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And we're back.

Hi, guys, in this lesson, we are going to learn about fiber optic cable, so we're going to get right

to it.

So what our fiber optic cables, so fiber optic cables, her type of cable?

All right.

But you got to get this.

The core part is made of glass or sometimes plastic, where the light signal is sent.

And the acrylic coating applied on the core covered in the desired colors and placed in loose and tight

tubes reinforced with glass, fiber and kevlar as a strength element.

And containing a protective outer sheath.

So, yeah, fiber optic cables use light signals as opposed to electrical signals to send their data.

Fiber optic is a type of cable similar to an electric cable, but containing one or more fiber optics

used to carry light.

So optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective

tube suitable for the environment where the cable is going to be placed, it suitable for indoor and

outdoor use, as well as underground and overhead use between poles.

So where are you going to see fiber optic cables actually used?

Well, fiber optic cables are used in numerous applications involving voice video and data transmission.

For example, it's used by commercial enterprises, governments, the military and many other industries.

In fact, here are some sample usage areas closed circuit television systems, data transmission.

LAN and Wang and multimedia applications, connections between switchboards, connecting active network

devices at high speeds, connecting devices at long distances, on billboards in devices used in medicine,

in places where nuclear power plants and radioactive beams disrupt communication.

In low speed applications where electrical noise is high, also in applications that require point to

point security.

Fiber optic cables can be attached to communication equipment and patch panels to provide a physical

connection to a network or device.

So how would you design a fiber optic cable?

Well, fiber optic cables consist of a core selected for internal reflection and a coating layer.

The coating layers usually covered with a layer of acrylic.

This coating protects the fiber core from damage and allows for easy fibers selection when there are

multiple fibers in the same tube.

But this acrylic dye does not add to the optical waveguide properties.

Individually coded fibers are placed in a tight or loose tube.

These tubes can be turned into a single tube or multi tube cable as needed in multi tube cables.

The tubes are twisted in the S and Z directions around the central member to form the cable core.

Kevlar, or glass fiber, is used to provide the desired tension on the cable core.

However, it can be single sheet or multi shield, as well as metal containing armour or metal three

armoured options.

And as a last layer, it is covered with a special outer sheath material and converted into a cable.

For indoor applications, the fiber is usually coated with a flexible and strong strength members such

as Kevlar to form a simple cable.

Each end of the cable is terminated with a special fiber optic connector for easy connection.

For use in more demanding environments.

A much more robust cable structure is required.

The fiber is enclosed in the semi tight tubes that allow it to be stretched without straining it.

This protects the fiber from stress when it's installed and due to temperature changes.

Fiber tubes can be a gel free tight tube or a gel filled loose tube.

A critical issue and outdoor cabling is to prevent water contamination of the fibre.

This is achieved through the use of solid barriers such as copper tubes and water repellent gel or water

absorbing powder surrounding the fibre.

Fiber core dimensions, fiber properties show core and cladding diameters is a ratio, multimode fiber

is usually used at sixty two point five to one, 25 or 50 to 125 microns.

Single mode fiber as nine to 125 microns.

Fiber optic core types.

There are two types of fiber optic cables used today multimode and single mode multimode fiber optic

cables have an outer diameter of 125 micrometers and a core diameter of around 50 micrometers.

And the traveling light travels through multiple paths, receiving and sending data is slower and shorter

distance than single mode, fiber optic cable, single mode fiber optic cables, on the other hand,

are reduced to less than 10 micrometers in diameter to allow only one type of propagation.

And all of the traveling light travels in a single path.

They transmit high capacity information better than multimode fiber because this signal has no propagation

and no propagation by hitting the coating multimode fiber optic.

They have a core diameter of about 50 microns and sixty two point five microns.

They transmit infrared laser light with a wavelength between 850 and 3500 nanometres as the optimum

value.

It is the most used cable type because its production cost is more affordable.

The amount of loss is higher than single mode cables.

Multimode fiber optic cable is generally preferred in a local area network for data transmission.

Multimode fiber optic cables do not require high sensitivity connectors, as the large core diameter

allows for a large margin of error.

In this way, more economical connectors, parts and active elements are used compared to single mode

cable.

Inexpensive LEDs are used for light transfer and sensing and multimode cables.

Multimode fiber optic cables are produced in two forms.

Sixty two point five, one, 25 and 250 micron core diameter sheath diameter coating diameter and 50

125 250 microns core diameter sheath diameter and coating diameter.

According to the core diameters.

Multimode fiber optic cables are divided into two groups, according to their index structure.

One step index multimode fiber.

A multimode fiber arrangement with a step index is similar to a single mode fiber arrangement.

The difference is that the central core is much wider bandwidth of step index.

Multimode fiber is 10 to 15 megahertz per kilometre or more.

