount as

you'll be referring to a fair amount as a network engineer a guess I get it just

a network engineer a guess I get it just

a network engineer a guess I get it just depends on your network some of the

depends on your network some of the

depends on your network some of the larger networks I've worked uh on you

larger networks I've worked uh on you

larger networks I've worked uh on you actually have a team that deals with any

actually have a team that deals with any

actually have a team that deals with any SNMP reporting and any configurations or

SNMP reporting and any configurations or

SNMP reporting and any configurations or perhaps as a network engineer you'd have

perhaps as a network engineer you'd have

perhaps as a network engineer you'd have to enable SNMP reporting on a particular

to enable SNMP reporting on a particular

to enable SNMP reporting on a particular device

device

device do some testing to make sure that the

do some testing to make sure that the

do some testing to make sure that the receiving station the network management

receiving station the network management

receiving station the network management station can receive information which we

station can receive information which we

station can receive information which we refer to as traps from the device and

refer to as traps from the device and

refer to as traps from the device and then you will sign off that device as

then you will sign off that device as

then you will sign off that device as compatible

compatible

compatible so SNMP is an application layer protocol

so SNMP is an application layer protocol

so SNMP is an application layer protocol and the idea is it Exchange Management

and the idea is it Exchange Management

and the idea is it Exchange Management data between the devices on the network

data between the devices on the network

data between the devices on the network or from a certain device to the network

or from a certain device to the network

or from a certain device to the network management station

management station

management station issues to Monitor and manage devices on

issues to Monitor and manage devices on

issues to Monitor and manage devices on the network such as router switches

the network such as router switches

the network such as router switches servers and it even drills down to

servers and it even drills down to

servers and it even drills down to individual ports for example if you have

individual ports for example if you have

individual ports for example if you have a switch

a switch

a switch with 24 ports the SNMP manager depending

with 24 ports the SNMP manager depending

with 24 ports the SNMP manager depending on the software you have some of it's

on the software you have some of it's

on the software you have some of it's free and some of it's quite expensive

free and some of it's quite expensive

free and some of it's quite expensive and it can drill down and show you a

and it can drill down and show you a

and it can drill down and show you a pictorial view of each port on the

pictorial view of each port on the

pictorial view of each port on the switch including the power and power

switch including the power and power

switch including the power and power button and you can enable or disable and

button and you can enable or disable and

button and you can enable or disable and monitor and manage individual ports so

monitor and manage individual ports so

monitor and manage individual ports so it's very handy and very powerful

it's very handy and very powerful

it's very handy and very powerful SNMP implementation consists of a

SNMP implementation consists of a

SNMP implementation consists of a managed device

managed device

managed device the SNMP agent

the SNMP agent

the SNMP agent little piece of software the SNMP

little piece of software the SNMP

little piece of software the SNMP manager which is normally a PC or server

manager which is normally a PC or server

manager which is normally a PC or server that monitors the network and then

that monitors the network and then

that monitors the network and then reporting is done on there pictorially

reporting is done on there pictorially

reporting is done on there pictorially usually

usually

usually the graphical user interface

the graphical user interface

the graphical user interface the manage device on the network it

the manage device on the network it

the manage device on the network it requires some kind of monitoring and it

requires some kind of monitoring and it

requires some kind of monitoring and it can be

can be

can be it would be your servers switches

it would be your servers switches

it would be your servers switches routers firewalls that kind of thing

routers firewalls that kind of thing

routers firewalls that kind of thing an example is a storage array

an example is a storage array

an example is a storage array SNMP agent is a program that runs on the

SNMP agent is a program that runs on the

SNMP agent is a program that runs on the manage device so these need to be

manage device so these need to be

manage device so these need to be written

written

written by whoever the vendor is usually so it

by whoever the vendor is usually so it

by whoever the vendor is usually so it can comply with the RFC

can comply with the RFC

can comply with the RFC the SNMP collects information from the

the SNMP collects information from the

the SNMP collects information from the device and sends it to the SNMP manager

device and sends it to the SNMP manager

device and sends it to the SNMP manager the SNMP manager is typically a computer

the SNMP manager is typically a computer

the SNMP manager is typically a computer that has the software running for us in

that has the software running for us in

that has the software running for us in mp and a lot of the time it's graphical

mp and a lot of the time it's graphical

mp and a lot of the time it's graphical user interface you'll see different

user interface you'll see different

user interface you'll see different images and diagrams and Reporting pie

images and diagrams and Reporting pie

images and diagrams and Reporting pie charts and that kind of thing

charts and that kind of thing

charts and that kind of thing this communicates with the SNMP agent

this communicates with the SNMP agent

this communicates with the SNMP agent management information base we call

management information base we call

management information base we call these mibs we don't normally say MIB

these mibs we don't normally say MIB

these mibs we don't normally say MIB when we speak to Engineers the maybe is

when we speak to Engineers the maybe is

when we speak to Engineers the maybe is a database maintained by the SNMP agent

it contains information about the

it contains information about the

it contains information about the managed device which is shared by both

managed device which is shared by both

managed device which is shared by both the SNMP agent and the manager

the SNMP agent and the manager

the SNMP agent and the manager so SNMP is typically enabled when you

so SNMP is typically enabled when you

so SNMP is typically enabled when you have a storage system

have a storage system

have a storage system again it depends on your setup

again it depends on your setup

again it depends on your setup whenever whenever a specific event

whenever whenever a specific event

whenever whenever a specific event occurs in the storage system this is an

occurs in the storage system this is an

occurs in the storage system this is an MP agent running on it will notify the

MP agent running on it will notify the

MP agent running on it will notify the manager and it sends a message now what

manager and it sends a message now what

manager and it sends a message now what happens after that depends on how you've

happens after that depends on how you've

happens after that depends on how you've configured it it could trigger a number

configured it it could trigger a number

configured it it could trigger a number of events

of events

of events or just be stored so you can see the

or just be stored so you can see the

or just be stored so you can see the act I will act now by the SNMP manager

act I will act now by the SNMP manager

act I will act now by the SNMP manager what actually happens

what actually happens

what actually happens the Trap is in the is an event that's

the Trap is in the is an event that's

the Trap is in the is an event that's reported the SNMP manager will receive

reported the SNMP manager will receive

reported the SNMP manager will receive the event and take action type of

the event and take action type of

the event and take action type of actions could be

actions could be

actions could be um an email you can configure it to send

um an email you can configure it to send

um an email you can configure it to send an SMS to the network engineer or a

an SMS to the network engineer or a

an SMS to the network engineer or a number of people

number of people

number of people you can even have um

you can even have um

you can even have um an automatic um

an automatic um

an automatic um phone number dialed or number of numbers

phone number dialed or number of numbers

phone number dialed or number of numbers dialed voice message is sent it just

dialed voice message is sent it just

dialed voice message is sent it just depends on how you how you configure it

depends on how you how you configure it

depends on how you how you configure it and how important this particular

and how important this particular

and how important this particular message is

message is

message is quote from Wikipedia

quote from Wikipedia

quote from Wikipedia SNMP agent receives requests on UDP Port

SNMP agent receives requests on UDP Port

SNMP agent receives requests on UDP Port 161

161

161 it can send requests from any available

it can send requests from any available

it can send requests from any available Source port to port 161. the age of

Source port to port 161. the age of

Source port to port 161. the age of response is generally set back send back

response is generally set back send back

response is generally set back send back to the source port on the manager the

to the source port on the manager the

to the source port on the manager the manager receives notifications these are

manager receives notifications these are

manager receives notifications these are known as traps and inform requests

known as traps and inform requests

known as traps and inform requests there's other types of messages these

there's other types of messages these

there's other types of messages these are on Port 162. so basically UDP ports

are on Port 162. so basically UDP ports

are on Port 162. so basically UDP ports 161 and 162 is used by SNMP

moving on to a syslog which has got

moving on to a syslog which has got

moving on to a syslog which has got quite a lot of prominence in the Cisco

quite a lot of prominence in the Cisco

quite a lot of prominence in the Cisco CCNA exams

CCNA exams

CCNA exams it's a protocol for exchanging log

it's a protocol for exchanging log

it's a protocol for exchanging log messages so syslog generally sits on a

messages so syslog generally sits on a

messages so syslog generally sits on a syslog server although you can configure

syslog server although you can configure

syslog server although you can configure it a router to be a syslog server the

it a router to be a syslog server the

it a router to be a syslog server the general rule is leave these devices like

general rule is leave these devices like

general rule is leave these devices like a router to do the main job it's

a router to do the main job it's

a router to do the main job it's designed for

designed for

designed for instead of um using it to allocate DHCP

instead of um using it to allocate DHCP

instead of um using it to allocate DHCP addresses and record syslog messages

addresses and record syslog messages

addresses and record syslog messages although it can do these and a lot more

although it can do these and a lot more

although it can do these and a lot more things

things

things it can be used by devices on the network

it can be used by devices on the network

it can be used by devices on the network to move all the audit logs to a central

to move all the audit logs to a central

to move all the audit logs to a central login server again this is called the

login server again this is called the

login server again this is called the syslog server

syslog server

syslog server why would you do it it allows the

why would you do it it allows the

why would you do it it allows the consolidation of audit logs from

consolidation of audit logs from

consolidation of audit logs from multiple devices to a single place

multiple devices to a single place

multiple devices to a single place basically it's for to give you usable

basically it's for to give you usable

basically it's for to give you usable information and data you can have

information and data you can have

information and data you can have different levels of syslog messaging

different levels of syslog messaging

different levels of syslog messaging from urgent messages to just general

from urgent messages to just general

from urgent messages to just general reporting and how and what it actually

reporting and how and what it actually

reporting and how and what it actually does is down to you to configure

does is down to you to configure

does is down to you to configure depending on your particular needs on

depending on your particular needs on

depending on your particular needs on the network

the network

the network okay lastly s-i-e-m security information

okay lastly s-i-e-m security information

okay lastly s-i-e-m security information and event manager

and event manager

and event manager it's a set of software products and

it's a set of software products and

it's a set of software products and services that are used to monitor a

services that are used to monitor a

services that are used to monitor a network

network

network what it gives you is a real-time output

what it gives you is a real-time output

what it gives you is a real-time output of security alerts generated by Network

of security alerts generated by Network

of security alerts generated by Network and network Hardware so it's definitely

and network Hardware so it's definitely

and network Hardware so it's definitely got a security bias

got a security bias

got a security bias It's a combination of sem security event

It's a combination of sem security event

It's a combination of sem security event manager and Sim security information

manager and Sim security information

manager and Sim security information management

the security event management deals with

the security event management deals with

the security event management deals with the real-time monitoring and

the real-time monitoring and

the real-time monitoring and notification of security events

notification of security events

notification of security events the Sim deals with the collection of the

the Sim deals with the collection of the

the Sim deals with the collection of the log files into a central Repository

log files into a central Repository

log files into a central Repository a lot of the time as with other

a lot of the time as with other

a lot of the time as with other protocols like this you would have a

protocols like this you would have a

protocols like this you would have a graphical analysis giving you some sort

graphical analysis giving you some sort

graphical analysis giving you some sort of meaningful data that you can

of meaningful data that you can

of meaningful data that you can interpret

interpret

interpret the Siem Solutions are used to log

the Siem Solutions are used to log

the Siem Solutions are used to log security data and generate reports a lot

security data and generate reports a lot

security data and generate reports a lot of the time for compliance and security

of the time for compliance and security

of the time for compliance and security compliance is a whole

compliance is a whole

compliance is a whole new and expanded area

new and expanded area

new and expanded area a lot of the time for you to comply with

a lot of the time for you to comply with

a lot of the time for you to comply with and National standards and requirements

and National standards and requirements

and National standards and requirements for security

for security

for security one example is checkpoint event here

one example is checkpoint event here

one example is checkpoint event here which you can Google and look at some

which you can Google and look at some

which you can Google and look at some more information if you want to do some

more information if you want to do some

more information if you want to do some research but that's um for now summary

research but that's um for now summary

research but that's um for now summary is SNMP components manage devices and

is SNMP components manage devices and

is SNMP components manage devices and agents and managers

agents and managers

agents and managers mibs we've talked about how SNMP works

mibs we've talked about how SNMP works

mibs we've talked about how SNMP works alerting syslog

alerting syslog

alerting syslog and why we use this log and Siem okay

and why we use this log and Siem okay

and why we use this log and Siem okay that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 16 lesson one web

welcome to module 16 lesson one web

welcome to module 16 lesson one web services

services

services this would obviously uh be a massive

this would obviously uh be a massive

this would obviously uh be a massive area we're just touching on the things

area we're just touching on the things

area we're just touching on the things that are covered in the syllabus what

that are covered in the syllabus what

that are covered in the syllabus what are web services XML

are web services XML

are web services XML programming languages and web services

programming languages and web services

programming languages and web services their components used by web services

their components used by web services

their components used by web services how are web service works

how are web service works

how are web service works I think uh this has probably been put in

I think uh this has probably been put in

I think uh this has probably been put in in as much as you probably you may be

in as much as you probably you may be

in as much as you probably you may be asked to do some sort of troubleshooting

asked to do some sort of troubleshooting

asked to do some sort of troubleshooting not uh in the respective web programming

not uh in the respective web programming

not uh in the respective web programming but perhaps accessor through the network

but perhaps accessor through the network

but perhaps accessor through the network or firewalls or some sort of

or firewalls or some sort of

or firewalls or some sort of troubleshooting so you may need to

troubleshooting so you may need to

troubleshooting so you may need to communicate with the web programmers at

communicate with the web programmers at

communicate with the web programmers at some point

some point

some point what are they there's a whole bunch of

what are they there's a whole bunch of

what are they there's a whole bunch of applications that use Open Standards

applications that use Open Standards

applications that use Open Standards such as Excel

such as Excel

such as Excel soap wsdl

soap wsdl

soap wsdl uddi

uddi

uddi uses they used to exchange data between

uses they used to exchange data between

uses they used to exchange data between the web-based applications over an IP

the web-based applications over an IP

the web-based applications over an IP network and this is just a massively

network and this is just a massively

network and this is just a massively expanded area and always has been since

expanded area and always has been since

expanded area and always has been since HTTP was first used to display web pages

HTTP was first used to display web pages

HTTP was first used to display web pages it's been improved upon over and over

it's been improved upon over and over

it's been improved upon over and over again to deal with them issues speed

again to deal with them issues speed

again to deal with them issues speed security

security

security usability mobile devices it's just never

usability mobile devices it's just never

usability mobile devices it's just never ending

so in a web service we already know the

so in a web service we already know the

so in a web service we already know the HTTP is used to transfer

HTTP is used to transfer

HTTP is used to transfer um machine readable formats such as the

um machine readable formats such as the

um machine readable formats such as the following XML Json

following XML Json

following XML Json and Jason when different software

and Jason when different software

and Jason when different software Services onto stage dates with each

Services onto stage dates with each

Services onto stage dates with each other a web service allows them to do

other a web service allows them to do

other a web service allows them to do this over the internet

this over the internet

this over the internet software application that requests the

software application that requests the

software application that requests the data is called a service and you can

data is called a service and you can

data is called a service and you can tweak these way in most of your browsers

tweak these way in most of your browsers

tweak these way in most of your browsers such as their Google Chrome or Firefox

such as their Google Chrome or Firefox

such as their Google Chrome or Firefox they normally have ways you can manage

they normally have ways you can manage

they normally have ways you can manage extensions or um the back end

extensions or um the back end

extensions or um the back end to a grade to a lesser extent

to a grade to a lesser extent

to a grade to a lesser extent software application that serves the

software application that serves the

software application that serves the data is called a service provider

data is called a service provider

data is called a service provider and web services are a means of um

and web services are a means of um

and web services are a means of um interoperating between different

interoperating between different

interoperating between different software systems

the software applications develop using

the software applications develop using

the software applications develop using a whole variety of programmer languages

a whole variety of programmer languages

a whole variety of programmer languages and normally you'll have somebody

and normally you'll have somebody

and normally you'll have somebody specializes in one or more and you can

specializes in one or more and you can

specializes in one or more and you can see a few in the Fig there some have

see a few in the Fig there some have

see a few in the Fig there some have been depreciated such as Flash and due

been depreciated such as Flash and due

been depreciated such as Flash and due to security issues

season for applications want to exchange

season for applications want to exchange

season for applications want to exchange data they should be able to communicate

data they should be able to communicate

data they should be able to communicate with each other this may possibly be

with each other this may possibly be

with each other this may possibly be where you have become involved as the

where you have become involved as the

where you have become involved as the network engineer

network engineer

network engineer data exchange shouldn't depend on any

data exchange shouldn't depend on any

data exchange shouldn't depend on any particular programming language

particular programming language

particular programming language so there's a need for a common language

so there's a need for a common language

so there's a need for a common language that allow different software

that allow different software

that allow different software applications to send and receive data

applications to send and receive data

applications to send and receive data over the web

over the web

over the web most types of software can interpret

most types of software can interpret

most types of software can interpret what's known as XML tags

what's known as XML tags

what's known as XML tags this stands for extensible Market

this stands for extensible Market

this stands for extensible Market bandwidge which you can learn if you so

bandwidge which you can learn if you so

bandwidge which you can learn if you so choose

choose

choose it's a standard language for web-based

it's a standard language for web-based

it's a standard language for web-based applications to communicate with one

applications to communicate with one

applications to communicate with one another

another

another the exchange of data happens through XML

the exchange of data happens through XML

the exchange of data happens through XML files

XML is a markup language it defines a

XML is a markup language it defines a

XML is a markup language it defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a

set of rules for encoding documents in a

set of rules for encoding documents in a format that we can read as humans

format that we can read as humans

format that we can read as humans generally you need to be a programmer to

generally you need to be a programmer to

generally you need to be a programmer to understand what they mean but it could

understand what they mean but it could

understand what they mean but it could also be read by the machines

also be read by the machines

also be read by the machines so here's an example of an XML file you

so here's an example of an XML file you

so here's an example of an XML file you can see it's marked as XML at the top

can see it's marked as XML at the top

can see it's marked as XML at the top the version and then there's various

the version and then there's various

the version and then there's various um prompts within the greater than and

um prompts within the greater than and

um prompts within the greater than and less than markers and also the actual

less than markers and also the actual

less than markers and also the actual text in between Network 100 status pass

text in between Network 100 status pass

text in between Network 100 status pass subject Hardware Mach 100

so you've seen an example easy to read

so you've seen an example easy to read

so you've seen an example easy to read it once obviously once you've learned

it once obviously once you've learned

it once obviously once you've learned what it all means and how it works but

what it all means and how it works but

what it all means and how it works but it's also easy for the machine to read

it's also easy for the machine to read

it's also easy for the machine to read also

also

also allows you to see what's been sent

allows you to see what's been sent

allows you to see what's been sent between the web-based applications

web services web applications can send

web services web applications can send

web services web applications can send data using the XML format they can also

data using the XML format they can also

data using the XML format they can also retrieve data from an XML file

retrieve data from an XML file

retrieve data from an XML file a standard web service uses the

a standard web service uses the

a standard web service uses the following components soap

following components soap

following components soap this stands for a simple object access

this stands for a simple object access

this stands for a simple object access protocol

protocol

protocol this is actually used to transfer the

this is actually used to transfer the

this is actually used to transfer the data

uddi stands for Universal description

uddi stands for Universal description

uddi stands for Universal description Discovery and integration

Discovery and integration

Discovery and integration directory that defines which Software

directory that defines which Software

directory that defines which Software System should be contacted for which

System should be contacted for which

System should be contacted for which type of data

wsdl stands for web services description

wsdl stands for web services description

wsdl stands for web services description language

language

language used for describing the services

used for describing the services

used for describing the services available

how are web service works it uses XML to

how are web service works it uses XML to

how are web service works it uses XML to tag the data soap to transfer the data

tag the data soap to transfer the data

tag the data soap to transfer the data and then wsdl to describe the

and then wsdl to describe the

and then wsdl to describe the availability of a service it's worth

availability of a service it's worth

availability of a service it's worth writing this out if you haven't already

writing this out if you haven't already

writing this out if you haven't already if you're not making notes so you

if you're not making notes so you

if you're not making notes so you understand which

understand which

understand which um part performs which service because

um part performs which service because

um part performs which service because this is the most likely thing you're

this is the most likely thing you're

this is the most likely thing you're going to be asked a question about

going to be asked a question about

going to be asked a question about so we've looked briefly at web services

so we've looked briefly at web services

so we've looked briefly at web services XML programming languages and web

XML programming languages and web

XML programming languages and web services

services

services components how web service works that's

components how web service works that's

components how web service works that's all for now thanks for listening

[Music]

welcome to module 16 lesson 2 unified

welcome to module 16 lesson 2 unified

welcome to module 16 lesson 2 unified communication

communication

communication just call this UC usually to save a lot

just call this UC usually to save a lot

just call this UC usually to save a lot of breath as with everything

of breath as with everything

of breath as with everything uh different media the same

uh different media the same

uh different media the same communication we look at and presence

communication we look at and presence

communication we look at and presence this is a real snapshot of a pretty huge

this is a real snapshot of a pretty huge

this is a real snapshot of a pretty huge subject area so as with a lot of network

subject area so as with a lot of network

subject area so as with a lot of network plus stuff especially the new stuff in

plus stuff especially the new stuff in

plus stuff especially the new stuff in the syllabus you just expect it to have

the syllabus you just expect it to have

the syllabus you just expect it to have an awareness of it

an awareness of it

an awareness of it you see is the integration of a whole

you see is the integration of a whole

you see is the integration of a whole bunch of communication

bunch of communication

bunch of communication methods including voice video and data

methods including voice video and data

methods including voice video and data all goes into your IP network which is

all goes into your IP network which is

all goes into your IP network which is kind of tied in with the cloud now and

kind of tied in with the cloud now and

kind of tied in with the cloud now and how everything would be you'd expect

how everything would be you'd expect

how everything would be you'd expect everything to be working over IP

everything to be working over IP

everything to be working over IP and over multiple devices depending on

and over multiple devices depending on

and over multiple devices depending on where you are and how you want things to

where you are and how you want things to

where you are and how you want things to work

work

work the idea is it simplifies real-time

the idea is it simplifies real-time

the idea is it simplifies real-time Communications at an Enterprise level

Communications at an Enterprise level

Communications at an Enterprise level including it can work it doesn't have to

including it can work it doesn't have to

including it can work it doesn't have to be Enterprise by the way it can be any

be Enterprise by the way it can be any

be Enterprise by the way it can be any small Network including homes

small Network including homes

small Network including homes making calls instant messages having a

making calls instant messages having a

making calls instant messages having a video or audio conference sharing your

video or audio conference sharing your

video or audio conference sharing your desktop with whoever needs to log in and

desktop with whoever needs to log in and

desktop with whoever needs to log in and troubleshoot

troubleshoot

troubleshoot presence information

presence information

presence information so you see it's all forms of

so you see it's all forms of

so you see it's all forms of communications are exchanged over IP

communications are exchanged over IP

communications are exchanged over IP integrates real-time Communications with

integrates real-time Communications with

integrates real-time Communications with non-real time such as accessing your

non-real time such as accessing your

non-real time such as accessing your voicemail if you're not available

voicemail if you're not available

voicemail if you're not available accessing your email text messages

accessing your email text messages

accessing your email text messages faxes I don't even know who uses those

faxes I don't even know who uses those

faxes I don't even know who uses those now

now

now it allows you to send messages on one

it allows you to send messages on one

it allows you to send messages on one medium but receive a response to another

medium but receive a response to another

medium but receive a response to another an example is when you send somebody a

an example is when you send somebody a

an example is when you send somebody a voicemail you've probably had this

voicemail you've probably had this

voicemail you've probably had this happen before or you've left a voicemail

happen before or you've left a voicemail

happen before or you've left a voicemail and it says it will send the user a text

and it says it will send the user a text

and it says it will send the user a text or email

or email

or email you can retrieve

you can retrieve

you can retrieve um check and retrieve emails or

um check and retrieve emails or

um check and retrieve emails or voicemails using any Communications at

voicemails using any Communications at

voicemails using any Communications at any time

any time

any time our presence is a component of UC shows

our presence is a component of UC shows

our presence is a component of UC shows the present status of a user in real

the present status of a user in real

the present status of a user in real time whether they are available and

time whether they are available and

time whether they are available and available where they are located if if

available where they are located if if

available where they are located if if you've enabled geoip tracking

you've enabled geoip tracking

you've enabled geoip tracking or Geo tracking sorry

or Geo tracking sorry

or Geo tracking sorry allows users to communicate seamlessly

allows users to communicate seamlessly

allows users to communicate seamlessly even if they're in different locations

even if they're in different locations

even if they're in different locations you can look at a person by accessing an

you can look at a person by accessing an

you can look at a person by accessing an interactive directory and engaging

interactive directory and engaging

interactive directory and engaging communication through text voice or

communication through text voice or

communication through text voice or video

video

video so that's the summary of what we've

so that's the summary of what we've

so that's the summary of what we've covered just wanted to go and show you

covered just wanted to go and show you

covered just wanted to go and show you just for more

just for more

just for more context really Cisco's unified

context really Cisco's unified

context really Cisco's unified Communications

Communications

Communications I'm just going to play a video this

I'm just going to play a video this

I'm just going to play a video this video is copyright Cisco system so if

video is copyright Cisco system so if

video is copyright Cisco system so if you want to learn more

you want to learn more

you want to learn more um all you do is go to Cisco or in fact

um all you do is go to Cisco or in fact

um all you do is go to Cisco or in fact type Cisco unified Communications

type Cisco unified Communications

type Cisco unified Communications I'll just put a video on now

I'll just put a video on now

I'll just put a video on now foreign

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 17 lesson one

welcome to module 17 lesson one

welcome to module 17 lesson one introduction to virtualization this is

introduction to virtualization this is

introduction to virtualization this is one of the few new topics that have been

one of the few new topics that have been

one of the few new topics that have been added to the syllabus

added to the syllabus

added to the syllabus surrounding virtualization and cloud

surrounding virtualization and cloud

surrounding virtualization and cloud computing

computing

computing and come to your offer a cloud

and come to your offer a cloud

and come to your offer a cloud certification actually there's a cloud

certification actually there's a cloud

certification actually there's a cloud Essentials and I think there might be a

Essentials and I think there might be a

Essentials and I think there might be a cloud Plus

cloud Plus

cloud Plus definitely a cloud Essentials because we

definitely a cloud Essentials because we

definitely a cloud Essentials because we host uh host that course

host uh host that course

host uh host that course all right module objective is the

all right module objective is the

all right module objective is the definition of virtualization what is a

definition of virtualization what is a

definition of virtualization what is a virtual machine and the software

virtual machine and the software

virtual machine and the software I'm sure you've heard of it actually

I'm sure you've heard of it actually

I'm sure you've heard of it actually it's the new or one of the very new and

it's the new or one of the very new and

it's the new or one of the very new and exciting emerging Technologies that's

exciting emerging Technologies that's

exciting emerging Technologies that's made alive a lot easier for Network

made alive a lot easier for Network

made alive a lot easier for Network engineers

engineers

engineers um companies from a financial and

um companies from a financial and

um companies from a financial and operations standpoint and also home

operations standpoint and also home

operations standpoint and also home users who can do a lot more interesting

users who can do a lot more interesting

users who can do a lot more interesting things on their

things on their

things on their um systems at home

um systems at home

um systems at home so it refers to the technologies that

so it refers to the technologies that

so it refers to the technologies that allow a single physical computer or or

allow a single physical computer or or

allow a single physical computer or or server obviously environment to operate

server obviously environment to operate

server obviously environment to operate as multiple virtual machines

as multiple virtual machines

as multiple virtual machines simultaneously transforms the physical

simultaneously transforms the physical

simultaneously transforms the physical Hardware resources into virtual Hardware

Hardware resources into virtual Hardware

Hardware resources into virtual Hardware resources

resources

resources so what you normally have one device

so what you normally have one device

so what you normally have one device running one operating system you can

running one operating system you can

running one operating system you can have depending on how much Hardware you

have depending on how much Hardware you

have depending on how much Hardware you have and how you apportion it and two or

have and how you apportion it and two or

have and how you apportion it and two or more virtual machines

more virtual machines

more virtual machines a virtual machine is an isolated

a virtual machine is an isolated

a virtual machine is an isolated software replica of the original

software replica of the original

software replica of the original computer so for all intents and purposes

computer so for all intents and purposes

computer so for all intents and purposes it appears as a machine in its own right

it appears as a machine in its own right

it appears as a machine in its own right with all processor instructions and

with all processor instructions and

with all processor instructions and system resources

system resources

system resources so you'll often see an image like this

so you'll often see an image like this

so you'll often see an image like this where you have a physical computer or

where you have a physical computer or

where you have a physical computer or server and inside and it will represent

server and inside and it will represent

server and inside and it will represent a number of virtual machines

much in the same way as their vlans they

much in the same way as their vlans they

much in the same way as their vlans they operate in their own right

operate in their own right

operate in their own right as if they're an actual machine

as if they're an actual machine

as if they're an actual machine a virtual machines are completely

a virtual machines are completely

a virtual machines are completely separate and independent

by running good operating system in each

by running good operating system in each

by running good operating system in each one it becomes possible to run several

one it becomes possible to run several

one it becomes possible to run several guest operating systems at the same time

guest operating systems at the same time

guest operating systems at the same time so you could have

so you could have

so you could have um a Microsoft Linux and other operating

um a Microsoft Linux and other operating

um a Microsoft Linux and other operating systems running on the same physical

systems running on the same physical

systems running on the same physical device but different virtual devices

device but different virtual devices

device but different virtual devices a whole bunch of virtualization software

a whole bunch of virtualization software

a whole bunch of virtualization software around some free some um you have to pay

