All language subtitles for wil2

The Caledonian pinewoods
of the Scottish Highlands.

This patch in the Cairngorms
National Park is one of the oldest

remnants of this ancient, wild wood.

It's the stage for an equally
ancient drama.

Woodland-dwelling
golden eagles.

These birds are clearly at home
amongst the open,

old-growth forest.

Golden eagles once flew across much
of the uplands of Britain

and Ireland, but are now
absent from many areas

due to human persecution.

So, their huge, three-metre nest
on the edge of this

wood is now a rare sight.

The nest is home to two fully-grown
chicks...

...unusual for golden eagles,

whose stronger chick kills the
weaker in 80% of the nests.

Today, the chicks have only been
given a tiny weasel.

It could be a way of telling them
it's almost time to leave.

Only 1% of these native pine
forests are left,

so when the chicks do fledge,

their chances of finding a woodland
nest of their own are slim.

Ancient woodlands like these are now
rare and precious.

This magnificent oak is a very
special tree for me.

I've known it for over
70 years.

That may sound a long time,

but it's only about a tenth of the
life of this tree.

It's probably over 700 years old.

In England alone, we have more
ancient oaks than the whole

of the rest of Europe put together.

But since I was born, we have lost
almost half of our ancient woodland,

and now we are one of the least
forested countries in Europe.

Woodland covers only 13% of the
British Isles,

and human influence can be seen in
every single bit of it.

But despite this, there's a
remarkable variety in the woodland

that remains.

Pines in the north...

...broadleaved woodlands in the south...

...and even rainforests temperate
ones - along our western shores.

In this episode, we'll take you on a
seasonal journey,

to see how animals and plants
respond to the challenges of life

in our ever-changing woodlands.

Our journey starts here in the
Forest of Dean.

It's winter.

The low, weak sun brings little warmth.

For some, this is a time for slumber.

Hidden away, a tiny dormouse is hibernating.

But not all the woodland residents
can sleep throughout the winter.

And one, in particular, has a problem.

The robin.

With snow blanketing the ground,

the robin's favourite food -
earthworms - are out of reach.

Luckily, in this forest, help is at hand.

Or rather, at snout!

Wild boar once roamed woodlands
right across Britain,

but they were pushed to
extinction by the 17th century.

Now they're back,

and although their return hasn't
been welcomed by all...

...for this robin, they are invaluable.

The boar use their strong, sensitive
snouts to rip up the frozen ground.

This exposes worms -
and they are food for the robin.

It's the restoration of an ancient
relationship -

and probably the reason why robins
follow us around in the garden.

For them, a human with a spade is
just a pig on two legs.

As winter loosens its grip - flowers
emerge.

Snowdrops are first,

a sure sign that spring is
just around the corner.

Soon, more blooms appear, each
adding a little colour

to the dark forest floor...

...and inviting insects to spread
their pollen.

But while those on the ground take
centre stage - the trees above

put on a flower show that is
just as dramatic.

Willow catkins
attract insects in early spring...

...but small birds also visit,

feasting on the protein-rich pollen.

Yellow smudges of it are carried on
their foreheads from tree to tree.

Willow trees are either
male or female,

and yews are like this, too.

This group in Sussex are some of the
oldest trees in Britain

and they have a different technique
to spread their pollen.

On warm days in spring...

...the flowers of the male tree open

and release huge clouds of pollen.

The quantities are so great

that the local fire brigade is
sometimes called out by reports

that the forest is burning.

As the pollen drifts away,

some of it may land on a female yew

and, so, fertilise it.

THROAT CLICKS

In the Highlands of Scotland,

something else drifts through
the pine forests.

THROAT CLICKS

The voice of a male capercaillie.

THROAT CLICKS

With only around 500 left
in these fragmented woodlands,

this is one of the rarest
birds in the British Isles.

It's mid-April, breeding season,

and this huge, turkey-sized male is
strutting around his arena.

