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Sacred practices
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that transition the dead
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into the afterlife,
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special coffins that prevent,
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people from being buried alive,
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and substances
that can bring the deceased
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back from the grave.
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For over 100,000 years,
humans have practiced
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surprisingly similar methods
for laying the dead to rest.
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Graves, tombs, cremations
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are all considered
respectful ways to provide
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the deceased with
a final resting place.
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But, is it possible, as
many people believe,
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that some of these practices
can preserve the soul
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for eternity?
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Or perhaps, even bring
the dead back to life?
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Well, that is what
we�ll try and find out.
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It�s an inescapable
truth of human experience
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that we�re all born, we
all live, and then one day
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we all eventually die.
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For many cultures, the proper
way to honor the deceased
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is to provide their body with
a permanent resting place
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by using the sacred
practice of burial.
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65 million people
die every year.
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And depending on where they
die, depending on what they believe,
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different cultures,
different religions,
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bury people in different ways.
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However, all of these burials,
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regardless of where they occur,
have a few things in common.
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Perhaps the most important is
you don�t mess with the dead.
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Whether you believe in
Heaven and Hell or not,
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whether you believe in a god
or not, there�s something about
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honoring the deceased, that
is common throughout history.
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Our earliest burials are
about 100,000 years old.
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Probably some of the initial
reasons for burying the dead
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weren�t about ritual
religion, but practicality.
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We find a lot of early
humans buried in caves,
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places where people
were actually living.
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So, burying them as
a way to mark territory.
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This is where my
ancestors are buried.
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A lot of burial
traditions revolve around the idea
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that this is not
just decaying flesh.
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This is a person. This is
someone whose life mattered.
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And this goes all the way
back to the Stone Age,
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where basically cave
people have been bound
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in the fetal position and buried
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with tools that they
would�ve used in life.
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So, these traditions are
really as old as humankind.
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Over the course
of tens of thousands of years,
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burial practices
started to reflect
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the principles of
organized religion.
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Ancient cultures
around the world believed
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that a proper burial
involved showing respect,
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not just for a dead
person�s body,
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but also for their soul.
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In antiquity, there
were very specific rites
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that were used to help
the deceased�s soul
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navigate its way
into the afterlife.
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For instance, in ancient
Egypt, there was the famous
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Book of the Dead,
which is essentially
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a set of CliffsNotes
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that helps the
deceased�s soul navigate
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this series of tests and
gates and booby traps
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that are set to try
to keep the soul
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from entering
into the afterlife.
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The ancient Greeks
believed that the spirit
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left the body as
a breath of air.
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And it was important
to get the body itself
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to the afterlife as
quickly as possible
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to reunite with the spirit.
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To that end, they were often
buried with a coin in the mouth
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as payment to Charon,
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the ferryman
over the river Styx,
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to aid them on their journey
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and help them
locate their spirit.
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Although many
ancient European societies
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like the Greeks believed
in burying the dead,
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oftentimes, they did not lay
out individual graves with nice,
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neat headstones for each
body, like we do today.
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Historically speaking, in Europe,
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people of all classes
were typically buried in,
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uh, mass graves.
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It was really only the
people of the highest levels
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of the aristocracy,
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who would receive any
kind of individual burial
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and individual
marker of their death.
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However, eventually, as we
enter into the early modern age,
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the 1400s-1500s and
forward, increasingly, people
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want to be remembered.
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Permanent burial for individuals
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of even the
non-aristocratic classes
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becomes increasingly common,
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and we see the
rise of gravestones.
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As individual graves
became more common for the masses
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European and American
communities in the 19th century
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created new,
elaborate burial places
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that were located far away from
churches and residential areas.
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They were referred to
as garden cemeteries.
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Garden cemeteries are
an interesting development.
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They come in, at least
in the American context,
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in about the 1830s.
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They were a different place,
a place outside of the city.
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They have their own necropolis
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that we can visit through
big elaborate gates.
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These cemeteries,
such as Mount Auburn in Cambridge,
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Laurel Hill in Philadelphia,
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Greenwood in Brooklyn,
and many others,
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were much larger than
the church burial grounds.
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They were also landscaped,
um, in a picturesque fashion,
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with winding paths and hills
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and all sorts of
varied plantings.
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So, you�re not thinking of
the oblivion of the grave,
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but rather, you�re
thinking of the departed
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as resting peacefully,
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surrounded by beautiful
flowers and those who love them.
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Death became widely
seen as a gentle sleep.
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Today, it is
estimated that there are 144,000
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cemeteries in the United States,
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in which over one million people
are buried every single year.
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Since the practice of burial
is thousands of years old,
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perhaps it�s not surprising
that we have inherited
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a number of superstitions about
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how this ritual
should be performed.
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There is a superstition
of carrying the body
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out of the house feet first.
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And the idea was that, if you
carry the body out headfirst,
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the corpse gets this
backward glance,
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and that glance could
maybe invite someone
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to come with the
deceased into the afterlife.
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Another is you
can�t take the body
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in the family car, you
have to hire a hearse.
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The hearse can�t stop on
the way to the cemetery,
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because if it stops,
the house where it stops
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could perhaps get some
of that death energy.
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There�s a superstition of
having pallbearers wear gloves.
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And this is the same logic
that there could be some sort of
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lingering death
energy on the casket,
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and, if you have gloves,
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that will give you
some protection from it.
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All people are
driven to ritualize
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the process of death.
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So, when we think about
what are these rites and rituals
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doing for us,
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making sure that
certain rules are observed
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gives us some element of control
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in a realm that is, by
definition, uncontrollable.
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Billions of people
all over the world believe
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that sacred rites and traditions
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are the proper way to prepare
a person�s soul for the afterlife.
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But on the other hand,
throughout history,
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there have also been
customs that were intended,
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not to benefit the
soul of the deceased,
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but rather to harm it.
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These practices are
referred to as deviant burials.
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The word "deviant burial"
comes from archaeology.
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When archaeologists
look at dead people,
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if someone has
been buried in a way
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that is different
from everyone else,
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that�s known as
a deviant burial.
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For example, in
this village in Poland,
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archaeologists discovered
about six buried corpses
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where there were sickles
that had been placed
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over the neck or over the pelvis
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with the logic seeming to
be, if this corpse tries to get up,
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it will be cut with iron.
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And one possibility
is that these people
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did something really
bad while they were alive.
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They practiced black
magic or murder.
