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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:11,446 --> 00:00:15,057 [narrator] Earth is a restless place. 2 00:00:15,058 --> 00:00:16,320 [thunder crashing] 3 00:00:18,496 --> 00:00:21,890 Its seasons driven 4 00:00:21,891 --> 00:00:23,011 by the orbit around our sun. 5 00:00:25,373 --> 00:00:27,417 An epic journey 6 00:00:27,418 --> 00:00:28,636 that sets the rhythms 7 00:00:28,637 --> 00:00:30,030 of all life. 8 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:34,642 Humans honour this passage through ritual and celebration. 9 00:00:34,643 --> 00:00:38,125 [fireworks crackling] 10 00:00:41,954 --> 00:00:45,393 Nature marks the cycle with its own patterns. 11 00:00:50,615 --> 00:00:55,706 Over the course of a year, 12 00:00:55,707 --> 00:00:57,667 the planet's most spectacular events of migration, 13 00:01:00,799 --> 00:01:02,366 rebirth 14 00:01:03,411 --> 00:01:04,455 and transformation unfold. 15 00:01:06,414 --> 00:01:09,459 [roaring] 16 00:01:09,460 --> 00:01:10,722 Moment by moment, 17 00:01:12,681 --> 00:01:13,681 [roaring] 18 00:01:13,682 --> 00:01:15,075 month by month, 19 00:01:17,555 --> 00:01:19,209 throughout a wild year on Earth. 20 00:01:38,663 --> 00:01:43,319 Early July sees the sun's abundant energy 21 00:01:43,320 --> 00:01:45,627 focused on the northern hemisphere. 22 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:58,160 Intense light and heat 23 00:01:58,161 --> 00:01:59,379 act as catalysts on the ice caps of the Arctic, 24 00:01:59,380 --> 00:02:02,122 as they start to shift and thaw. 25 00:02:12,523 --> 00:02:17,440 Water carves vertical rivers 26 00:02:17,441 --> 00:02:19,001 that plummet deep into the frozen abyss. 27 00:02:22,446 --> 00:02:25,057 [water rushing] 28 00:02:33,501 --> 00:02:36,895 The icy landscape accelerates its flow towards the sea. 29 00:02:42,597 --> 00:02:46,208 Huge fault lines appear. 30 00:02:46,209 --> 00:02:48,298 Something has got to give. 31 00:03:04,749 --> 00:03:08,275 [crashing] 32 00:03:15,934 --> 00:03:19,460 This is iceberg calving season. 33 00:03:27,468 --> 00:03:32,559 The ice sheets in Greenland 34 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:33,798 shed billions of tons of ice a year during the melt. 35 00:03:33,822 --> 00:03:39,174 In recent years, 36 00:03:39,175 --> 00:03:41,456 the melt season has started earlier and is lasting longer. 37 00:03:45,573 --> 00:03:47,791 Now, more ice melts in the summer 38 00:03:47,792 --> 00:03:49,112 than gets replenished over winter. 39 00:03:52,275 --> 00:03:54,155 The overall loss of ice has become catastrophic. 40 00:03:55,496 --> 00:03:59,847 30 years ago, 41 00:03:59,848 --> 00:04:01,805 Greenland's ice sheets 42 00:04:01,806 --> 00:04:03,606 would melt 25 billion tons of ice each summer. 43 00:04:05,593 --> 00:04:08,943 Last season, 44 00:04:08,944 --> 00:04:11,104 more than 600 billion tons of ice was lost in the melt. 45 00:04:14,602 --> 00:04:15,802 The climate is truly changing. 46 00:04:25,830 --> 00:04:31,748 The glacial melt 47 00:04:31,749 --> 00:04:34,949 adds to some of the world's most nutrient-rich waters in the Svalbard archipelago. 48 00:04:36,667 --> 00:04:38,060 [squawking] 49 00:04:41,585 --> 00:04:46,720 By July, 50 00:04:46,721 --> 00:04:47,938 millions of seabirds have migrated from the south 51 00:04:47,939 --> 00:04:49,699 to feed around the clock in 24-hour daylight. 52 00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:06,828 It's an ideal place for birds to breed and raise their young. 53 00:05:12,790 --> 00:05:15,879 Auks have chosen to nest in the scree slopes 54 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:17,447 at the base of the island's cliffs. 55 00:05:23,235 --> 00:05:27,630 For Arctic foxes that have spent the winter scavenging, 56 00:05:27,631 --> 00:05:31,373 it's a perfect time to hunt. 57 00:05:31,374 --> 00:05:33,028 [ominous music playing] 58 00:05:37,772 --> 00:05:42,819 The eggs are well protected, 59 00:05:42,820 --> 00:05:44,620 but the adult birds still have to venture out. 60 00:05:47,782 --> 00:05:51,785 [squawking] 61 00:05:51,786 --> 00:05:53,962 [dramatic music playing] 62 00:06:03,450 --> 00:06:06,844 Though, attacking them head-on rarely works. 63 00:06:11,327 --> 00:06:12,927 The auks are just too quick off the mark. 64 00:06:14,635 --> 00:06:17,593 What's required 65 00:06:17,594 --> 00:06:18,954 is some of that famous fox cunning. 