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[ Man ] Are we in the red?

[ Woman ] Yep.[ Man ] Please, Professor.

Okay.

Frantz Fanon was born on the Caribbean island of Martinique...

in 1925...

and grew up a gentleman of the French empire.

He realized, when he came...

from the island of Martinique...

to the mainland of France in Europe,

through involvement in the French army elsewhere,

that his class privilege,

among his own black people,

did not mean anything in the country...

of the colonizing masters.

He was nothing but a black man.

In a famous chapter in his book, Black Skin, White Masks,

rejected as a dissertation by a French university,

he mentions his shock...

when a white French child cries out to her mother,

"Mama, see the Negro!"

But Fanon moves from just this shock...

into an attempt to understand...

colonization all over the world.

In this very book, in the last chapter,

he walks us through a reading...

of the European philosopher Hegel's famous chapter...

on master and slave...

and turns it to his own use.

As we watch the film today, Concerning Violence,

we remember this in the freedom fighters' invocation...

of the named states of Mozambique and Angola,

borders established by the imperialists.

Fanon's lesson was that you use...

what the masters have developed...

and turn it around in the interests of those...

who have been enslaved or colonized.

In this, he is with great leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois...

and Nelson Mandela.

Fanon did not stop at thinking colonization,

but wanted to do something about it.

He gave his time and skill to the healing...

of those who suffered from violence.

The French philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre,

himself a strong anticolonialist among the colonizers,

read the book Fanon wrote in the last 10 weeks of his life,

knowing that he was marked for death by acute leukemia.

Even as he was being hounded by the colonizing government of France,

Sartre read it as an endorsement of violence itself,

not reading between the lines,

where Fanon insists that the tragedy is...

that the very poor is reduced to violence...

because there is no other response possible...

to an absolute absence of response...

and an absolute exercise of legitimized violence...

from the colonizers.

Those lives count as nothing...

against the death of the colonizers--

unacknowledged Hiroshimas over against...

sentimentalized 9/11's.

It is within the context of the aftermath of colonialism...

that Fanon could not know...

that the tragedy of what we watch in this film...

must be carefully considered.

This is a teaching text.

I add a word on gender.

This film also reminds us...

that although liberation struggles force women...

into an apparent equality,

sharing and starting with the 19th century or even earlier,

when the dust settles,

the so-called postcolonial nation...

goes back to the invisible long-term structures of gendering.

The most moving shot of this film is the black Venus,

reminding us of the Venus of Milo with her arm gone...

and also black Madonna,

suckling a child with bare breasts.

This icon must remind us all...

that the endorsement of rape continues...

not only in war...

but also, irrespective of developing and developed nations,

in women fighting in legitimized armies.

Colonizer and colonized are united...

in the violence of gendering,

which often celebrates motherhood with genuine pathos.

Here we have to promote our brother Fanon...

into a changed mind-set,

but he, who would have been in his 80s today,

is not there for us.

Here now is our film,

a tribute to and an illustration...

of Frantz Fanon's Wretched of the Earth.

I end it in Fanon's own way--

turning around for our own use...

what a European philosopher wrote...

for the use of Europe over 200 years ago--

turning Kant around for our purposes, as he did Hegel,

and I quote:

"Anything which the people,

that is the entire mass of subjects,

cannot decide for themselves and their fellows,

cannot be decided for the people by the sovereign either."

The people under colonization have had no practice of freedom.

You cannot decide without practice.

The ones you see on the screen are a small part of the people,

the poorest of the poor,

mobilized into violence by sovereign leaders--

cannon fodder.

This practice goes in all armies,

all resistance movements,

in the name of nation and religion.

Here Fanon would have been useful today.

But we must ourselves gender the people.

Our brothers Kant and Fanon are not useful here.

I thank Goöran Olsson for setting us these tasks.

[ Traffic Noises ]

[ Radio Chatter, Indistinct ]

[ Man Speaking Foreign Language ]

[ Gunshots ]

[ Gunfire ]

[ Woman Narrating ]

[ Radio Chatter: Foreign Language ]

[ Narrator Continues ]

[ Man ] On the night of the 23rd of May,

I was taken by MPLA into Cabinda...

near the Congo border.

And there, preparations were being made for this military operation.

Cabinda contains one of the world's largest oil deposits.

Larger than Kuwait.

They carried more than 40-- up to 50 kilos each...

because they had to carry their own ammunition,

plus the ammunition for the 20 bazookas in the force.

