All language subtitles for Cunk.On.Earth.S01E01.In.The.Beginnings.720p.NF.WEB-DL.DDP5.1.H.264-SMURF

This is our planet. Planet Earth.

It's a planet I'm literally on right now.

And unless you're watching this
on a long-haul flight

or while falling off a building,

chances are, you are too.

This is the incredible story of how
humankind transformed our world

from being a load of pointless nature
like this

to full of modern things like this,

and how it did it
using nothing more than its hands

and its imagination, and also tools,
and electricity, and the Internet.

It's a journey that will take me
to every corner of the globe

money and pandemic
travel restrictions would allow.

Getting up close to some of our species'
most stunning achievements.

And I'll be asking questions…

Who are you?

…to leading academics,
clevernauts and expertists

who will help me unlock
the mystery of human civilization.

Why do they say it's a mystery
how the pyramids were built

when it's obviously just
big bricks in a triangle?

This is not just the story
of the planet we live in.

This is the story of the world we live on.
Or both.

So join me, Philomena Cunk,

for a landmark look
at the world we built together.

This is Cunk on Earth!

For billions of years,
there was no civilization on Earth.

Just animals, plants and gases
getting on and mingling.

Must have been beautiful, but also boring.

Until along came a creature that would
change all that: human man.

Was early man similar to us?

I mean, was he made out of
the same sort of meat that we are?

You know, was it… Did it have
a brand name like beef or pork?

Far as we can tell, they were made
out of the same stuff as us.

All we have is bones, of course.
And they're exactly the same as our bones.

We can only assume that the bones were
encased in flesh, something like ours.

But I'm not aware of any kind of
brand name that they would have had.

- So it would have just been flesh?
- Just flesh, I think, yes.

It would be hard to come up with
a brand name for human flesh, wouldn't it?

Horfe?

We often assume early men were stupid

because they had big eyebrows
and said "ugg."

But in fact,
they were pioneering inventerers.

They were the first men to use tools,

which is something most men
have forgotten how to do today,

which is why they have to get
someone in, a real man.

How did early man make tools
whilst walking on all fours?

Well, we don't think that
they walked on all fours for too long.

We're pretty sure
they were walking upright

for at least the last two million years.

So did they make the tools
with their front legs or their hind legs?

I don't think humans have ever been good
at making things with their feet.

So, yes, it would have been the front legs
they used for making tools.

Right. So in leg terms,
it would have been their top legs.

Yes, I think they would certainly have
used the "top legs" for making tools,

or arms and hands, as we call them today.

One thing they did invent was fire,

which allowed them to see at night
and kept them warm,

tragically prolonging
their already tedious lives.

But they had to invent something to do
during the long, boring evenings.

And that something was art.

I'm entering a cave, not by mistake
or because I'm a wolf,

but because I've been specifically asked
to come here by the producers,

to look at cave art.

Cave paintings like these

are one of the first examples
of civilization on Earth.

Don't worry, it gets better.

Early cave artists started out painting
whatever was close to hand,

like their hands.

Then they branched out into stories.

Initially, just boring stories
about cows standing still.

But soon they began creating
white-knuckle fight scenes like this:

Humans Versus Cows 2D.

To a caveman, this was the thrilling
equivalent of Fast and Furious Part 7.

Have any of the cave paintings
been adapted into films?

Suppose they couldn't get the rights
anyway, though, could they?

Filmmaking obviously arose much, much
later than the end of the cave paintings.

So there hasn't been a cave wall
that's been like,

"Oh my God, that's an incredible story."

"We need to get Steven Spielberg
to make this."

It would be hard to come up with a story
that would last an hour and a half

based on just one panel in a cave.

Some believe these violent images
were painted as a religious act

intended to bring good luck
in upcoming battles.

We don't know why humankind
was at war with the cows,

and tragically, we never will.

In fact, we'll probably never even know
the name of the artist or these cows,

because whoever painted this
is almost certainly dead now.

Hunting animals every day
was a pain in the arse

until someone came up with the idea
of also eating plants,

which were easier to catch
because they couldn't run away.

This simple act of laziness
led to the invention of farming,

a huge leap forwards,
which was now more dangerous

because you might land
on one of the farming implements

that were suddenly lying around.

