All language subtitles for 3 - The Wrong War.engels111111111111

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In the mountains of Southern Bavaria,
on the slopes of the Obersalzberg,

Adolf Hitler built his retreat - the Berghof.

He would relax by watching feature films,
on one subject in particular.

- So it's war.
- Unless we're quick.

From China to Afghanistan,
they're making one great confederacy.

Good Lord! A machine gun!

(HEAVY GUNFIRE)

To Hitler, British rule of India
was perfect proof of Aryan superiority.

Later, in 1941, he said,

''Let's learn from the English,
who, with 250,000 men in all,

''including 50,000 soldiers,

''governed 400 million Indians.

''What India was for England,
the territories of Russia will be for us.''

Yet, in 1939, Hitler ended up at war

with the country he most admired -
Great Britain -

and allied to the country
he most wanted to colonise - Russia.

How did he end up fighting what was,
from his point of view, the wrong war?

(SINGING)

On 30th January, 1933,
the same day Hitler became Chancellor,

the Nazis paraded by torchlight in Berlin.

After the years of unemployment,
inflation and political uncertainty,

Hitler promised Germany would be
reborn, national pride restored.

Germany would be a world power again,

her foreign policy decided in a new way -
by the desires of one man.

Every true German,
especially the Nazi Storm Troopers,

now had to be obedient to the will of their F�hrer.

- Alles ist Reich!
- (CHEERING)

- Sieg!
- Heil!

- Sieg!
- Heil!

(SINGING BEGINS)

Under Hitler,
the German armed forces would have

all the guns, tanks and planes
they needed - and more besides.

These armaments were paid for
by a series of sophisticated loans

which mortgaged Germany's future.

The plan was masterminded by Reich
Minister of Economics Hjalmar Schacht.

Hitler wasn't interested in how Schacht
worked this apparent economic miracle.

In a typical example
of how he dealt with subordinates,

he simply told Schacht to get on with
the job any way he liked. He later said,

''I never had a conference with Schacht
to see what means were at our disposal.

''I restricted myself to saying this is
what I require and what I must have.''

Hitler was obsessed with the survival
of the fittest. Goebbels' propaganda films

reflected this obsession. Hitler believed
human beings were simply animals

and that the strongest animal would always win.

If his subordinates were strong enough,
they would succeed without his help.

Just as it was with animals, so it was
with great men and whole countries.

Hitler believed the entire world was
locked in a permanent struggle

in which the stronger must prevail.

This was the theory he developed
in ''Mein Kampf'', the book he wrote in 1924.

In it he also wrote that the Germans
were a nation who needed to expand.

Like the British, they needed colonies.
He was clear where they should find them.

''We are putting an end to the perpetual
German march south and west

''and turning our eyes towards the east.

''And when we speak
of a new land in Europe today,

''we must principally bear in mind Russia
and the border states subject to her.

''Destiny itself seems to wish
to point the way for us here.''

In the years immediately after
he became Chancellor,

though he never publicly said
he wanted to conquer the East,

Hitler repeated his country's central problem -
Germany wasn't big enough.

Deutschland, Sieg Heil!

Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!

Hitler did openly announce one foreign policy goal.

He wanted, as he saw it,
to ''right the wrong of the Versailles Treaty''

by which Germany had lost territory
at the end of World War One

and was restricted to an army of 100,000.

At that time, young people were
enthusiastic and optimistic

and believed in Hitler
and thought it was wonderful

to overcome the consequences of Versailles.
We were in a very high mood.

To help overcome Versailles,
the Germans looked to the English.

England and Englishmen were widely
admired by the German ruling classes.

They embraced what they took to be
the ideals of the English gentleman -

country estates and fox hunting.

I always hoped...I always hoped that England -

I'm talking to you as an Englishman -

that England would see
what Germany was planning to do,

was building up too much, and would
agree in sharing Europe, or whatever.

Whilst the English may not have wanted
to share Europe with the Germans,

they did think some accommodation
should be reached with their former enemy.

