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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,044 --> 00:00:03,897 Massive stone circles that date back 2 00:00:03,921 --> 00:00:06,051 thousands of years... 3 00:00:06,131 --> 00:00:09,051 Rows of perfectly positioned pillars 4 00:00:09,176 --> 00:00:12,006 that stretch on for miles. 5 00:00:12,095 --> 00:00:15,675 And huge statues with secrets 6 00:00:15,766 --> 00:00:18,136 buried deep underground. 7 00:00:20,145 --> 00:00:22,725 All over the world, there are giant monoliths 8 00:00:22,856 --> 00:00:27,106 that our ancient ancestors carved out of solid rock, 9 00:00:27,236 --> 00:00:30,736 but what was the purpose of these huge stone monuments? 10 00:00:30,864 --> 00:00:34,204 Did they serve some kind of ritual function? 11 00:00:34,284 --> 00:00:37,044 Were they intended to honor the gods? 12 00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:40,710 Or is it possible that, as some believe, 13 00:00:40,791 --> 00:00:43,881 certain monoliths were actually designed to 14 00:00:43,961 --> 00:00:46,051 conduct energy? 15 00:00:47,089 --> 00:00:49,719 Well, that is what we�ll try and find out. 16 00:01:06,316 --> 00:01:09,486 Here, sitting atop a grassy clearing 17 00:01:09,611 --> 00:01:10,951 in the English countryside, 18 00:01:11,071 --> 00:01:13,821 about 80 miles west of the city of Plymouth, 19 00:01:13,949 --> 00:01:18,119 is a set of three monoliths that stand out 20 00:01:18,203 --> 00:01:20,333 from the natural landscape. 21 00:01:20,455 --> 00:01:22,325 In the language of ancient Britain, 22 00:01:22,457 --> 00:01:25,037 the site was named M�n-an-Tol, 23 00:01:25,127 --> 00:01:27,247 which translates to 24 00:01:27,337 --> 00:01:30,627 "the stone of the hole." 25 00:01:32,217 --> 00:01:35,677 There�s nothing else on Earth quite like the M�n-an-Tol. 26 00:01:35,804 --> 00:01:39,644 It consists of a big, round stone 27 00:01:39,766 --> 00:01:41,846 with a big, round hole in the middle of it. 28 00:01:41,977 --> 00:01:44,597 It�s a couple of feet across. 29 00:01:44,688 --> 00:01:47,358 You can crawl through it quite comfortably. 30 00:01:47,482 --> 00:01:50,362 Uh, there�s a straight stone on either side. 31 00:01:50,485 --> 00:01:53,485 It�s highly visible in the landscape 32 00:01:53,614 --> 00:01:55,284 and bafflingly mysterious. 33 00:01:56,575 --> 00:01:58,745 Archaeologists believe that M�n-an-Tol 34 00:01:58,827 --> 00:02:02,407 was constructed around the year 2000 BC. 35 00:02:02,497 --> 00:02:06,037 It is also thought that there were once additional monoliths 36 00:02:06,168 --> 00:02:08,548 that encircled the center stone, 37 00:02:08,670 --> 00:02:11,340 which have been lost to time. 38 00:02:11,423 --> 00:02:13,513 There�s something very melodramatic 39 00:02:13,592 --> 00:02:15,052 about the M�n-an-Tol. 40 00:02:15,177 --> 00:02:17,347 There has to be a reason 41 00:02:17,471 --> 00:02:20,061 why ancient people had put up a big stone 42 00:02:20,182 --> 00:02:22,062 with a big hole in it. 43 00:02:22,184 --> 00:02:24,274 And the real thing to do with a stone with a hole 44 00:02:24,353 --> 00:02:28,903 is crawl through it, so there must be a good reason for that. 45 00:02:29,024 --> 00:02:32,034 Local folklore says that crawling through the center 46 00:02:32,152 --> 00:02:34,452 of the M�n-an-Tol is really good for you. 47 00:02:34,529 --> 00:02:36,779 Diseased children can get better, 48 00:02:36,865 --> 00:02:38,905 especially if they�ve got rickets. 49 00:02:39,034 --> 00:02:41,794 And if you put a couple of brass pins 50 00:02:41,870 --> 00:02:43,960 on the top of the holed stone, 51 00:02:44,039 --> 00:02:46,959 the way in which they fall off 52 00:02:47,042 --> 00:02:49,002 can predict your future. 53 00:02:49,086 --> 00:02:52,756 When it comes to M�n-an-Tol in Cornwall, 54 00:02:52,881 --> 00:02:55,681 we have to question what is going on here? 55 00:02:55,759 --> 00:02:57,839 Is this really a magical place? 56 00:02:57,928 --> 00:03:00,218 Is it just ancient traditions? 57 00:03:00,305 --> 00:03:03,975 Or is there some reality to the power of these ancient stones? 58 00:03:05,602 --> 00:03:09,312 M�n-an-Tol is just one of approximately 1,300 59 00:03:09,398 --> 00:03:12,108 ancient monoliths that are scattered 60 00:03:12,234 --> 00:03:14,494 throughout the British Isles. 61 00:03:14,569 --> 00:03:19,449 It may sound outlandish to think that M�n-an-Tol 62 00:03:19,574 --> 00:03:21,414 and other standing stone sites 63 00:03:21,535 --> 00:03:24,205 can have a mystical affect on people, but 64 00:03:24,287 --> 00:03:26,497 who can say for sure that they don�t? 65 00:03:26,581 --> 00:03:31,091 Because even after centuries of study, these 66 00:03:31,169 --> 00:03:36,169 remarkable structures remain shrouded in mystery. 67 00:03:37,384 --> 00:03:41,354 Stonehenge gets all the fame and the recognition, 68 00:03:41,430 --> 00:03:44,850 but there are thousands and thousands 69 00:03:44,933 --> 00:03:48,483 of other prehistoric monuments that are worth attention 70 00:03:48,603 --> 00:03:50,443 up and down the British Isles. 71 00:03:51,565 --> 00:03:55,365 For example, Avebury is absolutely stunning 72 00:03:55,444 --> 00:03:57,904 because it�s a very big place. 73 00:03:57,988 --> 00:04:02,278 What you�re looking at there is an enormous bank 74 00:04:02,409 --> 00:04:04,989 with a ditch inside it, 75 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:08,750 and inside this enormous circular enclosure 76 00:04:08,832 --> 00:04:13,922 was originally 100 stones in a circle, 77 00:04:14,004 --> 00:04:17,224 and inside this enormous circle of stones 78 00:04:17,299 --> 00:04:22,799 are the remnants of two other enormous stone circles. 79 00:04:22,888 --> 00:04:26,268 I mean, the place is so big that about half 80 00:04:26,349 --> 00:04:29,689 of a village was built inside it. 81 00:04:29,811 --> 00:04:32,901 It was an entire community. 82 00:04:34,107 --> 00:04:36,727 The largest standing stone in Britain 83 00:04:36,818 --> 00:04:40,278 is known as the Rudston Monolith. 84 00:04:40,363 --> 00:04:44,413 It�s around 25 to 26 feet in height, 85 00:04:44,493 --> 00:04:49,413 but there is just as much of it under the ground, 86 00:04:49,498 --> 00:04:51,958 creating this huge, 87 00:04:52,042 --> 00:04:54,172 great monolith 88 00:04:54,294 --> 00:04:58,014 almost 60 feet in length. 89 00:04:58,089 --> 00:05:00,469 The significant thing about this is that 90 00:05:00,550 --> 00:05:03,550 the type of stone that it�s made from 91 00:05:03,678 --> 00:05:08,558 can only be sourced about 30 miles to the north. 92 00:05:08,683 --> 00:05:12,693 That meant that it was dragged in some way 93 00:05:12,771 --> 00:05:16,941 to its position in the village of Rudston, 94 00:05:17,025 --> 00:05:20,105 and we have to ask ourselves, 95 00:05:20,195 --> 00:05:22,995 is there a greater purpose behind all of this? 96 00:05:23,073 --> 00:05:25,913 And if so, what is that greater purpose? 97 00:05:26,034 --> 00:05:31,004 In the U.K., right now, we have thousands of known monuments, 98 00:05:31,081 --> 00:05:35,541 but there were probably thousands more, originally. 