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THE TRIAL
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Court is in session. All rise!
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Sit down, please.
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THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SPECIAL COURT
COMRADE A. VYSHINSKY
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The Special Assembly session
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of the USSR Supreme Court
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is now open.
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The Court will hear the case
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of counter-revolutionary organisation,
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«Union of Engineering Organisations»,
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the so called «Industrial Party».
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The accused
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Ramzin, Kalinnikov,
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Larichev, Charnovsky, Fedotov,
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Kupriyanov, Ochkin and Sitinin
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are charged under article 58;
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sections 3, 4, 6
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of the RSFSR Penal Code.
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The Special Jury is composed of:
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the Chairman, comrade Vyshinsky Andrei;
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members of the Court -
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comrade Antonov-Saratovsky Vladimir,
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comrade Lvov Vassily, and
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the substitute member of the Court,
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comrade Ivanov Pavel.
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Any objections from the defendants?
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No objections.
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Defendant Ramzin.
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Defendant Kalinnikov.
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Defendant Larichev.
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Defendant Charnovsky.
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Defendant Fedotov.
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Defendant Kupryanov.
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Defendant Ochkin.
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Defendant Sitnin.
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Sit down, please.
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The Special Court
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will now hear the statement
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of the Prosecution.
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Prosecution statement in the case
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of counter-revolutionary organisation,
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«Union of Engineering Organisations»
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the so called «Industrial Party»,
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against comrades Ramzin, Kalinnikov,
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Larichev, Charnovsky, Fedotov,
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Kupriyanov, Ochkin, Sitnin
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under article 58, sections 3, 4, 6
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of the RSFSR Penal Code.
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One after another,
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in the whole range of industries,
OGPU (secret services)
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uncovered during the past two years
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a number of sabotage groups.
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The Shakhty sabotage trial
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was followed by the NKPS
(People's Commissariat of Railways) trial.
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The disclosure of sabotage
in public transport
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was followed by the revelations that
similar sabotage groups were active
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in the military, textile and
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ship building industries,
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as well as in the chemical,
gold mining,
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oil drilling and other industrial sectors.
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The Soviet government informed
wide circles of workers
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about the sabotage activities and
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the measures taken to eliminate them.
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Having studied the materials
of the above mentioned cases,
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the prosecution came to the conclusion
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that there existed one headquarters,
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masterminding industrial sabotage.
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Saboteurs were found
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among senior management
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of Soviet industries: in the VSNH
(The Supreme Soviet of National Economy)
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and in GOSPLAN
(The State Planning Committee).
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This was demonstrated by the
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conclusive evidence of the Shakhty trial.
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Defendant Ramzin,
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Defendant Ramzin,
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you've heard the statement
of the Prosecution.
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Do you plead guilty to the charges
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brought against you in this statement?
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Yes, I do.
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Defendant Kalinnikov,
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do you plead guilty to the charges
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brought against you in this statement?
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I do.
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- You wish to make a statement?
- Yes.
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Take a seat.
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Defendant Larichev,
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do you plead guilty to the charges
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brought against you in this statement?
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Yes, I do.
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- Wish to make a statement?
- Yes.
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You'll do it later.
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Sit down, please.
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Defendant Charnovsky,
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do you plead guilty to the charges
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brought against you by the Prosecution?
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Yes, I do.
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- Do you wish to make a statement?
- Yes.
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After questioning.
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Sit down, please.
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Defendant Fedotov,
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you have now heard
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the statement of the Prosecution.
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Do you plead guilty to the charges
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brought against you in this statement?
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I do.
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- Do you wish to make a statement?
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- I wish to make a statement.
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Please take your seat.
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You'll be called after questioning.
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Defendant Kupriyanov,
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I put the same question to you:
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do you plead guilty to the charges
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brought against you in this statement?
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Yes, I do.
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- Wish to make a statement?
- Yes.
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Please take your seat.
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We'll call you later.
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Defendant Ochkin,
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How do you plead?
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I plead guilty.
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- You do? Wish to make a statement?
- Yes.
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Very well. After questioning.
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Sit down, please.
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Defendant Sitnin,
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The Court puts the question to you:
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do you plead guilty to the crimes
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you are charged with?
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Yes, I do.
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- Do you wish to make a statement?
- Yes.
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Sit down, please.
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According
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to the law,
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a defendant,
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who refuses to have legal representation,
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has the right to make a statement
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in his own defence.
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The defendants can choose
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according to Article 304 of the Penal Code,
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to opt for this right or
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to refuse it.
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Defendant Ramzin,
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defendant Larichev,
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defendant Kalinnikov,
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defendant Charnovsky,
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defendant Fedotov,
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00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:01,540
defendant Kupriyanov...
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Kupriyanov is represented by legal counsel.
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Defendant Ochkin.
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THE ACCUSED
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RAMZIN, LARICHEV, KALINNKOV,
CHARNOVSKY, FEDOTOV AND OCHKIN
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REFUSED TO MAKE STATEMENTS
IN THEIR DEFENCE
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LONG LIVE THE BOLSHEVIKS!
HURRAH!
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DEATH TO SABOTEURS!
HURRAH!
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DEATH TO THE ENEMIES
OF THE PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION!
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STATEMENTS OF THE ACCUSED
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RAMZIN -
MOSCOW HIGHER TECHNICAL COLLEGE PROFESSOR
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DIRECTOR OF THE ALL-UNION INSTITUTE
OF THERMAL ENGINEERING;
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MEMBER OF GOSPLAN
(THE STATE PLANNING COMMITTEE)
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AND VSNH
(THE SUPREME SOVIET OF NATIONAL ECONOMY)
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This is why,
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having repented
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fully and wholeheartedly,
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having broken
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all ties with the anti-Soviet circles,
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both within the USSR and abroad,
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having disarmed fully,
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and having given up my struggle
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having repented
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in front of the Supreme Court,
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the entire population of our Union,
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as well as the international proletariat,
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I wish to reveal the whole truth
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in all its merciless clarity,
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STATEMENT ABOUT THE "INDUSTRIAL PARTY"
ACTIVITIES WENT ON FOR TWO DAYS.
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Summing up the activities
of the "Industrial party",
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having admitted the severity of my crimes
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and responsibility I carry for my actions,
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I consider it my duty to declare,
honestly and straightforwardly,
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that the activities of
the "Industrial party"
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aimed at overthrowing the Soviet power
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by means of intervention,
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in collaboration with the French government
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and the White émigrés circles,
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weren't only an act of treason
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against the Soviet government,
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but also against our Motherland,
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since in case of an intervention,
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the whole country would have suffered
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from the horrors of war,
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would've had to sacrifice
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the lives of its citizens
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for the sake of the aggressors.
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I also wish to declare that criminal
activities of the «Industrial party»,
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carried out internally with the aim
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of causing and deepening a crisis
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in the transport industry,
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and the "Farmers Labour party",
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aimed at deepening the crisis
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in the agricultural and food industries,
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in the finance and cooperation sectors,
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created significant economic difficulties
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within the USSR and
intensified class struggle.
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Having caused serious damage
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to the country's economy.
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Without these sabotage activities
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and counter-revolutionary resistance,
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our economic difficulties
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wouldn't have been so evident,
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and the pace of industrialisation
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and stride towards socialism
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would have been even faster.
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CHARNOVSKY -
MOSCOW HIGHER TECHNICAL COLLEGE PROFESSOR;
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CHAIRMAN OF THE VSNH
SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL ON METALLURGY
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Defendant Charnovsky, please.
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Let me admit my guilt once again.
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I'm guilty of participating
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in a counter-revolutionary organisation,
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«Centre for Engineering»,
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later known as the «Industrial Party».
220
00:21:36,740 --> 00:21:41,300
I repent fully and wholeheartedly.
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My guilt,
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established by
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the prosecution,
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mainly consists of participating
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in the leadership...
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of being a member of the Central Committee
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of the "Industrial Party",
participating in sabotage.
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00:22:03,180 --> 00:22:06,540
As regards to the nature of my
participation in this organisation,
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I gave detailed evidence
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during the investigation.
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Here I'd like to repeat the digest
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of the essential conclusions.
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I'd like to take the liberty to state
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my point of view on the "Industrial Party",
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on its origins and its activities.
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I was recruited into the sabotage group,
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"Centre for Engineering", by Khrennikov
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in 1927.
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I don't remember the exact date,
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but I can roughly recall that
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this coincided with the creation of the
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Central Scientific and
Technological Council
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of the metal industry.
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At the time, it worked under NTO
(Science and Technology Society).
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The Central Council
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was comprised of 3 sections:
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ferrous metallurgy, nonferrous metallurgy
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and metalworking industry.
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I was appointed chairman of the council
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of metalworking and machine
building industry.
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Thus, I first came
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00:23:13,540 --> 00:23:16,300
into professional contact with Khrennikov,
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who abused his position
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and forced me
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to participate in the activities
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of the «Centre for Engineering».
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In the same way, he recruited
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three other members
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of the Scientific and
Technological Council.
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This is how the nucleus
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of the metalworking branch
of the "Centre for Engineering"
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was formed.
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In the newly formed
"Centre for Engineering"...
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In the beginning, Khrennikov concealed
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the real purpose of this organisation.
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Only later,
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during our conversations,
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I realised the real purpose
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of the Centre.
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00:24:07,460 --> 00:24:10,140
It was to bring down
the power of the Soviets
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by means of causing industrial crisis
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and disruptions in the economy,
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with the aid of foreign intervention.
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KALINNIKOV -
MOSCOW HIGHER TECHNICAL COLLEGE PROFESSOR;
275
00:24:28,140 --> 00:24:30,700
VICE-CHAIRMAN
OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTION OF GOSPLAN
276
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:34,980
By the middle or, to be precise,
277
00:24:35,980 --> 00:24:38,700
by the end of 1927...
278
00:24:42,180 --> 00:24:45,740
by the time of the collapse
279
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:48,460
of the Shakhty sabotage group,
280
00:24:48,820 --> 00:24:52,980
the methods of sabotage were revised,
281
00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:58,900
the «Centre for Engineering» was formed.
282
00:24:59,820 --> 00:25:04,180
It was solidified.
283
00:25:09,340 --> 00:25:16,700
Soon, it had to take shape politically,
284
00:25:17,220 --> 00:25:20,860
it devised its political agenda,
285
00:25:21,060 --> 00:25:23,540
and turned into the "Industrial Party",
286
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:25,780
with its head,
the "Centre for Engineering",
287
00:25:25,940 --> 00:25:28,380
becoming its Central Committee.
288
00:25:29,420 --> 00:25:31,860
Detailed evidence was given already,
289
00:25:32,020 --> 00:25:34,100
I'll only touch upon it briefly.
290
00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:37,260
Prior to creation of the
"Centre for Engineering"
291
00:25:37,420 --> 00:25:41,220
certain groups of engineers
worked in the interests
292
00:25:41,460 --> 00:25:43,900
of former owners of factories,
293
00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:47,700
where they remained employed.
294
00:25:48,620 --> 00:25:51,300
The creation of the "Industrial Party"
295
00:25:52,180 --> 00:25:54,980
meant that not only
individual entrepreneurs,
296
00:25:55,780 --> 00:26:00,660
but the whole class of capitalists
was being represented by it.
297
00:26:01,580 --> 00:26:03,912
KUPRIYANOV - TECHNICAL DIRECTOR
OF ORGTEXTILE DEPARTMENT OF VSNH
298
00:26:04,020 --> 00:26:05,980
Defendant Kuprianov!
299
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:18,860
- Do you wish to make a statement?
- Yes, I do.
300
00:26:28,220 --> 00:26:30,700
During the preliminary hearing...
301
00:26:30,860 --> 00:26:33,420
Can you please speak louder.
302
00:26:43,620 --> 00:26:47,740
In the Supreme Court.
303
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:49,820
I have pleaded guilty
304
00:26:50,260 --> 00:26:52,620
During the preliminary hearing
305
00:26:52,860 --> 00:26:54,940
I gave detailed and complete evidence
306
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:57,460
of my sabotage activities...
307
00:26:57,620 --> 00:26:59,820
Order, please!
308
00:27:00,260 --> 00:27:02,020
We can hardly hear what
309
00:27:02,180 --> 00:27:03,940
the defendant is saying.
310
00:27:12,820 --> 00:27:15,300
I confess that I committed sabotage,
311
00:27:15,460 --> 00:27:18,660
but before I present a summary
312
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:22,780
of all... of my activities,
313
00:27:22,980 --> 00:27:24,620
I consider it necessary
314
00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:27,860
to make a clarification
315
00:27:28,140 --> 00:27:30,340
to add to Ramzin's statement.
316
00:27:31,140 --> 00:27:32,980
When Ramzin lists the members
317
00:27:34,860 --> 00:27:38,180
of the «Centre for Engineering",
318
00:27:38,740 --> 00:27:41,260
he names Fedotov and Kuprianov
319
00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:45,020
for textile industry,
320
00:27:45,740 --> 00:27:47,820
and in the branches he names
321
00:27:47,980 --> 00:27:51,100
Lopatin, Nolde, Lebedev etc.
322
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:55,220
I think it's a slip of a tongue.
323
00:27:59,580 --> 00:28:03,020
Anyone who knows these people,
324
00:28:03,180 --> 00:28:08,620
wouldn't consider Lopatin
to be a branch member.
325
00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:12,340
Without a doubt,
Lopatin was in the «Centre»,
326
00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,620
he was the first one
to represent textile industry,
327
00:28:16,020 --> 00:28:18,100
anyone who knows Lopatin's character,
328
00:28:18,260 --> 00:28:21,100
won't have any
329
00:28:22,420 --> 00:28:24,300
doubt about it.
330
00:28:25,060 --> 00:28:26,900
By saying this, I don't want
331
00:28:27,060 --> 00:28:28,980
to diminish my own responsibility.
332
00:28:29,140 --> 00:28:31,260
I admit that I'm guilty, this fact
333
00:28:31,420 --> 00:28:33,340
doesn't make me less responsible.
334
00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:36,580
When Lopatin was in the "Centre",
335
00:28:36,740 --> 00:28:38,860
I was merely a branch member.
336
00:28:39,020 --> 00:28:40,940
I only dealt with industrial matters.
337
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:42,620
After Lopatin's death,
338
00:28:44,820 --> 00:28:47,580
in April 1927,
339
00:28:47,740 --> 00:28:49,940
the situation became somewhat different.
340
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:53,100
I'll get to it later and will explain.
341
00:28:54,820 --> 00:28:57,540
The main goal of sabotage activities
342
00:28:57,780 --> 00:29:00,940
was to preserve factories
in the same condition,
343
00:29:01,180 --> 00:29:04,540
in which they were left by their ex-owners,
344
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:07,660
to prevent the removal of equipment
345
00:29:07,820 --> 00:29:09,340
from one factory to another,
346
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:11,700
and to make sure
347
00:29:11,860 --> 00:29:13,820
that the factories remained operational
348
00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:16,260
and weren't shut down.