around some free some um you have to pay

around some free some um you have to pay for and you get different levels of

for and you get different levels of

for and you get different levels of um

um

um software up to Enterprise and obviously

software up to Enterprise and obviously

software up to Enterprise and obviously support contracts

support contracts

support contracts the software transforms the hardware of

the software transforms the hardware of

the software transforms the hardware of the computer including the CPU memory

the computer including the CPU memory

the computer including the CPU memory Network adapting to Virtual resources

Network adapting to Virtual resources

Network adapting to Virtual resources these are shared amongst virtual

these are shared amongst virtual

these are shared amongst virtual machines

machines

machines it basically provides a layer of layer

it basically provides a layer of layer

it basically provides a layer of layer of abstraction so for all intents and

of abstraction so for all intents and

of abstraction so for all intents and purposes there's a divide a virtual

purposes there's a divide a virtual

purposes there's a divide a virtual divide between all of these different

divide between all of these different

divide between all of these different machines

the labor of abstraction is basically

the labor of abstraction is basically

the labor of abstraction is basically there to hide what's happening

there to hide what's happening

there to hide what's happening underneath what you can see

underneath what you can see

underneath what you can see foreign

foreign

foreign as a result the abstraction provided by

as a result the abstraction provided by

as a result the abstraction provided by the software the guest operating systems

the software the guest operating systems

the software the guest operating systems are not tied to the underlying physical

are not tied to the underlying physical

are not tied to the underlying physical Hardware so this is how we can actually

Hardware so this is how we can actually

Hardware so this is how we can actually get it all to run

so you have a portability of moving

so you have a portability of moving

so you have a portability of moving virtual machines from one physical

virtual machines from one physical

virtual machines from one physical computer to another physical computer if

computer to another physical computer if

computer to another physical computer if you so wish great if you want to do

you so wish great if you want to do

you so wish great if you want to do testing interoperability stress testing

testing interoperability stress testing

testing interoperability stress testing or just practicing even if you want to

or just practicing even if you want to

or just practicing even if you want to do some install various operating

do some install various operating

do some install various operating systems onto one device in order to

systems onto one device in order to

systems onto one device in order to practice free exams or job interviews

practice free exams or job interviews

practice free exams or job interviews so this is just an overview we've got

so this is just an overview we've got

so this is just an overview we've got more to cover in the following

more to cover in the following

more to cover in the following presentations what is virtualization the

presentations what is virtualization the

presentations what is virtualization the virtual machine the software that's all

virtual machine the software that's all

virtual machine the software that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 17 lesson 2

welcome to module 17 lesson 2

welcome to module 17 lesson 2 virtualization components and

virtualization components and

virtualization components and software-defined networking or sdn

software-defined networking or sdn

software-defined networking or sdn for short

for short

for short looking at virtual networking virtual

looking at virtual networking virtual

looking at virtual networking virtual network adapters a virtual switch

network adapters a virtual switch

network adapters a virtual switch Virtual Router

Virtual Router

Virtual Router Virtual Router via vrrp

Virtual Router via vrrp

Virtual Router via vrrp the virtual firewall and sdn

the virtual firewall and sdn

the virtual firewall and sdn and while we why would want to use sdn

so a virtual network is a system in

so a virtual network is a system in

so a virtual network is a system in which the following is true you've got

which the following is true you've got

which the following is true you've got two or more virtual machines connected

two or more virtual machines connected

two or more virtual machines connected logically to one another they could each

logically to one another they could each

logically to one another they could each just send received data as if they were

just send received data as if they were

just send received data as if they were operating as physical devices

operating as physical devices

operating as physical devices I've got an example here esxi which is

I've got an example here esxi which is

I've got an example here esxi which is software available from VMware I think

software available from VMware I think

software available from VMware I think they do offer some free software I

they do offer some free software I

they do offer some free software I haven't checked as to which

haven't checked as to which

haven't checked as to which um is free for home use or commercial

um is free for home use or commercial

um is free for home use or commercial use and I recommend you check out the

use and I recommend you check out the

use and I recommend you check out the VMware certifications on

VMware certifications on

VMware certifications on howturnetwork.com

howturnetwork.com

howturnetwork.com they're very relevant for modern day

they're very relevant for modern day

they're very relevant for modern day networking

networking

networking so they can send to receive data from

so they can send to receive data from

so they can send to receive data from each other the virtual network adapter

each other the virtual network adapter

each other the virtual network adapter is a software implementation of a

is a software implementation of a

is a software implementation of a physical network adapter which I'm sure

physical network adapter which I'm sure

physical network adapter which I'm sure comes as no surprise

comes as no surprise

comes as no surprise so you have a physical adapter but the

so you have a physical adapter but the

so you have a physical adapter but the virtual one is acting in exactly the

virtual one is acting in exactly the

virtual one is acting in exactly the same mother and same manner sorry

same mother and same manner sorry

same mother and same manner sorry and you've got a diagram here of a

and you've got a diagram here of a

and you've got a diagram here of a physical network card

physical network card

physical network card um and then you're working as a subset

um and then you're working as a subset

um and then you're working as a subset of this is your virtual machine they're

of this is your virtual machine they're

of this is your virtual machine they're running virtual network cards and

running virtual network cards and

running virtual network cards and virtual machines on top of that

virtual machines on top of that

virtual machines on top of that the virtual network card interface is a

the virtual network card interface is a

the virtual network card interface is a virtual machine to the network they can

virtual machine to the network they can

virtual machine to the network they can have one or more virtual Nic next or

have one or more virtual Nic next or

have one or more virtual Nic next or v-nix

v-nix

v-nix eat such Phoenix has its own Mac address

eat such Phoenix has its own Mac address

eat such Phoenix has its own Mac address it needs to follow the same rules as

it needs to follow the same rules as

it needs to follow the same rules as physical networking so it'll need to

physical networking so it'll need to

physical networking so it'll need to have a unique Mac

have a unique Mac

have a unique Mac a virtual network card in a um virtual

a virtual network card in a um virtual

a virtual network card in a um virtual machine you still have to configure it

machine you still have to configure it

machine you still have to configure it all the same rules apply it's just the

all the same rules apply it's just the

all the same rules apply it's just the fact that it isn't operating uh

fact that it isn't operating uh

fact that it isn't operating uh physically

physically

physically so you can go and see and physically

so you can go and see and physically

so you can go and see and physically plug and unplug cables

plug and unplug cables

plug and unplug cables virtual switch or v-switch is a software

virtual switch or v-switch is a software

virtual switch or v-switch is a software version of a physical switch it's got

version of a physical switch it's got

version of a physical switch it's got Network ports similar to the RJ45

Network ports similar to the RJ45

Network ports similar to the RJ45 connectors you have and one

connectors you have and one

connectors you have and one 1016 virtual ports this all depends on

1016 virtual ports this all depends on

1016 virtual ports this all depends on your software and Hardware platform

your software and Hardware platform

your software and Hardware platform you're putting it on there's a limit of

you're putting it on there's a limit of

you're putting it on there's a limit of 4088 ports on all virtual switches on

4088 ports on all virtual switches on

4088 ports on all virtual switches on the VMware esxi host

the VMware esxi host

the VMware esxi host different vendors May well have

different vendors May well have

different vendors May well have different um capabilities and rules to

different um capabilities and rules to

different um capabilities and rules to follow

follow

follow a virtual send switch can send Network

a virtual send switch can send Network

a virtual send switch can send Network traffic between virtual machines on the

traffic between virtual machines on the

traffic between virtual machines on the same host or from virtual machines to an

same host or from virtual machines to an

same host or from virtual machines to an external network that's outside the

external network that's outside the

external network that's outside the virtual virtualized hosts you can go to

virtual virtualized hosts you can go to

virtual virtualized hosts you can go to YouTube and check on videos on how to

YouTube and check on videos on how to

YouTube and check on videos on how to check a virtual air device to a live

check a virtual air device to a live

check a virtual air device to a live Network and a lot of the time you do it

Network and a lot of the time you do it

Network and a lot of the time you do it for home use to overcome

for home use to overcome

for home use to overcome um limitations when you're trying to get

um limitations when you're trying to get

um limitations when you're trying to get different bits of software and Hardware

different bits of software and Hardware

different bits of software and Hardware to work for certification exams it's

to work for certification exams it's

to work for certification exams it's quite common

quite common

quite common virtual switch joins the network with a

virtual switch joins the network with a

virtual switch joins the network with a physical Network when it when it

physical Network when it when it

physical Network when it when it connects to a physical switch using um

connects to a physical switch using um

connects to a physical switch using um physical network adapters

physical network adapters

physical network adapters uh you can also get virtual routers a

uh you can also get virtual routers a

uh you can also get virtual routers a software version of a physical router

software version of a physical router

software version of a physical router obviously performs your layer 3 packet

obviously performs your layer 3 packet

obviously performs your layer 3 packet forward in between

forward in between

forward in between your subnets or lands and um vlans

your subnets or lands and um vlans

your subnets or lands and um vlans obviously you need layer three

obviously you need layer three

obviously you need layer three capability of some sort a virtual router

capability of some sort a virtual router

capability of some sort a virtual router via vrrp which we covered that protocol

via vrrp which we covered that protocol

via vrrp which we covered that protocol earlier

earlier

earlier uh it's a virtual route is implemented

uh it's a virtual route is implemented

uh it's a virtual route is implemented when you use vrp to provide redundancy

when you use vrp to provide redundancy

when you use vrp to provide redundancy of the default gateway so all the hosts

of the default gateway so all the hosts

of the default gateway so all the hosts still have IP connectivity

still have IP connectivity

still have IP connectivity it's back by two or more physical

it's back by two or more physical

it's back by two or more physical routers depending on the protocol you

routers depending on the protocol you

routers depending on the protocol you can have two or three

can have two or three

can have two or three I'm not sure what the limit is actually

I'm not sure what the limit is actually

I'm not sure what the limit is actually depends on the protocol and it does

depends on the protocol and it does

depends on the protocol and it does change

uh why use a Virtual Router provides the

uh why use a Virtual Router provides the

uh why use a Virtual Router provides the same routing function functionality but

same routing function functionality but

same routing function functionality but it's virtual so you've got all the

it's virtual so you've got all the

it's virtual so you've got all the advantages of costs

advantages of costs

advantages of costs uh virtual firewalls they're mentioned

uh virtual firewalls they're mentioned

uh virtual firewalls they're mentioned again in the Cisco syllabus probably

again in the Cisco syllabus probably

again in the Cisco syllabus probably definitely the CCNA routing briefly but

definitely the CCNA routing briefly but

definitely the CCNA routing briefly but I would imagine in the CCNA Security in

I would imagine in the CCNA Security in

I would imagine in the CCNA Security in a lot more detail

a lot more detail

a lot more detail so it's a virtual version of an actual

so it's a virtual version of an actual

so it's a virtual version of an actual firewall

firewall

firewall so they're implemented as a follower

so they're implemented as a follower

so they're implemented as a follower within a virtual machine or as an

within a virtual machine or as an

within a virtual machine or as an appliance it provides security to your

appliance it provides security to your

appliance it provides security to your virtual environment

virtual environment

virtual environment does exactly the same job as a hardware

does exactly the same job as a hardware

does exactly the same job as a hardware firewall

firewall

firewall just moving on to sdn now it's um

just moving on to sdn now it's um

just moving on to sdn now it's um a big topic and it's been introduced

a big topic and it's been introduced

a big topic and it's been introduced into the new Cisco CCNA exam and I would

into the new Cisco CCNA exam and I would

into the new Cisco CCNA exam and I would imagine

imagine

imagine um

um

um it's going to have more and more

it's going to have more and more

it's going to have more and more prominence over the years to come

prominence over the years to come

prominence over the years to come because Cisco have invested heavily in

because Cisco have invested heavily in

because Cisco have invested heavily in sdn and there's a lot of um some Open

sdn and there's a lot of um some Open

sdn and there's a lot of um some Open Standards that have had a huge uptake as

Standards that have had a huge uptake as

Standards that have had a huge uptake as well

well

well it provides um a high level

it provides um a high level

it provides um a high level Administration capability to network

Administration capability to network

Administration capability to network admins it allows you to manage your

admins it allows you to manage your

admins it allows you to manage your entire network through a user interface

entire network through a user interface

entire network through a user interface that abstracts a com complexity so you

that abstracts a com complexity so you

that abstracts a com complexity so you wouldn't necessarily need to understand

wouldn't necessarily need to understand

wouldn't necessarily need to understand all the underlying commands that have

all the underlying commands that have

all the underlying commands that have been executed and how it all works

been executed and how it all works

been executed and how it all works um just to manage it if you're using sdn

um just to manage it if you're using sdn

um just to manage it if you're using sdn obviously it helps if you to be a

obviously it helps if you to be a

obviously it helps if you to be a network engineer that you actually

network engineer that you actually

network engineer that you actually understand what's happening

understand what's happening

understand what's happening but um now I suppose it's like managing

but um now I suppose it's like managing

but um now I suppose it's like managing your car

your car

your car they've got all these different settings

they've got all these different settings

they've got all these different settings on the onboard computers that change

on the onboard computers that change

on the onboard computers that change your handling and your engine

your handling and your engine

your handling and your engine performance and all that kind of thing

performance and all that kind of thing

performance and all that kind of thing you can turn different controls on or

you can turn different controls on or

you can turn different controls on or off like traction control and you don't

off like traction control and you don't

off like traction control and you don't necessarily need to worry about how it

necessarily need to worry about how it

necessarily need to worry about how it all works

all right sdns are used to control the

all right sdns are used to control the

all right sdns are used to control the operation and network devices

operation and network devices

operation and network devices um look into more I think Cisco I'm not

um look into more I think Cisco I'm not

um look into more I think Cisco I'm not sure which CCNA version maybe data

sure which CCNA version maybe data

sure which CCNA version maybe data center that looks interesting any more

center that looks interesting any more

center that looks interesting any more details but there's a whole bunch of um

details but there's a whole bunch of um

details but there's a whole bunch of um controls and formats that have to manage

controls and formats that have to manage

controls and formats that have to manage your

your

your um interface between your network the

um interface between your network the

um interface between your network the user and all of your devices and apis to

user and all of your devices and apis to

user and all of your devices and apis to name one

name one

name one so examples of sdns or Cisco open

so examples of sdns or Cisco open

so examples of sdns or Cisco open network environments

network environments

network environments nikira's Network virtualization platform

nikira's Network virtualization platform

nikira's Network virtualization platform why bother it basically makes your life

why bother it basically makes your life

why bother it basically makes your life a lot easier as the network

a lot easier as the network

a lot easier as the network administrator you can interact with your

administrator you can interact with your

administrator you can interact with your entire network without having to

entire network without having to

entire network without having to actually connect via telnet or

actually connect via telnet or

actually connect via telnet or physically connect to your devices or

physically connect to your devices or

physically connect to your devices or even understand all of the different

even understand all of the different

even understand all of the different commands so if you're using

commands so if you're using

commands so if you're using Juniper Hardware it's got one type of

Juniper Hardware it's got one type of

Juniper Hardware it's got one type of um

um

um command line interface for um copyright

command line interface for um copyright

command line interface for um copyright reasons your Huawei and Cisco all got

reasons your Huawei and Cisco all got

reasons your Huawei and Cisco all got different command lines different

different command lines different

different command lines different commands all to achieve the same thing

commands all to achieve the same thing

commands all to achieve the same thing so you don't you don't need to worry

so you don't you don't need to worry

so you don't you don't need to worry about that if you're using SDM

about that if you're using SDM

about that if you're using SDM so get get rid of the command line some

so get get rid of the command line some

so get get rid of the command line some of the benefits again the graphical user

of the benefits again the graphical user

of the benefits again the graphical user interface provides information about

interface provides information about

interface provides information about what's going on with your network

what's going on with your network

what's going on with your network it allows you to specify changes and

it allows you to specify changes and

it allows you to specify changes and behind the scenes the actual

behind the scenes the actual

behind the scenes the actual configurations are done with the

configurations are done with the

configurations are done with the interface one of the apis between the

interface one of the apis between the

interface one of the apis between the software and the hardware

software and the hardware

software and the hardware all right so it's just an overview

all right so it's just an overview

all right so it's just an overview looked at virtual networking the virtual

looked at virtual networking the virtual

looked at virtual networking the virtual adapters virtual switches and routers

adapters virtual switches and routers

adapters virtual switches and routers the RRP

the RRP

the RRP firewalls and software-defined

firewalls and software-defined

firewalls and software-defined networking and why why would we be

networking and why why would we be

networking and why why would we be interested in using it

interested in using it

interested in using it so that's all thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 17 lesson 3 the

welcome to module 17 lesson 3 the

welcome to module 17 lesson 3 the storage area network

storage area network

storage area network I think come to your actually have a

I think come to your actually have a

I think come to your actually have a qualification uh storage area networking

qualification uh storage area networking

qualification uh storage area networking engineer Plus

engineer Plus

engineer Plus and we actually have um such a course on

and we actually have um such a course on

and we actually have um such a course on howturnetwork.com this is just an

howturnetwork.com this is just an

howturnetwork.com this is just an overview touching on some of the

overview touching on some of the

overview touching on some of the subjects they mentioned in the exam

subjects they mentioned in the exam

subjects they mentioned in the exam syllabus

looking at storage area networks direct

looking at storage area networks direct

looking at storage area networks direct attached storage network attached

attached storage network attached

attached storage network attached storage

storage

storage sanvi Das

sanvi Das

sanvi Das Sun media

Sun media

Sun media fiber channel

fiber channel

fiber channel iSCSI San

iSCSI San

iSCSI San Jose architecture and components of

Jose architecture and components of

Jose architecture and components of voice guzzy also jumbo frames

voice guzzy also jumbo frames

voice guzzy also jumbo frames Sun as we already know stands for

Sun as we already know stands for

Sun as we already know stands for storage area network it's a high speed

storage area network it's a high speed

storage area network it's a high speed Network the idea is it allows

Network the idea is it allows

Network the idea is it allows um transfer between the computer systems

um transfer between the computer systems

um transfer between the computer systems and the storage devices it's optimized

and the storage devices it's optimized

and the storage devices it's optimized for this type of Technology as well

for this type of Technology as well

for this type of Technology as well we'll see this as we go along

we'll see this as we go along

we'll see this as we go along and here's an example which will um

and here's an example which will um

and here's an example which will um you'll see in a few slides

you'll see in a few slides

you'll see in a few slides so why bother at all why do we need a

so why bother at all why do we need a

so why bother at all why do we need a storage area network again everything

storage area network again everything

storage area network again everything covered really in the network plus was

covered really in the network plus was

covered really in the network plus was created in order to solve some specific

created in order to solve some specific

created in order to solve some specific or general networking problem

or general networking problem

or general networking problem it's the evolution in data storage

it's the evolution in data storage

it's the evolution in data storage technology and we'll look at some Legacy

technology and we'll look at some Legacy

technology and we'll look at some Legacy ideas in a moment

ideas in a moment

ideas in a moment so um unfortunately this I'll put the

so um unfortunately this I'll put the

so um unfortunately this I'll put the wrong order here so the lines are

wrong order here so the lines are

wrong order here so the lines are appearing in the wrong order there's

appearing in the wrong order there's

appearing in the wrong order there's been progress in the data storage

been progress in the data storage

been progress in the data storage technology from Das to Sam direct

technology from Das to Sam direct

technology from Das to Sam direct attached storage is the traditional

attached storage is the traditional

attached storage is the traditional way and it's I'm sure many companies

way and it's I'm sure many companies

way and it's I'm sure many companies still use it those who don't use uh San

still use it those who don't use uh San

still use it those who don't use uh San as a solution for storage

as a solution for storage

as a solution for storage so a traditional client server systems

so a traditional client server systems

so a traditional client server systems each sort of server having its own

each sort of server having its own

each sort of server having its own storage and the storage is directly

storage and the storage is directly

storage and the storage is directly attached to the server internally

attached to the server internally

attached to the server internally usually or it could be external

usually or it could be external

usually or it could be external search

search

search a technology is referred to as direct

a technology is referred to as direct

a technology is referred to as direct attached storage or Das

attached storage or Das

attached storage or Das so there obviously has to be advantages

so there obviously has to be advantages

so there obviously has to be advantages it's high speed and it's exclusive

it's high speed and it's exclusive

it's high speed and it's exclusive access to the storage so it's not shared

access to the storage so it's not shared

access to the storage so it's not shared preferred by small companies just

preferred by small companies just

preferred by small companies just cheaper to implement easier to implement

cheaper to implement easier to implement

cheaper to implement easier to implement easier to um

easier to um

easier to um troubleshoot maintain

troubleshoot maintain

troubleshoot maintain obviously there are disadvantages which

obviously there are disadvantages which

obviously there are disadvantages which is why it's been

is why it's been

is why it's been um

um

um superseded by many companies so what you

superseded by many companies so what you

superseded by many companies so what you get is a pocket of isolated storage it's

get is a pocket of isolated storage it's

get is a pocket of isolated storage it's not officially utilized and this ties

not officially utilized and this ties

not officially utilized and this ties into virtualization really where you

into virtualization really where you

into virtualization really where you we've got this whole amount of resources

we've got this whole amount of resources

we've got this whole amount of resources but we may only be using a certain

but we may only be using a certain

but we may only be using a certain percentage of it which is a waste

percentage of it which is a waste

percentage of it which is a waste so for example when one server has

so for example when one server has

so for example when one server has plenty of C uh free storage and the

plenty of C uh free storage and the

plenty of C uh free storage and the other one has almost ran out of space

other one has almost ran out of space

other one has almost ran out of space then we've got a disparity

then we've got a disparity

then we've got a disparity this is where um Network attaches

this is where um Network attaches

this is where um Network attaches storage will help direct attached

storage will help direct attached

storage will help direct attached storage design doesn't allow the free

storage design doesn't allow the free

storage design doesn't allow the free capacity of the servers to be shared

capacity of the servers to be shared

capacity of the servers to be shared so when a business deploys more servers

so when a business deploys more servers

so when a business deploys more servers in the network the following occurs

in the network the following occurs

in the network the following occurs there's an increase in the wastage

there's an increase in the wastage

there's an increase in the wastage increase in the complexity of managing

increase in the complexity of managing

increase in the complexity of managing all of these isolated storage because

all of these isolated storage because

all of these isolated storage because usually you've got raid so you've got to

usually you've got raid so you've got to

usually you've got raid so you've got to insert and pull out various disks

insert and pull out various disks

insert and pull out various disks and network attached storage another

and network attached storage another

and network attached storage another image there it decouples the storage

image there it decouples the storage

image there it decouples the storage from the servers so the servers are

from the servers so the servers are

from the servers so the servers are still there but we um remove the storage

still there but we um remove the storage

still there but we um remove the storage as another feature makes the storage a

as another feature makes the storage a

as another feature makes the storage a centralized pool of shed devices that

centralized pool of shed devices that

centralized pool of shed devices that can be accessed by all the servers

can be accessed by all the servers

can be accessed by all the servers connected to the network

now network attached storage is not a

now network attached storage is not a

now network attached storage is not a network in its own right but a storage

network in its own right but a storage

network in its own right but a storage array hooked up to an existing Network

array hooked up to an existing Network

array hooked up to an existing Network here's an example of a Nas server

here's an example of a Nas server

here's an example of a Nas server that's a Netgear by looks of it it can

that's a Netgear by looks of it it can

that's a Netgear by looks of it it can provide centralized

provide centralized

provide centralized um shared stories of terabytes of

um shared stories of terabytes of

um shared stories of terabytes of storage you get enough servers for home

storage you get enough servers for home

storage you get enough servers for home users as well wherever everyone can

users as well wherever everyone can

users as well wherever everyone can connect to this particular device and

connect to this particular device and

connect to this particular device and hopefully that device then in turn backs

hopefully that device then in turn backs

hopefully that device then in turn backs up somewhere over to the cloud or

up somewhere over to the cloud or

up somewhere over to the cloud or somewhere like that disadvantage is

somewhere like that disadvantage is

somewhere like that disadvantage is doesn't provide the high speed data

doesn't provide the high speed data

doesn't provide the high speed data protection needed in Enterprise

protection needed in Enterprise

protection needed in Enterprise environments because it typically sits

environments because it typically sits

environments because it typically sits on an existing shed corporate Network

on an existing shed corporate Network

on an existing shed corporate Network um complete data backup takes a lot of

um complete data backup takes a lot of

um complete data backup takes a lot of time and obviously takes up a lot of

time and obviously takes up a lot of

time and obviously takes up a lot of bandwidth

bandwidth

bandwidth so sun is a dedicated Network that

so sun is a dedicated Network that

so sun is a dedicated Network that transfers blocks of data at a high speed

transfers blocks of data at a high speed

transfers blocks of data at a high speed to a storage device

to a storage device

to a storage device a low latency for the input output

a low latency for the input output

a low latency for the input output request to the storage device

uh what you what sound gives you is

uh what you what sound gives you is

uh what you what sound gives you is access to several servers that connect

access to several servers that connect

access to several servers that connect to several several storage devices you

to several several storage devices you

to several several storage devices you can see we've got a in this instance

can see we've got a in this instance

can see we've got a in this instance we've got a full mesh connection between

we've got a full mesh connection between

we've got a full mesh connection between the servers the switches and the storage

the servers the switches and the storage

the servers the switches and the storage array there

also allows the storage devices to

also allows the storage devices to

also allows the storage devices to communicate with each other

limitations going back to direct access

limitations going back to direct access

limitations going back to direct access storage

storage

storage this is the challenge we have with the

this is the challenge we have with the

this is the challenge we have with the traditional server attached storage you

traditional server attached storage you

traditional server attached storage you can't satisfy the ever crease in demands

can't satisfy the ever crease in demands

can't satisfy the ever crease in demands for storage and we obviously have more

for storage and we obviously have more

for storage and we obviously have more and more complex information

and more complex information

and more complex information including video and voice

not scalable due to the restrictions and

not scalable due to the restrictions and

not scalable due to the restrictions and how many devices you can add physically

how many devices you can add physically

how many devices you can add physically to

to

to um servers sun is scalable so you can

um servers sun is scalable so you can

um servers sun is scalable so you can add a lot of new devices and and without

add a lot of new devices and and without

add a lot of new devices and and without having to add new servers

having to add new servers

having to add new servers you can aggregate the devices into a

you can aggregate the devices into a

you can aggregate the devices into a central pool that can be accessed by the

central pool that can be accessed by the

central pool that can be accessed by the servers

the server attached storage doesn't

the server attached storage doesn't

the server attached storage doesn't provide High availability because if a

provide High availability because if a

provide High availability because if a server goes down then you lose the data

server goes down then you lose the data

server goes down then you lose the data since the data is tied to the server

since the data is tied to the server

since the data is tied to the server so obviously

so obviously

so obviously um overcomes this problem because you

um overcomes this problem because you

um overcomes this problem because you remove the storage from the servers if a

remove the storage from the servers if a

remove the storage from the servers if a server goes down in the topology then

server goes down in the topology then

server goes down in the topology then the data is still accessible so you've

the data is still accessible so you've

the data is still accessible so you've removed that as a point of failure

removed that as a point of failure

removed that as a point of failure and though the sun connects multitude of

and though the sun connects multitude of

and though the sun connects multitude of servers and storage devices the

servers and storage devices the

servers and storage devices the performance doesn't so far because the

performance doesn't so far because the

performance doesn't so far because the network is characterized by high speed

network is characterized by high speed

network is characterized by high speed and low latency you've got the best of

and low latency you've got the best of

and low latency you've got the best of two different worlds there

two different worlds there

two different worlds there the high speed data transfer the low

the high speed data transfer the low

the high speed data transfer the low latency can be compared to the high

latency can be compared to the high

latency can be compared to the high performance of storage directly attached

performance of storage directly attached

performance of storage directly attached to a server

so your storage area network is a

so your storage area network is a

so your storage area network is a dedicated Network it's scalable and

dedicated Network it's scalable and

dedicated Network it's scalable and highly available as we've already said

highly available as we've already said

highly available as we've already said primary purpose is providing the high

primary purpose is providing the high

primary purpose is providing the high speed

speed

speed and the low latency

and the low latency

and the low latency Sun media it's the actual cables and

Sun media it's the actual cables and

Sun media it's the actual cables and physical wiring

physical wiring

physical wiring It's associated with the unique protocol

It's associated with the unique protocol

It's associated with the unique protocol and is always managed by that protocol

and is always managed by that protocol

and is always managed by that protocol the protocol is responsible for the

the protocol is responsible for the

the protocol is responsible for the format and sequence of data exchange on

format and sequence of data exchange on

format and sequence of data exchange on the storage area network now you're

the storage area network now you're

the storage area network now you're almost always going to have

almost always going to have

almost always going to have um fiber channel

um fiber channel

um fiber channel and because of the speed requirements

and because of the speed requirements

and because of the speed requirements different types of optical electrical

different types of optical electrical

different types of optical electrical transmission meter that you cannot

transmission meter that you cannot

transmission meter that you cannot follow that and you can have copper the

follow that and you can have copper the

follow that and you can have copper the fibers of preferred connection type

fibers of preferred connection type

fibers of preferred connection type uh the sounds are typically typically

uh the sounds are typically typically

uh the sounds are typically typically built using fiber channel

built using fiber channel

built using fiber channel uh the standards you define a high-speed

uh the standards you define a high-speed

uh the standards you define a high-speed Network that transfer dates at around

Network that transfer dates at around

Network that transfer dates at around two gigs per second

two gigs per second

two gigs per second the standards also define the properties

the standards also define the properties

the standards also define the properties of the media and how data is transmitted

