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Surely, one of the most remarkable animals
that has ever existed,
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00:00:22,105 --> 00:00:26,318
and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.
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00:00:27,361 --> 00:00:29,613
Tyrannosaurus rex.
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00:00:30,656 --> 00:00:35,202
An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.
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00:00:35,285 --> 00:00:38,247
What kind of an animal was it?
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00:00:38,330 --> 00:00:41,542
What did it look like? How did it live?
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00:00:41,625 --> 00:00:45,587
Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.
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00:00:45,671 --> 00:00:47,923
And not just about T. rex,
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00:00:48,006 --> 00:00:51,343
but the other species
that lived alongside it.
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00:00:51,426 --> 00:00:58,016
And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.
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[grunting]
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[David Attenborough]
Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.
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[roars]
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00:01:11,780 --> 00:01:12,865
[roars]
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00:01:13,949 --> 00:01:17,494
The skies are filled with flying giants.
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00:01:20,038 --> 00:01:24,084
In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
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00:01:26,128 --> 00:01:29,256
And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,
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all facing the struggle to survive.
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00:01:33,302 --> 00:01:34,469
[leaves rustling]
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00:01:34,553 --> 00:01:35,888
[groaning]
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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
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[roars]
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[shrieks]
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This is their story.
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[Attenborough]
The forests in South America
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00:02:16,887 --> 00:02:20,224
contain some of the world's tallest trees.
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00:02:24,603 --> 00:02:28,023
They can grow
to a height of over 300 feet.
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00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:36,573
But there are animal giants here too.
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00:02:37,241 --> 00:02:39,243
[tree trunk cracking]
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[dinosaur bellowing]
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Plant-eating dinosaurs.
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00:03:11,108 --> 00:03:13,694
These are Austroposeidon.
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They're 80 feet long.
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00:03:27,499 --> 00:03:30,043
And they have colossal appetites.
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Their teeth are used not to chew,
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00:03:37,342 --> 00:03:39,011
but simply to cut.
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00:03:44,349 --> 00:03:50,314
A herd like this one can consume
ten tons of vegetation every day.
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They prefer the tender, young leaves
that grow on the tips of the branches.
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00:04:03,035 --> 00:04:06,872
But if they find trees
that are even taller than they are,
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00:04:06,955 --> 00:04:08,498
they're not defeated.
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00:04:10,876 --> 00:04:13,337
[bellows]
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00:04:21,386 --> 00:04:25,933
They use their great weight
and their 8-inch-thick breastbone
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to simply push the trees over.
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Success.
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00:05:07,432 --> 00:05:10,477
But life in the forest is always a battle.
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Especially when new space is created.
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Plants race to claim the light…
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00:05:38,255 --> 00:05:42,467
and use every kind of method
to gain the upper hand.
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00:05:51,852 --> 00:05:55,063
The gap in the canopy is soon closed.
50
00:06:01,153 --> 00:06:05,782
Over three-quarters of the world's land
is covered by plants and trees.
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00:06:09,870 --> 00:06:13,832
This prehistoric planet is a green planet.
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00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:18,003
[dinosaur growling]
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00:06:18,086 --> 00:06:21,882
Many different species of dinosaur
live in forests.
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00:06:25,052 --> 00:06:29,890
Triceratops,
one of the biggest in North America.
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00:06:35,646 --> 00:06:38,065
They can be 26 feet long.
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00:06:43,111 --> 00:06:47,866
The huge frills on their heads
are used for protection when they fight.
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00:06:52,246 --> 00:06:54,665
But plants have defenses too.
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00:07:00,337 --> 00:07:02,005
Poisonous toxins.
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00:07:09,721 --> 00:07:12,724
These are particularly dangerous
for youngsters.
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00:07:15,936 --> 00:07:20,774
This calf weighs only
a 50th of the weight of his mother.
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[yelps]
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And the plant's toxins
could make him very sick indeed.
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00:07:38,959 --> 00:07:43,088
But Triceratops have
a way of dealing with such poisons.
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They use an antidote.
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00:07:54,057 --> 00:07:59,104
One source of it lies in a cave
to which they pay regular visits.