99 00:05:35,669 --> 00:05:37,839 We do know that 100 00:05:37,921 --> 00:05:41,721 the people who built the megaliths in the U.K. 101 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:44,300 were early farmers, they were from 102 00:05:44,386 --> 00:05:48,386 4000 to about 2000 BCE. 103 00:05:48,473 --> 00:05:50,983 But we really don�t know what language 104 00:05:51,059 --> 00:05:52,849 they spoke, we don�t really know 105 00:05:52,936 --> 00:05:56,896 how they socially organized themselves or their politics. 106 00:05:57,023 --> 00:05:59,403 So, it�s still very much a question 107 00:05:59,484 --> 00:06:01,574 exactly why they built them. 108 00:06:03,113 --> 00:06:06,203 Why would prehistoric people go to the trouble of erecting 109 00:06:06,283 --> 00:06:09,333 heavy standing stones that weighed, in some cases, 110 00:06:09,411 --> 00:06:12,081 as much as 40 tons? 111 00:06:12,163 --> 00:06:16,923 Well, one theory suggests that these monoliths 112 00:06:17,002 --> 00:06:21,422 served as a connection to a higher plane of existence. 113 00:06:22,757 --> 00:06:26,087 In many cases, these standing stones 114 00:06:26,177 --> 00:06:30,597 seem to be orientated towards celestial events, 115 00:06:30,724 --> 00:06:35,444 such as the rising and setting of the sun 116 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:38,940 at the equinoxes and the solstices. 117 00:06:39,024 --> 00:06:43,034 And so, these monoliths are very clearly 118 00:06:43,111 --> 00:06:45,741 a reflection of this belief 119 00:06:45,822 --> 00:06:48,122 of contact with higher forces 120 00:06:48,199 --> 00:06:51,369 that would�ve taken place through the ceremonies 121 00:06:51,453 --> 00:06:56,043 and the rituals that would go on once, maybe twice a year. 122 00:06:56,124 --> 00:07:01,254 Were these monolithic sites built for ceremonial purposes? 123 00:07:01,338 --> 00:07:03,258 It�s an intriguing theory, 124 00:07:03,340 --> 00:07:06,760 and some researchers suggest that England�s 125 00:07:06,843 --> 00:07:10,723 standing stones were also connected to each other. 126 00:07:11,973 --> 00:07:15,483 Because, as it turns out, many of these monoliths 127 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:18,860 appear to be geographically aligned 128 00:07:18,980 --> 00:07:24,280 on what are commonly referred to as ley lines. 129 00:07:25,779 --> 00:07:29,949 Ley lines, or leys, were first visualized 130 00:07:30,033 --> 00:07:33,703 by a thinker and visionary called 131 00:07:33,828 --> 00:07:36,288 Alfred Watkins in the 1920s. 132 00:07:36,373 --> 00:07:39,753 He wrote a book called The Old Straight Track, 133 00:07:39,834 --> 00:07:45,054 which said that a whole range of prehistoric monuments 134 00:07:45,173 --> 00:07:48,763 are connected by extremely long lines, 135 00:07:48,843 --> 00:07:51,223 even corridors, that stretch across 136 00:07:51,346 --> 00:07:52,966 the length and breadth of Britain. 137 00:07:54,683 --> 00:07:56,733 Alfred Watkins theorized 138 00:07:56,851 --> 00:07:59,061 that the straight lines which connect 139 00:07:59,187 --> 00:08:03,227 Britain�s monoliths were ancient trade routes. 140 00:08:03,358 --> 00:08:06,318 But some researchers disagree 141 00:08:06,403 --> 00:08:08,913 and claim that the massive stones 142 00:08:09,030 --> 00:08:10,910 were placed along ley lines 143 00:08:11,032 --> 00:08:14,832 to serve a more energetic purpose. 144 00:08:17,288 --> 00:08:20,708 It would seem that the whole long lines of monuments 145 00:08:20,834 --> 00:08:26,424 are connected with the geomagnetic fields of the Earth, 146 00:08:26,548 --> 00:08:31,008 and that the peoples of Britain 147 00:08:31,094 --> 00:08:35,184 created these stone circles and standing stones 148 00:08:35,265 --> 00:08:40,025 to enhance this natural energy of the landscape. 149 00:08:41,563 --> 00:08:44,233 Is it possible that ancient people, 150 00:08:44,315 --> 00:08:46,145 who did not even have written language, 151 00:08:46,234 --> 00:08:49,994 figured out how to use monoliths 152 00:08:50,071 --> 00:08:52,161 to harness the energy of the Earth? 153 00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:55,160 And if so, for what purpose? 154 00:08:56,745 --> 00:08:59,545 If prehistoric people believed that 155 00:08:59,622 --> 00:09:03,382 there were currents of Earth energy, 156 00:09:03,460 --> 00:09:05,710 then prehistoric monuments may have been 157 00:09:05,795 --> 00:09:07,755 put where they were in the landscape 158 00:09:07,839 --> 00:09:12,179 because they would have amplified prayers, 159 00:09:12,260 --> 00:09:16,970 invocations, chants, drumming, singing, and that would�ve 160 00:09:17,098 --> 00:09:19,018 considerably enhanced ceremonies. 161 00:09:19,100 --> 00:09:22,190 It�s going to create a very impressive effect 162 00:09:22,270 --> 00:09:25,020 for religious purposes. 163 00:09:28,943 --> 00:09:32,363 Although numerous intriguing theories have been put forward, 164 00:09:32,447 --> 00:09:35,407 ultimately, no one has been able 165 00:09:35,492 --> 00:09:37,082 to explain the purpose, 166 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:40,710 placement, and construction of Britain�s 167 00:09:40,789 --> 00:09:43,459 remarkable monoliths. 168 00:09:43,541 --> 00:09:45,711 There�s a lot of things 169 00:09:45,794 --> 00:09:49,214 we don�t know about these megalithic structures. 170 00:09:49,297 --> 00:09:51,837 We really don�t know how they did it, 171 00:09:51,966 --> 00:09:54,296 why they did it. These are important questions, 172 00:09:54,427 --> 00:09:58,177 and we have certain hints, but most of it 173 00:09:58,306 --> 00:10:00,216 is still pretty much a mystery. 174 00:10:00,308 --> 00:10:04,728 What we can say is that there was a unified effort 175 00:10:04,813 --> 00:10:08,403 around building these monoliths, 176 00:10:08,483 --> 00:10:10,483 and that they are certainly 177 00:10:10,568 --> 00:10:13,148 cornerstone and symbolic of 178 00:10:13,279 --> 00:10:16,529 ancient Britain�s culture. 179 00:10:18,868 --> 00:10:21,328 The massive stone circles found throughout 180 00:10:21,412 --> 00:10:24,332 the United Kingdom are astonishing. 181 00:10:24,415 --> 00:10:27,785 But how were ancient people, with limited technology, 182 00:10:27,877 --> 00:10:32,667 able to carve and transport such huge blocks? 183 00:10:32,799 --> 00:10:35,839 Perhaps the answer can be found by examining 184 00:10:35,969 --> 00:10:39,929 a number of large statues located on an island 185 00:10:40,014 --> 00:10:41,934 in the Mediterranean Sea. 186 00:10:42,016 --> 00:10:45,846 Statues that may be depicting 187 00:10:45,979 --> 00:10:48,399 real-life giants. 188 00:10:50,191 --> 00:10:52,031 There was this giant stone head 189 00:10:52,152 --> 00:10:55,202 gazing back at him with these obsidian eyes. 190 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:57,370 The classical Greeks and Romans 191 00:10:57,448 --> 00:11:00,078 discussed how there was an ancient giant bloodline 192 00:11:00,201 --> 00:11:02,241 on the island of Sardinia. 