349
00:29:16,860 --> 00:29:20,700
When the New Economic Policy started,
350
00:29:21,020 --> 00:29:24,340
the hopes of former factory owners
351
00:29:24,660 --> 00:29:27,340
turned to a different direction.
352
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:28,940
According to Lopatin,
353
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:31,980
the issue of repossession
354
00:29:32,140 --> 00:29:33,980
of factories
355
00:29:34,380 --> 00:29:36,260
by former owners
356
00:29:36,420 --> 00:29:38,740
was going to be solved in the near future.
357
00:29:39,060 --> 00:29:41,700
That's why all the necessary measures
358
00:29:41,860 --> 00:29:43,620
had to be taken to ensure that
359
00:29:43,780 --> 00:29:45,352
the factories remained
in working condition.
360
00:29:45,460 --> 00:29:48,540
So, upon receiving a lease, former owners
361
00:29:49,140 --> 00:29:51,460
could resume operations
without extra investments.
362
00:29:51,620 --> 00:29:54,100
We were instructed
363
00:29:54,260 --> 00:29:57,420
to repair factories and machinery.
364
00:30:00,060 --> 00:30:02,540
By 1925,
365
00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:04,940
the hopes of receiving
366
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:08,700
the factories back were dashed.
367
00:30:10,180 --> 00:30:13,100
Lopatin, following
368
00:30:13,260 --> 00:30:16,420
the instructions of "Torgprom",
369
00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:21,780
set up a sabotage group.
370
00:30:27,060 --> 00:30:29,220
Defendant Fedotov!
371
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:39,740
FEDOTOV -
PROFESSOR;
372
00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:43,020
CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY
373
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:47,900
A group of people
374
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:52,500
at the top of the
"Union of Engineering Organisations"
375
00:30:53,820 --> 00:30:56,980
began to refer to themselves as
376
00:30:57,660 --> 00:31:00,260
the "Central Committee" of the party.
377
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:02,900
This "Central Committee"
378
00:31:03,060 --> 00:31:05,380
was comprised of:
379
00:31:06,540 --> 00:31:10,860
the chairman, the former leader of the
380
00:31:11,020 --> 00:31:13,540
"Union of Engineering Organisations",
Khrennikov...
381
00:31:13,780 --> 00:31:16,500
and also - Ramzin, Larichev...
382
00:31:19,700 --> 00:31:22,380
also I, Fedotov...
383
00:31:23,780 --> 00:31:25,700
That's all.
384
00:31:27,020 --> 00:31:28,900
I think that's all...
385
00:31:30,540 --> 00:31:33,660
After Khrennikov's arrest
386
00:31:38,340 --> 00:31:42,100
the number of group
members was reduced by one.
387
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:46,540
So, there remained five people.
388
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:52,060
Afterwards, after my arrest,
389
00:31:54,220 --> 00:31:57,020
according to professor Ramzin's statement,
390
00:31:57,180 --> 00:31:58,900
some more people joined the group,
391
00:31:59,060 --> 00:32:00,940
but I was not aware of it.
392
00:32:01,140 --> 00:32:04,540
Thus, the membership
of the "Industrial Party"
393
00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:07,940
was expected to grow,
394
00:32:08,340 --> 00:32:10,500
it was expected
that many more people
395
00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:16,660
would join the organisation,
396
00:32:16,820 --> 00:32:20,700
as the near collapse
of the Soviet government
397
00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:30,340
was eagerly anticipated,
due to foreign intervention.
398
00:32:33,580 --> 00:32:36,340
In anticipation of such a collapse,
399
00:32:36,980 --> 00:32:38,900
the "Industrial Party"
400
00:32:39,060 --> 00:32:40,580
and its Central Committee
401
00:32:40,740 --> 00:32:43,620
began active preparations
402
00:32:50,620 --> 00:32:52,540
for the intervention.
403
00:32:53,020 --> 00:32:56,980
The only way
to prepare the intervention was,
404
00:32:57,380 --> 00:33:02,940
as it was planned previously,
405
00:33:03,220 --> 00:33:06,460
when the "Industrial Party" was preceded
406
00:33:06,620 --> 00:33:09,180
by the "Union of
Engineering Organisations".
407
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:04,780
WE DEMAND EXECUTION BY SHOOTING!
408
00:34:47,340 --> 00:34:49,740
LARICHEV -
ENGINEER; FUEL INDUSTRY EXPERT;
409
00:34:49,900 --> 00:34:53,460
CHAIRMAN OF THE FUEL SECTION AND
MEMBER OF THE PRESIDING BOARD OF GOSPLAN
410
00:34:58,420 --> 00:35:01,220
In my statement,
411
00:35:02,260 --> 00:35:04,460
I considered it necessary
412
00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:07,500
to focus mainly
413
00:35:08,580 --> 00:35:11,060
on the sources
414
00:35:12,220 --> 00:35:13,540
and channels,
415
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:17,580
which were used
to prepare the intervention,
416
00:35:18,540 --> 00:35:21,140
which led to
417
00:35:21,340 --> 00:35:24,860
the changes in the
working practices of the "Industrial Party"
418
00:35:25,020 --> 00:35:27,220
and pushed it towards
419
00:35:28,580 --> 00:35:32,100
the most criminal type of activity,
420
00:35:32,980 --> 00:35:34,300
to espionage,
421
00:35:34,460 --> 00:35:36,860
both military and industrial,
422
00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:41,740
which is the gravest of crimes
423
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:44,300
committed by it.
424
00:35:44,580 --> 00:35:48,260
This was an act of treason.
425
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:51,740
Treason against the state.
426
00:35:51,940 --> 00:35:55,180
Even more shameful,
427
00:35:55,340 --> 00:35:58,460
as its target was
428
00:35:59,460 --> 00:36:02,260
the state,
429
00:36:03,140 --> 00:36:05,660
being built by the
430
00:36:07,060 --> 00:36:08,540
proletariat,
431
00:36:08,820 --> 00:36:12,020
one of the first Socialist states
432
00:36:12,220 --> 00:36:13,940
ever to exist in the world.
433
00:36:15,060 --> 00:36:18,540
This aggravates even further
434
00:36:19,260 --> 00:36:21,820
the nature of the crimes
435
00:36:22,180 --> 00:36:24,220
committed by the members of the
436
00:36:24,380 --> 00:36:27,220
"Industrial Party",
437
00:36:27,780 --> 00:36:29,700
myself included.
438
00:36:30,060 --> 00:36:32,620
I will end
439
00:36:32,780 --> 00:36:35,060
where I began:
440
00:36:35,220 --> 00:36:38,900
I fully admit my responsibility
441
00:36:39,740 --> 00:36:41,860
and I plead guilty of crimes,
442
00:36:42,740 --> 00:36:44,540
which I committed
443
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:46,660
together with
444
00:36:46,980 --> 00:36:50,180
the leadership of the party,
445
00:36:51,060 --> 00:36:55,660
which I've described here,
446
00:36:56,260 --> 00:36:58,340
having given some additional evidence
447
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:03,340
I considered necessary to supply.
448
00:37:10,260 --> 00:37:13,220
Defendant Larichev,
you may now take your seat.
449
00:37:28,740 --> 00:37:32,260
SITNIN -
ENGINEER AT THE ALL-UNION TEXTILE SYNDICATE
450
00:37:33,660 --> 00:37:35,700
Defendant Sitinin!
451
00:37:38,100 --> 00:37:39,860
On my way back from America
452
00:37:40,020 --> 00:37:41,740
in the first half of July,
453
00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:44,740
I met with Konovalov.
454
00:37:46,780 --> 00:37:51,380
He told me that he was bankrupt,
455
00:37:51,660 --> 00:37:54,060
but remained a member of "Torgprom"
456
00:37:54,220 --> 00:37:56,192
and, though not as
actively involved in it as before,
457
00:37:56,300 --> 00:38:01,380
he was still aware
of everything which went on there.
458
00:38:02,580 --> 00:38:06,380
He said that both émigré circles
459
00:38:07,420 --> 00:38:09,820
and foreign governments
460
00:38:10,620 --> 00:38:15,060
closely follow
the developments in the USSR.
461
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:19,140
Of course, every new
trend in the internal
462
00:38:19,300 --> 00:38:21,500
policy of the USSR
463
00:38:22,740 --> 00:38:26,220
provokes an even more aggressive reaction
464
00:38:26,380 --> 00:38:30,180
from émigré circles and
foreign politicians.
465
00:38:32,700 --> 00:38:35,820
The current direction chosen by the USSR,
466
00:38:35,980 --> 00:38:39,260
according to Konovalov and to "Torgprom",
467
00:38:39,420 --> 00:38:42,860
makes foreign
intervention inevitable,
468
00:38:43,540 --> 00:38:48,540
since there remains
no other hope for them.
469
00:38:49,860 --> 00:38:52,580
Also, he considered the circumstances,
470
00:38:52,740 --> 00:38:54,540
in which USSR found itself at the time -
471
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:57,580
shortage of hard currency, anticipation
472
00:38:58,220 --> 00:39:00,580
of poor harvest, the rumours of which
473
00:39:00,740 --> 00:39:05,500
were circulating in the summer of 1928;
474
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,380
shortage of food supplies,
queues in shops -
475
00:39:10,540 --> 00:39:13,500
all of which was known abroad;
476
00:39:15,180 --> 00:39:20,140
internal power struggle within the party,
477
00:39:20,300 --> 00:39:23,740
followed very closely by foreign observers.
478
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,020
All the above confirmed their hopes
479
00:39:27,180 --> 00:39:30,260
that a favourable moment was approaching.
480
00:39:31,780 --> 00:39:34,140
He informed me that
481
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:36,940
the so-called "leaders" of "Torgprom"
482
00:39:37,100 --> 00:39:39,420
Ryabushinsky, Tretiakov -
483
00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:45,260
were received by one of the most prominent
484
00:39:46,860 --> 00:39:49,700
French politicians...
485
00:39:51,140 --> 00:39:52,980
and he...
486
00:39:53,500 --> 00:39:55,260
was very sympathetic...
487
00:39:55,420 --> 00:39:56,660
Defendant Sitnin,
488
00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:58,900
who was this French politician?
489
00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:00,500
Poincaré.
490
00:40:00,660 --> 00:40:03,300
I thought I shouldn't
mention any names now.
491
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,860
We said that during the
closed session we'll
492
00:40:07,020 --> 00:40:09,860
reveal the pseudonyms of
persons, identified
493
00:40:10,820 --> 00:40:13,380
during the hearing by their
initials, working for
494
00:40:13,540 --> 00:40:17,380
foreign organisations
based on the Soviet territory.
495
00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:21,540
So, they were received by Poincaré.
496
00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:25,420
He assured them that
497
00:40:25,780 --> 00:40:28,700
he sympathised with their cause
498
00:40:28,860 --> 00:40:33,140
and he hoped for and was quite confident
499
00:40:33,900 --> 00:40:37,780
that this idea would
receive support in France.
500
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:44,260
Based on this,
501
00:40:45,340 --> 00:40:47,740
"Torgprom" considered
502
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:52,180
that the intervention
would happen in 1930 - 31.
503
00:40:54,580 --> 00:41:00,180
I was astonished by Konovalov's statement
504
00:41:00,820 --> 00:41:06,420
and even became suspicious of his words,
505
00:41:07,420 --> 00:41:10,580
It seemed he exaggerated his position.
506
00:41:10,980 --> 00:41:13,860
Upon my return to Moscow,
I told everything to Kupriyanov.
507
00:41:14,020 --> 00:41:16,980
I wish to correct Kupriyanov's statement:
508
00:41:17,140 --> 00:41:19,060
I came to him earlier than Fedotov did.
509
00:41:19,220 --> 00:41:20,780
He told me Fedotov would soon be back,
510
00:41:20,940 --> 00:41:23,460
and we'd receive confirmation
511
00:41:23,620 --> 00:41:25,660
if it was true or not;
512
00:41:27,260 --> 00:41:29,500
whether Konovalov was right or
513
00:41:29,660 --> 00:41:32,220
whether he somewhat overdid it.
514
00:41:32,860 --> 00:41:34,460
Upon Fedotov's return from Moscow...
515
00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:36,700
I mean, from abroad...
516
00:41:36,860 --> 00:41:39,500
he did tell us that he met Karpov in Berlin
517
00:41:39,660 --> 00:41:43,220
and confirmed Konovalov's story.
518
00:41:48,540 --> 00:41:53,100
He also told us
about the plans for sabotage
519
00:41:53,260 --> 00:41:58,820
which had to be
carried out in the textile industry.
520
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:03,580
He has already given evidence about it,
so I won't go into detail.
521
00:42:03,740 --> 00:42:06,620
I'll only mention that
the aims were to fail
522
00:42:06,780 --> 00:42:08,580
the five-year-plan;
523
00:42:08,740 --> 00:42:12,020
to cause a crisis in 1930
524
00:42:12,180 --> 00:42:15,060
by hampering manufacturing and
525
00:42:15,220 --> 00:42:18,460
by building factories in remote areas.
526
00:42:26,420 --> 00:42:30,380
OCHKIN - SCIENTIFIC SECRETARY OF THE
ALL-UNION INSTITUTE OF THERMAL ENGINEERING
527
00:42:32,140 --> 00:42:34,300
Now I move
528
00:42:34,460 --> 00:42:36,340
on to particular items
529
00:42:36,740 --> 00:42:38,700
of the prosecution statement.
530
00:42:39,060 --> 00:42:41,740
Namely, to the links with foreigners.
531
00:42:46,700 --> 00:42:48,620
I've already given evidence of the links
532
00:42:48,780 --> 00:42:52,220
between the "Industrial
Party" and foreigners.
533
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:58,340
The Prosecutor already heard my statement,
534
00:42:59,140 --> 00:43:01,540
but I'll repeat it again.
535
00:43:04,780 --> 00:43:07,780
Professor Ramzin repeatedly told me
536
00:43:07,940 --> 00:43:12,980
that he'd established
direct contacts abroad.
537
00:43:15,460 --> 00:43:19,140
During a private trip back in 1927,
538
00:43:22,140 --> 00:43:24,860
he received instructions
539
00:43:25,740 --> 00:43:29,340
from the French government representative
540
00:43:29,540 --> 00:43:33,300
that their contact
with the "Industrial Party"
541
00:43:35,380 --> 00:43:40,620
in Moscow was Mr K.
542
00:43:41,580 --> 00:43:45,300
In the end of 1929,
543
00:43:45,620 --> 00:43:48,060
professor Ramzin told us
544
00:43:48,420 --> 00:43:51,860
that the intervention had been postponed
545
00:43:52,020 --> 00:43:54,820
until the end of 1930 or 1931.
546
00:43:55,940 --> 00:43:59,140
It was clear that the "Industrial Party"
547
00:43:59,580 --> 00:44:02,340
was not capable of acting on its own.
548
00:44:02,780 --> 00:44:05,060
The leverage for the organisation
549
00:44:05,220 --> 00:44:08,300
of a political revolt
had to be found abroad.
