Original subtitles

The story began here in the Austrian town of Braunau,

with a child born in this house, Adolf Hitler.

At his peak, the most popular ruler in Europe.

The child born here in Braunau, belonged to that handful of human beings,

who have clearly and decisively changed the history of the 20th century.

Linz, Austria, the site of the only memorial to the Hitler family.

The grave of Hitler's parents.

Nothing about his parents or Adolf's early life,

gave any hint of the extra ordinary career that was to come.

His father Alois was a stern short tempered custom's official who beat his son.

His mother Klara tried to protect him.

When she died young Adolf was broken by grief.

He kept her portrait with him for the rest of his life.

The infant Adolf was baptized and brought up as a Catholic.

At the age of 6 he entered the monastery school at Lambach.

Soon he was top of his class.

Hitler was a chorister at the Great Abby Church of Lumbach.

I used he said, "to intoxicate myself with the solemn splendor of the services."

Every day when he sang in the choir, he saw the memorial to an earlier abbot.

Above it was an emblem, which a quarter of a century later,

Hitler was to adopt for the Nazi Party, the Swastika.

In his teens Hitler became a moody adolescent.

At secondary school in Linz, he lost interest in most of his work.

His ambition was to go to Vienna and become an Artist or Architect.

Once there he produced architectural drawings and water colors like these.

Competent, but not good enough to win the place he longed for

at the Viennese Academy Of Fine Arts.

Little by little all Hitlers early ambitions in Vienna turned sour.

After the shock of being turned down twice

by the Academy of Fine Arts, he became a drifter.

Hitler later called his period in Vienna the most miserable time of my life.

Three of those miserable years,

were spent here in a Viennese back street at this hostile for homeless men.

In this depressing hostile, the future Fuhrer passed much of the day

sitting with other inmates churning out drawings of water colors

which earned him a modest income.

When he drifted from Vienna to Germany in 1913,

he was still dreaming of becoming a great Artist or famous Architect.

Munich, the first of August 1914.

A cheering crowd welcomes the outbreak of the First World War.

On the right is a photographer and among the crowd he's photographing,

is the 25 year old Adolf Hitler.

If you look at the tenacity of his service, I mean he's a fanatic.

And he petitioned King Ludwig III of Bavaria,

to enlist in what is referred to as the King's own regiment.

That's an elite Bavarian unit.

He was accepted, but put in the 16th Bavarian reserve infantry.

And World War One is a major influence on Hitler's life.

Now he served his basic training without complaining.

But he was always willing to offer his fellow comrades help.

He spoke about the evil of tobacco and alcohol to his fellow soldiers,

and they liked him because of his drawings that he did for them.

He would do sketches for them.

Remember he sketched and did a variety of things you know in his youth,

as he was trying to get into Art school.

So he really got along with his fellow soldiers.

At one point during the trench duties, in between 1914 - 1918,

he will have a dog, somebody going to steal from him.

During World War One Adolf Hitler

repeatedly, repeatedly volunteered for hazardous duty.

His first combat was October the 29th, 1914.

Hitler's unit lost 3,000 of its 3,600 men, after making 5 assaults on the enemy position.

Now Hitler had one of his sleeves shot off.

He walked out of a tent where he'd been talking with some men,

and a couple of seconds later a shell hits and blows it to kingdom come.

And for his fighting in this unit,

he was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd Class for Bravery, Bravery Under Fire.

And he was promoted to Corporal.

So this is a well deserved award.

Later, he became a runner, which meant he moved messages from the rear to the front,

and it's a very high mortality job.

And he liked it, he always liked that job.

Then in December, of 1914, when you have the famous Christmas truce,

on December the 25th, Hitler wouldn't leave his trench.

And his comment was, "such a thing should not happen in War time".

Then he told his buddies that participated, that they were wrong to get involved.

So no fun, while the war goes on, those are your enemies.

Now between 1914 - 1916, in the final stages of the Battle Of The Somme,

Adolf Hitler was wounded in the leg by a shell fragment.

This sent him back to Germany to recover.

And he's there for about 5 months.

Hitler could have stayed back in Germany, on light duty because of his wound,

but demanded to be sent back to the front.

So this... he's no shirker.

You've got to give the guy some due here for not being a chicken.

A lot of people, you know, look for a way to get out of there.

Then you have Hitler back again on trench duty,

and then he shows up again during the of course German offensives.

Now, during the Ludendorff offensives,

he was armed with a pistol and he captured five French soldiers.

And for that he received the Iron Cross 1st Class.

You didn't get those at any time in the war for free.

You can't dismiss his decorations.

He wins the Iron Cross 2nd Class in 1914, 1st Class in 1918,

and then in mid October he got another battle field decoration.

But he's never promoted because he had a Captain, Captain Fritz Wiedemann,

said he lacked the capacity for leadership.

You just can't make these statements.

As the war turned against Germany, he believed that the pacifists

and the shirkers, which were people trying to get out of duty, were losing the war.

And the thing that enraged him even worse is what is

referred to as "defeatism" in the ranks.

They're actually non-commissioned officers, who said it was stupid to keep fighting.

He beat one up.

So we have a Corporal beating up a non-commissioned officer,

and he doesn't get into trouble for it. He's a fanatic.

The end of the war Hitler was gassed by the British forces advancing their Ypres

in mid October 1918.

It bloated his face up, in particular his eyelids.

Constantly watering eyes, had a hoarse voice.

He then had this terrible pain, he referred to it "piercing pain in my eye socket".

He hated leaving the front to go to the hospital.

He considered it the happiest chapter in his life.

Being there, being something, being with people,

you know he had friends, and he had comrades while he was in the war.

He was not a loner.

He had the respect of his fellow soldiers.

He had purpose.

By early November Hitler's spirits had come back, and it's very common

for people who had been gassed to plunge into depression,

because they're concerned about being blind the rest of their lives.

On November the 9th, this is two days before the Armistice,

a local Pastor came to the hospital and told the patients that on November the 8th,

that the Kaiser had abdicated, and Germany was now a Republic.

And he told them that the war was lost.

Defeat was followed by a humiliating peace at Versailles.

The injustice of Versailles rankled with most Germans for the next 20 years.

Unable to accept that the German army had lost the war,

Hitler convinced himself that the soldiers had been stabbed in the back

by Communist revolutionaries and parliamentary Politicians.

The stab in the back he believed was part of a great Jewish conspiracy.

Suddenly Hitler discovered the greatest talent he possessed, the gift of public speaking.

He joined the small group of fanatical Nationalists in Munich.

They became the National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazis.

In 1921, Hitler became their leader.

The first film of the apprentice Fuhrer campaigning

shows him as still a rather awkward figure.

Not yet certain of his roll as Germany's Messiah.

In 1923, Hitler felt strong enough to try and seize power in Munich.

Emil Klein, the only stormtrooper still alive who marched with Hitler,

now retraces their steps.

Everything went well

until the marchers found armed Police blocking their exit from a narrow street.

"We were still singing as we marched down the street.

Suddenly, we heard shots being fired all around us.

Procession started.

We were speechless, we couldn't explain what had happened,

until word came from the front of the march saying Hitler was dead.

I saw men with tears in their eyes,

and I myself was very moved to, and had great difficulty keeping myself under control

Though Hitler in fact survived the hail of bullets,

he was arrested and locked in a cell in Landsberg prison.

At first he was so depressed, he refused to eat.

Then his confidence returned,

as he discovered that the failed uprising had made him a local hero.

At the trial Hitler rounded on his accusers.

He told the Judges, who gave him a prison sentence,

"history will tear to tatters the verdict of this court!"

You have been accused of 'High Treason' and called 'An Enemy Of The State'!

"If I am guilty of anything,

then I am guilty of fighting to defend the rights to the German people."

Herr Hitler, the court finds you Guilty of Treason.

You are hereby sentenced to a fine of 200 Gold Marks,

and 5 years in Landsberg prison.

You will...you will be eligible for parole in 9 months.

After the propaganda triumph at his trial,

Hitler set out to write the Bible of National Socialism.

He dictated much of the text here in his cell to his faithful follower, Rudolph Hoess.

On Saturday evenings, the other prisoners sat around

as Hitler read out the completed chapters to them.

The book as a whole, dwells on the great obsessions which had come to dominate

Hitler's political thought; the Jews, racism, living space for the German people,

the evils of communism and parliamentary democracy.

But it also includes Hitler's views on a variety

of other topics ranging from boxing to syphilis.

The amazing appeal Hitler was later to exer- cise, but on his mastery of the spoken word.

After prison, the Leader, or Fuhrer as he now called himself, had a new political strategy.

Instead of planning another coup, he aimed to win power at the polls.

What was to win him millions of votes, was instead, his vision of a great national revival.

Hitler's election opportunity came with the onset of the depression.

In a few years, 1 in 3 of the labor force was out of work.

Ilsa Vemple, was a church social worker during the depression

among the unemployed in the Berlin slums.

"The despair was so terrible as I can't describe it.

You had everywhere beggars, wherever you went in Berlin, you had beggars."

The democratic political parties offered no solution.

To millions of Germans, the only hope was Adolf Hitler.

Have you been to the marketplace?

Do you know how much it costs for a loaf of bread these days?

$500,000 marks.

$500,000 marks!

The wheelbarrows aren't big enough to carry the money in!!

He's afraid I'll stir things up.

You tell Commissar Kahr, this is not a time for silence.

"I supported Hitler because he, after having seen all that depravity, all that poverty here,

was the only one who could do social justice to the people here."

"He had that ability,

the ability derived from his readiness to throw himself totally open

to...to appear as it were, bare & naked before his audience,

to tear open his heart

and display it, to throw on a few extra generators

and suddenly become absolutely charged with energy."

It wasn't as though he was using words,

it's as though the emotions came direct without words almost.

There was a rawness about Hitler's power.

Six and a half Million votes. 107 seats.

The biggest party in the Reichstag.

Get me Hitler.

Nobody has ever had this power to move audiences so easily.

What he says... it's the way he says it!

Hitler comes to power, not as he had hoped through outright victory at the polls,

but as head of a coalition government.

As this withering glance suggests, Hitler despises his coalition partners.

He quickly out maneuvers them, and establishes his own dictatorship.

A month after he comes to power,

the Reichstag building, the parliament building, in Berlin is set on fire.

This happens to come at the time when he is constantly insisting that there is a

communist plot to overthrow the new government, and to scary out a revolution.

And the Reichstag fire goes up in flames which everybody can see.

Before that night was over, he had got a set of decrees drawn up,

which transformed the situation politically.

All the guarantees, in which people in any democratic state,

the freedom of speech and so on, freedom from arrest, all of this is swept away.

A majority of Germans tolerate the burning of books, the banning of other political parties,

and the setting up of a police state, because Hitler offers a way out of the depression.

If he's doing things which are not so good, which happened,

then we said, "well, you have to take the rough with the smooth."

Dictatorship seemed to be the only way to get out of the mess,

and so, I thought that was a good thing that they cut away all this nonsense and rather

did something, really did something, and that's what Hitler did.

He eliminated the crushing unemployment that Germany suffered.

And he gave millions of people new confidence, and indeed, welfare.

They were doing better; much better.

They came in the tens of thousands, full of youthful idealism to worship the Fuhrer,

the awesome surroundings of the Nuremberg stadium.

Among the worshipers in the Hitler Youth was Alfons Heck, now a writer of the Nazi period.

The decisive turning point in my life occurred at the age of ten.

From that moment on, I would remain beholden to Adolf Hitler,

long until after our defeat.

I was one of 82,000 members of the Hitler Youth lined up in Zeppelin's Field.

I stood in the first row.

And when Hitler began to speak,

we were just tingling with nervousness, filing to see our god.

Then he appeared on the podium.

I was afraid to look at my neighbor,

because I didn't want him to see the tears in my eyes,

my knees were shaking.

Then Hitler beamed down on us, he calmed us down by lifting his hands,

both hands several times.

When he began to speak it was in a very conversational tone,

man to boy, father to son.

Then he said how fortunate we were to live in this new age.

And he said from now on, you no longer have to fear any class distinction, you're all one.

But the essence, and the emphasis occurred in the final sentences.

He leaned over the podium, and I know he looked straight into my eyes.

And he said, "You, my boys, the young of Germany, live in a fortunate time,

because you are the standard bearers of the movement.

You will inherit what we have so far created."

And from that moment on, without any doubt, I was bound to Adolf Hitler.

Long until after our defeat.

The mid 1930s were the halcyon years of Hitler's Germany.

Germany was at peace, her prosperity restored, her national pride recovered.

To those prepared to ignore or justify, the police state, it seemed a beautiful Germany.

A host of distinguished foreign visitors, many with impeccable democratic credentials,

came to call on the Fuhrer at his mountain retreat, the Berghof.

Among them, was the former British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George.

With LG, was his secretary Albert Sylvester.

Hitler run down the flight of stairs

to welcome LG as he got out of his car.

Shook hands with him most warmly, and conducted us into the inside of the Berghof.

This massive room, the only light of which came

from a massive window, which was terrific, I'd never seen such a window.

Lloyd George said, "You have done great things for Germany.

You have restored her honor, and you have gained for her equal rights."

I've met a few. Arm chair Politicians.

Care more about their money, than they do their own country.

Yes, but surely as your Parties propaganda leader,

you must know, that in order to defend their money

they'll spend it. A good deal of it.

That is if someone they trust tells them that it is a safe bet.

That's where I come in.

Herr Hitler, I can make you very popular. Far more popular than him.

But you have to admit, the color catches the eye.

On the morning of the 12th of March 1938,

German soldiers crossed the border into neighboring Austria.

They were greeted not with bullets and guns, but with roses and carnations.

So much so, that the action became known as the "Blumenkrieg", the "War of Flowers".

Most of the Austrian people,

envying what they saw as the economic success and prestige,

that Hitler had brought to Germany, now welcomed their German neighbors.