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And the idea is that, if we can
basically mutilate their body,
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this will stop them from
entering into the afterlife.
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It�s a little unnerving to
think that an improper burial
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could actually prevent
someone�s soul
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from reaching the afterlife.
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But perhaps even more concerning
is a burial that�s gone wrong
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because the deceased
was actually buried alive.
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All over the world,
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human beings clearly
go to great lengths
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to ensure that the dead are
buried in a respectful manner.
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But on the other hand,
throughout history,
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people also took steps to
determine whether or not someone
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was actually ready
to be laid to rest
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in order to prevent
people from being
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buried alive.
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The fear of being
buried alive was a fairly common fear
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up until 20th century
medical practices meant
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fewer people were,
in fact, buried alive.
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It was most common
in 18th and 19th century
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Europe and America,
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mostly due to the
medical practices
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and the burial
practices at the time.
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This was when medical
diagnoses could get things wrong,
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and people were,
in fact, buried alive,
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and stories of that
became sensationalized,
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and therefore, the
panic would spread.
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In the 19th
century, the great fear
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of being buried alive
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was partly because this
was the age of cholera.
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Cholera causes severe diarrhea,
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which can deplete all the
electrolytes in your body
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and, in extreme cases,
can induce a coma.
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So, sometimes
people appear dead,
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and they�re actually in
this sort of vegetative state,
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and they can come out of it.
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But if you bury them, then
you�ve buried them alive,
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and that is a terrible death.
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Historically,
the thought of being trapped
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in a wooden box, beneath
thousands of pounds of dirt,
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00:11:57,050 --> 00:12:00,140
with no possibility of
escape, was so widespread,
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00:12:00,261 --> 00:12:03,261
that this fear was
actually given a name.
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00:12:03,389 --> 00:12:06,429
It�s called taphophobia.
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00:12:06,559 --> 00:12:09,899
Taphophobia is the
idea of simply just the fear
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00:12:09,979 --> 00:12:11,109
of being buried alive.
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00:12:11,231 --> 00:12:13,441
Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote about
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00:12:13,566 --> 00:12:17,106
premature burial was
terrified of being buried alive.
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00:12:17,195 --> 00:12:19,115
Fr�d�ric Chopin, the composer,
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00:12:19,239 --> 00:12:21,619
wanted to be stabbed
in the heart and bled out
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00:12:21,699 --> 00:12:23,579
to make sure that he was dead
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00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:25,620
when doctors
believed that he was.
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00:12:25,745 --> 00:12:29,495
And even George Washington
was so afraid of being buried alive
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00:12:29,624 --> 00:12:32,214
that he had written in his
will that his body had to remain
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00:12:32,293 --> 00:12:35,803
in bed for three days after
they thought he was dead
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00:12:35,880 --> 00:12:38,420
to make sure that
he didn�t come back.
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00:12:38,508 --> 00:12:42,178
It was estimated by the 1890s
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that some two percent of people
being buried were buried alive.
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Now, this is a gross
exaggeration, no doubt.
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But it was believed at the time,
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enough so that
organizations like
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the London Association for the
Prevention of Premature Burial
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was founded in 1896.
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And they lobbied parliament
for greater diligence
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00:13:04,826 --> 00:13:06,486
on the part of
doctors to make sure
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00:13:06,577 --> 00:13:09,827
that doctors were
verifying death.
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00:13:09,956 --> 00:13:12,496
Despite doctors� best efforts,
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00:13:12,583 --> 00:13:14,963
it was simply
difficult at the time
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00:13:15,044 --> 00:13:17,844
to determine whether a
person was alive or dead.
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00:13:17,964 --> 00:13:20,514
And so, in order to
ease people�s minds,
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00:13:20,591 --> 00:13:25,351
authorities in Europe were
forced to take drastic measures.
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00:13:30,059 --> 00:13:34,189
Within this storied city lies
the Vienna Central Cemetery,
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00:13:34,314 --> 00:13:37,324
the second largest
cemetery in the entire world.
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In the heart of the cemetery,
stands a small building
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that, today, houses a museum.
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But, in the 19th
century, it was referred to
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00:13:45,908 --> 00:13:49,118
as a Leichenhaus.
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00:13:49,203 --> 00:13:53,123
The Leichenhaus was
a kind of mortuary where
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00:13:53,207 --> 00:13:57,547
corpses were kept for a
period, typically about three days,
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and watched over by attendants
247
00:13:59,380 --> 00:14:02,170
to make sure that a
person was truly dead
248
00:14:02,258 --> 00:14:06,718
and wouldn�t be buried alive
in a state of coma or catalepsy.
249
00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:36,380
In modern times,
it may sound a little disturbing
250
00:14:36,459 --> 00:14:39,089
to hear that doctors
once stabbed their patients
251
00:14:39,212 --> 00:14:42,132
in order to determine whether
they were alive or dead.
252
00:14:42,256 --> 00:14:44,546
But the truth is
that the hysteria
253
00:14:44,634 --> 00:14:46,764
about being buried
alive was so prevalent
254
00:14:46,844 --> 00:14:50,264
that an entire industry sprang
up to help calm such fears
255
00:14:50,390 --> 00:14:52,390
by producing
bizarre contraptions
256
00:14:52,475 --> 00:14:56,195
that were known
as safety coffins.
257
00:14:56,270 --> 00:14:58,310
If you were
afraid of being buried alive,
258
00:14:58,439 --> 00:15:00,569
the solution was
the safety coffin.
259
00:15:00,650 --> 00:15:03,530
And this began very
simply with a bell
260
00:15:03,611 --> 00:15:07,621
tied to a string that went down
under the earth into the coffin.
261
00:15:07,698 --> 00:15:10,528
And, if you were buried alive,
and you woke up in a coffin,
262
00:15:10,618 --> 00:15:12,908
you could pull that string,
the bell would ring, and
263
00:15:12,995 --> 00:15:15,825
hopefully, somebody would
hear it and come dig you out.
264
00:15:15,957 --> 00:15:17,577
And this tradition
is where we get
265
00:15:17,667 --> 00:15:20,337
the expression
"saved by the bell."
266
00:15:20,461 --> 00:15:23,301
And if you had more
money, safety coffins
267
00:15:23,381 --> 00:15:24,511
could get more elaborate.
268
00:15:24,632 --> 00:15:26,262
They could add air tubes,
269
00:15:26,342 --> 00:15:28,972
they could add windows, so
you would have some lights
270
00:15:29,095 --> 00:15:30,645
inside the-the coffin.