550
00:44:09,660 --> 00:44:12,740
Archimedes formula springs to mind:
551
00:44:13,740 --> 00:44:16,540
"Give me a lever, I'll move the world".
552
00:44:21,380 --> 00:44:24,780
Central Committee's members went abroad
553
00:44:24,940 --> 00:44:27,460
in order to find such a leverage.
554
00:44:32,340 --> 00:44:34,660
But the results
555
00:44:37,100 --> 00:44:40,140
were negligible
556
00:44:40,380 --> 00:44:42,180
and their efforts
557
00:44:44,260 --> 00:44:47,300
were fruitless.
558
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:51,100
Anticipation of a foreign intervention
559
00:44:51,260 --> 00:44:55,660
was the main policy of
the "Industrial Party".
560
00:44:55,860 --> 00:44:58,060
Acts of sabotage,
561
00:44:58,220 --> 00:45:00,100
disruptions in the economy,
562
00:45:00,260 --> 00:45:04,020
industrial crisis was no longer of interest
563
00:45:05,180 --> 00:45:07,820
in the final stages of
the Party's existence.
564
00:45:07,980 --> 00:45:10,700
Joint efforts with the French headquarters
565
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:13,660
were aimed at the intervention.
566
00:45:14,180 --> 00:45:16,580
These have been the primary tactics
567
00:45:16,780 --> 00:45:19,780
of the party recently.
568
00:45:21,540 --> 00:45:24,180
French agents
569
00:45:24,860 --> 00:45:26,380
and the agents of "Torgprom"
570
00:45:26,540 --> 00:45:29,740
turned the "Industrial party"
571
00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:34,260
into an amenable organ of intervention.
572
00:45:37,620 --> 00:45:40,940
Counter-revolutionary engineers were
573
00:45:41,980 --> 00:45:46,460
rapidly moving down this slippery slope.
574
00:45:47,620 --> 00:45:52,460
The Soviet government
has managed to prevent this downfall.
575
00:46:17,540 --> 00:46:21,700
MORE PLANES, TANKS AND
TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE RED ARMY!
576
00:47:30,220 --> 00:47:32,740
QUESTIONING OF THE ACCUSED
577
00:47:34,780 --> 00:47:37,940
SITNIN
578
00:47:43,140 --> 00:47:45,780
I wonder why you received the bribe
579
00:47:45,940 --> 00:47:50,300
in golden coins,
and not in Soviet banknotes?
580
00:47:50,460 --> 00:47:52,500
Do you understand my question?
581
00:47:52,660 --> 00:47:55,460
Simply because, it seemed to me...
582
00:47:55,740 --> 00:47:59,860
that this money will
remain in circulation...
583
00:48:01,660 --> 00:48:04,340
This money was supposed to remain.
584
00:48:04,500 --> 00:48:07,780
It could be saved for a rainy
day, so to say...
585
00:48:07,940 --> 00:48:11,140
When you say for a "rainy day", it means
586
00:48:11,300 --> 00:48:14,420
that you considered coins
to be hard currency.
587
00:48:14,580 --> 00:48:18,260
No. It was just easier to save them.
588
00:48:18,420 --> 00:48:20,620
One can save Soviet banknotes as well.
589
00:48:21,180 --> 00:48:22,740
Is it possible to save Soviet money?
590
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:24,260
Yes, it is.
591
00:48:24,420 --> 00:48:27,780
But you preferred to save golden coins.
592
00:48:28,340 --> 00:48:30,060
If I'm not mistaken, at the time
593
00:48:30,220 --> 00:48:31,820
the currency was plummeting...
594
00:48:32,980 --> 00:48:34,660
Precisely! Soviet currency was plummeting,
595
00:48:34,820 --> 00:48:36,420
so you wanted to keep hard currency.
596
00:48:36,580 --> 00:48:37,820
Yes, this is correct.
597
00:48:37,980 --> 00:48:39,700
And this hard currency was in gold!
598
00:48:39,860 --> 00:48:40,980
This is correct.
599
00:48:41,140 --> 00:48:43,860
So you preferred to keep gold!
600
00:48:44,220 --> 00:48:46,472
You preferred Tsar minted golden coins
to the Soviet currency, didn't you?
601
00:48:46,580 --> 00:48:47,740
Yes, I did.
602
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:49,952
So, did you agree these terms
with your private clients,
603
00:48:50,060 --> 00:48:51,992
that your commission
had to be paid in golden coins?
604
00:48:52,100 --> 00:48:55,860
No, no. It wasn't just me who did it.
605
00:48:56,020 --> 00:48:59,260
The trade department did it.
606
00:48:59,420 --> 00:49:03,700
They received the money and
converted it into gold.
607
00:49:06,020 --> 00:49:09,420
Did you buy gold with
the money you received?
608
00:49:09,580 --> 00:49:11,740
I didn't buy anything.
609
00:49:12,940 --> 00:49:15,740
The stock exchange was free and
610
00:49:16,020 --> 00:49:18,540
the currency was convertible then.
611
00:49:21,580 --> 00:49:26,340
If you said it had
to be gold, it was paid in gold.
612
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:27,912
I see... So you had your network of agents,
613
00:49:28,020 --> 00:49:29,540
who acquired gold for you.
614
00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:31,020
I had no such thing.
615
00:49:31,180 --> 00:49:33,220
Not you personally,
but your department.
616
00:49:35,380 --> 00:49:36,660
Was there a special organisation
617
00:49:36,820 --> 00:49:38,660
which dealt with
Soviet currency exchange?
618
00:49:38,820 --> 00:49:42,300
No. There was no need for an organisation.
619
00:49:43,300 --> 00:49:44,620
We simply had an agent, who could
620
00:49:44,740 --> 00:49:47,060
legally convert the currency.
621
00:49:47,220 --> 00:49:48,261
You mean an ordinary agent
622
00:49:48,380 --> 00:49:50,420
of the textile department
623
00:49:50,580 --> 00:49:53,232
would be routinely sent by you to the
exchange and convert the money, right?
624
00:49:53,340 --> 00:49:56,940
I didn't send him.
It was done in Moscow.
625
00:49:57,100 --> 00:49:59,500
So, it was done in Moscow, wasn't it?
626
00:49:59,660 --> 00:50:01,860
Yes, and our head office was in Tver.
627
00:50:02,020 --> 00:50:04,140
Oh, was your head office in Tver?
628
00:50:04,580 --> 00:50:07,140
Does it mean that you sent the agent
629
00:50:07,300 --> 00:50:09,660
from Tver to Moscow for this purpose?
630
00:50:09,820 --> 00:50:12,620
No. The money was received in Moscow,
631
00:50:12,940 --> 00:50:17,020
so the manager of the Moscow office did it.
632
00:50:17,180 --> 00:50:18,980
So, are you saying that the manager
633
00:50:19,140 --> 00:50:21,220
of the Moscow office was your associate?
634
00:50:21,380 --> 00:50:22,860
Yes.
635
00:50:23,220 --> 00:50:24,432
And it was him who did it, wasn't it?
636
00:50:24,540 --> 00:50:25,420
Yes.
637
00:50:25,460 --> 00:50:26,752
And did he then send the money to you?
638
00:50:26,860 --> 00:50:28,060
Yes.
639
00:50:28,220 --> 00:50:30,460
I see. Now it's clear.
640
00:50:34,340 --> 00:50:36,740
- Do you have any further questions?
641
00:50:37,780 --> 00:50:39,020
No, that's all for now.
642
00:50:40,420 --> 00:50:41,700
Defendant Sitnin,
643
00:50:43,260 --> 00:50:44,260
tell us please,
644
00:50:44,380 --> 00:50:46,140
you've just confirmed to the Court
645
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:49,540
responding to the Prosecutor's question,
646
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:52,980
that you were a member of
the "Industrial Party".
647
00:50:54,020 --> 00:50:56,700
- Did I understand you correctly?
- Yes.
648
00:50:56,860 --> 00:50:59,740
But when charges were brought against you
649
00:50:59,900 --> 00:51:04,780
by the Serious Crimes Investigator,
comrade Leventon,
650
00:51:05,100 --> 00:51:08,260
you stated that you didn't know
651
00:51:08,420 --> 00:51:09,832
about the existence of
the "Industrial Party".
652
00:51:09,940 --> 00:51:10,980
Yes.
653
00:51:11,140 --> 00:51:13,180
Does it mean that you gave false evidence?
654
00:51:13,340 --> 00:51:15,780
At the time, I was first confronted
655
00:51:15,940 --> 00:51:18,820
with the full account of this
656
00:51:18,980 --> 00:51:20,580
organisation's activities.
657
00:51:20,740 --> 00:51:22,540
This account astonished me
to such an extent,
658
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:25,540
that I said I was never
a member of such a party!
659
00:51:26,260 --> 00:51:28,472
And now you are saying that you
were indeed a member of such a party.
660
00:51:28,580 --> 00:51:30,180
Apparently, yes. I was.
661
00:51:44,220 --> 00:51:45,820
Thus, in 1925 you became a member
662
00:51:45,980 --> 00:51:49,180
of a sabotage group and
began your activities.
663
00:51:49,340 --> 00:51:50,780
Yes.
664
00:51:52,020 --> 00:51:54,100
Then you changed your position.
665
00:51:58,420 --> 00:51:59,900
I never changed my position.
666
00:52:00,060 --> 00:52:02,660
What happened after your trip abroad?
667
00:52:03,260 --> 00:52:05,100
After my trip abroad I was convinced
668
00:52:05,260 --> 00:52:07,060
that there exist certain real forces
669
00:52:07,220 --> 00:52:09,540
who are capable of overthrowing
670
00:52:09,700 --> 00:52:11,740
the Soviet power.
671
00:52:12,140 --> 00:52:15,140
The rumours I heard
672
00:52:15,940 --> 00:52:17,820
in our group,
in particular, from Lopatin,
673
00:52:17,980 --> 00:52:20,220
weren't just empty talk and it seemed
674
00:52:20,380 --> 00:52:22,500
the plans were beginning to materialise.
675
00:52:22,660 --> 00:52:24,180
After your return from abroad,
676
00:52:24,340 --> 00:52:25,780
did you consider overthrowing
677
00:52:25,940 --> 00:52:28,140
of the Soviet power as your ultimate goal?
678
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:29,900
- Me personally?
- Yes
679
00:52:30,060 --> 00:52:33,380
I realised we were after this goal,
680
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:36,900
but I personally felt very bad about it.
681
00:52:37,220 --> 00:52:39,940
It was against my convictions.
682
00:52:40,180 --> 00:52:45,140
So, would it be true to say
that after 1928 you worked for intervention
683
00:52:46,660 --> 00:52:48,380
and in support of intervention?
684
00:52:48,540 --> 00:52:50,060
I was a member of the group.
685
00:52:50,220 --> 00:52:52,540
My share of work was
686
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:55,740
very small...
687
00:52:55,980 --> 00:53:00,020
So, this has now been established.
688
00:53:00,340 --> 00:53:03,740
It's also confirmed by
the statements of other defendants.
689
00:53:04,140 --> 00:53:06,500
During the past 2 years the activities
690
00:53:06,660 --> 00:53:10,140
of the "Centre for Engineering"
691
00:53:10,460 --> 00:53:13,860
were aimed at
intervention and restoration
692
00:53:14,020 --> 00:53:17,620
of capitalism by means
of foreign military invasion.
693
00:53:20,380 --> 00:53:22,620
Were you aware of such an aim?
694
00:53:22,780 --> 00:53:24,540
Yes, I was.
695
00:53:24,780 --> 00:53:27,060
Did you carry out work
696
00:53:27,220 --> 00:53:30,300
for facilitating the intervention?
697
00:53:33,460 --> 00:53:35,300
Did you carry out
work in your textile group
698
00:53:35,460 --> 00:53:38,660
for facilitating foreign intervention?
699
00:53:39,860 --> 00:53:42,100
To a certain extent, I can say I did help.
700
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:46,580
It is obvious that one of the main goals
701
00:53:46,740 --> 00:53:48,500
of the foreign intervention
702
00:53:48,660 --> 00:53:51,780
would be to bring down
the Soviet power, right?
703
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:53,420
Yes. It's obvious.
704
00:53:53,580 --> 00:53:55,540
Thus, this aim, this goal was clear.
705
00:53:55,900 --> 00:54:00,020
Was it your own goal?
706
00:54:02,420 --> 00:54:06,980
It was forced upon me.
707
00:54:07,180 --> 00:54:09,980
- How do you mean "forced"?
708
00:54:10,260 --> 00:54:14,260
I was drawn towards this goal.
709
00:54:14,540 --> 00:54:17,260
Did you follow this goal
with a heavy heart?
710
00:54:17,460 --> 00:54:19,780
Yes, absolutely!
711
00:54:23,540 --> 00:54:27,580
We confirm the fact
that you agreed to follow this goal
712
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:30,580
with a heavy heart, right?
713
00:54:31,820 --> 00:54:33,940
After much deliberation...
714
00:54:35,460 --> 00:54:37,220
Is this true or not?
715
00:54:37,380 --> 00:54:38,980
Defendant Sitinin.
716
00:54:39,140 --> 00:54:42,020
I put to you this question.
717
00:54:43,780 --> 00:54:46,980
Did you accept foreign intervention
as your goal or did you not?
718
00:54:47,340 --> 00:54:49,740
KALINNIKOV
719
00:54:51,300 --> 00:54:54,740
member of the presiding board
of Gosplan (State Planning Committee)
720
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:56,740
and chairman of... which section?
721
00:54:56,900 --> 00:54:58,660
Of the industrial section of Gosplan.
722
00:54:58,820 --> 00:55:00,180
The industrial section of Gosplan?
723
00:55:00,340 --> 00:55:01,140
Yes.
724
00:55:01,180 --> 00:55:03,700
Were you also member of a number
725
00:55:03,860 --> 00:55:06,780
of scientific and technical councils?
726
00:55:06,940 --> 00:55:07,820
Yes.
727
00:55:07,980 --> 00:55:12,340
And editor-in-chief of
a scientific journal?
728
00:55:12,700 --> 00:55:13,900
Yes.
729
00:55:14,060 --> 00:55:16,580
Were you appointed to these posts
730
00:55:16,740 --> 00:55:19,740
by special decrees of Sovnarkom
(Council of People's Commissars)?
731
00:55:19,900 --> 00:55:24,340
I was appointed member
of the presiding board of Gosplan
732
00:55:25,180 --> 00:55:27,420
and member of Gosplan
733
00:55:29,420 --> 00:55:32,740
by decree of Sovnarkom.
734
00:55:34,580 --> 00:55:37,060
And member of Standardisation Council
735
00:55:37,220 --> 00:55:40,180
I was also a member
of State Procurement Board.
736
00:55:40,340 --> 00:55:42,740
All these four positions were
held by Sovnarkom decrees.
737
00:55:43,220 --> 00:55:45,340
By direct orders from Sovnarkom?
738
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:46,540
Yes.
739
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:47,860
Tell us please...