One People, One Reich, One Leader.

In a demonstration of how central he was personally to this whole system,

Hitler traveled across Austria on a campaign tour.

I think the thing... some period

around the end of '37 - '38, Hitler feels well this is fine,

but I didn't come to power

just to restore German self confidence and solve this more,

he changed his gear I think.

And then getting rid of a number of the old guard, and the army,

and the foreign office, and so on. And he becomes more aggressive.

It was the 12th of March 1938. Austria was showered with Swastika's.

He crossed the border near his birth place at Braunau.

People rejoiced him, the "Anschluss",

which they saw as the fulfillment of an old dream of the German nation.

An emphatic display of self determination.

A right denied to the German people of the Versailles Treaty,

whose terms were generally considered unjust.

Visibly moved he entered Vienna.

The city that had seen his early failures, now gave him a hero's reception.

Homage was being paid to the man

who had achieved the unification of the German people.

The welcome here was the most tumultuous yet.

It was here, far from the millions of his followers, that Hitler felt most able to relax.

The inner circle at the "Berghof",

saw a quite different man from the charismatic Fuhrer of the party rallies.

Life at Hitler's retreat, was both reassuring and agreeable.

And their was an entertaining side to the off duty Fuhrer

as Ribbentrop's private secretary discovered.

"I was overwhelmed by the possibility to meet the Fuhrer personally.

And for instance, for the beginning, he was a sort of a Messiah for me.

He was a man who liked to joke.

He could laugh a lot. He didn't accept two sort of jokes.

Dirty jokes and political jokes, they were bad.

But all the other jokes he enjoyed terribly."

Hitler had no close friends in whom to confide his inner most feelings.

He could never admit human weakness to anyone.

But the inner circle discovered one secret of his private life,

which was unknown to ordinary Germans.

"When Hitler was talking for hours and I was standing near to the wall, waiting,

until they want some papers or something?

And the curtain opened,

Eva Braun appeared and says, 'Adolf, we must to have lunch now.'

And she didn't bother him with political questions.

And he didn't want to give her influence.

And he thought that as long as he is a bachelor,

he has the love of the German women.

Because if he's married,

the impression is not the same on the other women.

And she gave him a little bit...

a home of bourgeois, a quality with tea, with cake, and I think with sex."

You think it was a sexual relationship?

"Certainly."

A wave of relief and gratitude for the Fuhrer swept Germany.

His iron nerve had freed the Germans in Czechoslovakia, and yet averted war.

The US state department

in its 3-volume report on the origins of Communism in Russia, published in 1931,

reveals how Jewish controlled German banks under the leadership of Max Warburg

conspired as early as 1914 to send large payments to Lenin, Trotsky,

and others in their attempts to bring down the Tsar.

When the White Russian patriots

heroically attempted to regain their freedom from the Jews,

the Judaica says compact Jewish masses were utilized by the Bolsheviks

to suppress such counter revolution.

Clearly Jews & native Russians were engaged in a death struggle

over the destiny of Russia.

Unfortunately, the Jewish masses won... the Jewish masses won...the Jewish...

'We will survive', that's what they tell us.

What they mean is, 'THEY will survive!'

We surrendered in November, at a time when we were perched on the edge of victory,

betrayed by the cowards and the traitors within our ranks.

[Man in crowd shouts...] "Lousy Communist pigs!"

How do we fight them?

We unite! We must join together, for a greater Germany!

We will hang the profiteers, crush the Communists,

we will disinfect our country of the Jewish vermin!

We will sacrifice, we will struggle yes,

but only then will we triumph. And we will triumph!

We will triumph! We will triumph! We will triumph! We will triumph!

We will triumph! We will triumph...

1914 was the year in which World War I broke out.

Within two years, Germany had won that war.

The German submarines, which were a surprise to the world,

had swept all the convoys from the Atlantic Ocean,

and Great Britain stood there without ammunition for her soldiers,

stood there with one week's food supply and after that, starvation.

At that time the French army had mutinied;

they lost 600,000 of the flower of the French youth.

The Russian army was defecting; they didn't like the Tsar,

and the Italian Army had collapsed.

Not a shot had been fired on the German soil. Not an enemy solider had crossed the border

into Germany and yet, here was Germany offering England peace terms.

Well, England in the summer of 1916 was considering that, seriously,

they had no choice. While that was going on,

the Zionists in Germany went to the British war cabinet,

"Look here, you can win this war, if the United States will come in as your ally.

The price you must pay us is Palestine after you have won the war

and defeated Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey."

They made that promise in October of 1916.

Now, that is something that the people in the United States have never been told.

They never knew why we went into World War I.

After we got into the war, the Zionists went to Great Britain and they said,

'Let's have something in writing

that shows that you are going to keep your bargain

and give us Palestine after you win the war.'

And that was called "The Balfour Declaration".

The Balfour Declaration was merely Great Britain's promise to pay the Zionists

what they had agreed upon as a considera- tion for getting the United States into the war.

That is where all the trouble started."

Down with the Kaiser!

Death to the Kaiser!

Above all,

we must remove the Jews.

They run our banks, they lost us the war.

They alone are responsible for the economic disaster we're in.

(A wise German senior citizen summarizes the Jewish problem.)

"When you ask, what have the Germans done to the Jews,

you must always ask, what have done the Jews to the Germans.

Since 1850, when the Jews became; got all the political rights in Germany,

the German Reich; they have done 3 things which are really dramatic.

Number 1: They were a small minority of 2% of the population.

At the time when Hitler came to power, 500,000 within 60 million German people.

500,000 among 60 million. They were a small minority.

This small minority managed to control of about 50% of the media;

to give about 70% of all judges;

to have a tremendous influence in movie, and in theater,

and in literature, they were over-represented.

This is one thing, they were absolutely overrepresented

as today in England, in France, and in United States.

Second, Jews were at the origin of a lot of

catastrophic financial bank crashes in Germany between 1870 and 1920.

In that time, they made a lot of crashes, which have...

This is all documented, it's not Nazi propa- ganda, or anti-Semitic, or Arab propaganda.

It's a lot of books have been published, even by Jewish-Germans, about this problem.

They have millions of German fathers [who] have lost

their uh, their uh, their incomes their uh their fortune, their savings,

because of these Jewish gangsters, bank gangsters and speculation people.

Then the third point which was psychologically the most dangerous of all,

they have introduced into German art and culture and theater and movie:

decadence - immorality.

The first homosexual theaters, plays were made in Berlin in the 1920s.

The first adultery theater plays were made in the 1880s & the 1890s, a hundred years ago,

by Jewish authors, adultery, then sexual perversions of all sorts:

sadism, masochism, lot of homosexuality all these things and

then the decadent art you know, an art which is absolutely ridiculous,

so called modern art, it was all pushed by Jewish intellectuals

and this created among the German people, a big, uh, a big revolt.

And they also, they wrote books, ridiculing Christianity, ridiculing Jesus.

And there were furious reactions in Germany. And this is why Adolf Hitler came to power.

And you see then Hitler in two years, from '33 to '35,

he brought six million unemployed Germans back into their jobs.

He created 6 million jobs. It's incredible."

Secret negotiations between the Nazis and the Zionists in 1933,

which allowed German Jews and their assets to go to Palestine.

A group of Zionists, at the same time,

was quietly negotiating an agreement with the Nazis,

to allow the immigration of German Jews and the transfer of their assets to Palestine.

That deal, reported in August 1933, was the Transfer Agreement.

Palestine, sparsely settled by Jews at the time,

was radically changed as a result.

I lived in Palestine from 1933 to 1936.

And uh, we saw, every week, passports of German Jews, coming to settle in Palestine.

German-Jewish settlement of Palestine was, for a time, official Nazi policy.

These photos, of Jewish life in Palestine, along with a lengthy text, appeared in 1934,

in the Berlin paper, Der Angriff, the publisher,

Hitler's propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.

"A Nazi Visits Palestine", was the title of the multi-part series.

A medal was struck by Goebbels in commemoration.

On one side the Swastika, on the other, The Star Of David.

Hitler demanded one concession for the transfer agreement.

That the call for a Boycott of the Reich, raised by Jews here and elsewhere,

be rejected by the Zionists.

The Zionists made that concession.

Come closer!

Let me speak!

England, France and Russia are joining forces against our ally Austria.

We must stand with her, united, ready to sacrifice.

The allied leaders were arguing their way over the whole future of the German people.

Under their hands the map of Europe was drawn, and re-drawn again.

At last, after more than three months of discussion,

they presented the terms of their treaty to the Germans.

Germany lost land in the East, the West, and the North.

In the East, the most important of those losses was the wide strip of territory

given to the newly independent Poland,

separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany.

While on the West, France took back the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.

And was also given the right to mine coal in the Saar,

an area placed under League of Nations control for 15 years.

To protect France, Germany was forbidden to station soldiers in the Rhineland,

an area which was to be occupied by Allied troops until 1935.

It was not only the loss of territory which Germany resented,

but also the fact that Czechoslovakia & Poland,

now contained large numbers of Germans.

And as if to add insult to injury,

the treaty forbade German speaking Austria to unite with Germany.

Her fortifications were to be destroyed.

Her army was to be reduced to a 100,000 men.

No Air Force. No submarines.

And to accept blame for starting the War and pay reparations.

So, in the high summer of 1919, the German delegates were brought to the great

Hall of Mirrors of Versailles to sign the peace treaty.

It was a compromised peace that satisfied not even one single Allied leader

and predictably the Germans loathed it.

The Germans argued that the Germany to which they were returning had suffered poverty

and unemployment in the years since the war,

and couldn't afford the vast sums demanded by the Allies.

But these arguments didn't impress the Allies,

who fixed the sum of 6,600,000,000 pounds for the Germans to pay.

That sum would have to be paid in goods as well as money.

Most would come from here in the Ruhr, the industrial heart of Germany.

But at the end of 1922, the Germans fell behind with their payments,

and Raymond Poincare,

the new French Prime Minister, decided to act.

If Germany wouldn't pay in full and on the nail, then France would help herself.

So, on the 11th of January, 1923,

French and Belgian troops entered the Ruhr to force the Germans to pay up.

There was of course, after Versailles, no German army big enough to stop them.

At first, the French believed that they could make the Germans work for them.

But suddenly, German politicians and people were united in a common cause;

hatred of the French.

And huge protest meetings were held all over Germany.

Their attitude towards the Germans in the Ruhr began to harden.

They tried to cut off the Ruhr off from the rest of the country.

German visitors were searched as if they were entering a foreign land.

1923 was disastrous for Germany.

In that year, the great German inflation reached its peak.

For some time the value of the Mark had been dropping.

As the value of the notes decreased, so the amounts of notes needed to buy things grew.

Banks became more and more hard pressed,

to meet the ever-increasing demand for paper money.

For their customers, suitcases replaced wallets.

As Germany slipped towards disaster, Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor.

The loss of production in the Ruhr was making inflation even worse,

and Stresemann realized that the only way to help the economy back to normal,

was to call off resistance there, and get production going again.

The government also announced that Germany would resume the payment of reparations;

it was the only possible way of getting the French out.

But to the nationalists, it looked like again another pathetic surrender to Germany's enemies.

General Ludendorff, who had never accepted that Germany had ever been defeated,

gave his support to Adolf Hitler, the leader of the new National Socialist party.

Until 1934, conflicts between Germany and Poland smoldered.

Danzig, next to East Prussia, had been completely cut off from the Reich.

Warsaw continued to try to rest total control over this strategically important harbor city.

In West Prussia, the situation was similar.

East Prussia was now completely cut off from the German Reich.

Bolstered by English and French guarantees of war support,

Poland has no further incentive to negotiate in good faith with Germany,

and in the meantime in Warsaw, maps are suddenly starting to circulate

which contain a new Western-Polish border, extending to just West of Berlin.

All across Poland, the so-called pogroms against the minorities begin.

Night after night, polish border officials shot at the fleeing Germans.

Shortly before the official outbreak of war,

there were already 80,000 ethnic Germans in refugee camps

in both Danzig and the German Reich.

The misery of the minority Germans in Poland

had now developed the third & most pressing reason that would lead to the outbreak of war.

Hitler now has a problem that Britain and France will declare war on them.

At this point, Poland is actually committing, pretty bad atrocities against the

German minority in West Prussia, in the German part of Poland at that time.

And so given that Poles are committing atrocities

against the German minority in Poland,

Hitler is now at a very tough situation.

Basically it's like, alright if I don't declare war on

Poland, if I don't go in and help these Germans out,

well then, the German minorities are just going to keep getting slaughtered.

And it's not an insignificant amount of Germans in that area who are being killed,

it was pretty bad what was going on, what the Poles were doing in that area.

And so, he was basically saying well, if we don't go in,

then those Germans are just going to keep getting slaughtered.

If we go in, we're going to find ourselves at war with Poland,

France, and Britain, and possibly the Soviet Union.

But in a move of brilliant cunning,

he astonished the world in the summer of 1939, by doing a deal with Stalin.

With Stalin on his side,

Hitler was sure nobody else would interfere, when he attacked the Poles.

Whilst the military commissions of the Western powers are still negotiating in Moscow

with a view of enlisting Russia in their front against Germany,

Reich Foreign Minister Von Ribbentrop

flies to the Soviet capital to sign a pact of non-aggression

and consultation with Mr. Stalin and Foreign Commissar Molatov.

Applause greets the Fuhrer who has just arrived

at the Kroll Opera House to address the Reichstag,

which has been called in an extraordinary session.

[Hitler states via a translator...]

"Danzig was and is a German city.

to have only Germany to thank for their cultural development.

I told the Polish ambassador three weeks ago, that if the situation continued as it was,

if Danzig was persecuted, and if it were attempted by Poland to ruin Danzig economically,

the situation could not be tolerated."

[Radio announcer states]

"We interrupt this broadcast of Adolf Hitler's speech just moments early,

to report a dispatch from Paris, which says that Premier Daladier of France,

has now called the French Council of Ministers for an emergency meeting."