The early farmers grew wheat
and learnt to bake bread.

They also grew barley, peas and lentils

so they could have made a passable
vegan burger to put inside the bread.

But luckily they didn't have to.

Because they'd also invented this,
the fence,

a high-tech wooden machine
for containing animals.

Humans quickly enslaved
sheep, chickens, goats

and their number-one enemies, the cows.

Farms became a lot like zoos,
except, of course, in a zoo,

you can't pick out an animal you like
the look of and kill it and eat it.

Unless perhaps the zoo itself
is struggling financially

and the owner's lost all hope.

Humans turned animals
they couldn't eat or ride

into pets if they were pretty enough.

Early man domesticated dogs
for companionship.

And cats, for whatever we have cats for.

This was the first time in history
life could be described as cozy.

People lived in proper houses,
which soon grew to become cities.

It's hard to believe I'm walking through
the ruins of the first ever city,

because I'm not.

That's in Iraq,
which is miles away and fucking dangerous.

But the remains of it
look pretty much like this,

so you'd never know
I wasn't actually there

if I wasn't telling you now by accident.

Today it's just a dismal load
of bricks and dust.

But if you use a modern computer
to simulate what it used to look like,

the results are nothing
short of breathtaking.

Civilization had begun.

Who invented civilization?

Civilization wasn't something
that was invented

or something that started abruptly.

We talk about civilization
once humans started agriculture,

once they started building cities
and creating laws.

That was something that happened gradually

in different parts of the world
rather than just being invented suddenly.

Yeah, so it wasn't just one man
who wanted to remain anonymous.

No.

'Cause that would be something
we shouldn't go along with if it was.

Do you mean we shouldn't go along…

If it's one man
who wants to remain anonymous,

there's something a bit shifty
about that, isn't there?

So civilization was invented
in Mesopotamia

by person or persons unknown.

But whoever they were,
they were way ahead of their time.

Did the Mesopotamians have any of
the same things that we have today?

- Yes.
- Like what?

Weapons, jewelry, temples, animals.

Oh, right. No, I meant like feet
and eyebrows and that sort of thing.

- Yes.
- They did?

They had the whole set of organs, holes,
bits that work together

and bits on the outside,
bits on the inside.

So they had the same number of holes
and everything.

As far as science is in a position
to reassure you, yes.

One of their most significant killer apps
was something we still use to this day:

the circle.

Wheels might look complicated
to the likes of you,

but the way they work is actually simple.

The circle bit here revolves around
a sort of sticky-out bit in the middle,

and then as the wheel skin here
pushes against the ground,

the pressure rolls the entire planet
back and away from you,

giving you the impression
that you're moving forward,

which, incredibly, you actually are.

The wheel allowed people
to travel around trading things,

but first they needed to count
how many things they owned.

And that led
to the tragic invention of maths.

Let's talk maths and numbers.

Were numbers
worth less back in ancient times

or did they have the same value
as now, only bigger?

Numbers had the same value
as they do now in ancient times, yeah.

People still needed to count things.

And did they have
the same number of numbers as we do?

You know, from 1 to 700,
with 700 being the biggest number?

700 has never been the biggest number.
You can count to as many as you like.

No, no, I saw a thing on YouTube.
After 700, numbers repeat.

They just give them different names
so you think they're still going up.

Do you want me to send it to you?

With numbers going as high,
but no higher than, 700,

people needed something
to help them count.

That's where this came in.
It's called "a-bacus."

Using "a-bacus," our ancestors could count
how many possessions they owned.

It was a short step from this

to the invention of money,
in the form of cash.

Ancient people invented currency
to make life on Earth easier,

but in doing so,
they inadvertently invented capitalism,

which is gonna kill everyone.

Sorry, that's not a question.
It's just something I read on Twitter.

Having conquered numbers,

humankind moved on to something
even more boring by inventing writing.

Was the invention of writing
a significant development

or more of a flash in the pan,
like rap metal?

I think once writing was thought up,
once it appeared in the world,

it was unstoppable.

So it was much, much bigger
than rap metal then?

- Yes, much bigger.
- What about acid jazz?

Um… hmm…

I still would put writing ahead of it.

No, I just wondered what you thought
of acid jazz.

What's this?

It's a cast.
It's not the real thing.

