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I've always been drawnto the magic of the ocean.
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It feels like time slows down.
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Most people stare up into spacewith wonder.
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Yet, we have this almost-alien worldon our own planet...
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just teeming with life.
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But it's a worldmost people never explore.
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Richard Vevers is documentingthe oceans' reefs
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the same way Google maps out streets.
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...snapping a 360-degree picture
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every three seconds.
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This is the 21st country that we've done
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as part of a global survey of coral reefs.
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Hidden below the surfaceof the world's oceans,
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spectacular gardens of coral.
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Reefs are where muchof the seafood we eat begins life.
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Reefs are a source of foodand income for over 500 million people.
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It's really about tryingto communicate with science,
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as much as doing the science itself.
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To take people on a journey.
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...that incredible journey under the sea,
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which could be the closest many of us come
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to seeing an exotic underwater site.
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Giving anyone with Internet accessthe chance to go on a virtual dive
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in many of the survey sites.
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I used to be an ad man.
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I spent ten years in advertising,
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working at someof the top London agencies.
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Over time, you realize
you're having these conversations about...
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toilet rolls, and it's heated debate.
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And it's about selling
four-ply toilet tissue
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rather than three-ply.
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And you go
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"I'm sure there's something better
I can be doing with my life."
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I've been diving since the age of 16.
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I used to go lookingfor these weedy seadragons,
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which are these incredible animals.
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It's like a seahorse,but it's a dragon about a foot long...
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that most people don't even know exists.
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But then, one year,they were all disappearing
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from all my favorite sites.
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You know, this was oneof my favorite creatures in the world.
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And you go, "Well, if it's happeningto one of my favorite creatures,
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what else is it happening to"
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And that's when I realized
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one of the biggest issues
with the ocean is
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it is completely out of sight
and out of mind,
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and that, essentially,
is an advertising issue.
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You know, when you look at our planet,it's unique in the known universe
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because we've got an oceanthat is the source of life.
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And it controls everything.
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It controls the weather.
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It controls the climate.
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It controls the oxygen we breathe.
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Without a healthy ocean,we do not have a healthy planet.
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How do you communicate these issues
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The project was calledthe XL Catlin Seaview Survey.
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What we wanted to do was revealthe oceans to the world.
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People were engaging with the imagery,
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they were going for virtual dives,
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but they weren't understandingthere's a problem.
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So, we had to really go backto the drawing board...
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and I thinkthat was a shocking realization
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that we're only at the start of a journey.
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Okay, this one is gonna
be behind, in the back-reef.
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-So, what year was this
-This is 1975.
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-Right.
-Okay
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-Yep.
-This whole area back here
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-was just thick with Acropora palmata.
-Right.
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-The elkhorn coral.
-And how much is there left
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.01%.
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Whoa.
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Something like that. You'll see.
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-Yeah.
-We'll go see.
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So, you wanna knowwhat we're looking at.
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This flat-- This is all dead reef flat.
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This is all dead elkhorn coral.
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You can see all the skeletons in place,but there's nothing alive.
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So, this is what the reef looked likein 1971.
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This is all covered with living corals.
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This is very typical.
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Very, very typical of the Florida Keys.
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And 50 years ago, that wasn't the case,
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30 years ago, that wasn't the case.
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All of it, gone.
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Phil told me that we've lost80 to 90% of corals in Florida.
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I had no ideathat these issues were so advanced.
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-I think it might be this one.
- Yep.
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-Morning. I'm Richard.-Jim Porter. Pleased to meet you.
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Very nice to meet you.
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Thanks so much for coming down.
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So, all of this stuff
that I'm showing in here...
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um, is from 1976.
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-This is Discovery Bay, Jamaica.
- Yep.
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And that's what it looked like then.
95
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-And this is a what it looks like now.
- Right.
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This survey sat unanalyzed.
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Just little bits and pieces,
but not the whole story.
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His imagery was designedfor scientific purpose.
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It doesn't capture you instantlywithout explanation.
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This is what we have lost.
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-This is the way it was.
-Yep.
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I started my career
in love with a place...
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and those places have diminished.
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To see that lost is very devastating.
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A lot of scientists I've methave got really depressed
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about this issue.
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Whereas I've had the experienceto do ten years in advertising,
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where you believe
any problem can be solved
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in a ridiculously short period of time.
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You just gotta do a bit
of creative thinking.
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-That's great. Lovely. Thank you.
-Thank you.
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Excuse me. Do you know where Ruth is
Ruth Gates
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Um, and the classroom's right here.
All those screens go up.
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We'll go in and have a look.
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Oh, wow.
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-Wow.
- Is it cool
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Unbelievable.
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Wow.
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-Okay, um...
-
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It's the fact that it's moving.
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- Isn't it amazing that after all--
-Yeah.
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Twenty-five years
I've been working on corals,
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I can look down a microscope
and go, "Bloody hell"
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-I know, that...
-
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My understanding was this was an animal,
this was an animal.
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-Yeah.
-Are they the same animal
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-They are.
-But, um...
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I know they're identical animals...
129
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-Yeah.
-...but are they the same
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-They are.
-So, they...
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-They are one animal. I--
-Yep.
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It's one animal.
133
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Okay, but they're not considered...
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I thought polyp was an animal...
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not a coral was an animal
with lots of polyps.
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-That make sense
-A coral is an animal with lots of polyps.
137
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But the polyp isn't an animal
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Well... it's part of the animal.
139
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Right. 'Cause this is a--
No one's ever explained...
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-what a coral is.
-Your amazement is,
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why did you not know that
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-Why didn't I know that
-I'm stunned.
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-And it's the--
-You're a smart guy.
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What's wrong with you
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I get completely overwhelmed sometimes,
underwater, on a reef.
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Because I can't believe
that these structures
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are sort of created
by these simple organisms,
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or "seemingly" simple organisms.
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I have the utmost respect for corals,
'cause I think they've got us all fooled.
150
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Simplicity on the outside
doesn't mean simplicity on the inside.
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We think we're really evolved
'cause we're highly complex beings.
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We can do lots of things.
We have opposing thumbs.
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But corals... they've decided,
"Forget the external complexity.
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Let's just be really sophisticated
in a quiet way."
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A coral individual is really made up
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of thousands of small structurescalled polyps.
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Each polyp is a circular mouth...
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surrounded by tentacles...
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and they can combineto be millions of them
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across a single animal.
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They have, inside their tissues,small plants,
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these microalgae...
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a million per centimeter squared.
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The plants that live inside themphotosynthesize,
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and the animal uses that for their food.
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They essentially have food factoriesliving inside of themselves.
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So, as the animal grows,
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what you see is the animal is growingover the skeleton
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and depositing the skeleton underneath it.
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They photosynthesize during the day.
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At night...
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the plant's really essentially asleepand the animal comes active.
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They expand their polyps.
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The tentacles come out.
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And now anythingthat swims by is caught
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by these stinging cellsthat are on the tips of the tentacles.
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There are many different speciesof corals,
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and the different species of coralsare different shapes.
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Some are very boring to look at.They look like big rocks on the bottom.
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Some are incredibly beautiful to look at.
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They have huge, huge branching patterns,or massive plates.
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Some of them look like petals of a flower.
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These are foundation species.
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They have all these other organismsthat depend on them.
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They are the reason we have reefs.
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A consortium of organismsthat cooperate together...
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that now manifestsin this massive structure
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that can be seen from space.
189
00:14:38,836 --> 00:14:42,924
There's a famous reefin American Samoa called Airport Reef.
190
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We heard that there was an areawhere the corals were turning white.
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Because we'd been there previouslyto do a survey...
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we wanted to go backand take the same images again.
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I was truly shocked by what I saw.
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The reef was whiteas far as the eye could see.
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To be honest, I didn't have the knowledgeto know how to process it.
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Was this dead
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Was it alive
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This is... Airport Reef.
199
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Before. So, this is in December.
200
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And that's it now.
201
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When Richard saw that white coral,
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it was a turning point for him.
203
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I think I admitted to him
that I thought this was far more deadly
204
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than some of the other things
that are facing reefs.
205
00:16:05,923 --> 00:16:08,843
And so, what we've seen
since the early 1980s
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when this first occurs,
207
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we've actually lost an enormous amount
of coral,
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just due to this phenomenon alone.
209
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I think that was the first timethat he saw the enormity of the issue.
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That this was a threat across the planet
to coral reefs,
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which would happen very quickly
and cause a lot of damage.
212
00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,450
Back in the '80s, we started lookingat this weird phenomenon.
213
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Large sections of--of reefs were turning white,
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literally over a couple of weeks.
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And no one really knew why this was.
216
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As we did more and more experiments,
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it turned out that it wasn't a disease,
218
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it wasn't too much light.
219
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And the only thing you could doin an experiment
220
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that would cause corals to go white
221
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was to raise the temperatureby two degrees Celsius.
222
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By the end of my PhD,
223
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we were putting cautious wordsin the literature saying:
224
00:17:07,151 --> 00:17:09,862
"Well, you know,maybe this is global warming,
225
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and this is one of the early impactson reefs."
226
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We look at climate changeas if it's an issue in the air.
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And you go, "One or two degrees Celsius
228
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Does that really matter"
229
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But when you talk about the ocean...
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it's like your body temperature changing.
231
00:17:33,761 --> 00:17:38,349
And imagine your body temperature
rises one degree centigrade
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or two degrees centigrade.
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Over a period of time,
that would be fatal.
234
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And that's the seriousness of the issue
when you look at it in terms of the ocean.
235
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Coral bleaching itselfis a stress response,
236
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much like a fever in humansis a stress response.
237
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If the temperature spikes justa little bit above their normal range...
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corals will start to bleach.
239
00:18:07,003 --> 00:18:09,171
The small plantsthat live inside their tissues,
240
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their ability to photosynthesizeand feed the animal host is impaired.
241
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The animal essentially senses that:
242
00:18:18,931 --> 00:18:22,435
"I've got something inside of me
that is not doing what I expect it to do,"
243
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and as happens with us, with--
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When we get a bacteria,
245
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we try to get rid of it
as quickly as possible.
246
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That's exactly what these animals do.
247
00:18:30,943 --> 00:18:33,988
They try to get rid of those plantsthat are no longer functional...
248
00:18:34,530 --> 00:18:38,284
and leave behind the transparent,naked tissue.
249
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They've lost the very most importantfood source that they have.
250
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So, it's starting to starve.
251
00:18:48,461 --> 00:18:50,671
When the coral bleaches,
252
00:18:50,755 --> 00:18:52,632
the flesh becomes clear.
253
00:18:52,715 --> 00:18:55,509
And what you're seeingis its skeleton underneath.
254
00:18:55,760 --> 00:18:58,346
So, the bright whitesthat you see in the pictures...
255
00:18:58,846 --> 00:19:00,723
is just the skeletons everywhere.
256
00:19:02,475 --> 00:19:05,978
If it's a very clean white lookabout the coral...
257
00:19:06,729 --> 00:19:08,356
it will still be alive.
258
00:19:09,315 --> 00:19:11,484
It's not allowing anything elseto grow on it.
259
00:19:13,361 --> 00:19:17,323
It will generally not grow.It will generally not reproduce.
260
00:19:17,907 --> 00:19:19,408
It is likely to die.
261
00:19:23,746 --> 00:19:27,083
You'll see these fuzzy microalgae.
262
00:19:28,542 --> 00:19:33,839
The whole surface suddenly becomemuch, much fuzzier to look at.
263
00:19:36,175 --> 00:19:38,344
That's an indication thatthat coral has died.