[Hitler states via a translator...]

"I, therefore, resolve to speak to Poland

in the same language in which Poland has addressed us for such a long time."

[Radio commentator] "Once again we interrupt very briefly.

This talk by Chancellor Hitler, to announce that, in London,

Parliament has been summoned to meet at 6 pm in London."

[Hitler states via a translator...]

"Poland, for the first time, this evening, has shot at regular soldiers upon our territory.

From now on, bomb will be met by bomb."

"I am speaking to you, from the Cabinet Room, at 10 Downing Street.

This morning, the British ambassador in Berlin, handed the German government, a final note,

stating that unless we heard from them by 11 o'clock, that they were prepared at once,

to withdraw their troops from Poland, a state of war would exist between us.

I have to tell you now, that no such undertaking has been received,

and that, consequently, this country is at war with Germany."

Hitler didn't want a general war, what he wanted,

and I have no doubt about this, he wanted a war to destroy Poland.

That he was prepared for.

For a moment, he was disconcerted to find that he might be involved in war

with Britain and France, because, this had never been his plan.

He had always regarded Britain as his natural ally.

But, in the end, he accepted.

'Look, I have a Nazi-Soviet pact,

which guarantees that this will not develop into a general war.

I shall be able to knock Poland out in three weeks, which he more or less did.

After that, the West isn't going to start up a war again.

Six weeks of German Blitzkrieg defeats France.

Paris is Hitler's.

France asked Hitler for an armistice.

Shortly before 3 o'clock, on the afternoon of June 21st, 1940,

he arrived in the forest of Compiegne.

Hitler himself took the seat where Marshall Foch had sat.

The French delegation led by General Huntziger followed closely behind.

When the French delegation entered the carriage,

Hitler could fully relish the peak of his career.

Long ago on entering politics,

he had sworn never to rest until the shame of November 1918 had been wiped out.

Now, he had done it.

But the dream of his lifetime, he said, had been fulfilled.

Berlin greeted him with flowers of jubilation.

Hitler's triumphal return to Berlin, sent a flood of respect and adulation.

[A German man states...]

"The church bells rang all day,

and the mood of elation really penetrated throughout the country."

[Another German man states...]

"My feelings towards Hitler were such as if he were some super human being

between man and a God, sent by Providence."

This was the man who had obliterated the humiliation of The First World War.

Germany was absolutely in a position to direct the course of the war.

All we had to defeat now, we believed, was Britain.

The German fighter ace, Adolf Galland,

also thinks the next priority is the Battle of Britain,

but when he meets Hitler, he discovers that the Fuhrer's priorities are different.

Galland: "I told him that our good time would come, and we could bomb London

and the fighters could...the English fighters couldn't take off.

He said "No, no, no, no...stop this.

I don't like this.

I really don't like the fight against England.

The English people are so similar people to the Germans,

and I have the highest respect for the English building up an empire.

So, you must understand,

I'm forced to fight this fight against England, but I don't like it."

I think that he himself had not got any great wish to engage

on an invasion of Britain, because all the time by now we know,

he was already beginning to get itchy, and wanting to turn eastwards,

after defeating France.

But Goering insisted

that with the Luftwaffe, with the Air Force alone, he could knock Britain out.

So he gave him his head to try.

Hello America, this is Edward Murrow speaking from London.

There were more German planes over the coast of Britain today

than at any time since the war begun.

By an overwhelming majority congress passed Lend-Lease -- bill number 1776.

I've asked this congress for authority and for funds,

sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds,

to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war,

with aggressor nations.

Our most useful and immediate roll,

is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves.

We shall send in ever increasing numbers: ships, planes, tanks, guns.

That is our purpose and our pledge.

Stalin came to power on the death of Lenin,

and ruled the Soviet Union by fear and torture

for nearly the next 30 years.

During that time he was responsible for some 40 million deaths.

Stalin spent his first years in power consolidating his position.

He managed to sideline Trotsky, whom he perceived as his major rival.

In 1929 Stalin implemented a policy known as collectivization.

Lenin's experiment in nationalizing the land had remained half finished,

and Russian peasants were still working their own land

and selling their own produce in the markets.

By means of collectivization, Stalin meant to complete Lenin's initiative,

and to take away all of the peasants lands & produce in the name of the state.

In 1930, peasant's produce began to be collected up.

The Red Army one-by-one seized the produce from every single field.

Some peasants managed to hide their goods rather than give them up,

but communist party officials searched every nook and cranny

eventually discovering the hiding places.

The officials also seized the peasant's agricultural equipment.

The peasants were left with nothing to eat, and nothing to work the soil with.

Eventually, that catastrophe that Lenin had described as the most useful for communism

raised its head again -- famine.

In Ukraine alone, 6 million people starved over the next few years.

2 million died in Kazakhstan and 1 million in northern Caucasus.

Children reduced to skin and bone died in agony.

There was another ghastly result of the famine inspired by Stalin -- cannibalism.

Peasants maddened by hunger began to eat corpses.

Then an even worse horror emerged,

some peasants had kidnapped children and eaten them.

In front of these two Russian peasants caught eating human flesh,

lay the remains of the children they had snatched.

Stalin's regime had turned human beings into savage animals

just as communism had intended.

Everyone who opposed Stalin's collectivization policy paid with his life.

Tens of thousands of Kulaks were detained and shot.

In actual fact,

the regime branded everyone it saw as opposed to its ideology as Kulaks.

Large numbers of priests and even members of their congregations,

who attended church frequently were arrested as Kulaks.

Some were executed.

Others were sent to the labor camps where a slow lingering death awaited them.

These camps were set up all over Russia

and were simply another of Stalin's killing machines.

Millions of people regarded as enemies of the state were worked to death in them

under the most terrible conditions.

Some were put to work laboring on canals in the blazing heat,

others were sent off to break rocks in the freezing cold of Siberia.

These people, forced to perform hard labor under the worst possible conditions,

soon turned into living skeletons.

The great majority never left the camps alive.

The Soviet Union, like every communist country, was an economic basket case.

It could not produce enough to survive.

And so, every communist / socialist state has been dependent upon aid from

the capitalist producing states.

So, Russia was desperate for our aid, both in terms of direct government aid,

but also in terms of opening up the spigots for private capital markets,

particularly New York bankers and corpor- ations to move into Russia in a big way.

In 1933 the Roosevelt administration invited a Soviet representative to Washington

to negotiate terms of diplomatic recognition.

Hans Frank is appointed governor-general of Poland

and the country disappears from the headlines of the world press.

Jews must wear the Star of David on their arm, not carry it in their pocket.

In Warsaw there is a streetcar exclusively for Jews.

A district a mile and a half square is transformed into a ghetto.

From the Baltic to the Black Sea,

three million German soldiers, are moving into position

to launch Operation Barbarossa.

It's the most brutal conflict between two nations in recorded history,

is about to begin.

On the first day of Barbarossa alone, 1,200 Soviet aircraft

are destroyed in a single strike.

Panzer units sweeping East, are already deep inside Soviet territory.

Chaos multiplies the catastrophe.

Without orders from the Kremlin, Red Army field Commanders lose control of their units.

Dazed, cut off, surrounded, thousands of Soviet soldiers surrender.

And at the height of the Wehrmacht's furious onslaught,

Stalin disappears completely.

He has every reason to hide from his people.

Captured German news real footage,

shows Soviet frontier troops overwhelmed. A retreat under fire in total confusion.

Whole formations surrendering.

Hundreds of thousands of men entangled with fleeing civilians

in scenes of Biblical disorder.

Yet, there are some Soviet citizens who welcome the invader.

To many in the Ukraine, the arrival of the Germans

is a heaven sent opportunity to throw off Stalin's yoke.

Local women bless the Germans as they pass.

Their men folk destroy reminders of a man who has terrorized them for years.

Stalin is above all stunned by the shear speed of the German advance.

Still the Germans drive East. They're at the outskirts of Kiev, Smolensk, and Leningrad.

Yet fierce pockets of Red Army resistance fight on behind enemy lines.

The fortress city of Brisk.

The besieged Red Army garrison fights on and on,

for more than a month until they are finally compelled to surrender.

Hitler is so impressed by the tenacity of the Russian troops,

that he exercises rare clemency. Only one survivor is shot.

The Political Officer at the fortress Mikhail Fomin.

The Fuhrer sights the defense of Brest as an heroic effort.

An example to his own soldiers.

And he visits the fortress with Mussolini, to acknowledge a hard earned victory.

But for Stalin, the defenders of Brest are not heroes.

Years later, after they're released from German capture,

he will send survivors to the Gulag.

The Wehrmacht's rapid relentless advance seems unstoppable.

Traveling at up to 50 miles a day,

Panzer divisions are already approaching the heart of Stalin's empire.

And in the middle of July,

Stalin is forced to consider offering the Germans a negotiated peace.

While Stalin contemplates a way out of the war,

he is drawing up plans to punish his own troops if they surrender.

In a desperate attempt to halt the route, he issues order # 270.

All officers and Political Officials taken prisoner at the front,

are to be considered traitors.

If ever they return to the Soviet Union, they will be arrested and executed.

But the barbarity of order 270 does not stop there.

The wives of captured troops also face imprisonment in the Gulag.

Now with Moscow in range of the Luftwaffe,

Stalin's own citadel of power comes directly under attack.

German Armies race for the Capital.

Elsewhere, army group North heads for Leningrad.

Army group Center makes a pincer movement towards Smolensk.

Army group South strikes towards Kiev and the Ukraine.

The suburbs of Kiev, the beginning of August.

In a fast pincer movement, German army group South, threatens to encircle the city.

During August and the first two weeks of September,

the Wehrmacht encircles a vast area crammed with Red Army troops.

Four Soviet Armies parish.

On the 18th of September the city falls.

The Fuhrer is now lord of all he surveys.

It seems as if he is on course to meet his objective.

To crush Stalin's Russia before winter sets in.

Leningrad lies ahead of the Wehrmacht, defenseless.

As September draws to a close,

Leningrad is totally cut off with no land link left to the Soviet Union.

At the end of September,

the Fuhrer launches Operation Typhoon, the final drive alone the road to Moscow.

14 German tank and 74 infantry divisions, a total of 1.8 million officers and men,

take part in the offensive. Stalin has good cause for panic now.

Facing a disaster that might sweep away the whole Soviet Union,

they have one last hope, that the weather will save them.

Sleet is turning to snow.

The ground frozen at night is now a quagmire during the day,

paralyzing Hitler's overstretched war machine.

On the 2nd of December, German units reach Krasnaya Polyana,

17 miles from the center of Moscow.

As the weather intensifies and temperatures plummet,

the bleak truth is time turns decisively against them.

Two Army Privates running the Opana radar station,

are suddenly startled by blips on the screen.

Fifty planes headed for Owahu.

Immediately they report the sightings to the Army Operations Center.

They're dismissed as US planes coming from the mainland.

Aircraft designated for the second wave of the attack take off.

Messenger boy Tadao Fuchikami,

picks up General Marshall's urgent cable for delivery to General Short.

Commander Fuchida's first wave armada is on course.

Sleepy-eyed sailors and Marines, their breakfast getting cold,

mistake the attack for some crazy kind of air raid drill.

They think the planes are American.

At 7:55 AM, dive bombers hit Hickam and near airfields.

Two minutes later, torpedo planes start their bomb on battleship row.

Three minutes later, Zero's strafe other airbases.

It's Fuchida's first wave of aircraft that hits the Arizona; she erupts like a volcano.

Flames burst 500 feet in the air.

Fuchida's deadly first waves sinks the West Virginia.

Now, the Oklahoma,

a battle wagon moored outboard of the US Maryland shutters with torpedo hits.

She begins listing...

and capsizes.

More torpedo's rip into the battleships California and Nevada.

After the last bomb is dropped

the United States of America virtually has a Pacific Fleet...

no longer.

Yesterday,

December 7th, 1941,

A date which will live in infamy,

the United States of America

was suddenly and deliberately attacked

by Naval and Air Forces of the Empire of Japan.

Voice of Dr. Ingrid Rimland Zundel

We knew there was a war on.

By that time,

what was left of us was herded into the cattle trains and shipped to Siberia.

That was literally a matter of hours if not minutes until our turn.

And we were already sitting at the railroad station -- this was September 1941

when the German Army overran the Ukraine,

and stopped the exiling; stopped the trains. They stopped the trains.

And it was to us as if the Lord had sent us the angels.

Here were people who stopped the terror that had been upon us for 25 years.

Who came and opened the churches for us

and said: "You can have all the services you want".

It was like heaven.

My mother, to the day she died, never stopped talking

about the wonderful 2 years that she had when the German Army came.

They took over the houses - we gave them gladly!

It was magnificent!

And we were absolutely convinced

that the Germans had come to save us from Communism.

And never was there any reason for us to change our minds -- why should we?

The Germans were heroes in our eyes.

We absolutely believed in Adolf Hitler,

we believed in the, in the nature of his struggle, in the merits of his struggle.

We had these magnificent German soldiers protecting us,

so the beginning was not at all unpleasant.

But then it became grim, then the winter came.

In the dark days of Autumn 1941,

the Summers' defeats have decimated the Red Army,

and Hitler's artillery could strike Moscow itself.

Soviet Union seems on the brink of total defeat.

But Stalin has his back to the wall

and he will stop at nothing to protect his power base.

Hitler and the Allies, expect the fall of Moscow at any moment.

In the capital, an agitated Stalin entrusts the defense to general Zhukov.

And it is his suggestion at the end of November,

of a counter-attack against the German pincers

that triggers hurried planning for a massive Soviet counter-offensive.

It is a plan made possible by the seemingly limitless depth of Red Army reserves.

His agent in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, has sent word that Japan will not as feared,

attack the USSR from Manchuria.

And for once, crucially, Stalin trusts the advice of a minion.