It purports to stand in for a Mesopotamian
clay tablet written in cuneiform writing,

the first kind of writing that appeared
in the world, writing on clay tablets.

As books go, I have to say
it's quite a boring cover, isn't it?

It doesn't even look
like it opens properly.

Are you one of the people
that judges a book by the cover?

- Yeah, I am.
- Well, that's a sad and misguided view.

If someone shouted this aloud,

would that have been
the first audio book?

No.

Writing changed the world.

Suddenly ideas didn't have to disappear

just because the person
whose head they were trapped in had died.

Instead, you could
convert your ideas into writing,

and then anyone else could come along

and upload those ideas
into their own brain

by wirelessly importing them
through their eyes.

Incredibly, despite being invented
thousands of years ago,

writing still exists today,

underneath video clips
that we watch online.

It's here you'll also find another kind of
handmade language that still endures:

emoji.

Or as the ancient Egyptians who invented
them called them, hieroglyphics.

They told whole stories
in hieroglyphic code.

It's like a more coherent Marvel comic.

Rather than being put up in public
where living people could enjoy them,

these Egyptian comic strips
were painted on the walls of tombs

to entertain dead people.

And those tombs lay beneath
some of the most recognizable,

not to mention pointiest,
buildings in history.

I'm talking about the pyramids.

Looking at the pyramids today,

it's impossible not to be struck
by the thought

that they're basically big triangles
with a sort of square arse.

There's probably a word for that shape,
but no one knows what it might be.

It's one of the many timeless
mysteries of the pyramids.

Why are pyramids that shape?

Is it to stop homeless people
sleeping on them?

I don't think they had many
homeless people in ancient Egypt.

Did they not?

No, no, people looked after each other,
I think, and helped each other.

Right. I suppose it's good
with rain as well,

because it'll just roll off.

How did Egyptians build the pyramids?

Did they start at the top and work down
or start at the bottom and work up?

They had to start at the bottom
and work up because

it would be impossible
to start at the top and work down.

The Egyptians believed

the most significant thing
you could do in your life was die.

And the more important you were,
the more complicated your death had to be.

Egyptian kings were known as pharaohs,

and when they died, they'd get turned
into mummies of Scooby-Doo fame.

The ancient Egyptians were obsessed
with dead people, weren't they?

But they're all dead themselves now.
So do you think they still feel that way?

The ancient Egyptians
weren't obsessed with dead people,

but actually they were obsessed with life.

They wanted to be alive,

and they wanted to make sure that
when they died, they came alive again.

And that's why they did mummification.

So how did they mummify people?
Talk me through the process.

Uh, you'd get your dead body
and you'd lay it out on a table

and then you'd wash it,

and then you'd start
by removing the brain.

And then they would cut open
down the middle of the body

and they would take out anything
that they thought would rot.

And then they would cover it
in salt and dry it out,

and then they would wrap it in bandages,
and then that would be a mummy.

So the kind of spa treatment that
Gwyneth Paltrow has on a weekly basis.

Has a mummy ever ridden a bicycle?

Not that I know of, no.

But the ancient Egyptians
didn't have bicycles.

- Right.
- They didn't even have roads.

So they couldn't have a bicycle
because they couldn't ride a bicycle.

I don't know why I asked that.

I just couldn't think
of anything else to say.

While the pharaohs of Egypt
left a legacy of temples and tombs,

across the water,

an even more impressive empire
was appearing.

Greece, the country, not the musical,

was where
the birth of civilization was born.

The ancient Greeks invented lots of things
we still have today,

like medicine and olives,

and lots of things that have died out,
like democracy and pillars.

As well as these impressive ruins,
the ancient Greeks also developed culture

in the form of yoghurt
and theatre in all its tedious forms.

The Greeks were into tragedies.

In a tragedy, sad things happen
like people dying or killing themselves.

But the ancient Greek tragedies
happened ages ago.

Are the things
that happened in them still sad?

They are still sad

because what the tragedies tell
are stories about humans,

who we can relate to in some cases.

But it was so long ago. Why should I care?

Well, again, tragedy is often
about human situations.

Even today,
if you found out that by accident

you'd killed your own father and married
your mother, you'd be quite upset,

um, just as Oedipus was.

Maybe I'm cold, but I just don't give
a shit about people in ancient Greece.