740
00:55:48,020 --> 00:55:49,632
Did you consider these appointments to be
741
00:55:49,740 --> 00:55:53,100
a result of change
in the government policies?
742
00:55:53,820 --> 00:55:56,300
Or was it a proof of the trust
743
00:55:56,460 --> 00:55:58,500
the government had in you?
744
00:55:58,660 --> 00:56:00,420
Or was it a token of appreciation of your
745
00:56:00,580 --> 00:56:02,820
scientific and technical competence?
746
00:56:02,980 --> 00:56:05,460
In 1921, when I started work in Gosplan,
747
00:56:05,620 --> 00:56:07,380
nobody knew who I was.
748
00:56:07,540 --> 00:56:09,860
I think, when the New Economic Policy
749
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:13,820
began, new specialists were required
750
00:56:13,980 --> 00:56:17,580
and, perhaps, somebody recommended me.
751
00:56:17,740 --> 00:56:20,740
I don't have any other explanation,
752
00:56:20,900 --> 00:56:23,580
why I was chosen for these positions.
753
00:56:24,460 --> 00:56:27,460
What followed can be explained
754
00:56:27,620 --> 00:56:30,100
as a proof of a certain trust
755
00:56:30,260 --> 00:56:33,260
the Soviet government had in me.
756
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:35,540
A certain trust
the Soviet government had in you?
757
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:36,540
Yes.
758
00:56:36,541 --> 00:56:38,220
What salary did you receive?
759
00:56:38,380 --> 00:56:41,300
At Gosplan I started with
760
00:56:42,260 --> 00:56:43,580
400 roubles,
761
00:56:43,780 --> 00:56:44,900
then 500 roubles...
762
00:56:45,060 --> 00:56:46,980
and from December 1927...
763
00:56:47,420 --> 00:56:49,580
I mean from December 1929,
764
00:56:49,740 --> 00:56:50,740
it was 600 roubles.
765
00:56:50,860 --> 00:56:52,272
What was the total amount of your salary?
766
00:56:52,380 --> 00:56:54,420
My total salary,
767
00:56:54,580 --> 00:56:57,460
including writer's fees,
768
00:56:57,620 --> 00:56:59,500
reached in the past 2 - 3 years
769
00:56:59,660 --> 00:57:01,460
the amount of 1000 roubles a month.
770
00:57:01,620 --> 00:57:04,380
- How much?
- 1000 roubles a month.
771
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:07,300
CHARNOVSKY
772
00:57:07,500 --> 00:57:08,820
Tell us,
773
00:57:08,980 --> 00:57:10,300
back in 1929,
774
00:57:10,460 --> 00:57:12,860
did you decline taking part
775
00:57:13,020 --> 00:57:15,380
in the professorship ballot?
776
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:18,340
The idea of the autonomy is that
777
00:57:18,500 --> 00:57:20,420
you are either voted for or against.
778
00:57:20,580 --> 00:57:22,060
Such an opportunity was given to you.
779
00:57:22,180 --> 00:57:23,952
Professor shouldn't be
present during voting.
780
00:57:24,060 --> 00:57:25,580
It has to take place in his absence.
781
00:57:25,740 --> 00:57:27,580
I believe this is the correct procedure.
782
00:57:27,740 --> 00:57:29,500
I don't consider it right
783
00:57:29,660 --> 00:57:31,380
to have to recite from memory
784
00:57:31,540 --> 00:57:33,620
all my career achievements
over the past 23 years.
785
00:57:33,780 --> 00:57:35,100
I'm not interested.
786
00:57:35,260 --> 00:57:36,340
So
787
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:39,180
When Kasso breaks the autonomy,
and you agree to it.
788
00:57:39,340 --> 00:57:41,940
But under the Soviet rule you claim
789
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:44,140
that your autonomy is compromised
790
00:57:44,300 --> 00:57:46,340
when you are invited
to participate in the ballot.
791
00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:48,860
In 1929 you didn't turn up to the ballot.
792
00:57:49,100 --> 00:57:51,740
- It wasn't a ballot.
- And what was it then?
793
00:57:52,380 --> 00:57:54,020
You were asked to...
794
00:57:54,180 --> 00:57:57,340
How was the re-election held in 1929?
795
00:57:57,780 --> 00:58:00,380
The re-election took place later;
796
00:58:00,540 --> 00:58:04,820
these were just preliminary hearings.
797
00:58:06,100 --> 00:58:08,460
In 1929, you had to deliver a report
798
00:58:08,620 --> 00:58:10,580
about your activities as a professor.
799
00:58:10,740 --> 00:58:13,620
I did make a number of speeches
800
00:58:13,780 --> 00:58:16,300
at various meetings of the engineers,
801
00:58:16,460 --> 00:58:20,420
our graduates, who came to listen
802
00:58:20,580 --> 00:58:22,460
to our explanations.
803
00:58:23,740 --> 00:58:25,940
So why did you refuse to speak in 1929?
804
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:30,140
I refused to speak
at a huge students meeting,
805
00:58:31,780 --> 00:58:33,780
where I had to give some explanations
806
00:58:33,940 --> 00:58:35,380
about my scientific work.
807
00:58:35,540 --> 00:58:38,020
Yes, you had to give
an account of your activities.
808
00:58:38,180 --> 00:58:39,340
Yes, if you like,
809
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:41,020
you can put it like this.
810
00:58:41,180 --> 00:58:43,660
I knew in advance that
811
00:58:43,820 --> 00:58:47,540
the audience would be partial,
812
00:58:49,340 --> 00:58:52,300
that I would be subjected
813
00:58:53,060 --> 00:58:55,700
to some incompetent remarks.
814
00:58:55,860 --> 00:58:58,220
Why did you think that you'd be criticised?
815
00:58:58,380 --> 00:59:00,352
You told us you never
had conflicts with your students.
816
00:59:00,460 --> 00:59:02,300
I personally didn't,
817
00:59:02,660 --> 00:59:06,900
but my two colleagues suffered a lot.
818
00:59:07,060 --> 00:59:09,420
Who were these colleagues?
819
00:59:09,580 --> 00:59:11,740
Mathematician Polyakov and
820
00:59:11,900 --> 00:59:14,340
chemical scientist Kovrenko.
821
00:59:14,500 --> 00:59:16,100
But, of course, not every professor
822
00:59:16,260 --> 00:59:18,380
was subjected to such troubles.
823
00:59:18,540 --> 00:59:21,300
I thought that such discussions should be
824
00:59:21,460 --> 00:59:26,860
held internally, within academic circles.
825
00:59:27,140 --> 00:59:29,420
Do you mean in a closed
group of professors?
826
00:59:29,580 --> 00:59:33,700
No. Half of them could've been students,
827
00:59:34,020 --> 00:59:35,940
who would've participated on equal terms,
828
00:59:36,100 --> 00:59:38,820
and who never complained
about the quality of my teaching.
829
00:59:39,340 --> 00:59:40,500
That much is clear.
830
00:59:40,660 --> 00:59:42,060
I move on to the second question.
831
00:59:42,220 --> 00:59:45,420
You stated that you joined
the sabotage group in 1927.
832
00:59:45,580 --> 00:59:46,900
Yes.
833
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:50,660
What was the main issue,
834
00:59:50,820 --> 00:59:52,820
on which the "Centre for Engineering",
835
00:59:53,020 --> 00:59:54,700
later known as the "Industrial Party",
836
00:59:54,860 --> 00:59:56,740
focused at the time?
837
00:59:58,700 --> 01:00:01,380
What was in the focus of their attention?
838
01:00:01,540 --> 01:00:02,460
In 1927?
839
01:00:02,620 --> 01:00:04,380
Yes. In the beginning of 1927.
840
01:00:04,540 --> 01:00:07,300
Their aim was to hamper
development and construction
841
01:00:07,460 --> 01:00:09,380
of various branches of industry.
842
01:00:09,540 --> 01:00:11,180
And what about the intervention?
843
01:00:11,340 --> 01:00:15,460
The idea of intervention
came at the end of 1927.
844
01:00:16,060 --> 01:00:18,740
In the second half of the year.
845
01:00:19,260 --> 01:00:20,900
Second half of the year?
846
01:00:21,060 --> 01:00:22,780
What about 1926?
847
01:00:22,940 --> 01:00:24,740
In 1926 I wasn't involved
848
01:00:24,900 --> 01:00:26,820
in the "Centre for Engineering".
849
01:00:26,980 --> 01:00:29,660
In my statement to the prosecution,
850
01:00:30,140 --> 01:00:32,660
I've already pointed out that
851
01:00:32,900 --> 01:00:34,780
I saw signs
852
01:00:34,940 --> 01:00:37,580
of malfunctioning everywhere,
853
01:00:37,740 --> 01:00:40,140
of which we learnt privately.
854
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:42,860
We weren't officially informed about it.
855
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:44,940
In 1926,
856
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:46,380
were you aware of the links
857
01:00:46,540 --> 01:00:49,100
between the "Centre for Engineering"
858
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:52,860
and the intervention activists abroad?
859
01:00:53,300 --> 01:00:54,420
No.
860
01:00:54,580 --> 01:00:57,100
I didn't know anything.
861
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:02,500
Sit down.
862
01:01:07,460 --> 01:01:10,060
Defendant Kalinnikov!
863
01:01:21,140 --> 01:01:22,660
Defendant Kalinnikov,
864
01:01:22,820 --> 01:01:24,900
you stated that acts
865
01:01:25,580 --> 01:01:28,380
of sabotage and disruptions
in metal industry
866
01:01:28,780 --> 01:01:31,260
can be explained in detail by Charnovsky.
867
01:01:31,540 --> 01:01:33,220
But, as we heard now, Charnovsky
868
01:01:33,380 --> 01:01:34,860
didn't give us any details.
869
01:01:35,020 --> 01:01:37,300
Can you explain what you meant?
870
01:01:38,340 --> 01:01:39,540
Do you remember?
871
01:01:39,700 --> 01:01:40,860
Yes, I remember.
872
01:01:41,020 --> 01:01:42,540
You said it the day before yesterday,
873
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:44,820
during the evening session.
874
01:01:45,660 --> 01:01:47,140
Explain, please.
875
01:01:47,540 --> 01:01:50,260
The Central Committee gave me a task
876
01:01:52,580 --> 01:01:56,180
to plan minimal growth rates,
877
01:01:56,380 --> 01:01:59,340
insufficient for the industry needs.
878
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:02,060
To create imbalance within
879
01:02:02,220 --> 01:02:04,660
various branches of the industry,
880
01:02:04,820 --> 01:02:08,140
as well as in
entire sectors of the economy.
881
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:10,940
Since I was involved
882
01:02:11,100 --> 01:02:12,620
only in the general planning,
883
01:02:12,780 --> 01:02:15,780
I could only oversee coordination
884
01:02:16,020 --> 01:02:18,500
between different sectors of industry.
885
01:02:18,660 --> 01:02:20,940
As far as the internal needs of individual
886
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:22,312
branches of industry are concerned,
887
01:02:22,420 --> 01:02:23,752
this could have only been supervised
888
01:02:23,860 --> 01:02:25,312
by managers of each particular branch,
889
01:02:25,420 --> 01:02:26,820
in charge of industrial planning.
890
01:02:26,980 --> 01:02:28,340
That's why I stated,
891
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:29,980
that the details
892
01:02:30,140 --> 01:02:31,780
of sabotage in the metal industry
893
01:02:32,060 --> 01:02:34,180
could be given either by Gartman,
894
01:02:34,340 --> 01:02:37,020
who was in charge of this sector,
895
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:40,140
Or by the head of this branch of industry?
896
01:02:40,300 --> 01:02:41,700
Yes.
897
01:02:41,980 --> 01:02:43,820
As a member of the Central Committee,
898
01:02:43,980 --> 01:02:45,740
did you consider this person solely
899
01:02:45,900 --> 01:02:47,460
responsible for the duties,
900
01:02:47,620 --> 01:02:49,340
which were entrusted to him?
901
01:02:49,500 --> 01:02:51,700
After Khrennikov's arrest, Charnovsky
902
01:02:51,860 --> 01:02:54,620
took charge of the metal industry.
903
01:02:54,780 --> 01:02:56,740
So, after Khrennikov's arrest,
904
01:02:56,900 --> 01:02:58,820
Charnovsky became the person,
905
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:01,180
responsible for sabotage in the military
906
01:03:01,340 --> 01:03:03,380
sector of the metal industry, didn't he?
907
01:03:03,540 --> 01:03:04,860
That's what I testified.
908
01:03:05,020 --> 01:03:07,300
I had to report on the situation
909
01:03:07,460 --> 01:03:09,180
in the chemical industry,
910
01:03:09,340 --> 01:03:12,060
Charnovsky had to report on the situation
911
01:03:12,220 --> 01:03:14,460
in the metal industry, its military branch.
912
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:16,260
Did he do this job?
913
01:03:16,420 --> 01:03:17,460
He did this job,
914
01:03:17,620 --> 01:03:19,060
I received his report.
915
01:03:19,220 --> 01:03:20,420
I wish to add...
916
01:03:20,580 --> 01:03:22,060
This isn't accurate...
917
01:03:22,220 --> 01:03:24,620
the Defence industry isn't managed
918
01:03:24,780 --> 01:03:26,460
by military officials,
919
01:03:26,620 --> 01:03:28,860
I only dealt with the sectors,
which had factory units,
920
01:03:29,020 --> 01:03:31,660
and were managed by civil branches.
921
01:03:32,220 --> 01:03:35,540
OCHKIN
922
01:03:36,460 --> 01:03:39,900
When the October Revolution took place,
923
01:03:40,060 --> 01:03:42,020
I worked with Ramzin.
924
01:03:42,180 --> 01:03:43,860
I told him:
925
01:03:44,020 --> 01:03:45,580
"You do what you like,
926
01:03:45,740 --> 01:03:47,100
but I have to work".
927
01:03:47,260 --> 01:03:49,300
I state this categorically.
928
01:03:52,060 --> 01:03:54,100
Were these conversations back in 1928?
929
01:03:54,260 --> 01:03:55,460
In 1928.
930
01:03:55,620 --> 01:03:57,060
Nothing in 1927?
931
01:03:57,220 --> 01:03:58,900
He didn't speak with me in 1927.
932
01:03:59,060 --> 01:04:01,380
When do you think you were finally
933
01:04:01,540 --> 01:04:04,220
let in on all the secrets?
934
01:04:04,940 --> 01:04:06,740
In 1928.
935
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:09,620
And at that moment your pro-Soviet
936
01:04:09,780 --> 01:04:12,260
convictions evaporated, didn't they?
937
01:04:13,300 --> 01:04:14,340
Yes.
938
01:04:14,500 --> 01:04:16,180
Instantly?
939
01:04:19,540 --> 01:04:21,220
- Instantly?
- Yes.
940
01:04:21,380 --> 01:04:22,740
Just like that?
941
01:04:23,060 --> 01:04:25,740
I lost my pro-Soviet convictions.