66 00:06:29,954 --> 00:06:33,480 [chirping] 67 00:06:48,059 --> 00:06:51,585 And a lucky break wouldn't hurt. 68 00:06:58,896 --> 00:07:02,422 A gull is also on the hunt. 69 00:07:05,729 --> 00:07:06,809 [suspenseful music playing] 70 00:07:17,654 --> 00:07:21,092 The threat from above distracts the auks for a split second. 71 00:07:27,055 --> 00:07:28,839 And a split second is all the fox needs. 72 00:07:33,409 --> 00:07:36,891 He has outfoxed the auks. 73 00:07:40,677 --> 00:07:45,159 [squawking] 74 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:49,206 Many auk species avoid predation 75 00:07:49,207 --> 00:07:50,905 by nesting on the precarious cliffs. 76 00:07:55,518 --> 00:07:57,912 The more perilous their perch, the better off they are. 77 00:08:03,700 --> 00:08:06,224 Each pair only have one precious offspring. 78 00:08:12,883 --> 00:08:16,278 It's only three weeks since the chick has hatched. 79 00:08:21,588 --> 00:08:23,228 But already, it's eager to leave the nest. 80 00:08:26,418 --> 00:08:30,639 It's quite the maiden flight. 81 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:32,440 Hundreds of metres to the safety of the ocean. 82 00:08:36,124 --> 00:08:38,691 And every summer, 83 00:08:38,692 --> 00:08:43,478 one brave chick is the first to take the leap. 84 00:08:43,479 --> 00:08:44,698 [heroic music playing] 85 00:08:51,182 --> 00:08:55,969 It's more like falling than flying 86 00:08:55,970 --> 00:08:57,490 as their tiny wings act as a parachute. 87 00:09:02,063 --> 00:09:03,423 But their fathers follow them down. 88 00:09:06,763 --> 00:09:08,563 Helping to steer them towards a water landing. 89 00:09:16,860 --> 00:09:21,081 Soon, the sky begins to fill with jumpers. 90 00:09:21,082 --> 00:09:24,302 And their chaperones. 91 00:09:27,305 --> 00:09:31,831 In just a few days, 92 00:09:31,832 --> 00:09:32,832 100,000 chicks will take the leap. 93 00:09:32,833 --> 00:09:35,923 None do it alone. 94 00:09:39,143 --> 00:09:40,362 But not all make it. 95 00:09:42,233 --> 00:09:45,409 [crying] 96 00:09:45,410 --> 00:09:46,889 Some fall short on a dangerous landing strip 97 00:09:46,890 --> 00:09:50,198 filled with hungry predators. 98 00:09:53,636 --> 00:09:57,900 Luckily, Dad is about. 99 00:09:57,901 --> 00:09:59,621 And from here, it's a quick dash to the sea. 100 00:10:05,605 --> 00:10:09,869 The chicks that make it to the water 101 00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:12,393 have no time to rest. 102 00:10:12,394 --> 00:10:15,004 Not strong enough to take to the air again, 103 00:10:15,005 --> 00:10:17,267 the chicks now commence a heroic migration, 104 00:10:17,268 --> 00:10:20,880 swimming to waters off Iceland. 105 00:10:20,881 --> 00:10:23,578 Even as far as North America. 106 00:10:23,579 --> 00:10:25,668 Over 1,000 kilometres away. 107 00:10:35,373 --> 00:10:39,463 [birds cawing] 108 00:10:39,464 --> 00:10:42,031 In Alaska, 109 00:10:42,032 --> 00:10:43,380 the land is also shedding its icy cloak, 110 00:10:43,381 --> 00:10:45,253 as streams splash towards the sea. 111 00:10:51,651 --> 00:10:56,002 These changes trigger the arrival 112 00:10:56,003 --> 00:10:57,083 of another great traveller. 113 00:11:00,007 --> 00:11:01,311 Sockeye salmon are returning to Bristol Bay, 114 00:11:01,312 --> 00:11:03,924 the place they were born. 115 00:11:07,492 --> 00:11:10,712 They have migrated thousands of kilometres 116 00:11:10,713 --> 00:11:13,497 from the deep ocean, 117 00:11:13,498 --> 00:11:15,378 using the earth's magnetic field like a compass. 118 00:11:18,852 --> 00:11:21,244 The smell of their home stream 119 00:11:21,245 --> 00:11:23,085 has been imprinted in their memory since birth. 120 00:11:28,252 --> 00:11:31,778 [water flowing] 121 00:11:36,826 --> 00:11:40,786 Their arrival is keenly anticipated by brown bears, 122 00:11:40,787 --> 00:11:44,920 who start gathering along the banks of the bay 123 00:11:44,921 --> 00:11:47,054 as the salmon return. 124 00:11:50,927 --> 00:11:52,887 They've come for the ultimate teddy bears' picnic. 125 00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:04,985 As the salmon exhaust the last of their energy to spawn, 126 00:12:06,987 --> 00:12:10,381 they reach the end of their life cycle. 127 00:12:13,994 --> 00:12:15,908 What seems like a river of death 128 00:12:15,909 --> 00:12:17,214 is actually a vital regenesis. 129 00:12:23,830 --> 00:12:27,224 Rivers usually take nutrients out to sea. 130 00:12:31,185 --> 00:12:34,317 But here, 131 00:12:34,318 --> 00:12:38,365 the annual spawning returns nutrients to the rivers. 132 00:12:38,366 --> 00:12:40,671 Feeding not just the bears, 133 00:12:40,672 --> 00:12:42,312 but also, the trees for kilometres around. 