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Some animals live very long,
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but as they reach old age helps skin?
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Such strange question always fascinated me.
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I was lucky to meet interesting creatures,
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but some were quite unusual.
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Some of them we know for centuries.
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On others I have recently discovered.
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In this series, some of them reveal story
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And show why they are considered curiosities of nature.
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David Attenborough curiosities OF NATURE
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Elephant and call some creatures curious mole rat.
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Both have very încreþitã skin,
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tighten begin showing life and maintain their elders this to old age.
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However exceed that age majotitatea animals of their size.
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What are their secrets?
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YOUNG BUT ZBÂRCIÞI
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Elefanþii are strange creatures in appearance and behavior.
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Aristotle described them as some "animals that outperforms all others in wit and mind."
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The more we learn about the body and behavior,
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We realize that we are completely deosebiþi.
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The evolution of such strange creatures is no accident.
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Their body fascinating is the key to long life of elephants.
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For Elephants, even for young people
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încreþitã skin is an advantage and not a sign of slowing.
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Elefanþii evolved from 55 million years ago mamuþi.
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Nowadays, vineyards are the heaviest land mammals
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And one who lives far, around 70 years old.
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Usually large creatures living longer,
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Because they have a slower metabolism.
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However, elefanþii have particular characteristics
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which helps them attain old age.
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One of the most important is the family structure
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where females dominated old, pass on their experience of a lifetime.
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Their bodies have developed some special features
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enabling them to solve problems their size.
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The trunk is one of them.
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It was the most extraordinary nose of a living creature.
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It can be very easy and with plenty move the dexterity to caress,
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to fell trees to absorb whole liter of water.
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The trunk is actually a connection between the nose and upper lip
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And it is very sensitive, with over 100,000 mºchi.
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End tube could move almost like a handbag.
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The mobile edge allows elephant to feel and to grasp delicate,
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as a single blade of grass.
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Elongated nose is a masterpiece of developments
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And the key to how the elephant with a body so big and awkward, can survive.
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Had it not developed elephant trunk would not have gotten so big.
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It allows, despite their large and stocky body,
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to reach the ground to feed and drink water.
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Let hrãneºti so large a body is a continuous activity,
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And the elephant must eat food as its weight every 20 days.
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We might think that heavy a burden on joints and teeth,
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And would wear elefanþii prior to age,
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but it is not so.
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Eat vegetation is difficult for teeth,
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And there are animals
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who lose their teeth when starving.
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However Elefanþii live up to 70 years,
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Their secret is their extraordinary molars.
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They have two pairs - two above and two below -
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Here's one of them.
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This is the grinding surface
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able to break the crenguþe, bark and even wood,
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And of course wears.
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As you chop, another tooth in the jaw develops,
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which eventually erupt and push
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until it is completely removed.
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The emergence of new teeth
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allow elephants to feed and be healthy into old age.
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In the company of older female elephants are invaluable
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Because transmit experience gained throughout life
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Younger members of the family.
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Females mature after spending much time listening to sounds of danger
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to raise the alarm.
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This sensitivity to sound
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It was the subject of one of the first experiments in animal behavior.
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Someone in France in the early 18th century,
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He noted that the menagerie seem to react elefanþii
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sounds weak, distant, outside their þarcului.
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They tested two elephants, and Hans Park,
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And they have hired an orchestra from Paris to sing music they love.
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One of elefaþi was very impressed by the musician from corn.
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The following were noted. "The animal knelt in front of him,
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"stroked the trunk,
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"manifested toward him in all kinds
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"I felt like he sang for pleasure."
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Now we know that the instrument itself sounds very low
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similar to those made by elephants,
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using resonance chambers in their head.
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They can perceive sounds very low that we can not hear.
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Females are older experienced experts in their interpretation.
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Such frequencies creates vibrations in the ground that reach large distances,
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and elefanþii soles can detect using.
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Their soles are actually not so compact as they seem
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have inside some special bushes
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Steps that reduce the impact of the heavy animal.
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For such a large creaurã, which can weigh 40 times as new
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sole seems very small.
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Its surface is slightly more than double our sole,
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but it has a surprising structure.
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Elephant pãºeºte five fingers,
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And the back heel, is spongy.