The general view in Britain was

that the French had imposed, and we
had obviously been connected with it,

too harsh a settlement on Germany in 1918

and that this should be rectified.

And to that extent there was a slight
feeling we ought to have done better.

If you call that a sentiment of guilt,
all right. I'm not sure it was guilt, quite.

The first fruits of Hitler's attempt
to woo the British came in June, 1935,

when a naval agreement was signed
between Germany and Britain

allowing Germany to rebuild her fleet
beyond the level permitted by Versailles.

Hitler said the day the agreement was
signed was the happiest of his life.

Hitler sought to capitalise by sending
the Nazi who negotiated the deal,

Joachim von Ribbentrop,

to London as German Ambassador
in the summer of 1936.

The task was 100%

to find a German-British alliance,

because he had arranged before,
quite well, the naval agreement.

And that should be crowned

by a German-English entente, agreement.

And he...
At the beginning, he worked on this.

Ribbentrop was not a success in Britain.

Not only did the British not want
a treaty of alliance with Nazi Germany,

Ribbentrop himself committed faux pas,

like giving a Nazi salute to King George VI.

No, Ribbentrop was regarded
as not a gentleman, you know.

And he wanted to be considered
a gentleman. He was VON Ribbentrop,

not just one of the rough Nazis.

But I don't think that went down
at all well even in circles which,

on the whole,
felt we must get on with the Germans.

His mission was rather disastrous.

Sometimes he shouted,
sometimes he was furious,

he threw pencils at the secretaries.

So, privately, he behaved
very simple and stupidly

and very pompous. And the British
don't like this - pompous people -

and he was very outspoken and very loud voice.

Goebbels said of Ribbentrop,

''He bought his name, he married his
money and swindled his way into office.''

Count Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister,
revealed that Mussolini had remarked,

''You only have to look at his head
to see that he has a small brain.''

Ribbentrop was loathed
by almost all the other leading Nazis.

They thought him a humourless upstart.

And yet Hitler supported him.

Hitler one day said,
when Ribbentrop wasn't present,

''With Ribbentrop it is so easy.

''He's always radical.

''Meanwhile, all the other people I have,
they come here, they have problems,

''they are afraid,
they think we should take care,

''and then I have to blow them up, to get strong.

''And Ribbentrop was blowing
the whole day and I had to do nothing,

''I had to brake, give brakes there.
Much better.''

(NARRATOR) Ribbentrop had a great
insight into how to deal with Hitler.

He knew that Hitler always smiled kindly

on a person who came to him
with a radical solution to any problem.

Even if he didn't adopt the suggestion,
he still praised the person who made it.

This was an insight a more intelligent
member of Hitler's regime didn't have.

Hjalmar Schacht thought Hitler would
listen to reason when he told him

the German economy was overheating

and armament production should be scaled down.

Instead, Hitler was furious
with his Economics Minister.

Schacht was sidelined.

The economy was now put
in the hands of a man who,

though ignorant of economic theory,
was certainly a proven radical...

Herman G�ring.

(CHEERING)

He was, you would say,
a jolly good fellow. Ajolly good fellow.

Loved to show off.

And loved rings and diamonds

and had had funny hobbies.
Loved paintings.

And loved to live in luxury
in Karinhall, which was near Berlin

in the Schorfeide,

where he built some kind of castle
for hunting purposes.

That was more than a castle, just wonderful.

And, upstairs in the attic, he had

an electric train built,
various trains running around.

He played there like a child.
Loved, loved to be there.

So therefore, besides being

a true, dependable vassal to Hitler,

he was a big child.

What did Hitler want his new army for?

At first it seemed the answer might be

just to overturn
the worst consequences of Versailles.

In 1936, Hitler moved his troops
into the demilitarised Rhineland.

There was little international protest.

Then at a secret meeting in November,
1937, he told his generals

that Germany must expand to survive

and announced that Germany's problem
could be solved only by the use of force.

