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NARRATOR: Adolf Hitler.
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He is the architect of one
of the greatest disasters
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the world has ever seen.
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The most photographed leader
of the early 20th century.
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He'd spend hours
in front of a mirror
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practising different poses.
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Every photo is a performance.
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Hitler was photographed
from boyhood to the Blitzkrieg...
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He wants to be at the front.
He wants to share the excitement.
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He wants to smell the cordite.
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...to the bunker.
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These images reveal the secrets
of Hitler's inner life
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and the people he led.
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Hitler comes in and he tells you,
"You are important."
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He tells you he has a plan,
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and he tells you he knows what's
gone wrong, and he can fix it.
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Featuring rarely seen
and newly digitised images,
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this is the story of the rise
and fall of Adolf Hitler,
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picture by picture.
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frame by frame.
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I think Hitler created an image
of political celebrity
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that never existed before.
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The manipulation of media,
the presentation of himself -
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you can draw a line from that
to what film and rock stars
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are doing today.
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2nd of August 1914,
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the Odeonsplatz, Munich.
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Looking over the square
is a photographer.
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He's looking for the perfect
newspaper shot of a crowd
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celebrating the outbreak
of the First World War.
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His name is Heinrich Hoffmann.
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{\an8}He was a portrait photographer,
and he was very well known for that.
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He took pictures of artists,
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of prominent people in Munich.
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In the square,
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Hoffmann takes a photograph.
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It will become one of the most
famous pictures of the 20th century.
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Among the crowd, his camera captures
a young man from Austria,
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a painter unknown to Hoffmann...
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...25-year-old Adolf Hitler.
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He's down on his luck, shabby,
with discoloured teeth,
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living in a single rented room.
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{\an8}Life is not going well for Hitler
in 1914.
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{\an8}He finds himself in Munich trying
to eke out this somewhat pathetic
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existence, you know, trying to sell
a painting here and there.
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So, actually, suddenly, the war
actually might give him a role.
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Although seen by many
as evidence of a city united
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at the prospect of war...
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...Hoffmann's picture
is not what it seems.
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The newsreel camera tells
the true story.
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We see that a tram can move
at normal speed through the crowd,
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and we see kind of restless people.
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And then, the moment the military
band is starting to play,
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and they realise
that they're being filmed,
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people put on a show of support,
of jubilation.
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{\an8}And it is at that very moment
that Heinrich Hoffmann
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{\an8}took his photograph,
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zoomed into this part of the square,
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creating kind of the false image
of all of Munich
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and, by extension, all of Germany
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supporting the outbreak
of the First World War.
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Hoffmann, pictured here
in the 1930s,
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was later accused of doctoring
the photograph,
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moving Hitler to the front
of the crowd
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to make him look more important.
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The photograph was just the start.
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Adolf Hitler would become
one of the century's
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most photographed men.
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Born in 1889,
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childhood photos are rare.
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One of the most striking was taken
at his school
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in the Austrian city of Linz.
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Hitler wrote that he disliked
most of his lessons.
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His only passion was art.
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One of Hitler's teachers later
described him as lazy, cantankerous,
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wilful, arrogant, bad-tempered
and lacking in self-discipline.
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You really get the flavour
of Hitler's personality?
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Look at that expression.
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He looks really objectionable.
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And like all schoolboys, you know,
there's a thuggish-looking one,
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there's the sort of kind of
handsome chap at the bottom.
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There's all the kind of cliche
stock characters.
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And Hitler is the cliche
stock character schoolboy,
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the kind of nasty little boy
who no-one really likes.
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I struggle to see another boy
in that picture who looks
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as friendless as that boy,
top right,
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young Adolf.
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Hitler's father, Alois,
was a customs official.
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His mother, Klara,
was Alois's second cousin.
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Even after they were married,
she called him uncle.
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His father was very domineering,
but it was with his mother
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that Hitler had a close
relationship, a loving relationship.
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Their love was mutual.
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Adolf carried her picture
with him until his death.
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By the age of 18,
both his parents had died.
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Young Hitler struck out on his own
and tried to forge a career
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as a painter, first in Vienna
and later in Munich.
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Hitler has this aspiration
to being an artist
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{\an8}and this desire
to not be an intellectual,
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{\an8}but be someone who creates
and who thinks visually.
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Now, in spite of those grand
aspirations, Hitler's paintings
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were thoroughly mediocre.
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They are sort of quaint,
oldy-worldy street scenes
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and landscapes.
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They hark back to a German
early-19th-century style
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that Hitler greatly admired,
called Biedermeier,
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which is really like the cuddly
domestic cousin of Romanticism.
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But Romantic painters painted
impressive, spiritual,
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awesome landscapes.
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Biedermeier painters would paint
more domestic scenes,
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people having nice picnics
in nature, and so on.
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He applied to an art academy
and was rejected
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and felt very aggrieved.
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But that idea of him being
a creative genius who was thwarted
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in his efforts, I think,
then explains how he comes to think
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about politics
as a creative process.
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Aged 25, Hitler, on the eve
of the First World War,
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had little money,
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few prospects.
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CANNON BLASTS
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The chance to fight for Germany
transformed his life.
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He joined the Bavarian army
and served as a runner,
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carrying messages from the front
to the regimental HQ.
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Curiously, on most group photographs
that have survived of Hitler
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during the First World War,
we see Hitler being on the fringes.
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He stands on one side, and we can
kind of see he wants
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to be part of the group,
but isn't quite part of it.
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He doesn't appear to have been
particularly sort of interested
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in the kind of bawdiness of male
military life, if you like.
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He is considered a little bit
sort of asexual, a little bit weird,
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a little bit of a loner.
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This was clearly someone
who had difficulties connecting
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to other people.
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And in fact, he was never
promoted to a rank,
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during the First World War,
which would have given him a command
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over even a single other soldier.
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25 years later, in June 1940,
shortly after his troops
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had conquered France,
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Hitler reunited with his old
comrades at the exact same spot
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that first picture was taken.
