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Tonight, in a special programme,
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The Sky At Night takes to the air
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in a converted jumbo jet.
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On board is one of the most amazing
telescopes ever built,
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and we're going to see it in action.
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So, welcome to The Sky At Night
at 40,000 feet.
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We're on our way to NASA's
Armstrong Flight Research Center,
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a couple of hours' drive from
Los Angeles, because tonight,
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we're flying with SOFIA, the world's
only airborne observatory.
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It may look like an
ordinary Boeing 747,
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but this ex-passenger aircraft has
been specially converted to
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carry a 17-tonne telescope that sees
the universe not in visible light
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but in the infrared part of
the spectrum.
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Visible light, the light that we can
see with our eyes,
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only reveals part of the
universe around us.
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In fact, over half the radiated
light comes in the form of infrared,
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which tells us about the
formation of galaxies,
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of stars and of planets,
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and the orbit of black holes.
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It tells us the secrets of our
cosmic origins.
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You can record infrared light with a
thermal camera like this one,
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or with the vastly more
sophisticated SOFIA,
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the Stratospheric Observatory
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For Infrared Astronomy.
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Before we took off, I caught up with
the man who pioneered the
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observation of infrared radiation
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from the centre of our Milky Way
galaxy way back in 1966.
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He could also be said to be the
father of SOFIA - Eric Becklin.
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So, we're here with this noisy
aircraft behind us, because we want
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to fly in it to go and look at the
infrared, but what is the infrared?
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The infrared is the
wavelengths of light
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that are beyond the red.
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It's a very important extension of
the optical spectrum,
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and it's basically heat waves,
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so we are detecting heat waves
out in space.
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So why do we need a plane to get to
these wavelengths? OK.
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Because it's like it's cloudy all
the time down here on Earth
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in the infrared, so we want to get
up into the stratosphere,
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get into the stratosphere
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above most of the water vapour
and it clears up,
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especially out into what we call a
mid- and far-infrared,
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where most of the radiation from our
galaxy and other galaxies
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is coming out.
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I want to imagine what it would be
like to be able to see
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the far-infrared with my eyes,
so let's pick something from here.
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Let's say I look towards the
constellation of Orion,
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but in the far-infrared,
what would I see?
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The picture you get of what's out
there, in a region like Orion,
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where stars are forming,
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is completely different when you
look in the infrared.
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There are some things that are
completely invisible,
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that you only see in the infrared.
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There's a bar, a mission,
you see in the optical,
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but in the infrared,
it comes out really bright.
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And one of the things that you see
in the infrared is something called
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the BN Object. You discovered that
when you were a graduate student?
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That's right. And that's the
brightest source there.
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That is... No, it's not the
brightest, actually.
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There are some things that are
brighter,
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but it was the first one found.
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There are believed to be forming
stars, and they're in the
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youngest stages of formation,
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so this is the closest region where
massive stars are forming
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The BN -
or Becklin Neugebauer - Object
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is 1,400 light years away in
the Orion Nebula.
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It was discovered by Eric in 1967,
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the first protostar ever seen,
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and since the launch of SOFIA
in 2010,
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Eric and his team have been
able to explore
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the infrared universe in
even more detail.
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You've looked, I know, at the
centre of our galaxy,
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at the centre of the Milky Way,
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where there's this super-massive
black hole.
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What does the infrared tell us
about the galactic centre?
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Well, first of all, the infrared
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is what allowed us to see that
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there was a black hole there,
because there's so much dust
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between us and the galactic centre
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the light is completely extinguished
by a factor of a billion.
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Wow! So you can't see anything.
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You don't see anything, so you have
to go into the infrared,
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and you can see through the dust,
just like you can a fire,
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when it's smoky.
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They have infrared-view cameras
and can see right down to the fire.
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We do the same to the galactic
centre,
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so that's how we actually saw there
was the black hole.
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But now, in addition to that,
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with SOFIA and the
mid- and far-infrared,
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we can actually see the dust
orbiting around the black hole,
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so it's very much like the fact
that planets orbit around the sun...
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Yeah, yeah, yeah.
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..but now we're talking about
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
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..but now we're talking about
material and stars
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orbiting around the black hole.
Well, it's a pleasure to be here.
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I'm looking forward to getting
on board. Thank you very much.
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Yeah, have a good flight.
And thank you for SOFIA!
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I hope you enjoy it.