of the media and how data is transmitted

of the media and how data is transmitted which I mentioned earlier

which I mentioned earlier

which I mentioned earlier fiber channel is a de facto standard

the storage area network using is built

the storage area network using is built

the storage area network using is built using fiber channel technology is called

using fiber channel technology is called

using fiber channel technology is called the fiber channel or FC San

uh the whole idea is to increase access

uh the whole idea is to increase access

uh the whole idea is to increase access to all the data and since organizations

to all the data and since organizations

to all the data and since organizations have a heterogeneous combination of

have a heterogeneous combination of

have a heterogeneous combination of operating systems fiber channel was

operating systems fiber channel was

operating systems fiber channel was um designed to cater for all of these

um designed to cater for all of these

um designed to cater for all of these different applications and operating

different applications and operating

different applications and operating systems

the fiber channels solve the fundamental

the fiber channels solve the fundamental

the fiber channels solve the fundamental problem of reliably making terabytes of

problem of reliably making terabytes of

problem of reliably making terabytes of information available to hundreds of

information available to hundreds of

information available to hundreds of servers more than likely at the same

servers more than likely at the same

servers more than likely at the same time as well so serving multiple

time as well so serving multiple

time as well so serving multiple requests

requests

requests uh while direct attached storage and

uh while direct attached storage and

uh while direct attached storage and network attached storage may be

network attached storage may be

network attached storage may be appropriate for small networks the fiber

appropriate for small networks the fiber

appropriate for small networks the fiber channel San is used generally for large

channel San is used generally for large

channel San is used generally for large storage networks and Enterprise Networks

um con the concept of sand isn't tied to

um con the concept of sand isn't tied to

um con the concept of sand isn't tied to any particular technology or vendor so

any particular technology or vendor so

any particular technology or vendor so it can be used by a multitude it can

it can be used by a multitude it can

it can be used by a multitude it can also be built using other Technologies

also be built using other Technologies

also be built using other Technologies such

such

such um as Internet Security or iSCSI

um as Internet Security or iSCSI

um as Internet Security or iSCSI is a storage area network implemented

is a storage area network implemented

is a storage area network implemented over an IP and it uses the iSCSI

over an IP and it uses the iSCSI

over an IP and it uses the iSCSI protocol

it's a mapping of the scuzzy protocol

it's a mapping of the scuzzy protocol

it's a mapping of the scuzzy protocol over TCP not sure if there's an RFC for

over TCP not sure if there's an RFC for

over TCP not sure if there's an RFC for this actually but you can Google the ice

this actually but you can Google the ice

this actually but you can Google the ice cozy for yourself and see um where the

cozy for yourself and see um where the

cozy for yourself and see um where the proposal started

proposal started

proposal started carries Block Level data over the IP

carries Block Level data over the IP

carries Block Level data over the IP network and block storage can be

network and block storage can be

network and block storage can be accessed over the network as if it was

accessed over the network as if it was

accessed over the network as if it was directly attached to the server

directly attached to the server

directly attached to the server is because the architecture is based on

is because the architecture is based on

is because the architecture is based on the client server model of scuzzy

the client server model of scuzzy

the client server model of scuzzy it's because the parlance is referred to

it's because the parlance is referred to

it's because the parlance is referred to as the initiator target model which may

as the initiator target model which may

as the initiator target model which may be you may expect a question on

be you may expect a question on

be you may expect a question on something along those lines for the exam

something along those lines for the exam

something along those lines for the exam the iscosity sign consists of three

the iscosity sign consists of three

the iscosity sign consists of three components

components

components initiator the Target and the IP network

the initiators the system that first

the initiators the system that first

the initiators the system that first initiates a read or write request over

initiates a read or write request over

initiates a read or write request over the IP network

the IP network

the IP network example of a device is the server

example of a device is the server

example of a device is the server Target system is the system that

Target system is the system that

Target system is the system that responds to the requests

responds to the requests

responds to the requests so an example is the storage array

so an example is the storage array

so an example is the storage array initiates initiators and targets need

initiates initiators and targets need

initiates initiators and targets need the physical is because the interface to

the physical is because the interface to

the physical is because the interface to connect to the IP network

connect to the IP network

connect to the IP network the Isis interface is available as a PCI

the Isis interface is available as a PCI

the Isis interface is available as a PCI expansion card or it can actually be

expansion card or it can actually be

expansion card or it can actually be built into the motherboard again you

built into the motherboard again you

built into the motherboard again you need to speak to the vendor and look at

need to speak to the vendor and look at

need to speak to the vendor and look at your particular specifications and

your particular specifications and

your particular specifications and requirements

requirements

requirements jumbo frames you may heard of before in

jumbo frames you may heard of before in

jumbo frames you may heard of before in network parlance

network parlance

network parlance it's an Ethernet frame it's got a

it's an Ethernet frame it's got a

it's an Ethernet frame it's got a payload greater than 1500 bytes and it

payload greater than 1500 bytes and it

payload greater than 1500 bytes and it can carry a payload payload of up to

can carry a payload payload of up to

can carry a payload payload of up to 9000 bytes

9000 bytes

9000 bytes so on the contrary an Ethernet standard

so on the contrary an Ethernet standard

so on the contrary an Ethernet standard frame a standard ethernet frame sorry

frame a standard ethernet frame sorry

frame a standard ethernet frame sorry can carry a payload of 1500 bytes

can carry a payload of 1500 bytes

can carry a payload of 1500 bytes the payload or the size of the largest

the payload or the size of the largest

the payload or the size of the largest data that an Ethernet frame can carry is

data that an Ethernet frame can carry is

data that an Ethernet frame can carry is referred to as the MTU and if you ever

referred to as the MTU and if you ever

referred to as the MTU and if you ever use a package sniffer you'll see you

use a package sniffer you'll see you

use a package sniffer you'll see you should see for ethernet and MTU field

should see for ethernet and MTU field

should see for ethernet and MTU field the maximum transmission unit

the maximum transmission unit

the maximum transmission unit since jumbo frames have larger mtus they

since jumbo frames have larger mtus they

since jumbo frames have larger mtus they can carry more data

can carry more data

can carry more data each transmitted frame and a network

each transmitted frame and a network

each transmitted frame and a network requires a network hardware and software

requires a network hardware and software

requires a network hardware and software to process it so we have the more frames

to process it so we have the more frames

to process it so we have the more frames we have the more CPU Cycles are required

we have the more CPU Cycles are required

we have the more CPU Cycles are required to process them

to process them

to process them so if we use jumbo frames it only

so if we use jumbo frames it only

so if we use jumbo frames it only requires a few we require less frames

requires a few we require less frames

requires a few we require less frames because of the bigger MTU size as a

because of the bigger MTU size as a

because of the bigger MTU size as a result we get less CPU utilization but

result we get less CPU utilization but

result we get less CPU utilization but we get the bonus of increased throughput

we get the bonus of increased throughput

we get the bonus of increased throughput uh we can use jumbo frames when fiber

uh we can use jumbo frames when fiber

uh we can use jumbo frames when fiber channel frames are to be transmitted

channel frames are to be transmitted

channel frames are to be transmitted over the ethernet

over the ethernet

over the ethernet the size of the fiber channel frames are

the size of the fiber channel frames are

the size of the fiber channel frames are over 2K so it becomes necessary through

over 2K so it becomes necessary through

over 2K so it becomes necessary through the adapters and switches to support

the adapters and switches to support

the adapters and switches to support baby jumbo frames in order to prevent

baby jumbo frames in order to prevent

baby jumbo frames in order to prevent the segmentation I think we covered

the segmentation I think we covered

the segmentation I think we covered segmentation early it's when the frame

segmentation early it's when the frame

segmentation early it's when the frame is chopped up into different pieces

is chopped up into different pieces

is chopped up into different pieces numbered and then transmitted and each

numbered and then transmitted and each

numbered and then transmitted and each frame has to

frame has to

frame has to um has to have an acknowledgments so

um has to have an acknowledgments so

um has to have an acknowledgments so you've got a lot of overhead associated

you've got a lot of overhead associated

you've got a lot of overhead associated all right so we've looked in brief at

all right so we've looked in brief at

all right so we've looked in brief at storage area networks direct attached

storage area networks direct attached

storage area networks direct attached storage Nas

storage Nas

storage Nas uh Sun versus Das Sun media

uh Sun versus Das Sun media

uh Sun versus Das Sun media fiber channel and iscs architecture and

fiber channel and iscs architecture and

fiber channel and iscs architecture and Sam

Sam

Sam the components of Isco Z and jumbo

the components of Isco Z and jumbo

the components of Isco Z and jumbo frames

frames

frames thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 17 lesson 4 Cloud

welcome to module 17 lesson 4 Cloud

welcome to module 17 lesson 4 Cloud Concepts I've mentioned earlier well

Concepts I've mentioned earlier well

Concepts I've mentioned earlier well worth doing the CompTIA Cloud Essentials

worth doing the CompTIA Cloud Essentials

worth doing the CompTIA Cloud Essentials exam because uh cloud computing is just

exam because uh cloud computing is just

exam because uh cloud computing is just one of the core subjects that you need

one of the core subjects that you need

one of the core subjects that you need to understand as a network engineer

to understand as a network engineer

to understand as a network engineer among us a few others including routing

among us a few others including routing

among us a few others including routing virtualization

virtualization

virtualization um

um

um probably Amazon storage

probably Amazon storage

probably Amazon storage uh routing and switching for example the

uh routing and switching for example the

uh routing and switching for example the CCNA IPv6

so this is just a real uh brief taster

so this is just a real uh brief taster

so this is just a real uh brief taster looking at cloud computing

looking at cloud computing

looking at cloud computing characteristics on-demand self-service

characteristics on-demand self-service

characteristics on-demand self-service broad network access resource pooling

broad network access resource pooling

broad network access resource pooling elasticity measured service software as

elasticity measured service software as

elasticity measured service software as a service platform as a service

a service platform as a service

a service platform as a service infrastructure as a service

infrastructure as a service

infrastructure as a service and then private community and public

and then private community and public

and then private community and public clouds on hybrid clouds

clouds on hybrid clouds

clouds on hybrid clouds so best thing is to start with the

so best thing is to start with the

so best thing is to start with the definition so we can kind of have an

definition so we can kind of have an

definition so we can kind of have an agreed kicking off point of what cloud

agreed kicking off point of what cloud

agreed kicking off point of what cloud computing actually is

computing actually is

computing actually is now cloud computing from the definition

now cloud computing from the definition

now cloud computing from the definition is a model for enabling ubiquitous

is a model for enabling ubiquitous

is a model for enabling ubiquitous convenient on-demand network access to a

convenient on-demand network access to a

convenient on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing

shared pool of configurable computing

shared pool of configurable computing resources examples are network servers

resources examples are network servers

resources examples are network servers storage application and services that

storage application and services that

storage application and services that can be rapidly provisioned and released

can be rapidly provisioned and released

can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or

with minimal management effort or

with minimal management effort or service provider interaction we've all

service provider interaction we've all

service provider interaction we've all used the cloud already if you've used

used the cloud already if you've used

used the cloud already if you've used any storage for example Dropbox

any storage for example Dropbox

any storage for example Dropbox box.com I think the call for storage any

box.com I think the call for storage any

box.com I think the call for storage any Google services for example Gmail or

Google services for example Gmail or

Google services for example Gmail or Google documents and things like that

Google documents and things like that

Google documents and things like that there's many many others

there's many many others

there's many many others and are all based on the cloud

so some characteristics that you need to

so some characteristics that you need to

so some characteristics that you need to remember these so make sure you note

remember these so make sure you note

remember these so make sure you note them down there's five characteristics

them down there's five characteristics

them down there's five characteristics of cloud computing on demand

of cloud computing on demand

of cloud computing on demand self-service broader network access

self-service broader network access

self-service broader network access we'll go into all of these in more

we'll go into all of these in more

we'll go into all of these in more detail resource pooling rapid elastis

detail resource pooling rapid elastis

detail resource pooling rapid elastis elasticity

elasticity

elasticity a measured service

a measured service

a measured service so on demand basically means the user

so on demand basically means the user

so on demand basically means the user can provision resources as and when

can provision resources as and when

can provision resources as and when they're needed without getting any human

they're needed without getting any human

they're needed without getting any human assistance so you if you needed more

assistance so you if you needed more

assistance so you if you needed more memory you wouldn't have to log a ticket

memory you wouldn't have to log a ticket

memory you wouldn't have to log a ticket and you wouldn't have to have an

and you wouldn't have to have an

and you wouldn't have to have an engineer somewhere

engineer somewhere

engineer somewhere turn off the server or whatever the

turn off the server or whatever the

turn off the server or whatever the device is adds more physical memory

device is adds more physical memory

device is adds more physical memory reboot it and then answer the ticket as

reboot it and then answer the ticket as

reboot it and then answer the ticket as you may well have had to do in the not

you may well have had to do in the not

you may well have had to do in the not too distance past you click a button and

too distance past you click a button and

too distance past you click a button and more is available

more is available

more is available we can do when consumers provision the

we can do when consumers provision the

we can do when consumers provision the resources based on their needs those

resources based on their needs those

resources based on their needs those resources are automatically allocated

resources are automatically allocated

resources are automatically allocated from a shared pool

from a shared pool

from a shared pool and their schedules provided by the

and their schedules provided by the

and their schedules provided by the cloud service provider

cloud service provider

cloud service provider broad network access means that when the

broad network access means that when the

broad network access means that when the consumers have provisioned the resources

consumers have provisioned the resources

consumers have provisioned the resources they can access these from a number of

they can access these from a number of

they can access these from a number of devices workstations laptops tablets and

devices workstations laptops tablets and

devices workstations laptops tablets and mobile devices and mobile phones

mobile devices and mobile phones

mobile devices and mobile phones resource pooling and the service

resource pooling and the service

resource pooling and the service providers resources are shared and when

providers resources are shared and when

providers resources are shared and when the consumers on a multi-tenant Model

the consumers on a multi-tenant Model

the consumers on a multi-tenant Model where consumers get a dynamic allocation

where consumers get a dynamic allocation

where consumers get a dynamic allocation resources based upon their needs

resources based upon their needs

resources based upon their needs so sometimes consumers may need more

so sometimes consumers may need more

so sometimes consumers may need more Computer Resources and other times they

Computer Resources and other times they

Computer Resources and other times they need need less so it has to adapt for

need need less so it has to adapt for

need need less so it has to adapt for this particular requirement it's

this particular requirement it's

this particular requirement it's um

um

um resource allocation based upon demand

resource allocation based upon demand

resource allocation based upon demand rapid elasticity I can't say that word

rapid elasticity I can't say that word

rapid elasticity I can't say that word elasticity

elasticity

elasticity foreign

foreign

foreign now a consumer can be allocated more res

now a consumer can be allocated more res

now a consumer can be allocated more res me more more resources if needed at the

me more more resources if needed at the

me more more resources if needed at the same time if for any reason they need

same time if for any reason they need

same time if for any reason they need less because the more you the more you

less because the more you the more you

less because the more you the more you need the more you pay obviously if you

need the more you pay obviously if you

need the more you pay obviously if you need less then they can be downsized to

need less then they can be downsized to

need less then they can be downsized to provide whatever model you need the

provide whatever model you need the

provide whatever model you need the resources you need

resources you need

resources you need so it appears to the consumer that there

so it appears to the consumer that there

so it appears to the consumer that there there's an actual unlimited amount of

there's an actual unlimited amount of

there's an actual unlimited amount of resources for them at any given time

elasticity provides a lot of savings

elasticity provides a lot of savings

elasticity provides a lot of savings because it's not possible when you have

because it's not possible when you have

because it's not possible when you have a traditional data center that you've

a traditional data center that you've

a traditional data center that you've built and you own you can't grow it and

built and you own you can't grow it and

built and you own you can't grow it and shrink it as and when needed

shrink it as and when needed

shrink it as and when needed obviously is measured just like a meter

obviously is measured just like a meter

obviously is measured just like a meter so you're charged based upon your

so you're charged based upon your

so you're charged based upon your um a number of things such as

um a number of things such as

um a number of things such as um memory you need uh storage and uh

um memory you need uh storage and uh

um memory you need uh storage and uh bandwidth

so you get what you pay for which you've

so you get what you pay for which you've

so you get what you pay for which you've already said is um uh tracked normally

already said is um uh tracked normally

already said is um uh tracked normally you can log in and you can track your

you can log in and you can track your

you can log in and you can track your use of resources in real time as well as

use of resources in real time as well as

use of resources in real time as well as historical data looking at

historical data looking at

historical data looking at um how much you've used and the

um how much you've used and the

um how much you've used and the projected requirements based on previous

projected requirements based on previous

projected requirements based on previous usage and you can see how much you're

usage and you can see how much you're

usage and you can see how much you're going to have to pay how much you paid

going to have to pay how much you paid

going to have to pay how much you paid in the past

in the past

in the past there's three service models you need to

there's three service models you need to

there's three service models you need to be familiar with software as a service

be familiar with software as a service

be familiar with software as a service platform as a service infrastructure as

platform as a service infrastructure as

platform as a service infrastructure as a service

a service

a service providers provide the services to

providers provide the services to

providers provide the services to Consumers based on these three service

Consumers based on these three service

Consumers based on these three service models so SAS swas or SAS

models so SAS swas or SAS

models so SAS swas or SAS consumers can use the service provider

consumers can use the service provider

consumers can use the service provider software applications and databases over

software applications and databases over

software applications and databases over a network without the need to install

a network without the need to install

a network without the need to install any software except for a web browser

any software except for a web browser

any software except for a web browser you need to access

you need to access

you need to access these uh software applications databases

these uh software applications databases

these uh software applications databases run on the cloud so imagine you're

run on the cloud so imagine you're

run on the cloud so imagine you're trying to program

trying to program

trying to program um some application for example or just

um some application for example or just

um some application for example or just use a huge amount of resources or

use a huge amount of resources or

use a huge amount of resources or develop a program you can use the

develop a program you can use the

develop a program you can use the provider's resources and scale it as and

provider's resources and scale it as and

provider's resources and scale it as and when needed

when needed

when needed it's provided as a shared Computing

it's provided as a shared Computing

it's provided as a shared Computing resource to the consumers

resource to the consumers

resource to the consumers it's essentially the aggregation of

it's essentially the aggregation of

it's essentially the aggregation of hardware and software

hardware and software

hardware and software used to support the cloud services a few

used to support the cloud services a few

used to support the cloud services a few examples you can see there are Twitter

examples you can see there are Twitter

examples you can see there are Twitter and Facebook there's a whole bunch of

and Facebook there's a whole bunch of

and Facebook there's a whole bunch of others you can look into if you wish

others you can look into if you wish

others you can look into if you wish though in the SAS model consumers access

though in the SAS model consumers access

though in the SAS model consumers access the shared applications over a network

the shared applications over a network

the shared applications over a network from various client devices

from various client devices

from various client devices it doesn't give you the ability to

it doesn't give you the ability to

it doesn't give you the ability to control and manage in the manage the

control and manage in the manage the

control and manage in the manage the underlying Cloud infrastructure so you

underlying Cloud infrastructure so you

underlying Cloud infrastructure so you can't manage the operating system

can't manage the operating system

can't manage the operating system servers the network or storage and you

servers the network or storage and you

servers the network or storage and you don't you don't want to anywhere you

don't you don't want to anywhere you

don't you don't want to anywhere you just want to um use it as is

platform as a service there's an example

platform as a service there's an example

platform as a service there's an example there Windows Azure which you could look

there Windows Azure which you could look

there Windows Azure which you could look into in your own time in the platform as

into in your own time in the platform as

into in your own time in the platform as a service model consumers have the

a service model consumers have the

a service model consumers have the ability to develop and deploy software

ability to develop and deploy software

ability to develop and deploy software applications on the service providers

applications on the service providers

applications on the service providers Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure uh the service provider typically

uh the service provider typically

uh the service provider typically provides a competing platform comprised

provides a competing platform comprised

provides a competing platform comprised of the operating system and the

of the operating system and the

of the operating system and the application development environment

application development environment

application development environment this includes programming languages

this includes programming languages

this includes programming languages libraries tools databases and web

libraries tools databases and web

libraries tools databases and web servers I recommend you look at the

servers I recommend you look at the

servers I recommend you look at the Amazon

Amazon

Amazon AWS qualifications for more information

AWS qualifications for more information

AWS qualifications for more information on these

on these

on these in the paas model

in the paas model

in the paas model consumers can develop and deploy

consumers can develop and deploy

consumers can develop and deploy software without the need to maintain

software without the need to maintain

software without the need to maintain the operating system so you can imagine

the operating system so you can imagine

the operating system so you can imagine how convenient this is to fire up an

how convenient this is to fire up an

how convenient this is to fire up an instance for example if you logged into

instance for example if you logged into

instance for example if you logged into the Amazon or the Google cloud and start

the Amazon or the Google cloud and start

the Amazon or the Google cloud and start doing your developing it's just so easy

doing your developing it's just so easy

doing your developing it's just so easy and quick

and quick

and quick consumers have control over the deployed

consumers have control over the deployed

consumers have control over the deployed software application and the

software application and the

software application and the configuration settings

configuration settings

configuration settings and it doesn't give you to again

and it doesn't give you to again

and it doesn't give you to again manage the controller manager underlying

manage the controller manager underlying

manage the controller manager underlying infrastructure

infrastructure as a service one example

infrastructure as a service one example

infrastructure as a service one example is Amazon ec2 web services

here consumers access a dedicated

here consumers access a dedicated

here consumers access a dedicated physical or in most cases a virtual

physical or in most cases a virtual

physical or in most cases a virtual machine running on the service providers

machine running on the service providers

machine running on the service providers Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure a lot of people use this for web hosting

a lot of people use this for web hosting

a lot of people use this for web hosting especially WordPress is quite easy to

especially WordPress is quite easy to

especially WordPress is quite easy to fire up an instance and get it all

fire up an instance and get it all

fire up an instance and get it all working

working

working virtual machine typically comes with a

virtual machine typically comes with a

virtual machine typically comes with a server operating system consumers

server operating system consumers

server operating system consumers complete complete control over the OS

complete complete control over the OS

complete complete control over the OS and can control the updates

um you have control over the operating

um you have control over the operating

um you have control over the operating system application storage you have

system application storage you have

system application storage you have limited control over the selected

limited control over the selected

limited control over the selected networking components such as the

networking components such as the

networking components such as the firewall that's protecting your

firewall that's protecting your

firewall that's protecting your particular virtual device

particular virtual device

particular virtual device again you can't control the underlying

again you can't control the underlying

again you can't control the underlying Cloud infrastructure probably

Cloud infrastructure probably

Cloud infrastructure probably um neither would you want to

um neither would you want to

um neither would you want to infrastructure as a service you've got

infrastructure as a service you've got

infrastructure as a service you've got four models to choose from for iaas

four models to choose from for iaas

four models to choose from for iaas you've got the private Cloud the

you've got the private Cloud the

you've got the private Cloud the community Cloud public and hybrid

community Cloud public and hybrid

community Cloud public and hybrid for private Cloud the cloud

for private Cloud the cloud

for private Cloud the cloud infrastructure is provisioned

infrastructure is provisioned

infrastructure is provisioned exclusively for a single organization

exclusively for a single organization

exclusively for a single organization so you get exclusive use of this you've

so you get exclusive use of this you've

so you get exclusive use of this you've probably hired a company

probably hired a company

probably hired a company to create all of the infrastructure for

to create all of the infrastructure for

to create all of the infrastructure for you and nobody else can have access to

you and nobody else can have access to

you and nobody else can have access to it and all of your offices and remote

it and all of your offices and remote

it and all of your offices and remote offices will have access

offices will have access

offices will have access owned operated and managed by the

owned operated and managed by the

owned operated and managed by the organization itself

organization itself

organization itself very third party or a combination

very third party or a combination

very third party or a combination a physical location could be within your

a physical location could be within your

a physical location could be within your premises or it could be located

premises or it could be located

premises or it could be located Elsewhere on the cloud

Elsewhere on the cloud

Elsewhere on the cloud Community it's um Provisions for a

Community it's um Provisions for a

Community it's um Provisions for a specific community of consumers from

specific community of consumers from

specific community of consumers from organizations that share common concerns

organizations that share common concerns

organizations that share common concerns such as security compliance

such as security compliance

such as security compliance jurisdiction and so on for example would

jurisdiction and so on for example would

jurisdiction and so on for example would be law reinforcement

be law reinforcement

be law reinforcement in this model the cloud infrastructure

in this model the cloud infrastructure

in this model the cloud infrastructure may be owned operated by one or more

may be owned operated by one or more

may be owned operated by one or more organizations by a third party or you

organizations by a third party or you

organizations by a third party or you could have a combination

could have a combination

could have a combination the physical location and may be within

the physical location and may be within

the physical location and may be within your premises or it could be located

your premises or it could be located

your premises or it could be located elsewhere

elsewhere

elsewhere in public Cloud it's provision for the

in public Cloud it's provision for the

in public Cloud it's provision for the general public so it can be used by the

general public so it can be used by the

general public so it can be used by the general public over a network such as

general public over a network such as

general public over a network such as the internet

um the cloud infrastructure could be

um the cloud infrastructure could be

um the cloud infrastructure could be managed by the government businesses

managed by the government businesses

managed by the government businesses Academia or a combination

Academia or a combination

Academia or a combination foreign physical location is within the

foreign physical location is within the

foreign physical location is within the premise of the service provider now a

premise of the service provider now a

premise of the service provider now a hybrid is a mixture of any of these

separate entities but are integrated

separate entities but are integrated

separate entities but are integrated into the benefits for the um of the

into the benefits for the um of the

into the benefits for the um of the multiple deployed models

multiple deployed models

multiple deployed models example is when the it organization uses

example is when the it organization uses

example is when the it organization uses a public card as a temporary solution to

a public card as a temporary solution to

a public card as a temporary solution to meet um an excess capacity demand that

meet um an excess capacity demand that

meet um an excess capacity demand that can't be met by their private setup

can't be met by their private setup

can't be met by their private setup so I've looked at quite a few things

so I've looked at quite a few things

so I've looked at quite a few things here you need to make some notes

here you need to make some notes

here you need to make some notes obviously because there's a few things

obviously because there's a few things

obviously because there's a few things to remember for the exam

service models software as a service

service models software as a service

service models software as a service platform infrastructure private

platform infrastructure private

platform infrastructure private community and public cloud and hybrid

community and public cloud and hybrid

community and public cloud and hybrid okay that's all for now thanks for

okay that's all for now thanks for

okay that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 18 lesson one physical