942
01:04:26,420 --> 01:04:28,740
But why? Why did it happen?
943
01:04:29,540 --> 01:04:32,380
I was under the influence.
944
01:04:32,540 --> 01:04:34,220
But in order for such an influence to have
945
01:04:34,380 --> 01:04:36,261
an effect,
to destroy one's pro-Soviet beliefs,
946
01:04:36,420 --> 01:04:39,740
one needs some preparation,
an incubation period, doesn't one?
947
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:43,100
There were many reasons...
948
01:04:44,660 --> 01:04:47,100
due to the political climate...
949
01:04:48,220 --> 01:04:51,660
Ramzin used all these
factors to his benefit.
950
01:04:51,820 --> 01:04:53,580
Maybe, in 1928
951
01:04:53,740 --> 01:04:56,060
you actually joined the party;
952
01:04:56,220 --> 01:04:59,300
but the ideological
preparation had begun earlier.
953
01:04:59,780 --> 01:05:02,460
No. I didn't give up until 1928.
954
01:05:02,620 --> 01:05:04,420
- What?
- I didn't give up before then.
955
01:05:04,580 --> 01:05:07,260
But in 1928
956
01:05:07,580 --> 01:05:10,740
you were already
entrusted with very serious tasks.
957
01:05:12,940 --> 01:05:14,992
You're aware of
the nature of these tasks, aren't you?
958
01:05:15,100 --> 01:05:16,220
Yes.
959
01:05:16,380 --> 01:05:18,780
The degree of your responsibility
960
01:05:19,620 --> 01:05:21,660
was very high...
961
01:05:23,900 --> 01:05:25,460
Eh?
962
01:06:32,740 --> 01:06:36,140
AFTER ALL THE ACCUSED
WERE QUESTIONED,
963
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:40,420
RAMZIN WISHED TO MAKE
AN ADDITIONAL STATEMENT
964
01:06:47,140 --> 01:06:49,980
Defendant Ramzin.
965
01:06:56,420 --> 01:06:58,580
During my previous testimony,
966
01:06:58,940 --> 01:07:00,420
which was lengthy,
967
01:07:00,580 --> 01:07:02,020
I became somewhat tired,
968
01:07:02,180 --> 01:07:04,460
I forgot to mention two key points,
969
01:07:04,660 --> 01:07:06,540
which I now wish to add.
970
01:07:08,420 --> 01:07:11,020
I already mentioned it,
971
01:07:11,540 --> 01:07:15,460
but I consider it of great interest,
972
01:07:15,660 --> 01:07:17,420
so I find it necessary
973
01:07:17,580 --> 01:07:19,980
to draw the Court's attention to it now.
974
01:07:20,860 --> 01:07:24,380
The first issue concerns my meeting
975
01:07:24,540 --> 01:07:27,100
with the representative of "Torgprom",
976
01:07:27,660 --> 01:07:30,500
which took place in the summer of 1930.
977
01:07:30,980 --> 01:07:33,340
During my trip to Berlin,
978
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:34,940
in the summer of 1930.
979
01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:38,140
I expected to meet
980
01:07:38,580 --> 01:07:42,140
one of the senior
representatives of "Torgprom"
981
01:07:42,340 --> 01:07:45,740
and got a proposal to meet Denisov.
982
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:48,940
However, I was not able
983
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:51,340
to meet him during my stay in Berlin.
984
01:07:51,620 --> 01:07:54,820
Another board member
985
01:07:55,700 --> 01:07:57,260
of the "Industrial Party",
986
01:07:57,420 --> 01:07:58,820
professor Osadchy,
987
01:07:58,980 --> 01:08:01,460
was also in Berlin,
and was due to stay there longer than me.
988
01:08:01,620 --> 01:08:03,500
I asked him
989
01:08:03,660 --> 01:08:06,220
to meet Denisov
990
01:08:06,380 --> 01:08:10,620
and to receive all
the instructions and information.
991
01:08:12,740 --> 01:08:17,660
I don't know whether professor Osadchy
992
01:08:17,860 --> 01:08:21,020
had met Denisov;
993
01:08:21,820 --> 01:08:23,980
soon after his return,
994
01:08:24,140 --> 01:08:25,500
I was arrested,
995
01:08:25,660 --> 01:08:27,340
and I never saw professor Osadchy again.
996
01:08:27,580 --> 01:08:29,220
Professor Osadchy
997
01:08:29,380 --> 01:08:31,500
can testify
998
01:08:31,660 --> 01:08:33,540
whether he had met Denisov.
999
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:35,340
If such a meeting did take place,
1000
01:08:35,500 --> 01:08:37,500
professor Osadchy can be in possession
1001
01:08:37,660 --> 01:08:39,460
of the most up-to-date and relevant
1002
01:08:39,620 --> 01:08:41,392
information about the
activities of "Torgprom",
1003
01:08:41,500 --> 01:08:43,420
concerning the preparations
for intervention.
1004
01:08:47,180 --> 01:08:50,340
THE SAME DAY,
PROFESSOR OSADCHY
1005
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:54,620
WAS CALLED AS A WITNESS
TO GIVE EVIDENCE IN COURT
1006
01:08:58,620 --> 01:09:00,500
Citizen Osadchy.
1007
01:09:00,660 --> 01:09:02,780
You stand here as a witness
1008
01:09:02,940 --> 01:09:05,620
in the case of
the counter-revolutionary organisation,
1009
01:09:05,780 --> 01:09:09,380
the "Union of Engineering Organisations",
also known as the "Industrial Party".
1010
01:09:09,540 --> 01:09:11,180
I have to remind you that
1011
01:09:11,340 --> 01:09:14,740
according to Article 274
1012
01:09:14,900 --> 01:09:17,860
of the RSFSR Penal Code,
1013
01:09:18,660 --> 01:09:20,100
it is your duty as a witness
1014
01:09:20,260 --> 01:09:22,100
to say nothing but the truth.
1015
01:09:22,260 --> 01:09:25,620
By law, I have to warn you about it.
1016
01:09:28,260 --> 01:09:30,980
He had grey hair,
1017
01:09:31,340 --> 01:09:33,300
grey coat and,
1018
01:09:33,460 --> 01:09:35,020
it seems, grey hat.
1019
01:09:35,180 --> 01:09:37,380
I think his eyes were also grey.
1020
01:09:37,540 --> 01:09:38,980
This is the description of a person,
1021
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:41,500
who was introduced to me.
1022
01:09:45,420 --> 01:09:48,060
I told him I was at his disposal.
1023
01:09:48,220 --> 01:09:49,700
Yasinsky
1024
01:09:50,540 --> 01:09:54,980
led us along Friedrichstrasse
1025
01:09:56,780 --> 01:10:01,220
and we ended up in a second-rate café,
1026
01:10:02,060 --> 01:10:05,900
rather dirty and cheap.
1027
01:10:07,980 --> 01:10:11,100
I cannot recall the name of the café,
1028
01:10:11,460 --> 01:10:13,420
but I remember distinctly
1029
01:10:14,260 --> 01:10:16,780
that it was on the right
side of the street,
1030
01:10:17,140 --> 01:10:19,780
in the direction away from the station,
1031
01:10:20,140 --> 01:10:21,940
not very close,
1032
01:10:24,260 --> 01:10:28,180
approximately 2 or 3
blocks away from the station.
1033
01:10:29,740 --> 01:10:33,420
We chose a table at the back of the café.
1034
01:10:33,980 --> 01:10:36,180
The place was almost empty.
1035
01:10:39,740 --> 01:10:41,500
Denisov
1036
01:10:42,660 --> 01:10:43,900
addressed me,
1037
01:10:44,060 --> 01:10:45,420
while Yasinsky
1038
01:10:45,580 --> 01:10:48,620
sat aside and kept silent.
1039
01:10:50,580 --> 01:10:53,580
It seemed that his task was
1040
01:10:53,980 --> 01:10:56,060
to introduce me to Denisov
1041
01:10:56,220 --> 01:10:58,500
and then let Denisov handle me.
1042
01:11:00,460 --> 01:11:03,140
Denisov began
1043
01:11:03,700 --> 01:11:07,740
by expressing his disappointment
1044
01:11:08,460 --> 01:11:10,460
that instead of Ramzin,
1045
01:11:10,980 --> 01:11:13,660
whom he expected to see,
1046
01:11:14,940 --> 01:11:16,620
he had to meet
1047
01:11:17,260 --> 01:11:19,740
and discuss
1048
01:11:20,980 --> 01:11:24,540
very sensitive and confidential issues,
1049
01:11:27,460 --> 01:11:30,820
it seemed he was briefed by Yasinsky.
1050
01:11:31,060 --> 01:11:32,820
He knew he could talk to me,
1051
01:11:32,980 --> 01:11:36,500
as I was recommended by Ramzin.
1052
01:11:38,380 --> 01:11:40,660
Then he asked me
1053
01:11:40,860 --> 01:11:43,460
to explain the reasons
1054
01:11:43,620 --> 01:11:48,500
why our Party wasn't ready to act.
1055
01:11:55,260 --> 01:11:58,300
There, at the Committee, I learnt,
1056
01:11:58,460 --> 01:12:00,980
though I'd heard about it earlier,
1057
01:12:01,660 --> 01:12:04,180
about considerable sums of money
1058
01:12:04,340 --> 01:12:07,140
received from France.
1059
01:12:08,620 --> 01:12:10,260
I had the impression that the money
1060
01:12:10,420 --> 01:12:12,380
came from several different sources.
1061
01:12:12,540 --> 01:12:14,060
From "Torgprom",
1062
01:12:14,220 --> 01:12:16,100
the General Headquarters,
1063
01:12:16,260 --> 01:12:19,740
and from other intervention supporters.
1064
01:12:21,140 --> 01:12:23,620
The money was donated to prepare
1065
01:12:23,780 --> 01:12:26,700
the intervention within the country.
1066
01:12:27,460 --> 01:12:30,940
In March the total sum amounted
1067
01:12:32,660 --> 01:12:37,620
to approximately 1 million roubles.
1068
01:12:40,660 --> 01:12:47,540
It transpired during this meeting that,
1069
01:12:48,700 --> 01:12:54,020
even though the external intervention
1070
01:12:54,340 --> 01:12:59,780
could've been started
in the summer of 1930,
1071
01:13:04,940 --> 01:13:12,940
the Party, having received
the financing, failed
1072
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:18,460
to prepare the intervention from within.
1073
01:13:19,020 --> 01:13:26,900
It only carried out a small amount of work.
1074
01:13:28,700 --> 01:13:31,740
The general picture was clear to me.
1075
01:13:31,980 --> 01:13:38,700
Certain success was achieved in the area
1076
01:13:41,260 --> 01:13:45,460
of electricity supply...
1077
01:13:45,620 --> 01:13:48,500
Since this area is well known to me,
1078
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:51,700
I remember all the details.
1079
01:13:53,860 --> 01:13:57,180
Certain slowing down of growth
1080
01:13:57,340 --> 01:14:00,980
was achieved in this field,
1081
01:14:01,220 --> 01:14:06,980
and there was a number of sabotage units
1082
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:13,780
whose task was to gain control
1083
01:14:17,860 --> 01:14:25,860
of electricity supply and to ensure
1084
01:14:30,060 --> 01:14:33,580
the ability to cut electric power at
1085
01:14:33,780 --> 01:14:37,220
a required moment,
either partially or entirely,
1086
01:14:37,420 --> 01:14:41,140
and to manage it according
to the needs of the intervention.
1087
01:14:41,780 --> 01:14:45,900
Though certain progress
was achieved in this area:
1088
01:14:46,820 --> 01:14:52,420
slowing down
the electrification of Donbass;
1089
01:14:52,660 --> 01:14:54,780
decrease in the rate of power supply
1090
01:14:54,940 --> 01:14:57,780
in the central industrial region of Moscow;
1091
01:14:57,940 --> 01:15:01,340
slowing down the
electrification of Leningrad.
1092
01:15:01,500 --> 01:15:05,140
So, certain results were achieved.
1093
01:15:06,140 --> 01:15:09,620
This wasn't enough
1094
01:15:10,460 --> 01:15:13,940
to acknowledge that the Party
1095
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:17,060
carried out systematic work
1096
01:15:17,220 --> 01:15:20,180
to prepare the country's
technical facilities
1097
01:15:20,340 --> 01:15:23,220
in order to carry out the intervention.
1098
01:15:23,700 --> 01:15:27,100
This was the situation in which
1099
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:31,820
the Central Committee of the Party
1100
01:15:32,500 --> 01:15:36,380
found itself during its last,
1101
01:15:37,820 --> 01:15:40,140
decisive meeting.
1102
01:15:40,300 --> 01:15:44,860
When they saw that...
1103
01:15:45,260 --> 01:15:49,180
the work from within wasn't done,
1104
01:15:50,540 --> 01:15:56,940
their activities failed
to achieve any results.
1105
01:15:57,540 --> 01:16:00,340
They seemed disorientated and lost.
1106
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:04,340
One million was spent for nothing.
1107
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:09,060
The results of their efforts were dismal.
1108
01:16:09,260 --> 01:16:15,060
The political climate changed.
1109
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:21,700
Class struggle went on,
1110
01:16:21,900 --> 01:16:24,780
but it quieted down.
1111
01:16:26,860 --> 01:16:29,780
THE TESTIMONY
OF WITNESS OSADCHY
1112
01:16:29,940 --> 01:16:33,380
TURNED INTO A CLOSING STATEMENT
OF DEFENDANT OSADCHY
1113
01:16:36,740 --> 01:16:42,980
Allow me to state and to promise
1114
01:16:43,660 --> 01:16:46,100
that for the rest of my life,
1115
01:16:46,260 --> 01:16:48,380
if my life is to be spared
1116
01:16:48,740 --> 01:16:52,100
and I am granted a chance to work,
1117
01:16:53,020 --> 01:16:56,060
will be dedicated to serving,
1118
01:16:57,300 --> 01:17:00,860
honestly and faithfully,
1119
01:17:01,860 --> 01:17:04,100
the needs of the proletariat
1120
01:17:04,260 --> 01:17:06,300
and the Soviet government,
1121
01:17:06,820 --> 01:17:08,820
in order to redeem the burden
1122
01:17:08,980 --> 01:17:11,940
of crimes, which is upon me.
1123
01:17:15,060 --> 01:17:16,620
Comrade Commandant,
1124
01:17:16,820 --> 01:17:20,100
you can take the witness away.
1125
01:18:21,700 --> 01:18:24,620
All rise! Court is in session!
1126
01:18:52,420 --> 01:18:57,300
STATE PROSECUTOR'S SPEECH
1127
01:19:06,180 --> 01:19:10,620
I'll analyse Ramzin's statement later
1128
01:19:10,780 --> 01:19:13,980
to establish what he
knew and what he didn't.
1129
01:19:14,140 --> 01:19:16,100
He himself says he didn't know
1130
01:19:16,260 --> 01:19:20,300
about irrigation work and sabotage.