I'm sure I will. Thanks.
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Back on board, the mission is
about to get under way.
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Ready for takeoff, and for the
next ten hours, we're travelling to
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the cutting edge of infrared
astronomy.
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We'll be finding out how
this magnificent,
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slightly odd machine operates,
and why it's so important
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for astronomers to view the universe
with infrared eyes.
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By climbing 40,000 feet into
the stratosphere,
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SOFIA rises above 99% of our
infrared-blocking atmosphere.
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And now we're up here, the first job
is to uncover the telescope
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and calibrate the instruments.
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Training the telescope on an object
of known brightness like Mars lets
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the team calibrate the instruments
and tune out the background noise.
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For the first two decades of its
life, SOFIA was a passenger jet,
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but it was acquired by NASA
in 1997 and extensively modified.
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Where once rows of passengers sat,
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now a 17-tonne, 2.7-metre
reflecting telescope resides.
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To limit the impact of having a huge
open door in flight,
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the fuselage was also modified
to avoid turbulence.
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As the science team settle into
the ten-hour flight,
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Pilot Dean Neeley has time
to take a break from the cockpit
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and tell me what it's like to fly.
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So, how's your evening going?
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It's great, this flight's
gone really well.
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A lot of work from a lot of people
leading up to it
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really made this happen,
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so made it fairly easy
and smooth to execute.
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And so how does flying a plane like
this compare to a normal aircraft?
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It's very unique for
several reasons.
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One, it's huge, as you can see.
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One thing that reminded me,
as we started the engines
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and began to taxi out tonight,
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I always feel like I'm driving
a stadium around.
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You know? You're so high in the air,
and steering this thing is
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unlike anything else, so it's a
very large aircraft.
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And then you take on top of that
the special design and the
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modifications putting this
incredible telescope in the back.
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I mean, there's nothing like it
anywhere in the world.
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Because of those modifications, if
you took, say, a commercial pilot
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who'd spent their life flying
747s, and you put them here
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and you didn't tell them about the
back end,
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do you think they'd notice,
just from the way it handles?
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Honestly? No, they wouldn't,
because of the amazing way
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that they did the aerodynamic
modelling and designing
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with the structure in the back for
the telescope assembly.
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In fact, when the whole back side of
the aircraft opens up
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for the telescope to look out -
in the front,
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I would never even know it except
there's a little light on the panel
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that says it's open or closed.
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So, in preparing for an
evening like tonight,
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how much back and forth is there
with the science team?
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How much negotiation about
what's possible
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and what the ideal
situation would be?
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What you see going on here is only
a small part of it.
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So the planning for this started
many months ago. The astronomers
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and the science planners putting
together a rough plan, and then
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they pass that to an aircraft
planner -
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typically somebody who's a
former navigator,
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who understands the flying, so as
you lead up to the day of the flight
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they go a few rounds starting
36 hours prior to the flight,
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and then the last round
to finalise the details
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of the timing and everything is
12 hours prior to the flight.
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What about when we're
flying along?
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We're at 43,000 feet right now in
the middle of an observation.
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Are you having to do things to try
and keep the flight
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as steady as possible, or does the
telescope take care of that for you?
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No, the telescope does most
of the precise hard work,
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and what we've got to do is
just keep the aircraft
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as steady as possible,
cos it's very sensitive,
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so when we make turns, we make very
small turns -
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one degree at a time -
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maybe one degree every 20 or 30
minutes typically,
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and we make sure when we do those
turns,
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we only use one or two
degrees of bank.
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We have to think ahead, because we
can't just manoeuvre like a
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normal aircraft would, including
climbs and descents
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to different altitudes,
things like that.
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Yeah I'd noticed this evening
there's some negotiation,
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or at least chatter
amongst the team,
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about when to climb
and how fast to climb and so on.
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It seems collaborative. Yeah.
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Very much so. The people driving
the airplane up in the front
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have to work through the
mission director,
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who is kind of like the orchestra
conductor,
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working with everybody else
down here,
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including the telescope operator.
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The one thing you have to get used
to, as a NASA research pilot,
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is when you get in a group
like this,
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I have to be humble enough to
understand that I'm the dumbest guy
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in the room, and just drive the
plane the way I'm supposed to.
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Rather important, though. We
should let you get back to it.
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Thanks for your time and enjoy the
rest of the flight.