In the trees above, a female,
or hen, has arrived.

THROAT CLICKS

The male, or cock, will perform like this

for over six hours, every morning.

THROAT CLICKS

GRUNTS

And it works.

GRUNTS

Several hens have
gathered around the prancing,

preening alpha male.

CLICKING AND GRUNTING

But with great success
comes great danger.

Until now, the other males have kept
well away...

...but powered by a stomach full of
pine needles,

a rival enters the arena.

THROAT CLICKING

He's almost a metre tall

and weighs over four kilos.

The two males size each other up,

with a few preliminary pecks.

But with so many hens to fight
for - battle commences.

Contests like these can easily end
in broken bones - and even death.

The rival is starting to lose face...

...literally. Some feathers have been
torn from around his head.

SQUAWKING

He senses defeat and retreats
from the alpha's territory.

GROWLS

CLICKS THROAT

Bruised and battered,
his time has not yet come...

...but at least he will live to fight
another day.

The alpha returns to where the fight started,

tired but triumphant.

His reward is to mate with all the females,

who will then pass on his genes to
the next generation.

The species as a whole, however, is
losing its battle

to survive in the Scottish Highlands.

Capercaillie became extinct in
Britain once before,

back in the 18th century...

...and now a combination of disturbance,

predation and poor-quality habitat

is pushing these birds to the brink
once more.

BIRD SOUNDS

Soon these extraordinary sights and
sounds may disappear from

our woodlands - for a second time.

In a deciduous woodland just outside London,

the spring sun causes the trees to
burst into life.

On the forest floor, a huge mound,

almost two metres high,
comes to life as well.

It's a nest of wood ants.

The ants may be tiny, but they are
well able to defend their home.

Should any would-be predators approach,

they defend themselves and their
castle by squirting formic acid

into the air.

It's a brave bird, indeed,

that would take on this army.

Wood ants are insatiable hunters.

They search the forest floor for food,

swarming over anything that moves

and dragging it back to the nest.

It's thought that a single colony
may consume

over six million prey
items every year.

And not just on the forest floor.

Up in the trees, caterpillars
have emerged

to take advantage of
the newly opened leaves of spring...

...so the ants take to the trees

Caterpillars may look defenceless,

but they have several ways of
avoiding capture.

The first is to do nothing.

If they stay still, the ants might
march on by.

If detected, the second
option is to stand and fight.

Some caterpillars have a
surprisingly effective bite.

If that also fails, they resort
to their third and final option.

They attach a line of silk
to a leaf or stalk

and descend into space.

But this lifeline...

...can break.

But these wood ants don't
just prey on other species.

They farm them, too.

Aphids drill into the trees

to collect the sap
that is their only food...

...and they excrete a liquid waste
we call, somewhat flatteringly,

honeydew.

The ants collect it,

just as human farmers
collect milk from cows.

The honeydew is shared
throughout the colony...

...which may consume a quarter
of a tonne in a single year.

From hunting caterpillars
to milking aphids,

the ants have a huge impact
on the entire woodland.

It's a delicately balanced system,

but the presence of the ants
is a sure sign of a healthy forest.

A quiet corner of an ancient
cemetery in Surrey.

It's late spring, and a female roe
deer is feeding on one of the oaks

that have taken root here.

She is on high alert.

Because with her,
amongst the graves,

is new life - her fawn.

Just a few days old

and at his most vulnerable.

Predators have also made a home
amongst the old graves.

A fox would make an easy meal
of a fawn.

While the youngster suckles,
he's safe.

A fox wouldn't dare take on
a fully grown deer.

But hiding silently nearby
is her second fawn.

Her speckled coat makes her
less obvious in the dappled light.

Once her brother has had his fill,
he goes off and hides...

...giving her a chance to feed.

Their mother keeps them apart

so that if one is caught,
the other might still escape.

Soon, they will both be too big
for a fox to be a danger,

but in times gone by,

wolves and lynx would have been
a constant threat.