264
00:19:42,181 --> 00:19:44,266
265
00:19:44,350 --> 00:19:46,811
Oh. Can you, uh, mark that one
266
00:19:46,894 --> 00:19:50,523
Coral bleaching is very difficultto communicate.
267
00:19:51,023 --> 00:19:53,234
You see a pictureof a beautiful white reef.
268
00:19:53,984 --> 00:19:55,736
Is that a good or a bad thing
269
00:19:57,238 --> 00:20:00,533
So, we need to communicate it
in a different way.
270
00:20:09,959 --> 00:20:15,381
I was flying on a plane,and I watched a film, Chasing Ice.
271
00:20:15,464 --> 00:20:18,718
That film was about the documentationof the disappearing glaciers.
272
00:20:19,468 --> 00:20:24,473
And it suddenly dawned on methat we had almost identical projects.
273
00:20:24,974 --> 00:20:28,185
So, pretty muchas soon as I got off that plane,
274
00:20:28,269 --> 00:20:29,687
I contacted the director.
275
00:20:30,229 --> 00:20:31,731
The cameras are shooting every hour,
276
00:20:31,814 --> 00:20:34,608
but we're only showing every,
you know, week or two...
277
00:20:34,692 --> 00:20:38,487
Richard sent an e-mail, out of the blue,
and he attached two photographs,
278
00:20:38,571 --> 00:20:42,116
one of a healthy coral reef
and one of a dead coral reef.
279
00:20:42,491 --> 00:20:45,745
And when I saw those photos,the light bulb immediately went on.
280
00:20:45,828 --> 00:20:47,997
It's like,
if you can document that change,
281
00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:50,458
you can reveal this to the public
in a powerful way.
282
00:20:50,833 --> 00:20:53,919
We knew from the start there was something
we wanted to get involved with.
283
00:20:54,253 --> 00:20:55,796
These images were chosen...
284
00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:59,800
We started talking pretty early on aboutwhat a time-lapse camera could look like.
285
00:20:59,884 --> 00:21:02,094
But we were missing this one piece.
286
00:21:02,178 --> 00:21:05,431
We needed a wiper system or somethingthat would keep the glass clean.
287
00:21:06,056 --> 00:21:09,727
When Richard and the team wanted
to do underwater time-lapse,
288
00:21:09,810 --> 00:21:11,937
they approached us to design something.
289
00:21:12,354 --> 00:21:14,857
So, this one is, uh... a little dirty.
290
00:21:14,940 --> 00:21:17,234
We designed a magnetic arm
291
00:21:17,318 --> 00:21:19,987
that pulls a windshield wiper
around this glass dome
292
00:21:20,070 --> 00:21:22,615
and keeps it clean
for long periods of time.
293
00:21:22,698 --> 00:21:25,910
When we first met them,
their deadline seemed absurd.
294
00:21:25,993 --> 00:21:28,704
Nobody's done anything even close to this.
295
00:21:29,121 --> 00:21:32,500
We had all of the issues associatedwith just dealing with the time-lapse,
296
00:21:32,583 --> 00:21:36,962
the camera,but we also had just so many unknowns.
297
00:21:41,091 --> 00:21:43,427
When you have a camera system
298
00:21:43,511 --> 00:21:47,640
that you need to be submerged in saltwaterfor months on end...
299
00:21:48,557 --> 00:21:51,727
that is subject to huge stormsand hurricanes...
300
00:21:52,812 --> 00:21:55,689
at depth,with all the tremendous pressure
301
00:21:55,773 --> 00:21:58,692
of billions of gallonsof water pressing down,
302
00:21:58,776 --> 00:22:01,654
that is very, very difficult to do.
303
00:22:01,737 --> 00:22:04,949
If we're tethered to a BeagleBoard
or Raspberry Pi and SSH in,
304
00:22:05,032 --> 00:22:07,409
I need at least 12 volts.
Probably get away with 11.
305
00:22:07,493 --> 00:22:09,537
Then we could use a 12-to-5
for the Beagle.
306
00:22:09,620 --> 00:22:11,163
-Let's say 300 milliamps.
-Okay.
307
00:22:11,247 --> 00:22:12,414
Twelve minutes a day.
308
00:22:12,498 --> 00:22:14,625
-Seven-point-two watt-hours.
-Yeah.
309
00:22:15,125 --> 00:22:15,960
-Okay.
-Cool.
310
00:22:16,043 --> 00:22:18,003
Well, I think
this is gonna be pretty easy.
311
00:22:19,922 --> 00:22:21,507
They're 3D-printing parts,
312
00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:25,970
they're building custom circuit boards,they're building custom wireless hotspots.
313
00:22:26,053 --> 00:22:27,846
It is really, really complicated.
314
00:22:29,139 --> 00:22:34,520
Person in boat wirelesslyconnects to a computer in a case
315
00:22:34,603 --> 00:22:37,314
which is hardwired to an umbilical cable
316
00:22:37,398 --> 00:22:41,819
that goes down to a routerinside an underwater housing
317
00:22:41,902 --> 00:22:45,364
that communicates wirelesslyto the camera.
318
00:22:46,574 --> 00:22:48,492
When you're done, you just unplug it.
319
00:22:49,827 --> 00:22:52,162
This is, by far,the most complicated thing
320
00:22:52,246 --> 00:22:54,873
I've seen built by View Into the Blue.
321
00:22:55,583 --> 00:23:01,046
At the time, Jeff and Richard had no ideathat I was a coral nerd.
322
00:23:01,130 --> 00:23:04,049
Secretly, I'd been sitting in my office,
really stoked
323
00:23:04,133 --> 00:23:08,470
that I was even in the same room
as this project about coral was going on,
324
00:23:08,554 --> 00:23:10,014
and we were helping support it.
325
00:23:10,097 --> 00:23:13,684
Because I wanted more than anything
to do something for the coral.
326
00:23:14,226 --> 00:23:15,686
These are Lobophyllia.
327
00:23:15,769 --> 00:23:18,522
The chalices are either Oxypora
or a kind of phylia.
328
00:23:18,606 --> 00:23:22,943
Montastrea, Favites, Favia, Platygyra.
329
00:23:24,111 --> 00:23:25,487
That might not be Platygyra...
330
00:23:25,571 --> 00:23:28,490
I got involved in the aquarium industryat a pretty young age.
331
00:23:29,575 --> 00:23:31,910
Growing up in the mountains
and in Colorado
332
00:23:31,994 --> 00:23:35,914
actually made my obsession
with the ocean a little bit worse.
333
00:23:36,457 --> 00:23:38,417
See, on this coral, there's a lot of life,
334
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,795
but then there's a lot of, like,
death here, so this is just skeleton.
335
00:23:41,879 --> 00:23:44,256
So, that could very well be
because it got too close
336
00:23:44,340 --> 00:23:46,925
to this Euphyllia, perhaps,
they fought with each other,
337
00:23:47,009 --> 00:23:49,345
and this one stung that one to death,
right there.
338
00:23:49,428 --> 00:23:51,096
He just loves coral.
339
00:23:51,972 --> 00:23:55,392
Even to the point
where he has coral reef tanks at his house
340
00:23:55,476 --> 00:23:56,477
with no fish in them.
341
00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,146
And nobody has coral reef tanks
with no fish in them.
342
00:24:00,022 --> 00:24:03,067
The beauty of coralor why I enjoy coral more than fish
343
00:24:03,150 --> 00:24:05,152
is because if a coral dies,it's your fault.
344
00:24:05,861 --> 00:24:09,031
As long as you don't mess up
and, like, crash your tank
345
00:24:09,114 --> 00:24:11,992
or kill that coral,
then they're all gonna continue living.
346
00:24:12,076 --> 00:24:13,577
They're just perpetual machines.
347
00:24:13,661 --> 00:24:16,163
They don't really have a life expectancy,
more or less.
348
00:24:16,246 --> 00:24:18,082
They just kind of continue to go on
349
00:24:18,165 --> 00:24:20,626
as long as their environment
allows them to.
350
00:24:21,126 --> 00:24:22,836
That's the same with jellyfish, too.
351
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,507
Jellyfish technically live forever,
but they just get eaten by so many things
352
00:24:26,590 --> 00:24:27,883
that it just doesn't happen.
353
00:24:30,969 --> 00:24:34,348
For me, the most interesting thingin nature is symbiosis.
354
00:24:35,474 --> 00:24:40,020
Two separate organismsthat have adapted to each other,
355
00:24:40,104 --> 00:24:42,231
and are now benefiting each other.
356
00:24:42,314 --> 00:24:44,108
They're working together, and...
357
00:24:44,817 --> 00:24:48,737
the first thing that comes to my mindis an anemone and a clownfish.
358
00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:53,909
The anemone provides protectionfor the clownfish,
359
00:24:53,992 --> 00:24:56,870
and the clownfish usually provides foodfor the anemone.
360
00:24:57,746 --> 00:25:00,207
It's a mutually beneficial relationship.
361
00:25:01,917 --> 00:25:04,586
In the case of a coral,it goes deeper than that.
362
00:25:06,505 --> 00:25:10,217
The symbiont itself is incorporatedin the organism.
363
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:15,264
The coral doesn't existwithout these little tiny plant cells.
364
00:25:16,890 --> 00:25:21,395
They are completely reliant on each other,and you don't have one without the other.
365
00:25:22,020 --> 00:25:24,982
That relationshipbetween the two of them is...
366
00:25:25,232 --> 00:25:27,317
the most interesting thingin the world to me.
367
00:26:06,607 --> 00:26:11,153
Is the color change fairly uniform,
368
00:26:11,236 --> 00:26:12,738
-or does it do this
-Don't know.
369
00:26:12,821 --> 00:26:13,989
-Don't know.
-Don't know.
370
00:26:14,072 --> 00:26:17,910
-Pocilloporas could go overnight, right
-It's never been shot in the wild before.
371
00:26:17,993 --> 00:26:20,329
That's what so thrilling to me
about what's going on here
372
00:26:20,412 --> 00:26:23,499
is that it's gonna be the first time
we'll actually be able to ask that
373
00:26:23,582 --> 00:26:25,167
-and answer that question.
-Yeah.
374
00:26:25,250 --> 00:26:27,836
But the Pocilloporas
could go overnight, couldn't they
375
00:26:28,295 --> 00:26:30,798
Yeah, a lot of the Pocilloporas
have already gone.
376
00:26:30,881 --> 00:26:32,716
-Completely wiped.
-Wiped already.
377
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,469
But the Montiporas are
the important reef-building corals.
378
00:26:35,552 --> 00:26:38,347
Montipora and Porites compressa,
yeah, are the two.
379
00:26:38,430 --> 00:26:40,390
And Lutea, that big one that you saw. So--
380
00:26:40,474 --> 00:26:42,643
And what's
the tissue thickness on Porites
381
00:26:42,726 --> 00:26:45,354
So, they can be down
a half a centimeter.
382
00:26:45,437 --> 00:26:48,315
Do the ga--
Do the fertilized gametes carry those...
383
00:26:48,398 --> 00:26:52,152
Yes, 'cause most of them--
In Hawaii, we have a very high proportion
384
00:26:52,236 --> 00:26:53,529
of the coral species that...
385
00:26:53,612 --> 00:26:55,489
386
00:26:57,449 --> 00:26:59,910
We knewthis was gonna be incredibly hard,
387
00:26:59,993 --> 00:27:02,412
predicting where to put a camera down.
388
00:27:03,330 --> 00:27:07,417
We thought, "We just need to do this
wherever the bleaching is happening."
389
00:27:07,501 --> 00:27:08,752
390
00:27:08,836 --> 00:27:11,588
-Good morning, Mark.