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Sure. It was great talking with you.
Thanks.
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SOFIA's focus is the far-infrared,
which makes it ideal for
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astronomers who want to peer
through gas and dust.
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One of the biggest mysteries in
astronomy today
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is how dense clumps of gas
form into stars.
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SOFIA's High-resolution Airborne
Wideband Camera +,
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or HAWC+,
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is used to investigate just that.
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I caught up with project scientist
Kimberly Ennico Smith
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on the much quieter upper deck.
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So, one of the reasons we're here on
this marvellous aircraft is
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to learn about star formation.
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What do we know and what are the
mysteries of star formation?
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Big questions, Chris, and questions
that we've been asking
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for a long time,
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and learning as we go,
but if you think about it,
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some of the big questions about
stars and how they formed are still
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unanswered. There's a mystery out
there. Why, when we look at
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our Milky Way, when we look at other
galaxies,
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why are stars forming in certain
regions
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and stars are not forming
in other regions?
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What makes those places special?
What makes them different?
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And it's infrared that matters
because that's where the action is?
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These wavelengths of light longer
than our eyes can see allows us
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to peer deep into clouds that we
wouldn't see in the visible,
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and that means we can get at the
heart of, you know,
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where stars are forming.
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A lot of the images that we are
taking in the infrared
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don't show the stars at all.
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They're showing the dust from which
stars are forming,
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or into which stars are going after
they head at the end of their lives.
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So the study of dust is equally
important to the study of stars.
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What does HAWC actually see?
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HAWC's an infrared camera, so it's
taking pictures and it works
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the far-infrared, and we're looking
at the far-infrared and so we're
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going to be measuring cold things,
as dust being emitted, cold dust.
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I know there are results
already, so can you
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say something about what
HAWC's found so far?
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00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:06,400
Yeah. So it's not published yet.
Even better.
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I know, but it's just really
exciting.
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So one of the new developments
in star formation theory
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is the observations that there are
these structures called filaments.
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So, you've got some images here.
So this is optical, I guess.
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That's in the optical, and you see
this filament?
233
00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:25,000
It's this long string-like
snake-like cloud.
234
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,080
They could be several degrees
on the night sky.
235
00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:32,040
And in the longer wavelengths here,
you're seeing the gas along
236
00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:34,560
the filaments glowing,
the re-emitting of the light.
237
00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:37,560
It's the opposite, right?
In the optical, the filament's dark,
238
00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:40,040
but here it's the thing that's
glowing brightly.
239
00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:42,760
And then you see the hot spots,
those eyes? Oh, yeah, yeah.
240
00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:45,920
Those are where stars are forming
or they've just formed.
241
00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:48,640
When Herschel did this all-sky
survey and found these
242
00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:52,120
filaments are everywhere in the
Milky Way, some of the filaments
243
00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:54,960
have stars and some of them don't,
so there's a mystery.
244
00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:58,920
We're thinking this is how stars are
forming along these filaments,
245
00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:02,520
but, you know, what can create the
stars from forming?
246
00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:04,240
What might stop them?
247
00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:06,440
Might speed them up?
A lot of mysteries.
248
00:15:06,440 --> 00:15:08,200
So stars are forming in these
filaments,
249
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,160
but it's not that the whole
filament suddenly lights up?
250
00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:13,200
Bits of the filament...
No, little bits.
251
00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,000
Sort of like on your Christmas tree
with your fairy lights, right?
252
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,040
Fairy lights on your tree.
253
00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,200
By looking at the light from the
filaments in detail,
254
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,640
HAWC+ can detect magnetic fields
within them -
255
00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:27,800
perhaps a clue to how and why the
stars are forming.
256
00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:31,520
So, what's interesting with
the new data from HAWC+ on SOFIA
257
00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:35,280
is measuring the magnetic fields
on filament scales -
258
00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:40,120
actually looking at the shape,
the orientation of the field -
259
00:15:40,120 --> 00:15:43,320
and we're finding they're
perpendicular
260
00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:45,400
to the direction of the filament.
261
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:47,640
So the filament goes across like
this...?
262
00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:50,480
And the magnetic field is
going down like that. Or like this.
263
00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:54,480
Material would tend to flow along
the magnetic fields, presumably?
264
00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:57,640
One could guess, or it could
be a barrier.