Our woodlands now lack
these bigger predators.

Here on the Knepp Estate in Sussex,

grazing animals have been used
to recreate a type of woodland

that once covered large parts
of the British Isles.

Wood pasture.

In just 20 years, this has produced
the conditions needed

by one of our most
spectacular insects.

The purple emperor butterfly.

It's midsummer,
and from the top of an oak,

the male can watch for females as
they emerge from the scrub below.

And he defends his tree-top throne
with great vigour.

He's one of our biggest butterflies
and will take on any intruder.

He even attacks passing birds.

But only one intruder
really matters -

another male purple emperor.

And one has appeared.

The two circle at high speed.

Only by slowing the picture down
30 times can we see what's going on.

They use their 8cm wings as weapons,

attempting to knock each other
out of the sky.

The males only live for a few weeks,

so it's all or nothing
in this fight.

Soon, a third male appears.

But the resident male
sees off his challengers.

His wings may be tattered,

but he's held on to his tiny empire
and, with it, his breeding rights.

The Atlantic oakwoods are one
of our rarest kind of woodlands.

High rainfall, numerous rivers,

and mild, humid conditions
create a lush environment.

These are temperate rainforests.

They have now been reduced to a
fraction of their original range

across western Britain and Ireland.

In this patch, in an isolated
valley on Dartmoor,

a dream-like scene plays out
under the midsummer moon.

An ash-black slug.

Up to 30cm long, these are the
largest land slugs in the world.

They are almost exclusively found
in ancient, wet woods...

...and on this damp night,
this slug is looking for a partner.

It lays down a trail of slime which
carries powerful chemical signals.

The scent is an irresistible invitation

to another ash-black slug.

Once the pair reach the tree-tops...

...they become more intimate.

They nuzzle to make sure that
they're suitably matched.

Slugs are hermaphrodites,

each equipped with both male
and female sexual organs.

Preliminaries complete,

an overhanging branch provides
a hold for the consummation.

Twisting together,
they hang down as one.

Two penises start to protrude.

Entwining together,

each becomes as long as
the rest of its owner's body.

Each slug now passes a packet
of sperm to the other.

But the end of the relationship
is abrupt.

The left-over slime
is the only evidence

that the encounter ever happened.

SQUAWKING

Back in the pinewoods of Scotland,
summer is the season of opportunity.

The cones at the top of the trees
are now ripe.

A male red squirrel
jumps into action.

He starts to feed on the rich,
oily seeds the cones contain.

But he is a messy eater...

...and his left-overs alert others
to what is now available.

A female.

She is late to the party.

High above, the male
sees her coming.

He's in no mood to share.

Driven off, the female
considers her options.

If she can sneak around
the other side of the tree,

she may be able to arrive unseen.

But in this open woodland,
that is easier said than done...

...so she does the one thing
a red squirrel usually avoids.

She leaves the trees.

Leaping from tree to tree
in old-growth pine woods

is usually impossible,
so the deer path is her only option.

That ends where the pine trees
give way to birch.

These quick-growing trees
stand between the pines

and their slender branches provide
alternative access for the female.

One last obstacle remains.

Get this wrong
and it's a long way down.

She's made it...

...back to the tree
with the ripe pine cones.

And the male hasn't even noticed.

For now.

It's the end of July
in the New Forest.

Two honey buzzard chicks are
squabbling over their breakfast.

It's late to be nesting,
so they need to grow up fast,

and although a frog
is not their favourite food...

...beggars can't be choosers.

Frog dispatched, a decent meal
finally arrives.

It's the comb from a wasp's nest...

...packed full of protein-rich grubs.

This explains the timing.

Their parents migrated here
from Africa to nest

just as the wasps reach their
peak numbers in the late summer.

BUZZING

With a ready supply of rich food
finally established,

the chicks grow extremely fast.

And they continue to fight.

But, in typical British fashion...

...the weather makes things
a bit miserable at times.