-Good afternoon, Richard.
391
00:27:11,672 --> 00:27:15,467
It's, uh... getting a little depressing.
392
00:27:15,551 --> 00:27:17,386
Yes. And I've read your e-mail,
393
00:27:17,469 --> 00:27:21,014
which was, you know, about the El Niño
starting earlier this year.
394
00:27:21,098 --> 00:27:24,601
Mark Eakin provided us with the toolsto be able to understand
395
00:27:24,685 --> 00:27:25,853
where we should be going.
396
00:27:25,936 --> 00:27:27,312
What we're looking at is...
397
00:27:27,396 --> 00:27:30,983
I work for the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration or NOAA.
398
00:27:31,483 --> 00:27:34,611
We use satellitesto look at the sea surface temperatures
399
00:27:34,695 --> 00:27:36,029
that cause coral bleaching.
400
00:27:36,113 --> 00:27:39,741
The one thing the temperatures
have shown us, with no question,
401
00:27:39,825 --> 00:27:42,160
is the oceans have been warming.
402
00:27:43,579 --> 00:27:46,665
Temperatures in the oceango through normal cycles.
403
00:27:46,999 --> 00:27:49,626
If the temperature were staying constant,
404
00:27:49,710 --> 00:27:54,339
then all those ups and downswould be around that average temperature.
405
00:27:54,923 --> 00:27:59,469
But now we've reached the pointthat we've changed that average.
406
00:27:59,553 --> 00:28:04,433
Your warm temperatures keep getting warmerand warmer and warmer.
407
00:28:05,642 --> 00:28:11,857
The first widespread bleaching eventoccurred in the early 1980s.
408
00:28:12,858 --> 00:28:18,614
'97, '98, this wasthe first global-scale mass-bleaching.
409
00:28:18,697 --> 00:28:22,034
A lot of corals bleached,a lot of corals died.
410
00:28:22,659 --> 00:28:26,204
2010, only 12 years later,
411
00:28:26,288 --> 00:28:30,292
we saw the secondglobal-scale mass-bleaching.
412
00:28:30,959 --> 00:28:33,879
Now, only five years later...
413
00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:39,509
we've got the potential of the thirdglobal-scale mass-bleaching event.
414
00:28:40,052 --> 00:28:44,056
Basically, at this point, about two-thirds
415
00:28:44,139 --> 00:28:48,268
of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islandsare seeing a level of warming
416
00:28:48,352 --> 00:28:50,812
where you're usually seeing bleaching.
417
00:28:50,896 --> 00:28:52,439
The stress levels are high...
418
00:28:52,522 --> 00:28:54,775
I'm zooming in on Hawaii,
419
00:28:54,858 --> 00:28:58,695
and you can see here,
it's 4.7 degrees hotter
420
00:28:58,779 --> 00:29:00,781
than it should be at this time of year.
421
00:29:00,864 --> 00:29:03,992
And you look at some
of the other hotspots around the world,
422
00:29:04,076 --> 00:29:06,745
it's 11.3 degrees, five degrees hotter,
423
00:29:06,828 --> 00:29:09,706
8.2 degrees hotter
than it normally would be.
424
00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:13,418
There's this big heat wavethat's traveling around the planet,
425
00:29:13,502 --> 00:29:15,629
and it's killing coralswherever it's going.
426
00:29:17,589 --> 00:29:21,510
This is a small window of opportunitythat we've got right now
427
00:29:21,593 --> 00:29:26,014
to be able to capture this bleaching eventand communicate it in a massive way.
428
00:29:26,098 --> 00:29:27,683
There's no plug in here right now.
429
00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:31,228
Normally, we would have done extensive
field-testing with these cameras,
430
00:29:31,311 --> 00:29:32,854
given how complicated they were,
431
00:29:32,938 --> 00:29:34,940
but they just needed
to be put in the water.
432
00:29:47,035 --> 00:29:48,537
Well, we have a lot of bags.
433
00:29:48,620 --> 00:29:52,040
I'm not sure how happy
the airport people are gonna be.
434
00:29:55,544 --> 00:29:56,378
One-oh-one.
435
00:29:56,461 --> 00:29:59,256
It's fairly watertight
through the exterior.
436
00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:01,967
So, guess what we're up to right now.
437
00:30:02,050 --> 00:30:05,304
We're whittling plastic away
from the underwater solar panel.
438
00:30:05,387 --> 00:30:07,472
Otherwise, we can't take it on the plane.
439
00:30:09,516 --> 00:30:10,350
Listen up. Listen.
440
00:30:13,603 --> 00:30:15,522
Ninety-nine-point-five.
441
00:30:16,315 --> 00:30:17,816
-Is that good
-
442
00:30:18,942 --> 00:30:21,653
So, based on the datathat we got from NOAA,
443
00:30:21,737 --> 00:30:26,491
we decided to put cameras downin Hawaii, Bermuda and the Bahamas.
444
00:30:29,453 --> 00:30:32,039
We'll go down, we'll scout,
we'll find a bunch of spots,
445
00:30:32,122 --> 00:30:33,582
we'll mark the GPS coordinates.
446
00:30:33,665 --> 00:30:35,417
It's right around that corner.
447
00:30:53,226 --> 00:30:56,646
This was completely different
from any other scuba diving I've done.
448
00:30:56,730 --> 00:30:59,149
And any other scuba diving
that one would normally do.
449
00:30:59,941 --> 00:31:01,610
This was construction underwater.
450
00:31:03,070 --> 00:31:06,198
You're working in an environmentthat humans weren't built for.
451
00:31:07,199 --> 00:31:09,451
You also can't communicatewith your team,
452
00:31:09,534 --> 00:31:11,912
other than through sign language,
453
00:31:11,995 --> 00:31:13,872
and we are not good at it.
454
00:31:14,998 --> 00:31:17,626
So, the camera gets mountedflush to this. This plate.
455
00:31:17,709 --> 00:31:20,587
We can adjust the height of this
and adjust the angle of this.
456
00:31:25,634 --> 00:31:27,052
You're in zero-gravity.
457
00:31:27,469 --> 00:31:30,680
So, if you're trying to get leverageto put something into the ground,
458
00:31:30,764 --> 00:31:33,183
you don't have that.You're floating, you're buoyant.
459
00:31:35,310 --> 00:31:37,020
-
-
460
00:31:37,104 --> 00:31:40,023
- Is that thunder
- That's a weather alert.
461
00:31:40,107 --> 00:31:42,067
-I hear a crackling sound.
- That's-- Yeah.
462
00:31:42,984 --> 00:31:44,069
Is that static
463
00:31:44,444 --> 00:31:47,280
-I hope that's not lightning--
- Oh, my God. That's lightning.
464
00:31:47,656 --> 00:31:50,200
-Do you hear that
- Yes, I hear it in my microphone.
465
00:31:51,118 --> 00:31:53,537
I think you should probably turn
the cameras off. I don't know.
466
00:31:53,620 --> 00:31:55,789
Can we get the metal thing down
467
00:31:55,872 --> 00:31:57,541
I kind of don't wanna touch it.
468
00:32:00,210 --> 00:32:03,046
Because of this vacuum-sealed glass dome,
469
00:32:03,130 --> 00:32:06,633
we couldn't actually changeany of the settings inside on the cameras.
470
00:32:07,008 --> 00:32:11,179
So, they attach this wire going to a boxon the boat on the surface.
471
00:32:11,430 --> 00:32:15,183
You have a cable attachedto a stationary device underwater
472
00:32:15,267 --> 00:32:17,894
and it's pluggedinto a very delicate piece of equipment.
473
00:32:17,978 --> 00:32:19,020
Boom, we're in.
474
00:32:19,604 --> 00:32:22,441
Now let's see
if this is gonna behave today.
475
00:32:22,941 --> 00:32:26,027
And you can sit thereon the boat with a tablet
476
00:32:26,111 --> 00:32:27,779
and you can adjust the settings
477
00:32:27,863 --> 00:32:30,490
and you can seewhat the camera is doing underwater.
478
00:32:32,242 --> 00:32:34,870
Um, watch this cable. Are we...
479
00:32:35,412 --> 00:32:36,705
Can you move us closer
480
00:32:36,788 --> 00:32:38,206
I'm just nervous--
481
00:32:38,290 --> 00:32:40,625
The slack is getting too tight!
482
00:32:42,377 --> 00:32:43,211
Hold it.
483
00:32:45,630 --> 00:32:46,506
Hand it down to me.
484
00:32:46,590 --> 00:32:48,216
485
00:32:52,929 --> 00:32:56,016
The wind just took us.
The stern anchor didn't hold.
486
00:32:56,558 --> 00:32:57,684
We're just drifting.
487
00:33:11,948 --> 00:33:12,782
Bummer.
488
00:33:13,325 --> 00:33:14,326
It flooded
489
00:33:16,161 --> 00:33:17,829
That's gonna go down the cable, too.
490
00:33:25,003 --> 00:33:25,921
Something...
491
00:33:31,092 --> 00:33:33,011
All right, so, let's take a look.
492
00:33:33,094 --> 00:33:35,764
So, basically you got a few millimetersof water in there.
493
00:33:35,847 --> 00:33:37,933
Probably splashedon an electrical connection,
494
00:33:38,016 --> 00:33:41,228
-blew the 12-volt fuse. You'll be fine.
- It did blow the 12-volt.
495
00:33:41,478 --> 00:33:44,689
Here is what that's looking like
at the moment.
496
00:33:44,773 --> 00:33:48,693
We've kind of tore her apart
to access her and attempt to clean.
497
00:33:49,277 --> 00:33:51,571
Jiminy Cricket, look at that mess. Okay.
498
00:33:52,155 --> 00:33:53,448
We're gonna be just fine.
499
00:33:53,782 --> 00:33:57,661
I basically would like you to take12 volts directly from the battery...
500
00:34:07,462 --> 00:34:09,464
All right, let's give this one more try.
501
00:34:09,548 --> 00:34:11,967
All right. Here goes everything.
502
00:34:13,093 --> 00:34:14,719
Do we have a new message
503
00:34:15,804 --> 00:34:18,390
Oh!
504
00:34:18,473 --> 00:34:20,559
We're good. Oh.
505
00:34:21,017 --> 00:34:22,811
Ah! We're connected.
506
00:34:23,895 --> 00:34:24,980
507
00:34:25,605 --> 00:34:28,191
That does look killer. Look at that!
508
00:34:28,733 --> 00:34:30,527
That is brilliant, man.
509
00:34:31,069 --> 00:34:33,071
I have a file on my computer.
510
00:34:33,822 --> 00:34:34,823
Whoo!
511
00:34:36,157 --> 00:34:38,410
- All right, we're done.
- What
512
00:34:38,493 --> 00:34:40,078
-We're done.
- We're done.
513
00:34:42,831 --> 00:34:44,916
Yeah.
514
00:34:45,709 --> 00:34:47,836
Oh, I'm so happy right now.
515
00:34:49,337 --> 00:34:50,338
This is awesome.
516
00:34:52,632 --> 00:34:54,843
After that,there was nothing to do but wait.
517
00:35:26,499 --> 00:35:31,546
As a kid growing up, I alwayshad this sweet spot for taxonomy...
518
00:35:32,213 --> 00:35:35,383
which I don't really know
how to put my finger on that.
519
00:35:35,467 --> 00:35:40,972
I always wanted to know what things were,
and I wanted to know the scientific name.
520
00:35:41,056 --> 00:35:43,975
So, I fell in love with catchingall of these little critters
521
00:35:44,059 --> 00:35:46,144
and coming back
and having a bunch of guides
522
00:35:46,227 --> 00:35:47,937
to help me figure out what they were.