134 00:12:45,765 --> 00:12:47,245 It's a cycle that is reset every year, 135 00:12:49,725 --> 00:12:50,845 where nothing goes to waste. 136 00:12:53,860 --> 00:12:56,470 Across North America, 137 00:12:56,471 --> 00:12:57,646 summer warms the land. 138 00:13:01,606 --> 00:13:03,486 California's valleys are iridescent with growth. 139 00:13:07,830 --> 00:13:09,049 Its beaches bustle. 140 00:13:15,751 --> 00:13:19,233 Inland, its deserts sizzle. 141 00:13:30,374 --> 00:13:35,291 In the rolling sands of the Sonoran Desert, 142 00:13:35,292 --> 00:13:37,468 there's no relief under the cloudless skies. 143 00:13:41,777 --> 00:13:43,213 [rattling] 144 00:13:44,911 --> 00:13:47,042 The sidewinder snake 145 00:13:47,043 --> 00:13:48,443 must change her behaviour in summer. 146 00:13:51,221 --> 00:13:55,877 To avoid the blistering heat, 147 00:13:55,878 --> 00:13:57,398 she limits her time searching for prey, 148 00:14:01,623 --> 00:14:03,543 venturing out only in the early morning and dusk. 149 00:14:03,712 --> 00:14:08,890 Shunning the hot sand, 150 00:14:08,891 --> 00:14:11,011 she restricts her contact to two body parts at a time. 151 00:14:13,591 --> 00:14:15,984 The peculiar mode of locomotion 152 00:14:15,985 --> 00:14:18,769 helps make her the fastest rattlesnake on sand. 153 00:14:18,770 --> 00:14:21,425 Leaving a J-shaped signature as she hunts. 154 00:14:29,956 --> 00:14:33,394 Dunes like mountains become a Sisyphean task. 155 00:14:45,667 --> 00:14:49,149 [eerie piano music playing] 156 00:14:57,331 --> 00:15:00,856 [sand flowing] 157 00:15:06,557 --> 00:15:09,952 Persistence is the only option for this hungry snake. 158 00:15:16,741 --> 00:15:21,136 But with little moisture to carry scent, 159 00:15:21,137 --> 00:15:23,139 sniffing out prey is hard. 160 00:15:27,535 --> 00:15:30,189 Using special temperature pits on the side of her head, 161 00:15:30,190 --> 00:15:32,322 she scans the environment for life's heat signal. 162 00:15:37,327 --> 00:15:39,502 Able to pick out the slightest variation 163 00:15:39,503 --> 00:15:41,548 between the hot sand 164 00:15:41,549 --> 00:15:42,942 and a hot lunch. 165 00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:48,772 A gecko is cold-blooded, 166 00:15:48,773 --> 00:15:51,173 making it virtually invisible to the snake's thermal sensors. 167 00:15:55,128 --> 00:15:58,479 But that only works if it stands still. 168 00:16:03,745 --> 00:16:05,747 One false movement, and it's game over. 169 00:16:12,058 --> 00:16:16,931 Fortunately, the sidewinder 170 00:16:16,932 --> 00:16:18,532 can survive an entire month without food. 171 00:16:21,284 --> 00:16:22,404 Enough time to catch a meal. 172 00:16:27,334 --> 00:16:32,338 Deserts cover almost one quarter of the Earth's surface. 173 00:16:32,339 --> 00:16:35,603 But not all deserts are scorching sand dunes. 174 00:16:40,477 --> 00:16:42,261 The arid steppes of Central Asia 175 00:16:42,262 --> 00:16:43,480 are an empty, windswept place. 176 00:16:47,919 --> 00:16:50,617 But as high summer draws close, 177 00:16:50,618 --> 00:16:52,738 scattered rains bring the promise of greener pastures. 178 00:16:56,711 --> 00:16:59,321 Drifting with the season, 179 00:16:59,322 --> 00:17:01,122 the nomads of Mongolia are always on the move. 180 00:17:04,806 --> 00:17:08,591 When grazing is scarce, 181 00:17:08,592 --> 00:17:09,912 they must travel longer distances. 182 00:17:13,815 --> 00:17:15,535 Over hundreds of kilometres to find pasture. 183 00:17:20,517 --> 00:17:22,477 Their lives are inextricably tied to their horses. 184 00:17:25,131 --> 00:17:26,392 It's been part of their existence 185 00:17:26,393 --> 00:17:27,568 for over 3,000 years. 186 00:17:30,962 --> 00:17:35,879 Children learn to ride 187 00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:37,440 almost as soon as they are able to walk. 188 00:17:39,841 --> 00:17:43,496 And summer is the time for gathering 189 00:17:43,497 --> 00:17:45,673 and racing across country. 190 00:17:52,941 --> 00:17:57,423 The nomads believe to be without a horse, 191 00:17:57,424 --> 00:17:59,513 is like a bird without wings. 192 00:18:02,777 --> 00:18:06,302 [screaming] 193 00:18:20,969 --> 00:18:25,364 The nomads depend on their livestock 194 00:18:25,365 --> 00:18:27,322 for all of life's essentials. 195 00:18:27,323 --> 00:18:30,456 So they will stay here 196 00:18:30,457 --> 00:18:31,737 as long as there is enough grass. 