He authorizes the transfer West of more than half the Soviet strength in the Far East.

17 fresh divisions, trained regulars with full armored and artillery support,

that will form the heart of the counter-attack.

The first days of December are an agony of anticipation,

but on the 5th Zhukov unleashes his armies.

Within 48 hours the Soviet thrusts are fully underway.

Hitler's furious order to hold advanced positions is meaningless.

The Red Army's new T-34 tanks are rugged, powerful fighting machines

designed to perform unfailingly in the bitter cold of deepest Winter.

And swarms of specialist ski troops are too fast for the ill-clad Wehrmacht.

German troops can only fall back in astonished disarray.

As army groups enter, the juggernaut that was to crush Moscow, is smashed apart.

After 6 months of catastrophic defeats, the Red Army's hard-fought victory is undeniable.

And as the year closes, Soviet towns and villages west of the capital

are being freed from their brief Nazi occupation.

There will be more sweeping Soviet victories, but none will burn more brightly

than this first astounding recovery from the brink of defeat.

Convinced now that Germany is on the brink of collapse,

Stalin demands attack after attack.

Every remaining reserve is thrown into the fray

as he seeks to drive the invader from Soviet territory.

But it is impossible.

Their superhuman effort has taken its toll, and the armies are exhausted.

Dissipated by Stalin's overreaching ambition,

the offensives make only trivial gains and at a dreadful cost.

And by the time its attacks peter out in February,

the Red Army has lost almost a million troops in the battle for Moscow.

That grim statistic will be hidden from the Soviet people for half a century.

The majority of Wehrmacht units may have escaped encirclement,

but they could not save their equipment.

Now it lies abandoned everywhere; a gigantic German scrapyard.

It is a fitting sight to show British foreign minister Eden

when he arrives to survey the battlefields.

For neither Britain nor Stalin's new ally the United States

believed that Moscow could survive the German onslaught.

But if the Western Allies are amazed, this one victory has revealed to Stalin

a mirage of complete triumph and he is totally committed to further attack.

But he has miscalculated.

The Wehrmacht is not yet beaten

and a furious Hitler is planning massive new offensives.

His folly will again compel the Red Army to fight in desperate defense.

And so the Soviet people must struggle on.

It will be a long, painful journey and many will not survive to its conclusion.

As the spring campaigning season opens,

the Red Army's victories of late 1941 seem suddenly meaningless.

A hasty Soviet attack in the south against Kharkov

is swallowed up by a German counteroffensive.

For Soviet soldiers, this could so easily be the end.

Even Stalin's son has been captured.

And his image on propaganda leaflets

adds credence to German claims of imminent victory.

And on the brink of catastrophe, he resorts as always, to terror.

Stalin's secret order number 227, issued under his signature in late July 1942.

This notorious document makes any unauthorized retreat punishable by death.

Not one step back. Stalin means it literally.

And this unique footage shows NKVD troops putting his edict into practice.

They're known as blocking units.

Deployed just behind the troops,

they pass instant sentence on any who disobey order 227.

Enforcing the supreme commander's will without hesitation or mercy.

The Fuhrer is confident now,

certain that the Wehrmacht can seize the vital oil centers of Grozny and Baku.

Two smaller German armies have been advancing slowly east

towards the industrial city of Stalingrad.

He sees a chance to cut all links between Moscow and the Caucasus.

The city on the Volga becomes his new prime target.

Stalingrad seems there for the taking.

But this is Stalin's city, the very symbol of his personal prestige.

And that is something even women and children are expected to defend.

But when the thunder finally abates, 50,000 lay dead.

Now, the Wehrmacht is moving in to claim the rubble for its own.

As they inch through the suburbs,

German troops surely expect a rapid conquest.

Instead, they are entering a savage killing ground, for a duel to the death

that will rank among the most terrible in human experience.

For at their approach the ruins spring to furious life.

Soviet soldiers and citizens do not even contemplate surrender.

A thousand desperate battles erupt on the streets.

And a wild labyrinth of constantly shifting front lines swamps the city.

The front line might be a house, an alley, a tram line or a wall.

And every street is a minefield, virtually impassible for tanks or big guns,

so that soldiers, denied air and artillery support, must fight eyeball to eyeball,

lives hanging on their wits, their battle skills and their cunning.

General Chuikov, in command of the 62nd Army, mounts a skillful campaign,

but his outnumbered troops cannot hope to stop the Wehrmacht.

And by early November it has cut a swath across Stalingrad,

splitting the 62nd Army in two.

In a last desperate gesture, Chuikov mounts assault after assault on the Mamayev ground,

a vital patch of high ground, the very hub of the battle zone.

The hill changes hands no less than eight times,

as Chuikov throws everything into the fray.

And from the USA's Alaskan airfields, fighter aircraft fly into Siberia

to aid a Red Army almost ready to launch its counterstrike.

And on the 19th of November,

a huge artillery barrage by the southwest front pierces the front.

And Yeryomenko's southern wing surges forward on the next day.

The Wehrmacht, taken utterly by surprise, cannot stop them.

And as its allies collapse on the flanks,

there are no reserves to stem the resurgent Red tide.

Within 3 days the Southwest Front has taken Kalach,

some 80 kilometers West of Stalingrad.

And on the 23rd of November, a few miles southwest of Kalach,

its advanced units meet up with Yeryomenko's forces.

Suddenly the German's Sixth Army and the Fourth Panzer Army,

perhaps 300,000 of Hitler's finest troops, are surrounded inside Stalingrad.

The hunter has been captured by his prey.

An astonished Hitler summons Manstein, his troubleshooter, to Stalingrad.

Two Soviet armies, the 51st and Second guards,

are rushed to meet Manstein's relief force and stop it dead in its tracks.

The guards pay a high price for stopping Manstein.

Almost two-thirds of the army is killed or wounded.

There will be no relief now for German troops in Stalingrad.

The Luftwaffe tries, but the Red Army brings up extra AA batteries.

And the lumbering German transports are blown out of the sky in their hundreds.

Yet, like Soviet troops before them, they entertain no thought of surrender.

For ordinary soldiers on both sides,

this is the ghastly climax to a long, dark journey.

In the heart of the cauldron, Hitler's gladiators know now that they are doomed.

They evacuate a few casualties on the last plane out of Stalingrad.

And with it go their last words to families, lovers, friends.

But though they fight on,

the bullets are running out, and the Red Army is still coming at them.

Finally, after five long months, a battle that began almost by accident is over.

From early February, Stalin orders new offensives all along the southern fronts.

Though they have fought and survived the Battle of Stalingrad,

their commanders can permit them no rest.

Instead they must struggle on through the late winter blizzards,

instruments of their supreme commander's lust for glory.

The Red Army drives deep into Nazi held territories fighting exhaustion,

cold, mud. Inch by inch the infantry advances.

The Fuhrer knows that if his stretched forces are to defeat the Red Army in 1943,

they must attack quickly before it can recover from the losses of the winter.

Hitler's strategy is simple and optimistic.

In a two-pronged attack, he plans to destroy the Soviet position around Kursk.

On the map, a great bulge 130 miles long and 100 miles deep

at the center of the eastern front.

And so now, two gigantic armies are converging.

The greatest tank battle of all time is about to begin.

The great barrage of Katyusha rockets and artillery announces counteroffensives

by 4 more Soviet armies sweeping around the rear of the battered German divisions.

German offensive operations are halted.

The Wehrmacht can only retreat.

It leaves behind the mangled debris of war.

Battle zones littered with charred and broken tanks,

and the bodies of hundreds of thousands of men.

For survivors of this savage inferno, shattered, shell-shocked,

stunned by the horrors they have witnessed, there can be no joy.

[Voice of Dr. Ingrid Rimland Zundel]

"1943 the story changed and the Germans were pushed back.

And in the pushback they moved us with them, and we went willingly.

There was no moving at gunpoint.

Had we stayed back

the Communists would have taken us and executed us or shipped us to Siberia.

So we very willingly retreated with the Germans.

Food was getting short.

The horses were getting sick.

The road was getting narrow.

It was extremely cold.

When I think of the war, I do not think of hunger so much as of cold.

It was always, always cold.

And then of course once the winter came, it became harder and harder.

We had to often stay overnight in strange houses.

The army would confiscate houses, [they] would put the refugees there.

The army protected us to the end.

The army never, ever let us down. NEVER let us down, to the very end."

“And the snow fell, covering the dreams and ideals.

And the snow fell, freezing the blood and the wheels.

And the snow fell, they had to keep warm for survival.

And the snow fell, and defeated the beast's only rival.

They took the old roads that Napoleon had taken before.

They fought as the forces of light against the darkness in a holy war.

One day they were looking around at the sun shining on the cold flowers.

The next day they were freezing to death in the snow and the ice cold showers.

And the snow fell, covering the dreams and ideals.

And the snow fell, freezing the blood and the wheels.

And the snow fell, they had to keep warm for survival.

And the snow fell, and defeated the beast's only rival."

This secret partisan report declassified for this program

complains that amongst one large partisan division,

drunkenness, robbery, beatings and rape are universal occurrences.

The widespread terror wrought by the partisans

was not a story the Communists wished to tell after the war.

This rare archive shows a woman hanged by the partisans

and displayed to the rest of the population as a warning.

These film rushes, never shown to the German public during the war,

reveal Soviet mutilation of German prisoners.

Actions like these only served to escalate the level of the German reprisal.

[A German soldier describes what he witnessed...]

The partisans became a growing problem for the German occupiers.

If the Germans suspected a village had been used as a partisan base,

then it was common practice to burn it to the ground.

[A German soldier states...] "And we burned the houses.

On the one hand I didn't regret it too much

because I knew what was is worth a Russian house?

They are so primitive anyhow.

Not comparable to a German house or an English house or French house, or so on.

Not at all. But all in all, there's not much value in it, in such a house.

They would survive. That was my feeling."

In Britain, they have forged a sword, a gift to the victor of Stalingrad from King George.

Earlier, in 1943, at Katyn forest near Smolensk, German occupying authorities

had unearthed the mass graves of 20,000 Polish officers.

International observers were invited to support Berlin's claim

that the murders were carried out by the NKVD.

But Stalin had reacted furiously, denying any link with the massacres.

But when Allied leaders meet in Tehran, Churchill and Roosevelt back their

most important ally in the face of outraged protest from exiled Poles.

His sword is presented, and Stalin stands as an undisputed world leader.

In March 1940, in a forest near Katyn village, eight huge pits were dug.

Heavy trucks brought in people.

They were Polish Army Reservists, Doctors, Engineers.

The Soviets carried out massacres on a regular basis.

Riga, Tartu, Lviv, Minsk.

Relatives could not identify many of the corpses.

Horrific torture had made them unrecognizable.

The Soviet Union meanwhile had become an Allied power.

The Soviet officers who pulled out fingernails, cut tongues,

and perforated the skulls of their victims with nails...

WERE PAID WITH WESTERN AID!!

The British War Crimes Act gives them immunity from prosecution in Britain,

because war crimes by definition were committed only by the Germans.

The 12th of September 1943, central Italy.

High above Mount Gran Sasso.

On Saturday, July 24th, 792 RAF bombers readied for a night attack on Hamburg.

Each loaded with tons of high explosives and incendiary bombs.

It was the first of a series of attacks that would continue for an entire week,

codenamed Operation Gomorrah.

"People were sitting there in the cellar trembling, and we saw the walls shivering.

As it was, but trembling, and those nights we can never forget in our lives.

I cannot forget it ever.

We asked ourselves, why are they doing this to our Fuhrer?

And we were told by everyone,

because they hated the Fuhrer.

Because the Fuhrer wanted to create a better world.

Maybe Churchill and Roosevelt

thought they could demoralize the German people with bombing?

and make them surrender? But he reached the opposite of it."

In the aftermath of the firestorm, almost a million refugees fled Hamburg

and took with them stories of the most terrible horror that they'd witnessed.

This caused a panic across Germany,

which was unlike anything that they'd ever experienced before.

In the aftermath of the Hamburg attacks, the American and British commanders

remained committed to their sharply divergent strategies.

Eaker continued to press precision attacks on industrial targets.

Harris championed the bombing of cities.

And the city he was focused on -- Berlin.

Stalin's military troikas come in the wake of the resurgent Red Army.

They tour a land scorched by the departing Germans,

convening kangaroo courts to purge partisan units of nationalists, anti-Communists.

There is no hiding place for Nazi collaborators.

The white card of betrayal hangs round their necks as they pay the price of treason.

There is no pity for the young boys who flocked in innocence to join the Hitler Youth.

His desperate plea for clemency will be in vain.

[Voice of Dr. Ingrid Rimland Zundel]

"Germany at that time already was besieged by 51 countries.

They were struggling for their lives.

And they took us in.

We were all put into what looked like a great big bathroom.

And what happened eventually is that they rained soap and water on us.

And the reason for that was that we had to be deloused.

We were so full of lice.

So, when I hear about the shower heads in the Holocaust, and all of that,

I know exactly what it was.

That was soap and water raining down on us to delouse us.

To wash us down like dogs.

The same for the cutting of hair.

I mean we were all shorn bald in order to stop the lice.

Everybody had lice in the war, and this was just common knowledge.

We considered ourselves lucky if we could ride those cattle cars.

And yes, they were crammed full of people, and yes it was very difficult,

you know, to travel like that.

You couldn't... often you could not sit,

you had to stand because they were crammed full.

This is how it was in those years.

People were hanging on those cattle cars.

When you see those pictures, that could have been us.

We were like that.

The same when you see the bunk beds.

My goodness, we were lucky if we had bunk beds where you could sleep at night.

It meant we did not have to sleep outside in the snow."

On June 5th, 1944, as the greatest armada ever assembled left southern England,

bound for the coast of France, history remembers it as D-Day.

As the ships head towards France, the men, many of whom will die,

take care of some last-minute chores.

This Hitler impersonator took the men's mind off the task at hand,

at least for a few moments.