523
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:51,066
And so, when I got into coral,
524
00:35:51,149 --> 00:35:54,736
there were only a handful of resourcesfrom one guy.
525
00:35:55,487 --> 00:35:56,946
This guy, Charlie Veron.
526
00:35:58,907 --> 00:36:02,160
Every time I was looking something up,there he was.
527
00:36:02,243 --> 00:36:06,665
There are about 340 species of coral
on the Great Barrier Reef.
528
00:36:06,748 --> 00:36:09,417
There's one just over there
that's about six meters high.
529
00:36:11,836 --> 00:36:15,715
For all intents and purposes,he's the godfather of coral reef science.
530
00:36:16,049 --> 00:36:19,928
He's the first guy to really go downand start cataloging corals,
531
00:36:20,011 --> 00:36:24,015
and I wish I could be that guy,but I was born a little too late.
532
00:36:25,475 --> 00:36:29,354
Here we have thousands upon thousands
of species all interreacting together
533
00:36:29,437 --> 00:36:30,522
in a complex way.
534
00:36:31,064 --> 00:36:34,859
Corals, unlike any other form of life on Earth, except man,
535
00:36:34,943 --> 00:36:36,986
have the capacityto build their own environments,
536
00:36:37,070 --> 00:36:39,114
to create their own habitats.
537
00:36:42,575 --> 00:36:43,618
Think of a city.
538
00:36:45,704 --> 00:36:49,457
Corals are experts at creating high-rises.
539
00:36:50,875 --> 00:36:54,462
They're basically creatingthis incredible dimensionality,
540
00:36:54,546 --> 00:36:56,172
this three-dimensional framework.
541
00:36:57,465 --> 00:36:59,342
The more complex a structure,
542
00:36:59,426 --> 00:37:02,220
the more biodiversitycan potentially live there.
543
00:37:04,305 --> 00:37:06,057
In a healthy coral reef system,
544
00:37:06,141 --> 00:37:08,768
the entire landscape is coveredwith coral.
545
00:37:09,769 --> 00:37:12,731
They're competing for spacewith one another,
546
00:37:12,814 --> 00:37:14,733
they grow over and under.
547
00:37:16,234 --> 00:37:17,652
Look at Great Barrier Reef,
548
00:37:17,736 --> 00:37:19,654
it's really the Manhattan of the ocean.
549
00:37:20,113 --> 00:37:23,283
This hugely diverse and complex city.
550
00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:26,995
And like in a city, the fish are livingin very specific places.
551
00:37:28,872 --> 00:37:30,540
It's a bit like a neighborhood.
552
00:37:30,623 --> 00:37:33,418
You go back to a neighborhood
and you see the same people.
553
00:37:34,919 --> 00:37:37,505
The same fish is livingin the same piece of coral
554
00:37:37,589 --> 00:37:38,673
week after week.
555
00:37:39,299 --> 00:37:41,426
They live therepretty much their entire life.
556
00:37:43,052 --> 00:37:46,514
In the morning and afternoon,
you have traffic on the reef.
557
00:37:46,598 --> 00:37:49,809
You've got fish which have,
like, spent the night on the reef,
558
00:37:49,893 --> 00:37:52,353
and then they go out to feed
and all swim together.
559
00:37:53,021 --> 00:37:55,064
So, they're busy places.
560
00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:00,820
When the sun starts coming up,you actually have a morning chorus,
561
00:38:00,904 --> 00:38:03,198
similar to what we getwhen we hear the birds
562
00:38:03,281 --> 00:38:05,658
waking up in the forestwhen the sun comes up.
563
00:38:05,742 --> 00:38:08,620
When you listen closely,you hear things purring.
564
00:38:09,287 --> 00:38:12,248
You hear the grunts and the groansof so many different animals.
565
00:38:12,832 --> 00:38:14,417
It's not a silent world at all.
566
00:38:14,501 --> 00:38:15,960
It's actually pretty noisy.
567
00:38:17,754 --> 00:38:21,382
Each fish, each animal, has its own job,
and it does its own thing.
568
00:38:22,884 --> 00:38:24,469
There are fish that farm.
569
00:38:24,552 --> 00:38:26,971
They actually grow little plants or algae.
570
00:38:27,263 --> 00:38:31,976
And they'll go pick a piece of algaeand plant it, and look after that area.
571
00:38:32,977 --> 00:38:34,521
There are crabs and lobsters...
572
00:38:34,854 --> 00:38:37,774
and little shrimps that will do thingslike defend corals.
573
00:38:38,942 --> 00:38:40,610
There are strange partnerships,
574
00:38:40,693 --> 00:38:44,155
like moray eels,which will hunt with coral trout.
575
00:38:44,239 --> 00:38:46,533
Completely different fish,but they work together
576
00:38:46,616 --> 00:38:48,868
to hunt across the reef,and they share the meal.
577
00:38:50,245 --> 00:38:53,498
One of the things you noticeis the sort of crunching noise.
578
00:38:53,581 --> 00:38:55,041
And this is the parrotfish.
579
00:38:55,124 --> 00:38:56,835
These are fish that have beaks.
580
00:38:56,918 --> 00:38:59,921
They actually eat the coral.They're crunching away at the coral.
581
00:39:00,672 --> 00:39:02,924
When that coral passesthrough the parrotfish,
582
00:39:03,007 --> 00:39:04,592
it comes out as sand.
583
00:39:04,676 --> 00:39:06,511
So, in fact, every single beach,
584
00:39:06,594 --> 00:39:09,347
you're basically walking
on parrotfish poo.
585
00:39:13,393 --> 00:39:16,271
Coral reefs are hugely importantfor the ocean,
586
00:39:16,354 --> 00:39:18,481
because they're essentially the nursery.
587
00:39:18,982 --> 00:39:23,820
And they say something like 25%of all marine life relies on coral reefs.
588
00:39:25,446 --> 00:39:28,032
We've got half a billionto a billion people
589
00:39:28,116 --> 00:39:32,120
that rely on coral reefs
as their main source of food.
590
00:39:33,663 --> 00:39:37,041
Without that protein,they're going to be malnourished.
591
00:39:37,125 --> 00:39:39,794
Their culture, their way of life,
592
00:39:39,878 --> 00:39:43,506
their economies are all relianton healthy coral reefs.
593
00:39:44,465 --> 00:39:48,803
And many of the new drugs
that are coming to help humans
594
00:39:48,887 --> 00:39:50,597
come from the sea.
595
00:39:51,431 --> 00:39:55,059
There's a drug called prostaglandinthat comes from sea fans,
596
00:39:55,143 --> 00:39:56,394
and that fights cancer.
597
00:39:56,895 --> 00:40:00,899
There's another one called bryostatinthat comes from coral rhizomes,
598
00:40:00,982 --> 00:40:02,650
and it fights cancer, too.
599
00:40:03,568 --> 00:40:05,987
There are so many thingsthat we don't know yet
600
00:40:06,070 --> 00:40:07,780
that could help society,
601
00:40:07,864 --> 00:40:11,868
through the novel chemistriesthat we find on coral reef organisms.
602
00:40:14,662 --> 00:40:17,165
Coral reefs are producing a breakwater
603
00:40:17,248 --> 00:40:20,293
that's protecting us from big waves,from cyclones.
604
00:40:21,127 --> 00:40:23,296
They're better than the onesthat we can produce,
605
00:40:23,379 --> 00:40:26,007
because they're growingand rebuilding it all the time.
606
00:40:28,426 --> 00:40:32,096
The corals are the real basisof that ecosystem.
607
00:40:32,972 --> 00:40:34,807
You can't have a city without buildings.
608
00:40:36,392 --> 00:40:39,395
And you can't have a coral reefwithout the corals.
609
00:41:04,963 --> 00:41:07,173
So, we went back to the Bahamas
610
00:41:07,256 --> 00:41:10,259
to retrieve Camera Number 1after its time.
611
00:41:33,074 --> 00:41:36,494
We're gonna keep our fingers crossed
and hope we have plenty of footage.
612
00:41:37,537 --> 00:41:40,415
Hoping that there's
at least a month and a half.
613
00:41:48,589 --> 00:41:49,549
Bingo.
614
00:41:54,512 --> 00:41:56,139
That's out of focus.
615
00:42:01,185 --> 00:42:03,062
All of these are out of focus.
616
00:42:05,356 --> 00:42:07,150
This is a big bummer.
617
00:42:09,652 --> 00:42:14,032
In focus... and then the first one
after that's out of focus.
618
00:42:15,241 --> 00:42:17,702
And it progressively gets worse.
You see that
619
00:42:19,120 --> 00:42:21,581
All this footage is out of focus.
620
00:42:22,915 --> 00:42:25,293
And pretty much useless.
621
00:42:30,214 --> 00:42:31,966
I hope they worked elsewhere.
622
00:42:53,988 --> 00:42:55,281
We're out of focus here.
623
00:42:57,533 --> 00:42:58,785
I thought we were okay.
624
00:43:00,661 --> 00:43:01,496
Damn it.
625
00:43:04,415 --> 00:43:06,918
So, how bad are the images
626
00:43:07,585 --> 00:43:08,586
Bad.
627
00:43:09,420 --> 00:43:10,546
-Not usable.
-Unusable.
628
00:43:10,630 --> 00:43:12,799
- Yeah.
- And so, it's really soft.
629
00:43:13,049 --> 00:43:13,883
Yep.
630
00:43:15,134 --> 00:43:17,095
There it gets softer and softer
and softer.
631
00:43:17,178 --> 00:43:20,348
I've never heard
of manual focus changing over time.
632
00:43:20,431 --> 00:43:21,265
Yeah.
633
00:43:25,853 --> 00:43:27,271
Hawaii bleached.
634
00:43:27,688 --> 00:43:30,024
It had the worst bleaching it's ever had.
635
00:43:30,691 --> 00:43:32,902
It's just that we didn't manageto capture it.
636
00:43:35,113 --> 00:43:38,407
We put a lot of effortgetting those cameras down,
637
00:43:38,491 --> 00:43:39,492
and we thought we'd...
638
00:43:40,159 --> 00:43:42,912
we'd done everything right...and it's a huge knock-back.
639
00:43:43,996 --> 00:43:47,166
More so because we knewthe clock was against us.
640
00:43:48,209 --> 00:43:50,920
We didn't know how longthe bleaching event was gonna last.
641
00:43:58,427 --> 00:44:00,930
I've been looking
at the latest sea temperature values
642
00:44:01,013 --> 00:44:02,223
for the Australian region.
643
00:44:02,306 --> 00:44:04,809
Definitely warmer than it's been
for quite a while.
644
00:44:04,892 --> 00:44:07,937
That coastal area
is probably gonna continue to warm.
645
00:44:08,020 --> 00:44:08,896
Yeah.
646
00:44:08,980 --> 00:44:11,941
If you're into bleaching...
647
00:44:12,024 --> 00:44:13,651
-this is a good sign.
-Yeah.
648
00:44:13,734 --> 00:44:16,362
Of course,
it means horrible things for the reef.
649
00:44:16,445 --> 00:44:17,530
Beat, 30 seconds.
650
00:44:17,780 --> 00:44:21,909
Zack and Trevor went all-inand just fixed the problems.
651
00:44:21,993 --> 00:44:24,996
-The square that pops up on this...
- We changed to a fixed lens,
652
00:44:25,079 --> 00:44:28,833
and it allowed us to get ridof all of the focus issues that we had.
653
00:44:29,250 --> 00:44:32,003
We have such a better system going.