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The Geek,
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the loner...
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...was now in charge.
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You can see it symbolically
in the way the photographs
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are being choreographed
on how Hitler has moved
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from being the man on the fringes
to being the central character,
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the guy who,
according to the Nazi story,
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single-handedly led Germany
out of misery.
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After four long years,
the First World War ended in triumph
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for the Allies.
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Hitler isn't the only one
who, in November 1918,
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just doesn't understand
what has happened.
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How did this come to be?
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We were winning the war.
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CANNON BLASTS
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There was the big March offensive
in 1918.
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The Germans were gaining ground,
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more ground than in the last three
years of the war,
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and suddenly there was defeat.
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So, in November,
the German war effort collapses.
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There is a sense of confusion, consternation.
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Suddenly, both sides stop fighting,
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pretty much where they were
four years before.
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So, that's why it doesn't feel
like a kind of natural defeat.
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On February 26th 1919,
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three months after the end
of the war,
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photographer Heinrich Hoffmann
returned to the streets of Munich,
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taking pictures of the funeral
procession of a politician
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named Kurt Eisner...
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...assassinated in the chaotic
aftermath of the war.
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Once more, just by chance,
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Adolf Hitler was in Hoffmann's
viewfinder.
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Again, he's on the edge
of a group of soldiers.
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They were all paying their respects
to a man who was everything
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he would later despise.
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Kurt Eisner was a Jew
and a socialist.
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Why Hitler was there is revealing.
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Hitler is amongst tens of thousands
or hundreds of thousands
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of Germans, who are actually kind of
drifting around a little bit,
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who are trying out different
political ideas.
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In the case of Hitler,
it seems that he was moving
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between different
political movements
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as long as they were supportive
of the nation.
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By mid 1919, Hitler had decided
where his allegiance lay.
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Right wing politicians
had his support.
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He joined an Army propaganda unit,
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ridding troops
of communist sympathies.
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They had these motivation sessions
where soldiers were indoctrinated
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by various speakers and professors
in patriotism,
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an attempt, really, to salvage
German pride
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through this, if you like,
heavy petting session.
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Hitler came under the wing
of an officer in the unit
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named Karl Mayr.
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He thrived under Mayr's direction.
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He very much talks to the people
he trains like a teacher
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or a father.
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And it is really him
who seems to have trained Hitler
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to be a more effective orator.
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Then, kind of miraculously,
Hitler transforms within weeks
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or months, from being this guy
who is seen as an awkward loner
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to a master orator.
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And this is where his speaking
programme really begins,
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sending hope, sending hatred
of the left, of the communists,
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of all those that threaten
Germany's greatness.
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So, he is really a Mr Motivator,
a motivational speaker,
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and that's how he begins.
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The future leader is starting
to fall into place.
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What he lacks is a political party.
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On September 12th 1919,
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Hitler was sent into Munich by
Karl Mayr
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to spy on a small,
extreme right-wing group
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known as the German Workers' Party.
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And he looks at them, and he's meant
to be sort of reporting back
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on what trouble they might
be causing.
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And he's listening
and watching their message.
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And it's... actually,
something clicks and he's thinking,
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"This is talking to me.
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"This is telling me
what I want to hear."
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Hitler has found his political home.
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He will soon emerge
from the shadows.
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Over the next 20 years,
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together with Heinrich Hoffmann,
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he will create the image
of a Fuhrer
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that will both inspire... CHEERING
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...and terrify.
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In 1921, a small
right-wing organisation,
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the German Worker's Party
changed its name
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to the Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei,
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or NSDAP, Nazi for short.
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Adolf Hitler had joined
as member 555.
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This was a con.
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The numbers started at 501
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to disguise the party's
lack of support.
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00:13:56,920 --> 00:14:00,760
Heinrich Hoffmann,
by now, also a fully paid-up Nazi,
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photographed some
of the first members.
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00:14:06,120 --> 00:14:09,400
This is a great picture in many ways
because it shows us
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the kind of demographic of early
members of the NSDAP,
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00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:15,160
the early Nazi Party.
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And you just have to look
at the clothes
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that these guys are wearing,
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festooned with a very
early manifestation
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00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:23,840
of the swastika armband.
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It doesn't look quite as refined.
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And you can see they're all wearing
very different outfits.
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If we look at this guy, here,
he's actually very well dressed.
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Look at the wing collar.
247
00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:37,120
And there's another guy
with a wing collar here.
248
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:39,880
So, that's suggesting he's sort of
probably from a more sort of
249
00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:44,120
refined background
than, say, this chap here.
250
00:14:45,120 --> 00:14:50,120
So, you're getting a sense,
in this picture, of the broad appeal
251
00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:53,160
of what is only, at this stage,
a very small party.
252
00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:55,720
A lot of these guys would
have seen combat.
253
00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:57,840
They would have seen the horrors
of the trenches.
254
00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:00,600
And they came back quite reasonably
from the First World War
255
00:15:00,600 --> 00:15:02,720
and thought, "Well,
what was that all about?
256
00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:04,920
"We feel betrayed.
We've lost a lot of friends.
257
00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:06,680
"So, we want to get our own back."
258
00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:09,240
EXPLOSION, BLASTS
259
00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,680
By August 1921, Hitler
was the leader or Fuhrer
260
00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:16,960
of the Nazi Party.
261
00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:20,880
It's a very febrile atmosphere
in the politics of post-war Munich.
262
00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:23,120
There's extremists on both sides,
263
00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:24,840
almost violent atmosphere.
264
00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:28,240
That's the world that Hitler's
sort of working in,
265
00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:29,920
starting out as a politician.
266
00:15:32,840 --> 00:15:36,640
One of the tricks that Hitler used
in this period was that he tried
267
00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:39,040
to ration the use of his own image,
268
00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,480
which shows this really quite
profound awareness
269
00:15:42,480 --> 00:15:44,160
of the significance
of the public image,
270
00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:47,520
to such an extent that he used
to send the SA, his Brown Shirts out
271
00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:50,200
to sort of chase down
any photographer that he realised
272
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,720
had taken his picture.