The time for fun ends as the coast of France comes into view.

The next day on the morning of June 6th,

a tremendous barrage strikes Hitler's fortifications at Normandy

softening it up for the men who will soon be in the beaches.

The night before, 23,000 airborne troops

parachuted behind enemy lines to secure the flanks of the landing.

At Gold, Juno, Sword, Utah and Omaha beaches, 130,000 Allied troops

would now attack five heavily defended areas of Hitler's Atlantic wall.

The first overt signal that Stalin comes not as liberator but as conqueror

is seen in late July, as General Rokossovsky takes the eastern Polish city of Lublin.

Within hours of the red flag's appearance over the city,

Stalin has installed a puppet Communist government: The Lublin Committee.

Loud denunciations by nationalist Poles in London

bring little response from the Allied corridors of power.

And the London Polish government is power- less to prevent this theft of its constituency.

But its cries will not long go unheeded.

"Uncle" Joe Stalin is about to drop his mask and show his true face to the world.

On the 29th of July,

Soviet Radio issues a general plea to the Polish resistance movement, "The Home Army".

The carefully worded broadcast calls for active resistance to the occupying forces.

It gives the impression without ever directly saying so

that the Red Army is about to storm the city.

But the Red Army does not move from its positions just east of the city.

And Stalin, oblivious to mounting pressure from Western leaders, grimly rejects

Churchill's request for the use of Soviet airfields for RAF planes dropping supplies.

Without help, the Poles are doomed.

The battle for the city rages all through August and into September.

But gradually, inevitably, the Polish resistance movement is decimated.

Stalin bows to international criticism only in September,

when an increase in Soviet aid comes too late.

Last Home Army survivors surrender in early October.

British Prime Minister Churchill visits Moscow,

and he has come to discuss the fate of Eastern Europe.

And he knows that there is little that Britain or even the United States can do

to stop a man whose ambitions are backed by Red Army occupation.

And so, the two leaders reach a pragmatic agreement.

Jotted down on a piece of scrap paper, he concedes Soviet control over Bulgaria,

Hungary and Romania, in return for Stalin's guarantee of nonintervention in Greek politics.

The future of Yugoslavia is left open.

And Stalin refuses even to discuss Poland.

Only assassination could snap the bonds of loyalty which still bound millions to Hitler.

The only plotters with access to the Fuhrer were army officers.

The officer who came closest to killing Hitler was Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.

He had his opportunity at a briefing on the 20th of July, 1944.

[Voice of German man...]

"This was the time precisely when we were at a very precarious military situation.

And the only man who could possibly stave off disaster was Adolf Hitler.

That opinion was shared by many Germans, Germans who did not belong to the Party."

Young men who joined the SS were trained like no other army in the world.

Military and academic instructions were intensive.

But it was the physical training that was most rigorous.

They practiced sports with excellence.

Each of them could have performed with distinction at the Olympic Games.

The extraordinary physical endurance of the SS on the Russian front,

which so amazed the world, was due to their intensive training.

The most striking feature of the Waffen SS

was that it was composed of volunteers from some 30 different countries.

What cause gathered them, and why did they volunteer their lives?

Was it a German phenomenon?

At the beginning, yes.

In addition to Germans from Germany,

northwestern Europeans, descendants of Germans from all across Europe, enlisted.

Then in 1941, during the great clash with the Soviet Union, rose the European Waffen SS.

It was on the front lines that the results of the SS physical training

could really be noticed.

An SS officer had the same rigorous training as the soldiers.

A relationship of the equality and mutual respect between soldiers and officers

was always present.

Half of all division commanders were killed in action -- half!

There is not an army in the world where this happened.

The SS officer always led his troops into battle.

To them, Hitler was the most exceptional man ever seen.

Hitler understood them, and had the remark- able idea to open the doors to the SS.

The response to Hitler's offer was overwhelming.

Legions from Norway, Denmark, Holland and Flanders were formed.

Hitler welcomed them home.

German racialism has been deliberately distorted.

It was concerned with making the German race strong and healthy in every way.

Hitler was not interested in having millions of degenerates.

Today one finds rampant alcohol and drug addiction everywhere.

Hitler cared that German families be healthy,

cared that they raised healthy children for the renewal of a healthy nation.

German racialism meant rediscovering the creative values of their own race,

rediscovering their culture.

It was a search for excellence, a noble idea.

National Socialist racialism was not against the other races.

It aimed at defending and improving its race,

and wished that all other races did the same for themselves.

That was demonstrated when the Waffen SS

enlarged its rank to include 60,000 Islamic SS.

The Waffen SS respected their way of life, their customs and their religious beliefs.

Each Islamic SS battalion had an imam.

Each company had a mullah.

It was our common wish that their qualities found their highest expression.

This was our racialism.

I was present when each of my Islamic comrades

received a personal gift from Hitler during the new year.

It was a pendant with a small Koran.

Hitler was honoring them with this small symbolic gift.

He was honoring them with what was

the most important aspect of their lives and their history.

National Socialist racialism was loyal to the German race

and totally respected all other races.

The young European volunteers had observed two things.

First, that Hitler was the only leader who was capable of building Europe,

and secondly that Hitler, and Hitler alone, could defeat the world threat of Communism.

The Communists never aimed at serving the interests of Russia.

Communism does not limit itself to acquire chunks of territories,

but aims at total world domination.

Alone among all the leaders of the world,

Hitler saw this concept as an equal threat to all nations.

Right through the war the Waffen SS never retreated.

They would rather die than retreat.

One cannot forget the figures.

During the 1941 winter the Waffen SS lost 43,000 men in front of Moscow.

The regiment 'Der Fuhrer' fought almost literally to the last man.

Only 35 men survived out of the entire regiment.

The Der Fuhrer men stood fast, and no Soviet troops got through.

And that is what Hitler admired most of all: guts.

For him it was not enough to have intelligent or clever associates.

These people can often fall to pieces,

as we will see during the following winter at the Battle of Stalingrad, with General Paulus.

The defeat there was decided by a man without courage.

He was not capable to face danger with determination.

To say, "I will not surrender.

I will stand fast until I win."

But he was morally and physically gutless, and he lost.

Without their heroism, Germany would have been annihilated by December 1941.

The Roosevelts and the Churchills sold out Europe in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam.

Not since the great religious orders of the middle ages

had there been such selfless idealism and heroism.

In this century of materialism, the SS stand out as shining light of spirituality.

'Greatness in adversity' is the distinction of the SS.

With the return of the Soviet forces in 1944, the mountain peoples,

Ingushe, Balkars, and above all, Chechens, are rounded up in dawn raids of new horror.

Mobile NKVD units are sent into the hills.

Whole peoples, uncomprehending of their guilt,

are marked down for punitive deportation.

It is the tragedy of a small nation in the hands of a vast and ruthless state.

They're dragged from their homes,

their lifestyle destroyed, leaving whole areas empty of any inhabitants.

And when German troops are driven from the Crimea in May,

Stalin is convinced the Tartar people had been guilty of collaboration with the enemy.

He immediately dissolves the Muslim autonomous republic of the Crimean Tartars,

and punitively deports 400,000 people, men, women and children.

And beyond the misery of shocked and frightened people,

the disregard for military needs.

This is a time when the Soviet forces need all the transport they can get.

East Prussia, with its forests and lakes,

was the first part of prewar German territory the Red Army entered.

It is estimated that as many as 2 million German women were raped

by Red Army soldiers.

"From 1944 to 1947 what occurred to Germany, in the last year of the war

and the immediate postwar years was a crime so terrible;

and the world has never experienced such a crime like this.

And the fact that it remains a secret doesn't mean it is any less of a crime,

but it probably was the largest, the darkest and the bloodiest secret in world history.

The massacres, the rapes, the starvation,

the deliberate attempt to destroy a nation entirely. Entirely!

Now I'm not talking about leaving something left.

Basically, that was the uh...uh that's what they were, the Allies were traveling under

in the last year of the war and the immediate postwar years.

This nightmarish attempt to destroy Germany.

A terror bombing toward the late stages of the war.

A terror bombing: there's no other...

There's no other phrase that says it quite as well as "terror bombing".

Long after all military objects had been blown to bits / splinters,

the American and British Air Forces continued to blast German cities,

blasting the rubble to even more rubble.

A lot of folks are still, to this very day, their bones are still buried

underneath the rubble in Germany; that was built over of course, after the war.

What it was like for...a woman?

Let us say a...let's say a 45 year old something woman,

a German who was in a village when the Russians finally came,

when they finally burst through and the fighting had past.

And then comes the second echelon of Russian troops,

for the most part Asiatics and Mongolians from the Rusk Russian eastern republics.

And the rapes began...and what does a woman do?

How do you deal with rape?

And I'm not talking about just one soldier

perhaps dragging you into a room and raping you.

I'm talking about 5 maybe 10 at a time; for days, for weeks, this goes on.

Some women, I mean again we're talking in the words of the people themselves

talking to them.

They did all sorts of things to avoid rapes.

They become almost indifferent to it... indifferent to it after a while; almost.

Some of them lost their minds.

But some women, who were actually good looking prior to the rapes,

actually started trying to make themselves look uglier.

They would feign illnesses and act like they were cripples.

And it still didn't work.

The madness for the uh...among the Russian soldiers for rape was incredible,

and sometimes women were raped 10, 20 times a night, a 100 times a week.

Sometimes they were raped to death; and then they were raped some more.

And of course mothers with children were frantic to try to protect their little ones.

They'd do anything they could.

Of course they would give their bodies gladly; if they could protect their children.

Mostly it didn't work though.

There was an old saying, "from 8 to 88".

That was the time...that was the age frame for rapes, if you can believe that.

Even grandmothers were taken and raped repeatedly.

Even people that were sick and women who were on their periods; nothing was sacred.

And just very nearly extinguished the German people altogether."

But there were those who had been glad to see the Red Army.

First, the population of the occupied parts of the Soviet Union,

and now the Soviet prisoners of war.

Tatyana Naneva, who had served in the Red Army as a nurse,

was one of more than a million Soviet prisoners of war,

who had been transported to camps within the greater German reich.

She was overjoyed when the Red Army arrived, a feeling that was not reciprocated.

Nearly 2 million Soviet prisoners of war were liberated by the Red Army.

All were to suffer at the hands of Stalin.

For many, like Tatyana Naneva,

their suffering began here in a filtration camp run by the secret police.

Their problem was that Stalin maintained that the Soviet Union

had no prisoners of war, only traitors.

For the crime of being captured by the Germans,

volunteer nurse Tatyana Naneva was sentenced to six years in the gulag

and lifetime exile in Siberia.

In December 1944,

American forces were pummeled by German Panzer divisions in the Ardennes forest.

It was a decisive moment in World War Two.

Hitler would either succeed in pushing back the approaching Allied Armies,

if he can drive the American's and the British all the way back to the coast line,

he may be able to force them into a negotiated peace?

Late in October, the Germans begin secretly moving their units

to points East of the Ardennes, without arousing Allied suspicions.

A quarter million Germans roll towards the Western Front.

But officers in Allied intelligence refuse to believe it.

They all agree the Germans don't have the military strength for such an attack.

Early morning on December 16th,

a shattering barrage of German artillery and rocket fire, lights the skies.

Gloomy weather for the next several days,

provides effective cover for the German might, that churns over the roads.

Panzer units slash through.

In the center, the Germans gouge a 12 mile corridor to the approaches of Bastogne.

They are ordered to surround and bypass this town, then drive for the Meuse river.

There is all out confusion. Communications are sketchy.

American troops discover Germans in front and behind them.

Panzers under cover of fog and rain,

slip into American armored columns, then blast the Americans off the road.

More than 7,000 soldiers of the 106th destroy their weapons and give up.

Next to Bataan, this is the largest mass surrender in military history.

Elsewhere, with communications shattered,

other Americans fight isolated holding actions.

Gradually, small scattered units slow the German advance.

Especially around St. Vith.

The 5th Panzer Army, had good success, in the Southern part of the invasion.

However, the effects were not what the Germans had wanted.

They were trying to race to the Meuse river in two days.

On the third day, General Dwight Eisenhower,

orders General Patton's third Army to attack the German flank and relieve Bastogne.

December 20th, the Battle of the Bulge, is in its fifth day.

American forces are reeling under the impact of the mighty German offensive.

General Patton & his third Army, are driving North toward Bastogne, to counter attack.

December 21st, a wintery snow falls throughout the Ardennes.

St. Vith is taken by the Germans.

Now the center route across the Ardennes is wide open.

The Germans flow around Bastogne on all sides, encircling the American forces there.

They thought the Germans were beaten, after the race across France.

The Germans were not beaten.

December 22nd: the situation in Bastogne, grows desperate; ammunition is short.

McAuliffe's artillery battalions are down to 10 rounds per gun; and it's still snowing.

The cold causes more casualties.

Frostbite is rampant among the troops.

The Germans send an emissary to Bastogne, with an ultimatum.

Since the Americans are surrounded

and there is only one possibility to save them from death: an honorable surrender.

General McAuliffe's reply is short and to the point.

McAuliffe's bravado is based on the expectation of the third Army.

General Patton's time table is a critical factor.

If the German's move on Bastogne, they could easily take it at this point.

The surrounded and undermanned US Army watches

and waits anxiously for reinforcements.

The freezing cold conditions don't make it easier for either side.

The next day, December 23rd, dawns bright and sunny; perfect flying weather.

American's in Bastogne cheer

as Allied planes fly overhead to bomb and strafe the enemy.

To drop supplies, not all that's needed, but enough to enable the American's to hang on.

On Christmas day, news reaches Bastogne that the Western spearhead

of the German 2nd Panzer division has been stopped, just short of the Meuse.

When Hitler is told by his Generals, he orders the expected all out attack.

The Wehrmacht advances on Bastogne with 9 divisions, 4 of them armored.