654
00:44:32,086 --> 00:44:34,380
I'm much more confident it's gonna work.
655
00:44:39,635 --> 00:44:41,470
Yeah. Yeah.
656
00:44:45,516 --> 00:44:47,810
Awesome! A stingray.
657
00:45:00,156 --> 00:45:02,742
I'm standing on one
of the two and a half thousand or so
658
00:45:02,825 --> 00:45:06,412
enormous platform reefs that make up
Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
659
00:45:06,829 --> 00:45:10,499
Very few people can realize
that this is the largest structure
660
00:45:10,583 --> 00:45:11,834
ever made by life on Earth.
661
00:45:13,211 --> 00:45:16,422
These reefs extend alongthe tropical coastline of Australia,
662
00:45:16,505 --> 00:45:19,091
a distance of over 2,000 kilometers,
663
00:45:19,175 --> 00:45:23,220
the length of the entire East Coastof the United States of America.
664
00:45:23,304 --> 00:45:25,932
I always wanted to goto the Great Barrier Reef.
665
00:45:26,182 --> 00:45:29,602
I wanna see it for its beauty,and always wanted to get there.
666
00:45:29,685 --> 00:45:32,188
That's the goal. Always been the goal.
667
00:45:41,113 --> 00:45:43,908
Dude, you're about to see
the GBR from the air.
668
00:45:45,284 --> 00:45:47,912
That's actually a very exciting thing.
669
00:45:54,043 --> 00:45:57,546
And it's just amazingto think about how massive it is.
670
00:45:59,173 --> 00:46:00,508
And it's all alive.
671
00:46:44,719 --> 00:46:47,596
So, we're sending two teamsto the southern Great Barrier Reef.
672
00:46:47,680 --> 00:46:50,391
We're sending Jeff and Zack to Keppel,
673
00:46:50,474 --> 00:46:53,269
and we're sending Andrew and teamto Heron.
674
00:47:23,674 --> 00:47:24,633
675
00:47:25,301 --> 00:47:27,178
Camera's in and it's running.
676
00:47:28,429 --> 00:47:31,307
The most smooth
that any of these have gone.
677
00:47:31,849 --> 00:47:33,809
It was so much smoother than Hawaii.
678
00:47:40,816 --> 00:47:41,901
And then we waited.
679
00:47:43,694 --> 00:47:46,030
Waited for that warm water to come.
680
00:47:48,824 --> 00:47:52,203
Already biologists saysome corals are dying,
681
00:47:52,286 --> 00:47:55,790
bleached white,a sign in the first stage of death.
682
00:47:55,873 --> 00:47:59,585
You're talking... an event similar
to the rain forests of the world
683
00:47:59,668 --> 00:48:02,922
turning white
over a very short period of time.
684
00:48:03,005 --> 00:48:05,758
Everyone would be jumping up
and taking notice,
685
00:48:05,841 --> 00:48:07,551
wondering what the hell is happening.
686
00:48:08,302 --> 00:48:11,764
You may think, "Well, this is just a cyclethat we go through."
687
00:48:12,306 --> 00:48:15,851
Good morning. Coral bleaching in Hawaii
has gained a lot of attention.
688
00:48:15,935 --> 00:48:19,522
-So much that...
- This isn't a natural cycle.
689
00:48:19,605 --> 00:48:24,276
This is a phenomenon
directly attributed to climate change,
690
00:48:24,360 --> 00:48:27,863
and it's something
that we've only seen in recent years.
691
00:48:32,368 --> 00:48:35,287
One of the waysof looking back in time with a reef
692
00:48:35,371 --> 00:48:38,582
is to take coral cores,
or slices through coral.
693
00:48:38,666 --> 00:48:40,459
You can look at growth rings in corals
694
00:48:40,543 --> 00:48:43,003
in the same way as you lookat growth rings in trees.
695
00:48:46,257 --> 00:48:48,884
You can see a regular,normal growth pattern.
696
00:48:48,968 --> 00:48:51,178
This coral grows at around
697
00:48:51,262 --> 00:48:53,180
a centimeter and a half per year,
698
00:48:53,264 --> 00:48:55,850
every year, right up until 1998,
699
00:48:55,933 --> 00:48:59,979
where you start to see the signature
of a coral bleaching event.
700
00:49:00,813 --> 00:49:03,774
By tracking back in time,by looking at the history of the reef,
701
00:49:03,858 --> 00:49:06,193
we're absolutely certainthat what we're seeing now
702
00:49:06,277 --> 00:49:08,070
is not a natural fluctuation.
703
00:49:09,071 --> 00:49:12,032
The cause is, unequivocally,
global climate change,
704
00:49:12,116 --> 00:49:14,952
driven by emitting carbon
into the atmosphere.
705
00:49:16,829 --> 00:49:19,999
I think a lot of peopledon't realize climate change is happening
706
00:49:20,082 --> 00:49:23,794
because most of the extra heat trappedby greenhouse gases
707
00:49:23,878 --> 00:49:25,713
has been transferred to the oceans.
708
00:49:27,965 --> 00:49:32,219
When you burn fossil fuel...that's burning oil, gas or coal...
709
00:49:32,553 --> 00:49:34,847
carbon dioxide goes upinto the atmosphere.
710
00:49:35,681 --> 00:49:39,185
Carbon dioxide has the propertythat it's able to trap heat.
711
00:49:40,144 --> 00:49:42,521
So, the more you have in the atmosphere,
712
00:49:42,605 --> 00:49:45,900
the greater the amount of heat trappedby the Earth.
713
00:49:46,358 --> 00:49:49,111
It's a bit like putting extra wool
into your sweater.
714
00:49:50,112 --> 00:49:53,240
What people don't know is that 93%
715
00:49:53,324 --> 00:49:56,076
of the heat that's trappedis going into the ocean.
716
00:49:56,702 --> 00:49:57,912
That's a lot of energy.
717
00:49:59,330 --> 00:50:02,291
If the oceans weren't doing this jobof absorbing the heat,
718
00:50:02,374 --> 00:50:07,504
the average surface temperatureof the planet would be 122 Fahrenheit.
719
00:50:10,966 --> 00:50:14,094
There are rates of change going on
in tropical oceans,
720
00:50:14,178 --> 00:50:16,013
which, if projected forward...
721
00:50:16,096 --> 00:50:19,642
it means that coral reefsare a likely casualty
722
00:50:19,725 --> 00:50:21,852
of any global climate change.
723
00:50:22,519 --> 00:50:24,605
I published thatin the peer-reviewed literature.
724
00:50:25,231 --> 00:50:28,317
At that point in time,people weren't quite ready for that,
725
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:31,862
and I had a lot of colleaguesthat were confronting me,
726
00:50:31,946 --> 00:50:33,614
challenging me, attacking me.
727
00:50:34,365 --> 00:50:37,576
He was ridiculed for this,for being an alarmist.
728
00:50:38,118 --> 00:50:42,998
But over time he's been proved right,time and time again.
729
00:50:44,583 --> 00:50:46,585
I just love the reef.That's why I did this.
730
00:50:46,669 --> 00:50:49,004
That's why I came here when I was 18to this island
731
00:50:49,088 --> 00:50:50,464
and started to study the reef.
732
00:50:50,547 --> 00:50:52,883
It wasn't because I thought
it was gonna disappear
733
00:50:52,967 --> 00:50:56,470
or I was trying to battle a problem
called global climate change.
734
00:50:57,263 --> 00:50:59,890
It's unfortunatethat I can't look at this thing
735
00:50:59,974 --> 00:51:03,143
and still see the beauty.I see the problems.
736
00:51:05,854 --> 00:51:09,316
This wonderful thing, this thingthat's been around for a very long time...
737
00:51:09,692 --> 00:51:12,278
is threatened,in our lifetime and on our watch.
738
00:51:13,237 --> 00:51:16,073
And however hard we try to...
739
00:51:17,616 --> 00:51:20,119
to get people to listen, um...
740
00:51:20,577 --> 00:51:23,539
it seems to be lost in the wind, you know
741
00:51:46,520 --> 00:51:49,940
Storms and the weather is reallythe controlling factor right now.
742
00:51:50,024 --> 00:51:53,652
The wind and the storms
continue rolling through,
743
00:51:53,736 --> 00:51:54,945
and we get cloud coverage,
744
00:51:55,029 --> 00:51:57,656
we might not see a whole lot happen
here at Keppel.
745
00:51:59,074 --> 00:52:02,119
746
00:52:04,204 --> 00:52:05,873
Tropical cyclone Winston,
747
00:52:05,956 --> 00:52:10,127
the strongest tropical cyclone everrecorded in the Southern Hemisphere.
748
00:52:10,210 --> 00:52:12,755
-The big threat going forward...
- For the first time...
749
00:52:13,047 --> 00:52:14,715
we felt we were in the right placeat the right time.
750
00:52:15,341 --> 00:52:19,178
And when Hurricane Winston happened,all of that changed.
751
00:52:19,511 --> 00:52:22,389
It caused a lot of cold waterand a lot of rain
752
00:52:22,473 --> 00:52:24,475
to cometo the Southern Great Barrier Reef.
753
00:52:25,476 --> 00:52:28,604
Part of me is happy that the coralsaren't gonna bleach here.
754
00:52:28,979 --> 00:52:30,314
Actually makes me ecstatic
755
00:52:30,397 --> 00:52:33,150
to think that they're gonna make it
through this event.
756
00:52:33,817 --> 00:52:36,820
But at the same time,we've tried so hard to capture this.
757
00:52:38,280 --> 00:52:40,616
We essentially hadto make a difficult decision
758
00:52:40,699 --> 00:52:45,704
to stick to our original plan,with less-than-ideal odds,
759
00:52:45,788 --> 00:52:49,375
or we go check out some of theseother portions of the Great Barrier Reef
760
00:52:49,458 --> 00:52:50,918
that were getting really warm.
761
00:52:52,127 --> 00:52:54,254
It's all of this to the north
of New Caledonia
762
00:52:54,338 --> 00:52:57,716
and below and even these splotch areas
are at Level 2.
763
00:52:58,133 --> 00:53:02,096
It's just... nothing short of catastrophic
for the coral.
764
00:53:03,472 --> 00:53:06,058
We know nowNew Caledonia is bleaching.
765
00:53:06,683 --> 00:53:08,268
Lizard Island is bleaching.
766
00:53:09,645 --> 00:53:12,022
I guess it is a simple decision
in some ways.
767
00:53:12,106 --> 00:53:16,151
We should just pick up and move over,
and reset up at those new locations.
768
00:53:17,069 --> 00:53:18,862
The problem is the time-lapse cameras.
769
00:53:19,488 --> 00:53:24,076
It'll take weeks to move those systems,and we'll have missed the bleaching.
770
00:53:26,620 --> 00:53:28,705
We're gonna haveto figure something else out.
771
00:53:31,041 --> 00:53:34,169
I went to turn my computer off,and there was this message from Jeff,
772
00:53:34,253 --> 00:53:36,338
saying, "How soon can you pack"
773
00:53:38,465 --> 00:53:41,760
We were gonna abandonthese camera systems...
774
00:53:42,719 --> 00:53:48,225
and do manual underwater
time-lapses every single day.
775
00:53:48,308 --> 00:53:51,311
I think we, as a team,
realized that there was no going back.
776
00:53:53,981 --> 00:53:55,524
We headed up to Lizard Island,
777
00:53:55,607 --> 00:53:58,444
and the other portion of our teamwent out to New Caledonia.
778
00:54:46,366 --> 00:54:47,826
It's the most amazing reef.