273
00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:55,040
And they would sort of take
the camera, smash the camera
274
00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:56,880
to prevent the image
from being publicised.
275
00:15:56,880 --> 00:16:00,880
So, he's deliberately creating
a mystique around himself
276
00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:02,680
and around his own image.
277
00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:04,560
Hitler's plan worked.
278
00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:07,000
The Nazi leader was so elusive,
279
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:09,800
the satirical weekly magazine Simplicissimus
280
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,200
tried to guess what he looked like.
281
00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:16,480
But then, everything changes
282
00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:23,760
when Hitler realised, in late 1922
and early 1923, that if he wants
283
00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:27,560
to become the leader
of a political movement,
284
00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:30,240
people really need to be able
to put a face to him.
285
00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:35,040
Hitler turned to Heinrich Hoffmann
to take his picture.
286
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:40,000
It was a life-changing moment
for both men.
287
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,200
It becomes one of the most
significant relationships
288
00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:46,440
of the Third Reich in terms
of the creation of propaganda,
289
00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:48,400
the creation of Hitler's
public image.
290
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:52,240
Most of what the ordinary
Germans saw of the Third Reich
291
00:16:52,240 --> 00:16:53,520
and of Adolf Hitler
292
00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:55,520
came through the lens
of Heinrich Hoffmann.
293
00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:57,960
So, he's crucially important
in that creation
294
00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:59,400
of that public image.
295
00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,120
To my mind, as a photographer alone,
296
00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:07,520
he's up there with the pioneers
of photojournalism,
297
00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:10,000
with Cartier-Bresson
and Robert Capa.
298
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,520
Some of his photography
from that period is remarkable.
299
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:20,440
And it's really that toxic
political aspect,
300
00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:23,800
that political legacy,
the political regime that he served,
301
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:25,640
it's that that has overshadowed
302
00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:27,360
his brilliance as a photographer.
303
00:17:27,360 --> 00:17:28,720
I mean, understandably so.
304
00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:33,240
But we have to also acknowledge
how good a photographer he was.
305
00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:40,280
Hitler and Hoffmann worked
side by side for years.
306
00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:43,800
The photographer was a key figure
in the Fuhrer's inner circle.
307
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,800
They were an unlikely pairing.
308
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,960
Hoffmann was a total
opposite to Hitler.
309
00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:54,000
He was very funny.
310
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,400
He liked to talk and he drank a lot.
311
00:17:58,400 --> 00:17:59,440
He smoked.
312
00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:05,680
But they both had been soldiers
during the First World War.
313
00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:09,400
They had the same experiences,
314
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:14,840
and they both perceived themselves
as artists.
315
00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:21,840
In 1923, Hitler commissioned
Hoffmann to take
316
00:18:21,840 --> 00:18:23,360
a series of photographs
317
00:18:23,360 --> 00:18:25,240
that he could distribute
as postcards
318
00:18:25,240 --> 00:18:26,800
to help his fame spread.
319
00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:32,560
This is a very formal portrait,
320
00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:35,800
studio portrait, direct to camera.
321
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:39,680
Heinrich Hoffmann wrote of the time
when he was photographing Hitler
322
00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:41,440
that he had three poses -
323
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:42,920
one hand on one hip,
324
00:18:42,920 --> 00:18:45,840
and another pose
with two hands on two hips.
325
00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:49,680
And the other one
would be the folded arms.
326
00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:52,400
A strange thing for me
when I look at real pictures
327
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,840
of Hitler, it doesn't look
like Hitler cos I'm so used
328
00:18:55,840 --> 00:19:00,360
to the film representation
of Hitler, played by everyone
329
00:19:00,360 --> 00:19:03,360
from Charlie Chaplain
to Robert Carlyle -
330
00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:06,360
often thin, weedy sort of guys.
331
00:19:06,360 --> 00:19:08,360
But it's quite interesting to say
332
00:19:08,360 --> 00:19:10,800
this is actually
what the man looks like.
333
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:15,040
What I get from it is a quiet
confidence in this picture,
334
00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:18,840
and he doesn't look the sort
of scary monster figure
335
00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:21,000
that we all have known
in later life.
336
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,160
This image of Hitler,
with the stern gaze
337
00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:27,040
and the commanding pose,
338
00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:30,160
was how he liked to be depicted
for the rest of his life.
339
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:39,520
Hoffmann's picture captured
something of Hitler's character,
340
00:19:39,520 --> 00:19:43,240
but there was nothing better
than seeing him in action.
341
00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:44,800
At beer-hall meetings,
342
00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:47,880
Hitler would speak without notes
for up to three hours.
343
00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:54,800
A photograph of him at one
of those early Nazi meetings
344
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:58,160
captures his outward energy
and aggression.
345
00:19:58,160 --> 00:19:59,640
He's just given a speech.
346
00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:01,240
He's wearing a white coat.
347
00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:05,360
His parting, normally very well
preserved, is in disarray.
348
00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:06,760
His hair is hanging down.
349
00:20:06,760 --> 00:20:11,000
And you can get a sense
of what he's just done in there.
350
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:14,800
And he is, himself, still imbued
with the performance
351
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:16,080
he has delivered.
352
00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,360
And you can see in his eyes
that sense of achievement,
353
00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:19,960
that sense of mission.
354
00:20:21,080 --> 00:20:23,160
And you can also see it,
to some extent,
355
00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:24,960
in the eyes of the SA guards
356
00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:27,040
who are standing on his sides.
357
00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:31,400
In another photo from the time,
358
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:34,600
Hitler enters a hall with a whip
in his hand.
359
00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,080
In these early meetings,
there would always be people
360
00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:39,240
in the crowd who would say,
361
00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:41,160
"You idiot,
what are you talking about?"
362
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:43,880
And they would sometimes try to get
on the rostrum and attack him.