197 00:18:34,374 --> 00:18:36,254 Using the sun and stars, the hills and mountains 198 00:18:36,419 --> 00:18:40,683 to find their way. 199 00:18:40,684 --> 00:18:42,990 For these people, 200 00:18:42,991 --> 00:18:44,111 life is in perpetual motion. 201 00:18:47,952 --> 00:18:52,434 Further westwards, 202 00:18:52,435 --> 00:18:54,088 summer is also transforming 203 00:18:54,089 --> 00:18:55,482 the mighty Himalayas. 204 00:19:02,924 --> 00:19:07,841 The rooftop of the world 205 00:19:07,842 --> 00:19:09,362 reaches over 7 kilometres into the sky. 206 00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:16,067 [triumphant music playing] 207 00:19:21,682 --> 00:19:26,773 Known as the Third Pole, 208 00:19:26,774 --> 00:19:28,209 the Himalayas are home to the largest body of ice 209 00:19:28,210 --> 00:19:30,386 outside the Arctic and Antarctica. 210 00:19:40,744 --> 00:19:45,357 The heat of the summer 211 00:19:45,358 --> 00:19:47,272 causes meltwater from the mountains 212 00:19:47,273 --> 00:19:49,535 to spill into ravines and fill rivers 213 00:19:49,536 --> 00:19:51,929 running towards the lowlands. 214 00:20:01,374 --> 00:20:07,117 By July, 215 00:20:07,118 --> 00:20:09,918 the migration of water from mountaintops to valleys reaches a crescendo. 216 00:20:18,826 --> 00:20:23,873 In the Terai region of Nepal, 217 00:20:23,874 --> 00:20:25,914 floodplains receive rich deposits of Himalayan silt, 218 00:20:30,620 --> 00:20:32,012 providing nutrition 219 00:20:32,013 --> 00:20:33,773 for some of the tallest grasses in the world. 220 00:20:41,065 --> 00:20:45,330 July's lush growing season 221 00:20:45,331 --> 00:20:48,115 also cultivates another 222 00:20:48,116 --> 00:20:49,396 of nature's seasonal flourishes. 223 00:20:52,729 --> 00:20:56,645 [buzzing] 224 00:20:56,646 --> 00:20:58,213 Insects. 225 00:21:06,743 --> 00:21:11,530 One particular insect 226 00:21:11,531 --> 00:21:12,811 stirs from its hibernation state. 227 00:21:17,537 --> 00:21:21,757 Hatching from water-borne wriggler 228 00:21:21,758 --> 00:21:24,151 into its winged form. 229 00:21:24,152 --> 00:21:27,328 The warm, wet conditions 230 00:21:27,329 --> 00:21:28,409 are perfect for mosquitoes. 231 00:21:35,729 --> 00:21:40,559 Females make a higher pitched buzz than males, 232 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,040 and it's the females that cause vexation. 233 00:21:44,041 --> 00:21:46,261 Because only they seek a blood meal. 234 00:21:50,744 --> 00:21:53,789 It's not just mosquitoes. 235 00:21:53,790 --> 00:21:56,183 Ticks, gnats, flies 236 00:21:56,184 --> 00:21:58,839 all boom at this time of year as well. 237 00:22:02,669 --> 00:22:06,280 It's impossible to keep up 238 00:22:06,281 --> 00:22:08,121 with the endless swatting of pesky freeloaders. 239 00:22:14,158 --> 00:22:18,988 The greater one-horned rhino 240 00:22:18,989 --> 00:22:21,861 may appear to have impenetrable armour. 241 00:22:21,862 --> 00:22:23,982 However, its plates are nothing but big folds of skin. 242 00:22:30,566 --> 00:22:33,961 And it's the folds the flies love best. 243 00:22:38,487 --> 00:22:40,183 For these cracks 244 00:22:40,184 --> 00:22:41,620 are the sweatiest parts of the rhino's body, 245 00:22:41,621 --> 00:22:43,187 full of bacteria and dead skin cells. 246 00:22:47,583 --> 00:22:49,019 Delicious. 247 00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:53,893 Living with a blanket of bugs 248 00:22:53,894 --> 00:22:54,981 is a constant summer time irritation 249 00:22:54,982 --> 00:22:56,940 for the rhino. 250 00:22:59,247 --> 00:23:01,204 But help is at hand. 251 00:23:01,205 --> 00:23:03,206 Mynah birds love to forage 252 00:23:03,207 --> 00:23:04,861 on creepy crawlies. 253 00:23:07,864 --> 00:23:08,735 Even the baby rhino 254 00:23:08,736 --> 00:23:09,976 becomes a walking dinner table. 255 00:23:12,869 --> 00:23:14,827 [dramatic music playing] 256 00:23:14,828 --> 00:23:17,438 Despite the irritation of insects, 257 00:23:17,439 --> 00:23:20,485 for the mynah bird, 258 00:23:20,486 --> 00:23:21,726 they provide a veritable feast. 259 00:23:24,968 --> 00:23:26,361 [buzzing] 260 00:23:29,973 --> 00:23:33,455 [rain pouring] 261 00:23:37,459 --> 00:23:39,068 July and August 262 00:23:39,069 --> 00:23:40,709 are monsoon months across South East Asia. 263 00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:45,598 [water flowing] 264 00:23:55,695 --> 00:24:00,568 The rains reach into Cambodia, 265 00:24:00,569 --> 00:24:02,169 causing the mighty Mekong River to flood. 