A great part of this effort is aimed at closing the American corridor to the South.

On January 3rd, the Allies launch a 3 pronged counter attack.

By January 16th, patrols from the 1st and 3rd Armies meet North of Bastogne.

By early February, the German's have been pushed back to where they started.

By the end of the Battle of the Bulge, they knew they couldn't win.

And from that time on, the remains of the Panzer Wehr division,

are sent to the Eastern front, where it was eventually destroyed.

It became clear the German Army no longer could fight on the Western Front.

While the Western Allies were held up in the Ardennes, fighting the Battle of the Bulge,

on the Eastern Front, the Red Army was making good progress.

They entered Warsaw on the 17th of January, 1945.

The locals cheered as the Polish units in the Red Army passed by.

They did not know that some of the Officers they applauded were from the Soviet Union,

and were only pretending to be Poles.

Stalin hadn't just created new Polish Officers,

he'd created an entire new Polish government.

Unlike the Polish government in exile,

this group of tame Poles would do just what Stalin told them to.

The Red Army continued to push forward further into Eastern Europe.

Capturing Budapest, the Capital of Hungary, in February, 1945.

The Hungarians had been Allies of the Nazi's.

Together with the German's they had fought fiercely against the Red Army.

Now they would pay for it.

They opened every safe and strong box.

They took away 113 Million Pengoe in cash.

As well as about 800 suitcases and other containers deposited by clients.

And emptied 1,400 safety deposit boxes.

Nearby, other Soviets took paintings and other works of Art worth Millions of Pounds.

Including works by Renoir, El Greco, and Goya.

An estimated 99% of these artworks have never been recovered.

As well as the wealth of the city,

the population was also at the mercy of the Soviet occupiers.

But what happened to them in the aftermath of the Soviet victory in Budapest,

was to become infamous.

So bad was the situation in Hungary, that a group of Hungarian Communists in Kobanya,

sent a letter of complaint to the Soviet authorities.

In January, when the Red Army arrived,

they committed a series of sexual crimes in an outbreak of savage hatred.

Drunken soldiers raped mothers in front of their children and husbands.

Girls as young as 12, were dragged from their fathers and mothers

and raped in succession by 10 to 15 soldiers.

From whom many of them caught venereal diseases.

In February 1945, Stalin traveled here

to Yalta, on the Black Sea, in the South of the Soviet Union,

to attend what would become the most famous meeting of the war.

But the pressures of the war had clearly taken their toll

on one of the leaders of the Alliance.

Churchill looked at Roosevelt so very solicitously.

Churchill, I suppose, had no surprise,

as I had, and anyone else who had seen Roosevelt previously,

to see this corked very thin figure.

His face was waxened, to sort of yellow and waxened, and very drawn, very thin.

And a lot of the time he was sort of sitting

sitting there with his mouth open, sort of staring ahead.

So that was quite a shock to see him in that state.

The Allies also decided on the formation of the United Nations after the war.

The news reel coverage was decidedly optimistic.

This meeting crystallizes the alive resolve that Germany shall be beaten unconditionally,

and that lasting peace shall prevail throughout the world.

The optimism didn't last long.

Here in Poland, on the 28th of March, 1945,

just a few weeks after signing the Yalta Agreement,

the Soviets showed how sincere they really were about Polish political independence.

Sixteen leading independent political and military figures in Poland,

arrived for what they had been told was to be a lunch, with senior Soviet officials.

They weren't just going on a short journey, and they weren't just going for lunch.

In fact they were all transported over 700 miles to here, the Butyrka prison in Moscow.

The Polish leaders had made a big mistake.

They'd trusted the Soviet authorities.

Each of them was imprisoned and interrogated.

And then they waited to see the final fate Stalin had in store for them.

Roosevelt was more relaxed about the whole dispute with Stalin.

Just before Yalta, he'd even remarked that apart from matters concerning Germany,

he wanted to stay out disputes in Europe, as far as possible.

He wrote to Churchill in early April, that...

"I would minimize the general Soviet problem as much as possible, because these problems,

in one form or another, seem to arise every day, and most of them straighten out."

Roosevelt was still keen to get on with Stalin.

Partly because the Soviet leader had offered to help with what was happening here,

in the far East, in the war against Japan.

American's made up the bulk of the Allied forces

who were engaged in the Pacific in what was known as "Island Hopping",

the struggle to wrest each island from the Japanese.

It was a brutal and bloody war.

Just 8 days after the Yalta Agreement,

the Americans had launched one of their fiercest assaults here,

on the Island of Iwo Jima, 750 miles South of Tokyo.

Just after 9 o'clock in the morning, on the 19th of February, 1945,

the first wave of US Marines landed on the island.

But the battle for this piece of volcanic rock, less than 8 miles square, would be horrific

for both sides.

Of the 21,000 Japanese defenders, 20,000 would die in the struggle.

The total American causalities on Iwo Jima, including wounded, were over 25,000,

more than the Allies suffered on D-day.

"The injured are carried to the rear."

So Roosevelt was intensely grateful

that Stalin had promised the Soviet Union would help the Western Allies,

and lend to the war against Japan, once Germany was defeated.

"The wreckage along the beach was only a small part of the cost of 26 days of fighting."

As for the 16 independent Poles tricked into meeting the Soviet authorities

by an offer of lunch,

they were all put on trial.

Of the 16, 13 were sentenced to various terms in Soviet prisons.

Reversing years of American strategic policy,

would be a massive air assault on Berlin.

Over 6 months,

the head of Bomber Command, sent his planes on 19 mass attacks on the Nazi capital.

As many as 800 bombers on a single mission.

Nearly 11,000 bombing sorties.

This attack on Berlin would have significance far beyond causality numbers.

With this raid, the 8th Air Force crosses a moral threshold.

And that moral threshold is, we will not deliberately bomb civilians.

Usually the moral divide for historians is the Tokyo raid, which took place the next month,

where we incinerate the city and kill almost 100,000 people.

And, but I think, once we crossed the moral divide in Berlin, it made everything else,

including the Atomic Bomb, a little bit easier.

By spring 1945, the situation had become all but hopeless for the Germans.

The Red Army had reached the river Oder, the last great natural obstacle before Berlin.

Crowds are lining Constitution Avenue, from here to the White House.

All the soldiers and service men in the crowd, stand firmly at attention.

And now the caisson will start its solemn sorrowful procession through Washington.

The sky is literally falling in on the people of Germany.

Massive fleets of British and American heavy bombers,

pound cities to rubble; Germany is surrounded.

From every frontier enemies are marching on the heart of the Fatherland.

They are twice as many men as the Wehrmacht, four times as many tanks.

Hitler knows he is surrounded.

Old men, women and children prepare for a desperate fight against hopeless odds.

Yet, at the same time,

a people who remain astonishingly loyal in the face of certain defeat.

Boys of the Hitler youth ready themselves for battle.

Ordinary people still cheer Hitler's armies.

These troops are all that stand between Germany and Armageddon.

Stalin claims he has 6 Million men,

against less than a million armed remnants of every unit the Reich can muster.

On the 19th of April, Soviet troops reach the Berlin suburbs.

Now it is street fighting, house by house.

Everyone a natural redoubt for desperate defenders.

Casualties mount.

Resistance stiffens, but the Soviet Armies cannot be halted now.

Hitler's Reich has been pierced to the heart.

On the 25th of April, southern units of Konev's front

make contact with the United States forces at the Elbe.

No hint of future tensions here.

Now as Soviet forces converge on the center of Berlin,

the fighting embraces everything and everyone in the battle field.

But even now, Hitler has one guardian angel.

Fighter Pilot Hanna Reitsch.

The only woman to receive an Iron Cross in the Second World War,

she is utterly devoted to the Fuhrer.

On the 29th of April, she pilots her light aircraft into the heart of Berlin.

Touching down on the Unter den Linden,

she makes the perilous journey through the mayhem of battle, to Hitler's bunker,

where he waits the end;

accompanied by a few treasured possessions.

Hanna Reitsch is Hitler's last chance to escape, but he will not leave.

He chooses to meet his destiny in Berlin.

His grand chancellery now severely damaged,

he admitted for the first time that all was lost.

He then stepped into the passage where Eva and the secretaries were waiting.

"All of a sudden the door was opened, Hitler came out.

He said everything is lost.

Pack your things and go,

you have to leave, and within an hour the last plane will bring you out.

After a moment of silence, Eva Braun stepped forward, went to him,

took his hand and said, 'but you know I stay with you'.

He smiled, I mean he tried to smile, and he kissed her on the lips.

At this moment we all said, 'we're staying too'.

She came towards me, embraced me, and said, 'try to go home, try to get out of here.

And if you are successful, if you come to Bavaria back

give my regards to everybody.'

And she was very sad and I think she tried to be very brave in this moment.

He knew what happened to Mussolini, he saw the pictures.

And he was very very frightened to have the same fate, if he would be captured."

After 6 years of struggle, which in spite of all reversals will go down in history

as the most glorious and most courageous manifestation of a people's will to live.

I cannot separate myself from the city, which is the capital of this Reich.

Because our forces are too few to permit any further resistance

against the enemies assaults,

I desire to share the fate that millions of others have taken upon themselves.

Except I shall remain in this city.

Furthermore, I do not want to fall into the hands of enemies who for the delectation

of the hate-riddled masses require a new spectacle promoted by the Jews.

I have therefore resolved to remain in Berlin

and there to choose death of my own will at the very moment when, as I believe,

the seat of the Fuhrer / Chancellor can no longer be defended.

I die with a joyful heart

in the awareness the immeasurable deeds and achievements of our soldiers at the front,

of our women at home, the achievements of our workers,

of the contribution, unique in history, of our youth, which bears my name.

It goes without saying, that I thank them all from the bottom of my heart.

On April the 29th, Hitler decided to marry his mistress Eva Braun.

After the bridal couple had confirmed they were of true Aryan decent,

the ceremony was concluded with Goebbels and Bormann as the witnesses.

Hitler signed the wedding certificate, but when it came to Eva's turn,

she began to write her surname as "Braun"

before crossing out the letter "B", and writing Eva Hitler.

Arm in arm, Adolf Hitler led his bride to the study for the wedding reception.

Traudl Junge:

"As a gesture of gratitude for her love, for her royalty, for her fidelity,

and I think he wanted to compensate her for to get the figure of history as his wife."

Less than 2 days after the wedding on April the 30th,

Hitler and his bride retired to his study. Traudl Junge:

"And there he stood, very quite, very tired, and then he turned and I,

I felt somehow's like frozen, because I knew now

that this decisive moment where we were going to see soon he'd end his life."

They sat on the couch.

Opposite them was a portrait of Hitler's mother.

Eva now took a cyanide capsule and popped it into her mouth. She died instantly.

Then Hitler picked up his gun, put it to his right temple and fired.

Acting in accordance with Hitler's instructions, members of his staff

wrapped both the bodies in blankets, and carried them up to the surface.

During a pause in the Russian shelling,

they doused the bodies with what petrol they had managed to collect, and set them alight.

Berlin has Fallen.

Marshall Stalin has just announced the complete capture of the capital of Germany.

There are some reports that Hitler died; result of a stroke suffered several days ago.

There are other reports that Hitler was not in Berlin at all.

That he's been hiding out, and that he may still be alive.

That the German story of his death is only a rouse to permit him to escape.

If people are told the truth, about where they're going,

and they refuse to go, because they will be killed,

the only way to get them onto the trains, is to lie to them about their destination.

And of course if they'd learned the truth,

that they were going back to Yugoslavia where they didn't expect to survive,

none of them would have consented to mount the railway tracks.

Now, I remember asking for advice from the division.

Are we to send the civilians as well?

And the answer came back...

Yes.

There were women and children, and old men, and sometimes babies,

who were in these convoys, which we organized.

But did you hear the machine guns?

Yes.

On the Yugoslav side of the border?

Oh for Christ sake!

Do you think I like to talk about fu_king kids being shot down?!

"And then for the next 5 days, we organized trainloads of Croats to go to Yugoslavia.

But ah, as they trusted us, when we were [not] telling them the truth,

there wasn't much trouble about loading them on."

(Radio host) "This is Deanna Spingola.

Today I'm going to share some details about World War 2,

that many of you might not have heard before.

I base this information on the hundreds of hours of research that I have done.

Eisenhower's Death Camps.

In a letter to his wife Eisenhower said, and this is the quote, "God I hate the Germans!

Why? Because the German is a beast", unquote.

He suggested a new class of prisoner, Disarmed Enemy Forces,

prisoners the army would not feed.

Get that? They would not feed! after Germany's surrender.

Food, water and shelter - basic human necessities, were unavailable in the camps;

per Eisenhower's orders!!

(Deanna is now tearing up) Excuse me.

On April 22nd, 1945, the US had in Europe,

50 days worth of 4,000 calorie rations to feed 5 million people

for an additional 50 days!

They had the food,

they just chose not to give it!!

On April 26th, 1945, the combined Chiefs Of Staff in Washington,

cabled Eisenhower their approval of the Disarmed Enemy Forces status,

for ALL German citizens!

Everybody was considered an enemy!

By April 30th 1945, there was an additional 2,062,865 of these CIVILIAN prisoners.

Author Giles Macdonogh wrote, that at least 1.5 million Germans

died in those camps due to their ill-treatment and starvation.

In contrast in 1945 the American Red Cross said that "99% of the US POWs

held in German camps had survived and were soon returning home."

I was a US Army Guard at a German Prison Camp in Andernach.

And I was uh silent for 45 years because uh

I was warned

it would be futile to say anything,

and that I would be in serious trouble if I did.

Victory in Europe.

V-E Day.

We may allow ourselves a brief period of rejoice.

But let us not forget for a moment the toils and efforts that lie ahead.

Japan with all her treachery and greed remains unsubdued.

In Asia and the Pacific the war still raged.

In the wake of its unconditional surrender on the 7th of May, 1945, Germany lay vanquished.