They walked very swiftly anyway,

using mainly tennis shoes or light rubber shoes.

After, uh, these several days of march,

we finally came close to the Portuguese base...

and camped in the forest...

within about two and a half kilometers of the base.

The reconnaissance commander, Max,

explained the situation of the base...

and how the attack was to be carried out.

[ Man Speaking Portuguese ]

[ Pagano ] We moved from the camp about 3:00 in the morning,

and everything was done with great calm...

and absolute silence.

And as soon as it became light enough just to barely see,

the order was given to open fire.

[ Man Shouting ]

[ Gunfire ]

They only fired back for a couple of minutes with machine guns.

After that, there was no reaction on their part anymore.

Very soon, many buildings in the base started burning.

And there was a big explosion of an ammunition depot.

When the attack was stopped,

a small group of MPLA came out of the base with a jeep.

[ Chattering ]

If I've ever seen a guerrilla movement...

that is like a fish in the water,

well, that's MPLA in Cabinda.

I've seen it with my own eyes.

[ Narrator ]

♪♪ [ Singing In Foreign Language ]

Their first encounter was marked by violence...

and their existence together,

that is to say the exploitation of the native by the settler,

was carried on by the impact of a great array of bayonets and cannons.

Decolonization is the putting into practice of this sentence.

That is why, at a descriptive level,

all decolonization is successful.

[ Chanting ]

[ Makoni On Tape ] It was about 11:00.

I heard a rough knock on the door.

And I said, "Who is there?"

And they shouted, "Police!"

So I dressed up and went with the police...

to the police cells.

They told my wife that I would be back in a short period of time.

[ Woman ] How long were you in prison?

I was in prison approximately for five years.

Would you tell me how it affects you?

Well, when I was in detention,

the feelings I had--

and my colleagues did have--

I looked at, for instance, the history of black people...

from the days of slavery.

I found that...

they suffered at the hands of white people.

Then I looked at the days of colonialism.

I also found that the black man was again...

at the bottom of everything,

was under oppression from the white man.

Then I looked at America and Britain.

In America, I still found that, despite the emancipation,

the black man was still at the bottom of everything.

It's as if we are an object.

And then we looked at South Africa and Rhodesia.

We found that these were countries...

with institutionalized racism,

where again the black person is at the bottom of everything.

Undergoes torture, he's something less than human.

He's an object.

If you don't tell them what they want,

you then go to detention.

But the other system of torture...

is that they can tie your legs to a tree,

your hands to a car and pull.

They say, "If you don't tell us...

who did what or what you did,

we are going to pull you apart."

And of course they pull.

Some people have died as a result of torture.

What did you feel when you came out of prison?

I didn't--

I've grown, in a way, to be indifferent.

The torture I'd undergone for the last five years...

made me less and less feeling about things.

You know, just take life as it comes.

So even when I came out,

there was no great excitement on my part.

And I still felt that I was still in prison.

[ Man ] ♪ Since the wagon wheels rolled north ♪

♪ It has been many years

♪ The country has been built and run ♪

♪ By hardy pioneers

♪ It bought the man a beating

♪ And many a hardship too

♪ With flag unfurled we tell the world ♪

♪ And sing this song to you

♪ And you can call us rebels

♪ And you can call us rogues

♪ We were bounded by an Englishman ♪

♪ By the name of Cecil Rhodes ♪♪

[ Glasses Tinkling ]

Thank you, Timothy. But you didn't open that one, you stupid thing, you.

But don't worry about it.

We'll open it ourselves.

Do you drink lager?

Did you always believe that one day you would leave Rhodesia?

Never ever.

No, I was one of the guys--

I'm gonna stay here and switch off the lights in Victoria.

I was gonna switch off the lights and close the gates...

and say, "Right, Rhodesia. Farewell."

And then burn as we go back.

And that didn't happen. I was gonna switch off the lights in Victoria.

But things are happening so fast at the moment,

I just--

I haven't got that much time anymore.

You're going and leaving the lights on?That's right.

Somebody else'll have to switch them off.

Why don't you stay and take the gamble, take the risk?

Pete, there is no risk.

I mean, there is no gamble. There is a risk.

But there's no gamble. The gamble is all in the--

The gooks have got it.The who?

The gooks. The terrs.

The whole world-- The whole world is supporting the terrorists.

Has the attitude of Africans changed...

as a result of what is currently happening?