It could be why honey buzzards are
one of our rarest breeding birds.

You can't always rely on
a ready supply of wasps

with summers like ours.

By mid-August, the chicks
are growing proper feathers.

The males are mousy-brown

and the female has
a handsome white head.

She usually dominates when it
comes to squabbles over food.

But there is plenty to go round...

...if you can get your beak on it!

Some of the wasp larvae in the nest
are hatching into adults...

...but overlapping feathers provide
protection against possible stings.

And a third transparent eyelid,

called a nictitating membrane,

protects their eyes.

It's fast approaching the time
when the chicks

will have to leave the nest
and fend for themselves.

Flapping the wings builds
their strength.

And every day the chicks
gain confidence.

If not elegance.

By late August, their time
has come to leave.

The female chick takes
her first ever flight.

Followed a few flaps later
by her brother.

They will soon set off on
a 3,000-mile journey to Africa...

...escaping the approaching chill
of our autumn days.

With the arrival of the new season,

our woodlands begin to shut down.

The leaves change colour...

...and a hush descends
on many of our forests.

But not all of them.

ROARING

Fallow deer bucks have gathered
to fight for the right to mate...

...advertising their presence
by roaring.

They were introduced in
the 11th century by the Normans

and initially kept
in private parks.

But they soon escaped and spread
across much of the British Isles.

The does watch on.

They're likely to mate
with the biggest

and most persistent roarer here...

ROARING

...but the choice is theirs.

Some males thrash the undergrowth.

ROARING

And antlers become adorned
with foliage.

This young buck...

...has yet to impress.

But he hangs around the edges,
just in case.

The frequency and quality
of a buck's roar

is an indication
that he's in good condition.

BUCK ROARS

But, if a challenger approaches,

the next step is the parallel walk.

If it's an obvious mismatch,

they might still save their energy.

But this looks
as if it could be a fair fight.

ANTLERS CLASH

The bucks can weigh up to 100 kilos.

A wrong move now could be fatal.

In the pandemonium,
other males join the battle.

BUCK ROARS

As they fight, the does sidle away.

They join the small male
on the edge of the wood.

Although his technique
still needs a little improvement...

...this could be the
young buck's lucky day.

SOFT ROARS

As the sounds of the rut fade,

hitherto hidden players
in the woodland drama appear.

Fungi.

The cool, wet days
trigger an eruption of mushrooms

and toadstools
across the forest floor.

These are the fungi's
fruiting bodies

and they have just one function -

to spread their spores.

Some simply allow their
spores to slip out of the gills

beneath their caps.

Others wait for a gust of wind
to carry theirs into the air.

Puffballs rely on the rain.

One droplet is enough to trigger
the projection of a puffball's

spores far and wide.

Mushrooms and toadstools
can be highly visible,

but they are only
a tiny part of each fungus.

And it's only recently that
we have started to understand what

some of these organisms are doing
when they're out of our sight.

Underground,

mycorrhizal fungi send out
a web of tiny filaments

called hyphae.

These soon encounter tree roots.

The two organisms then connect.

And now they can share resources.

The fungus gets
sugars from the trees,

and the tree gets water
and minerals from the fungus.

And the sharing doesn't stop there.

The fungi link trees
and plants together

in a mutually beneficial network
called, by some,

The Wood Wide Web.

We can see how this web works

by speeding through the year
in this Suffolk woodland.

After a winter of dormancy,

the woodland in spring
bursts to life.

Excess resources stored
by the mature trees

move through the fungal web

and give sprouting saplings
a good start.

But new growth attracts leaf eaters.

Plants under attack
emit distress signals.

By using specialised equipment,

we can listen to these signals
as they travel through the web.

WHISTLES AND BEEPS

This is the sound
of plant communications,

and those that detect it
can activate chemical defences

so that if they are attacked,

their leaves are
already distasteful.

Summer brings its own danger -
drought.

Young trees may struggle

as their limited liquid reserves
are depleted.

