Original subtitles

Well, hi, guys.

Hey.

So in this lesson, we are going to learn standard or otherwise known as copper cables.

All right.

Let's get started.

There's a lot to learn.

All right, so these days, copper twisted pair of cable environments are widely used as Ethernet transport

now generally and home or corporate networks, the connection between a computer and a switch or more

broadly between any two devices that need an Ethernet connection is made using a copper ethernet cable.

All right, so that's the stuff, you know?

But the most important factor when you use copper, even that cable is the distance.

Well, there's also cost.

But the longest distance determined for healthy data exchange over copper ethernet is 100 meters.

You got to step up to fiber optic as a transport media when you're going to try to reach distances exceeding

100 meters.

Now, while only one pair or two separate wires of this cable is sufficient for analog telephone lines,

for instance, use in the past two or four separate wires are combined into a cable that's used in the

Ethernet transport environment.

One pair of these is used to transmit data.

The other pairs used to receive data.

So why four pairs and eight wires?

All right.

Well, copper Ethernet cable consists of four cable pairs in total, right, so that eight copper wires,

we just mentioned that two pairs of wires are enough for data transmission.

So why use four pairs of wires?

Well, in fact, had we invented this cable, maybe we would have produced it with a total of four copper

cables just in case two pairs of cables were used to avoid waste.

But engineers thought the remaining two pairs could be used in the future.

So they designed a four pair Ethernet cable consisting of eight copper wires.

But as a matter of fact, we see that these pairs are also used to transfer energy to the opposite device

in power transmission or power applications over certain Ethernet cables used today.

However, we could probably say that these pairs are really not used that much in general applications.

And yes, some of us are kind of waiting for what that future use will be.

But if you ask which cables that were using copper cables numbered one to three and six are used in

Ethernet cable consisting of eight copper cable, so that means one and two are used for transmitting

and three and six for receiving data.

So why a twisted pair?

Remember, earlier we mentioned the transfer of data from one point to another is done at the bit level,

the physical layer and that is ones and zeros coded over a copper cable will be transmitted across an

electric current.

Right.

When you transmit electric current through copper cable, a magnetic field begins to form around the

copper cable.

That's just physics, right?

If you bring in multiple copper cables and they're paired up side by side in the same jacket or this

magnetic field effect on one copper cable starts to affect and then distort the signal passing over

all the other copper cables that are going along with it in parallel.

That's typically called a cross-talk effect.

So in order to minimize this magnetic field in that Ethernet cable, genius engineers discovered twisted

pair.

In other words, they discovered that their crosstalk effect is minimized when copper pairs that provide

data transmission are wrapped around each other in a twisted way.

So what's up with 100 meters?

Now, we all know, though, when electric current passes through a copper wire resistance occurs on

that wire, right?

And the transmitted signal, in turn, will weaken in direct proportion to that distance.

And in addition, remember the magnetic effect that we just talked about well.

That can also be caused within the external environment as well.

So it has been determined that the signal transmitted over copper ethernet cable can reach safely a

distance of just over 100 meters, and these are certified measurements depending on the cable type.

So the trouble free working distance has indeed been determined and certified to be 100 meters end of

story.

Now, today, it's possible to carry data well over 100 meters with some cables, depending on the environment,

but not guaranteed by the manufacturers.

Don't try it at home.

Or maybe try it if you're experimenting, but may or may not work.

Your mileage may vary.

Anyway.

What's the arrangement of the cable and how does it lay out?

Well, cable layout is very important when preparing an Ethernet cable, so you can't just run cable

randomly and expect it to work.

You got to use a way that's going to minimize a magnetic effect and comply with the standards.

So cables are actually colored for tracking purposes, and the standard colors are orange and white,

orange, green, white, green, blue, white, blue, brown, white, brown.

I'm glad you asked because there are actually two main standards in cable preparation when it comes

time for termination.

All right, so one of them is T 568 A. Yeah, there's two five six eight B.

Only difference between the two standards is it the transmit and receive pairs are interchanged.

So you can see that the orange and green are swapped between the two standards.

So generally, the two five six eight B standard is used in practice, but when you see signs of A and

B on different connectors and patch panels in the future, remember?

Check it out.

Do you need to be consistent with be or consistent with a.

Now, if you're asking how the numbers from one to eight are determined here.

Well, these numbers are the numbers from left to right when you hold the RJ 45 connector with the underside

of the RJ 45 connector inserted into the end of the cable facing us.

Contacts up, I like to say.

Now you are seeing a picture of an empty RJ 45 connector that has not been attached to the cable in.

This is a connector that has been fixed in accordance with the standards.

So no one indicates the leftmost pin and number eight indicates a rightmost pin.