1131
01:19:20,460 --> 01:19:24,860
I'm not in a position
to trust citizen Ramzin
1132
01:19:25,340 --> 01:19:27,380
and others,
and to take their words for granted,
1133
01:19:27,540 --> 01:19:29,740
in spite of their claims of feeling
1134
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:33,700
genuine remorse for what they have done.
1135
01:19:34,820 --> 01:19:38,100
I'll analyse logically
their statements about
1136
01:19:38,260 --> 01:19:40,980
the degree of their
involvement in the crime,
1137
01:19:41,140 --> 01:19:43,780
and their feelings of remorse.
1138
01:19:43,940 --> 01:19:45,460
This will come later.
1139
01:19:45,620 --> 01:19:49,580
For now I'll state the fact: the process
1140
01:19:49,780 --> 01:19:52,340
of creation of this sabotage organisation
1141
01:19:52,500 --> 01:19:56,420
goes precisely along the
lines of the historical
1142
01:19:56,580 --> 01:19:59,900
trend of development of such organisations,
1143
01:20:00,060 --> 01:20:04,300
and with the actual state of affairs,
1144
01:20:04,620 --> 01:20:08,420
as it was rather difficult
for the leadership
1145
01:20:09,620 --> 01:20:16,380
to know personally each member or, indeed,
1146
01:20:17,060 --> 01:20:20,860
to be aware of each
singular act of sabotage,
1147
01:20:21,020 --> 01:20:26,260
which was being committed.
1148
01:20:26,460 --> 01:20:28,140
Here we see the same principle
1149
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:30,180
at work from the beginning to the end.
1150
01:20:30,340 --> 01:20:33,340
This principle couldn't have come
from political masterminding.
1151
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:36,460
Life itself created such a structure,
1152
01:20:36,620 --> 01:20:39,420
as the saboteurs had at their disposal
1153
01:20:39,580 --> 01:20:46,660
such an efficient hierarchical
system of subordination.
1154
01:20:47,060 --> 01:20:49,140
This established system of management,
1155
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:53,460
the hierarchical ladder became in itself
1156
01:20:54,060 --> 01:20:59,420
a network of links, which the saboteurs
1157
01:20:59,580 --> 01:21:03,780
used for their purposes.
1158
01:21:04,220 --> 01:21:06,100
This is why, as we have
1159
01:21:06,260 --> 01:21:07,980
already established earlier,
1160
01:21:08,140 --> 01:21:12,100
whilst individual streams of sabotage acts
1161
01:21:12,260 --> 01:21:15,220
were flowing together
towards larger estuaries,
1162
01:21:15,500 --> 01:21:20,300
joining into one knot of sabotage,
1163
01:21:20,460 --> 01:21:24,580
and it was only a matter
of leadership and management.
1164
01:21:30,580 --> 01:21:33,900
But Ramzin, Larichev, Charnovsky
1165
01:21:34,060 --> 01:21:37,340
and Kalinnikov - professors,
1166
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:39,460
representatives of the class of academics,
1167
01:21:39,620 --> 01:21:42,100
crème de la crème of
scientific intelligentsia,
1168
01:21:42,260 --> 01:21:44,740
the people who in the past
1169
01:21:44,900 --> 01:21:48,300
had no links with the capitalist world
1170
01:21:48,460 --> 01:21:51,260
as was the case with
Kupriyanov and Fedotov,
1171
01:21:51,420 --> 01:21:53,820
though they didn't have direct access
1172
01:21:53,980 --> 01:21:56,900
to the practical field work,
1173
01:21:57,060 --> 01:22:01,020
they still took up leading positions
1174
01:22:01,180 --> 01:22:04,140
in the headquarters of
the sabotage network.
1175
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:06,580
It was them, and not former
1176
01:22:06,740 --> 01:22:09,060
industrialists or merchants,
1177
01:22:09,220 --> 01:22:12,060
as it was the case with
1178
01:22:12,220 --> 01:22:15,380
other sabotage organisations,
1179
01:22:15,540 --> 01:22:19,340
it was them who masterminded
1180
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:22,700
the sabotage activities.
1181
01:22:23,220 --> 01:22:25,860
I'm now talking about
the personalities within
1182
01:22:26,020 --> 01:22:29,300
the enemy group,
who we see in front of us.
1183
01:22:29,460 --> 01:22:32,940
The nature of their sabotage
has undergone a long and massive evolution.
1184
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:36,580
Having started as attempts to preserve
factories for the use of their former owners,
1185
01:22:36,740 --> 01:22:40,060
it developed into
sabotage of a technical nature,
1186
01:22:40,220 --> 01:22:42,100
in the industry,
1187
01:22:42,260 --> 01:22:45,580
and ended up as planned sabotage.
1188
01:22:47,700 --> 01:22:50,180
If our country had been invaded and if,
1189
01:22:50,340 --> 01:22:52,420
as a result of an intervention,
1190
01:22:52,580 --> 01:22:55,140
the invaders would have usurped power,
1191
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:59,140
it would have been very stupid
and politically naive to expect
1192
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:03,940
that the groups, which provided financial
backing in support of intervention,
1193
01:23:04,100 --> 01:23:07,500
former Russian capitalists, leaders
1194
01:23:07,660 --> 01:23:10,300
of foreign bourgeoisie,
1195
01:23:11,980 --> 01:23:16,780
the remnants of the old Russian
aristocracy and landowners' class,
1196
01:23:17,180 --> 01:23:19,060
former army generals
1197
01:23:19,220 --> 01:23:21,660
Lukomsky, Miller
1198
01:23:22,140 --> 01:23:26,140
I could list many names...
1199
01:23:30,940 --> 01:23:34,460
would have wanted to appoint
1200
01:23:34,620 --> 01:23:37,500
to the leading posts in the new government
1201
01:23:37,660 --> 01:23:42,420
such people as Ramzin or Fedotov or,
1202
01:23:42,580 --> 01:23:46,580
better still, Charnovsky -
1203
01:23:48,860 --> 01:23:51,180
I said it during the hearing -
1204
01:23:51,380 --> 01:23:55,460
one has to be very politically naive
1205
01:23:55,620 --> 01:23:59,580
or hypocritical to believe in this.
1206
01:24:02,820 --> 01:24:05,140
It's hypocritical, because it's
1207
01:24:05,300 --> 01:24:08,300
a priori wrong and irrational.
1208
01:24:08,460 --> 01:24:11,860
This idea, which has nothing to do
1209
01:24:12,020 --> 01:24:14,860
with the real balance of power,
1210
01:24:15,020 --> 01:24:17,580
was being circulated and spread,
1211
01:24:17,740 --> 01:24:19,940
it was used as a bait, as a fishing rod,
1212
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:23,020
for catching politically naïve and
1213
01:24:23,180 --> 01:24:27,420
ideologically ignorant fools.
1214
01:24:28,820 --> 01:24:33,100
And still, we hear from citizen Ramzin
1215
01:24:33,260 --> 01:24:35,740
a proud confession that he himself
1216
01:24:35,900 --> 01:24:38,500
was convinced and considered it,
1217
01:24:39,020 --> 01:24:41,740
to a certain extent, realistic,
1218
01:24:41,900 --> 01:24:44,500
that such situation could be possible.
1219
01:24:44,660 --> 01:24:48,220
Other defendants, when I put
the same question to them,
1220
01:24:48,380 --> 01:24:52,140
gave a more honest answer -
they said it would have been
1221
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:56,780
wrong and politically
naïve to think like that.
1222
01:24:57,020 --> 01:25:00,340
But I don't wish to label these
1223
01:25:00,500 --> 01:25:04,420
defendants as "politically naïve".
1224
01:25:06,460 --> 01:25:10,540
When million strong
masses of the proletariat
1225
01:25:11,460 --> 01:25:14,180
are sending their greetings
1226
01:25:15,060 --> 01:25:17,300
to the organisation, which succeeded
1227
01:25:17,460 --> 01:25:21,020
in uncovering the crimes of this group,
1228
01:25:21,540 --> 01:25:26,100
to the watch guard of the revolution - the
OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate);
1229
01:25:26,260 --> 01:25:30,460
when they display their will to defend
1230
01:25:31,580 --> 01:25:35,020
the USSR with their own lives,
1231
01:25:35,180 --> 01:25:38,420
to pay with their blood and suffering
1232
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:43,740
for the right to build
their Socialist state,
1233
01:25:44,580 --> 01:25:46,900
the way they want and can do it;
1234
01:25:47,060 --> 01:25:48,940
to build it for the sake of the idea
1235
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:54,180
of rousing the entire world proletariat
and starting the world revolution;
1236
01:25:56,180 --> 01:26:00,780
when the masses of proletariat
worldwide are looking up to the USSR
1237
01:26:00,940 --> 01:26:03,340
as their leader and their guiding light
1238
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:06,460
in their struggle for
liberation of mankind;
1239
01:26:06,620 --> 01:26:08,340
when in this struggle
1240
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:11,900
the forces of old bourgeoisie
1241
01:26:12,060 --> 01:26:15,180
are raising their heads and consolidating,
1242
01:26:15,660 --> 01:26:17,780
and - fearing that their end is near -
1243
01:26:17,940 --> 01:26:22,940
set their concrete target
as the destruction of the USSR;
1244
01:26:23,460 --> 01:26:27,940
at this very moment, when the waves
of our new struggle are rising high,
1245
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:31,500
when we can anticipate
that the inevitable battle
1246
01:26:31,660 --> 01:26:33,820
between the two opposing worlds is near,
1247
01:26:34,060 --> 01:26:37,740
it's our duty to destroy and wipe out
all the forces inside the USSR,
1248
01:26:37,980 --> 01:26:40,460
which could be supporting the opposition,
1249
01:26:40,620 --> 01:26:42,860
once and for all!
1250
01:26:43,020 --> 01:26:45,460
The State Prosecution demands that
1251
01:26:45,740 --> 01:26:49,700
the Supreme Court passes a verdict of
death by firing squad for all the accused!
1252
01:27:26,220 --> 01:27:29,820
The session is now closed.
1253
01:29:02,060 --> 01:29:06,100
CLOSING STATEMENTS OF THE ACCUSED
1254
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:10,820
RAMZIN
1255
01:29:36,140 --> 01:29:38,780
Honourable members of the Court,
1256
01:29:38,940 --> 01:29:42,900
I do realise clearly that
1257
01:29:44,380 --> 01:29:47,700
this is my final statement,
1258
01:29:47,860 --> 01:29:51,300
and, indeed, this is my last chance
1259
01:29:51,940 --> 01:29:57,260
to address such a wide audience.
1260
01:30:01,220 --> 01:30:06,220
During the past 15 - 20 years of my life,
1261
01:30:08,260 --> 01:30:10,620
I had many occasions
1262
01:30:10,780 --> 01:30:15,140
to give speeches or lectures.
1263
01:30:16,420 --> 01:30:20,860
Today, in my closing statement,
1264
01:30:21,020 --> 01:30:23,700
in my final address
1265
01:30:23,860 --> 01:30:26,940
to the judges and public,
1266
01:30:27,460 --> 01:30:32,380
I'd like to add,
without a shred of hypocrisy,
1267
01:30:33,900 --> 01:30:38,260
a few supplementary remarks and notes,
1268
01:30:41,620 --> 01:30:45,180
concerning the case in question.
1269
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:52,340
Now, only a few hours before the end,
1270
01:30:54,020 --> 01:30:57,500
no one can lie or pretend.
1271
01:31:00,580 --> 01:31:03,100
I shan't defend myself.
1272
01:31:03,860 --> 01:31:07,460
I only wish to give one brief explanation.
1273
01:31:08,260 --> 01:31:11,300
The activities of the "Industrial Party",
1274
01:31:11,820 --> 01:31:14,420
that took hold of my life in recent years,
1275
01:31:14,580 --> 01:31:18,100
were so complex, so varied
1276
01:31:18,260 --> 01:31:20,060
and so multi-faceted,
1277
01:31:20,220 --> 01:31:22,540
that even a 6-hour-long statement and
1278
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:25,740
and an 11-day-long hearing aren't enough
1279
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:30,580
to reveal all the details and all the
1280
01:31:30,740 --> 01:31:34,540
aspects of the Party's activities.
1281
01:31:34,860 --> 01:31:37,180
Also, it seems impossible because
1282
01:31:37,340 --> 01:31:41,460
I myself wasn't aware of some details,
1283
01:31:41,620 --> 01:31:45,580
especially related to
its earlier activities.
1284
01:31:49,020 --> 01:31:50,900
In any case, it seems to me
1285
01:31:51,060 --> 01:31:53,780
that we have managed to present
all the most important facts,
1286
01:31:53,940 --> 01:31:56,580
which would help our Republic
1287
01:31:56,740 --> 01:32:01,980
to fight against sabotage and intervention.
1288
01:32:03,380 --> 01:32:08,180
It seems we had enough time to tell it.
1289
01:32:11,020 --> 01:32:15,740
What are the conclusions,
the insights I made
1290
01:32:15,900 --> 01:32:21,420
during such a difficult
and shameful journey?
1291
01:32:23,140 --> 01:32:25,860
From the end of 1929,
1292
01:32:26,020 --> 01:32:30,740
I consider 1930 to be a crucial year,
1293
01:32:30,900 --> 01:32:34,100
a year of the experiment.
1294
01:32:34,260 --> 01:32:37,500
I began to feel very excited
1295
01:32:37,660 --> 01:32:39,940
and full of anticipation,
1296
01:32:40,100 --> 01:32:42,500
similar to the one I experienced awaiting
1297
01:32:42,660 --> 01:32:44,700
the results of a scientific experiment,
1298
01:32:44,860 --> 01:32:47,140
waiting to see whether my theory
1299
01:32:47,300 --> 01:32:49,980
was right or wrong.
1300
01:32:50,500 --> 01:32:53,980
I waited for 1930 in the same manner.
1301
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:59,140
I tell you now, openly and directly,
1302
01:32:59,300 --> 01:33:04,500
that the experience we had in 1930
1303
01:33:04,660 --> 01:33:09,220
completely destroyed our previous
1304
01:33:09,380 --> 01:33:12,220
misconceptions, our attitudes and ideas,
1305
01:33:12,380 --> 01:33:14,420
because this year,
1306
01:33:14,580 --> 01:33:17,700
the turning point of the five-year-plan,
1307
01:33:17,860 --> 01:33:21,060
revealed the gravity of our
1308
01:33:21,220 --> 01:33:24,100
mistakes and our wrongdoings,
1309
01:33:24,260 --> 01:33:26,900
The ideas of various
1310
01:33:27,060 --> 01:33:30,660
experts and politicians.
1311
01:33:31,860 --> 01:33:34,260
In spite of all the activities of
1312
01:33:34,420 --> 01:33:39,180
the "Industrial Party",
in spite of sabotage
1313
01:33:39,500 --> 01:33:44,020
and counter-revolutionary efforts,
1314
01:33:44,180 --> 01:33:47,620
instead of the collapse of the economy
1315
01:33:47,780 --> 01:33:50,380
and catastrophic failure of the industry,
1316
01:33:51,420 --> 01:33:54,500
we have observed
1317
01:33:54,660 --> 01:33:57,340
unprecedented and colossal success
1318
01:33:57,500 --> 01:34:00,620
in the building of Socialism!