But the network can come
to their rescue once again.

Water moves from deep-rooted trees
to others in greater need.

These complex relationships
exist in every woodland,

and 90% of all our plants
depend on them.

But such networks
take time to develop.

Ancient, diverse woodlands

have more fungal connections

and support more life
than young plantations

that contain just a single species.

Such monocultures usually consist
of fast-growing, non-native trees,

that today account for almost
half of all our tree cover.

This plantation,

hemmed in by farmland on one side
and Bodmin Moor on the other,

is cold, dark, and inhospitable.

But birds are using this wood
as a temporary home,

and its branches
are caked with the evidence.

As the late winter sun
begins to sink,

the tenants return.

RUSHING SOUNDS

Starlings.

They've been out feeding all day,

but, as the cold night draws in,
their numbers start to increase.

Up to a million birds
will use this small plantation

as their overnight roost.

But others know this.

Buzzards hope to snatch a weak bird
from amongst the flock.

TWITTERING AND RUSHING

And, up above, a peregrine.

The starling flocks
swirl and coalesce

as they react to
the predator's presence.

There's safety in numbers.

By gathering in huge flocks,

the chances of getting caught are
reduced enormously for any one bird.

The light starts to fade,

and the starlings
come down to roost.

As their numbers increase,
so does the noise.

INTENSE TWITTERING

In this chatter is information.

Birds continue to join the roost
long after the sun has set...

...revealed by thermal cameras.

They pack ever more tightly
into the plantation.

Until, to our camera,

the trees are illuminated
like skyscrapers at night.

In close-up, it becomes clear

that there are vigorous arguments
over the best perches.

Because, even now,
the starlings are not safe.

A barn owl.

Wraith-like,
it hovers above the roost,

causing panic among the birds
perched beneath.

The owl takes its time.

It is a remarkable
hunting technique,

revealed for the first time

by using these specialist cameras.

As soon as dawn arrives,

the birds leave
to resume their feeding.

The size of these winter flocks
may give the impression

that starlings are doing well,

but in fact,
their numbers in recent years

have diminished by 80%.

Our woodlands are now expanding,

but the new plantations
are mostly of low diversity.

We need to give better protection to
the native woodlands that remain...

...restore those that we have lost...

...and allow our trees the time
and space to spread, naturally.

It will take many years to recreate
anything as rich as the woodlands

that we once had...

...but surely it should be
our target to do so.

To reveal the intimate lives of
two very different bird species,

two teams filmed in two
distinct types of woodland

at opposite ends of our isles.

In Scotland, a family of eagles

take advantage of the open
and spacious old growth forest.

While in Cornwall,
this dense strip of plantation

is a winter roost for nearly
a million starlings.

They're well known
for their astonishing murmurations,

but the team want to get
a more intimate look,

and reveal what goes on
in the roost after dark.

To do that, they need to get
amongst the closely planted trees,

where it's dark, lifeless
and rather smelly!

Urgh, that's gross.

This all looks pretty fresh.

You can see, like, a good
couple of centimetres

of bird poo on the branches.

As well as the visuals
of all the birds coming in,

we're trying to get...
I'm really keen to try and get

a real multi-sensory experience
as much as possible.

Sadly, we can't share the smell,

and it's coating the ground as well,
so there's probably,

yeah, a good...

...four or five centimetres
of bird poo there as well.

So this definitely feels like

it probably is
the centre of the roost.

Having sniffed out the roost,

the team build a platform

so that they can rig
remotely operated cameras

up in the canopy.

We've got the full tower up now,
so we're pretty much

at the top of the trees,

which really feels like you're
in the middle of the roost.

Hopefully the birds will surround us

and we'll be able to get some nice,
intimate close-up shots of them.

The remote cameras allow
cameraman Jo Charlesworth

to hide out of sight below.

So, everything's working.

As long as the birds don't
fly into the other end of the woods,

it's just a case of waiting
for them to arrive.