Millions had died.

Those that survived had suffered terribly during the conflict,

both in combat and on the home front.

Intensive Allied bombing raids and the ground battle for Germany,

had forced millions of Germans from their homes.

On the 5th of June, 1945,

the Allies announced they would govern Germany through 4 occupation zones.

One for each of the 4 powers.

The Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, and France.

Following the war, hundreds of thousands of former soldiers,

Nazi party members, were held in POW camps.

Thousands of officers and members of the Nazi party remained imprisoned.

Their fate a trial for war crimes.

You can light a fag on any of those.

Bombs doors open.

Bombs doors open. Bombs away.

There goes the cookie.

There go the incendiaries.

What struck you when you first met him, was his bearing.

He was a commanding personality; you were impressed.

You knew that somebody important was there.

Whenever the prisoners where in their cells

they were constantly under observation; every minute of it.

Pierrepiont, good to see you again.

We've had the gallows constructed to home office specifications, as you've requested.

And here's the list of tomorrow's condemned prisoners.

13 in one day.

No Sir. I'm not with you Sir.

I thought we had a week to do this job?

Well yes, but there are different batches each day.

Well, how many others are there, Sir?

47 in total.

47?

That's just this week.

I'm afraid you'll find them coming thicker fast,

now that the courts have delivered their verdicts.

Jolly good.

196 pounds.

Irma Grese.

Keiner unterhaltung.

Uh...5' 3"

You do the Jews work for them.

Stehen bleiben.

113 pounds

That's the last of them.

Time for a break?

No, we don't want to fall behind.

Zyklon B dropped into the death chamber from a small opening.

It took from 3 to 15 minutes.

We knew when the people were dead because their screaming stopped.

After the bodies were removed our special commandos took off the rings

and extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses.

Jesus

Children of tender years were invariably exterminated

since by reason of their youth they were unable to work.

Is that all true and correct witness?

Yes.

It was the British who obtained by torture the confession of Rudolf Hoess,

Commandant of Auschwitz, before turning him over to Soviets and Poles.

This has been confirmed in a book published in 1983 titled "Legions of Death",

which contains the recollections of British sergeant Bernard Clark,

who brags about having tortured Hoess, to get a confession out of him,

and of threatening his family.

It was here that Hoess was hanged.

I rather wished that the Fuhrer hadn't stood by his followers,

and taken the responsibility for his command.

Think of his position.

Oh sure. His position as Chief war criminal, right?

He was our sovereign.

It would be intolerable for me to have him standing before a foreign court.

You men knew the Fuhrer.

He would be the first one to stand up and say,

"I gave the orders and I shall take full responsibility!"

And I would rather die 10 deaths

than have the sovereign subjected to such humiliation.

We also had an orchestra where some of the musicians stands us together

and one musician was so good

that he had the instruments playing and he wrote the notes,

and later on we had a band show who played over the weekend.

And that was of course helping us, you know we also did plays and stuff.

Were there any cultural activities happening in Auschwitz?

Yes. I told you we had a piano, put into,

[and] not just a piano, [but] a grand piano, was brought into block one.

Once that was built, that new block, the downstairs room was assigned for theater.

They said they're going to build a movie in the camp.

The prisoners sat down and [said], "you must be crazy,

you cannot make a movie for us in the camp?"

But really it happened. They made a movie in the camp.

(They did) Yeah, and we... we went in barracks

after work we...we could go to see a movie sometimes,

they brought movies in see. ...in the evenings, and...

What kind of movies would they show?

German movies.

Once I came to the main camp,

we were allowed twice a month to write home.

Once a postcard and once a letter.

They gave you the materials?

Yeah, they gave us the letter and the materials...the cost.

You had money?

Yeah, we got my ways??...still got my way??...money we got through the

Jewish community from they know who send us...

everybody some money.

And in the camp you could have currency?

Yeah, we could have money, because there was in camp loads

of what they called a "Cantina",

and not many times, but once in a while they sold a few cigarettes,

or they sold something... whatever they had.

So if you had money you could buy, at the Cantina there.

Redeemable in...in that Cantina if they had something.

So, that was their...their way of distributing money.

To everybody, everyone got this money.

Soccer teams... were organized very well.

And one of these uh enlisted, top enlisted SS men,

decided he wants to play for the Polish team.

So...we say okay, you can play.

And then the Commandant... Commandant..SS Commandant,

he was uh like... like a Captain,

he decided he wanted to play for the German team.

So he went in the field. But that's happened, so...but it was 1944, see?

Is what you're saying then that um...

the closer the end of the war came, uh...

pressure was let up rather than ah... - Definitely.

becoming more cruel or...?

Freddie Hirsch called me...to the children's barracks, he was heading then,

and uh...he asked me if I could paint something on the wall for the children?

And I said, "well, if you can get the materials?"

He said, "I'll get the materials."

And I said, "Okay".

And then a very handsome young blonde man

from the man's camp came over one day,

and Freddie Hirsch called me to come and meet him.

And he asked me what I need?

So, I said, "well, if I can get any wall paints,

so I mean tempera paints, I would like those,

if you get me some?" And he said, "Yes, anything you want."

So I made a painting of Dopey standing on another dwarfs head,

with a cloak around him so he looked like a tall guy.

So he would be as tall as Snow White.

I now understand that there was another painter,

who continued something painting on the walls after I'd left.

What did it do, not only for...for you,

but for the... for the children?

On, on an emotional level?

Well it did several things, not just emotional,

but the children then wrote a play,

which was a satire of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

The play was very successful.

Because the little girl, who was playing Snow White,

had an incredible voice.

A gorgeous soprano, just like the one that you hear in the movie.

[A song is played for a little over a minute. The lyrics state...]

Look down, look down, you'll always be a slave

Look down, look down, You're standing in your grave

Look down, look down, you'll always be a slave

Look down, look down, You're standing in your grave

I know from years of my own research and the research of others

that proofs of the Holocaust are few.

Literally, all there is are the "eyewitness" testimonies and postwar confessions.

There's no picture, plan or wartime document

dealing with homicidal gas chambers or a plan to exterminate the Jews.

And we can't use the excuse that the Nazis destroyed all the evidence

because after we had broken the German code,

we were able to intercept their secret transmissions

including those that came from Auschwitz.

The key to understanding the Holocaust story is understanding the true nature of the things

passed off as "proofs".

Everything that is used as evidence of the Holocaust

also can be said to have a perfectly normal explanation.

For example, these exhibits are said to be the material "proofs" of exterminations.

There's the piles of human hair. But what does that prove?

It's acknowledged that each inmate had his or her head shaved because of the lice problem.

That's not denied, so why wouldn't there be piles of human hair?

What about the piles of shoes and clothing; is that a proof?

It's a fact that the prisoners were issued a uniform upon arrival, including shoes.

So why wouldn't there be piles of inmates' shoes and clothing?

It doesn't prove anybody was killed.

What about the canisters of gas?

No one denies that Zyklon B was used to disinfect clothes and also buildings.

Zyklon B was one of the premier pest control agents in Europe at that time.

It was present in most of the concentration camps including those

that are not said to have had homicidal gas chambers in them.

The typhus epidemic that spread throughout Europe during the war

and also spread through the camps called for stringent lice control procedures.

So what other proofs are offered?

Well, there's the usual pictures of sick inmates

which proves the ground-breaking thesis that people got sick in the camp.

Once again I'll add that nobody denies the typhus epidemic which resulted in many deaths.

Then there's the artwork

and the pictures of children.

But at this point it's looking pretty bad for somebody looking for objective proofs

of the gas chamber.

And some of the proofs they present actually work against the concept.

For example, they have one of several aerial photographs

taken at Auschwitz by the Allies during the war.

They don't mention, however, that when blown up,

these photos don't show people being gassed or bodies being burned,

even though they were taken during the time killings were said to be going on

almost non-stop.

Once inside, we can see why revisionists have had such a field day with this building:

Obvious marks on the walls and floors, where apparently walls had been knocked down.

Equally obvious holes in the floor where bathroom facilities had been.

We maintain that, unlike the large hollow chamber we now see,

this room had once been 5 rooms including a bathroom.

Yet the building does have what appears to be evidence of criminal usage;

4 holes in the ceiling, which lead to the roof where 4 little chimneys stand.

It is said that through these 4 holes, Zyklon B crystals were dropped.

And indeed, there seems to be no other explanation for them.

Do these holes prove homicidal gassings?

Revisionists have claimed in the past that these holes were added after the camp's liberation,

and that the inside walls were knocked down and the bathroom facilities removed

to make the room look like a big gas chamber.

Let's start again talking about this building here. Um this...

This is a crematorium / gas chamber.

But this is a reconstruction?

It is in [its] original state. - Original? - Original state.

The ceiling?...

It is an original part. Original.

Oh, it is original?

Original, in through this chimney was thrown Zyklon B.

Are those the original holes in the ceiling?

No.

They've been rebuilt?

Yes.

Okay. After the war?

After the war, yes.

This is Auschwitz-Birkenau in an Allied aerial photo from September 1944.

The train that would come up, carrying the doomed inmates,

you would have thousands of inmates being marched off the trains

into one of these two gas chambers in full view of the entire camp.

This was a spectacle that nobody in the camp could miss; they would see thousands of people

marching into those buildings and nobody coming out.

These were "gas chambers" that were not isolated from anyone

and indeed, when these aerial photo- graphs were released in the late 70's,

they contradicted many supposed eyewitness claims

about how the Nazis had tried to camouflage the gas chambers at Birkenau.

Another question that should be asked:

Is there any Zyklon B [gas] residue in the gas chamber,

knowing that cyanide gas would, in fact, leave a residue?

In 1988, execution equipment expert Fred Leuchter

conducted forensic examinations on the gas chambers at Auschwitz to answer that question.

He took samples from the 4 gas chambers at Birkenau, the one at the main camp

and the control sample from one of the disinfes- tation chambers that we know did use Zyklon B.

Now, the gas chamber samples showed almost no appreciable traces

whereas the dis-infestation sample literally went right off the scale.

In 1990, the Institute of Forensic Research in Krakow

decided to conduct their own forensic tests

to see if they could refute Fred Leuchter's findings,

and their own tests got back the same results.

I told Mr. Zundel and his defense team prior to my going,

that if I did in fact find facilities that could have supported executions,

not only whether they did, did support the executions,

but only whether or not they could have sustained gas executions,

I would make that very clear in my report.

And that is what I would testify to, when I testified in court.

What aside from the samples convinced you that these facilities could not have been used

then or now as execution facilities?

You must have gasketed doors, no windows.

Means of getting the gas in, means of getting the gas out.

If those persons operating the facilities didn't gas themselves to death

at the same time that the executies died, they certainly would have been blown to bits,

when the gas exploded from a switch, the heat of a light bulb,

or the gas approaching and getting in to the crematory furnace.

We're talking about brick and mortar buildings, without heat,

with non explosion proof lighting, without gasketed doors.

In some cases without doors at all.

And with crematories that opened very close or adjacent to the facility.

I mean it's just ludicrous to consider

that these facilities could have been used as gas chambers.

There's no such a thing as an "eye witness".

I have never seen a report that was written by anyone, who had a valid description

of what could of happened at a gassing.

So, the long and the short of it is, there are no eye witnesses,

because there were no gassings.

I think it's necessary to put this matter in its proper historical perspective.

You see, we live in a time now when the old Soviet Union has fallen apart

and it's now okay for both liberals and conservatives, as well as everybody else,

to speak ill of the departed communist state.

But it was not always that way.

During World War 2, the Soviets were more than just a military ally;

their anti-Nazi propaganda was readily accepted by the other Allies

because it served all of their purposes.

The point is, that, as the victors,

the Soviets got to commit their propaganda to the history books as fact.

With the 20-20 hindsight we now have, the knowledge of Stalin's despotism,

and the KGB's history of misinformation and deception,

as well as the other camps in Poland; Majdanek. Belzec, Chelmno,Treblinka and Sobibor,

we've had to rely on the Soviets for most of our information.

I believe in the inarguable fact,

that 6 million Jews were killed in the war by Adolf Hitler Nazis.

I'm merely asking you, as a President of Iran, and as a scholar,

do you believe 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, or do you think that is not true?

But I don't think 6 million Jews were gassed.

Now be...be careful, I beg of you.

This is against the law in Germany.

If there was a German, or somebody with the German state,

you could have me thrown in prison, before I leave Germany.

I hope that's not your intention.

From the Mediterranean to the Baltic, the victors were shaping Europe in their own image.

Poland, the invader's route to Russia, obsessed Stalin.

Eastern Poland had been annexed by the Soviet Union.

As compensation the Allies shifted the whole country westward,

giving Poland the eastern territories of Germany.

The Germans were expelled.

From all over Europe some 12 million Germans

were expelled from lands they had lived in for centuries.

Today it's called ethnic cleansing.

Then, the Allies called it population transfer.

And the British helped to move the Germans out.

The Allies had decided that Germany should compensate them for war damage.

The German population was forced to help the Russians seize industrial resources.

Not just machines, thousands of craftsmen and scientists were kidnapped

and taken to the Soviet Union.

This part of the story is an amazing one.

And few people even today know about it.

Watch it Chuck, keep your eyes open.

There's a break at 11, break at 11.

Planes 9 o'clock coming around.

Fire at 10:30. Coming around.

10:30 upper or lower?

B-17 out of control at 3 o'clock.

Come on you guys, get out of that plane. Bail out.

There's one, he come out of the bomb bay.

What was that? What the hell was that?

It went by like we were standing still.

Blue leader to grouping. Get on the air.

Going by at 2 o'clock. What the hell is it?

It was the Messerschmidt 262, the world's first operational jet fighter.

It flies a 150 miles an hour faster than our fastest fighter.

On becoming airborne, the undercarriage was jettisoned,

and the aircraft demonstrated an amazing rate of climb.