271
00:15:30,763 --> 00:15:32,813
And there were even
cases of people buried
272
00:15:32,932 --> 00:15:35,432
with a key in their pocket,
so they could unlock
273
00:15:35,518 --> 00:15:38,308
the casket from the
inside if-if this happens.
274
00:15:38,396 --> 00:15:41,396
There were
loads of patents taken up
275
00:15:41,482 --> 00:15:43,282
for these safety coffins.
276
00:15:43,359 --> 00:15:45,779
And they would
include devices like
277
00:15:45,862 --> 00:15:47,862
little flags that
could be raised.
278
00:15:47,989 --> 00:15:50,199
Sometimes safety
coffins included
279
00:15:50,324 --> 00:15:53,124
food or water, they would
have breathing tubes,
280
00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:55,662
they might even
include periscopes.
281
00:15:56,706 --> 00:15:58,956
One of the
best-known ones really
282
00:15:59,041 --> 00:16:02,001
belonged to a doctor named
Timothy Clark from Vermont.
283
00:16:02,128 --> 00:16:07,008
He came up with his
own safety coffin device.
284
00:16:07,091 --> 00:16:10,341
He had a-a set of
stone stairs installed
285
00:16:10,470 --> 00:16:13,180
next to his grave that
could be opened up
286
00:16:13,306 --> 00:16:15,716
by a concrete block
that was sitting beside it.
287
00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:18,230
That way anyone could
get down to rescue him
288
00:16:18,352 --> 00:16:20,312
if he needed to be rescued.
289
00:16:20,396 --> 00:16:23,516
But the real kicker
to the whole thing
290
00:16:23,608 --> 00:16:26,318
was that he had a
glass window installed
291
00:16:26,402 --> 00:16:29,702
directly over his face,
set into the stone.
292
00:16:29,822 --> 00:16:32,282
However, he died in 1893,
293
00:16:32,366 --> 00:16:34,196
and the doctors did
not make a mistake.
294
00:16:34,285 --> 00:16:36,255
He really was dead.
295
00:16:36,370 --> 00:16:38,910
Safety coffins
may seem like a quaint fad
296
00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:44,040
from a bygone era that has
no relevance in our world today.
297
00:16:44,170 --> 00:16:46,050
But believe it or not,
298
00:16:46,172 --> 00:16:48,025
there have been some
recent cases in which people
299
00:16:48,049 --> 00:16:53,179
appear to have been
mistakenly buried alive.
300
00:16:53,262 --> 00:16:57,562
Being buried alive
is very, very rare, uh,
301
00:16:57,683 --> 00:16:59,023
at least in our own time,
302
00:16:59,101 --> 00:17:01,351
but it does still
occasionally happen.
303
00:17:01,437 --> 00:17:05,267
As recently as 2018,
there was a case in Brazil
304
00:17:05,399 --> 00:17:08,529
where a woman woke up
in her grave and is thought
305
00:17:08,611 --> 00:17:11,071
to have survived
for 11 days there.
306
00:17:11,155 --> 00:17:14,905
Being buried alive
doesn�t happen nearly as often
307
00:17:14,992 --> 00:17:16,702
as it used to, but,
308
00:17:16,786 --> 00:17:18,826
if you think about it,
waking up in a coffin
309
00:17:18,913 --> 00:17:21,043
would be probably one
of the most terrifying things
310
00:17:21,123 --> 00:17:23,083
that could ever happen to you.
311
00:17:23,167 --> 00:17:25,747
The thought of being
buried alive is like
312
00:17:25,836 --> 00:17:27,416
something out of a nightmare.
313
00:17:27,505 --> 00:17:31,265
But there�s another
scenario that many might find
314
00:17:31,342 --> 00:17:32,932
just as disturbing.
315
00:17:33,010 --> 00:17:34,930
It�s a method of
preserving the deceased
316
00:17:35,054 --> 00:17:43,054
that takes embalming
to the extreme.
317
00:17:47,942 --> 00:17:50,692
On the morning
after the bloodiest battle
318
00:17:50,778 --> 00:17:54,908
of the Civil War,
thousands of dead soldiers
319
00:17:54,991 --> 00:17:58,121
lay strewn across the
blood-soaked battlefield.
320
00:17:58,244 --> 00:18:01,414
The Union Army brings
the remains of the deceased
321
00:18:01,497 --> 00:18:04,827
back to their field hospital
at Camp Letterman.
322
00:18:04,959 --> 00:18:08,799
But curiously, there is
one tent in which bodies are
323
00:18:08,921 --> 00:18:11,671
not prepared for
burial, but rather
324
00:18:11,799 --> 00:18:16,139
injected with chemicals to
stop them from decaying,
325
00:18:16,220 --> 00:18:19,930
a process that is
known as embalming.
326
00:18:20,016 --> 00:18:22,266
The history of modern embalming
327
00:18:22,351 --> 00:18:24,521
began during the Civil War when
328
00:18:24,645 --> 00:18:28,225
surgeons at the time were
able to embalm soldiers to
329
00:18:28,316 --> 00:18:30,436
be able to have them
delivered back to their families.
330
00:18:31,319 --> 00:18:32,949
The process of embalming
331
00:18:33,029 --> 00:18:35,159
requires the
embalmer to arterially
332
00:18:35,281 --> 00:18:37,831
inject a preservative,
such as formaldehyde.
333
00:18:37,950 --> 00:18:43,830
So, the bodies were embalmed
and sent home for their loved ones.
334
00:18:43,914 --> 00:18:46,834
All told, it
is estimated that some
335
00:18:46,959 --> 00:18:51,089
40,000 soldiers were
embalmed during the Civil War.
336
00:18:51,172 --> 00:18:53,922
The practice became
so widespread,
337
00:18:54,008 --> 00:18:56,638
that it caught the
attention of U.S. President
338
00:18:56,719 --> 00:18:58,509
Abraham Lincoln.
339
00:18:58,638 --> 00:19:01,638
President
Lincoln was so impressed
340
00:19:01,724 --> 00:19:03,684
by the embalming process that
341
00:19:03,768 --> 00:19:07,348
he himself chose and
wanted to be embalmed
342
00:19:07,438 --> 00:19:10,148
and was actually embalmed
343
00:19:10,232 --> 00:19:13,532
and taken on a tour across
the United States on a train.