450 miles to the north,

cameraman Hamza Yassin is
searching the Scottish Highlands

for golden eagles, and their nest.

I'm hiking through this amazing,
amazing ancient woodland.

There's still snow on the ground
as you can see,

and it's Baltic!

With only 20 pairs of
tree-nesting golden eagles

in the whole of the British Isles,

finding a nest that the team
can film is no easy task.

Hamza climbs
to a good vantage point,

where he can scan as much
of the forest as possible.

It's a waiting game.

So, I'm scanning
the high ridge line there,

waiting for the golden eagles
to pop up,

and then figure out
where they're coming

down to their nest.

Yes, we have contact!

The first golden eagle
has been spotted,

and it's only...6:30 in the morning.

Come on!

Their nest is likely to be nearby.

They're bringing in
nesting material,

which is the best thing ever,

but still doesn't show me
where the nest is exactly.

Halfway there, halfway there.

The next day, Hamza drives closer
to pinpoint where they are.

Ooh, here we go, here we go.
Come on...

Ah, finally!

An adult leaving the nest

reveals its exact location.

Three days' work has paid off.

That's incredible.

The team can now return later
in the year

to film the chicks when they hatch.

In Cornwall, the starlings
are arriving back at their roost.

Jo's hard work pays off,

and he captures the starlings

as they crowd into the canopy
around his cameras.

It gives a unique insight into
what it's like to be amongst

a million roosting birds.

TWITTERING

And the team also record
the sound of the flock

as they settle down for the night.

INTENSE BIRD CHATTER

This is actually insane now.

We're literally in the middle
of a starling roost.

But the following day,
the roost is silent,

the birds have disappeared.

You would have thought
a million birds, or thereabouts,

might be quite easy to spot.

Apparently not.

We're pretty sure they must be
in the area, but...

it's a big old area.

While Chris has lost
a million birds in Cornwall,

in Scotland, the eagles are right
where the team want them to be.

In a hide installed by the estate,

cameraman John Aitchison is able
to film right into the nest.

So, at the moment,
I can see in the tree...

which, I have to say,

is probably the most beautiful
eagle's nest I've ever seen,

in the top of a big Caledonian
pine - a Scots pine tree.

They're just carrying on
with their lives.

Especially if I'm quiet,

I shouldn't make any difference
to them at all.

Director Lily watches from the
other side of the valley.

They're exceptional parents.

They're bringing in food constantly.

That nest is so well-stocked.

The hard-won view of the rare
nest gives the crew

a special insight into the lives
of these tree-nesting eagles.

There's so many things
that I've learned

over just these ten days being here,

and it's been a real privilege
getting to know these birds.

Capturing these intimate moments

took a huge effort from the crew,

working alongside the local team

who protect this ancient forest
and its inhabitants.

Back in Cornwall, the team
have found the starlings,

and it's time to take
things a step further.

A thermal imaging camera allows them
to film the starlings

in a new way, revealing their
behaviour in the roost after dark.

There's something very
Christmassy about it.

All these trees festooned
with light.

And they capture the exact moment
that a night-time predator arrives.

Yes! Yes! Good spot.

A barn owl, only visible with
the help of the thermal camera.

The intimate moments captured
in these very different forests

are proof that many
spectacular animals

still call our woodlands home.

These are important habitats.

From the gorgeous, gorgeous
golden eagle

up in that nest in the Cairngorms,

down to the starlings using this
apparently pretty low-grade

woodland on the edge of Bodmin Moor,

every little bit is really important

and we've got to look after it -
it's precious and it's special.

Next time...

...grasslands...

...where hidden stories...

...meet epic dramas.

The Open University
has produced a free poster

exploring our Wild Isles

and their diverse habitats
and species.

Order your copy by calling...

...or go to the website and follow
the links to the Open University.

If you'd like to play your part
in the story of our Wild Isles

and learn more about
what you can do to help,

just search "Wild Isles"
on the BBC website.