193 00:11:10,962 --> 00:11:14,222 On this island, located off the coast of Italy, 194 00:11:14,299 --> 00:11:17,839 a farmer in a region known as Mont�e Prama 195 00:11:17,927 --> 00:11:19,677 is tilling his fields, 196 00:11:19,762 --> 00:11:23,432 when he strikes what appears to be a large rock. 197 00:11:23,558 --> 00:11:27,058 But upon closer inspection, he realizes that his plow 198 00:11:27,145 --> 00:11:30,615 has revealed something far more amazing. 199 00:11:31,691 --> 00:11:36,111 It�s the head of a massive, ancient statue. 200 00:11:37,405 --> 00:11:39,775 The farmer started digging around it, 201 00:11:39,908 --> 00:11:42,238 brushing away the mud, pulled it out, 202 00:11:42,327 --> 00:11:45,497 and there was this giant stone head gazing back at him 203 00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:48,250 with these obsidian eyes. 204 00:11:48,374 --> 00:11:51,674 And so, this became quite a sensation at the time. 205 00:11:52,921 --> 00:11:55,261 It was one of the most important archaeological 206 00:11:55,381 --> 00:11:57,221 discoveries of the decade. 207 00:11:57,300 --> 00:11:59,470 Subsequently, archaeologists 208 00:11:59,594 --> 00:12:03,184 entered the area, and through the late �70s, 209 00:12:03,264 --> 00:12:06,604 they dug, and they found over 5,000 fragments 210 00:12:06,726 --> 00:12:09,016 of these giant statues. 211 00:12:10,313 --> 00:12:13,613 We have archers, we have warriors, 212 00:12:13,691 --> 00:12:15,441 we have boxers. 213 00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:19,528 They are, generally speaking, about eight feet tall, 214 00:12:19,614 --> 00:12:22,374 and approach a ton in weight, 215 00:12:22,450 --> 00:12:26,200 and they are unique in the regard that, 216 00:12:26,287 --> 00:12:27,787 for their time, there was 217 00:12:27,914 --> 00:12:32,254 no other statuary that was in human form 218 00:12:32,335 --> 00:12:34,135 and size 219 00:12:34,212 --> 00:12:37,672 and that level of detail and sophistication. 220 00:12:39,133 --> 00:12:41,513 The monolithic statues came to be known as 221 00:12:41,636 --> 00:12:43,676 the Giants of Mont�e Prama. 222 00:12:43,805 --> 00:12:47,855 According to archaeologists, they were carved by 223 00:12:47,976 --> 00:12:51,226 the Nuragic people, a mysterious civilization 224 00:12:51,312 --> 00:12:55,322 that lived on Sardinia nearly 4,000 years ago. 225 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:00,780 The Nuragic people were the Indigenous population 226 00:13:00,863 --> 00:13:02,743 of Sardinia, 227 00:13:02,824 --> 00:13:06,914 beginning around 1750 BCE or so, 228 00:13:06,995 --> 00:13:10,125 and they were not the kind of society 229 00:13:10,206 --> 00:13:11,746 that would have writing. 230 00:13:12,917 --> 00:13:16,707 So, we don�t know a lot beyond their everyday lifestyle, 231 00:13:16,838 --> 00:13:20,088 which would be in many ways similar to what was going on 232 00:13:20,174 --> 00:13:22,934 throughout the Mediterranean at the same time. 233 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:26,759 Incredibly, some researchers claim 234 00:13:26,848 --> 00:13:28,388 that the reason why the Nuragic people 235 00:13:28,516 --> 00:13:31,886 carved statues that were eight feet tall 236 00:13:32,020 --> 00:13:35,270 is because these monoliths 237 00:13:35,356 --> 00:13:38,936 were created in the image of an actual race 238 00:13:39,027 --> 00:13:41,527 of giants. 239 00:13:41,612 --> 00:13:43,952 One of the strange things about these statues 240 00:13:44,032 --> 00:13:45,662 is that they appear 241 00:13:45,742 --> 00:13:48,492 to be buried underneath these kind of slabs of stone 242 00:13:48,578 --> 00:13:51,038 in this elongated grave, 243 00:13:51,164 --> 00:13:53,754 as though they were almost like ancestors 244 00:13:53,875 --> 00:13:55,715 being buried in the ground. 245 00:13:55,835 --> 00:13:57,795 Why they did this, we don�t know. 246 00:13:57,879 --> 00:13:59,959 But there are many legends of giants 247 00:14:00,048 --> 00:14:02,468 all over Sardinia and the stories go on and on and on. 248 00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:05,340 So, these could be the same giants 249 00:14:05,428 --> 00:14:09,098 who were memorialized in these particular statues. 250 00:14:10,433 --> 00:14:12,353 Could the monoliths of Mont�e Prama 251 00:14:12,435 --> 00:14:14,985 really be evidence that a civilization of giants 252 00:14:15,063 --> 00:14:19,283 once inhabited the island of Sardinia, as some believe? 253 00:14:20,777 --> 00:14:23,147 Many researchers think that it�s possible 254 00:14:23,237 --> 00:14:26,987 and claim that there are additional clues in folklore 255 00:14:27,075 --> 00:14:30,875 throughout the Mediterranean. 256 00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:34,003 Diodorus, an ancient Greek historian, 257 00:14:34,082 --> 00:14:36,212 discussed how there was an ancient bloodline 258 00:14:36,292 --> 00:14:40,342 of the Athenian civilization known as the 50 sons of Hercules 259 00:14:40,421 --> 00:14:43,091 that mated with a mortal race of women 260 00:14:43,174 --> 00:14:44,764 to create a giant bloodline 261 00:14:44,842 --> 00:14:47,142 that built these monolithic statues 262 00:14:47,261 --> 00:14:48,801 on the island of Sardinia. 263 00:14:48,930 --> 00:14:51,100 This story really put the idea 264 00:14:51,182 --> 00:14:53,312 into different philosophers� heads 265 00:14:53,434 --> 00:14:56,774 that this was actually a very advanced culture 266 00:14:56,854 --> 00:15:01,614 that kind of led up to the time of the Nuragic people 267 00:15:01,692 --> 00:15:05,742 and culminated in the era of the Mont�e Prama giants. 268 00:15:07,031 --> 00:15:10,411 The massive monoliths of Mont�e Prama 269 00:15:10,493 --> 00:15:15,213 and stories from folklore aren�t the only pieces of evidence 270 00:15:15,289 --> 00:15:19,749 to suggest that giants once lived on Sardinia. 271 00:15:19,836 --> 00:15:23,836 Because there are also mysterious tombs 272 00:15:23,965 --> 00:15:26,975 located throughout the island that may have been 273 00:15:27,093 --> 00:15:30,643 where their oversized bodies were buried. 274 00:15:32,890 --> 00:15:35,520 What we see at Mont�e Prama, 275 00:15:35,643 --> 00:15:37,603 are totally separate structures 276 00:15:37,687 --> 00:15:39,477 for where they buried their deceased, 277 00:15:39,564 --> 00:15:42,614 and these are called the giants� tombs, Tomba dei giganti. 278 00:15:44,026 --> 00:15:48,446 They are typically made of one very large stone 279 00:15:48,531 --> 00:15:52,791 that have a semi-hemispherical 280 00:15:52,869 --> 00:15:55,539 entry area, or front, 281 00:15:55,663 --> 00:15:57,253 that curves inward 282 00:15:57,331 --> 00:16:01,751 with the center part having a small hole down at the bottom, 283 00:16:01,836 --> 00:16:05,376 which is where the skeleton would have been interred. 284 00:16:05,506 --> 00:16:08,176 As you see these giants� tombs, what you realize 285 00:16:08,301 --> 00:16:11,051 is that it�s entirely made of large blocks 286 00:16:11,179 --> 00:16:14,179 with a small opening in the base. 287 00:16:14,307 --> 00:16:17,097 In tradition, these were the burial places 288 00:16:17,185 --> 00:16:18,645 designed for giants. 