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Heel raised at compress and expand it to absorb shock
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And thus protects other bones, heavier in body pressure.
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It is as if elefanþii would wear special încãlþãri.
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When run, the elephant foam mattress on his heels,
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And Beth leg bones acþionaezã as some pogo and push the animal up.
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This system protects bones and internal tissues,
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And rare wild elefanþii make arthritis.
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Despite their size, they lead an active life
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and without too much harm the body.
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After mature males usually live alone and departing,
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while females remain with family
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And plays an important role in the education of offspring.
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Elefanþii young people seem old, even at birth,
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because încreþite skin.
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For Elephants, however, no sign of slowing încreþiturile.
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On the contrary, they are very important for their survival.
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Încreþitã thick skin and elephant,
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It was the subject of debate many years,
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and the first anatomiºti had strange ideas about this.
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Many believe that move the skin can tighten elefanþii
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to crush flies between încreþituri.
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So something but not actually seen.
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It is believed that the skin is very thick and insensitive
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but in reality varies along the elephant's body
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And can reach 2-3 cm thickness
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at the end of the tube and back,
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and around the eyes is thin as a sheet of paper.
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Although încreþitã appears thick and very sensitive.
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Musculiþele elephant could feel his body,
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even if it can crush the ribs.
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Creases but have a significant function.
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Încreþiturile that crosses throughout the body retain water.
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The skin can retain încreþitã 5-10 times more water than a smooth,
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So gather moisture from bathing
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prevents skin dehydration and overheating long.
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A significant thing is that the African elephant, who lives in dry, hot,
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încreþiturile skin is much deeper than in Asia.
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Încreþiturile elephants are ways to protect skin
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not the result of aging.
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Once the elephant was considered a curiosity of nature.
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For centuries we have been fascinated by their large ears,
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their tremendous trunk, stocky legs, skin încreþitã,
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but while I understand their importance.
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Unique biological elephant's survival is the key to long
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And skills seem to avoid the rigors of aging.
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Follows the story of another creature with skin încreþitã
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Mole rat.
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An animal is small though
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He lives very much.
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Elefanþii live long
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Due to their slow metabolism.
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But small mole rats live much longer
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but any mammal of the same size.
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What?
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Could this strange creatures body
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to hold the secret of eternal tinereþii?
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When German naturalist, Wilhelm Ruppell,
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He discovered in 1842 in Ethiopia, a mole rat
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He was convinced he had stumbled across a copy Old, decrepit,
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And she named the '' Heterocephalus Glaber ''
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which in a free translation, means
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an animal with smooth skin and oddly shaped head.
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It noted that body shape due to lack loss,
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leave an impression disappointing.
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So it is.
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Over the last 40 years,
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This strange creature was ignored savanþi.
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Then, in 1885,
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an English zoologist at the Natural History Museum in London, Oldfield Thomas,
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decided to examine in detail the museum specimens
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which were kept in storage for decades.
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Here we see some of his drawings.
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Thomas said that the animal described Ruppell weird is normal.
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Now we know that all ºobolanii mole looks like it, regardless of age.
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What they did not knew those early naturaliºti
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It was that they came across a mammal
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which will fascinate and perplex savanþii the next 150 years,
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A creature that could reveal secrets of aging and longevity.
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His body seems to not change no matter how much lives.
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ªobolanii elderly remain physically young mole whole life.
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Not only that - the strangest discovery
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was that sometimes live almost 30 years.
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Battery life varies greatly animals.
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Among mammals, such micuþ mouse lives only 2-3 years
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while a whale can reach 100 years of age.
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The way of life is an important factor in defining lifetime.
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A mouse leads an intense life in speed,
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supravieþuiesc producing many puppies that just a few.
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Whales, on the other hand, reproduce slowly and have many predators.
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Generally large animals live longer.
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So it's strange how the mole rat lives ninefold
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than any other rodent same size.
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What?
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In 1960, over 100 years after their discovery,
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savanþii began to investigate in laboratory animals
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To get some answers.
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The results were confusing.
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ªobolanii mole tãiesc colonies and a few females reproduce.
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At that time, a biologist named Richard Alexander
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studying insects that live in colonies, such as termites,
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the way they organize tighten colonies.
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They have one breeding female
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producing a huge number of workers not reproduce,
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a system called eusocialitate.