That's a shame.

- Do you?
- I do care quite a lot. Yeah, it's my job.

My mate Paul wrote a story about a man
who got a new potato stuck up himself

following an ill-advised sex game.

And he wrote that
in the form of a limerick.

No one died, but it sounds horrendous.

Is that a tragedy,

or would the potato have to take root
and kill him for it to qualify?

It sounds like
a very unfortunate incident.

I'm not sure it has
a more timeless relevance

that might make it a tragedy.

Paul said it really happened as well.

Honestly, he's had such
a time of it lately.

He really needs a holiday.

The Greeks also created a kind of theatre
for stupid people, known as sport.

They started the Olympic Games
without inviting other countries

to ensure Greece would win.

The contenders at these early Olympics
took part completely naked,

partly because an athletic physique
was considered a virtue,

but mainly because Lycra wasn't available.

I heard that at the early Olympics,
athletes had to compete in the nude.

So they did compete naked.

And there are writings about this
being quite an erotic sight in some cases.

With wrestling,
with all that wriggling about,

they'd have seen right up
their bumholes and everything.

Couldn't they censor it for people
watching it in the auditorium,

modesty patches or something,

or ask people to close their eyes
each time someone bends over?

I think that probably
wouldn't have worked.

But you'd have seen
right up their bumholes.

In some cases people might have done.

Did Zeus really approve of that?

But perhaps the most famous form
of wrestling the Greeks invented

was mental wrestling.

Philosophy is basically
thinking about thinking,

which sounds like a waste
of time because it is,

although a philosopher might argue
that that time they've wasted

never existed in the first place,

at which point you'd probably
give up talking to them

and open a packet of biscuits.

These are the ancient Greek philosophers.

Not the actual ones,
they'd be a load of dust and bones now.

Maybe some teeth if you're lucky.

These are just clever simulations
made of rock.

The Greek philosophers came up with
bold new theories about life on Earth.

That's why we still know
their names today,

even though they haven't put out
any new material in ages.

Socrates,

Pythagoras,

this one,

him.

And this is Plato.

As you can see, even now, centuries after
his death, he's still deep in thought,

concocting clever theories in his head.

If only we could hold a microphone
to the side of his brain

and hear them for ourselves, but we can't.

And even if we could, they'd be in Greek,

which no one
on our production team can speak.

Plato handed his wisdom on to a student

who would become one of the most
influential thinkers of all time:

Aristotle.

Aristotle said a lot of
clever things, didn't he?

My favorite is, "You've got to dance
like nobody's watching."

It's so true,
and you can apply it to anything.

Because my confidence
is quite brittle at times,

and I know I come across
as quite confident,

but sometimes when I'm talking to experts,

I worry that, you know,
I might come across as a bit stupid.

And when I think of
"dance like no one's watching,"

that really helps me, you know?

It's like a gift.

What made Aristotle think of that?

I'm not aware that Aristotle said
that particular thing

about dancing when no one's watching.

- I don't think he said that.
- He did, didn't he?

If he did, I don't know
and I don't know why,

but I don't think he did.

Is there something similar
that he might have said,

um… about...
Something about one's confidence?

Um…

- I don't think so.
- Right.

Okay.

Experts may disagree
over what they actually said,

but there's no doubt these Greek pioneers
changed the way we think.

Did a philosopher ever think of an idea
so big it split their head open?

Not that I'm aware of.

You know how the human brain
is full of pipes? Philosophers...

- I'm not.
- You didn't know about that?

- I didn't know about that.
- Okay, well, the brain's full of pipes.

You know how philosophers
have these thoughts,

and they try and push these thoughts
through these pipes?

When you're having a big idea,

is it best to break it up into lots of
little thoughts, about the size of peas,

and squeeze them through
in quick succession,

or just bite the bullet and force it
through your mind pipe in one huge clod,

like gritting your teeth
and thinking for dear life?

Well, that's a very interesting way
of describing

two general tendencies in philosophy.

One, the more analytic style,

which means cutting problems up
into bite-sized portions…

Peas.

…and the other a more synthetic approach

which takes on a larger perspective.

So your characterization is, in fact,

a rather intriguing delineation

of two major strands
in current philosophy.

- Is that good?
- Excellent.