363
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:46,640
On the way out, you know,
he would be assaulted.
364
00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:49,160
Sometimes admirers would come
too close, too,
365
00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:51,680
and he would use that to just
hit them.
366
00:20:52,920 --> 00:20:55,480
It became a sort of a trademark
in those early years.
367
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:04,280
In every speech, Hitler raged
against Jews and Communists
368
00:21:04,280 --> 00:21:07,560
and the government for signing
the Treaty of Versailles,
369
00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:09,720
which penalised the country financially,
370
00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:11,840
territorially and militarily.
371
00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,560
Germany, at the end of World War I,
is deliberately
372
00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:19,920
and uncompromisingly punished.
373
00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,880
So, in 1919, the signing
of the Versailles Treaty,
374
00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:28,480
this is a belittling, a humiliation
of Germany on the world stage.
375
00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:31,880
They now have millions of Germans
outside their border.
376
00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:34,080
Their diaspora is enormous.
377
00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:36,200
It's an unreconciled country.
378
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:37,640
And don't forget the reparations.
379
00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:40,200
I mean, it was a great play
that was made for with the Nazis,
380
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,480
later on, that, you know,
the terms of the reparations,
381
00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:43,880
even when they were modified,
382
00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:46,240
"Well, it's going to take us
till 1988 to pay them off."
383
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,640
Hyperinflation in the early 1920s
wiped out millions
384
00:21:54,640 --> 00:21:57,320
of people's life savings.
385
00:21:57,320 --> 00:22:02,600
By 1923, a single US dollar
was worth 4.2 trillion Reichsmarks.
386
00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,280
People are being paid twice a day
because the exchange rate
387
00:22:07,280 --> 00:22:10,880
will have changed in the meantime
388
00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:13,240
between lunch time and the time
you go home in the evening.
389
00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:17,840
So, it was absolutely chaos
for ordinary people on the streets
390
00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:19,160
of German cities.
391
00:22:20,520 --> 00:22:23,200
And when infrastructure fails,
when money fails and people
392
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:24,680
can't afford to buy bread any more,
393
00:22:24,680 --> 00:22:26,320
then they need to do something.
394
00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:27,600
They need to react to it,
395
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:29,520
and they want to find someone
to blame for it.
396
00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:30,960
They want to fix the situation.
397
00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:32,960
That's the easy part.
People understand that.
398
00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:36,400
We call that kind of realistic
threat in the psychology world.
399
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:38,640
The second part is perhaps
a little more difficult
400
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,400
for people to understand,
and it's kind of like a blow
401
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:42,920
to a country's ego,
402
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:45,760
a blow to the sense of where
they fit in the world.
403
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:48,040
"Am I still important?
Am I still great?
404
00:22:48,040 --> 00:22:50,440
"Is German still an important
language?"
405
00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:53,560
These are questions that are harder
to pin down in some ways,
406
00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:56,800
but they really matter, and things
that seem to threaten that,
407
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,680
in your mind, we call that
symbolic threat in psychology -
408
00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,360
the idea that our culture
is being eroded,
409
00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:04,760
or our place in the world
isn't as important as it was.
410
00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:08,560
Those things also matter,
and those things also lead people
411
00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,120
to feeling negatively
towards other groups of people
412
00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:14,120
and toward being hostile
towards those groups of people.
413
00:23:17,360 --> 00:23:20,760
In January 1923,
on the outskirts of Munich,
414
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:23,600
the Nazis held their first
party rally.
415
00:23:25,080 --> 00:23:27,680
Heinrich Hoffmann was there
to record the scene.
416
00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:28,960
CROWD CHANT
Heil! Heil!
417
00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:33,240
The so called Hitler salute
was now part of every Nazi event.
418
00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:37,000
So, it comes from, originally,
ancient Rome
419
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,000
via Mussolini's fascist Italy.
420
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:40,480
It's adopted by the Nazis.
421
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:44,360
It's used as a sort of standard
greeting between party members.
422
00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:46,720
Hitler, incidentally,
he has a curiously sort of
423
00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:49,960
limp-wristed version, often
in response to people greeting him
424
00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:51,480
with this sort of straight arm.
425
00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:54,400
He often used to boast
to his secretaries about how long
426
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:55,680
he could hold his arm up.
427
00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:56,920
Presumably in his mind,
428
00:23:56,920 --> 00:23:58,720
this was some show
of his own virility.
429
00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:03,360
Heil! Heil! Heil!
430
00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:06,000
For all the show of strength
at the January rally,
431
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:10,080
one Hoffmann picture revealed
the weakness of the party.
432
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:17,480
Hitler had yet to perfect his image
of a leader in waiting.
433
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:23,200
On these pictures, he looks like
someone who just had walked by.
434
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,400
He was in civilian clothes,
435
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:27,840
a civilian trench coat
436
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:30,360
with a walking stick, a hat.
437
00:24:30,360 --> 00:24:32,560
He doesn't look like a leader.
438
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:38,120
The man photographed in the snow
is a long way from power.
439
00:24:42,360 --> 00:24:44,480
It's really tempting to look back
and think, "Well,
440
00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,880
"there's an inevitability
from 1919, 14 years later
441
00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:50,160
"to Hitler walking
into the chancellery."
442
00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:51,680
It's simply not like that.
443
00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:56,720
The Nazi Party is one of many
of these small, somewhat angry,
444
00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:59,000
buzzing little political parties.
445
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:03,000
And Hitler is just one of, frankly,
a lot of other kind of very angry
446
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:06,680
men on stages, shouting
into the smoke of beer halls.
447
00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,800
Let's not think that this
is definitely going to happen.
448
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,720
This is not inevitable
by any stretch of the imagination.
449
00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:25,120
In late 1923,
450
00:25:25,120 --> 00:25:28,400
post-war Germany,
known as the Weimar Republic,
451
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:32,520
was weakened by economic chaos
and political extremists.
452
00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:37,240
Hitler decided something drastic
needed to happen if his ambitions
453
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:38,920
were to become reality.