779
00:54:48,076 --> 00:54:49,953
And it's just demolished.
780
00:54:52,873 --> 00:54:53,957
It's just so hot.
781
00:54:55,125 --> 00:54:57,127
Like, it literally feels like a bathtub.
782
00:55:08,096 --> 00:55:10,098
Anybody order a large Coke
783
00:55:12,267 --> 00:55:14,728
Here we are talking
about coral reef bleaching
784
00:55:14,811 --> 00:55:16,188
and global climate change...
785
00:55:17,022 --> 00:55:18,482
and here's our other problem.
786
00:55:19,775 --> 00:55:21,860
When we went to Lizard Island,
787
00:55:21,944 --> 00:55:24,196
we didn't have
our time-lapse cameras anymore.
788
00:55:24,821 --> 00:55:27,366
The idea is to take one tripodand one camera,
789
00:55:27,449 --> 00:55:29,868
and get as many shots as we canin as many positions
790
00:55:29,952 --> 00:55:34,623
of as many pieces of coral as we can,and to repeat that every single day.
791
00:55:34,706 --> 00:55:38,418
Get on the boat at 9:15,go out to your first site.
792
00:55:40,379 --> 00:55:43,215
You would find your markingsfor the tripod,
793
00:55:43,298 --> 00:55:45,175
put down each leg at the correct heights,
794
00:55:45,259 --> 00:55:49,555
and then you would have reference pointsyou could then attach the laser beams to,
795
00:55:49,638 --> 00:55:52,766
and then I had a laminationof the first day's shots.
796
00:55:52,849 --> 00:55:55,060
And then you would taketwo minutes of footage,
797
00:55:55,143 --> 00:55:56,937
then you'd pick everything back up,
798
00:55:57,020 --> 00:55:59,231
move onto the next site,and do the same again.
799
00:55:59,314 --> 00:56:00,732
And then again and again.
800
00:56:00,816 --> 00:56:03,235
And you do that essentially25 times a day.
801
00:56:04,611 --> 00:56:07,447
Between Jeff and I, we had 60 sites.
802
00:56:10,242 --> 00:56:13,912
The reason we built the time-lapse systems
was it seemed absurd
803
00:56:13,996 --> 00:56:16,748
to have people camped on the beach
at multiple locations
804
00:56:16,832 --> 00:56:19,835
and having to go downand do what a machine is designed to do.
805
00:56:20,627 --> 00:56:22,170
Logistically, it was a nightmare.
806
00:56:22,671 --> 00:56:26,216
Getting it in the right position,and you're fighting the current,
807
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:28,218
so you're getting bounced around a lot,
808
00:56:28,302 --> 00:56:33,098
your knees are bleeding everywhere,your body is cut up, you're tired.
809
00:56:36,602 --> 00:56:39,438
It got to the point where you'respending four hours a day underwater.
810
00:56:40,063 --> 00:56:41,690
Weird things start happening.
811
00:56:43,984 --> 00:56:45,611
I don't know if it's funny.
812
00:56:47,112 --> 00:56:48,238
It's, uh...
813
00:56:48,822 --> 00:56:50,490
You do what you have to do.
814
00:57:35,369 --> 00:57:38,872
We were getting reportsthat the corals in New Caledonia
815
00:57:38,956 --> 00:57:41,208
were doing something completely weird.
816
00:57:44,086 --> 00:57:47,214
Richard was there, he said,"It's the craziest thing I've ever seen.
817
00:57:47,297 --> 00:57:48,590
I don't know what it is."
818
00:57:48,674 --> 00:57:50,592
The locals didn't know what it was.
819
00:57:52,844 --> 00:57:54,846
We didn't know what was happening.
820
00:57:56,139 --> 00:57:57,391
I asked Richard to explain.
821
00:57:57,474 --> 00:57:59,977
He's like, "Don't know what to tell you.
It's glowing."
822
00:58:20,288 --> 00:58:22,332
This was different.
823
00:58:24,751 --> 00:58:26,837
The corals were... were fluorescing.
824
00:58:29,548 --> 00:58:34,302
They're producing a chemical sunscreento protect themselves from the heat.
825
00:58:38,390 --> 00:58:39,933
You can't even describe it.
826
00:58:43,311 --> 00:58:45,689
They were the most vivid colorsI've ever seen.
827
00:59:02,581 --> 00:59:06,585
This is the most beautiful transformationin nature.
828
00:59:08,211 --> 00:59:11,048
The incredibly beautiful phase of death.
829
00:59:15,093 --> 00:59:16,887
And it feels as if...
830
00:59:17,763 --> 00:59:20,307
it's the corals saying:
831
00:59:20,390 --> 00:59:21,224
"Look at me.
832
00:59:24,186 --> 00:59:25,228
Please, notice."
833
01:00:14,528 --> 01:00:16,988
We were diving every dayfrom a floating restaurant.
834
01:00:19,157 --> 01:00:20,867
835
01:00:20,951 --> 01:00:24,079
That was kind of funny, the first day.
836
01:00:27,124 --> 01:00:30,252
Like, that whole thoughtjust became much more depressing.
837
01:00:33,547 --> 01:00:34,381
Bit of a shock.
838
01:00:45,433 --> 01:00:50,438
This is one of the rarest eventsin nature happening...
839
01:00:51,064 --> 01:00:53,358
and everyone's just oblivious to it.
840
01:00:59,739 --> 01:01:02,993
And you can't blame them for it.I mean, it's... It's just...
841
01:01:04,369 --> 01:01:07,372
almost typical of all of humanity.
842
01:01:09,916 --> 01:01:11,084
This is going on...
843
01:01:12,085 --> 01:01:13,712
and no one is noticing.
844
01:01:21,261 --> 01:01:23,096
We designed something originally
845
01:01:23,180 --> 01:01:26,057
to do this project without emotions.
846
01:01:26,725 --> 01:01:30,103
And when we began doing this manually
at Lizard Island...
847
01:01:30,896 --> 01:01:32,480
you have the emotional ties to it.
848
01:01:32,564 --> 01:01:33,523
You are down there.
849
01:01:33,607 --> 01:01:35,734
And to sit there for a month,
850
01:01:35,817 --> 01:01:40,071
and every single day,
watch something new around you die
851
01:01:40,155 --> 01:01:41,323
that you saw yesterday...
852
01:01:42,908 --> 01:01:43,825
it's just difficult.
853
01:02:09,976 --> 01:02:11,895
You forget what it looked likeat the beginning.
854
01:02:13,146 --> 01:02:16,066
And some days, when you go back,
855
01:02:16,149 --> 01:02:18,360
and you're sitting down there,looking at it now,
856
01:02:18,443 --> 01:02:19,611
and it doesn't look real.
857
01:02:21,571 --> 01:02:24,199
And you-- It's not even--
You can't even accept it.
858
01:02:28,495 --> 01:02:32,165
And then you open your eyes,and it's dead as far as you can see.
859
01:02:56,815 --> 01:02:59,943
It's algae and dead coral skeletons.
860
01:03:34,894 --> 01:03:38,648
It's flesh.It's living tissue... that's rotting away.
861
01:03:45,113 --> 01:03:46,823
It's disgusting, really.
862
01:04:29,657 --> 01:04:30,658
863
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:40,502
I thought we would find bleaching.
864
01:04:42,128 --> 01:04:43,838
I thought we would capture it.
865
01:04:44,506 --> 01:04:48,051
But I don't think I ever prepared myself,
866
01:04:48,134 --> 01:04:50,136
or thought we were gonna see this.
867
01:05:00,230 --> 01:05:03,775
See, I'm not even mad that I'm leaving,
because it's just so miserable here.
868
01:05:06,152 --> 01:05:06,986
869
01:05:38,977 --> 01:05:40,645
When coral bleaches and dies...
870
01:05:41,312 --> 01:05:42,772
you're losing the coral animal.
871
01:05:43,022 --> 01:05:45,358
And that's a shame,'cause it's a beautiful thing.
872
01:05:45,442 --> 01:05:50,530
But a coral is... a fundamental part
of a huge ecosystem.
873
01:05:51,239 --> 01:05:54,033
It is, in a way,
just like the trees in a forest.
874
01:05:54,826 --> 01:05:57,829
If coral reefs are lost,we're affecting the life
875
01:05:57,912 --> 01:05:59,164
of a quarter of the ocean.
876
01:06:00,957 --> 01:06:03,251
If the little fish disappear,the big fish disappear,
877
01:06:03,334 --> 01:06:05,837
and then you can look at humansas one of the big fish.
878
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:14,304
It's easy to think about the fateof an individual species.
879
01:06:15,763 --> 01:06:18,641
But what is a little harder to explain...
880
01:06:19,058 --> 01:06:23,354
it's the beginning
of an ecological collapse
881
01:06:23,438 --> 01:06:25,273
of the entire ecosystem.
882
01:06:26,232 --> 01:06:29,486
It's more than the species,the genus, the family, the order.
883
01:06:30,153 --> 01:06:35,492
We're talking about the possibilitythat entire classes of organisms
884
01:06:35,575 --> 01:06:37,285
would go extinct.
885
01:06:40,371 --> 01:06:42,916
When scientists saythey're researching climate change
886
01:06:42,999 --> 01:06:44,459
and coral reefs,
887
01:06:44,542 --> 01:06:47,420
it's not about whether or not
climate change is happening or not.
888
01:06:47,504 --> 01:06:48,755
It's really the uncertainty
889
01:06:48,838 --> 01:06:53,009
between knowing whether
it's going to be bad or really bad.
890
01:06:54,302 --> 01:06:57,472
When we look at ocean temperatures,there are a range of projections
891
01:06:57,555 --> 01:07:00,016
of how they're gonna changeinto the future.
892
01:07:00,099 --> 01:07:03,895
If you take the average,in about 25 years,
893
01:07:03,978 --> 01:07:05,355
all across the planet,
894
01:07:05,438 --> 01:07:10,068
the oceans become too warmfor coral reefs to survive.
895
01:07:10,610 --> 01:07:12,278
That means they'll bleach every year
896
01:07:12,362 --> 01:07:14,364
and they won't be healthy enoughto recover.
897
01:07:15,406 --> 01:07:19,494
Coral reefs will not be able to keep up,
they will not be able to adapt,
898
01:07:19,577 --> 01:07:24,249
and we will see the eradication
of an entire ecosystem
899
01:07:24,332 --> 01:07:26,251
in our lifespan.
900
01:07:27,377 --> 01:07:30,380
That is a very gloomy statement.
901
01:07:31,130 --> 01:07:33,132
But, unfortunately, it is true.
902
01:07:35,802 --> 01:07:38,805
Everything on our planet is connected.
903
01:07:39,889 --> 01:07:43,643
What we're doing is pulling out the card
called "coral reefs"
904
01:07:43,726 --> 01:07:45,311
from this house of cards.
905
01:07:46,104 --> 01:07:49,107
And the real fear is thatwe'll take out enough of those cards
906
01:07:49,190 --> 01:07:51,359
where the whole thingwill just simply collapse.
907
01:07:53,236 --> 01:07:55,196
If we can't save this ecosystem...
908
01:07:56,573 --> 01:08:00,410
are we gonna have the courageto save the next ecosystem down the line
909
01:08:02,453 --> 01:08:03,705
Do we need forests
910
01:08:05,707 --> 01:08:06,916
Do we need trees
911
01:08:08,585 --> 01:08:09,794
Do we need reefs
912
01:08:12,171 --> 01:08:15,508
Or can we just sort of livein the ashes of all of that
913
01:08:35,028 --> 01:08:36,654
So, tell me where we're going.