344
00:19:13,611 --> 00:19:16,661
And he is actually
the one who made it
345
00:19:16,739 --> 00:19:18,659
pretty popular here in America,
346
00:19:18,741 --> 00:19:22,201
created a whole
American tradition
347
00:19:22,286 --> 00:19:24,536
that is still being
practiced today.
348
00:19:26,082 --> 00:19:29,592
Today, experts
estimate that 50% of all corpses
349
00:19:29,710 --> 00:19:32,710
in the United States undergo
some sort of embalming
350
00:19:32,797 --> 00:19:35,167
so that the body can be viewed
351
00:19:35,257 --> 00:19:37,887
during mourning rituals.
352
00:19:37,968 --> 00:19:40,638
And it begs the question,
353
00:19:40,721 --> 00:19:42,971
why do human beings
take these steps to preserve
354
00:19:43,057 --> 00:19:44,387
the remains of the dead?
355
00:19:44,475 --> 00:19:47,565
The fact that we pump
the body full of chemicals
356
00:19:47,645 --> 00:19:50,945
and paint it with makeup
and act like they�re just asleep,
357
00:19:51,065 --> 00:19:54,905
not actually dead is
about processing grief
358
00:19:54,985 --> 00:19:57,735
and creating social,
emotional space
359
00:19:57,822 --> 00:19:59,282
that�s deemed appropriate
360
00:19:59,407 --> 00:20:02,527
for people to have outward
expressions of that grief.
361
00:20:02,618 --> 00:20:05,408
It�s celebrating life.
362
00:20:06,831 --> 00:20:08,711
Most people are familiar
363
00:20:08,791 --> 00:20:11,081
with commonly used
embalming practices.
364
00:20:11,168 --> 00:20:14,758
But what�s less well-known,
is that there have been
365
00:20:14,839 --> 00:20:16,719
some strange cases
in recent history
366
00:20:16,799 --> 00:20:20,299
in which embalming was
used to preserve the deceased,
367
00:20:20,428 --> 00:20:22,548
not for days or
weeks, but rather
368
00:20:22,638 --> 00:20:24,348
for decades.
369
00:20:32,398 --> 00:20:35,898
At 8:25 p.m., activity
throughout this bustling city
370
00:20:35,985 --> 00:20:37,365
came to an abrupt halt
371
00:20:37,445 --> 00:20:40,785
when government officials
interrupted radio broadcasts
372
00:20:40,865 --> 00:20:42,125
to announce the death of
373
00:20:42,241 --> 00:20:45,621
Argentina�s First
Lady, Eva Per�n.
374
00:20:45,745 --> 00:20:48,125
Or, as she was more
affectionately known,
375
00:20:48,205 --> 00:20:49,915
Evita.
376
00:21:31,540 --> 00:21:34,540
Evita�s casket
drew so many mourners,
377
00:21:34,668 --> 00:21:38,668
that the funeral lasted
for an astonishing 16 days.
378
00:21:38,756 --> 00:21:42,506
But what�s even more
remarkable, is that Evita�s corpse
379
00:21:42,593 --> 00:21:47,433
maintained an uncanny,
lifelike appearance the entire time
380
00:21:47,515 --> 00:21:50,935
because her husband,
President Juan Per�n,
381
00:21:51,018 --> 00:21:53,018
had gone to
extraordinary lengths
382
00:21:53,145 --> 00:21:54,515
to keep her beauty intact
383
00:21:54,605 --> 00:21:58,155
by hiring a renowned embalmer
384
00:21:58,234 --> 00:22:00,694
known as Dr. Pedro Ara.
385
00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:43,239
Evita�s burial
monument was never built because
386
00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:46,660
on September 19th, 1955
387
00:22:46,740 --> 00:22:50,200
Juan Per�n was
overthrown in a military coup,
388
00:22:50,286 --> 00:22:52,496
and Argentina�s new
government chose
389
00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:57,210
to hide Evita�s embalmed
body from the public.
390
00:22:58,544 --> 00:23:03,804
The location of Evita�s remains
was a mystery for 16 years,
391
00:23:03,924 --> 00:23:08,054
until it was revealed in 1971
that the Argentinian government
392
00:23:08,137 --> 00:23:13,267
had secretly buried Evita
in Milan, Italy in 1955.
393
00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:17,940
After this discovery, Evita�s
remains were exhumed
394
00:23:18,063 --> 00:23:22,443
and brought to Spain, where
Juan Per�n was living in exile.
395
00:23:44,715 --> 00:23:47,975
Juan Per�n
eventually returned to Argentina,
396
00:23:48,052 --> 00:23:52,062
and at long last, on
October 22, 1976,
397
00:23:52,139 --> 00:23:53,889
more than 20 years
after her death,
398
00:23:53,974 --> 00:23:58,104
Evita Per�n was finally
laid to rest in a family crypt
399
00:23:58,187 --> 00:24:01,897
at Recoleta Cemetery
in Buenos Aires.
400
00:24:01,982 --> 00:24:04,322
While the saga of
Evita�s embalming
401
00:24:04,443 --> 00:24:08,243
is certainly a bizarre
and unusual tale,
402
00:24:08,322 --> 00:24:12,782
in recent years, a number
of people have undergone
403
00:24:12,868 --> 00:24:15,828
a similarly radical
form of preservation
404
00:24:15,955 --> 00:24:20,335
that is referred to as
extreme embalming.
405
00:24:20,417 --> 00:24:22,917
Extreme embalming
is like it sounds like,
406
00:24:23,003 --> 00:24:25,843
embalming individuals,
but taking it to a place
407
00:24:25,923 --> 00:24:28,513
beyond just having them
lay in repose in a coffin
408
00:24:28,592 --> 00:24:30,972
and actually recreating
the sort of poses
409
00:24:31,053 --> 00:24:33,433
they might have found
themselves in in life.
410
00:24:33,514 --> 00:24:35,644
And this allows
their family members
411
00:24:35,724 --> 00:24:39,314
and loved ones to actually
take photos with them
412
00:24:39,395 --> 00:24:42,275
and act like they�re
people who are still alive.
413
00:24:42,356 --> 00:24:45,686
Extreme embalming
could be a lot of different things.
414
00:24:45,776 --> 00:24:48,356
It�s as varied as
the person who died.
415
00:24:48,445 --> 00:24:50,275
They will put
them in a situation
416
00:24:50,364 --> 00:24:52,204
of-of what they
loved during life.