289 00:16:18,728 --> 00:16:21,608 They would actually build the tomb around it. 290 00:16:22,857 --> 00:16:24,567 This is one of the clues that 291 00:16:24,692 --> 00:16:26,572 kind of links with the legends 292 00:16:26,694 --> 00:16:29,034 that giants did exist in Sardinia. 293 00:16:29,113 --> 00:16:31,123 But there is further evidence that 294 00:16:31,199 --> 00:16:33,279 actual skeletons have been found 295 00:16:33,367 --> 00:16:35,737 in some of these giants� graves. 296 00:16:36,954 --> 00:16:39,544 We have accounts from 1901, 297 00:16:39,665 --> 00:16:43,205 where there�s a report of four nine-foot skeletons 298 00:16:43,294 --> 00:16:46,884 being unearthed in the vicinity in northern Sardinia. 299 00:16:47,006 --> 00:16:50,466 And even relatively recently, there are reports of 300 00:16:50,551 --> 00:16:53,141 three skeletons being dug up in an area called 301 00:16:53,221 --> 00:16:55,561 Torralba, in southwest Sardinia. 302 00:16:55,681 --> 00:16:58,931 However, the problem is, is that most of the evidence 303 00:16:59,060 --> 00:17:00,810 has now disappeared. 304 00:17:00,895 --> 00:17:03,115 They�ve just gone missing, basically. 305 00:17:03,231 --> 00:17:05,231 And so, you have to question, 306 00:17:05,358 --> 00:17:07,478 why is this? Is there a cover-up? 307 00:17:08,903 --> 00:17:11,863 Is it possible that the bones of giants 308 00:17:11,948 --> 00:17:14,528 have actually been hidden from the public? 309 00:17:14,617 --> 00:17:16,947 It�s an intriguing theory, 310 00:17:17,078 --> 00:17:19,288 and it deepens the mystery surrounding 311 00:17:19,413 --> 00:17:21,873 the strange, towering statues 312 00:17:21,958 --> 00:17:24,328 uncovered at Mont�e Prama. 313 00:17:25,586 --> 00:17:27,836 The Giants of Mont�e Prama 314 00:17:27,922 --> 00:17:31,552 are very unique and enigmatic, 315 00:17:31,634 --> 00:17:35,724 and Sardinia�s myths and stories about 316 00:17:35,805 --> 00:17:38,935 who these people were typically talk about giants, 317 00:17:39,016 --> 00:17:41,476 but there�s a lot of things we don�t know 318 00:17:41,602 --> 00:17:42,942 about who these people were. 319 00:17:43,020 --> 00:17:46,320 And so, these giant statues 320 00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:49,440 are the mystery within that mystery. 321 00:17:50,778 --> 00:17:54,488 Were the statues of Mont�e Prama built to honor 322 00:17:54,615 --> 00:17:57,235 a society of actual giants? 323 00:17:57,326 --> 00:17:59,236 The fact that some of the statues 324 00:17:59,328 --> 00:18:02,368 are more than eight feet tall definitely makes you wonder 325 00:18:02,456 --> 00:18:03,916 whether it could be possible. 326 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,040 And there�s another group of monoliths, 327 00:18:06,127 --> 00:18:09,047 located some 800 miles away in Western France, 328 00:18:09,130 --> 00:18:12,880 that is also associated with a lost civilization, 329 00:18:12,967 --> 00:18:18,217 a civilization whose mastery of mathematics and engineering 330 00:18:18,306 --> 00:18:21,346 was centuries ahead of its time. 331 00:18:23,185 --> 00:18:28,065 Carnac is a unique phenomenon from any other Neolithic sites. 332 00:18:28,149 --> 00:18:31,859 Right around 4000 BCE, engineers 333 00:18:31,986 --> 00:18:35,196 were creating these in a very exacting way. 334 00:18:42,121 --> 00:18:43,831 This peaceful countryside, 335 00:18:43,914 --> 00:18:45,964 located in the northwest part of France, 336 00:18:46,042 --> 00:18:50,172 is known for its rustic farms and wide fields. 337 00:18:50,254 --> 00:18:53,514 But jutting out from the green hills 338 00:18:53,591 --> 00:18:55,841 is something rather striking. 339 00:18:55,968 --> 00:18:57,678 It�s a formation 340 00:18:57,803 --> 00:19:00,313 of more than 3,000 stone monoliths 341 00:19:00,389 --> 00:19:02,429 that stretches across the landscape 342 00:19:02,516 --> 00:19:05,476 for an astonishing two miles. 343 00:19:05,561 --> 00:19:08,441 These monoliths are collectively known as 344 00:19:08,522 --> 00:19:11,442 the Carnac stones. 345 00:19:11,525 --> 00:19:14,605 Carnac is like enormous stationary giants, 346 00:19:14,695 --> 00:19:17,355 or needles plugged into the Earth, 347 00:19:17,448 --> 00:19:19,368 stretching as far as the eye can see. 348 00:19:19,450 --> 00:19:22,200 It�s a unique phenomenon 349 00:19:22,286 --> 00:19:25,616 from any of the ancient sites, because none of the others 350 00:19:25,706 --> 00:19:28,746 have these marching processions of stones 351 00:19:28,876 --> 00:19:32,206 in pretty straight lines running on for miles. 352 00:19:32,338 --> 00:19:36,298 There�s no other place in Europe or the U.K. 353 00:19:36,384 --> 00:19:38,844 that we see this kind of arrangement. 354 00:19:38,928 --> 00:19:41,388 Within Carnac is Europe�s 355 00:19:41,472 --> 00:19:44,062 largest single megalith. 356 00:19:44,141 --> 00:19:47,731 It was called the Menhir of Er Grah. 357 00:19:47,812 --> 00:19:52,692 Now, it�s fallen over, broken, and it�s in four pieces. 358 00:19:52,775 --> 00:19:58,535 But it was originally 60 tall and over 300 tons. 359 00:19:58,614 --> 00:20:03,244 At Carnac, there are thousands and thousands of stones, 360 00:20:03,369 --> 00:20:06,709 but the real draw are these alignments, 361 00:20:06,789 --> 00:20:09,169 with neat rows of megalithic stones 362 00:20:09,250 --> 00:20:11,000 going in a single direction. 363 00:20:12,169 --> 00:20:15,299 Carnac has three main alignments, 364 00:20:15,423 --> 00:20:18,553 one of which is particularly interesting. 365 00:20:18,634 --> 00:20:22,974 It consists of 1,050 stones 366 00:20:23,097 --> 00:20:25,887 across ten different rows. 367 00:20:25,975 --> 00:20:28,945 And these are aligned east to west, 368 00:20:29,061 --> 00:20:32,771 and they decrease in size towards the east. 369 00:20:32,857 --> 00:20:35,227 So, there was definitely some sort of plan 370 00:20:35,317 --> 00:20:37,147 going on with the alignments. 371 00:20:37,278 --> 00:20:40,908 But what that plan is remains a mystery. 372 00:20:40,990 --> 00:20:43,950 According to archaeologists, 373 00:20:44,076 --> 00:20:45,786 the Carnac stones were positioned 374 00:20:45,911 --> 00:20:48,331 in approximately 4000 BC, 375 00:20:48,456 --> 00:20:52,246 making them older than the Great Pyramid of Egypt. 376 00:20:52,334 --> 00:20:54,804 But who constructed this extraordinary array 377 00:20:54,879 --> 00:20:56,759 of monoliths and aligned them 378 00:20:56,839 --> 00:20:59,469 with such incredible precision 379 00:20:59,592 --> 00:21:02,262 remains a mystery. 380 00:21:02,344 --> 00:21:06,434 There�s a huge amount of folklore about Carnac. 381 00:21:07,725 --> 00:21:11,065 The monoliths are often seen as sinners 382 00:21:11,145 --> 00:21:14,905 who are turned to stone by the Almighty for breaching 383 00:21:14,982 --> 00:21:17,942 a whole range of, uh, religious rules. 