914
01:08:36,738 --> 01:08:39,741
We're actually just going
to Charlie Veron's house.
915
01:08:40,825 --> 01:08:43,786
Used to literally sit behind a desk
for hours a day
916
01:08:43,870 --> 01:08:48,041
using Charlie Veron's coral lists
to ID things.
917
01:08:48,124 --> 01:08:49,459
Like... he was the boss.
918
01:08:49,542 --> 01:08:52,920
He was the informationthat I used on a daily basis
919
01:08:53,004 --> 01:08:55,673
to learn everything that I know of corals.
920
01:08:56,007 --> 01:09:00,053
And now, I'm about to go sit
in his living room and interview him.
921
01:09:00,887 --> 01:09:03,056
So, that's quite a big step.
922
01:09:06,392 --> 01:09:07,310
-Hello.
- Hello.
923
01:09:07,393 --> 01:09:08,895
-Charlie.
-How are you I'm Zack.
924
01:09:08,978 --> 01:09:10,063
Pleasure to meet you.
925
01:09:13,566 --> 01:09:14,442
926
01:09:21,032 --> 01:09:22,283
927
01:09:26,120 --> 01:09:28,790
While I was in college
studying evolutionary biology,
928
01:09:28,873 --> 01:09:30,541
I actually got a job at an aquarium.
929
01:09:30,625 --> 01:09:33,086
And so, for five years, I grew coral,
930
01:09:33,169 --> 01:09:37,006
used all of your work to teach myself
as much of coral taxonomy
931
01:09:37,090 --> 01:09:38,549
-as I possibly could.
-Oh, okay.
932
01:09:38,633 --> 01:09:41,010
So, I was very nervous about it--
Coming here, so--
933
01:09:41,094 --> 01:09:43,262
I'm not the sort of person
to be nervous about.
934
01:09:43,346 --> 01:09:44,472
No, not at all, but--
935
01:09:44,555 --> 01:09:46,516
-Yeah.
-I guess I just wanna hear
936
01:09:46,599 --> 01:09:49,894
your perspective of the change
that you've seen over time.
937
01:09:50,812 --> 01:09:54,607
Then it was...
it was a totally different mindset,
938
01:09:54,691 --> 01:09:58,361
because the reef was there forever,
there was no question about it.
939
01:09:58,444 --> 01:09:59,529
-Yeah.
-I even wondered
940
01:09:59,612 --> 01:10:02,031
why you would wanna make it a marine park.
941
01:10:02,115 --> 01:10:04,951
It's so big, nothing's gonna touch
the Great Barrier Reef.
942
01:10:05,034 --> 01:10:06,577
But it's changed enormously.
943
01:10:06,661 --> 01:10:10,415
And this bleaching
and the degrading of the Great Barrier
944
01:10:10,498 --> 01:10:12,250
that I've seen in my lifetime...
945
01:10:13,543 --> 01:10:14,544
it really upsets me.
946
01:10:14,627 --> 01:10:18,589
Up at Lizard, we essentially have
fluorescing or bleached corals
947
01:10:18,673 --> 01:10:21,634
going through their transition to death,
being covered in algae.
948
01:10:21,718 --> 01:10:24,053
You covered the whole thing.
Yeah, way to go.
949
01:10:24,137 --> 01:10:26,639
Yeah, the whole horrible,
horrible, ghastly mess.
950
01:10:26,931 --> 01:10:29,976
Yeah. It was actually quite difficult
while we were up there.
951
01:10:30,059 --> 01:10:34,021
I got quite frustrated a few times where
I just didn't wanna be there anymore.
952
01:10:34,105 --> 01:10:35,648
I didn't wanna watch it anymore.
953
01:10:35,732 --> 01:10:36,941
I was over it. And...
954
01:10:37,984 --> 01:10:40,153
I'm glad I'm not your age.
955
01:10:41,362 --> 01:10:43,406
You know, I'm ready to check out when--
956
01:10:43,489 --> 01:10:46,784
when the Great Barrier Reef gets trashed,
'cause it's been the most...
957
01:10:47,410 --> 01:10:49,704
loved thing
in the physical world of my life.
958
01:10:50,079 --> 01:10:52,874
You know, I've been diving on it
for 45 years.
959
01:10:52,957 --> 01:10:56,544
And I'm damned if I'm ever gonna stop
until I go completely senile.
960
01:10:56,627 --> 01:10:57,837
961
01:10:57,920 --> 01:10:58,963
I'm gonna keep going,
962
01:10:59,046 --> 01:11:01,382
and as long as I can influence people,
I will.
963
01:11:01,466 --> 01:11:02,967
-Because we have to.
-Absolutely.
964
01:11:03,050 --> 01:11:05,553
We've got no choice.
You've got no choice, I'm afraid.
965
01:11:05,636 --> 01:11:07,722
-You've gotta keep at it. You've got to.
-Yep, yep.
966
01:11:08,306 --> 01:11:11,476
Otherwise, you're not gonna like yourself
when you're an old man.
967
01:11:11,559 --> 01:11:14,228
You'll think...
You're gonna like yourself much more...
968
01:11:14,812 --> 01:11:17,899
if you can say,
"Well, I sure tried to turn that around.
969
01:11:17,982 --> 01:11:21,027
And maybe I did influence people
here and there and..."
970
01:11:22,653 --> 01:11:24,697
Don't let a-- Don't let anything stop you.
971
01:11:27,784 --> 01:11:29,202
972
01:11:32,413 --> 01:11:33,956
Just gotta get my glasses.
973
01:11:39,796 --> 01:11:44,175
Losing the Barrier Reefhas actually gotta mean something.
974
01:11:45,343 --> 01:11:49,597
You can't let it just die,and it becomes an old textbook.
975
01:11:51,098 --> 01:11:57,104
It's got to... cause the change
that it deserves.
976
01:11:57,522 --> 01:12:01,567
Us losing the Great Barrier Reef
has got to wake up the world.
977
01:12:03,861 --> 01:12:06,280
We have a really interesting situation.
978
01:12:06,364 --> 01:12:08,950
Over the next 30 years,
we're going to be facing
979
01:12:09,033 --> 01:12:11,619
shifting ocean temperatures
and conditions.
980
01:12:11,702 --> 01:12:16,165
And that's just a matter of fact,
because we've got point-five...
981
01:12:19,544 --> 01:12:21,879
I usually get to these things and...
982
01:12:22,839 --> 01:12:25,049
and you start kind of almost shaking.
983
01:12:25,132 --> 01:12:28,177
I definitely have a little bit
of nervousness going.
984
01:12:29,136 --> 01:12:31,305
How much talking is too much talking
985
01:12:31,389 --> 01:12:33,933
Is getting personal a bad thing
986
01:12:34,517 --> 01:12:38,688
Like, "This one was one of the more
difficult sites for me to go back to."
987
01:12:39,021 --> 01:12:43,025
Really good to show
that it actually affected you.
988
01:12:43,109 --> 01:12:44,652
- Right.
-That's really important.
989
01:12:45,444 --> 01:12:47,405
Um, and good. Um...
990
01:12:47,488 --> 01:12:49,407
-As long as you don't start crying.
-Yeah.
991
01:12:49,490 --> 01:12:50,324
Yeah.
992
01:13:02,879 --> 01:13:04,881
So, over the last two years,
993
01:13:04,964 --> 01:13:08,384
we've been amassing
a huge amount of bleaching imagery
994
01:13:08,467 --> 01:13:09,677
from all over the world.
995
01:13:10,011 --> 01:13:12,179
Now Zack's gonna show you
some of that imagery.
996
01:13:12,722 --> 01:13:14,307
So, if you wanna pop up, Zack.
997
01:13:18,102 --> 01:13:21,147
We spent the last four months
in Australia
998
01:13:21,230 --> 01:13:23,566
and we documented
the ongoing bleaching event.
999
01:13:24,108 --> 01:13:27,528
And so, I wanted to just show you
what our team was able to document.
1000
01:14:38,265 --> 01:14:39,642
In just two months,
1001
01:14:39,725 --> 01:14:43,104
we've lost the majority of fish lifeon this coral colony.
1002
01:15:17,513 --> 01:15:19,140
The soft corals disintegrate.
1003
01:15:20,558 --> 01:15:22,518
Fields and fields of soft coral
1004
01:15:22,601 --> 01:15:25,062
that then just turnsinto a barren rock face.
1005
01:15:28,107 --> 01:15:29,775
I didn't even think it was possible.
1006
01:17:12,795 --> 01:17:16,257
This has been a mortality eventon a massive scale.
1007
01:17:18,175 --> 01:17:22,179
29% of the coralson the Great Barrier Reef alone have died.
1008
01:17:24,557 --> 01:17:29,436
To lose 29% of the coral animalsin a single year,
1009
01:17:29,520 --> 01:17:33,566
it's just mind-blowing,the scale of this bleaching event.
1010
01:17:38,237 --> 01:17:41,490
I think the most shocking part
was how widespread it was.
1011
01:17:42,032 --> 01:17:44,577
'Cause it affected almost all the reefs
1012
01:17:44,660 --> 01:17:47,746
from Lizard Islandnorth through Torres Strait.
1013
01:17:48,372 --> 01:17:49,290
And it was severe.
1014
01:17:51,250 --> 01:17:53,752
It's the equivalent of losingmost of the trees
1015
01:17:53,836 --> 01:17:56,046
between Washington, DC, and Maine.
1016
01:17:58,174 --> 01:18:00,342
Well, this isn't justthe Great Barrier Reef.
1017
01:18:00,843 --> 01:18:03,846
This is a global massive event.
1018
01:18:04,597 --> 01:18:09,018
There are a large number of places
that are experiencing bleaching right now.
1019
01:18:09,101 --> 01:18:10,394
And that's why we need help.
1020
01:18:10,477 --> 01:18:13,063
We're looking for peoplewho have access to a local reef
1021
01:18:13,147 --> 01:18:16,358
to help photographwhat's happening in your own backyard.
1022
01:18:16,609 --> 01:18:19,737
If you are a diver, please,
join our effort and get in touch...
1023
01:18:19,820 --> 01:18:22,489
Everybody's come togetherthat saw our call-out.
1024
01:18:23,282 --> 01:18:26,076
At this point,
we are on the bleaching threshold
1025
01:18:26,160 --> 01:18:28,913
and under a warning alert for bleaching.
1026
01:18:28,996 --> 01:18:32,166
Behind me, you can see
we have the Akumal reefs.
1027
01:18:32,249 --> 01:18:36,921
Basically, we've seen...
that one is almost completely bleached.
1028
01:18:37,004 --> 01:18:43,469
Water temperature has been rising,
and the coral has been bleaching.
1029
01:18:43,552 --> 01:18:46,055
You're talking about the Caribbean,two years in a row,
1030
01:18:46,138 --> 01:18:47,640
about Hawaii, two years in a row.
1031
01:18:47,723 --> 01:18:50,351
This last summer was especially horrific.
1032
01:18:50,434 --> 01:18:54,605
25 to 50% of the coral
is already long-since dead.
1033
01:18:54,688 --> 01:18:58,275
We know the waters here
started warming up in May, 2015,
1034
01:18:58,359 --> 01:19:00,986
to about three degrees Celsius
above normal.
1035
01:19:01,070 --> 01:19:05,658
Most of the Acropora,
the most common branch corals, are dying.
1036
01:19:05,741 --> 01:19:09,203
The climate is still
changing. The ocean temperature is rising.
1037
01:19:09,286 --> 01:19:13,832
The El Niño this year
has bleached what's left.