welcome to module 18 lesson one physical

welcome to module 18 lesson one physical security controls I'm going to whisk

security controls I'm going to whisk

security controls I'm going to whisk through this pretty quickly because most

through this pretty quickly because most

through this pretty quickly because most of it is pretty self-explanatory

of it is pretty self-explanatory

of it is pretty self-explanatory and Common Sense really physical

and Common Sense really physical

and Common Sense really physical security man traps Network closets video

security man traps Network closets video

security man traps Network closets video monitoring door access controls

monitoring door access controls

monitoring door access controls proximity readers biometrics

proximity readers biometrics

proximity readers biometrics Cipher locks and a security guard

so the physical security control is the

so the physical security control is the

so the physical security control is the measures we take from physical threats

measures we take from physical threats

measures we take from physical threats basically people trying to get into our

basically people trying to get into our

basically people trying to get into our data center

data center

data center I guess Ram radio might be included

I guess Ram radio might be included

I guess Ram radio might be included because I've never heard of that but uh

because I've never heard of that but uh

because I've never heard of that but uh yeah physical security

examples I've already mentioned the man

examples I've already mentioned the man

examples I've already mentioned the man traps the network closets

traps the network closets

traps the network closets they reduce the risk of damage or loss

they reduce the risk of damage or loss

they reduce the risk of damage or loss by preventing or slowing down physical

by preventing or slowing down physical

by preventing or slowing down physical attack I've actually been a worked uh or

attack I've actually been a worked uh or

attack I've actually been a worked uh or been to a few networks Consulting where

been to a few networks Consulting where

been to a few networks Consulting where they don't have any security whatsoever

they don't have any security whatsoever

they don't have any security whatsoever everything's shoved in a Cupboard and

everything's shoved in a Cupboard and

everything's shoved in a Cupboard and the entire company website the

the entire company website the

the entire company website the financials the accounting all stuck on

financials the accounting all stuck on

financials the accounting all stuck on the server hanging off a cable in a

the server hanging off a cable in a

the server hanging off a cable in a Cupboard and I'm sure you've seen the

Cupboard and I'm sure you've seen the

Cupboard and I'm sure you've seen the pictures or may have seen it yourself

pictures or may have seen it yourself

pictures or may have seen it yourself for real

for real

for real and it's pretty easy to do it doesn't

and it's pretty easy to do it doesn't

and it's pretty easy to do it doesn't have to be expensive a man trap I've

have to be expensive a man trap I've

have to be expensive a man trap I've experienced in a internet service

experienced in a internet service

experienced in a internet service provider that used to host some of my

provider that used to host some of my

provider that used to host some of my equipment

equipment

equipment basically it's a space it's a door

basically it's a space it's a door

basically it's a space it's a door um within a door so you go through one

um within a door so you go through one

um within a door so you go through one set of doors which it normally has got

set of doors which it normally has got

set of doors which it normally has got some type of security keypads or

some type of security keypads or

some type of security keypads or whatever and then you've got a second

whatever and then you've got a second

whatever and then you've got a second set of doors you have to go through if

set of doors you have to go through if

set of doors you have to go through if it's a manual Man Trap or security guard

it's a manual Man Trap or security guard

it's a manual Man Trap or security guard locks and unlocks each doors and

locks and unlocks each doors and

locks and unlocks each doors and sequence if it's automatic the doors are

sequence if it's automatic the doors are

sequence if it's automatic the doors are only opened after getting an

only opened after getting an

only opened after getting an identification from the person

identification from the person

identification from the person uh the one I went to you had to do a

uh the one I went to you had to do a

uh the one I went to you had to do a keypad to get through the front door and

keypad to get through the front door and

keypad to get through the front door and then actually pick up a phone and speak

then actually pick up a phone and speak

then actually pick up a phone and speak to the on-call engineer to get through

to the on-call engineer to get through

to the on-call engineer to get through the second door

the second door

the second door and it all had to be done by appointment

and it all had to be done by appointment

and it all had to be done by appointment our Network closet is is a room where

our Network closet is is a room where

our Network closet is is a room where Network hardware switches switches and

Network hardware switches switches and

Network hardware switches switches and routers are installed physical access to

routers are installed physical access to

routers are installed physical access to the closet is normally restricted by

the closet is normally restricted by

the closet is normally restricted by having some sort of security control

having some sort of security control

having some sort of security control videos

videos

videos um normally record who comes in who goes

um normally record who comes in who goes

um normally record who comes in who goes out who accesses what and where and it's

out who accesses what and where and it's

out who accesses what and where and it's recorded for a set period of time this

recorded for a set period of time this

recorded for a set period of time this can be CCTV or video over IP

can be CCTV or video over IP

can be CCTV or video over IP foreign

foreign

foreign electronic system I'm sure you've used

electronic system I'm sure you've used

electronic system I'm sure you've used these in a lot of different places to

these in a lot of different places to

these in a lot of different places to get in and out of different rooms and

get in and out of different rooms and

get in and out of different rooms and buildings and floors and use a granted

buildings and floors and use a granted

buildings and floors and use a granted access door if the door is open for a

access door if the door is open for a

access door if the door is open for a predetermined amount of time and the

predetermined amount of time and the

predetermined amount of time and the entry is recorded the door remains

entry is recorded the door remains

entry is recorded the door remains closed when the users denied access that

closed when the users denied access that

closed when the users denied access that attempt is still recorded

attempt is still recorded

attempt is still recorded if the doors held open for too long then

if the doors held open for too long then

if the doors held open for too long then it should trigger some sort of action or

it should trigger some sort of action or

it should trigger some sort of action or alarm

alarm

alarm proximity reader is basically electronic

proximity reader is basically electronic

proximity reader is basically electronic access where you have some sort of smart

access where you have some sort of smart

access where you have some sort of smart card and you swipe your way in and

card and you swipe your way in and

card and you swipe your way in and possibly out again as well you'll

possibly out again as well you'll

possibly out again as well you'll normally hold the card on or in the

normally hold the card on or in the

normally hold the card on or in the reader

reader

reader proximity read normally bleeps or beeps

proximity read normally bleeps or beeps

proximity read normally bleeps or beeps when it has red your smart card if it

when it has red your smart card if it

when it has red your smart card if it doesn't read it you may hear a different

doesn't read it you may hear a different

doesn't read it you may hear a different type of beep and you may have to go and

type of beep and you may have to go and

type of beep and you may have to go and get your car checked or renewed

get your car checked or renewed

get your car checked or renewed when the user's granted access to the

when the user's granted access to the

when the user's granted access to the door will open otherwise it remains

door will open otherwise it remains

door will open otherwise it remains closed

closed

closed it's pretty obvious to be honest

it's pretty obvious to be honest

it's pretty obvious to be honest Biometrics refers to remetrics related

Biometrics refers to remetrics related

Biometrics refers to remetrics related to human characteristics fingerprint

to human characteristics fingerprint

to human characteristics fingerprint face Iris retina and so on and so forth

face Iris retina and so on and so forth

face Iris retina and so on and so forth if you've seen it if you've watched any

if you've seen it if you've watched any

if you've seen it if you've watched any of the um Mission Impossible movies

of the um Mission Impossible movies

of the um Mission Impossible movies uh since Biometrics are unique to

uh since Biometrics are unique to

uh since Biometrics are unique to individuals they're used to verify the

individuals they're used to verify the

individuals they're used to verify the identity of an individual before

identity of an individual before

identity of an individual before granting access the biometric locks

granting access the biometric locks

granting access the biometric locks Grant access only if the biometric

Grant access only if the biometric

Grant access only if the biometric feature is validated for example

feature is validated for example

feature is validated for example scanning your fingerprint

keypad and Cipher locks the cipher lock

keypad and Cipher locks the cipher lock

keypad and Cipher locks the cipher lock uses a keypad in place of a keyhole

uses a keypad in place of a keyhole

uses a keypad in place of a keyhole use us to provide the correct numerical

use us to provide the correct numerical

use us to provide the correct numerical pin code by pressing buttons on the

pin code by pressing buttons on the

pin code by pressing buttons on the keypad cypherlock could have four or

keypad cypherlock could have four or

keypad cypherlock could have four or five push button combination in order to

five push button combination in order to

five push button combination in order to get in

get in

get in uh Cipher code is created at the initial

uh Cipher code is created at the initial

uh Cipher code is created at the initial setup but obviously can be changed

setup but obviously can be changed

setup but obviously can be changed usually changed every week or every

usually changed every week or every

usually changed every week or every month

month

month and the security guard is the whoever's

and the security guard is the whoever's

and the security guard is the whoever's been

been

been uh got on the course got qualified and

uh got on the course got qualified and

uh got on the course got qualified and um it has become the security person it

um it has become the security person it

um it has become the security person it has a legal or inappropriate actions

has a legal or inappropriate actions

has a legal or inappropriate actions all right so covered some

all right so covered some

all right so covered some following items all fairly obvious I

following items all fairly obvious I

following items all fairly obvious I think just to make a few notes for the

think just to make a few notes for the

think just to make a few notes for the exam and I'll see you on the next

exam and I'll see you on the next

exam and I'll see you on the next presentation thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] welcome to module 18 lesson 2 basic

welcome to module 18 lesson 2 basic

welcome to module 18 lesson 2 basic forensic Concepts

forensic Concepts

forensic Concepts this is one of the new additions to the

this is one of the new additions to the

this is one of the new additions to the network plus syllabus and it's basically

network plus syllabus and it's basically

network plus syllabus and it's basically because of the increased scope for

because of the increased scope for

because of the increased scope for Network engineers

Network engineers

Network engineers and the more formal proceedings we have

and the more formal proceedings we have

and the more formal proceedings we have in um respective Cube and computer

in um respective Cube and computer

in um respective Cube and computer forensics

forensics

forensics so this is quite um

so this is quite um

so this is quite um an emerging field of

an emerging field of

an emerging field of um law

um law

um law and evidence and obviously we've got uh

and evidence and obviously we've got uh

and evidence and obviously we've got uh forensic investigations going on now in

forensic investigations going on now in

forensic investigations going on now in terms of um terrorism and other

terms of um terrorism and other

terms of um terrorism and other threats and crimes and um we need to be

threats and crimes and um we need to be

threats and crimes and um we need to be familiar with some of the basics

familiar with some of the basics

familiar with some of the basics so what are forensics and computer

so what are forensics and computer

so what are forensics and computer forensics the First Responders job

forensics the First Responders job

forensics the First Responders job electronic discovery

electronic discovery

electronic discovery chain of custody

chain of custody

chain of custody legal holds securing the crime scene

legal holds securing the crime scene

legal holds securing the crime scene high level View

high level View

high level View some steps in basic forensic process

some steps in basic forensic process

some steps in basic forensic process including collection examination

including collection examination

including collection examination analysis and Reporting

analysis and Reporting

analysis and Reporting so what is forensics or what are

so what is forensics or what are

so what is forensics or what are forensics is the scientific methods and

forensics is the scientific methods and

forensics is the scientific methods and techniques for collecting analyzing and

techniques for collecting analyzing and

techniques for collecting analyzing and preserving evidence that's the

preserving evidence that's the

preserving evidence that's the definition

definition

definition can be used in the court of law and if

can be used in the court of law and if

can be used in the court of law and if anything's going to be used in a quarter

anything's going to be used in a quarter

anything's going to be used in a quarter law it normally has to follow a certain

law it normally has to follow a certain

law it normally has to follow a certain amount of um procedures in order to

amount of um procedures in order to

amount of um procedures in order to qualify as evidence as we'll see

qualify as evidence as we'll see

qualify as evidence as we'll see the um computer forensics U.S government

the um computer forensics U.S government

the um computer forensics U.S government organization states are following

organization states are following

organization states are following computer forensics is defined as the

computer forensics is defined as the

computer forensics is defined as the discipline that combines elements of law

discipline that combines elements of law

discipline that combines elements of law on computer science to collect and

on computer science to collect and

on computer science to collect and analyze data from computer systems

analyze data from computer systems

analyze data from computer systems networks Wireless comms and storage

networks Wireless comms and storage

networks Wireless comms and storage devices in a way that's admissible as

devices in a way that's admissible as

devices in a way that's admissible as evidence in accord to law

evidence in accord to law

evidence in accord to law and it all hinges on that last sentence

and it all hinges on that last sentence

and it all hinges on that last sentence really it has to be admissible and we'll

really it has to be admissible and we'll

really it has to be admissible and we'll go into the chain custody in a bit this

go into the chain custody in a bit this

go into the chain custody in a bit this uh when I worked in the police it

uh when I worked in the police it

uh when I worked in the police it applied to physical evidence in as much

applied to physical evidence in as much

applied to physical evidence in as much as we had to know

as we had to know

as we had to know who first sees the evidence who do they

who first sees the evidence who do they

who first sees the evidence who do they hand it to who examined it after that

hand it to who examined it after that

hand it to who examined it after that and so on and we have to have this

and so on and we have to have this

and so on and we have to have this continuity

continuity

continuity and it's the same in regards of computer

and it's the same in regards of computer

and it's the same in regards of computer forensics

computer forensics help organizations

computer forensics help organizations

computer forensics help organizations deal with security incidents that have

deal with security incidents that have

deal with security incidents that have an adverse impact on their business so

an adverse impact on their business so

an adverse impact on their business so it could be for internal investigations

it could be for internal investigations

it could be for internal investigations also

also

also security incidents are events that

security incidents are events that

security incidents are events that violate the security policies of the

violate the security policies of the

violate the security policies of the organization so obviously some things

organization so obviously some things

organization so obviously some things may not be a crime however sharing

may not be a crime however sharing

may not be a crime however sharing sensitive information as regards of your

sensitive information as regards of your

sensitive information as regards of your company or take over bids or other

company or take over bids or other

company or take over bids or other information about people at work there

information about people at work there

information about people at work there can be a breach even though it hasn't um

can be a breach even though it hasn't um

can be a breach even though it hasn't um it isn't officially a crime for whatever

it isn't officially a crime for whatever

it isn't officially a crime for whatever reason

reason

reason here's a screen grab if you search for

here's a screen grab if you search for

here's a screen grab if you search for um computer forensic certifications the

um computer forensic certifications the

um computer forensic certifications the website Tom's it pro has listed what uh

website Tom's it pro has listed what uh

website Tom's it pro has listed what uh for 2017 are the top five

for 2017 are the top five

for 2017 are the top five uh computer forensic qualifications the

uh computer forensic qualifications the

uh computer forensic qualifications the certified computer examiner in case

certified computer examiner in case

certified computer examiner in case which is a um vendor specific the other

which is a um vendor specific the other

which is a um vendor specific the other ones are vendor neutral I think

ones are vendor neutral I think

ones are vendor neutral I think certified forensic computer examiner

certified forensic computer examiner

certified forensic computer examiner um

um

um gcfa and gcfe

gcfa and gcfe

gcfa and gcfe I'm not sure that stands for cyber

I'm not sure that stands for cyber

I'm not sure that stands for cyber security forensics so um if you're

security forensics so um if you're

security forensics so um if you're interested in this particular field then

interested in this particular field then

interested in this particular field then there's certainly other certifications

there's certainly other certifications

there's certainly other certifications you can follow

you can follow

you can follow uh just do some research and see what uh

uh just do some research and see what uh

uh just do some research and see what uh the employment prospects are

the employment prospects are

the employment prospects are so examples of security incidents

so examples of security incidents

so examples of security incidents include unauthorized access to data

include unauthorized access to data

include unauthorized access to data attacks through malware or denial of

attacks through malware or denial of

attacks through malware or denial of service

service

service it's important to understand the

it's important to understand the

it's important to understand the technical and legal aspects in order to

technical and legal aspects in order to

technical and legal aspects in order to gather information because you could be

gather information because you could be

gather information because you could be will cover first responder in a bit but

will cover first responder in a bit but

will cover first responder in a bit but you that could be you

you that could be you

you that could be you could be contacted by a law enforcement

could be contacted by a law enforcement

could be contacted by a law enforcement agency told us some sort of um data or

agency told us some sort of um data or

agency told us some sort of um data or even their Hardware that's been involved

even their Hardware that's been involved

even their Hardware that's been involved in the commission of a crime and be

in the commission of a crime and be

in the commission of a crime and be asked to take certain steps or be served

asked to take certain steps or be served

asked to take certain steps or be served with the legal notice for criminal or

with the legal notice for criminal or

with the legal notice for criminal or civil court

civil court

civil court the risk is if you don't have these

the risk is if you don't have these

the risk is if you don't have these forensic processes you could lose your

forensic processes you could lose your

forensic processes you could lose your um evidence or it could become

um evidence or it could become

um evidence or it could become inadmissible which can be quite

inadmissible which can be quite

inadmissible which can be quite embarrassing because

embarrassing because

embarrassing because um it could I mean the cases last

um it could I mean the cases last

um it could I mean the cases last the security professional needs to know

the security professional needs to know

the security professional needs to know the legal aspects

the legal aspects

the legal aspects so U.S law mandates proper authorization

so U.S law mandates proper authorization

so U.S law mandates proper authorization must be acquired before Security

must be acquired before Security

must be acquired before Security Professionals can monitor and gather

Professionals can monitor and gather

Professionals can monitor and gather information so it depends what it is

information so it depends what it is

information so it depends what it is you'd be certain sort of court order or

you'd be certain sort of court order or

you'd be certain sort of court order or warrant

warrant

warrant and in the form of a paperwork in order

and in the form of a paperwork in order

and in the form of a paperwork in order to um take certain action or preserve a

to um take certain action or preserve a

to um take certain action or preserve a certain amount of evidence or hand it

certain amount of evidence or hand it

certain amount of evidence or hand it over

over

over uh organization should have a computer

uh organization should have a computer

uh organization should have a computer forensic competence established as part

forensic competence established as part

forensic competence established as part of its security policy and you may need

of its security policy and you may need

of its security policy and you may need to have it in respect of having audits

to have it in respect of having audits

to have it in respect of having audits for compliance or certification to work

for compliance or certification to work

for compliance or certification to work with certain vendors or government

with certain vendors or government

with certain vendors or government departments

departments

departments so the first responder is a person first

so the first responder is a person first

so the first responder is a person first to be present on the scene after the

to be present on the scene after the

to be present on the scene after the occurrence of a security incident which

occurrence of a security incident which

occurrence of a security incident which if you're the duty network engineer then

if you're the duty network engineer then

if you're the duty network engineer then that could well mean you

that could well mean you

that could well mean you um you control the damage caused by the

um you control the damage caused by the

um you control the damage caused by the incident and ensure none of the evidence

incident and ensure none of the evidence

incident and ensure none of the evidence is spoiled to the best durability

is spoiled to the best durability

is spoiled to the best durability first responder initiates the escalation

first responder initiates the escalation

first responder initiates the escalation procedure so you'd inform um

procedure so you'd inform um

procedure so you'd inform um the legal authorities whoever that may

the legal authorities whoever that may

the legal authorities whoever that may be and um internal company management

be and um internal company management

be and um internal company management and bosses

e-discovery or electronic Discovery

e-discovery or electronic Discovery

e-discovery or electronic Discovery refers to a pre-trial procedure where

refers to a pre-trial procedure where

refers to a pre-trial procedure where the parties exchange the electronically

the parties exchange the electronically

the parties exchange the electronically installed information this could be

installed information this could be

installed information this could be emails exchanged between different

emails exchanged between different

emails exchanged between different employees it could be spreadsheets a

employees it could be spreadsheets a

employees it could be spreadsheets a video conference calls that have been

video conference calls that have been

video conference calls that have been recorded

recorded

recorded um anything electronically really that's

um anything electronically really that's

um anything electronically really that's pertinent to the case

pertinent to the case

pertinent to the case and it's different from paper documents

and it's different from paper documents

and it's different from paper documents because it's not actually tangible

because it's not actually tangible

because it's not actually tangible um and it could obviously be saved in

um and it could obviously be saved in

um and it could obviously be saved in one place or saved in multiple places

one place or saved in multiple places

one place or saved in multiple places over the cloud and have different

over the cloud and have different

over the cloud and have different versions of it

versions of it

versions of it some examples for electronically stalled

some examples for electronically stalled

some examples for electronically stalled information are as follows

emails voicemails documents

emails voicemails documents

emails voicemails documents presentations databases websites and it

presentations databases websites and it

presentations databases websites and it could be for a certain period like a

could be for a certain period like a

could be for a certain period like a database copy of a database from a month

database copy of a database from a month

database copy of a database from a month ago or a year ago or whatever it

ago or a year ago or whatever it

ago or a year ago or whatever it obviously varies

obviously varies

obviously varies the electronic Discovery process this

the electronic Discovery process this

the electronic Discovery process this involves identifying preserving

involves identifying preserving

involves identifying preserving collecting processing reviewing and

collecting processing reviewing and

collecting processing reviewing and producing the document to the opposing

producing the document to the opposing

producing the document to the opposing Council

Council

Council you could actually have to produce it

you could actually have to produce it

you could actually have to produce it for your own lawyers as well and to

for your own lawyers as well and to

for your own lawyers as well and to prove your case

now the gender custody is a document and

now the gender custody is a document and

now the gender custody is a document and you could have evidence labels if it's a

you could have evidence labels if it's a

you could have evidence labels if it's a physical hard drive for example and this

physical hard drive for example and this

physical hard drive for example and this would include the person who seized it

would include the person who seized it

would include the person who seized it who they handed it to

who they handed it to

who they handed it to um I'll go into some of the stuff on the

um I'll go into some of the stuff on the

um I'll go into some of the stuff on the next slide

next slide

next slide let's um let you know the location of

let's um let you know the location of

let's um let you know the location of the evidence so if it's finally handed

the evidence so if it's finally handed

the evidence so if it's finally handed to a and property

to a and property

to a and property retention department like in the police

retention department like in the police

retention department like in the police property area

property area

property area then um that would be the last person to

then um that would be the last person to

then um that would be the last person to have signed for possession

have signed for possession

have signed for possession starts when it was collected

starts when it was collected

starts when it was collected requires who collected it the date and

requires who collected it the date and

requires who collected it the date and time description where the evidence was

time description where the evidence was

time description where the evidence was stored it's not only given an exhibit

stored it's not only given an exhibit

stored it's not only given an exhibit reference as well certainly if it's

reference as well certainly if it's

reference as well certainly if it's collected by an experienced

collected by an experienced

collected by an experienced um forensics person it'll have some

um forensics person it'll have some

um forensics person it'll have some reference number on it

um how it was initially secured which

um how it was initially secured which

um how it was initially secured which software can be used to view it

software can be used to view it

software can be used to view it the transfer history the evidence and

the transfer history the evidence and

the transfer history the evidence and here's some evidence labels

here's some evidence labels

here's some evidence labels and not necessarily just for um

and not necessarily just for um

and not necessarily just for um Okay computer forensics if you can see

Okay computer forensics if you can see

Okay computer forensics if you can see on the left it's received from and by

on the left it's received from and by

on the left it's received from and by date time the agency the case number the

date time the agency the case number the

date time the agency the case number the badge number

badge number

badge number and then on the right the submitting

and then on the right the submitting

and then on the right the submitting agency again and chain of custody

so the child across today is the

so the child across today is the

so the child across today is the transfer history showing the information

transfer history showing the information

transfer history showing the information every person or every normally person

every person or every normally person

every person or every normally person could be a department and along with the

could be a department and along with the

could be a department and along with the names and the person signed in the dates

names and the person signed in the dates

names and the person signed in the dates and where the evidence was stored and

and where the evidence was stored and

and where the evidence was stored and secured

secured

secured now if there's a problem if person a has

now if there's a problem if person a has

now if there's a problem if person a has signed it person B assigned it and then

signed it person B assigned it and then

signed it person B assigned it and then person D signs a label we've missed out

person D signs a label we've missed out

person D signs a label we've missed out what happened one person C held that

what happened one person C held that

what happened one person C held that evidence and if the chain of custody is

evidence and if the chain of custody is

evidence and if the chain of custody is like broken it means the evidence could

like broken it means the evidence could

like broken it means the evidence could be tampered with and then it'll be down

be tampered with and then it'll be down

be tampered with and then it'll be down to a court to determine whether or not

to a court to determine whether or not

to a court to determine whether or not that evidence is still admissible

that evidence is still admissible

that evidence is still admissible and the evidence

and the evidence

and the evidence um but I've just said that it may not be

um but I've just said that it may not be

um but I've just said that it may not be admissible it could be useless in court

admissible it could be useless in court

admissible it could be useless in court all right there's a document or a

all right there's a document or a

all right there's a document or a process called Legal holds used in

process called Legal holds used in

process called Legal holds used in litigation but it could also be a

litigation but it could also be a

litigation but it could also be a preservation order basically requires an

preservation order basically requires an

preservation order basically requires an individual or organization to preserve

individual or organization to preserve

individual or organization to preserve all information that may be required by

all information that may be required by

all information that may be required by an opposing party because of anticipated

an opposing party because of anticipated

an opposing party because of anticipated litigation

data should be preserved such as emails

data should be preserved such as emails

data should be preserved such as emails um preventing things being deleted

um preventing things being deleted

um preventing things being deleted because of um a certain period of time

because of um a certain period of time

because of um a certain period of time has um transpired or expired sorry

has um transpired or expired sorry

has um transpired or expired sorry and there's an Interventional hold on

and there's an Interventional hold on

and there's an Interventional hold on the routine destruction until the

the routine destruction until the

the routine destruction until the litigation end so you know as backups

litigation end so you know as backups

litigation end so you know as backups normally get wiped

normally get wiped

normally get wiped and um replaced with fresher backups

and um replaced with fresher backups

and um replaced with fresher backups then um you wouldn't be able to do that

then um you wouldn't be able to do that

then um you wouldn't be able to do that you'd have to keep hold of the evidence

you'd have to keep hold of the evidence

you'd have to keep hold of the evidence if a crime scene is a physical location

if a crime scene is a physical location

if a crime scene is a physical location then the area should be first secured

then the area should be first secured

then the area should be first secured once the area is secured is important

once the area is secured is important

once the area is secured is important together as much evidence as possible

together as much evidence as possible

together as much evidence as possible normally this person will be properly

normally this person will be properly

normally this person will be properly trained and qualified and just to go

trained and qualified and just to go

trained and qualified and just to go through how the evidence is collected

through how the evidence is collected

through how the evidence is collected photographed preserved and who it's

photographed preserved and who it's

photographed preserved and who it's handed on to and in what manner and some

handed on to and in what manner and some

handed on to and in what manner and some types of evidence and not that it

types of evidence and not that it

types of evidence and not that it applies to computers but

applies to computers but

applies to computers but um say blood on clothing that has to be

um say blood on clothing that has to be

um say blood on clothing that has to be dried in a certain way in order for it

dried in a certain way in order for it

dried in a certain way in order for it not to um all go stale and lose all the

not to um all go stale and lose all the

not to um all go stale and lose all the DNA evidence

if the crimes are cyber crime and then

if the crimes are cyber crime and then

if the crimes are cyber crime and then the location should be secured to stop

the location should be secured to stop

the location should be secured to stop the evidence being tampered with

the evidence being tampered with

the evidence being tampered with it doesn't mention there but obviously

it doesn't mention there but obviously

it doesn't mention there but obviously if there's remote access available to

if there's remote access available to

if there's remote access available to the device that has to be born in mind

the device that has to be born in mind

the device that has to be born in mind as well in case somebody can

as well in case somebody can

as well in case somebody can inadvertently log in and wipe the

inadvertently log in and wipe the

inadvertently log in and wipe the information

a hard drive should be kept in a secure

a hard drive should be kept in a secure

a hard drive should be kept in a secure Drive is probably going to become harder

Drive is probably going to become harder

Drive is probably going to become harder and harder

and harder

and harder now we're using cloud computing

now we're using cloud computing

now we're using cloud computing uh collect all

uh collect all

uh collect all um digital evidence in a manner

um digital evidence in a manner

um digital evidence in a manner permissible to the court it depends on

permissible to the court it depends on

permissible to the court it depends on the court obviously

the court obviously

the court obviously when Crumbs are committed the first

when Crumbs are committed the first

when Crumbs are committed the first responder at the scene controls the

responder at the scene controls the

responder at the scene controls the damage this could well be you as I've

damage this could well be you as I've

damage this could well be you as I've said so down to you to use your

said so down to you to use your

said so down to you to use your technical know-how to preserve data as

technical know-how to preserve data as

technical know-how to preserve data as much as possible

much as possible

much as possible foreign

foreign

foreign ensure nobody else tampers with it again

ensure nobody else tampers with it again

ensure nobody else tampers with it again you'll be advised by law enforcement as

you'll be advised by law enforcement as

you'll be advised by law enforcement as and when they arrive but down to you to

and when they arrive but down to you to

and when they arrive but down to you to stop people walking all over things or

stop people walking all over things or

stop people walking all over things or picking them up or moving them which

picking them up or moving them which

picking them up or moving them which have seen happen when I was in the

have seen happen when I was in the

have seen happen when I was in the police

during the course of the investigation

during the course of the investigation

during the course of the investigation the investigators collect as much

the investigators collect as much

the investigators collect as much evidence as possible

evidence as possible

evidence as possible the technical city is established from

the technical city is established from

the technical city is established from the moment of the initial collection

the moment of the initial collection

the moment of the initial collection until the investigation finally ends if

until the investigation finally ends if

until the investigation finally ends if it has to be transported the data in

it has to be transported the data in

it has to be transported the data in some way it should be done so securely

some way it should be done so securely

some way it should be done so securely to prevent tampering again this is the

to prevent tampering again this is the

to prevent tampering again this is the chain of custody

chain of custody

chain of custody uh when the investigations finally

uh when the investigations finally

uh when the investigations finally complete the forensic report is made

complete the forensic report is made

complete the forensic report is made available in a format that can be

available in a format that can be

available in a format that can be understood by non-technical person and

understood by non-technical person and

understood by non-technical person and normally because it's been presented to

normally because it's been presented to

normally because it's been presented to the jewelry if it goes to um a jury

the jewelry if it goes to um a jury

the jewelry if it goes to um a jury trial

trial

trial okay we've mentioned um the legal hold

okay we've mentioned um the legal hold

okay we've mentioned um the legal hold must keep that information into the

must keep that information into the

must keep that information into the litigation ends

litigation ends

litigation ends just a few steps in the basic forensic

just a few steps in the basic forensic

just a few steps in the basic forensic process

process

process this should be a process in place

this should be a process in place

this should be a process in place according to National Institute of

according to National Institute of

according to National Institute of Standards and Technology

Standards and Technology

Standards and Technology the following steps collection

the following steps collection

the following steps collection examination analysis and Reporting

examination analysis and Reporting

examination analysis and Reporting collection is the first phase where data

collection is the first phase where data

collection is the first phase where data is identified labels and recorded and

is identified labels and recorded and

is identified labels and recorded and gathered

gathered

gathered could well be photographed in situ also

could well be photographed in situ also

could well be photographed in situ also examination uh it's the data's

examination uh it's the data's

examination uh it's the data's forensically process using automated or

forensically process using automated or

forensically process using automated or manual methods

manual methods

manual methods analysis the results of the examination

analysis the results of the examination

analysis the results of the examination are analyzed to get answers

are analyzed to get answers

are analyzed to get answers and then reporting the results are

and then reporting the results are

and then reporting the results are reported

reported

reported details the actions carried out the

details the actions carried out the

details the actions carried out the tools and procedure used who did it and

tools and procedure used who did it and

tools and procedure used who did it and when and why

when and why

when and why Okay so we've covered a lot here so just

Okay so we've covered a lot here so just

Okay so we've covered a lot here so just to recap we've looked at forensics and

to recap we've looked at forensics and

to recap we've looked at forensics and computer forensics

computer forensics

computer forensics the first responder

the first responder

the first responder electronic Discovery in the chain of

electronic Discovery in the chain of

electronic Discovery in the chain of custody

custody

custody legal holes securing the crime scene

legal holes securing the crime scene

legal holes securing the crime scene the high level View

the high level View

the high level View steps in basic uh forensics collection

steps in basic uh forensics collection

steps in basic uh forensics collection examination analysis and Reporting so

examination analysis and Reporting so

examination analysis and Reporting so that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 18 lesson 3 safety