417
00:24:52,282 --> 00:24:56,582
They might be reading a book,
playing music, driving a car.
418
00:24:56,704 --> 00:24:59,544
And when their loved ones
come to see them for the last time,
419
00:24:59,665 --> 00:25:03,045
they remember
them how they were.
420
00:25:03,127 --> 00:25:07,457
Extreme embalming
is trying to preserve
421
00:25:07,548 --> 00:25:11,338
that last moment in time before
that person was gone forever.
422
00:25:11,427 --> 00:25:16,057
The art of extreme
embalming offers the living
423
00:25:16,181 --> 00:25:18,391
a way to hold on to their
deceased loved ones
424
00:25:18,517 --> 00:25:20,017
a while longer.
425
00:25:20,102 --> 00:25:23,442
But is there a way to,
not just preserve the body,
426
00:25:23,564 --> 00:25:25,654
but actually bring
the dead back to life?
427
00:25:26,817 --> 00:25:31,237
Well, according to the
practices of Haitian voodoo,
428
00:25:31,321 --> 00:25:34,701
there may be a way to
do it, but there�s a catch.
429
00:25:34,783 --> 00:25:37,203
It will cost you
430
00:25:37,286 --> 00:25:45,286
your soul.
431
00:25:45,544 --> 00:25:47,464
In this small village,
432
00:25:47,588 --> 00:25:50,418
Angelina Narcisse was
going about her day,
433
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:52,902
when she was approached by
a man claiming to be her brother,
434
00:25:52,926 --> 00:25:54,216
Clairvius.
435
00:25:54,303 --> 00:25:56,973
It may sound like a
heartwarming tale of reunion,
436
00:25:57,097 --> 00:25:59,637
but there was just one problem.
437
00:25:59,767 --> 00:26:03,307
Clairvius Narcisse had
been dead and buried
438
00:26:03,437 --> 00:26:05,937
for nearly 20 years.
439
00:26:06,065 --> 00:26:09,325
Clairvius was
a Haitian man born in 1922.
440
00:26:09,443 --> 00:26:12,863
In the year 1962,
441
00:26:12,946 --> 00:26:15,316
he went to, uh, a hospital.
442
00:26:15,449 --> 00:26:18,699
His symptoms had
been a severe fever,
443
00:26:18,786 --> 00:26:21,656
fatigue, and he�d been
coughing up blood.
444
00:26:21,789 --> 00:26:24,709
His heart stopped, and
he stopped breathing,
445
00:26:24,792 --> 00:26:27,632
and was declared
dead and buried.
446
00:26:28,712 --> 00:26:32,342
20 years later, a man
claiming to be Clairvius
447
00:26:32,466 --> 00:26:35,966
showed up at his village
and approached his family.
448
00:26:36,095 --> 00:26:40,475
In many respects,
his story did check out.
449
00:26:40,557 --> 00:26:44,847
He bared a physical
resemblance to the deceased.
450
00:26:44,978 --> 00:26:48,148
He went by a nickname
that was only known to him
451
00:26:48,232 --> 00:26:50,402
and his sister when
they were very little kids.
452
00:26:50,484 --> 00:26:54,404
And so, he was able
to relate certain details
453
00:26:54,488 --> 00:26:58,408
of his former life that
seemed to add up.
454
00:26:58,492 --> 00:27:02,792
But if Clairvius
Narcisse died and was buried,
455
00:27:02,871 --> 00:27:05,541
then how on earth was he
alive and able to track down
456
00:27:05,666 --> 00:27:08,036
his sister almost
20 years later?
457
00:27:08,168 --> 00:27:13,008
Well, according to Clairvius,
the reason he was not lying dead
458
00:27:13,090 --> 00:27:17,510
in his grave, was
that a voodoo priest
459
00:27:17,636 --> 00:27:21,096
had transformed
him into a zombie.
460
00:27:21,181 --> 00:27:23,681
In Haiti, a zombie
is an individual
461
00:27:23,809 --> 00:27:26,729
who�s had their
soul stolen by sorcery
462
00:27:26,854 --> 00:27:30,444
causing them to be sort of
flung into a perpetual, uh, place
463
00:27:30,524 --> 00:27:35,204
of purgatory through
this incredible transition
464
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:38,910
of death, rebirth, and
return to the living,
465
00:27:39,032 --> 00:27:42,792
induced by the folk poison
known as a Pudzombie.
466
00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:44,410
It was a plethora
of ingredients,
467
00:27:44,538 --> 00:27:47,668
including various plants
468
00:27:47,749 --> 00:27:50,459
and the toxin from a fish.
469
00:27:50,544 --> 00:27:53,214
It selectively blocks
sodium channels and nerves,
470
00:27:53,297 --> 00:27:57,337
bringing on paralysis
until the moment of death.
471
00:27:57,426 --> 00:28:01,096
And yet, critically, if
you get through that,
472
00:28:01,221 --> 00:28:04,221
you have nothing to worry about.
473
00:28:04,349 --> 00:28:07,389
This fascinating poison
474
00:28:07,477 --> 00:28:11,817
had made people
appear to be dead.
475
00:28:11,899 --> 00:28:14,359
According to Clairvius, um,
476
00:28:14,443 --> 00:28:17,323
he had been paralyzed
by a voodoo priest.
477
00:28:17,404 --> 00:28:21,074
This was a result of
being drugged, um,
478
00:28:21,158 --> 00:28:25,698
and this paste mixture that
he was forced to consume
479
00:28:25,787 --> 00:28:28,667
kept him in this
death-like toper.
480
00:28:30,042 --> 00:28:32,252
Narcisse is buried,
481
00:28:32,336 --> 00:28:36,756
and the priest then dug
him up from his grave
482
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:41,590
and enslaved him on a
sugarcane plantation for 20 years.
483
00:28:43,096 --> 00:28:46,266
From the Haitian point of
view, the fate of a zombie is said
484
00:28:46,391 --> 00:28:49,691
to become an indentured servant.
485
00:28:49,770 --> 00:28:52,190
And losing your soul,
losing your identity,
486
00:28:52,272 --> 00:28:53,612
your personal autonomy,
487
00:28:53,690 --> 00:28:58,110
combined to make this
a fate worse than death.
488
00:28:58,237 --> 00:29:02,277
The story of Clairvius
Narcisse being buried and then revived
489
00:29:02,407 --> 00:29:04,617
as an un-dead
zombie made headlines
490
00:29:04,701 --> 00:29:06,621
around the world.