454
00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:44,160
The previous year in Italy,
455
00:25:44,160 --> 00:25:49,600
Benito Mussolini's fascist party
had staged a so-called march on Rome
456
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,960
and taken control of the government.
457
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,640
Hitler believed he could
do the same.
458
00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,960
To his mind,
if he could seize power,
459
00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,280
starting in Bavaria, and carry out
460
00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:04,240
his own effective march on Berlin,
461
00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:06,200
then he could take power.
462
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:09,040
He could end that political
and economic chaos
463
00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:10,280
of the Weimar Republic.
464
00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:12,560
He could start to put right
some of those things
465
00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:15,960
that he was complaining had gone
wrong in the previous five years.
466
00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:17,440
This was his moment.
467
00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:24,120
In what would become known
as the Beer Hall Putsch,
468
00:26:24,120 --> 00:26:27,360
Hitler tried to hijack
a public meeting where he knew
469
00:26:27,360 --> 00:26:30,800
the three men who ran Bavaria
would be present.
470
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:33,480
They refused to join his march
on Berlin.
471
00:26:34,640 --> 00:26:35,640
The following day...
472
00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:39,400
...while Heinrich Hoffmann
took pictures of the SA
473
00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:42,480
getting into position
and blocking the streets,
474
00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:46,280
the real action was taking place elsewhere.
475
00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:50,080
Hitler and a war veteran named
General Ludendorff led a column
476
00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:53,760
of 2,000 Nazi stormtroopers
into the Odeonsplatz.
477
00:26:56,160 --> 00:27:00,000
He hoped the people of Munich
would join his cause.
478
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,400
This was a last chance saloon
for Hitler.
479
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:04,920
They meet the guns
of the Bavarian State Police
480
00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:06,680
on the Odeonsplatz.
481
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:12,120
14 Nazis and four policemen
were killed.
482
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:14,720
Hitler fled.
483
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:17,760
He later lied he'd carried
a child to safety.
484
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,000
He was arrested two days later.
485
00:27:22,120 --> 00:27:23,480
Hitler, in many ways, was lucky
486
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:26,280
that no photographs have survived
of the scene.
487
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:28,920
So, that allowed his propaganda
488
00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:31,280
to create paintings of the scene
489
00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:36,280
that were as dramatic and as heroic
as they possibly could have been,
490
00:27:36,280 --> 00:27:40,680
and that would tell to Germany
and the rest of the world the story
491
00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:44,520
of how Hitler risked his life
to save Germany.
492
00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,200
The Beer Hall Putsch is a disaster.
493
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,360
There's no other way to describe it.
494
00:27:51,360 --> 00:27:55,160
And actually, this looks to many
outside the Nazi Party
495
00:27:55,160 --> 00:27:57,080
as both the end of the Nazi Party
496
00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:00,400
and, actually, as the end
of Adolf Hitler as a realistic
497
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:01,760
political figure.
498
00:28:06,120 --> 00:28:09,800
In March 1924, Hitler
and General Ludendorff
499
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,840
and the other rebels
were tried for high treason.
500
00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:16,040
Not wishing to miss out on a story,
501
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:19,640
Heinrich Hoffmann smuggled
a camera into the courtroom.
502
00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:23,000
Pointing the lens through
the buttonhole of his coat,
503
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,680
he took a surreptitious picture.
504
00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:28,520
The subsequent trial,
for many politicians,
505
00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:30,520
would have seen the end
of their career.
506
00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:33,800
And indeed, the New York Times
at the time said that actually
507
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:35,160
this is the end of Hitler.
508
00:28:35,160 --> 00:28:36,800
"That's the end of you."
509
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,800
Against the odds, the trial
was a triumph for the Nazi leader.
510
00:28:42,160 --> 00:28:45,440
The other defendants played down
their role in the Putsch.
511
00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:48,320
Hitler exaggerated his.
512
00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:52,560
He is very happy to admit
that he did what they say he did,
513
00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:53,840
that he carried out treason.
514
00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:57,000
But he says that it was in the name
of a higher ideal,
515
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:58,320
which was Germany.
516
00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:03,960
Hitler was given a lenient sentence
of just five years
517
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,080
and sent to Landsberg Prison.
518
00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:10,000
It seemed that his 15 minutes
of fame was over.
519
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,480
But Hitler had other ideas.
520
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:17,880
Suddenly, then, to be put in prison,
he's forced to have a period
521
00:29:17,880 --> 00:29:19,920
of contemplation, of reflection.
522
00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:21,160
It gives him time to think.
523
00:29:21,160 --> 00:29:22,320
He's a bit like Napoleon.
524
00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:24,120
He never quite knows when to stop.
525
00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:26,960
There's this constant
whirring and burring.
526
00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:30,160
Heinrich Hoffmann wanted to take
a propaganda photograph
527
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:31,640
of Hitler in prison.
528
00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:34,560
But cameras were forbidden.
529
00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:40,880
Despite this, a portrait of Hitler
in his cell emerged.
530
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:45,480
Looking surprisingly well dressed
for a prison picture.
531
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:49,200
The Bavarian jacket,
the shirt and collar.
532
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:51,200
But the strange thing
about this picture -
533
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:55,800
Hoffmann says that he smuggled
a camera in and gave it to a guard.
534
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:58,240
Now, this guard is probably one
of the best photographers
535
00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:00,040
I've ever known
in the prison service,
536
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:05,600
because this is a very, very good
photograph, given that it's 1924.
537
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:07,720
It looks to me as though
it's on a tripod.
538
00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:09,400
So, how do you smuggle a tripod in?
539
00:30:10,440 --> 00:30:11,760
The picture is very good.
540
00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:14,920
The lighting is an old trick
that lots of us photographers use
541
00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:16,200
as the window light.
542
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:19,880
He's looking out the window
to get light on his face.
543
00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:22,320
And with respect,
if you ask someone,
544
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,200
"Can you just grab a picture
for me?"