384 00:21:19,153 --> 00:21:22,913 Some see them as an army of the dead 385 00:21:22,990 --> 00:21:28,580 that rose up and began marching and then got turned into stone 386 00:21:28,662 --> 00:21:31,332 as death reclaimed them. 387 00:21:33,083 --> 00:21:37,463 There�s also a theory that involves Merlin, 388 00:21:37,546 --> 00:21:39,256 the wise man, 389 00:21:39,340 --> 00:21:43,680 and that there was an invading Roman army, 390 00:21:43,803 --> 00:21:45,973 and to protect the local peoples, 391 00:21:46,055 --> 00:21:49,275 Merlin cast a spell upon the Roman soldiers, 392 00:21:49,350 --> 00:21:52,980 and turned them all into stone. 393 00:21:53,062 --> 00:21:56,522 And that�s why you have nice, neat alignments. 394 00:21:57,733 --> 00:22:00,403 The fantastic legends surrounding the Carnac stones 395 00:22:00,528 --> 00:22:03,318 may suggest that they had a mystical origin. 396 00:22:03,405 --> 00:22:06,575 But many historians believe the ancient monoliths 397 00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:10,700 are so perfectly aligned not because of magic, 398 00:22:10,788 --> 00:22:13,668 but rather mathematics. 399 00:22:13,749 --> 00:22:18,249 The alignments in Carnac are spectacular and elaborate. 400 00:22:18,379 --> 00:22:22,049 The scope of them is astonishing, 401 00:22:22,174 --> 00:22:26,724 but also, the alignments are geometrically perfect, 402 00:22:26,804 --> 00:22:29,644 in that there are Pythagorean theorems 403 00:22:29,723 --> 00:22:32,063 built within the stone alignments. 404 00:22:32,142 --> 00:22:36,562 For decades, some historians and archaeologists 405 00:22:36,689 --> 00:22:39,899 have argued that there appears to be 406 00:22:39,984 --> 00:22:44,614 precise triangles within the monolithic structure. 407 00:22:44,738 --> 00:22:46,868 Historians find this extraordinary because 408 00:22:46,949 --> 00:22:49,199 the Greek philosopher Pythagorus 409 00:22:49,285 --> 00:22:52,255 developed this geometric concept 410 00:22:52,329 --> 00:22:54,709 in the 6th century BC, 411 00:22:54,790 --> 00:22:57,500 more than 3,000 years after 412 00:22:57,585 --> 00:22:59,885 the Carnac stones were erected. 413 00:23:01,338 --> 00:23:03,108 When you take a look at the location of the stones, 414 00:23:03,132 --> 00:23:04,422 you can say, "Well, yeah, 415 00:23:04,508 --> 00:23:06,428 there�s a Pythagorean triangle there." 416 00:23:06,552 --> 00:23:10,262 And, just remember, these monoliths date back 6,000 years. 417 00:23:10,389 --> 00:23:12,349 So, the ancients were much more advanced 418 00:23:12,433 --> 00:23:14,563 than we give them credit for. 419 00:23:14,643 --> 00:23:17,023 If the builders of the Carnac stones 420 00:23:17,104 --> 00:23:19,904 used the Pythagorean theorem thousands of years 421 00:23:19,982 --> 00:23:21,902 before it was first defined, 422 00:23:21,984 --> 00:23:26,704 then how did they obtain such advanced mathematical knowledge? 423 00:23:26,780 --> 00:23:29,370 It�s a profound mystery. 424 00:23:29,450 --> 00:23:31,580 One that Alexander Thom, 425 00:23:31,660 --> 00:23:34,450 a professor of engineering at Oxford University, 426 00:23:34,538 --> 00:23:37,958 tried to answer in the 1950s. 427 00:23:38,042 --> 00:23:40,712 Alexander Thom really was 428 00:23:40,794 --> 00:23:42,634 on the quest to 429 00:23:42,713 --> 00:23:44,883 show us just how sophisticated 430 00:23:44,965 --> 00:23:48,215 these megalithic engineers and builders were. 431 00:23:48,302 --> 00:23:51,602 And he determined that... by measuring 432 00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:54,640 about 600 different stones... 433 00:23:54,725 --> 00:23:57,775 That there was basically a megalithic yard, 434 00:23:57,853 --> 00:24:00,153 and by yard, he meant yardstick. 435 00:24:00,272 --> 00:24:04,152 It was basically 2.7 feet, is what he thought 436 00:24:04,234 --> 00:24:09,574 was the unit of measure used to create these stones. 437 00:24:09,657 --> 00:24:12,157 According to Alexander Thom, 438 00:24:12,284 --> 00:24:16,254 the megalithic yard was precise to the millimeter, 439 00:24:16,330 --> 00:24:18,670 and that this was used to make 440 00:24:18,791 --> 00:24:20,751 the mathematical judgements 441 00:24:20,834 --> 00:24:24,634 inherent within these stone configurations. 442 00:24:24,713 --> 00:24:28,513 And he considered it to be a very serious scholarly idea. 443 00:24:28,634 --> 00:24:32,604 Alexander Thom believed that people across 444 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,640 time and distance, such as between Stonehenge and Carnac, 445 00:24:36,725 --> 00:24:39,515 were using this megalithic yard. 446 00:24:39,603 --> 00:24:41,693 And we can see this in the evidence 447 00:24:41,772 --> 00:24:43,272 that they leave behind, 448 00:24:43,357 --> 00:24:48,027 with the alignments and enormous monoliths. 449 00:24:49,530 --> 00:24:53,370 There�s certainly a connection between the standing stones 450 00:24:53,450 --> 00:24:57,540 in Britain and the alignments in Carnac. 451 00:24:57,621 --> 00:25:01,501 However, that is just scratching the surface. 452 00:25:01,583 --> 00:25:04,843 I don�t think we even have the first idea 453 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:08,720 of how extraordinary the intelligence was 454 00:25:08,799 --> 00:25:11,509 that created these alignments in Carnac. 455 00:25:11,593 --> 00:25:16,353 And Carnac needs and deserves so much more study 456 00:25:16,432 --> 00:25:19,062 to understand how exceptional 457 00:25:19,143 --> 00:25:22,733 these ancient monoliths actually are. 458 00:25:22,813 --> 00:25:25,733 Is it possible that there is a connection between 459 00:25:25,816 --> 00:25:28,236 the Carnac stones and other monoliths 460 00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:30,900 scattered throughout Europe? 461 00:25:30,988 --> 00:25:32,238 Some researchers believe 462 00:25:32,364 --> 00:25:34,164 that it�s a distinct possibility, 463 00:25:34,241 --> 00:25:36,201 and they also claim 464 00:25:36,285 --> 00:25:38,255 that these monoliths 465 00:25:38,328 --> 00:25:41,328 were part of an ancient network of sites that stretched 466 00:25:41,415 --> 00:25:44,085 not just across Europe 467 00:25:44,209 --> 00:25:46,419 but all over the world. 468 00:25:48,005 --> 00:25:50,595 Why did the ancient islanders 469 00:25:50,674 --> 00:25:53,434 invest so much in these giant statues, 470 00:25:53,510 --> 00:25:54,890 and why are they here? 471 00:25:54,970 --> 00:25:56,600 Some of these moai were built 472 00:25:56,722 --> 00:25:59,222 by a much more ancient civilization than the Rapa Nui. 473 00:26:05,147 --> 00:26:07,317 2,300 miles off the coast of Chile, 474 00:26:07,441 --> 00:26:10,741 an island rises from the waters of the Pacific Ocean. 475 00:26:10,819 --> 00:26:14,109 Called "Rapa Nui" by the locals, 476 00:26:14,198 --> 00:26:16,948 the island is perhaps better known by the name given to it 477 00:26:17,076 --> 00:26:19,486 by Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, 478 00:26:19,620 --> 00:26:24,540 when he landed here on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1722 479 00:26:24,625 --> 00:26:28,425 and dubbed it "Easter Island." 