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How they managed two small animals from opposite corners of the world
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savanþilor broke renowned reputation
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And also change our understanding on the evolution?
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I was lucky enough, in one way or another,
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met some of the most charming creatures on our planet ...
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... And some I found very interesting.
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Some of these creatures we know them for centuries.
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On others I have recently discovered.
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In this series, their share your story
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And will reveal why are curiosities of nature.
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David Attenborough curiosities OF NATURE
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In this episode, we explore the story of two animals
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that sparked a huge shock in the scientific world and beyond.
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One is a frog that became the epicenter of a scientific debate
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And generated false accusations of the early 20th century.
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The other is an animal of Australia
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which stunned the great thinkers in Victorian Europe
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And it has generated many question whether it is real or not.
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The PÃCÃLEALÃ?
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When the first Europeans arrived in Australia,
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The animals were shocked over that time.
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Nothing in Europe is not comparable with strange herbivorous,
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þopãiau on the plains and in some pockets tighten hauling chickens.
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Kangaroos were some ciudãþenii,
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But another creature and drew attention strangest first colonists.
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Living on river banks and swim in the water.
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Receive these Europeans who saw him told him mole of water.
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Name not last long.
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In this box
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lies one of the first platypus specimens seen outside Australia.
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He was sent to England in 1798
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by Captain John Hunter, governor of New South Wales.
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This small animal sparked a storm in the scientific world
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And changed his career and reputation
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some of the thinkers of the era.
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Platypus appears to be a mixture of different animals,
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part bird, beak, part mammal fur.
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When Charles Darwin first encountered one in the wild, he was amazed.
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He wrote, "Certainly, the two creators diferiþi worked together."
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The task of describing the first naturalist George Shaw returned platypus,
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working in sections of the British Natural History Museum,
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And assessed with great caution to.
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This is the first edition of a magazine called "Natural variations"
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that occurred a few years after his examination
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And contains an article about it,
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but also a beautiful picture of the animal,
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and at the end of Article wrote, "on a subject so extraordinary,
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"A degree of skepticism is not only necessary but also praise,
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"And must mention that almost do not believe what they see,
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"out of respect for this animal beak structure."
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It is said that Shaw was determined to ensure
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That is not the victim of an elaborate hoax,
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so he cuts behind the beak
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to be sure not sewing any counterfeiter.
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In the late 18th century, the world is open.
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Travellers returning from overseas with all kinds of minunãþii.
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Among them specimens of creatures
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that people think are myths,
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and husband-bell and sirens.
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They were certainly spell in parts of different animals.
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It is understandable why Shaw had doubts
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on the authenticity specimen or fur.
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Despite his doubts, he decided to give it a scientific name,
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platypus, meaning "flat feet".
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There knew that a cockroach had already received this name,
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And a few years later another taxonomist gave him a new name, more suitable,
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Ornithorhynchus, or "bot-the-bird".
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But the platypus is still the name used by many people.
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What kind of creature was it?
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George Shaw believes is due mammal fur.
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"All mammals are fed with the first period of their life,
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'milk produced by the mammary glands of mothers. "
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Could an animal but with a beak large flat suck?
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Some savanþi think such a thing is impossible,
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And under no circumstances believed
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platypus and monkeys that belong to the same group of animals.
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But the perception has changed.
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At age 30, George Shaw described the platypus,
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un German naturalist, Johann Meckel,
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made this wonderful collection of anatomical studies.
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Detailed and meticulous work of Meckel
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It helped to identify the true nature of this animal.
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Here...
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we can see a drawing of a male platypus,
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which shows clearly his clutches.
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Meckel described and simple glands
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under the thick fur of female platypus,
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suggesting that secrete milk glands.
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It could be a doubt that these glands,
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but even so savanþi few have challenged the Meckel
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And they have suggested disperaþi,
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that milk secreting glands but not a lubricant.
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Today we know that Meckel was right,
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And sometime I could introduce an optical probe into the lair of a platypus
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And I saw a female who breastfeed and the baby.
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Yes, here.
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It is milk.
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Milk is a perfect food.
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Provides crºterea chicken with everything needed,
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And only mammals produce milk.
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In most mammals milk passes through the nipple,
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but this primitive mammal simply seeps through the skin.
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Biologists 19th handy lacked such means.
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Must clarify the biology of this strange Australian mammal
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using some leftovers from a dead specimen ago.
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At 40 years after the discovery of the platypus,
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a young anatomist, which will become a titan of 19th century science,
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joined the debate.
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This is a statue of Richard Owen.
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Owen was a great man,
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founding director of the Natural History Museum in England.
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It was said in jest that has a head so big that he needed two hats.