266 00:24:06,836 --> 00:24:11,318 Swollen with so much water, 267 00:24:11,319 --> 00:24:13,407 the river starts to flow backward, 268 00:24:13,408 --> 00:24:15,323 away from the sea. 269 00:24:18,544 --> 00:24:21,371 The inflow of water is so immense 270 00:24:21,372 --> 00:24:23,809 that it triggers the largest freshwater lake 271 00:24:23,810 --> 00:24:25,289 in South East Asia to balloon. 272 00:24:29,076 --> 00:24:31,904 Lake Tonle Sap 273 00:24:31,905 --> 00:24:33,035 grows an astonishing six times its former size, 274 00:24:33,036 --> 00:24:37,736 becoming a vast inland sea 275 00:24:37,737 --> 00:24:39,057 that swallows a fifth of Cambodia. 276 00:24:43,656 --> 00:24:48,355 It's one of the biggest seasonal variations 277 00:24:48,356 --> 00:24:49,879 faced by any people on the planet. 278 00:24:53,317 --> 00:24:56,145 Roads become rivers. 279 00:24:56,146 --> 00:24:58,306 Houses built on stilts can now only be reached by boat. 280 00:25:10,987 --> 00:25:14,556 [rowing] 281 00:25:23,086 --> 00:25:28,308 The water teems 282 00:25:28,309 --> 00:25:29,223 with the largest gathering of freshwater fish in the world, 283 00:25:29,224 --> 00:25:32,878 filling both the lake 284 00:25:32,879 --> 00:25:34,279 and the surrounding flooded forests. 285 00:25:46,327 --> 00:25:50,591 [chirping] 286 00:25:50,592 --> 00:25:54,508 As the lake grows, 287 00:25:54,509 --> 00:25:56,162 millions of birds migrate here 288 00:25:56,163 --> 00:25:57,363 to feed on the seasonal feast. 289 00:26:00,950 --> 00:26:02,385 They'll stay here 290 00:26:02,386 --> 00:26:04,106 till the life-giving waters start to recede. 291 00:26:05,868 --> 00:26:06,955 But for now, 292 00:26:06,956 --> 00:26:08,076 it's a fisherman's paradise. 293 00:26:10,917 --> 00:26:12,353 [chirping] 294 00:26:16,662 --> 00:26:20,143 While the natural world is on the move, humans are too. 295 00:26:26,889 --> 00:26:31,937 It's the last lunar month of the Islamic calendar. 296 00:26:31,938 --> 00:26:35,070 Millions of pilgrims travel to the Holy City of Mecca 297 00:26:35,071 --> 00:26:39,422 in Saudi Arabia, 298 00:26:39,423 --> 00:26:40,816 the spiritual centre of Islam. 299 00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,959 All Muslims strive to make The Hajj 300 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:57,005 at least once in their lives. 301 00:26:57,006 --> 00:26:59,269 Circling the Kaaba seven times, all sins are dispelled. 302 00:27:10,541 --> 00:27:15,371 Each year, 303 00:27:15,372 --> 00:27:16,808 more than two million pilgrims gather 304 00:27:16,809 --> 00:27:18,593 to join the sacred sea of people. 305 00:27:25,078 --> 00:27:29,995 The Islamic calendar 306 00:27:29,996 --> 00:27:31,474 follows the motion of the moon, not the sun. 307 00:27:31,475 --> 00:27:35,478 It's one of many calendars across cultures 308 00:27:35,479 --> 00:27:37,279 recording the passing of time since antiquity. 309 00:27:41,355 --> 00:27:42,877 For the natural world, 310 00:27:42,878 --> 00:27:44,662 the calendar is unwritten. 311 00:27:44,663 --> 00:27:47,100 Length of day. 312 00:27:49,450 --> 00:27:50,669 Falling temperature. 313 00:27:52,714 --> 00:27:54,394 A change in current announces, "It's time." 314 00:28:00,722 --> 00:28:05,508 Southern right whales 315 00:28:05,509 --> 00:28:07,162 rely on these natural timekeepers 316 00:28:07,163 --> 00:28:09,209 to know when to move. 317 00:28:12,081 --> 00:28:14,126 Each year, 318 00:28:14,127 --> 00:28:15,257 as winter takes its grip on the South Pole 319 00:28:15,258 --> 00:28:18,608 and the days become shorter, 320 00:28:18,609 --> 00:28:21,568 whales migrate from the waters around Antarctica 321 00:28:21,569 --> 00:28:24,354 to the safe harbour of Australia. 322 00:28:28,924 --> 00:28:31,099 In the warm shallows, protected from predators, 323 00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,538 a young calf takes a vital breath. 324 00:28:41,981 --> 00:28:45,506 [uplifting music playing] 325 00:28:55,690 --> 00:29:00,563 Here in the calm winter waters, 326 00:29:00,564 --> 00:29:02,204 the calf fattens up on mother's rich milk. 327 00:29:06,962 --> 00:29:11,009 In a few months when the days are longer 328 00:29:11,010 --> 00:29:14,099 and the calf is stronger, 329 00:29:14,100 --> 00:29:16,057 they'll embark together on the long return journey 330 00:29:16,058 --> 00:29:18,713 to the feeding grounds of Antarctica. 331 00:29:33,380 --> 00:29:37,818 Further south, 332 00:29:37,819 --> 00:29:39,907 in a bay of island Tasmania, 333 00:29:39,908 --> 00:29:42,108 the churning surface of the sea cloaks what stirs below. 