491
00:29:06,745 --> 00:29:09,285
Numerous experts
investigated the case
492
00:29:09,373 --> 00:29:13,963
in hopes of shedding light
on what exactly took place.
493
00:29:14,044 --> 00:29:18,924
The first question on everyone�s
mind was whether Clairvius
494
00:29:19,007 --> 00:29:21,837
had only appeared to be
dead because he was drugged,
495
00:29:21,969 --> 00:29:25,049
or if there was some truth
496
00:29:25,138 --> 00:29:28,218
to the idea that
he actually died
497
00:29:28,308 --> 00:29:32,848
and was then revived
by the power of voodoo.
498
00:29:32,980 --> 00:29:35,690
What made the case
of Narcisse unique
499
00:29:35,816 --> 00:29:39,736
was one single thing, he
had been pronounced dead
500
00:29:39,820 --> 00:29:43,870
in an American-directed
philanthropic institution,
501
00:29:43,991 --> 00:29:45,531
the Schweitzer Hospital.
502
00:29:45,659 --> 00:29:49,579
And his family members
had witnessed the death
503
00:29:49,663 --> 00:29:53,043
and authenticated
it at the time.
504
00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:58,546
So, all these lines of evidence
led scientists to go public
505
00:29:58,672 --> 00:30:00,172
in the 1980s,
506
00:30:00,299 --> 00:30:02,379
saying they felt they
had found the first
507
00:30:02,509 --> 00:30:06,009
medically verifiable
instance of zombification.
508
00:30:06,096 --> 00:30:11,056
There are many theories
as to what caused Clairvius Narcisse
509
00:30:11,184 --> 00:30:14,734
to be declared dead and then
seemingly brought back to life.
510
00:30:14,855 --> 00:30:17,575
Ultimately, what happened
to him remains a mystery,
511
00:30:17,691 --> 00:30:21,401
but many Haitians are convinced
512
00:30:21,528 --> 00:30:25,528
that Clairvius did, in
fact, rise from the grave.
513
00:30:27,284 --> 00:30:30,624
And for some, his
story is a reminder
514
00:30:30,704 --> 00:30:33,214
that the distinction between
the living and the dead
515
00:30:33,332 --> 00:30:37,592
may not be as clear-cut
as we commonly think.
516
00:30:37,711 --> 00:30:40,841
Narcisse never doubted
that he�d become a zombie.
517
00:30:40,922 --> 00:30:44,682
In Haiti, a zombie
is a complete pariah
518
00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:46,720
who walks the edge
between life and death
519
00:30:46,845 --> 00:30:50,215
and will do so for the
rest of their existence.
520
00:30:50,307 --> 00:30:54,057
And so, this idea that a person
521
00:30:54,144 --> 00:30:56,734
could be brought back to life
522
00:30:56,855 --> 00:31:01,725
fills all of us with mystery
and trepidation and dread.
523
00:31:02,944 --> 00:31:07,624
Can a combination of fish
toxin and poisonous plants
524
00:31:07,741 --> 00:31:13,251
actually transform the recently
deceased into an undead slave?
525
00:31:14,247 --> 00:31:16,747
It may sound far-fetched,
526
00:31:16,875 --> 00:31:19,585
but the truth is
that, for centuries,
527
00:31:19,711 --> 00:31:22,131
some people have
believed in the possibility
528
00:31:22,255 --> 00:31:25,585
of what is known as reanimation.
529
00:31:25,717 --> 00:31:30,007
And there are many experts
who claim that, someday soon,
530
00:31:30,097 --> 00:31:32,767
modern medicine
will finally figure out
531
00:31:32,849 --> 00:31:40,849
how to bring back the dead.
532
00:31:42,609 --> 00:31:45,239
Scientists
at the University of Utah
533
00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:47,280
publish a study in
the journal Nature
534
00:31:47,364 --> 00:31:51,704
announcing the results of
an extraordinary experiment.
535
00:31:51,785 --> 00:31:56,795
The team took eye cells
from a deceased person
536
00:31:56,915 --> 00:31:59,745
and then, using
electrical stimulation,
537
00:31:59,835 --> 00:32:02,385
they reanimated the dead cells
538
00:32:02,462 --> 00:32:06,222
and brought them back to life.
539
00:32:06,299 --> 00:32:10,349
Experiments like this
highlight the fact that, uh, death
540
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:14,060
is not always absolute when
it comes to understanding
541
00:32:14,141 --> 00:32:17,481
what is happening in this
field of the biology of death.
542
00:32:17,561 --> 00:32:20,191
Death is still defined,
543
00:32:20,313 --> 00:32:24,573
per what is known as the Harvard
ad hoc brain death definition,
544
00:32:24,651 --> 00:32:27,741
as irreversible coma.
545
00:32:27,821 --> 00:32:30,621
But will death be irreversible
for the foreseeable future?
546
00:32:30,699 --> 00:32:31,869
Not at all.
547
00:32:31,992 --> 00:32:35,292
It seems
that, after centuries of using
548
00:32:35,370 --> 00:32:38,410
sacred rites to show
reverence for the deceased,
549
00:32:38,498 --> 00:32:42,668
humanity may be on the cusp
of harnessing modern technology
550
00:32:42,794 --> 00:32:46,464
to make death itself
a thing of the past.
551
00:32:49,342 --> 00:32:53,052
While that may seem like a
bizarre possibility to consider,
552
00:32:53,180 --> 00:32:56,680
the truth is that, since the
19th century, many people
553
00:32:56,766 --> 00:33:01,146
have tried to use science
to reanimate the dead,
554
00:33:01,229 --> 00:33:04,109
rather than perform
rituals to honor them.
555
00:33:04,191 --> 00:33:06,781
One of the first
of these scientists
556
00:33:06,860 --> 00:33:12,200
was an Italian doctor
named Giovanni Aldini.
557
00:33:12,282 --> 00:33:16,662
Giovanni Aldini used a-a
battery to make frog legs twitch
558
00:33:16,745 --> 00:33:21,125
and then moved on to, um,
sheep and pig and cow and ox.
559
00:33:22,542 --> 00:33:24,962
But, naturally, he wanted to see
560
00:33:25,045 --> 00:33:28,015
what it would do
to human tissue.
561
00:33:28,089 --> 00:33:32,759
He managed to acquire a body,
and he hooked up his battery
562
00:33:32,886 --> 00:33:37,386
and was able to make, uh,
the facial muscles contort.