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Platypus has become a central element in Owen's career.
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His work linked to this little creature,
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It helped him to be elected to the prestigious Royal Society,
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an exclusive group of savanþi and thinkers.
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Owen had an edge over its European peers.
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Australia was an English colony
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And he used his contacts to get new specimens.
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Finally, two youngsters arrived platypus
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And it became clear they could suck smoothly.
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Yet they had not bill that would have prevented to do so.
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So we agreed that baby platypus, chicken any mammal,
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They are brought up with milk.
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But the biggest mystery of the platypus was still unsolved.
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The animal lay eggs like reptiles or birds,
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or birth live young?
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Owen was central to the debate.
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These jars contain several bodies platypus împuºcaþi
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And trimiºi the museum to be Examine Richard Owen.
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Determination to demonstrate whether present or not eggs
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It led to the deaths of several platypus.
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Australian Aborigines state firmly that lay eggs
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but that was not enough for Owen.
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He knew better than any aboriginal.
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He admitted that the eggs could remain inside the body
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And there so chicks hatch are born alive,
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but more than that he could not accept.
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They were sent and eggs.
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Some were false and others owned by ºerpi.
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They're going to pass several decades until the platypus mystery to be solved.
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It became the focus
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the largest scientific debate in the Victorian era.
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The species have evolved or were created?
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Darwin's theory developments suggest that species can change over time,
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so it may appear an intermediate form that lay eggs and have fur.
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But it was too much even for the minds of Owen.
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In 1884, over 80 years
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the examination of the first specimen platypus by George Shaw,
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William Hay Caldwell arrived in Australia on a scholarship from the Royal Society.
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One of its aims was to solve the problem eggs.
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After a few months in Queensland and with the help of local aborigines,
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He managed to find the answer.
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He shot a female egg immediately after tighten lodged in burrows,
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And a second egg ready to get out of it,
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And they look so.
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Finally were visible evidence that the animal lay.
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He sent a telegram of scientific meetings in Montreal.
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It was short, to the point.
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"Monotremes oviparous, ovum meroblastic. ''
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These four words, iniþiaþii in science,
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platypus lays eggs meant that
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and egg yolk consisted of a single large,
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just like birds.
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Finally the mystery was solved.
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Richard Owen, who refused to believe that a mammal could lay eggs
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He is turning 80 years
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And it was not as appreciated as the beginning of his career.
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Platypus helped him build a reputation and,
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but now the conundrum of how reproduction of this creature has proved that wrong.
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It is something extraordinary when you are thinking that this little animal has confounded and confused
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many lie-lit 19th century Europe.
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It was not a scam but a curiosity like never seen.
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Natural curiosities continue with another story about forgeries
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while we uncover the mystery broaºtei midwives.
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Platypus lays eggs that was something incredible Victorian era.
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But evolution showed more unusual reproductive strategy,
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And the early 20th century,
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Anatomy of a certain amphibian triggered a controversy
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which, as in the case of the platypus has led to accusations of deception.
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This is the story broaºtei midwives.
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The frog is native to Britain not midwives.
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It was introduced a century ago
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And then spread throughout England.
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Its natural habitat is Europe, from Germany to Spain,
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And in 1920, their mating habits have made sensation in the media.
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Research how the male body broaºtei
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changes depending on the environment
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It has led some to believe that it is possible to obtain a race of super-humans.
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To understand why, you must know first
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makes the turtle midwives to be different from other broaºte.
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Amphibians are among the first animals with backbones that colonized land.
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Since then occupied almost any habitat,
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from the deserts and mountains jungle.
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Although they spent so much time on land,
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broaºtelor most need water to reproduce,
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whether it's about a vase or a lake.
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Pairing waters is a delicate business.
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Males have a special adaptation,
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black warty some swelling on their wrists, called perniþe nupþiale,
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allowing them to set good partner during sex.
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After the female produces the eggs, the male sperm and tighten issue departs.
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And did the job.
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The midwives frog is different.
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The male has perniþe nupþiale on the wrists.
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For that do not mate in water, but on land.
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The female produces eggs, and he takes them around his legs,
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through a movement that can be compared
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a man trying to put his pants and without having to use their hands.
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Midwife male is not female.
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Broaºtelor midwives like to live in places with less water.
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After the male managed to eggs and înfãºoare a string around his legs,
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usually hide under a rock with adequate moisture.
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Can be up to 150 eggs
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And lurk up to two months during their development.
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Then, before the eggs hatch,
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goes in search of water where tadpoles to come out.
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Mormolocii majoritãþii broaºtelor
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matures in a few weeks.
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Not the frog and midwives. At her last much longer.