welcome to module 18 lesson 3 safety

welcome to module 18 lesson 3 safety practices

practices

practices another new addition to the topic and

another new addition to the topic and

another new addition to the topic and it's something that has been growing

it's something that has been growing

it's something that has been growing over the past few years and so this has

over the past few years and so this has

over the past few years and so this has become a recognized area where you go

become a recognized area where you go

become a recognized area where you go and get qualified in a risk assessment

and get qualified in a risk assessment

and get qualified in a risk assessment or whatever it's called in your

or whatever it's called in your

or whatever it's called in your respective countries

respective countries

respective countries in respect of

in respect of

in respect of um certainly data centers the safe

um certainly data centers the safe

um certainly data centers the safe storage

storage

storage um manual handling what to do in the

um manual handling what to do in the

um manual handling what to do in the event of an emergency a fire or other

event of an emergency a fire or other

event of an emergency a fire or other disaster how to keep

disaster how to keep

disaster how to keep um the equipment safe and comply with

um the equipment safe and comply with

um the equipment safe and comply with all of the

all of the

all of the um different certifications and if you

um different certifications and if you

um different certifications and if you want to be a Data Center

want to be a Data Center

want to be a Data Center and keep people safe also

and keep people safe also

and keep people safe also so look at the data center and the need

so look at the data center and the need

so look at the data center and the need the environment heating ventilation and

the environment heating ventilation and

the environment heating ventilation and cooling HVAC

cooling HVAC

cooling HVAC how HVAC works

how HVAC works

how HVAC works typical hot cold oil conditions

typical hot cold oil conditions

typical hot cold oil conditions rack mount servers rack loading

rack mount servers rack loading

rack mount servers rack loading power distribution and fire risk

power distribution and fire risk

power distribution and fire risk the impact of Fire

the impact of Fire

the impact of Fire types of their suppressant agents you've

types of their suppressant agents you've

types of their suppressant agents you've got available to install wet pipe dry

got available to install wet pipe dry

got available to install wet pipe dry pipe and gas

pipe and gas

pipe and gas how to lift stuff up without getting

how to lift stuff up without getting

how to lift stuff up without getting injured anti-static it's funnily enough

injured anti-static it's funnily enough

injured anti-static it's funnily enough anti-static if people laugh about it and

anti-static if people laugh about it and

anti-static if people laugh about it and don't think about it but it can actually

don't think about it but it can actually

don't think about it but it can actually fry vital components in your devices

fry vital components in your devices

fry vital components in your devices stabilizing the Iraq and the material

stabilizing the Iraq and the material

stabilizing the Iraq and the material safety data sheet which is another

safety data sheet which is another

safety data sheet which is another item added to the syllabus the MSDS

item added to the syllabus the MSDS

item added to the syllabus the MSDS all right I'm sure you've heard the data

all right I'm sure you've heard the data

all right I'm sure you've heard the data centers and if you're very lucky you've

centers and if you're very lucky you've

centers and if you're very lucky you've actually got to work in one or will be

actually got to work in one or will be

actually got to work in one or will be working in one great place to work

working in one great place to work

working in one great place to work there's a definition on Wikipedia it's a

there's a definition on Wikipedia it's a

there's a definition on Wikipedia it's a facilities used to house computer

facilities used to house computer

facilities used to house computer systems and Associated components such

systems and Associated components such

systems and Associated components such as telecoms and Storage

as telecoms and Storage

as telecoms and Storage generally includes redundant backup

generally includes redundant backup

generally includes redundant backup power supplies Communications

power supplies Communications

power supplies Communications environmental controls

environmental controls

environmental controls EG air conditioning fire suppression and

EG air conditioning fire suppression and

EG air conditioning fire suppression and various security devices

why do we bother it basically helps

why do we bother it basically helps

why do we bother it basically helps organization centralize the entire

organization centralize the entire

organization centralize the entire Computing resources into one location

Computing resources into one location

Computing resources into one location where they can have a uniform procedure

where they can have a uniform procedure

where they can have a uniform procedure for insulation upgrades out of hours a

for insulation upgrades out of hours a

for insulation upgrades out of hours a redundancy a whole bunch of stuff

redundancy a whole bunch of stuff

redundancy a whole bunch of stuff uh reduces the TCO by consolidating all

uh reduces the TCO by consolidating all

uh reduces the TCO by consolidating all your power and cooling otherwise you'd

your power and cooling otherwise you'd

your power and cooling otherwise you'd have to have 10 20 30 40 racks spread

have to have 10 20 30 40 racks spread

have to have 10 20 30 40 racks spread among different departments or different

among different departments or different

among different departments or different buildings or different cities making

buildings or different cities making

buildings or different cities making things pretty difficult to control

things pretty difficult to control

things pretty difficult to control racks and rackmatic servers are used in

racks and rackmatic servers are used in

racks and rackmatic servers are used in data centers at the moment I'm sure the

data centers at the moment I'm sure the

data centers at the moment I'm sure the future will uh have something completely

future will uh have something completely

future will uh have something completely different you've got the servers storage

different you've got the servers storage

different you've got the servers storage arrays and power distribution units all

arrays and power distribution units all

arrays and power distribution units all the other devices and internal

the other devices and internal

the other devices and internal components generate a lot of heat

components generate a lot of heat

components generate a lot of heat the heat needs to be removed because it

the heat needs to be removed because it

the heat needs to be removed because it obviously affects the electric equipment

obviously affects the electric equipment

obviously affects the electric equipment to the point where it reaches a

to the point where it reaches a

to the point where it reaches a threshold that it can no longer function

threshold that it can no longer function

threshold that it can no longer function and then the device will fail and you

and then the device will fail and you

and then the device will fail and you may have had this on your home computer

may have had this on your home computer

may have had this on your home computer if your CPU fan

if your CPU fan

if your CPU fan has stopped working or this tumors dust

has stopped working or this tumors dust

has stopped working or this tumors dust or dirt inside your equipment then it

or dirt inside your equipment then it

or dirt inside your equipment then it starts to lock up and finally fail I

starts to lock up and finally fail I

starts to lock up and finally fail I know that's happened to me

since heat effects of reliability we

since heat effects of reliability we

since heat effects of reliability we need to keep it cool this requires

need to keep it cool this requires

need to keep it cool this requires removing the hot air and moving in cold

removing the hot air and moving in cold

removing the hot air and moving in cold air just like your PC chassis but on a

air just like your PC chassis but on a

air just like your PC chassis but on a much larger scale

much larger scale

much larger scale I'll turn cold air within the data

I'll turn cold air within the data

I'll turn cold air within the data center shouldn't be mixed and for this

center shouldn't be mixed and for this

center shouldn't be mixed and for this reason you've got the hot oil and the

reason you've got the hot oil and the

reason you've got the hot oil and the cold oil Arrangement this is for your

cold oil Arrangement this is for your

cold oil Arrangement this is for your ventilation

ventilation

ventilation if the cold air mixes with a hot air

if the cold air mixes with a hot air

if the cold air mixes with a hot air without going through the equipment then

without going through the equipment then

without going through the equipment then it becomes useless

so HVAC stands for heating ventilation

so HVAC stands for heating ventilation

so HVAC stands for heating ventilation and cooling which is an entire set of

and cooling which is an entire set of

and cooling which is an entire set of systems procedures best practices and

systems procedures best practices and

systems procedures best practices and companies that will help you plan and

companies that will help you plan and

companies that will help you plan and manage and install all of this

manage and install all of this

manage and install all of this provides the optimum temperature and

provides the optimum temperature and

provides the optimum temperature and indoor air quality so you've obviously

indoor air quality so you've obviously

indoor air quality so you've obviously got to have an environment that works

got to have an environment that works

got to have an environment that works best for the equipment but also the

best for the equipment but also the

best for the equipment but also the engineers can go in and manage and

engineers can go in and manage and

engineers can go in and manage and survive in

survive in

survive in the HVAC system not only keeps things

the HVAC system not only keeps things

the HVAC system not only keeps things cool and keeps things humid obviously

cool and keeps things humid obviously

cool and keeps things humid obviously not too humid but there has to be a

not too humid but there has to be a

not too humid but there has to be a certain level of humidity in there and

certain level of humidity in there and

certain level of humidity in there and removes contaminants from the air also

cold air is pumped from the HVAC system

cold air is pumped from the HVAC system

cold air is pumped from the HVAC system into the cold aisle as an as an input

into the cold aisle as an as an input

into the cold aisle as an as an input for the servers

for the servers

for the servers the server is pulling cold air from the

the server is pulling cold air from the

the server is pulling cold air from the front to cool themselves and they

front to cool themselves and they

front to cool themselves and they exhaust hot air which goes into the hot

exhaust hot air which goes into the hot

exhaust hot air which goes into the hot tile

tile

tile now my experience when I've gone to Data

now my experience when I've gone to Data

now my experience when I've gone to Data Centers is the the better ones I've got

Centers is the the better ones I've got

Centers is the the better ones I've got doors to get in and out of the cool

doors to get in and out of the cool

doors to get in and out of the cool aisle

aisle

aisle the Hostile

the Hostile

the Hostile um they're certainly the ones I've been

um they're certainly the ones I've been

um they're certainly the ones I've been to don't have the doors so you'll be

to don't have the doors so you'll be

to don't have the doors so you'll be walking through an area that feels quite

walking through an area that feels quite

walking through an area that feels quite warm you'll open the door to go to the

warm you'll open the door to go to the

warm you'll open the door to go to the front of the servers to connect or do

front of the servers to connect or do

front of the servers to connect or do whatever obviously shooting the door

whatever obviously shooting the door

whatever obviously shooting the door behind you and it'll be very cool in

behind you and it'll be very cool in

behind you and it'll be very cool in fact you'll probably need to wear a

fact you'll probably need to wear a

fact you'll probably need to wear a couple of layers of clothing

couple of layers of clothing

couple of layers of clothing the AC duct carries the hot air from the

the AC duct carries the hot air from the

the AC duct carries the hot air from the hotel to the HVAC to cool it again and

hotel to the HVAC to cool it again and

hotel to the HVAC to cool it again and exhaust it elsewhere

typical hot cold oil conditions the cold

typical hot cold oil conditions the cold

typical hot cold oil conditions the cold air temperatures range from 55 to 78

air temperatures range from 55 to 78

air temperatures range from 55 to 78 Fahrenheit they haven't listed this in

Fahrenheit they haven't listed this in

Fahrenheit they haven't listed this in Celsius so I presume this is for the

Celsius so I presume this is for the

Celsius so I presume this is for the American viewers the hot oil temperature

American viewers the hot oil temperature

American viewers the hot oil temperature goes from 73 to 96 Fahrenheit

goes from 73 to 96 Fahrenheit

goes from 73 to 96 Fahrenheit and the amount of heat carried by the

and the amount of heat carried by the

and the amount of heat carried by the stream of air exiting the heat load

stream of air exiting the heat load

stream of air exiting the heat load should be 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit

should be 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit

should be 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit rack mount servers I don't know if

rack mount servers I don't know if

rack mount servers I don't know if you've seen many of these I've seen a

you've seen many of these I've seen a

you've seen many of these I've seen a lot over the years the rack contains the

lot over the years the rack contains the

lot over the years the rack contains the servers the servers have a different

servers the servers have a different

servers the servers have a different form factor than your normal desktop

form factor than your normal desktop

form factor than your normal desktop servers these are these obviously need

servers these are these obviously need

servers these are these obviously need to be

to be

to be compliant to fit into a rack taking over

compliant to fit into a rack taking over

compliant to fit into a rack taking over so many

so many

so many um units uh use they call it sometimes

um units uh use they call it sometimes

um units uh use they call it sometimes one two and so on

one two and so on

one two and so on they need to have the correct eyes so

they need to have the correct eyes so

they need to have the correct eyes so you can screw in the screws to hold it

you can screw in the screws to hold it

you can screw in the screws to hold it into place securely front and back and

into place securely front and back and

into place securely front and back and most of them actually you can pull open

most of them actually you can pull open

most of them actually you can pull open so it pulls out from the rest and you

so it pulls out from the rest and you

so it pulls out from the rest and you can do various things without having to

can do various things without having to

can do various things without having to shut down the server or the cables

shut down the server or the cables

shut down the server or the cables coming loose larger up Mount servers and

coming loose larger up Mount servers and

coming loose larger up Mount servers and Equipment are stored at the bottom so

Equipment are stored at the bottom so

Equipment are stored at the bottom so the heavier stuff at the bottom to

the heavier stuff at the bottom to

the heavier stuff at the bottom to ensure the rack doesn't tip over

ensure the rack doesn't tip over

ensure the rack doesn't tip over Rock loading should not only seed the

Rock loading should not only seed the

Rock loading should not only seed the weight rated capacity of the raised

weight rated capacity of the raised

weight rated capacity of the raised floor to ensure that the race floor

floor to ensure that the race floor

floor to ensure that the race floor doesn't collapse because it's

doesn't collapse because it's

doesn't collapse because it's overweighted everything has to be

overweighted everything has to be

overweighted everything has to be documented planned and measured so you

documented planned and measured so you

documented planned and measured so you spread load over inside one rack and

spread load over inside one rack and

spread load over inside one rack and among a multitude of racks so you can

among a multitude of racks so you can

among a multitude of racks so you can have the heavier stuff going at the

have the heavier stuff going at the

have the heavier stuff going at the bottom of 10 different racks the next

bottom of 10 different racks the next

bottom of 10 different racks the next heaviest goes on top on 10 different

heaviest goes on top on 10 different

heaviest goes on top on 10 different racks and so on rather than having one

racks and so on rather than having one

racks and so on rather than having one rack with all the heavier stuff because

rack with all the heavier stuff because

rack with all the heavier stuff because it could if it breaches a loading it's

it could if it breaches a loading it's

it could if it breaches a loading it's obviously going to break through the

obviously going to break through the

obviously going to break through the floor

floor

floor uh the power distribution your data

uh the power distribution your data

uh the power distribution your data center is normally connected to multiple

center is normally connected to multiple

center is normally connected to multiple power grids

power grids

power grids um and even after that you could have

um and even after that you could have

um and even after that you could have the one the one I used to have my

the one the one I used to have my

the one the one I used to have my equipment at had

equipment at had

equipment at had um

um

um massive generators that would take over

massive generators that would take over

massive generators that would take over and it wasn't one generator the

and it wasn't one generator the

and it wasn't one generator the generator had a backup generator as well

generator had a backup generator as well

generator had a backup generator as well so there's three levels of redundancy in

so there's three levels of redundancy in

so there's three levels of redundancy in case there was a power cut for whatever

case there was a power cut for whatever

case there was a power cut for whatever reason

reason

reason if you've got two grids if power is lost

if you've got two grids if power is lost

if you've got two grids if power is lost on one grid and certainly where I live

on one grid and certainly where I live

on one grid and certainly where I live in Australia you get power Cuts quite

in Australia you get power Cuts quite

in Australia you get power Cuts quite regularly which is a strange phenomenon

regularly which is a strange phenomenon

regularly which is a strange phenomenon now to experience

now to experience

now to experience nowadays for devices with redundant

nowadays for devices with redundant

nowadays for devices with redundant power supplies power comes from separate

power supplies power comes from separate

power supplies power comes from separate circuits providing redundancy

circuits providing redundancy

circuits providing redundancy so it would be

so it would be

so it would be um it wouldn't be great redundancy to

um it wouldn't be great redundancy to

um it wouldn't be great redundancy to have your redundant power supply both

have your redundant power supply both

have your redundant power supply both connected to the same extension lead

connected to the same extension lead

connected to the same extension lead because if the

because if the

because if the extension lead goes down or the power

extension lead goes down or the power

extension lead goes down or the power supply providing power to the extension

supply providing power to the extension

supply providing power to the extension lead then you lose both your power

lead then you lose both your power

lead then you lose both your power supplies redundant and Main

supplies redundant and Main

supplies redundant and Main as a data centers power requirements are

as a data centers power requirements are

as a data centers power requirements are determined by taking into account the

determined by taking into account the

determined by taking into account the power requirements of all the equipment

power requirements of all the equipment

power requirements of all the equipment and you've got a feature

and you've got a feature

and you've got a feature um future growth so you can't just plan

um future growth so you can't just plan

um future growth so you can't just plan for what you need now you need to plan

for what you need now you need to plan

for what you need now you need to plan for however many years in the future in

for however many years in the future in

for however many years in the future in the company's business plan

the company's business plan

the company's business plan uh you need to ground all equipment

uh you need to ground all equipment

uh you need to ground all equipment separate to

separate to

separate to um other grounds

um other grounds

um other grounds fire and demand for the power increases

fire and demand for the power increases

fire and demand for the power increases with the

with the

with the um amount of equipment a lot of the

um amount of equipment a lot of the

um amount of equipment a lot of the cream equipment with increased power

cream equipment with increased power

cream equipment with increased power consumption I can find a small spaces

consumption I can find a small spaces

consumption I can find a small spaces and susceptible to fire accidents

and susceptible to fire accidents

and susceptible to fire accidents again this is down there due to heat

again this is down there due to heat

again this is down there due to heat obviously fire will be catastrophic

data centers are fire detection systems

data centers are fire detection systems

data centers are fire detection systems that detect the fires where they detect

that detect the fires where they detect

that detect the fires where they detect smoke I think before the fire

smoke I think before the fire

smoke I think before the fire you've got portable fire extinguishers

you've got portable fire extinguishers

you've got portable fire extinguishers for engineers to use if they

for engineers to use if they

for engineers to use if they somehow set something on fire or see a

somehow set something on fire or see a

somehow set something on fire or see a small fire

small fire

small fire data centers have emergency power off

data centers have emergency power off

data centers have emergency power off switches which are big red patents on

switches which are big red patents on

switches which are big red patents on the wall that cut off all power

obviously if you do that it's um a

obviously if you do that it's um a

obviously if you do that it's um a constitutes an emergency because all the

constitutes an emergency because all the

constitutes an emergency because all the servers don't really um deal with hard

servers don't really um deal with hard

servers don't really um deal with hard power shutdowns very well they normally

power shutdowns very well they normally

power shutdowns very well they normally need to be correctly um shut down

need to be correctly um shut down

need to be correctly um shut down following procedures faster person

following procedures faster person

following procedures faster person agents put out the fire

agents put out the fire

agents put out the fire you've got to choose the correct one

you've got to choose the correct one

you've got to choose the correct one obviously if you even if you go to a

obviously if you even if you go to a

obviously if you even if you go to a local hardware store and choose a fire

local hardware store and choose a fire

local hardware store and choose a fire extinguisher there's some for um the

extinguisher there's some for um the

extinguisher there's some for um the kitchen some for papers and some for car

kitchen some for papers and some for car

kitchen some for papers and some for car fires

fires

fires there are three types wet pipe dry pipe

there are three types wet pipe dry pipe

there are three types wet pipe dry pipe and gas

and gas

and gas the wet pipe is basically a water that's

the wet pipe is basically a water that's

the wet pipe is basically a water that's held within the pipe under pressure and

held within the pipe under pressure and

held within the pipe under pressure and it breaks a little seal which you can

it breaks a little seal which you can

it breaks a little seal which you can see in the picture there the little red

see in the picture there the little red

see in the picture there the little red seal and that um when that breaks it

seal and that um when that breaks it

seal and that um when that breaks it lets the water come out

lets the water come out

lets the water come out and obviously soaks everything with

and obviously soaks everything with

and obviously soaks everything with water and that's the end of your

water and that's the end of your

water and that's the end of your equipment

equipment

equipment and it will bring your data center down

and it will bring your data center down

and it will bring your data center down the drive pipe is the same as a wet pipe

the drive pipe is the same as a wet pipe

the drive pipe is the same as a wet pipe but the water's not kept in the pipes

but the water's not kept in the pipes

but the water's not kept in the pipes and the reason is it accumulates

and the reason is it accumulates

and the reason is it accumulates moisture and if there's a drape it can

moisture and if there's a drape it can

moisture and if there's a drape it can damage the equipment and obviously

damage the equipment and obviously

damage the equipment and obviously um could cause rust

um could cause rust

um could cause rust since the dry pipe is a water-based

since the dry pipe is a water-based

since the dry pipe is a water-based system the disadvantage is the same as

system the disadvantage is the same as

system the disadvantage is the same as the wet pipe

the wet pipe

the wet pipe now you've got gas suppression

now you've got gas suppression

now you've got gas suppression suppression which is the norm in your

suppression which is the norm in your

suppression which is the norm in your data centers it basically starves the

data centers it basically starves the

data centers it basically starves the fire of oxygen and the fires need oxygen

fire of oxygen and the fires need oxygen

fire of oxygen and the fires need oxygen in order to generate the Heat

in order to generate the Heat

in order to generate the Heat clean agents such as fm200 remove the

clean agents such as fm200 remove the

clean agents such as fm200 remove the heat from the fire and here's some large

heat from the fire and here's some large

heat from the fire and here's some large industrially scale heat agents

industrially scale heat agents

industrially scale heat agents and inert gases such as carbon dioxide

and inert gases such as carbon dioxide

and inert gases such as carbon dioxide deprive the fire of oxygen

deprive the fire of oxygen

deprive the fire of oxygen you do get immediate recovery of

you do get immediate recovery of

you do get immediate recovery of business operations you've obviously got

business operations you've obviously got

business operations you've obviously got to vent the area before people are

to vent the area before people are

to vent the area before people are allowed back in otherwise they'll just

allowed back in otherwise they'll just

allowed back in otherwise they'll just pass out

pass out

pass out and and you've got to have training for

and and you've got to have training for

and and you've got to have training for the staff

the staff

the staff it doesn't actually mention I didn't put

it doesn't actually mention I didn't put

it doesn't actually mention I didn't put in here but you obviously need an

in here but you obviously need an

in here but you obviously need an evacuation plan so that there's normally

evacuation plan so that there's normally

evacuation plan so that there's normally a diagram in several key places and and

a diagram in several key places and and

a diagram in several key places and and signed exits

signed exits

signed exits as mentioned in the syllabus but I just

as mentioned in the syllabus but I just

as mentioned in the syllabus but I just thought it was so obvious because we all

thought it was so obvious because we all

thought it was so obvious because we all see them wherever we go even coffee

see them wherever we go even coffee

see them wherever we go even coffee shops have got fire exits of fire escape

shops have got fire exits of fire escape

shops have got fire exits of fire escape plans

plans

plans lifting techniques well you can see this

lifting techniques well you can see this

lifting techniques well you can see this guy here is bending his back not his

guy here is bending his back not his

guy here is bending his back not his knees which isn't a recommended way to

knees which isn't a recommended way to

knees which isn't a recommended way to do things

do things

do things easiest way is to adjust houses through

easiest way is to adjust houses through

easiest way is to adjust houses through improper lifting don't really lift the

improper lifting don't really lift the

improper lifting don't really lift the equipment if it weighs more than a

equipment if it weighs more than a

equipment if it weighs more than a quarter of your weight lift with your

quarter of your weight lift with your

quarter of your weight lift with your legs with a straight back obviously if

legs with a straight back obviously if

legs with a straight back obviously if you have injuries especially back

you have injuries especially back

you have injuries especially back injuries then don't attempt it and a lot

injuries then don't attempt it and a lot

injuries then don't attempt it and a lot of the time there's lifted equipments

of the time there's lifted equipments

of the time there's lifted equipments there that will oyster for you or hold

there that will oyster for you or hold

there that will oyster for you or hold it in place while you screw things or

it in place while you screw things or

it in place while you screw things or unscrew them and Slot them in

unscrew them and Slot them in

unscrew them and Slot them in anti-static static electricity as I

anti-static static electricity as I

anti-static static electricity as I mentioned at the start will fry various

mentioned at the start will fry various

mentioned at the start will fry various components and that's happened to me

components and that's happened to me

components and that's happened to me when I've installed motherboards and

when I've installed motherboards and

when I've installed motherboards and other devices I've just heard a Little

other devices I've just heard a Little

other devices I've just heard a Little Fizz and some things

Fizz and some things

Fizz and some things um something's broken so use anti-static

um something's broken so use anti-static

um something's broken so use anti-static devices

devices

devices there's anti-static bags and also wrist

there's anti-static bags and also wrist

there's anti-static bags and also wrist straps that you can connect to your

straps that you can connect to your

straps that you can connect to your wrist and then connect to an earth

wrist and then connect to an earth

wrist and then connect to an earth somewhere that will prevent the

somewhere that will prevent the

somewhere that will prevent the um

um

um causing the spark somewhere because as

causing the spark somewhere because as

causing the spark somewhere because as we walk around we're generating

we walk around we're generating

we walk around we're generating electricity static electricity

electricity static electricity

electricity static electricity stabilizing Iraq is important to have a

stabilizing Iraq is important to have a

stabilizing Iraq is important to have a correctly stabilized rack with the um

correctly stabilized rack with the um

correctly stabilized rack with the um fate which are all adjustable racks are

fate which are all adjustable racks are

fate which are all adjustable racks are not stable or likely to collapse at any

not stable or likely to collapse at any

not stable or likely to collapse at any time

time

time um you put your large equipment in at

um you put your large equipment in at

um you put your large equipment in at the bottom

the bottom

the bottom and the lighter at the top there

and the lighter at the top there

and the lighter at the top there and moving on to another syllabus item

and moving on to another syllabus item

and moving on to another syllabus item is the MSDS the material safety data

is the MSDS the material safety data

is the MSDS the material safety data sheet which you'll go into this is a

sheet which you'll go into this is a

sheet which you'll go into this is a document that contains information about

document that contains information about

document that contains information about hazardous chemicals

hazardous chemicals

hazardous chemicals used as a primary means to communicate

used as a primary means to communicate

used as a primary means to communicate and the chemical hazards to staff I

and the chemical hazards to staff I

and the chemical hazards to staff I presume you'd go in some sort of

presume you'd go in some sort of

presume you'd go in some sort of training course for for this not um

training course for for this not um

training course for for this not um not just read something on a wall

not just read something on a wall

not just read something on a wall preferred by the manufacturer or

preferred by the manufacturer or

preferred by the manufacturer or supplier of the chemical

supplier of the chemical

supplier of the chemical you have to make the MSDS available in

you have to make the MSDS available in

you have to make the MSDS available in your workplace for each hazardous

your workplace for each hazardous

your workplace for each hazardous chemical or a mixture of such hazardous

chemical or a mixture of such hazardous

chemical or a mixture of such hazardous chemicals

chemicals

chemicals it should be ready available to all

it should be ready available to all

it should be ready available to all those who may come into contact with

those who may come into contact with

those who may come into contact with such hazardous chemicals

such hazardous chemicals

such hazardous chemicals the occupational safety and health

the occupational safety and health

the occupational safety and health administration and I presume these are

administration and I presume these are

administration and I presume these are American different countries will have

American different countries will have

American different countries will have different organizations or

different organizations or

different organizations or Administrations

Administrations

Administrations they're part of the US Department of

they're part of the US Department of

they're part of the US Department of Labor create the hazard communication

Labor create the hazard communication

Labor create the hazard communication standard to ensure that all

standard to ensure that all

standard to ensure that all um chemicals that are hazardous are

um chemicals that are hazardous are

um chemicals that are hazardous are evaluated and the information is

evaluated and the information is

evaluated and the information is correctly passed

correctly passed

correctly passed should be in English this should be

should be in English this should be

should be in English this should be include 12 items mandated which will go

include 12 items mandated which will go

include 12 items mandated which will go through briefly

through briefly

through briefly the name of the chemical the physically

the name of the chemical the physically

the name of the chemical the physically chemical pop and properties such as

chemical pop and properties such as

chemical pop and properties such as color and odor so you can recognize it

color and odor so you can recognize it

color and odor so you can recognize it if it does have a color a lot of them

if it does have a color a lot of them

if it does have a color a lot of them have odors added

have odors added

have odors added such as their natural gas has an odor

such as their natural gas has an odor

such as their natural gas has an odor added certainly did in the UK so you

added certainly did in the UK so you

added certainly did in the UK so you could smell it if there was a leak and

could smell it if there was a leak and

could smell it if there was a leak and before that and people didn't know that

before that and people didn't know that

before that and people didn't know that the house was full of gas and uh lit a

the house was full of gas and uh lit a

the house was full of gas and uh lit a cigarette and that was the end of them

cigarette and that was the end of them

cigarette and that was the end of them physical hundreds uh hazards such as

physical hundreds uh hazards such as

physical hundreds uh hazards such as explosiveness or could it react with

explosiveness or could it react with

explosiveness or could it react with something

something

something uh health hazards such as corrosive to

uh health hazards such as corrosive to

uh health hazards such as corrosive to eyes or skin you normally have that in a

eyes or skin you normally have that in a

eyes or skin you normally have that in a diagram as well

diagram as well

diagram as well primary ways you can enter your body

primary ways you can enter your body

primary ways you can enter your body such as always breathing

such as always breathing

such as always breathing allowable limits of exposure before you

allowable limits of exposure before you

allowable limits of exposure before you get seriously injured or die

get seriously injured or die

get seriously injured or die carcinogen

precautions before you use it masks or

precautions before you use it masks or

precautions before you use it masks or goggles special equipment

goggles special equipment

goggles special equipment and do you need any gloves

and do you need any gloves

and do you need any gloves protection

protection

protection and Engineering controls

and Engineering controls

and Engineering controls first aid if it all goes wrong normally

first aid if it all goes wrong normally

first aid if it all goes wrong normally as the number of the Emergency Services

as the number of the Emergency Services

as the number of the Emergency Services the date when it was prepared the

the date when it was prepared the

the date when it was prepared the document and the last revision

document and the last revision

document and the last revision contact details of the person who's

contact details of the person who's

contact details of the person who's responsible

responsible

responsible all right we've covered a lot here and

all right we've covered a lot here and

all right we've covered a lot here and it's all your health and safety stuff

it's all your health and safety stuff

it's all your health and safety stuff your data center your HVAC

your data center your HVAC

your data center your HVAC hot and cold aisles and a correct

hot and cold aisles and a correct

hot and cold aisles and a correct loading of your racks

loading of your racks

loading of your racks fire risk fire suppression and the

fire risk fire suppression and the

fire risk fire suppression and the impact your type of Agents

impact your type of Agents

impact your type of Agents lifting without injuring yourself or

lifting without injuring yourself or

lifting without injuring yourself or others

others

others you're anti-static and rack

you're anti-static and rack

you're anti-static and rack stabilization and your MSDS so that's

stabilization and your MSDS so that's

stabilization and your MSDS so that's all thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] foreign

