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>> [MUSIC PLAYING]
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>> DOUG LLOYD: So let's take one more video to talk about one more language.
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This time we'll talk about CSS.
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So CSS, which is short for Cascading Style Sheets,
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is another language we use when constructing websites.
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Think about it like this.
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If HTML is what we use to organize the content we want to put on our page,
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CSS is the tool that we generally use to customize how our websites look,
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and how the user experience really is, interacting with our website.
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>> Similar to HTML, CSS is not a programming language.
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It doesn't have logic.
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It doesn't have variables.
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It doesn't have any sort of that flow related things that C does.
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It's a styling language.
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And its syntax is pretty simple, and just describes
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how the elements of our page have certain HTML
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elements should be modified.
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To that end, if you haven't yet watched our video on HTML,
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or are unfamiliar with HTML generally, you
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may want to take a look at that first, because this discussion of CSS
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is going to depend on some knowledge of HTML.
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>> So here's a really simple CSS stylesheet.
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Even if you've never programmed with CSS before,
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I'm pretty sure you can figure out exactly what this stylesheet does.
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What does it do?
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Well, applied to the body of our web page, everything between body tags
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on our HTML, and it sets the background color of that page to blue.
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Well, it's a very simple stylesheet.
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It's actually very human friendly language, CSS.
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So even if you've never used it before, you probably could guess what that did.
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In fact, if we loaded a page, where this stylesheet was embedded somehow,
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the background color of our page would be blue, and not the standard white.
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>> So how do we build stylesheets?
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Well first, we have to identify a selector.
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In the last example, that selector was body.
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Then we have an open curly brace, and we're
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going to begin defining the stylesheet for that selector.
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In between the curly braces, we just have a list of key value pairs.
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The previous value pair was background color blue semicolon,
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but we could do more and more of these.
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You could have multiple things applying to that tag, that selector body.
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Each one of them is separated by a semicolon, and we call each one of them
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a declaration, a CSS declaration.
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When we're done with all the styling we want to apply to that particular tag,
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we just have a closing curly brace to end the stylesheet,
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and we're done defining the stylesheet for that particular selector.
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>> What are some common CSS properties?
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Well, maybe you want to put a border around something.
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So you can say, border, that would be your key,
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and then your values would be, what style, color, and width
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you want it to be.
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So the style could be a solid line, a dotted line, a dashed line,
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a ridge line, which would be wavy line.
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Maybe you want to have it be blue or black or green.
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Maybe you want it to be 1 or 2 or 10 pixels wide.
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You can specify all of those things.
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Maybe you want to set the background color of your page in a particular way.
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We already saw that, setting the background of the body to be blue.
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>> Then you can use a key word, so CSS has certain colors
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that are built into it, blue, green, black, a very simple colors we know.
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But you can also specify any hex color that you'd like.
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Recall that colors can be identified by a set of three hex numbers
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from 0 to 255, rg and b, the red, green, and blue component.
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And so we can specify any color we want by,
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instead of using blue or green or black, using pound and then six digits of hex,
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and that would give us the six digit color.
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So that's the background color.
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>> We also have the foreground color, which is usually
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going to be the text of your page.
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And you could similarly do that with key word and or six digit hex.
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So you can specify any color you want for the text of your page
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against a particular background color, up above.
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You can also change and deal with font, and the way text
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is rendered on the page.
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>> So you can change your font size.
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You can use key words, such as extra, extra small, or xx small, or medium,
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large, and so on.
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You can use fixed points, 10 point, 12 point, and so on.
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You can use percentages, 80%, 20%, where 100% is the default font
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size, which is usually going to be something like 11 or 12 points.
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Or you can even base it off of the most recent font size.
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If you just wrote something and you know what you want is for it to be smaller,
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but you don't know exactly what size you want it to be, well, you can just say,
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font size smaller.
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And it will base off of the, just up above, it's font size.
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And you can get smaller or larger.
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So there's a lot of different ways to specify font size.
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>> You can also specify what font family you want.
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If you have a particular name, there's a way in CSS--
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we're not going to talk about it here-- to define a very specific font
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and embed it into your page.
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You can also use generic names.
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There's a lot of web safe fonts that are pre-defined in CSS.