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They often can spend even winter as tadpoles,
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And perhaps this is why tadpoles broaºtei midwives are some "monsters".
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Broaºtele are commonly used in biological studies
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because they are easy to keep,
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and the different stages of their development are easily noticed.
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So it is not surprising that the behavior of midwives broaºtei
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He attracted the attention of many biologists.
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One of them was Australian scientist Paul Kammerer,
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who worked in Vienna in the early 20th century,
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and his discoveries brought him fame.
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The frog in question has become an obsession that haunted until the end of life.
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Kammerer was strongly influenced
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the great French zoologist Jean-Baptlste Lamarck
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and published the theory in 1799,
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according to the characteristics of an animal accumulated during life
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They can be inherited by its offspring.
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For example giraffe, who get to high,
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the shoots of the treetops,
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while, has elongated neck muscles
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And this feature has been inherited by the offspring,
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from generation to generation.
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Lamarck's theory was rejected
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Charles Darwln proposed another evolutionary mechanism,
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based on an animal's genetic change.
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Kammerer wanted to prove that Lamarck was right.
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But giraffes were not ideal for animal experiments
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need something that can be kept in the laboratory and reproduce quickly,
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And attention was drawn to the frog midwives.
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Kammerer was fascinated
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The unusual mode of reproduction of this broaºte.
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Why a male, as this carries the eggs around the legs,
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And if this be changed?
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And it questioned whether broaºtei biology is related to the environment,
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which is arid.
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Kammerer decided to check what if keeps frog
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in a warm, moist, with access to a pool with cold water.
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His work has lasted several years and has required several generations of tadpoles
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but eventually noticed some changes.
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Some males have abandoned their eggs on standing Carat
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And deposited them directly in water.
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After several generations,
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Kammerer has managed to change the turtle midwives
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a land animal that reproduces in one that reproduces in water.
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The most important breakthrough came after continued to reproduce these broaºte.
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It noted that the wrists of male broaºte warty structures have been developed,
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nupþiale other similar perniþelor broaºte,
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used by males to females while they fix fertilize eggs.
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His work suggests that,
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changing environment in which he lives,
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broaºtei can change body
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The changes that will be sent to the following generations.
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Kammerer's work took place at the end of World War I,
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And political movements of the time
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Scientific discoveries just exploit.
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Despite the fact that the subject was a small frog,
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Some saw an opportunity to use his research beyond the laboratory.
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He was employed by the New York Times on the second post of Darwin.
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Some newspapers carried away,
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Kammerer suggested that his findings can be applied to humans.
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Specifically his research could help to create super humans.
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Whether he likes it or not, Kammerer was now under the spotlight.
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He toured Europe and America.
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At Cambridge, Department of Zoology has used its achievements
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And one of tadpoles exposed to Kammerer.
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But not everyone was convinced.
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An American named zoologist GK Noble
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He wrote an article in the publication "Nature", where it disbanded on Kammerer.
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Noble considered one of tadpoles
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And he said that perniþele nupþiale are false,
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They were produced by injection of ink.
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Kammerer a negat.
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He said someone has modified its copies to discredit.
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But his reputation was destroyed.
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00:19:29,544 --> 00:19:32,797
At six weeks after the article in Nature that accuse him of deception,
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Kammerer wrote a letter to another a prestigious scientific journal.
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Here is an excerpt of what she wrote.
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"Based on the situation created, say,
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"I have not been involved
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"in forging specimens,
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"And I consider myself an honest and accept your decision.
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"But I can not accept the denigration of my work for a living,
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"And I hope to be brave enough and strong
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"put an end to my life."
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Shortly after writing the letter,
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committed suicide near his home.
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If Kammerer's suicide
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It was due to the failure of his experiments
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Certainly we do not know.
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He had problems in personal life.
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Give probail
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labor scandal has weighed enough.
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After the death of Kammerer
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It was found in the wild a specimen of male frog with perniþe nupþiale midwives.
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Now some believe savanþi
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that the environment can influence how certain genes behave,
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And that these genes can be passed next generations.
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Perhaps frog midwives already has genes that allow the growth of these structures,
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but they triggered only under certain conditions.
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That proves that Kammerer was right?
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No one has ever managed to repeat Kammerer's experiments,
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so we are not sure whether or not the results falsified,
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00:21:13,279 --> 00:21:15,964
or simply was a mind ahead of his time,
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beyond the capacity of understanding of savanþilor of his time.
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What is certain is that,
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how some species inherit certain characteristics
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It is more complex than was thought at the time.
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Broaºtei midwives and the platypus lives
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They have disrupted science for some time.
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But in the end, both creatures have helped
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to understand better how animals evolve.
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