545
00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:25,840
there'll be something wrong with it.
546
00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:27,960
A pole will be coming
out the top of his head,
547
00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:29,520
or his eyes will be closed.
548
00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:31,000
It's just too perfect.
549
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:35,480
It's a striking photograph,
and I doubt whether a guard
550
00:30:35,480 --> 00:30:36,800
would have taken it.
551
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:40,120
So, I think there's the hand
of Hoffmann on this,
552
00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,240
and he just wanted to create
the drama with the crowd.
553
00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,960
The Governor of Landsberg Prison
had supported the Putsch,
554
00:30:50,960 --> 00:30:53,320
and so let Hitler live in luxury.
555
00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:57,920
He was allowed visitors.
556
00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:01,040
Over 300 came to see him
during his incarceration.
557
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:05,080
Crucially,
558
00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:07,880
Landsberg proved to be,
in Hitler's words,
559
00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:10,360
"My state-paid university."
560
00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:13,280
He read scores of books
and wrote a vicious
561
00:31:13,280 --> 00:31:16,360
political manifesto and memoir,
which he called
562
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:20,920
Four And A Half Years Of Struggle
Against Lies, Stupidity
And Cowardice.
563
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:25,120
The publisher suggested My Struggle,
564
00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:27,840
or in German Mein Kampf.
565
00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:31,960
There's a literary genre
in 19th-century Germany,
566
00:31:31,960 --> 00:31:33,800
{\an8}which is called the Bildungsroman.
567
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:37,760
{\an8}"Roman" is novel, and "bildung"
is building or becoming.
568
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,360
So, they're stories
of self-becoming,
569
00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:43,440
and they were centred around a young
male protagonist
570
00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:46,720
who goes through life, has various
important experiences,
571
00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:49,120
and his character and worldview
572
00:31:49,120 --> 00:31:51,080
formed through those experiences.
573
00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:54,440
And this is what big sections
of Mein Kampf tap into.
574
00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:58,680
It's a very personal story
of Hitler's growing up
575
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:03,040
and reaching particular
political views or conclusions
576
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:05,280
through this lived experience.
577
00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:09,320
That's not to say that it's
a coherent narrative at all.
578
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:13,200
In fact, much of Mein Kampf
is borrowed from a huge range
579
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:17,200
of sources, and that was another
main function of that book.
580
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:20,720
It was to show how
National Socialism supposedly
581
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:25,360
grows out of existing
and much-loved traditions,
582
00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:26,920
a kind of cultural canon.
583
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:30,040
The Bible is cited
and Cicero is cited.
584
00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:35,200
So, all of this serves to ground
the outlandish and crazy
585
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,880
and abhorrent conclusions
that Hitler presents in that book
586
00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:42,640
to show this as deriving
from a very familiar
587
00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:44,840
and acceptable cultural canon.
588
00:32:47,760 --> 00:32:50,440
Hitler's two main goals
when he wrote Mein Kampf
589
00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:53,360
were turning Germany
into a superpower state
590
00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:56,080
and ridding it of Jewish influence.
591
00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:01,800
The origins of Hitler's
defining obsession with Jews
592
00:33:01,800 --> 00:33:03,240
were in plain sight.
593
00:33:07,520 --> 00:33:10,520
A few weeks before the failed
Beer Hall Putsch,
594
00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:14,480
Hitler had given an explosive
interview to a Catalan journalist.
595
00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:19,200
They discussed what was to be done
with the Jews,
596
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:22,120
and Hitler told the journalist
at the time
597
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:25,840
that it would be best
to kill all the Jews,
598
00:33:25,840 --> 00:33:28,240
but that he had looked at it
from all sides
599
00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:30,560
and had concluded
it was just impossible.
600
00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:34,640
Therefore, they had to go
for the second-best solution,
601
00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:37,560
namely to drive Jews out of Germany.
602
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:41,720
But he also made it very clear
that it would have been preferable
603
00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:43,240
to kill all the Jews.
604
00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:48,240
In that sense, I believe
there is a direct line of continuity
605
00:33:48,240 --> 00:33:51,760
between the early 1920s
and the Holocaust.
606
00:33:58,320 --> 00:34:01,640
Hitler left Landsberg
in December 1924
607
00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:04,840
after serving only five months
of his sentence.
608
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:08,760
Hoffmann was waiting
with his camera.
609
00:34:10,160 --> 00:34:13,120
He wasn't allowed to photograph
Hitler outside the prison,
610
00:34:13,120 --> 00:34:15,400
so they found somewhere
that looked the part.
611
00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:18,960
Few noticed the deception.
612
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:24,280
Hoffmann sold the picture
to newspapers across Germany
613
00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:25,800
and around the world.
614
00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:31,480
It was in the car after this picture
was taken that Hitler told Hoffmann
615
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:35,360
he planned to start the party
again from the beginning.
616
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:38,280
Violent revolution was not
the answer.
617
00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:43,760
Hitler realised, to a people
who are so legitimacy seeking
618
00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:47,760
as the Germans, so culturally
conservative as the Germans,
619
00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:52,080
so civic minded as the Germans,
there must be legitimacy.
620
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,040
He has to do it through
the ballot box.
621
00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:56,120
So this becomes the quest.
622
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:03,200
With the political change came
an image change, a makeover
623
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:04,400
for the Fuhrer.
624
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:09,320
So you see a restaging of Hitler
on his release from Landsberg,
625
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:13,600
where it's about trying to achieve
a normalcy, a self-image that isn't
626
00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:15,480
going to frighten the bourgeoisie.
627
00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:19,720
Something that is going
to appeal more generally.
628
00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:25,600
So, yeah, he's going to have his
SA, his thugs, his paramilitary,
629
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:27,440
but there's going to be
a detachment -
630
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,400
Hitler and his image
is going to be separate from that
631
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,880
because that is the only way
he's going to be able to take
632
00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:37,280
the majority, or at least
a significant minority
633
00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:38,760
of Germany, with him.