265
00:15:57,640 --> 00:16:02,360
It's unclear, so one idea is
just like, you know,
266
00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:07,360
a hedgerow on the countryside and
it's a windy day and you have...
267
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:11,040
You know, this time of year, we have
lots of leaves falling down.
268
00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:12,560
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
269
00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:16,320
If you have that wind blowing
perpendicular to the hedgerow...
270
00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,000
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
271
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,080
..the leaves start accumulating.
272
00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:22,160
Yeah. Could the magnetic fields...
273
00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:25,680
If they're perpendicular,
there'll be a channel to, you know,
274
00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:28,240
add material or create instabilities
275
00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:31,160
for which, chaotically, things will
collapse and form stars.
276
00:16:31,160 --> 00:16:34,040
So those are then the places
where stars will form? Could be.
277
00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:37,720
And the critical thing here is that
the instrument HAWC+
278
00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:40,360
allows you to look at what's going
on in the filament.
279
00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:43,520
Previously, we've only had a really
broad-brush look. That's right.
280
00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,880
Now we can zoom in and see where the
action's happening.
281
00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:50,400
It's clear we're just at the
beginning of what HAWC+ will do,
282
00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:53,080
so I'm looking forward to seeing the
rest. Thank you very much.
283
00:16:53,080 --> 00:16:56,680
Thank you. And it's a pleasure to
host BBC Sky At Night... Thank you.
284
00:16:56,680 --> 00:16:59,920
..on the world's premiere
flying observatory.
285
00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:04,800
We're well into the flight now,
286
00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:06,800
we're about 1,000 miles off the
coast of California.
287
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:09,640
The telescope is looking at its
science targets.
288
00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:13,840
The plane is moving around a bit,
even though we're up at 40,000 feet,
289
00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:16,960
which begs the question,
why would you put a telescope
290
00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:20,120
on a vibrating platform like an
aeroplane at all?
291
00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:25,480
Making sure SOFIA's telescope stays
trained on its targets
292
00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:27,720
is Emily Bevins
293
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:54,440
Tonight, the team are using the
telescope to investigate
294
00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:58,520
how stars evolve, but the ability to
continually swap out and
295
00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:03,040
customise different instruments for
different tasks means that
296
00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:06,240
SOFIA has been able to investigate
many different phenomena,
297
00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:08,600
from dust circling around black
holes
298
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,280
to the activity of passing comets,
299
00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:14,840
and it will soon have another
string to its bow -
300
00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:18,320
it will be able to probe
how planets form...
301
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,120
..because NASA's currently building
the next generation instrument,
302
00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:25,680
the High Resolution MidInfrarEd
Spectrometer,
303
00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:27,160
or HIRMES.
304
00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:32,320
Before taking off,
I met with Sam Richards,
305
00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,840
who's one of the team designing and
building the instrument.
306
00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:37,640
So, Sam, thanks for talking to us.
307
00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:40,800
You're working on the next
generation of instrument for SOFIA,
308
00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:44,040
something called HIRMES. What is
HIRMES and what's it going to do?
309
00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:47,600
HIRMES is looking primarily at
protoplanetary discs,
310
00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:49,280
and these are discs
311
00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:51,360
around other stars where once,
312
00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:54,680
a long time ago in our solar system,
313
00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:57,840
it was just a disc of material,
you know, dust and ice.
314
00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:59,960
This is the leftovers from
star formations.
315
00:20:59,960 --> 00:21:01,440
Exactly, yeah.
316
00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:03,800
So it accumulates around in a disc
around a star,
317
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:07,680
and then those discs, those
particles, can join together
318
00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:10,280
and they build up small little
pebbles,
319
00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:11,960
and then the pebbles become rocks,
320
00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,520
and rocks become asteroids
and comets and things like this,
321
00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:16,480
and, eventually, you get planets.
322
00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:19,400
It's always amazed me that we don't
really understand that process,
323
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:21,080
how the dust sticks together.
Exactly.
324
00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:23,040
So we have our own solar system,
325
00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:24,880
which is one data point,
326
00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:27,520
and we know it fairly well
but we still don't know
327
00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:29,400
why it's in the order that it is,
328
00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:33,000
and where all this material
and chemicals came from,
329
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,880
so this is one of the key reasons
why HIRMES is being made,
330
00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:40,360
so with the high-resolution
aspects of it,
331
00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:44,680
we can understand how this material
is moving around other stars,
332
00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:47,880
and then how the different
components, like the water
333
00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:50,720
and the ice and the oxygen and
all these kind of
334
00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:52,880
key life-building components,
335
00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:56,680
how they come together and
then they evolve over time
336
00:21:56,680 --> 00:22:00,480
to eventually create what would
be a solar system like the Earth
337
00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:03,800
and with gas giants like Jupiters
and Saturns and things like this.