lesson one common wireless issues

and we look at signal loss interference

and we look at signal loss interference

and we look at signal loss interference signal to noise device saturation

signal to noise device saturation

signal to noise device saturation bandwidth saturation

bandwidth saturation

bandwidth saturation untested updates getting your SSID wrong

untested updates getting your SSID wrong

untested updates getting your SSID wrong so you can guess how to fix that one

so you can guess how to fix that one

so you can guess how to fix that one power levels open networks Rogue access

power levels open networks Rogue access

power levels open networks Rogue access points

points

points wrong antenna for your device

wrong antenna for your device

wrong antenna for your device incompatibilities wrong encryption and

incompatibilities wrong encryption and

incompatibilities wrong encryption and bounce most of these are pretty Common

bounce most of these are pretty Common

bounce most of these are pretty Common Sense actually but I've put these in

Sense actually but I've put these in

Sense actually but I've put these in because

because

because um it's on the syllabus and if you've

um it's on the syllabus and if you've

um it's on the syllabus and if you've got a home wireless device or even

got a home wireless device or even

got a home wireless device or even you've used Wireless on your mobile

you've used Wireless on your mobile

you've used Wireless on your mobile phone you probably have to troubleshoot

phone you probably have to troubleshoot

phone you probably have to troubleshoot most of these issues

most of these issues

most of these issues um but we'll cover them nonetheless just

um but we'll cover them nonetheless just

um but we'll cover them nonetheless just in case signal loss you've got no signal

in case signal loss you've got no signal

in case signal loss you've got no signal or low signal

or low signal

or low signal there's connectivity and there's no

there's connectivity and there's no

there's connectivity and there's no connectivity when there's no signal

connectivity when there's no signal

connectivity when there's no signal there's latency and inconsistent

there's latency and inconsistent

there's latency and inconsistent connectivity when the signal strength is

connectivity when the signal strength is

connectivity when the signal strength is low

client devices closer to the access

client devices closer to the access

client devices closer to the access point especially when you're at home

point especially when you're at home

point especially when you're at home actually

actually

actually if you've got a your wireless access

if you've got a your wireless access

if you've got a your wireless access point in a different room and if you've

point in a different room and if you've

point in a different room and if you've got an older house certainly in the UK

got an older house certainly in the UK

got an older house certainly in the UK most of the walls were made of

most of the walls were made of

most of the walls were made of um thick concrete

um thick concrete

um thick concrete and uh they built the houses to last

and uh they built the houses to last

and uh they built the houses to last there was no or very few false walls

there was no or very few false walls

there was no or very few false walls inside houses with just plasterboard or

inside houses with just plasterboard or

inside houses with just plasterboard or wood

wood

wood um obviously you can install

um obviously you can install

um obviously you can install um a booster as well you can install

um a booster as well you can install

um a booster as well you can install something in your power unit and it will

something in your power unit and it will

something in your power unit and it will boost the signal or act as a repeater

boost the signal or act as a repeater

boost the signal or act as a repeater ensure there's minimal obstructions

ensure there's minimal obstructions

ensure there's minimal obstructions metal studs is another one that will

metal studs is another one that will

metal studs is another one that will reduce your um

reduce your um

reduce your um connectivity or signal ensure the

connectivity or signal ensure the

connectivity or signal ensure the antennas allow communication as well

antennas allow communication as well

antennas allow communication as well sometimes the antennas come in a box

sometimes the antennas come in a box

sometimes the antennas come in a box or um they're not attached or they're

or um they're not attached or they're

or um they're not attached or they're just pointed in the wrong direction

interference other wireless devices are

interference other wireless devices are

interference other wireless devices are using the same frequency uh you can also

using the same frequency uh you can also

using the same frequency uh you can also have interference from microwave ovens

have interference from microwave ovens

have interference from microwave ovens and cordless phones it tells you this in

and cordless phones it tells you this in

and cordless phones it tells you this in the documentation but most people don't

the documentation but most people don't

the documentation but most people don't read it when you're installing your

read it when you're installing your

read it when you're installing your wireless router it'll have a pictures of

wireless router it'll have a pictures of

wireless router it'll have a pictures of the kind of things that will interfere

the kind of things that will interfere

the kind of things that will interfere with your signal

with your signal

with your signal you'll get latency and inconsistent

you'll get latency and inconsistent

you'll get latency and inconsistent connectivity avoid interference pretty

connectivity avoid interference pretty

connectivity avoid interference pretty obvious as I said and but you can avoid

obvious as I said and but you can avoid

obvious as I said and but you can avoid having your devices near to these things

having your devices near to these things

having your devices near to these things like your ovens or cordless phones

like your ovens or cordless phones

like your ovens or cordless phones um you may be able to change your

um you may be able to change your

um you may be able to change your channel as well if it's got the same

channel as well if it's got the same

channel as well if it's got the same channel as your cordless phone uses

channel as your cordless phone uses

channel as your cordless phone uses overlapping channels because of the

overlapping channels because of the

overlapping channels because of the wireless access points are used in the

wireless access points are used in the

wireless access points are used in the same frequency there's automatic channel

same frequency there's automatic channel

same frequency there's automatic channel selection normally on your devices but

selection normally on your devices but

selection normally on your devices but if you have any

if you have any

if you have any reasonable amount of ability you should

reasonable amount of ability you should

reasonable amount of ability you should be able to log in and change your

be able to log in and change your

be able to log in and change your channels

uh avoid uh you can correct it by

uh avoid uh you can correct it by

uh avoid uh you can correct it by avoiding the manual selection of

avoiding the manual selection of

avoiding the manual selection of non-overlapping channels

non-overlapping channels

non-overlapping channels signal to noise ratio it's the ratio of

signal to noise ratio it's the ratio of

signal to noise ratio it's the ratio of the Wi-Fi signal to the outside

the Wi-Fi signal to the outside

the Wi-Fi signal to the outside interference or noise noise is in

interference or noise noise is in

interference or noise noise is in respect of Wireless have a negative

respect of Wireless have a negative

respect of Wireless have a negative impact on your wireless signal other

impact on your wireless signal other

impact on your wireless signal other Wi-Fi signals don't count as noise

Wi-Fi signals don't count as noise

Wi-Fi signals don't count as noise this again will give you connectivity

this again will give you connectivity

this again will give you connectivity issues or latency

issues or latency

issues or latency signal levels and noise levels can be

signal levels and noise levels can be

signal levels and noise levels can be visualized as heat Maps

visualized as heat Maps

visualized as heat Maps the ratio of 10 to 15 decibels is

the ratio of 10 to 15 decibels is

the ratio of 10 to 15 decibels is considered unreliable

16 to 24 is weak

16 to 24 is weak

16 to 24 is weak issues can be avoided by increasing your

issues can be avoided by increasing your

issues can be avoided by increasing your signal strength and decreasing the noise

signal strength and decreasing the noise

signal strength and decreasing the noise I told you all this stuff was obvious

I told you all this stuff was obvious

I told you all this stuff was obvious device saturation is when more wireless

device saturation is when more wireless

device saturation is when more wireless devices are connected to your network

devices are connected to your network

devices are connected to your network you'll get a decrease throughput that's

you'll get a decrease throughput that's

you'll get a decrease throughput that's probably your fault for letting your

probably your fault for letting your

probably your fault for letting your kids have access to phones at home or

kids have access to phones at home or

kids have access to phones at home or other wireless devices bandwidth

other wireless devices bandwidth

other wireless devices bandwidth saturation is when one or more devices

saturation is when one or more devices

saturation is when one or more devices transmit a large quality of quantity of

transmit a large quality of quantity of

transmit a large quality of quantity of data

data

data um I would imagine received also so if

um I would imagine received also so if

um I would imagine received also so if somebody in is there watching YouTube in

somebody in is there watching YouTube in

somebody in is there watching YouTube in another

another

another room in the house and that'll do it

room in the house and that'll do it

room in the house and that'll do it untested updates

untested updates

untested updates um updates can obviously break things if

um updates can obviously break things if

um updates can obviously break things if they haven't been uh correctly tested

they haven't been uh correctly tested

they haven't been uh correctly tested especially with regards firmware I've

especially with regards firmware I've

especially with regards firmware I've even recently installed a an SSD drive

even recently installed a an SSD drive

even recently installed a an SSD drive in my

in my

in my home computer and while I was just

home computer and while I was just

home computer and while I was just researching it I found that the latest

researching it I found that the latest

researching it I found that the latest firmware drive from the manufacturer

firmware drive from the manufacturer

firmware drive from the manufacturer actually was wiping everyone's data

actually was wiping everyone's data

actually was wiping everyone's data which is catastrophic for most of us and

which is catastrophic for most of us and

which is catastrophic for most of us and the manufacturer was aware and they said

the manufacturer was aware and they said

the manufacturer was aware and they said they were releasing an update but the

they were releasing an update but the

they were releasing an update but the problem is if you downloaded the update

problem is if you downloaded the update

problem is if you downloaded the update it was too late for you

it was too late for you

it was too late for you back up your last working config not

back up your last working config not

back up your last working config not sure how you do that with your firmware

sure how you do that with your firmware

sure how you do that with your firmware actually but you can research that

actually but you can research that

actually but you can research that yourself wrong SSID all you need to do

yourself wrong SSID all you need to do

yourself wrong SSID all you need to do because they're case sensitive you could

because they're case sensitive you could

because they're case sensitive you could have the wrong case or just mistype

have the wrong case or just mistype

have the wrong case or just mistype something

something

something a lot of the time when you type these

a lot of the time when you type these

a lot of the time when you type these out you can't actually see the letters

out you can't actually see the letters

out you can't actually see the letters you're typing unless there's a an option

you're typing unless there's a an option

you're typing unless there's a an option for you to do that so you could well

for you to do that so you could well

for you to do that so you could well have typed out the incorrect password

have typed out the incorrect password

have typed out the incorrect password but you can't see it

but you can't see it

but you can't see it avoid having the client device and the

avoid having the client device and the

avoid having the client device and the access point set to use the same SSID

access point set to use the same SSID

access point set to use the same SSID power levels uh users will experience a

power levels uh users will experience a

power levels uh users will experience a big coverage area or small

big coverage area or small

big coverage area or small coverage area because of low power

coverage area because of low power

coverage area because of low power levels and access points big coverage

levels and access points big coverage

levels and access points big coverage areas occur because of high power levels

areas occur because of high power levels

areas occur because of high power levels and access points

and access points

and access points and avoid it by adjusting the power

and avoid it by adjusting the power

and avoid it by adjusting the power levels for a good coverage area

levels for a good coverage area

levels for a good coverage area open network is an unsecured wireless

open network is an unsecured wireless

open network is an unsecured wireless network you used to see a lot of those

network you used to see a lot of those

network you used to see a lot of those around but most people now have become

around but most people now have become

around but most people now have become Savvy or the default settings on the

Savvy or the default settings on the

Savvy or the default settings on the home routers I've got security chosen

home routers I've got security chosen

home routers I've got security chosen automatically

automatically

automatically unauthorized devices May connect to the

unauthorized devices May connect to the

unauthorized devices May connect to the network if it's insecure so obviously

network if it's insecure so obviously

network if it's insecure so obviously change the security settings if this is

change the security settings if this is

change the security settings if this is the case

the case

the case Rogue access points as an authorized

Rogue access points as an authorized

Rogue access points as an authorized access point installed on the network

access point installed on the network

access point installed on the network normally employees uh just for a bit of

normally employees uh just for a bit of

normally employees uh just for a bit of convenience will go into their desk and

convenience will go into their desk and

convenience will go into their desk and plug something in to get wireless access

plug something in to get wireless access

plug something in to get wireless access malicious attacker can install Rogue

malicious attacker can install Rogue

malicious attacker can install Rogue access points uh thus getting them

access points uh thus getting them

access points uh thus getting them access to the network

access to the network

access to the network wrong antenna type signal coverage

wrong antenna type signal coverage

wrong antenna type signal coverage depends on your type of antenna so you

depends on your type of antenna so you

depends on your type of antenna so you could have no signal or poor signal or

could have no signal or poor signal or

could have no signal or poor signal or um a good signal but far away from the

um a good signal but far away from the

um a good signal but far away from the access point

okay

okay

okay omnidirectional and directional are two

omnidirectional and directional are two

omnidirectional and directional are two main types of antenna omnidirectional

main types of antenna omnidirectional

main types of antenna omnidirectional gives you 360 degree degree patterns

gives you 360 degree degree patterns

gives you 360 degree degree patterns suitable for inside an office conference

suitable for inside an office conference

suitable for inside an office conference area

area

area directional will give you a signal in a

directional will give you a signal in a

directional will give you a signal in a particular direction so your coverage is

particular direction so your coverage is

particular direction so your coverage is limited to that One Direction

limited to that One Direction

limited to that One Direction you got a yagi

you got a yagi

you got a yagi parabolic grid patch and panel antennas

parabolic grid patch and panel antennas

parabolic grid patch and panel antennas the jaegi and parabolic grid are used to

the jaegi and parabolic grid are used to

the jaegi and parabolic grid are used to connect one building to another you must

connect one building to another you must

connect one building to another you must have line of sight so if somebody's got

have line of sight so if somebody's got

have line of sight so if somebody's got a tree there or something else temporary

a tree there or something else temporary

a tree there or something else temporary or permanent then it's going to cause

or permanent then it's going to cause

or permanent then it's going to cause you issues that you'll have to

you issues that you'll have to

you issues that you'll have to troubleshoot

troubleshoot

troubleshoot and if you see if there's

and if you see if there's

and if you see if there's incompatibilities users may not be able

incompatibilities users may not be able

incompatibilities users may not be able to get access to the WAP the settings

to get access to the WAP the settings

to get access to the WAP the settings may be incompatible standard supporting

may be incompatible standard supporting

may be incompatible standard supporting if you've got a very old

if you've got a very old

if you've got a very old um Wireless car that you've got on your

um Wireless car that you've got on your

um Wireless car that you've got on your device a PCI card or USB it might not be

device a PCI card or USB it might not be

device a PCI card or USB it might not be compatible with your other device

compatible with your other device

compatible with your other device so 802.11a is not compatible with 11b

so 802.11a is not compatible with 11b

so 802.11a is not compatible with 11b and 11g

and 11g

and 11g you've got to look at what is compatible

you've got to look at what is compatible

you've got to look at what is compatible so B is compatible with G and vice versa

so B is compatible with G and vice versa

so B is compatible with G and vice versa some are backward compatibility

some are backward compatibility

some are backward compatibility compatible others aren't

compatible others aren't

compatible others aren't uh wrong encryption you may not be uh

uh wrong encryption you may not be uh

uh wrong encryption you may not be uh get a connection with the wireless

get a connection with the wireless

get a connection with the wireless access points

access points

access points the client device and wireless access

the client device and wireless access

the client device and wireless access may have different encryption settings

may have different encryption settings

may have different encryption settings so you need to check that

so you need to check that

so you need to check that um what's configured on your access

um what's configured on your access

um what's configured on your access point is matching on your wireless card

point is matching on your wireless card

point is matching on your wireless card or wireless device whatever you're using

or wireless device whatever you're using

or wireless device whatever you're using so do configure it correctly examples

so do configure it correctly examples

so do configure it correctly examples are web WPA and WPA2

are web WPA and WPA2

are web WPA and WPA2 bounce is when your signal bounces off

bounce is when your signal bounces off

bounce is when your signal bounces off an obstacle without reaching the

an obstacle without reaching the

an obstacle without reaching the destination you can get weak or no

destination you can get weak or no

destination you can get weak or no connectivity you need to remove the

connectivity you need to remove the

connectivity you need to remove the obstacle obviously sometimes that's

obstacle obviously sometimes that's

obstacle obviously sometimes that's easier said than done so if it's a big

easier said than done so if it's a big

easier said than done so if it's a big thick concrete wall in your house don't

thick concrete wall in your house don't

thick concrete wall in your house don't don't knock it down because your roof

don't knock it down because your roof

don't knock it down because your roof will fall down you need to either get

will fall down you need to either get

will fall down you need to either get some sort of booster

some sort of booster

some sort of booster or um move where you're connecting from

or um move where you're connecting from

or um move where you're connecting from or just find a alternative connection

or just find a alternative connection

or just find a alternative connection type

type

type such as connecting through the um

such as connecting through the um

such as connecting through the um ethernet devices that were plugged into

ethernet devices that were plugged into

ethernet devices that were plugged into your power

your power

your power all right so we've covered a lot a

all right so we've covered a lot a

all right so we've covered a lot a signal loss interference signal to noise

signal loss interference signal to noise

signal loss interference signal to noise saturation bandwidth saturation

saturation bandwidth saturation

saturation bandwidth saturation untested updates wrong SSID and your

untested updates wrong SSID and your

untested updates wrong SSID and your power

power

power open networks Rogue access points

open networks Rogue access points

open networks Rogue access points the wrong antenna type incompatibilities

the wrong antenna type incompatibilities

the wrong antenna type incompatibilities are on encryption and bounce that's all

are on encryption and bounce that's all

are on encryption and bounce that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 19 lesson 2 Common

welcome to module 19 lesson 2 Common

welcome to module 19 lesson 2 Common copper cable issues that's a mouthful

copper cable issues that's a mouthful

copper cable issues that's a mouthful so some of the common issues you'll

so some of the common issues you'll

so some of the common issues you'll experience as a network engineer

experience as a network engineer

experience as a network engineer our shorts opens incorrect termination

our shorts opens incorrect termination

our shorts opens incorrect termination crosstalk

crosstalk

crosstalk Emi distance limitations attenuation the

Emi distance limitations attenuation the

Emi distance limitations attenuation the cable issues

cable issues

cable issues shorts is basically short for a short

shorts is basically short for a short

shorts is basically short for a short circuit it allows the current to travel

circuit it allows the current to travel

circuit it allows the current to travel in a path that wasn't intended and the

in a path that wasn't intended and the

in a path that wasn't intended and the cable wasn't designed for a couple was

cable wasn't designed for a couple was

cable wasn't designed for a couple was in the cables are insulated so they

in the cables are insulated so they

in the cables are insulated so they don't come into contact with each other

don't come into contact with each other

don't come into contact with each other if

if

if um there's some sort of issue a lot of

um there's some sort of issue a lot of

um there's some sort of issue a lot of the time it's because it's frayed

the time it's because it's frayed

the time it's because it's frayed somebody's bent the cable around a Bend

somebody's bent the cable around a Bend

somebody's bent the cable around a Bend or just done something with it or folded

or just done something with it or folded

or just done something with it or folded it too many times and unfolded it then

it too many times and unfolded it then

it too many times and unfolded it then the cables can touch each other and then

the cables can touch each other and then

the cables can touch each other and then you've got a short circuit you depended

you've got a short circuit you depended

you've got a short circuit you depended on how bad it is you'll have

on how bad it is you'll have

on how bad it is you'll have intermittent connectivity issues you

intermittent connectivity issues you

intermittent connectivity issues you could use a TDR that will locate the

could use a TDR that will locate the

could use a TDR that will locate the short in the cable this is one of your

short in the cable this is one of your

short in the cable this is one of your troubleshooting tools that you could use

an open refers to an incomplete

an open refers to an incomplete

an open refers to an incomplete electrical circuit in which there's no

electrical circuit in which there's no

electrical circuit in which there's no current if one of the copper wires

current if one of the copper wires

current if one of the copper wires inside the cable is cut or just broken

inside the cable is cut or just broken

inside the cable is cut or just broken for some reason then you've got an open

for some reason then you've got an open

for some reason then you've got an open circuit you would normally then have no

circuit you would normally then have no

circuit you would normally then have no connectivity

connectivity

connectivity again you can use a TDR that can be used

again you can use a TDR that can be used

again you can use a TDR that can be used to locate openings in the cable

to locate openings in the cable

to locate openings in the cable incorrect termination generally happens

incorrect termination generally happens

incorrect termination generally happens when you've made your own cables or your

when you've made your own cables or your

when you've made your own cables or your cable engineer has done it and just made

cable engineer has done it and just made

cable engineer has done it and just made a mistake or done it too quickly or just

a mistake or done it too quickly or just

a mistake or done it too quickly or just not

not

not and been watching what they're doing and

and been watching what they're doing and

and been watching what they're doing and it's obviously human error then don't

it's obviously human error then don't

it's obviously human error then don't happen it doesn't happen as much in um

happen it doesn't happen as much in um

happen it doesn't happen as much in um professionally made cables so you

professionally made cables so you

professionally made cables so you haven't properly terminated as per the

haven't properly terminated as per the

haven't properly terminated as per the standards you could have got the wires

standards you could have got the wires

standards you could have got the wires mixed up or not squash the um the RJ45

mixed up or not squash the um the RJ45

mixed up or not squash the um the RJ45 connector onto the wires correctly and

connector onto the wires correctly and

connector onto the wires correctly and it's a bit of an art to it so you could

it's a bit of an art to it so you could

it's a bit of an art to it so you could have no connection or intermittent

have no connection or intermittent

have no connection or intermittent connection issues

straight through cables should be

straight through cables should be

straight through cables should be terminated either using

terminated either using

terminated either using t568 a or b

t568 a or b

t568 a or b crossover cable has got a on one end and

crossover cable has got a on one end and

crossover cable has got a on one end and B on the other so pins one goes to three

B on the other so pins one goes to three

B on the other so pins one goes to three and two goes to six on the other end

and two goes to six on the other end

and two goes to six on the other end use the cable tester to check if your

use the cable tester to check if your

use the cable tester to check if your Cable's properly terminated and what

Cable's properly terminated and what

Cable's properly terminated and what type it is

type it is

type it is crosstalk is when the signal from The

crosstalk is when the signal from The

crosstalk is when the signal from The Wire interferes with the signal on

Wire interferes with the signal on

Wire interferes with the signal on another wire

another wire

another wire less of an issue now with modern

less of an issue now with modern

less of an issue now with modern um shielded twisted pair

um shielded twisted pair

um shielded twisted pair uh cables

uh cables

uh cables you measure with the cable tester or TDR

you measure with the cable tester or TDR

you measure with the cable tester or TDR again the issues avoided if you buy a

again the issues avoided if you buy a

again the issues avoided if you buy a professional cable basically because it

professional cable basically because it

professional cable basically because it will be twisted properly

will be twisted properly

will be twisted properly two types of crosstalk that you may be

two types of crosstalk that you may be

two types of crosstalk that you may be asked about in the exam near end and far

asked about in the exam near end and far

asked about in the exam near end and far end

end

end and near end is refers to the crosstalk

and near end is refers to the crosstalk

and near end is refers to the crosstalk that occurs at the terminated end of the

that occurs at the terminated end of the

that occurs at the terminated end of the cable where the crosstalk has been

cable where the crosstalk has been

cable where the crosstalk has been measured so this is where you're doing

measured so this is where you're doing

measured so this is where you're doing the measuring

the measuring

the measuring occurs near the connectors terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating the cable far end is

the cable far end is

the cable far end is um on the far end of the cable from

um on the far end of the cable from

um on the far end of the cable from where you're doing the measurements

where you're doing the measurements

where you're doing the measurements occurs near the connectors terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating

occurs near the connectors terminating the far end of the cable

the far end of the cable

the far end of the cable electromagnetic efference is normally

electromagnetic efference is normally

electromagnetic efference is normally when you've laid the cable yourself and

when you've laid the cable yourself and

when you've laid the cable yourself and it's gone

it's gone

it's gone through or near some device that emits a

through or near some device that emits a

through or near some device that emits a strong error signal

strong error signal

strong error signal an emo signal also called radio

an emo signal also called radio

an emo signal also called radio frequency interference

frequency interference

frequency interference generate generated

generate generated

generate generated um

um

um by fluorescent lights electric motors

by fluorescent lights electric motors

by fluorescent lights electric motors dynamos things like that so it could

dynamos things like that so it could

dynamos things like that so it could happen in a workshop or when you haven't

happen in a workshop or when you haven't

happen in a workshop or when you haven't properly housed your cable or it's not

properly housed your cable or it's not

properly housed your cable or it's not running under the floor and you're

running under the floor and you're

running under the floor and you're running it through the ceiling and it's

running it through the ceiling and it's

running it through the ceiling and it's going through the

going through the

going through the um

um

um fluorescent lights

data transmission of copper cables is um

data transmission of copper cables is um

data transmission of copper cables is um obviously disrupted when it's exposed

obviously disrupted when it's exposed

obviously disrupted when it's exposed and it could be intermittent it could be

and it could be intermittent it could be

and it could be intermittent it could be fine during the day and then later on in

fine during the day and then later on in

fine during the day and then later on in the evening when somebody starts turning

