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Surely, one of the most remarkable animals
that has ever existed,
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00:00:21,969 --> 00:00:26,452
and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.
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Tyrannosaurus rex.
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An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.
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What kind of an animal was it?
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What did it look like? How did it live?
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Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.
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And not just about T. Rex,
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but the other species
that lived alongside it.
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And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.
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Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.
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The skies are filled with flying giants.
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In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
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And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,
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all facing the struggle to survive.
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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
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This is their story.
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For millions of years,
the lands of planet Earth
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have been carved by water.
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And the rivers that flow here
are still shaping these great canyons.
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Such places are the home
of flying reptiles.
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Pterosaurs.
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Their wings of skin stretch
from finger to ankle.
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And they can fly
for hundreds of miles in a day.
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Each evening,
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they come to this canyon in huge numbers
to roost on its narrow ledges.
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There is safety in numbers.
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And anyway,
few land-living hunters venture here.
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But one does.
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A type of dinosaur. Velociraptor.
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Their bodies are kept warm by feathers,
but they can't fly.
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They are, however, exceptionally agile.
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And just as well.
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One false step here could bring disaster.
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The pterosaurs are skittish.
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They will take to the air
at the first sign of danger.
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If the Velociraptors are to get a meal,
the element of surprise will be crucial.
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Lightweight bodies
and feathered arms help them
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to control their descent.
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And their broad tails assist them
in keeping their balance.
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Those pterosaurs
that are resting on the margins
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of the colony will be the easiest targets.
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The roar of the waterfall drowns the sound
of slipping rocks.
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The female goes high.
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The two males stay low.
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A few pterosaurs are almost
within striking distance.
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She has one,
but now the whole colony is alarmed.
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In the chaos,
her victim slips from the ledge.
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The female puts the effectiveness
of her feathered tail to the test.
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And, in the end, she gets her meal.
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The males are left to face the pterosaurs.
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The power of fresh water
is at work all around the planet.
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Global temperatures are high.
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There are violent storms
and torrential rains.
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Much of North America is covered
by thick, lush forest.
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Here live some of the most gigantic
plant-eaters that have ever existed.
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And they, in turn, are prey
for the most ferocious of hunters.
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Tyrannosaurus rex.
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This old male has just brought down
a Triceratops.
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00:10:25,156 --> 00:10:28,054
But in doing so, he's been injured.
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T. Rex are built
for hunting large herbivores…
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Though many of those have evolved
heavy defensive weapons.
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Decades of battling armored prey
has scarred his body.
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One battle even cost him
the tip of his tail.
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These new injuries are more serious.
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At his great age,
infection is a real risk.
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River water could help
to clean his wounds.
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He stands a good chance of living
to fight another day.
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But that day could come sooner
than expected.
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Another T. Rex.
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A stranger.
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But this newcomer has a different smell.
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It's a female.
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She's younger and smaller.
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But nonetheless,
she might also be a rival.
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He, however, makes it clear
that he's not interested in fighting.
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He would prefer to mate.
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She seems to approve.
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The facial area of a tyrannosaur
is very sensitive to touch,
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and they nuzzle.
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His great size and his battle scars
are evidence that he is a survivor.
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And that perhaps, in her eyes,
makes him an attractive partner.
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So, they stay together.
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And in the coming weeks,
they mate frequently.
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Eventually, she'll lay up to 15 eggs.
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And with them comes the promise
of the next generation.
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Habitats that depend on fresh water
can change rapidly and radically.
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In parts of central Asia,
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heavy seasonal rains
fill the rivers until, eventually,
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they overflow their banks.
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The surrounding plains are flooded.
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And through the water wades one
of the most bizarre of all dinosaurs.
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Deinocheirus.
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It's even taller than T. Rex.
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And its massive duck-bill snout
is very effective
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in gathering water plants.
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This male feeds voraciously,
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having eaten very little
during the long dry season.
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Water plants are rich in nutrients.
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And his huge, curved claws,
eight inches long,
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enable him to dredge them up
from deep beneath the surface.
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He himself is a source of food
for smaller creatures.
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Bloodsucking flies, which infest his coat.
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They're irritating and even painful.
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And while his huge claws enable him
to have a good scratch…
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There are always some spots
that are just out of reach.
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To get to them, he needs assistance.
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A dead tree. That could be the answer.
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That's much better.
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And now he can get back to feeding.
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But a diet that consists almost entirely
of wet vegetation
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does have one inevitable consequence.
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What was food for one becomes fertilizer
for many others.
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And a giant as big
as Deinocheirus can produce
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over 20 tons of dung every year.
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Southern Africa.
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Here, too, the annual rains create floods.
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And the land
turns into a maze of narrow channels
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running between countless small islands.
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This is now a swamp forest.
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And it attracts one of the largest
flying animals that has ever lived
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on planet Earth.
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A giant pterosaur. Quetzalcoatlus.
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This is a female.
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Her wings are over 30 feet across.
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And she's come here
for one particular reason.
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The small islands
created by the rising waters
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are just the place
for her to lay her eggs.
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00:21:50,425 --> 00:21:53,677
Quetzalcoatlus are certainly masters
of flight.
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00:21:53,761 --> 00:21:58,369
But they're also, perhaps surprisingly,
very competent on the ground.
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Each wing is supported by the single
greatly elongated bone
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of her fourth finger.
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By turning her wings upwards,
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she can walk very effectively
on all fours.
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She's come here to make a nest.
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She chooses to do so on damp, swampy soil
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that will prevent her soft-shelled eggs
from drying out.
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These first two are just the start.
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For the next three weeks,
she will guard the open nest…
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00:23:36,864 --> 00:23:40,930
And add two more eggs every few days.
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Producing eggs takes a lot
of effort and energy.