480 00:26:30,297 --> 00:26:34,467 Today, some 5,000 people make their home here, 481 00:26:34,551 --> 00:26:36,141 most of whom are the descendants 482 00:26:36,220 --> 00:26:38,970 of Easter Island�s original inhabitants, 483 00:26:39,098 --> 00:26:42,928 who were also named the Rapa Nui. 484 00:26:43,018 --> 00:26:45,268 But its most famous residents 485 00:26:45,354 --> 00:26:49,864 are the hundreds of massive, ancient monolithic statues, 486 00:26:49,983 --> 00:26:52,323 known as moai, 487 00:26:52,444 --> 00:26:55,784 that are scattered across its grassy cliffs. 488 00:26:57,407 --> 00:27:01,287 Easter Island is famous for its moai statues. 489 00:27:01,370 --> 00:27:05,040 They are these human depictions. 490 00:27:05,165 --> 00:27:09,455 Their faces are very long, and their chins are long, 491 00:27:09,545 --> 00:27:14,055 and there are over 900 of them on the island. 492 00:27:14,174 --> 00:27:17,554 About 95% of them 493 00:27:17,678 --> 00:27:22,848 were quarried at a crater called Rano Raraku, 494 00:27:22,933 --> 00:27:27,443 and there are a number of failed or just 495 00:27:27,521 --> 00:27:33,071 given up on moai still carved into the crater�s face. 496 00:27:33,193 --> 00:27:35,783 The moai vary quite a bit in size, 497 00:27:35,863 --> 00:27:38,113 but the average moai 498 00:27:38,198 --> 00:27:42,828 is about 12 to 13 tons and about 13 feet tall. 499 00:27:42,911 --> 00:27:46,211 So, people are really fascinated by this 500 00:27:46,290 --> 00:27:49,330 and continue to beg for an explanation 501 00:27:49,418 --> 00:27:53,048 of why did the ancient islanders 502 00:27:53,130 --> 00:27:56,840 in this remote location invest so much 503 00:27:56,925 --> 00:27:59,965 in these giant statues, and why are they here? 504 00:28:01,138 --> 00:28:03,138 Archaeologists estimate that the moai 505 00:28:03,223 --> 00:28:06,643 were created between 1400 and 1600 AD. 506 00:28:06,727 --> 00:28:10,477 For centuries, experts have been confounded 507 00:28:10,564 --> 00:28:12,694 as to what these massive headstones 508 00:28:12,774 --> 00:28:15,074 were intended to represent. 509 00:28:15,152 --> 00:28:18,072 But then, in 2010, archaeologists uncovered 510 00:28:18,155 --> 00:28:22,415 an important clue, when a series of excavations revealed 511 00:28:22,492 --> 00:28:28,252 that there was more to the moai than meets the eye. 512 00:28:28,332 --> 00:28:32,592 They discovered the moai have torsos, 513 00:28:32,669 --> 00:28:37,339 and they have very long, thin arms and hands. 514 00:28:37,424 --> 00:28:40,554 They�re huge statues, 515 00:28:40,636 --> 00:28:43,346 and they�re buried up to their necks, 516 00:28:43,430 --> 00:28:47,020 literally, in sediment and debris. 517 00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,100 The moai have details on the body. 518 00:28:50,229 --> 00:28:52,149 Some have petroglyphs on the body. 519 00:28:52,272 --> 00:28:54,772 And people are really fascinated by this 520 00:28:54,858 --> 00:28:58,068 because the common misperception of the moai 521 00:28:58,153 --> 00:29:00,413 comes from the really 522 00:29:00,489 --> 00:29:02,909 iconic photos of 523 00:29:02,991 --> 00:29:04,781 the heads alone. 524 00:29:04,910 --> 00:29:07,580 And so, people see that, and they just call them heads, 525 00:29:07,663 --> 00:29:10,753 but it�s correct to really refer to the moai as statues. 526 00:29:10,832 --> 00:29:15,922 The discovery of the full-sized moai statues only deepens 527 00:29:16,004 --> 00:29:18,634 the mystery surrounding them. 528 00:29:18,715 --> 00:29:21,215 The revelation that some of these monoliths 529 00:29:21,301 --> 00:29:24,551 are more than twice as big as previously believed 530 00:29:24,638 --> 00:29:27,058 naturally begs the question, 531 00:29:27,140 --> 00:29:32,230 how did the Rapa Nui move these massive stones into place? 532 00:29:33,146 --> 00:29:35,606 The transport of these giant statues 533 00:29:35,691 --> 00:29:38,321 has been a continuing mystery. 534 00:29:38,402 --> 00:29:41,452 For example, the largest moai ever transported 535 00:29:41,530 --> 00:29:43,160 goes by the name of Paro. 536 00:29:43,282 --> 00:29:47,622 Paro is about 33 feet tall, 537 00:29:47,703 --> 00:29:52,623 and he�s estimated to weigh about 75 to 80 tons. 538 00:29:52,708 --> 00:29:55,338 Paro was transported from the quarry 539 00:29:55,419 --> 00:29:57,549 to the platform where he was displayed, 540 00:29:57,671 --> 00:29:59,671 and it�s over three miles. 541 00:29:59,756 --> 00:30:01,626 So, it�s an amazing accomplishment. 542 00:30:01,717 --> 00:30:04,797 The mystery of how they moved 543 00:30:04,886 --> 00:30:07,006 these giant statues 544 00:30:07,097 --> 00:30:09,967 has been a-a perennial question. 545 00:30:10,058 --> 00:30:12,438 When the first Europeans showed up 546 00:30:12,519 --> 00:30:15,359 and asked the local people how they did it, 547 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:20,150 they said, "Well, the statues walked there themselves. 548 00:30:20,235 --> 00:30:21,855 "They walked from the quarry 549 00:30:21,945 --> 00:30:26,155 to these platforms they stand on, called ahu." 550 00:30:26,241 --> 00:30:29,371 And so, if we listen to the Rapa Nui, 551 00:30:29,453 --> 00:30:33,293 there was a magical quality to creating these moai. 552 00:30:33,373 --> 00:30:37,133 Is it possible that the moai somehow 553 00:30:37,210 --> 00:30:39,210 walked into place? 554 00:30:39,296 --> 00:30:41,506 Of course, it sounds impossible, 555 00:30:41,590 --> 00:30:46,180 but according to tests conducted by archaeologists in 2012, 556 00:30:46,261 --> 00:30:49,641 there may be some truth to this legend. 557 00:30:50,807 --> 00:30:53,097 What we showed in experiments, 558 00:30:53,226 --> 00:30:58,056 with a replica of an actual moai, 559 00:30:58,148 --> 00:31:01,688 is that the statues have a lower center of gravity 560 00:31:01,777 --> 00:31:05,027 that makes them lean forward, 561 00:31:05,113 --> 00:31:08,033 and if you attach ropes to the head, 562 00:31:08,116 --> 00:31:10,236 and rock the statue... 563 00:31:11,703 --> 00:31:14,213 the pendulum effect takes over, 564 00:31:14,289 --> 00:31:16,829 allowing it to fall forward, 565 00:31:16,917 --> 00:31:18,457 and the statue actually walks. 566 00:31:18,585 --> 00:31:23,205 It turns out that it looks like, in the end, 567 00:31:23,298 --> 00:31:26,758 the Rapa Nui may well be right. Maybe they did walk there. 568 00:31:28,095 --> 00:31:32,315 Were the moai statues moved by an ingenious use of ropes? 569 00:31:32,432 --> 00:31:35,232 It�s just one of the many intriguing theories 570 00:31:35,310 --> 00:31:38,060 about these giant stone statues. 571 00:31:38,146 --> 00:31:41,396 But, ultimately, how they were transported 572 00:31:41,483 --> 00:31:43,823 and became buried up to their necks 573 00:31:43,944 --> 00:31:46,324 remains unknown. 574 00:31:46,446 --> 00:31:51,116 The moai of Easter Island really have come to represent mystery. 575 00:31:51,201 --> 00:31:54,621 Huge stone sculptures 576 00:31:54,704 --> 00:31:57,964 on a grassy, windswept island... 577 00:31:58,041 --> 00:32:01,421 people wonder who made these and why. 578 00:32:01,503 --> 00:32:04,763 And so, the mystery continues. 