1319
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:03,540
And now, when this decisive and
1320
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:05,660
crucial year is behind us,
1321
01:34:05,820 --> 01:34:09,020
I'm convinced
1322
01:34:11,900 --> 01:34:14,700
we have to admit
1323
01:34:14,860 --> 01:34:16,900
that the political intuition
1324
01:34:17,060 --> 01:34:20,500
and the revolutionary consciousness
of the proletariat and its leaders
1325
01:34:20,940 --> 01:34:23,980
succeeded in finding more reasonable and
1326
01:34:24,140 --> 01:34:26,780
more adequate ways of managing the economy,
1327
01:34:27,260 --> 01:34:30,420
than an entire bunch of scientists,
1328
01:34:30,580 --> 01:34:32,620
whose advice we were supposed to follow
1329
01:34:32,780 --> 01:34:34,420
and in whose ranks we also belonged.
1330
01:34:34,580 --> 01:34:37,220
The past two most difficult and most
1331
01:34:37,380 --> 01:34:40,140
demanding years of Socialist building,
1332
01:34:40,300 --> 01:34:43,780
revealed within it some new energy,
1333
01:34:44,060 --> 01:34:47,500
new potential and colossal opportunities.
1334
01:34:48,380 --> 01:34:51,860
SITNIN
1335
01:34:54,540 --> 01:34:57,380
It does not make sense to look for excuses,
1336
01:34:58,020 --> 01:35:02,580
when my crime has now been exposed.
1337
01:35:08,700 --> 01:35:11,820
I give myself
1338
01:35:13,180 --> 01:35:15,700
into the hands of the
Court of the Proletariat.
1339
01:35:15,860 --> 01:35:19,700
Let it do to me what
it considers necessary.
1340
01:35:30,740 --> 01:35:34,380
Apparently, I've deserved it.
1341
01:35:38,860 --> 01:35:41,660
I only wish to say,
honourable Judges, that if
1342
01:35:41,820 --> 01:35:45,180
you consider it possible
1343
01:35:46,260 --> 01:35:48,980
to spare my life,
1344
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:52,900
I give you my word
1345
01:35:53,060 --> 01:35:56,020
that for the rest of my life
1346
01:35:56,620 --> 01:35:59,340
I'll dedicate all my efforts, my energy,
1347
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:02,060
all my technical knowledge
1348
01:36:02,780 --> 01:36:05,820
to the cause
1349
01:36:06,660 --> 01:36:09,580
of redeeming my crimes.
1350
01:36:11,860 --> 01:36:14,420
That's it.
1351
01:36:28,740 --> 01:36:31,780
Defendant Kupriyanov!
1352
01:36:43,300 --> 01:36:46,300
May I?
1353
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:56,900
My defence lawyer spoke yesterday about
my involvement and my emotional turmoil.
1354
01:36:59,260 --> 01:37:05,060
I don't wish to repeat myself,
so my closing statement will be brief.
1355
01:37:05,820 --> 01:37:12,060
I've already stated to the
Supreme Court that I plead guilty,
1356
01:37:12,940 --> 01:37:20,940
and I've already given a detailed testimony to
the investigation and to the Supreme Court.
1357
01:37:21,660 --> 01:37:28,580
I confessed everything, I told everything
1358
01:37:28,740 --> 01:37:36,740
I knew about the work of the "Centre for
Engineering" and the "Industrial Party".
1359
01:37:39,340 --> 01:37:44,020
I have nothing to hide from the
Court of the Proletariat.
1360
01:37:45,060 --> 01:37:47,740
OCHKIN
1361
01:37:54,340 --> 01:37:57,580
I ended up in prison.
1362
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:02,700
I had a long period of reflection and
1363
01:38:04,140 --> 01:38:09,860
I wish you knew, honourable Judges,
how I craved for work!
1364
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:20,700
I dreamt to be back at a turbine
or, maybe, even on a steam engine!
1365
01:38:25,780 --> 01:38:33,780
I had an urge to work, to participate
in the fulfilment of a five-year-plan!
1366
01:38:37,460 --> 01:38:39,540
I refused to defend myself.
1367
01:38:39,900 --> 01:38:47,900
There is no point in defence,
because the crimes I've committed...
1368
01:38:48,860 --> 01:38:53,460
I cannot even think of defence,
as my crimes
1369
01:38:53,620 --> 01:38:56,380
against the working class are so grave.
1370
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:01,820
I confessed all my crimes,
1371
01:39:02,340 --> 01:39:07,060
and my only defence now,
1372
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:10,540
the only defence I have
1373
01:39:11,140 --> 01:39:13,980
is the Court of the Proletariat.
1374
01:39:17,060 --> 01:39:23,100
I wish... I don't know if it's possible...
1375
01:39:25,020 --> 01:39:29,540
if I can ever hope that this Court will
1376
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:38,980
become a prologue of
my new and honest life.
1377
01:39:56,180 --> 01:40:00,900
I sincerely regret any wrongdoing
1378
01:40:04,540 --> 01:40:12,540
and I ask the Soviet government for mercy.
1379
01:40:16,140 --> 01:40:20,340
I ask for a chance to redeem my crimes.
1380
01:40:20,900 --> 01:40:25,260
I promise that through my honest work
1381
01:40:26,860 --> 01:40:30,940
as a highly qualified combustion engineer,
1382
01:40:33,580 --> 01:40:37,020
through my enthusiastic participation
1383
01:40:38,780 --> 01:40:41,980
in the fulfilment of the five-year-plan,
1384
01:40:42,180 --> 01:40:47,620
I'll prove my devotion to the working class
1385
01:40:48,220 --> 01:40:51,980
and, ultimately, I'll be able to
get rid of the emotional stain,
1386
01:40:52,220 --> 01:40:56,740
which has tinted my reputation.
1387
01:41:01,020 --> 01:41:03,540
I'm finished.
1388
01:41:06,780 --> 01:41:09,820
KALINNIKOV
1389
01:41:14,260 --> 01:41:20,220
if the Soviet government and you,
1390
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:26,300
honourable Judges,
accept my sincere remorse,
1391
01:41:27,460 --> 01:41:32,260
If you give me a chance
to prove it at work,
1392
01:41:33,340 --> 01:41:41,340
I promise to dedicate all my energy...
1393
01:41:44,780 --> 01:41:47,540
and all my knowledge
1394
01:41:47,860 --> 01:41:55,860
in order to repair the damage to the USSR,
1395
01:41:57,980 --> 01:42:01,380
which was caused by my criminal actions.
1396
01:42:04,020 --> 01:42:06,940
I'm finished.
1397
01:42:08,900 --> 01:42:11,700
CHARNOVSKY
1398
01:42:13,460 --> 01:42:19,100
Ideologically speaking, there's
no return to the past for me.
1399
01:42:19,500 --> 01:42:27,220
I cannot be apolitical and empty-headed, as
it was correctly pointed out in this Court.
1400
01:42:27,700 --> 01:42:30,860
It's in my blood now.
1401
01:42:32,180 --> 01:42:37,220
If I get a chance to leave the prison
and begin new work,
1402
01:42:38,060 --> 01:42:41,340
I'll be a new man with a new mentality.
1403
01:42:41,660 --> 01:42:47,260
I've suffered so much. I've been through
an emotional and intellectual turmoil.
1404
01:42:50,380 --> 01:42:58,380
The utopian beliefs and false ideological
persuasions are dead.
1405
01:43:01,380 --> 01:43:07,540
I can see the true meaning of life
very clearly now.
1406
01:43:08,100 --> 01:43:10,700
LARICHEV
1407
01:43:11,740 --> 01:43:15,100
Engineers have to become
a part of the working class:
1408
01:43:15,580 --> 01:43:21,260
only the working class environment will
protect them from the negative influence
1409
01:43:21,860 --> 01:43:29,700
of bosses of technology and such people
as Rabinovich, Palchinsky and others
1410
01:43:31,060 --> 01:43:36,780
whose shameful and criminal activities
we've supported up until now.
1411
01:43:42,420 --> 01:43:48,100
Only the working class environment
can safeguard such a person as myself
1412
01:43:48,540 --> 01:43:51,900
from their evil and damaging influence.
1413
01:43:52,060 --> 01:43:56,060
Another lesson can be drawn
1414
01:43:56,460 --> 01:44:01,740
from our unfortunate experience:
1415
01:44:02,100 --> 01:44:06,580
there's no such thing as "loyal" engineers.
1416
01:44:07,020 --> 01:44:11,540
This so called "loyalty",
even if it's based
1417
01:44:11,780 --> 01:44:16,860
on political ignorance, can only be seen
1418
01:44:17,180 --> 01:44:23,540
as the first step down a slippery slope.
1419
01:44:25,620 --> 01:44:29,740
This is why, when the Communist party
1420
01:44:29,900 --> 01:44:32,860
challenged us, engineers, with a slogan:
1421
01:44:33,140 --> 01:44:35,940
"With us or against us!",
1422
01:44:36,340 --> 01:44:40,060
every honest engineer has to face
1423
01:44:40,460 --> 01:44:46,060
this question and choose his path:
either with the proletariat, or against it.
1424
01:44:46,980 --> 01:44:49,580
FEDOTOV
1425
01:44:49,780 --> 01:44:56,660
The Soviet government's attitude
towards science and research
1426
01:44:56,820 --> 01:45:00,980
is so drastically different
from the capitalist approach,
1427
01:45:01,220 --> 01:45:06,180
it's so open-minded and positive,
1428
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:10,100
that this in itself is a sign
1429
01:45:10,260 --> 01:45:15,580
that the current situation
in the Soviet Union
1430
01:45:16,140 --> 01:45:18,860
is much more favourable
than one might think
1431
01:45:20,060 --> 01:45:24,700
without studying the issue in details.
1432
01:45:26,860 --> 01:45:32,980
I plead guilty. I'm guilty of being a member
of the Central Committee of the Party;
1433
01:45:33,340 --> 01:45:37,900
board member of a branch organisation;
1434
01:45:38,060 --> 01:45:45,740
I'm guilty of planning, discussing and...
1435
01:45:46,460 --> 01:45:50,100
masterminding acts of sabotage,
1436
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:56,580
which put our industry in jeopardy.
1437
01:45:58,140 --> 01:46:01,980
I also consider myself responsible -
1438
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:06,300
and this has been particularly hard for me,
1439
01:46:06,580 --> 01:46:09,460
though this does not appear
on the prosecution record,
1440
01:46:09,980 --> 01:46:13,700
I consider myself guilty of failing
1441
01:46:13,940 --> 01:46:18,100
to grasp the situation and to prevent it.
1442
01:46:18,300 --> 01:46:21,300
If an ordinary engineer in our country
1443
01:46:21,460 --> 01:46:25,180
does not usually deal with economic issues,
1444
01:46:25,340 --> 01:46:33,340
and may, to a certain extent, be considered
ill equipped to deal with such issues,
1445
01:46:35,740 --> 01:46:41,380
I cannot use
this argument in my defence.
1446
01:46:41,820 --> 01:46:46,940
I don't have such an excuse.
1447
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,860
I was a professor of ecomonics
of the textile industry,
1448
01:46:52,100 --> 01:46:57,020
and though my course is a practical one,
1449
01:46:57,180 --> 01:47:00,780
of course, I wouldn't have become professor
1450
01:47:00,940 --> 01:47:03,620
without studying political economy, if
1451
01:47:03,780 --> 01:47:07,300
I hadn't known Marxist
theory and read Lenin.
1452
01:47:07,820 --> 01:47:12,060
Therefore, I knew and understood the issue,
1453
01:47:12,220 --> 01:47:18,740
and it was my duty to sever all the links,
1454
01:47:19,860 --> 01:47:25,980
and to shake off the psychological dogma,
break free from peer pressure.
1455
01:47:26,140 --> 01:47:32,060
To which I succumbed and which forced me ...to
realise a shameful act of state treason.
1456
01:47:32,220 --> 01:47:35,460
I found myself in a situation,
1457
01:47:35,620 --> 01:47:38,260
in which...
1458
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:47,620
In which...
1459
01:47:53,540 --> 01:47:57,900
I admit my guilt and I believe
1460
01:47:58,580 --> 01:48:00,740
that any punishment,
1461
01:48:00,900 --> 01:48:03,180
which will be imposed on me by the Court,
1462
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:06,780
will be a deserved one.
1463
01:48:07,940 --> 01:48:11,260
It'll be a necessary
step towards redemption.
1464
01:48:15,500 --> 01:48:21,420
If it's still possible to
hope to return to work,
1465
01:48:22,540 --> 01:48:27,300
I promise to dedicate all my energy
1466
01:48:29,580 --> 01:48:36,820
to the industrialisation as a way
of redeeming my crimes.
1467
01:48:38,100 --> 01:48:41,980
If it's not possible,
I'll accept the verdict
1468
01:48:42,340 --> 01:48:45,580
in the knowledge that it is well deserved.
1469
01:48:50,860 --> 01:48:53,620
Sit down.
1470
01:48:54,700 --> 01:48:59,780
The session of the Supreme Court
is now closed.
1471
01:50:13,380 --> 01:50:17,620
WE DEMAND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
FOR THE IMPERIALIST AGENTS!
1472
01:50:52,260 --> 01:50:57,940
DEATH TO REVIVERS OF CAPITALISM!
1473
01:51:04,180 --> 01:51:08,420
VERDICT
1474
01:51:21,860 --> 01:51:25,900
The Special Session of the
Supreme Court is now resumed.
1475
01:51:26,260 --> 01:51:31,700
The verdict in the case of the
"Industrial Party" will now be read.