1038
01:19:14,917 --> 01:19:16,710
Reefs here
have been under major stress,
1039
01:19:16,794 --> 01:19:20,464
-like other places across the globe.
-We're here in the Republic of Palau.
1040
01:19:20,547 --> 01:19:22,675
I'm in Cebu City, and...
1041
01:19:22,758 --> 01:19:25,261
The corals have been bleached
over the past month.
1042
01:19:25,344 --> 01:19:30,140
The coral is 75% bleaching,
and about half of them is dead already.
1043
01:19:30,224 --> 01:19:34,019
We now have a mass coral bleaching event
happening here on Christmas Island.
1044
01:19:34,103 --> 01:19:35,521
...degrees centigrade.
1045
01:19:35,604 --> 01:19:38,065
A lot of the reefs around Sri Lanka
were heavily bleached.
1046
01:19:38,148 --> 01:19:40,651
Bleaching is happening right now.
1047
01:19:40,734 --> 01:19:42,903
The coral are showing
massive signs of bleaching,
1048
01:19:42,987 --> 01:19:45,114
and for that reason,
we have massive mortality rates.
1049
01:19:45,197 --> 01:19:46,532
We've found the branch--
1050
01:19:46,615 --> 01:19:50,077
Branching Arcoporas, Pocilloporas
have started to show signs of bleaching.
1051
01:19:50,160 --> 01:19:53,247
I've been helping capture images
of coral bleaching in the Red Sea.
1052
01:19:53,330 --> 01:19:55,499
Bleaching has occurred here, recently.
1053
01:19:55,582 --> 01:19:57,710
Uh, there was a bleaching event...
1054
01:19:57,793 --> 01:20:00,045
1055
01:20:18,230 --> 01:20:19,898
I get cross with myself...
1056
01:20:20,399 --> 01:20:22,192
because I don't think I did enough.
1057
01:20:22,276 --> 01:20:26,196
I didn't make enough noise
when I realized what was happening.
1058
01:20:26,280 --> 01:20:27,740
I didn't do enough.
1059
01:20:27,823 --> 01:20:28,866
Better at it than I am.
1060
01:20:29,241 --> 01:20:31,952
Zack has an optionof being part of that fight.
1061
01:20:34,204 --> 01:20:36,665
Maybe Zack will say, "Charlie...
1062
01:20:37,207 --> 01:20:39,293
he's just a gloomy old man,
1063
01:20:39,376 --> 01:20:41,837
and, uh... we can fix these things."
1064
01:20:42,212 --> 01:20:43,339
- All good
-Yeah.
1065
01:22:00,290 --> 01:22:02,042
How are you guys doing today
1066
01:22:02,126 --> 01:22:03,919
- Good.
-Are you guys excited
1067
01:22:04,169 --> 01:22:05,045
Yeah.
1068
01:22:05,129 --> 01:22:06,588
Let's go diving.
1069
01:22:07,131 --> 01:22:08,257
Diving!
1070
01:22:09,550 --> 01:22:11,051
1071
01:22:11,135 --> 01:22:12,302
I see a fish.
1072
01:22:12,845 --> 01:22:14,847
1073
01:22:14,930 --> 01:22:16,598
- Take a look around.
-I see a turtle.
1074
01:22:16,682 --> 01:22:18,434
- I see a turtle.
- I see a turtle.
1075
01:22:20,352 --> 01:22:22,729
In my mind,all kids are born scientists.
1076
01:22:22,813 --> 01:22:24,356
They're born adventurers.
1077
01:22:24,440 --> 01:22:25,482
They wanna explore.
1078
01:22:26,358 --> 01:22:29,695
If we can get the kidsto hold on to that curiosity,
1079
01:22:29,778 --> 01:22:32,823
then our planet would bea much better place.
1080
01:22:32,906 --> 01:22:35,492
I could-- I could see a stingray.
1081
01:22:36,452 --> 01:22:38,829
- What is that
- Turtles, fish, coral,
1082
01:22:38,912 --> 01:22:41,707
crabs, starfish.
You name it. It's all there, right
1083
01:22:41,790 --> 01:22:43,208
1084
01:22:43,584 --> 01:22:45,419
We're gonna take you on an expedition
1085
01:22:45,502 --> 01:22:47,588
to go see
the third global bleaching event.
1086
01:22:47,838 --> 01:22:50,382
I think having been on the journeythat I've been on,
1087
01:22:50,466 --> 01:22:53,093
I should be the most depressed personon the planet.
1088
01:22:53,177 --> 01:22:54,511
I'm seeing the ecosystem
1089
01:22:54,595 --> 01:22:56,263
that I've fallen in love with...
1090
01:22:56,680 --> 01:22:58,015
die before my eyes.
1091
01:22:58,974 --> 01:23:02,019
Having said that,I'm not actually depressed.
1092
01:23:03,645 --> 01:23:05,939
And that's becausethere's been a big shift.
1093
01:23:07,065 --> 01:23:09,735
You look at every pieceof climate change action,
1094
01:23:09,818 --> 01:23:12,696
and it's about improving people's lives.
1095
01:23:13,363 --> 01:23:17,993
Creation of jobs, reducing pollution,greenifying cities.
1096
01:23:18,327 --> 01:23:23,290
It's essentially a great transformationthat is already beginning.
1097
01:23:24,666 --> 01:23:26,502
It's not too late for coral reefs,
1098
01:23:26,585 --> 01:23:28,253
indeed, for many other ecosystems
1099
01:23:28,337 --> 01:23:30,506
that are facing challengesfrom climate change.
1100
01:23:31,089 --> 01:23:34,927
It's still possible to reduce the rate
at which the climate is changing.
1101
01:23:35,886 --> 01:23:37,387
And that's within our power today.
1102
01:23:39,348 --> 01:23:40,516
It's all achievable.
1103
01:23:41,183 --> 01:23:44,770
It's not like we don't have the money,not like we don't have the resources.
1104
01:23:44,853 --> 01:23:47,147
It's not like we don't have the brains.
1105
01:23:48,815 --> 01:23:51,443
This is inevitable,this great transformation,
1106
01:23:51,527 --> 01:23:54,071
and that's what makes me
so optimistic is...
1107
01:23:54,321 --> 01:23:56,406
all we gotta do
is give it a bit of a shove.
1108
01:24:22,432 --> 01:24:24,893
♪ I was just born, I was just born ♪
1109
01:24:24,977 --> 01:24:27,521
♪ I been crawlingTill I learned to walk ♪
1110
01:24:28,647 --> 01:24:30,941
♪ When I met you, I was so young ♪
1111
01:24:31,024 --> 01:24:33,318
♪ I didn't know that it could fall apart ♪
1112
01:24:33,402 --> 01:24:36,363
♪ Tell me what do I do ♪
1113
01:24:36,446 --> 01:24:38,949
♪ Now I see what we've done ♪
1114
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:42,619
♪ And I know that it's true ♪
1115
01:24:42,703 --> 01:24:45,998
♪ You gave me nothing but love ♪
1116
01:24:47,457 --> 01:24:49,626
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1117
01:24:49,710 --> 01:24:52,337
♪ Till we see the pieces that'll break ♪
1118
01:24:53,505 --> 01:24:56,008
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1119
01:24:56,383 --> 01:24:58,427
♪ Tell me how long will it take ♪
1120
01:24:58,510 --> 01:25:01,430
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1121
01:25:01,805 --> 01:25:04,391
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1122
01:25:05,726 --> 01:25:08,312
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1123
01:25:08,395 --> 01:25:14,568
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1124
01:25:18,322 --> 01:25:21,533
♪ I been tryingI been trying to tell you ♪
1125
01:25:21,617 --> 01:25:23,702
♪ What's inside my soul ♪
1126
01:25:24,536 --> 01:25:27,289
♪ I been dying, I been dying ♪
1127
01:25:27,372 --> 01:25:29,583
♪ But the ocean changes slow ♪
1128
01:25:29,958 --> 01:25:32,377
♪ And it's hard to see it ♪
1129
01:25:32,753 --> 01:25:35,297
♪ But I know that it's true ♪
1130
01:25:35,881 --> 01:25:38,717
♪ That I gotta be better ♪
1131
01:25:38,800 --> 01:25:42,304
♪ So much better to you ♪
1132
01:25:43,221 --> 01:25:45,932
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1133
01:25:46,016 --> 01:25:48,560
♪ Till we see the pieces that'll break ♪
1134
01:25:49,728 --> 01:25:52,105
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1135
01:25:52,189 --> 01:25:54,441
♪ Tell me how long will it take ♪
1136
01:25:54,524 --> 01:25:57,736
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1137
01:25:58,153 --> 01:26:00,572
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1138
01:26:01,698 --> 01:26:04,618
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1139
01:26:04,701 --> 01:26:09,915
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1140
01:26:09,998 --> 01:26:12,626
♪ Oh, I know we're gonna wake up ♪
1141
01:26:13,335 --> 01:26:16,171
♪ I scream in color ♪
1142
01:26:16,713 --> 01:26:19,549
♪ Tell me, can you hear meThrough the waves ♪
1143
01:26:19,633 --> 01:26:22,010
♪ If we keep on waiting ♪
1144
01:26:22,969 --> 01:26:25,681
♪ Do we lose the thingsThat we can save ♪
1145
01:26:25,764 --> 01:26:28,433
♪ If we hold each other ♪
1146
01:26:29,184 --> 01:26:32,479
♪ We don't have to let it slip away ♪
1147
01:26:32,979 --> 01:26:37,943
♪ We don't have to let this slip away ♪
1148
01:26:39,277 --> 01:26:41,988
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1149
01:26:42,072 --> 01:26:44,533
♪ Till we see the pieces that'll break ♪
1150
01:26:45,492 --> 01:26:48,245
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1151
01:26:48,328 --> 01:26:50,580
♪ Tell me how long will it take ♪
1152
01:26:50,664 --> 01:26:53,917
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1153
01:26:54,000 --> 01:26:56,628
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1154
01:26:58,213 --> 01:27:01,174
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1155
01:27:01,258 --> 01:27:05,971
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1156
01:27:06,054 --> 01:27:08,682
♪ I know we're gonna wake up ♪
1157
01:27:09,433 --> 01:27:15,021
♪ I know we're gonna wake up ♪
1158
01:27:15,230 --> 01:27:20,902
♪ Oh, we're gonna wake up ♪
1159
01:27:21,486 --> 01:27:27,492
♪ Oh, we're gonna wakeup ♪
1160
01:27:29,453 --> 01:27:31,997
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1161
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:38,128
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1162
01:27:38,211 --> 01:27:40,380
♪ Tell me how long will it take ♪
1163
01:27:40,464 --> 01:27:43,800
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1164
01:27:43,884 --> 01:27:46,470
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1165
01:27:48,096 --> 01:27:50,557
♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1166
01:27:50,640 --> 01:27:55,854
♪ Till we wake up ♪
1167
01:27:55,937 --> 01:27:58,815
♪ I know we're gonna wake up ♪
1168
01:27:59,191 --> 01:28:04,738
♪ I know we're gonna wake up ♪
1169
01:28:05,113 --> 01:28:10,744
♪ Oh, we're gonna wakeup ♪
1170
01:28:11,286 --> 01:28:17,167
♪ Oh, we're gonna wakeup ♪
1171
01:28:18,126 --> 01:28:23,298
-♪ Till we wake up ♪
-♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1172
01:28:23,757 --> 01:28:28,345
-♪ Oh, we're gonna wake up ♪-♪ Tell me how long, tell me how long ♪
1173
01:28:28,428 --> 01:28:33,225
-♪ Tell me how long will it take ♪
-♪ Till we wake up ♪
104225
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