This type of fiber has a larger light fiber opening, thus allowing more light to enter the cable.

Light rays striking the boundary between the core and the protective envelope at an angle greater than

the critical angle propagate in a zig zag pattern in the core and are constantly reflected from the

boundary.

Light rays striking the core protective envelope boundary at an angle less than a critical angle.

Enter the protective envelope and disappear.

It can be seen that there are multiple paths that a light beam can follow when propagating in the fiber.

As a result, not all light rays follow the same path.

So they do not travel the distance from one end to the other in the same amount of time.

Two graded index multimode fiber.

The graded index of the core in the structure of the multimode fiber varies depending on the radius.

That is when viewed from the outside with very sensitive and powerful microscopes.

It is in concentric rings from the inside out.

Each of these rings has a different index of refraction and the index of refraction decreases as you

go from the inside out.

In other words, the largest index in the center and the smallest index in the outermost.

The number of these layers varies, according to the manufacturer.

Usually, the number of these layers is between 50 and 400.

Light that goes directly at the center travels little, however, here the index is large.

In the outer layers, the distance traveled by the outgoing light is greater.

However, since the index is small in these layers, the speed of light varies inversely with the index

appearance.

Therefore, all lights converge at certain nodal points.

There is a delay between pulses at the receiving end.

However, the latency step index is less than that of multimode fibers in this type of fiber, the bandwidth

ranges from 200 to 300 megahertz per kilometre to five to six gigahertz per kilometre.

Multimode fiber optic advantages and disadvantages.

During fibre optic termination application, thanks to the larger core diameter fibre ends are more

easily aligned, providing shorter termination is one of the multi-mode fibre optic advantages.

Due to its limited speed, it is limited, especially in large sized applications, which is a multimode

fiber optic disadvantage.

The connectors, components and active elements used are more economical than single mode cables, which

is an advantage of multimode fiber optics.

Cable prices are more expensive than single mode cables approximately by two times, which could be

considered a disadvantage.

Cheaper LEDs are used for a light transfer in sensing.

Which is another advantage of multimode fiber optics.

Access distances are very short compared to single mode cables, which would be considered a disadvantage

of multimode fiber.

Types of multimode fiber optic cables.

Multimode fibers were originally produced in various sizes for use in a variety of sources, but the

data industry sixty two point five to one 25 fiber, which was standardized in the mid 1980s at sixty

two point five core fiber.

Had a sixty two point five micron core and a 125 micron cladding.

Recently, an old fiber design was revived when Gigabyte and over 10 gigabyte networks became widely

used.

Fifty one, 25 fiber lasers were used for radio applications from the late 70s before single mode fibers

were available.

Fifty one, twenty five Fiber Omar two standard offers higher bandwidth with laser sources used in local

networks and can allow gigabyte links to travel longer distances.

Today, the newer omega three or laser optimized 51 25 fiber is considered the best choice for multimode

applications.

O&M for fiber provides higher bandwidth for 10g plus networks.

O&M five is broadband multimode fiber optimized for wavelength division replication with V-C cell in

the 850 to 950 nanometer range.

Types include O&M, one orange color courses.

To sixty two point five microns, data rate, one gig at 850 Nanometres distance up to 300 meters.

Applications, short path networks, local area networks and private networks.

Sixty two point five, one 25 multimode fiber cable.

Home to orange color course eyes 50 microns, data rate one gig at 850 nanometres distance up to 600

meters.

Often used for shorter distances.

Two times the range capability of home one applications include short path networks, local area networks

and private networks.

Home to fiber optic multimode cable.

Ome three laser optimized multimode color is turquoise core size 50 micron.

Data rate, 10 gigs at 850 Nanometres distance up to 300 meters.

Uses less speed mode provides increased speeds.

Can run 40 gigabytes or 100 gigabytes up to 100 meters using MPO connectors.

Applications, larger private networks.

10 gigabit laser optimized O three fiber optic cables.

O&M for laser optimized multimode color, violet causes 50 microns.

Data rate 10 gigabytes at 850 nanometres distance up to 550 meters.

Ability to run 100 meters up to 150 gigabytes using MPO connectors.

Applications, high speed networks, data centers, financial centers and enterprise campuses, O&M

for 50 micron multimode 10 giga 550 metre optimized cables.

What is home five?

According to ISO IEC, one one eight oh, one oh and five, fiber defines a wider wavelength range from

850 nanometres to 953 nanometres.

It was created to support short wavelength divisional replication or as EDM.

One of the many new technologies developed for 40 gigabit per second and 100 gigabit per second transmission.

In June of 2016.

And C Tier four nine to Tripoli, the new broadband multimode fiber standard was approved for publication.

And in October 2016, OMV Fiber was officially announced by the ISO IEC 11:08 001 for cabling with WMR

or broadband multimode fiber.