334 00:29:48,395 --> 00:29:50,875 A spindly army of spider crabs 335 00:29:50,876 --> 00:29:52,556 march to the beat of their primordial drum. 336 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:01,320 Winter sea temperatures 337 00:30:01,321 --> 00:30:02,481 have triggered their advance. 338 00:30:04,977 --> 00:30:08,109 In places, 339 00:30:08,110 --> 00:30:09,850 they are ten bodies thick, 340 00:30:09,851 --> 00:30:11,171 forming a mountain of crustaceans. 341 00:30:16,510 --> 00:30:21,383 Hundreds of thousands of crabs 342 00:30:21,384 --> 00:30:23,822 migrating to the shallows to transform. 343 00:30:29,392 --> 00:30:32,874 An itch here. 344 00:30:35,355 --> 00:30:36,878 A scratch there. 345 00:30:39,446 --> 00:30:42,404 A sign that the old coat 346 00:30:42,405 --> 00:30:43,885 is ready to come off. 347 00:30:46,801 --> 00:30:47,975 One of the first to moult, 348 00:30:47,976 --> 00:30:50,499 this male secretes enzymes 349 00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:52,328 to lift and separate his old shell. 350 00:31:00,075 --> 00:31:04,383 He cracks through 351 00:31:04,384 --> 00:31:05,602 to reveal his new coat, 352 00:31:08,605 --> 00:31:09,824 bright orange and soft. 353 00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:18,092 His shell offers no protection until it hardens. 354 00:31:18,093 --> 00:31:22,140 Now, at the most vulnerable moment in his life, 355 00:31:22,141 --> 00:31:25,056 the very crowd he sought for protection 356 00:31:25,057 --> 00:31:28,060 turn against him. 357 00:31:30,671 --> 00:31:31,890 [dramatic music playing] 358 00:31:35,284 --> 00:31:37,644 All around, newly moulted crabs are hunted and ripped apart. 359 00:31:47,731 --> 00:31:52,561 This mutilated crab 360 00:31:52,562 --> 00:31:54,042 limps desperately searching for cover. 361 00:31:57,916 --> 00:32:01,049 But he's an easy target. 362 00:32:04,444 --> 00:32:06,184 Even with four missing limbs, 363 00:32:06,185 --> 00:32:08,491 he fights back. 364 00:32:14,497 --> 00:32:17,936 Perhaps these angels will give him sanctuary. 365 00:32:24,768 --> 00:32:28,294 Safe at last. 366 00:32:31,340 --> 00:32:32,780 In time, he'll eventually regenerate. 367 00:32:36,215 --> 00:32:39,391 His attackers 368 00:32:39,392 --> 00:32:40,610 may not be so lucky. 369 00:32:44,179 --> 00:32:46,379 Smooth stingrays arrive for this all-you-can-eat buffet. 370 00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:53,380 It's hard to know where to start. 371 00:32:55,408 --> 00:32:56,538 Entree. 372 00:32:56,539 --> 00:32:58,063 Main. 373 00:32:59,542 --> 00:33:02,328 Dessert. 374 00:33:05,809 --> 00:33:09,725 And with a flick of his tail, 375 00:33:09,726 --> 00:33:11,685 he is back for seconds. 376 00:33:15,341 --> 00:33:17,301 The crabs' only defence is in their sheer numbers. 377 00:33:20,346 --> 00:33:23,043 By dawn, 378 00:33:23,044 --> 00:33:24,218 hundreds have been hoovered up. 379 00:33:24,219 --> 00:33:25,299 [suspenseful music playing] 380 00:33:38,016 --> 00:33:42,497 Finally satiated, 381 00:33:42,498 --> 00:33:43,847 the rays slink into the murk. 382 00:33:48,896 --> 00:33:52,421 [sad music playing] 383 00:33:56,773 --> 00:34:00,907 The surviving spider crabs 384 00:34:00,908 --> 00:34:02,561 march solemnly towards the depths, 385 00:34:02,562 --> 00:34:04,955 stepping over fallen comrades. 386 00:34:08,568 --> 00:34:09,786 Or is it leftover lunch? 387 00:34:19,274 --> 00:34:23,712 This mob will meet again next year 388 00:34:23,713 --> 00:34:26,324 for the same gruesome event 389 00:34:26,325 --> 00:34:27,674 in Tasmania's winter waters. 390 00:34:34,072 --> 00:34:39,293 On the continent of Africa, 391 00:34:39,294 --> 00:34:41,454 it's the movement of rain that sets the pulse for life. 392 00:34:44,256 --> 00:34:48,215 By August, 393 00:34:48,216 --> 00:34:51,392 one of the natural world's greatest migrationsis now underway. 394 00:34:51,393 --> 00:34:53,873 On the border of Kenya and Tanzania, 395 00:34:53,874 --> 00:34:55,745 wildebeest are on the move. 396 00:34:59,184 --> 00:35:02,882 Having left the Serengeti, 397 00:35:02,883 --> 00:35:04,683 they have travelled over 500 kilometres north. 398 00:35:08,802 --> 00:35:12,500 Towards the savannah grasslands of the Masai Mara, 399 00:35:12,501 --> 00:35:15,330 storms on the horizon are their beacon. 400 00:35:20,422 --> 00:35:22,684 They know instinctively that where there's rain. 401 00:35:22,685 --> 00:35:25,123 there's greener pastures. 402 00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:34,218 As the living tributaries converge, 403 00:35:34,219 --> 00:35:36,698 the wildebeest grow in numbers. 