the evening when somebody starts turning

the evening when somebody starts turning the lights on it could be affected

the lights on it could be affected

the lights on it could be affected avoid if you separate the power source

avoid if you separate the power source

avoid if you separate the power source from the cables or by using shielded

from the cables or by using shielded

from the cables or by using shielded cabling

cabling

cabling you may have to buy a special type of

you may have to buy a special type of

you may have to buy a special type of cabling if you're running your cables

cabling if you're running your cables

cabling if you're running your cables through devices with a lot of very

through devices with a lot of very

through devices with a lot of very powerful

powerful

powerful um electrical signals

um electrical signals

um electrical signals obviously there's distance limitations

obviously there's distance limitations

obviously there's distance limitations per cable lost the signal when it

per cable lost the signal when it

per cable lost the signal when it travels over a long distance you could

travels over a long distance you could

travels over a long distance you could then have connectivity issues so if

then have connectivity issues so if

then have connectivity issues so if you're running your cable over

you're running your cable over

you're running your cable over 120 meters when it's recommended 110

120 meters when it's recommended 110

120 meters when it's recommended 110 then you may well have issues

attenuation or DB loss refers to a loss

attenuation or DB loss refers to a loss

attenuation or DB loss refers to a loss of signal strength the signal strength

of signal strength the signal strength

of signal strength the signal strength is measured in decibels

is measured in decibels

is measured in decibels uses experience degradation in network

uses experience degradation in network

uses experience degradation in network performance you can avoid it by

performance you can avoid it by

performance you can avoid it by um using cable runs within the maximum

um using cable runs within the maximum

um using cable runs within the maximum supported distance using a signal

supported distance using a signal

supported distance using a signal booster you probably need specialized

booster you probably need specialized

booster you probably need specialized advice for this to be honest if you're

advice for this to be honest if you're

advice for this to be honest if you're installing in a commercial premises

installing in a commercial premises

installing in a commercial premises remove broken or damaged cables

remove broken or damaged cables

remove broken or damaged cables and miscellaneous of the problems uh

and miscellaneous of the problems uh

and miscellaneous of the problems uh verify the cables are present and

verify the cables are present and

verify the cables are present and plugged in yes I've been asked to

plugged in yes I've been asked to

plugged in yes I've been asked to troubleshoot devices when somebody

troubleshoot devices when somebody

troubleshoot devices when somebody hasn't actually put the cable in yet it

hasn't actually put the cable in yet it

hasn't actually put the cable in yet it hasn't been installed at all or

hasn't been installed at all or

hasn't been installed at all or somebody's removed the cable for some

somebody's removed the cable for some

somebody's removed the cable for some reason because they want to use it

reason because they want to use it

reason because they want to use it somewhere else and not realized that

somewhere else and not realized that

somewhere else and not realized that that is connecting to an end user or a

that is connecting to an end user or a

that is connecting to an end user or a server

server

server or some of the device

or some of the device

or some of the device make sure the network adapter is enabled

make sure the network adapter is enabled

make sure the network adapter is enabled and it has a valid addressing sometimes

and it has a valid addressing sometimes

and it has a valid addressing sometimes devices have been up for years

devices have been up for years

devices have been up for years and

and

and um millions of packets have been passed

um millions of packets have been passed

um millions of packets have been passed in in and out and it just needs

in in and out and it just needs

in in and out and it just needs resetting or rebooting or the address

resetting or rebooting or the address

resetting or rebooting or the address needs and refreshing on it it just

needs and refreshing on it it just

needs and refreshing on it it just happens sometimes every period of time

happens sometimes every period of time

happens sometimes every period of time make sure disabled ports are enabled for

make sure disabled ports are enabled for

make sure disabled ports are enabled for connectivity sometimes ports are

connectivity sometimes ports are

connectivity sometimes ports are disabled for security and you could plug

disabled for security and you could plug

disabled for security and you could plug in a new user into a certain port on a

in a new user into a certain port on a

in a new user into a certain port on a switch for example but that Port has

switch for example but that Port has

switch for example but that Port has been disabled

been disabled

been disabled you can have bad cables again sometimes

you can have bad cables again sometimes

you can have bad cables again sometimes we bend them or just over time for

we bend them or just over time for

we bend them or just over time for whatever reason the cable goes bad

whatever reason the cable goes bad

whatever reason the cable goes bad misconfigured switch Port it could be

misconfigured switch Port it could be

misconfigured switch Port it could be the wrong

the wrong

the wrong um duplex setting or speed setting or

um duplex setting or speed setting or

um duplex setting or speed setting or something else on there and it may not

something else on there and it may not

something else on there and it may not work

work

work misconfigured network card or a network

misconfigured network card or a network

misconfigured network card or a network card that's failing or failed

card that's failing or failed

card that's failing or failed software drivers I've mentioned

software drivers I've mentioned

software drivers I've mentioned elsewhere that can cause huge problems

elsewhere that can cause huge problems

elsewhere that can cause huge problems and it's not a problem you can actually

and it's not a problem you can actually

and it's not a problem you can actually easily see until you start doing a bit

easily see until you start doing a bit

easily see until you start doing a bit more research

all right so we've covered shorts opens

all right so we've covered shorts opens

all right so we've covered shorts opens termination crosstalk Emi distance

termination crosstalk Emi distance

termination crosstalk Emi distance attenuation and other problems

attenuation and other problems

attenuation and other problems that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

welcome to module 19 lesson 3 common

welcome to module 19 lesson 3 common

welcome to module 19 lesson 3 common fiber cable issues

so look it's troubleshooting uh

so look it's troubleshooting uh

so look it's troubleshooting uh supported distances categories of

supported distances categories of

supported distances categories of multi-mode fiber the bend radius

multi-mode fiber the bend radius

multi-mode fiber the bend radius dirty connectors I think you can guess

dirty connectors I think you can guess

dirty connectors I think you can guess what that one's about attenuation a

what that one's about attenuation a

what that one's about attenuation a wavelength mismatch fiber type mismatch

wavelength mismatch fiber type mismatch

wavelength mismatch fiber type mismatch so the bottom line with fiber cables is

so the bottom line with fiber cables is

so the bottom line with fiber cables is uh if it's faulty it can't transport

uh if it's faulty it can't transport

uh if it's faulty it can't transport data it tends to be either a working or

data it tends to be either a working or

data it tends to be either a working or not working situation whereas with

not working situation whereas with

not working situation whereas with copper you may well have a period of

copper you may well have a period of

copper you may well have a period of time where the the performance just

time where the the performance just

time where the the performance just deteriorates when you get in packet loss

deteriorates when you get in packet loss

deteriorates when you get in packet loss or intermittent um connectivity and you

or intermittent um connectivity and you

or intermittent um connectivity and you normally easily troubleshoot that by

normally easily troubleshoot that by

normally easily troubleshoot that by just swapping the cable out if it all

just swapping the cable out if it all

just swapping the cable out if it all works then it points to the fact that

works then it points to the fact that

works then it points to the fact that the cable was faulty and they're so

the cable was faulty and they're so

the cable was faulty and they're so cheap you just throw them away

cheap you just throw them away

cheap you just throw them away obviously um fiber cables are not so

obviously um fiber cables are not so

obviously um fiber cables are not so cheap

cheap

cheap first place to look will often be the

first place to look will often be the

first place to look will often be the LED next to the ports where you've

LED next to the ports where you've

LED next to the ports where you've plugged the cable in if it doesn't light

plugged the cable in if it doesn't light

plugged the cable in if it doesn't light up then you've got a number of possible

up then you've got a number of possible

up then you've got a number of possible reasons the cable's not um plugged in

reasons the cable's not um plugged in

reasons the cable's not um plugged in properly at both ends the cable could be

properly at both ends the cable could be

properly at both ends the cable could be broken somewhere

broken somewhere

broken somewhere now here's um

now here's um

now here's um the troubleshooting flow chart for fiber

the troubleshooting flow chart for fiber

the troubleshooting flow chart for fiber cable

cable

cable um well worth maybe just printing the

um well worth maybe just printing the

um well worth maybe just printing the screen and just following it through

screen and just following it through

screen and just following it through plug it into a different port does that

plug it into a different port does that

plug it into a different port does that Port light up then and it shows you it's

Port light up then and it shows you it's

Port light up then and it shows you it's a problem with the port

a problem with the port

a problem with the port um just a few simple troubleshooting

um just a few simple troubleshooting

um just a few simple troubleshooting steps really

steps really

steps really all right don't look into the cable when

all right don't look into the cable when

all right don't look into the cable when you've got the other end plugged in

you've got the other end plugged in

you've got the other end plugged in because the laser will go directly into

because the laser will go directly into

because the laser will go directly into your light and it could cause damage so

your light and it could cause damage so

your light and it could cause damage so use um you could well you could actually

use um you could well you could actually

use um you could well you could actually point it at um a white object or a wall

point it at um a white object or a wall

point it at um a white object or a wall or at your hand

or at your hand

or at your hand um but read the documentation that comes

um but read the documentation that comes

um but read the documentation that comes with the cable to make sure you're doing

with the cable to make sure you're doing

with the cable to make sure you're doing the correct thing there are obviously

the correct thing there are obviously

the correct thing there are obviously electronic devices that you can also use

electronic devices that you can also use

electronic devices that you can also use when you can connect two devices such as

when you can connect two devices such as

when you can connect two devices such as a server adapter to a switch using a

a server adapter to a switch using a

a server adapter to a switch using a fiber cable the TX Porter one end should

fiber cable the TX Porter one end should

fiber cable the TX Porter one end should always be connected to the RX Porter the

always be connected to the RX Porter the

always be connected to the RX Porter the opposite end normally you'll get a

opposite end normally you'll get a

opposite end normally you'll get a housing

housing

housing that both ends of the cable will connect

that both ends of the cable will connect

that both ends of the cable will connect to and that can only plug in one way to

to and that can only plug in one way to

to and that can only plug in one way to the device

the device

the device not always the case and obviously

not always the case and obviously

not always the case and obviously there's different cable types all over

there's different cable types all over

there's different cable types all over the world but um normally you'll

the world but um normally you'll

the world but um normally you'll um

um

um it'll be designed to be idiot proof so

it'll be designed to be idiot proof so

it'll be designed to be idiot proof so we don't um cause that issue if you

we don't um cause that issue if you

we don't um cause that issue if you connect it the other way around you'll

connect it the other way around you'll

connect it the other way around you'll have no connectivity and then um it'll

have no connectivity and then um it'll

have no connectivity and then um it'll show no connection

show no connection

show no connection as supported distances multi-mod fibers

as supported distances multi-mod fibers

as supported distances multi-mod fibers with 50 microns and 62 microns can

with 50 microns and 62 microns can

with 50 microns and 62 microns can support data up to 500 meters and 175

support data up to 500 meters and 175

support data up to 500 meters and 175 respectively again read the label it

respectively again read the label it

respectively again read the label it comes with your cable in

comes with your cable in

comes with your cable in um you might you may well be lucky

um you might you may well be lucky

um you might you may well be lucky enough to have a professional company

enough to have a professional company

enough to have a professional company coming into your cabling for you and

coming into your cabling for you and

coming into your cabling for you and then again you may have to go and swap

then again you may have to go and swap

then again you may have to go and swap some cable out or install a new device

some cable out or install a new device

some cable out or install a new device without the aid of this company so you

without the aid of this company so you

without the aid of this company so you do need to know

do need to know

do need to know multi-mad fibers are categorized further

multi-mad fibers are categorized further

multi-mad fibers are categorized further by Optical multi-mode or om designator

by Optical multi-mode or om designator

by Optical multi-mode or om designator these are labeled from om1 to om4 just

these are labeled from om1 to om4 just

these are labeled from om1 to om4 just check the uh table and

check the uh table and

check the uh table and um you've let you've normally got a

um you've let you've normally got a

um you've let you've normally got a label on your cable as well to see what

label on your cable as well to see what

label on your cable as well to see what you do however it's stamped on the side

you do however it's stamped on the side

you do however it's stamped on the side and just check the specifications and

and just check the specifications and

and just check the specifications and allowances

allowances

allowances when you troubleshoot in check whether

when you troubleshoot in check whether

when you troubleshoot in check whether the cable supports the speed and

the cable supports the speed and

the cable supports the speed and distance of the link between the devices

Bend radius most fiber optic cables are

Bend radius most fiber optic cables are

Bend radius most fiber optic cables are made of glass

made of glass

made of glass a sharp Bend at some point they are

a sharp Bend at some point they are

a sharp Bend at some point they are pretty flexible but if you bend it too

pretty flexible but if you bend it too

pretty flexible but if you bend it too much it will break the glass the bend

much it will break the glass the bend

much it will break the glass the bend radius refers to the smallest bend a

radius refers to the smallest bend a

radius refers to the smallest bend a cable can withstand again if you start

cable can withstand again if you start

cable can withstand again if you start wrapping this Cable Round and Round a

wrapping this Cable Round and Round a

wrapping this Cable Round and Round a pole in order to take up the slack then

pole in order to take up the slack then

pole in order to take up the slack then you could well check and break the bend

you could well check and break the bend

you could well check and break the bend radius and rendering the cable

radius and rendering the cable

radius and rendering the cable um unserviceable

to avoid issues don't bend them

to avoid issues don't bend them

to avoid issues don't bend them obviously or more than you have to the

obviously or more than you have to the

obviously or more than you have to the otdr can be used to check whether the

otdr can be used to check whether the

otdr can be used to check whether the cable is damaged

cable is damaged

cable is damaged damage cable obviously needs to be

damage cable obviously needs to be

damage cable obviously needs to be replaced hopefully that goes without

replaced hopefully that goes without

replaced hopefully that goes without saying

saying

saying um the broken cable some people put them

um the broken cable some people put them

um the broken cable some people put them in a cable box if it's broken make sure

in a cable box if it's broken make sure

in a cable box if it's broken make sure you dispose of it in um the legal the

you dispose of it in um the legal the

you dispose of it in um the legal the legal manner so you can't throw it onto

legal manner so you can't throw it onto

legal manner so you can't throw it onto a fire usually you'd have to have it

a fire usually you'd have to have it

a fire usually you'd have to have it professionally uh destroyed or every

professionally uh destroyed or every

professionally uh destroyed or every cycled if you've got dirt because it

cycled if you've got dirt because it

cycled if you've got dirt because it uses light on the fiber cables if you've

uses light on the fiber cables if you've

uses light on the fiber cables if you've got dirt on one end it will cause

got dirt on one end it will cause

got dirt on one end it will cause um

um

um problems High loss and reflectance clean

problems High loss and reflectance clean

problems High loss and reflectance clean it using the cleaning methods and

it using the cleaning methods and

it using the cleaning methods and supplies provided with the cables don't

supplies provided with the cables don't

supplies provided with the cables don't wipe at the end of it on on your

wipe at the end of it on on your

wipe at the end of it on on your trousers

trousers

trousers attenuation signal loss over the

attenuation signal loss over the

attenuation signal loss over the fireball optic cable following could be

fireball optic cable following could be

fireball optic cable following could be the reasons it could have been over

the reasons it could have been over

the reasons it could have been over stressed during installation improper

stressed during installation improper

stressed during installation improper termination improper splicing if it's

termination improper splicing if it's

termination improper splicing if it's been spliced somewhere could be broken

been spliced somewhere could be broken

been spliced somewhere could be broken fiber again you can use the otdr to

fiber again you can use the otdr to

fiber again you can use the otdr to locate the faults

locate the faults

locate the faults wavelength mismatch

wavelength mismatch

wavelength mismatch fiber cable uses wavelengths longer than

fiber cable uses wavelengths longer than

fiber cable uses wavelengths longer than a normal light it's usually around 850

a normal light it's usually around 850

a normal light it's usually around 850 1300 or 1550 newton meters

1300 or 1550 newton meters

1300 or 1550 newton meters multi-mode fiber is designed to operate

multi-mode fiber is designed to operate

multi-mode fiber is designed to operate at 850 to 1300

at 850 to 1300

at 850 to 1300 single mode 13 10 or 1550

single mode 13 10 or 1550

single mode 13 10 or 1550 the wavelength is used for transmission

the wavelength is used for transmission

the wavelength is used for transmission on the wavelengths that must be tested

on the wavelengths that must be tested

on the wavelengths that must be tested for Signal losses in the cable plants

now when the mismatch fiber cables are

now when the mismatch fiber cables are

now when the mismatch fiber cables are coupled the incompatibility of the core

coupled the incompatibility of the core

coupled the incompatibility of the core sizes results in signal loss

sizes results in signal loss

sizes results in signal loss now there's no problem if you're

now there's no problem if you're

now there's no problem if you're transmitting light from a smaller fiber

transmitting light from a smaller fiber

transmitting light from a smaller fiber core to a larger one but the other way

core to a larger one but the other way

core to a larger one but the other way around and you'll have signal loss

around and you'll have signal loss

around and you'll have signal loss the signal loss can be around 20 DB when

the signal loss can be around 20 DB when

the signal loss can be around 20 DB when a couple when we could pull a multi-mode

a couple when we could pull a multi-mode

a couple when we could pull a multi-mode fiber to a single mode again read the

fiber to a single mode again read the

fiber to a single mode again read the documentation that comes with all your

documentation that comes with all your

documentation that comes with all your cable in

cable in

cable in so I've looked at fiber cable supported

so I've looked at fiber cable supported

so I've looked at fiber cable supported distances and categories the bend radius

distances and categories the bend radius

distances and categories the bend radius dirt on your connectors attenuation and

dirt on your connectors attenuation and

dirt on your connectors attenuation and wavelength mismatch and fiber type

wavelength mismatch and fiber type

wavelength mismatch and fiber type mismatch that's all for now thanks for

mismatch that's all for now thanks for

mismatch that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] foreign

19 lesson 4 common network issues

19 lesson 4 common network issues

19 lesson 4 common network issues there's actually entire books been

there's actually entire books been

there's actually entire books been written about troubleshooting Networks

written about troubleshooting Networks

written about troubleshooting Networks and from PC switches and routers and

and from PC switches and routers and

and from PC switches and routers and it's something that requires a bit of

it's something that requires a bit of

it's something that requires a bit of experience common sense

experience common sense

experience common sense and often a plan and sometimes a bit of

and often a plan and sometimes a bit of

and often a plan and sometimes a bit of good luck as well and guesswork

good luck as well and guesswork

good luck as well and guesswork we're going to look at common things

we're going to look at common things

we're going to look at common things that normally go wrong day to day

that normally go wrong day to day

that normally go wrong day to day incorrect default gateway

incorrect default gateway

incorrect default gateway broad Customs duplicate IP address your

broad Customs duplicate IP address your

broad Customs duplicate IP address your duplex and speed mismatches

duplex and speed mismatches

duplex and speed mismatches incorrect vlans Hardware failures and

incorrect vlans Hardware failures and

incorrect vlans Hardware failures and DHCP DNS

DHCP DNS

DHCP DNS interface misconfiguration cable

interface misconfiguration cable

interface misconfiguration cable placements

placements

placements power failures and then less common MTU

power failures and then less common MTU

power failures and then less common MTU black hole Nick teaming issues

black hole Nick teaming issues

black hole Nick teaming issues so you can create default gateway

so you can create default gateway

so you can create default gateway um it depends if there's been a change

um it depends if there's been a change

um it depends if there's been a change of default gateway

of default gateway

of default gateway if the device

if the device

if the device um

um

um that is experiencing the problems has

that is experiencing the problems has

that is experiencing the problems has had any changes

had any changes

had any changes or um somebody's gone in and configured

or um somebody's gone in and configured

or um somebody's gone in and configured something so it all depends on the

something so it all depends on the

something so it all depends on the questions you've asked really

questions you've asked really

questions you've asked really but if you've got the incorrect default

but if you've got the incorrect default

but if you've got the incorrect default gateway then all traffic from your host

gateway then all traffic from your host

gateway then all traffic from your host device is going to the wrong location

device is going to the wrong location

device is going to the wrong location and Layer Two devices such as switches

and Layer Two devices such as switches

and Layer Two devices such as switches also are normally configured with the

also are normally configured with the

also are normally configured with the default gateway but you should be able

default gateway but you should be able

default gateway but you should be able to Ping from the um switch whatever the

to Ping from the um switch whatever the

to Ping from the um switch whatever the VLAN is to the default gateway when

VLAN is to the default gateway when

VLAN is to the default gateway when you're installing it just to check it's

you're installing it just to check it's

you're installing it just to check it's working

working

working so the IP address assigned to the

so the IP address assigned to the

so the IP address assigned to the default gateway may be correct and you

default gateway may be correct and you

default gateway may be correct and you can check your IP configuration settings

can check your IP configuration settings

can check your IP configuration settings on your windows or Linux

on your windows or Linux

on your windows or Linux um device

um device

um device obviously to fix it put in the correct

obviously to fix it put in the correct

obviously to fix it put in the correct default gateway and make sure nothing's

default gateway and make sure nothing's

default gateway and make sure nothing's changed on the default gateway

changed on the default gateway

changed on the default gateway broadcast storms users can experience a

broadcast storms users can experience a

broadcast storms users can experience a degradation and network performance and

degradation and network performance and

degradation and network performance and it can actually bring down the entire

it can actually bring down the entire

it can actually bring down the entire network

network

network so the network is flooded with broadcast

so the network is flooded with broadcast

so the network is flooded with broadcast traffic could be a switching Loop it

traffic could be a switching Loop it

traffic could be a switching Loop it could also be a faulty network card

could also be a faulty network card

could also be a faulty network card that's just sending a huge amount of

that's just sending a huge amount of

that's just sending a huge amount of traffic out

traffic out

traffic out and you could troubleshoot it with

and you could troubleshoot it with

and you could troubleshoot it with Wireshark and other programs and Cisco

Wireshark and other programs and Cisco

Wireshark and other programs and Cisco provide um a whole raft of tools

provide um a whole raft of tools

provide um a whole raft of tools uh obviously having spanning training

uh obviously having spanning training

uh obviously having spanning training switches will help solve the problem

switches will help solve the problem

switches will help solve the problem it's normally there it's normally on

it's normally there it's normally on

it's normally there it's normally on their body faults

their body faults

their body faults duplicate IP sometimes somebody doesn't

duplicate IP sometimes somebody doesn't

duplicate IP sometimes somebody doesn't release their DHCP address it's been on

release their DHCP address it's been on

release their DHCP address it's been on there too long or stuck for some reason

there too long or stuck for some reason

there too long or stuck for some reason or I've seen people manually configure

or I've seen people manually configure

or I've seen people manually configure an IP address on their system for some

an IP address on their system for some

an IP address on their system for some crazy reason

crazy reason

crazy reason I don't know why they did it and it's

I don't know why they did it and it's

I don't know why they did it and it's caused a mismatch

caused a mismatch

caused a mismatch to avoid it you can change the IP

to avoid it you can change the IP

to avoid it you can change the IP address of both or one of the hosts and

address of both or one of the hosts and

address of both or one of the hosts and normally

normally

normally um asking for it to be provided by DHCP

um asking for it to be provided by DHCP

um asking for it to be provided by DHCP which most devices use

which most devices use

which most devices use speed and duplex mismatch you can have

speed and duplex mismatch you can have

speed and duplex mismatch you can have on your host or on a switch in fact on a

on your host or on a switch in fact on a

on your host or on a switch in fact on a router as well

router as well

router as well you'll have slow or degraded Network

you'll have slow or degraded Network

you'll have slow or degraded Network performance or no connection no

performance or no connection no

performance or no connection no connectivity at all

connectivity at all

connectivity at all and you could have different port and

and you could have different port and

and you could have different port and speed settings you could have 100 full

speed settings you could have 100 full

speed settings you could have 100 full duplex on one side and 10 Meg half

duplex on one side and 10 Meg half

duplex on one side and 10 Meg half duplex on the other side and you're

duplex on the other side and you're

duplex on the other side and you're going to have problems normally you'll

going to have problems normally you'll

going to have problems normally you'll see issues on the LED of the network

see issues on the LED of the network

see issues on the LED of the network card as well and you could have um

card as well and you could have um

card as well and you could have um error messages coming up on your router

error messages coming up on your router

error messages coming up on your router or switch console and on your PC

or switch console and on your PC

or switch console and on your PC so common causes when negotiation is

so common causes when negotiation is

so common causes when negotiation is enabled on one side and disabled on the

enabled on one side and disabled on the

enabled on one side and disabled on the other

it's reliable to manually configure

it's reliable to manually configure

it's reliable to manually configure network speed and duplex settings for

network speed and duplex settings for

network speed and duplex settings for the server and other critical links now

the server and other critical links now

the server and other critical links now you may use Auto negotiation the

you may use Auto negotiation the

you may use Auto negotiation the networks I've worked out they they

networks I've worked out they they

networks I've worked out they they generally didn't

generally didn't

generally didn't they had hard-coded and speed and duplex

they had hard-coded and speed and duplex

they had hard-coded and speed and duplex settings for all devices

settings for all devices

settings for all devices uh incorrect VLAN if you're on the wrong

uh incorrect VLAN if you're on the wrong

uh incorrect VLAN if you're on the wrong VLAN you may have no connectivity or not

VLAN you may have no connectivity or not

VLAN you may have no connectivity or not be able to access the resources that you

be able to access the resources that you

be able to access the resources that you need because it's in a different VLAN

need because it's in a different VLAN

need because it's in a different VLAN configuring devices is normally the

configuring devices is normally the

configuring devices is normally the switch Port the end devices don't have

switch Port the end devices don't have

switch Port the end devices don't have VLAN settings as a general rule you

VLAN settings as a general rule you

VLAN settings as a general rule you would configure the switch port to be in

would configure the switch port to be in

would configure the switch port to be in the corrective VLAN and make sure it's

the corrective VLAN and make sure it's

the corrective VLAN and make sure it's not blocked that VLAN is unblocked for

not blocked that VLAN is unblocked for

not blocked that VLAN is unblocked for security reasons on the switch trunk

security reasons on the switch trunk

security reasons on the switch trunk port

port

port Hardware failure this is a whole raft of

Hardware failure this is a whole raft of

Hardware failure this is a whole raft of things that could go wrong

things that could go wrong

things that could go wrong intermittently or just completely break

intermittently or just completely break

intermittently or just completely break and one of the components of a device

and one of the components of a device

and one of the components of a device may have failed or an entire device you

may have failed or an entire device you

may have failed or an entire device you identify it with your troubleshooting

identify it with your troubleshooting

identify it with your troubleshooting methodology and you can replace the

methodology and you can replace the

methodology and you can replace the faulty device or the faulty interface

faulty device or the faulty interface

faulty device or the faulty interface DHCP if this server has been incorrectly

DHCP if this server has been incorrectly

DHCP if this server has been incorrectly configured

configured

configured then you're obviously going to have

then you're obviously going to have

then you're obviously going to have issues you could have one person

issues you could have one person

issues you could have one person affected or the entire

affected or the entire

affected or the entire um organization you could exhaust all of

um organization you could exhaust all of

um organization you could exhaust all of the IP addresses on your DHCP pool you

the IP addresses on your DHCP pool you

the IP addresses on your DHCP pool you could also indicate that you've got some

could also indicate that you've got some

could also indicate that you've got some sort of attack going on some Rogue DHCP

sort of attack going on some Rogue DHCP

sort of attack going on some Rogue DHCP server or the devices causing issues

server or the devices causing issues

server or the devices causing issues we've addressed that elsewhere

we've addressed that elsewhere

we've addressed that elsewhere DNS obviously for DNS lookups you need

DNS obviously for DNS lookups you need

DNS obviously for DNS lookups you need to have the correct device configured

to have the correct device configured

to have the correct device configured a host can be configured with the wrong

a host can be configured with the wrong

a host can be configured with the wrong DNS server either because you've

DNS server either because you've

DNS server either because you've misconfigured the DHCP server or

misconfigured the DHCP server or

misconfigured the DHCP server or somebody's hard set it

somebody's hard set it

somebody's hard set it so ensure the host is configured with

so ensure the host is configured with

so ensure the host is configured with the correct IP address of the DNS server

the correct IP address of the DNS server

the correct IP address of the DNS server on Windows you could issue ipconfig

on Windows you could issue ipconfig

on Windows you could issue ipconfig space forward slash all and it will show

space forward slash all and it will show

space forward slash all and it will show you your DHCP server address your DNS

you your DHCP server address your DNS

you your DHCP server address your DNS server address

server address

server address IP address and a few other

IP address and a few other

IP address and a few other um settings that you may find

um settings that you may find

um settings that you may find interesting

interesting

interesting if your interface is incorrectly

if your interface is incorrectly

if your interface is incorrectly configured you'll have no connectivity

configured you'll have no connectivity

configured you'll have no connectivity or intermittent

or intermittent

or intermittent you could have the source um or

you could have the source um or

you could have the source um or destination device may have an incorrect

destination device may have an incorrect

destination device may have an incorrect IP address or subnet so if if for some

IP address or subnet so if if for some

IP address or subnet so if if for some reason you'll

reason you'll

reason you'll um router interfaces on either end have

um router interfaces on either end have

um router interfaces on either end have been put in different subnets then

been put in different subnets then

been put in different subnets then you're not going to get you're not going

you're not going to get you're not going

you're not going to get you're not going to get connectivity

to get connectivity

to get connectivity check the ipn subnet mask of both source

check the ipn subnet mask of both source

check the ipn subnet mask of both source and destination and check it against

and destination and check it against

and destination and check it against your design documents

your design documents

your design documents cable placement you could have slow

cable placement you could have slow

cable placement you could have slow performance

performance

performance and it could be close to a source of Emi

and it could be close to a source of Emi

and it could be close to a source of Emi which we've already discussed

which we've already discussed

which we've already discussed power failure obviously that's going to

power failure obviously that's going to

power failure obviously that's going to cause issues either with the device or

cause issues either with the device or

cause issues either with the device or part of the network or the entire

part of the network or the entire

part of the network or the entire network

network

network and most

and most

and most um the higher end switches and routers

um the higher end switches and routers

um the higher end switches and routers have redundant power supplies so that if

have redundant power supplies so that if

have redundant power supplies so that if the main one goes down the second does

the main one goes down the second does

the main one goes down the second does backup one takes over

MTU backholes this is a maximum

MTU backholes this is a maximum

MTU backholes this is a maximum transmission units for your IP packets

transmission units for your IP packets

transmission units for your IP packets and it depends on configurations it can

and it depends on configurations it can

and it depends on configurations it can also happen with routing protocols such

also happen with routing protocols such

also happen with routing protocols such as ospf

as ospf

as ospf um which is outside the scope of this

um which is outside the scope of this

um which is outside the scope of this course

course

course if the packet's been flagged as do not

if the packet's been flagged as do not

if the packet's been flagged as do not fragment then the router is expected to

fragment then the router is expected to

fragment then the router is expected to send an icmp message destination

send an icmp message destination

send an icmp message destination unreachable back to the host that sent

unreachable back to the host that sent

unreachable back to the host that sent the packet

the packet

the packet and the router drops the packet and

and the router drops the packet and

and the router drops the packet and doesn't send the icmp message then the

doesn't send the icmp message then the

doesn't send the icmp message then the host to the host and the router is

host to the host and the router is

host to the host and the router is referred to as a black hole router

referred to as a black hole router

referred to as a black hole router you can check the interface MTU on your

you can check the interface MTU on your

you can check the interface MTU on your routers when you do the show interface

routers when you do the show interface

routers when you do the show interface or you can add um some troubleshooting

or you can add um some troubleshooting

or you can add um some troubleshooting software if it if you don't already have

software if it if you don't already have

software if it if you don't already have it you can use a ping utility or you can

it you can use a ping utility or you can

it you can use a ping utility or you can use a trace route you can send different

use a trace route you can send different

use a trace route you can send different ping sizes and certainly on Cisco

ping sizes and certainly on Cisco

ping sizes and certainly on Cisco routers you can go into a detailed menu

routers you can go into a detailed menu

routers you can go into a detailed menu of options or send a ping packet of a

of options or send a ping packet of a

of options or send a ping packet of a certain size to see if you're losing

certain size to see if you're losing

certain size to see if you're losing packets

packets

packets Nick teaming for user experiences a

Nick teaming for user experiences a

Nick teaming for user experiences a degradation in network performance it

degradation in network performance it

degradation in network performance it could be a Nick teaming misconfiguration

could be a Nick teaming misconfiguration

could be a Nick teaming misconfiguration this is generally done a lot on servers

this is generally done a lot on servers

this is generally done a lot on servers and different vendors have different

and different vendors have different

and different vendors have different terminology for Nick teaming so again

terminology for Nick teaming so again

terminology for Nick teaming so again check your documentation

check your documentation

check your documentation uh generally you'll you'll

uh generally you'll you'll

uh generally you'll you'll aggregate various Network Cards into one

aggregate various Network Cards into one

aggregate various Network Cards into one logical connection

um so you could have broadcast uh storms

um so you could have broadcast uh storms

um so you could have broadcast uh storms there'll be other issues as well with

there'll be other issues as well with

there'll be other issues as well with spanning tree and um other things to

spanning tree and um other things to

spanning tree and um other things to prevent the Nick team from becoming

prevent the Nick team from becoming

prevent the Nick team from becoming multiple links you can use Link

multiple links you can use Link

multiple links you can use Link aggregation control protocol which is

aggregation control protocol which is

aggregation control protocol which is used on routers generally

used on routers generally

used on routers generally all right so incorrect develop Gateway

all right so incorrect develop Gateway

all right so incorrect develop Gateway broadcast storms duplicate IP and speed

broadcast storms duplicate IP and speed

broadcast storms duplicate IP and speed and duplex VLAN assignments on your

and duplex VLAN assignments on your

and duplex VLAN assignments on your switches check your documentation for

switches check your documentation for

switches check your documentation for that and your configurations

that and your configurations

that and your configurations should say Hardware failure sorry

should say Hardware failure sorry

should say Hardware failure sorry misconfigured DHCP and DNS

misconfigured DHCP and DNS

misconfigured DHCP and DNS interface misconfiguration issues cable

interface misconfiguration issues cable

interface misconfiguration issues cable placements

placements

placements power failures empty black holes and

power failures empty black holes and

power failures empty black holes and Nick teaming that's all for now thanks

Nick teaming that's all for now thanks

Nick teaming that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

[Music]