From now on, Ohm five could be a potential new option for data centers that require larger linked distances.

Single mode fiber.

They are thin, centered cables with a diameter of approximately nine microns and transmit infrared

laser light with a wavelength between 1300 and 1550 nanometres.

Since this cable core has a very small diameter of nine microns, there is only one path that light

can follow as it propagates in the cable.

There is only one light direction in the fiber that travels at a very specific wavelength.

Therefore, all light rays follow approximately the same path in the cable and travel the distance from

one end of the cable to the other in approximately the same time.

This is one of the most important advantages of single mode cables, in addition, since there is only

one light option in this cable type.

There is no emission.

This provides less propagation loss and more information carrying capacity.

Single mode, fiber optic advantages and disadvantages.

It can be used in very large systems, reaching distances up to 100 kilometers without any problems

is only one of the advantages of single mode fiber optics.

Due to the smaller core diameter, the fiber termination application becomes more laborious and long

lasting, which could be considered a disadvantage of single mode fiber optics.

It supports high bandwidth and high speeds up to 10 gigabits per second, which is definitely an advantage

of single mode fiber optic cable.

Due to its small core diameter, it needs perfect connectors, so connector and pigtail prices are very

expensive, which could be a disadvantage of single mode fiber optics.

The price of single mode fiber cable is two times cheaper than multimode cable.

Definitely an advantage when considering single mode fiber optics.

But much more expensive laser diodes are used in communication than just LEDs, which is a disadvantage

of a single mode fiber optics.

It is the only type of fiber optic cable used in long distance connections because of its very good

performance, a superior advantage of single mode fiber optics.

Yeah, single mode, fiber components, converter devices and active products are very expensive, which

is among one of the higher disadvantages of single mode fiber optics.

Fiber optic cable coating materials.

The coating material is application specific.

The material is resistant to UV radiation, oil and other chemical resistance.

It determines the mechanical strength caused by the reasons.

Today, PVC is predominantly replaced by halogen free alternatives due to stricter regulations.

LCF age polymer is halogen free, but its UV resistance is weak.

Therefore, it's good for indoor use polyethylene or p is halogen free.

It's got good UV resistance, so that makes it good for outdoor use.

Polyurethane or puia is halogen free.

Displays good UV resistant and makes highly flexible cables.

PBT is halogen free.

It displays media movie resistance, and that makes it good for indoor use.

Pay is also halogen free.

It's good in UV resistance, and that makes it good for both indoor and outdoor use.

Fiber optic color codes.

Fiber optic cables used indoors and outdoors are usually color coded to indicate the fiber type used

strain relief booting, which prevents fiber bending interconnector, is color coded to indicate that

type of connection.

A plastic sheathed connector such as an AC connector typically uses a color coded sheath.

The standard color codes for jackets or bumpers and boots or connector covers are orange for multimode

fiber optic, turquoise for all M3 or M4 10g laser optimized 51 25 micron multimode fiber optic.

Violet OAM for multimode fiber optic and yellow single mode optical fiber.

A few commonly used fiber connectors include a with a connection type that twists on fiber type is used

single mode and multimode with a Farrell type of PC and UPC fiber count of one.

Typical applications LAN interpretation with Switch.

Connector type, FC connection type, screw, fiber type, single mode, multimode Farrell type PC,

UPC, Apsey Fiber Count one.

Typical applications, Datacom, telecoms and other communications interpretation with Switch.

Connection type SC.

Click Fit Fiber Type, Single Mode, Multimode Feral Type PC, UPC, ABC, fiber count one.

Typical applications include KATV and test equipment interpretation with Switch.

Connector type, LC, the connection type, quick fit, RJ 45 style fiber type, single mode, multimode,

feral type PC, UPC, APC, fiber count one typical applications.

Gigabit Ethernet, video multimedia.

Interpretation, S.F. or small form factor?

Connector type, M.2 connection type, push pull, fiber type, single mode, multimode feral type PC,

UPC, APC, fiber count one.

Typical applications.

Medical military.

Interpretation, S.F. Small form factor.

Connector type M, T, R J Connection Type, Click Fit.

RJ 45 Style.

Fiber type, single mode multimode Farrell type not available.

Fiber count two typical applications gigabit Ethernet, asynchronous transmission mode or ATM.

Interpretation alignment lineman one must have mating connectors.

Connector type, MPO MTP connection type, push pull, fiber type, single mode, multimode feral type

and a.

Fiber count four, eight, 12, 16, 24.

Typical applications.

Active device transceiver connections for OEM modules, interpretation alignment.

One must have mating connectors.

Well, and that is it, we're done with this lesson, we learned a lot about fiber optics, what they

are, what their design is single and multimode fiber optic cables and the commonly used fiber connectors.

I hope you learned a lot.

But a lot of useful information anyway.

See in the next lesson.