404 00:35:36,699 --> 00:35:39,659 [stampeding] 405 00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:47,928 Soon the herd is over one million strong. 406 00:35:55,327 --> 00:35:59,808 By August, 407 00:35:59,809 --> 00:36:01,089 the herd reaches the Mara River. 408 00:36:05,728 --> 00:36:09,167 The crocodiles have been expecting them. 409 00:36:22,963 --> 00:36:27,314 For some, 410 00:36:27,315 --> 00:36:29,098 this is the first time 411 00:36:29,099 --> 00:36:30,539 they've encountered such an obstacle. 412 00:36:33,103 --> 00:36:34,663 Others know all too well what's to come. 413 00:36:37,325 --> 00:36:38,979 Herd leaders assess the danger, 414 00:36:44,202 --> 00:36:47,162 searching for a crossing point where the odds seem just a little bit better. 415 00:36:49,990 --> 00:36:53,253 They pause at the water's edge, 416 00:36:53,254 --> 00:36:54,995 waiting for someone to break rank. 417 00:37:07,181 --> 00:37:11,924 Somehow, 418 00:37:11,925 --> 00:37:13,245 he makes it past the waiting jaws. 419 00:37:17,583 --> 00:37:21,108 Then, the dam breaks. 420 00:37:25,417 --> 00:37:28,942 [triumphant music playing] 421 00:37:37,472 --> 00:37:42,346 In an hour, 422 00:37:42,347 --> 00:37:43,867 thousands will cross at this one point. 423 00:37:46,916 --> 00:37:50,398 Most will make it. 424 00:37:59,233 --> 00:38:02,758 Some will not. 425 00:38:07,502 --> 00:38:11,027 The river takes its sacrifice. 426 00:38:24,693 --> 00:38:28,218 As the rain clouds move on, 427 00:38:31,570 --> 00:38:32,832 so too do the wildebeests. 428 00:38:36,575 --> 00:38:37,775 To the lust pastures of Kenya. 429 00:38:41,841 --> 00:38:43,059 [calming music playing] 430 00:38:50,893 --> 00:38:55,549 Further south, in Zambia, 431 00:38:55,550 --> 00:38:58,465 the lack of rain and relentless sunshine 432 00:38:58,466 --> 00:39:00,338 sucks the life from the earth. 433 00:39:13,699 --> 00:39:18,442 The clear blue skies 434 00:39:18,443 --> 00:39:19,803 are welcomed by Carmine bee-eaters. 435 00:39:22,969 --> 00:39:27,015 Every year, 436 00:39:27,016 --> 00:39:27,974 they migrate hundreds of kilometres southward 437 00:39:27,975 --> 00:39:31,063 to converge here, 438 00:39:31,064 --> 00:39:32,152 on Zambia's Luangwa River. 439 00:39:36,243 --> 00:39:38,243 As the water level drops, it exposes the riverbank. 440 00:39:52,825 --> 00:39:57,176 This is what the birds are seeking. 441 00:39:57,177 --> 00:39:59,222 For it's where they nest. 442 00:40:02,312 --> 00:40:04,880 [triumphant music playing] 443 00:40:18,677 --> 00:40:23,376 [chirping] 444 00:40:23,377 --> 00:40:25,423 Each bird rushes to secure a spot. 445 00:40:30,123 --> 00:40:31,515 But they won't necessarily get their first choice. 446 00:40:31,516 --> 00:40:34,867 Resident white-fronted bee-eaters are already here. 447 00:40:36,651 --> 00:40:41,525 They live year-round in the region. 448 00:40:41,526 --> 00:40:43,286 And recently moved to the riverbank to breed. 449 00:40:46,835 --> 00:40:48,395 They've had a head start making burrows. 450 00:40:50,970 --> 00:40:54,582 And won't be evicted without a fight. 451 00:40:55,975 --> 00:40:59,457 [chirping] 452 00:41:03,548 --> 00:41:05,550 [triumphant music playing] 453 00:41:13,079 --> 00:41:17,125 But the migrants haven't travelled this far 454 00:41:17,126 --> 00:41:18,954 for nothing. 455 00:41:29,225 --> 00:41:32,751 [chirping] 456 00:41:37,712 --> 00:41:40,032 A prime patch of real estate is worth every flying feather. 457 00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:48,505 Both bird species dig into the riverbank 458 00:41:48,506 --> 00:41:51,117 to lay their eggs. 459 00:41:54,686 --> 00:41:58,384 The location of the burrow is key. 460 00:41:58,385 --> 00:42:02,823 Too close to the bottom 461 00:42:02,824 --> 00:42:04,384 and reptiles can barge through the door. 462 00:42:09,004 --> 00:42:14,095 Too close to the top, 463 00:42:14,096 --> 00:42:15,976 and they're in easy reach for other egg thieves. 464 00:42:19,449 --> 00:42:21,669 The middle of the bank is optimum. 465 00:42:26,195 --> 00:42:27,315 Passers-by can do just that. 466 00:42:33,333 --> 00:42:38,206 Thankfully, 467 00:42:38,207 --> 00:42:39,727 all neighbourhoods have access to food. 468 00:42:43,299 --> 00:42:46,388 Even mid-dry season, 469 00:42:46,389 --> 00:42:47,564 permanent waterholes of the Luangwa River 470 00:42:47,565 --> 00:42:51,176 harbour aquatic insects. 471 00:42:51,177 --> 00:42:52,457 And the birds are nimble hunters. 472 00:42:59,054 --> 00:43:02,536 But their favourite food is along the riverbank. 473 00:43:07,193 --> 00:43:09,716 In August, 474 00:43:09,717 --> 00:43:10,877 the sausage tree is in bloom. 