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And if you are a user of Microsoft Office in the last 20 years,
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you're probably familiar with a lot of these web safe fonts
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already, Times New Roman, Arial, Courier New, Georgia, Tahoma, Verdana,
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and so on.
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Those are all considered web safe fonts.
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And actually, part of the reason they came to be
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was to be used to make web-- every page had access to this default set of fonts
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with various serifs, and all this font stuff we won't get into,
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but these are usually accessible in your CSS,
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even if you don't otherwise define the fonts.
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Lastly, you can align your text, instead of it being, by default, aligned
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to the left, you could align it to the right,
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or you could align it centered, or justified so that it hit both margins.
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So those are all options you can use to change what your text looks like,
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and how it's displayed on your page.
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>> Your selectors don't have to be tags only.
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We previously saw a body tag selector, and tag selector
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does look just like that.
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You name a tag, and then you define a stylesheet for that tag.
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But you can also do something called an ID selector.
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An ID selector looks pretty similar.
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But notice, that now I'm not using an HTML tag, I'm using, in this case,
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#unique, or hash unique.
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If you recall from our video on HTML, we talked
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about how tags can have attributes.
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>> And one attribute that applies to pretty much all HTML tags,
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but we didn't talk about it, is something called an ID tag.
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So this particular CSS would apply only to HTML tag that has
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a very specific ID, that you've named.
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So if you have somewhere in your code, somewhere
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in your HTML file, a tag and you specify as an attribute to that tag,
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ID equals unique, this particular stylesheet
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here will only apply in between that tag with the ID of unique.
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>> You can also do something called a class selector.
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So in addition to having ID attributes, you can also
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add a class attribute to HTML tags.
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And when you use a class attribute, it can be applied to multiple tags.
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So if you have several things that are similar, maybe you want to say,
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open tag blah, blah, blah, blah, class equals students.
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And then this particular stylesheet would apply
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to every tag whose class is students.
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In this case, we'd set the background color to yellow,
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and we'd set opacity, which is a tag we didn't talk about,
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but just deals with how transparent something is, to 70%, in this case.
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>> There's two options for writing stylesheets.
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You can write them directly into your HTML
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by placing the stylesheets in between style tags.
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And those style tags go inside of the head tags of your web page.
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The perhaps more preferred way to do it is to write a separate .css file,
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and then link it into your document using link tags.
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Link tags, again, are different from hyperlinks,
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if you recall from our video an HTML.
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And link tags are how we pull in separate files.
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It sort of like the equivalent of the #include for web programming.
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>> So let's take a look at table.HTML.
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If you recall from our HTML video, I showed
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an example of a very simple multiplication
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table that looked pretty ugly, and maybe there's
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a way to make it better with CSS, to make it actually look
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more like a multiplication table, or something
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that isn't just stuck together with no actual division
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between the rows and the columns.
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So let's head over to CS50 IDE, and take a look
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at how CSS can, sort of, tweak what we started with before,
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and make it something a lot better.
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>> So we're in CS50 IDE now, and if unfamiliar,
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we'll pull up in this table that HTML page.
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Table.HTML basically just defines the contents
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of a multiple-- it was supposed to be a four by four multiplication table.
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It's pretty straightforward.
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And we would think that it would look pretty well organized.
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But in fact, when we preview this page, we see that it's kind of ugly, right?
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Clearly we have rows and columns here.
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There some sort of separation.
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But it's not a meaningful separation.
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We're not actually getting too much information here.
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And there's no separation between the rows and columns in terms
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of horizontal or vertical rules.
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We could probably make this look a little bit better.
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So let's try.
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So I'm going to close this tab up here.
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And I'm going to close my table.HTML, and I have another version here
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called table2.HTML.
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We'll open that up.
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The body of the page is pretty much the same,
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but I've changed a little bit at the top.
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And I'll scroll up here.
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Notice that this time, I'm using embedded style tags.
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I've opened a style tag, and I'm now defining a CSS stylesheet just inside
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of it.
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I have a stylesheet that says, table.
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That's my tag selector.
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I'm not using dot or hash, which I would be doing if I
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was using an ID or a class selector.
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I have a tag selector here-- table.
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This style is going to apply to every table tag.
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Apparently I want to put a one pixel wide, solid blue border,
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inside my table.