634
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,440
It would be a difficult task.
635
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:45,840
Support for far-right-wing
parties was declining
636
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:50,200
and the Weimar Republic
was achieving what Hitler feared -
637
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:51,400
stability.
638
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:09,840
In 1924, the Nazis had only
32 seats out of a possible 472
639
00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:13,080
in the German parliament,
the Reichstag, in Berlin.
640
00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:18,280
Hitler needed a base to relaunch
the party.
641
00:36:18,280 --> 00:36:21,920
Heinrich Hoffmann offered Hitler
rooms in one of his old photographic
642
00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:23,240
studios in Munich.
643
00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:31,240
Hitler relaunched the party
as a national organisation involved
644
00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:33,440
in democratic politics.
645
00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:36,080
But happy to use violence
and intimidation
646
00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:38,320
against its opponents.
647
00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:41,480
What we see emerging over the next
few years is Hitler building
648
00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:43,880
{\an8}together this team of people
who he really thinks
649
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:45,600
{\an8}can help him achieve power.
650
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,800
{\an8}And you've got three really dominant
personalities here.
651
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:51,240
You've got Heinrich Himmler,
whose qualifications
652
00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:52,720
were being a chicken farmer.
653
00:36:52,720 --> 00:36:55,720
But actually what he now
finds himself being is head of
654
00:36:55,720 --> 00:36:59,000
what was called the protection
squad, the Schutzstaffel, or SS,
655
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,120
that essentially had been born
out of the Stormtroopers.
656
00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:04,520
Then you've got this much more
enigmatic figure in the form
657
00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:08,280
of Rudolf Hess,
who was Hitler's deputy.
658
00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:11,400
You've then got this very sinister
figure indeed, the man who's
659
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:14,120
going to end up becoming
the propaganda chief
660
00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:15,360
of the Third Reich.
661
00:37:15,360 --> 00:37:17,760
And that, of course, is
Joseph Goebbels.
662
00:37:22,240 --> 00:37:23,960
{\an8}For two years after his release
663
00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:25,720
{\an8}from prison, Hitler was banned
664
00:37:25,720 --> 00:37:27,480
{\an8}from speaking in public,
665
00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:28,960
{\an8}much to his disgust.
666
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:32,640
The Nazis still had access
to the public through their
667
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:35,800
own newspaper -
the Volkischer Beobachter.
668
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:43,160
The paper was filled with stories
of Nazi triumphs, and importantly,
669
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:44,800
photographs of Hitler.
670
00:37:46,240 --> 00:37:49,400
If you look at the Volkischer
Beobachter, most of the pictures
671
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:52,960
were actually taken by Heinrich
Hoffmann, who was completely
672
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:54,440
indispensable to Hitler.
673
00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:58,680
And Hoffmann made a small fortune
actually selling pictures of Hitler
674
00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:01,760
to supporters and other
newspapers all over Germany.
675
00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:06,200
Like all narcissists,
Hitler was completely obsessed
676
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:07,720
with how he looked.
677
00:38:07,720 --> 00:38:12,840
So if he buys a new suit or a hat,
or any sort of uniform, Hoffmann
678
00:38:12,840 --> 00:38:17,160
photographs him wearing it so Hitler
could see how he looks on camera.
679
00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:19,560
And then once, looking
at the pictures, it's only
680
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:24,160
then that Hitler decides to wear
that new outfit in public.
681
00:38:24,160 --> 00:38:28,560
He can manage, he can stage
manage his image, important
682
00:38:28,560 --> 00:38:32,280
for, really, a man who was
oh so very average to look at,
683
00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:33,960
{\an8}even the way he moves,
684
00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:35,320
{\an8}the way he looks.
685
00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:37,760
He's hardly an Aryan pin-up.
686
00:38:37,760 --> 00:38:40,160
So he has to make sure
he curates that image.
687
00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:41,840
He needs to work that image
688
00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:44,680
so it plays for him
and it hits the right note.
689
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:49,320
Despite Hitler insisting
they were to be destroyed,
690
00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:54,320
many rejected photographs remained
in Hoffmann's archive,
691
00:38:54,320 --> 00:38:55,680
unseen for decades.
692
00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:02,960
In August 1927, with the ban on
public speaking finally over,
693
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:07,000
Hitler went to Hoffmann's studio
for an unusual photoshoot.
694
00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:10,160
The Fuhrer wanted to improve
his performance on stage.
695
00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:15,320
So he asked Hoffmann to take a
series of pictures so he could see
696
00:39:15,320 --> 00:39:17,920
which poses were the most effective.
697
00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:23,560
As Hoffmann worked,
a gramophone played recordings
698
00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:25,560
of Hitler's speeches.
699
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:28,160
RECORDING OF HITLER SPEAKING GERMAN
700
00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:38,480
He's learning how he looks
to a huge audience.
701
00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:40,160
He's practising.
702
00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:43,440
He had the nous to use a camera
to record it, but he's also
703
00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:47,680
using mirrors to see how he looks
from the side, and trying to create
704
00:39:47,680 --> 00:39:51,200
this power, this mystique,
this figure
705
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:53,520
who's going to speak to
thousands of people,
706
00:39:53,520 --> 00:39:54,920
so you've got to get it right.
707
00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:59,240
And various gestures, some gestures.
work, it's all in the hands.
708
00:39:59,240 --> 00:40:03,880
Even though I can't hear him,
I sense his voice and the power.
709
00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:07,080
And he's practising - how does that
look to the person in row Z?
710
00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:12,440
And it's a very scary time,
and these are scary pictures.
711
00:40:19,840 --> 00:40:23,480
Soon after these photographs
were taken, Hitler led a Nazi
712
00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:24,880
rally in Nuremberg.
713
00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:28,000
He was always aware of the camera.
714
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:31,400
Free to speak once more,
715
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:34,600
Hitler tried out the poses
perfected in Hoffmann's studio.
716
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:45,440
The large rallies were deceptive.