563
00:33:37,474 --> 00:33:42,734
The left eye opened, and
it even took a deep breath.
564
00:33:43,897 --> 00:33:47,647
As it happens, a
friend of Aldini�s
565
00:33:47,734 --> 00:33:51,284
had a daughter by the name
of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,
566
00:33:51,404 --> 00:33:56,034
who remembered the
story and was inspired by it.
567
00:33:56,117 --> 00:34:00,157
And years later, she would
write the novel Frankenstein
568
00:34:00,247 --> 00:34:02,537
under her married
name, Mary Shelley.
569
00:34:02,624 --> 00:34:06,634
Published in 1818,
Mary Shelley�s seminal novel
570
00:34:06,753 --> 00:34:09,763
tells the story of
Dr. Victor Frankenstein,
571
00:34:09,839 --> 00:34:14,089
who develops a method to
restore life to dead matter.
572
00:34:14,219 --> 00:34:16,599
He assembles a human
from various body parts,
573
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:22,100
but, after bringing it to life,
he�s horrified by his creation.
574
00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:25,018
Mary Shelley�s Frankenstein
575
00:34:25,105 --> 00:34:27,195
does a very interesting
thing because
576
00:34:27,274 --> 00:34:31,074
we get our first incarnation
of a mad scientist,
577
00:34:31,152 --> 00:34:33,532
someone going too far,
578
00:34:33,613 --> 00:34:36,573
trying to act as a god
579
00:34:36,658 --> 00:34:38,528
in ways that maybe
shouldn�t be done,
580
00:34:38,618 --> 00:34:40,998
and we get this
resulting monster.
581
00:34:41,121 --> 00:34:43,871
You would
think that the notoriety
582
00:34:43,957 --> 00:34:46,457
of Dr. Frankenstein and
his monstrous creation
583
00:34:46,585 --> 00:34:49,005
would dissuade scientists
584
00:34:49,129 --> 00:34:52,419
from trying to
tamper with corpses,
585
00:34:52,507 --> 00:34:54,427
but in the 1920s and �30s,
586
00:34:54,509 --> 00:34:58,299
a Soviet scientist named
Sergei Brukhonenko
587
00:34:58,388 --> 00:35:01,808
conducted a series
of grisly experiments
588
00:35:01,891 --> 00:35:03,731
that seemed to
ignore the warnings
589
00:35:03,810 --> 00:35:06,400
of Mary Shelley�s novel.
590
00:35:29,878 --> 00:35:33,878
Sergei Brukhonenko is
maybe most famous for
591
00:35:34,007 --> 00:35:36,837
the process by which dogs,
592
00:35:36,926 --> 00:35:38,966
those are the main
experimental animals,
593
00:35:39,054 --> 00:35:41,014
were drained of blood,
594
00:35:41,097 --> 00:35:46,017
all the blood was
taken out, and they died.
595
00:35:46,144 --> 00:35:50,774
Then, the autojektor
put the oxygenated blood
596
00:35:50,857 --> 00:35:55,567
back into the dog,
and it came back to life.
597
00:35:56,780 --> 00:35:59,660
Sergei Brukhonenko
set the stage for what
598
00:35:59,741 --> 00:36:02,411
we know as modern-day
heart and lung machines
599
00:36:02,535 --> 00:36:05,245
that we use nowadays,
and which potentially
600
00:36:05,372 --> 00:36:08,672
will use in the future for
doing more ambitious research.
601
00:36:08,750 --> 00:36:11,170
There�s a lot of cutting-edge
research out there
602
00:36:11,252 --> 00:36:14,172
that may have a bit of a
unpalatable feel to many.
603
00:36:14,255 --> 00:36:18,045
We�re talking about the
ability to regrow limbs,
604
00:36:18,134 --> 00:36:20,014
regrow major parts of
the heart, and, of course,
605
00:36:20,053 --> 00:36:23,683
significant parts of the brain,
as a way to reanimate life.
606
00:36:23,765 --> 00:36:27,315
But if and
when humanity is finally able
607
00:36:27,394 --> 00:36:31,024
to reverse death, what
will be the consequences?
608
00:36:33,441 --> 00:36:36,031
Is it really a good
idea to break
609
00:36:36,111 --> 00:36:38,111
with thousands of
years of tradition,
610
00:36:38,238 --> 00:36:43,118
by not allowing the
dead to rest in peace?
611
00:36:43,243 --> 00:36:47,253
We have entered an
era where the questions
612
00:36:47,372 --> 00:36:51,712
of what science can do
versus what science should do
613
00:36:51,793 --> 00:36:53,633
is especially poignant.
614
00:36:53,753 --> 00:36:58,173
Funerary rites
are explicitly stated
615
00:36:58,258 --> 00:37:01,138
to be about shepherding the soul
616
00:37:01,261 --> 00:37:05,601
from life into death.
617
00:37:05,682 --> 00:37:09,602
But if a body is reanimated,
618
00:37:09,728 --> 00:37:11,688
where does the soul go?
619
00:37:11,771 --> 00:37:15,691
It changes how we understand
620
00:37:15,775 --> 00:37:18,985
the real pragmatics of death.
621
00:37:20,155 --> 00:37:22,915
Is it possible that science
will one day allow us
622
00:37:22,991 --> 00:37:27,291
to create living people out
of dead people�s body parts?
623
00:37:27,412 --> 00:37:30,372
The notion of millions of
actual Frankenstein monsters
624
00:37:30,457 --> 00:37:32,827
roaming the streets is
certainly difficult to fathom.
625
00:37:32,959 --> 00:37:37,759
But, as it turns out,
cemeteries are getting so full,
626
00:37:37,839 --> 00:37:40,259
they�re actually
running out of space,
627
00:37:40,341 --> 00:37:45,891
and this has led to a host
of new and strange methods
628
00:37:45,972 --> 00:37:48,472
for interring the dead.
629
00:37:54,856 --> 00:37:58,316
The South Korean
government passes a controversial law
630
00:37:58,443 --> 00:38:00,953
declaring that people
can remain buried
631
00:38:01,029 --> 00:38:03,699
for only 60 years.
632
00:38:03,823 --> 00:38:05,203
After 60 years,
633
00:38:05,325 --> 00:38:08,125
their body must be
exhumed and disposed of
634
00:38:08,203 --> 00:38:11,213
in an environmentally
friendly manner.