[Music] thank you

welcome to module 20 lesson one change

welcome to module 20 lesson one change

welcome to module 20 lesson one change management basics

management basics

management basics we're going to look at what is a change

we're going to look at what is a change

we're going to look at what is a change what is change management types of

what is change management types of

what is change management types of changes and approval processes what is

changes and approval processes what is

changes and approval processes what is documentation in respect of change

documentation in respect of change

documentation in respect of change management

management

management what is a maintenance window

what is a maintenance window

what is a maintenance window what is configuration procedures or what

what is configuration procedures or what

what is configuration procedures or what are

are

are what is a rollback what is the potential

what is a rollback what is the potential

what is a rollback what is the potential impact

impact

impact what is the notification to change

what is the notification to change

what is the notification to change now change management is a new addition

now change management is a new addition

now change management is a new addition to the network plus syllabus

to the network plus syllabus

to the network plus syllabus it actually dates back to you can trace

it actually dates back to you can trace

it actually dates back to you can trace change the management back to the 1960s

change the management back to the 1960s

change the management back to the 1960s and now it's a recognized

and now it's a recognized

and now it's a recognized um

um

um qualification and a whole area where you

qualification and a whole area where you

qualification and a whole area where you can gain employment as a change

can gain employment as a change

can gain employment as a change management change manager

management change manager

management change manager so you could Google change manager and

so you could Google change manager and

so you could Google change manager and ITIL which is the it infrastructure

ITIL which is the it infrastructure

ITIL which is the it infrastructure Library

Library

Library but this is bringing it into alignment

but this is bringing it into alignment

but this is bringing it into alignment with prisoners practices where we're

with prisoners practices where we're

with prisoners practices where we're managing

managing

managing um changes and problems also when I

um changes and problems also when I

um changes and problems also when I worked uh Yellow Pages in the UK there

worked uh Yellow Pages in the UK there

worked uh Yellow Pages in the UK there was a whole Lotto team looking at um

was a whole Lotto team looking at um

was a whole Lotto team looking at um change management problem management so

change management problem management so

change management problem management so there's systems and procedures for

there's systems and procedures for

there's systems and procedures for everything looking at what we're doing

everything looking at what we're doing

everything looking at what we're doing why we're doing it who authorizes it if

why we're doing it who authorizes it if

why we're doing it who authorizes it if there's a problem what caused the

there's a problem what caused the

there's a problem what caused the problem how do we stop the problem

problem how do we stop the problem

problem how do we stop the problem happening again

happening again

happening again and it makes the entire uh business

and it makes the entire uh business

and it makes the entire uh business procedure and business run more

procedure and business run more

procedure and business run more professionally and it cuts down a lot of

professionally and it cuts down a lot of

professionally and it cuts down a lot of unnecessary

unnecessary

unnecessary procedures blaming Communications and

procedures blaming Communications and

procedures blaming Communications and debriefing and makes the organization

debriefing and makes the organization

debriefing and makes the organization work more efficiently

work more efficiently

work more efficiently changes any addition removal or

changes any addition removal or

changes any addition removal or modification or configuration that could

modification or configuration that could

modification or configuration that could have an effect on the IT service so this

have an effect on the IT service so this

have an effect on the IT service so this is why we need to have a set of

is why we need to have a set of

is why we need to have a set of procedures in order to plan for a change

procedures in order to plan for a change

procedures in order to plan for a change rather than somebody just rebooting one

rather than somebody just rebooting one

rather than somebody just rebooting one of the main cool routers on the network

of the main cool routers on the network

of the main cool routers on the network at the busiest time of day we need to

at the busiest time of day we need to

at the busiest time of day we need to have some sort of procedure

have some sort of procedure

have some sort of procedure so change management is a set of

so change management is a set of

so change management is a set of processes that governs and controls the

processes that governs and controls the

processes that governs and controls the aspects from start to finish it reduces

aspects from start to finish it reduces

aspects from start to finish it reduces the risk disruption and impact on the

the risk disruption and impact on the

the risk disruption and impact on the business

business

business we could refer to it as CM for short

we could refer to it as CM for short

we could refer to it as CM for short so CM aims to use the defined standards

so CM aims to use the defined standards

so CM aims to use the defined standards and methods and procedures across

and methods and procedures across

and methods and procedures across various teams of groups so we're all

various teams of groups so we're all

various teams of groups so we're all basically singing off the same hymn

basically singing off the same hymn

basically singing off the same hymn sheep this is the ITIL the it

sheep this is the ITIL the it

sheep this is the ITIL the it infrastructure Library which we actually

infrastructure Library which we actually

infrastructure Library which we actually host and some of the one of the

host and some of the one of the

host and some of the one of the qualifications on howturnetwork.com I

qualifications on howturnetwork.com I

qualifications on howturnetwork.com I highly recommend it because

highly recommend it because

highly recommend it because um it people now can't just rely on

um it people now can't just rely on

um it people now can't just rely on being technical

being technical

being technical they need to have an understanding of

they need to have an understanding of

they need to have an understanding of how they slot into the business and how

how they slot into the business and how

how they slot into the business and how the business works the it works as part

the business works the it works as part

the business works the it works as part of the overall business utility breaks

of the overall business utility breaks

of the overall business utility breaks into service transition service design

into service transition service design

into service transition service design and service operations

and service operations

and service operations and you can see some of the um things I

and you can see some of the um things I

and you can see some of the um things I mentioned here you can see change

mentioned here you can see change

mentioned here you can see change management is highlighted there's

management is highlighted there's

management is highlighted there's problem management Knowledge Management

problem management Knowledge Management

problem management Knowledge Management Service testing and validation

Service testing and validation

Service testing and validation and you slot this into your business how

and you slot this into your business how

and you slot this into your business how your business works and how it's going

your business works and how it's going

your business works and how it's going to benefit it

to benefit it

to benefit it so change management includes a risk

so change management includes a risk

so change management includes a risk assessment reducing change failures

assessment reducing change failures

assessment reducing change failures properly implementing any changes

properly implementing any changes

properly implementing any changes looking at business timelines and

looking at business timelines and

looking at business timelines and service level agreements

service level agreements

service level agreements it gives you better control a clear plan

it gives you better control a clear plan

it gives you better control a clear plan for reverting if there's an issue

for reverting if there's an issue

for reverting if there's an issue I've actually seen this when I had my

I've actually seen this when I had my

I've actually seen this when I had my website hosted with a different service

website hosted with a different service

website hosted with a different service provider somebody did a change to one of

provider somebody did a change to one of

provider somebody did a change to one of the tables on one of the databases and

the tables on one of the databases and

the tables on one of the databases and it caused outages for around three days

it caused outages for around three days

it caused outages for around three days and I know some people went out of

and I know some people went out of

and I know some people went out of business it was just an absolute

business it was just an absolute

business it was just an absolute catastrophe and they didn't I don't

catastrophe and they didn't I don't

catastrophe and they didn't I don't think they had a change management

think they had a change management

think they had a change management procedure in place otherwise they could

procedure in place otherwise they could

procedure in place otherwise they could have backed out quite quickly

have backed out quite quickly

have backed out quite quickly I'm managing Communications this is

I'm managing Communications this is

I'm managing Communications this is important where there's a central person

important where there's a central person

important where there's a central person is responsible for from communicating

is responsible for from communicating

is responsible for from communicating what's going to happen when it's going

what's going to happen when it's going

what's going to happen when it's going to happen and then they communicate

to happen and then they communicate

to happen and then they communicate um

um

um just before it happens and then after to

just before it happens and then after to

just before it happens and then after to say the changes happened and it was

say the changes happened and it was

say the changes happened and it was um a success or failure on what's

um a success or failure on what's

um a success or failure on what's actually

actually

actually um the procedure afterwards for

um the procedure afterwards for

um the procedure afterwards for following up

following up

following up changes can be performed to adapt or

changes can be performed to adapt or

changes can be performed to adapt or change business needs Hardware software

change business needs Hardware software

change business needs Hardware software it could reactively Implement a fix if

it could reactively Implement a fix if

it could reactively Implement a fix if there's some sort of major issue or bug

there's some sort of major issue or bug

there's some sort of major issue or bug or attack on the network

or attack on the network

or attack on the network normal changes for example a a normal

normal changes for example a a normal

normal changes for example a a normal configuration or server maintenance

configuration or server maintenance

configuration or server maintenance and something that it was generally

and something that it was generally

and something that it was generally expected

expected

expected standard change is pre-approved changes

standard change is pre-approved changes

standard change is pre-approved changes that don't require approvals these are

that don't require approvals these are

that don't require approvals these are things that just aren't going to cause a

things that just aren't going to cause a

things that just aren't going to cause a problem usually for example

problem usually for example

problem usually for example um

um

um swapping out a redundant power supply

swapping out a redundant power supply

swapping out a redundant power supply it's just not going to have any impact

it's just not going to have any impact

it's just not going to have any impact and it's been tested for

and it's been tested for

and it's been tested for um in the past

um in the past

um in the past risk associated is low and does not have

risk associated is low and does not have

risk associated is low and does not have enough adverse adverse effect on the

enough adverse adverse effect on the

enough adverse adverse effect on the business

business

business emergency these are changes that are

emergency these are changes that are

emergency these are changes that are implemented on an urgent basis through

implemented on an urgent basis through

implemented on an urgent basis through and remediate a problem it's normally

and remediate a problem it's normally

and remediate a problem it's normally Network effect in business affecting and

Network effect in business affecting and

Network effect in business affecting and it has to be done urgently you need to

it has to be done urgently you need to

it has to be done urgently you need to have approval off um the emergency

have approval off um the emergency

have approval off um the emergency change Advisory Board and they'll

change Advisory Board and they'll

change Advisory Board and they'll normally have either a video conference

normally have either a video conference

normally have either a video conference or a quick meeting

or a quick meeting

or a quick meeting in order to talk about the impact on the

in order to talk about the impact on the

in order to talk about the impact on the business because you need to look at the

business because you need to look at the

business because you need to look at the entire

entire

entire um structure

um structure

um structure documentation a change request is

documentation a change request is

documentation a change request is documented using applications

documented using applications

documented using applications there's a variety of

there's a variety of

there's a variety of um applications you can use

um applications you can use

um applications you can use the documentary change request is caused

the documentary change request is caused

the documentary change request is caused a change record it could be online or

a change record it could be online or

a change record it could be online or printed issues to track the chains

printed issues to track the chains

printed issues to track the chains throughout its life cycle from beginning

throughout its life cycle from beginning

throughout its life cycle from beginning to end

to end

to end this is so we've got an audit trail of

this is so we've got an audit trail of

this is so we've got an audit trail of what happened and who did what and who

what happened and who did what and who

what happened and who did what and who approved it and

approved it and

approved it and Etc the change record contains key

Etc the change record contains key

Etc the change record contains key details of the change including detail

details of the change including detail

details of the change including detail tech technical implementation

tech technical implementation

tech technical implementation the the technical parts will probably be

the the technical parts will probably be

the the technical parts will probably be read by the um the it managers and

read by the um the it managers and

read by the um the it managers and Technical team but they're there um for

Technical team but they're there um for

Technical team but they're there um for the record

the record

the record key details is who requested it why did

key details is who requested it why did

key details is who requested it why did they request it what's the outcome

they request it what's the outcome

they request it what's the outcome what's the point of doing it is there a

what's the point of doing it is there a

what's the point of doing it is there a business benefit or is it going to

business benefit or is it going to

business benefit or is it going to prevent something more serious happening

prevent something more serious happening

prevent something more serious happening what are the risks involved

what are the risks involved

what are the risks involved what resources that includes the teams

what resources that includes the teams

what resources that includes the teams human resources and physical and

human resources and physical and

human resources and physical and software resources

software resources

software resources for example a network card needs

for example a network card needs

for example a network card needs replacing or an update required for the

replacing or an update required for the

replacing or an update required for the software

software

software who's responsible for building testing

who's responsible for building testing

who's responsible for building testing and implementing what's the relationship

and implementing what's the relationship

and implementing what's the relationship between this change and other changes is

between this change and other changes is

between this change and other changes is it one of a series

so the effect of one change on another

so the effect of one change on another

so the effect of one change on another for example if you update a VLAN on a

for example if you update a VLAN on a

for example if you update a VLAN on a certain device what devices what

certain device what devices what

certain device what devices what physical ports are going to be affected

physical ports are going to be affected

physical ports are going to be affected is the VLAN going to be propagated on

is the VLAN going to be propagated on

is the VLAN going to be propagated on other switches or does it need to be

other switches or does it need to be

other switches or does it need to be blocked

blocked

blocked maintenance window I'm sure you've heard

maintenance window I'm sure you've heard

maintenance window I'm sure you've heard of it's an agreed period of time in

of it's an agreed period of time in

of it's an agreed period of time in which is going to have minimal

which is going to have minimal

which is going to have minimal disruption

disruption

disruption normally done on the weekends or out of

normally done on the weekends or out of

normally done on the weekends or out of hours just depends on your business uh

hours just depends on your business uh

hours just depends on your business uh procedures the author authorized

procedures the author authorized

procedures the author authorized maintenance Windows predetermined and

maintenance Windows predetermined and

maintenance Windows predetermined and pre-approved to carry out the change a

pre-approved to carry out the change a

pre-approved to carry out the change a lot of the time

lot of the time

lot of the time um an alternative

um an alternative

um an alternative our server is used or whatever

our server is used or whatever

our server is used or whatever um

um

um you could have some sort of load

you could have some sort of load

you could have some sort of load balancer used on all traffic is just

balancer used on all traffic is just

balancer used on all traffic is just sent through one of the load balances so

sent through one of the load balances so

sent through one of the load balances so the change could actually be transparent

the change could actually be transparent

the change could actually be transparent to users

to users

to users generally changes during weekdays are

generally changes during weekdays are

generally changes during weekdays are scheduled after business hours critical

scheduled after business hours critical

scheduled after business hours critical changes Friday nights and they can run

changes Friday nights and they can run

changes Friday nights and they can run into the weekend so you can roll back

into the weekend so you can roll back

into the weekend so you can roll back and recover if there's an issue

and recover if there's an issue

and recover if there's an issue or changes to service assets and config

or changes to service assets and config

or changes to service assets and config configuration items are recorded in the

configuration items are recorded in the

configuration items are recorded in the configuration management system

configuration management system

configuration management system uh server can move from pre-production

uh server can move from pre-production

uh server can move from pre-production to production with a formal sign off

to production with a formal sign off

to production with a formal sign off before it's accepted into production

before it's accepted into production

before it's accepted into production such changes are to be documented for

such changes are to be documented for

such changes are to be documented for timely support so everyone needs to know

timely support so everyone needs to know

timely support so everyone needs to know about the fact this new server has been

about the fact this new server has been

about the fact this new server has been introduced the configuration settings

introduced the configuration settings

introduced the configuration settings and what the possible risks are and what

and what the possible risks are and what

and what the possible risks are and what we do if there is a an issue

we do if there is a an issue

we do if there is a an issue our rollback is basically going back to

our rollback is basically going back to

our rollback is basically going back to how we were before this change happened

how we were before this change happened

how we were before this change happened not always possible obviously especially

not always possible obviously especially

not always possible obviously especially if something's completely broken and has

if something's completely broken and has

if something's completely broken and has to be replaced and then the replacement

to be replaced and then the replacement

to be replaced and then the replacement for example is broken also

okay so worst case there's a site

okay so worst case there's a site

okay so worst case there's a site failover or business continuity plan may

failover or business continuity plan may

failover or business continuity plan may be invoked this is if the entire core

be invoked this is if the entire core

be invoked this is if the entire core system goes down is there some sort of

system goes down is there some sort of

system goes down is there some sort of backup in place or what do we do

backup in place or what do we do

backup in place or what do we do looking at the impact

looking at the impact

looking at the impact there's a matrix low impact and low risk

there's a matrix low impact and low risk

there's a matrix low impact and low risk category for going all the way to

category for going all the way to

category for going all the way to category one which is high impact high

category one which is high impact high

category one which is high impact high risk and it's a critical category low

risk and it's a critical category low

risk and it's a critical category low medium high and critical

medium high and critical

medium high and critical the notification to change is published

the notification to change is published

the notification to change is published with the details of the change activity

with the details of the change activity

with the details of the change activity the window of the change obviously it

the window of the change obviously it

the window of the change obviously it only goes out to the people that are

only goes out to the people that are

only goes out to the people that are going to be impacted

going to be impacted

going to be impacted all right so we've looked at change

all right so we've looked at change

all right so we've looked at change change management types of changes and

change management types of changes and

change management types of changes and approvals what is documentation

approvals what is documentation

approvals what is documentation what is a maintenance window

what is a maintenance window

what is a maintenance window configuration procedures and rollbacks

configuration procedures and rollbacks

configuration procedures and rollbacks impact and the notification to change

impact and the notification to change

impact and the notification to change that's all for now thanks for watching

[Music]

thank you

welcome to module 21 lesson one Internet

welcome to module 21 lesson one Internet

welcome to module 21 lesson one Internet of Things Technologies this is one of

of Things Technologies this is one of

of Things Technologies this is one of the new subjects has been added to the

the new subjects has been added to the

the new subjects has been added to the latest uh come to exam

latest uh come to exam

latest uh come to exam they just expected to have an overview

they just expected to have an overview

they just expected to have an overview of what these things do rather than any

of what these things do rather than any

of what these things do rather than any detail because there's quite a diverse

detail because there's quite a diverse

detail because there's quite a diverse array of protocols here said wave and

array of protocols here said wave and

array of protocols here said wave and plus Bluetooth which I'm sure you've

plus Bluetooth which I'm sure you've

plus Bluetooth which I'm sure you've heard of NFC

heard of NFC

heard of NFC uh infrared

uh infrared

uh infrared RFID

RFID

RFID so Internet of Things

so Internet of Things

so Internet of Things it's a network of devices appliances

it's a network of devices appliances

it's a network of devices appliances Vehicles physical devices and many of

Vehicles physical devices and many of

Vehicles physical devices and many of them work with sensors or softwares so

them work with sensors or softwares so

them work with sensors or softwares so for example when you're uh so let me go

for example when you're uh so let me go

for example when you're uh so let me go down there's a car here actually

down there's a car here actually

down there's a car here actually you'll have a sensors on your car

I know I didn't want any awards for

I know I didn't want any awards for

I know I didn't want any awards for drawing centers on your car breaks

drawing centers on your car breaks

drawing centers on your car breaks uh which has been detected by a gold

uh which has been detected by a gold

uh which has been detected by a gold goes into a CPU of some sort

goes into a CPU of some sort

goes into a CPU of some sort when it detects it the wear is down and

when it detects it the wear is down and

when it detects it the wear is down and say you've got 30 left then it will

say you've got 30 left then it will

say you've got 30 left then it will communicate to the uh garage

communicate to the uh garage

communicate to the uh garage a computer in the garage that will all

a computer in the garage that will all

a computer in the garage that will all down whatever part you need from the

down whatever part you need from the

down whatever part you need from the manufacturer that will go to the garage

manufacturer that will go to the garage

manufacturer that will go to the garage and then you probably depending on how

and then you probably depending on how

and then you probably depending on how advanced the car is have a notification

advanced the car is have a notification

advanced the car is have a notification that your tires are worn or your garage

that your tires are worn or your garage

that your tires are worn or your garage next time you take it in for a service

next time you take it in for a service

next time you take it in for a service we'll have the part in stock

we'll have the part in stock

we'll have the part in stock and um we'll be able to replace it

and um we'll be able to replace it

and um we'll be able to replace it that's just one example of The Internet

that's just one example of The Internet

that's just one example of The Internet of Things there's many of many of those

of Things there's many of many of those

of Things there's many of many of those and it's just a phrase that was coined

and it's just a phrase that was coined

and it's just a phrase that was coined several years ago said wave is a

several years ago said wave is a

several years ago said wave is a Wireless Communications protocol used

Wireless Communications protocol used

Wireless Communications protocol used mainly for home automation for example

mainly for home automation for example

mainly for home automation for example your lighting your security your

your lighting your security your

your lighting your security your thermostats to set it and all your

thermostats to set it and all your

thermostats to set it and all your favorite settings works over a mesh

favorite settings works over a mesh

favorite settings works over a mesh networks all the devices are

networks all the devices are

networks all the devices are um interconnected

um interconnected

um interconnected and is controlled by a keypad or you can

and is controlled by a keypad or you can

and is controlled by a keypad or you can have a key fob of some sort

have a key fob of some sort

have a key fob of some sort and plus

and plus

and plus it's a wireless communication protocol

it's a wireless communication protocol

it's a wireless communication protocol again monitor sensor data this could be

again monitor sensor data this could be

again monitor sensor data this could be your heart rate tire pressure television

your heart rate tire pressure television

your heart rate tire pressure television any number of things and it's created

any number of things and it's created

any number of things and it's created and managed by the ant Alliance it's

and managed by the ant Alliance it's

and managed by the ant Alliance it's actually a subsidiary of Garmin who do

actually a subsidiary of Garmin who do

actually a subsidiary of Garmin who do uh the satellite technology

a Bluetooth mesh adopted in 2017 it's

a Bluetooth mesh adopted in 2017 it's

a Bluetooth mesh adopted in 2017 it's many to many Communications

many to many Communications

many to many Communications so the receiver can be a thing a group

so the receiver can be a thing a group

so the receiver can be a thing a group of things or many things for example

of things or many things for example

of things or many things for example you'd compare that to the unicast

you'd compare that to the unicast

you'd compare that to the unicast multicast or broadcast

multicast or broadcast

multicast or broadcast all messages are encrypted and

all messages are encrypted and

all messages are encrypted and authenticated so it's pretty secure

are you sorry you can ignore that one

are you sorry you can ignore that one

are you sorry you can ignore that one near field communications

a set of communication protocols you're

a set of communication protocols you're

a set of communication protocols you're probably using this already it allows

probably using this already it allows

probably using this already it allows two devices one's usually a smartphone

two devices one's usually a smartphone

two devices one's usually a smartphone to communicate

to communicate

to communicate now you need to be within four

now you need to be within four

now you need to be within four centimeters of each other so you have to

centimeters of each other so you have to

centimeters of each other so you have to be pretty close use for contactless

be pretty close use for contactless

be pretty close use for contactless payments I know on my phone I can enable

payments I know on my phone I can enable

payments I know on my phone I can enable it to act as my card credit card or

it to act as my card credit card or

it to act as my card credit card or debit card and swipe for my phone

debit card and swipe for my phone

debit card and swipe for my phone instead of my card quite handy if you've

instead of my card quite handy if you've

instead of my card quite handy if you've forgotten your wallet somewhere as well

forgotten your wallet somewhere as well

forgotten your wallet somewhere as well and you need to pay for something

and you need to pay for something

and you need to pay for something infrared I'll go I'm sure you've heard

infrared I'll go I'm sure you've heard

infrared I'll go I'm sure you've heard of that we used to have um this used to

of that we used to have um this used to

of that we used to have um this used to be the competitor to wireless where

be the competitor to wireless where

be the competitor to wireless where companies would add an infrared

companies would add an infrared

companies would add an infrared communication module on top of their

communication module on top of their

communication module on top of their building

building

building and as long as they had line the site

and as long as they had line the site

and as long as they had line the site they could get high-speed Communications

they could get high-speed Communications

they could get high-speed Communications with another building then I can't

with another building then I can't

with another building then I can't remember what the range was but um it

remember what the range was but um it

remember what the range was but um it fell by the wayside really

fell by the wayside really

fell by the wayside really it's similar to visible light but

it's similar to visible light but

it's similar to visible light but slightly longer wavelength

slightly longer wavelength

slightly longer wavelength for example your remote control

for example your remote control

for example your remote control you click that and per second of holding

you click that and per second of holding

you click that and per second of holding down the button it sends out 38 000

down the button it sends out 38 000

down the button it sends out 38 000 signals

signals

signals used in Internet things for medical

used in Internet things for medical

used in Internet things for medical Diagnostics fire detection remote gas

Diagnostics fire detection remote gas

Diagnostics fire detection remote gas leak detention air detection

leak detention air detection

leak detention air detection RFID you probably see this if you saw

RFID you probably see this if you saw

RFID you probably see this if you saw the uh the newest not the newest porn

the uh the newest not the newest porn

the uh the newest not the newest porn film

film

film a bone film um with Jeremy uh I forgot

a bone film um with Jeremy uh I forgot

a bone film um with Jeremy uh I forgot his name now

his name now

his name now JB right now we had one of these

JB right now we had one of these

JB right now we had one of these inserted in him and they tried to uh

inserted in him and they tried to uh

inserted in him and they tried to uh unfortunately tried to shoot him with a

unfortunately tried to shoot him with a

unfortunately tried to shoot him with a missile so I had to cut it out

missile so I had to cut it out

missile so I had to cut it out let's um yes it's essential to the

let's um yes it's essential to the

let's um yes it's essential to the operation on the Internet of Things

operation on the Internet of Things

operation on the Internet of Things allows computers to manage all

allows computers to manage all

allows computers to manage all individual things this is compared in

individual things this is compared in

individual things this is compared in the picture to a grain of rice so it's

the picture to a grain of rice so it's

the picture to a grain of rice so it's pretty smart

pretty smart

pretty smart uses Emi fields to identify and track

uses Emi fields to identify and track

uses Emi fields to identify and track tags it up and attached to objects

tags it up and attached to objects

tags it up and attached to objects the attack can actually contain the

the attack can actually contain the

the attack can actually contain the electronically stored information so

electronically stored information so

electronically stored information so this is what's used to Target pets

this is what's used to Target pets

this is what's used to Target pets for example when will a pet gets lost

for example when will a pet gets lost

for example when will a pet gets lost somewhere it can be tagged

somewhere it can be tagged

somewhere it can be tagged also using tracking Vehicles if you've

also using tracking Vehicles if you've

also using tracking Vehicles if you've ever seen a production line there's tags

ever seen a production line there's tags

ever seen a production line there's tags inserted on the vehicle and that updates

inserted on the vehicle and that updates

inserted on the vehicle and that updates the entire production system as to if

the entire production system as to if

the entire production system as to if it's going too fast too slow and when to

it's going too fast too slow and when to

it's going too fast too slow and when to expect the next vehicle along

all right so we've covered just in brief

all right so we've covered just in brief

all right so we've covered just in brief the Z Wave amp plus Bluetooth NFC IR

the Z Wave amp plus Bluetooth NFC IR

the Z Wave amp plus Bluetooth NFC IR RFID just you need to be aware of these

RFID just you need to be aware of these

RFID just you need to be aware of these in case one of the questions pops up in

in case one of the questions pops up in

in case one of the questions pops up in the exam

the exam

the exam that's all thanks for watching