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00:08:14,786 --> 00:08:19,124
This youngster, however,
has never been in here before.
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00:08:26,965 --> 00:08:28,091
[huffs]
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00:08:41,897 --> 00:08:44,232
They have to find their way
along a passage
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that, over many millennia,
has been eroded by an underground river.
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00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,178
They are now beyond the reach of light.
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They can't see a thing.
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The calf must stick close to his family.
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[calf yelps]
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[calf yelps]
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But not too close.
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[calf yelps]
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[wailing]
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Now, one wrong turn could be disastrous.
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[wailing continues]
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00:10:40,432 --> 00:10:44,394
At last, the herd reaches
the place they need to visit.
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This is the antidote: a special clay.
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00:11:02,621 --> 00:11:07,751
These are known as clay licks,
and they're visited time and again.
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00:11:28,188 --> 00:11:30,190
But someone is missing.
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00:11:36,613 --> 00:11:38,240
Where is her calf?
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[bellows]
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[calf yelping]
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[parent bellows]
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[yelping continues]
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[calf grunts]
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[bellows]
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Luck was on the youngster's side.
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Once he's lined his stomach with clay,
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he too will be protected from the poisons
in the leaves on which he feeds.
94
00:12:37,508 --> 00:12:42,054
Soon they will all head back
to the forest and daylight.
95
00:12:47,309 --> 00:12:50,354
In fact, very little of the sun's light
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reaches the floor of these dense forests.
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In Patagonia,
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the thick vegetation stretches unbroken
for hundreds of miles.
99
00:13:04,701 --> 00:13:09,414
But occasionally, there are
mysterious clearings, like this one.
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[dinosaur growling]
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It's the work of a two-ton,
12-foot tall Carnotaurus. A male.
102
00:13:39,862 --> 00:13:43,574
Clearing this patch
has taken him a long time.
103
00:13:46,285 --> 00:13:50,372
And it needs constant attention
if it is to remain tidy.
104
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It's a stage
on which he can show off to females.
105
00:14:05,220 --> 00:14:08,807
All is ready, and he announces the fact.
106
00:14:10,142 --> 00:14:13,562
[guttural calling]
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00:14:22,321 --> 00:14:24,156
His calls are low-pitched
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and travel much farther
through the dense vegetation
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than higher-pitched ones would do.
110
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[calling continues]
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00:14:53,143 --> 00:14:56,230
At last, a female arrives.
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00:15:04,196 --> 00:15:07,824
She's bigger than the male
and more powerful.
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Now, somehow, he must impress her.
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00:15:30,305 --> 00:15:33,016
And he may only get this one chance.
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00:15:36,645 --> 00:15:38,689
She watches him carefully.
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If he is going to impress her,
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he must do so
in the most extraordinary way.
118
00:15:59,710 --> 00:16:03,881
He doesn't have huge antlers,
nor a spectacular tail.
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00:16:06,216 --> 00:16:11,263
But he does have a pair of tiny,
apparently useless arms.
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00:16:15,434 --> 00:16:18,812
And each has a ball and socket joint
at its base
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that enables him
to move them independently.
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Not today.
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00:17:00,020 --> 00:17:03,398
How could he have done better? Who knows?
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00:17:08,694 --> 00:17:12,366
For now, it's back to litter picking.
125
00:17:20,582 --> 00:17:23,001
This is East Asia.
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00:17:27,422 --> 00:17:31,677
In these mountain forests,
autumn arrives early.
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00:17:37,516 --> 00:17:40,853
This is when many trees
produce their fruit.
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00:17:44,857 --> 00:17:49,987
And amongst the most highly prized
are the nuts of the Ginkgo tree.
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00:17:56,952 --> 00:18:01,498
A bonanza
for dinosaurs called Corythoraptors.
130
00:18:06,211 --> 00:18:09,256
Although they have feathers,
they're flightless.
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00:18:13,552 --> 00:18:17,389
These have found
a particularly abundant fall of fruit.
132
00:18:18,974 --> 00:18:22,978
But such gatherings can attract
unwelcome attention.