Austria and Czechoslovakia
were named by Hitler as the first targets.

Leading generals were not enthusiastic.

They offered sober objections to Hitler's ideas,
not the applause he wanted.

In three months, the War Minister
and Commander of the Army were removed

after personal scandals.

Hitler took the opportunity
to appoint the most radical Nazi of all

as Commander-in-Chief
of the German armed forces - himself.

It was in the mountains
above Berchtesgaden in Southern Bavaria

that Hitler liked to dream
of Germany's forthcoming greatness.

He later said that his greatest ideas
came to him in these mountains.

In the afternoon he would go on walks

between the great peaks of the Obersalzberg.

He would return to the Berghof,
a house run for him by Herbert D�hring,

a member of Hitler's own personal guard,
the SS Leibstandarte.

At the Berghof, Hitler indulged himself

by planning the great cities
he would build in his new Germany.

Herbert D�hring would constantly be
folding and unfolding huge building plans

so his master could dream his dreams.

Sometimes it seemed Hitler did little else.

When not dreaming of future
German cities or of German expansion,

Hitler would watch feature films -

at the Berghof, always two a night.

He preferred escapist entertainment

and Goebbels always made sure
there was plenty on hand.

At the Berghof in the spring of 1938,

Hitler saw an opportunity to take the first step
in achieving a cherished dream -

to bring other German-speaking people
under his rule.

He capitalised on political instability
in neighbouring Austria,

a country which had already come
hugely under Nazi influence.

After checking that no foreign power
would interfere,

he ordered German troops to cross the border.

(CHEERING)

(BAND PLAYS)

The majority of Austrians welcomed
the Germans into their country.

They too had suffered as their empire
was dismantled at the end of WWI.

Now, united with Germany,
they were a power once again.

It was one of the nicest days of my life
when we entered Austria.

I was with Hitler in the sixth car.

I had tears in my eyes.

All my dreams of reuniting Austria with Germany.

Don't forget, Austria was
ruling Germany during 600 years.

So for me, after the defeat
of the year '18 and Versailles,

for us it was a dream.

I suppose a lot of people in England
would say, ''They are Germans after all. ''

You know, if that's what they really want.

But it was, after all,
a pretty nasty sort of takeover.

(CHANTING) Sieg Heil!

I think we cried.

Tears were running down our cheeks.

When we looked to our neighbours,
it was the same.

And when Hitler came to me,
I nearly forgot to give him the hand.

I just looked at him...

..and I saw good eyes.

And in my heart I promised him,

''I always will be faithful to you.''

I kept my promise.

All my free time, besides school,

I gave to the work

because he had called us.

''You all...'' He had said that to us.

''You all shall help me build up my empire

''to be a good empire

''with happy people

''who are thinking

''and promising to be good people.''

(NARRATOR) But this was not
going to be a ''good empire''.

Heinrich Himmler, Commander of the SS,
was one of the first Nazis into Austria.

Like Hitler, Himmler thought
himself a radical and a visionary.

This former Bavarian chicken farmer
made Wevelsburg Castle

the spiritual home of the SS -

the �lite group which had emerged
from Hitler's own personal bodyguard.

(SOLDIERS SINGING)

Himmler believed these were the superior beings
who would crush Germany's enemies.

Himmler fantasised that the leaders
of the SS would meet in this room,

like the Knights of the Round Table,

subordinate only
to their own King Arthur - Adolf Hitler.

Here they would plan
how to rule over their own empire.

Himmler said in 1938,

''Germany's future is either a greater
Germanic empire or a nothing.

''I believe that
if we in the SS are doing our duty

''the F�hrer will create this greater
Germanic empire, this Germanic Reich,

''the biggest empire
ever created by mankind on Earth.''

In Austria, the first territory
of this new Greater Germany,

the SS and the other Nazis revealed
how they intended to rule -

with intolerance and cruelty.