635
00:38:11,331 --> 00:38:14,331
The idea of so-called
"temporary burials"
636
00:38:14,417 --> 00:38:17,297
may sound shocking,
but the fact is
637
00:38:17,378 --> 00:38:19,878
graveyard space
has been dwindling
638
00:38:20,006 --> 00:38:23,466
all around the
world for decades.
639
00:38:23,551 --> 00:38:26,471
Today, in most
countries in the world
640
00:38:26,554 --> 00:38:28,184
where burial is still practiced,
641
00:38:28,306 --> 00:38:31,016
people are buried for
a-a temporary period.
642
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,650
You, in effect,
lease a grave site,
643
00:38:34,729 --> 00:38:36,859
and then, eventually,
your remains are removed.
644
00:38:36,981 --> 00:38:40,991
This is, in large
part, a response to
645
00:38:41,069 --> 00:38:43,149
the fact that there�s a
lot of people on Earth...
646
00:38:43,238 --> 00:38:44,528
Over seven billion now...
647
00:38:44,656 --> 00:38:47,826
And we�re still dying,
as we always have.
648
00:38:47,909 --> 00:38:50,079
Eventually, we run out of land,
649
00:38:50,203 --> 00:38:52,043
and there�s no
more space for burial.
650
00:38:52,163 --> 00:38:56,383
And so, burial is becoming
less and less common.
651
00:38:56,501 --> 00:38:59,501
Cremation has become
more and more popular, uh,
652
00:38:59,587 --> 00:39:01,087
in many parts of the world.
653
00:39:01,214 --> 00:39:04,434
In the last 65 years,
654
00:39:04,551 --> 00:39:07,551
cremations have risen
in the United States
655
00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:09,889
by over 1,000%.
656
00:39:10,014 --> 00:39:13,104
In fact, since 2015, more
than half of all Americans
657
00:39:13,226 --> 00:39:16,896
who passed away chose to
have their remains cremated.
658
00:39:16,980 --> 00:39:20,400
And many people are
experimenting with new ways
659
00:39:20,483 --> 00:39:23,903
to handle their ashes.
660
00:39:24,028 --> 00:39:26,158
In the past, when
someone was cremated,
661
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:28,739
you put all of the
ashes in the urn.
662
00:39:28,867 --> 00:39:34,577
And yet, today, there are
all kinds of alternatives.
663
00:39:34,706 --> 00:39:37,036
People want to have
their ashes spread
664
00:39:37,125 --> 00:39:38,925
at all their favorite places.
665
00:39:39,002 --> 00:39:40,882
So, the body is spread out.
666
00:39:40,962 --> 00:39:44,422
More recently,
as far as what people can do
667
00:39:44,507 --> 00:39:46,377
with those cremains,
668
00:39:46,467 --> 00:39:50,007
you can have your ashes
turned into a diamond.
669
00:39:50,096 --> 00:39:53,266
In Korea, there is a company
that turns your cremains
670
00:39:53,349 --> 00:39:58,309
into a jar of pellets
that look a bit like caviar.
671
00:39:58,438 --> 00:39:59,999
There have been
people having their ashes
672
00:40:00,023 --> 00:40:02,403
mixed with concrete
and dumped in the ocean
673
00:40:02,483 --> 00:40:06,243
where they can become
part of a coral reef.
674
00:40:06,321 --> 00:40:09,871
There�s so many things that
you can do with cremains.
675
00:40:09,949 --> 00:40:13,539
One of the strangest
things that I�ve seen
676
00:40:13,620 --> 00:40:18,750
in my career as an
embalmer and mortician
677
00:40:18,833 --> 00:40:21,843
is I did have someone request
678
00:40:21,961 --> 00:40:25,921
that I put their loved one�s
679
00:40:26,007 --> 00:40:29,297
cremated remains into buckshot,
680
00:40:29,385 --> 00:40:31,965
like shells, and they
wanted to be shot.
681
00:40:32,096 --> 00:40:35,136
Being shot from a
gun certainly makes the notion
682
00:40:35,224 --> 00:40:38,484
of a traditional burial
feel rather mundane.
683
00:40:38,603 --> 00:40:40,983
However, one thing most
experts agree on is that,
684
00:40:41,105 --> 00:40:45,185
in the final analysis, it
ultimately doesn�t matter
685
00:40:45,318 --> 00:40:48,278
how we say farewell to a
person and their remains.
686
00:40:48,363 --> 00:40:51,823
Rather, it�s what we say
687
00:40:51,908 --> 00:40:55,158
that is of far
greater importance.
688
00:40:55,244 --> 00:40:58,794
These are moments that
would happen biologically
689
00:40:58,873 --> 00:41:01,383
without human interference,
690
00:41:01,501 --> 00:41:05,801
but we cluster our rituals
and our beliefs around them.
691
00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:08,800
And following these guidelines
692
00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,223
tells us one very
important thing,
693
00:41:11,344 --> 00:41:12,894
this person�s still here.
694
00:41:13,012 --> 00:41:16,022
If they weren�t still here,
if some element of them,
695
00:41:16,099 --> 00:41:18,519
their soul, their spirit
weren�t still here,
696
00:41:18,601 --> 00:41:20,351
we wouldn�t need
to do these things.
697
00:41:20,436 --> 00:41:22,186
So, the fact that we do them
698
00:41:22,271 --> 00:41:27,861
helps remind us that there�s
still something of that person.
699
00:41:27,986 --> 00:41:30,856
So, would you like your
body to be transformed
700
00:41:30,989 --> 00:41:32,699
into a piece of jewelry?
701
00:41:32,824 --> 00:41:35,374
Or planted with a tree?
702
00:41:35,493 --> 00:41:37,243
It may sound unusual,
but then again,
703
00:41:37,370 --> 00:41:39,870
how can we really
say for certain
704
00:41:39,956 --> 00:41:44,246
what is or is not
a proper burial?
705
00:41:44,377 --> 00:41:47,207
There�s no doubt
technology will play a role
706
00:41:47,338 --> 00:41:50,128
in how we are laid
to rest in the future,
707
00:41:50,216 --> 00:41:53,836
or perhaps it�ll be
hard drives and holograms
708
00:41:53,928 --> 00:41:56,808
that will allow us
to live forever.
709
00:41:56,889 --> 00:42:01,059
It�s an interesting notion,
but, for now, it remains
710
00:42:01,185 --> 00:42:03,515
unexplained.
711
00:42:03,565 --> 00:42:08,115
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