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00:18:28,358 --> 00:18:33,447
Qianzhousaurus,
the top predator in these Asiatic forests.
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00:18:40,829 --> 00:18:43,832
This is a female, over 30 feet long.
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00:18:48,587 --> 00:18:53,091
If she is to catch a Corythoraptor,
she'll have to get close.
136
00:19:01,183 --> 00:19:03,143
There's not much cover here.
137
00:19:08,232 --> 00:19:12,361
But her prey have still not noticed her.
138
00:19:53,151 --> 00:19:55,320
[squawking]
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00:19:55,404 --> 00:19:56,738
[roars]
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00:20:02,494 --> 00:20:04,037
She has failed.
141
00:20:04,121 --> 00:20:05,873
But then, most hunts,
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throughout the history of life,
fail most of the time.
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00:20:11,753 --> 00:20:13,755
[thunder rumbling]
144
00:20:18,343 --> 00:20:20,596
As the seasonal winds strengthen,
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00:20:20,679 --> 00:20:25,726
many of the trees in these temperate
forests start to lose their leaves.
146
00:20:29,688 --> 00:20:32,274
Winter will be a time of hardship.
147
00:20:38,155 --> 00:20:43,160
Nevertheless, a storm does create
a brief opportunity for hunters.
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00:20:45,746 --> 00:20:47,247
She's trying again.
149
00:20:51,710 --> 00:20:57,341
She's less conspicuous in the gloom,
and the gusting wind is distracting.
150
00:21:17,861 --> 00:21:19,863
[leaves rustling]
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00:21:32,084 --> 00:21:33,293
[grunts]
152
00:21:48,642 --> 00:21:50,811
An 80-pound prize.
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00:21:53,981 --> 00:21:57,985
All the more valuable,
since winter is now closing in.
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00:22:06,618 --> 00:22:08,662
In the forests of North America,
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there is an additional annual hazard
for forest dwellers.
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00:22:14,710 --> 00:22:16,712
[fire crackling]
157
00:22:24,928 --> 00:22:28,974
Fire, started by a strike of lightning.
158
00:22:38,150 --> 00:22:43,363
As it spreads, temperatures rise
to over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
159
00:22:57,628 --> 00:23:01,048
The flames rise
several hundred feet into the air.
160
00:23:10,432 --> 00:23:13,435
[dinosaur bellowing]
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00:23:16,146 --> 00:23:17,814
Most animals flee.
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00:23:19,942 --> 00:23:24,154
But this Edmontosaurus
has a family to care for.
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[bellowing continues]
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00:23:26,573 --> 00:23:28,242
She doesn't abandon them.
165
00:23:30,327 --> 00:23:35,791
Now they must keep one step ahead
of the blaze until it burns out.
166
00:23:47,302 --> 00:23:50,264
This may look catastrophic.
167
00:23:57,312 --> 00:24:01,316
But remarkably, some plants must be burnt
168
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:04,027
if they are to complete their life cycle.
169
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:12,911
The intense heat is needed
to open the cones of the pine trees…
170
00:24:15,372 --> 00:24:17,249
and release their seeds.
171
00:24:28,260 --> 00:24:31,597
And only a few hours
after the fire has passed,
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00:24:33,348 --> 00:24:36,101
animals begin to return.
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00:24:39,980 --> 00:24:42,316
Beetles are among the first.
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00:24:45,736 --> 00:24:47,696
They start to lay their eggs.
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00:24:49,156 --> 00:24:52,618
When they hatch,
the larvae will be the first to feast
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00:24:52,701 --> 00:24:56,121
on the near-limitless supply of dead wood.
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00:25:06,757 --> 00:25:10,260
This Atrociraptor is an opportunist.
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00:25:18,227 --> 00:25:21,939
Quick to return
when there's food on offer.
179
00:25:27,152 --> 00:25:29,530
And there's something else
to be gained here.
180
00:25:40,332 --> 00:25:42,960
Smoke is an insecticide…
181
00:25:47,214 --> 00:25:51,218
and it can help an animal
to get rid of its parasites.
182
00:25:57,224 --> 00:25:59,351
But you do have to be careful.