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Each one is huge, weighing around a kilo.
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Eventually, she produces a clutch
of a dozen or so.
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She covers them with vegetation
to conceal them.
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Now, she needs to eat.
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00:24:39,427 --> 00:24:44,785
There should be enough food on this island
to sustain her youngsters when they hatch.
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00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:51,500
But there's nothing substantial
enough here to satisfy her own hunger.
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She must leave to hunt for prey elsewhere…
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00:25:01,991 --> 00:25:07,538
And trust that the isolation of her nest
will keep her unhatched young safe
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while she's away.
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Another, much older Quetzalcoatlus female.
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00:25:45,827 --> 00:25:49,809
She, too, is looking for a safe place
to lay her eggs.
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00:25:51,874 --> 00:25:57,650
And there may not be enough food here
for two sets of giant nestlings.
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00:25:58,715 --> 00:26:01,362
But there is a way to solve that problem.
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And eggs, after all, are very nutritious.
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The owner of the nest is back.
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The older female is driven off.
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But the younger female's nest is wrecked.
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Out of the dozen eggs that she laid,
only three have survived.
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00:28:12,724 --> 00:28:18,749
The success of her breeding season
now rests on these three fragile eggs.
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She will protect them as best she can
until they hatch in a few months' time.
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00:28:31,659 --> 00:28:36,100
But after that, her young will have
to fend for themselves.
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00:28:42,587 --> 00:28:44,838
As river water flows downstream,
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00:28:44,922 --> 00:28:51,407
it scours out billions of tons of sand
and gravel and even shifts great boulders.
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00:28:54,307 --> 00:28:58,060
The finer sediments may be transported
for hundreds of miles,
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but as the river broadens, it slows.
167
00:29:02,732 --> 00:29:07,256
And as a consequence,
it begins to drop some of its load.
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And animals whose ancestors lived
in the sea begin to appear.
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Crabs.
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00:29:29,884 --> 00:29:33,407
In some places,
there may be dozens per square meter.
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This is Masiakasaurus.
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A female, six feet long.
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And she has a mouthful
of needle-sharp teeth.
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Just what you need
to deal with awkward, multi-legged prey.
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00:30:22,937 --> 00:30:28,504
Crabs may have hard shells,
but they're full of protein.
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Too good an opportunity to miss.
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And not only for her.
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She has three young.
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Only four inches tall.
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00:31:03,061 --> 00:31:06,667
And not quite ready
to take on large crabs.
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They still rely
on their mother's leftovers.
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00:31:23,623 --> 00:31:27,480
But some youngsters
develop hunting instincts early.
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Very tempting.
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00:31:45,353 --> 00:31:48,376
The smallest crabs can be swallowed whole.
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00:31:54,320 --> 00:32:00,221
Unfortunately, what they lack in size,
they make up for in speed.
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00:32:17,969 --> 00:32:21,909
It's best for the young
not to stray too far.
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00:32:45,163 --> 00:32:49,020
Beelzebufo, the devil toad.
188
00:32:50,585 --> 00:32:54,317
One of the largest frogs
that has ever existed.
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00:33:05,725 --> 00:33:09,457
He won't need to feed again for a month.
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00:33:19,072 --> 00:33:22,116
These sandbars may be
a rich feeding ground,
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00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:26,057
but there can be a high price
to pay for living here.
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00:33:35,004 --> 00:33:38,611
The river water
is now approaching the sea.
193
00:33:41,886 --> 00:33:45,993
A taste of salt
in its waters is already detectable.
194
00:33:53,564 --> 00:33:54,732
At high tide,
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00:33:54,816 --> 00:33:59,423
visitors come in from the open sea
to explore these channels.
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00:34:35,773 --> 00:34:37,795
Elasmosaurs.
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00:34:39,694 --> 00:34:43,467
These are true oceangoing reptiles.
198
00:34:45,657 --> 00:34:50,349
But some come to estuaries
to explore the brackish waters.
199
00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:31,870
Now, the millions of tons
of sediment carried here
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00:35:31,954 --> 00:35:35,770
by rivers is finally delivered
into the sea.
201
00:35:41,255 --> 00:35:45,467
The river water takes time to mix
with the ocean, and, for a while,
202
00:35:45,551 --> 00:35:48,741
the two waters flow side by side.
203
00:35:51,349 --> 00:35:52,349
Nonetheless,
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00:35:52,433 --> 00:35:57,667
great shoals of fish find plenty
on which to feed in these waters.
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00:36:01,526 --> 00:36:06,759
The clouds of sediment conceal the fish,
if they're any distance away.
206
00:36:09,534 --> 00:36:14,413
But the Elasmosaurs don't hesitate
to swim into the murkiest of waters
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00:36:14,497 --> 00:36:16,352
to pursue their prey.
208
00:36:35,643 --> 00:36:38,124
There is no escape for the fish…
209
00:36:45,570 --> 00:36:47,925
Even above the water.
210
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:12,304
These Elasmosaurs
collect the last of the river's gifts
211
00:37:12,388 --> 00:37:19,332
before its traces are finally lost
in the oceans of the prehistoric planet.
212
00:37:31,407 --> 00:37:33,450
Next on Prehistoric Planet,
213
00:37:33,534 --> 00:37:37,871
the bond between mother and young
is tested to the limit
214
00:37:37,955 --> 00:37:40,227
as they struggle to survive.
215
00:37:40,666 --> 00:37:45,066
Ancient foes battle each other
and freezing blizzards.
216
00:37:46,005 --> 00:37:50,112
And feathered dinosaurs
rule the ice worlds.
217
00:37:50,510 --> 00:37:53,512
To discover the science
behind the stories,
218
00:37:53,596 --> 00:37:58,204
go now to the Prehistoric Planet
show page.
18117
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