Yes. Yes.In what way?

Uh, I've got a staff.

The company I work with has got a staff...

of about eight Africans.

And they all think they're going to own houses.

And I've never seen so many Africans driving,

learning to drive motor cars as I have lately...

because every one of them thinks they're going to get a motor car.

A little garden--

we call him a "garden boy"--

was washing my mother-in-law's car.

And he said to her,

"Well, next year, that's gonna be my car."

So my mother-in-law went to him and said,

"You see this box of matches and this lighter?

I'll burn it before I give it to you."

So that's the attitude of the Africans. It's changed completely.

The ratios here at the moment--

I think we are about 34-to-1.

Maybe a bit more, with everybody taking a gap like me.

In South Africa at the moment, I think it's about 4-to-1.

I think about 4-to-1.

So you could stand a chance.

Does that make you feel happier?

Well, I could take out four Affies before they take me out.

But you couldn't at 36?No way, José.

[ Narrator ] The colonial world is a world cut in two.

The dividing line, the frontiers,

are shown by barracks and police stations.

In the colonies, it is the policeman and the soldier...

who are the official, instituted go-betweens,

the spokesmen of the settler and his rule of oppression.

The intermediary does not lighten the oppression...

but puts it into practice with the clear conscience--

upholder of the peace.

Yet he is the bringer of violence...

into the home and into the mind of the native.

The zone where the natives live...

is not complementary...

to the zone inhabited by the settlers.

The two zones are opposed,

but not in the service of a higher unity.

[ Chattering, Indistinct ]

Should you come under attack, go through,

unless you are very well back and you can see the contacts well ahead.

Is the road very dangerous?

It's a bit dicey at the moment.

[ Narrator Continues ]

The settlers' feet are never visible.

His feet are protected by strong shoes,

although the streets of his town are clean and even...

with no holes or stones.

Starved of bread, of meat, of shoes,

of coal, of light.

The native town is a crouching village,

a town on its knees,

a town wallowing in the mire.

It is a town of niggers and dirty Arabs.

And this the settler knows very well.

When their glances meet, he ascertains bitterly,

always on the defensive,

"They want to take our place."

It is true...

for there is no native who does not dream at least once a day...

of setting himself up in the settlers' place.

[ Man ] What is your general attitude towards the white minority,

if they remain in the country?

We accept them.

Every white man who would like to remain in the country...

is free to do so,

provided he accepts the system that will have been established,

the new government, of course.

He must accept that his privileges based on color have gone,

that he will not have a different set of privileges...

from those which are accorded to members of other racial groups.

But overly,

we will not perpetuate the system...

where people are organized communally...

on the basis of race or color.

We want an integrated society...

where not the color of the person counts,

but the skills that he's able to show...

and the contribution he is prepared to make...

to the development of the country.

July 27, 1966. Your employment has now ceased to exist.

And you have to leave the company house you are occupying...

and the occasions area house...

from July 28, 1966.

See that?

The company will provide transportation to the boundary...

of the consensual area for you.

[ Man ] Never mind. I'll get a copy. You get a copy.

I'll take this matter to the federal department.

There's no signature here. They would tell me "sign here." I'm not so stupid.

Listen, let me tell you something. I was about to go to work.

You understand?

But now, I have to get some kind of information from Mr. Goody.

No, no. No request for information.

You sign for this copy, or you leave it.

[ Man Speaking Swedish ]

Are you going to tell me,

if the workers in Sweden strike or something like that,

do you think the government is going to use arms on them?

No.

[ Woman ] Why are the soldiers here?

Well, the soldiers here, maybe, on Lamco's claim or on Lamco's desire.

But there is no threat nor word of violence...

ever been used to anybody.

And the strike was organized from the workers themselves,

who were tired and fed up of the Lamco management...

who wouldn't pay them the money, so they decided to strike.

[ Swedish Continues ]

I wrote them a letter and told them...

that they had violated the laws of the country,

that they could not strike except if they had first submitted grievances.

If they had any grievances, they should submit them.

First, the matter in keeping with the law.

And if they could not agree, then refer the matter to government.

But they persisted and would not go back to work.

I then ordered the place to be policed...

so as to prevent violence.

My orders were to break the mob, or whatever existed,

by all costs.

And of course, if it had become necessary...

to resort to force,

my orders were to fire over people's heads, originally,

and then wound a few people...

in the attempt to break the crowd.