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00:26:01,186 --> 00:26:04,815
[growling]
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00:26:15,450 --> 00:26:18,537
A two-ton ankylosaur.
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00:26:23,083 --> 00:26:26,920
It also finds something worth eating
after a fire.
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00:26:36,096 --> 00:26:37,181
Charcoal.
187
00:26:39,766 --> 00:26:45,230
It will bind with many of the plant toxins
in its stomach and neutralize them.
188
00:26:48,734 --> 00:26:51,153
[bellows]
189
00:26:57,242 --> 00:27:01,246
The female Edmontosaurus
is leaving the forest.
190
00:27:03,957 --> 00:27:05,876
[bellows]
191
00:27:08,337 --> 00:27:12,716
Against the odds,
she's led both her babies to safety.
192
00:27:21,433 --> 00:27:23,519
[bellows]
193
00:27:27,189 --> 00:27:32,486
They will have to find new pastures
until the forest plants recover.
194
00:27:42,329 --> 00:27:46,750
Even where fires are rare,
trees do not live forever.
195
00:27:47,292 --> 00:27:52,422
And after they die, they become food
for a very different kind of organism.
196
00:27:52,965 --> 00:27:54,967
[insects chirping]
197
00:27:57,636 --> 00:28:02,057
At night,
some of them become eerily conspicuous.
198
00:28:05,936 --> 00:28:08,313
Down on the forest floor…
199
00:28:11,525 --> 00:28:13,527
fungi appear…
200
00:28:15,487 --> 00:28:17,739
and start to glow.
201
00:28:25,831 --> 00:28:30,919
They produce their light by chemical
reactions deep within their tissues.
202
00:28:35,048 --> 00:28:37,968
But why they do so is a mystery.
203
00:28:41,597 --> 00:28:44,266
It may be
because the light attracts insects,
204
00:28:44,349 --> 00:28:47,728
which then help
to spread the spores of the fungus.
205
00:28:56,236 --> 00:28:58,322
Here, in central Asia,
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00:28:58,405 --> 00:29:03,076
the nighttime forest
is filled with strange sounds.
207
00:29:03,952 --> 00:29:05,746
[snoring]
208
00:29:09,791 --> 00:29:12,753
Giant sauropods are asleep.
209
00:29:19,259 --> 00:29:22,054
There are air sacs in their head and neck,
210
00:29:22,137 --> 00:29:26,350
which reduce their weight
but also amplify their snores.
211
00:29:30,979 --> 00:29:33,398
But not everyone is asleep.
212
00:29:37,569 --> 00:29:42,783
For smaller creatures, it's safer to be
out in the darkness than during the day.
213
00:29:45,661 --> 00:29:50,791
These Therizinosaurus
hatched just six months ago.
214
00:29:55,879 --> 00:30:00,634
Barely three feet long,
they are only a tenth of their adult size.
215
00:30:03,387 --> 00:30:08,892
Their claws may look like daggers,
but they're used more like salad servers…
216
00:30:12,521 --> 00:30:15,315
because these are plant eaters.
217
00:30:18,151 --> 00:30:23,907
This forest, however, has all kinds
of food if you know where to look.
218
00:30:26,076 --> 00:30:27,077
Honey.
219
00:30:29,371 --> 00:30:33,125
It's dripping from a bees' nest
up in the branches.
220
00:30:36,837 --> 00:30:41,091
Bees usually build their nests
beyond the reach of ground dwellers.
221
00:30:41,175 --> 00:30:42,718
[bees buzzing]
222
00:30:42,801 --> 00:30:45,262
But this one is lower than most.
223
00:30:47,764 --> 00:30:49,766
And it's too good to miss.
224
00:30:50,726 --> 00:30:53,270
[grunting]
225
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:57,482
[bees buzzing]
226
00:31:04,615 --> 00:31:05,616
[grunts]
227
00:31:08,410 --> 00:31:13,790
Unlike most dinosaurs,
young Therizinosaurus can climb.
228
00:31:19,004 --> 00:31:21,798
Although they're not exactly experts.