717
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:48,840
Few Germans were interested
in the revamped Nazi Party.
718
00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:52,080
They struggled to recruit
new members and even
719
00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:54,120
to finance the rallies.
720
00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:57,880
Hitler's attacks on the Weimar
Republic no longer hit home.
721
00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:01,680
The currency had stabilised
and the economy had recovered.
722
00:41:04,120 --> 00:41:07,960
Then in October 1929, there was
a dramatic turning point in Hitler's
723
00:41:07,960 --> 00:41:11,720
political fortunes,
and also his private life.
724
00:41:11,720 --> 00:41:15,840
In September, Heinrich Hoffmann
had opened a new studio in Munich
725
00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:17,920
and hired extra employees.
726
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:20,920
One was a young girl named
Eva Braun.
727
00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:23,560
He took pictures of his new
assistant posing in his office.
728
00:41:24,880 --> 00:41:29,040
When Eva Braun started her work at
Hoffmann's studio,
729
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:31,480
she was the age
730
00:41:31,480 --> 00:41:34,280
of Hoffmann's daughter Henriette,
731
00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:37,400
and she became friends
with Henriette
732
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:40,160
and her brother, Heinrich Jr.
733
00:41:40,160 --> 00:41:45,680
These were kids, teenagers,
who had fun together,
734
00:41:45,680 --> 00:41:47,000
who played together.
735
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:52,800
The story goes that when they
first met, Eva had no idea
736
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:53,920
who Hitler was.
737
00:41:55,240 --> 00:42:00,720
Based on statements by Ilse Braun,
the sister of Eva Braun,
738
00:42:00,720 --> 00:42:06,720
one day in October 1929 at
Hoffmann's studio,
739
00:42:06,720 --> 00:42:10,960
Hoffmann introduced Eva to Mr Wolf,
740
00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:15,800
and the three had a meal
in the studio,
741
00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:21,440
and he offered her to bring her home
afterwards, and she refused.
742
00:42:21,440 --> 00:42:25,200
So Hoffmann then, so it's said,
743
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:32,280
asked her if she recognised
this man, and she said no.
744
00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:37,120
And he said, "But didn't you know
this is Hitler, our Adolf Hitler?"
745
00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:41,960
Our Adolf Hitler was 40.
746
00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:44,960
Eva was just 17.
747
00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:48,120
She would become a permanent
figure in his life.
748
00:42:48,120 --> 00:42:52,680
And 16 years later, they would die
together as husband and wife
749
00:42:52,680 --> 00:42:54,440
in the bunker in Berlin.
750
00:42:58,480 --> 00:43:03,560
In October 1929, shortly
after Hitler met Eva Braun,
751
00:43:03,560 --> 00:43:05,760
an economic storm hit Germany.
752
00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:11,840
Across the Atlantic, the New York
stock market suddenly collapsed.
753
00:43:11,840 --> 00:43:14,400
This was a global crisis.
754
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:19,040
But Germany, whose post-war recovery
had relied heavily on international
755
00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:22,400
borrowing,
was particularly hard hit.
756
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:24,680
Millions were unemployed.
757
00:43:24,680 --> 00:43:29,080
This was a national trauma
the Nazis could exploit.
758
00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:32,720
If you have a system with repeated
crashes where things are repeatedly
759
00:43:32,720 --> 00:43:35,560
going wrong, what you might end
up with in that case is a sense
760
00:43:35,560 --> 00:43:38,000
of a loss of control, which above
761
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:39,800
and beyond the negativity itself,
762
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:41,240
starts to affect people.
763
00:43:41,240 --> 00:43:42,480
So it's not just that things
764
00:43:42,480 --> 00:43:43,600
aren't going well.
765
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:44,920
It's that the rules don't work.
766
00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:46,400
It's that you're not sure
what to do.
767
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:49,320
It's that you've done everything
right, you didn't commit any crimes,
768
00:43:49,320 --> 00:43:52,920
you got a good job, and yet, life
isn't what it's supposed to be.
769
00:43:52,920 --> 00:43:55,840
And this loss of control
affects people.
770
00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:59,600
And psychologically, it makes
you more likely to vote for someone
771
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:03,120
who gives you a quick, easy,
bite-size, straightforward answer,
772
00:44:03,120 --> 00:44:06,240
something that will just fix
everything and get it all done
773
00:44:06,240 --> 00:44:08,160
and make life better for you.
774
00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:10,520
That is a danger of
that loss of control.
775
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:13,240
It increases the appeal
of a particular kind
776
00:44:13,240 --> 00:44:15,440
of dangerous, authoritarian leader.
777
00:44:18,520 --> 00:44:22,240
The Nazis still had less than
3% of the vote.
778
00:44:22,240 --> 00:44:25,960
But they had a leader who was
a recognised, distinctive national
779
00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:30,080
figure, thanks to many years
of Heinrich Hoffmann and the party
780
00:44:30,080 --> 00:44:32,040
carefully crafting his image.
781
00:44:33,720 --> 00:44:36,320
Now you've got people looking
around going, "Hold on a minute,
782
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:39,240
"this Weimar Republic thing,
this isn't working for us.
783
00:44:39,240 --> 00:44:41,720
"Is there a new way?"
784
00:44:41,720 --> 00:44:45,560
And they look at Hitler
and he offers that in spades.
785
00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:52,120
By 1932, the Nazis would be
the biggest single party,
786
00:44:52,120 --> 00:44:56,560
and Hitler one of the most
photographed men on the planet.
787
00:44:56,560 --> 00:44:59,280
Heinrich Hoffmann
was just getting going.
788
00:44:59,280 --> 00:45:03,240
During the Third Reich, it would be
his photographs that would create
789
00:45:03,240 --> 00:45:07,360
the public image of Hitler
and of a new revitalised Germany.
790
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:13,720
Once in power, Hitler's vicious
ideology would be unleashed
791
00:45:13,720 --> 00:45:15,720
with terrifying results.
792
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,800
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63091
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