1476
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:37,740
In the name of the Union of the Soviet
Socialist Republics,
1477
01:51:37,980 --> 01:51:42,140
the Special Session of the Supreme
Court of the USSR, composed of:
1478
01:51:42,340 --> 01:51:44,860
The Chairman, comrade Vyshynsky A.,
1479
01:51:45,020 --> 01:51:48,180
Court members: comrades
Antonov-Saratovsky V. and Lvov V.,
1480
01:51:48,340 --> 01:51:52,420
Court secretaries: comrades Yakovlev A,
Ivanenko G. and Sharutine P.,
1481
01:51:52,700 --> 01:51:56,860
State Prosecutors: RSFSR Chief Prosecutor,
comrade Krylenko,
1482
01:51:57,020 --> 01:51:59,820
the Assistant Prosecutor,
comrade Fridberg V.,
1483
01:51:59,980 --> 01:52:02,100
members of the Moscow District Association
1484
01:52:02,260 --> 01:52:04,740
of Defence Barristers,
comrades Braude I. and Otsep M.,
1485
01:52:04,900 --> 01:52:08,740
having heard during
open and closed sessions
1486
01:52:08,900 --> 01:52:11,780
between November 25 and
December 7, 1930,
1487
01:52:11,940 --> 01:52:15,460
Case No 38 against
counter-revolutionary organisation,
1488
01:52:15,620 --> 01:52:18,512
the "Union of Engineering Organisations",
also known as the "Industrial Party",
1489
01:52:18,620 --> 01:52:21,100
whereas the charges were
brought against the defendants:
1490
01:52:21,260 --> 01:52:24,860
(1) Ramzin Leonid Konstantinovich,
43 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1491
01:52:25,020 --> 01:52:28,940
former professor of Moscow Higher College
of Mechanical Machine Building
1492
01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:32,060
and former director of the
Institute of Thermal Engineering;
1493
01:52:32,220 --> 01:52:37,580
(2) Kalinnikov Ivan Andreyevich,
56 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1494
01:52:38,140 --> 01:52:42,220
former vice chairman of the
Industrial department of Gosplan,
1495
01:52:42,380 --> 01:52:46,260
former professor of the Air Force Academy and
other higher educational establishments;
1496
01:52:46,420 --> 01:52:52,100
(3) Larichev Victor Alekseyevich,
43 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1497
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:56,540
former chairman of the Fuel department,
member of the Presiding board of Gosplan;
1498
01:52:56,700 --> 01:53:02,220
(4) Charnovsky Nikolay Frantzevich,
62 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1499
01:53:02,420 --> 01:53:05,780
former vice chairman of Scientific and
Technological Council for Machine Building
1500
01:53:05,940 --> 01:53:09,220
of the Machine department of VSNH
(The Supreme Soviet of National Economy),
1501
01:53:09,380 --> 01:53:12,540
former professor of various
higher educational establishments;
1502
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:16,940
(5) Fedotov Alexander Alexandrovich,
66 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1503
01:53:17,260 --> 01:53:20,580
former chairman of the Scientific Research
Institute of Textile Industry,
1504
01:53:20,740 --> 01:53:23,180
former professor of various
higher educational establishments;
1505
01:53:23,300 --> 01:53:27,900
(6) Kurpiyanov Sergei Viktorovich,
59 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1506
01:53:28,100 --> 01:53:31,500
former Director of Orgtextile
department of VSNH;
1507
01:53:31,660 --> 01:53:34,980
All the 6 defendants are charged
with crimes as stipulated in the articles:
1508
01:53:35,140 --> 01:53:42,700
58 (paragraph 3), 58 (paragraph 4) and
58 (paragraph 6) of the RSFSR Penal Code;
1509
01:53:43,460 --> 01:53:47,980
(7) Ochkin Vladimir Ivanovich,
39 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1510
01:53:48,540 --> 01:53:50,912
former Academic Secretary of the
Institute of Thermal Engineering,
1511
01:53:51,020 --> 01:53:55,020
former head of department of the
research sector of VSNH;
1512
01:53:55,300 --> 01:53:57,620
charged with crimes,
stipulated in the articles:
1513
01:53:57,780 --> 01:54:01,380
58 (paragraph 3) and 58 (paragraph 6)
of the RSFSR Penal Code;
1514
01:54:01,540 --> 01:54:06,140
(8) Sitnin Ksenofont Vasilyevich,
52 years of age, citizen of the USSR,
1515
01:54:06,300 --> 01:54:08,940
former engineer at the
All Union Textile syndicate;
1516
01:54:09,100 --> 01:54:11,100
charged with crimes
stipulated in the articles:
1517
01:54:11,260 --> 01:54:14,260
58 (paragraph 3) and 58 (paragraph 4)
of the RSFSR Penal Code.
1518
01:54:14,420 --> 01:54:16,260
The Court finds that:
1519
01:54:16,420 --> 01:54:19,980
The final and decisive victory,
achieved by the Red Army in 1920,
1520
01:54:20,220 --> 01:54:25,660
over the army of White Guard generals,
who were led by the imperialist states
1521
01:54:26,060 --> 01:54:28,500
in their attempt to bring down
the Soviet power and to restore
1522
01:54:28,660 --> 01:54:30,820
the power of landowners and capitalists,
1523
01:54:30,980 --> 01:54:33,980
paved the way for the working people
of the USSR towards peaceful
1524
01:54:34,140 --> 01:54:37,260
economic construction, based
on the principles of Socialism.
1525
01:54:37,740 --> 01:54:41,620
The Technical intelligentsia, convinced that,
as a result of the New Economic policy,
1526
01:54:41,780 --> 01:54:44,901
at the end of the rehabilitation period,
capitalist foundations in the policies
1527
01:54:45,020 --> 01:54:47,820
of the Soviet government would be
revived and strengthened,
1528
01:54:47,980 --> 01:54:50,992
met the beginning of new reconstruction
period, based on Socialist principles,
1529
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:52,900
with a highly negative reaction.
1530
01:54:53,060 --> 01:54:55,340
Their hopes that the New Economic Policy
1531
01:54:55,500 --> 01:54:59,700
would continue during the reconstruction
period did not come true.
1532
01:55:00,460 --> 01:55:03,900
They began searching for
new ways and means of resistance
1533
01:55:04,060 --> 01:55:06,740
to the Soviet authorities and
gradually moved towards preparation
1534
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:10,020
of a military intervention
with the aim of overthrowing
1535
01:55:10,220 --> 01:55:13,700
the Soviet power by means of
internal and external counter-revolution.
1536
01:55:14,020 --> 01:55:17,900
The "Industrial Party",
cut off from the working masses,
1537
01:55:18,060 --> 01:55:22,060
lacking support from the proletariat,
was bound to realise that its plans
1538
01:55:22,460 --> 01:55:29,340
for preparing a coup d'état from
within the country were hopeless.
1539
01:55:30,620 --> 01:55:34,300
Since that moment the "Industrial Party'
turned its attention to preparation
1540
01:55:34,780 --> 01:55:37,460
of foreign military intervention
against the USSR,
1541
01:55:37,620 --> 01:55:42,060
for which it entered into a union
with counter-revolutionary organisations
1542
01:55:42,380 --> 01:55:48,180
both inside the USSR - social-democrat
1543
01:55:48,340 --> 01:55:50,860
and kulak groups of Kondratiev-Chayanov,
1544
01:55:51,020 --> 01:55:55,660
Menshevik group of Sukhanov-Gromov -
and abroad - "Torgprom",
1545
01:55:55,980 --> 01:56:00,300
Milyukov's group, counter-revolutionary
circles in Paris.
1546
01:56:02,220 --> 01:56:04,980
Under the leadership of its
Central Committee,
1547
01:56:05,140 --> 01:56:08,140
supported by a wide-spread network,
the "Industrial Party" led a whole range
1548
01:56:08,380 --> 01:56:15,060
of counter-revolutionary activities aimed
at preparing intervention in 1930.
1549
01:56:16,180 --> 01:56:19,220
The Supreme Court of the USSR sentences:
1550
01:56:19,500 --> 01:56:27,500
(1) Kupriyanov Sergei Viktorovich, according
to articles 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1551
01:56:28,540 --> 01:56:32,940
to 10 years of prison in solitary
confinement, with deprivation of rights,
1552
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:38,980
according to article 31 of the Penal Code,
sections a, b, c, d and e,
1553
01:56:39,380 --> 01:56:41,740
and confiscation of property.
1554
01:56:41,900 --> 01:56:49,340
(2) Sitnin Ksenofont Vasilyevich, according
to articles 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1555
01:56:57,980 --> 01:57:02,620
to 10 years of prison in solitary
confinement, with deprivation of rights,
1556
01:57:02,780 --> 01:57:10,260
according to article 31 of the Penal Code,
sections a, b, c, d and e,
1557
01:57:12,180 --> 01:57:14,620
for 5 years...
1558
01:57:15,100 --> 01:57:19,060
the same applies to Kupriyanov...
1559
01:57:19,420 --> 01:57:21,500
and confiscation of all property.
1560
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:26,540
Ochkin Vladimir Ivanovich, according
to articles 58.3, 58.6, 58.11,
1561
01:57:26,940 --> 01:57:31,420
to 10 years of prison in solitary
confinement, with deprivation of rights,
1562
01:57:31,580 --> 01:57:36,540
according to article 31 of the Penal Code,
sections a, b, c, d and e, for 5 years,
1563
01:57:36,700 --> 01:57:38,860
and confiscation of all property.
1564
01:57:39,020 --> 01:57:45,300
Kalinnikov Ivan Andreyevich, according
to articles 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1565
01:57:47,460 --> 01:57:50,460
as the supreme measure
of social protection,
1566
01:57:50,620 --> 01:57:53,940
to death by firing squad,
with confiscation of property.
1567
01:57:54,100 --> 01:58:01,580
(5) Charnovsky Nikolay Frantzevich, according
to the articles 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1568
01:58:02,060 --> 01:58:04,100
as the supreme measure
of social protection,
1569
01:58:04,260 --> 01:58:07,020
to death by firing squad,
with confiscation of all property.
1570
01:58:07,180 --> 01:58:13,260
(6) Larichev Viktor Alekseyevich, according
to articles 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1571
01:58:13,740 --> 01:58:15,660
as the supreme measure
of social protection,
1572
01:58:15,820 --> 01:58:18,220
to death by firing squad,
with confiscation of all property.
1573
01:58:18,460 --> 01:58:20,580
Fedotov Alexander Alexandrovich,
1574
01:58:20,740 --> 01:58:24,100
according to articles
58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1575
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:25,952
as the supreme measure
of social protection,
1576
01:58:26,060 --> 01:58:28,192
to death by firing squad,
with confiscation of property.
1577
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:34,580
Ramzin Leonid Konstantinovich, according
to articles 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 58.11,
1578
01:58:35,020 --> 01:58:36,740
as the supreme measure
of social protection,
1579
01:58:36,940 --> 01:58:40,300
to death by firing squad,
with confiscation of property.
1580
01:58:42,300 --> 01:58:45,180
For all those sentenced to imprisonment,
the time spent in incarceration
1581
01:58:45,340 --> 01:58:48,552
during preliminary investigation and hearing,
counts towards the total term of sentencing.
1582
01:58:48,660 --> 01:58:52,220
This verdict is final and
is not subject to appeal.
1583
01:59:42,740 --> 01:59:45,740
NO SUCH ORGANISATION AS
"THE INDUSTRIAL PARTY" EVER EXISTED.
1584
01:59:45,900 --> 01:59:47,780
THE ENTIRE CRIMINAL CASE
WAS FABRICATED BY OGPU
1585
01:59:47,940 --> 01:59:49,900
(STATE POLITICAL DIRECTORATE)
ON STALIN'S ORDERS.
1586
01:59:53,780 --> 01:59:56,272
RAMZIN I. DEATH SENTENCE WAS SUBSTITUTED
WITH A 10-YEAR IMPRISONMENT.
1587
01:59:56,380 --> 01:59:58,380
DURING IMPRISONMENT WORKED
AT A SECRET OGPU LAB.
1588
01:59:58,540 --> 02:00:00,872
PARDONED IN 1936. IN 1942,
WAS AWARDED THE STATE STALIN'S PRIZE.
1589
02:00:00,980 --> 02:00:02,460
DIED IN 1946.
1590
02:00:04,140 --> 02:00:06,912
KALINNIKOV I. DEATH SENTENCE WAS
SUBSTITUTED WITH A 10-YEAR IMPRISONMENT.
1591
02:00:07,020 --> 02:00:09,820
DURING IMPRISONMENT WORKED
AT A SECRET OGPU LAB.
1592
02:00:09,980 --> 02:00:12,100
EXECUTED BY FIRING SQUAD IN 1937.
1593
02:00:13,860 --> 02:00:16,432
LARICHEV V. DEATH SENTENCE WAS SUBSTITUTED
WITH A 10-YEAR IMPRISONMENT.
1594
02:00:16,540 --> 02:00:19,020
DURING IMPRISONMENT WORKED
AT A SECRET OGPU LAB.
1595
02:00:19,180 --> 02:00:21,620
PARDONED IN 1936.
DIED IN 1948.
1596
02:00:23,220 --> 02:00:25,712
CHARNOVSKY N. DEATH SENTENCE WAS
SUBSTITUTED WITH A 10-YEAR IMPRISONMENT.
1597
02:00:25,820 --> 02:00:27,980
DURING IMPRISONMENT WORKED
AT A SECRET OGPU LAB.
1598
02:00:28,140 --> 02:00:30,300
EXECUTED BY FIRING SQUAD IN 1938.
1599
02:00:32,020 --> 02:00:34,512
FEDOTOV A. DEATH SENTENCE WAS SUBSTITUTED
WITH A 10-YEAR IMPRISONMENT.
1600
02:00:34,620 --> 02:00:37,740
RELEASED FROM PRISON IN 1939.
DIED HALF A YEAR LATER.
1601
02:00:40,220 --> 02:00:43,180
KUPRIYANOV ♪. FATE REMAINS UNKNOWN.
1602
02:00:46,780 --> 02:00:49,500
OCHKIN V. DURING IMPRISONMENT
WORKED AT A SECRET OGPU LAB.
1603
02:00:49,660 --> 02:00:52,380
PARDONED IN 1936. FURTHER FATE
REMAINS UNKNOWN.
1604
02:00:55,380 --> 02:00:57,860
SITNIN K. FATE REMAINS UNKNOWN.
1605
02:01:01,860 --> 02:01:04,632
KRYLENKO N. IN 1931 - 1936 - MINISTER
OF JUSTICE OF THE RSFSR, THEN USSR.
1606
02:01:04,740 --> 02:01:07,380
ARRESTED IN JANUARY 1938.
EXECUTED BY FIRING SQUAD IN JULY 1938.
1607
02:01:07,540 --> 02:01:09,380
THE MILITARY COUNCIL OF
THE USSR SUPREME COURT
1608
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:11,380
FOUND HIM GUILTY OF BEING A MEMBER OF THE
1609
02:01:11,540 --> 02:01:14,260
"FASCIST TERRORIST ORGANISATION
OF MOUNTAINEERS AND TOURISTS".
1610
02:01:16,220 --> 02:01:17,500
VYSHINSKY A.
1611
02:01:17,660 --> 02:01:19,432
IN 1931 - 1939 - PROSECUTOR GENERAL
OF RSFSR, THEN USSR.
1612
02:01:19,540 --> 02:01:21,312
IN 1949 - 1953 - USSR MINISTER OF
FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
1613
02:01:21,420 --> 02:01:23,192
AFTER STALIN'S DEATH IN MARCH 1953,
REMOVED FROM THE MINISTERIAL POST
1614
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:25,072
AND APPOINTED PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE
OF THE USSR TO THE UNITED NATIONS.
1615
02:01:25,180 --> 02:01:26,952
DIED OF HEART ATTACK
ON 22/11/1954 IN NEW YORK.
1616
02:01:27,060 --> 02:01:28,832
ACCORDING TO THE OFFICE
OF THE RF PROSECUTOR GENERAL,
1617
02:01:28,940 --> 02:01:30,700
VYSHINSKY COMMITTED SUICIDE.
116317
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