475 00:43:15,375 --> 00:43:18,944 That's a boom for bees. 476 00:43:22,208 --> 00:43:23,601 And bee-eaters. 477 00:43:25,864 --> 00:43:27,866 [chirping] 478 00:43:36,701 --> 00:43:41,182 The only problem with this diet 479 00:43:41,183 --> 00:43:42,620 is the sting in the tail. 480 00:43:46,058 --> 00:43:47,178 But that's quickly disabled. 481 00:44:05,381 --> 00:44:09,689 Like all halcyon days, 482 00:44:09,690 --> 00:44:10,909 they'll soon be over. 483 00:44:15,087 --> 00:44:19,917 The bee-eaters must hatch and fledge their chicks 484 00:44:19,918 --> 00:44:21,638 before the rains return and the river rises. 485 00:44:22,485 --> 00:44:27,402 When this happens, 486 00:44:27,403 --> 00:44:28,926 the riverbank nests will vanish underwater. 487 00:44:28,927 --> 00:44:31,843 And the birds will once again, take to the wing. 488 00:44:39,546 --> 00:44:44,550 The great animal migrations on the African continent 489 00:44:44,551 --> 00:44:47,119 are rivalled by similar migrations in the African seas. 490 00:44:53,691 --> 00:44:55,300 Along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline in South Africa, 491 00:44:55,301 --> 00:44:59,521 the arrival of a cold-water current 492 00:44:59,522 --> 00:45:02,829 sweeps up the coast, 493 00:45:02,830 --> 00:45:04,270 carrying with it a bloom of plankton. 494 00:45:08,053 --> 00:45:10,271 This cool, northwards flow 495 00:45:10,272 --> 00:45:12,312 helps propel billions of sardines in search of food. 496 00:45:28,682 --> 00:45:33,555 At their peak, 497 00:45:33,556 --> 00:45:35,427 shoals can span over seven kilometres, 498 00:45:35,428 --> 00:45:37,517 providing an irresistible lure for predators. 499 00:45:42,957 --> 00:45:47,265 Army of common dolphins, 15,000 or more, 500 00:45:47,266 --> 00:45:49,790 arrive ready to strike in a coordinated assault. 501 00:45:56,188 --> 00:46:00,452 They separate the school of sardines, 502 00:46:00,453 --> 00:46:03,498 corralling the fish 503 00:46:03,499 --> 00:46:04,819 by blowing a barricade of bubbles. 504 00:46:11,420 --> 00:46:14,859 Weaving them into tighter and tighter balls. 505 00:46:19,385 --> 00:46:22,779 [clicking] 506 00:46:22,780 --> 00:46:25,042 As they push the sardines to the surface, 507 00:46:25,043 --> 00:46:26,483 the tiny fish have nowhere to escape. 508 00:46:32,746 --> 00:46:36,184 The oily scent of the battle attracts more hungry predators. 509 00:46:42,538 --> 00:46:46,150 Dusky sharks move in 510 00:46:46,151 --> 00:46:47,586 to take advantage of the dolphins' hard work. 511 00:46:47,587 --> 00:46:49,458 [dramatic music playing] 512 00:46:54,463 --> 00:46:56,383 Jaws slash through the bait balls with precision. 513 00:47:03,864 --> 00:47:07,302 The churn on the surface signals to the aerial attack force. 514 00:47:12,873 --> 00:47:14,874 Gannets hover. 515 00:47:14,875 --> 00:47:16,485 Then they too, join the fury. 516 00:47:21,273 --> 00:47:24,842 [intense music playing] 517 00:47:45,427 --> 00:47:50,344 Diving at 100 kilometres an hour, 518 00:47:50,345 --> 00:47:52,025 they strike the water and torpedo to depth. 519 00:47:55,655 --> 00:47:56,874 [intense music playing] 520 00:48:17,372 --> 00:48:20,898 But the feast is worth it. 521 00:48:25,119 --> 00:48:26,598 The predators along this coastline 522 00:48:26,599 --> 00:48:29,775 cannot always rely 523 00:48:29,776 --> 00:48:31,096 on the sardines passing their way. 524 00:48:34,955 --> 00:48:39,698 [clicking] 525 00:48:39,699 --> 00:48:42,179 Warming oceans means the cool currents 526 00:48:42,180 --> 00:48:45,138 which trigger the sardine run 527 00:48:45,139 --> 00:48:46,539 have been happening later and later. 528 00:48:49,578 --> 00:48:51,840 Some years, 529 00:48:51,841 --> 00:48:53,973 the run has failed completely. 530 00:48:53,974 --> 00:48:57,368 For many species across our planet, 531 00:48:57,369 --> 00:49:00,632 the timing of natural events is changing 532 00:49:00,633 --> 00:49:03,548 because of rising global temperatures. 533 00:49:03,549 --> 00:49:06,725 For the creatures adapted so precisely 534 00:49:06,726 --> 00:49:10,076 to nature's biological clock, 535 00:49:10,077 --> 00:49:11,599 climate change presents a new rhythm they must shift to. 536 00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:15,256 If they can. 537 00:49:17,998 --> 00:49:20,739 If they cannot, 538 00:49:20,740 --> 00:49:22,620 many of the great migration events on our planet 539 00:49:25,092 --> 00:49:26,440 may diminish, 540 00:49:26,441 --> 00:49:27,660 or simply disappear. 38604

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