229
00:31:25,844 --> 00:31:27,971
[grunting]
230
00:31:48,534 --> 00:31:50,536
[bees buzzing]
231
00:31:55,791 --> 00:32:01,839
Angry bees produce a Mexican wave
to warn intruders to keep away…
232
00:32:08,387 --> 00:32:10,222
or suffer the consequences.
233
00:32:14,643 --> 00:32:17,646
[squawking]
234
00:32:32,703 --> 00:32:33,954
[squawks]
235
00:32:39,543 --> 00:32:42,254
An adult Therizinosaurus.
236
00:32:47,634 --> 00:32:53,098
It's huge, nearly 30 feet tall
and weighing five tons.
237
00:32:56,268 --> 00:32:58,061
[bees buzzing]
238
00:33:13,118 --> 00:33:16,496
Nothing the bees can do deters this one.
239
00:33:35,015 --> 00:33:37,476
At last, a little treat.
240
00:33:39,478 --> 00:33:42,564
And a few more stings.
241
00:33:56,203 --> 00:33:57,788
[dinosaur bellowing]
242
00:33:57,871 --> 00:34:03,126
Even by day, it's still dark
in the understory of the dense forests,
243
00:34:03,210 --> 00:34:05,546
such as this one in Europe.
244
00:34:09,174 --> 00:34:12,844
Animals of any kind
are difficult to distinguish.
245
00:34:18,934 --> 00:34:20,811
Yet, they're everywhere.
246
00:34:26,233 --> 00:34:29,485
Telmatosaurus seldom breaks cover.
247
00:34:39,413 --> 00:34:42,123
And equally inconspicuous…
248
00:34:46,043 --> 00:34:47,420
Zalmoxes.
249
00:34:49,965 --> 00:34:53,302
The last
of a very ancient dinosaur lineage.
250
00:34:56,929 --> 00:35:00,809
This forest
is one of their few remaining strongholds.
251
00:35:04,771 --> 00:35:10,777
Seven inches tall, baby Zalmoxes are
no more than snacks for many predators.
252
00:35:11,695 --> 00:35:14,740
But snacks are nonetheless worth eating…
253
00:35:16,533 --> 00:35:18,327
so they have to be cautious.
254
00:35:35,928 --> 00:35:37,346
[Zalmoxes yelps]
255
00:35:48,524 --> 00:35:52,694
Hatzegopteryx stands 15 feet tall.
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00:36:03,247 --> 00:36:07,918
It is, in fact, a pterosaur,
a reptile with wings,
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00:36:08,001 --> 00:36:12,965
that here, as it stalks through the trees,
it has to keep tightly folded.
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00:36:25,227 --> 00:36:30,858
This forest, so rich in small creatures,
is one of its regular hunting grounds.
259
00:36:38,991 --> 00:36:42,035
It stands
on the southernmost edge of Europe.
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00:37:09,521 --> 00:37:12,691
This is the heaviest animal ever to fly,
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00:37:12,774 --> 00:37:17,738
and there is nowhere else here
where it can open its gigantic wings,
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00:37:17,821 --> 00:37:20,199
which are over 30 feet across.
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00:37:29,583 --> 00:37:34,296
Many of the forest's permanent residents
regularly come down here…
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00:37:37,841 --> 00:37:40,928
because the plants are coated
with sea spray
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00:37:41,762 --> 00:37:44,681
and are a welcome source of salt.
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00:38:10,707 --> 00:38:15,754
Here, sauropods can meet one another,
renewing family bonds…
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00:38:18,632 --> 00:38:20,634
and creating new ones.
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00:38:34,565 --> 00:38:38,485
But for Hatzegopteryx,
the beach is a launching pad.
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00:38:42,781 --> 00:38:43,907
[squawking]
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00:38:54,001 --> 00:38:57,754
Now his wings will carry him
to yet another forest,
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00:38:57,838 --> 00:39:02,509
where life proliferates
more variously and more abundantly
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00:39:02,593 --> 00:39:07,181
than anywhere else
on our prehistoric planet.
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00:39:22,112 --> 00:39:25,115
To discover the science
behind the stories,
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00:39:25,199 --> 00:39:29,995
go now
to the Prehistoric Planet show page.
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