Just as in Germany, the Nazis
made the Jews their scapegoats.

You were completely outlawed,
no protection anywhere.

Anybody could come up to you
and do what they want, and that's it.

Austrian Jews were forced to perform
a variety of tasks to humiliate them,

like scrubbing the streets clean.

I once had to scrub the streets as well.

Can't remember anything
except that I saw in the crowd

a well-dressed young woman

and she was holding up a little girl -

a blonde, lovely girl, you know, with these curls,

and she was smiling, so that
she could see better how that, maybe,

a 20-year-old kicked an old Jew who fell down.

They all laughed and she laughed as well.

Sort of, how happy,
that was a wonderful entertainment.

The Austrian Jews were so persecuted
that many simply fled,

after, of course, the SS had
robbed them of most of their money.

17-year-old Walter Kammerling
was seen off at Vienna Station

by his parents.

It's a nightmare situation.

I remember leaving Austria. It was like in a haze.

It was only days after that it struck me,
when I wanted to talk to my parents

and they weren't here.

After the Nazi takeover of Austria,

Adolf Hitler returned to Berlin
to a tumultuous welcome.

He was more popular now
than he had ever been before.

His new Reich contained
over 80 million Germans.

The humiliations of Versailles
were almost forgotten, but not quite.

In this euphoric mood, Hitler turned
his eyes towards Czechoslovakia.

He focused his demands on the Sudeten
Germans in the border areas,

proclaiming that they too,
as Germans, should be under his rule.

But not all German generals went along
with Hitler's ambitious expansion plans.

Some, like General Beck, were
frightened that he was leading Germany

into another world war.
They secretly communicated this to the British.

From then on, of course,
Beck and that group of generals -

they didn't represent all the generals -

kept in touch with us by underground means.

They used to come through me
and it was the sort of thing of,

''If only you and the French will stand up
to Hitler, then we'll do something.''

And we said, ''Hadn't you better start
doing something and we can help?''

But as Hitler went on
having success after success,

the possibility of this group of generals
getting rid of him became less and less.

As Germany threatened Czechoslovakia,

the British Prime Minister,
Neville Chamberlain, tried to prevent war.

The crisis grew as twice he met Hitler

and on each occasion
Hitler increased his demands.

Finally, Chamberlain left for one last meeting
on 29th September, 1938.

When I was a little boy,

I used to repeat,

''If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again.''

That's what I am doing.

When I come back,

I hope I may be able to say,

as Hotspur says in ''Henry IV'',

''Out of this nettle danger,
we pluck this flower safety.''

(CHEERING)

Chamberlain sat alongside Ribbentrop,
now German Foreign Minister,

as the motorcade made its way
to the conference hall in Munich.

Finally, an agreement was reached,
brokered by Mussolini and G�ring.

Hitler could have the Sudetenland

as long as he promised
this was his final territorial demand.

Chamberlain, naturally,

knew public opinion in Britain.
That's not the Foreign Office's job.

He knew public opinion in the Dominions,
which mattered a good deal,

and felt, I think quite rightly, really,

that public opinion would not understand

getting involved as an ally of France,
so to speak, in a war with Germany

in Europe, to prevent Germans
being attached to other Germans.

But Hitler was still disgruntled.

Shortly after the agreement was signed,
he was saying he had been tricked.

I heard that...say...
the day after the Munich conference,

by some people who had been

in the same hotel with Hitler
or with his surrounding people,

adjutants and so on, and Ribbentrop and so on,

and they said that Hitler had the idea
that he had failed to get his war,

that he had taken...

One German soldier took a home movie camera
as he entered the Sudetenland

and filmed scenes reminiscent
of the victorious German entry into Austria

just six months previously.

German army officers were ecstatic, too.

They now controlled the Czech
border defences - the barbed wire,

pillboxes and minefields with which
the Czechs had sought to defend their country.

The rest of Czechoslovakia now lay naked
in front of the German Army

and their Commander-in-Chief, Adolf Hitler.