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That sounds like it would probably help the situation, right?
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We're going to have things look a lot better.
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So this is fine.
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Stylistically, I've just embedded my stylesheet in here.
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It's certainly an acceptable way to do it.
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Let's see what this looks like.
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So I'll go back down here, and I'll will preview my table2.HTML.
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Well, that's not quite what I wanted, but it is exactly what we asked for.
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We said that this style is going to apply to our table.
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Our table now has a one pixel wide, solid blue border around it.
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We're not actually getting at the table cells.
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We're just getting at the table.
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So CSS worked.
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It has applied a stylesheet to our table.
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But didn't quite do what we wanted it to do.
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How do we get to do what we want it to do?
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>> Well, let's take a look at one more version of this in table3.HTML.
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So I'm just going to close these tabs.
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I'm going to go back over here to my file tree, and open up table3.HTML.
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Again, it's going to look pretty similar here at the beginning.
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But notice, this time, instead of using a stylesheet embedded right in there,
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I'm going to link in a stylesheet using the link tag.
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So I'm apparently linking in a stylesheet called tables.CSS,
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and this well equals stylesheet just means-- well,
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what is this file relative to what I'm doing-- is a stylesheet that I'm
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using for my page.
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So if I really want to see what I'm doing with the CSS here,
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I need to go open that table.CSS file as well.
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So we'll go back over here again to our file tree.
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There's table.CSS.
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We'll pop it open.
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Now we're seeing a little of the CSS.
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Apparently, I have a couple of things going on here.
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I apparently want to put a five pixel wide, solid red border,
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around my table.
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We already know that that's going to just go on the perimeter.
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We saw that in table2.HTML.
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With each row, I apparently want to specify
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that the row height is 50 pixels high.
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So for every row, remember that's what the tr tag does,
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I'm making it 50 pixels high.
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>> Lastly, I have this comment.
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And this is how we make comments in CSS.
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It's very similar to seize block comments syntax slash star.
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All the text you want.
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There's no slash slash though in CSS.
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For short inline comments, we have to use this particular format here.
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It looks like I'm doing a lot of things in my td tags.
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Remember td tags, or table data, which really are just
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the columns inside of our rows, and apparently
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for each piece of data in my table, I want
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to set the background color to be black, the color to be white,
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color is foreground color.
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So this is going to be the text of my page.
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I want big font, 22 point font, and I want
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it to be of the font family, Georgia.
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So I'm not going to have the default font.
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I'm going to specify Georgia, which is one of those web safe fonts
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that we've seen before.
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I want my text to be aligned centrally, in the middle of the box,
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I don't want it to be left aligned or right aligned.
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And I want my column width to be 50 pixels wide as well.
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Let's take a look at what this looks like,
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and see if this is maybe an improvement.
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So I'm going to go to table3.HTML, which recall, includes table.CSS as a link,
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and we'll preview it.
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That's a lot better, right?
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This is actually starting to look a lot more like a multiplication table.
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I have that red border around my table but now
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I also have specified that each row is 50 pixels wide,
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or it's 50 pixels tall-- excuse me-- each column is 50 pixels wide.
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The data in each column, and only the data, has a black background.
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So that's why those white lines are there.
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Because the space in between all of those cells,
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it's not a border in and of itself, it's just
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I'm only filling in the cells, which actually
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makes the borders of the table, which apparently did exist all along, it
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was just thin white lines.
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Now they're visible.
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Now they pop off on the screen.
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And so this is a very simple stylesheet that I've applied,
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and now my table looks a lot more like a four by four multiplication table,
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instead of a just jumbled mess, where everything is clearly rows and columns,
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but not super well organized.
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We're really just scratching the surface of what you can do with CSS here.
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Fortunately the CSS documentation is pretty straightforward.
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You'll use several of its attributes, fairly frequently.
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The ones we talked about earlier in this video.
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There are several that you probably won't use all.
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And that's fine, too.
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But just know, that there's a lot of documentation out there.
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So even if we didn't cover everything, you're certainly not left on your own.
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But CSS is really fun to experiment with.
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And I would strongly encourage you to play around with your web pages,
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and see how you can make them look and feel to improve the user
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experience of visiting your page.
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I'm Doug Lloyd.
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This is CS50.
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