579 00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:07,630 Even after centuries of study, 580 00:32:07,717 --> 00:32:11,387 the origins and true purpose of the amazing moai statues 581 00:32:11,471 --> 00:32:15,481 of Easter Island remain shrouded in mystery. 582 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:20,230 But there have been monoliths created in modern times 583 00:32:20,313 --> 00:32:22,153 that are no less mysterious, 584 00:32:22,232 --> 00:32:25,532 including a nine-foot-tall metal pillar 585 00:32:25,652 --> 00:32:28,992 that was discovered in a remote desert canyon in Utah. 586 00:32:29,072 --> 00:32:32,492 A pillar that seems to have appeared 587 00:32:32,617 --> 00:32:34,487 out of thin air. 588 00:32:36,288 --> 00:32:39,078 Monoliths appeared around the world, 589 00:32:39,166 --> 00:32:42,086 and so it attracted the public imagination. 590 00:32:42,169 --> 00:32:46,759 The sighting of this odd metal monolith was 591 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:48,300 a shot heard �round the world. 592 00:32:58,268 --> 00:33:01,478 In the remote sandstone canyons of the Utah desert, 593 00:33:01,563 --> 00:33:06,783 a team of biologists tracking sheep make a shocking discovery. 594 00:33:06,860 --> 00:33:11,610 They come upon a gleaming, 12-foot-tall 595 00:33:11,698 --> 00:33:14,528 metal monolith. 596 00:33:15,702 --> 00:33:18,162 It�s just a completely unearthly image. 597 00:33:18,246 --> 00:33:20,706 It�s this big, triangular prism, 598 00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:23,000 about 12 feet tall, 599 00:33:23,084 --> 00:33:25,214 firmly embedded in the desert ground 600 00:33:25,337 --> 00:33:30,127 in this incredibly remote place where there are no roads. 601 00:33:32,969 --> 00:33:34,889 It�s very difficult to get 602 00:33:34,971 --> 00:33:36,115 anything out there, let alone 603 00:33:36,139 --> 00:33:39,639 a 12-feet-tall slab of metal. 604 00:33:40,894 --> 00:33:43,024 But what�s very weird about it is, 605 00:33:43,104 --> 00:33:44,814 using Google Earth satellite imagery, 606 00:33:44,898 --> 00:33:47,318 they eventually figure out that it has been there 607 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,030 for four to five years without being discovered. 608 00:33:52,197 --> 00:33:55,527 The sighting of this odd metal monolith, 609 00:33:55,617 --> 00:33:58,237 looking like some kind of 610 00:33:58,328 --> 00:34:00,408 otherworldly portal, 611 00:34:00,539 --> 00:34:03,829 was a shot heard �round the world. 612 00:34:03,917 --> 00:34:06,207 In some regards, it was not a monolith 613 00:34:06,294 --> 00:34:08,844 because "lith" means "stone," 614 00:34:08,922 --> 00:34:11,632 and this is a metal thing. 615 00:34:11,758 --> 00:34:14,088 But, still, it attracted everyone�s eyes. 616 00:34:14,177 --> 00:34:17,757 I think part of it was the-the mystery. How did it get there? 617 00:34:19,015 --> 00:34:22,015 Numerous theories were put forth as to who 618 00:34:22,102 --> 00:34:25,732 might�ve created the so-called "Utah monolith." 619 00:34:25,814 --> 00:34:29,404 And then, during the following months, 620 00:34:29,484 --> 00:34:31,364 the mystery took another twist, 621 00:34:31,444 --> 00:34:35,284 as similar monoliths started popping up 622 00:34:35,365 --> 00:34:37,915 all over the world. 623 00:34:37,993 --> 00:34:40,043 Other people became inspired 624 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:42,710 by this monolith in the Utah desert, 625 00:34:42,789 --> 00:34:46,379 and started copycatting from that. 626 00:34:46,459 --> 00:34:47,839 And so, 627 00:34:47,961 --> 00:34:51,961 another monolith appears in India. 628 00:34:52,048 --> 00:34:55,128 Shortly after that, one shows up in Italy. 629 00:34:55,218 --> 00:34:57,928 You get one showing up in Pittsburgh, 630 00:34:58,013 --> 00:34:59,933 right outside of a candy shop. 631 00:35:00,015 --> 00:35:02,775 There�s one that shows up in San Francisco 632 00:35:02,851 --> 00:35:05,481 that is made out of gingerbread. 633 00:35:05,604 --> 00:35:09,774 In the end, between November of 2020 and May of 2021, 634 00:35:09,858 --> 00:35:14,488 over 200 monoliths around the world just appear. 635 00:35:21,202 --> 00:35:23,912 While some wrote off the worldwide 636 00:35:23,997 --> 00:35:27,127 monolith phenomenon as a cultural fad, 637 00:35:27,208 --> 00:35:30,248 historians were quick to disagree 638 00:35:30,337 --> 00:35:34,337 and claimed that something more profound was occurring 639 00:35:34,466 --> 00:35:37,836 that dates back to the dawn of history. 640 00:35:40,013 --> 00:35:44,183 Because, curiously, about 6,000 years ago, 641 00:35:44,267 --> 00:35:47,557 upright stones known as menhirs 642 00:35:47,687 --> 00:35:51,357 that bear a striking resemblance to the Utah monolith, 643 00:35:51,483 --> 00:35:54,033 were inexplicably erected 644 00:35:54,110 --> 00:35:56,740 all over Europe. 645 00:35:56,863 --> 00:36:00,663 When we look at this menhir phenomenon, 646 00:36:00,742 --> 00:36:03,542 there�s a time right around 4000 BCE 647 00:36:03,620 --> 00:36:05,160 where these sites pop up 648 00:36:05,246 --> 00:36:08,116 all over the place, at least in Europe. 649 00:36:09,250 --> 00:36:13,880 The most well-known are the ones that are in the U.K. 650 00:36:13,963 --> 00:36:17,383 and in France and Portugal and Spain, 651 00:36:17,467 --> 00:36:22,307 but it�s actually a much larger and more expansive tradition. 652 00:36:22,389 --> 00:36:24,389 They started creating these everywhere. 653 00:36:24,516 --> 00:36:28,896 In Germany, we have the Wotan stone. 654 00:36:29,020 --> 00:36:31,310 In Sweden, one of their most famous 655 00:36:31,398 --> 00:36:35,148 standing stones is the Menhir of Grandson. 656 00:36:35,235 --> 00:36:40,165 Overall, in Europe, there are over 35,000 657 00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:42,740 standing menhirs still today, 658 00:36:42,826 --> 00:36:45,486 in almost every country. 659 00:36:47,455 --> 00:36:50,915 The number of ancient menhirs located throughout Europe 660 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:54,670 is staggering, and many historians have wondered 661 00:36:54,754 --> 00:36:56,884 why were so many monoliths 662 00:36:56,965 --> 00:37:01,185 created during the same time period? 663 00:37:01,261 --> 00:37:05,851 Travel and trade had been standard for thousands of years. 664 00:37:05,932 --> 00:37:09,272 People are observant, and they like to remember 665 00:37:09,352 --> 00:37:12,942 and replicate and interpret and represent. 666 00:37:13,064 --> 00:37:16,284 So, if somebody�s traveled to, say, 667 00:37:16,401 --> 00:37:19,071 Rudston in East Yorkshire, 668 00:37:19,154 --> 00:37:21,784 and then they go back to Germany, 669 00:37:21,865 --> 00:37:25,125 and they say, "Oh, I saw these amazing stones. 670 00:37:25,201 --> 00:37:27,451 Let�s have a go at making them." 671 00:37:27,537 --> 00:37:31,577 It�s not impossible that people may have just observed this 672 00:37:31,666 --> 00:37:33,286 and then imitated it. 673 00:37:34,878 --> 00:37:36,958 Is it possible that the phenomenon 674 00:37:37,046 --> 00:37:38,966 surrounding the Utah monolith 675 00:37:39,048 --> 00:37:43,088 was actually history repeating itself? 