If this would have been a necessity.

[ Swedish Continues ]

[ Man ] My children, they didn't realize anything.

I told them, I said, "Children,

I'll tell you one thing-- this is not your home."

[ Swedish Continues ]

[ Man ] When the truck came, I put my things in,

got my family and put everything in the truck--

my boys and myself.

I didn't want to go from this place here.

[ Man ] How the driver was driving, I even advised him.

I said, "There's a woman with us here.

My brother-in-law's wife."

Was in the car. She was pregnant.

I said, "Take time."

Still, the driver wouldn't hear me.

I said, "Well, if anything happens, okay."

[ Swedish Continues ]

[ Narrator ]

♪♪ [ String Instrument ]

As soon as the native begins to cause anxiety to the settler,

he is handed over to well-meaning souls...

who point out to him the wealth of Western values.

[ Narrator Continues ]

[ Man Speaking Foreign Language ]

[ Narrator ]

♪♪ [ Drumming ][ Chattering ]

♪♪ [ Singing ]♪♪ [ Drumming Continues ]

[ Scattered Shouting ]

♪♪ [ Drumming Ends ][ Shouting In Foreign Language ]

[ Exclaiming In Foreign Language ]

[ Narrator ]

[ Water Splashing ]

[ Narrator Continues ] In the other sphere--

♪♪ [ Marching Band ]

[ Man On PA, Indistinct ]

There's no way or place for me to go.

This is my home.

And this is where I intend to die.

[ Narrator ]

I dream I am jumping, swimming, running, climbing.

I dream that I burst out laughing, that I span a river in one stride.

Or that I am followed by a flood of motor cars, which never catch up with me.

♪♪ [ Women Harmonizing In Foreign Language ]

[ Woman Speaking In Foreign Language ]

♪♪ [ Singing ]

[ Man On Radio ] ...despite the revelation...

that nine hostages were killed by police bullets.

TheDaily Graphic has criticized the Mogadishu Declaration,

part of the recent summit meeting of East and Central African leaders.

Taxpayers in black Africa can expect to see more money being poured into the pockets...

of pleasure-loving terrorists living outside the borders of South Africa.

[ Man ] Mozambican people, in September of 1962,

the congress of the Mozambique Liberation Front, Frelimo,

affirmed anonymously the will and determination of the Mozambican people...

to fight for national independence.

For the wealth of our country and the work of the Mozambican people...

continue to be exploited by the Portuguese colonialists...

and their imperialist allies.

Our people are murdered for participating in...

the struggle for the liberation of our country.

The prisons are full of patriots.

And those who are still free live in uncertainty...

of what the next day will bring.

Faced with this situation,

Frelimo is left with no alternative...

but to conclude that armed struggle...

is the only way for the Mozambican people to achieve...

their second rights.

We shall win! Long live Frelimo!

Long live Mozambique! Long live Africa!

[ Speaking Portuguese ]

[ Airplane Roaring ]

[ Airplane Roaring ]

♪♪ [ Women Singing ]

♪♪ [ Singing In Foreign Language ]

♪♪ [ Strumming Guitar ]

[ Narrator ]

[ Fires ]

[ Fires ]

[ Crying ]

[ Machine Gun Fire ]

[ Shouting In Foreign Language ]

[ Explosions ]

[ Gunfire ]

[ Machine Gun Fire Continues ]

[ Explosion ][ Men Shouting ]

[ Explosion ]

[ Man Chattering ]

♪♪ [ Man Singing In Portuguese ]

♪♪ [ Continues ]

♪♪ [ Ends ]

[ Beeping ]

[ Narrator ]

[ Portuguese ]

[ Man Speaking Portuguese ]

♪♪ [ Drumming ]

[ Narrator ]

♪♪ [ Man Singing In Foreign Language ]

[ Narrator ] The private companies put pressure on their own governments...

at least to set up military bases...

for the purpose of assuring protection of their interests.

Thus, there exists a sort of detached complicity...

between capitalism and the violent forces...

which blaze up in a colonial territory.

[ Narrator Continues ]

Not long ago, Naziism transformed the whole of Europe...

into a veritable colony.

The governments of European nations called for reparations...

and demanded the wealth which had been stolen from them.

[ Narrator ]

[ Narrator Continues ]

[ Tape: Man Speaking Portuguese ]

♪♪ [ Man Singing In Portuguese ]

♪♪ [ Continues ]

♪♪ [ Fades ]