So as you can see, the orange white pin is in the far left that is fastened according to the two five

six eight B standard.

Snell, let's take a look at the end of a cable with both ends terminated.

One Orange White, two orange, three green white blue, five Blue White, six green, seven Brown White

and eight brown.

Hey, watch out for the green wire.

You can see that the green pear is located on pins three and six.

And while the other cables are located next to each other.

Also note that in pairs, the first white cable comes first, then the main color cable, while the

blue pair includes the first blue, then the Blue White.

Flat cable cross cable.

All right.

So the new generation might not ever know what a cross cable is because all devices produced today are

automatically produced with a straight cross detection system, auto, MDI or MDA six.

Therefore, it's possible to make all kinds of connections using the flat cable pictured above.

However, the standards are as follows the Ethernet connection type on the ports of the user devices

like computers and routers and servers and stuff is installed in accordance with two five six eight

B as its standard.

So it means that I'm sending signals from pins one and two, right?

I'm transmitting and I'm receiving signals from pins three and six.

You see that?

Cool.

So the device in front of me needs to receive the signal that's being sent through the receiver pins

and then send the signal back through the transmit pins.

Now, if I use a flat cable while transmitting from my pins one and two, the signal that I send will

reach the one and two transmit pins.

The other device or vice versa.

So while I'm waiting for a signal from my pins three and six.

Well, the other device is going to wait for a signal from pins three and six and the transmissions

are going to take place.

So in fact, the signal that I send from pins wanted to should reach.

Receiving pins, three and six of the other device, or vice versa, the signal sent from pins one and

two by the other party should reach my three and six receiving pins.

You follow.

So here I'll need to produce a cable that will carry the signal that I send for my pins one and two

to the three and six ports on the other side.

That's why we call it the cross cable.

So if we take a look at across Cape.

Well, as you can see, the orange pairs located at PIN one and two on the right in are transferred

to the pin out on three and six on the left then.

Likewise, a green pairs on pins three and six at the right end are also connected to pins one and two

at the left in.

So to show it in a different way.

The ports on the Switch devices are designed to be one in two receiving and three and six sending automatically.

Therefore, you can directly connect a user device to the Switch device if you're going to connect the

user device to another user device or connect two switches together.

That's when you normally need to use a crossover cable.

However, just as I mentioned, almost all systems now have the feature automatically detecting the

exchange ports they adjust themselves according to the status of the systems that they're connected

to.

Freaking genius?

Yeah.

So now let's take another look at both cable sequences.

So here's some cable categories.

Copper Ethernet cables are divided into different categories, according to the amount of data that

they can carry, depending on the development of technology.

So the thickness of the copper wire used in the cable and technology used also will increase the amount

of data carried over the cable.

You'll see why here.

There's good old category one that is mostly used for analog telephone lines.

There's Category two and old technology, but the maximum data carrying capacity is four megabits per

second.

Category three.

Well, they're still in use today, and they're used in 10 based networks, but predominantly should

be left in the past because they support only up to 10 megabits per second.

Now we're getting into category four again, the old token is used in ring networks.

Supports up to 16 megabits per second, but you see how we're increasing in speed.

Category five supports up to 100 megabits per second.

Then you step up to Category five.

And that supports up to one gigabit per second.

Category six is the currently widely used cable type, and it supports up to one gigabit per second.

Now, let's talk about shielded, twisted pair or stop.

Now, earlier, we were talking about UTP that is unshielded, twisted pair cable.

But there's also step.

So these are cables that are made of shielded twisted pairs, and they're used, especially in data

centers.

So the characteristic of the shielded, twisted pair step is that there's actual aluminum foil wrapped

around the cable pairs.

There's also the addition of a grounding wire.

Well, thanks to this developed technology, the cable is protected from external magnetic effects and

any other external interference, so the amount of data carried over to the cable can be increased significantly.

So it's thanks to these features as STP cables can carry data up to 10 gigabits per second.

So an SDP cable looks like this.

The RJ 45 connector used to terminate the PSDB cable is also designed in accordance with the shielded

structure.

And here's a connector and what it looks like as steep cable is a more expensive technology than YouTube.

In addition, connect your termination to the cable and can only be done by using expert teams and equipment.

UTP, on the other hand, is relatively cheaper and has a structure that could be terminated easily.

So for this reason to stop, cable is generally used in data center infrastructures that require high

speed and reliability.

The psdp cabling standard used in data centers today is classified as Cat six A.

Or Cat seven.

All right, so that's a lesson up to here.

So we've now learned about these copper cables.

I hope you learned a lot without getting too bored.

Aha.

Anyway, I want to see in the next lesson.