338
00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:06,920
Why is it important to look at the
water and the oxygen?
339
00:22:06,920 --> 00:22:08,760
What stories do those tell us?
340
00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:12,400
One of the big questions about
how Earth got its water
341
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:16,320
and why it has so much water is,
how did we get here?
342
00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,120
Because we think the early Earth
was dry.
343
00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:22,000
Yes. It lost all its water and
we've got to get it back somehow.
344
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,960
We need the high-resolution science
to be able to figure out
345
00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:28,800
exactly how all this chemistry
moves around in a disc.
346
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:30,840
Yeah, so that's the point, isn't it?
347
00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:33,600
It's telling you what's happened to
this material over time. Yeah.
348
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:37,120
So we're on this long journey to
figure out
349
00:22:37,120 --> 00:22:40,960
where our solar system fits into
the story of all the other
350
00:22:40,960 --> 00:22:43,440
potential solar systems out there,
351
00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:46,720
and then we can figure out which
family tree that we came from,
352
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,800
and then kind of backdate the models
that way.
353
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:53,880
So, this is exciting stuff
and this will depend on HIRMES,
354
00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:56,480
which I think will start
flying, what, next year?
355
00:22:56,480 --> 00:23:00,520
Something like that. Yeah. HIRMES
is currently in the kind of
356
00:23:00,520 --> 00:23:04,080
building phase, so we're currently
putting the components together,
357
00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,400
and to achieve this type of science
you really need
358
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:09,920
a high level of complexity,
359
00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:12,240
which you can't really do
from space,
360
00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:14,960
and SOFIA's the perfect platform
for this type of instrument.
361
00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:17,200
You're fairly new to the project.
362
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,480
You've flown on SOFIA before,
so what was the first flight like?
363
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:23,320
I'm a total fan boy, so when it
comes to NASA
364
00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:27,160
and this type of mission, you know,
you get to don the flight suit,
365
00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:30,760
all the patches, and you really
get to enjoy
366
00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:32,880
being in the moment there
367
00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:35,880
and something that's very different
to ground-based observatories.
368
00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:39,240
Well, good luck. I hope all goes
well and I look forward to seeing
369
00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:41,520
the results from HIRMES.
It's really exciting.
370
00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:43,600
Yes, thank you. We're excited too.
371
00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:48,920
Back on the plane,
operations are in full swing.
372
00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:51,920
Although SOFIA is based in
California,
373
00:23:51,920 --> 00:23:55,000
it's actually a joint venture
between NASA
374
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:56,960
and the German space agency,
the DLR.
375
00:23:56,960 --> 00:23:59,040
And on board tonight, the instrument
376
00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:01,200
is the German REceiver for Astronomy
377
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:02,880
at Terahertz frequencies,
378
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:04,920
or GREAT for short.
379
00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:07,560
GREAT looks at the extreme
end of the infrared,
380
00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:11,240
searching for atoms and molecules
amongst interstellar gas clouds,
381
00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:15,280
because by looking at them,
we can work out how stars evolve
382
00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:18,800
in the crucial first few million
years of their lives.
383
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:22,560
Instrument Scientist Karl Jacobs
384
00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:25,480
tells me more about what they're
trying to find.
385
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,760
By expanding our view into
the infrared,
386
00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:53,760
SOFIA shows us snapshots of stars
and planetary systems of all ages,
387
00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:02,320
of our own solar system, and build a
clearer picture of the universe.
388
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,880
It's about 3.30 in the morning.
We've just landed.
389
00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:12,360
I'm pretty tired
and so are the crew.
390
00:28:12,360 --> 00:28:16,160
It'll take them weeks and months to
analyse all the data that they got
391
00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:18,040
just from this evening's flight.
392
00:28:18,040 --> 00:28:19,960
One thing's for sure, though.
393
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,720
This is a marvellous way to fly
and to see the universe.
394
00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:26,240
When come back next month, we'll be
on the edge of the solar system.
395
00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:28,720
Until then, good night.
35258
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