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A speculative namely a conclusion that if there eusociale and mammals,
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like termites, they lived underground.
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He was right.
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ªobolanul mole fits the description of Alexander
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how an animal should be eusocial.
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Behold.
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Lives underground in large social groups
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And dig tunnels in tubers after the toughest ground.
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Physique has evolved to life underground.
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It has a long body, thin, with short legs, according life in tunnels.
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Large teeth, strong, are using digging.
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The skull is strong, relatively large head,
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and her lips close behind the teeth to prevent earth into their mouth.
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It is almost bald, except for a few sensitive hairs.
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These outstanding features
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They have to do with the ability to live much?
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They certainly are the key to his unusual life underground.
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Regina lives in the heart of the colony.
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Only mate with two or three males
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And makes numerous chickens, sometimes over 20.
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Workers feeding the queen, caring for chickens and they guard the tunnels.
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Their role is essential.
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The colony would not survive if its members did not collaborate.
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Tubers that they eat are hard to find in the plains of Africa,
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And workers must dig kilometers of tunnels in their search.
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The fact that not replicate seems hard to believe,
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but their mother the queen, she does, and her DNA is identical to theirs,
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And, working together,
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colony can live in places where a single individual could not.
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That does not explain why these creatures live so long.
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Recently, another adaptation to life underground brought a hint.
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Fossils of mole rats show that started their life underground
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24 million years ago.
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So there's no surprise that there are very good tailor
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life in dark and damp tunnels.
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The conditions in a system of tunnels sealed, located two meters deep, do not fluctuate too much,
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And perhaps because of it
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ºobolanii mole lost their ability to regulate body temperature and.
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To freeze not crowded.
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In addition, like reptiles, absorb heat
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sitting in tunnels more on the surface.
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The lack of hair can be an advantage for a cold blooded animal
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and that it must take heat from the environment,
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And this explains why it is practically bald rat mole.
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But why warm-blooded mammals that live underground and they are hairless?
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Badgers, for example, have fur.
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Because they come to the surface to feed
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And when they need their fur to keep warm.
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ªobolanii mole, on the other hand, never see the light of day.
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However, you might think
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To have smooth skin and be bald is a big disadvantage,
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îngrãmãdiþi for ºobolanii mole living in unsanitary conditions.
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Mole rats colonies may have several hundred individuals,
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and the underground is dark, wet and often highly toxic.
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Oxygen levels can be very low and the high carbon dioxide.
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And yet, mysteriously, ºobolanii mole seem not disturb
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And not illnesses.
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Their high tolerance to harsh conditions
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It may be linked to their skin and cells underneath încreþitã.
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Apparently it is missing a key neurotransmiþãtor called substance P,
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responsible for transmitting pain signals
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the central nervous system.
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This may explain their ability to survive in conditions of underground toxic
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and without stress and body injuries.
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It could be and one of the secrets
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înfãþiºãrii their young, if we can say so, and even their longevity.
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Most animals react strongly to pain, and this can cause damage to their body.
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At ºobolanii mole, this effect is removed by canceling response to pain.
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Incredibly, no mole rat with cancer not found.
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If a normal animal disease survives, however îmbãtrâneºte.
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That datoreºte of substances in the body called oxidising agents.
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While gather quantitative and destroy body tissues.
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This leads to the appearance of signs of aging.
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ªobolanii not seem to react physically mole
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a high level of oxidising agents.
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They reach great age, but not age physically.
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In the wild, the queen mole rat lives the most,
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and the one here is 24 years old,
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And her body looks two years.
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No one knows how ºobolanii bypass mole aging symptoms
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but their unique physiology has evolved in response to living underground
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She created an animal that is almost supernatural.
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We have a creature that seems immune to pain
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And an iron constitution.
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Basically it has cold blood, a slow metabolism,
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And developed an unusual blend of strategy
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enabling it to cope with life style or provocative.
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In the future, this particular animal
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may help us solve some of our problems,
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such as controlling pain, degenerative diseases,
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And how to prevent aging and skin încreþirea.
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We have a curiosity of nature worth pursuing.
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Both elephant as well as mole rats remain as they get older.
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Surprisingly, mole rat small life
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relatively speaking, it is even longer than elephant.
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