Later, Dittmar was towed to altitude to conserve fuel when he achieved 623 miles per hour,

easily breaking the existing world speed record.

Hanna Reitsch also test flew one of the early models,

from the Messerschmidt airfield in Lechfeld.

And she later flew a more powerful version,

now named Komet, which made a great impression on her.

"And I can only tell you, it was like thundering through the skies sitting on a cannonball."

By mid-June 1945, 1000 ex-Nazi scientists from various German weapons programs

had been hastily moved to the safety of the American zone.

There they could be kept away from anyone who might prosecute them.

Russia's leader Joseph Stalin was outraged.

"We defeated the Nazis. We occupied Berlin and Peenemunde.

But the Americans got the rocket engineers.

How could this happen?"

What's more, over a 100 V-2's were making their way to America

under Special Mission V-2.

The Americans had stolen the V-2 team

and much of its equipment from under the Russians' noses.

Central Europe was reverting to the Dark Ages.

This was a space without law, shelter or mercy.

Astonishing news from East Germany, where the East German authorities have said

in essence that the Berlin Wall doesn't mean anything anymore.

The wall that the East Germans put up in 1961 to keep its people in

will now be breached by anybody who wants to leave.

It is perhaps the most important announcement made in

Central Europe since the end of World War 2 certainly...

"Seventy years ago today,

with Germany's attack on Poland, began the most tragic chapter in the history of Europe.

This war instigated by Germany brought immeasurable suffering on many peoples,

years of disenfranchisement, humiliation, and destruction.

I commemorate the many millions of people who lost their lives in that war,

and in resistance to Germany.

I commemorate those 60 million who died in this war, instigated by Germany."

So, what is a central bank?

A central bank is an institution that produces the currency of an entire nation.

Based on historical precedent, two specific powers are inherent in central banking practice.

The control of interest rates, and the control of the money supply or inflation.

The central bank does not simply supply a government's economy with money,

it loans it to them at interest!

Then through the use of increasing and decreasing the supply of money,

the central bank regulates the value of the currency being issued.

It is critical to understand the entire structure

of this system can only produce one thing in the long run: debt.

It doesn't take a lot of ingenuity to figure this scam out.

For every single dollar produced by the central bank is loaned at interest.

That means every single dollar produced is actually the dollar plus

a certain percent of debt based on that dollar.

And since the central bank has a monopoly

of the production of the currency for the entire country,

and they loan each dollar out with immediate debt attached to it,

where does the money to pay for the debt come from?

It can only come from the central bank again.

Which means the central bank has to perpetually increase its money supply

to temporarily cover the outstanding debt created, which in turn,

since that new money is loaned out at interest as well, creates even more debt.

The end result of this system without fail is slavery.

For it is impossible for the government, and thus the public,

to ever come out of the self-generating debt.

Now, the control of the economy and the perpetual robbery of wealth

is only one side of the Rubik's cube the bankers hold in their hands.

The next tool for profit and control is war.

It's important to understand that the most lucrative thing

that could happen with international bankers is war,

for it forces the country to borrow even more money

from the Federal Reserve Bank at interest...at interest...at interest...

[Voice of Ernst Zundel...]

"If Hitler had not come to Germany in 1933?

Germany had 270,000 suicides the year before.

Germany was, in Berlin, the sin capital of the world, thanks to largely Jewish entrepreneurs,

who ran the smut films and the cabarets and so on.

Germany was [the] dope capital for Europe.

German industry was virtually dead.

Without Adolf Hitler, Germany would have died with a whimper in 1934 or 1935.

Adolf Hitler saved Germany.

At least he gave the Germans 12 years of liberation and freedom...

liberation and freedom...liberation and freedom...liberation and freedom..."

You made a fool out of me!

Tried to humiliate me!

You must learn to sit down!

Learn to... - That's enough.

First of all, the film is based upon this book,

Schindler's List, which won the L.A. Times book award for FICTION.

Here we have a film that's being shown to our schoolchildren as truth,

when it's based on the book that says this is a work of fiction.

In other words, it's not true.

"It has gotten so bad in this sick world we live in, that now some leaders of nations are

openly promoting genocide of the European people.

Sarkozy went on to say that...

"I think there's a resurgence of anti- Semitism because at this point in time

Europe has not yet learned how to be multicultural.

And I think we are going to be part of the throes of that...

of that transformation which must take place.

Europe is not going to be the monolithic so- cieties that they once were in the last century.

Jews are going to be at the center of that.

It's a huge transformation for Europe to make.

They are now going into a multicultural mode.

And Jews will be resented because of our leading role.

But without that leading role, and without that transformation, Europe will not survive.

And I'm sure no intelligent white person watching this show,

or no intelligent white man in his or her right white mind,

want black boys and black girls marrying their white sons and daughters,

and in return introducing their grandchildren as half brown kinky haired black people.

- I wouldn't ... - And I am sure...

I wouldn't object to that.

Well you wouldn't but a lot of them would.

Well, I will tell you you're sad...that it's...it is sad

It ain't sad cause I want my child to look like me.

Every intelligent person wants his child to look like him.

I'm sad because I want to blot out my race and lose my beautiful identity?

You can do what you want!

But it's nature to want to be with your own.

I want to be with my own...

No one knows what it's like

To be the bad man

To be the sad man

Behind blue eyes

No one knows

What it's like to be hated

To be faded to telling only lies

But my dreams they aren't as empty

As my conscious seems to be

I have hours, only lonely

My love is vengeance

That's never free

No one knows what it's like

To feel these feelings

Like I do, and I blame you!

No one bites back as hard

On their anger

None of my pain woe

Can show through

But my dreams they aren't as empty

As my conscious seems to be

I have hours, only lonely

My love is vengeance

That's never free

No one knows what it's like

To be the bad man

To be the sad man

Behind blue eyes

No one knows

What it's like to feel these feelings

Like I do, and I blame you!

But my dreams

They aren't as empty

As my conscience seems to be

I have hours, only lonely

My love is vengeance

That's never free

After the armistice, the guns went silent across Europe,

but not in Berlin, where Germans were fighting Germans.

News of the loss by the Fatherland, had come as a shock to Berliners,

and now the old order was gone.

In its place came chaos.

The streets of what was once a quiet conservative town, became free fire zones.

The Nationalists in the extreme right, battling it out with the Communists of the extreme left.

And out of this struggle, emerged a new democratic state, the Weimar Republic.

In the 20th century, after the First World War, the world's great metropolis of vice was Berlin.

Berlin in the 1920s was the sex capital of Europe.

[A song plays: Falling in Love Again...]

If you knew what to look for you could find anything, anything known to man

in the sexual world was available on the streets of Berlin.

On any given night, as many as a 100,000 prostitutes walked the streets,

or worked the sex clubs across the city.

There were all different whores with different kinds of make-up on the street.

For instance, one was called "Munzi".

Munzis, who were prostitutes who hung out on just one street, munzstrasse,

and these were pregnant prostitutes.

There were prostitutes who looked horrible, who had massive scared faces or hunched backs or

were lame or crippled, these were called "grasshoppers".

You had mother and daughter teams on one street, that dressed exactly alike.

Here in Berlin, sex for sale offered every sort of perversion or fetishism imaginable.

There was not a sexual appetite that could not be satisfied; in the city.

There were clubs where lesbians liked to whip school boys

and you'd find military officers sitting there with children sitting on their laps.

So a lot of it was play acting. But there were quite a lot of people who also indulged in it.

Berlin in the 1920s was the sex capital of Europe.

Its very name became synonymous with perversion, debauchery, and creativity.

Places that you hadn't noticed would turn into outrageous strip clubs.

The basements of the restaurants

would be homosexual or lesbian romper rooms and sex clubs.

Every intellectual was Leftish.

The whole political right wing, which basically came from Munich,

did not play any roll in the beginning.

The whole town was in the hands of Leftist ideas.

But outside Berlin,

the right wing Nationalist movement was attracting scores of disillusioned Germans,

including one obscure Austrian Corporal by the name of Adolf Hitler.

Hitler, like many of the right wingers, hated this new Berlin.

A city bursting with Bolsheviks, socialists, revolutionaries, and Jews.

But in the early 1920s, Berliners had more immediate concerns.

By 1922, inflation was spiraling wildly out of control.

People would be paid in the morning, and have suitcase fulls of bank notes.

And they would have to then run to the shops, because in the time between being paid,

and the time when they bought their goods, their food, the prices would have risen.

Berlin was in a state of total total chaos.

Hundreds of thousands of dispossessed starving in the streets

and at the same time, you had very rich people.

You got on the one hand, the poor eating turnip soup,

the Butchers selling crows, squirrels, even rats.

And on the other side, people who could afford it,

eating the most sumptuous meals, like they never paused for thought.

With virtually every currency in the world more valuable than the German mark,

foreign tourists flocked into the city to take advance of the cheapest sex on the continent.

$10 dollars in American money, could buy you anything you wanted.

Every possible sexual taste was catered for.

House Fraus became harlots, teenagers turned tricks, and Papa became a pimp.

When you have unemployed, you also have an increase in sex workers.

But it wasn't just Berliners.

It was tens and maybe hundreds of thousands of young boys and young girls,

who were coming to Berlin to participate in this hard currency sex traffic.

It was a city that was filled with lesbian life.

There was the idea that every where you went, you didn't have to hide what you were.

When it came to sex Marlene Dietrich could be omnivorous.

As long as she found them attractive,

she couldn't care less if her lover was a man or a women.

Dietrich was an omnipotent sexual figure.

She was an icon for gay women around the world at a time when there was no one else.

With this new anything goes attitude, Berlin over night replaced Paris as the center of Hedonism.

That's why people saw Berlin as the Babylon of the 20s.

Things that had been considered to be immoral amoral whatever,

were became irrelevant and anything went.

Drugs were readily available in Berlin.

Every variety of drug. Morphine, cocaine, opium.

The morphine & cocaine you could probably get prescribed by your local doctor or pharmacist.

Opium was widely available, and also drugs were used in sexual science.

Sexual scientists were very interested in the effects of for instance

morphine would have on the orgasmic rate of a lesbian.

So there was a complete scientific culture.

Berlin had become the center of sexual experimentation.

It also became the center of scientific research into sex, led by a pioneering doctor.

And this was a very funny character called Papa or the Einstein of sex.

In Berlin, it was Magnus Hirshfeld.

Hirshfeld was queer Jewish Social democrat, who really defined the Liberal spirit of Berlin.

The crusading doctor for sexual freedom was also the founder of the world's first institute

devoted to the scientific study of sex.

You could go and look at various fetish items, for example he had these trousers.

Now if you wore a trench coat you could walk around Berlin,

and look like you had pants on, because the lower parts of the trousers were there.

But then you had nothing on above them, and you could flash this way.

This was thought to be very tidily very amusing.

So it was this sort of thing, you could see in the institute for sexual research.

Unlike his fellow [Jewish] doctor in Vienna, Sigmund Freud,

Hirshfeld advocated the radical notion that human sexuality could be studied,

without imposing moral judgements.

Hirshfeld's also credited with operations and surgeries of sex change & sexual rejuvenation.

He had a clinic for people to be consoled about sexual problems.

But Berlin's reputation as a hotbed for the new and risque,

was not just limited to its bars and bedrooms.

They also streamed into the city streets and clubs of Berlin.

From all across Europe, artists, writers, and intellectuals with homosexual leanings

were drawn to this metropolis.

Berlin was unquestioningly the most open gay city in the world.

It attracted first W. H. Auden, the great British poet, & then his friend, Christopher Isherwood.

Auden came first,

was interested in the gay scene there, and talked about Berlin being a bugger's paradise.

Christopher Isherwood, fed up with Cambridge,

and an England openly hostile to homosexuals, chose to move to Berlin.

His novels about the wild side of life in the city and its cabarets,

were eventually turned into a hugely successful stage play and movie.

There were about a 160 completely different lesbian and gay male night clubs and lounges.

Unlike most cities, with their one red light district,

Berlin's erotic clubs were scattered throughout the vast metropolis.

Bizarre sexual fantasies of domination, were turned into works of art.

While they would indulge in a wide variety of strange sexual experiments

involving violence and death; all in the name of art.

In 1928, a Nazi propaganda sheet,

denounced Berlin as a melting pot of everything that is evil.

When Goebbels got off the train in 1926, to take over the city,

he found the Nazis could scrape together maybe 200 members.

And the Communists at that point had about 250,000.

And they didn't particularly take to a group of people who came in from outside

and said that everything that the city had stood for

was all of a sudden to be abandoned or to be considered decadent or to be pushed aside.

Hitler had personally appointed him to go to Berlin.

It looked at the time like an impossible mission.

He was a good choice for the Nazis because he understood the city.

It was he who was designated to turn the city from a bastion of Communism,

a red city, into a brown one, a bastion of the Nazi's.

This was a difficult proposition.

Berlin to them was foreign territory.

They shared the typical provincial,

conservative German's notion about Berlin as a decadent place.

It was too avant-garde, they hated the place.

Berlin was in an upheaval.

Street fights were common.

Unemployment was worsening.

And then on January 30th, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany.

He made it clear what his plans for the city were.

"What is ugly in Berlin, we shall remove."

What happened in '33, especially, was that the gay Berlin dime bars started to be raided.

Those things were allowed to kind of exist under the radar, for, up until 1933 really.

The Nazi police started paying attention to the dime bars.

They were harassing the customers, they were closing them down; you might get arrested.

The Eldorado, home for some of the most famous transvestites in the city,

was taken over and turned into Nazi headquarters.

Goebbels sang out the name of every book as it was consigned to the flames, legend has it.

The exodus was almost immediate.

Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill, George Grosz, Albert Einstein, Marlene Dietrich,

just a small number of the thousands who were driven into exile.

Berlin for a short 14 years, had been a crucible of history.

Brimming with a volatile mix of sex, arts, and politics,

laced with disillusionment, and spiked with decadence.

The Babylon of the river supreme was no more.