Great.

Meanwhile, ancient Greece was being
spread across the globe by this man,

Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great became a king at 20,

conducted a military campaign
throughout the Middle East,

and had an empire stretching
all the way from Greece to India

by the time he was 30.

What did his hair look like?

I don't know.

And Alexander wasn't
the only megastar with his own empire.

Huge swathes of China
had been unified by Qin Shi Huang,

the first cartoon character
to found his own empire

and build the Great Wall of China.

They say the Great Wall of China
is the only landmark audible from space.

Yeah, you can't… you can't hear it.

And they say that you can see it
from space, but it's not true.

- They've tried.
- So you can't see it from space.

Chinese astronauts have tried to see
the Great Wall and they can't.

They can't see it. So it's invisible.
It's an invisible wall, like a forcefield.

It's only invisible from space.
On the ground you can certainly see it.

That's so weird, isn't it?
Is that one of the great mysteries?

And do we know if China has a roof?
Is there a great roof of China?

No, no great roof.

The Chinese empire was
a powerhouse of intense creativity

and philosophical thought,

captured in historical documents
produced centuries

before the release of unrelated Belgian
techno anthem "Pump Up the Jam."

The Greeks had an empire
and the Chinese had an empire.

But when most of us think of the word
"empire," we think of the big one,

Star Wars… or Rome.

And this is history,
so it's Rome, I'm afraid.

Its empire rose to supremacy
under the leadership of Julius Caesar,

the most notorious Roman until Polanski.

One of the reasons we still know a lot
about the Romans today is Wikipedia.

And the reason Wikipedia knows
a lot about the Romans

is because of what happened in Pompeii.

Pompeii was so advanced,
it had its own volcano,

which is Latin for "angry hill."

For years, humans and the volcano
lived in harmony,

until one fateful day they fell out
and the volcano went off,

burying Pompeii
beneath a thick layer of ash.

Everyday life was frozen in its tracks

as though someone had magically
stopped the hands of time

and then shat dust everywhere.

It was deadly at the time,
but on the bright side,

it gave archaeologists a treasure trove of
information about how the Romans lived.

Thanks to the volcano, we know everyday
Romans had grey skin, were totally bald,

and spent their time lying around
inside their shockingly dusty houses.

But it also preserved glimpses
of how sophisticated Roman life was,

with creature comforts
like indoor plumbing and cunnilingus.

The Roman Empire
was years ahead of its time.

People think the Romans
invented loads of things,

but often they only perfected things
that other people had made.

I'll say some things and you tell me
if the Romans invented them

or just perfected them.

Right? Invented or perfected.

Test me.

- Underfloor heating.
- Invented.

Ding!

- The calendar.
- Perfected.

You wallied.
That means you can't answer the next one.

Roads.

Well, the roads were invented by Persians
and plenty of people knew about roads.

You wallied anyway,
you can't answer that one.

- Oh, right.
- Concrete.

Invented.

Ding!

The alphabet.

Definitely did not invent it, and probably
didn't really perfect it either.

I mean, that's sort of…

- Gotta pick one.
- Have I?

Yeah.

Um… I mean, perfected is wrong...

Ding! Anal bleaching.

- What?
- Anal bleaching.

Anal bleaching?

Um…

- I've no idea what they would have done.
- Go on, give it a go.

- I don't know what it is.
- It's when they bleach your arse.

- Really?
- Yeah. Lighten it up.

Not around my way, they don't.
But anyway, I've no idea with that. Pass.

Invented or perfected, you can't pass.

- Bleaching?
- Yep. Bleaching the arsehole.

Um… okay. Well, I'll say
they invented it, but…

Just a few hundred thousand years ago,

humans had been living in caves
like animals.

Now, following a series of technological
and cultural breakthroughs,

we were living in cities, like people.

Looking around ancient Rome,
our ancestors could have been forgiven

for feeling almost as smug
as James Corden.

But little did the Roman Empire know

it was about to come up
against its biggest challenge:

a man of peace, Jesus Christ Almighty,
street name: son of God.

Next time,
we look at religion and how it spread.

Like memes, but with a whole lifestyle
and clothing line attached.

And we'll be looking at two of the most
important books in history:

the Bible and the Koran,

and finally answering the question,
which is best?