Hitler asked the ageing President Hacha
of Czechoslovakia to Berlin in 1939 for talks.

Hitler humiliated Hacha by keeping him waiting.

He was busy that evening watching
one of Goebbels' romantic comedies -

''A Hopeless Case''.

- Papa, Papa!
- Jenny!

(SHIP'S HORN BLOWS)

Hitler eventually saw Hacha
at 1.15 in the morning.

He announced that in a few hours' time
German troops would invade his country.

At 4 a.m., the distraught Hacha signed
over the Czech people into Hitler's ''care''.

As dawn broke, Hitler held a celebration.

Manfred von Schroeder was there.

That was a sort of private party
and a sort of victory party with champagne.

Hitler had his mineral water.

It was amazing to see how he behaved
when he was among his friends, alone,

and hadn't to behave like a statesman.

So he was sitting first of all like this.

Everything here open, hair's like this.

Drinking his mineral water.

And then the interesting thing -
talking like this the whole time.

In the meantime, he dictated to two secretaries
a proclamation to Germany

and another proclamation
to the Czechoslovak people

and a letter to Benito Mussolini
to be transmitted by the Prince of Hesse.

All at the same time.

I was a youngster of 24, so that's how
a genius looks at home, you know?

The German troops who assembled
to cross into the Czech Republic

were about to take a momentous step.

This boundary post marks the old border

between the Sudetenland
and the rest of Czechoslovakia.

By crossing this line, Hitler showed
that his claim that he wanted only

to unite German speakers was a sham.

This country had never been German
and had no German-speaking majority.

This was an invasion.

Gone were the cheering faces
of Austria and the Sudetenland.

This time the German military parade
was watched by a silent crowd.

Hitler visited Prague and its castle,

the old residence of the Czech kings,

less than 24 hours after he had first
made his demands to President Hacha.

Looking over Prague, Hitler was full of joy.

But not all Nazi supporters
were as pleased as their F�hrer.

That changed the whole history.
It was clear Hitler was an imperialist

and wanted to conquer
whatever he wanted to conquer.

It had nothing more to do

with the self-determination of the German people.

That was the sort of task one could accept,
but this was really terrible.

And, of course, this came
as a great shock to Chamberlain

because he thought at least Hitler
would consult him before doing anything.

It opened Chamberlain's eyes.

It was rather like Saul
on the road to Damascus, in some ways.

The British knew
that Hitler's next demand would be

for the return of former German territory
in Poland. Chamberlain pledged to resist.

If an attempt were made

to change the situation by force,

in such a way
as to threaten Polish independence,

why, then,

that would inevitably start a general conflagration

in which this country would be involved.

Hitler demanded
the return of Danzig to Germany,

a city that sat
in the so-called Polish corridor of land

between East Prussia and Germany.

As the crisis intensified,
Hitler retreated to the Berghof.

Hitler's dream of a grand alliance
with Britain lay in ruins.

In its place he faced war with Britain
and France if he invaded Poland.

He needed a radical solution to his problems.

(NEWSREEL) Von Ribbentrop
leaving Berlin for Moscow ushers in

a new, incomprehensible chapter
in German diplomacy.

What can Russia have in common
with Germany to throw over the peace front?

Since spring 1939, on the back of trade
negotiations with the Soviet Union,

the Nazis had been making
tentative moves towards an alliance.

On 23rd August, 1939, Ribbentrop
signed a non-aggression pact

with the Soviet Union, which protected
Hitler from fighting a war on two fronts.

A secret part of the pact guaranteed
Stalin a share in the spoils

once Hitler invaded Poland.

Hitler was now allied to his ideological enemy.

At the same moment as the pact
was being signed in Moscow,

Hitler stood with his guests
on the Berghof terrace and stared at the sky.

A Hungarian woman in Hitler's entourage

looked at the sky and spoke to her F�hrer.

On 1st September, 1939,
Germany invaded Poland.

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