676 00:37:43,178 --> 00:37:47,308 And that humans have actually been imitating each other 677 00:37:47,390 --> 00:37:51,600 by building monoliths for thousands of years? 678 00:37:52,937 --> 00:37:54,977 It�s interesting that 679 00:37:55,106 --> 00:37:57,606 people don�t want to take credit in modern times 680 00:37:57,692 --> 00:37:59,032 for creating these monuments, 681 00:37:59,152 --> 00:38:01,952 and that may give us some insight 682 00:38:02,030 --> 00:38:04,450 into the mentality of the people 683 00:38:04,532 --> 00:38:07,202 that built ancient monoliths. 684 00:38:07,327 --> 00:38:09,907 They didn�t carve their names in there, 685 00:38:09,996 --> 00:38:12,576 and it perhaps was not about them, either. 686 00:38:12,665 --> 00:38:14,955 It was about the human compunction 687 00:38:15,043 --> 00:38:18,343 to make a piece of immortality. 688 00:38:20,507 --> 00:38:24,007 Are human beings hardwired to create 689 00:38:24,093 --> 00:38:26,603 and then replicate monoliths? 690 00:38:26,679 --> 00:38:30,099 Well, if that�s true, then it�s intriguing to think 691 00:38:30,183 --> 00:38:33,643 that we share this instinct with our ancient ancestors. 692 00:38:33,728 --> 00:38:37,358 And based on the number of monoliths 693 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:39,110 being constructed today, 694 00:38:39,192 --> 00:38:41,692 it seems that humanity�s compulsion 695 00:38:41,778 --> 00:38:44,158 to build these mysterious structures 696 00:38:44,239 --> 00:38:46,869 shows no signs of stopping. 697 00:39:01,047 --> 00:39:03,757 Each year, around 150,000 people celebrate 698 00:39:03,883 --> 00:39:06,933 the oldest arts festival in all of Europe, 699 00:39:07,053 --> 00:39:10,513 which is known as the National Eisteddfod. 700 00:39:13,810 --> 00:39:15,480 Since 1176 AD, 701 00:39:15,562 --> 00:39:17,612 the Eisteddfod has been an annual celebration 702 00:39:17,730 --> 00:39:21,030 of Welsh culture that includes music, 703 00:39:21,109 --> 00:39:24,319 poetry, dancing, 704 00:39:24,404 --> 00:39:26,704 and more. 705 00:39:26,781 --> 00:39:30,201 The most curious part of the festival is that, every year, 706 00:39:30,285 --> 00:39:33,795 a set of 12 monoliths, 707 00:39:33,913 --> 00:39:36,173 known as Gorsedd Stones, 708 00:39:36,249 --> 00:39:39,459 are carved and then carefully placed in a circle. 709 00:39:40,461 --> 00:39:42,381 Although most of the Gorsedd Stone circles 710 00:39:42,463 --> 00:39:45,513 have been built in the last 200 years, 711 00:39:45,592 --> 00:39:47,642 they closely resemble 712 00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,810 the thousands of ancient monoliths 713 00:39:50,930 --> 00:39:53,930 that can be found throughout the British Isles. 714 00:39:56,269 --> 00:39:58,599 At each of these Eisteddfods, 715 00:39:58,688 --> 00:40:02,148 a Gorsedd Stone circle, uh, was created, 716 00:40:02,275 --> 00:40:03,945 so that there are now 717 00:40:04,068 --> 00:40:06,948 quite a number of them throughout Wales. 718 00:40:08,114 --> 00:40:11,204 And each one was resurrecting 719 00:40:11,284 --> 00:40:13,164 the beliefs and practices 720 00:40:13,286 --> 00:40:15,996 of a very ancient tradition 721 00:40:16,122 --> 00:40:19,132 to celebrate Welsh history 722 00:40:19,250 --> 00:40:21,540 and culture and tradition. 723 00:40:22,629 --> 00:40:24,839 Unlike the Utah monolith phenomenon, 724 00:40:24,964 --> 00:40:26,474 which was a modern interpretation 725 00:40:26,591 --> 00:40:28,181 of standing structures, 726 00:40:28,301 --> 00:40:32,561 the Gorsedd Stones are a literal recreation 727 00:40:32,639 --> 00:40:35,179 of the monoliths of the past. 728 00:40:35,308 --> 00:40:38,978 But what inspires the residents of modern-day Wales 729 00:40:39,062 --> 00:40:41,862 to erect pillars of stone? 730 00:40:43,149 --> 00:40:46,279 Well, some historians believe that 731 00:40:46,361 --> 00:40:49,571 people remain fascinated by ancient monoliths 732 00:40:49,656 --> 00:40:52,446 because these giant standing stones 733 00:40:52,533 --> 00:40:54,543 that were laid thousands of years ago 734 00:40:54,661 --> 00:40:58,291 are still part of our world today. 735 00:41:00,249 --> 00:41:01,829 Everywhere in Europe, 736 00:41:01,918 --> 00:41:06,048 there is some sort of megalithic architecture that 737 00:41:06,172 --> 00:41:09,432 modern communities are identifying themselves with. 738 00:41:09,509 --> 00:41:12,929 Sometimes, monoliths 739 00:41:13,012 --> 00:41:15,932 are actually just right along a country road. 740 00:41:17,183 --> 00:41:19,983 People pass it every day, like it�s an everyday object, 741 00:41:20,061 --> 00:41:22,771 but it�s thousands of years old. 742 00:41:23,856 --> 00:41:26,106 And it�s become part of that community. 743 00:41:26,192 --> 00:41:29,652 In some regards, perhaps that was the intention 744 00:41:29,737 --> 00:41:32,357 of the people who built it thousands of years ago. 745 00:41:33,825 --> 00:41:36,625 Standing stones are striking, 746 00:41:36,703 --> 00:41:40,503 awe-inspiring, inexplicable, 747 00:41:40,581 --> 00:41:43,501 and this is a very compelling combination. 748 00:41:43,584 --> 00:41:47,464 It doesn�t matter whether they were built this year 749 00:41:47,547 --> 00:41:49,837 or 6,000 years ago, 750 00:41:49,924 --> 00:41:53,144 they�re fascinating, but why? 751 00:41:53,219 --> 00:41:57,969 Well, why are we fascinated by anything out of the ordinary? 752 00:41:58,057 --> 00:42:01,307 Because it�s magnificent. It�s humbling. 753 00:42:01,394 --> 00:42:03,314 It fills us with wonder. 754 00:42:03,396 --> 00:42:06,226 The great thing about monoliths 755 00:42:06,357 --> 00:42:09,357 is that they are enduring. 756 00:42:09,444 --> 00:42:10,864 And once it�s there, 757 00:42:10,945 --> 00:42:14,815 it�s highly visible in the landscape, 758 00:42:14,907 --> 00:42:17,077 and it goes on forever, 759 00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:19,160 but they are enigmatic. 760 00:42:19,245 --> 00:42:21,705 Because, at the last analysis, 761 00:42:21,789 --> 00:42:25,129 the big, eternal question remains: 762 00:42:25,251 --> 00:42:26,711 why were they built? 763 00:42:26,794 --> 00:42:29,264 And that is a mystery 764 00:42:29,380 --> 00:42:32,470 which we may never solve. 765 00:42:32,592 --> 00:42:37,302 Was Stonehenge created to harness the energy of the Earth? 766 00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:39,850 Were the statues of Mont�e Prama 767 00:42:39,932 --> 00:42:42,642 actually based on real-life giants? 768 00:42:42,769 --> 00:42:46,059 Was there a global network of interconnected, 769 00:42:46,147 --> 00:42:48,107 ancient stone monuments? 770 00:42:48,232 --> 00:42:51,072 Perhaps. 771 00:42:51,152 --> 00:42:54,032 But while mysterious monoliths 772 00:42:54,113 --> 00:42:58,533 around the world were built to stand the test of time, 773 00:42:58,618 --> 00:43:01,698 their purpose and their power 774 00:43:01,788 --> 00:43:06,038 remain unexplained. 775 00:43:06,088 --> 00:43:10,638 Repair and Synchronization by Easy Subtitles Synchronizer 1.0.0.0 60507

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